3 1822 00040 7890

EGO

822 00040 7890

0\je i

DA

V.I

XTbe IDlctoria Ibistov^ of the
Counties of lEnolanb

EDITED BY WILLIAM PAGE, F.S.A.

A HISTORY OF
SUFFOLK

IN SIX VOLUMES

VOLUME I

THE

VICTORIA HISTORY

OF THE COUNTIES
OF ENGLAND

SUFFOLK

DAWSON

FOR

THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON
INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH

Published by

Archibald Constable & Company Limited

in 1911

Reprinted for the University of London

Institute of Historical Research

by

William Dawson & Sons Ltd

Cannon House

Folkestone. Kent, England

1975

ISBN: 0 7129 0647 9

Originally printed in Great Britain by
Eyre & Spottiswoode, H.M. Printers, London
Reprinted in Belgium by Jos Adam, Brussels

INSCRIBED

TO THE MEMORY OF

HER LATE MAJESTY

QUEEN VICTORIA

WHO GRACIOUSLY GAVE

THE TITLE TO AND

ACCEPTED THE

DEDICATION OF

THIS HISTORY

THE ADVISORY COUNCIL
OF THE VICTORIA HISTORY

His Grace The Lord Arch-
bishop OF Canterbury

His Grace The Duke of
Bedford, K.G.
Fretident of the ZooUpcal Society

His Grace The Duke of
Portland, K.G.

His Grace The Duke of
Argyll, K.G., K.T.

The Rt. Hon. The Earl of
rosebery and midlothian,
K.G., K.T.

The Rt. Hon. The Earl of
Coventry
Late Preiident of the Royal Agri-
cultural Society

The Rt. Hon. The Viscount
Dillon

Late President of the Society of
Antiquariei

The Rt. Hon. The Lord Lister

Late President of the Royal Society

Thb Rt. Hon. The Lord
Alverstone, G.C.M.G.

Lord Chief Justice

The Hon. Walter Rothschild,
M.P.

The Rt. Hon. Sir Frederick
Pollock, Bart.,LL.D., F.S.A.,
era

Sir Edward Maunde Thompson,
K.C.B.,D.C.L.,LL.D.,F.S.A.,
etc.

Late Director of the British Museum

Sir Clements R. Markka m,
K.C.B., F.R.S., F.S.A.

Late President of the Royal Geo-
graphical Society

Sir Henry C. Maxwell-Lyte,
K.C.B., M.A., F.S.A., etc.

Keeper of the Public Records

Sir E. Ray Lankester, K.C.B.,
LL.D., M.A., F.R.S., etc.

Late Director of the Nat. Hist.
Museum^ South Kensington

Sir Jos. Hooker, G.C.S.I.,M.D.,
D.C.L., F.R.S., ETC.

Col. Sir Duncan A. Johnston,
K.C.M.G., C.B., R.E.

Late Director General of the Ord-
nance Survey

Sir Archibald Geikie, LL.D.,
F.R.S., etc.

Rev. J. Charles Cox, LL.D.,
F.S.A., etc.

Lionel Cust, M.V.O., M.A.,

F.S.A., ETC.
Late Directi r of the National Por-
trait Gallery

Charles H. Firth, M.A., LL.D.

Regius Professor of Modern Hiitory,
Oxford

Albert C. L. G. Gunther, M. A.,
M.D., F.R.S., Ph.D.

Late President of the Linnean Society

F. Haverfield, M.A., LL.D.,
F.S.A.

Camden Professor of Ancient History

Reginald L. Poole, M.A., Ph.D.

University Lecturer in Diplomatic^
Oxford

J. Horace Round, M.A., LL.D.

Walter Rye

W. H. St. John Hope, M.A.

Among the original members of
the Council were

The Late Duke of Devonshire
The Late Duke of Rutland
The Late Marquess of Salisbury
The Late Dr. Mandell

Creighton, Bishop of London
The Late Dr. Stubbs, Bishop

of Oxford

The Late Lord Acton

The Late Sir William Flower

The Late Col. Sir J. Farqu-

HARSON

The Late Sir John Evans
The Late Professor F. York
Powell

General Editor — William Page, F.S.A.

GENERAL ADVERTISEMENT

The Victoria History of the Counties of England is a National Historic Survey
which, under the direction of a large staff comprising the foremost students in science, history,
and archaeology, is designed to record the history of every county of England in detail. This
work was, by gracious permission, dedicated to Her late Majesty Queen Victoria, who gave it
her own name. It is the endeavour of all who are associated with the undertaking to make it
a worthy and permanent monument to her memory.

Rich as every county of England is in materials for local history, there has hitherto been
no attempt made to bring all these materials together into a coherent form.

Although from the seventeenth century down to quite recent times numerous county
histories have been issued, they are very unequal in ifierit ; the best of them are very rare
and costly ; most of them are imperfect and many are now out of date. Moreover, they were
the work of one or two isolated scholars, who, however scholarly, could not possibly deal
adequately with all the varied subjects which go to the making of a county history.

VII

In the Victoria History each county is not the labour of one or two men, but of man} ,
for the work is treated scientifically, and in order to embody in it all that modern scholarship
can contribute, a system of co-operation between experts and local students is applied, whereby
the history acquires a completeness and definite authority hitherto lacking in similar
undertakings.

The names of the distinguished men who have joined the Advisory Council are a
guarantee that the work represents the results of the latest discoveries in every department
of research, for the trend of modern thought insists upon the intelligent study of the past
and of the social, institutional, and political developments of national life. As these histories
are the first in which this object has been kept in view, and modern principles applied, it is
hoped that they will form a work of reference no less indispensable to the student than
welcome to the man of culture.

THE SCOPE OF THE WORK

The history of each county is complete in itself, and in each case its story is told from the
earliest times, commencing with the natural features and the flora and fauna. Thereafter
follow the antiquities, pre-Roman, Roman, and post-Roman ; ancient earthworks ; a new
translation and critical study of the Domesday Survey ; articles on political, ecclesiastical, social,
and economic history , architecture, arts, industries, sport, etc. ; and topography. The greater
part of each history is devoted to a detailed description and history of each parish, containing
an account of the land and its owners from the Conquest to the present day. These manorial
histories are compiled from original documents in the national collections and from private
papeib. A special feature is the wealth of illustrations afforded, for not only are buildings of
interest pictured, but the coats of arms of past and present landowners are given.

HISTORICAL RESEARCH

It has always been, and still is, a reproach that England, with a collection of public
records greatly exceeding in extent and interest those of any other country in Europe, is yet
far behind her neighbours in the study of the genesis and growth of her national and local
institutions. Few Englishmen are probably aware that the national and local archives contain
for a period of 800 years in an almost unbroken chain of evidence, not only the political,
ecclesiastical, and constitutional history of the kingdom, but every detail of its financial and
social progress and the history of the land and its successive owners from generation to
generation. The neglect of our public and local records is no doubt largely due to the fact
that their interest and value is known to but a small number of people, and this again is
directly attributable to the absence in this country of any endowment for historical research.
The government of this country has too often left to private enterprise work which our con-
tinental neighbours entrust to a government department. It is not surprising, therefore, to find
that although an immense amovmt of work has been done by individual effort, the entire
absence of organization among the workers and the lack of intelligent direction has hitherto
robbed the results of much of their value.

In the Victoria History, for the first time, a serious attempt is made to utilize our
national and local muniments to the best advantage by carefully organizing and supervising
the researches required. Under the direction of the Records Committee a large staff of experts
has been engaged at the Public Record Office in calendaring those classes of records which are
fruitful in material for local history, and by a system of interchange of communication among
workers under the direct supervision of the general editor and sub-editors a mass of information
is sorted and assigned to its correct place, which would otherwise be impossible.

THE RECORDS COMMITTEE

Sir EnwARD Maunde Thompson, K.C.B. C. T. Martin, B.A., F.S.A.
Sir Henry Maxwell-Lyte, K.C.B. J. Horace Round, M.A., LL.D,

W. J. Hardy, M.A., F.S.A. S. R. Scargill-Bird, F.S.A.

F. MaDAN, M.A. W. H. SlEVENSON, M.A.

G. F. Warner, M.A., D.Litt., F.S.A.

CARTOGRAPHY

In addition to a general map in several sections, each History contains Geological, Oro-
graphical, Botanical, Archaeological, and Domesday maps; also maps illustrating the articles on
Ecclesiastical and Political Histories, and the sections dealing with Topography. The Series
contains many hundreds of maps in all.

ARCHITECTURE

A special feature in connexion with the Architecture is a series of ground plans, many
of them coloured, showing the architectural history of castles, cathedrals, abbeys, and other
monastic foundations.

In order to secure the greatest possible accuracy, the descriptions of the Architecture,
ecclesiastical, military, and domestic, are under the supervision of Mr. C. R. Peers, M.A.,
F.S.A., and a committee has been formed of the following students of architectural history
who are referred to as may be required concerning this department of the work : —

ARCHITECTURAL COMMITTEE

J. BiLsoN, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A. W. H. St. John Hope, M.A.

R. Blomfield, M.A., F.S.A., A.R.A. W. H. Knowles, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A.

Harold Brakspear, F.S.A., A.R.I.B.A. Roland Paul, F.S.A.

Prof. G. Baldwin Brown, M.A. J. Horace Round, M.A., LL.D.

Arthur S. Flower, M.A. Percy G. Stone, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A.

J. A. Gotch, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A. H. Thaciceray Turner, F.S.A.

IX

Flora
Fauna

The general plan of Contents and the names among others of those
who are contributing articles and giving assistance are as follows : —

Natural History

Geology. Climent Reid, F.R.S., Horace B. Woodward, F.R.S., G. A. Lebour, M.A., J. E. Marr,
D.Sc, F.R.S., and others

Palaeontology. R. Lydekker, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.

/Contributions by G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S., J. G. Baker, F.R.S., F.L.S., etc., G. C. Druce,
M.A., F.L.S., Walter Garstanc, M.A., D.Sc, F.L.S., Rev. Canon A. M. Normak,
D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., Rev. Canon W. W. Fowler, M.A., D.Sc, F.L.S., F.E.S., Rev. O.
Pickard-Cambridge, M.A., F.R.S., Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, M.A., F.R.S., etc., B. B.
Woodward, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., etc and other Specialists

Prehistoric Remains. W. Boyd Dawkins, D.Sc, LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., Geo. Clinch, F.S.A. Scot., F.G.S.,

John Garstang, M.A., B.Litt., F.S.A. , and others

Roman Remains. F. Haverfield, M.A., LL.D., F.S.A., and others

Anglo-Saxon Remains. C. Hercules Read, LL.D., F.S.A., Reginald A. Smith, B.A., F.S.A., and others

Domesday Book and other kindred Records. J. Horace Round, M.A., LL.D., and other Specialists

Architecture. C. R. Peers, M.A., F.S.A., W. H. St. John Hope, M.A., Harold BRAioiPEAR, F.S.A.,
A.R.LB.A., and others

Ecclesiastical History. R. L. Poole, M.A., Rev. H. Gee, D.D., F.S.A., Rgv. J. C. Cox, LL.D., F.S.A.,
A. G. Little, M.A., and others

Political History. Prof. C. H. Firth, M.A., LL.D., D.Litt., F.S.A., W. H. Stevenson, M.A., J. Horace
Round, M.A., LL.D., Prof. T. F. Tout, M.A., Prof. James Tait, M.A., and A. F. Pollarp,
M.A., F.R.Hist.Soc.

History of Schools. A. F. Leach, M.A., F.S.A.

Maritime History of Coast Counties. Sir John K. Laughton, M.A., M. Oppenheim, and others

Topographical Accounts of Parishes and Manors. By Various Authorities

Agriculture. Sir Ernest Clarke, M.A., Late Sec. to the Royal Agricultural Society, and others

Forestry. John Nisbet, D.CEc, and others

Industries, Arts and Manufactures

Social and Economic History

Ancient and Modern Sport. E. D. Cuming, the Rev. E. E. Dorling, M.A., and others
Cricket. Sir Home Gordon, Bart.

[ By Various Authorities

C-PH<S.T30i JS.»-,S.;=\

THE

VICTORIA HISTORY

OF THE COUNTY OF

SUFFOLK

EDITED BY

WILLIAM PAGE, F.S.A.

VOLUME ONE

DAWSON

FOR

THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON
INSTITUTE OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH

County Ccminittce for Suffoll?

Formed in 1907

THE MOST HON. THE MARQUESS OF BRISTOL
Lord Lieutenant^ Chairman

His Grace The Duke of Grafton,

K.G.
The Rt. Hon. The Earl Cadogan, K.G.
The Rt. Hon. The Earl Howe,

G.C.V.O.
The Rt. Hon. The Earl of Stradbroke
The Rt. Hon. The Viscount Iveagh,

K.P.
The Rt. Hon. The Lord Francis

Hervey
The Rt. Rev. The Lord Bishop of Ely
The Rt. Rev. The Lord Bishop of

Norwich
The Rt. Rev. The Bishop of Thetford
The Rt. Hon. The Lord de Saumarez
The Rt. Hon. The Lord Bateman
Col. The Hon. H. W. Lowry-Corry
The Rt. Hon. Sir William Brampton

Gurdon, K.C.M.G., C.B.
The Hon. Stanhope Tollemache
The Rev. Sir William Hyde-Parker,

Bart.
Sir Ralph Blois, Bart.
Sir Thomas Gooch, Bart.
Sir Collingwood Hughes, Bart.
Sir Charles Dalrymple, Bart.
Sir William Dunn, Bart.
Sir Cuthbert Quilter, Bart.
Sir E. Walter Greene, Bart.
Sir Ernest Clarke, M.A., F.S.A., F.L.S.
Sir Thomas H. Tacon, D.L.
The Worshipful The Mayor of Alde-

BURGH

The Worshipful The Mayor of Bury

St. Edmunds
The Worshipful The Mayor of Ipswich
The Worshipful The Mayor of South-

WCLD

The Worshipful The Mayor of Sud-
bury
W. C. Heaton Armstrong, Esq., M.P.
Col. N. Barnardiston, J. P., D.L.
Edward Beauchamp, Esq., M.P.

E. F. Bisshopp, Esq.
Edward Brooke, Esq.
Henry C. Casley, Esq.

The Ven. Archdeacon Chapman, M.A.
T. B. Chevalier, Esq.

A. TOWNSHEND CoBBOLD, EsQ.

John D. Cobbold, Esq. J.P., D.L.

Russell Colman, Esq.

W. A. CoPiNGER, Esq., LL.D., F.S.A.,

F.R.S.A.
T. W. Cotman, Esq.

G. MiLNER-GlBSON-CuLLUM, EsQ., M.A.,

F.S.A.
The Rev. Francis J. Eld, M.A., F.S.A.
The Rev. E. Farrer, F.S.A.
Harry S. Foster, Esq., J. P., D.L.
H. Rider Haggard, Esq., J. P.
G. A. Hardy, Esq., M.P.
The Rev. D. P. Harrison, M.A.
The Rev. J. F. A. Hervey, M.A.
The Rev. E. Hill, M.A.
The Rev. J. Holden, M.A.
J. Sancroft Holmes, Esq., J. P., D.L.
Oliver D. Johnson, Esq., J. P.
Roger Kerrison, Esq., J.P.
Col. H. Mussenden Leathes
John Seymour Lucas, Esq., R.A.
George Manners, Esq., J.P., D.L.
T. TiNDAL Methold, Esq., J.P.
Claude Morley, Esq., F.E.S.
Col. O. H. Oakes
R. H. Inglis Palgrave, Esq., F.R.S.,

JP-
Capt. E. G. Pretyman, J.P., D.L.

F. H. Pretyman, Esq.
Capt. W. G. Probert

Vincent B. Redstone, Esq., F.R.Hist.S.
F. S. Stevenson, Esq., B.A., J.P., D.L.
The Rev. Julian G. Tuck, M.A.
The Rev. Canon Warren, B.D., F.S.A.

B. Eaton White, Esq., J.P.
John Wood, Esq.

XIll

CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE

Dedication ......

The Advisory Council of the Victoria History

General Advertisement

The Suffolk County Committee .

Contents ....

List of Illustrations and Maps ,
Preface .....

Table of Abbreviations
Natural History

Geology ....

Palaeontology

Botany ....

Introduction

Botanical Districts

List of Phanerogamia

Characeae {Stonetuorts)

Musci (Mosses) .

Hepaticae {Liverworts)

Freshwater Algae and Diatoms

Marine Algae .

Lichenes {Lichens)

Fungi ....
Zoology

Marine ....

Molluscs (Non-Marine)

By H
By R
Edi
By C

ted

B. Woodward, F.R.S., F.G.S.
LvDEKKER, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.

by the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield, M
E. Salmon

By the Rev,
By the Rev

G. R. Bullock-Webster, M
E. N. Bloomfield, M.A., F

A.,F

A.
E.S.

E.S.

By the late H. C. Sorby, LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A.
By B. B. Woodward, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., and
A. Mayfield

Insects ....

Orthoptera {Earwigs, Grass
hoppers, Crickets, etc.) .

Neuroptera {Dragpn-Jlies, Stone-
flies, Lacezvings, etc.) .

Hymenoptera {Ants, Bees,
tVasps, Saw-flies, Gall-flies,
etc.) . . . .

Coleoptera {Beetles)

Lepidoptera {Butter/lies and
Moths) . . . .

Diptera {Flies)
Hemiptera {Bugs) .
Spiders . . . . .

By Claude Morley, F.E.S.

PACE
V

vii
vii
xiii

XV

xvii
xxi

xxiii

By Claude Morley, F.E.S., and the Rev. E. N.

Bloomfield, M.A., F.E.S. . . . .

By Claude Morley, F.E.S

47
51
60
69

7«
73
74
77

79
81

85
96

lOI

104

107
122

128

'35
141
150

XV

CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE

Natural History — {continue^/)
Zoology — [continued )
Crustaceans

Fishes ....
Reptiles and Batrachians .
Birds ....
Mammals
Early Man ....
Palaeolithic Age .
Neolithic Age
Topographical List of Palaeolithic

and Neolithic Localities
Bronze Age
Early Iron Age .
Topographical List of Bronze Age
and Early Iron Age Antiquities
Romano-British Suffolk

Appendix on Santon Downham hoard
Anglo-Saxon Remains
Introduction to the Suffolk Domesday

Translation of the Suffolk Domesday

Ancient Earthworks

Social and Economic History

Part I

Part II

Table of Population 1801-1901

By the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbinc, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S

By J. T. CUNNI.NGHAM, M.A.

By G. T. Rope

By the Rev. Julian Tuck, M.A. .

By G. T. Rope

By W. Allen Sturce, M.V.O., M.D., F.R.C.P.

By W. A. DuTT

By George Clinch, F.G.S., F.S.A. (Scot.)

By the late George E. Fox, M.A., F.S.A.
By Reginald A. Smith, B.A., F.S.A.

jt j» ?» • •

By Beatrice A. Lees, Oxford Honours School of

Modern History .....
Adapted from the Translation by the late Lord Hervey
By J. C. Wall

By Professor George Unwin, B.A. .

By Dorothy Kemp, Oxford Honours School of

Modern History .....
By George S. Minchin ....

«53
163

173

'77

2'5

235

235
248

256

263

270

275
279
321
325

357
418

583
633
633

660
683

XVI

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

* Anglo-Saxon Antiquities from Suffolk
Early Man :

Plan of Mildenhall District
Sections of the Warren Hill Ridge
Flint Implements. Plate I

Plate II .
Plate III .
Plate IV ,
Boyton : Gold Torque
Lakenheath : Bronze-Age drinking cup
Saape : Cinerary urn
Fornham : Celt
Lakenheath : Celt
Mildenhall : Celt .
Honington : Palstave
Mildenhall : Bronze finger-ring .
Ornament on lid of bronze box .
Westhall : Enamelled bronze harness-ring
Lakenheath : S-shaped brooch with typical late Ce

„ Small socketed bronze axe

Mildenhall : Iron bill-hook of the Early Iron Age
Westhall : Bronze cylinders
Romano-British Suffolk :

Burgh Castle : Plan showing position .
„ „ Plan of Gariannonum .

Walton Castle : Plan showing position
Chart of entrance to Harwich Harbour in 1686
Walton Castle : Ground plan and ruins
„ „ Vase from cemetery .

Whitton : Fragment of mosaic pavement
Rougham : Contents of barrow .
Barking Hall : Bronze figure
Icklingham : Pewter from the Acton Collection
Coddenham : Mirror case ....
Cowlinge : Bronze jar or household god (Hercules)

,. (Mercury)
Herringfleet : Bronze vessel ....

Icklingham : Plan of Roman house, Horselands .
Kesgrave : Medallion in terra cotta
Icklingham : Square pewter dish and other pieces .
M.irtlesham : Base of bronze figure
Melton : Plan of tile kiln . . . •

xvii

Itic ornament

PAGE

colowcd plate, frontispiece

. 237

. 242

full-page plate, facing 248

„ „ 252

„ „ 254

,, .. 256

» „ 266

267
267
268
268
268
271
272

full-page plate, facing 272

273

283
284
287
288
288

full-page plate, facing

11 77

full-page plate, facing

290

294
297
298
302

304

308
309

full-page piate, facing 3 1 2

t »

3'3

* Reproduced in black and while in this edition.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Anglo-Saxon Remains :

Snape : Cinerary urn ......

„ Gold ring with Roman int.iglio

„ Boat in grave-mound .....

» »»»»)» .....

Sutton near Woodbridge : Gold front of jewelled brooch

Ipswich : Bronze square-headed brooches . . . 1

„ Square-headed and circular brooches and buckle )

Cinerary urns found in Suffolk. Plate III .

Ixworth : Bronze brooch ......

Cinerary urns found in Suffolk. Plate IV .

Ixworth : Bronze-gilt disk-head of pin .

Two bronze mounts of sword-scabbard (.') •

Akenhain H.dl, Ipswich : Pair of long brooches )

West Stow Heath : Bronze brooch . . J

Warren Hill, Mildcnhall : Bronze badge (?) offish form

Mitchell's Hill, Icklingham : Gilt-bronze buckle

Ipswich : Iron axe-head ....

Mildenhall : Lead weight with bronze-gilt top

„ Bronze-gilt brooch with silver mounts

„ Part of bracelet-clasp

„ Bronze brooch, once enamelled

Felixstowe : Lion brooch of bronze

Bronze brooch in form of bee

Blythburgh : Whale's bone tablet for writing
Ancient Earthworks :

Burgh (near Woodbridge) : Castle Field

Clare : Camp .

Burgh Castle .

Chcvington Hall Farm

Great Ashfield : Castle Hill

Orford Castle .

Bungay Castle .

Clare Castle .

Eye Castle

Framlingham Castle .

Denham Castle

Haughley Castle

Ilketshall St. John : The Moun

Lidgate Castle

Lindsey Castle

Milden Castle

Otley : Site of Castle

Gisleham Manor House : Moat round Site

Mettingham Castle .

Wingfield Castle

Lawshall : The Warbanks

PAGB

327
3^7
3*8
330

fu.'-p.ige plate, facing 332

334

. . . . 336

fu 'l-p.ige plate, facing 336

• 337

. ■ ■ • 338

full-page plate, facing 338

34*

343
343
345
345
346
346
348
349
35«

587
588

589
589
591
592
593
594
596

597

598

599
600
601
602
603
603
610
621
622
624

XVill

LIST OF MAPS

PACE

t Geological Map facing I

• Orographiciil Map ............ „ 17

• Botanical Map ............ ,.47

Prehistoric Map ............ ,,235

Romano-British Map ........... ,,279

Anglo-Saxon Map . . . . . . . . . . . . ,,325

Domesday Map . . . . . . . . . . . . » 357

Ancient Earthworks Map . . . . . . . , . . . »» 5^3

t Not reproduced in this edition owing to technical difficulties.

• Reproduced in black and white with red over print.

PREFACE

EAST ANGLIA exhibits a peculiar difficulty to the county
historian on account of the small size, and consequently the
large number, of its parishes and manors. This is probably
the cause of various unsuccessful attempts to' write the
history of Suffolk. Some of these efforts have so far matured as
to reach the stage of the publication of one or two volumes, while
others have not got beyond the stage of preliminary manuscript
collections. The first to attempt a county history of Suffolk was
John Gage, F.R.S., F.S.A., who, in 1838, took the name of Rokewode.
He published, in 1822, The History and Antiquities of Hengrave, in which
parish was the family seat of his father and afterwards of his elder
brother. In 1838 he issued the first volume of his proposed larger work,
The History and Antiquities of Su^olk, containing the history of the hundred
of Thingoe, the only part of his history which reached publication. His
work is careful and exhaustive, and it is much to be regretted that it was
not completed. His valuable collections for the continuation of the
work are now preserved at Hengrave Hall. The next to take up the
history of the county was Alfred Inigo Fox, LL.B., who, in 1820, took
the name of Suckling. He began the publication of his History and
Antiquities of Suffolk in 1846, but, like Gage, he only completed the
history of one hundred, that of Lothingland. Kirkby's Suffolk Traveller,
published in 1848, and its later edition, with supplement by Augustine
Page, published in 1844, cannot be strictly called county histories,
although they contain much useful information. An admirable history
of the county was undertaken by the late Mr. W. A. Coppinger, M.A.,
LL.D., F.S.A., who, in 1905, published The Manors of Suffolk, with
Notes on their History and Devolution. This volume contains the history
of the hundreds of Babergh and Blackburn. In 1908 the second
volume, including the hundreds of Blything, Bosmere, and Claydon,
appeared. Dr. Coppinger's Materials for the History of Suffolk, containing
references to sources for a history of the county, is of great value to all
those interested in the topography of Suffolk. Besides the printed
histories of the county, there are several manuscript collections for histories,
principal among which are those of David Ehsha Davy, B.A., which were
purchased by the British Museum in 1852 (Add. MSS. 1 9077-1 9207) ;
of Davy's friend, H. Jermyn, which were presented to the British
Museum by Herbert Gurney in 1830 (Add. MSS. 8168-96) ; and of
Craven Ord, F.R.S., F.S.A., most of whose collections are also now in
the British Museum (Add. MSS. 71 01-2, 8986-7),

XXI

PREFACE

During the preparation of this volume the Editor has had to deplore
the death of Mr. H. C. Sorby, LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., who left the
rough draft of his article on the Marine Zoology of the county, the re-
vision of the proofs of which was generously undertaken by the Rev.
Canon Norma/i, D.C.L. The Editor also greatly regrets the loss of his
old and much esteemed friend, Mr. George E. Fox, Hon. M.A., F.S.A.,
whose profound knowledge of Roman archaeology and kindly sympathy
endeared him to a large circle of friends. Mr. Fox died before finally
revising the proofs of his article on the Roman Remains of the county,
for the correction of which the Editor is responsible. The late Canon
Raven was to have written the articles on Early Man and the Anglo-
Saxon Remains of the county, but died before commencing the work.

The Editor has to express his thanks to Lord Francis Hervey for
advice and assistance ; to the Society of Antiquaries, the Suffolk Institute
of Archaeology and Natural History, the British Archaeological Associa-
tion, the Royal Archaeological Institute, the Prehistoric Society of East
Anglia, Mr. C. D. Pridden, M.A., Mr. Frank Woolnough, Mr. W.
Allen Sturge, M.V.O., M.D., F.R.C.P., and Miss Nina Layard, for
illustrations and information ; and to Mr. Vincent Redstone for his
ready help in many ways while passing the sheets through the press.

Owing to unforeseen circumstances there has been a delay in the
publication of this volume ; hence it is possible that works issued during
the past year, touching upon the subjects with which it deals, may not
have been consulted.

XXll

TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS

O.)

Abbrev. Plac. (Rec

Com.)
Acts of P.C.
Add. . . .
Add. Chart.
Admir. .
Agarde .
Anct. Corresp.
Atict. D. (P.R

A 2420
Ann. Mon.
Antiq. .
App. .
Arch.

Arch. Cant
Archd. Rec
Archit. .
Assize R.
Aud. Off.
Aug. Off
Ayloffe

Bed. . .
Beds . .
Berks .
Bdle. .
B.M. .
Bodl. Lib.
Bore.
Brev. Reg.
Brit. . .
Buck. .
Bucks

Cal. .
Camb.
Cambr.

Campb. Chart

Cant.

Cap. . . .

Carl. . .

Cart. Antiq. R.

C.C.C. Camb. ,

Certiorari Bdles.

(Rolls Chap.)
Chan. Enr. Decree

R.
Chan. Proc.
Chant. Cert.

Chap. Ho. .
Charity Inq.
Chart. R. 20 Hen.
III. pt. i. No. 10

Abbreviatio Placitorum (Re-
cord Commission)

Acts of Privy Council

Additional

Additional Charters

Admiralty

Agarde's Indices

Ancient Correspondence

Ancient Deeds(Public Record
Office) A 2420

Annates Monastici

Antiquarian or Antiquaries

Appendix

Archa;ologia or Archaeological

Archaeologia Cantiana

Archdeacons' Records

Architectural

Assize Rolls

Audit Office

Augmentation Office

Ayloffe's Calendars

Bedford

Bedfordshire

Berkshire

Bundle

British Museum

Bodley's Library

Borough

Brevia Regia

Britain, British, Britannia, etc.

Buckingham

Buckinghamshire

Calendar

Cambridgeshire or Cambridge

Cambria, Cambrian, Cam-
brensis, etc.

Campbell Charters

Canterbury

Chapter

Carlisle

Cartx Antiqua; Rolls

Corpus Christi College, Cam-
bridge

Certiorari Bundles (Rolls
Chapel)

Chancery Enrolled Decree
Rolls

Chancery Proceedings

Chantry Certificates (or Cer-
tificates of Colleges and
Chantries)

Chapter House

Charity Inquisitions

Charter Roll, 20 Henry III.
part i. Number 10

Chartul. .
Chas.
Ches.
Chest. .
Ch. Gds.

K.R.)
Chich. .
Chron. .
Close
Co. . .
Colch. .
Coll.
Com.

Com. Pleas
Conf. R.
Co. Plac.
Cornw. .
Corp.
Cott. .
Ct. R. .
Ct. of Ward
Cumb. .
Cur. Reg.

D. . .
D. and C.
Dc Banc. R
Dec. and Ord
Dep. Keeper's
Derb. . .
Devon .
Dioc. . .
Doc. . .
Dods. MSS.
Dom. Bk. .
Dors.

Duchy of Lane
Dur. .

(Exch

Re

East.

Eccl. .

Eccl. Com.

Edw. .

Eliz.

Engl. .

Engl. Hist.

Enr.

Epis. Reg.

Esch. Enr. Accts.

Excerpta e Rot. Fin

(Rec. Com.)
Exch. Dep.
Exch. K.B.
Exch. K.R. .

Exch. L.T.R. .

Rep,

Chartulary

Charles

Cheshire

Chester

Church Goods (Exchequer

King's Remembrancer)
Chichester

Chronicle, Chronica, etc.
Close Roll
County
Colchester
Collections
Commission
Common Pleas
Confirmation Rolls
County Placita
Cornwall
Corporation
Cotton or Cottonian
Court Rolls
Court of Wards
Cumberland
Curia Regis

Deed or Deeds

Dean and Chapter

De Banco Rolls

Decrees and Orders

Deputy Keeper's Reports

Derbyshire or Derby

Devonshire

Diocese

Documents

Dodsworth MSS.

Domesday Book

Dorsetshire

Duchy of Lancaster

Durham

Easter Term
Ecclesiastical

Ecclesiastical Commission
Edward
Elizabeth

England or English
English Historical Review
Enrolled or Enrolment
Episcopal Registers
Escheators Enrolled Accounts
Excerpta e Rotulis Finium

(Record Commission)
Exchequer Depositions
Exchequer King's Bench
Exchequer King's Remem-
brancer
Exchequer Lord Treasurer's
Remembrancer

xxni

TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS

Eich. of Pleas, Plea

R.
Exch. of Receipt .
Exch. Spec. Com. .

Feet of F. . . .
jod. Accts. (Ct. of

Wards)
Feod. Surv. (Ct. of

Wards)
Feud. Aids .

fol

Foreign R. . . .
Forest Proc.

Exchequer of Pleas, Plea Roll

Exchequer of Receipt
Exchequer Special Commis-
sions

Feet of Fines

Feodaries Accounts (Court of

Wards)
Feodaries Surveys (Court of

Wards)
Feudal Aids
Folio

Foreign Rolls
Forest Proceedings

Gaz Gazette or Gazetteer

Gen Genealogical, Genealogica,

etc.

Geo George

GIouc Gloucestershire or Gloucester

Guild Certif (Chan.) Guild Certificates (Chancery)
Ric. II. Richard II.

Hants

Harl.

Hen.

Heref

Hertf

Herts

Hil. .

Hist.

Hist. MSS. Com.

Hosp.

Hund. R. . .

Hunt. . . .

Hunts .

Inq. a.q.d.
Inq. p.m.
Inst. . .
Invent. .
Ips. .
Itin. . .

Jas. .
Journ.

Lamb. Lib.

Lane

L. and P. Hen.

VIII.
Lansd.
Ld. Rev. Rec. . .

Leic

Le Neve's Ind.

Lib

Lich

Line

Lond

m

Mem

Hampshire

Harley or Harleian

Henry

Herefordshire or Hereford

Hertford

Hertfordshire

Hilary Term

History, Historical, Historian,

Historia, etc.
Historical MSS. Commission
Hospital
Hundred Rolls
Huntingdon
Huntingdonshire

Inquisitionsad quod damnum
Inquisitions post mortem
Institute or Institution
Inventory or Inventories
Ipswich
Itinerary

James
Journal

Lambeth Library
Lancashire or Lancaster
Letters and Papers, Hen.

VIII.
Lansdowne

Land Revenue Records
Leicestershire or Leicester
Le Neve's Indices
Library
Lichfield

Lincolnshire or Lincoln
London

Membrane
Memorials

Memo. R. .

Memoranda Rolls

Mich. . .

Michaelmas Term

Midd. . .

Middlesex

Mins. Accts.

Ministers' Accounts

Misc. 13ks. (Exch.

Miscellaneous Books (Ex

K.R., Exch

chequer King's Remem

T.R. or A

UR

brancer. Exchequer Trea

Off.)

sury of Receipt or Aug-
mentation Office)

Mon. . .

Monastery, Monasticon

Monm. . .

Monmouth

Mun. . .

Muniments or Munimenta

Mus. . .

Museum

N. and Q. .

Notes and Queries

Norf. . .

Norfolk

Northampt.

Northampton

Northants .

Northamptonshire

Northumb. .

Northumberland

Norvv. .

Norwich

Nott. . .

Nottinghamshire or Netting

N.S. .

Off. .
Orig. R.
O.S. .
Oxf. .

Palmer's Ind.
Pal. of Chest.
Pal. of Dur.
Pal. of Lane.
Par. . . .
Pari. . . .
Pari. R. . .
Parl.^rv. .
Partic. for Gt;.
Pat. . . .
P.C.C. . .

Pet

Peterb

Phil

Pipe R

Plea R

Pop. Ret. . . .
Pope Nich. Tax.

(Rec. Com.)
P.R.O

Proc. . . .
Proc. See. Antiq.

pt.
Pub.

R

Rec. . . .
Recov. R. . .
Rentals and Surv.

Rep

Rev

Ric

ham
New Style

Office

Originalia Rolls
Ordnance Survey
Oxfordshire or Oxford

Page

Palmer's Indices

Palatinate of Chester

Palatinate of Durham

Palatinate of Lancaster

Parish, parochial, etc.

Parliament or Parliamentary

Parliament Rolls

Parliamentary Surveys

Particulars for Grants

Patent Roll or Letters Patent

Prerogative Court of Canter-
bury

Petition

Peterborough

Philip

Pipe Roll

Plea Rolls

Population Returns

Pope Nicholas' Taxation (Re-
cord Commission)

Public Record Office

Proceedings

Proceedings of the Society of
Antiquaries

Part

Publications

Roll

Records

Recovery Rolls

Rentals and Surveys

Report

Review

Richard

XXIV

TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS

Roff. .... Rochester diocese
Rot. Cur. Reg. . Rotuli Curijc Regis
Rut Rutland

Topog.

Sarum ....

Ser

Sess. R

Shrews

Shrops ....

Soc

Soc. Antiq. .

Somers

Somers. Ho.

S.P. Dom. . . .

StaiF. ....

Star Chamb. Proc.

Stat

Steph

Subs. R. . . .

SufF.

Surr

Suss

Surv. of Ch. Liv-
ings (Lamb.) or
(Chan.)

Salisbury diocese
Series

Sessions Rolls
Shrewsbury
Shropshire
Society

Society of Antiquaries
Somerset
Somerset House
State Papers Domestic
Staffordshire

Star Chamber Proceedings
Statute
Stephen
Subsidy Rolls
Suffolk
Surrey
Sussex

Survey's of Church Livings
(Lambeth) or (Chancery)

Trans.
Transl.
Treas.
Trin.

Univ.

Valor Eccl.

Com.)
Vet. Mon. .
V.C.H. . .

Vic. . . .

vol. . . .

(Rec.

Warw. .
Westm. .
Westmld.
Will. .
Wilts .
Winton.
Wore.

Yorb

Topography or Topograph!.

cal
Transactions
Translation
Treasury or Treasurer
Trinity Term

University

Valor Ecclesiasticus (Record

Commission)
Vetusta Monumenta
Victoria County History
Victoria
Volume

Warwickshire or Warwick

Westminster

Westmorland

William

Wiltshire

Winchester diocese

Worcestershire or Worcester

Yorkshire

A HISTORY OF
SUFFOLK

GEOLOGY

SUFFOLK forms part of the East Anglian plain, and consists
almost wholly of an undulating region which rarely attains an
elevation of 400 feet. The greater portion of the county rises
from 80 to 200 feet above sea-level ; there are no prominent hills,
and even the district between Stowmarket and Harleston, to which the
term ' High Suffolk ' has sometimes been applied, lies below 200 feet.
The highest ground is between Haverhill and Bury St. Edmunds, and
this reaches 417 feet at Rede. The great alluvial tract of the Fenland
extends to Mildenhall in the north-western portion of the county, and
constitutes a lower plain.

The main features are those of the river valleys, notably along the
lower courses, which widen out into the pleasant estuarine waters of the
Deben, Orwell and Stour, or expand — as in the case of the Waveney
where it joins the Yare — into the brackish water ' broad ' known as
Breydon Water.

The coast line is nowhere protected by hard rocks, the cliffs being
formed of loose sands, gravels and clays, which yield so readily to the
combined attacks of land-springs and sea that the losses have been dis-
astrous.

The geological structure of Suffolk is comparatively simple. The
Chalk forms the foundation of almost the entire county. Its base would
be reached just below ihe fens of Mildenhall, and it is inclined gently
towards the south-east. Thus at Culford near Bury St. Edmunds it has
a thickness of 526 feet ; at Stowmarket and to the south-east it is over
800 feet. It forms part of that shallow trough or syncline known as the
' London Basin,' which in the southern and eastern parts of the county
where the Chalk is thickest supports a mass of Eocene strata. These
appear at the surface at Sudbury and Ipswich, and have been proved in
borings at various places, including Southwold and Lowestoft.

Stretching irregularly across the worn surfaces of the Eocene in the
southern, and on to the Chalk in the north-eastern parts of the county,
are found the several divisions of the Crag formation for which Suffolk
is especially famous. Nowhere else in England is there a better hunting-
ground for the collector of fossils than that portion of the Crag district
which extends from Felixstow to Aldeburgh and inland to Ipswich and
Woodbridge. There in many a pit shells and other organic remains in
great abundance and variety may at all times be obtained.

These richly fossiliferous strata have been partially destroyed and
I I I

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

extensively buried up by the succeeding glacial deposits, which form a
mantle over by far the greater part of the county. The chalky Boulder
Clay occupies much of western and central Suffolk, and the lighter
Glacial sands and gravels much of the eastern part. To them the
agricultural characters of the land and its scenery are principally due :
the strong loam of the Boulder Clay forming arable tracts, and the sands
and gravels, together with the Crag series, giving rise to those pleasant,
gorse-covered commons which form a marked feature in eastern Suffolk,

Later deposits belonging to old valleys, but some of high antiquity,
have attained renown, notably at Hoxne and Brandon, as repositories of
the flint implements of Paleolithic man ; while the more recent accu-
mulations— marine, estuarine and freshwater — occupy lower levels in the
valleys and fringe the coasts.

The chief industries connected with geology are lime-burning and
brick-making. The old gun-flint manufactory at Brandon is practically
extinct, while the ' coprolite diggings ' have been abandoned owing to
the introduction of foreign phosphates.

Although the geological structure of the county has been spoken of
as simple, the particular relations of many of the sub-divisions in the
Pliocene and newer strata have formed the subject of much controversy,
and mainly on this account the literature is voluminous.

For some of the earlier records relating to the county we are
indebted to the Rev. William Branwhite Clarke,' who was born at East
Bergholt, and who ultimately became the ' Father of Australian Geo-
logy.' To Searles Valentine Wood of Hasketon and Martlesham, and
to his son S. V. Wood, junior ; to Edward Charlesworth, Sir Joseph
Prestwich, John Ellor Taylor, Professor E. Ray Lankester, Mr. William
Whitaker, Mr. E. T. Newton, Mr. Clement Reid and Mr. F. W.
Harmer we are especially indebted for our knowledge of the Tertiary
and newer strata and their organic remains.^ To Mr. A. J. Jukes-
Browne and Mr. William Hill we owe our special knowledge of the
Chalk. To the publications of the Geological Survey we are likewise
indebted, and frequent reference is made to the Memoirs issued by that
institution.

The strata or formations known in Suffolk may be grouped as
follows, the names in italics referring to those not exposed at the sur-
face.

' ' On the Geological Structure and Phzenomena of tlie County of Suffolk,' Trans. Geo!. Soe. sec. l,
V. 359.

* For bibliography see list in Whitaker's 'Geology of the Country around Ipswich, Hadleigh
and Felixstow,' Geol. Survey (1885), p. 134 ; with addenda in 'Geology of Parts of Cambridgeshire
and Suffolk,' Geol. Survey (1891), p. i 21. See also ' Sketch of the Geology of Suffolk,' by J. E.Taylor,
reprinted from the fourth edition of White's History, etc., of the county (1884.).

2

GEOLOGY

Period

Formation

Character of the Strata

Approximate thick-
ness in feet

Recent to

Neolithic

Alluvium, including sub-
merged Forest and Fen
Beds

Blown Sand

Shingle Beaches . . .

Mud, silt, clay, peat and
gravel

Clean sand

Chiefly flint pebbles . .

10 to 50

10 to 15
up to 50

Pleistocene,
Palaeolithic
and Glacial

Valley Gravel and Brick-
earth
Boulder Clay ....

Glacial Sand and Gravel .
Glacial Loam ....

Sub-angular flint gravel
and loam

Chalky clay, with flints
and erratics ....

Shelly sand and gravel

Loam

10 to 25

up to 170
10 to 100
10 to 25

Pliocene

Cromer Forest Bed . .

Norwich Crag Series with

Chillesford Clay
Red Crag Series
Coralline Crag ....

Gravel, laminated clay and
peaty loam with rootlets

Shelly sand and gravel and
laminated clay .

Red and brown shelly sand

Calcareous shelly sand and
sandy limestone . . .

10 to 25

20 to 150
10 to 40

40 to 60

Eocene

London Clay ....
Reading Beds ....
Thanet Beds ....

Brown and blue clay with
septaria and sandy clay

Mottled clay, sand and
sandstone

Green clayey sand .

up to 130

20 to 70

10 to 15

Upper
Cretaceous

Upper Chalk ....
Middle Chalk ....
Lower Chalk ....

Gault

Soft chalk with nodular
flints

Harder chalk with few
nodular and tabular flints

Grey and white blocky
chalk with curved joint-
ing and grey marl .

Grey marly clay . . .

500

200 to 220

160 to 170
50 to 90

Lower
Cretaceous

Lower Greemand .

Ferruginous and calcareous
sandstone

30 to 35

Jurassic

Kimeridge Clay ....

Dark shale with bands
and nodules of lime-
stone

100

Palasozoic

Silurian ? (or older)

Slaty rock

unknown

PALAEOZOIC

Rocks of ancient date, the age of which cannot at present be deter-
mined, have been proved at Stutton in the low ground south of Crepping
Hall, on the borders of the Stour.

There at a depth of 994 feet beneath Gault, Chalk and other over-

3

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

lying strata certain slaty rocks were entered. In character they re-
sembled beds reached beneath the Gault at Harwich, now believed to
belong to the Silurian or an older formation. The enterprise at Stutton,
as remarked by Mr. Whitaker, was the first attempt made by the
Eastern Counties Coal-boring Association.^

An earlier boring at Culford Park to the north-west of Bury
St. Edmunds proved dark slaty rock and hornstone beneath the Lower
Greensand and overlying rocks, at depths of from 637I to 657^ feet.^

This is all we at present know of the Paleozoic floor in Suffolk.

JURASSIC

KIMERIDGE CLAY

This formation perhaps directly underlies the alluvium in the
northern portion of Mildenhall Fen in a very small area in Suffolk, but
it may extend beneath the Lower Greensand and Gault and overlying
strata towards Newmarket and Mildenhall. Its thickness is not likely
to exceed 100 feet, and where exposed beyond the borders of Suffolk
it consists of dark shales and clays with nodules and bands of limestone.
The occurrence of limestones in the Kimeridge Clay, as at Littleport
north of Ely, is interesting, as in other Jurassic formations the develop-
ment of limestones at the expense of clays occurs in proximity to old
land-tracts.' The Kimeridge Clay, if not faulted against the older
rocks, must abut against them in the area to the west of Culford.

CRETACEOUS

LOWER GREENSAND

In the boring at Culford, previously mentioned, the Pala20zoic rock
was immediately overlain by greyish-brown ferruginous sandstone and
sandy limestone with foraminifera and fragments of echinoderms, mol-
lusca and brachiopods, as well as lignite. These strata occurred beneath
the Gault, from 605 to 637I feet in depth, and they have been referred,
with doubt, by Mr. Whitaker and Mr. Jukes-Browne to the Lower
Greensand, though they mention the possibility of their being Jurassic*

GAULT

Although the Gault nowhere appears at the surface in Suffolk, it
cannot be far below ground over much of Mildenhall Fen, and it prob-
ably everywhere underlies the Chalk. It occurs at a depth of 532 feet
below Culford, and consists of a mass of grey marl 73 feet thick, in

1 See address by W. Whitaker to Geo]. Section, Rep. Brit. Asm. for 1895, p. 667, also pp. 436,
693 ; and Geol. Mag. (1895), p. 466.

* Whitaker and Jukes-Browne, ^lart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1. 492.

* H. B. Woodward, 'Jurassic Rocks of Britain,' vol. v. (1895), Geol. Sutfey, p. 172.

* ^art. Joun:. Geol. Soc. 1. 493.

4

GEOLOGY

which phosphatic nodules and a few fossils such as Belemnites attenuatus,
fish-vertebra^, etc., have been observed/ Its thickness may be greater
under Mildenhall Fen, probably as much as 90 feet.

At Stutton the Gault was reached at a depth of 944 feet, and its
thickness was about 50 feet. It there rests directly on Palccozoic rock.

No evidence of Upper Greensand has been met with, for although
at Combs near Stowmarket the lower part of the Chalk was proved at
a depth of 874 feet, and green sandy beds and clays were then reached,
these may in part belong to the base of the Chalk, as noted further on."

CHALK

While the Chalk enters so much into the foundation of the county,
it is only in the western parts that it appears to any prominent extent
at the surface. Elsewhere it is largely concealed by newer deposits, and
on the eastern side it lies more than 200 feet below the surface of Orford
marshes, 126 feet at Saxmundham, and as much as 475 feet at Lowes-
toft.

The full thickness proved in the deep boring at Stutton amounts to
874I feet, a good deal less than that known to occur in Norfolk. In
other localities thicknesses of over 800 feet have been proved, as at
Landguard Fort (base not reached), and at Combs near Stowmarket,
where the highest beds of Chalk were not present.

The divisions recognized in the Chalk are as follows : —

Zones

Upper Chalk

Chalk with flints: Chalk Rock
at base

Actinocamax quadratui
Manupites
Micraster
Holaster planus

Middle Chalk

Bedded Chalk with few flints :
Melbourn Rock at base

TerehratuUna
Rhynchonella cuvieri

Lower Chalk

Grey Chalk or clunch : Tottern-

hoe stone at base
Chalk marl

Holaster subglobosus
Ammonites varians

In the eastern part of the county it is probable that the lowest
portion of the Chalk formation is a dark green glauconitic marl a few
feet thick, recognized in some deep borings, as at Stutton, and belonging
perhaps to the sub-zone of Stauronema carteri.^ In the western part of
the county it is likely that the Cambridge phosphate bed may occur at
the base of the Chalk, as it was proved in a boring at Isleham, and it
has been worked near Soham in Cambridgeshire. In this case it would

* Whitaker and Jukes-Browne, ^art. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1. 49 1 •

2 Whitaker, Geol. Mag. (1895), p. 465; Jukes-Browne, 'Cretaceous Rocks of Britain,' vol. i.
(1900), Geol. Survey, pp. 372, 373.

' Jukes-Browne, ' Cretaceous Rocks of Britain ' vol. i. (1900), Geol. Survey, p. 373.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

be found beneath the alluvium of Mildenhall Fen, and perhaps for some
distance beneath the levels west of Lakenheath.

The base of the Lower Chalk has nowhere been exposed in the
county, and indeed only the higher portions of the grey Chalk marl,
which is reckoned to be 60 or 70 feet in thickness, outcrop in the north-
west. This marl is surmounted by the Totternhoe Stone, which com-
prises about I 2 feet of grey gritty limestone, largely made up of commi-
nuted fragments of Inoceratnus and containing green-coated phosphatic
nodules at the base. The beds have been worked for freestone at Isle-
ham, and they probably outcrop to the north-west of West Row. At
this locality a band of light red chalk was observed by Mr. Jukes-Browne
in the grey chalk which occurs above the Totternhoe Stone.' This
higher portion of the Lower Chalk consists for the most part of grey
and white blocky chalk or clunch, about 80 feet in thickness, with at
top a layer 3 or 4 feet thick of yellow shaly marl and hard chalk, char-
acterized by Actinocamax plenus. These beds extend from West Row
eastwards to near Mildenhall, Eriswell and Lakenheath.^

The Middle Chalk comprises at its base the Melbourn Rock, a
hard sandy nodular layer about 8 feet thick, named from Melbourn in
Cambridgeshire. It has been observed near Worlington. The overlying
yellowish and somewhat nodular chalk yields Rhynchonelia cuvieri,
Inoceramus mytiloides and Galerites siibrotundus. The beds are exposed in
pits east of Mildenhall, to the east and north of Eriswell and to the
north-east of Lakenheath.^

The higher portion of the Middle Chalk, characterized by Tere-
bratulina, consists of softer white chalk with layers of marl and nodules
of flint ; and it extends from Newmarket, east of Mildenhall, to the
neighbourhood of Brandon, a region where the Chalk is much hidden by
drift sand.

Only in the neighbourhood of Newmarket does the Chalk present
its characteristic features of open downs with short, springy turf, such
as we find over the well-known training grounds and racecourse.*
Northwards to Mildenhall and Thetford, owing partly ' to the cappings
of Drift as well as to the amount of sand that seems to have been blown
over the Chalk, the usual features of a chalk-tract are almost absent.
We have no sharp escarpment, no deep valleys, and the flood of sand has
given rise, in places, to barren heath-land.' Large plantations of fir and
larch have been made, elsewhere much of the ground is ' little else than
a gigantic rabbit warren,' although rye, barley and potatoes are grown
in places. ° In this region, as might be expected, there is a scarcity of
surface water.

1 Geol. Mag. (1887), p. 24.

^ Whitaker and Jukes-Browne, ^arl. Joum. Geol. Soc. xliii. 547, 554; Whitaker and others,
'Geology of South-western Norfolk,' etc., Geol. Survey (1893), p. 29.

^ Jukes-Browne and Hill, ^arl. Journ. Geol. Soc. xliii. 563, 564; Jukes-Browne, Stiatlgraphical
Geology (1902), p. 442.

* See F. J. Bennett, 'Geology of Bury St. Edmunds and Newmarket,' Geol. Survey (1886), p. 2.

* Whitaker and others, ' Geology of Parts of Cambridgeshire and Suffolk,' Geol. Survey (1891), p. 4.

6

GEOLOGY

The Upper Chalk, consisting of chalk with nodular and tabular
flints, underlies the greater part of Suffolk, from Haverhill through Bury
St. Edmunds to Brandon, and in the country to the east, where however
it is so much obscured by Glacial drift and Tertiary strata that it appears
seldom at the surface and few fossils have been recorded.

Chalk with Micraster occurs at Bury St. Edmunds and onwards,
probably to Ixworth, Fakenham and Euston Park. At Great Horringer
it has been extensively excavated in subterranean workings or galleries.

The Marsupite zone probably extends through the country from
near Wickhambrook to Elmswell, Botesdale and Redgrave.

Near Needham Market the Chalk yields Actimcamax quadratus,
Inoceramus mytiloides and Ostrea acutirostris. There are Chalk pits at
Coddenham, while to the north-east the Chalk appears in the Deben
Valley below Debenham and at Earl Soham.

Chalk above the zone of Actimcamax quadratus might have been
expected along the borders of the Eocene covering from Sudbury, east-
wards to Claydon and Bramford near Ipswich ; but at Sudbury no indi-
cations of higher beds have been proved, the few fossils found there
including Lima hoperi and teeth of the sharks Lamna and Oxyrhina. It
is to be borne in mind that the thickness of Chalk proved at Combs
near Stowmarket is but little less than that below Stutton, where the full
local thickness occurs. Along the eastern borders of the county it may
be that higher beds occur, but information derived solely from borings is
necessarily meagre.

The Chalk is the great storehouse for water, and wells and borings
have been carried into it in all parts of the county, excepting into its
lowest division of grey marl, which is impervious. Although so much
of the Chalk is deeply buried beneath newer strata, which consist largely
of impervious clays and effectually keep out the direct rainfall, yet an
abundant supply of good water has been obtained at Ipswich, Wood-
bridge and other places far from the main outcrop. Under such con-
ditions a supply is not always freely obtained, and it may be necessary to
penetrate the formation to depths ranging up to 250 feet before a fissure is
met with ; while along the sea borders, as at Southwold, Leiston, Orford
and Landguard Fort, brackish or saline waters have been encountered.
In west Suffolk, where the Drift coverings are neither so thick nor
so impervious as in central Suffolk, water is more readily obtained. Mr.
Whitaker has called attention to an intermittent stream or ' nailbourne '
at Coddenham. After much dry weather, when the plane of saturation
in the Chalk is low, the brook which flows over Boulder Clay in its
higher course sinks into the permeable Chalk, but after long-continued
rain there is a continuous flow of water.'

The Chalk is burnt for lime at Sudbury, Bramford, near Bury St.
Edmunds and other places; and it has been used with an admixture
of river-mud for cement making at Waldringfield and Burgh Castle. In

• 'Geology of the Neighbourhood of Stowmarket,' Geol. Survey (1881), p. 18,

7

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

a few places, as near Brandon, hard beds have been employed for build-
ing purposes.

The most interesting industry connected with the Chalk has been
that of the manufacture of gun-flints in the neighbourhood of Brandon.
The flint was largely obtained from Lingheath, a tract described by Mr.
S. B. J. Skertchly ' as completely honeycombed with pits, many of
them old, and most of them approached through shafts about 45 feet
deep. These occur from Brandon Park on the west to Santon Down-
ham Warren on the east. Good flint has also been obtained at Elvedon,
and at one time it was largely extracted from pits on Icklingham Heath.
According to the same author the best bed of flint is the ' Floor Stone,'
which is the band to which the pits are sunk, and from which most of
the gun-flints have been made. It is generally a continuous layer,
smooth at the base, and with a somewhat irregular surface. Other
layers have been occasionally used for gun-flints, but have been more
extensively employed for building purposes, a trade still carried on.
About the year 1835, when percussion caps were introduced, the gun-
flint manufactory rapidly declined, the materials subsequently shaped
being chiefly for export to Africa.

Dressed flints have been much used in building churches, and fine
examples may be seen at Southwold and elsewhere. Flint boulders from
gravels have also been largely used for building purposes.

The Chalk is a deep-sea formation made up of calcareous ooze
derived from the accumulation and decay of various organisms, notably
foraminifera, as well as mollusca and echinoderms. Together with these
were sponges, whose siliceous structures have furnished the material
which has segregated into the irregular nodules known as flints. These
nodules follow the planes of bedding. Other forms of flint occur as
tabular layers and as vertical or oblique veins, and these have probably
been formed by subsequent infiltration of waters which held silica in
solution and deposited it along the more or less vertical and horizontal
joint-planes.

That the Chalk extended over the greater part of England is gener-
ally admitted, so that on the partial upheaval of the area in Tertiary
times Chalk cliffs alone yielded material in its flints for the formation
of pebble beds. In Suffolk the Eocene strata do not yield any con-
spicuous flint pebble beds such as we find in Hertfordshire and other
southern counties, but in Pliocene and later times there were great
accumulations of flint gravel which tell of the destruction of Chalk — a
loss that is likewise manifest from the irregular extension of Pliocene
and Glacial drifts across the eroded surface of the Chalk.

This great plain of denudation is by no means a uniformly level
tract ; it was worn down during successive stages of the Eocene period
by encroachment of the sea westwards and northwards, and modified in
various ways by the marine, fluviatile and glacial agents of subsequent
ages, to which attention will be directed.

' 'Manufacture of Gun-Flints,' Geol. Survey (1879).
8

GEOLOGY

EOCENE
THANET BEDS

The oldest Eocene strata in this country are the Thanet Beds, and
their presence in the neighbourhood of Sudbury was made known in 1874
by Mr. Whitaker. Above the Chalk he observed at Ballingdon, a suburb
on the Essex side, 14 feet of green clayey sand, which in all probability
represents the Thanet Beds/ Traces of the same deposit, sometimes
with green-coated flints, have also been observed by him At Cosford
Bridge and Kersey Mill in the Brett valley, and at Somersham, Little
Blakenham, Claydon, Barham, Bramford and Ipswich.

Nucula and Cardium are the only fossils which have locally been
found in the strata.

READING BEDS

Overlying the thin representative of the Thanet Beds, and other-
wise persistent in Suffolk, is the variable group of strata known as the
Reading Beds. They comprise alternations of mottled clay, brown and
grey clay, grey and green sand, with occasional masses of concretionary
sandstone of the nature of greywethers. Black flint pebbles occur here
and there, but not in prominent layers ; and no fossils have been ob-
served in the strata in Suffolk. The outcrop of the group can be traced
by means of pits and borings from Sudbury to Kersey near Hadleigh
and the neighbourhood of Ipswich, where the thickness is reckoned by
Mr. Whitaker at 37 feet. The thickness however varies like the strata,
even within short distances, being from 43 to a little over 60 feet in the
neighbourhood of Felixstow, 36 feet at Trimley, 27 to 34 feet near
Woodbridge, as much as 70 feet at Southwold, and nearly 80 at Leiston.
In these localities our information is derived wholly from records fur-
nished by well-sinkers. The main mass of the Reading Beds extends
to Saxmundham and Lowestoft, but not so far inland as Beccles.

The possible occurrence of an outlier of Reading Beds beneath
Drift and Crag at Hoxne has been suggested by Mr. W. H. Dalton,
and he records the occurrence of ' plastic blue loam ' near Halesworth
which 'may belong to this series'; but the evidence in both cases is
questionable.^ In a well made at Brettenham it is possible that Reading
Beds occur beneath the Drift, but Mr. Whitaker, who has published
the section, does not favour this view.^

The Reading Beds having a narrow outcrop and being much con-
cealed by newer strata enter but little into the surface features of the
county. The clays are worked for brick-making near Sudbury, Bram-
ford and Ipswich, and the sandy beds are water-bearing.

At Stoke near Ipswich Mr. Whitaker noticed a few feet of sandy

' Stuart. Joum. Geol. Soc. xxx. 401.

» See ' Geology of the Country around Halesworth and Harleston,' Geol. Survey (1887), pp. 3.

37, 38-

^ ^art. Joum. Geol. Soc. lix.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

gravel and buff sand, hardened in places into stone, which may belong
to the Oldhaven or Blackheath Beds. Again, beneath the London
Clay at Leiston, a boring proved 26 feet of loamy sand with flint peb-
bles and sandstone, which may also represent the same group, and per-
haps to some extent the basement bed of the London Clay.'

LONDON CLAY

This formation consists mainly of bluish-grey clay which weathers
to a brown clay at and near the surface. It contains selenite, iron
pyrites, and also nodular masses of argillaceous limestone or septaria,
which were formerly dredged up at the entrance to the Orwell and
Stour and burnt at Harwich for Roman cement. Some of these stones
were used in old times for building purposes, as in Wrabness and Chel-
mondiston churches and in the keep of Orford Castle.

The London Clay is exposed beneath the Crag at Felixstow and
Bawdsey, and the septaria are said to form rocky ground beneath the sea
off the mouth of the Ore.^ The clay comes to the surface along the
borders of the Deben below Woodbridge, along the Orwell and its
tributaries below Burstall and Ipswich, and along the Stour and its tribu-
taries below Boxford and Assington to the north of Nayland.

The basement bed, from 8 to nearly 30 feet in thickness, comprises
loamy sand with black flint pebbles and occasional sandstone with casts
of shells. One of the most interesting sections was that at Kyson
(Kingston) on the banks of the Deben about one mile below Wood-
bridge, where teeth of the shark Odontaspis ('Lamna'), and also remains
of Hyracotherium (formerly regarded as the remains of a monkey) were
obtained.' The lower beds have also been exposed at Hadleigh brick-
yard.

The full thickness of the London Clay is nowhere developed in
Sufl^olk because the formation has suffered extensive erosion. As much
as 130 feet was proved in a well at Orford, about 68 feet at Southwold,
and rather less than 50 feet at Leiston, the base of the London Clay
occurring in Mr. Whitaker's opinion a little east of Saxmundham.
Further south there was proved at Felixstow 64 feet of London Clay,
at Trimley 88 1 feet, and at Stutton Hall 71 feet, the varying thickness
being dependent locally on the elevation of the ground. The beds have
been worked in places for the manufacture of bricks and tiles.

The fossils of the London Clay include remains of turtles, of the
sharks Otodus and Odontaspis, of the eagle-ray Myliobatis, the crab {Plagio-
lophus) and the lobster {Hoploparia), as well as mollusca such as Nautilus
and the boring shell Teredo, brachiopods, pyritized plants and fossil wood.
Coprolites have also been met with.

' ' Geology of the Country around Ipswich,' etc., p. 15;' Geology of South-western Norfolk,'
etc., Geol. Survey (1893), p. 163 ; and Geo/. Mag. (1895), p. 463.

' Capt. H. Alexander, 'Treatise on the Nature and Properties of the Soils of Norfolk, Suffolk and
Essex' (1841), p. 15.

* Prestwich, ^art. Journ. Geol. Soc. vi. 272.

10

GEOLOGY

Where exposed at the surface the London Clay would under ordi-
nary circumstances yield a stiff clayey soil, but in Suffolk it is mainly
exposed along the borders of valleys and the soil is lightened and en-
riched by down washes from higher sandy and shelly strata. The soil
has therefore been described as a ' rich loam,' and as such it is met
with here and there from Hadleigh eastwards to the borders of the Stour,
Orwell and Deben.

It is impossible now to say how far the Eocene strata formerly ex-
tended over Suffolk. In some areas deep ' pipes ' in the Chalk have
preserved portions of the strata at a distance from the main mass, but
apart from the doubtful evidence furnished by well sections no such
relics have at present been proved to occur in Suffolk.

It may be that there was overlap of the successive members of the
Eocene series, and that Bagshot Beds formerly extended into the county,
yielding materials for some of the Pliocene and Glacial sands and pebble
beds. Indeed, S. V. Wood, jun., suggested that the middle Glacial
sands might largely have been made up of Bagshot Beds.' The occur-
rence moreover of Oligocene fossils in the basement beds of the Crag
in Norfolk is also a significant fact.

The Chalk surface has been furrowed in places by ' pipes ' and traces
of clay-with-flints were noticed by Mr. F. J. Bennett in such pipes
beneath Boulder Clay near Saxham," while irregular channels have
occasionally been formed in Pleistocene times and filled with Glacial
Drift.

Some disturbances have been proved in the Chalk south of Ipswich
and at Woodbridge,^ while a few small faults have been noticed in the
London Clay at Felixstow and Bawdsey.

PLIOCENE

The Crag Series consists of sands, pebbly gravels and laminated
clays, but the characteristic and prominent beds are shelly sands which
have for a long period been dug as manure for fertilizing the land and
as material for garden walks.*

CORALLINE CRAG

The lowest division, known as the Coralline Crag, owes its name
to the fact that much of it is composed of bryozoa. In some places it
appears in the form of loose shelly sands ; elsewhere it is composed of
comminuted shells and bryozoa, locally hardened into stone, the joints

• ' Remarks in Explanation of Map of the Upper Tertiaries of the Counties of Norfolk, Sufiblk,
etc' (1866), p. 13.

' * Geology of Bury St. Edmunds,' p. 12.

' Whitaker, ' Geology of Ipswich,' p. loo ; and ^uart. Joum. Gnl. See. lix.

* For full particulars of the Pliocene strata, see S. V. Wood, 'The Crag Mollusca,' PaUmtograph.
Soc. ; Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xxvii. 115, 325, 452 ; F. W. Harmer, ibid. liv. 308, lyi.
705 ; Whiuker, 'Geology of the country around Ipswich,' p. 32 ; C. Reid, 'The Pliocene Deposits
of Britain' (1890), Geol. Survey ; and E. T. Newton, 'The Vertebrata of the Pliocene Deposits of
Britain ' (1891), Geol. Survey.

II

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

of which are sometimes filled with calcareous veins. Beds of this
character have been used for building purposes, as in the tower of
Chillesford church ; they have been quarried like a freestone, and perhaps
on this account the name 'crag' may have been introduced into East
Anglia. Blocks also have been obtained from the ' Thorpe Rocks ' on
the beach near Aldeburgh.

The stone beds do not yield the rich variety of mollusca found in
the loose sands, but this, as pointed out by Mr. F. W. Harmer, is owing
to the fact that the shells have been largely dissolved away by the action
of acidulated water. Consequently the sub-divisions made in the Coral-
line Crag by Prestwich are not to be regarded as successive zones, but
rather as altered local conditions in the strata. In proof of this Mr.
Harmer has pointed out that at Brick-kiln farm, Iken, a lenticular patch
of the shelly sands occurs in the midst of a mass of the indurated beds.^

The Coralline Crag attains a thickness of 50 or 60 feet, and from
its pale buff tint it has sometimes been termed the White Crag, in dis-
tinction from the Red Crag which overlies it. At some depth below
ground all the Crag beds are usually grey in colour. The principal
exposures of Coralline Crag are at Tattingstone, south of Ipswich ; at
Sutton and Ramsholt, south of Woodbridge ; and at Gedgrave, Sud-
bourne, Orford and Aldeburgh. From the abundance of fossils at
Gedgrave the formation has been termed the ' Gedgravian ' by Mr.
Harmer, and characterized as the zone of Mactra triangnla.

Among the more abundant and noteworthy fossils are Cardita senilis,
Pectunculus glycimeris, Cyprina islandica, C. rustica, Astarte omalii, Diplo-
donta rotundata, Nucula nucleus, Pecten opercularis, P. tigrinus, Trophon
consocialis, T'urritella incrassata, Calypraa chinensis. Valuta lamberti, etc.

At the base of both Coralline and Red Crag, but chiefly below the
Red Crag, there occurs a remarkable nodule and pebble bed which has
yielded numerous derived fossils, many of them phosphatized. It is
well known as a ' Coprolite bed,' and will be referred to more particu-
larly in reference to the Red Crag. It forms a layer 12 to 15 inches
thick beneath the Coralline Crag at Sutton, and has there yielded pebbles
of quartz, quartzite, flint, septaria from the London Clay, bones of
Jurassic saurians, and a large boulder of red porphyry, weighing about
a quarter of a ton." Coprolites were worked at this locality for a short
period. The most interesting fossils are those enclosed in rolled frag-
ments of sandstone and known as ' boxstones.' They include Valuta
auris-leparis, Conus dujardini, Nassa conglobata and Isocardia car (and var.
lunulata), and these with other forms characterize an older Pliocene
deposit, no longer existing in situ in this country. The boxstones, which
thus represent remnants of an earlier fauna than the Coralline Crag, have
been locally used for road metal. The fauna of the Coralline Crag, as
observed by Lyell, indicates a warmer temperature than that of the later
stages of the crag. The sea was open to the south, and the mollusca

' Proc. Geol. Asioc. xv. 436, xvii. 424.
• Prestwich, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc. xxvii. 117 ; E. Ray Lankcster, ibid. xrvi. 493.

12

GEOLOGY

are of Mediterranean type. The formation as noted by Mr. Harmer
was laid down in water of moderate depth as submarine shell-banks with
drifted mollusca and with occasional reefs of bryozoa,

RED CRAG

The Red Crag is a reddish and yellowish brown sand with much
oblique and false bedding, with abundant mollusca, some broken and
most of them stained red. Rusty brown veins of ironstone and films
of ferruginous sandstone pervade the strata. The iron ore, as suggested
by J. E. Taylor, may have been derived to some extent from pyrites in
the London Clay, but much of it, according to Prestwich, appears to
have been introduced subsequently, as the staining and the infiltration
bands are very irregularly distributed.

The Red Crag has been opened in places to a depth of 1 5 or 20
feet, while its full thickness does not appear to exceed 40 feet, if we
accept Mr. Harmer's grouping, and regard as Norwich Crag those beds
which lie to the north of Aldeburgh.

The Red Crag rests irregularly on the worn surfaces of the Coral-
line Crag and elsewhere on the London Clay. Lyell described an old
cliff in the Coralline Crag at Sutton against which the Red Crag rested,'
and the two crags have been seen in irregular conjunction at Tattingstone
Park and Ramsholt. In opposition to earlier observers Mr. Harmer
believes that not many of the Red Crag mollusca have been derived from
the Coralline Crag, although he admits that upheaval and some denuda-
tion of the older deposit took place, and that its basement bed remained
in certain areas to form the foundation of the Red Crag.^

It is generally agreed that the older portion of the Red Crag is that
of Walton-on-the-Naze, a stage not recognized in Suffolk. In that region
it contains most of the characteristic Coralline Crag shells, as well as
mollusca which entered the crag basin from areas on the north with
which communication had been opened up. Thus Mr. Harmer has
come to regard the Red Crag as the marginal accumulations of a sea
which gradually retreated northward, so that the deposits as we approach
Norfolk yield species more boreal as well as more recent in character.

The oldest layers of Red Crag in Suffolk would be those that occur
between the Stour and the Orwell, at Shotley and Erwarton, at Tatting-
stone and Bentley, and as far west as Stoke and Polstead in the neighbour-
hood of Sudbury. These beds have not been separately designated by
Mr. Harmer, who groups the Suffolk Red Crag into two stages, based
on the abundant forms that occur in the districts.

The older he terms the Newbournian, from Newbourn, south of
Woodbridge ; it constitutes the zone of Mactra constricta, and includes
the well-known Red Crag of Felixstow, which rests on the London
Clay in the cliff section, and also the Crag at Trimley, Ramsholt, Sutton
and Shottisham.

• Proc. Geol. Soc. iii. 127 ; Prestwich, ^art. Jount. Geol. Soc. xxvii. 339, 342.

* ^art. Journ. Geol. Soc. Ivi. 707, 708, 719, 721 ; Proc. Geol. Assoc, xvli. 428.

13

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

The newer division, termed the Butleyan, and known to all col-
lectors in the well-known pit near the Butley Oyster Inn, is characterized
as the zone of Cardium grosnlandicum, and is recognized by Mr. Harmer
in the cliff at Bawdsey, where the Red Crag overlies the London Clay ;
also in pits at Alderton, Hollesley, Boyton, Chillesford, Sudbourne and
Iken.

The characteristic fossils of the Red Crag are Neptiwea {T'rophon)
antiqua, N. contraria. Purpura lapillus, Natica (several species), Cassidaria
bicatenata, Nassa (several species), T'urritella incrassata, Tellina obliqua, T'.
prcetenuis, Mactra ovalis, M. constricta, Cardium angustatum, Pectunculus
glycimeris, Scrobicularia plana (in upper beds), Pecten opercularis, Mytilus,
My a, etc.

The basement bed, to which reference has previously been made,
is of considerable interest, as it contains many bones as well as other
fossils, and masses of hardened clay or septaria from the London Clay,
all rolled and phosphatized, and known commercially as ' coprolites.'
The bed is from 6 inches to about 3 feet thick, and the phosphatic
nodules or coprolites, which are occasionally dispersed through the
formation, have been extensively dug since the middle of last century.
In 1847 about 500 tons were raised, in 1854 12,000 tons, in 1889
5,000 tons, since which date the trade has gradually declined, and was
finally abandoned owing to the introduction of foreign phosphates.

Attention was first directed to the nodules by the Rev. J. S.
Henslow,' for many years rector of Hitcham, who in 1842 observed
the curious nodules in the Red Crag at Felixstow, and afterwards found
some which were clearly coprolites. They have been found to yield
from 44 to 60 per cent, of phosphate of lime ; and have been worked
at Walton, Trimley, Falkenham, Foxhall, Bawdsey, Ramsholt, Shottis-
ham, Sutton and Boyton.'^

Many vertebrate remains have been obtained from the coprolite
bed, and notable collections have been made by the Rev. H. Canham
of Waldringfield, Messrs. Whincopp and J. Baker of Woodbridge, and
Mr. E. Cavell of Saxmundham. Among the remains there occur the
ribs and ear-bones (cetotolites) of whales, bones and teeth of mastodon,
rhinoceros, tapir, hyaena, etc.

NORWICH CRAG

To the north of Aldeburgh the place of the Red Crag appears to
be occupied by the Norwich Crag. The Crag loses its markedly red
colour, and the abundant fossils indicate somewhat more boreal condi-
tions. Whether the whole of the Norwich Crag is newer than any
portion of the Red Crag may reasonably be doubted ; indeed, the
generally accepted view that the upper part of the Red Crag, which
is sometimes termed the Scrobicularia Crag, is equivalent to the lower
part of the Norwich Crag, has much evidence in support of it. This

' Proc. Geo!. Soc. iv. 281.

' Reid, ' Pliocene Deposits of Britain,' p. 6.

14

GEOLOGY

view, although recently opposed by Mr. Harmer, accords with the
general evidence along the East Anglian coast of successively newer
stages as we proceed from south to north.

In the Norwich Crag we have a series of shelly sands, orange-
coloured and white pebbly sands and gravels, and thin seams and
extensive 'jambs' of laminated clay, to the more persistent masses of
which the name Chillesford Clay has been applied. It is indeed a
great series compared with the Coralline and Red Crags, for it has
been found to attain a thickness of nearly 200 feet in places, the thick-
ness increasing from the outcrop,' probably to some extent owing to
erosion of the strata during the Pleistocene period.

In 1849 Prestwich described the sections at Chillesford near Orford
where the Red Crag with Scrobkularia is exposed in a stackyard, over-
lain by buff shelly sand and a band of loamy clay, to which the name
Chillesford Clay has since been applied.^ This clay occurs over some
extent of ground near Chillesford and at Iken. Somewhat disturbed and
rearranged beds of the clay overlie the Norwich Crag at Dunwich ; it
is not seen at Southwold, but thinner layers representing it occur in the
shelly sand and pebbly gravel at Easton Bavent. It occurs also at Cove-
hithe and Kessingland, at Beccles, near Herringfleet, Somerleyton and
Blundeston. It is not to be regarded as the highest portion of the
Norwich Crag Series, for in Norfolk it is represented only here and
there sometimes overlain by shelly gravel, and elsewhere apparently
replaced by the highest stage of the Norwich Crag, known as the
Weybourn Crag and Bure Valley Beds. Here we enter the region of
controversy, and it will be sufficient to mention that this highest group
is succeeded in Norfolk by the Forest Bed Series, which is represented
in places on the Suffolk coast.

Following Mr. Harmer we may regard the Norwich Crag as
extending from the neighbourhood of Thorpe or Aldringham Common
near Aldeburgh to Dunwich, Southwold, Bulchamp and Wangford, and
to the Waveney valley near Bungay and Beccles.

These include the most famous localities for fossils, but in many
parts of Suffolk, as in Norfolk, we find few or no fossils, as in the
Minsmere valley at Darsham and Y oxford, and in the Blyth valley at
Thorington, Halesworth and Walpole. In some cases no doubt the
shells have been dissolved away. Thicknesses of 105 feet at Saxmund-
ham, 133 at Leiston, 147 feet at Southwold and 80 feet at Beccles have
been assigned from the evidence of well borings to the Norwich Crag,
without including certain pebbly gravels which at any rate at Southwold
and Beccles most likely belong to the series.^

* See Whitaker, G«/. Mag. (1895), p. 464; Harmer, ^art. Joum. Geol. Soc. Hi. 767; Pm.
Geol. Assoc, xvii. 443.

^ Sluart. Joum. Geol. Soc. v. 345 ; xxvii. 336, 337. See also Harmer, ibid. liv. 309 ; Ivi. 708,
721 ; and Reid, ' Pliocene Deposits of Britain,' p. 100.

^ Reid, ' Pliocene Deposits of Britain,' p. 201 ; and H. B. Woodward, 'Geology of the country
around Norwich,' Geo/. Survey (1881), p. 31. See also Prestwich, ^art. Joum. Geol. Soc. xxvii. 343,

3H-

15

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

The lower portion, the main mass indeed which occurs beneath the
Chillesford Clay, where that clay is present, is the more shelly portion,
to which the name Icenian has been restricted by Mr. Harmer, and
which he regards as the zone of Mactra subtruncata ; while the Chil-
lesfordian stage he places as the zone of Leda oblongoides.

The shelly beds of the Norwich Crag yield Cerithium tricinctum,
Turritella terebra, T. incrassata. Purpura lapillus, Neptunea {Trophon)
antiqua, Buccimim undatum, Littorina littorea, Cyprina islandica, Cardium
edule, Mya arenaria, Tellina obliqua, T. prcetenius, T. lata, Pecten opercularis,
Astarte borealis, Nucula cobboldia, fish remains such as Platax woodwardi,
occasional coprolites, and bones and teeth of mastodon. The organic
remains have been studied by Dr. W. M. Crowfoot of Beccles, Mr.
E. T. Dowson of Geldeston and others.

That the Norwich Crag was formed in shallow bays into which
streams brought land and freshwater moUusca has been generally
admitted. The Chillesford Clay itself has been regarded as of a more
estuarine character, its laminated structure and the occurrence of re-
mains of a cetacean to some extent supporting this view. The Chilles-
ford fossils found in the sands beneath the clay at Chillesford are forms
met with in the Norwich Crag, but on the whole the assemblage is
regarded as rather more boreal in character than the lower or main
portion of the Norwich Crag. The species include 'Turritella terebra,
Natica catena, Leda oblongoides, Nucula cobboldice, Cardium edule and C.
grcelandicum.^ Prestwich^ has recorded a number of shells from the
Chillesford Clay at Easton Bavent, where however the clay is inter-
bedded with much sand and shingle.

The impersistence of the Chillesford Clay and its replacement by
beds of sand and pebbly gravel are well-established facts. At Southwold
we find the shelly gravel and sand of the crag at the north end of the
cliff, with no representative of the Chillesford Clay ; and beds of this
character, with occasional subordinate seams of clay, extend towards
Westleton, where they are overlain by a newer group of pebbly gravels,
which appear to be associated with the Middle Glacial Sands.^

Northwards we find below the Glacial Drift, along the Waveney
valley near Somerleyton, some 20 feet of pebbly gravels ; and there are
beds as far west as the Stantons, Bardwell and Wattisfield, which may
be of Pliocene age. G. Maw noticed shelly gravel between Codden-
ham and Crowfield, but there the shells were probably derived from
Crag beds which are no longer preserved in situ*

The Crag Series forms a water-bearing group, and where it rests on
the London Clay or other Eocene clays water is held up and springs are
thrown out. Where the Crag rests on Chalk the supply is modified by
the relation to the plane of saturation in the Chalk, and by the local
occurrence of the beds of Chillesford Clay.

* Hanner, ^art. Journ. Geol. Soc. Ivi. 721. - Ibid, xxvii. 345, +62.

' Proc. Geol. Assoc, xv. 440. * Geol. Mag. (1864), p. 295.

16

IlISTOHY OF srFKOUt

OROGRAPHICAL MAP.

GEOLOGY

CROMER FOREST BED

Overlying the Chillesford series at Kessingland and exposed also at
the foot of the cliffs at Corton is the Cromer Forest Bed — the Cromerian
or zone of Elephas meridionalis — a series of freshwater and estuarine de-
posits, comprising dark peaty clay with seeds and other plant lemains,
greenish stony clay, and gravel some lo or 15 feet thick. The dark
peaty clay forms a black bed, perhaps an old lacustrine deposit, which
lies in hollows above the rootlet bed, and these strata at Kessingland
appear generally to occupy an eroded surface of the Chillesford Clay.
The greenish stony clay is penetrated by roots, and has been termed the
rootlet bed ; remains of freshwater shells are found in the XJnio bed, a
gravelly layer at the base of the black bed, in which occur Unto pictorum
and Pisidium astartoides ; while remains of elephant, hyaena, rhinoceros
and deer are found at different horizons in the Forest Bed Series.

These interesting layers have attracted much attention from John
Gunn, J. H. Blake and others, while the organic remains from Corton
were specially looked after by J. J. Colman.' The bed with rootlets
was first described by S. R. Pattison in 1863.^

It is however a difficult task to clearly make out the sequence along
the cliffs from Kessingland to Corton, because not only does the Forest
Bed Series rise very little above the sea-level, but a great portion of
the cliffs along their base is usually obscured by talus and blown sand.
It requires an attentive study on many occasions during successive winter
and spring seasons before a clear notion of the relations of the strata can
be gained.

The story however has been made out, and Mr. Clement Reid
remarks that the Pliocene land fauna and flora is mostly of temperate
species. There were forests of oak, Scotch pine, beech, birch, elm,
hazel, hornbeam and cornel. The lakes were full of yellow water-lily,
water-crowfoot and various existing species of pond weeds ; their shores
were occupied by thickets of alder and willow, by osmunda, or dense
growths of reeds and sedges.'

PLEISTOCENE AND RECENT

GLACIAL DRIFT

It must be borne in mind that the divisions in geological time are
simply convenient groupings. The Pliocene and Pleistocene periods
merge imperceptibly whether we consider the physical changes or the
strata which furnish the records.

The Glacial Drifts of earlier Pleistocene age were spread irregularly
across the entire country, and to this mantle of clays, sands and gravels

* Blake, 'Geology of the country near Yarmouth and Lowestoft,' Geol. Survey (1890), p. 17 ;
Prestwich, ^art. Journ. Geol. Soc. xxvii. 463 ; E. T. Newton, ' Vertebrata of the Forest Bed Series.'
^ Geologist, vi. 207.
^ Natural Science, vii. 176 ; 'Pliocene Deposits of Britain,' pp. 146, etc.

I 17 3

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

the agricultural characters and the aspect of the land are most largely
due.'

GLACIAL LOAM

The earliest Glacial Drift is a stony loam which underlies the
middle Glacial sands and gravels in the cliff between Hopton and Gorton,
where the sequence in descending order of Chalky Boulder Clay, sands,
and loam with occasional boulders, led John Gunn to recognize an Upper
and Lower Boulder Clay.^

This stony loam, 21 feet thick, occurs at Blundeston and at
Somerleyton, where no doubt it forms a southerly continuation of the
' Contorted Drift ' of the Cromer coast. It contains boulders of igneous
rock and fragments of marine shells, and may in general terms be
regarded as a Lower Boulder Clay, or Lower Glacial Drift. It is used
for brick-making.

Higher up along the borders of the Waveney valley there are other
beds of loam near North Cove, to the south of Beccles, at Withers-
dale, Weybread, Stuston, Palgrave and Redgrave. These appear to
underlie the main mass of Chalky Boulder Clay (Upper Glacial), but
they cannot in all cases be definitely assigned to the Lower Glacial
Drift.

The fact must be borne in mind that the Chalky Boulder Clay when
much weathered and decalcified becomes a brown stony loam, while in
the Middle Glacial sands and gravels there are lenticular masses of
laminated loam. Some of these beds, moreover, are rather difficult to
distinguish from the earlier Chillesford Clay. Hence there are many
difficulties in the identification of particular beds of loam in Suffolk, and
such difficulties give rise to divergent opinions. Under these circum-
stances it will be best to mention briefly the more important beds of
loam, without in all cases indicating their relative ages.

The brickyard at Withersdale Cross, south-east of Harleston, showed
1 2 feet of laminated brickearth with alternations of sand and gravel,
much contorted towards the surface by glacial action. Underlying the
brickearth was a considerable thickness of sand and gravel. Somewhat
similar beds were noted by Mr. W. H. Dalton to the south of Mendham
Priory, where pottery works formerly existed.'

More definite evidence of Lower Glacial or Contorted drift occurs
in Weybread brickyard, where there is a brown stony loam with
fragments of Cyprina and other shells. Here the Chalky Boulder Clay
overlies and at one point dovetails into the loam. Similar loam occurs at
Sotterly, and sandy loam with streaks of chalky loam underlies the
Boulder Clay at Walpole near Halesworth.*

' See 'General View of the Agriculture of Suffolk,' ed. 3, (1804,) by Arthur Young; and
' Farming of Suffolk,' by Hugh Raynbird, Joui~n. Roy. jlgiic. Soc. vii. 261.

2 J. Trimmer, ^arl. Journ. Gcol. Soc. xiv. 171 ; Rose, Geo/ogist, iii. 137.

3 Whitaker and Dalton, ' Geology of the countrj' around Halcsworth and Harleston,' Geo/. Survey
(1887), p. 16.

* Whitaker and Dalton, op. cit. p. 19.

18

GEOLOGY

Mr. F. J. Bennett has described mottled clay and loam at Wattis-
field, from which coarse red pottery was formerly made ; while at the
kiln west of the church at Rickinghall Superior, 12 feet of dark lamin-
ated sandy clay with freshwater shells and plant remains was observed by
him beneath the Boulder Clay and Glacial Sand. Again at Knattishall
he noticed about 15 feet of blue and grey clay overlain by 3 feet of
sandy loam/

Brickearth also occurs at Reddenhall, Rushbrooke, Wetherden,
Stowmarket, Needham Market and Boxford ; some beds, as noticed
further on, are found in the Middle Glacial Drift, while other deposits
are of distinctly later date.

Near Brandon and Santon Downham there are patches of Glacial
loam and gravel, the loam being sometimes dug to a depth of 10 feet
for brickearth. To these loamy beds, which are more prominently
developed on the Norfolk side of the Ouse, Mr. Skertchly applied the
name ' Brandon Beds ' — they occur in places beneath Boulder Clay, and
from £ome beds which he-regarded as equivalent, he recorded the finding
of flint flakes and implements.^ Boulder Clay was not however to be
seen above the loam in which the implements were found, and hence
doubt necessarily exists with regard to the high antiquity which he
assigned to the implement-bearing deposits. Near Mildenhall the loam
furnishes a good soil.

Loam occurs above the Chalky Boulder Clay at Bury St. Edmunds,
often merely as weathered and decalcified surface portion of it.

GLACIAL SANDS AND GRAVELS

The same difficulty which is experienced with the loams is met
with in the case of the older Pleistocene sands and gravels. Cases occur
where it is difficult to fix the position of some of the deposits. This is
natural enough when we bear in mind that gravels are used up again and
again at diflxrent periods, and that contemporaneous organic remains and
the evidence of stratigraphical position are often wanting.

The greater part of the sand and gravel of Suffolk is beneath the
Chalky Boulder Clay and belongs to the Middle Glacial division of S. V.
Wood, jun. In the eastern part of the county we find a great spread
mainly of sands, often very fine in grain and minutely current-bedded.
Much of it looks as if it might have been wind-drifted. The beds
extend from Gorleston, Bradwell and Belton to Fritton, Herringfleet
Hills, Lound and Hopton ; they occur at Oulton, Carlton Colville and
Kirkley, and further south on the higher grounds over much of the
eastern margin of the county, where they rest on the Crag series.

The sands and gravels are from a few feet up to 100 feet in thick-
ness, and they contain in places, especially at Gorleston and Corton,
shelly patches somewhat like those of the Crag, and with many broken

' 'Geology of the country around Diss, Eye, Botesdale and Ixworth,' Geol. Survey (1884), p. 12.
' ' Geology of South-western Norfolk,' etc., Geol. Survey (1893), pp. 49-51.

19

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

shells such as Cyprina islandica, Cardium edule, Mya arenaria, Mactra ovalis,
Pectunculus glycimeris, Turritella incrassata. Purpura /apillus, and many-
other species. They were looked upon by the earlier observers, amongst
whom was C. B. Rose, as re-constructed Crag, and this view is sup-
ported by the fact that of more than loo species, all but two or three are
found in the Crag, and that these shells do not occur in the Glacial sands
remote from Crag regions.' Mr. Harmer, however, maintains that the
fauna is contemporary.^

The sands contain a good deal of black carbonaceous matter, or
comminuted lignite, that may have been derived from the Estuarine beds
of Yorkshire. They contain also grains of chalk and much fine chalky
material, especially at and near the junction with the overlying Boulder
Clay. On this account by the dissolution of the carbonate of lime and
its redeposit as a cement, the sands have been locally hardened into a
calcareous sandstone. Beds of this character may be seen near Lowestoft,
while curious concretionary columns of sandstone were met with at
Mutford Wood,' and large consolidated blocks were observed near
Coddenham.* The stone has been locally used for building purposes.

Another feature of interest in the sands is the occurrence of
occasional beds of fine loam. A bed of this nature was employed in the
manufacture of the once famous Lowestoft china, the works being in
existence from 1 756-1 802.'

West of Bury St. Edmunds there are finely-bedded sands, loams and
clays, much contorted in places ; while near Woolpit there is about 30
feet of brown laminated loam and dark bluish-grey clay, the brown loam
being used for the manufacture of red bricks, and the clay for the white
bricks for which Woolpit has been famous since the time of Queen
Elizabeth.'

Of considerable geological interest are the shingle beds or beds of
pebbly flint gravel which occur in the sands near Fritton, Oulton,
Kirkley and Pakefield, and appear to be the equivalents of the mass of
the Westleton shingle on Westleton Common, and in the higher part of
Dunwich Cliff.' This is one of the controverted questions in geology.
It has not been doubted that the pebble gravel at Fritton, Oulton,
Kirkley and Pakefield is part of the Middle Glacial ; but it has been
maintained by Prestwich and others that the mass of shingle at Westle-
ton, Halesworth and Henham is older, and of early Glacial or early
Pleistocene age.

There is much gravel somewhat similar in character in the upper
part of the Norwich Crag Series, in the subdivision termed 'Bure Valley
Beds,' but this is rightly regarded by Mr. F. W. Harmer as distinct

H. B. Woodward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, ix. iii.

Froc. Geol. Assoc, xvii. 459.

H. K. Creed, Proc. Suffilk Inst. iv. (1872), 244.

G. Maw, Geol. Mag. (1867), p. no.

J. H. Blake, ' Geology of the countrj' near Yarmouth and Lowestoft,' p. 96.

Ibid. ' Geology of the neighbourhood of Stowmarket,' p. 13.

H. B. Woodward, Geol. Mag. (1902), p. 27. (Herein are references to other papers.)

20

GEOLOGY

from the Westleton shingle.' It is a subdivision that may be repre-
sented in the Crag Series at Easton Bavent and Southwold, and it may be
remarked that the pebble gravel at the northern end of Southwold cliff,
regarded by Prestwich as ' Westleton Beds,' ' is clearly a part of the Crag
Series, which probably extends over the whole of Southwold. We find,
in fact, re-arranged Chillesford Clay in the Middle Glacial sands at
Dunwich, shingle in the sands at Pakefield and Kirkley, reconstructed
Crag in the sands at Gorleston.

As before mentioned, we find on the Chalk tracts in north-western
Suffolk much sand of no great thickness, as on Lakenheath Warren. It
is a region known as the ' Fieldings,' and noted as subject to sandstorms.
As long ago as 1668, Thomas Wright gave a brief description of the
devastation caused by the drifting of sand, but the trouble has been
exaggerated by subsequent writers owing to the title of Wright's paper,
' A curious and exact Relation of a Sand-floud, which hath lately over-
whelmed a great tract of Land in the County of Suffolk.'^ He remarked
that previously the sand had been drifted by the south-west winds over
many acres of land, but that it had first reached the bounds of Downham
(known as Santon Downham or Downham Arenarum) some 30 or 40 years
prior to 1668, and eventually a number of meadows and pastures were
ruined by ' the extream Sandiness of the Soyl, the levity of which, I
believe, gave occasion to that Land-story of the Actions that use to be
brought in Norfolk for Grounds blown out of the Owners possession.'
Until improved by the application of marl this was no doubt the poorest
land in the county.

The greatest thickness of sand and gravel (mostly sand) is 100 feet,
recorded at Market Weston near Bury St. Edmunds, in which district
the beds rest on Chalk. Coarse mixed gravel, often with lumps of Chalk,
occurs in places below, in, and above the Chalky Boulder Clay, and is
perhaps more intimately connected with the Boulder Clay than the mass
of the Middle Glacial sands and pebbly gravels. It may mark places
where the debris-laden ice was melted, and its constituents were distri-
buted by torrential streams.

Thus gravel with boulders of limestone, sandstone and grit occurs
beneath Boulder Clay at Great Horringer ; coarse gravel is hkewise
found at Gallows Hill, south-east of Needham Market ; and a mass of
chalky gravel was observed in the Boulder Clay at Halesworth. Some
of the patches of gravel now seen on Boulder Clay may have occurred
originally in it before the surface had been lowered by denudation.
Coarse gravel with large flints occurs at Cockfield and Lavenham, and
gravel over Boulder Clay has been exposed to a depth of i 2 to 18 feet at
Tostock, Elmswell, Woolpit and Shelland ; a mass of it extends from
Great Waldingfield to Cornard Heath, Newton Green and Assington ;
it is met with also to the north and west of Lowestoft and Gunton,
north of Hopton and at Herringfleet Hall. Where the gravel occurs at

' ^art. Journ. Geol. Soc. Ivi. 724 ; Proc. Geo/. Assoc, xvii. 453.
» Ibid, xxvii. 462. ' Phil. Trans, iii. (1668), 725.

21

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

the surface it is usually decalcified, but where protected by Boulder Clay
the Chalk and other calcareous fragments may be preserved.

Sometimes, as near Lowestoft, this newer gravel extends irregularly
from higher to lower ground, from Boulder Clay on to the Middle
Glacial gravels, and where one gravel rests on another it is often difficult
to determine any plane of separation.

Occasionally a large erratic block has been met with, and J. E.
Taylor obtained a mass of ' Hertfordshire puddingstone,' weighing about
a ton and a half, from the sands near Ipswich.

The Glacial sands and gravels have furnished local supplies of water
to many a village and small town. The gravels are employed for
road mending, and the larger flints are sometimes used for building
purposes.

Speaking generally, the sands and gravels form the less fertile areas
in Suffolk, the so-called ' waste ' grounds which form the picturesque
commons of East Suffolk at Walberswick, Dunwich and Westleton ; and
the ' Sandlings ' which extend southwards from Saxmundham, Orford and
Woodbridge. The neighbourhood of Yoxford has sometimes been
termed the ' Garden of Suffolk.' Over much of the region mentioned,
the Glacial sands and gravels rest on the porous shelly sands of the
Crag Series, which are more fertile in character ; together they con-
stitute the lighter lands of Suffolk.

BOULDER CLAY

The Chalky Boulder Clay occupies the surface over the greater
part of central and western Suffolk, and it occurs in tracts along the
eastern borders. In the central and eastern parts of the county it presents
its characteristic features of a tough, bluish-grey, unstratified stony clay,
with many small pebbles of Chalk, flints, and stones and fossils from a
variety of geological formations, notably from the Secondary strata.
Thus Red Chalk, Spilsby Sandstone, Kimeridge Shale and Oxford Clay,
Oolites and Lias are represented, and we find Saurian bones, Ammonites,
Belemnites, Gryph^a and other fossils. Much of the Chalk and many
other blocks of rock, and sometimes fossils such as Belemnites, are scored
and scratched, no doubt by sharp fragments, such as shattered flint, that
were embedded in the ice to which the Boulder Clay owes its origin.

It attains a thickness of from 130 to 150 feet at Wickhambrook,
Naughton, Great Thurlow and Hartest, and 170 feet at Bradfield St.
George. Elsewhere, as at Botesdale, St. Margarets Southelmham, Men-
dlesham, Cockfield, Lavenham and southwards to Assington and Leaden-
heath, it is from 50 to 100 feet. In western Suffolk, especially about
Elvedon and on Icklingham Heath, the Boulder Clay is thinner, more
chalky and more sandy, and often riot more than i 2 feet thick. Much
of the Boulder Clay is obscured by a thin sandy soil, which Mr. F. J.
Bennett regards as to some extent a decomposition product, and as feed-
ing the sandstorms which arise.*

* 'Geology of Diss, Eye, Botesdale and Ixworth,' Geol. Survey (1884).

22

GEOLOGY

Opinions differ with regard to the agent which formed the Boulder
Clay. That it was the product of ice-action is not seriously disputed,
but whether directly due to a mass, or masses, of land-ice, has been
questioned. Ice may have occupied the bed of the North Sea, and
spread thence in places inland as maintained by Mr. G. W. Lamplugh.'
Ice may also have come from north-eastern parts of England. That the
materials came largely from the north-west and north is to be inferred
from the Red Chalk, the Jurassic detritus, the carbonaceous fragments
which may have come from the Estuarine beds of Yorkshire, and the
occasional Carboniferous rocks. The matrix has received attention from
the Rev. Edward Hill, rector of Cockfield, and he observes that all the
minor materials may have had a westerly origin, and that they are for the
most part derived from Secondary strata.^

With regard to the question of an ice-sheet, it has been remarked
by Mr. Clement Reid that ' we should not forget, however, that an ice-
sheet flowing over a flat country, where the average temperature is near
the freezing point, is subjected to conditions entirely unlike those of an
alpine glacier flowing down a steep valley into a temperate climate. It
is, therefore, only with the ice-sheets of the Arctic regions, or with the
wide glaciers of Alaska, that we can profitably compare the ancient
glaciation of the North Sea basin.' '

The Boulder Clay occurs in patches along the eastern coast at
Gorleston, Somerleyton, Corton and Lowestoft, and is nowhere better
seen than in the cliffs at Kessingland and Pakefield, where it is about 20
or 30 feet thick and overlies, somewhat evenly and in gentle undulations,
the Middle Glacial sands and gravels. Where it rests on sands they
often appear to be undisturbed, but in places where stratification is pre-
served they show marked contortions, as was noticeable in cuttings near
Corton and Hopton on the new Yarmouth and Lowestoft direct railway.

More striking evidences of disturbance are met with where the
Boulder Clay rests on beds of variable character. It is found indifferently
on any of the older formations, occupying slight hollows or occasionally
deep channels, the result of prior or contemporaneous erosion. Thus, a
deep channel in the Chalk at St. Peter's Quay, Ipswich, noticed by Mr.
Whitaker, was filled with i 27 feet of Drift.*

Intruded tongues of Boulder Clay have been observed by Mr. F. J.
Bennett in the Chalk at Barrow, to the west of Bury St. Edmunds,
where a mass, 3 feet thick, extended some 20 feet into the Chalk.°
Again at Claydon the Boulder Clay has been thrust beneath the Crag
series.*

» Geol. Mag. (1901), p. 142 ; see also H. B. Woodward, ibid. (1897), p. 485 ; Harmer, Proc.
Geol. Assoc, xvii. 465.

- Sluart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Iviii. 179 ; see also Rev. R. A. Bullen, ibid. Ivii. 285.

■^ ' Geology of Ipswich,' A'^jto/'ij/ SaVnc^, vii. 177.

* 'Geology of Ipswich,' Geol. Sutvey, p. 118.

' ' Geology of Bury St. Edmunds,' p. 1 1.

" Whit.iker and others, 'Geology of the neighbourhood of Stowmarket,' p. 10 ; H. B. Woodward,
Ceol. Mag. (1897), p. 494.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Near Sudbury the Drifts are intensely contorted, and yet in places
they rest on seemingly undisturbed Tertiary strata, a fact explained by
Mr. J. E. Marr on the supposition that the naturally soft strata had been
frozen into a hard and unyielding condition. At the same time in
places the Boulder Clay contained fragments torn off the underlying for-
mations.'

Contortions are often prominent where Boulder Clay rests on
laminated clays and sands, as to the west of Bury St. Edmunds and at
Halesworth Kiln. Disturbances are also met with in the Crag Series
at Ipswich, and in the Chalk at Botesdale, where overlain by Boulder
Clay.

Some curious and possibly slipped masses of Boulder Clay have
been observed in the cliffs at League Hole near Corton.' In connexion
with these it may be interesting to mention, on the authority of the
late J. H. Blake, that when Sir Morton Peto made the esplanade at
Lowestoft he protected the cliff at Kirkley by tipping a lot of Boulder
Clay down the face of the cliff.

While the Boulder Clay weathers into a brown stony loam not
unlike the loam of the Contorted Drift, it forms the heavier lands (the
' strong loam ') of central and south-western Suffolk and of small areas
elsewhere. Wheat and beans and also barley flourish on the soil. The
district in places is well wooded, and the hedgerows are luxuriant ; in-
deed, the so-called ' woodlands ' of High Suffolk form a part of this
Boulder Clay tract.

It is not to be regarded as a water-bearing formation, and yet it
includes beds of sand and gravel which here and there yield supplies of
water, sometimes of an artesian character. Such supplies are apt to fail
in seasons of drought.

Ordinary bricks and pottery are in a few places manufactured from
the Boulder Clay, as near Ipswich and Burgh Castle, while elsewhere
sun-dried bricks are made from the clay mixed with chopped straw.

VALLEY DEPOSITS

Deposits of gravel and loam of later age than the Boulder Clay
occur under two distinct conditions. The older are high level deposits
connected with a system for the most part distinct from that of the
present drainage, but sometimes initiating it. Some of the coarse
gravels which overlie the Boulder Clay are of this character. There are
also ancient lacustrine deposits.

Succeeding the main glaciation represented by the Boulder Clay,
and when, as Mr. C. Reid points out, the land stood somewhat higher
than at present, the streams excavated channels, as at Hoxne, ' slightly
below that of the present main channel of the river Waveney.' Gradual
subsidence turned the Hoxne channel into a shallow freshwater lake,

• Geol. Mag. (1887), p. 262.

' Rev. E. Hill, ^art. Journ. Geol. Soc. Hi. 302

24

GEOLOGY

which became silted up with clay, and then supported a vegetation
whose remains indicate a temperate flora. Later deposits of black peaty
earth prove that the climate became colder, indeed Arctic or sub-Arctic ;
and these were succeeded by somewhat torrential deposits yielding
Palaeolithic implements.' At St. Cross (Sancroft) near South Elmham a
deposit somewhat similar to the bed at Hoxne with temperate flora was
found by Mr. C. Candler. It consists of peaty loam and clay evidently
deposited in a lake or pool that occupied a hollow in the Boulder Clay.
Bones of elephant as well as seeds of plants were obtained.^ At South-
wold a peaty bed has been exposed at the base of the north cliff, but its
age is uncertain.^

The gravel and loam or brickearth of the present rivers are found
here and there along their margins above the level of the ordinary
alluvium. The greater part of these accumulations appear to be of
Pleistocene age, as remains of the elephant, rhinoceros and hippopotamus
have been found in several localities.

In thickness the deposits vary from a few feet up to about 25 feet.
They occur along the Waveney at Homersfield, Wortwell and Redden-
hall, at Bungay where the Common is based on a bar of gravel bordered
by a loop of the river, and at Beccles racecourse. They fringe the
Ouse valley, and by Warren House at Santon Downham curious caves
were described by Sir John Evans, some of sufficient magnitude to allow
of a man standing inside. They were formed in consequence of the
lower beds being let down into hollows of the Chalk, owing to its dis-
solution by water charged with carbonic acid.*

Extensive deposits occur in the Lark valley above Mildenhall,
while along the Stour and its tributaries there are gravels at Long
Melford, Sudbury, Nayland, Lavenham and Brantham. Perhaps the
most interesting deposit is the brickearth at Stutton, which has yielded
Corbicula fluminalis, Hydrobia marginata. Helix fruticum and other mollusca,
as well as remains of elephant.'

Along the borders of the Gipping and Orwell, at Needham and
Sproughton, and along the Deben there are occasional beds of loam and
gravel, while at the north end of Southwold a small tract of brickearth
yielding remains of elephant was at one time exposed.

Evidence of the antiquity of man was obtained at a very early date
in Suffolk, although its significance was not until long after realized.
Thus in the year 1797 John Frere called attention to the finding of
stone implements at Hoxne,* and this discovery, although briefly referred

* 'The Relation of Palxolithic Man to the Glacial Epoch,' by C. Reid, Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1896,
1897, p. 400 ; 'Origin of British Flora,' pp. 52, 77.

" ^art. Journ. Geol. Soc. xlv. 504 ; Reid, 'Origin of British Flora,' p. 90.
3 H. B. Woodward, Geol. Mag. (1896), p. 354.

* Geo!. Mag. (1868), p. 444.

" S. V. Wood, ' Crag Mollusca,' i. and ii. 304, etc. ; Whitaker, ' Geology of Ipswich,' p. 96.

^ Archaoh^a, xiii. 204. See also J. Evans, ibid, xxxviii. 299, and ' Ancient Stone Implements
of Great Britain,' ed. 2 (1897), pp. 543-7^ ; Prestwich, Phil. Trans, i860, p. 304 ; C. Reid, Rep.
Brit. Assoc, for 1 896.

I 25 4

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

to on one or two subsequent occasions,' was practically lost sight of for
upwards of sixty years. Attention had then been more prominently
drawn to the occurrence of worked flints in the Somme valley, and Sir
John Evans recalled to notice the flint implements at Hoxne. The
researches made by him and Sir Joseph Prestwich with regard to the
relation of the implement-bearing deposits to the Boulder Clay have
been confirmed by Mr. C. Reid, who (as before mentioned) has proved
that the Paleolithic deposits at Hoxne overlie the Boulder Clay, and are
separated from it by layers yielding remains first of temperate and after-
wards of arctic plants.

In 1862 Henry Prigg of Bury St. Edmunds (who subsequently
changed his name to Trigg) found flint implements in the valley gravel
and afterwards in a black peaty layer at the base of loam or valley
brickearth at that locality. Later on he found an imperfect fragment of
a human skull in loam at Westley near Bury St. Edmunds ; but the
specimen has since been destroyed.^

In the valley of the Little Ouse flint implements were discovered
also in 1862, the first example being obtained at Santon on the Norfolk
side,' and many have since been found. In this neighbourhood, as
remarked by Mr. S. B. J. Skertchly, ' from Paleolithic times to the
present day the vicinity of Brandon has been one of the great emporia
for flint ' ; but, as before mentioned, the evidence which he brought
forward of implements beneath the Boulder Clay in the neighbourhood
of Brandon and Mildenhall has not been deemed satisfactory. His early
Palaeolithic stage was represented by the Brandon Beds (see p. 19).
These he regarded as older than the Boulder Clay, which in his opinion
was intruded into and beneath these loamy beds. He recognized them
at Mildenhall, Bury St. Edmunds, West Stow and Culford ; * but the
deposits may not be all of one age.

Paleolithic implements occur in certain gravels which are newer
than the Boulder Clay, and which cap the hills about 70 to 120 feet
above the present Little Ouse river. They have been found at Brandon
Field or Gravel Hill, two miles south-west of Brandon, at Lakenheath
Hill, and Portway or Marroway (Mareway) Hill east of Eriswell. The
gravels are regarded as old valley deposits, and they probably represent
lines of drainage independent of the modern courses of streams. At
present they must be regarded as the oldest Paleolithic deposits. With
them however may be included the beds at Hoxne, and certain deposits
lately discovered near Ipswich by Miss N. F. Layard.^

According to Mr. S. H. Warren the higher gravels of the Little
Ouse and Lark, at Santon Downham and High Lodge near Mildenhall,
yield implements of a newer type than those of the earlier drainage

1 R. C. Taylor, ' Geology of East Norfolk' (1827), pp. 14, 27.

- H. Prigg, Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1866, sections p. 50 ; Joun. Anthrop. Inst. xiv. 51 ; and Proc.
Norwich Geo!. Soc. i. 163 ; E. T. Newton, Proc. Geol. Assoc, xv. 257.
^ J. W. Flower, ^mt. Journ. Geol. Soc. xxiii. 45, xxv. 449.
* 'Manufacture of Gun Flints,' Geol. Survey (1879), p. 65.
' Nature, May 22, 1902, p. 77.

26

GEOLOGY

system, while in lower levels of the present valleys, at Warren Hill east
of Mildenhall and Redhill, both derived and contemporary implements
are found.*

The consideration of these old valley deposits is a subject which
leads on to that of the origin of the present scenery.

The main features over great part of England were sculptured
prior to the Glacial period. The main features in Suffolk are of subse-
quent date.

Thus the Chalk escarpment in pre-Glacial times may have risen in
Suffolk to heights comparable with those now found along the Chiltern
Hills, the Dunstable and Royston Downs. It has in any case been
considerably planed down, and excepting near Newmarket, where the
ground rises to 275 feet, and at Mildenhall, its distinctive features have
been obliterated.

The widespread Glacial Drifts practically overwhelmed the county ;
ice-action tended to smooth the inequalities of the land, though here
and there a deep trough was excavated ; and the subsequent features
have been carved out of the somewhat irregular accumulations of these
erratic deposits, and partially out of the underlying strata.

The melting of the ice led to torrential waters, which marked out
some of the earlier valleys,'' and distributed masses of coarse gravel here
and there. The erosion of the ground has revealed no traces of the earlier
scenery ; indeed, over a great part of the county the thick drifts have not
been intersected. Streams flow over them to join the main river courses
which have cut deeply into the land.

Subsequent depression, which took place no doubt slowly, has
tended to arrest excavation, and the rivers widen, but, except in the
higher courses, no longer deepen their channels. They have become
sluggish, and in a few localities the hollows which were formed by
estuarine action, or by the serpentine wanderings of the rivers, have been
preserved as broads : tracts which are being slowly silted up and narrowed
by the growth of marsh plants. Some of the broads, like Fritton Decoy
and Oulton Broad, are held up by means of artificial embankments ;
others, like those of Easton and Benacre, are barred by recent shingle.
Small meres sometimes arise in areas where, owing to dissolution of the
Chalk, the ground has subsided below the plane of saturation in that
formation, as in the case of Barton Mere.

The Alluvium, which forms level meadow or marsh land bordering
the rivers, is one of the latest deposits, and may be said to be still in
process of formation. It comprises deposits of varied character, but
mainly silt and clay with peaty layers and gravel, altogether 20 to 30
feet in thickness.

These low-lying tracts occupy a small area in north-western
Suffolk, a part of the Bedford Level, itself a portion of the Fenland ; and
strips of alluvium fringe the higher courses of the Lark and the Ouse.

1 Geol. Mag. (1902), p. 105.

^ See also Rev. O. Fisher, ^mt. Joum. Geol. Sec. xvii. 2.

27

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In the lower reaches of the Waveney, from Beccles to Breydon Water,
there are extensive levels which in places lie beneath highwater sea
level, and are protected by raised banks along the margin of the river.
These marshes are liable to floods, as the sluggish rivers cannot readily
convey the water they receive during the heavy rains ; but in general
the water in the dykes that intersect the marshes is pumped into the
river.

Near Burgh St. Peter the alluvial deposits have yielded Cardium
edule and Scrobicularia plana in addition to land and freshwater shells.'

Lothingland, on which the old town of Lowestoft and Gorleston
stand, is now practically an island through the artificial cut which con-
nects Oulton Broad and Lake Lothing, formerly a continuation of the
Broad, with the sea. At one time a stream flowed westwards as a
tributary of the Waveney, but the sea afterwards formed a channel at
Lowestoft gap, which was open during the Roman occupation, but
closed by an embankment about the middle of the seventeenth century.
It is spoken of by R. C. Taylor as the ' ancient and long abandoned
haven of Kirkley.' ^

The marshes near Southwold and Dunwich have been inundated in
old times by the sea, and the land on which Southwold is built is practi-
cally an island. Further south there are salt marshes near Orford, and
there are alluvial islets in the channel of the Ore, based on the London
Clay and connected by shingle.

The alluvial tracts, and especially those along the course of the
Waveney, furnish the chief meadow and grazing lands.

Peaty beds occur in places on the borders of the Ouse and Lark in
their lower courses, also at Lopham, at Easton Broad, over Westwood
Marshes near Southwold, and in the estuary of the Deben near Bawdsey.
Where such valleys are open to the sea the peaty beds become exposed
on the foreshore at low tide and give rise to submerged forests. Thus
in the estuary of the Orwell, extending from Ipswich to Pin Mill, a
submerged forest was described by J. E. Taylor in 1874.^ It contained
leaves of plants, hazel nuts, etc., in a peaty bed, which was 9 feet thick
in places. The mammoth was obtained, but this doubtless was derived
from older deposits.

The depths of the Alluvium indicate that the land stood higher at
one time, an elevation which would have enlarged the drainage area and
promoted denudation.

The ordinary remains obtained from these deposits are the red deer,
wolf, ox, etc., as was the case in Barton Mere.*

The coast from near Gorleston southwards is noted for the ravages
made by the sea, especially in ancient times at Dunwich, which was an
important city in the time of Henry II.

* J. H. Blake, ' Geology of Yarmouth and Lowestoft,' p. 66.

' R. C. Taylor, ' On the Geology of East Norfolk ' (i 827), p. 47 ; and Supplementary Notes, p. 52 ;
J. H. Blake, op. cit. pp. 73-5.

* Geol. Mag. V. 44 1; Refi. Brit. Assoc, for 1875, sections, p. 82.

* Rev. H. Jones, ^art. Joum. Suffolk Inst. (1869), p. 31.

28

GEOLOGY

Of late years the cliffs at Covehithe and Easton Bavent have
suffered much, 5 or 6 yards a year having been removed at the former
place, and as much as 10 yards a year (1889-95) ^t the latter place.'
Southwold, Pakefield aad Kirkley have likewise lost, while at Dunwich
there has been less waste during recent years. It is considered likely
that Easton Bavent was the most easterly part of England at the time of
the Roman occupation.

Felixstow has suffered a good deal of loss, partly owing to the
digging in former years of cement stones from the London Clay, a pro-
cess as detrimental as that of the indiscriminate removal of shingle from
Landguard Point.

Excepting in important residential or industrial districts there seems
little hope of preserving the coast, for, as remarked by Mr. W. H.
Wheeler, when the land is used for agricultural purposes and is of
ordinarily fertile character, the cost of the preservation of the cliffs may
be greater than the value of the land.'^

The beach deposits are for the most part shingly, as there are
considerable masses of pebbly gravel in the cliffs, and the waste is con-
tinually supplying material, the general trend of which is to the south.
Sands however occur from Gorleston to Lowestoft, and to a variable
extent onwards to Southwold, while shingle occurs mainly to the south.
Flint pebbles are most abundant in the beaches, but many carnelians are
met with, derived no doubt from the Glacial Drifts.

Land has been gained and lost at Lowestoft. The Ness, now the
most easterly point of England, extends in front of an old sea cliff, and
comprises hillocks of blown sand and patches of shingle, forming a tract
known as the Denes. During recent years this tract has suffered loss.
The great shingle beach of Orford Ness extends southwards from Alde-
burgh, and has diverted the Ore or Aide some ten miles from its original
outlet, Orford Haven, which was nearly opposite the castle in the time
of Henry VIIL^"

Blown sand is not very prominently developed on the Suffolk coast.
We find low hillocks between Landguard and Felixstow, also north of
Aldeburgh, and others 8 to 10 feet high, bordering the marsh of
Minsmere Level. Much sand is blown inland from the loose sands in
the cliffs between Gunton and Gorleston, and this greatly influences the
soil along the sea borders.

Suffolk possesses no remarkable mineral waters. Chalybeate springs
have been observed here and there, but none have attained any fame ;
indeed, the only noteworthy wells are those dedicated to saints. There
is perhaps no part of Suffolk from which small supplies of water could
not locally be obtained, whether from spring, brook or shallow well.
Consequently in early times settlements became scattered all over the

1 Whitaker, 'Geology of Southwold' (1887), pp. 45, 47 ; Capt. H. Alexander, Proc. Geo/. Soc.
iii. 445 ; J. Spiller, Geo/. Mag. (1896), p. 23.
' 'The Sea Coast' (1902), p. 2.
' J. B. Redman, Proc. Inst. Cir. Eng. xxiii. 1 86 ; see also Proc. Suffolk Inst. Arc/i. x. 215.

29

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

county. The industries have been mainly those of agriculture and
fishing, and the population has grown irrespective of any geological
conditions affecting water supply, but rather owing to convenience of
position in regard to river or railway, or to the bracing air and other
attractions of the seaside.

30

PALAEONTOLOGY

THE claim of Suffolk to a foremost position among English
counties of special interest to the student of vertebrate palason-
tology is based on the mammalian and other fossils from the
Red and Coralline Crags. It is true that remains of many of these
Crag species are also met with in the corresponding formations of Essex ;
but the majority of them are known only or chiefly from Suffolk. In
addition to these Red and Coralline Crag fossils, Suffolk has also yielded
remains of vertebrates from the Norwich Crag and the overlying Forest
Bed, as well as from superficial strata of still newer age. The great bulk
of the vertebrate remains from the Forest Bed and Norwich Crag have
however been collected in Norfolk, and since they have been mentioned
at some length in the volumes of this work devoted to that county, a
brief reference to some of those which occur in Suffolk will suffice in
this place.

Before going further, it may be well to mention that many of the
vertebrate fossils from the Red and Coralline Crags, especially those found
in the so-called nodule bed, exhibit unmistakable signs of rolling by the
action of the sea ; and some of them have been undoubtedly derived
from the breaking up of much older beds. These older derived Crag
fossils are treated of in a separate section below. As regards the other
fossils, some may quite likely have been washed out of strata a little older
than even the Coralline Crag, but the majority, at all events, appear to
belong to animals which flourished during some portion of the Pliocene
epoch — the epoch in which the Crags themselves were deposited.

From deposits in the county of newer age than the Forest Bed have
been obtained remains of a considerable number of the ordinary British
Pleistocene mammals. Those of the cave-lion {Felis leo spelcea), the
otter [Lutra Intra), and a bear which has been identified with the North
American grizzly (Ursus arctus horribilis) have, for instance, been recorded
from Ipswich. The skull of a wolf {Cam's lupus) dug up from beneath
the Norman tower in Bury St. Edmunds is, or was, in the museum of
that town. Among the ungulate or hoofed mammals, the great extinct
ox or aurochs [Eos taurus primigenius) has left its remains at Lowestoft,
and, according to Mr. Norgate of Bury St. Edmunds, at Maid's Cross,
Lakenheath. Numerous bones and teeth of the Celtic shorthorn and
pig, as well as red deer antlers, were dug up some years ago in a blackish
stratum about a couple of feet below the surface at West Stow Heath,
in association with Saxon implements. Antlers of red deer, fallow deer

31

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

and roe are also stated to have been dug up in the peat of Undley Fen,
Mildenhall ; while a single roe antler from Burnt Fen, Mildenhall, is in
the possession of Mr. Norgate.

From river gravel at Warren Hill, Mildenhall, the gentleman last
named records remains of the Pleistocene bison [Bos priscus) in associa-
tion with those of the mammoth and chipped flint implements. In
addition doubtless to many other localities in the county, remains of the
red deer {Cervus elaphus) are known from Woodbridge, and those of the
giant fallow deer or ' Irish elk ' (C. giganteus) and roe-deer [Capreolus
capreolus) from Ipswich. Bones and teeth of the wild horse {Equus
caballus fossilis) are recorded from Ipswich, Felixstow and Kingston near
Woodbridge, and those of the great woolly Siberian two-horned rhino-
ceros [Rhinoceros antiquitatis) from gravel at Ipswich. Remains of the
mammoth [Elephas primigenius), the Pleistocene representative of the
existing Indian elephant, occur in river deposits in many parts of the
county, notably Bury St. Edmunds, Hoxne, Icklingham, Ipswich, Orford
and Southwold. Mr. Norgate writes that molars and tusks which he
assigns to the mammoth and its relative the straight-tusked elephant
[E. antiquus) were found some years ago in considerable numbers in
gravel at the back of the old gaol at Bury St. Edmunds. The mammoth
remains from Icklingham in the valley of the Lark near Bury St.
Edmunds were associated with roughly hewn flint implements.^ Al-
though no mammalian remains have been obtained from the stratum
at Hoxne which yielded the celebrated flint implements described by
Mr. John Frere in the year 1806, bones of red deer, horse and mam-
moth have been dug up from an underlying bed.^ In 1876 the British
Museum acquired an associated series of molar teeth and tusks, together
with a vertebra, of a small individual of the extinct race of the hippo-
potamus [Hippopotamus amphibius major), which had been dug out of a
superficial deposit at Lavenham.'

Among the mammals recorded from the Forest Bed within the
limits of the county are the wolf [Canis lupus) from Kessingland, the
cave race of the South African spotted hysna [Hycena crocuta spelcea),
from both Kessingland and Corton, and the great cave-bear [Ursus
spelceus). Remains of the red deer and of that race of the giant fallow
deer, or ' Irish elk,' commonly known as Cervus verticornis, but pre-
ferably designated C. giganteus belgrandi, have also been obtained at
Kessingland and Pakefield * near Lowestoft. The former locality has
likewise afforded evidence of the presence of the wild boar [Sus scrofa
ferus), the horse, and the extinct Etruscan rhinoceros [Rhinoceros etruscus).
Although not uncommon in the Pliocene deposits of the Val d Arno,
Tuscany, remains of the species last named are rare in Britain, where
they have been met with only in the Forest Bed of Norfolk and Suf-r

1 See Prestwich, ^art. Jount. Geol. Soc. xvii. 363, and Lyell, Jnti'juily of Man, ed. 3, 169.

* See Lyell, op. cit. p. 167, and Howorth, Geol. Mag. (4) viii. 337 (1901).
^ See Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus. ii. 279.

* Specimens in Norwich Museum.

32

PALEONTOLOGY

folk, and quite recently in the Pliocene cave at Dove Holes near
Buxton, Derbyshire. Of the great southern elephant {Elephas meridio-
nalis), the Norwich Museum possesses some fine teeth and jaws from
Corton and Pakefield. From the Forest Bed of both Suffolk and Nor-
folk have been obtained remains of an extinct vole, Mimomys intermedius,
which has recently been made the type of a special genus' common to
the Forest Bed and the Norwich Crag, and characterized by its partially
rooted cheek teeth and the presence of an islet of enamel on the worn
crown of the last of the series.

The Forest Bed at Pakefield has yielded a cetacean tooth apparently
belonging to the existing killer-whale [Orca orcd).

Of fishes, remains of the perch [Perca Jiuviatilts) are recorded
from the Forest Bed at Kessingland. More common are the clavicles
and so-called ' butterfly bones ' (really fin-supports) of the extinct horse-
mackerel Platax woodwardi, which are also known from the Norwich
Crag of Easton Bavent.

Of the few mammalian remains that have been obtained from the
Norwich Crag in Suffolk perhaps the most interesting are certain molar
teeth of the straight-tusked elephant [Elephas antiquus) from Easton and
Southwold.^ In many cases this species was a contemporary of the
mammoth, but here it occurs in an horizon where the latter animal is
unknown. Remains of the otter have been said by Sir R. Owen [British
Fossil Mammals and Birds, p. 121) to have been discovered in the Nor-
wich Crag at Southwold, but the statement has not been substantiated by
subsequent researches.^ Some kind of hollow-horned ruminant is indi-
cated by a bone of the hind-leg (metatarsal) from the Norwich Crag at
Easton. Fragments of teeth from the same locality and deposit apparently
belong to the mastodon referred to below as Mastodon borsoni. A frag-
ment of the lower part of the (incisor) tooth of a beaver from the
Norwich Crag of Sizewell Gap near Southwold was long considered to
belong to the living European beaver. According however to Mr. E. T.
Newton * it is more probably referable to the extinct Forest Bed genus
known as Trogontherium, and possibly to the small 7". minus. This speci-
men is in the collection of the Geological Society of London. From
Kyson have been obtained remains of an extinct vole [Mimomys pliocenicus),
of which the typical horizon is the Pliocene of the Val d'Arno.^

Specimens in the Norwich Museum from the Chillesford Crag beds
of Aldeby were identified many years ago by Sir W. H. Flower with
the dolphin [Delphinus delphis). From the same locality and deposit Sir
William also identified remains of the guillemot [Uria troile).

Coming to the carnivora of the Red and Coralline Crags, we find that

' See F. Major, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1902, i. 102.

2 See Newton, ' Vcrtebrata of Pliocene Deposits of Britain,' Mem. Geol. Survey, p. 47.

3 Ibid. pp. 14, 15.
■* Ibid. p. 49.

^ See F. Major, P/w. Zool. Soc. London, 1902, i. 105. M.ptiorenicus ind the smiWei M. neui/oni
occur in Norfolk, but were not described when the palaeontology of that county was written. At that
time Mimomys intermedius was known as Microtus intermedius.

I 33 5

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

a member of the cat tribe agreeing approximately in size with the
leopard is represented by a lower carnassial or flesh-tooth from the Red
Crag of Newbourn near Woodbridge. Upon this specimen, which is
preserved in the museum at Ipswich, Sir R. Owen ^ founded his Felts
pardoides, but there is no evidence to show that this is really distinct from
the leopard [F. pardus), of which it probably represents an extinct race.
A second tooth of the same feline subsequently found near Newbourn
was also described by Owen.^ Although the spotted hyasna is unknown
in the Crag, the striped species is represented by certain cheek-teeth
from the Red Crag of Felixstow originally described by Professor E. Ray
Lankester' as Hyana antiqua ; as well as by a right upper carnassial in
the Ipswich Museum from the Red Crag of Trimley St. Mary, and a
corresponding tooth of the opposite side, preserved in the York Museum,
from Woodbridge. The latter specimens present no characters by which
they can be satisfactorily distinguished from the corresponding teeth of
the existing striped hysna, but since the Crag representative of that
animal probably formed a distinct race, it may be designated H. striata
antiqua. Remains of the wolf [Canis lupus) have been recorded from the
Forest Bed within the county, and the occurrence of the same species in
the Red Crag is indicated by three teeth in the York Museum, two of
which came from Boyton. The imperfect skull of a fox (C. vulpes)
from above the nodule bed at the latter place, now preserved in the
British Museum, has been regarded by some as not a true Red Crag fossil,
but this opinion was not shared by the late Mr. R. Bell, by whom it
was collected. A worn tooth, now in the York Museum, from the Red
Crag of Woodbridge, was described by Professor Lankester as Canis
primigenius, but, judging from the structure of the enamel, Mr. Newton
is inclined to believe that it is really cetacean.

Among the weasel family it is possible that the polecat [Mustela
putorius) may have lived in the Crag period, as the British Museum
possesses a fragment of the lower jaw of that animal from the Coralline
Crag of Orford ; it does not appear however to be certain that the
specimen is really of Crag age. An otter, provisionally identified with
the extinct continental species known as Lutra dubia, is represented by
a lower jaw from the Red Crag nodule bed of Foxhall near Wood-
bridge.*

Of far greater interest is a fragment of a lower jaw from the
nodule bed of the Red Crag at Felixstow, now preserved in the York
Museum, which has been described under the name of JElurus
anglicus by Professor W, B. Dawkins.^ The genus to which this
species belongs is represented at the present day only by the long-
tailed panda or red cat-bear {/E. splendens) of the eastern Himalaya, and
till the identification of the fossil jaw no extinct representative of the
group was known. Another fragment of the jaw of the Crag species,

* Brit. Foss. Mamm. and Birds, p. 169 (1846). ^ ^arl. Journ. Geo/. Soc. xii. 266 (1856).

* jinn. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) xiii. 56. * See Newton, op. cit. p. 12.

* Sluart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xlvi. 451 (1890).

34

PALEONTOLOGY

also in the York Museum, is known from the nodule bed at Wood-
bridge ; while the Museum of the Geological Survey possesses a com-
plete upper molar from Butley.' The latter specimen serves to indi-
cate that the Crag panda was about a third larger than the living
Himalayan species. Panda remains have been subsequently obtained
from certain Tertiary strata on the continent, a complete skull forming
the type of a distinct genus.

To some extent, perhaps, connecting the pandas with the more
typical bears is the extinct Hycenarctus, first described from the Plio-
cene strata of northern India, but subsequently found in Europe. The
only known evidence of the occurrence of this primitive bear-like
animal in Britain is afforded by certain teeth from the nodule bed of
the Suffolk Red Crag. One of these specimens, an upper molar, was
obtained near Waldringfield, and is preserved in the Ipswich Museum,
while a second upper molar, from Felixstow, is in the York Museum.
The latter collection also contains a lower molar and a tusk, both from
Felixstow, which probably belong to the same genus. It is to the late
Sir W. H. Flower^ that we owe the identification of Hycenarctus in the
Red Crag.

Some doubt exists as to whether remains of typical bears occur in
the Crag deposits, certain specimens which have been described as such
having apparently been misinterpreted.'' According however to Mr.
Newton,* a tooth from the nodule bed of Woodbridge, preserved in the
Museum at York, may possibly belong to the small bear first described
from the Pliocene deposits of the Auvergne under the name of JJrsus
arvernensis. A single tusk, or canine tooth, from the crag of Kessingland,
preserved in the Museum at Wisbech, indicates an undetermined carni-
vore apparently distinct from all the foregoing.

Several of the molluscs met with in the Red Crag indicate the pre-
valence in Britain at the time of the deposition of these strata of arctic
or sub-arctic conditions ; and this is confirmed by the occurrence in the
nodule bed of the Red Crag of the county of portions of tusks of a large
walrus [Odobcetius huxleyi), such remains having been first described in
1865 by Professor E. Ray Lankester ^ as Trichecodon. Till recently the
walrus was known as T'richechus^ but the earlier name Odobcenus is now
coming into general use.

The Crag being a shore deposit it is only natural to expect that it
would contain the remains of seals ; and as a matter of fact bones of
those animals do occur there, although far from abundantly. Of Suffolk
specimens, a bone of the fore-limb (humerus) in the collection of Major
E. C. Moor of Great Bealings, from the nodule bed of Foxhall, has been
made the type of a species with the name of Phoca moori. There is a
similar bone, from the same horizon at Waldringfield, in the Museum
of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street. P. moori was a seal of small bodily

1 Newton, ^art. Jount. Geol. Soc. xlvi. p. 13 (1890). '^ Ibid, xxxiii. 534 (1877).

' See Newton, op. cit. p. 15. * Ibid. p. 16.

^ ^art. Journ. Geol. Soc. xxi. 226.

35

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

size; but a third Crag humerus from Foxhall, also in the collection of
Major Moor, as well as a fourth specimen of the same bone from the
Crag, preserved in the York Museum, indicate a still smaller species,
which has been provisionally identified with one described on the evidence
of remains from the Antwerp Crag under the name of Phocanella minor.
Whether this seal really belongs to an extinct generic type may perhaps
be open to doubt.

Passing on to the hoofed or ungulate mammals, it may be men-
tioned in the first place that teeth and limb bones from the Red Crag
of Boyton and other localities in the county undoubtedly demonstrate
the occurrence in that deposit of a member of the ox tribe. It has
been suggested that the species in question is the Pleistocene bison, but
it is perhaps more likely that it is identical with the extinct Etruscan
ox {Bos etruscus) of the Pliocene deposits of the Val d'Arno, a primitive
species of which the cows were hornless. Cheek-teeth of more than
one form of large ruminant are known from the Red Crag nodule bed
of Boyton, Sutton, Woodbridge and elsewhere which not improbably
belonged to antelopes of several kinds. Two bones of the foot of a
small ruminant in the Museum of Practical Geology, said to be from
the Coralline Crag of Gedgrave, present a considerable resemblance to
the corresponding elements of the skeleton of the musk-deer [Moschus
moschiferus). Antlers and teeth of deer are exceedingly common in the
Suffolk Crags, and a large number of so-called species have been based
on remains of the former description. Although the number of these
nominal species is undoubtedly too large, their reduction is a matter of
extreme difficulty, and since it is impossible in some instances to be
certain even of the generic position of these Crags, they are but very
briefly noticed in this place. Certain fragments of antlers in the British
Museum from the nodule bed of the Red Crag have been identified with
a fallow deer first described from the Norwich Crag under the name of
Cervus falconeri, but the right of the type of the latter to specific distinc-
tion is more or less doubtful. The beam of a large antler from the
Red Crag of Suffolk was referred by Sir R. Owen' in 1856 to the giant
fallow deer or 'Irish elk,' now known scientifically as Cervus giganteus;
although, as pointed out by Mr. Newton,^ it is most likely that this
specimen does not belong to the typical form of that species, it is quite
probable that it may pertain to one of the older races of the same, such as
the so-called C. "verticorms of the Forest Bed of both Norfolk and Suffolk.
Of quite a different character are the antlers from the Red Crag nodule
bed of Sutton and other localities in the county, on the evidence of which
the species C. suttonensis was based by Professor Boyd Dawkins' in 1878.
This species was probably allied to the Oriental rusine deer.

Tusks, incisors and cheek-teeth of swine are now and again met
with in the nodule bed of the Red Crag of Suffolk, the York Museum

* Stuart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xii. 226. ' ' Vercebrata of Pliocene Deposits,' p. 29.

^ ^art. Journ. Geol. Soc. xxxvi. 441.

36

PALAEONTOLOGY

possessing one lower tusk from Waldringfield and a second from Wood-
bridge, while the Ipswich Museum has an incisor. Cheek-teeth from
the Crag indicate the occurrence of two species of wild pig — a larger
and a smaller. The larger may be identical with one of the two con-
tinental Pliocene forms described as Sus antiquus and S. erymanthius, while
the smaller may be the same as S. palceochcerus of the German Pliocene.

Of the horses (or perhaps asses or zebras) remains are rare in the
Crag, but there is one tooth of an Equus from the Red Crag of Bawdsey
in the British Museum, and a second from Felixstow in the York
Museum. Less uncommon are cheek-teeth of the three-toed horses of
the genus Hipparion, which can be readily distinguished from those of
Equus by the pattern on the grinding surface. All the known speci-
mens of these teeth appear to come from the Red Crag nodule bed ;
the species to which they belong is probably the widely spread H. gracilis
of the continental Pliocene.

Cheek-teeth of rhinoceroses, often broken, are not uncommonly
met with in the Red Crag nodule bed of the county, most of which it
was once thought might belong to some of the Pleistocene representa-
tives of the genus. They may however with more probability be as-
signed to continental Pliocene types, such as the hornless Rhinoceros
incisivus and the two-horned K. schleiermacheri of Germany. Tapirs,
too, are represented in the Red Crag nodule bed of the county by their
teeth, and are perhaps specifically identical with the continental forms
described as Tapirus arvernensis and T. priscus. The occurrence of these
fossil European tapirs, it may be incidentally remarked, is a fact of con-
siderable interest, since they serve to connect the present widely separated
habitats — Malaya and tropical America — of this primitive group of odd-
toed ungulates.

With the exception of the recently discovered Pliocene cave near
Buxton, the Crags of Norfolk and Suffolk are the only deposits in Britain
from which are obtained the teeth of those primitive elephants known
as mastodons. In these mastodons the cheek-teeth, or molars, are of a
much more simple structure than those of the true elephants, being in
fact in many respects more like those of gigantic pigs than of the latter.
In place of consisting of a great number of closely packed tall parallel
plates, the crowns of the molars of the mastodons are formed by a
few low columns or ridges, with open valleys between them. Some
mastodons have three ridges or rows of columns in each molar save
the two front pairs and the last, but in others the number of ridges is
four in the teeth in question. Many of the Crag mastodons belong to
the species with four-ridged molars originally described from the Auvergne
under the name of Mastodon arvernensis, and characterized by the alter-
nating arrangement of the cusps on the crowns of those teeth and the
slight prolongation of the front of the lower jaw. Other teeth from
the Red Crag belong to a second four-ridged species, the continental
M. longirostris. One particular molar, with three ridges, from the Red
Crag nodule bed near Woodbridge, now preserved in the York Museum,

37

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

has been the subject of some discussion. Originally regarded by Professor
E. Ray Lankester as the complete tooth of a three-ridged species, it was
subsequently considered by the present writer^ to be an imperfect tooth
of the four-ridged M. longirostris. A re-examination of the original
specimen showed however that this view was untenable, and Professor
Lankester ' eventually regarded the specimen as indicating a variety of
the three-ridged continental M. angustidens, with the varietal name of
lattdens. Since however there is an Indian species known as M. latidens
this nomenclature cannot be adopted ; and if the specimen really indicate
a race of the aforesaid species, the name M. angustidens latior would be
appropriate. The writer is however by no means sure that the speci-
men is not an abnormally formed molar of the aforesaid M. longirostris —
a species which, by the way, differed from modern elephants in being
furnished with tusks in the lower as well as in the upper jaw. Three-
ridged molars of quite a different type to the foregoing specimen are
met with occasionally in the nodule bed of the Red Crag, as well as in
the coprolite bed below the Coralline Crag at Sutton and other localities
in the county.^ Many of these specimens, at any rate, appear to belong
to the continental Pliocene species known as M. borsoni. It may be
added that M. longirostris apparently also occurs in the coprolite bed at
the base of the Coralline Crag, a fragmentary tooth being reported to
have been obtained from that horizon at Sutton.*

Doubt was long entertained as to whether remains of true elephants
ever occurred in the Crag. The question is however set at rest by por-
tions of two molars in the British Museum ^ from the Red Crag, one of
which was obtained at Felixstow, and the other at Falkenham near
Woodbridge. These teeth belong to the southern elephant {Elephas
meridionalis) , a gigantic species more nearly alied to the living African
than to the Indian elephant, whose remains are met with abundantly in
the Pliocene strata of the continent and the Norfolk Forest Bed, as well
as in a remarkable deposit at Dewlish in Dorsetshire.

A much-worn mammalian skull, now preserved in the museum at
Ipswich, from the nodule bed of the Red Crag at Foxhall, was described
in 1874 by Sir William Flower," and identified with an extinct genus of
sea-cow, but made the type of a separate species under the name of Hali-
therium canhami. The genus Halitherium, which is allied to the modern
manati, is met with on the continent in strata of Miocene age, so that
the Foxhall skull may be somewhat older than the majority of Red Crag
fossils.

As would naturally be expected from the small size of most mem-
bers of the order, remains of rodents, or gnawing mammals, are very
scarce in the Crag. Two cheek-teeth from the Red Crag nodule bed
(one from Woodbridge), in the Museum of Practical Geology are how-

' See Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus. iv. 62. * Geol. Mag. (4) vi. 289, (1899).

^ See Newton, op. cit. p. 44. * Ibid. 14.

' See Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus. iv. 1 13. ° ^art. Jount. Geol. Soc. xxx. i.

38

PALAEONTOLOGY

ever provisionally assigned by Mr. Newton to the existing European
beaver [Castor fiber). Certain other beaver teeth from the same horizon
at Sutton and other localities in the county have been made the types of
a distinct species by Professor Lankester with the name of C. veterior.
From the characters of the folds of the cheek-teeth, as compared with
those of the living beaver, Mr. Newton confirms the distinctness of this
species. The type specimens are in the York Museum, but there are
others at Ipswich.

Remains of the rabbit have been stated to occur in the Crag, but
the evidence on which the statement is made is not forthcoming. Mr.
Newton records however a cheek-tooth of some species of Lepus from
the Red Crag.

Remains of whales, porpoises and dolphins are exceedingly common
in the Suffolk Crag, as they also are in the Belgian Crag at Antwerp.
In the case of the larger whalebone whales, the remains most easy of
identification, and also those most commonly found, are the bones of
the internal ear, of which one (the tympanic) is hollow and shell-like,
while the other (the periotic) is solid and massive. In the beaked
whales, on the other hand, the part most commonly preserved is the solid
ivory-like rostrum, or beak, from which the group takes its name. Of
the larger toothed whales akin to the modern sperm-whale, teeth are the
most abundant remains. As early as 1843 Sir R. Owen' named some of
these Crag cetaceans on the evidence of ear bones, and others from their
teeth. A revision of cetaceans from the Crag was published by the
present writer^ at a much later date. Tympanic bones from the nodule
bed of the Red Crag of the county indicate by their shape so-called
' right-whales,' that is to say species allied to the Greenland whale and
southern right- whale of the present seas. To one of these types Owen
gave the name Balcena affinis ; while a second appears identical with the
right-whale from the Belgian Crag described by the late Professor
Van Beneden as B. primigenia. Certain variations noticeable in the form
of the ear-bones of these whales may be due to differences in the age of
the individuals to which they belonged. Tympanies of a much smaller
right-whale from the Red Crag have been identified with the two
Belgian species B. insignis and B. balcenopsis. The first vertebra of a
whale from the Coralline Crag of Sudbourn, in the collection of the
British Museum, was referred by Van Beneden himself to the last-
mentioned species. It may be well to observe here that as the tympanic
and other bones of whales found in the Belgian Crag, belonging to the
same species as those from the Red Crag, are not rolled, it is evident that
the whales of whose skeletons they formed a part Hved in the Pliocene seas,
and it therefore follows that the whales of the Red Crag likewise lived
about the time when that deposit was laid down. It may also be men-
tioned that Mr. F. W. Harmer' considers the majority of the remains

1 Pm. Geol. Soc. iv. 283 ; see also ^art. Joum. Geol. Soc. i. 39, and Brit. Foss. Mamm. and Birds.

2 ^lart. Joum. Geol. Soc. xliii. 7, and Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus. v. 16.
' ^art. Joum. Geol. Soc. Ivi. 728 (1900).

39

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

of extinct land mammals from the nodule bed of the Red Crag to be
derived from older deposits. ' There is indeed,' he writes, ' no more
evidence for the existence of Mastodon in England during any part of the
Crag era than for that of Hipparion or of the Eocene Hyracotherium.^
Against this view maybe urged the occurrence oi Mastodon arvernensis in
the Upper Pliocene deposits of the Auvergne and Val d'Arno, and above
all in the British Pliocene cave recently discovered near Buxton.

Other and apparently somewhat less common types of tympanic
from the nodule bed of the Red Crag of the county are of a more rounded
and shell-like character, and indicate extinct species of those groups of
whalebone whales respectively known as humpbacks and finners or
rorquals. To a humpbacked whale from the Belgian Crag described by
Professor Van Beneden as Megaptera affinis, are apparently referable two
tympanies in the Museum of Practical Geology ; the one from the Coral-
line Crag of Sudbourn, and the other from the nodule bed of the Red
Crag near Ipswich. Another species of the same genus, M. similis, like-
wise typically (as is the third) from the Belgian Crag, is represented by a
periotic bone in the British Museum from Woodbridge ; while a third
and smaller form, M. minuta, is known in England by one ear-bone from
the Coralline Crag of Suffolk in the Museum at Ipswich, and a second
from the nodule bed of the Red Crag at Foxhall in the Museum of
Practical Geology.

Of the rorquals, whose tympanic bones are of a more elongated form
than those of the humpbacks, two Red Crag species, Balcenoptera definita
and B. emarginata, were originally described by Owen (as Balcena) on the
evidence of tympanies from the nodule bed of the county. Two other
species, B. goropi and B. borealina, first described from the Belgian Crag,
appear to be represented in the nodule bed of the county by tympanies
in the collection of the British and Ipswich Museums.

But even these last by no means exhaust the list of Suffolk Crag
cetaceans, for certain remains from that deposit have been identified with
species of two extinct genera of rorquals named by continental writers
Cetotherium and Herpetocetus. One of these species, C. brialmonti, appears
to be represented by a vertebra from the Red Crag in the British
Museum, and a second, C. dubium, by tympanies from the nodule bed in
the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons and other collections.
Certain vertebrae from the Red Crag of Suffolk may perhaps pertain to
the Belgian species known as C. hupschi and C. brevifrons. A tym-
panic bone in the Museum of Practical Geology from Felixstow, and
a second in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, indicate the
occurrence in Suffolk of the species described in Belgium as Herpetocetus
scaldiensis.

With the last-named species we come to the end of the whalebone
whales, and pass on to the toothed group, commencing with the forms
allied to the modern sperm-whale. Large teeth of the general type of
those of the latter are met with commonly enough in the Red Crag
nodule bed of the county, but owing to their damaged condition their

40

PALAEONTOLOGY

specific identification is a matter of difficulty. The earliest name for
teeth of this type is Balt^nodon physaloides^ given by Sir R. Owen in 1846,
and typified by a Red Crag specimen. It has been considered that other
equally large Suffolk Crag teeth belong to the Belgian whale described
as Eucetus amblyodon. Teeth of smaller spermwhale-like cetaceans from
the Red Crag nodule bed of the county have been tentatively assigned to
the continental forms described under the names of Physeterula dubusii,
Physodon grandis, P. fustformis, Hoplocetus crassidens, H. borgerhoutensis, and
H. curvidens. If an Argentine Pliocene skull be rightly assigned to it,
Physodon differs from the modern sperm-whale in having a full series of
teeth in the upper as well as in the lower jaw.

The occurrence of a whale closely allied to the existing bottle-nose
in the Red Crag was made known by the present writer in the following
words : ' Hyperoodon is represented by a very perfect right periotic in
the Ipswich Museum. This specimen, which has the accessory ossicle
still attached, cannot be distinguished from the corresponding bone of the
existing H. rostratus, and evidently indicates the existence either of that
or of a closely allied form in the Pliocene ; the occurrence of cervical
vertebra of a member of this genus in the Antwerp Crag has been
recorded by Professor Van Beneden.' Since it is practically certain that
the Crag bot-tle-nosed whale is distinct from the existing species it may
be appropriately named Hyperoodon taylori, after the late Dr. J. E. Taylor,
some time curator of the Ipswich Museum.

Beaked whales, as already said, are very numerously represented by
their beaks, or rostra, which in the living species are characterized by
their ivory-like appearance and hardness. One type has been referred to
a supposed extinct genus, Choneziphius, of which it has been thought that
there are three representatives in the Red Crag, namely C planirostris,
C. planus and C packardi. Apparently Choneziphius is not generically
distinct from the existing beaked whale commonly known as Ziphius, and
since the latter term is barred by previous usage in another sense, the
former name is entitled to stand for the genus. Of the beaked whales
belonging to the same genus as the existing Mesoplodon videns (which
occasionally visits the British shores) a large number of species have been
named on the evidence of Crag specimens, but it is probable that some at
least of these are merely nominal. The list is as follows, viz. Mesoplo-
don longirostris, M. tenuirosfris, M. angustus, M. angulatus, M. compressus,
M.Jloris and M. scaphoides, in addition to others which are obviously
synonyms. It may be added that one specimen of the periotic bone of
a member of this genus is known from the Red Crag nodule bed, pre-
served in the Museum of Practical Geology.

A totally extinct family of cetaceans, the shark-toothed dolphins, in
which the hinder teeth are serrated and double-rooted, is represented by
isolated teeth from the nodule bed of the Red Crag of the county.
Some of these rare and curious teeth are in the Museum at Ipswich, and
others at York. They not improbably belong to the species from the
Antwerp Crag described as Squalodon antwerpiensis .
I 41 6

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Among the true dolphins and porpoises a species of killer-whale,
probably identical with an Italian Pliocene form described as Orca citoni-
ensis, is represented in the Red Crag nodule bed of the county by a tooth
in the Ipswich Museum and a periotic in the Museum of Practical
Geology. Certain teeth and ear-bones from the nodule bed originally
described as Delphinus uncidens appear generically identical with the so-
called blackfish, and are accordingly now known as Globicephalus uncidens.
A specimen from the Red Crag nodule bed of the county, supposed to
be the swollen base of the aborted tusk of a narwhal, has been considered
sufficient to justify the inclusion of the genus Monodon in the Crag fauna.
Possibly two Red Crag vertebra; in the Jermyn Street Museum may
afford evidence of the occurrence of a species of white whale [Delphi-
napterus) in the Crag sea. Finally a vertebra from the Coralline Crag of
Ramsholt in the British Museum, and two others from the same forma-
tion in the Museum of Practical Geology, may be referable to a dolphin
of the genus Tursiops.

Very noteworthy is the occurrence in the Suffolk deposits of
remains of an albatross, for which the name Diomedea anglica has been
proposed by the present writer.' The species is typified by two bones
of the foot, now in the Ipswich Museum, found in the sandy bed
overlying the Red Crag at Foxhall, and most probably of Red Crag
age. Part of a wing-bone (ulna) from the Coralline Crag at Orford,
preserved in the Museum of Practical Geology, belongs to the same or
an allied species. It may be added that the museum last named also
possesses a wing-bone (ulna) of an albatross from the brick-earth of
Ilford, Essex.

The fishes of the Crag are for the most part represented by detached
teeth. Among these certain smooth and polished molar-like teeth,
specimens of which are known from the Red Crag of Woodbridge,
Waldringfield and elsewhere, as well as from the Coralline Crag of
Gedgrave, indicate a species of sea-bream generically identical with the
existing gilt-head [Chrysophrys aurata). They do not however admit of
specific determination. To the family of the horse-mackerels belongs
Platax woodwardi, a species commonly occurring in the Forest Bed and
Norwich Crag, but also represented in the Red Crag of Felixstow and
elsewhere, and, it is said, in the Coralline Crag. An extinct thunny
{Thynnus scaldist), first described from the Antwerp Crag, is known by
vertebrae from the Coralline Crag of Aldeburgh and elsewhere. A
single tooth in the Museum of Practical Geology from the Coralline
Crag of Gedgrave presents no characters by which it can be distinguished
from the existing wolf-fish, Anarrhichas lupus. A wrasse of the genus
Labrus is indicated by a specimen of the lower pharyngeal bone from
the Red Crag of the county, preserved in the British Museum. Species
of cod {Gadus) are indicated by ear-bones (otoliths) from the Coralline
Crag of Sudbourn, Broomhill, near Orford and elsewhere ; others from

' Cat. Foil. Birdi Brit. Mui. 189 (1891).
42

PALAEONTOLOGY

the Red Crag have been described as a race of the whiting with the
name of G. merlangus suffblcensis ; while yet another form, typically
from the Coralline Crag of Gedgrave, has been regarded as indicating
an extinct species (G. pseudoeglifinus) nearly allied to the haddock.
Fish spines in the York Museum indicate the occurrence of a sturgeon
[Acipenser) in the Red Crag ; but whether the remains are contempora-
neous or washed out of an older deposit does not appear to be ascer-
tained.

The occurrence of species of dog-fishes and sharks in the Suffolk
Crag is indicated by numerous remains. Among these two teeth from
the Red Crag of Little Bealings near Woodbridge are regarded as belong-
ing to a species nearly related to the common tope [Galeus canis).
Certain spines from the Red Crag of Woodbridge and elsewhere were
shown by Sir W. H. Flower to be indistinguishable from those with
which the ' claspers ' of the gigantic basking-shark [Cetorhinus maximus)
of modern seas are armed. The largest member of the shark tribe now
living, the widely distributed Rondeleti's shark {Carcharodon rondektii) is
represented by teeth from the Red Crag of Sutton and elsewhere and the
Coralline Crag of Orford. Still larger teeth of the same type from the
Red Crag of Woodbridge, Felixstow and other places in the county
are assigned to the extinct C. megalodon, whose remains are met with in
later Tertiary strata almost all over the world. Large teeth similar to
these fossil specimens were dredged during the Challenger expedition
from the depths of the Pacific in such a condition as to lead to the
belief that the species was still living at a comparatively recent epoch.
Rondeleti's shark is known to attain a length of 40 feet, but the fossil
teeth (some of which measure 4 inches across and 5 in height) must
indicate a fish half as large again. Shark teeth from the Red Crag
nodule bed belonging to forms allied to the porbeagle have been referred
to the species known as Oxyrhina hastalis, Odontaspis elegans and O. con-
tortidens. With regard to teeth of the second form Mr. E. T. Newton
writes as follows : ' Numerous examples from the Red Crag nodule
bed are in the Museum of Practical Geology ; some of them are
probably derived from older beds, being much rolled and worn ; but
many of them are beautifully perfect, with the cutting edge quite sharp,
and these it is thought must be of a Red Crag age.' Nearly similar
remarks will apply to those of the third species. Very characteristic of
the Crag are the teeth of a large species of comb-toothed shark, which
have been identified by Dr. Smith Woodward with Notidanus gigas, a
species typically from the Pliocene strata of Tuscany. According to
Mr. Newton remains of this species have been found in the nodule bed
of the Red Crag at Woodbridge, Butley, Felixstow and other localities
in the county.

Remains of eagle-rays of the genera Myliobatis and Mtobatis are not
uncommon in the Red Crag of the county ; but the majority of these,
as noticed below, are evidently derived from Eocene strata ; the name
M. tumidens has however been applied to a species typified by Red Crag

43

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

specimens. Numerous dermal plates from the Coralline Crag of Orford
and Gedgrave, as well as from the nodule bed of the Red Crag, are
indistinguishable from those of the living thornback skate {Raia clavata),
while a single tooth from the Coralline Crag of Gedgrave has been
assigned to the common skate {R. batis). Other dermal plates, from the
Red Crag at Boyton and the Coralline Crag at Gedgrave, are regarded
by Mr. Newton as indicating a third (perhaps generically distinct) kind
of ray. Finally, a small tooth in the British Museum from the nodule
bed of the Red Crag of the county indicates a species of monk-fish
[Squatind). A second tooth of similar type has been obtained at Little
Bealings, and there is a third in the Museum at York, also from the
Red Crag.

Allusion has already been made to the ' derived ' vertebrate fossils of
Suffolk, or those which are definitely known to have been washed out
of older formations. These may now be mentioned somewhat more
fully. In 1856 Sir R. Owen' described a mammalian tooth from the
Red Crag of the county, which he regarded as referable to that primitive
group of Carnivora of which the Eocene genera Pterodon and Hycenodon
are well known representatives. Although the specimen cannot now be
found it is probable that the determination is correct, and that the tooth
originally came from the London Clay. That formation is certainly the
horizon whence was derived part of a skull of the Eocene mammal
Hyracotherium leporinum obtained from the Red Crag of the county and
described by Sir R. Owen.^ The genus and species in question, it may
be observed, were first described from the London Clay of Kent, and
form one of the ancestral types of the horse line. Teeth of a much
larger size from the Red Crag of the county, some of which are pre-
served in the Museum at Ipswich and others in the Museum of Practical
Geology, belong to Coryphodon eocanus, another primitive odd-toed
mammal typically from the London Clay of Essex. An imperfect skull
in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, said to be from the
Red Crag of the county, has been described by Sir W. H. Flower,' and
provisionally assigned to the genus Xiphodon, under the name of X. platy-
ceps, of which it forms the type. As the teeth are wanting the genus
to which this curious specimen belongs cannot be definitely determined.
Mr. Newton observes that although its exact age is uncertain, yet it
approximates most nearly in general appearance to the so-called box-
stones of the Suffolk Crag.

The only reptilian remains recorded from the Crag of the county
appear to be the skulls of turtles, which have evidently been washed out
of the London Clay, and doubtless belong to the forms characteristic of
that deposit, such as species of Argillochelys and Lytoloma.

Fish palates and teeth, likewise mainly of Lower Eocene types, are
far from uncommon in the nodule bed of the Red Crag. Among them

' ^imrt. Jcurn. Geol. Sk. xii. 227. * Geol. Mag. (i) ii. 339.

' Proc. Zool. Sx. 1876, p. 3.

44

PALAEONTOLOGY

are specimens of the dentition of the extinct genus Phyllodus, referable
to the three species P. speciosus, P. hexago?ius and P. toliapicus. A frag-
ment of a fin-spine from Foxhall is referred by Mr. E. T. Newton to
the extinct cat-fish Arius egertoni, whose typical horizon is the Middle
Eocene of Sussex. Of the pycnodont ganoids, or those with rounded or
oval crushing teeth, specimens from the Crag have been assigned to the
genera Pycnodus, Gyrodus, Pisodus and Lepidotus ; those belonging to the
first and third being probably derived from the London Clay and the
others from still older formations. Dental plates' of fishes allied to the
living chimasra or king-of-the-herrings are also met with in the Red
Crag, and have been assigned to the Eocene genera Edaphodon and
Elasmodus. To the same group belongs a fragment of a fish-spine from
Woodbridge, now in the British Museum, which has been referred to
the Eocene Ccelorhynchus rectus.

Allusion to ' derived ' teeth of sharks belonging to the genus
Odontaspis has been made in an earlier paragraph. In addition to these
occur larger teeth belonging to the Eocene shark known as Otodus obli-
qiius. The large roller-like dental plates of eagle-rays of the genus
Myliobatis, occasionally met with in the Red Crag, have for the most
part been identified with the Eocene species M. dixoni and M. toliapica.
Others belong to the allied genus /Etobatis. The Ipswich Museum
possesses a few fragments of the well known crushing teeth of the
Cretaceous genus Ptychodus, which have been identified with P. polygyrus,
so abundant in the English Chalk. Lastly, fragments of teeth from
Woodbridge indicate a saw-fish [Pristis), doubtless identical with a lower
Eocene species.

Of far more interest than the above derived specimens are certain
fossils obtained in the year 1839 by the late Mr. W. Colchester of
Ipswich in the Lower Eocene sand of Kingston near Woodbridge, some
of which are described in Owen's British Fossil Mammals and Birds.
Among these a fragment of a lower jaw, showing one entire cheek tooth,
has been referred to an opossum with the name Didelphys (?) colchesteri ;
but the real affinities of the specimen must remain undecided. Another
mammal, typified by two cheek teeth of the upper jaw, was named by
Owen Hyracotherium cuniculus, as these teeth, although smaller, appeared
generically identical with those of H. leporinum. A fragment of the
lower jaw, with two teeth, of the former species included among
Mr. Colchester's collection was at first regarded as indicating a monkey,
and accordingly named Macacus eoccenus. Another mammalian tooth
from Kingston is figured by Owen (op. cit. p. 17), and provisionally
regarded as that of some kind of bat.

A fragment of a jaw from Kingston described by Sir R. Owen as
Lacerta (?) eocana, appears to be certainly reptilian, although its precise
generic determination is probably impossible. Certain fish-scales from
Kingston presented to the British Museum by the Rev. J. Middleton
in 1854, are referred by Dr. Smith Woodward to the genus Lepidosteus,
now represented by the bony pike of the rivers of North America. From

45

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

the same deposit and locality have been obtained teeth of the shark.
Odontaspis cuspidata}

So far at least as published records are concerned vertebrate remains
appear to be exceedingly scarce in the Suffolk Chalk, and no species
seem to have been named from that formation in the county. Probably
fish teeth have been obtained from some of the chalk pits of the county,
but it must suffice to mention that the British Museum possesses some of
the well know^n crushing teeth of the ray-like Ptychodus latissimus from
the Upper Chalk of Orford/ As regards fossils from pre-Cretaceous
deposits there is a vertebra of Ichthyosaurus thyreospondylus from the
Kimeridge Clay of Stanton near Bury St. Edmunds in the collection,
last named.'

* See Cat.Fots. Fisi. Brii. Mm. i. 369. * Ibid. i. 149.

^ See Cat. Yon. Reft. Brit. Mtu. ii. 39.

46

H1ST0H\' OF SrFt'OLK

BOTANICAL DISTRICTS

THE VICTORIA HiSTOBY OF THE COUNTIES OF ENGLAND

BOTANY'

jA S the Flora of a county is, in a great measure, dependent upon
/% its geological formation and physical conditions, a brief sum-

/ % mary of these features of the county of Suffolk seems a
necessary preface to an account of its botanical productions.

Chalk, forms the foundation of the whole county, with the possible
exception of certain tracts beneath the Fenland west of Mildenhall,
where the underlying Gault and Kimmeridge Clay may possibly come to
the surface.

South of a line (roughly) drawn between Sudbury and Aldeburgh
the chalk is covered by Eocene deposits, consisting of Thanet Sands,
Reading Beds, and London Clay, the last-mentioned being the most
important ; these beds, however, are in their turn covered (partially in
the south-east part of the county and wholly in the north-east) by the
later Pliocene (Crag) deposits, peculiar to the counties of Essex, Suffolk,
and Norfolk. The oldest, the Coralline Crag, consisting of a light yellow
calcareous deposit with a little sand, is found in an isolated area between
Aldeburgh and Boyton and near Shottisham.

The later Red Crag occurs in the south-east part of the county and
consists of shelly sands coloured red by oxide of iron, hence the name.
In the north-east are found the variable group of sands, laminated clays,
and pebbly gravels which make up the Norwich Crag.

All these strata, however, are covered for the most part by Boulder
Clay, brick earth, sand, and gravel belonging to the Pleistocene Period,
and mainly glacial in origin. The Boulder Clay, the most important of
the group, consists chiefly of stiff chalky and stony bluish-gray clay
and occupies a considerable area in central, or (as it is locally termed)
' High ' Suffolk.

More than two-thirds of the county consists of heavy land ; richer
districts occur between the Orwell and the Stour, the extreme north-east
of the county, and the country between Hopton, Euston, and New-
market.

Light sandy soils are found in the north-west — a tract known as the
Breck District, the most interesting part of the whole county botanically,
and fully dealt with under Division I — and again in the extreme east,
many species of plants occurring only in the county in these two districts.

' In the preparation of the Phanerogamic portion of this article the following gentlemen kindly
assisted in various ways, and thanb are due to them : — Messrs. A. Bennett, Rev. G. R. Bullock-Webster
(Characes), W. A. Dutt, Rev. E. N. Bloomfield, Rev J D. Gray, Rev. W. M. Rogers.

47

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

As a county Suffolk may be said to be comparatively flat, falling
away into marshes on the north-west and north-east ; what hills there are,
are of slight elevation, and for the most part even the higher land is not
more than 200 ft. above sea level. The greatest elevation occurs about
6 miles south-west of Bury : — Rede (420 ft.), Ousden (405 ft.), Depden
(404 ft.), and Lawshall (347 ft.) — the River Lark rises at the last-named
place.

The coast line, about 50 miles in length, is also low with here and
there moderate cliffs or sand dunes, as at Lowestoft Ness (the most
easterly point in Great Britain), Kessingland, Easton Bavent, Dunwich,
and Bawdsey.

Coast erosion is very prevalent, Pakefield, Southwold, and Dunwich
being amongst the chief sufferers.

The principal rivers of this well-drained county are the Little
Ouse and Waveney, separating it from Norfolk on the north ; the Stowe,
dividing it from Essex on the south, and there are also the Gipping
(known as the Orwell below Ipswich), Blyth, Deben, Ore, and Lark, all
more or less important waterways. All these flow eastward except the
Little Ouse and Lark, which find their way into the Wash.

The lakes and broads of Suffolk cannot compare with those of
Norfolk either in size or interesting features, and the lakes in the
western portion have almost all been artificially enlarged, as Livermere
(2 miles long) and Redgrave (46 acres). Broads of a brackish nature
are Breydon Water at Yarmouth, a magnificent stretch of tidal water
5 miles long, and Lake Lothing (also tidal) at Lowestoft, 2 miles long,
and separated from Oulton Broad by a lock.

Fresh-water broads, some subject to inroads from the sea at excep-
tional tides, are Fritton Decoy (500 acres), Barnby, Easton, and Benacre,
all small broads, and Barton Mere near Packenham (12 acres). Thorpe
Mere near Aldeburgh, formerly a lake of some thousand acres, is now
mainly a rush-grown swamp and mud-flat.

East Anglian botany may be well compared with that of low-lying
Holland, at one time contiguous and now only separated by a shallow
sea. If East Anglian plants are estimated at 1,350 species, and those
of Holland at 1,480, about 1,120 species are common to both. The
more or less Northern types, which are, or have been, found in Suffolk,
such as Antennaria dioica, Scirpus rufus, and Carex limosa, occur in Holland,
as well as the following species, which are almost, or entirely (*) confined
to East Anglia (Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, and Essex) : — ^Silene
Otites, Holosteum umbellatum, *Medicago falcata, M. minima, ^\Lathyrus
tuberosus'], Tillaa muscosa, Galium anglicum, Peucedanum palustre, ^Gna-
phalium luteo-album, * Artemisia campestris, *Senecio paludosus, *S. pa/ustris,
So/ichus pa/uslris, Melampyrum arveme, * Veronica •verna, V. triphyllos, ^V.
spicata, 'Teucrium Scordium, Primula elatior, Scleranthus perennis, ^Herniaria
glabra, Suaeda fruticosa, Atriplex pedunculata, Liparis Loeselii, Stratiotes
a hides, * Carex ericetorum, Phleum phalaroides, "^ Apera interrupta, *Wein-
gaertneria canescens, and Lastraa cristata.

48

BOTANY

Compared with its adjoining counties Suffolk would seem to exceed
them all in number of recorded species, with the exception of Norfolk ;
1,1 80 appears to be a fair estimate for species in Suffolk, whilst in
addition about 90 varieties are known for the county.

Norfolk is credited with 1,197 species and with probably as many
varieties or forms as Suffolk ; Essex comes next below Suffolk with
1,083 species and 44 recorded varieties, and Cambridgeshire (with
practically no maritime plants) last with 1,007 species and about
50 varieties.

Suffolk contains a great many interesting species, but as Norfolk or
Cambridgeshire can also claim nearly all, Pulmonaria officinalis is left to
stand alone as the county's unique production. It is considered by its
discoverer, Mr. C. J. Ashfield, the Rev. E. S. Marshall and others to be
a true native of Suffolk.

The following species may be noted as being remarkable absentees
from Suffolk : — Lathyrus montanus,\N\\\c\\ occurs in North and South Essex
and West Norfolk; CEnanthe croc^/^, growing in South Essex and East and
West Norfolk ; Vaccinium jnyrtillus, found in South Essex and East
Norfolk ; Narthecium ossifragum, plentiful in East and West Norfolk and
Cambridgeshire; and Luzula maxima, seen in all portions of the adjoining
counties.

The seeds of the following species, no longer natives of Suffolk,
have been found in the county in a fossilized condition : — Trapa natans,
Betu/a nana, Sa/ix myrsinites, S. herbacea, S. polaris, Najas marina, and
N. minor,

Betu/a nana, Sa/ix myrsinites and herbacea are northern British species,
and N. marina occurs in Norfolk ; the others are now ultra-British plants.

An article on Suffolk Botany would not be complete without a few words upon those
observers who have resided in the county or contributed to our knowledge of its plants, both
in the past and at the present time.

Of botanists resident in the county undoubtedly the first to be mentioned is Sir John
Cullum, F.R.S.,of Hawstead,who was born in 1733 and died in 1785. His MS. Naturalists'
Journal (i 772-85) contains much that is interesting, and fully describes the plants of the
Bury district, where he first discovered Genista pi/osa, Veronica verna, and Muscari racemosum
in England. His published History of Haiustead (1774) contains a list of the species to be
found in that parish. A very large number of Suffolk species were first reported by this
careful observer, including Anemone Pulsatilla, Sisymbrium Irio, Holosteum umbellatum, Dianthus
deltoides, Linum perenne, Akhemilla vulgaris^ Potentilla verna, Antennaria dioica, Galium anglicum,
Gentiana Pneumonanthe, Verhascum Lychnitis, Melampyrum cristatum, Calamintha Nepeta,
Hippophae rhamnoides. Orchis ustulata, Ophrys aranifera, &cc.

In 1804-5 Sir T. G. Cullum, F.R.S., brother to the above, enriched the county's flora
in a noteworthy manner, adding many new species in Gillingwater's History of Bury, and the
Botanists' Guide : these included Medicago sylvestris, Trifolium suffocatum, Lythrum hyssopifolia,
Hypochaeris maculata, Herniaria glabra, Rumex maritimus and limosus, Herminium Monorchis,
Liparis Loeselii and others. This botanist was born in 1 741, practised as a surgeon at Bury,
and died at Hawstead in 1831. In 1774 there appeared a small unfinished work upon
British plants from his pen, Florae Anglicae Specimen, which it is said he gave up in favour of
his friend Mr. Hudson's well-known book.

Next, in chronological order, appeared George Crabbe,^ the poet, born at Aldeburgh in
1754. During the earlier part of his life he resided in Suffolk, and compiled lists of plants

' J. Groves in Proc. Suff. Inst. Arch, and Nat. Hist. 1905, vol. xii, part 2, 'Crabbe as a Botanist.'

I 49 7

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

•observed in the various parishes where he held curacies, Aldeburgh, Great Yarmouth, Fram-
lingham, &c. In later years he held livings in Leicestershire and Wiltshire. Whilst in
Suffolk he added to the county, Trigonella purpurascens, Bupleurum tenuissimum, Pulicaria
vulgaris, Carduus eriophorus, Ga/eopsis versicolor. Crocus vernus, Damasonium stellatum, Stratiotes
Mloides, Spartina stricta, &c.

Crabbe died in 1832, and before that date Dawson Turner, a banker in Yarmouth, had
attracted attention as a botanist by producing, in conjunction with L. W. Dillwyn, the
Botanists' Guide (1805). In this book Turner reported for the first time several species from
the county, chiefly from the north-east corner, such as Gagea fascicularis, Carex axillaris, C.
filiformis, ice.

Lilly Wigg (i 749-1 828) also contributed Suffolk records to the Botanists' Guide ; he was
trained for a shoemaker, turned schoolmaster, and eventually became a clerk in Dawson
Turner's bank at Yarmouth. His mention of localities in the county for Trifolium squamosum,
Peucedanum palustre, Pyrola rotundifoUa, Verbascum Blattaria, Centunculus minimus, Polygonatum
multijiorum, Rhyncospora alba, Scirpus pauciflorus, and some others, appear to be the earliest
notices.

T. J. Woodward (who flourished during the end of the i8th century), living at
Bungay, was the means of adding to the county Helleborus viridis, Pyrus Aria, Schollera
Occycoccus, Statice bahusiensis, Suaeda fruticosa, Alopecurus bulbosus, znA others. He died in 1820.

D. E. Davy, who also contributed to the Botanists' Guide, residing at Ufford and Yox-
ford, seems to have been the first to have found the following in Suffolk : — Crambe maritima,
Dianthus Armeria, Pyrus tormina/is, Erythraa pulchella. Cyclamen hederaefolium, Verbascum
Virgatum, Lastraa cristata, &c.

In 1 834 there appeared a book, The Natural History of Yarmouth, by two brothers, Charles
and James (afterwards Sir James) Paget, the former undertaking the entomological portion and
James the rest. The latter became an eminent surgeon in London and was obliged to
relinquish his hold upon botany ; a bust by Boehm at the Royal College of Surgeons and a
portrait by Millais at St. Bartholomew's Hospital are evidences of his popularity. The fresh
species to Suffolk in the abovermentioned work include Lepidium hirtum, Chenopodium ficifolium,
Myrica Gale, Ruppia rostellata, Carex limosa, and Lastraa Oreopteris. Sir James Paget died
in 1899.

The first Flora of Suffolk was that published in i860 by the Rev. J. S. Henslow and
Edmund Skepper, who, besides contributing original matter themselves, included much
material gathered from the Phytologist (old series). Old and New Botanists' Guides, English Botany,
iic, and notes from contemporary observers.

The Rev. J. S. Henslow (1796-1861), better known perhaps as Professor Henslow,
became the rector of Hitcham in 1837, and resided there until his death ; his collaborateur,
Edmund Skepper, spent the major part of his life at Bury as a druggist. He was a much
younger man than Professor Henslow, being born in 1825, but he only survived the latter
six years. The Flora produced by these two botanists did not pretend to be an exhaustive
one, but aimed merely to call attention to what little had already been done, and to stimulate
others to complete the task. The editors themselves recorded for the county Raphanus
maritimus, Erythraa littoralis. Allium vineale, f uncus compressus, Potamogeton coloratus, P. trichoides,
Alopecurus fulvus, Calamagrostis lanceolata, &c.

The Rev. E. N. Bloomfield, who formerly lived at Glemham and is now rector of
Guestling, Sussex, contributed to this Flora, and added Orchis hircina (now probably extinct,
as one plant only was found and that in 1847), Scirpus cernuus, Festuca Myurus, &c. ; he also
rediscovered for the county, in 1855, Eryngium campestre in a fresh locality (found by Buddie
in the 17th century in Lothingland), but this is now again lost.

Mention may also be made of F. K. Eagle (discoverer of Sanguisorba officinalis, Gnapha-
lium luteo-album and Senecio paludosus) ; the Rev. K. Trimmer, author of the Flora of Norfolk,
and the Rev. W. W. Newbould, wTio found Glyceric Borreri and Apera intcrrupta in the
county, all of whom contributed to the volume.

In 1889 there appeared a new work upoh the plants of the county, the Flora of Suffolk
by the Rev. W. M. Hind, rector of Honington from 1875 to 1894. He was born in 18 15
in Ireland, studied at Trinity College, Dublin, was appointed curate at Pulverbach, Salop, and
then at Pinner, Hertfordshire, until 1875. The title of LL.D. was conferred upon him in
1870 at the time of his presentation to Trinity College, Dublin, of his large Herbarium.

Although by no means a critical botanist. Dr. Hind showed by his Flora that he was
capable of much thoroughness in gathering together material from various out-of-the-way

SO

BOTANY

sources, such as the examination of many private herbaria inaccessible to most, and compiling
a readable and interesting book, and from it much of this account of Suffolk botanists has
been derived. Dr. Hind died suddenly whilst addressing a meeting in 1894, and left a
collection of Suffolk specimens, illustrating, in a large measure, his Flora ^ to the Ipswich
Museum. Dr. Hind's Flora and, by the kindness of the museum authorities, the specimens
illustrating it, have been of great value in preparing this paper upon Suffolk plants, but it has
been found necessary to omit some of the species included in the Flora as the examples
representing them in the museum are insufScient or incorrectly named. In compiling material
for his work Dr. Hind was very considerably helped by the Rev. Churchill Babington, rector
of Cockfield (whose name appears on the title-page of the Flora), who undoubtedly intended
to become joint editor, but unfortunately his death in January 1889 prevented this.

Many lists and actual specimens were examined by Dr. Hind, the chief contributors
being the following : — Herbarium and lists of Sir C. J. F. Bunbury (1809-86) of Mildenhall
and Barton, who found Scirpus rufus and Phleum phalarotdes ; Mrs. French of Woolpit, who
botanized in the south-west of the county and discovered Vicia gracilis, CEnanthe fluviatiln^
Myoiotis sylvatica, and Polygonum maculatum ; Rev. G. R. Leathes of Shropham Hall, who
found Malaxii paludosa and Allium oleraceum ; and lastly, Dr. Hind himself, who added to
the county Fumarta demijiora, Filago gallica, Mentha gentilis, Luzula Forsteri, and Bromus
madritensis.

Botanists of the past have also to be reckoned with in compiling first evidences of the
Flora of a county, and it would appear that the earliest mention of a Suffolk plant may be
found in Miller's Gardener^i Dictionary, ed. 8 (1768), where it records the fact(!) that Lathyrus
OT(7r/WOT«j sustained the people of Orford during a time of scarcity in 1555. The passage
runs : —

The English Sea Pea is found wild upon the shore in Sussex and several other counties in
England. This was first taken notice of in the year 1555 between Orford and Aldborough,
where it grew upon the heath where nothing, no, not grass, was ever seen to grow ; and the
poor people being in distress by reason of the dearth that year, gathered large quantities of
these peas and so preserved themselves and families. This is mentioned by Stowe in his
Chronicle and Camden in his Britannia, but they were both mistaken in imagining that they
were peas cast on shore by a shipwreck, seeing they grow in divers other parts of England and
are undoubtedly a different species from the common Pea.

The following botanists, of more than British fame in the olden days and now, should
also be noted : — John Caius [alias Key) (15 10-73), who again reported Lathyrus maritimus ;
John Gerard (1545-1612) of Herbal fame, who noticed Astragalus danicus and Elymus
arenarius ; William How (1619-56), who mentioned in his Phytologia Britannica that Si lene
Otites had been found by Mr. Sare ; the well-known John Ray (i 627-1 705), whose Synopsis
added Frankenia laevis, Medicago minima, Trifolium glomeratum, Cicuta virosa, and Scleranthus
perennis ; Adam Buddie, who died in 1 7 15 and for a time had his home at Henley in Suffolk,
is credited with finding Medicago falcata, Lathyrus palustris, Eryngium campestre, Equisetum
hyemale, znd Lycopodium clavatum ; James Sherard (1666-1737), vvho had a remarkable garden
at Eltham, Kent, and who is responsible for Hellehorus foetidus, Senecio palustris, and Sonchus
palustris; J. J. Dillenius (1687-1747), of German nationality, brought to England by
W. Sherard (elder brother of above), who included in his edition of Ray's Synopsis, Verbascum
pulverulentum, Thesium humifusum, and Urtica pilulifera ; T. Willisell, who flourished in
Merrett, Ray, and Sherard's days, and collected plants for them all over the United Kingdom,
and who found Artemisia campestris and Veronica triphyllos ; James Crowe, of Salix fame, who
died in 1807 and who reported Daphne Mezereum and Fritillaria Meleagris ; Sir J. E. Smith
(1759-1828), the founder of the Linnean Society, who mentioned in his Flora Britannica,
Silene conica, Sedum albescens, Diotis candidissima, Chcnopodium botryodes, Panicum glabrum, Wein-
gaertneria canescens and Poa bulbosa ; and W. Borrer (1781-1862), the Sussex botanist, who
'bund Limosella aquatica and Tolypella intricata.

BOTANICAL DISTRICTS

Tr. H. C. Watson, in Topographical Botany, has divided the county, for botanical pur-
poses to East and West Suffolk (vice-counties 25 and 26), the boundary line being I deg.
east Ic.jitude, but this is (as he himself says) 'not a good division because traceable on maps
only, unseen on the ground.' In the Rev. W. M. Hind's Flora of Suffolk, the county was

51

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

further sub-divided into five districts corresponding to the divisions representing the county in
Parliament, but these do not seem suitable for scientific purposes.

The map therefore attached to this article shows the county separated into five divisions
based upon the natural water-basins, the boundary lines obviously following the lines of water-
sheds. Divisions I and II nearly coincide with Watson's West Suffolk (v.c. 26), and III, IV',
and V with East Suffolk (v.c. 25).

It will be seen, by reference to the map,' that the boundaries of the divisions follow
roads and lanes almost invariably, in order that the lines may be accurately traced upon the
ground.

I. Little Ouse

This division lies on the chalk, mostly overlaid with gravels, clay, and sand, but better
exposed in the west, the chalk itself cropping out at Newmarket, Icklingham, Cavenham, &c.
In the extreme north-west of the division fens occur, once t' ; home, doubtless, of Senedo
paludoius, S. palustris, Liparis, &c., an J still a most interesting district to the botanist. Of
more interest still, perhaps, is a tract of wild heath and moorland country, extending into
Cambridgeshire and Norfolk, known as the Breck district, and is referred to below.

This division is watered by the Little Ouse and its tributaries, and the River Lark, which
receives the waters of the Kennett.

A small detached portion of Suffolk, about 4 miles by 3, containing Newmarket and
Exning, is included in this district, which is coloured green on map.

The Breck district of Suffolk may be said roughly to lie north of the railway from New-
market to Thurston, and west of the river from Thurston to Euston, and the majority of the
' Breck plants ' are included in this area.

The subsoil is chalk, mostly covered with light, loose sand (apt to be wind-drifted, as at
Brandon), or gravel, and on the higher land chalk is frequently seen at the surface ; there are
many gravel and chalk pits. The greater part has probably never been cultivated, but some
portions, broken up for growing rye, were called ' Brecks,' hence the name for the district.

There are many wild and open spots chiefly used as sheep walks and rabbit warrens,
favoured haunts of Norfolk plover and wheatear ; but more recently larch and other plantations
have been formed, various inclosures made, and portions now strictly preserved as cover for
game, much to the discomfiture of the naturalist. A peculiar point of interest respecting the
Breck district is the presence there of distinctly maritime birds, insects, and plants, and by
some it is thought that an arm of the sea extended to Thetford from the south coast of
Suffolk ; others surmise, and this seems the more reasonable idea, that a branch of the Wash
reached Thetford from the west, and that the Wash itself extended in the line of the Little
Ouse as far as Brandon, Wangford, and Lakenheath, and, further south, to Mildenhall,
Icklingham, and Lackford, along the course of the River Lark. Two shallow meres near
Roudham Heath, four miles north-east of Thetford, may be relics of this former extension.

Evidence seems to point to an actual range of coast sands near Brandon and Thetford at
a comparatively recent stage (geologically speaking) of the Post Glacial Period, whilst the great
valley of the Fens was still submerged.

Pottia Heimii, FUrm., a distinctly maritime moss, is found at Wattisfield, and, amongst
the Phanerogams, such sea-coast plants as Rumex maritimus and Carex arenaria (chiefly
maritime), and Phleum arenarium and IFeingaertneria canescens (wholly maritime) occur.

The following plants may be said to be typical of the sandy or chalky fields and heaths
of the Breck country, some of them occurring in local abundance : —

Anemone Pulsatilla Astragalus danicus Scleranthus perennis

Silene Otites Potentilla verna Herniaria glabra

— conica Artemisia campestris Carex ericetorum
Alsine tenuifolia Hypochaeris glabra Phleum phalaroides
Genista pilosa Veronica spicata Apera interrupta
Medicago sylvestris — verna Festuca ambigua

— falcata — triphyllos

' This has been reduced to such a small scale that many roads cannot be shown, but it should be
compared with the Four-Miles-to-One-Inch Map when the object of the irregular lines of the boun-
daries will be apparent. Owing to an error on the part of the map-makers the whole of Thetford
Warren has been left uncoloured, this is a portion of Division I, and the error, no doubt, partly arose
from the Government Ordnance Surveys confusing the Parish with the County Boundary. The latter is
undoubtedly the Little Ouse river.

52

BOTANY

Species worthy of Special Notice

{Those unique in division in larger type)

T'halictrum CoU'mum : Lakenheath and several other spots in the Breck district.
Further examination of examples of this plant is desirable. Anemotie Pulsatilla : New-
market and near Cavenham and Saxham, but no recent records. A typical chalk plant,
growing only where that formation is exposed, of Watson's Germanic (or Eastern) type.
Fumaria densiflora grows about Higham and Mildenhall. \Sisymbriutn Irio is recorded
from Bury and Gazely ; it is called London Rocket, because it sprang up plentifully after the
Fire of 1666, although known in that neighbourhood before that date. Reported from about
a dozen counties, but it is perhaps sporadic except about Berwick, Dublin, and in the Channel
Isles.] Polygala serpyllacea, var. ciliata, grows at Elveden and Knettishall, a scarce
form only occurring elsewhere in Cambridgeshire and Sussex. Diatlthus deltoides :
Many localities in the Breck district. Silene Otltes, a dioecious generally wind-
fertilized plant (unusual in Si/ene), occurs in many spots in the Breck district and on
Newmarket Heath, where it was first recorded for England in 1650. Known only from
Suffolk, Norfolk, and Cambridgeshire. S. conica^ of Watson's Germanic type, has its head quarters
in the county in the Breck district, but also occurs in Division III. Holosteum umhellatum is an
interesting species (Germanic) that grows (or grew) upon old walls and thatched roofs at
Bury. First noticed there in 1773, last in 1855. An extremely rare early flowering species,
known only until quite recently from Norfolk and Suffolk, but found in Surrey in 1905 on
old walls and sandy places, and it may be overlooked in other spots on account of its being
usually quite burnt up by May (see Journ. Bat. 1905, p. 189). Arenaria tenuifolia grows in
many places in the Breck country, and its two varieties, laxa and hybrida occur with it
occasionally. LtnUfn perenne, handsomest of all the flax family, is Germanic in type ; it
seems confined to the Ixworth and Bury districts. Genista pilosa may be seen in several
spots in the Breck district, and was found at Icklingham in 1771, when it was new to England.
Known besides only from Cornwall, Sussex, Kent, and Pembrokeshire. Medicago sylvestris
seems to be peculiar to Suffolk, Norfolk, and Cambridgeshire, and was first found in England, near
Bury, in 1805. It grows in several other places in the Breck district, and is supposed by
many botanists to be a hybrid between sativa and fakata, and its flowers, often green-tinged,
seem to be a blend of the purple flowers of the former and yellow of the latter. M. falcata,
as a true native, is also quite an East Anglian species, occurring only in the three counties
mentioned above ; it is found in many localities in this district, chiefly in the Breck country.
M. minima, a species restricted to the south-east of England, and Astragalus datUCUS
occur at Newmarket and in many other places in the Breck district. Lathyrus palustris has
been found at Lakenheath and Tuddenham ; it is a decreasing plant in England, with a wide-
spread distribution, not reaching, however, higher than Yorkshire (see Trans. Norf. and
Norw. Nat. Soc. vii, 472). {L. montanus should be searched for anew in the county ; it is
reported very doubtfully from Honington, and is known for Essex and Norfolk, but not for
Cambridgeshire.) Potetltllla vema grows in several spots in a limited area around Cavenham
and West Stow. Akhemilla vulgaris : Between Lidgate and Cowlinge. Poterium officinale :
Thelnetham and Hinderclay Fens, and at Lakenheath. Geum intermedium : Stanton and
Bradfield St. George. Sedum reflexum, var. albescens : A scarce plant of dry hills and
lieaths ; the type naturalized and common, the variety wild at Mildenhall and near Torquay.
Drosera anglica : Mildenhall and Redgrave districts ; the hybrid D. obovata {anglica
X rotundifolia) occurs at Redgrave. Lythrum hyssopifoUa is a rare and uncertain annual,
and has not been seen in Suffolk for many years ; it formerly grew at Bury, Barrow Bottom,
and east of Barton Mere. Peucedanum palustre is an interesting Fen plant, occurring about
Mildenhall, with a limited distribution in Britain [Naturalist, 1901, p. 267 ; Trans. Norf. and
Norw. Nat. Soc. vii, 467). Larvae of the Swallow-tailed Butterfly are very partial to its foliage.
Oeyianthe silaifolia occurs near Bury. Caucalis latifolia, an uncertain cornfield weed,
has not been seen in its recorded stations — Saxham and Newmarket — for many years.
Galium anglicum is a scarce delicate annual or biennial found in sandy places and on walls,

53

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

as at Thetford, Mildenhall, Bury, &c. Asperula cynanchica : Watson's Germanic type.
A lover of chalk, and frequent in many parts of the district, especially where that formation is
exposed. Fl/ago Spathulata has been found near Fornham, Wangford, Icklingham, and
Honington, and is doubtless sometimes passed over from its likeness to F. germanica.
Aster salignus may be seen in Redgrave Fen. Gnaphalium lllteo-album was un-
doubtedly found at Eriswell in the middle of the last century, and as a fragment was sent for
identification from Mildenhall in 1896 it may still survive in the district. It is an interesting
plant, also found near Wells (recently) and Harling, Norfolk, but now extinct in Cambridge-
shire and Sussex ; if, indeed, it ever grew in the latter county. Watson's Germanic type.
Antennaria dioica is properly a northern species of Watson's Scottish type, but occurs in
isolated spots as far south as Cornwall, Devon, and Hampshire, and also in the lowlands of Hol-
land. Its SuflFolk localities are Newmarket, Cavenham, and Culford. Artemisia campestris
is locally plentiful in certain spots in the Breck district. It grows now only in West Suffolk
and East and West Norfolk, but formerly in Cambridgeshire, where its record in 1650 is its first
notice for England. A distinct East Anglian or Germanic type. \SeneciO paludosus
no longer grows, it is feared, in this county nor in England ; it formerly grew near Laken-
heath. It is a Germanic type of plant, and although specimens exist from East and West
Norfolk, North and South Lincoln, and Cambridgeshire, it is probably now extinct in all its
localities.] 5. paluitris : Brandon, Wangford, and Lackford, but not seen recently. A disappear-
ing plant of East Anglia, but it may still exist in East Norfolk. Likely extinct in Sussex,
Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, Lincoln, and West Norfolk, where at one time it
undoubtedly grew. (For this and former species, see Trans. Norf. and Norw. Nat. Soc. vi, 457.)
S. campestris : First record for England, Newmarket Heath, 1660, where it
still grows. Hypochaeris maculata: Newmarket and about Cavenham. First dis-
covered in England in 1663 at Newmarket. It is a very local species in England with a
decided preference for chalk or limestone (i\r<7/ttra/;j/, 1902, p. 369). Gentiatia baltica :
Near Bury. Doubtless passed over occasionally for G. campestris (see 'Journ. Bot. 1894,
p. 2, and 1904, supp. 124). Primula elatior has a restricted distribution in the county, occur-
ring in many localities between Stowmarket and the western boundary and also in a few
isolated spots south of Thetford. It grows only on Boulder Clay here and elsewhere in
England, and avoids Chalk, Gault, and Greensand ; it only occurs in five other south-eastern
counties, and is very local in each (see Journ. Linn. Soc. 1897 (Bot.), xxxiii, 172-20 1,
2inA Journ. Bot. 1903, p. 145). Pulmonaria officinalis grows in abundance in Burgate
Wood and at Botesdale, where it seems to exist under truly native conditions (see Phytol.
1862, p. 351). In the wild plant (unlike the garden form) the leaves are unspotted or only
very faintly marked. Possibly this is its only native station in England. Verhascum puher-
ulentum : A true East Anglian species, Norfolk only besides producing it. It grows about
Bury, chiefly to the north and south of that town. Limosella aquatica : Barton Mills.
Feronica triphyllos : Norfolk, Suffolk, and Yorkshire only. It grows in many places in the
Breck district, usually in sandy fields, flowering in April. ' Mervell in Suffolk' (Ray, 1670)
is its first record for Britain. F. verna : Norfolk and Suffolk only; truly Germanic. Abundant
in many parts of the Breck district, chiefly on the heaths, flowering in May. First found in
Britain near Bury in 1775. V. Spicata : Newmarket Heath and in two or three spots
in the Breck district. Also recorded — but erroneously — from Norfolk, but without doubt
found in Cambridgeshire. First found as a British plant in 1660 on Newmarket Heath, and
I have a specimen collected there in 1902. One of the scarcest of British plants.
Melampyrum cristatum : Absent from the Breck district, but occurs in Burgate Wood and
in many localities south of a line drawn from Dalham to Norton. JJtricularia intermedia :
Thelnetham Fen. Pinguicula vulgaris, of Watson's Scottish type, and rare in most of
the southern counties, grows in several places between Redgrave Fen and Hopton, and in
the neighbourhoods of Mildenhall and Stowlangtoft. Mentha gentilis : Honington.
Scutellaria minor seems to be remarkably scarce in the county ; it is recorded from Tud-
denham (where recent observers have failed to find it) and one other locality only.
Hermaria glabra : Very local, in the Icklingham, Risby, and Higham districts. It is
distinctly East Anglian, known only from Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire, and Lincoln-
shire. Var. subciliata occurs on Kentford Heath. Sckranthus perennis : Many

54

BOTANY

localities in the Breck district. Known at Elden (Elveden) since Ray's time (1677), when
it was first noticed as British. Asarum europaeuttl, a very rare woodland species, has
been found at Rougham. Thesium humtfusum, flourishing on a chalky soil, may be
found on Newmarket Heath and in the Bury and Brandon districts. Watson's Ger-
manic type. Euphorbia platyphyllos: Hardwick. Malaxh paludosa : Redgrave Fen.
LtpariS Loesehl : An interesting epiphyte, very uncertain in its appearance year by year,
found in spongy bogs as at Redgrave, Thelnetham, Lakenheath, and Tuddenham. For-
merly found in Kent and Huntingdonshire, and still growing in Cambridgeshire, Glamor-
ganshire, Carmarthenshire, and Norfolk ; I saw it in the last county in 1900 (see Trans.
Norf. and Norw. Nat. Sac. vii, 333). Orchis UStulata : Germanic. Newmarket Heath,
Dalham, and near Cavenham. Ophrys aranifera : Germanic. Kennett, and in the
Saxham and Sicklesmere neighbourhoods ; rare. HerminiutTl monorchtS .' Germanic.
Around Little Saxham and Sicklesmere. Muscarj racemosum : This East Anglian
species is only found in a wild state in Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridgeshire. First dis-
covered as a British plant at Cavenham and Hengrave in 1805 ; it also occurs in fallows
and plantations in a few other stations in the Breck district, funcus compressus : Livermere
Lake and Barnham. Potamogetotl ZOsteraefoHus: Ditch near River Lark, 2 miles from
Prickwillow. P . trichotdes : Tuddenham, Barton Mere, and Wortham Long Green.
Carex paradoxa : Near Icklingham St. James and at Market Weston. (For the distri-
bution of this plant, sparing but wide, see Trans. Norf. and Norw. Nat. Soc. vii, 695.)
C. ertcetorum : A dwarf early-flowering species, only known to occur in West Suffolk,
West Norfolk, and Cambridgeshire. It grows at Mildenhall, Icklingham, and near Risby.
Panicum glabrum : A local annual of sandy fields, occurring near Bury, though possibly not
a true native of the county nor of England. Only found in Suffolk, Norfolk, Hampshire,
and Surrey. Germanic. Phleum phalaroides ." Germanic type. Found only in six
eastern counties. It grows in about half-a-dozen places in the Breck district, as Milden-
hall, Lakenheath, &c. Alopecurus fulvus : Pools near Welnetham. Apera interrupta :
Gathered in 1848 near Thetford and then new to England. Subsequently found in many
spots in the Breck district, and at Higham, &c., and also in the counties of Essex, Norfolk,
and Cambridge. IVeingaertneria canescens : Between Lakenheath and Wangford, and on
Lackford Heath. In these localities, and at Homersfield (district 5), it is unique in England
as occurring inland ; elsewhere in Suffolk and Norfolk (its only other county) it is a true
maritime plant. Festuca ambigua occurs in many places in the Breck district, as Thet-
ford, Brandon, Mildenhall, &c. It flowers in May. Cystopteris Jragilis: Old wall
near Barton. Equisetum hyemale : About Woolpit and in the Bury neighbourhood.
Lycopodium clavatum : Tuddenham Heath, very sparingly; known there since 1773. A
very scarce species in Suffolk.

2. Stour

This division is in the south-west of the county, is coloured purple on map, and is
watered by the River Stour and its numerous tributaries.

The greater part of the division is on a chalk sub-stratum with surface soils of chalky
Boulder Clay and patches of sand or gravel ; exposed chalk occurs here and there. In the
south-east, which may be indicated as lying south of Long Melford, Edwardstone, and Semer,
the chalk is overlaid by the Eocene deposits, of which the London Clay is the most important.
Still farther to the east these beds are in their turn covered by the red-coloured shelly sands
belonging to the Red Crag formation ; these sands, however, rarely come to the surface
except on the slopes of the valleys intersecting the district, as they are generally covered by
the sands and clays of the Glacial series.

A small portion of the banks of the Stour, close to its mouth, produces a few maritime
plants.

55

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Species worthy of Special Noticb
(^hose unique in Division in Larger Type)

Vicia gracilis : Washdall Wood, Thurlow, and Nayland. Epilobium roseum :

Near Nayland. Akhemilla vulgaris, var. filicaulis, Cockfield. Geum intermedium : Cockfield,
Hitcham, and Bergholt. Pulmanaria officinalis: Recorded from Polstead, but with no
particulars or evidence to show that it is native there as in Division i [Lithospermum
purpureo-caeruleum: 'Bergholt' in Watson's Topographical Botany. This requires
investigation, and should not be accepted until confirmed ; Mr. H. C. Watson could get
no more information.) Veronica triphyllos : Little Thurlow. Melampyrum- cristatum :
Hitcham and Stanstead. Primula elatior : Many localities, as Cockfield, Rede, Stansfield,
west of Hitcham, &c. Statice Bahusiensis : Stutton. Salicornia radicans : Stutton. Urtica
pilulifera : Clare. J uncus compressus : Hitcham. Luzula Forsteri : Polstead Wood.
Carex strigosa : Brent Eleigh and Nayland. C. laevigata: Near Nayland. Spartlna
stricta : Stutton. A lopecurus fulvus : Groton. Apera interrupta : Rede. Bromus madritensis :
Rede. Equisetum hyemale : Hitcham.

3. Orwell

This division, coloured pink on map, is in the south of the county, and includes a small
piece of coast line which produces some very interesting maritime species ; it is well watered
by the River Orwell (called the Gipping above Ipswich) and the Deben with its numerous
side streams.

North of a line drawn through Bramford, Ashbocking Green, Otley, Monewden, and
Earl Soham this district is on the chalk mostly overlaid with chalky Boulder Clay, with patches
of sand or gravel. South of this line the newer ferruginous shelly Red Crag formation crops
up, but it is rarely exposed owing to the glacial sands and gravels overlying it ; along the
rivers the underlying London Clay may be cut into.

An isolated deposit of Coralline Crag occurs south-west of Shottisham, and Coprolite Beds
have been worked near by and also at Sutton, Bawdsey, and Trimley, but are becoming
worked out. The beds are pebbly, rich in phosphate of lime, and are used as manure.

Species worthy of Special Notice

(Those unique in Division in Larger Type)

Brassica oleracea .* Felixstowe. Lepidium latifolium : By the River Orwell and a pond
near Ipswich. Frankenia laevis, a plant typical of Eastern England, grows at Felixstowe.
Silent conica : Wherstead. Medicago falcata : Landguard Common and Boulge. AI. minima
and Trifolium suffocatum grow on Landguard Common and about Bawdsey. Vicia lutea :
Between Landguard Fort and Felixstowe. Lathyrus maritimus occurs near Landguard Fort.
Alchemilla vulgaris : Woodbridge. Pyrus torminalis : Helmingham. FilagO galHca :
A rare Germanic cornfield weed, which has been found at Sutton. Essex is the county
from which most British Herbaria are supplied, Berechurch and Castle Hedingham being its
localities there. It formerly grew in Kent and Buckinghamshire, and in 1867 occurred near
St. Martha's Chapel, Chilworth, Surrey. Pulicaria vulgaris : Bramford. \_Diotis Catldi-
Jissima^ a remarkable plant with woolly leaves and stem, has been found near Landguard
Fort, but not recently. It is a decreasing species in England, and almost extinct now ; it
possibly lingers in Cornwall, Hampshire, Suffolk, Anglesey, and Jersey, whilst it is still locally
plentiful in Ireland (Waterford and Wexford)]. Primula elatior : Finborough. Statice
Bahusiensis grows at Chelmondiston and Wherstead ; at the former spot, S. Limonium grows
with it, and the hybrid S. Neumani may be observed (see Journ.Bot. 1904, p. 361). Veronica
triphyllos : Shottisham and Barham Heath. Melampyrum cristatum : Clopton Park, Rattlesden,
and Bramford. Salicornia radicans : Walton and near Landguard Fort. S. appressa : Chel-
mondiston. Hippophae rhamnoides : Lane between Shottisham Church and Sutton Heath

56

BOTANY

Leucojum aestivum is plentiful at Little Stonham, and is also found near Great Bealings
Church. This is a beautiful plant, and where found in abundance, as by the River Lodden
in Berkshire, it whitens the meadows and banks in late April. Gagea fmcicularh is known in
four places in the Ipswich neighbourhood. Rupp'ta spiralis and Carex divisa may be found at
Bawdsey, Felixstowe, and Walton. Panicum glahrum : Ipswich and Shottisham, Spartina
stricta : Ipswich, Ramsholt, and Walton Ferry. Poa bulhosa may be observed on Felix-
stowe Common and at the mouth of the River Deben. Glyceric Borreri : Walton.
Festuca uniglumis : Near Landguard Fort. Lastrcea cristata : Bexley Decoy, near
Ipswich. This is a decreasing species in England, known from almost a dozen counties,
but believed to be extinct now in most ; it certainly still occurs in Norfolk in abundance,
and probably exists in Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire (see Trans. Norf. and Norw.
Nat. Soc. vii, 695).

4. Ore

Coloured yellow on map and lies in the east of the county, and includes by far the greater
portion of the coast line. It is watered by the River Ore (called the Aide above Aldeburgh),
receiving the Butley River near its mouth, and other smaller streams ; north of the Ore, in
the order named, occur Hundred River (running into Thorpe Mere), Minsmere, Dunwich
and Blyth Rivers, and another Hundred River.

The whole coast line is generally flat with occasional unimportant cliflfe, and near the
shore are found interesting pieces of water known as Benacre, Easton, and Covehithe Broads,
all liable to be flooded by the sea at exceptionally high tides ; Thorpe Mere, now much grown
over by rushes and coarse grass, also occurs in this division. In two or three places near the
coast a few of the remarkable ' Breck ' plants re-appear.

This division is composed of Crag deposits, but a great part is covered with Drift. The
older Coralline Crags (light yellow calcareous deposits consisting chiefly of organic debris with
some sands) are found in a small area between Aldeburgh and Boyton, and Coprolite Beds,
belonging to this series, have been worked at Butley, Bawdsey, and Boyton.

Red Crag deposits with its usual characteristics are found in the south part of the district,
whilst the north part consists of the sands, clay, and pebbly gravels which make up the
Norwich Crag.

Species worthy of Special Notice

{Those unique in Division in Larger Type)

Lepidium latifolium : Blythburgh, Snapebridge, and between Aldeburgh and Orford.
Crambe maritima is reported from several places between Aldeburgh and South wold, and
may still survive, but Dr. Hind believed it to be extinct. Frankenia laevis grows about South-
wold and Thorpe. [Linum angustifolium, supposed to be now extinct in Suffolk, undoubtedly
once grew at Darsham.] Medicago falcata : Dunwich, Orford, and Sudbourne. M. minima
occurs in several places near the coast. Trifolium squamosum : Shingle Street, Hollesley.
Said by Lilly Wigg to also grow near Yarmouth in former days (district 5). T. sulcatum :
Several spots near the coast. Ficia lutea stills grows on Orford Beach, where it was known as
long ago as 1775. Lathyrus maritimus was first found in England at Orford in 1555, and is
still there ; it also grows at Aldeburgh. Pyrus tormina lis : Darsham. \Fryngium Campestre
is now lost at Dunwich (where it undoubtedly grew in 1856) by the cliffs falling away. It
was also found in the 17th century at Lothingland (district 5) by Adam Buddie. It is a
plant gradually becoming extinct in England ; known from Cornwall, Somerset, Kent,
Devonshire, and Northamptonshire, but probably lost now in the last two counties.] Crithmum
maritimum : Southwold is the only record for Suffolk, and it has not been observed there in
recent years. A decreasing species in England ; as ' Samphire ' it was formerly in much
request for pickling and for using in salads. Inula crithmoides, the golden samphire, is used in
the same way. Young shoots of glasswort [Salicornia herhaced) are sometimes substituted for
the above and sold as marsh samphire. Pulicaria vulgaris : Framlingham. [Diotis candidissima
was found in former days in three or four places on the coast between Benacre and
Orford, but has not, I think, been seen there at all recently.] Campanula latifoUa : About

I 57 8

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Chediston. Pyrola rotundifolia : Near Theberton. Erythnea littoralis : Sizewell. Verbas-
cum puherulentum : Dunwich. Veronica verna : Cookley and Thorpe. Its head quarters are
in the * Breck ' district. V. trlphyllos, another ' Breck ' plant, grows at Snape and Aldeburgh.
Mentha rotundifolia : Chediston. Scutellaria minor : Friston. Cyclamen hederaefoHum :
Henham Park, Bramfield (fig. in English Botany), and Abbey Wood, Sibton. One of the
rarest of British plants, if indeed a native of this country, which its distribution in Southern
Europe is against. Besides Suffolk, it grows apparently wild in woods near Sandhurst, Kent,
and Borrer also considered it native near Hastings, Sussex. Statice Bahusiensis : Walberswick.
Suaeda frilticosa is a scarce plant of Southern England ; it occurs about Walberswick and
Aldeburgh. Salicornia appressa : Aldeburgh. S. radicans : Orford. ji triplex pedunculata is
of Germanic type, and occurs about Walberswick, Shingle Street, and Aldeburgh. It is an
uncertain annual of salt marshes, where plants of such duration are extremely rare, in Kent,
Norfolk, Lincolnshire, and Cambridgeshire, but probably extinct in the last two counties. It
has been reported from Connemara, Ireland (see Tram. Norf. and Norw. Nat. Soc. viii, 40).
Hippophae rhamnoides : Thorpe. [^Daphne Mezereum formerly grew at Laxfield.] Urtica
pilulifera : Thorpe and Aldeburgh. OrcMs h'lrcina : A single specimen of this fine
orchis was found on gravel at Great Glemham in 1847, ''"'■ ^^ '^'^^ been seen there since.
In former years it grew in West Kent (1879) and it has been reported from Surrey and Hamp)-
shire ; it exists still in East Kent, near Wye, and was found in Sussex in 1907. Polygonatum
riiultiflorum : Sternfield. Gagea fascicularis : Great Glemham. \^Damasomum Stellatum
formerly grew at Framlingham.] Ruppia maritima : Aldeburgh and Orford. Scirpus cemuus :
Snape. S. rufus grows (or grew) by the edge of the Mere, Aldeburgh, but has not been
reported recently. It is quite a northern species, of Watson's Scottish type, and is completely
out of its range in Suffolk, where it is much farther south than any other locality in Britain.
It occurs also in Holland. Carex divisa may be seen at Southwold, Dunwich, and Hollesley,
chiefly growing by the side of brackish ditches. Spartina stricta : Aldeburgh and Orford neigh-
bourhoods. Apera interrupta, one of the ' Breck ' plants ; grows on Westleton Heath.
Weingaertneria canescens occurs in three or four places on the coast between Easton Broad and-
Pakefield. Poa bulhosa may be observed, early in the year, at Southwold and Aldeburgh.
Glyceria Borreri grows between Dunwich and Walberswick. Bromus madritensis : Westleton
Heath. Lastraa cristata has been known for many years at Westleton Decoy.

5. Waveney

This is coloured brown on map, lies in the north-east of the county, and includes all
that portion drained by the River Waveney and its tributaries, the Beck, Dove, &c.

Geologically, by far the greater part of this division is composed of the variable sands,
clays, and gravels belonging to the Norwich Crag ; westward of Oakley, however, the under-
lying chalk crops up again.

The coast between Lowestoft and Yarmouth includes a range of low hills, grassy denes,
and sand dunes.

Interesting fen-lands occur near the Waveney between Beccles and Yarmouth, and
produced many a rarity in days gone by ; even now it is a home for many interesting species,
such as Lathyrus palustris, Slum latifolium, Peucedanum palustre, Sonchus palustris, [Senecio palustris,]
Myrica, Malaxis, Cladium, Carex limasa, C. filiformis, Lastnea cristata ; a number of these
only occur elsewhere in the county in the extreme west.

Fritton Decoy, Oulton and Barnby Broads, Lake Lothing, and Breydon Water are in
this division.

Of late years the changes round Lowestoft and Yarmouth have destroyed, or caused to
become scarce, many species mentioned in Dr. Hind's Flora as occurring in these neighbour-
hoods ; the crumbling away of cliffs, too, between Lowestoft and Kessingland, is another cause
of the disappearance of some plants ; and Lowestoft Denes, again, are much altered, and many
species diminished in numbers by sea incursions, protective and harbour works, golf links, &c.

The vegetation around Lake Lothing has altered much in recent years, and very little
salt marsh is left ; boat-building yards are chiefly responsible for this.

The * Bogs at Lound,' frequently referred to by Dr. Hind and others, have been much
interfered with by the late alterations connected with the Lowestoft Waterworks, and now
can scarcely be said to exist.

S8

BOTANY

Improved drainage is also gradually extinguishing such plants as Lathyrus pa/ustris, Sonchui
pa/ustrisy and Epipactis palustris.

Species worthy of Special Notice

{Those unique in Division in Larger Type)

Brassica oleracea : Pakefield, but not seen recently. [Frankenia laevis used to grow in
Lothingland.] Holosteum umbellatum is very rare ; old walls at Eye and Hoxne are localities
where it was first observed in 1836 and last in 1889. [Linum angustifoHum is supposed no
longer to grow about Lowestoft, where once it flourished.] Medicago falcata : Lowestoft and
Stuston. M. mi/lima : Lowestoft. Trifolium suffocatum grows at Bungay, Lowestoft and
Gorleston. Lathyrus palustris is recorded from many localities in the north-east of this
division, such as North Cove, Oulton, Beccles, Blundeston, &c., and certainly still grows in
some of them. Poterium officinale : Palgrave. Pyrus torminalis : Bungay. This is possibly
on the Norfolk side of the river, as Stock's list of Bungay plants — on which many records rely
— included both counties. This fact must be noted also in connexion with other species.
Peucedanum palustre : Several localities in the north-east of the division, as North Cove
Fritton, Blundeston, &c. [Diotis candidissima, now killed by sea encroachments, formerly grew
between Lowestoft and Pakefield.] [Senecio palustris, it is feared, is now quite extinct in its old
localities at Lothingland, Worlingham, Lound, Haddiscoe, and near Yarmouth.] Sonchus
palustris : This formerly grew in five or six localities in marshes not far from the Waveney
between Beccles and Yarmouth, and in the Oulton district, and still exists in at least two of
them ; it is also recorded from Palgrave. Known as the marsh sow-thistle, this fine species
is now very scarce, and disappearing in East Anglia ; it has not been seen in Essex for some
forty years; in Cambridgeshire the last example occurred about 1850; records also exist
from Middlesex, Huntingdonshire, and North Lincolnshire. It still grows by the Thames
and Medway in Kent, also in Oxfordshire and South Lincolnshire ; and was seen in East
Norfolk up to 1899 (see Trans. Norf. and Norw. Nat. Soc. viii, 35). Campanula latifolia :
About Shipmeadow. Schollera OCCycoccus : Worlingham Common, near Beccles ; prob-
ably extinct now. [Pyrola rotundifolia has not been seen for many years in its old locality
near Bradwell, where it is reported that only a single example ever existed.] Erythnea
littoralis : Lowestoft and Gorleston ; but not reported by recent observers. Gentiana
Pneumonanthe : Considered by Dr. Hind and others to be probably extinct in Suffolk,
although it had several localities, as Carlton, Hopton, and Corton Heaths ; there must be some
suitable spots where this beautiful plant should be searched for anew ; it still grows in Norfolk
in plenty in similar situations. [Myosotis repens ; One doubtful record alone for Suffolk —
St. Margaret's. It may be really absent, only reaching as far east as Cambridgeshire.) \Orobanche
ramosa. Now extinct. It formerly grew in three or four places as a parasite upon hemp
which is no longer cultivated. It also occurred upon Galeopsis tetrahit in one spot.] Verhascum
pulverulentum is said to be now extinct in its two or three known localities between Fritton and
Oulton and at Gorleston, but should be searched for. [^Limosella aquatica no longer grows at
Lowestoft, local alterations causing this.] Veronica verna has been found at Lowestoft and V. tri-
phyllos at Bungay ; both are more abundant in the ' Breck ' district. Mentha alopecuroides
grows at Oakley, and its near ally, M. rotundifolia^ about Withersdale : the former may be
known by its longer corolla and calyx-teeth. Chenopodium botryodes : A very rare and
uncertain annual, known from near Lowestoft since 1828, where it grows near Southtown
Marshes. It is an East Anglian species, also occurring in Kent and Norfolk, and reaching
Sussex and Hampshire. Atriplex pedunculata is now very rare or else extinct in its recorded
localities at Breydon Water and between Yarmouth and Gorleston. Salicornia appressa :
Breydon Water. Urtica pilulifera : This, I fear, may no longer be found in East Suflfblk,
where it had half a dozen localities in this division, as Gorleston, Lowestoft, Bungay, &c.
Malaxis paludosa lias been found at Belton and south of Fritton Decoy ; it probably no longer
occurs in the former locality. Gagea fascicularis grows at Shipmeadow in some plenty.
Potamogeton angustifolius : Beccles. Ruppia maritima : Lowestoft and Southtown, Ryn-
chospora alba is possibly now lost at Lound and Belton Bog, owing to drainage. Scirpus
cernuus : Lowestoft. Carex limosa : Belton Bog. A very local plant in the south, its
head quarters being Northern Britain. It occurs, however, in Norfolk and Holland. Panicum

59

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

glabrum : Bungay. Alopecurus bulbosus is known from marshes at Belton, Burgh Castle,
Breydon, and Southtown. Apera interrupta : Between Homersfield and St. Cross, ff^ein-
gaertneria canescens : Lowestoft Denes (from early times) and (more recently) inland at Homers-
field, on a bed of post-glacial gravel. Poa bulbosa is still to be found on Lowestoft Denes.
Glyceric Borreri : Breydon Water and Lowestoft. Lastraa cristate : Fritton Decoy.
Pilularia globuUfera grows at Flixton and is also on record from Hopton Common and Bungay.
Equisetum hyemale is reported, on somewhat ancient authority, from Lothingland ; recent
observers have not noted it.

COMPLETE LIST OF SUFFOLK PLANTS

Explanation of Signs

[ ] = supposed extinct. { ) = requires confirming, t = not indigenous. The
letters E. or W., following specific names indicates that the species occurs only in that division of
Watson's Topographical Botany. The numbers I— 5 distinguish species found only in those
divisions adopted in this article.

For the sake of convenience the nomenclature is that of the London Catalogue, ed. 9.

PHANEROGAMIA

Ranunculaceae

Clematis Vitalba, L.
Thalictrum collinum, Wallr.
W. I

— flavum, L.

o. sphaerocarpum.Lej.

p. riparium, Jord. W.

Anemone Pulsatilla, L. W. I

— nemorosa, L.

t — ranunculoides, L.
t — apennina, L. E.
tAdonis autumnalls, L.

Myosurus minimus, L.

Ranunculus circinatus, Sibth

— fluitans, Lam.

— pseudo-fluitans, Bab. E.

— trichophyllus, Chaix.

— Drouettii, Godr.

— heterophyllus, Web.

— peltatus, Schrank.

var. penicillatus,Hiem.
W.

— Baudotii, Godr. E.

var. confusus, Godr. E.

— Lenormandi, F. Schultz. E.

— hederaceus, L.

— sceleratus, L.

— Flammula, L.

— Lingua, L.

— auricomus, L.

— acris, L.

var. Boraeanus, Jord.
W.

— repens, L.

— bulbosus, L.

— sardous, Crantz.

var. parvulus, L. E.

— parviflorus, L.

— arvensis, L.

— Ficaria, L.

var. incumbens, F.
Schultz.

PHANEROGAMIA (cont.)

Ranunculaceae {cant.)

Caltha palustris, L.

var. Guerangerii, Bor.
W.
Helleborus viridis, L.
— - foetidus, L.
tEranthis hyemalis, Salisb.

Aquilegia vulgaris, L.
tDelphinium Ajacis, Reichb.

Berberideae
Berberis vulgaris, L.

Nymphaeaceai

Nymphaea lutea, L.
Castalia speciosa, Salisb.

Papa VE RACE AB

tPapaver somniferum, L.

— Rhaeas, L.

var. strigosum, Boenn.

— dubium, L.

var. Lecoqii, Lamotte

— Argemone, L.

— hybridum, L.
Glaucium flavum, Crantz. E.
Chelidonium majus, L.

FuMARIACEAB

tNeckeria bulbosa, N.E. Br.
t — lutea, Scop.

— claviculata, N.E. Br. E.
Fumaria capreolata, L. E.

— Boraei, Jord. E.

— officinalis, L.

— densiflora, DC. W. i

— parviflora, Lam.

60

PHANEROGAMIA (cont.)

Cruciferab

tCheiranthus Cheiri, L.
Nasturtium officinale, R. Br.
var. siifolium, Reichb.
var. microphvUum,
Reichb.

— sylvestre, R. Br.

— palustre, DC.

— amphibium, R. Br.
Barbarea vulgaris, R. Br.

t — praecox, R. Br.
Arabis hirsuta, Scop.

— perfoliata, Lam.
Cardamine amara, L.

— pratensis, L.

— hirsuta, L.

— flexuosa. With.
tAlyssum incanum, L. W.
t — calycinum, L.

t — maritimum, L. E.
Erophila vulgaris, DC.

— praecox, DC. W.
Cochlearia officinalis, L. E.

— danica, L. E.

— anglica, L. E.
tHesperis matronalis, L.

Sisymbrium Thalianum, J.
Gay

— officinale, Scop.

t[ — polyceratium, L. W.]
t — pannonicum, Jacq.

— Sophia, L.

[- Irio, L. W. I]

— Alliaria, Scop.
Erysimum cheiranthoides, L.

t — perfoliatum, Crantz..
tCamelina sativa, Crantz.
Brassica oleracea, L. E.
t — Napus, L.
t — Rutabaga, DC.
t — Rapa, L.

— sinapioides. Roth.

BOTANY

PHANEROGAM I A (com.)
Cruciferae (tone.)

Brasiica sinapistrum, Boiss.

— alba, Boiss.

t — Erucastrum, Vill. E.
Diplotaxis tenuifolia, DC. E.

— rauralis, DC.

var. Babingtonii, Syme
Bursa bursa-pastoris, Weber
Coronopus Ruellii, All.
Lepidium latifolium, L. E.

— ruderale, L. E.
■f — sativum, L. W.

— campestre, R. Br.

— hirtum, Sm.
+ — Draba, L.

Thlaspi arvense, L.
tiberis amara, L. W.

Teesdalia nudicaulis, R. Br.
"tls.itis tinctoria, L.

Crambe maritima, L. E. 4

Caliile maritima. Scop. E.

Raphanus raphanistrum, L.

— maritimus, Sm. E.

Resedaceae

tReseda alba, L. E.

— lutea, L.

— luteola, L.

CiSTINEAE

Helianthemum Chamaecistus,

Mill.

ViOLARIEAE

Viola palustris, L. E.

— odorata, L.

f. alba, Lange

— hirta, L.

— silvestris, Reich.

— Riviniana, Reich.

— ericetorum, Schrader

— lactea, Sm. E. 5

— tricolor, L.

— carpatica, Borbas. W. I

— arvensis, Murr.

PoLYGALEAE

Polygala vulgaris, L.

— oxyptera, Reichb. W. I

— serpyllacea, Weihe. W. i

var. ciliata, Lebel.
W. I

Frankeniaceae
Frankenia laevis, L. E.

Caryophylleak

Dianthus Armaria, L.

— deltoides, L. W. i
t[ — plumarius, L. VV. i]

PHANEROGAMIA (con/.)

Caryophylleae (cont.)

tDianthus Caryophyllus, L. E.
tSaponaria Vaccaria, L. E.

— officinalis, L.
Silene Cucubalus, Wibel.
- — maritima. With. E.

— conica, L.

— anglica, L.

— Otites, Wibel. W. I

— noctiflora, L.
Lychnis alba. Mill.

— dioica, L.

— Flos-cuculi, L.

— Githago, Scop.
Holosteum umbeliatum, L.
Cerastium quaternellum, Fenzl.

— tetrandrum, Curtis

— semidecandrum, L.

— glomeratum, Thuill.

— triviale, Link.

— arvense, L.
Stellaria aquatica. Scop.

— media, Cyr.

var. Boraeana, Jord.
var. major, Koch. W.

— umbrosa, Opiz. W. I

— Holostea, L.

— palustris, Retz.

— graminea, L.

— uliginosa, Murr.
Arenaria tenuifolia, L.

PHANEROGAMIA (««/.)

Hypericineae

Hypericum Androsaemum, L.
t — calycinum, L.

— perforatum, L.

var. angustifolium.
Gaud.

— dubium, Leers

— quadratum, Stokes

— humifusum, L.
• — hirsutum, L.

■ — pulchrum, L.
— elodes, L.

Malvaceae

Althaea officinalis, L. E.
tLavatera arborea, L. E.
Malva moschata, L.

— sylvestris, L.

— rotundifolia, L.

Tiliaceae

tTilia platyphyllos. Scop,
t — vulgaris, Hayne
t — cordata. Mill.

Lineae

Radiola linoides, Roth.
Linum catharticum, L.

— perenne, L. W. i

var. laxa, Jord. W. i

[ — angustifolium, Huds. E.]

var. hybrida, Vill.

t — usitatissimum, L.

W. I

— trinervia, L.

Geraniaceae

— serpyllifolia, L.

var. glutinosa, Koch.

Geranium sanguineum, L.

var. leptoclados, Guss.

t— phaeum, L.

— peploides, Froel. E.

— pratense, L.

Saglna maritima, Don. E.

— pyrenaicum, Burm. fil.

— apetala, L.

— molle, L.

• — ciliata, Fr.

— pusillum, L.

— procumbens, L.

. — rotundifolium, L.

— nodosa, Fenzl.

— dissectum, L.

Spcrgula arvensis, L.

— columbinum, L.

a. vulgaris, Boenn.

— lucidum, L.

/3. sativa, Boenn.

— Robertianum, L.

Buda rubra, Dum.

var. purpureum, anct.

— marina. Dum. E.

angl. E.

var. neglecta, Kindb.

Erodium cicutarium, L'Herit.

E.

a. vulgatum, Syme

— media. Dum. E.

/8. chaerophyllum,Cav.

Oxalis acetosella, L.

+ — corniculata, L.

PoRTULACEAE

t — stricta, L.

tClaytonia perfoliata, Donn.

timpatiens parviflora, DC.

Montia fontana, L.

a. repens, Pers.

Ilicineab

/3. erecta, Pers. W.

Ilex aqui folium, L.

Tamariscineae

Celastrineae

tTamarix gallica, L. E.

Euonymus europaeus, L.

61

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

PHANEROGAMIA {cmt.)
Rhamneae

Rhamnus catharticus, L.

— frangula, L.

Sapindaceak

tAcer Pseudo-platanus, L.

— campestre, L.

Leguminosab

Genista anglica, L.

— pilosa, L. W. I

— tinctoria, L.
Ulex europaeus, L.

— Gallii, Planch. E.

— nanus, Forster
Cytisus Scoparius, Link.
Ononis repens, L.

a. inermis, Lange.
yS. horrida, Lange. E.

— spinosa, L.

Trigonella purpurascens, Lam.
E.
tMedicago sativa, L.

— sylvestris, Fr. W. I

— falcata, L.

— lupulina, L.

— denticulata, Willd.

— arabica, Huds.

— minima, Desr.
Melilotus officinalis, Lam.

t— alba, Desr. W.
t — arvensis, Wallr.
t— indica. All. E.
Trifolium subterraneum, L.

— pratense, L.

var. parviflorum, Bab.
W.

— medium, L.

— ochroleucum, Huds.

— squamosum, L. E.
+ — incarnatum, L.

t— Molinerii, Balb. W

— arvense, L.

— striatum, L.

— scabrum, L.

— glomeratum, L.

— suffbcatum, L. E.
t — hybridum, L.

var. telegans, Savi.
— - repens, L.

— fragiferum, L.

t — resupinatum, L. E.

— procumbens, L.

— dubium, Sibth.

— filiforme, L.
Anthyllis vulneraria, L.
Lotus comiculatus, L.

— tenuis, W. & K.

— uliginosus, Schkuhr.
Astragalus danicus, Retz. W. i

— glycyphyllos, L.

PHANEROGAMIA {cont.)

Leguminosak (com.)

Ornithopus perpusillus, L.
Hippocrepis comosa, L.
Onobrychis viciaefolia. Scop.
Vicia hirsuta. Gray

— gemella, Crantz.

— gracilis, Loisel. W. t

— Cracca, L.

— sepium, L.

— lutea, L. E.
t — sativa, L.

— angustifolia, L.

var. Bobartii, Koch.

— lathyroides, L.
Lathyrus Aphaca, L.

— Nissolia, L.

— pratensis, L.

t — tuberosus, L. W. I

— sylvestris, L.

— palustris, L.

— maritimus, Bigel. E.
( — montanus, Bernh.)

Rosaceab

Prunus spinosa, L.

— insititia, Huds.
t — domestica, L.

— avium, L.
t — Padus, L.

— Cerasus, L.
Spiraea Ulmaria, L.

— Fllipendula, L.
Rubus idaeus, L.

— plicatus, Wh. & N.

— affinis, W. & N. E.

— Lindleianus, Lees.

— rhamnifolius, W. & N.

— nemoralis, P. J. Muell.

var. glabratus, Bab.

— pulcherrimus, Neum.

— Selmeri, Lindeb. E.

— rusticanus, Merc.

X leucostachys, E.

— macrophyllus, W. & N.

var. Schlechtendalii,
Weihe. E.

var. amplificatus, Lees.
E.

— pyramidalis, Kalt. E.

— leucostachys, Schleich.

— mucronatus, Blox. E.

— echinatus, Lindl.

— podophyllus, P. J. Muell.

W.

— mutabilis, Genev. W.

— foliosus, W. & N. W.
( — rosaceus, W. & N.)

var. hystrix, W. & N.
W.

sub.-sp. infecundus,
Rogers. W.

sub.-sp. adornatu),
P. J. Muell. W.

62

PHANEROGAMIA (««/.)

Rosaceae (cont.)

Rubus Koehleri, W. & N. W.
sub.-sp. dasyphyllus,
Rogers

— dumetorum, Weihe.

var. diversifolius,Lindl.
W.

var. tuberculatus, Bab.
W.

var. fasciculatus, P. J.
Muell. W.

— corylifolius, Sm.

a. sublustris. Lees
yS cyclophylluSjLindcb.
W.

— Balfourianus, Blox. W.

— caesius, L.
Geum urbanum, L.

— rivale, L.

X urbanum = (inter-
medium, Ehrh.)
Fragaria vesca, L.
t — elatior, Ehrh. W.
Potentilla Fragariastrum, Ehrh.

— verna, L. W. i

— silvestris. Neck.

— procumbens, Sibth.

— reptans, L.

— Anserina, L.

— argentea, L.

— palustris. Scop.
Alchemilla arvensis. Scop.

— vulgaris, L.

var. filicaulis, Buser.
W.
Agrimonia Eupatoria,L.
Poterium Sanguisorba, L.
t — polygamum, W. & K.

a. platyphyllum, Jord.

— officinale. Hook, fil.
Rosa spinosissima, L.

— tomentosa, Sm .

var. subglobosa, Sm.

— rubiginosa, L.

— micrantha, Sm.

( — obtusifolia, Desv.)

var. frondosa. Baker
var. tomentella,Leman

— canina, L.

var. lutetiana, Leman

f. andegavensis. Bast.

var. surculosa. Woods

var. sphaerica, Gren.

var. senticosa, Ach.

var. dumalis, Bechst.

f. verticillacantha,
Merat.

var. urbica, Leman

var. dumetorum,
Thuill. W.

var. arvatica, Baker
(— glauca, Vill.)

var. subcristata, Baker.
W.

BOTANY

PHANEROGAMIA (coiit.)

ROSACEAE (cont.)

Rosa stylosa, sp. coll.

var. systyla, Bast. W.

var. leucochroa, Desv.
W.
— • arvensis, Huds.
Pyrus torminalis, Ehrh. E.

— Aria, Ehrh. W. 2

— Aucuparia, Ehrh.

— communis, L.

a. pyraster, L. W.
yS. Achras, Gaert.

— Malus, L.

a. acerba, DC.
i(3. mitls, Wallr.
Crataegus Oxyacantha, L.
a. oxyacanthoides,
Thuill.

. monogyna, Jacq.

Saxifrageae

Saxifraga Tridactylites, L.

— granulata, L.
Chrysosplenium oppositifolium,

L.

— alterniflorum, L.
Parnassia palustris, L.

tRibes Grossularia, L.

— rubrum, L.

ta. sativum, Reichb.

— nigrum, L.

Crassulaceae

Tillaea muscosa, L.

Sedum Telephium, L.
t— album, L. W.
t — dasyphyllum, L. W. i

— anglicum, Huds. E.

— acre, L.

t — reflexum, L.

var. albescens. Haw.
W. I
tSempervivum tectorum, L.

Droseraceae

Drosera rotundifolia, L.

— anglica, Huds. I

X rotundifolia ( = ob-
ovata (M. & K.). E. I

— intermedia, Hayne

Halorageae

Hippuris vulgaris, L.
Myriophyllum verticillatum,

L.

var. pectinatum, DC.

W.

— spicatum, L.

— alterniflorum, DC. W.

PHANEROGAMIA («»/.)
Halorageae («»/.)

Callitriche verna, L.

— stagnalis. Scop.

— hamulata, Kuetz.

— obtusangula, Le Gall.

Lythrarieae

Peplis Portula, L.
Lythrum Salicaria, L.

— Hyssopifolia, L. W. I

Onagrarieae

Epilobium angustifolium, L.
E.

— hirsutum, L.

— parviflorum, Schreb.

— montanum, L.

— roseum, Schreb. W. 2

— adnatum, Griseb.

— obscurum, Schreb.

— palustre, L.
tCEnothera biennis, L.

Circxa lutetiana, L.

CUCURBITACEAH

Bryonia dioica, Jacq.

Umbelliferae

Hydrocotyle vulgaris, L.
Erj'ngium maritimum, L. E.
[ — campestre, L. E. 4]
Sanicula europaea, L.
Conium maculatum, L.
Smyrnium Olusatrum, L.
Bupleurum rotundifolium, L.
W.

— tenuissimum, L. E.
Apium graveolens, L.

— nodiflorum, Reichb., fil.

— inundatum, Reichb., fil.
Cicuta virosa, L.

tAmmi majus, L. W.
tCarum Petroselinum, Benth. &
H. f.

— segetum, Benth. & H. f.
t — Carvi, L.

Sison Amomum, L.
Sium latifolium, L.

— erectum, Huds.
./Egopodium Fodagraria, L,
Pimpinella Saxifraga, L.

— major, Huds.
Conopodium denudatum,Koch.
Chaerophyllum temulum, L.
Scandix Pecten-Veneris, L.
Anthriscus vulgaris, Bernh.

— sylvestris, HofFm.

t — Cerefolium, HofFm. E.
Foeniculum vulgare, Mill.

63

PHANEROGAMIA {cont.)
Umbelliferae (com.)

Crithmum maritimum, L. E.

4
CEnanthe fistulosa, L.

— silaifolia, Bieb. W. i

— Lachenalii, C. Gmel.
( — crocata, L.)

— Phellandrium, Lam.

— fluviatilis, Colem.
.^thusa Cynapium, L.
Silaus flavescens, Bernh.
Angelica sylvestris, L.

tArchangelica officinalis, Hoffm.
Peucedanum palustre, Moench.

— sativum, Benth. & H. f.
Heracleum Sphondylium, L.

tCoriandrum sativum, L. E.

Daucus Carota, L.
tCaucalis latifolia, L. W. I

— daucoides, L. W.

— arvensis, Huds.

— Anthriscus, Huds.

— nodosa. Scop.

Araliaceak
Hedera Helix, L.

Corn ace AB
Cornus sanguinea, L.

Capri FOLiACEAE

Adoxa Moschatellina, L.
Sambucus nigra, L.

— Ebulus, L.
Viburnum Opulus, L.

— Lantana, L.
fLonicera Caprifolium, L.

— Periclymenum, L.

t — Xylosteum, L. W.

RUBIACEAE

Galium Cruciata, Scop.

— verum, L.

— erectum, Huds.

— Mollugo, L.

a. elatum, Thuill.
/3. insubricum. Gaud.

— saxatile, L.

— palustre, L.

var. elongatum, Presl.
W.

var. Witheringii, Sm.

— uliglnosum, L.

— anglicum, Huds. W. i

— aparine, L.

— tricorne, Stokes
Asperula odorata, L.

— cynanchica, L. W. I
Sherardia arvensis, L.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

PHANEROGAMIA {com.)
Valerianeab

Valeriana dioica, L.

— Mikanli, Syme

— sambucifolia, Willd.
t — pyrenaica, L. E.
tCentranthus ruber, DC. W.

Valerianella olitoria, Poll.

— carinata, Loisel. W.

— denuta, Poll.

var. mixta, Dufr. E.

DiFSACEAE

Dipsacus sylvestris, Huds.

— pilosus, L.
Scabiosa succisa, L.

— Columbaria, L.

— arvensis, L.

COMPOSITAB

Eupatorium Cannabinum, L.
Solidago Virgaurea, L.

var. angustifolia,
Koch. E.
Bellis perennis, L.
Aster Tripolium, L.
t — salignus, Willd. E. I
tErigeron Canadense, L.

— acre, L.

Filago germanica, L.

— apiculata, G. E. Sm.

— spathulata, Presl. W. I

— minima, Fr.

— gaDica, L. E. 3
Antennaria dioica, R. Br. W. I

tAnaphalis margaritacea, Benth.

& H. f.
Gnaphalium uliginosum, L.

— luteo-album, L. W. i

— sylvaticum, L.
Inula Helenium, L.

— Conyza, DC.
Pulicaria dysenterica, Gaertn.

— vulgaris, Gaertn. E.
tXanthium Strumarium, L. W.

Bidens cemua, L.

var. radiata, Sond. E.

— tripartita, L.
Achillea millefolium, L.

— Ptarmica, L.

[Diotis candidissima, Desf. E.]
tAnthemis tinctoria, L.

— Cotula, L.

— arvensis, L.

— nobilis, L.
Chrysanthemum segetum, L.

— Leucanthemum, L.
t — Parthenium, Pers.

Matricaria inodora, L

var. salina, Bab. E.

— Chamomilla, L.
Tanacetum vulgare, L.

PHANEROGAMIA (cone.)

COMPOSITAE (cent.)

Artemisia Absinthium, L.

— vulgaris, L.

— campestris, L. W. i

— maritima, L. E.

var. gallica, Willd. E.
Tussilago Farfara, L.
tPetasites fragrans, Presl.

— officinalis, Moench.
tDoronicum Pardalianches, L.
t — plantagineum, L. E.

Senecio vulgaris, L.

— sylvaticus, L.

var. lividus, Sm. W.

— TISCOSUS, L.

+ — squalidus, L. W. I

— erucifolius, L.

— Jacobaea, L.

— aquaticus, Huds.

— paludosus, L. W. i]

— palustris, DC.

— campestris, DC. W. i
[Carlina vulgaris, L.

Arctium majus, Bernh.

— minus, Bernh.

— intermedium, Lange. E.
Carduus tenuiflorus. Curt. E.

— nutans, L.

— crispus, L.

var. acanthoides, L.

— lanceolatus, Willd.

— eriophorus. Roth.

— palustris, Willd.

— pratensis, Willd.

— acaulis, Willd.

— arvensis, HofFm.
Onopordon Acanthium, L.

tMariana lactea. Hill.

Serratula tinctoria, L. W.
tCentaurea Jacea, L. W.

— nigra, L.

var. decipieus, Thuill.
E.

— Scabiosa, L.

— Cyanus, L.

— Calcitrap.i, L.
+ — solstitialis, L.

Cichorium Intybus, L.
Arnoseris pusilla, Gaertn.
Lapsana communis, L.
Picris hieracioides, L.

var. arvalis, Jord.

— echioides, L.
Crepis foetida, L.

— taraxacifolia, Thuill.
t — setosa. Hall. W.

— virens, L.

— 'biennis, L.
Hieracium pilosella, L.

t — aurantiacum, L.

— murorum, L. W.

— pellucidum, Laest.

var. lucidulum, hey,
W.

64

PHANEROGAMIA {cont.)

CoMPosiTAE {cant.)

Hieracium vulgatum, Fr.

var. maculatum, Sm.
W.

— sciaphilum, Uechtr. W.

— umbellatum, L.

— boreale, Fr.
Hj-pochaeris glabra, L.

var. nana, Dunn. W,

— radicata, L.

— maculata, L. W. i
Leontodon hirtus, L.

— hispidus, L.

— autumnalis, L.
Taraxacum officinale, Web.

var. laevigatum,DC. E.
var. erythrospermum,
Andrz. W.

var. palustre, DC. E.
Lactuca virosa, L.

— Scariola, L. W. i

— muralis, Fresen.
Sonchus oleraceus, L.

— asper, Hoflin.

— arvensis, L.

var. glabrescens. Hall.
E.

— palustris, L. E. 5
Tragopogon pratense, L.

var. minus, Mill.
t — porrifolium, L.

Campanulaceab

Jasione montana, L.
C.impanula glomerata, L. W.
•^ Trachelium, L.

— latifolia, L.

+ — rapunculoides, L.

— rotundifolia, L.
t — Rapunculus, L.

Specularia hybrida, A. DC.

Vacciniaceae
Schollera Occycoccus, Roth. E.
5

Ericaceae

Calluna Erica, DC.

var. incana, auct. E.
Erica Tetralix, L.

— cinerea, L.

[Pyrola rotundifolia, L. E.]

MoNOTROPEAE

Hypopitj's Monotropa, Crantz.
Plumbagineae

Statice Limonium, L. E.

f. pyramidalis, Syme.
E.

— Bahusiensis, Fries. E.

X Limonium (= Neu-

mani, C. E. Salmon.) E.

Armeria maritima, Willd. E.

BOTANY

PHANEROGAMIA (com.)

Primulaceae

Hottonia palustris, L.
Primula acaulis, L.

var. caulescens, Koch.
X veris ( = variabilis,
Goup.). E.

— veris, L.

— elatior, Jacq.

Cyclamen hederaefolium, Ait.

E.
Lysimachia vulgaris, L.

— Nummularia, L.

— nemorum, L.
Glaux maritima, L.
Anagallis arvensis, L.

var. carnea, Schrank.

— caerulea, Schreb.

— tenella, L.
Centunculus minimus, L.
Samolus Valerandi, L.

Oleaceak

Fraxinus excelsior, L.
Ligustrum vulgare, L.

Apocynacbab

tVinca major, L.

— minor, L.

Gentianeae

Blackstonia perfoliata, Huds.
Ery;hraea Centaurium, Pers.

— littoralis, Fr. E.

— pulchella, Fr. E-

[ Gentiana Pneumonanthe, L.
E. 5]

— Amarella, L.

— campestris, L. W.

— baltica, Murb. W. I
Menyanthes trifoliata, L,

tLimnanthemum peltatum, S. P.
Gmel. W.

BoRAGINEAE

Cynoglossum officinale, L.
tAsperugo procumbens, L.

Symphytum officinale, L.

• var. patens, Sibth.

tBorago officinalis, L.
tAnchusa officinalis, L. E.
t — sempervirens, L.

Lycopsis arvensis, L.

Pulmonaria officinalis, L. E. 1

Myosotis caespitosa, F. Schultz

— palustris, Re'.h.

var. strigulosa, M. &
K.
( — repens, G. Don. E. 5)

— sylvatica, Hoifm.

PHANEROGAMIA (rout.)

Boragineae (con/.)

Myosotis arvensis, Lam.

var. umbrosa, Bab.
W.

— coUina, Hoffrn.

var. Mittenii, Baker,
W.

— versicolor, Reichb.
(Lithospermum purpureo-caeru-

leum, L. E. 2

— officinale, L.

— arvense, L.
Echium vulgare, L.

Convolvulaceae

Volvulus sepium, Junger.

— Soldanella, Junger. E.
Convolvulus arvensis, L.

[tCuscuta Epilinum, Weihe. E.]

— europaea, L.

— Epithymum, Murr.
+— Trifolii, Bab.

Solanaceae

Solanum Dulcamara, L.

— nigrum, L.
tLycium barbarum, L.

Atropa Belladonna, L.

tDatura Stramonium, L.

Hyoscyamus niger, L.

Scrophularineae

Verbascum thapsus, L.
X nigrum

— pulverulentum, Vill.

— Lychnitis, L.

— nigrum, L.

— virgatum, Stokes

— Blattaria, L.
tLinaria Cymbalaria, Mill.

— Elatine, Mill.

— spuria. Mill.

— vulgaris. Mill.

— viscida, Moench.
tAntirrhinum majus, L.

— Orontium, L.
Scrophularia aquatica, L.

— nodosa, L.

t — vernalis, L. W. I
Llmosella aquatica, L.
Digitalis purpurea, L.
Veronica hederaefolia, L.

— polita, Fr.

var. grandiflora, Bab.
W.

— agrestis, L.

— Tournefortii, C. Gmel.

— triphyllos, L.

— verna, L.

— arvensis, L.

— serpyllifolia, L.

65

PHANEROGAMIA (con/.)
Scrophularineae (con/.)

Veronica spicata, L. W. i

— officinalis, L.

— Chamoedrys, L.

— montana, L.

— scutellata, L.

var. hirsuta, Weber.
W.

— Anagallis, L.

— Beccabunga, L.
Euphrasia nemorosa, H. Mart.
Bartsia Odontites, Huds.

o. verna, Reichb.
p. serotina, Reichb.
Pedicularis palustris, L.

— sylvatic.i, L.
Rhinanthus Crista-galli, L.
Melampyrum cristatum, L.

— pratense, L.

var. latifolium, Bab.

w.

Orobanchaceae

t[Orobanche ramosa, L. E. 5]

— major, L.

— elatior, Sutton

— minor, Sm.

Lentibularieae

Utricularia vulgaris, L.

— neglecta, Lehm. E.

— minor, L.

— intermedia, Hayne. W. l
Pinguicula vulgaris, L. I

Verbenaceae
Verbena officinalis, L.

Labiatae

Mentha rotundifolia, Huds.

— alopecuroides, Hull. E. 5

— longifolia, Huds.

var. mollissima, Borkh.
t — viridis, L.

— piperita, L.

— hirsuta, Huds.

var. subglabra. Baker.
E.

— sativa, L.

var. paludosa. Sole.
W.

— rubra, Sm.

— gentilis, L. W. I

— arvensis, L.

var. Allionii, Bor. W.
I

— Pulegium, L.
Lycopus europaeus, L.
Origanum vulgare, L.

9

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

PHANEROGAMIA (««/.)
Labiatae {eent.)

Thymus Serpyllum, Fr.

— Chamoedrys, Fr.
Calamintha Clinopodium,

Spenn.

— arvensis, Lam.

— parviflora, Lam.

— officinalis, Moench.
tMelissa officinalis, L. W.

Salvia Verbenaca, L.
+ — verticillata, L.
Nepeta Cataria, L.

— Glechoma, Bcnth.
Scutellaria galericulata, L.

— minor, Huds.
Prunella vulgaris, L.
Marrubium vulgare, L.
Stachys Betonica, Benth.

— palustris, L.

X sylvatica, L.

— sylvatica, L.
Galeopsis angustifolia, Ehrh.

— versicolor, Curt.

— tetrahit, L.

var. bifida, Boenn.
tLeonurus Cardiaca, L.
Lamium amplexicaule, L.

— hybridum, Vill.

— purpureum, L.

var. decipiens, Sender,
t — maculatum, L.

— album, L.

— Galeobdolon, Crantz.
Ballota nigra, L.

(Teucrum Scordium, L. W. i)

— Scorodonia, L.
Ajuga reptans, L.

Plantaginbab

Plant.-.go major, L.

var. microstachys,
Wallr. E.

— media, L.

— lanceolata, L.

var. tTimbali, Reichb.
fil.

— maritima, L.

— Coronopus, L.
Littorella juncea. Berg.

Illecebracear

Herniaria glabra, L. W. I
var. subciliata, Bab.
W. I

Scleranthus annuus, L.

var. bfennis, Reuter

— perennis, L. W. i

Amaranthaceae
tAmaranthus Blitum, L. W.

PHANEROGAMIA {cont.)
Chenopodiaceak

Chenopodium polyspermum, L.

— \'ulvaria, L.

— album, L.

var. viride, Syme
var. viridescens, St.
Am. W.

— ficifolium, Sm.

— murale, L. E.

— hybridum, L.

— urbicum, L.

var. intermedium,
Moq.

— rubrum, L.

var. pseudo-botryoides,
H. C. Wats. W.

— botryodes, Sm. E. 5

— Bonus-Henricus, L.
Beta maritima, L. E.
Atriplex littoralis, L. E.

var. serr.ua, Moq. E.

— patula, L.

var. erecta, Huds.

— hastata, L.

— deltoidea, Bab.

var. prostrata, Bab.

— Babingtonii, Woods. E.

— laciniata, L. E.

— portulacoides, L. E.

— pedunculata, L. E.
Salicornia herbacea, L. E.

var. procumbens, Moq.
E.

— stricta, Dum. E.

— appressa, Dum. E.

— radicans, Sm. E.
Suaeda fruticosa, Forsk. E. 4

— maritima, Dum. E.

var. procumbens,
Syme. E.
Salsola Kali, L. E.

Polvgonaceab

Polygonum Convolvulus, L.

var. subalatum, V.
Hall. W.

— aviculare, L.

var. agrestinum, Jord.
W.

var. vulgatum, Syme.
W.

var. arenastrum, Bor.
W.

var. microspermum,
Jord. W.

var. rurivagum, Jord.
W.

var. littorale, Linic. E.
• — Hydropiper, L.

— minus, Huds. E.

— mite, Schrank

66

PHANEROGAMIA (ront.)

Polygonaceae (com.)

Polygonum Persicaria, L.

var. elatum, G. & G.
W.

— lapathifolium, L.

— maculatum, Trim. & Dyer.

W.

— amphibium, L.

— Bistorta, L.
fFagopyrum esculentum,

Moench.
Rumex conglomeratus, Murr.

— sanguineus, L.

var. viridis, Sibth.

— maritimus, L.

— limosus, Thuill.

— pulcher, L.

— obtusifolius, L.

— crispus, L.

var. subcordatus, War-
ren. E.

var. trigranulatus,

Syme. E.

X obtusifolius (= acu-
tus, L.). W. I

— Hydrolapathum, Huds.

— Acelosa, L.

— Acetosella, L.

var. angustifolius,

Koch. W.

Aristolochiacbab

Asarum europaeum, L. W. i
tAristolochia Clematitis, L.

Thymeiaeaceae

[Daphne Mezereum, L. E.]

— Laureola, L.

Elaeagnaceab
Hippophae rhamnoides, L. E.

Loranthaceab
Viscum album, L.

Santalaceae

Thesium humifiisum, DC. W,
I

Eufhorbiaceae

Euphorbia Helioscopia, L.

— platyphyllos, L. W. I

— amygdaloides, L.

t — Cyparissias, L. W.

— Paralias, L. E.

— Peplus, L.

— exigua, L.

t — Lathyris, L.

BOTANY

PHANEROGAM lA (con/.)

EUPHORBIACEAE {cOtlt.)

Mercurialis perennis, L.

— annua, L.

var. ambigua, L. E.

Urticaceae

Ulmus montana, Stokes

— surculosa, Stokes

a. suberosa, Ehrh.
p. glabra, Mill.
Humulus Lupulus, L.
Urtica dioica, L.

var. holosericea, Fries.
W.

var. angustlfolia, A.
Blytt. W.
t — pilulifera, L.

— urens, L.
Parietaria officinalis, L.

Myricaceab
Myrica Gale, L.

CUPULIFERAB

Betula verrucosa, Ehrh.

— pubescens, Ehrh.
Alnus glutinosa, Medic.
Carpinus Betulus, L.
Corylus Avellana, L.
Qucrcus Robur, L.

a. pedunculata, Ehrh.
p. sessili flora, Salisb.
tCastanea sativa, Mill.
Fagus sylvatica, L.

Salicineae

tSalix pentandra, L. E.

— triandra, L.

var. Hoffmanni.ina,
Sm. W.

X viminalis ( = undu-
lata, Ehrh.)

— fragilis, L.

f. britannica, F. B.
White. E.

— alba, L.

var. caerulea, Sm. W.
var. vitellina, L.

— cinerca, L.

var. aquatica, Sm.
var. oleifolia, Sm.

— aurita, L.

X Capraea

— Capraen, L.

— repens, L.

X aurita ( = ambigua,
Ehrh.). E.

f. incubacea, Syme

PHANEROGAMIA {cont.)

Salicineae {cont.)

tSalix viminalis, L.

X Capraea ( = Smith-
iana, Willd.)

a. stipularis, Sm. W.
p. acuminata, Sm. W.

— purpurea, L.

f. Lambertiana, Sm.
X viminalis ( = rubra,
Huds.). W.

f. Forbyana, Sm.
Populus alba, L.

— canescens, Sm.

— tremula, L.

a. villosa, Lange
/3. glabra, Syme
t — nigra, L.

Ceratophylleab

Ceratophyllum demersum, L.

— submersum, L.

CONIFERAB

Taxus baccat.1, L.
tPinus syUestris, L.

Hydrocharideab

tElodea canadensis, Michx.
Hydrocharis Morsus-ranae, L.
Stratiotes Aloides, L.

Orchideab

Malaxis paludosa, Sw. E.
Liparis Loeselii, Rich. I
Neottia Nidus-avis, Rich.
Listera ovata, R. Br.
Spir.mthes autumnalis. Rich.
Eplpactis latifolia, All.

— media, Fr. W. i

— palustris, Crantz.
Orchis hircina, Scop. E. 4

— pyramidalis, L.

— ustulata, L. W. I

— Morio, L.

— mascula, L.

— incarnata, auct. britt. non

L.

— latifolia, L.

— maculata, L.

Aceras anthropophora, R. Br.
Ophrys apifera, Huds.

— aranifera, Huds. W. I

— muscifera, Huds.
Herminium Monorchis, R. Br.

W. I
Habenaria conopsea, Benth.

— viridis, R. Br.

— bifolia, R. Br.

— chloroleuca, Ridley

67

PHANEROGAMIA {cont.)

Irideae

Iris foetidissima, L.
— Pseudacorus, L.

var. acoriformis, Bor.
var. Bastardi, Bor. W,
tCrocus praecox. Haw. W.
t — aureus, Sibth. W.
t — vernus, All.

Amaryllideae

Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus, L.
t — bifloris, Curtis
t — poeticus, L.
tGalanthus nivalis, L.

Leucojum aestiyum, L. E. 3

DiOSCOREAE

Tamus communis, L.

LiLIACEAE

Ruscus aculeatus, L.
Asparagus officinalis, L.

a. taltilis, L.
Polygonatum multiflorum. All.

E.
Convallaria m.ijalis, L.
Allium vineale, L.

— oleraceum, L. W.

— ursinum, L.

Muscariracemo3um,Mill. W. I
Scilla festalis, Salisb.

tOrnithogalum nutans, L.

— umbellatum, L.
tLilium Martagon, L. E.

Fritillaria Meleagris, L.
Tulipa sylvestris, L.
Gagea fascicuhris, Salisb. E.
Colchicum autumnale, L.
Paris quadrifolia, L.

JuNCACEAK

Juncus bufonius, L.

— squarrosus, L.

— compressus, Jacq. W,

— Gerardi, Loisel. E.

— glaucus. Leers

— efFusus, L.

X glaucus (- diffusus,
Hoppe)

— conglomeratus, L.

— maritimus. Lam. E.

— supinus, Mocnch.

var. fluitans, Lam.

— obtusiflorus, Ehrh.

— lamprocarpus, Ehrh.

— acutiflorus, Ehrh.
Luzula Forsteri, DC. W.

X vernalis(= Borrer
Bromf.). W.

— vern.i'is, DC.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

PHANEROGAMIA («v/.)

JuNCACEAE («»/.)

Luzula campestris, DC.

— erecta, Desv.

var. congesta, Lej.
var. pallescens, Kcx:h.
W.

Typhaceai

Typha latifolia, L.

— angustifolia, L.
Sparganium ramosum, Huds.

— neglectum, Beebjr

— simplex, Huds.

— minimum, Fr.

Aroideab

Arum maculatum, L.
Acorus Calamus, L.

Lemnaceae

Lemna trisulca, L.

— minor, L.

— gibba, L.

— polyrrhiza, L.

Alismaceab

Alisma Plantago, L.

var. lanceolatum, Afz.

— ranunculoides, L.
Sagittaria sagittifolia, L.
[Damasonium stellatum, Pers.

E. 4]
Butomus umbellatus, L.

Naiadaceab

Triglochin palustre, L.

— maritimum, L. E.
Potamogeton natans, L.

— polygonifolius. Pour. E.

— coloratus, Hornem.

— alpinus, Balb.

— heterophyllus, Schreb.

— lucens, L.

var. acuminatus, Fr.

— angustifolius, Presl. E. 5

— praelongus, Wulf.

— perfoliatus, L.

— crispus, L.

f. serratus, Huds. E.

— densus, L.

— zosterlfolins, Schura. W. I

— obtusifolius, M. & K. E.

— Friesii, Rupr.

— pusillus, L.

var. tenuissimus, Koch.

— trichoides, Cham. I

— pectinatus, L.

— interruptus, Kit. E.
Ruppla spiralis, Hartm. E.

— rostellata, Koch. E.

PHANEROGAMIA {cont.)

Naiadaceae {cont.)

Zannichellia palustris, L.

var. repens, Boenn.

— brachystemon, J. Gay

— pedunculata, Reichb. E.
Zostera marina, L. E.

var. angustifolia, Fr. E.

Cypf.raceae

E.

Eleocharis acicularis, R.Br

— ■ palustris, R. Br.

( — uniglumis, Reichb. E.)

— multicaulis, Sm.
Scirpus pauciflorus, Lightf.

— caespitosus, L.

— fluitans, L.

— cemuus, Vahl. E.

var. pygraaeus, Kunth,
E.
- — setaceus, L.

— lacustris, L.

— Tabernaemontani, Gmel.

— maritimus, L. E.

— sylvaticus, L.

— Caricis, Retz.

— rufus, Schrad. E. 4
Eriophorum angustifolium,

Roth.

— latifolium, Hoppe.
Rynchospora alba, \'ahl. E,
Schoenus nigricans, L.
Cl.idium jamaicense, Crantz
Carex dioica, L.

— pulicaris, L.

— divisa, Huds. E.
• — disticha, Huds.

— arenaria, L.

— teretiuscula. Good.

— paradoxa, Willd. W.

— paniculata, L.

— vulpina, L.

— muricata, L.

var. Leersii, F. Schultz.
W.

— divulsa, Good.

— echinata, Murr.

— remota, L.

— axillaris, Good.

— curta. Good. E.

— ovalis, Good.

— Hudsonii, Ar. Benn.

— acuta, L.

— Goodenowii, J. Gay

var. juncella. Fries. W.

— flacca, Schreb.

— 1 mosa, L. E. 5

— pilulifera, L.

— ericetorum, Poll. W. 1

— verna, Chaix.

— pallescens, L.

— panicea, L.

— pendula, Huds.

— strigosa, Huds.

68

5

I

W.

PHANEROGAMIA (cont.)
Cyperaceae {cont.)

Carex sylvatica, Huds.

— laevigata, Sm. W. 2

— binervis, Sm.

— distans, L. E.

— fulva. Good.

— extensa. Good.

— fiava, L.

var. lepidocarpa,
Tausch.

var. minor. Towns.

— fillformis, L.

— hirta, L.

— Pseudo-cyperus, L.

— acutiformis, Ehrh.

var. spadicea, Roth.
W.

— rlparia, Ciu-tis

— rostrata, Stoke*

— vesicaria, L.

Gramineae

tPanicum sanguinale, L.

— glabrum. Gaud.
t — Crus-galli, L.

Setaria viridis, Beauy.
t — glauca, Beauv.

Spartina stricta. Roth. E.
tPhalaris canariensis, L.

— arundinacea, L.
Anthoxanthum odoratum, L.

t— Puelii, L. & L. W.
Alopecurus myosuroides, Huds.

— fulvus, Sm. W.

— geniculatus, L.

— bulbosus, Gouan. E. 5

— pratensis, L.
Milium efFusum, L.
Phleum pratense, L.

var. nodosum, L.

— phalaroides, Koel. W. I

— arenarium, L.
Agrostis canina, L.

— palustris, Huds.

var. stolonifera, L. E.

— vulgaris. With.

var. pumila, L.
Calamagrostis epigeios, Roth.

— lanceolata. Roth.
Apera Spica-venti, Beauv.

— interrupta, Beauv.
Ammophila arundinacea. Host.

E.
Aira caryophyllea, L.

— praecox, L.
Weingaertneria canescens,

Bernh.
Deschampsia caespitosa, Beauv.
- — flexuosa, Trin.
Holcus mollis, L.

— lanatus, L.
Trisetum pratense. Pers.

BOTANY

PHANEROGAMIA {cmt.)
Gramineae {cont.)

Avena pubescens, Huds. W.

— pratensis, L.

t — strigosa, Schreb.

— fatua, L.
Arrhenatherum avenaceum,

Beauv.

var. nodosum, Reichb.

E.
Sieglingia decumbens, Bernh.
Phragmites communis, Trin.
Cvnosurus cristatus, L.
Koeleria cristata, Pers.

var. gracilis, Boreau,

W.
Molinia varia, Schranic.
Catabrosa aquatica, Beauv.
Melica uniflora, Retz.
Dactylis glomerata, L.
Briza media, L.
Poa annua, L.

— bulbosa, L.

— nemoralis, L.

— compressa, L.

— pratensis, L.

var. subcaerulea, Sm.

— trivialis, L.

var. glabra, Doell. W,
Glyceria fluitans, R. Br.

— plicata, Fr.

var. pedicellata,Towns.

— aquatica, Sm.

— maritima, M. & K. E.

— distans, Wahl.

— Borreri, Bab. E.
Festuca procumbens, Kunth. E.

— rigida, Kunth.

— rottboellioides, Kunth. E.

— uniglumis, Soland. E. 3

— ambigua, Le Gall. W. I

— Myuros, L.

— sciuroides, Roth,

— ovina, L.

— rubra, L.

var. arenaria, Osb. E.
var. fallax, Thuill.

PHANEROGAMIA {cont.)

Gramineae {cont.)

Festuca elatior, L.

var. pratensis, Huds.

— arundinacea, Schreb.
Bromus giganteus, L.

var. triflorus.Syme. W.

— ramosus, Huds.

— erectus, Huds.

var. villosus, Bab. E.

— madritensis, L.

t — tectorum, L. W.

— sterilis, L.

— s:calinus, L.

— racemosus, L.

— commutatus, Schrad.

— interruptus, Druce

— mollis, L.

var. glabratus, Doell.
t — arvensis, L.
Brachypodium gracile, Beauv.
Lolium perenne, L.

var. titalicum, Braun.

— temulentum, L.

var. arvense, With.
Agropyron caninum, Beauv.

— repens, Beauv.

var. barbatum, Duval-
Jouve. E.

— pungen;, R. & S. E.

var. littorale, Reichb.
E.

— acutum, R. & 8. E.

— junceum, Beauv. E.
Lepturus filiformis, Trin. E.
Nardus stricta, L.
Hordeum secalinum, Schreb.

— murinum, L.

— marinum, Huds. E.
Elymus arenarius, L. E.

CRYPTOGAMIA

FiLICES

Pteris aquilina, L.
Lomaria Spicant, Desv.

CRYPTOGAMIA {cont.)

FiLicES {cont.)

Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum,
L.

— Trichomanes, L.

— Ruta-muraria, L.
Athyrium Fiiix-foemina, Roth.
Ceterach officinarum, Willd.
Scolopendrium vulgare, Symons
Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh. W. i
Polystichum lobatum, Presl.

var. aculeatum, Syme

— angulare, Presl.
Lastraea Thelypteris, Presl.

— Oreopteris, Presl.

— Filix-mas, Presl.

— cristata, Presl. E.

— spinulosa, Presl.

— dilatata, Presl.
Polypodium vulgare, L.

var. serratum, Willd.
W.
Osmunda regalis, L.
Ophioglossum vulgatum, L.
Botrychium Lunaria, Svv.

Equisetaceab

Equisetum maximum. Lam.

— arvense, L.

— palustre, L.

var. polystachyum,
Auct.

— limosum, Sm.

var. fluviatile, L.

— hyemale, L.

Lycopodiaceae

Lycopodium inundatum, L.

— clavatum, L. W. i

Marsileacbab
Pilularia globulifera, L.

CHARACEAE {Stoneworts)

Suffolk cannot claim to yield a Chara-^orz. like that of Norfolk, though a more careful
and extended examination of its waters may well reveal some unsuspected treasures.

Probably there are few orders of aquatics which demand a more patient and thorough
search than the Characeae to secure a full yield of species. A stream which may exhibit no
trace whatever of their presence at a given time may yet have been full of excellent specimens
three or four weeks earlier. Again, a piece of water which seemed to be wholly destitute
of Characeae at one end may prove to possess an abundant supply at the other ; whilst
again a ditch or pit carefully examined for years without result may only require to be
cleaned or re-dug to yield a remarkable crop the following spring.

It will thus be seen that no locality can be regarded as exhaustively worked for Characeae
till the examination has covered every piece of water at all times of spring and summer

69

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

under varying circumstances and conditions ; added to this is the fact that successful Chara-
hunting makes large if not exclusive demands on a botanist. The plants do not appear above
the surface of the water, and hence the collector requires to be provided with a drag or rake,
sometimes both. They cannot survive exposure to the air, and so necessitate a fairly air-
tight vasculum ; they are exceedingly fragile and brittle, and are thus unfit to be carried in
a collecting tin with other plants ; they grow in ditches, pools, and marshes, most happily on
a rich mud bottom, and so necessitate stout boots, sometimes wading boots, and not seldom
a boat where it may be had.

In these circumstances it is not surprising that the Characeae of our counties have not
received the attention which is required to supply anything like a complete record of their
distribution.

By far the most interesting of the Suffolk Characeae are Chara connivens, Braun, and
C. canescens, Lois. The latter was first collected in Suffolk in 1896 by Messrs. E. S. and
C. E. Salmon in Easton and Benacre Broads, previous to which its only known habitats were
two stations in Cornwall and Dorset, right away in the west of England. Three years
later it was found by the Rev. G. R. Bullock-Webster in Hickling Broad in the neighbouring
county of Norfolk. C. connivens, an equally rare plant, was only known to have occurred in
three stations in Hampshire, Devonshire, and Norfolk, until it was collected by Mr. Bullock-
Webster in Benacre Broad in 1897. Both these species are brackish-water plants, and the
near neighbourhood of Benacre Broad to the sea, with occasional inundations at exceptionally
high tides, is favourable to their growth.

Chara contraria, Kuetz., has also been found in Benacre Broad and at Livermere. The
latter locality also produces Tolypella intricata, Leonh. ; and T. glomerata, Leonh., has been
found near Yarmouth South Town.

Lychnotbamnus stelliger, Leonh., which occurs so abundantly in the Norfolk Broads, has
not so far been recorded from Suffolk, nor yet Nitella tenuissima, Kuetz. or Tolypella proUfera,
Leonh., both of which have been collected in the marshes of the Waveney Valley on the
Norfolk side, the former near Diss, and the latter near Becclcs.

There is evidently much work to be done in Suffolk before anything like a complete
record can be compiled.

Characeae Characeae (con/.) Characeae (con/.)

Chara fragilis, Desv. i Chara contraria, Kuetz. Tolypella intricata, Leonh. W.

var. Hedwigii, Kuetz. — hispida, L. I

W. I — vulgaris, L. — glomerata, Leonh.

— connivens, Braun. E. 4 var. longibracteata, Nitella translucens, Agardh.

— aspera, Willd. Kuetz. E. 5

var. desmacantha, H. var. papillata, Wallr. — flexilis, Agardh. E. 5

& J. G. W. I — canescens, Loisel. E. 4 — opaca, Agardh.

— polyacantha, Braun. W. i

Thus far full lists have been given of the Phanerogams and a portion of the Cryptogams,
the Filices, Equisetaceae, &c. ; there remain the numerous species of the Musci, Hepaticae,
Lichens, Algae, and Fungi.

Before enumerating them, however, it will be well to give a short account of what has
been done thus far with respect to the Suffolk records in these orders. I believe there are
very few, if any, counties where they have been formerly so carefully collected as in Norfolk
and Suffolk, and the Suffolk early records will bear favourable comparison with those of
almost any county.

At the beginning of the last century there were a good number of botanists in Norfolk
and Suffolk who diligently collected these Cryptogams ; among the best known of these were
Sir James Smith, Sir William Hooker, Rev. G. R. Leathes, and Mr. Dawson Turner, all of
whom resided in Norfolk, but who have contributed very many records of Suffolk plants.
Cryptogams and others. At the same time there were good Cryptogamic botanists residing
in Suffolk, as Sir Thomas Gage, Mr. Woodward, and others. These have recorded their
observations in the Botanist's Guide, English Botany, Hooker's British "Jungermanmae, &c.
Even before this time many Cryptogams had been observed by Sir John CuUum of Hawstead,
near Bury, and recorded by him in his journal for the years 1772-85.

70

BOTANY

Somewhat later than the above, Mr. F. K. Eagle of Bury St. Edmunds diligently collected
Mosses, Hepatics, and Lichens in the county. His collection is incorporated with that of Sir
C. Bunbury, who was also a collector, and whose herbarium is now in the University
Botanical Museum at Cambridge.

In i860 was published Messrs. Henslow and Skepper's Flora of Suffolk, which contains
very good and reliable lists of all Orders of Cryptogams. The lists of Mosses, Hepatics, and
Lichens were, it is believed, in a great measure by Mr. F. K. Eagle and Mr. Stock of
Bungay, who combined their own observations with the records of the Botanist's Guide, and
doubtless other sources, such as Smith's English Botany and Paget's Natural History of Yarmouth.
The list of Diatomaceae and Fungi, both of which are very good, were by Mr. Skepper.
Little has been done since Mr. Skepper's death in 1867, but what has been done since that
time will be mentioned in the notices of each order.

MUSCI {Mosses)

In such a county as Suffolk only a very limited Moss flora could be expected, for there
are no high hills, much less mountains, and, indeed, a very small part of the county is more
than 200 ft. above sea level. Again, there are no hard rocks, nor indeed anything worthy of
the name of rock, and very little bog. Moreover the annual rainfall is rather scanty, averaging
for the county about 25 in., and there are no quickly-flowing streams with rocky beds in and
by the side of which so many mosses delight to grow. The extensive mud flats and large
brackish meres near the coast scarcely produce any species of mosses.

It is not surprising therefore with such conditions that the mosses do not number quite
two hundred species, and that the Moss flora taken as a whole is somewhat featureless. With
very few exceptions the species are such as occur generally throughout the lowlands of
England and central Europe. Among the more noteworthy exceptions are Amblyodon
dealbatus, which was discovered by Mr. F. K. Eagle, and Cinclidium stygium, discovered by
Mr. Skepper, both at Tuddenham ; these species are generally of northern distribution ; the
latter is scarce in Britain. The cupola-shaped peristome of the Cinclidium is one of the most
beautiful objects in British Mosses. It was gathered by Mr. Skepper abundantly in fruit and
growing very luxuriantly both in November i860 and November 1862 ; it is very probable
that both these species are now extinct in Suffolk.

On the other hand Tortula cuneifolia and Bryum Donianum are of southern, indeed
Mediterranean, distribution, and reach in Suffolk one of their highest northern points.
Other interesting species are Bryum lacustre, for a long time known only from Suffolk in the
British Isles, and now only recorded for two or three other counties, and Thuidium hystricosum.
The latter, though probably only a marked form of the more generally distributed T. atietinum,
is striking enough as a form and has only been recorded from a very limited area. Barhula
latifoUa, which is very rarely fertile, was collected by Mr. F. K. Eagle fruiting freely. Barhula
sinuosa from Sweffling was not recognized until lately, and with B. laevipila var. laevipilaeformis,
from Grundisburgh, and Pterigonium gracile from Icklingham, had not previously been recorded
for the county. Several species of the genus Hypnum may also be mentioned : H. Sendtneri
var. hamatum at Tuddenham ; H. rugosum, which is very fine in several places in the Breck
district ; H. fakatum at Gorleston and Tuddenham ; H. giganteum, not very uncommon in
Suffolk ; and H. elodes, Redgrave Fen, recorded by Mr. E. M. Holmes.

Although the prehistoric deposits do not appear to have yielded such rich results in
mosses as those of Norfolk, yet, as recorded by Dr. Hind in his Flora of Suffolk, remains of
Hypnum turgescens have been found here and there in local deposits of clay. This, as pointed
out by Dr. Hind, is a typically Arctic plant, though it is also found at high elevations in tlie
Alps. It has recently been recovered for our flora in a living state by the Rev. C. H.
Binstead, who gathered it high up on Ben Lawers in 1902.

Besides the list in Henslow and Skepper's Flora two papers on the Moss Flora of Suffolk
by the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield were published in the yournal of Botany in 1885 and 1888.
These two papers were combined and many new localities and a few new species added in
his ' List of Suffolk Mosses' printed in the Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists
Society for 1 900- 1, vol. vii, to which a few corrections were added in the Transactions for
1901-2. To these latter papers we would refer any one who desires detailed information
on this subject.

71

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In order to show in some degree the distribution of the Mosses, &c., the county is
divided into the Watsonian districts — E. East SufFolk, and W. West Suffolk ; these letters
indicate that the species is recorded only for that district.

Sphagnaceae

Sphagmim cymbifolium, Ehrh.
var. squarrosulum, N. &
H. E.

— papillosum, var. confertum,

Ldb.

— rigidum. var. compactum,

Ldb. W.

— subsecnndum, Nees. E.

var. contortum, Schp. E.

— obesum, Wils. E.

— squarrosum, Pars.

— acutifolium, Ehrh.

var. deflexum, Schp.

— fimbriatum, Wils. E.

— intermedium, HofRn. E.

POLVTRICHACFAK

Catharinea undulata, W. & M.
Polytrichum nanum. Neck.

— aloides, Hedvy.

— umigerum, L. W.

— piliferum, Schreb.

— juniperinum, Willd.

— strictum, Banks. E.

— gracile, Dicks. W.

— formosum, Hedvy. W.
■^ commune, L.

DiCRANACEAB

Pleuridium axillare, Ldb. W.

— subulatura, B. & S.

— alternifolium, Rab. W.
Ditrichum flexicaule, Hpe. W.
Seligeria cakarea, B. & S. W.
Ceratodon purpureas, Brid.
Dicranella heteromalla, Schp.

— cerviculata, Schp.

— crispa, Schp. E.

— rufescens, Schp.

— varia, Schp.
Dicranoweissia cirrhata, Ldb.
Campvlopus flexuosus, Brld. E.

var. paradoxus, Husn. E.

— pyriformis, Brid.

— fragilis, B. & S. E.
Dicranum Bonjeani, De Not.

— scoparium, Hedw.
Leucobryum glaucum, Schp.

FlSSIDENTACEAE

Fissidens incurvus, Stke. W

— bryoides, Hedw.

— adiantoides, Hedw.

— taxifolius, Stke.

Grimmiaceae

Grimmia apocarpa, Hedw.
— pulvinata, Sm.
Rhacomitrium canescens, Brid.
var. ericoides. B, & S.

TORTULACEAE

Acaulon muticum, C. M. W.
Phascum cuspidatum, Schr.
Pottia recta, Mitt. W.

— bryoides, Mitt.

— Heimii, Furnr.

— truncatula, Ldb.

— intermedia, Furnr.

— crinita, Wils. E.
.^ minutula, Furnr.

— Starkeana, C. M.

— lanceolata, C. M.
Tortula pusilla, Mitt. W.

— lamellata, Ldb. W.

— rigida, Schrad. W.

— aloides, De Not.

— cuneifolia, Roth. E.

— marginata, Spr. E.

— muralis, Hedw.

— subulata, Hedw.

— mutica, Ldb. (latifolia)

— laevipila, Schwgr.

var. laevipilaeformis,
Limpe. E.

— intermedia. Berk.

— ruralis, Ehrh.

— ruraliformis, Dixon

— papillosa, Wils.
Barbula lurida, Ldb. E.

— rubella. Mitt.

— tophacea, Mitt. W.

— fallax, Hedw.

— rigidula, Mitt. W.

— cylindrica, Schp. E.

— vinealis, Brid. W.

— sinuosa, Braithw. E.

— revoluta, Brid.

— convoluta, Hedw. W.

— unguiculata, Hedw.
Weissia crispa, Mitt. E.

— microstoma, C. M. W.

— viridula, Hedw.

Encalyptaceai
Encalypta vulgaris, Hedw.

O RTHOTRICH ACEAE

Zygodon viridissimus, R. Br.
Ulota crispa, Brid.

var. intermedia, Braithw.
£.

72

Orthotrichaceae (cone.)

Ulota phyllantha, Brid. W.
Orthotrichum anomalum,
saxatile, Milde

— cupulatum, HofFm. E.

— leiocarpum, B. & S.

— Lyellii, H. & T.

— affine, Schrad.

— tenellum, Bruch. W.
-^ diaphanum, Schrad.

Spuchnaceae
Splachnum ampullaceum, L.

Funariaceae

Fphemerum serratum, Hpe.
Physcomitrella patens, B.&S. W.
Physcomitrium pyriforme, Brid.
Funaria fascicularis, Schp.

— hygrometrica, Sibth.

Meesiaceab

Amblyodon dealbatus, P. Beau.

W.
Aulacomnium palustre, Schwgr.

— androgynum, Schwgr. E.

Bartramiaceae

Bartramia pomiformis, Hedw.
Philonotis fontana, Brid.

var. falcata, Brid. W,

Brvaceae

Leptobryum pyriforme.Wils. W.
Webera nutans, Hedw.

— carnea, Schp.

Bryum pendulum, Schp. W.

— lacustre, Brid.

— inclinatum, Bland. E.

— pallens, Sw. W.

— bimum, Schreb. W.

— pseudo-triquetrum, S;hwgr.

— intermedium, Brid. W.

— caespiticium, L.

— capillare, L.

— Donianum, Grev. W.

— atropurpureum, W. & M.

— argenteum, L.

— roseum, Schreb.
Mnium affine, Bland. W,

— cuspidatum, Hedw.

— rostratum, Schrad.

— undulatum, L.

— hornum, L.

— serratum, Schrad. W.

— punctatum, L.

— subglobosum, B. & S. W.
Cinclidium stygium, Swartz. W.

BOTANY

FoNTlNALACEAE

Fontinalis antipyretica, L.

Cryphaeaceae
Cryphaea heteromalla, Hedvr.

Neckbraceae

Neckera complanata, HUbnm.
Homalia trichomanoides, Brid.

Leucodontaceae

Antitrichiacurtipendula, Brid. E.
Leucodon sciuroides, Schwgr.
Pterigonium gracile, Swartz.
Porotrichum alopecurum, Mitt.

Leskeaceae

Leskea polycarpa, Ehrh. E.
Anomodon viticulosus, H. & T.
Thuidiumabietinum, B. &S. W.

— hystricosum. Mitt. W.

— tamariscinum, B. & S.

Hvpnaceae

Climacium dendroides, W. & M.
Camptothecium sericeum, Kindb.

— lutescens, B. & S.

— nitens, Schreb. W.
Brachythecium glareosum, B. & S.

£.

Hypnaceae (cont.)

Brachythecium albicans, B. & S.

— rutabulum, B. & S.

— rivulare, B. & S. W,

— velutinum, B. & S.

— illecebrum, De Not. W,

— purum, Dixon
Eurhynchium piliferum, B. & S.

— praelongum, Hobk.

— Swartzii, Hobk. W.

— pumilum, Schp. E.

— tenellum, Milde. E.

— myosuroides, Schp. E.

— myurum, Dixon

— striatum, B. & S.

— rusciforme, Milde.

— murale, Milde.

— confertum, Milde.
Plagiothecium denticulatum,

B. & S.

— sylvaticum, B. & S. W.

— undulatum, B. & S. W.

— ? latebricola, B. & S. E.
Amblystegium serpens, B. & S.

— filicinum, De Not.

— varium, Ldb. (radicale). W.
Hypnum riparium, L.

— elodes. Spruce. W.

— polygamum, Schp. W.

var. stagnatum, Wils.
W.

— stellatum, Schreb.

Hypnaceae {cont.)

Hypnum aduncum, Hedw. W.
var. Kneiffii, Schip.

— Sendtneri

var. hamatum, Lindb.
W.

— fluitans, L.

— exannulatum, Gumb. W.

— uncinatum, Hedw.

— revolvens

var. Cossoni, Rem. W.

— commutatum, Hedw.

— falcatum, Brid.

— cupressiforme, L.

var. resupinatum, Schp.

W.
var. filiforme, Brid. W.
var. ericetorum, B. & S.
var. elatum, B. & S.

W.

— moUuscum, Hedw.

— palustre, Huds.

— scorpioides, L.

— stramineum, Dicks. E,

— cordifolium, Hedw.

— giganteum, Schp. W.

— cuspidatum, L.

— Schreberi, WiUd.
Hylocomium splendens, B. & S.

— squarrosum, B. & S.

— triquetrum, B. & S.

— rugosum, De Not. W.

HEPATICAE {Liverworts)

If the county is one which is unfavourable for a varied moss flora, it is still more un-
favourable for the Hepaticae. We have very few of them, and these few for the most part
very common species ; even the usually abundant Diplophyllum albicans is not yet recorded,
but probably occurs in the county, since it is plentiful in some parts of Norfolk.

The cause of this dearth of Hepaticae is not far to seek. There are no rocks, no swift
streams nor waterfalls, scarcely any springs, while the air is very dry, the county of Suffolk
having perhaps as little rainfall as any part of England. Besides the scanty supply of rain, the
heavy clay soil which covers more than two-thirds of the county, and the thin calcareous soil
which occurs in West Suffolk, are both very unfavourable to the production of a rich Hepatic
flora. The late Abbe Boulay, in speaking of the flat, dry, and highly-cultivated district of north-
eastern France, especially in Champagne, says that * one may go through many square kilo-
metres without meeting a single species of this class, except perhaps Riccia glauca in neglected
fields, or Radula complanata and Frullania dilatata on the trunks of trees,' and there are wide
areas in Suffolk of which the same remarks would hold good. It is only in the small and
diminishing area of the fen and bog-land, such as Tuddenham Fen and the bogs at Westleton
and Helton, that any wealth of species is to be found. It is probable, however, that the
Hepatic Flora is slightly richer than the subjoined list would indicate, since many of the
species recorded by the older botanists, to whom nearly all the records are due, embrace
several forms held to be specifically distinct at the present day. The list of Suffolk Hepaticae
published in the Journal of Botany for 1885 by the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield only enumerates
forty species, and of these the greater number only occur in very limited localities. Three
species have, however, since been added : Lunularia cruciata, which has been sent from Bungay
and Waldringfield — this is doubtless common, but has escaped record as being supposed a form
of Marchantia polymorpha ; Kant'ia Sprengelii, of which a specimen sent to him by Mr. Skepper
is figured by Pearson ; and Pellia endiviaefolia, ' Various parts 0"" Suffolk,' Hooker's British
y ungermanniae,

I 73 10

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Among the more interesting Hepatics recorded for the county are Targionia hypophylla,
discovered by the Rev. W. Kirby, the noted entomologist, at Nayland. It is a species of
irregular distribution in Britain, but its head quarters are in the countries bordering the Medi-
terranean ; the figure in English Botany was taken from a specimen sent from this station.
Cephalozla Francisci, recorded from wet heaths in Norfolk and Suffolk by Hooker, is considered
rare elsewhere, though it is probably often overlooked, and Sphaerocarpus Michelii, a small and
interesting species on the borderland between the Marchantiaceae and the Jungermanniaceae
also occurs. Like Targionia hypophylla this has a generally southern distribution, and has only
been recorded from four other English counties.

Besides these may be mentioned Riaia crystaUina, a scarce species gathered by Dr. Hind
on Thetford Heath; the curious fringed aquatic Ricciocarpus natans sent by Prof. Henslow from
Hitcham with Ricciella Jluitans and recorded from Lakenheath, and by Ray from Hadleigh ;
Cephalozia bifida CJ. byssacea. Hook.), recorded by Hooker as far from uncommon on heaths,
&c., in Norfolk and Suffolk. No doubt this record refers to the aggregate species, but the
plant figured by Hooker is that which is now known as C. bifida, which appears to be the
rarer of the two species in Britain, and Ptilidium ciliare, not uncommon in the Breck district,
and recorded from Lound in the BotanistU Guide.

RiCCIACEAB

Riccia glauca, L.

— crystallina, L. W.

— fluitans, L.
Ricciocarpus natans (L.)

March ANTiACEAB

w.

Targionia hypophylla, L. W.
Conocephalum conicum (L.)
Lunularia cruciata (L.). E.
Marchantia polymorpha, L.

JUNGBRMANIACEAB

Sphaerocarpus Michelii, Bell
Aneura pingui> (L.) E.
— multifida (L.)
Metzgeria furcata (L.)
Pellia endiviaefolia (Dicks.)

JUNGERMANIACEAE {cotlt.)

Pellia epiphylla (L.)
Fossombronia pusilla (L.). 1
Nardia scalaris (Schrad.). E
Aplozia crenulata (Sm.)
Lophozia inflata (Huds.)

— ventricosa (Dicks.)

— excisa (Dicks.)

— incisa (Schrad.) E.
Sphenolobus exsectaeformis

(Breidl.)
Plagiochila asplenioides (L.)
Mylia anomala (Hook.). E
Lophocolea bidentata (L.)

— heterophylla (Schrad.)
Cephalozia bicuspidata (L.)

— connivens (Dicks.)

— Francisci (Hook.)
Cephalozia byssacea (Roth.)

— bifida (Schreb.)

JUNGERMANIACEAE («»/.)

Odontoschisma sphagni (Dicks.).
E. E.

E. Kantia trichomanis (L.)

— Sprengelii (Mart.)
W. Lepidozia setacea (Web.). E.

Ptilidium ciliare (L.)
Scapania compacta (Roth.)

— nemoros.i (L.)

— ? undulata (L.)

— irrigua (Nees.)
Radula complanata (L.)
Madotheca platyphylla (L.)
Frullania tamarisci (L.). W.

— dilatau, (L.)

AnTH OCE ROTACEAE

Anthoceros punctatus, L.

FRESHWATER ALGAE AND DIATOMS

Among the data used in compiling this account of these lowly groups of plants, the
following books have been used : — the Flora of Suffolk by Henslow and Skepper, the Old
Botanist's Guide, the History of Yarmouth (Norfolk and Suffolk), and through the kindness of
the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield, a manuscript of Mr. Skepper's and other data. The list of
diatoms is almost entirely due to Mr. Skepper. A collection was made in May 1896 by my
late son, Wm. West, jun., B.A., when botanizing on Cavenham Heath, the result being the
addition of about ten species, marked *.

There is considerable scope for future workers, particularly among the desmids, as very-
few of this family are recorded. Investigators should be forthcoming in these days, when
cheap and good modern microscopes are a\'ailable. It will be found to be a most interesting
study at almost all times of the year, as wherever there is any permanent moisture, algae of
some kind are sure to be found, and they require no preparation before examination. Even
diatoms can usually be determined without boiling in nitric acid, after being kept in strong
spirit for some days. For the nreservation of algae for future examination an equal volume
of five per cent, formalin should be added to the same volume of the water containing the
algae ; this will preserve thtm indefinitely for future examination. It is advisable to make
notes as to colour, &c., before preserving them. A large number of the algae are verv

74

BOTANY

minute, and in order to obtain these some advice is necessary as they are not visible to the
naked eye ; these forms are often found about the stems and leaves of constantly submerged
plants, such as Utricu/aria, Myriophyllum, Nuphcr, Nymphaea^ Potamogeton, Sphagnum, &c.
To collect from plants like these it is best to remove them (or parts of them) from the water
with as little mud as possible and allow them to drain for about a minute, after which they
should be gently squeezed over a wide-mouthed bottle. Gatherings made in this way are
usually very rich in minute species.

FRESHWATER ALGAE

Only a moderate number of species have been noted as yet from the county ; this is due
to lack of local workers during recent times, most of the records being old ones. Excluding
diatoms, not more than forty genera and less than seventy species have been recorded. The
districts about Tuddenham, Bradwell, Belton, Bury, Lound, and Ipswich, would certainly
yield further results if worked. Among these recorded plants is the beautiful netted-purse
plant, Hydrodictyon utriculatum, found at Bungay and other places. About ten genera of
unicellular plants, excluding diatoms and desmids, are known to occur ; these include the
pretty coenobial genera Scenedesmus and Pediastrum. Volvox globator is frequent, and V. aureus
is probably present ; the latter can be distinguished from the former by its smooth spores and
smaller size. The Conjugatae are represented by seven genera including the Desmidiaceae,
only four genera belonging to the latter being recorded. The genus Vancherla is well
represented, by six species, including V. dichotoma, which is seldom absent from maritime
counties. The beautiful orange-coloured aerial algae, Trentepohlia {Chroolepus) aureum occurs
on trees. The two British species of the delicately-branched genus Draparnald'ia are frequent.
The gelatinous genus Chaetophora is represented by two species. As only two or three species
of the Oedogoniaceae are known to occur, it is evident that more work can be done in this
group. The remaining genera of the green algae which are known are those of common
occurrence.

The blue-green algae usually known as the Cyanophyceae (Myxophyceae is an earlier
name) are represented by about fourteen species under eight genera, the genus Oscillatoria
being represented by seven species.

The only freshwater algae belonging to the Red Algae that are recorded are Batracho-
spermum monUiforme and B, vagum, both very elegant species, and a species of Lemanea.

DIATOMS

This well-known group of plants includes both freshwater and marine species, as well as
some that are usually only found in brackish water, or sometimes in the latter as well as in
freshwater, or, in the case of some species, in either marine or brackish water. These are
unicellular plants of very varied form ; they occur wherever water is constantly found ; they
differ from all the other algae in having their cell-wall impregnated with silica, which prac-
tically renders them — as regards their form and markings — indestructible, hence large fossil-
deposits of them are found which are used commercially for various purposes, one important
one being in the preparation of dynamite. The cell-walls are beautifully and symmetrically
sculptured, although they are extremely thin. A fair number of species are known for the
county, about 200 species under about fifty genera ; this includes the strictly maritime species.
The genus Gyrosigma {Pkuroslgma), with its finely marked cell-walls, is well represented by
twenty species. Under the genus Navicula (including Pinnularia) about forty species are
recorded, and for the genus Nitzschia about twelve species. The genera Stauroneis, Gom-
phoncma, and Synedra, are represented by from four to six species each, while the genera
Surirella and Epithemia have eight and five species respectively, the genus Amphora also having
five. None of the other genera are represented by more than four species, the genera
Campylodiscus, Eupodiscm, Cocconeis, and Amph'iprora, have each several species. Fewer species
are recorded for the genera Cymbella, Coscinodlscus, Actinocyclm, Cydotella, Tryhlionella, Cymato-
pleura, Cocconema, Doryphora, Podosphaenioy Rhiphidophora, Aferidion, Bacillaria, Odontidium,
Fragi/aria, Achnanthes, Achnanthidium, Rhahdonema, Diatoma, Grommatophora, Tahellaria^
Amphitetras, Biddulphia, Podoiira, Melosira, Orthoura, Maitoglota, Encyonema, Colletsnema, and
Schizonema, the species recorded usually varying from one to three.

75

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

The following is a list of most of the species known to occur ; a few of the diatoms are
those of brackish water : —

DiATOMACEAR

Melosira Borreri, Grev.

— varians, Ag.

Cyclotella Kutzingiana, Chauvin

— astraea, Kutz.
Cylindrotheca gracilis, Grlln.
Tabellaria flocculosa, KUtz.

— fenestrata, KUtz.
Meridion circulare, Ag.
Diatoma vulgare, Bory

— elongatum, Bory

— Ehrenbergii, forma grandis,

W. Sm.
Fragilaria capucina, Desm.

— mutabilis, GrUn.

— construens,var. binodis, Grlln.
Synedra Ulna, Ehren.

— radians, W. Sm.

— pulchella, Kiltz.
Eunotia lunaris, GrUn.
Achnanthes linearis, W. Sm.
Cocconeis pediculus, Ehren.

— placentula, Ehren.
Navicula serians, Kutz.

— cuspidata, Kutz.

• — • Iridis, var. firma, W. Sm.
var. producta, W. Sm.

— elliptica, W. Sm.

— elegans, W. Sm.

— limosa, var. gibberula, Van

Heurck.

— ambigua, Ehren.

— Amphisboena, Bory

— tumens, W. Sm.

— binodis, W. Sm.

— pygmaea, KOtz.

— major, Kotz.

— 'nobilis, Kutz.

— viridis, Ktltz.

— oblonga, Kfltz.

— peregrina, Kutz.

— Tabellaria, var. 'acrosphaeria,

Raben.

— radiosa, KOtz.

— acuta. Van Heurck.

— gracilis, KUtz.

— digitato-radiata, var. Cypri-

nus. Van Heurck.

— divergens, Ralfi

— Brebissonii, Kutz.

— Johnsonii, W. Sm.

— mesolepta, Ehren.

— Rabenhorstii, GrUn.

— crucicula. Van Heurck.
V'anheurckia rhomboides, Breb.
Stauroneis Phoenicenteron, Eh-
ren.

— anceps, Ehren.

var. linearis. Van Heurck.
Pleurosigma acuminatum, W.Sm.

— tttenuatum, W. Sm.

— Spencerii, V/. Sm.

DlATOMACEAE {cOJIt.)

Gomphonema augur, Ehren.

— constrictum, Ehren.

— acuminatum, Ehren.

— olivaceum, Ehren.
Rhoicosphenia curvata, GrQn.
Encyonema prostratum, Ralfs

— caespitosum, Kutz.
Cymbella affinis, Kotz.

— cuspidatum, Kutz.

— Ehrenbergii, Kutz.
Cocconema lanceolatum, Ehren.

— cymbiforme, Ehren.

— Cistula, Ehren.
Amphora salina, W. Sm.
- — hyalina, Kutz.

— ovalis, Kotz.

var. affinis, KUtz.
var. pediculus, Kutz.
Epithemia turgida, W. Sm.

— sorex, Kutz.

— zebra, Kutz.

— gibba, Kutz.

— ventricosa, KUtz.
Bacillaria paradoxa, Gmel.
Nitzschia sigmoidea, W. Sm.

— linearis, W. Sm.

— sigma, W. Sm.

— spectabilis, Ralfs

— Amphioxys, W. Sm.

— vivax, W. Sm.

— bilobata, W. Sm.

— plana, W. Sm.

— acicularis, W. Sm.

— gracilis, Raben.

— lanceolata, W. Su..

— constricta, Pritch.
Cymatopleura Solea, W. Sm.

var. apiculata, Pritch.

— elliptica, W. Sm.
Surirella biseriata, Breb.

— linearis, W. Sm.

— gracilis, GrUn.

— striatula, Turp.

— Brightwellii, W. Sm.

— minuta, Breb.

— ovata, Kutz.

var. salina, W. Sm.
Campylodiscus noricus, var.
costata, W. Sm.

— Echineis, Ehren.

The following are marine
diatoms : —

Podosira hormoides, KUtz.

— maculata, Sm.
Melosira nummuloides, Ag.

— sulcata, Kutz.
Hyalodiscus stelliger. Bail.
Coscinodiscus excentricus, Ehren.

DlATOMACEAE (cOHt.)

Coscinodiscus radiatus, Ehren
var. concinnus, W. Sm.
Actinoptychus undulatus, Ehren.
Auliscus sculptus, Ralft
Eupodiscus Argus, Ehr.
Actinocyduscrassus.Van Heurck.
Biddulphia aurita, Breb.

— pulchella. Gray

— rhombus, W. Sm.

— Smithii, Van Heurck.

— Favus, Van Heurck.
Synedra affinis, Kutz.

— fulgens, W. Sm.

— superba, Kutz.
Achnanthes longipes, Ag.

— brevipes, Ag.
Schizonema eiimium, Thur.

— crucigerum, W. Sm.

— GreviUii, Ag.
Cocconeis scutellum, Ehr.

— diaphana, W. Sm.
Navicula Smithii, Ag.

— didyma, Ehren.

— marina, Ralfs

— Hennedyi, var. clavata.

Van Heurck.

— Lyra, Ehren.

— directa, W. Sm.

— aspera, Ehren.
Scoliopleura Westii, GrUn.

— latestriata, GrUn.

— tumida, Rabenh.
Stauroneis salina, W. Sm.
Pleurosigma formosum, W. Sm.

— decorum, W. Sm.

— speciosum, W. Sm.

— rigidum, W. Sm.

— elongatum, W. Sm.

— strigosum, W. Sm.

— quadratum, W. Sm.

— angulatum, W. Sm.

— Aestuarii, W. Sm.

— Balticum, W. Sm.

— Fasciola, W. Sm.

- — intermedium, W. Sm.

— acuminatum, VV. Sm.

— praelongum, W. Sm.

— tenuissimum, W. Sm.

— littorale, W. Sm.

— Hippocampus, W. Sm.
Doryphora amphiceros, Kutz.
Amphiprora alata, Kutz.

— constricta, Ehren.
^r vitrea, W. Sm.

— elegans, W. Sm.
Mastogloia Smithii, Thw.
Rhoicosphenia curvata, var.

marina, W. Sm.

Epithemia musculus, var. con-
stricta, W. Sm.

Tryblionella acuminata, W. Sm.

76

BOTANY

DiATOMACEAK (rOllt.)

Tryblionella marginata, W. Sm.
Nitzschia angularis, W. Sm.

— longissima, Ralfs

— closterium, W. Sm.
Surirella Gemma, Ehren.
Campylodiscus Hodgsonii, W.Sm.

— parvulus, W. Sm.
Podosphaenia Ehrenbergii, Kutz.
Rhipidophora elongata, Kutz.

— paradoxa, Kutz.
.-\mphitetrasantediluviana,Ehren.
Grammatophora marina, Kutz.
Rhabdonema arcuatum, Kutz=

— minutum, Kutz.

Among the few other fresh-
water Algae known to occur are
the following : —

Rhodophyceae

Lemanea torulosa, Ag.
Batrachospermum moniliforme
Ag.

— vagum, Ag.

Chlorophyceab

Bulbochaete setigera, Ag.
Oedogonium vesicatum, Wittr.
Chaetophora pisiformis, Ag.

— cornu-damae, Ag.

— tuberculosa, Ag.

Chlorophyceae (cent.)

Ulothrix zonata, KUtz.

— rivularis, Kutz.

— parietina, KUtz.
Myxonema tenue, Rabenh.
Draparnaldia glomerata, Ag.
Trentepohlia aurea, Mart.
Enteromorpha intestinalis, Link.
Prasiola crispa, Menegh.

— furfuracea, Menegh.
Chaetomorpa linum, KUtz,
Cladophora fracta, Kutz.

— glomerata, Ktltz.
Vaucheria sessilis, var. caespitosa,

Raben.

— dichotoma, Ag.

— geminata, DC.

— ornithocephala, Hass.

— terrestris, Lyngb.
■ — Dillwynii, Ag.
Mougeotia genuflexa, Ag.
Spirogyra nitida. Link,

— decimina, Kutz.

— quinina, Kutz.

— pellucida, Kutz.
Zygnema pectinatum, Ag.

— cruciatum, Ag.

— ericctorum, Hansg.
Pleurotaenium "truncatum. Nag.
Closterium 'Dianae, Ehren.

— 'striolatum, Ehren.

— 'Kutzingii, Brib.

— Lunula, Nitzsch.
Cosmarium 'Botrytis, Meneg.

Chlorophyceae {cone.)

Hyalotheca dissiliens, Breb.
Volvox globator, Ehren.
Pleurococcus vulgaris, Meneg.
Hydrodictyon utriculatum. Roth.
Scenedesmus quadricauda, Breb.
Pediastrum Boryanum, Meneg.
Palmella botryoides, Kiitz.
Gloeocystis *gigas. Lager
Hydrianum *heteromorphum,

Reinsch.
Tetraspora, lubrica. Roth.
Ophiocytium cochleare, A. Br.
Tribonema 'bombycina, Derb.

and Sol.

Myxophyceae

Porphyridium cruentum. Nag.
Tolypothrix distorta, Kutz.
Anabaena Flosaquae, Breb.
Lyngbya ochracea, Thur.
Phormidium autumnale, Go-

mont.
Oscillatoria tenuis, Ag.

— nigra, Vauch.

— limosa, Ag.

Nostoc sphaericum, Vauch.

— coeruleum, Lyngb.

— commune, Vauch.

— pruni forme, Ag.

— *microscopicum, Carm.
Gloiotrichia natans, Ag.

MARINE ALGAE

The coast of Suffolk, like that of the neighbouring counties of Norfolk and Essex, is
singularly unfavourable to the growth of marine algae. Few if any rocks are accessible even
at the lowest tides, and the shifting shingle and sand which form the greater part of the fore-
shore of the county offer no secure anchorage for marine plants. The larger sea-weeds (e.g.
Laminaria hyperborean Saccorhiza polyschides, Sec.) are entirely wanting, whilst the bladder- wracks
{Fuci), which are such conspicuous objects on all our rocky coasts, are found in comparatively
small quantity, and usually more or less dwarfed and stunted wliere they occur within the
limits of the county. Many brackish-water species are to be met with at the mouth of the
River Yare and at the influx of the Stour and Orwell. Great musses of Enteromorphae, Ulvae,
Chaetomorphae, &c., are always to be seen floating in the water or stranded on the mud when
the tide recedes ; whilst the dreary salt-marshes which fringe the estuaries produce their crop
of Osdllatoriae and other Myxophycea, which are of great interest to the algologist, but I fear
not very attractive to the ordinary collector.

It is useless to attempt to trace the distribution within the county of the species recorded,
for whilst a few of them were gathered from the rocks at Felixstowe and elsewhere, by far the
greater number were found amongst the rejectamenta on the beach. No doubt many of them
had been detached from submerged rocks in the immediate vicinity of the spot where they
were found, but others showed clearly by their battered condition that they had drifted from
some more distant locality. The amount of sea-wrack cast up at any point on the Suffolk
coast is never very great, and so far as I am aware the farmers of the county do not
trouble to collect it for manure, as is usually done in counties where sea-weed is found
in abundance.

77

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

No attempt has been made in recent years to catalogue the marine flora of Suffolk, the
list of sea-weeds in Henslow and Skepper's Flora of Suffolk (London, i860) (H. & S.) being
the most recent known to me. These authors were doubtless greatly assisted in compiling
their list by the account of the Norfolk and Suffolk algae published by Messrs. C. J. and James
(afterwards Sir James) Paget in their Sketch of the Natural History of Yarmouth in 1834. Various
Suffolk localities are also mentioned in Dawson Turner's Synopsis of the British Fuci, Dillwyn
& Turner's Botanist's Guide (O.B.G.), Greville's yfl^ae Britannic^ (Grev.), and Harvey's
Phycologia Britannica. I have myself collected at various points on the Suffolk coast, and my
friend Mr. George Massee of the Royal Herbarium, Kew, has kindly presented me with a
number of specimens collected by him at Felixstowe. The nomenclature used in the present
list is that of my Catalogue of the British Marine Algae.

No/e. — The writer, the late Mr. E. A. L. Batters, F.L.S., had himself gathered most of the species
here recorded for Suffolk, or had seen specimens from it. In other cases the source of information
is given.

MvXOPHYCrAE

Dermocarpa prasina, Born.
Hvella caespitosa, Born.
Spirulina subsalsa, CErsted.
Oscillatoria Corallinx, Gom.
Lyngbya aestuarii, Liebm.

— semiplena, J. Ag.
Symploca hydnoides, Kiitz.
Plectonema terebrans, Born.
Microleus chthonoplastes, Thur.
Calothrix confervicola, Ag.

— scopulorum, Ag.
Rivularia atra. Roth.
Mastigocoleus testarum, Lsgerh.
Anaboena variabilis, Kiitz.

— torulosa, Lagerh.

Chlorospermeab

Prasiola stipitata, Suhr.
Mono.nroma Grevillei, Wittr.
Percursaria percussa, Rosenv.
Enteromorpha clathrata, J. Ag.

— torta, Reinb.

— compressa, Grev.

— Linza, J. Ag.

— intestinalis. Link.
Ulva l.ictuca, L.
Ulothrix flacca, Thur.
Endoderma Flustrae, Batt.
Tellamia contorta, Batt.
Urospora isogona, Batt.
Chaetomorpha tortuosa, Kutz.

— linum, Kiitz.

— aerea, Kutz.

— Melagonium, Kiitz.
Rhizoclonium riparium, Harv.
Cladophora pellucida, Kiitz. (H.

& S.)

— Hutchinsiae, Harv.

— rupestris, Kiitz.

— hirta, KUtz.

— utriculosa, Kiitz.

— glaucescens, Hary.

— fracta, Kutz.

— arcta, Kiitz.
Gomontia polyrhiza, Bern.
Brjopsis plumosa, Ag.

FUCOIDEAB

Desmarestia viridis, Lamour.

— ligulata, Lamour (Grev.)

— aculeata, Lamour.
Scytosiphon lomentarius, J. Ag.
Punctaria plantiginea, Grev.
Asperococcus fistulosus, Hook.
Ectocarpus confervoides, Le

Jol.

— siliculosus, Kiitz.
Pylaiella litoralis, Kjellm.
Arthrocladia villosa, Duby.

(Grev.)
Elachistea fucicola. Fries.
Sphacelaria cirrhosa, Ag.
Cladostephus spongiosus, Ag.

— verticillatus, Ag.
Stypocaulon scoparium, Kiitz.
Chordaria flagelliformis, Ag. (H.

& S.)
Mesogloia vermiculata, Le Jol.

(H. & S.)
Leathesia difformis, Aresch.
Sporochnus pedunculatus, Ag.

(Grev.)
Chorda filum, Stackh. (H. & S.)
Laminaria saccharina, Lamour.
var. phyllitis, Le Jol.

— digitata. Lam. (H. & S.)
Cutleria multifida, Grev. (H. &

Fucus spiralis, L.

— vesiculosus, L.

— serratus, L.

Ascophyllum nodosum, Le Jol.
Pelvetia canaliculata, Decne. &

Thur. (H. & S.)
Himanthalia lorea, Lyngb. (H.

.&S.)
Halidrys siliquosa, Lyngb.
Cystoseira granulata, Ag. (H. &

— ericoides, Ag. Turner

— fibrosa, Ag.

Tilopteris Mertensii, Kiitz. (H.

& S.)
Dictyota dichotom.a, Lamour.
Taenia atomaria, J. Ag. (Grev.)

78

Florideae

Bangia fuscopurpurea, Lyngb.
Porphyra umbilicalis, Kiitz.

var. laciniata, J. Ag.
Acrochaetium Daviesii, Nag. (H.

& S.)
Scinaia furcellata, Bivona (Grev.)
NaccariaWigghii,EndI. (H.&S.)
Chondrus crispus, Stackh.
Gigartina steliata, Batt.
Phyllophora epiphylla, Batt.

— membranifolia, J. Ag.
Ahnfeltia plicata. Fries.
Callophyllis laciniata, Kiitz.
Cystoclonium purpureum, Batt.
RJiodophyllis bifida, Kiitz.

(Grev.)
Gracilaria conferi'oides, Grev.
Calliblepharis ciliata, Kiitz.
Rhodymenia palmata, Grev.
Lomentaria articulata, Lyngb.

— clavellosa, Gail. (Grev.)
Chylocladia ovata, Batt. (Grev.)
Plocamium coccineum, Lyngb.
Nitophyllum ramosum, Batt.

— Gmelini, Grev.
Phycodr}-s rubens, Batt.
Delesseria sanguinea, Lamour.

— alata, Lamour.

— ruscifolia, Lamour. (Grev.)

— hypoglossum, Lamour.

(Grev.)
Bonnemaisonia asparagoides, Ag.

(Grev.)
Bostrychia scorpioides, Mont.

(H. & S.)
Rhodometa subfusca, Ag.

— lycopodioides, Ag. (H. & S.)
Laurencia pinnatifida, L:imour.
Chondria dasyphylla, Ag.

(Grev.)
Polysiphonia urceolata, Grev.
var. comosa, Ag.
var. patens, J. Ag.

— elongata, Grev.

— fastigiata, Grev.

— nigra, Batt.

— nigrescens, Grev.

BOTANY

Florideae (con/.)

Brongniartella byssoides, Bory.

(H. & S.)
Heterosiphonia plumosa, Batt.
Spermothamnion Turner!,

Aresch.
Griffithsia flosculosa, Batt.
Halurus equisetifolius, KUtz.

(H. & S.)
Rhodochorton Rothii, NSg.

Florideae (cone.)

Callithamnionpolyspermum, Ag.

— roseum, Har/.

— Hookeri, Ag.

[— tetricum, Ag. (H. & S.)]
Plumaria elegans, Schm.
Antithamnion Plumula, Thur.
Ceramium rubrum, Ag.

— ciliatum, Ducluz. (H. & S.)

(acanthonotum ?)

Florideae (cott/.)

Halarachnion ligulatum, Kutz.

O.B.G.
Furcellaria fastigiata, Lamour.
Polyides rotundus, Grev. (Grev.)
Corallina officinalis, L.

Excluded Speciss
Sargassum vulgare, Ag.

LICHENES {Lichens)

The list of lichens occurring in the county is more extensive than might have been
expected, the want of rocks being partially compensated by the brick and stone walls, some of
them of great age, to which many lichens are restricted through the utter absence of rock
surfaces. Interesting species are also found on the pebbles, which are scattered over some of
our waste and barren land, and also on the ground in like localities. This is more particularly
the case with the uncultivated portion of the Breck district, such as Thetford Warren, which
is wholly in this county.

Many species of lichens were first admitted into the British flora from specimens
collected in Suffolk and Norfolk, and a considerable proportion of these were due to the
investigation of Mr. Dawson Turner, who, in conjunction with Mr. Borrer, diligently
collected and studied them. A good list of the Suffolk species is given in Henslow and
Skepper's Flora. The additions made since are principally due to Mr. C. Larbalestier, who
has added much to our knowledge of British lichens, and to whom Leighton's Lichen Flora
is dedicated.

All that is known of Suffolk lichens to the present time is recorded by the Rev. E. N.
Bloomfield, in the Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists^ Society (1904-5),
viii, 1 17-37. Here we can only mention a few species.

On walls Lecanora atra and several Lecideei, such as Lecidea canescens, are abundant, while
less common are Lecanora parella and sulphurea, Urceolaria scruposa, and Squamaria saxicola at
Bury. In the north-west Lecanora arenaria is not uncommon, and the scarce Placodium
decipiens has been found at Herringfleet, Framlingham Castle, and Brandon.

On old raihngs various species are found, as Parmelia physodes and saxatilis and other
Parmeliae, &c., and rarely Calicium chrysocephalum, Lecidea ostreata^ and Trachylia tigillaris ;
this latter is a very pretty species, bright yellow, with small black apothecia ; it has occurred
at Southtown and Little Glemham, and Mr. Larbalestier found it in plenty on some old posts
at Felixstowe. T. ty>npanella is not uncommon on tops of posts and on gates, and stains the
fingers touching it, with its sooty spores.

Many species are common on trees, such as various Parmeliae, Parmelia caperata,
pulverulent a., steltaris, Sec. P. acetabulum is both local and scarce, and the handsome Physcia
ciliaris is not uncommon. Sticta pulmonaria is recorded for Suffolk, but must be very
scarce ; the curious batswing Collema nigrescens is conspicuous in wet weather on trees, but
shrinks up when dry. All these are foliaceous species.

Young ash trees appear as if covered in places with patches like wax ; this is due to
Verrucaria nitida. There are also various Graphidei, as Opegrapha lyncea on old oaks, Graphis
scripta, Sec, and Stigmatidium crassum, a very curious but inconspicuous lichen ; although it
well deserves its old name Lichen obscurus, it can be recognized at once by any one accustomed
to its peculiar thallus.

On the barren heaths and denes there are various interesting species, as Cladina rangiferina,
the reindeer moss ; the allied very elegant C. sylvatica, the strange looking prickly Cetraria
aculeuta, and sometimes Lecidea caeruleonigricans. There are also various kinds of the poly-
morphous Cladoniei, as Cladonia endiviaefolia, cariosa, alcicornis, gracilis, &c.

The following scarce species are recorded by Mr. Larbalestier from Thetford Warren : —
Jlectoria jubata, var. chalyheiformis ; Urceolaria scruposa, var. bryophila ; Parmelia conspersa, var.
Mougeotii, Lecanora umbrino-fusca, L. pyreniospora {Conradi) on very old excrements of sheep,

79

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

and the rare Squamaria Itntigtra abundant on the edge of the first deep chalk pit on the left-
hand side of the road from Thetford across the warren.

Our list of Caliciei is a good one, comprising fourteen species, some of which have
been already mentioned ; but there are other scarce species, as Calicium phoeocephalum and
Coniocybe furfuracea. Baeomyces roseus and B. ichmadophilus are very scarce, B. rufus not very
uncommon, Strigula Babingtonii, which grows on the leaves of the common laurel, has been
found at Cockfield, but is now, I believe, considered to be a fungus.

CoLLEMEI

CoUema pulposum, Bernh.
var. tenax

— limosum, Ach.

— crispum, Huds.

— cheileum, Ach.

— nigrescens, Huds.
Leptogium microphyllum, Ach.

— tenuissimum, Dicks.

— cretaceum, Sm.

— lacerum, Ach.

— subtile, Schrad.

— slnuatum, Huds.

— palmatum, Huds.

— turgidum, Ach.

— Schraderi, Bernh.

Calicibi

Sphinctrina tnrbinata, Pers.
Calicium chrysocephalum, .\ch.

— phoeocephalum, Borr.

— aciculare, Sm.

— trichiale,

var. stemomeum, Ach.
var. ferrugineum, Borr.

— hyperellum, Ach.

— trachelinum, Ach.

— quercinum, Pers.

— curtum, Borr.

— subtile, Pers.
Coniocybe furfuracea, Ach.
Trachylia tigillaris, Fr.

— tympanella, Fr.

Bazomycei

Baeomyces rufus, DC.

— roseus, Pers.

— ichmadophilus, Ehrh.

Cladomiei

Pycnothelia papillaria, Duf.
Cladonia endiviaefolia, Fr.

— pungens; Flk.

— cervicomis, Schaer.

— cariosa, Flk.

— delicata, Flk.

— alcicornis, Flk.

— pyxidata, Fr.

— gracilis

var. chordalis, Ach.

— furcata, Hoffin.

— comucopioides, Fr.

Cladoniei (iron/.)

Cladonia digitata

var. macilenta, Hoffm.
Cladina sylvatica, Hoffrn.

— rangiferina, Hoffhi.

— uncialis, Hoffm.

Stereocaclei
Stereocaulon paschale, Ach.

UsNEEI

Usnea barbata

var. florida, L.

var. hirta, L.

var. articulata, Ach.

Ramalinei

Alectoria jubata, L.
Evernia furfuracea, Mann.

— prunastri, L.

var. stictocera, Ach.
Ramalina farinacea, L.

— fraxinea, L.

var. ampliata, Ach.

— fastigiata, Pers.

— pollinaria, Ach.

var. humilis, Ach.

Cetrariei

Cetraria aculeata, Fr.

var. muricata, Ach.
Platysma sepincola, Ehrh.

— diffusum, Web.

— glaucum, L.

Peltigerei

Pehigera canina, L.

— rufescens, Hoffm.

— spuria, Ach.

— polydactyla, Hoffm.

Parmeliei

Sticta pulmonaria, Ach.
Parmelia caperata, L.

— olivacea, L.

— physodes, L.

— perlata, L.
tiliacea

var. scortea, Ach-

80

Parmeliei {cont.)

Parmelia conspersa, Ehrh.

— acetabulum. Neck.

— saxatilis, L.
Physcia parietina, L.

— ciliaris, L.

— pulverulenta, Schreb.

var. pityrea, Ach.

— obscura, Ehrh.

var. virella, Ach.
var. ulothrix, Ach.

— stellaris, L.

var. tenella. Scop.
var. caesia, Hoffm.

Pannariei

Psoroma hypnorum, Vahl.
Pannaria pezizoides

var. coronata, Ach.

— microphylla, Sw.

— nigra, Huds.

Squamariei

Squamaria lentigera, Web.

— saxicola. Poll.
Placodium murorum, Hoffm.

— decipiens. Am.

— citrinum, Ach.

— fulgens, Sw.

Lecanorei

Lecanora vitellina, Ach.

— candelaria, Ach.

— fuscata, Schrad.

— varia, Ehrh.

— atra, Huds.

— circinata, Pers.

— snlphurea, Hoffm.

— expallens, Ach.

— subfusca, L.

— galactina, Ach.

— hageni, Ach.

— calcarea,

var. Hoffinanni, Ach.

— gibbosa

var. porinoidea, Flot.
- — parella, L.

var. Turneri, Sm.

— ferruginea, Huds.

— colobina, Ach.

— cerina, Ehrh.

BOTANY

Lecanorei {cont.)

Lecanora pyracea

var. ulmicola, DC.
var. holocarpa, Ehrh.
var. pyrithroma, Ach.

— arenaria, Pers.

— sophodes, Ach.

var. exigua, Ach.
var. roboris, Duf.

— pyreniospora, Nyl.

— haematomma, Ehrh.

— Conradi, Nyl.

— umbrino-fusca, Nyl.

Pertusariei

Pertusaria dealbata, Ach.

— communis, DC.

— fallax, Pers.

— velata, Turn.

— faginea, L.

— globulifera, Turn.

— leioplaca, Ach.
Phylctls agelaea, Ach.

— argena, Ach.

Thelotremei

Thelotrema lepadinum, Ach.
Urceolaria scruposa, L.

var. bryophila, Ach.

Lecideei

Lecidea decipiens, Ehrh.

— ostreata, HofFm.

— dispansa, Nyl.

Lecideei {com.)

Lecidea prominula, Borr.

— flexuosa

var. aeruginosa, Borr.

— decolorans, Flk.

var. escharoides, Ehrh.

— dubia, Borr.

— quernea, Dicks.

— parascma, Ach.

var. elaeochroma, Ach.

— uliginosa, Schrad.

— coarctata

var. elachista, Ach.

— contigua, Fr.

— canescens, Dicks.

— myriocarpa, DC.

var. chloropolia, Fr.
var. pinicola, Ach.
var. muscicola, Pers.

— caeruleonigricans, Lightf.

— tricolor. With.

var. insignis

— Ehrhartiana, Ach.

— diluta, Pers.

— alboatra, HofFm.

var. epipolia, Ach.

— aromatica, Sm.

— milliaria, Fr.

var. syncomista, Flk.

— premnea, Ach.

— rubella, Ehrh.

- — bacillifera, Nyl.

— muscorum, Sv/.

— effusa, Sra.

— cupularis, Ehrh.

— epigaea, Schr.

Opegrapha herpetica, Ach.
var. rubella, Pers.
var. rufescens, Pers.

— atra, Pers.

— Turneri, Leight.

— saxicola,

var. Chevallieri, Leighl

— varia

var. pulicaris, Lightf.
var. notha, Ach.
var. tigrina, Ach

— vulgata, Ach.

— Leightonii, Crombie

— lyncea, Sm.
Stigmatidium crassum. Dub.
Arthonia Swartziana, Ach.

— epipasta, Ach.

— cinnabarina, Wallr.

— pruinosa, Ach.
Graphis scripta, Ach.

var. serpentina, Ach.

Pyrenocarpei

Endocarpam hepaticum, Ach.
Verrucaria mauroides, Schaer.

— nigrescens, Pers.

— fuscella. Turn.

— polysticta, Borr.

— viridula, Schrad.

— rupestris, Schrad.

var. muralis

— calciseda, DC.

— gemmata, Ach.

— nitida, Weig.

FUNGI

The first, and until very lately the only list of Suffolk fungi, is that contained in
Henslow and Skcpper's Suffolk Flora. It is a good and extensive one, and is mostly due to
Mr. Skepper, who for several years collected very diligently, especially in 1856, about Bury,
and was very considerably assisted by the Rev. M.J. Berkeley, at that time our great authority
on fungi. After the publication of his Flora of Suffolk in 1889, Dr. Hind paid much
attention to the larger fungi, thus adding materially to the list of species ; many of his
specimens were determined or confirmed for him by Mr. G. Worthington Smith, and a few
by Dr. Cooke. We are also indebted for records of some of the rarer species to Dr. Badham,
author of the Esculent Funguses of England, who resided at East Bergholt, in this county. A
list of the species thus far recognized in Suffolk is given by the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield
in the Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society (1905-6), viii, 246-64.

Although the fungi are of small economic importance as articles of food, yet on the
other hand they are often very destructive in various ways. The only species usually eaten
in this country are the common and horse mushrooms, Agaricus campestris and arvensis, which
are both wholesome and much esteemed. The morel and truffle are well known and appre-
ciated, but are scarce.

Many other species are esteemed on the Continent, such as the Fairy-ring Cham-
pignon, the Cantharelle, &c., but are seldom tasted in this country. Many species are very
poisonous, even a small piece producing very severe illness or even death. Some of the
larger species are very destructive to trees and timber, while many of the small kinds are well-
known pests, such as the potato blight, the corn mildew, hop mildew, smut and bunt in corn, &c.
I 81 II

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

It was at one time supposed that the larger fungi, such as some of the Agarics, Polypori,
&c., only attacked dead or decaying trees, but though the spores may only gain access through
injuries or decay, the mycelium spreads into the surrounding parts, and thus kills the tree or
portions of it.

Another point worth mentioning is the very restricted nature of the matrix on which
some alone will grow. Thus Agaricus muddus only grows on beech, Polyporus hetulinus on
birch, P. dryadeus on oak. Boletus laricinus under larch trees, while many others show a marked
preference for one particular species of tree, as P. squamosus for ash, P. giganteus for beech,
P. sulphureus and Fistu/ina hepatka for oak, while others are not at all particular, but attack
many species of trees. The same is true of the smaller fungi.

The north-eastern part of the county, like the adjacent portion of Norfolk, is noted
among mycologists for the very rare Trichogastres — Batarrhea and species of Geaster — which
have occurred there.

No one since Mr. Skepper's death has paid much attention to the smaller species, which
are not given here, but may be found in the Flora of Suffolk.

HYMENOMYCETES
Agaricini

Amanita virosa, Fr.

— vaginata, Bull

— phalloides, Fr.

— muscaria, L.

— strobiliformis, Fr.

— rubescens, P.

— asper, Fr.
Lepiota procera, Scop.

— rachodes, Vitt.

— acutesquamosa, Wm.

— clypeolaria, Bull.

— cristata, Fr.

— cepaestipes. Sow.

— granulosa, Batsch.
Armillaria mellea, Vahl.
Tricholoma equestre, L.

— nictitans, Fr.

— rutilans, Schoeff.

— vaccinum, P.

— tcrreum, Schoeff.

— scalpturatum, Fr.

— cartilagineum, Bull

— sulphureum, Bull

— arcuatum, Bull

— acerbum, Bull

— grammopodium, Fr.

— subpulverulentum, Pers.

— nudum. Bull

— personatum, Fr.
Clitocybe nebularis, Batsch.

(canaliculatus)

— odora, Bull

— cerussata, Fr.

— candicans, Fr.

— dealbata, P.

— gallinacea. Scop.

— maxima, Fr.

— infundibuliformis, Schoeff.

— geotrupa, Bull

— flaccida, Sow.

var. lobatus (fimbriatus, b).

— cyathiformis, Fr.

— fragrans, Sow.

— laccata. Scop.

HYMENOMYCETES {cont.)

Agaricini {cont.)

Clitocybe phyllophila, Fr.
Pleurotus ulmariu?, Bull

— subpalmatus, Fr.

— fimbriatus, Bolt.

— ostreatus, Jacq.

— acerosus, Fr.
Collybia radicata, Relh.

— longipes, Bull (pudens)

— fusipes. Bull

— maculata, A. & S.

— butyracea. Bull

— velutipes, Curt.

— confluens, P.

— stipitaria, Fr.

— conigena, P.

— dryophila, Bull.

— exsculpta, Fr.

— tenacella, P.

— esculenta, Jacq.
Mycena pura, P.

— strobilina, Pers.

— lactea, P.

— galericulata, Scot.

— polygramma. Bull

— alcalina, Fr.

— galopus, Schrad.

— epipterygia. Scop.

— corticola, Schum.

— acicula, Schoeff. (clavus)
Omphalia pyxidata, Bull

— umbellifera, L.

— fibula, BuU
Pluteus leoninus, Schoeff.

— phlebophorus, Ditm.
Entoloma sinuatum, Fr.

— sericeum, ? Bull (pascuus)
Clitopilus prunulus. Scop.
Claudopus euosmus. Berk.

— variabilis, P.
Leptonia chalyboea, P.

— incana, Fr. (Sowerbei)
Nolanea pascua, P.
Pholiota praecox, P.

— capistrata, Cooke

82

HYMENOMYCETES {cont.)

Agaricini {cont.)

Pholiota squarrosa, MuU.

— adiposa, Fr.

— mutabilis, Schoeff.

— pudica, Bull

— heteroclita, Fr.
Hebeloma sinapizans, Fr.

— crustuliniforme, Bull

— fastibile, Fr.

— obscurum, P.

— rimosum. Bull

— geophyllum, Sow.
Flammula flavida, Schoeff.

— .apinea, Fr.
Crepidotus mollis, Schoeff.
Naucoria horizontalis, Bull

— melinoides, Fr.

— semiorbicularis, Bull

— siparia, Fr.
Galera tener, Schoeff.

— hypnorum, Batsch.
Tubaria furfuracea, P.
Psalliota an'ensis, Schoeff.

var. villaticus, Brond.

— campestris

var. pratensis, Vitt,
var. rufescens. Berk.
Stropharia aeruginosa, Curt.

— obturata, Fr.

— stercoraria, Fr.

— semiglobata, Batsch.
Hypholoma sablateritium, Fr.

— fasciculare, Huds.

— lacrymabundum, Fr.

— velutinum, P.

— Candollianum, Fr.

— appendiculatum. Bull
Psilocybe semilanceolata, Fr.

— foenisecii, P.

Panaeolus separatus, L. (senu-
ovatus)

— fimiputris. Bull

— papillionaceus, Bull
Psathyrella gracilis, Fr.

— atomata, Fr.

BOTANY

HYMENOMYCETES («»/.)

Agaricini (cont.)

Psathyrella disseminata, Fr.
Coprinus comatus, Fr.

— atramentarius, Fr.

— picaceus, Fr.

■ — fimetarius, Fr.

— niveus, Fr.

— micaceus, Fr.

— radians, Fr.

— radiatus, Fr.

— ephemeras, Fr.

— plicatilis, Fr.
Bolbitius titubans, Fr.

— fragilis, Fr.
Cortinarius purpurascens, Fr.

— collinitus, Fr.

— violaceus, Fr.

— anomalus, Fr.

— hinnuleus, Fr.
Paxillus involutus, Fr.

— panuoides, Fr.
Hygrophorus hypothejus, Fr.

— pratensis, Fr.

— virgineus, Fr.

— ceraceus, Fr.

— coccineus, Fr.

— miniatus, Fr.

— puniceus, Fr.

— conicus, Fr.

— psittacinus, Fr.

— vitellinus, Fr.
Gomphidius ? glutinosus, Fr.

— viscidus, Fr.
Lactarius torminosus, Fr.

— turpis, Fr.

— insulsus, Fr.

— blennius, Fr.

— vellereus, Fr.

var. exiuccus, Otto.

— piperatus, Fr.

— pyrogalus, Fr.

— deliciosus, Fr.

— pallidus, Fr.

— quietus, Fr.

— fuliginosus, Fr.

— glyciosmus, Fr.

— volemum, Fr.

— subdulcis, Fr.
Russula nigricans, Fr.

— rubra, Fr.

— foetens, Fr.

— emetica, Fr.

— Integra, Fr.

— alutacea, Fr.
Cantharellus cibarius, Fr.

— aurantiacus, Fr.
Marasraius peronatus, Fr.

— oreades, Fr.

— ramealis, Fr.

— androsaceus, Fr.

— rotula, Fr.

— caulicinalis, Fr.

— epiphyllus, Fr.
Lentinus Dunalii, Fr.

HYMENOMYCETES {cont.)
Agaricini {com.)

Lentinus lepldeus, Fr.

— cochleatus, Fr.
Panus stypticus, Fr.
Schizophyllum commune, Fr.
Lenzites betulina, Fr.

POLYPOREI

Boletus luteus, L.

— flavus. With.

— flavidus, Fr.

— laricinus. Berk.

— granulatus, L.

— bovinus, L.

— sanguineus, With.

— variegatus, Fr.

— chrysenteron, Fr.

— subtomentosus, L.

— edulis, Bull

— ? aestivalis, Fr. (pachypus)

— Satanas, Lenz.

— luridus, SchoefF.

— scaber, Fr.

— cyanescens, Bull
Polyporus lentus, Berk.

— rufescens, Fr. (Daedalea

biennis, Bull)

— perennis, Fr.

— squamosus, Fr.

— varius, Fr.

— lucidus, Fr.

— giganteus, Fr.

— sulphureus, Fr.

— caesius, Fr.

— adustus, Fr.

— hispidus, Fr.

— cuticularis, Fr.

— dryadeus, Fr.

— betulinus, Fr.

— fomentarius, Fr.

— igniarius, Fr.

— ribis, Fr.

— salicinus, Fr.

— annosus, Fr.

— connatus, Fr.

— fibula, Fr.

— velutinus, Fr.

— hirsutus, Fr.

— versicolor, Fr.

— abietinus, Fr.

— ferruginosiis, Fr.

— vaporarius, Fr.
Daedalea quercina, P.

— unicolor, Fr.
Merulius tremellosus, Schrad.

— corium, Fr.

— lachrymans, Fr.
Fistulina hepatica, Fr.

Hydnei

Hydnum imbricatum, L.

— repandum, L.

— auriscalpium, L.

83

HYMENOMYCETES {cont.)

AURICULARINI

Thelephora caryophyllea, Fr.

— palmata, Fr.

— laciniata, P.
Stereum purpnreum, Fr.

— hirsutum, Fr.

— sanguinolentum, Fr.

— rugosum, Fr.

— acerinum, Fr.
Hymenochaete rubiginosa. Lev.
■ — tabacina. Lev.
Auricularia mesenterica. Bull
Corticium giganteum, Fr.

— laeve, Fr.

— coeruleum, Fr.

— ochraceum, Fr.

— quercinum, P.

— cinereum, Fr.

— incarnatum, Fr.

— nudum, Fr.

— confluens, Fr.

— polygonium, P.

— comedens, Fr.

— sambuci, P.
Cyphella galeata, Fr.

Solenia ochracea, HofFra. (Peziza
anomala)

Clavariei

Clavaria amethystina. Bull

— fastigiata, DC.

— muscoides, L.

— cristata, Holmsk.

— rugosa. Bull

— abietina, Schum.

— stricta, P.

— inaequalis, Mull.

— vermiculata. Scop.

— acuta, Sow.
Calocera cornea, Fr.
Typhula Grevillei, Fr.

Tremellini

Tremella follacea, P.

— mesenterica, Retz.

— albida, Huds.

— intumescens, Sow.

— viscosa, Berk.
Exidia recisa, Fr.

— glandulosa, Fr.
Hirneola auricula-judae. Berk.
Dacrymyces deliquescens, Dub.

— stillatus, Nees.
Ditiola radicata, Fr.

GASTEROMYCETES

HyPOGAEI

Melanogaster ? variegatus, Tul.
(T. moschatum)

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

GASTEROMVCETES (cont.)
Phalloidki

Phallus Impudicus, L.

— iosmus. Berk.
Cynophallua caninus, Fr.

Trichogastres

Batarrea phalloides, P.
Tulostoma mammosum, Fr.
1} caster coliformis, P.
' — fornicatus, Fr.
• — striatus, DC.

— Bryantii, Berk.

— limbatus, Fr.

— mammosus, Che7.

— rufescens, Fr.

— hygrometricus, P.
Bovista nigrescens, P.

— plumbea, P.
Lycoperdon giganteum, Batsch.

— caelatum, Fr.

— atropurpureum, V^itt.

— saccatum, Vahl.

— gemmatum, Fr.

— pyriforme, SchoefF.
Scleroderma vulgare, Fr,

— verrucosum, P.

M^TtOGASTRES

Lycogala epidendrum, Fr.
Reticularia umbrina, Fr.

— maxima, Fr.
Aethalium septicum, Fr.
Spumaria alba, DC.
Diderma vernicosum, P.

— spumariodes, Fr.

— globosum, Fr.
Didymium hemisphericum, Fr.

— squamulosum, A. and G.

GASTEROMVCETES (<•««/.)

MVXOGASTRES {cont.)

Didymium farinaceum, Fr.

— nigripes, Fr.
Physarum nutans, P.

var. aureum, P.

— album, Fr.

Angioridium sinuosum, Grev.
Badhamia hyalina, Berk.

— fulvella. Berk.

— pallida, Berk.

— nitens. Berk.
Craterium minutum, Fr.

— leucocephalum, Ditm.
Stemonitis fusca. Roth.

— ovata, P.

Fnerthenema elegans, Bowm.
Arcyria punicea, P.

— incarnata, P.

— nutans, Fr.
Trichia fallax, P.

— clavata, P.

— turbinata, With.
Perichaena popnlina, Fr.

NiDULARIACBI

Cyathus striatus, HofFm.

— vernicosus, DC.
Crucibulum vulgare, Tul.
Sphaerobolus stellatus, Tode.

ASCOMYCETES
Elvellacki

Morchella esculenta, P.

— semilibera, DC.
Helvella crispa, Fr.

— lacunosa, Afz.

— elastica, Bull

ASCOMYCETES {c<mt.)

Elvellacei (cont.)

Verpa digitaliformis, P.
Sp.ithularia flavida, P.
Leotia lubrica, P.
Geoglossum glutinosum, P.
■ — glabrura, P.

— hirsutum, P.

— difForme, Fr.
Peziza acetabulum, L.

— tuberosa. Bull
. — venosa, P.

— b.idia, P.

— cochleata, Huds.

— aurantia, Fr.

— repanda, Wahl.

— cerea. Sow.

— cupularis, L.

— lanuginosa, Bull

var. Sumneri

— sepulta, Fr.

TUBERACEI

Tuber aestivum, Vitt.

Sphaeriacei

Torrubia militaris, Fr. (Isaria

farinosa)
Claviceps purpurea, Tul.
Epichloe typhina. Berk.
Hypocrea rufa, Fr. (Trichoderma

viride)

— alutacea, Fr.

Xylaria polymorpha, Grev.

— digitata, Grev.

— hypoxylon, Grev.

— carpophila, Fr.
Poronia punctata, Fr.
Ustulina vulgaris, Tul.
Hypoxylon concentricum, Grev.

ADDENDA

Since this list was compiled, the following species and varieties of flowering plants have
been recorded for the county : —

f^iola rurafis, Jord.

Acer campatre, L. var. leiocarpon, Wallr.

Kubus nitUtis, W. and N. E.

R. GoJroni, L. and L. W.

R. raJula, Weihe.

Hieracium scanicum, Dahlst. W.

Melampyrum arvense, L. W. Recorded in
Henslow and Skepper's ' Fl. SufF.' i860, and a
specimen exists collected in 1773 by Sir J. Cullum,

so the pl.int is something more than a casual in
the county as Hind (' FI. SufF.' 1889) suggests may
be the case.

{Orobanche caryofhylkcea, Sm. W.).

O. Pkridis, F. Schultz. W. Specimen seen in
Hb. Skepper.

Colchicum autumnak, L. var. album.

A'so Erythrj^a pukhella, Fr. Jias been found in
SuiFolk West.

84

ZOOLOGY

MARINE ZOOLOGY

For more than twenty years I have spent a considerable part of the
summer months on board my yacht The Glimpse in the various estuaries
of Suffolk, chiefly at Harwich, Mistley, Pinmill, Bawdsey, Woodbridge,
Orford, and Aldeburgh, occupying much of my time in trawling and
dredging, and in collecting on the surface of the water and on the banks
left dry at low tide. I have never been in the district at any other
season, and what I say about the marine animals relates only to the warm
part of the year, from May to September inclusive. In hot weather the
temperature of the estuaries is high owing to the great extent of mud
banks left dry at low water, and I have known it as much as 74 deg. in
the Orwell at Pinmill, whereas in winter the surface is sometimes
frozen. I have never been out in the more open sea in very hot and
still weather, and the highest temperature I have observed there was
67 deg., but no doubt the water in winter is warmer than in the estuaries.
These differences must have a great influence on the kinds of animals met
with in the different localities and at different seasons of the year. In
some cases even a few weeks make a considerable difference, for some of
the animals might be called annuals. There is also a great difference in
different years. My observations extended from 1882 to 1903 both
inclusive, and in that period there were great changes in nearly all
districts. Some animals common at the earlier part were scarce or not
found at the later, and the reverse, but it is impossible to say to what
extent this was a periodic or permanent change. I hope that the
account I now give of the numbers and species found in the above-named
years may throw light on this question. At the same time it is im-
portant to bear in mind that much depends on the methods used in
collecting, living on board a yacht being very different from living on
shore with the occasional use of a boat.

Characteristic Features of the Coast

In giving an account of the marine animals of Suffolk it seems
reasonable to include those I have collected on the southern side of the
Stour at and above Harwich, though it really belongs to Essex. This I
examined much more because the northern side was farther away and
less convenient for landing. I have spent a considerable time in Harwich
Harbour and collected on the shore and trawled and dredged inside and

8S

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

outside. It is an excellent district for collecting animals like Medusae
drifted in by the strong tide from the more open sea. Passing westward
up the Stour there are large tracts of mud covered by Zostera marina^ in
some places as much as a mile wide, left dry at low water, and at a dis-
tance looking much like green fields. Dr. Laver of Colchester informed
me that many interesting fishes may be caught by trawling over these
flats, and possibly some interesting animals may occur in parts I have not
been able to examine, as for instance near Wrab Ness. I have spent a
good deal of time at Mistley, and have obtained some animals which
I have not found elsewhere ; but on the whole it is too far up the estuary
to be satisfactory.

I have lived many months on the Orwell at Pinmill, and have very
often dredged and trawled and collected on the surface and shores in a
long series of years. Here also are wide tracts of mud covered by Zostera
left dry at low water. In some places the edges of these left dry when
the tide is low have yielded a number of rare and interesting animals,
several of which I have never found elsewhere, whilst one had not been
previously found in England. The character of the deeper water near
Pinmill changed remarkably from 1895 to 1902, and furnished an
excellent illustration of the effect of changing condition on the animals
living at the bottom. At about 1895 and earlier, before extensive dredg-
ing operations were carried on to improve the navigation to Ipswich,
the water was remarkably clear and the bottom covered by an unusual
variety of living animals, some of which I have seldom or never found
elsewhere. Later the deposit of mud caused the bottom in 1897 to be
covered by tough material built into imperfect tubes by countless
numbers of Amphipods, mainly Jassa pulche/Ia. In 1898 and 1899 the
bottom was comparatively clean, and still more so in 1900, but still
even in 1901, when it had become fairly good, most of the interesting
animals which had been displaced had not returned, and the ground was
almost completely usurped by vast numbers of Ascidklla aspersa. Since
then I have not been able to visit the locality and learn how far the
original conditions have been restored.

Passing north of Felixstowe are some rocks left dry at low water
which, unfortunately, I have examined very imperfectly. The estuary
of the Deben is in some respects similar to the Orwell and yet differs
materially. I have studied it fairly well all the way to Woodbridge and
found in considerable numbers several animals which are rare elsewhere.

North of the Deben the conditions begin to change, and the amount
of coarse moving gravel increases much and is most remarkable near the
mouth of the Aide, very properly called ' Shingle Street.' I have studied
this estuary to a good way above Aldeburgh, where it must often be
under the influence of fresh water. Taken as a whole the animals differ
considerably from those in the Orwell and Deben.

Passing the mouth of the Aide we come to Ortord Ness and enter
the North Sea, where the conditions of the coast differ much from those
in the more southern parts of the county. The coast here is more

86

MARINE ZOOLOGY

exposed, and the sand and shingle are little suited for collecting marine
animals as they are so apt to be washed away or covered up. I know
little of the coast except near Dunwich and Southwold, but both there
and at Lowestoft the shore looked so unpromising that I never attempted
to dredge, which, moreover, would have been very inconvenient when
living on a yacht since there is no available harbour except Lowestoft.

Density of the Water

The amount of various soluble salts as measured by the density of
the water has often such a preponderating influence on the local distri-
bution of many marine animals that it is important to consider it specially.
It even seems to have a decided effect when the difference is com-
paratively small. My observations have extended over a considerable
area and for a number of years, but have all been made in the summer
months from May to September inclusive, just at the time when the
distribution of the animals was studied. In the cold part of the year
nearly everything would be different.

First with regard to the more open water along the coast. My
observations north-west and south-east of Harwich have been sufficiently
numerous, but north of Orford Ness have been confined to only one
season, viz. 1886. There is a very decided difference in the means of
different years and therefore I compare the densities for that year alone.
I then found that the density gradually decreased from the Wallet off
the Colne to the North Sea off Lowestoft as follows : —

Off the Colne

. 1026-87

Off Clacton and Walton .

. 102673

Near the Cork Light

. 1026-37

Off Southwold ....

• 1025-53

Off Lowestoft .....

. 1024-57

The explanation of this probably is that at the south-west end there is so
much more shallow water exposed to evaporation, while at the north-
east end the great bulk is of the deeper water of the North Sea. It is,
however, very desirable that this conclusion should be confirmed by
observations in other years. Judging from what I have learned in the
estuaries, such a difference is quite sufficient to materially influence the
local distribution of some marine animals.

In comparing the various estuaries one of the most important
points to consider is the difference between the mean density of the high
and low water in different parts. This alone is sometimes quite sufficient
to explain why the animals differ. This difference in density at the
lower parts of an estuary depends on a considerable number of circum-
stances, and may be looked upon as a very good index of the general
character of the species found there. To enter into detail would be out
of place here, but I may say that the extent of this difference seems to
go far to explain the local distribution of many animals as shown in
my lists, and on comparing the different estuaries along the coast of

87

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Essex and Suffolk it also seems to show why some are good for the culture
of oysters and others unfit, and why they sometimes turn green and in
other estuaries lose greenness acquired elsewhere.

Marine and Freshwater Plankton

When carrying out researches in the Thames in 1882 in connexion
with the main drainage of London on behalf of the Board of Works it
occurred to me that it was desirable to ascertain the number per gallon
of water of such small animals as Cyclops, since their excrements were
often so abundant in the mud as to indicate that they might play an
important part in destroying the sewage material. Subsequently from
the early part of May to the end of September I systematically and regu-
larly carried out similar inquiries in the various estuaries and rivers of
Suffolk, Essex, and Kent, and in the more open seawater off the coast.
At that time little or no attention had been paid to this subject, which
is now looked upon as very important because such small animals form so
large a part of the food of larger species.

By the method adopted I obtained in a small bulk of water all the
living animals too of an inch or more in diameter in a known volume of
water, collected near the surface, near the bottom, and half way between.
I found it most convenient to give the number per 10 gallons in order to
avoid fractions when dealing with mean results, though as a general rule
only 2J gallons were collected. No attempt was made to distinguish the
species, which would have made the study much more difficult and com-
plicated, but the different groups of animals could easily be recognized
by their manner of swimming. The numbers thus found varied enor-
mously from 10 gallons, in fact from only two or three up to 10,000 or
more.

One object which I had in view was to ascertain the influence of
the varying amount of salts on the kind and number of the small free-
swimming animals in passing down the rivers from where the water was
fresh till we come to the sea water itself. This is a question of paramount
importance in studying estuaries, which in the case of Suffolk have so
great an extension. At the same time the results depend not merely on
the amount of salts, but also on associated conditions of different kinds.
In order therefore to properly elucidate the facts I determined the excess
in the weight of the volume of 1,000 grains of rain water.' The rivers
and estuaries I studied in 1884 were: in Suffolk the Aide, Butley,
Orwell, and Stour ; in Essex the Colne, Blackwater, Crouche, and
Roche; and in Kent the Medway. Since 1884 I have much extended
these observations.

' The late Dr. H. C. Sorby evidently intended to give tables showing the distribution of animals
similar to those printed in F.C.H. Essex, i, 74, but no details on this point have been found among
the MS. notes relating to his article [Editor V.C.H.].

R8

MARINE ZOOLOGY

Ceratium

The Orwell is occasionally characterized by the occurrence of a
large number of the small Peridinean Ceratium. This multiplies to a
remarkable degree in the dock at Ipswich so as to completely alter the
colour of the water. In fine sunny weather it rises to the surface and is
more or less drifted into the sheltered upper corner, so that the whole
looks of a peculiar coffee colour. By careful division and counting I
found that near the surface the water may contain several millions per
gallon and the bottom only about one-twentieth of that number, and that
when cold and dull the surface may contain only 40,000 per gallon.
This is the only locality in which I have seen anything of the kind.

I. PROTOZOA

Noctilura mi/iarii. The number of this per gallon
of water varies enormously in different places
and in different seasons and in different years.
Sometimes they are very few, but on one

occasion the average number from top to
bottom in Harwich Harbour was about
4,000 per gallon

II. PORIFERA {Sponges)

I. CALCAREA II. SILICEA

Leuctsoltnla lacunsia, Johnston. Dredged in the

Wallet by Mr. H. W. Unthank
— iofryciJei, Ellis & Solander. Found in the
Orwell near Pinmill and in the Wallet

Specimens of G. coro-
nata and compreaa,
which attain extra-
ordinary size, were
procured by Rev.
W. B. Clarke in
the Orwell (see
Bowerbank Brit-
ish Spongtadae),
(A.M.N.)

Grantia coronata, Ellis & Sol.
— compresia, O. Fabr.

Chalmo oculata, Pallas. In the Orwell near Pin-
mill and in Harwich Harbour

Hatuhondria panicea, Pallas. Previous to 1895 this
was very abundant in the Orwell near Pin-
mill, and is more or less common in other
places

Isodictya fucorum, Bowerbank. Dredged in the
Wallet by Mr. Unthank

— palmata, i Bowerbank. Found in the Wallet
by Mr. Unthank

C/iona celata, Grant. Found in oyster shells,
into which it bores and does much in-
jury

III. COELENTERATA {Jellyfish, Sea Anemones, &c.)

I have not myself collected the more minute species, but Mr. Wm. Cole lent me a
collection made by Mr. G. H. Hope in the neighbourhood of Harwich, and the species have
been identified by Dr. Walter Garstang.

I. HYDROZOA

1. Hydroid Zoophytes

Coryne vagitia/a, Hincks. Found by Mr. Hope in
June and July

Tubularia larynx, Ellis & Sol. I have often ob-
tained this from the bottom of my yacht
after lying in Suffolk waters

— indivisa, Linn. I am almost certain that I have
found this in Suffolk, but it does not appear
to be common, and 1 have not seen it lately

I 89

I. HYDROZOA (««/.)

I. Hydroid Zoophytes (cont.)

ObeRa gelatinosa, Pallas. I have obtained several

tine specimens from the Orwell
Sertukrell: polyxomas,]J\xin. Found near Harwich

by Mr. Hope
Sertularia pumila, Linn. Mr. Hope says he has

found this at all seasons near Harwich
— operculata, Linn. Found by Mr. Hope near

Harwich

12

A HISTORY OF SlJFFOLK

I. HYDROZOA {cimf.)

I. Hydroid Zoophytes (cent.)

Sertularta abietina, Linn. Collected by Mr Hope
near Harwich

— argentea, Ellis & Sol. Found near Harwich

by Mr. Hope

Hydrallmama fakata, Linn. Collected near Har-
wich by Mr. Hope

Antennularia antennina, Linn. Found near Harwich
by Mr. Hope

Plumularia setacea, Ellis. Specimens bearing
gonophores occur in the Orwell near Fin-
miU

— echinulata, Lamarck. Specimens taken by

Mr. Hope in June and October bear gono-
phores

2. Medusae

{a) Hydromeditsa

I have obtained a number of specimens by means
of a tow net, and in sievings of the water;
they were not well preserved for indenti-
fication, but appeared to be some species of
Phialidium. Probably many others could be
obtained if specially looked for

(^) Discomedusa

Chrysaora isosceles, Linn. I have collected more of
this in Harwich Harbour than elsewhere.
In 1 899 I saw an unusually large one at
Felixstowe, estimated to have a disc a foot
in diameter, and tentacles five or six feet
long

Cyanea capUlata, Linn. For some years I have
seen considerable numbers in Harwich
Harbour, in the Orwell, and in the Aide at
Orford. They were chiefly of a creamy
white, or of a more or less brown orange
colour. The amount of solid matter in
these animals is surprisingly small. One
from which the salt was removed by keep-
ing in dilute formalin was found to contain
at least 99 J per cent, of water

— lamarckii, Peron & Les. This beautiful blue

purple medusa is usually rare, but in Sep-
tember 1 884. was fairly common in the Aide
near Shingle Street, and possibly I once
jaw it in the Orwell

In 1 884 1 obtained a medusa in the Orwell,
of which I made a coloured drawing, which
differed from any of the above species of
Cyanea in having the lower appendages of a
fine brown colour, but the drawing is not
sufficiently detailed to identify the species

I. HYDROZOA {com.)

2. Medusae {cent.)
{b) Discomedusa (cont.)

Jurfiia aurita, Linn. This is by far the most
abundant of all the medusae. The number
in the Orwell is often most remarkable, so
that occasionally there appear to be 100
or so in each square yard. I never remem-
ber seeing anything like so many in the
Stour, Deben, or Aide. Sometimes I have
seen specimens in Harwich Harbour i 5 in.
in diameter. I have an interesting series of
more or less rare abnormal varieties, some of
which may be due to injuries when young

Rhizostoma octopus, Linn. I have never seen this
in any of the estuaries of Suffolk, but havs
met with a few large individuals in the Wallet,
though not so many as farther south-west

II. CTENOPHORA

Pkurobrachia pileus, Fleming. Both large and small
specimens used to be very abundant in the
Stour and Orwell about 1 897, but afterwards
seemed to become more and more scarce,
and in 1900 and 1901 I obtained very few,
though carefully looking for them

III. ANTHOZOA (Sm Anemones and Corals)

Akyonium digitatum, Linn. Found off Harwich
outside the harbour, but the specimens
are small and not common

Actinoloba dianthus, Ellis. I have often obtained
the white and flesh-coloured, but not the
dark brown varieties at extreme low water
level from the piers at Harwich and Parkston

Sagartia troghdites. In the Orwell near Pinmill I
have often dredged specimens too small for
proper identification attached to large indi-
viduals o{ Ascidiella aspersa

I have been informed that this species
occurs on the rocks left dry off Felixstowe,
but am not sure the identification was
correct, and it may be the species just noticed

Tealia crassicornis, O. F. MuUer. I have collected
this many times in the Orwell near Pinmill,
and it was very abundant off Harwich at
low water level in 190 1. It was also com-
mon in the Aide opposite Orford, and may
be so now

Halcampa ckrysantkellum, Gosse. I have occasionally
found this in the mud near Pinmill, but not
in later years

IV. NEMERTINEA

Lineus obscurus, Desor. The only place in which
I have found this was in the mud of the
Stour near Mistley. It is remarkable for
the extent to which it can elongate itself

Amphiporus kctifloreus, Johnston. I have found
only one specimen, which was a good many
years ago, in the mud of the Orwell at Pin-
mill

90

MARINE ZOOLOGY

V. NEMATODA (?)

Nectonema (?). I have seen only one specimen,
which was caught when swimming near the
surface in Harwich Harbour. It is white,
Jijin. long, and about ^V '"■ wide from

end to end. When examined with a
microscope it is seen to be full of eggs, and
is probably a fish parasite which escaped
from its host when mature

VI. ANNELIDA

I. POLYCHAETA

Aphrodita aculeata, Linn. Some years ago I often
dredged this in the Stour off Harwich, but
I have not obtained it there recently. It
is much more abundant in the Wallet

Lep'idonotus squamatus, Linn. This occurs in most
localities, but not in great numbers

Nereis diversicolor, Milll. Common in the various
estuaries in the mud left dry at low water, and
in 1901 was very abundant in the Orwell
at Pinmill not much below high-water mark.
Some specimens are red, from the amount
of h.iemoglobin, others are pale, and some
deeply coloured by a peculiar green pigment

■ — cuhrifera, Grube. In 1901 this was com-
mon in the sandy mud near low-water off
Harwich. It can be distinguished at once
from the other species by its peculiar man-
ner of swimming

— pelagtca, Linn. Before 1 901 this was com-

mon, and of large size outside Harwich
Harbour, being dredged up with masses of
the sandy tubes of Sabellaria spinulosa, but in
1 90 1 this material had been bro'cen up. I
found only a few small specimens or none
at all. I have also occasionally dredged it
in the Aide off Orford

— kngissima. In 1901 I obtained from the mud

near Pinmill the only specimen of by far
the largest Nereis I have ever found irt the
south-east of England. It is 7 in. long, and
above \ in. thick, and agrees with specimens
collected near Queenborough in the Hete-
ronereis collection identified by Dr. E. J.
Allen. It was so strong and active that it
broke itself in two when put into diluted
formalin, which I do not remember to
have happened in the case of any other
Nereis. On 24 May 1889, when sailing up
the Orwell, I saw several specimens of a
large Heteronereis swimming near the surface
which may have belonged to this species, but
none were collected and properly examined

— dumerilii, Aud. & M. Edw. Probably com-

mon in many places, but often lost out of
the dredge. The best specimens I ever
obtained were from an old buoy near Pin-
mill. When kept alive they soon built a
semi-transparent branching tube open at
both ends, from which they came out to
feed on Ulva latissima, and went back again.
One which I had kept alive for a consider-
able time laid in a few minutes eggs carefully
estimated at about 10,000, and had not

I. POLYCHAETA (f«./.)

passed into the Heteronereis condition. I
never found it completely changed except
when swimming near the surface. Though
I have lived so long on the estuaries of
Suffolk I saw this only on one occasion,
which was in the early morning of 16 July
1898, when they were so numerous for a
few hours in Harwich Harbour that there
were probably something like a million.
All those caught appear to be males or females
containing no ova. The maximum size
was about i \ in long, which is about one
half that of those found at Pinmill, some of
which contain ova

Nephthys hombergii, Cuvier. I have obtained many
from the mud of the Orwell, and it is fairly
common in the other estuaries of Suffolk.
It varies considerably in colour, being more
or less red or brown

— caeca, Fabr. I have found a few specimens
off Harwich and near Pinmill, but it is ytxy
much more rare than the other species

Phyllodoce maculata, Mull. Occurs in the sandy
mud near low-water level off Harwich, but
is comparatively rare

Syllis armillaris. Mull. Obtained from material
dredged in the Stour off Harwich, and may
be common, but often lost on account of its
small size. It is interesting from the
manner in which it multiplies by the forma-
tion of one or more heads in the length of
the body and subsequent division

Nerine foHosa, Aud. and M. Edw. I have found
this in the mud of the Orwell, but it appears
to be rare

Scolopus armiger, O. F. Muller. All my preserved
specimens were collected in Essex, but I
think it very probable that I have found it
in the sandy mud off Harwich

Cirralu/us cirratus. Malm. Though rare elsewhere
in the district of the Thames estuary, and
I have not found it in any other place in
Suffolk, it was most remarkably abundant
in 1900 and 1901 in the mudbanks of the
Orwell near Pinmill, so that hundreds could
be collected in a short time. Though most
of them seem to me to be somewhat smaller
than they were about 1890, the species
has so greatly increased in numbers that it
has probably driven away many other animals
that at one time were common. Most of
the specimens are of dark colour, but others
pale. One that I kept alive laid in a short time

91

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

I. POLYCHAETA {con/.)

Cirratulus cirratus. Mull, {conf.)

eggs, which hy careful division and counting
were estimated at about 600,000, so that it is
not difficult to account for increased numbers

— tentaculatus, Flem. Dr. W. Garstang thought
that one of my preserved specimens collected
about 1890 belonged to this species, but in
1 90 1 I carefully examined many living
indiyiduals, and could not convince myself
that there was more than one species

Flabelligera affinis, Sars. About 1890 and earlier
this was inconveniently abundant in the
Orwell near Pinmill, many objects dredged
up being almost covered with it. At the
season of reproduction many were seen
wriggling about near the surface, and when
caught soon deposited eggs, which quickly
hatched. In 1899 and 1900 it had become
so scarce that I obt.iined few, and in 1 90 1
none. I never saw it elsewhere

Notomastus ktericeus, Sars. Found in sandy mud
near low-water level off Harwich, but is
apparently not common

Arenuola marina, Linn. Fine specimens are com-
mon in the mud of the Orwell and Stour,
but in some of the estuaries only small
individuals occur

Lanke cmchikga. Pall. Fairly common in the mud
of the Orwell near low-water level, and
probably in many other similar localities

Denofhilus (?) tieniatiu, Harmer. According to Mr.
Harmer this small worm occurs in pools on
the shore near Harwich

Amfhitrite johnstoni, Malmgren. Before 1901 this
was not uncommon in the mud of the Or-
well, but was then comparatively rare. One
kept alive laid eggs, which by careful re-
peated division and counting were found to
be about two millions in number

NUoka zostericola, Orst. About 1 890 great num-
bers of this chaetapod crept out of the
material dredged up in the Orwell near
Pinmill, when it was kept in sea-water, but
I have not found any since 1 897, when the
character of the bottom became so changed

I. POLYCHAETA {cm.)

Polycirrus auraittiacus, Grube. I obtained a very
fine specimen from the mud at Pinmill, the
body of which was scarcely anything but a
mass of eggs. In the course of a day when
kept in sea-water, the head end free from
eggs detached itself, and seemed still as
much alive as ever

Melinna crlstata, Sars. Well-grown specimens were
common in the mud of the Deben opposite
to Ramsholt, and I have found a few small
ones near Pinmill and off Harwich

Tercbeliides straemii, Sars. The occurrence of this
in the mud of the Orwell at Pinmill is of
much interest, since it had previously never
been obtained in England, and only once in
Scotland by Dalyell more than a hundred
years ago. About the year 1890 I was able
to collect quite a number, but have preserved
only four mounted specimens, not then
knowing that it was so rare. In 1 90 1 I
spent much time in looking for it, but was
able to find only one

Sabelkria spinuksa, Leuck. Large masses of the
sandy tubes built by these worms were com-
mon outside Harwich Harbour, but since
1900 they hare been broken up and almost
disappeared

Sabetla pavonina, Sav. Common in the Orwell at
the level of low tide, where dark-coloured
specimens are more abundant than in most
other localities

II GEPHYREA

Priafulus caudatus. In the mud of the Deben near
Waldringfrith they were for many years so
common near low-water level that I could
collect a hundred in a few hours. Many
had tails longer than their bodies, and now
and then one was found with two tails. At
one time large specimens were met with,
but after a very cold winter they were com-
paratively small. During the summer months,
when living on the Deben, I never saw any
indication of developed eggs

VII. ARTHROPODA

I. COPEPODA

I had collected many of these, but unfortu-
nately the material had been kept too long
before it was carefully examined, and had
deteriorated too much for the proper identifi-
cation of the species.

II. PANTOPODA (Sm Spiders)

Pynogmum littorak, StrOm. I do not remember find-
ing any in Suffolk, though I can scarcely believe
it is absent. At the same time I do not know
of any locality similar to that at Burnham in
Essex where fine specimens are common

II. PANTOPODA (fw/.)

Nymphon rubrum, Hodge. By far the best locality
I have ever met with for collecting this
animal is in the Deben below Woodbridge.
When sunny and the water clear, by stand-
ing up in a boat they may be seen swim-
ming in a curious sprawling manner, and are
easily caught in a sieve fixed to the end of
a long stick. The average size is about
an inch. I have kept many alive, and it is
curious to see how they fold themselves up
and lie on the bottom, and when disturbed
open themselves out like an umbrella and
swim away.

MARINE ZOOLOGY

VIII. MOLLUSCA

I have not paid special attention to some groups of these animals, and have recorded only
such as attracted my attention when collecting others. I must therefore express my thanks
to the Rev. Carleton Greene of Great Barford near St. Neots for the list of shells collected
by him, and to Mr. Wm. Cole for a list of those collected by Mr. A. Mayfield of Mendlesham.
I have also incorporated the species given by Mr. A. Patterson in his paper on the shells
collected by him near Great Yarmouth, published in the Zoologist for 15 May 1903,
though no doubt some w^ere obtained just outside Suffolk. In giving the following list I
combine all these with my own, and express the authority by the initials, viz. G. for Greene,
M. for Mayfield, P. for Patterson, and S. for Sorby.

The nomenclature is that of the Conchological Society in the Journal of Conchology
(1901), No. I, with subsequent corrections by Mr. W. E. Hoyle.

Many of my specimens have been examined and identified by Professor Herdman.'

I. AMPHINEURA

Crasfedochilus cinereus (G., P.)

• — • onyx, i

Acanthochites fascicular'is, ?

II. PELECYPODA {Bivalves)

Nucula nucleus (G., P., S.)

— nitida (P.)

Anamia efhippium (G., M.)
Mytilus edulh (G., M., P., S.)
Volsella modiolus (G., P.)
Modiolaria marmorata (G.)

— discors (G.)

Ostrea edulis (G., M., P., S.)
Chlamys varius (G., M., P.)
Mquipecten opercularis (G., P.)
Cyprina islandica (G.)
Montacuta bidentata (P.)
Syndosmya nitida (G.)

— alba (G.)

— tenuis (G., M.)
Scrobicularia plana (G., M., P., S.)
Tellina tenuis (G., S.)

— fabula (P., S.)

Macoma balthica (G., M., P., S.)
Donax vittatus (G., P.)
Mactra stultorum (G., P., S)
Spisula solida (G., P.)

— subtruncata (G.)

Tapes aureus (S.). In Orwell,
rare

— puUastra (G.)
Cardium exiguum (G., P.)

— edule (G., P., S.)

Mya arenaria (G., M., P., S.)

— iruncata (G., P., S.)
Pholas dactylus (G., P.)

II. PELECYPODA (cont.)

Bnrnea Candida (G., P., S.)
— ■ parva (G.)
Zirphaea crispata (G.)
Teredo navalis (G., P.)

III. GASTROPODA PROSO-
BRANCHIA {Univalves)

Patella vulgata (G., P.)
Helcion pellucidum (P.)
Acmaea virginea (P.)
Gibbula cineraria (G., M., P., S.)

— umhilicata (G., M.)
Calliostoma zizyphinus (G., M., P.)
Lacuna divaricata (G., M., P.)

— pallidula (G., P.)

Littorina obtusata (G., M., P., S.) '

— rudis (G., M., P.)

— littorea (G., M., P., S.)
Rissoa parva (G., M., P.)

— inconspicua (P., S.)
Paludestrina stagnalis (G., M.)
Truncate lla truncata (G.)
Calyptraea chinensis (G.)
Natica catena (G., M., P.)
Bittium reticulatum (P.)
Odostomia unidentata (P.)
Turbonilla lactea (G.)
Eulimella commutata (G.)
Turritella communis (G., M.)
Buccinum undatum (G., M., P., S.)
Neptunea antiqua (G., M., P.)
Ocinebra erinacea (G., M., P.)
Purpura lapillus (G., M., S.)
Nassa reticulata (G., M., P., S.)

— incrassata (G., M., P.)

III. GASTROPODA PROSO-
BRANCHIA {cont.)

Beta turricula (G., M., P.)
- rufa (G., P.)

IV. GASTROPODA OPIS-
THOBRANCHIA

Tetrabranchia

Tornatina truncatuk (G., M., P.)

— obtuta (G., P.)
Haminaea hydatis (G.)
Acera bulkta (G., S.)
Philine aperta (G., M., S.)

NUDIBRANCHIA

Facelina coronata (S.). Orwell
Fiona marina (S.). Orwell and

Stour
Acanthodoris pilosa (S.). Stour
Goniodoris castanea (S.). Orwell

V. CEPHALOPODA

Sepia officinalis (G., P.)
Sepiola atlantica (S.)

— scandica (P.)
Loligo media (P., S.)
Polypus vulgaris (P.)

About 1890 Sepiola atlantica
was much more common in
the Orwell and Stour than about
1 900, and the same may be said
of Loli^ media in the Stour, the
numbers of both seeming to de-
crease year by year.

' Journ. of Linn. Soc. 'Zoology,' xxiii, no. 148, p. 558.

' A very remarkable variety of this species was found by Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys in the Deben at
Shottisham Creek near Sutton and at Manningtree. It was named by him var. crstuarii, and is described
and figured by him in British Conchology, vol. v, p. 205, PI. ci, fig. 8 (A.M.N.).

93

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

IX. POLYZOA

I have myself paid little attention to these animals, and am obliged mainly to rely ort
the specimens collected near Harwich by Mr. G. P. Hope, lent to me by Mr. William Cole
and identified by Dr. Garstang. The nomenclature is that of Hinck's work on British
Marine Polyzoa.

Gemellaria hricata. Harwich (G.P.H.)

Mcnipea ternata. Harwi:h (G.P.H.)

Scrufocellaria reptans. Harwich (G.P.H.)

Bkellaria ciliata. Orwell.

Bugula plumosa. Harwich (G.P.H )

Notamia bursaria. Harwich (G.P.H.)

Flustra foliacea. Met with in the more open water,

but not common
— papyracea. Harwich (G.P.H.)
Membrampora lacroixii. Common in old shells,

&c., in the Orwell and elsewhere. The

larva {Cyphonantes) is often met with in

sievings of the sea water

Membranipora monostachys. Busk, \iT.fossaria, Hincks.

The Ore (Norman)
— pUosa. Harwich (G.P.H.)
Membramporella melolontha. Dredged in the Or-
well (Harmer)
Tubuliporaflabettaris. Harwich (G.P.H.)
Akyonidium gebtinosum. So very abundant in some
of the estuaries that the bottom must be
covered with it in some places
Ves'tcularia spinosa. Harwich (G.P.H.)
Amathla lendigera. Harwich (G.P.H.)
Anguinella palmate. Orwell (Harmer). Deben

(Norman)
Valker'ta uva. Harwich (G.P.H.)

The most interesting species in the foregoing list are M. monostachys, var. fossaria and
M. melolontha, which are, as far as is yet known, confined to the estuaries of the south-east
of England (A.M.N.)

X. ECHINODERMATA

Echinus miliaris, Linn. This occurs in great
numbers in the Stour off Harwich, so as to
be the chief feature in the material dredged.
It is also common in the Aide some miles
below Orford, and was so in the Orwell in
1898

Solaster papposus, Fabr. Occurs in most of the
estuaries, but is nowhere abundant

Ophiura ciliaris, Linn. Dredged in Harwich
Harbour, and is probably fairly common in
many other places

Ophiothrix frafflis, O. F. Mliller. Some years
ago this was abundant in the Orwell twisted
about inside and outside sponges, but was
not common in later years. I have also
occasionally dredged it in Harwich Har-
bour

Synapta inhaerens, O. F. Muller. For a number
of years I was able to obtain many excellent
specimens of this interesting animal from

the mud near low water on the south-west
side of the Orwell, a short distance below
Pinmill, but it had become comparatively
scarce in 1900, possibly on account of the
greatly increased numbers of Cirratulus
ctrratus. This local abundance of Synapta is
remarkable, for I do not remember finding
a single specimen in any other locality in
the district of the Thames estuary

Cucumaria (?). A fairly fine Holothurian was mode-
rately common in the Stour off Parkeston
about 1890, but I have not found one
for some }-ears, though I have carefully
dredged for it. Unfortunately no entire
specimen was preserved, and those portions
which I mounted as a lantern slide are inade-
quate to prove what species it was

Tiyone fusus, O. F. Muller. Found in the Orwell
and Stour, but only single specimens in
each estuary, and these somewhat small

XI. TUNIC ATA {Simple Ascidians)

Styelopsis grossularia, Van Beneden. More or less
common in the lo.wer part of the estuaries
and more open water, attached to stones,
shells, and algae. Common in the Deben
near Waldringfield

Polycarpa comata. Alder. Sometimes very abundant
in particular places in the Orwell near Pin-
mill, and less so in the other estuaries of
Suffolk. It is usually so covered with
attached sand as to look like a sandy con-
cretion

Polycarpa pomaria, Savigny. Was and may still be
very abundant in the Deben a little below
Martlesham Creek in a part where scarcely
any other animal was found. I obtained a
number in the Orwell near Pinmill in
1 90 1, though I had net seen any before

Ascidiella aspersa, O. F. Moller. In 190 1 this
was most remarkably abundant in the Or-
well below Pinmill, the botttom in some
places being covered by small ones, and
large masses being found like bunches of

94

MARINE ZOOLOGY

Ascidiella aspersa, O. F. MuUer (cont.) j^sdriia productii,V{3.ncoQk. In 1901 this was fairly

white grapes. Lower down large and ex- abundant in the lower part of the Orwell,

cellent specimens were obtained. Fairly often much attached along its side to dead

common in the lower parts of all the shells and other objects

estuaries. The great number of the larvae Ciona intfstina/is, Linn. In 1890 unusually good

in the water is shown by the fact that we specimens could be obtained by dredging at

have sometimes cleaned off the bottom of the ' the Rocks ' in the Deben above Ramsholr,

yacht so many young individuals mainly of but not in later years. It occurs in most of

this species that I estimated them at about the other estuaries and in the open water

100,000 which must have attached them- outside, but is not common, and often very

selves within no considerable period of time dirty

— virginea, O. F. MilUer. Compared with the Clavelina lepad'iformis, O. F. Milller. I do not

above-named species this is rare remember finding this actually in Suffolk,

Ascidia pkbein. Alder. Found in the lower part but cannot believe it is absent, since it is

of the Stour, but is not common fairly common within a few miles in Essex

COMPOUND ASCIDIANS

Some of these are conspicuous and attractive objects, and some very obscure and of little
interest, except for microscopic observation.

In the later months of summer the banks of the Orwell near Pinmili at extreme low
water are an excellent locality for the study of Botrylli., but this is made somewhat difficult by
the fact that they so soon die and decompose in hot weather, even when kept in a large
aquarium, so that it is almost impossible to compare living specimens collected on different
days. The individual colonies differ very greatly in colour from dark blue and dark grey to
flesh colour and yellow, and the difficulty is to make out how far this is due to difference ir
species or to extreme variation. This fact is fully recognized by Professor Herdman in his
paper on the classification of the Tunicata in the Journal of the L'tnnean Society?

After many trials I found that it was possible to preserve the specimens mounted in
Canada balsam, so that they could be compared in subsequent years with lower or higher
magnifying powers. The only important change is that the formalin used in the preparation
soon alters the blue pigment of some varieties into a brownish red one, similar to, if not
identical with, that which occurs naturally in the closely allied genus Botrylloides. On
examining these specimens it was soon seen that not only the well-preserved colour varies from
a more or less brown red to pale yellow, but there is much variation in its distribution, and a
very great difference in the general character of the individual animals. The difficulty, how-
ever, is that these differences are not those taken notice of in the published accounts of the
different species, so that, although it is easy to recognize what may be specific differences, it is
difficult to assign the proper names. It was soon seen that independent of colouring they could
be separated into three groups which differ so much that one feels constrained to look upon
them as species until a more extensive series of specimens furnishes connecting links. One of
these groups, however, shows great differences, and one must conclude that there is either a
single very variable species or else three or even four closely-related species, which differ mainly
in the extent and manner in which the colour is distributed. One of these possible species
seems to correspond with Botryllus sch/osseri, and another may be what has been called B.
polycyclus, but the difficulty of corroborating the observed structures with published descriptions
seems to show that much remains to be learned before anything more can be said than that,
though there may be several true species there is very great variation in some members of
the group, and it is difficult or impossible to say whether the characters are or are not of
specific value.

Botrylloides rubrum, M. Edw. I have found a few specimens in the Orwell, but since the

specimens on the pier at Harwich and in water has been muddy they have been

the Orwell, but it is far from common inferior in colour

— leachu,?>dLV. Previous to 1900 good specimens Didemnum ; Leptocl'mum ; Diplosoma. These occur

could be dredged in the Orwell below Pin- in the Orwell, but the species have not

mill, but after that they were inferior, been studied in a satisfactory manner

mainly owing to the muddy state of the Appendicularia (Chamisso). Specimens of these

water animals are common in the sievings of sea

Polyclinum aurantium. I have dredged a few water along the coast

' Aug. 1 891, xxiii, 606.
95

MOLLUSCS

(NON-MARINE)

That SufFolk, despite the apparent lack of diversity in its physical
features and the covering of drift with which the greater part of its
surface is masked, is a county favourable to the development of molluscan
life is attested by the large number of species that make it their habitat.

Not that they are at all evenly distributed. In the middle of the
county they are far from abundant, while the Breck district is the
poorest. Some species are absent from certain localities while common
in others. Thus Hygromia rufescem, one of our commonest snails, is
extremely rare in the most easterly part of the county, but common
and abundant in all parts farther west. On the other hand Helicella
Cantiana (the Kentish snail) is the commonest road-side snail in the east,
but rare to the west. While near Mendlesham that agricultural pest,
Agriolitnax agrestis, the grey slug, is said to be far from plentiful.

Out of the 145 or so species that are known to inhabit the British
Islands, no fewer than 116 have been recorded as occurring within the
area, and to this number not more than a bare half dozen are ever likely
to be added.

Four records have had to be rejected. Clausilia biplicata, which
appears to have been an error of either observation or determination :
Sphaerium rrvicola, which rests on specimens in the Ipswich Museum
doubtfully referred to that neighbourhood, though no examples have been
met with by recent collectors despite careful search: Pisidium fontinale and
P. pusillum, the specimens so named proving on investigation to belong
to other species.

The Pseudamnicola anatina, recorded from Oulton Broad in 1904 as
new to Britain, was considered by Dr. Boettger, who identified it from
dead specimens, to be doubtfully distinct from Paludestrina confusa, and
Mr. E. A. Smith, I.S.O., of the British Museum (Natural History),
after a careful observation of living specimens lately procured from the
same spot, states that the mollusc in question cannot be differentiated
from the latter form, pointing out in addition that there is considerable
doubt as to what shells were meant by the two separate authors who
severally employed the trivial name ' anatinus.' Mr. Smith's conclusion
has been adopted in the appended list.

The occurrences in SufFolk estuaries of the two forms Paludestrina
confusa and the recently discovered Assemania Grayana, hitherto known

96

MOLLUSCS

in these Islands only from the estuary of the Thames, is of great interest,
inasmuch as it adds another link to the chain of evidence that the
Thames and the East Anglian rivers were formerly connected with each
other and the Rhine in the broad valley now beneath the waters of the
North Sea.

Assemania has been found on the other side of this old valley in
Belgium and Denmark. Paludestrina confusa on the other hand is known
in the fossil state at West Wittering and Stone on the Sussex and Hants
seaboards.

'Jaminta tripltcata, another recent discovery, though considered by
some competent malacologists to be merely a variety of y. muscorum^ is
retained as a valid species.

The pretty little molluscs referred to the genus Vertigo seem very
partial to Suffolk, all the British species save V. alpestris, which is a
northern form, being represented. Of these the latest addition has been
V. Moultnsiana, and though its claim to be considered a Suffolk shell at
present rests on the presence of a single, recently dead, shell, there can
be no doubt of its existence in some one of those swamps in which it
loves to dwell and into which the ordinary collector does not love to
penetrate. The species is now known in nine English counties from
Derby to Devon, as well as in Galway, and occurs besides in several
post-tertiary deposits, so that it is widely spread but probably largely
overlooked on account of its uninviting habitat.

The Roman snail {Helix pomatid) here attains the furthest north-
easterly limit of its distribution in England. Originally thought to have
been introduced by the Romans, whence its popular name, it has now
been proved an old inhabitant by its occurrence in a deposit of pre-Roman
age near Reigate.

In a Pleistocene deposit at Stutton the following species that no
longer live in the British Islands have been found : — Eulota fruticum,
Paludestrina marginata, Um'o /ittora/is, Corbicula Jiuminalis, and Pisidium
astartoides. The first three still live on the Continent ; Corbicula dwells
to-day in the Nile; while the last seems entirely extinct.

A Holocene deposit at Knettishall has yielded a continental form,
Planorbis vorticulus, no longer living in Britain.

The literature dealing with the mollusca of Suffolk is not extensive.
The most important papers are : — One by the Rev. Carleton Greene
{Proc. of the Suff. Inst, of Arch, and Nat. Hist., vii, 275; Additions,
xi, 424), and two, one on East, one on West Suffolk, by Mr. A.
Mayfield {Journ. of Conchology, x, 295 ; xi, 333).

From these, with the assistance of stray notes and the Records of
the Conchological Society, the appended list has been compiled.

97 13

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

A. GASTROPODA

Common

I. PULMONATA

a. Stylommatophora

Testacella hal'totidea, Drap. Blaxhall ; Bury
St. Edmunds ; Dallinghoo Rectory ;
Woolverstone; Martlesham, near Wood-
bridge

— scutulum, Sby. Campsey Ash (A. S.

Kennard)
Limax maximus, Linn. "1

— flavus, Linn. J

— arborum, Bouch. -Chant. Locai : Mendle-

sham ; Wetheringsett ; Haughley ; Rat-
tlesden ; Brandon
Agriolimax agrestis (Linn.). Only too com-
mon

— /amis (Mull.). Plentiful in damp places
Milax [ = Amalia] Sowerhyi (F^r.). Wood-
bridge ; Mendlesham ; Bramford ; Ips-
wich

— gagates (Drap.). St. Margaret's, Ipswich
Vttrina pellucida (Mttll.). ) ^

Vitrea crystamna\yi^\\.).\ Conimon

— luc'tda (Drap.). Ipswich

— cellaria (MuIl.). Common everywhere

— Rogersi, B. B. Woodw. [= glabra, Brit.

Auct.]. Common

— alliaria (Miller). Rare : Brandon ; Men-

dlesham

— nitidula (Drap.). Very common in dis-

tricts

— pura (Alder). Rare : Gt. Fakenham ;

Haughley ; Mendlesham ; Thornham ;
Bramford; Sproughton

— radiatula (Alder). Rare : Haughley ;

Brandon ; Lowestoft ; Mendlesham ;
Wickham Skeith
Zonitoides nitidus (Miill.). Rather rare : Gt.
Fakenham ; Wyverstone ; Brandon, nr.
Lake Lothing ; Lowestoft ; Needham
Market ; Sproughton

— excavatus (Alder). Hardwick
Euconulus \_Vitrea'\fulvus{M.iX\\.). Uncommon:

Drinkstone ; Knettishall; Tuddenham ;
Mendlesham; Bramford
Arion ater (Linn.). Common

— intermedius. Norm. Local : fairly dis-

tributed

— bortensis, F^r. Common

— fasciatus. Nils. [— circurnscriptus, John.].

Woodbridge ; Mendlesham ; Thwaite ;
Needham Market
Punctum pygmaeum (Drap.). Drinkstone ;
Haughley ; Gt. Fakenham ; Rattles-
den

I. PULMONATA (<:««/.)
a, Stylommatophora [cont!)

Sphyradium edentulum (Drap ). Rare at Wal-
sham-le-Willows ; plentiful in Mendle-
sham Churchyard ; Hopton

Pyramidula rotundata (Mtlll.). Common
everywhere

{Fairly common
throughout, ex-
cept on the clay
soils

— caperata (Mont.). Common

— Cantiana (Mont.). Not common, local,

plentiful where it does occur

— Cartusiana (MiilL). One dead specimen

at Little Glemham ; another at Gt.

Fakenham ; a flourishing colony on a

chalky hedge bank at Needham Market

Hygromia fusca (Mont.). Cockfield ; Felsham

— granulata (Alder). Local

— hisplda (Linn.). Common. The true

H. sericeoy Drap., appears to have been
confounded with this species, and it
is thought will prove common in
Suffolk

— rufescens (Penn.). Common
Acanthinula aculeata (MolL). Haughley ;

Drinkstone ; Gunton ; Mendlesham ;
Ipswich
Vallonia pulchella (Mull.). Mendlesham ;
Bramford ; &c.

— excentrica, Sterki. Knettishall ; Wes-

thorpe ; &c.

— costata (Mull.). Hengrave ; Tuddenham
Helicigona lapicida (Linn.). Local

— arhuitorum (Linn.). Rare : Mildenhall ;

Oulton; Somerleyton
Helix aspena, Milll. Very common every-
where

— pomatia, Linn. Found in 1 897 by Mr.

Claude Morley in a chalk pit at Bram-
ford, but whether it had been intro-
duced there or not seems uncertain ;
a colony was introduced at Blaxhall in
part from Normandy in 1882, and in
part from Surrey in 1884, t>ut does not
appear to have bred

— nemoralis, Linn. Common

— hortemis, MqII. Commoner than the

preceding
Ena [ = Buliminus] montana (Drap.). Local :
in places south-west of Bury St. Ed-
mund's. The species, however, appears
to be dying out

98

MOLLUSCS

I. PULMONATA {cont.)
a. Stylommatophora {cont.)

Ena obscura (Mali.). Not common : locally

and widely distributed
Cochlicopa luhrica (Mull.). Common
Azeca tridens (Pult.). Friston ; plentiful in

the Mendlesham district ; Wickham

Skeith ; Thwaite
CaeciUoides [= Caecilianella] acicula (MolL).

Mendlesham; Aldeburgh; Ipswich; Old

Newton ; Ixworth Thorpe
"Jaminia [ = Pupd\ cyl'tndracea'\ Local, but

(DaC). [ widely dis-

— muscorum (Linn.). ) tributed

— triplkata (Stud.). Brandon ; Barton Mills
Fertigo minutissima (Hartm.). One specimen

on the wall of Burgh Castle, Gt. Yar-
mouth

— antivertigo (Drap.). Rare : near Lake

Lothing ; Lowestoft ; Brandon; Milden-
hall; Needham Market; Knettishall

— substriata (Jeff.). Thornham ; Hopton

— pyg^oea (Drap.). Haughley; Tudden-

ham ; Herringswell ; Lowestoft ; Men-
dlesham ; Wetheringsett

— Moulimiana (Dupuy). Rejectamenta of

Little Ouse at Knettishall

— /i«j/7/a. Mull. Near Woodbridge; Thwaite

— angustior, Jeff. Aldeburgh

Balea perversa (Linn.). Rare : Walsham-le-
Willows ; Mendlesham ; Wickham
Skeith

Clausilia laminata (Mont.). Rare : Haughley ;
Hitcham ; Mendlesham

— bidentata (Strom). Common : a white

variety was also found at Gislingham
Succinea putris (Linn.).

— e/eganSy Risso,

Fairly common

b. Basommatophora

Carychium minimum, MuU. Very common

Phytia [= Alexia] myosotis (Drap.). Coast
from Dunwich to Southwold

Ancylus Jiuviatilis, Miill. Rare : Brandon;
Mildenhall ; Bramford ; Needham Market

Acroloxus [ = Felletia'] lacustris (Linn.), Rare :
Gt. Fakenham ; Knettishall (dead
shells); Sudbury; Mendlesham; Ips-
wich

Limnaea auricularia (Linn.). Local

— pereger (Mull.). Common everywhere

— palustris (MulL). Local

— truncatula (Moll.). Fairly common

I. PULMONATA {cont.)
b. Basommatophora {cont.)

Limnaea stagnalis (Linn.). Common

— g/abra (Mull.). ' Suffolk ' (Leach)
Amphipeplea glutinosa (Mull.). Mildenhall ;

two specimens at Needham Market
Planorbis corneus (Linn.). ] Local, but widely

— a/bus, (Mall.). J distributed

— crista [ = nauti/eus'] (Linn,). Rare : Men-

dlesham

— carinatus, Mall.

Local, but
widely
d i s t r i-
buted

Very local, but widely

— umhilicatus, Mull. [

ginatus, Drap.].

— vortex (Linn.).

— spirorbis (Linn.).

— contortus (Linn.).

— fontanus (Lightf.).

distributed

Segmentina nitida (MuU.) [= Planorbis lineatus
(Walker)]. Rare : Mildenhall ; Need-
ham Market

Physa fontinalis (Linn.). Local, but widely
distributed

Aplecta [ = Physa] hypnorum (Linn.). More
local, but also widely distributed

IL PROSOBRANCHIA

Paludestrina confusa (Frau.). Oulton Broad ;
Blythburgh

— Jenkinsi (Smith). Oulton Broad ; Wal-

berswick ; Aldeburgh ; River Orwell

— ventrosa {M.on\.^. Aldeburgh; Southwold;

Woodbridge; Lowestoft; Breydon

— stagnalis (Bast.). Woodbridge and estu-

aries all down the coast
Bithynia tentaculata (Linn.). Common

— Leachii (Shepp.). Local, but widely dis-

tributed
Vivipara vivipara (Linn.). Near Oulton
Broad ; Ipswich ; Bramford

— contecta (Millet). Oulton Broad; several

localities in West Suffolk
Valvata piscinalis (Mull.). Widely distributed

— cristata, Mall. Very common
Assemania Grayana, Leach. Blythburgh ;

Aldeburgh; River Orwell

Pomatias elegans (Mall.). Lavenham ; Sud-
bury ; Bramford

Acicula lineata (Drap.). IpswiCh ; Sudbury ;
Oulton

Neritina fiuviatilis (Linn.). Rare : Brandon;
Mildenhall; Bramford

99

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

B. PELECYPODA

Dreissensia polymorpha (Pall.). Breydon

Vnio pictorum (Linn.). Gt. Fakenham ; near

Mildenhall ; near Oulton Broad
Anodonta cygnaea (Linn.). Local, but widely

distributed
Sphaerium corneum (Linn.). Common
— lacuitre (Mull.). Gt. Fakenham; Wal-

sham-le-Willows ; Mildenhall ; Barton

Mere ; Sudbury ; Mendlesham
Piiidium amnicum (MqU.). Widely distributed

Pisidium Henslowianum (Shepp.). Mildenhall;
Needham Market

— suhtruncatum, Malm. Mildenhall

— pulchellum, Jenyns. Mildenhall

— obtusale, Pfr. Wyverstone ; Mendlesham ;

Lowestoft

— nltidum, Jenyns. Wetherden ; Mendles-

sham ; Mildenhall

— Gassiesianum, Dupuy. Santon Downham j

Lowestoft

NOTE

Since the compilation of the above list a flourishing colony of Helisi pomatta has been
discovered in a large chalk pit at Rickinghall in the north of the county.

100

INSECTS

Not erroneously has Suffolk been termed ' that best of entomological
counties,' for I firmly believe that there is not another in Britain, with the
possible exception of Surrey, which lacks the sea-coast species, to compare
with it in the number and variety of its insect-fauna ; and if its list of at-
present discovered kinds is not equal to that of other districts the fact must
be attributed to lack of observers rather than to paucity of material. It is not
my province to set forth the very varied geological and floral features which
go so far to influence its insects' presence, but it is only fit that those localities
which may most advantageously be visited by the entomologist and their
peculiar treasures should be indicated in order ; and this will explain the
constant recurrence in the following account of some dozen of them with, I
trust, unnauseating frequency. The visitor leaves the railway at Bentley
station, and, after a glance at the crag-pits at Tattingstone and the Brantham
Dale on the east, strikes off west and begins his hunt at the Bentley
Woods, where for twelve years I collected weekly or oftener, and on my last
visit took a new Psocid ! It is a wood locality with oak on the one side, fir
on the other, and a marshy meadow between. The Raydon Woods, still
keeping westward, are similar though less wild ; and, farther on, Assington
Thicks is part of the same ancient forest-track, and its fauna has, perhaps,
been less disturbed through the ages. Then comes an unprofitable track
through Sudbury and Melford to Haverhill in the south-west corner of the
county, which is all heavy land, and with the single exception of Stanstead
Wood, of little use to us. Turning north we are soon on the chalky slopes
about Newmarket, which should yield many new things, though I have always
been disappointed there. Some ten miles to the east is Bury St. Edmunds
and Tostock, where Mr. Tuck has found many good things in the broad
woods, though it is all heavy land. But straight ahead we come to Tudden-
ham and Herringswell, which once formed part of the great fen level, and we
still find such inn-signs as ' The Anchor ' there. This is the best marsh-
collecting in the county : the Angelica grows 8 ft. high, one falls over
tussock-grasses hidden bv herbage, and on the southern side are scattered
woods of alder merging into birch, with broad open tracks of wild heather
and rabbits' warrens ; while on the north it is bounded by the sluggish and
weedy Lark River, on the banks of which, a little farther west, is good
collecting at Barton Mills and Mildenhall. The chalk at Worlington is
worth a visit from the latter town. Continuing northward we come to the
best heath collecting in the county ; between Eriswell and Brandon there is
heath, as far as the eye can reach nothing but heath — and rabbits. Maidcross
Hill at Lakenheath is worth a visit — it is all sand ; and Palmers' Heath
between it and Brandon is also productive. We are now at Brandon,

lOI

A HIStORY OF SUFFOLK

and south, east, and west, and along the Ouse River on the north, are
all most prolific ; but especially Town Street, the island by the Staunch
(which is not strictly in Suffolk), and the high sandy fields by the water-
works. It is all grand collecting on the sandy Thetford Warren, to Elveden
and Wordwell ; many good things were found in the old days at Livermere,
and then we get back to the greasy heavy lands about Mendlesham, Deben-
ham and Monk Soham, or keep along the northern rivers. Little Ouse and
Waveney. The latter is good for insects at Wortham and Bungay, and at
Beccles begins to broaden out into the Suffolk Broads, which at Barnby and
Oulton are in no way inferior to those larger ones of Norfolk. Continuing
north-east we find the coast at Gorton cliffs prolific ; and it is one of the
best localities for Aculeates in Britain — through Lowestoft, Kessingland,
Benacre and Covehithe and Easton Broads to glorious Southwold. Southwold
is an island : to the north are sandhills and sandy heaths ; to the south are
salt marshes along the River Blyth, the valley of which is all sweeping sandy
heath ; and this light soil stretches out southward to Westleton, Dunwich,
Snape, and Aldeburgh ; and yet farther south to Bromeswell, Butley, Orford,
Hollesley and Alderton: anywhere in this 40-mile coast, or within from 5 to
10 miles of it inland, good things are constantly turning up, and at Staverton
is a genuine primeval forest, well worth a visit. Felixstowe is no better
than the rest of the coast, though oftener visited, and its brackish ditches yield
well to the water-net. The whole peninsula of which it forms the apex,
with its bases at Woodbridge and Ipswich, is sandy land, and the heaths at
Nacton, Martlesham, and especially Foxhall, have added species to the British
list. The valley of the Gipping is worth a final excursion, for here is where
Kirby took most of his classic bees at Barham ; Glaydon Bridge, Bramford,
Great Blakenham and the chalk-pits at Little Blakenham are all productive of
their particular marsh and chalk insects.^ Roughly we may say that the
county is noted for its marsh insects at Tuddenham and Barton Mills in the
west, Oulton and Barnby in the north-east, and the salt marshes at Benacre,
Southwold, and Felixstowe ; for its heath or ' breck ' insects about Brandon,
Elveden, and Icklingham, which are very different from the ordinary heath
insects of the coast sands and Foxhall ; and, in a less degree, for its forest
insects at Bentley, Assington, Tostock, and Staverton. It is just this variety
of wooded heavy land in the south, chalk in the west and south-east, sandy
valley-gravels in the north-west, and light heathy coast line with its external
salt marshes, that enables us to enrol six and a quarter thousand different kinds
of insects in the list for Suffolk,

ORTHOPTERA

Earwigs, Grasshoppers, Crickets, Cockroaches, S-c

Even if we include the Dermaptera or earwigs, there are only about forty different kinds of
these voracious and interesting insects in Britain, so it is hardly surprising to find that just half this
number have been found to inhabit Suffolk. Of our forty kinds several were not originally natives,
but have, at various more or less remote periods, been introduced in ships plying between
English and Eastern ports. Some of them are of such extremely rare occurrence as to be regarded
as only casual visitors ; and others so nocturnal and retiring in their habits as to be but rarely seen,

' Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1897, p. 265 : 'A Day in Kirby's Country.'

102

INSECTS

even where they exist in numbers. Several kinds were observed about Yarmouth by the Pagets ;
and a few on the coast by the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield and Mr. E. Saunders, but there are no
notable records of them in periodical literature.

The little earwig, Labia minor, is of general distribution, and is not uncommonly found singly,
flying in the sunshine in June, July, and September, as well as upon the damp mud at the margins of
ponds, at Bentley, Claydon Bridge, Walton, Wickham Market, Framlingham, Tuddenham Fen, and,
Paget says, about Yarmouth.' Our only other earwig is the \xh\(\\x\toviS Forficula auricularia,-vf\\\ch
I have frequently seen flying to the light of street lamps, beneath which, if one did but look, they
often congregate in great numbers ; by day they hide away beneath stones, &c., but may occasion-
ally be seen assimilating the nectar from Angelica and ragwort flowers ; and upon one occasion my
hand received quite a sharp pinch from the forceps, usually supposed only capable of folding away
the wings. I have noticed the \zx\^ty forcipata, Steph., on nettles at Belstead ; and Paget mentions
its occurrence on the Yarmouth sandhills. Only two of the four smaller cockroaches have been
noticed, of which the first, Phyllodromia germanica, has established a footing in Ipswich houses ; the
latter is Ectobia Panzeri, and is common upon the coast sandhills among the marram grass from Felix-
stowe to Gorton ; Saunders found it at Lowestoft in August, and the larvae are equally common in
June and July. In the Hope Museum at Oxford there is one specimen of this species labelled
' Rev. W. Kirby, lapponica,' which was very likely taken in Suffolk nearly a century ago.^ Paget
says the common or household cockroach, Blatta orienta/is, was to be found in most Yarmouth
houses in 1834, and it is doubtless only too common throughout the county, though it would be
interesting to know if this imported species has yet penetrated to the more rural districts ; we have
none at Monk Soham. In June 1894 I took a male which appeared to have been attracted by, and
was crawling beneath, an electric light in the middle of Ipswich. B. Australasiae is not infrequently
imported in linseed, &c., from abroad.

Among the grasshoppers, Mecoitethus gmssus has been found in several Norfolk localities, and
appears to be the species referred to by Paget under the name Locusta flavipes, which he says was
common in Helton Bog, Suffolk. All the Stenobothri, except S. Uneatus, have been observed here ;
S. viridulus is not uncommon in marshy spots about Beccles, Barnby Broad, Southwold, and Tudden-
ham Fen. Some doubt must be entertained regarding the record of S. rufipes, which I took at
Beccles in 1892, but am now unable to remember upon which side of the Waveney. Bloomfield
has found S. elegam in July at Southwold ; it has occurred to me in Tuddenham Fen, and not
uncommonly in the marshes at Burgh Castle in August. 5. bicolor and 5. parallelm are abundant
everywhere ; one day my attention was called to two males of the former which were apparently
courting a single female at Foxhall by the unusually dull note they were both emitting ; and on
another occasion at Southwold I found an example on a first-story window, which was a curious
circumstance in so low-flying a species. Of Gomphocerus I have only noticed the common
G. maculatus, which is widely distributed about Foxhall, Corton sandhills, Southwold, and on the
Breck sands at Lakenheath and Brandon. The remainder of the short-horned grasshoppers, with
two exceptions, cannot be termed indigenous since they are but casual visitants. Both these excep-
tions are members of the genus Tettix ; T. bipunctatus, which appears to be the Acridium bipumtatum,
taken commonly about Yarmouth by Paget, is an extremely abundant kind and, unlike most Acri-
diodea, hibernates in the perfect state, the larvae being found in August. T. subu/atus is very local
in Suffolk, where I have met with it only among the dwarf sallows in the Poor Fen at Tuddenham
in June.

Of the long-horned grasshoppers, Leptophyes punctatisiima is generally distributed ; it sometimes
occurs upon ' sugar ' in the Bentley Woods, and has been observed at Felixstowe, Bramford, Assing-
ton, Farnham, Dennington, and Monk Soham. The pretty green Mecomma varium is not rare on
oaks and frequently visits sugared trees at Ipswich, Bentley Woods, and Tostock, but is rarely seen
in its earlier stages. Throughout the fen and broads districts the lovely chocolate and green
Xiphidium dorsale is to be swept from reeds : I first saw it not uncommonly in Barnby and Benacre
Broads in August, occasionally upon the flowers of Angelica, and it has subsequently turned up in
Tuddenham Fen and the salt marshes about Southwold ; it does not appear to obtain maturity till
the end of July, and is quite possibly the Acrida aptera which Paget records as common in damp
places in Lound Wood in September. The great green Locusta viridissima is occasionally not
uncommon on the banks of the Gipping at Sproughton ; and in the same neighbourhood I have
found it licking the stylopods of Angelica sylvestris at Claydon in September ; Mr. Tuck has taken it
at Bury St. Edmunds, Mr. Maynard at Orford, and there are specimens in Wheel's collection from
Assington. Thamnotrizon cinereus is mainly nocturnal in its habits, and is very frequently attracted
by 'sugar' in the Bentley Woods ; it has also occurred at Bungay and Wherstead. Among the

' It was flying in great numbers in my garden at Monk Soham on i May 1908.
' Cf. E>!t. Rec. 1900, p. 98.

103

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

crickets we can only boast of Gryllus domesticus, which is often heard shrilling in bake-houses in
Ipswich and Yarmouth, though rarely seen ; it is said to be an immigrant from northern Africa,
appears to be confined to such warm situations as the above, and has, at least in Suffolk, never been
found in the open country. Mr. Tuck tells me he has found Gryllus campestris about Tostock, in
Mid-Suffolk ; and it is extremely probable that the Mole Cricket {Gryllotalpa vulgaris) also lives in
the county, since Kirby and Spence record it from Ickleton, in Cambridgeshire.

NEUROPTERA

Dragon-flies, Stone-flies, Lacewings, Caddis-Jiies, i^c.

Under this head I shall, for the sake of convenience, group all the heterogeneous families that
have at various times been allowed to pass as possible members of this order of insects since, in a
work like the present, it is good to give as comprehensive a conspectus as can be set out.
Among the dragon-flies we find many species have been recorded from Suffolk in The Entomalogists'
Annual of 1 86 1, Entomologists' Monthly Magazine, znA The Entomologist, in Y.vans^ British Libellulidae,
MacLachlan's Trichoptera, and Lucas's recent work ; Paget refers to a few, and Winter collected
some nice things in the neighbourhood of Aldeby near Beccles, which are mentioned in the
Entomologists' Weekly Intelligencer, vol. ix. Personally I have never been able to raise the enthusiasm
in these insects necessary to their thorough investigation, but have picked up a goodly number at
odd times by casual collecting ; the present list forms a fair basis for future work, but can scarcely
be considered thoroughly representative of, nor to do justice to, our fine stretches of both running
and stagnant water. My sluggishness in this direction is the more inexcusable, since Mr. MacLachlan
had hoped great things from our broads of the north-east.

The Thysanura have, with little justification, been included in this Order, and may be treated
of here, since but two species have been noticed. I have no doubt that the Silver Fish, Lepisma
saccarina, so common in the store-cupboards of old houses, occurs here in plenty, though I have met
with it only in my own house and in Monk Soham Church. The other species, of which I shook
two examples out of a grass-sod at Hitcham, Prof. Henslow's parisji, early in October 1899, is
Campodea staphylinus, and is said by Lord Avebury to represent the ancestral type of insect. These
Thysanura undergo no metamorphoses, and never develop wings ; they consequently fall into the
ametabolic section of the Insecta. The Plecoptera, Ephemeridae, and Odonata, on the contrary,
do undergo transformations of a modified form, that is to say, that, although the larva, pupa, and
imago differ from one another, there is no quiescent stage in their lives. To the former also
belong the CoUembola or ' spring-tails,' of which a great many species are extremely common,
though they have never been adequately collected, in Suffolk. In 1904 I put a few specimens of
this curious group in spirits while collecting other insects in the Ipswich district ; they proved to
belong to eight species : Orchesella cincta, Linn. ; O. pilosa, Geof. ; Tomocerus plumbeus, Linn. ;
Templetonia crystallina, MilU. ; Seira domestica, Nic. ; S. Buskii, Lub. ; the rare Lepidccjrtus curvi-
collis, Bour. ; and DeGeeria Nicoletii, Lub. Among the Pseudo-neuroptera, Airopos divinatcria is
sometimes quite a pest in my collections, and radical measures become occasionally necessary for its
extermination. I have taken at Sproughton, Ipswich, and on gorse in the Bentley Woods, Clothilla
picea, or the rural book-louse. Of the pretty genus Psocus, P. longicornis is widely distributed on
trees in the Bentley Woods, Barham, and Barnby Broad ; P. nebulosus is not rare in the former
locality in the autumn ; I have taken P. fasciatus at Barton Mills and Brandon in June, and
P. bifasciatus, recorded from Suffolk by Hagen, in Tuddenham Fen in September. Hagen also
records P. variegatus, which has occurred to me at Freston, and P. morio from our county, Steno-
psocus cruciatus is common in the Bentley Woods, Staverton, Ipswich, and Monk Soham ; S. immacu-
latus and S. stigmaticus are also found here, the latter at Foxhall and Brandon. Caecilius pedicularius
seems to be attracted by light since I have taken it in my study at night ; once it occurred to me
commonly in a dead calf at Foxhall ; ^ it is doubtless abundant, and C. flavidus has been observed
on the banks of the Gippingat Ipswich in September, and at Tuddenham, Wherstead, Freston, and
Foxhall ; C.piceus was swept from reeds at Southwold in September 1907, and C.fuscopterus was very
common in Bentley Woods in September 1904. In October 1899 I was so fortunate as to sweep
a specimen of the extremely rare C. atricornis in a small marshy wood at Bramford ;' this would
appear to have been little more than the second known specimen ; and in September 1907 another
turned up in a ditch at Mildenhall at the other extremity of the county. Mr. J. J. King took
about twenty examples of C. Kolbei,'Tetens, the first in Britain, on 16 August 1892, just within the
entrance to Tuddenham Fen, by sweeping the dry stems of ragwort, in the vicinity of Coots fir.*

' Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. i 899, p. 273. • Ibid. 272. ' Ibid, v, 244.

104

INSECTS

Elipsocus unipunctatui is not uncommon at Brandon, Whitton, and the Bentley Woods ; E. hyalinus
at Monk Soham, Bentley Woods, and Tuddenham Fen ; E. TVestwoodi has occurred to me at Box-
ford and Tuddenham in July ; and E. abieth is everywhere common on fir trees, upon which four
specimens of £■. fy<7«o/ij, Rost., are recorded from Tuddenham Heath at the end of June 1880.'*
Recently E.Jlaviceps and E. consimi/is, both from Foxhall, have been added to our list, together with
Ectopsocus Brigsii from Wherstead and the Bentley Woods in March, as well as Peripsocus albogut-
tatus in September and August in Tuddenham Fen, and P. phaeopterus at Brandon. Much remains
to be done among the Perlidae, of which the record of even Chloroperla grammatica is not positive,
though I believe I took it here in 1893. Leuctra fusciventris has been swept at Foxhall and Wher-
stead, where L. Klapahki is not rare on alder in the autumn ; and L. genkulata has been found at
Brandon Staunch in September. Nemoura variegata is common, especially in the early spring, at
Bentley and Aspall Woods, Sotherton, Barham, Ickworth, Sudbury, and Tuddenham. N. cinerea
has once been found about Ipswich, but N. incomptcua occurs in the Bentley Woods and Bixley
Decoy annually in April, and sometimes again in September, when N. praecox may also be found
in the latter locality. Mayflies are often common, but there appears to be but very small variety
among them ; Ephemera vulgata is very rarely as abundant here as in other counties where I have
observed it ; Leptophlebia marginata has only turned up once, on the banks of the Gipping in May,
though quite possibly it constantly occurs there ; L. iubmarginata is rarely noticed at Foxhall in the
same month. Cloeon dipterum is by no means uncommon in Southwold, Assington, Shrubland Park,
and Mr. Chitty once took C. simile at Brandon in June ; though the ubiquitous Baetis Rhodani is
everywhere met with.

Among the Odonata, or dragon-flies, we are able to instance most of the commoner kinds as of
indigenous occurrence. Sympetrum striolaium is common, S. flaveolum flies in Tuddenham Fen in
August, but has not been seen elsewhere ; Platetrum depressum is not very common, though widely
distributed ; Libellula quadrimaculatum has occurred to me in the marshes at Beccles, to Prest near
Lowestoft, and to Paget rarely at Lound. Of the very rare and local L.fulva I captured an
example in the marshes at Beccles in 1892,' another in Barnby Broad in July 1905 ; and Paget
records it from Lound. Orthetrum caerulescens I saw abundantly on the outskirts of Henham Park,
Covehithe, and at Hulver Bridge in 1900 ; and 0. cancellatum is nearly certain to be found in the
broads of the north-east, since I have noticed it in Wroxham Broad in Norfolk. Cordulia aenea is
said to be rare in Fritton Wood in May, and has several times been mentioned from Martlesham
Heath ; Brachytron pratense is recorded by Lucas from the Lowestoft Broads, and I found it at Hen-
stead in 1905. Harwood has found the rare Aeschna mixta flying over the Stour at Wiston, and I
took an example in a Beccles house m 1892 ; * another has occurred to me in an Ipswich garden in
October ; and it is very probable that Paget's A. varia. Curt., is also referable to this species.
Aeschna cyanea and A.grandis are both quite common.' Both kinds of Calopteryx have turned up
and Fitch reports great numbers of C.virgo near the source of the Stour.* The smaller dragon-flies
have been much neglected. Lestes sponsa at Westleton, Claydon, Oulton, and Barnby Broads ;
Platycnemis prnnipes at Blakenham, Claydon, Bentley Woods, Sproughton, and Bures ; with the
common Pyrrhosoma nymphula and Ischnura elegans have been noted. Erythromma najas, at present
uninstanced, certainly only requires a little searching in June to put in an appearance. Agrion pul-
chellum at Brandon, Lowestoft, and Tuddenham Fen, and A. cyanthigerum at Blakenham, Claydon,
and Barnby Broad are uncommon, though A. puella swarms everywhere from Lakenheath and
Wortham to Nayland and the coast salt-marshes.

The Neuroptera-plannipennia, regarded by Prof. Miall as the true representatives of the Order,
are in very fair profusion in Suffolk, where Sialis lutaria swarms. The curious snake-fly, Raphidia
notata, occurs sparingly in Belstead Wood and Assington Thicks, which, though 30 miles apart, have
a wonderfully analogous fauna ; upon one occasion I bred this species from a larva found in burrows
in a solid holly stem. R. xanthostigma has occurred to me singly at Brandon, and in a very wet
part of Tuddenham Fen in June. Sisyra fuscata is ohcn common by running water ; Micromusvarie-
gatus occurs at Stanstead, Tuddenham, and Bentley Woods, where, as well as at Wherstead, M. paganus
has been found. The pretty genus Hemerobius is well represented by H. nitidulus on pine trees in
Bentley Woods, H. humuli commonly, H. lutescens at Belstead and Harleston, H. limbatus common
from Brandon to Ipswich, H. stigma abundant in Belstead Woods, and beaten from pine-hedges at
Elvcden and Tuddenham in August, H. subnebulosus occasionally at electric light, &c., about Ipswich
and Lowestoft ; H. nervosus once found at Bentley in May, and H. concinnus beaten from fir in the
same locality at the end of June. At Kessingland I have swept H. micans among marram grass.

• Ent. Mo. Mag. xvii, 21,71. ' Ibid. 1897, p. 106. * Ibid.

' Lucas says Aeuhna isosceles used to be common near Yarmouth, but there is no direct evidence of it
having occurred on our side of the border, though five specimens were taken and many seen near Stalham in
the Norfolk Broads in 1903.

' Entom. 1879, p. 288.

1 105 14

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Of the twelve British Chrysopaty all but C. abbrevlata have been observed by me here ; the large
C. vlttata was flying in Bentley Woods in June ; C . Jlava, flavtfrons, tenella, septempunctata^ and the
widely distributed C. phyllochroma are all attracted to electric light in Ipswich ; C. alba was taken
about Lowestoft ; C.prasina and C. ventralis in Bentley Woods (Mr. Gimingham has also found the
latter recently at Dunwich) ; C. vulgaris and C. perla are generally distributed, the former often
occurring on reeds in salt-marshes. The pretty scorpion-flies Panorpa communis and P. germanica are
very widely spread ; and the rarer P. cognata occurs in Barnby Broad in July. I have once or
twice noted Coniopteryx psociformis in the Bentley Woods in July ; C. lactta at Brandon, Foxhall,
and Freston in Jime, and C. aUyrodiformis on elms and sallows at Wherstead and Foxhall.

The water flies, caddis worms, or Trichoptera, are the only section of the Neuroptera, with
the exception of the Plannipennia, which undergoes complete transformations, and is consequently
known as holometabolic. The large and handsome Phryganea grandis, which I have bred from its
larva at Ipswich, is not infrequent ; P. striata has turned up in my house at Monk Soham in May ;
and Mr. A. Gibbs has taken several P. varia at sugar in the marshes at Orford. Neuronia ruficrus
and Agrypnia Pagetana (which Curtis named after our Yarmouth observer) are uncommon ; I have
taken the latter once or twice in the broads about Lowestoft, and Winter says that a fine specimen
was captured by the River Waveney, near Beccles, in i860. Colpotaulius incisus is common, and
GrammotauHus atomarius with Glyphotaelius pellucidus not rare. We have most of the extensive
genus Limnophilus in Suffolk ; L. rhombicus, marmoratus, lunatus, politus, affinis, and sparsus are all
common and widely distributed. L. nigriceps once occurred to me not uncommonly on the banks of
the Gipping near Ipswich in October.' Mr. MacLachlan tells us L. borealis once turned up in
some abundance in the Suffolk Broads.^" L. auricula has been found at Beccles, Brandon, and Tud-
denham ; L. flavicornis and L. centralis in my garden at Monk Soham ; and L. extricatus once in
July at Ipswich. L. hirsutus is probably abundant in the broads in June ; I have taken it at Milden-
hall ; L. fuscicomis is not uncommon on sugar, and Anabolia nervosa often a perfect pest. Phacopteryx
flew into light at Monk Soham House in September 1906. Stenophylax permistus, sequax (also taken
at Monk Soham), and stellatus rarely put in an appearance about Ipswich, where, at electric light, on
23 April 1895, I caught the only British specimen of Mesophylax aspersus}^ Halesus radiatus and
Chaetopteryx villosa are quite common ; but Sericostoma personatum has only occurred to me at Farn-
ham, on the banks of the Aide, and on those of Belstead Brook at Wherstead. Notidobia ciliaris a.nd
GSera pilosa are widely distributed, though I have taken but one Lepidostoma hirtum near Ipswich in
July, in which month Agrayka multipunctata has been attracted to artificial light at Southwold.
Winter records Hydroptila pulchricornis from Aldeby, and I have found H. wj/a/zV abundantly on reeds
at Brandon and Claydon Bridge.

Of the Leptoceridae, Molanna angustata is common and, with Leptocerus fiilvus, senilis, cinereus,
and aterrimus, may be seen flying low on the surface of the Gipping and Little Ouse. I have observed
Triaenodes bicolor at Oulton Broad and Walberswick ; and T. conspersa has been attracted to electric
light in the middle of Ipswich. The pretty little Mystacides nigra and azurea are not rare at Brandon
and Ipswich ; I took M. longicornis in Beccles in September 1907, and I have since confirmed what
MacLachlan thought^ was probably a mangled Oecetis lacustris a.t Blakenham, while Adicella reducta
has turned up in June at Tuddenham Fen, and Setodes tineiformis in August in Barnby Broad.
Hydropsyche angustipennis and H, guttata are probably common, Tinodes waeneri being abundant
everywhere from Brandon to the Gipping. Lype phaeopa has occurred by sweeping at Belstead and
on the banks of the Little Ouse and of the Gipping ; and Plectrocnemia conspersa occasionally flies to
sugar in Ipswich, Tuddenham Fen, and Bentley Woods. I have only seen Polycentropus fiavomacu-
latus at Nayland, Icklingham, and Brandon, though Holocentropus picicomis seems to have a wide
range about Bramford, Barnby Broad, Southwold, and Lowestoft. Towards the end of April 1897
I was so fortunate as to make the third British capture of H. stagnalis, . Alb., in the Bramford
marshes ; " there was no sign of it in the same locality at the beginning of May 1898 ; but on
the 9th of that month in 1899 it swarmed upon the water-weeds of one particular pond there, and
I captured a fine series. Of the rest, Cyrnus trimaculatus is not uncommon from Ipswich to Blaken-
ham, often upon Scrophularia ; Agapetus fuscipes and Berea pullata are found at Foxhall, though the
former appears to be uncommon there ; and in July 1903 I swept B. maurus in Tuddenham Fen.

From the above accoimt of the Neuroptera, in the broadest sense of the term, which have been
actually observed in Suffolk, it is evident that there are but 164 species, including Hydroptila pulchri-
cornis, which Winter records as having been abundant on the railway bridge across the Waveney,
near Aldeby, which connects this county with Norfolk. This is indeed a small total for our well-
watered county, when we consider that nearly 450 kinds have been found in Britain.

' Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1898, p. zi. '" Trans. Ent. Soc. 1865, p. 39.

" CLEnt. Mo. Mag. Nov. 1895. " Ibid. 1897, p. 266. " Ibid. 1897, p. 280.

106

INSECTS
HYMENOPTERA

AnU, Bees, Wasps, Saw-flies, Gall-flies, Ichneumons, &c.

The classification of this Order has always been a difficult subject owing to the dissimilarity
exhibited by the great number of families, &c., into which the vast variety of its species has been
divided. This is by no means the place to enter into the subject, of which I shall only say that
those kinds noted in SuflFolk have, in the following brief account, been grouped more or less in the
three-fold manner propounded by Konow in the Deut. Ent. Zeit. of 1890, and followed by me in
the Ichneumonologia Britannica, though the minor groups stand, in some instances, as placed by
Ashmead in the Proceedings of the U.S. Nat. Museum of 1 900, which was in the first place a
dichotomous system. The three sub-orders of which the whole is composed are : — The Vespoidea,
or Aculeata with Chrysididae ; the Ichneumonidea, including all the entomophagous (as well as the
phytophagous Cynipidae) kinds ; and the Tenthredonidea, or sawflies and Siricidae.

VESPOIDEA

Chrysididae

Of the twenty-one species recorded from Britain by Morice,^ we find that twelve have been
observed in Suffolk. All these have been quite recently noted with the single exception of Cleptes
paUidipes, which Paget says used to be common on the Yarmouth sand-hills in 1834 ; Mr. R. C. L.
Perkins tells me he has seen it about Brandon, and I have myself found it on flowers by the
Gipping in June ; C. nitidula, recorded from Suffolk by Smith,^ has occurred to me at Bramford,
Mildenhall, and upon Chaerophyllum in Brantham Dale. We owe the inclusion of Notozus Panzeri
and Elampus auratus to Perkins, who noted them in the Breck district in 1899, together with
E. aenea, which I have once captured upon tansy in the Bramford marshes in the middle of July.
Hedychridium ardens has turned up about Mildenhall, and Morice records the very rare H. integrum
from the same locality.' I was so fortunate as to take a couple of the \ovt\y Hedychrum nobile upon
the flowers of Heracleum at Bramford in 1 90 1, one with a blue, and one with a green, thorax, and
both with brilliant red-gold body. Of the ten British species of Chrysis, we can boast but four,
though C. hirsuta and C. viridula, which have been found in Norfolk, probably inhabit the county.
C. cyanea may often be seen about the borings of Fossors at Bentley and Assington Woods,
Brantham Dale and Tuddenham Fen ; C. ignita, the ruby-tail, is even commoner at Finborough,
Ipswich, HoUesley, Bealings, Brantham, Dodnash, and Bentley Woods ; Perkins has found C. Ruddii
in the Breck district ; and one or two examples of the rare C. succincta occurred to me on Herac-
leum in the Bentley Woods in 1894, though I have not seen it there since that time. So few
localities appear to be honoured by the presence of this last species that I may be forgiven for
mentioning my capture of an example at Oxshott in Surrey, 10 July 1 90 1. C. flilgida should also
occur with us, since it is found in the fens at Wicken, in Cambridgeshire.

Aculeata

In treating of this group it will be best to follow the nomenclature generally in vogue among
British students at the present time, in which the ants hold first place, followed by the fossors and
wasps, the bees being grouped at the end of the sub-order. In the last, we in Suffolk, take pre-
eminence in historical interest by virtue of the Rev. William Kirby's fundamental work upon the
British species, his Monographic Apum Angliae, which was published in Ipswich in 1 802 ; in it we
learn a great deal concerning the local entomologists of that date : — Nicholas Gwyn, M.D., of
Ipswich ; Rev. Peter Lathbury, of Woodbridge ; Rev. James Coyte, of Ipswich ; Rev. Revett
Sheppard, B.A., curate of Nacton, &c., &c. Many additions, as well as notices of the other three
divisions, were brought forward by the Pagets, Curtis, and Parfitt ; Fred Smith in his Catalogues
of Fossors, and Bees, and in the Entomological Annual, 1859-68 ; Rothney, Morice, and Tuck in the
Entomologist^ s Monthly Magazine, Kirby in Transactions of the Linnean Society, and Ransom in the
Entomologist. Bridgman, R. C. L. Perkins, A. PifFard, Harwood, and others have also collected
here. Mr. W. H. Tuck published a very full list of the species observed by him about Tostock
in the Transactions of the Norfolk Naturalists' Society in 1895 ; and early in 1898 I brought forward
a similar one for the Ipswich district in the Entomologist. Mr. Edward Saunders has found many rare

' Ent. Mo. Mag. 1896, p. 124. ' Ent. Ann. 1862, p. 8$.

^ Ent. Mo. Mag. 1900, p. 108.

107

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

kinds about Lowestoft, which are mentioned in his AniUata of the British Islands. From this mass of
material I was enabled to draw up in 1899, *"/ ' Aculeata of Suffolk,' * and in it to enumerate 282
species out of a total of 374 in all Britain ; and yet a few of the commoner fossors had not been
met with. Since that time only thirteen species, of which four were for the first time known to
inhabit Britain, have been added, bringing the total to 295 different kinds — the longest county list,
I believe, in England, with perhaps one exception. It will, consequently, be unnecessary in the
following summary to refer to the insects in detail, and I shall indicate only those kinds which
are of special interest, of historical note, or individual rarity.

Regarding the ants, we find in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society, 1834, xxv, that Formica
rufa is sometimes quite troublesome in the county, but it has now become rare and very local. Smith,
in his Fossorial Hymenoptera tells us that Kirby sent Formica emarginata to Latreille, though no
example of it existed in the former's collection. Smith further states * that a female, F. brunnea, the
only British specimen, had been captured on the coast at Pakefield ; this was probably referable to
Lasius umbratus. He also once took the very rare Myrmecina Latreillei at Southwold in 1859.
Stenamma Westwoodi has been found in a bees' nest at Tostock and in moss in the Bentley Woods ;
and the interesting little Monomorium Pharaonis, always found in shops and houses, where it is
imported in foreign produce, once occurred to me by sweeping a hedge-bottom at Wherstead, at
least a mile from any shop, &c. Mutilla europaea used to be found at Southwold and upon Lound
Heathjwhich I am informed is now reduced to a very small area, practically only a clay-pit, and few
know it by its old name. In the Entomological Annual, 1866, Smith records the rare Methoca Ichneu-
monoides from Suffolk ; and Tiphia femorata is everywhere abundant in the Breck district upon
Angelica and carrot flowers in August, as well as upon the coast. The fourth British specimen
of Pompilus unicolor was captured at Pakefield in 1858 ; and Perkins has turned up P. bicolor, niger,
and spissus about Brandon. Salius obtusiventris has been found at Needham Market and Tostock,
whence Tuck sent me a single male, probably the first of that sex noticed in Britain, in July
1900. Kirby, in erecting the genus, records Ammophila sabulosa, hirsuta, and lutaria, which have all
been since found here, from Suffolk. Spilomena troglodytes is not uncommon about Brandon ; and
in an Ipswich garden I have several times taken Stigmus Sohkyi among Aphides upon Heracleum,
which fact appears to clear up the doubt expressed by Saunders as to its larva's pabulum. Pem-
phredon JVesmaeli and P. morio, till lately one of our very rarest British species, have both been
found by Tuck at Tostock ; the latter has also occurred to him at Rougham in August, and locally
to Perkins in the Breck. Curtis records Mimesa atra from Suffolk ; there are several in Kirby 's
collection, and Smith once saw it on a flower at Lowestoft. The rare Didineis lunicornis has been
found by Smith at Carlton Wood, by Piffard near Felixstowe, and I once met with a male in the
act of sucking honey from Smyrnium Olusatrum on the cliffs there in August. The interesting
genus Crabro is represented by twenty-three species, of which C. tibialis is certainly uncommon
at Stanstead Wood, Monk Soham, and Alderton ; C. capitosus has been bred from bramble
stems at Ipswich by Rothney ; C. varius, anxius, and JFesmaeli are uncommon ; Tuck says C. litur-
atus is rare at Tostock, and I have only once detected it in the vicinity of Ipswich.

Hornets, though occasionally observed in our woods, are not unpleasantly common in Suffolk,
and the social wasps do not occur with the frequency of the southern counties ; they are sometimes
attracted into street lamps by the flies which have come to the light at night ; the males of Vespa
rufa may sometimes be freely found upon Angelica flowers, and Mr. Tuck has observed nests of
V. sylvestris built, like a martin's, beneath house eaves in August. The rare F. norvegica has
been noticed nesting at Aldeburgh, Tostock, and twice at Lowestoft in recent years ; it constructs
nests in trees and bushes, often in gardens, of the size of a cricket ball. Of the Odyneri, the usually
common O. splnipes is certainly rare here, having been found only about Brandon, and quite recently
about Copdock, by the late Rev. J. H. Hocking ; O. pictus is very local ; O. trimarginatus is con-
fined to the coast (it has not occurred at Tostock) ; and the handsome O. antilope is uncommon
about Bury St. Edmunds and in the Breck district.

To turn to the bees, we find 164 kinds recorded out of a British total of about 204. Of
Colletes, we cannot claim C. cunicularia, which seems to be nearly confined to the Liverpool and
Chester districts ; C. marginata, Perkins says, is not uncommon on the Breck sands. Prosopis
pictipes is found in the same district and has once occurred at Tostock to Tuck, who has also
noticed Sphecodes longulus in May at Drinkstone. S. rubicundus was first brought forward as British
in 1895, and during the following year it was found to be not uncommon at Tostock by Tuck ;
it has also been taken about Ipswich by Hocking and myself. Only five localities appear to be
known for Halictus quadricinctus, one of which is Little Blakenham in Suffolk, as is indicated in a
MS. note in Kirby's interleaved copy of his Monographia. His record of H. xanthopus from Barham
has recently been confirmed by the capture of examples at Brandon, Tostock, and Copdock ; but

* See The Hymenoptera of Suff. pt. i. ' Op. cit. 224.

108

INSECTS

Kirby's H. laevigatas and H. sexnotaius, originally described from their author's parish of Barham, have
not been since met with in Suffolk. H. prasinus has been found about Brandon and Bury St. Edmunds,
and in the latter locality H. pauxillus occurs rarely in flowers of Inula dysenterica. Of H. laevts,
Saunders writes in 1896, 'the only British exponent of this species was taken at Nacton, Suffolk, as
recorded by Kirby in his Monographia ' ; Kirby says simply ' Barhamiae semel capta, iterum in
Nacton, Suffolciae ' ; this certainly refers to two distinct specimens which, if I be not mistaken,
both still exist in Kirby's collection in the British Museum. There are some fifty species of
Andrena in Britain, and forty have been found in this county ; A. pilipes is widely distributed ;
A. thoracha and A. cineraria are distinctly rare ; and the only occurrence of A. florea is that of a
female on Ruhui flower in the Bentley Woods in August in 1896. Though A.nigriceps is common
cnougL from July to August, Kirby's record of it, ' Barhamiae. Aprili ineunte, 1800,' must surely
bean error or refer to a distinct kind. Mr. Hocking tells me that he has confirmed Kirby's record
A. tridentata, at Melton and Barham, by the capture of an example in Suffolk in 190 1 ; it occurs
upon ragwort and appears to have been elsewhere observed only at Bournemouth, Christchurch, and
Norwich. A. coitana, named after Coyte of Ipswich, is often in the utmost profusion on Heracleum
flowers at Southwold^ &c. ; and the very rare A. proximo has turned up singly at Barham, Copdock,
and Great Blakenham.' A. fulvago^ not a rare species in most parts of Britain, still rests in our
county list upon Kirby's record of 1799 ; he says he has usually found it scarce about Barham at
the beginning of June, but that in 1799 it was very plentiful. I once found A. similis in the
Bentley Woods ; it was beaten from a white poplar in the middle of June.

Panurgus calcaratus has only been found at Martlesham Heath by Kirby ; but Paget, Smith,
and Piffard have all taken P. ursinus. Nomada fucata and A'^. Lathhuriana have not been observed
for over a hundred years; and N. lineola seems very scarce. In May 1897, I was so fortunate as
to capture the second British example of T>} . guttulata, sitting upon a composite flower in Belstead
Woods ; the first, without locality, is in Mr. Edward Saunders' collection.' Perkins has found
N. bifida about Brandon, and Tuck N. horealis at Tostock in April. Coelioxys vectis has occurred
at Lowestoft (but not at Tos'ock) ; C. rufescem has turned up in several localities, and its variety
umbrina at Lowestoft. Megachile maritima is still common, with M. argentata in its original
locality near Landguard Fort at Felixstowe, and has also been found inland at Rougham, Bungay,
and Brandon. M. versicolor was once bred by Tuck at Tostock,* and is widely distributed in the
Breck district. We have all the British Osmiae, excepting O. parietina, which is confined to Wales
and the North ; the local 0. pilicornis has occurred at Lowestoft, Copdock, and once to me in June
(not September) in Brantham Dale. 0. xanthomelana from Somersham and O. auruhnta from
Henley, still stand upon Kirby's records, though that of 0. spinulosa from Witnesham and Little
Blakenham has been confirmed by Tuck, who annually found it at Tostock. The three species of
Stelis frequent the Breck sands ; and I have recently taken Anthidium manicatum commonly at South-
wold at flowers of Petasites officinalis. For six years my single female of Anthophora retusa was the
only known Suffolk specimen ; then Tuck took one at Thurston, and subsequently fair quantities
from two colonies at Bungay in June 190 1, the males occurring at Geranium pyrenaicum and
Lotus corniculatus : lately it has again been found at Bentley Woods and Copdock. Sarapoda has
not been found for a century, nor, indeed, has Bombus Cullumanus ; but B. Smithianus is widely
distributed and not uncommon about Brandon, and the common humble bees are frequent
everywhere.

I shall conclude the Aculeata with a list of the only thirteen species which have been added to
the county catalogue since it was published by me in 1899 ; and indeed with so full a list one
cannot expect to have much new information to impart in this respect.

Additions, 1900- 1907

Tiphia minuta. Males singly on Angelica sylvestris Odynerus bifasciatus. Several found by Tuck at

flowers at Brandon and Tuddenham Fen, and Tostock (cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1902, p. 106)

upon Heracleum sphondylium at Lackford Prosopis palustris. First described from Suffolic in

Bridge, in Aug. 1900 Ent. Mo. Mag. xxxvi, 49 ; I have found it

Calicurgus hyalinatus. Found upon young poplar in the utmost profusion in Tuddenham Fen, as

singly in Assington Thicks, in July 1902 well as at Brandon, Icklingham, and the Nezu

Psen unicolor. Taken in a marshy spot at Tostock by Forest

Mr. Tuck — cornuta. A single female was taken at Timworth,

Gorytes laticinctus. Taken at Barton Mills in August near Bury St. Edmunds, in July (cf. Ent. Mo.

1 90 1 (A. H. Hamm) Mag. 1907, p. 67)

Crabro anxius. A female on parsley at Tostock in Halictus zonulus. One found at HolUsley early in

Aug. (cf Norf. Trans. 1897) Aug., by Mr. Hocking

' Cf Ent. Mo. Mag. Ixxxiii, 265. ' Ibid, xxxiii, 280.

' Cf. Trans. Nor/, and Norw. Nat. Soc. and Ent. Mo. Mag. 1894.

109

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Additions, 1900- 1907 {continued)

Halictus breviceps. Two females taken near Cojidock Andrena hattorfiana. Two males on Knautia

in 1899. arvensis at Copdock in July, by Hocking

Andrena niveata. Probably not uncommon ; taken Nomada sexfasciata. There was only indirect evi-

at Brandon in May by Perkins, and on panley- dence of this species' occurrence till one was

flowen at Tostock in June and July, by taken at the burrows of Eucera longicornis at

Tuck Copdock

ICHNEUMONIDEA

EVANIIDAE

Only seven species of this family had been found in Britain in 1872, since which time I am
aware of the addition of but one kind.' Only two of these species appear to be at all common in
Britain ; and these are parasitic upon Aculeata, Chelostoma, &c., but do not prey, like the typical
genus Evania, upon the egg-capsules of cockroaches. Both these species appear to be abundant
throughout Suffolk, since Perkins in the Breck district about Brandon, and Tuck about Bury St.
Edmunds have observed them, but only one of the remaining five has been recorded hence. The
first of these, Foenus jaculator, has not been noticed about Ipswich, though I have found it upon carrot
flowers at Tuddenham St. Mary in August ; the second, F. aiiectator^ is common everywhere in July,
and has occurred to me upon flowers of Heracleum sphondylium, &c., at Ipswich, Bramford, Bentley
Woods, and Tuddenham Fen, but especially at Barham, where it is to be met with freely. Evania
appendigaster was first found in Britain by the Rev. James Coyte of Ipswich, in Suffolk ;'* it is very
rare, and even now regarded as being hardly permanently established in our Islands.

Chalcididae

No group of British insects is more in want of elucidation than the pretty little members of
this extensive family, which are abundant everywhere upon herbage and flowers. Walker's works
upon them are indeed ' love's labour lost,' for they are quite unintelligible to the modern systematist ;
and I believe Wood's ambitious attempt at listing the whole of the British insects to contain the
only catalogue — a quite valueless one — of them in existence. I have from various sources obtained
the names of a very few of my numerous captures in this group, but until some student arises to
propound a feasible classification, we shall for the most part have to content ourselves with the mere
compilation of specimens and the observation of their interesting economy, which is considerably
complicated, since the majority are hyperparasites. Nevertheless the following notes may be of some
little value as regards the distribution of the Chalcididae in Suffolk, though only some fifteen species
have been determined.

I once found Chalcis minuta, Linn., on umbelliferous flowers by the Gipping at Sproughton j
and Smicra sispes, Linn., which is said to prey upon Stratiomyid Diptera, is not uncommon in
Oulton Broad; Tuck has found it at Finborough and in Benacre Broad, and Paget records it as
rather common in marshes at Gorleston during August, in 1834, under the name Clavipes, Fab.
The handsome Perilampus ruficornis. Fab., is often common in the spring in Bentley and Assing-
ton Woods among the undergrowth. I have taken Torymus nobilis. Boh., at Bentley, and several
times bred Torymus regius, Nees, from the marble galls of Cynips Kollari at Bentley, where
T. erucarum has occasionally been noticed ; and the pretty little Micromelus pyrrhogaster is by no
means rare at Bramford in the autumn. Claeonymus depressus has turned up at Little Blakenham,
with Eupelmus excavatus, Dalm., in September. On the window of a house at Bentley I took an
example of the strange Caratomus megacephalus, Fab., of Stephens' Illustrations, on I July 1 903 ; it
resembles nothing so much as the hammer-headed shark. Megastigmus dorsalis. Fab., has been swept
at the Lowestoft denes in August. Callimome lasioptera appears widely distributed ; and at Felix-
stowe the apterous Cerocephala formiciformis, Westw., has been found upon the book I was read-
ing at the end of May. Eurytoma rosae, Nees, has occurred at Burgh Castle in August, and in the
Bentley woods many Oligosthenus stigma. Fab., have emerged from the galls of Rhodites rosat.
The very distinct Decatoma higuttata, Swed., was swept from flowers at Bramford early in August
1897 ; but of the rest, though they comprise members of the genera Eulophus, Isosoma, Callimomty
&c., I have utterly failed to obtain reliable identifications, excepting Cheiropachus quadrum. Fab.,
once found commonly at Sotherton and once at Belstead ; and Cerapterocerus mirabilis, which
Saunders took at Southwold in July 1877. Comys Swederi, Dalm., too, has turned up at Wherstead
and Tuddenham.

' Cf. Eaiom. i88o, p. 89. '" Donovan, Nal. Hist, of Brit. Insects, x, pi. 329.

no

INSECTS

Since the above paragraph was written I have been doing some desultory work on this family,
and consider the determination of the following local species sufficiently satisfactory for publication : —
Eucharii adscendem, Fab., the only British exponent of its family, was swept in Tuddenham Fen on
6 May 1907. Males of Eurytoma aterrima, Sch., at Brandon on 27 September 1907, and o{ E.
nitida, Walk., at Barton Mills on 12 June 1 900. Isosoma longicornis, Walk., at Bentley Woods on
21 June 1901 ; /. brevis, Walk., at Southwold on 31 May 1905 ; /. angustlpennis, Walk., at Bentley
on 13 May 1900, and in Tuddenham Fen on 6 May 1907 ; /. minor. Walk., at Belstead on
23 May 1896 ; /. elongata, Walk., at Foxhall on 27 May 1907 ; /. angustata. Walk., at Barnby
Broad on 5 July 1906 ; /. depressa, Walk., swept from grass at Nacton 26 May 1 900 ; and /,
attenuata. Walk., at Wortham on 9 June 1900. Callimome curtus, Walk., was beaten from birch
in the Bentley Woods on 4 May 1895, and is frequently common on the underside of lime leaves
in my garden here at Monk Soham ; C, Jlavipes, Walk., was found on Angelica flowers at Claydon
Bridge on 10 August 1899 ; and C. chloromerus, Walk., in the Bentley Woods on 13 May 1900.
Mr. Tuck has taken at Tostock several specimens of the interesting Monodontomerus nitidus, Newp.,
which lives in bees' nests. Two species of Chalcids were described by Rev. W. Kirby,'**^ Ma-
croglenes penetrans and Eulophm damicornis.

I have recently been engaged upon the compilation of a Catalogue of British Chalcididae, shortly
to be published by the Entomological Society, and find that upon the closest scrutiny there appear to
be 1,408 species in our isles.

Cynipidae

Of this family we have a much more representative, though still quite an elementary, list, and
one which could with ease be extended with a little attentive working. Though a large proportion
of these insects are phytophagous in their habits, they have nothing in common with the Tcnthre-
donidea structually, and many are known to be parasitic upon Aphides. The majority, however,
construct galls upon the leaves and roots of herbage and trees which were for long, and still are by
the vulgar, supposed to be of vegetable origin ; many are inquiline in the galls of their relatives ;
and several harbour commensals which play no part in the galls' construction. I am much indebted
to Mr. G. C. Bignell for assisting me in the determination of the following thirty-three species,
of which only one was noticed by the older collectors.

The curious and distinct species of Eigites, Kkditoma, and Eucoela are not uncommon from
June to November ; Figites scute/Iaris, Rossi., has been found at Marlesford, and Anacharis
tincta, Walk., in Tuddenham Fen ; Kleditoma nigra, Htg., in the Bentley Woods ; and Aegilipes
rufipes, Westw., by Tuck about Tostock, and by Flatten in Ipswich. The extensive genus
Eucoela is represented by E. nigricornis. Cam., common at Mildenhall, Claydon, and Bury
on carrot flowers ; E. proximo. Cam., at Framlingham in June ; E. diaphana, Htg., at Burgh
Castle and Bentley ; E. crassiscornis, Westw., found about Bury by Tuck, and E. gracilicomis,
in the Bramford marshes. What are, perhaps, E. rapae, Westw., and E. testaceipes. Cam., have
been seen respectively at Bentley and Foxhall. The large and very rare Ibalia cultellator, Fab.,
was first taken in Britain by Mr. W. H. C. Edwards, who captured a male flying in his garden
at Bungay ; this specimen is figured by Curtis ; ^ and is said to be parasitic upon Sirex
juvencus. The galls of Cynips kollari, Htg., are common everywhere upon oak trees ; but Andricus
radicis. Fab., is more often met with in the perfect state and frequently swept from herbage in
Bentley Woods ; the galls of A. fecundatrix, Htg., may be commonly observed in the same locality,
where I once found A. Sieboldi, Htg., and probably also A. gemmatus, Adl. ; Synergus Reinhardi,
Mayr, inquiline upon C. Kollari, is very common ; S. Hayneanus, Htg., occurred to me at Foxhall
in June 1895 ; S. incrassatus, Htg., inquiline upon Aphilothrix corticus, Htg., is common, the pretty
males having been found at Bentley and about Bury ; and both S. vulgaris, Htg., and S. melanopus,
Htg., are common. The imagines of Aphilothrix quadrilineatus, Htg., occur in Bentley Woods,
where I have met with Trigonaspis megaptera, Panz. Biorrhixa terminalis. Fab., is found at Belstead
and Ipswich in November, and both Neuroterus lenticularis, Oliv., and iV. aprilinus, Gir., are abundant,
but N. tricolor, Htg., has only once been noted in the Bentley Woods, where I have seen galls of
N. numismatis, Oliv., Andricus ostreus, Gir., and Dryophanta divisa, Htg. The woolly bedeguar galls
of Rhodites rosae are not uncommon about Bentley and Wrentham ; and I have taken the much
rarer R. nervosus. Curt., at Framlingham in June. Allotria pedestris. Curt., and A. megaptera. Cam.,
were found at Brandon in June 1903 ; I have observed galls of Diastrophus rubi on blackberry at
Debenham, and Mr. Rasor has sent me those of Aulax glechomae, Htg., from Woolpit.

'°* Trans. Linn. Soc. 1800, p. 109, and 1825, p. 112.
" Brit. Ent. xxii.

Ill

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

ICHNEUMONIDAE

Of this extremely interesting family, the species of which are often large and brightly coloured,
always preying upon insects of all orders, as well as upon spiders and false-scorpions, there were
I,i86 different kinds known in Britain in 1872, which number had risen to 1,719 in 1901, when
my paper upon the subject was read before the Entomological Society. The determination of these
insects, however, is fraught with so much difficulty that the family has been almost entirely neglected
in our isles, with the consequence that in Suffolk there have been but few observers. Paget, Curtis,
and Rev. E. N. Bloomfield have recorded a very few of the commoner and more striking kinds ;
there are one or two in the British Museum found about Lowestoft by F. Smith ; and others
have been noticed by Bedwell, Tuck, and Ransom. In my Ichneumons of Britain '^ I have recorded
a goodly number of the first two sub-families from the county ; and in working upon my second
volume I have noticed many Cryptids ; but the remaining three sub-families are very poorly repre-
sented, because, although I possess some thousands of Suffolk specimens, opportunity has not yet
been found for working out the correct names of the great majority. Hence we find that but little
over four hundred species can with accuracy be referred to in the following precis, which, as nothing
has at present appeared upon the general subject, is dealt with in some detail.

Taking the five sub-families in their usual order, we find among the Ichneumoninae Hoplis-
menus alhifrom has been captured on flowers at Walberswick and Brandon ; Automalm alboguttatus
from Bury St. Edmunds, in the late Mr. Alfred Beaumont's collection ; that we can include the
tawny Tragus lutorim, on the strength of specimens bred from poplar hawk-moths at Yarmouth by
Paget and from Delephila galii by Mr. Peek at Aldeburgh, with T. exaltatorius and Protichneumon
fuscipennis on the Rev. A. H. Wratislaw's authority ; P. laminatorius is a common parasite of the
elephant hawk-moth at Ipswich and Sudbury, and was once bred from the bedstraw hawk at Alde-
burgh. Coelichneumon Uneator is sometimes found in the Bentley Woods, C. liocnemis at Brantham and
C. castaneiventris at Ipswich and Assington ; while of the genus Stenichneumon, S. trilineatus is very
often seen hibernating beneath the bark of pine and aspen trees in winter, and swept from
reeds in the Southwold marshes. Cratkhneumon rufifrons is common in the Bentley Woods, Staver-
ton Thicks, and Brandon ; C nigritarius was recorded from Covehithe at the end of June by Curtis
and is still not rare on the undergrowth in our woods ; C. fabricator and C. annulator are abundant
everywhere in the late spring, and I have found C . fiigltivus at Ipswich with the variable C. coruscator.
The Rev. A. H. Wratislaw took C. Gravenhorsti near Bury St. Edmunds, and both C. lanius and
C. varipes occur on low bushes in the Bentley Woods, though the latter is certainly rare there.
Melan'uhneumon leucomelas has been taken by Bedwell at Oulton Broad, Flatten in Ipswich, and
Beaumont near Bury ; the marsh-frequenting M, bimaculatorius was swept by Elliott at Covehithe
Broad in October 1900 ; I have found M. saturatorius in the same place, as well as at Brandon,
Af. perscrutator on carrot flowers at Tuddenham, and the rare M. sangtdnator once flying in the
sunshine at Bentley in July. Of the genus Barlchneumon we can claim B. anator, B. vesti-
gator, and B. derogatory which have been found about Bury by Mr. Tuck ; B. incubitor and B.
lepidus from Tuddenham Fen in August ; B. angustulus from Copdock by Hocking, and B. albi-
cinctus is common in marshy places at Ipswich and Barton Mills ; Tuck has, moreover, once
captured B. hilunulatus in Finborough Park. We next come to the long and difficult typical genus
Ichneumon, which comprises over fifty British kinds, and of which we only have /. xanthorius at
Tostock, Bentley, and Ipswich, often at roots of Aira caapltoia in the winter; /. sarcitoriui, common
at Claydon, Aldeburgh, Lowestoft, Ipswich, Barham, and Westleton, upon flowers in August and
September ; a female of the very rare /. /autatorius was once found by Bedwell on the sandhills at
Kessingland. I.latrator and I.subquadratus are common among grass in the winter, and the males in
autumn on flower-heads ; /. mo/itorius has been found at Sproughton, Foxhall and, Paget says,
commonly about Gorleston ; /. suspiciosus at Tostock, Bramford, and Henstead on Angelica blossoms,
and /. extensorius is common everywhere ; but of /. primatorius only one male example has occurred
to me upon the flower of Angelica sylvestris in Barnby Broad, and at the end of August 1 902, I
took the first British specimen of /. gradarius (which I have since that time received from Ireland)
from the same kind of flowers in Tuddenham Fen.

Chasmias motatorius is abundant in grass-tufts and beneath pine bark in the winter, and its
males are found on flowers in September ; the linear Limerodes arctiventris is occasionally found
among marram grass and Matricaria on the coast at Lowestoft and Southwold. I have bred
Ctenichneumon castigator at Ipswich in 1893, and Beaumont has obtained C.funereus from the Rev. A.
H. Wratislaw's collection, found about Bury St. Edmunds. In the British Museum is an example of
C. messorius from Suffolk, where C. divisorius is widely distributed and to be seen on various flowers
in August. Spilichneumon occisorius occurs at roots of grass in the Bentley Woods in winter; but the

" Claude Morley, F.E.S., &c., Ichneumonoloffa Britannica (2 vols. 1903 and 1907 ; vol. iii in Press).

112

INSECTS

usually abundant Amblyteles paUiatorius has never been noted in the county ; though A. vadatorius
on Angelica flowers and A. castanopygus (which is parasitic upon Dasypolia templi " on reed-stems)
sometimes turn up in Tuddenham Fen. We also have noted A. negatorius at Claydon Bridge and
the Southwold cliffs ; A. subier'tcam at Tostock with, once only, the universally abundant A. arma-
torius ; and Mr. Wratislaw took A. uniguttatus at Bury St. Edmunds in the 'sixties. Bridgman named
Hepiopelmui leucostigmus from Tostock, where Mr. Tuck has also found both sexes of Probolus alticola.
We have only four of the eighteen species of Platylabus ; P. pedatarius is rare in the Bramford
marshes and Tuddenham Fen, P. nigrkollis occurs sparingly in the Bentley Woods, and P. phaleratus,
with P. a/binus, in Tuddenham Fen on dwarf-sallow bushes. Coming now to the Phaeogenides,
we find our catalogue somewhat fuller with Stenodontus marginellus on Fkia sativa in the Bentley
Woods ; Herpestomus brunnicorn'n on fir trees in the spring at Tostock, and Phaeogenes argutus com-
monly in grass-tufts about Bentley during the winter. P. stipator hibernates, and has occurred to
me on umbelliferous flowers at Ipswich in September ; P. semivulpinus once or twice to Tuck at
Tostock ; P. melanogonus in May and October in the Bentley Woods, where P. infimus is common
in the spring upon fir trees. P. ophthalmicus is not infrequent in August in the Lowestoft Broads
and at Henstead ; and I have taken the only known British example of P. eques on the under-
growth in Assington Thicks towards the end of May. P. ischiomelinus has been found about i. ury
by Tuck ; P. maculicornis on fir trees at Bentley and Foxhall, with P. stimulator ; P. callopus and
P. fiilvitarsis are recorded from Aldeburgh, Tostock, and Bentley Woods ; P. rusticatus, too, has been
noted in June in Tuddenham Fen. Two kinds, which I have doubtfully referred to P. socius,
Holmgr., and P. macilentus, Wesm. [Ichn. Brit, i, Appendix), have been noticed at Foxhall and Rush-
ford respectively. Of Diadromus, we only have D, troglodytes, which is not uncommon in Bentley
Woods, with D. subtilicornis from Brandon, and D. collaris from the Coniferae at Finborough,
Tostock, Bramford, and Foxhall. All the five British species of the diflScult genus Aethecerus are
found here ; Ae. longulus once on the banks of the Gipping at Ipswich ; Ae. placidus at Burgh
Castle, Ae. nitidus about Barton Mills in June, Ae. discolor in the autumn in Bentley Woods, and
Ae. dispar at Dunwich. Dicaelotus pumilus and Colpognathus divisus are abundant, with the much
rarer Centeterus opprimator in winter moss. In 1895 I was so fortunate as to breed the first British
specimen of Hemichneumon elongatus at Ipswich, and to take Melanomicrus Elliotti, a species new to
science, in the Bentley Woods. I could give a long list of localities for Alomyia debellator in Suffolk,
where it is frequent in the late summer upon umbelliferous flowers, but will only instance Barnby
Broad, where it is especially common and ranges from the pale form, known as semiflava, to the
very dark one, called nigra.

The second sub-family, the Cryptinae, have never been noticed from Suffolk, and I have con-
sequently striven to collate all the material at present available which bears upon them. Of the
typical genus Cryptus, we find C. tarsoleucus commonly at Tostock, Copdock, and Sudbury ; the
distinct C. viduatorius at Felixstowe, Barnbj Broad, and Farnham ; C. obscurus has been bred from
the pupa of Taeniocampa instabilis in Ipswich, and is common everywhere upon hedges ; C. alba-
torius has been found by Hocking at Copdock and by Tuck at Tostock ; I have, too, once taken C.
tuberculatus at Ipswich. Habrocryptus porrectorius is often beaten from oak trees in the Bentley Woods,
and Pycnocryptus peregrinator occurs in the spring at Belstead and about Tostock. Agrothereutes
batavuSj which is the brachypterous form of Spilocryptus incubitor, is found about Ipswich in Septem-
ber, and S, cimbicis occurs commonly in the hedge cocoons of Trichiosoma at Westerfield and
Debenham. S. abbreviator, which is now considered identical with S. Hopei, is not rare at Ipswich
and the Bentley Woods ; and I have several times bred Gambrus ornatus from Burnet cocoons on
the grass-stems in Oulton Broad in July. The handsome Aritranis carnifex is sometimes swept in
the marshes of Brandon, Oulton Broad, and by Elliott in Tuddenham Fen ; while the delicate
A. signatorius may be beaten from poplar trees at Foxhall and Tostock, where it preys upon the
social wasps. The very rare Nematopodius formosus, which was only known as British by one un-
localized specimen in the British Museum, turned up in my house at Monk Soham, on the upper
windows in July 1905. Among the Phygadeuonides, we find that Plectocryptus digitatus occurs
around Ipswich, Cratocryptus stomaticus in the Bentley Woods and the Bramford marshes, C. sub-
petiolatus at bees' nests in the former locality, and C. parvulus at Henstead and Barnby Broad in
August. The curious aquatic Trichocryptus cinctorius has been dredged out of the ditches at Barnby
and Oulton Broads, and Microcryptus graminicola found in Holbon Marsh near Beccles. M. rufipes
and M. perspicillator are uncommon in Bentley Woods, M. abdominator and M. nigrocinctus turn up
everywhere; M. basizonius has been noticed only in Dodnash Wood, and M. bifrons only at the roots
of Juncus in a swampy meadow at Wherstead. The very distinct Acanthocryptus flagitator is found
at Harkstead, Tostock, and Barton Mills ; A. quadrispinosus in tufts of grass during the winter in the
Bentley Woods, and A. nigricollis on Heracleum flowers by Tuck at Tostock. Glyphicnemis vagabunda

" See Newman, Moths, 279.
I 113 15

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

and G. profligator, which are very closely related species, arc abundant on umbelliferous flowers
throughout the county in July ; Tuck has once taken Phygadeuon Gravenhorsti in the nest of Bombus
hartorum near Bury St. Edmunds ; I have caught P. variabilis in Shrubland Park ; P. hercynicus is
common about Lowestoft in August ; P. brevitarsis has been turned up in Bentley Woods, where
P. fumator is abundant during hibernation, while the closely allied P. dimidiatui once fell to my net
in Barnby Broad. The elegant genus Panargyrops is only here represented by two species,
P. pellucidator and P. tenuipesy both of which have been sent to me from Tostock by Mr. W. H.
Tuck, M.A.

Last autumn I worked out the sixty-nine British species of the genus Hemitcles, and I am now
able to say that H. fuhipes, which is a common hyperparasite of the white butterflies, occurs at
Southwold and Ipswich ; H. varitarsus I bred from a spider's nest in the Reydon marshes, and found
on flowers at Claydon Bridge ; H. necator, H. bicolorinus, and the omnivorous H. areator are abun-
dant, and I have often found H. cingulator on windows at Butley and Monk Soham in June. H.
inimicus inhabits the Brandon marshes and Monk Park Wood, H. pedestris the Bentley Woods, in
which both H. subzonatus, of which I have taken the undescribed male, and H. niger hibernate.
H. similis is common at Kenton, Southwold, &c. ; as also is H. tristator. H. Jaevigatus occurs at
Alderton and in Tuddenham Fen ; H. incisus in Finborough Park ; H. distinctus about Brandon ;
Tuck has found H. gracilis at Tostock, and H. aestivalis is plentiful throughout the county.
Orthopelma luteolator preys extensively upon the bedeguar galls of Rhodites rosae, locally known as
' robins' pin cushions,' and I have received Cecidonomus IVestoni from Tuck, found at Tostock. In
revising the British Stilpnides, Ifound that Stilpnus gagates had occurred at Blakenham ; S. deplanatus
in Finborough Park, S. pavoniae at Witnesham, and the rare 5. Dryadum at Barton Mills in June.
The genus Atractodes, which is now placed in this group of the Cryptinae, is here represented by
A. gravida' at Southwold, and A. piceicornis at Foxhall, while A. vestalis and A. exilis are common.
A. bicelor, whose economy is not yet known, is occasionally found in carrion j A. croceicornis rarely
at Barton Mills and A. gilvipes at Brandon, as well as at Tostock by Tuck, who also turned up A.
y^vwAi/Kf at Aldeburgh in September 1899. We have all the four species of Exolytus, -wh-xcYi I
consider to be stable in Britain ; the extremely abundant E. laevigatas, the common E. scrutator ;
E. splendens at Ipswich and Mildenhall, and E. petiolaris, which is but recently recorded from
Britain, found at Foxhall.

To this list of Cryptinae I am now able to add considerably through quite recent investigation
among my specimens. One of the only two known British specimens of Trichocryptus aquaticus was
taken by Tuck in Finborough Park ; and he found several Cubocephalus oviventris at Benacre Broad
in 1899. Males of Microcryptus arridens, M. galactinus, and M. leucostictus are common on flowers,
with, more sparingly, those of M. erythrinus, M. sperator, and M. lahralis. I introduced M.
tricinctus as British on the strength of a 5 taken in the Bentley Woods, where both sexes of M.
brachypterus and M. micropterus have also been found. Acanthocryptus Hopei and Glyphicnemis
Suffhkiensis are species new to science found by me here, with G. brevis, G. erythrogastra, and G,
senilis. Several more Pbygadeuones have also been noted : — P. rufulus, P. speculator, and P. sodalis are
rare ; and only one P. nyctemerus has been seen, flying about the burrows of Hylesinus crenatus in
an ash at Ashfield in September 1907. P. vagans isiA P. leucostigmus are not uncommon about South-
wold in autumn ; and I took the second known specimen of P. Scoticus in the Bentley Woods.
P. brachyurus and P. flavimanus seem rare, but P. assimilis, P. dumetorum and P. exiguus arc frequently
met with, though P. mixtus, P. inflatus, and P. scaposus are infrequent. Spinolia fulveelata and
Hemiteles varicornis are common among reeds ; my new H. hrunneus is also found here, and
Cecidonomus xylonomoides, Mori., is described from an example found in Bentley Woods. Cremnodes
atricapillus, Stilpnus hlandus, and Goniocryptus titillator are not at all common.

The majority of the British Pezomachoides have occurred in the county, and are interesting as
a group on account of their apterous condition and the great variety of their hosts, which include
spiders, braconids, moths, and beetles ! Pezomachus aquisgranensis, P. Kiesenwetteri, and P. zonatus are
found in moss in Bentley Woods in winter ; P. costatus at Kessingland, P. rufipes in grass-tufts, and
P. aemulus are uncommon ; P. acarorum, P. festinans, and P. nigritus appear local species. Oulton
Broad produces P. micrurus, and Bentley Woods both P . formicarius and P. Miitleri ; P. attentus,
P. anthracinus, and P. timidus are somewhat rare ; but P. vagans, P. fraudulentus, and P. modestus arc
abundant. By sweeping at dusk in September quantities of P. corrupter and P. carnifex may be
obtained, with a rare P. comes and P. geochares. P. instabilis and P. intermedins are very common,
but P. nigricornis distinctly rare, on fir trees in the spring ; the most ubiquitous of the whole genus,
however, is P. fasciatus, which turns up everywhere.

This brings us to the third sub-family, the slender-bodied Ophioninae, of which I have found
Henicospilus ramidulus commonly on reeds in the salt marshes, as well as at light at midnight at
Southwold ; H. merdarius preys on Dlanthaecia irregularis at Tuddenham ; Ophion minutus is rare
in Assington Thicks in May, but both 0. obscurus and 0. luteus are very common at street lamps and

114

INSECTS

electric light in Ipswich ; sometimes too they are attracted by sugar in the Bentley Woods, and
Paget says that the latter was frequently met with in Yarmouth in 1834. Anomalon ruficorne and
A. penpicuum have been found about Ipswich, Agrypon JIaveolatum at Lavcnham, and A. tenuicorne at
Alderton. Paget once bred Opheltts glaucopterus from the chrysalis of Cimbex varians, which he
instances at Lound Wood, and I possess an example taken near Bury St. Edmunds by Mr. Wratislaw,
probably in Tuddenham Fen, where I have myself beaten it from birch bushes. Paniscus cephalotes,
the well-known parasite of the puss-moth, was not uncommon here in 1894 ; P, virgatus has been
bred by Ransom at Sudbury from Melanippe fluctuata ; P. testaceus is often attracted to light at
night ; in the Bentley Woods I have once found P. tarsatus, and at Leiston P. cristatus once. Several
kinds of Campoplex are common, but I can only refer to C. angustatus and C. tenuis with any degree
of certainty ; and in the extensive, though at present inadequately worked, genus Limneria but few
species have been satisfactorily determined. I have met with L. annulata about Lowestoft in
August ; L. chrysosticta at Bramford and Claydon Bridge ; L. crasskirnis not uncommonly at Oulton
and Barnby Broads, and Henstead ; L. exareolata and L. Faunus also in the marshes at Henstead ;
L. fulvivmtris at Dunwich and Brandon ; L. fenestralis at Barnby Broad and in a fungus at
Ipswich ; L, horealis at Burgh Castle and on the banks of the Orwell ; L. claviptnnh not uncom-
monly in the Lowestoft district : L. iitoralis at Barnby Broad ; L. rufipa at Burgh Castle, and L.
rufiventr'ti on the banks of the Gipping. I have, however, over seven hundred specimens of this
genus from which most of the British species may with all probability be recorded. Cremastus
interruptus has occurred to me at Claydon bridge and the Felixstowe cliffs upon flowers. Porixon
hostilii and P. harpurus are common upon Angelica flowers in the autumn. Plectiscus zanatus has
been found by Tuck at Tostock. Mesechorus pectoralii has been swept from thistles in the Bentley
Woods in November ; M. confusus found on fennel flowers at Alderton ; M. vittator in Barnby
Broad in August, and Tuck has found M. tetricus at Bury St. Edmunds. Thersilochus virsutus has
been taken at Ipswich, where T. moderator is often bred from the pink larvae of Orchesia micam in
Boleti on trees. Curtis took both sexes of Collyria calcitrador in Suffolk,'* and it is still abundant at
Tostock, Bentley, Lavenham, &c., doubtless doing much good since it preys upon the Cephus
pygmaeus, which is so injurious to wheat. Exetastes dnctipes is common in Ipswich and Woodbridge
gardens, devouring the caterpillars of the cabbage moths ; I have captured E. il/usor on the banks of
the Orwell in July ; E. guttatorius has been observed in Finborough Park, and is doubtless widely dis-
tributed. Smith found the very rare Arotes albicinctus near Lowestoft," and both Wratislaw and
Curtis '° have noticed Banchus pictus, which occasionally turns up in Bentley Woods, in the county.
I have found B. variegatus sparingly about Ipswich, and B. fakator in the greatest profusion on
Heracleum sphondylium flowers by the sea at Easton Bavents.''

The Tryphoninae are by no means well represented in our list, though we can instance over
eighty kinds, and a great deal of heterogeneous material awaits elucidation. The pretty Mesoleptus
cingulator is common on Screphularia in the Bramford marshes, Tuddenham Fen, and at Tostock ;.
M. typhae has occurred in Bentley Woods, where M. testaceous is uncommon ; M. melanocephala
occasionally falls to the beating stick in Tuddenham Fen in August ; M. paludicola and M. sulphu-
ratus, together with what I believe to be M. furax, have been taken in Oulton Broad, whence
Bedwell has given me Euryproctus geniculosus. E. nemaralis has turned up upon Angelica flowers at
Barton Mills, and Tuck has found E. atomator in Finborough Park. Catoglyptus fortipes is common,
and I have once captured C. fuscicornis in the Bentley Woods. Perilissus praertgater is abundant
everywhere on flowers in the late autumn, with P. fiUcornis in Tuddenham Fen. Priinopoda glabra
lives at Southwold in July, and Thymaris compressus at Tuddenham. Megastylus cruentator has been
noted about Tostock and Lowestoft ; M. mediator at Wherstead in the end of October, and M.
horealis in Staverton Thicks in June. Mesoleius sanguinicollis and M. virgultorum are found in the
Bentley Woods ; M. caligatus in Herringswell Fen, M. aulicus at Foxhall, M. armillatorius with
M. insolens at Brandon, and M. semicaligatus not rarely in the marshes about Beccles. Of the
typical genus Tryphon, T. elongattr is common at Ipswich, Tostock, Lowestoft, and Dodnash ; T.
rutilator at Bentley Woods and Felixstowe ; T. vulgaris at Ipswich ; T. trochanteratus on Heracleum
at Moulton ; T. signator at Tostock by Tuck ; T. assimilis in Barnby Broad ; T. bicornutus at
Claydon, Tostock, and Foxhall ; and I once swept the handsome T. scotopterus in some numbers in
Stanstead Wood, where also has occurred an example of Grypocentrus lativentris, G. albipes has been
found at Barton Mills, and G. basalis is very abundant in our woods in the spring. Trematopygus
albipes has occurred to Tuck at Benacre Broad, and in the Bentley Woods Eumesius crassicornis is.
found sparingly in May. The larviparous Polyblastus varitarsus and P. cothurnatus are not rare on
flowers in the autumn ; and I have once found P. mutabilis in Tuddenham Fen in June, and
P. pinguis once upon the Southwold cliff's. P. calcar is attracted to fennel-flowers at Alderton, P.
JVestringi inhabits Barton Mills, and P. carinator is not uncommon. Erromenus hrunnicornis is.

'« Cf. Farm Insects, 257. " Cf. Ent. Ann. 1859, p. liz.

" Brit. Ent. 588. " Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1903, p. 157.

"5

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

common at Westleton and Tostock, E. frenator at Fordley and Kenton, and I have taken both
Acrotomus lucidulus in Tuddenham Fen and Cteniscus succinctus in the Bentley Woods. The distinct
Exyston c'lnctulum has been once or twice noticed about Bury and Aldeburgh.

Among the Prosopi have been observed Exochus mansuetor, commonly on the windows of Monk
Soham House, E. Jlavomarginatus at Assington in May, E. consimilis, and at Lowestoft E. nigripalpls,
Chorinaeus crutator has occurred to me at Henstead and Burgh Castle ; C. funebris at Covehithe ;
and, in April, Tuck has sent me C. talpae from Tostock. The Schizodontes '' are somewhat more
fully represented by Bassus laetatorlus, which abounds from Lackford bridge to Slaughden beach ;
B. alhoslgnatus rare at Southwold ; B. annulatus and B. varicoxa at Monk Soham, and both B.
tricinctus and B. multicolor are common locally. Zootrephus holmgreni is not uncommon about Tud-
denham Fen and Barton Mills, with Z. rufiventris from Brandon and the Lowestoft Broads.
Homoporus cinctus and H. hixonarius occur sparingly at Tostock, Finborough Park, and the Bentley
Woods ; H. graculus at Barnby Broad and Tuddenham Fen ; H. porectorius at Assington Thicks
and Tuddenham Fen ; H. tarsatorius and H. flavoUneatus in woods in the spring ; H. fissorius
appears to be very rare on Angelica flowers at Foxhall in September ; H. ornatus is abundant in
the coast marshes at Southwold, and H. dimidiatus everj'where in August ; H. longiventris and H.
crasstcrus were first taken in Britain in Suffolk ; H. pumilus at Tostock and Brandon ; the only
specimen of H. strlgator was taken on flowers in Henstead Marsh in August 1898; H. signatus is
common in July at Monk Soham ; Tuck has found the widespread H. elegans at Bury, and H.
xanthasp'is first occurred in England in Tuddenham Fen in August 1905, with the commoner H.
h\grobius, Promethu! sulcator, P. festivus, and P. pulchellus are also abundant ; one j of P. laticarpus has
turned up at Henstead, and I have P. dorsalis from Monk Soham, Brandon, and about Lowestoft,
and P. cagnatus from Southwold, Brandon, Clare, and Barnby Broad. Paget says Metopius micra-
torius used to occur in Yarmouth gardens, sometimes abundantly ; and Curtis records it from
Southwold, where Mr. Tuck recently found it.^' I have once seen it in the Bentley Woods, but
it is certainly now quite rare in Suffolk.

The last sub-family, the Pimplinae, comprises such handsome insects as Rhyssa persuasoria, the
parasite of the wood-wasp, which measures 4 inches over all ; this giant has been taken in Ipswich
by Baylis and by Tuck at Bury and Rushbrooke. Ephialtes imperator is said to have been common
about Yarmouth by Paget, who may, however, have referred to E, carbonarius, which has occurred
to Tuck at Tostock and to me at Bramford ; and I once found a male of the exclusively marsh
Acaenitus arator on Angelica flowers in Tuddenham Fen. Perithous mediator and P. varius, parasites
of fossors, are not uncommon. Of the genus Pimpla we can record the common P. instigator^
which I have bred from Smerinthus iiliae at Beccles and from Arctia menthastri at Ipswich ; P.
fxaminator diuA P. turionellae commonly in June; P. rufator at Ipswich in 1893 ; P. flavonotatOy
not uncommon upon reeds in the Southwold salt marshes ; P. brevicornis, P. scanica, always abundant
with P. pomorum and the handsome P. diluta, upon Coniferae in the spring ; P. alternans bred from
a moth's pupa in Barnby Broad ; P. oculatoria and P. graminellae not uncommon ; P. calobata at
Ipswich, and P. didyma, of which I once bred two dozen examples of both sexes from a single
larva of Odonestis potatoria. P. robuita occurs about Lowestoft in August, P. sagax at Fin-
ningham and Eye, P. strigpleuris at Aldeburgh and Tostock in September, and P. detrita is common
everywhere upon flowers in August. Ischnocerus rusticus has been found at Copdock, and Clistopyga
incitator at Ipswich by Flatten and at Tostock by Tuck. The interesting genus Glypta is well repre-
sented by G. bicornis, G. pedata^ and G. annulata in Barnby Broad ; G. nigrina on windows of Monk
Soham House ; G. ceratites and G. bifoveolata are generally distributed ; G. trochanterata and G.
jncisa at Ipswich ; G. sculpturata at Sibton Abbey ; G. parvicornuta in Tuddenham Fen ; G.
elongata at Dunwich ; G. pedata at Lackford Bridge ; G. elongate at Southwold ; G. haesitator at
Belstead in early June ; G. scalaris at Burgh Castle ; G. femorata at Stanstead ; G. resinanae at
Tostock with G. mensurata and G. lugubrina, while G. Jlavolineata and G. annulata are common on
the flowers. I have found Schizopyga analis at Barton Mills ; and Stilbops vetula, with Colpomeria
Jnanis, abundantly in all our woods in May. Lissonota maculatoria has occurred to Tuck at Tostock ;
L. verberans at Brandon, L. variabilis at Foxhall ; L. bellator and L. commixta are common every-
where in August, with L. sulphurifera and L. cylindrator on flowers. Meniscus murinus is often
abundant upon blackthorn blossom in April ; M. catenator occurred to me in Barnby Broad in July
1906, and M. setosus was found at Bury by Wratislaw. Phytodietus segmentator has turned up at
Stoke by Clare, P. coryphaeus at Dunwich, and Oedemopsis scabriculus is locally common on flowers
in August. The curious and widely distributed Xylonomus pilicornis has only once been seen in
Suffolk, in the marshes near Wortham Ling in June.

In recently working out material for the third volume of my Ichneumons of Britain^ I found
the following Pimplinae to also inhabit our county : — Pimpla arundinator is common in marshy

" Cf. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1905, pp. 419-38. " Cf. Trans. Norf. and None. Nat. Soc. vii, 14.

116

INSECTS

places ; P. roborator^ Grav., has been taken by Flatten in Woodbridge ; P. puncttventris, Thorns.,
is not rare, though mixed with P. calobata, Grav. ; P. nucum, Ratz., has been found in Monk Park-
Wood in June ; and Mr. Tuck has once taken P. ornata about Tostock. I bred a female of Poly-
sphincta multicolora, Grav., from a spider in my garden last year ; its larva is an external parasite,
and lies like a muffler round its host's neck. Schizopyga podagrica, Grav., has also occurred in Monk
Soham. The handsome Lycorina triangulifera, Holmgr., once fell to my beating-stick in the Bent-
ley Woods in June 1902. Cryptopimpla cakeator, Grav., and C. errabunda, Grav., have been met
with singly at Foxhall and Lowestoft, but are rare. L'monota is an extensive genus, and we can
now also claim L. leucogona and L. nitida on flowers at Monk Soham, L. trochanUrata commonly at
Marlesford, &c. ; Mr. Tuck has found L. deversor at Tostock ; and L. segmentator once occurred to
me in Assington Thicks, L. nigridens on Angelica flowers at Harkstead in September, L. dubia at
Brandon in June, and L. errabunda, Holmgr., in the Bentley Woods. Meniscus plantarius was once
found by Mr. Wratislaw about Bury St. Edmunds, and Collyria puncticeps is a common species.
Phytodietus obscurus occurs in Bentley Woods, and I have described Thymaris fenestralisy Mori., from
specimens taken on the windows of Monk Soham House in July.

From the above account of the Suffolk Ichneumonidae, which is the best at present obtainable,
it will be seen that the sub-families are very unequally represented, and that they may be thus
summarized ; —

Ichneumoninae ..........92 species

Cryptinae 139 „

Ophioninae ........... 48 „

Tryphoninae ........... 89 „

Pimphnae ........... 87 „

Braconidae

In Suffolk but little attention has been paid to this extensive family, so closely resembling in
structure and economy the Ichneumonidae, from which, however, its members may be known by
the possession of only one recurrent nervure in the fore-wing, or, in such as be apterous, by the
chitinous abdomen. One species is recorded hence in Wood's Insects at Home, and a few were
Srst described by Curtis from this county in his British Entomology ; but for the most part I have
ad to rely upon my own intermittent efforts at collecting and determination for the representation
)f the following species, which in all probability constitute about one half of the number actually
occurring with us.

The typical genus Bracon is fairly well represented *•* by B. minutator, found occasionally
about Tostock by Tuck; B. fulvipes found here by Bedwell and myself; B. variegator, of which
Tuck bred one from a spider's nest in April 1902; B. stabilis, common; B. fuscicoxis, about
Brandon ; B. guttiger, at Nacton in May ; B. satanas, rarely ; B. fraudator and B. epitriptus, at Monk
Soham in July ; B. praetermissus, at Oulton Broad, and B. discoideus, on flowers at Brandon and
Claydon ; B. regularis, at Bramford and Foxhall ; B. variator and B. osculator are common ; B.
«bscurator has once occurred at Wherstead, and B. anthracinus once on herbage in the Bentley
Woods. Rhyssalus indagator once occurred to me at Assington in the middle of June, and Tuck
took Spathius rubidus at Tostock in September 1902. The common 5. exarator, which preys most
beneficially upon the death-watch beetle, has turned up in Dodnash Woods, and at Tuddenham,
where also Hecabolus sulcatus is found in August. Doryctes imperator was taken, flying in the sun-
shine, at Ipswich in June 1896 ; and Tuck has given me D. spathiiformis, which he bred from a
spider's nest at Tostock. Clinocentrus excubitor inhabits the Bentley Woods and Heterogammus dispar
was swept in Herringswell Fen in August 1905. The ubiquitous Rhogas circumscriptus has been
met with at Foxhall, Belstead, Bury St. Edmunds, and Barnby Broad ; ^^ R. armatus and R.
dimidiatus occur about Ipswich ; R. irregularis in the Lowestoft district, Tuddenham, and Herrings-
well Fens ; the rare R. nigricornis has once turned up in Barnby Broad in July, and Curtis ^
describes his R. suhucola from Suffolk in the middle of May. Respecting the interesting Crypto-
gastres, cf. Entomologist, 1907, p. 879, where I have recorded from Suffolk Phanerotoma dentata from
Tuddenham Fen ; Chelonus inanitus, of which Wood says " that F. Smith took fifty at Lowestoft,
is common throughout the county ; C. carbonator, not rare at Bramford, Foxhall, Blythburgh, and
Westleton ; C. secutor, from Brandon ; C. sulcatus, common at Barton Mills, Claydon, and
Brandon ; and a single C. dispar at Foxhall in September. Several species of Ascogaster are also
mentioned : A. rufipes from Tuddenham, A. rufidens from Bildeston, A. variipes from Henstead,
and A. quadridentatus at Tostock, Grundisburgh, and the Bentley Woods. Of the nine British
Sigalphi, only four have been noted here : S. luteipes at Benacre Broad, Aldeburgh, and Kenton ;

° Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1906, p. 106. " Ibid. 1902, p. 10.

" Brit. Ent. 512. »» Op. cit. 325, pi. x, fig. 6.

117

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

S. caudatus at Aldeburgh, Needham, and Claydon ; S. florkola at Southwold, and 5. obscurellus, which
was taken by Tuck at Aldeburgh in September 1899.

In 1906 I paid some little attention to the Microgasterides, so beneficial in destroying the
white butterfly caterpillars on cabbages."* In the extensive genus Apanteles, I have swept A.
ferrugineus zX. Barton Mills and in Tuddenham Fen ; taken A. limbatus about Ipswich in 1893 ;
seen A. glomeratus everywhere on Purls rapae and hrassicae ; received A. spurius from Flatten at
Ipswich ; captured A. geryonis in the Bentley Woods ; instanced A. zygaenarun from Felixstowe
and Brandon ; bred ten A. caiae from Chelonia caia at Ipswich ; received A. nothus from Roths-
child, who bred them from Antklea sinuata, at Tuddenham ; and eleven A. difficilis from Tuck»
who bred them at Bury St. Edmunds ; A.falcatus occurs in Barnby Broad in August ; A. decorus
in the Bentley Woods and Benacre Broad ; A. obscurus at Oulton Broad and Brandon ; A. coniferat
in the Walberswick salt-marshes ; A. fuUginosus at Claydon on Angelica flowers in August ; A.
astrarches at Lakenheath and the Bentley Woods ; A. bicolor in the Southwold salt-marshes in
August; and the common A.fuhipes at Wortham, Tuddenham Fen, Barton Mills, and Stanstead
Wood in June. The allied genus MicropHtis is not so well represented by M. spinolae at South-
wold in Auf;ust ; M. tristis, which Tuck has bred here from Diathecia cucubali ; M, dolens on Angelica
flowers at Claydon in 1899 ; M. spectabilis, a common species about Ipswich ; M. mediana at
Claydon, late in September ; and M. tuberculifera at Ipswich and the Bentley Woods. The typical
genus Microgaster is treated of in the Entomologist for 1906, and mention is made of M.
alvearius at Ipswich ; M. connexus at Bungay ; M. tiro at Henstead in August ; M. suffhlciensisy
Mori., from such distant places as Bury St. Edmunds and Locarno, though in both it was bred from
Nothris verbascella ; M. suhcompletus has occurred at Alderton in September ; M. sticticus at Tostock
and Barnby Broad ; and both AI. globatus and M. tibialis are very common. The review of the
section Areolarii is completed in the Entomologist, 1907, p. 217, where I have instanced the capture
of a new British species, Microdus nugax, on meadow-sweet flowers at Foxhall in August 1 902 }
M. clausthalianus at Barton Mills in June ; and M. tumidulus at Foxhall and Claydon Bridge.
Earinus nitidulus has been swept in Tuddenham Fen and E. gloriatorius beaten from birch-bushes
in the Bentley Woods in May ; Orgilus obscurator occurs in Tuddenham Fen and the Bentley
Woods ; and I have described a species new to science, O. micropterus, which was first taken on the
flowers of Angelica at Foxhall on 12 September 1898.

This brings us to the confusing Polymorph!, among which the Euphorides are here repre-
sented by Euphorus pallidipes and E. picipes, both common in May, the former at Stanstead, Belstead,
Brockdish (Norf.), Brandon and Barton Mills, and the latter in Tuddenham Fen. Microctonus
splendidus has turned up at Southwold in August, and Perilitus rutilus is common among turnips at
Ipswich and Monk Soham. Meteorus albiditarsis has been taken by Elliott in the Bentley Woods ;.
I have beaten M. caligatus from plum at Barham in May ; M. chrysophthalmus at Freston early in
September ; Mr. Sparke has found M. deceptor at Tuddenham Fen ; M. pallidipes is common at
Wherstead, Assington, and Monk Soham ; M. obfuscatus is common about Boleti on elms, since it
preys upon the larvae of beetles feeding therein ; M. atrator has occurred on the windows of Monk
Soham House, with M. scutellator, in August ; M. rubens has been found by Mr. PifFard on the Felix-
stowe sandhills, and M. fragilis is common at Tuddenham, Halesworth, Needham, and Moulton ; M,
punctiventris occurs at Southwold ,■ M.filator was once found ovipositing in a dead rabbit in the Bentley
Woods ; and M. pulchricornis is common about Ipswich. Blacus armatulus is not rare in bracken refuse
in the Bentley Woods, together with B. ruficornis ; " and I have found B. humilis at Claydon Bridge.^
Curtis -' records the beautiful Proterops nigripennis, Wesm., under the name Bracon denigrator, Linn.,
as having been taken by the Rev. William Kirby, probably at Barham; and in the Entomologists'
Monthly Magaxine, 1900, p. 1 74, I have confirmed Helcon annulicornis as a British insect on the
strength of an example captured in Brantham Dale, apparently in search of some ivy-feeding beetle.
Macrocentrus marginator is a very common kind on flowers and reeds at Lowestoft, Brandon, Monk
Soham, Southwold, and Herringswell ; M. thoracicus occurs at Ipswich and in Assington Thicks ;.
M. ahdominalis is abundant throughout the county ; M. infirmus has been noted at Monk Soham^
Southwold, Aldeburgh, and Barton Mills ; and M. coUaris under plants of Erodium cicutarium at
Brandon in August. Diospilus oleraceus is common at Assington, Bentley, Tostock, and Monk
Soham ; and Pygostolus sticticus not rare at Brandon in June. The rare and very aberrant
Pachylomma buccata was found on my study window at Monk Soham early in July 1905 ; but
the Aphidiides are very poorly represented by Aphidius cardui on fennel flowers on the Felixstowe clifl^,
A. granarius bred at Monk Soham from Siphonophora sonchi in 1907, A. avenae and A. pini in the
Bentley Woods, where also Ephedras lacertosus has appeared ; besides these only Trioxys aceris can
be named, though a great many species which I have recently bred from aphides in my garden

** Cf. Entom. 1906, pp. 99-105. * Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1900, p. 288 ; 1901, p. 17.

" Brit. Ent. Ixix.

118

INSECTS

await determination. The rare Polemon liparae has been swept in the marshes at Barton Mills in
the middle of June, and Dale also tells us that it has been bred from the dipterous Lipara
lucms at Beccles in 1861."'

The Pezomachoid Chasmodon apterus is found at Wherstead and Blythburgh ; and Aphaereta
cephaloUi in the Bentley Woods and ovipositing in dipterous larvae in dung at Southwold. Goniarcha
lucicola occurs among autumnal fiingi at Bramford and Foxhall ; and Dtaspasta contracta in a damp wood
in the former locality in mid-October. The typical Alysla manducator is frequently found ovipositincr
in dipterous larvae amongst carrion at Claydon, Foxhall, Henstead, Barnby Broad, and Tuddenham
Fen ; the allied Homophyla pullata I have seen in a horse-trough in Ipswich, Phaenocarpa conspurcator
ovipositing in dog's droppings, Aspilota ruficornis in Stanstead Wood and Tuddenham Fen, and
once I found several specimens of what the Rev. T. A. Marshall said was A. macu/ipes in a fungus
at Assington Thicks in June. At the same locality Oenone ringens has also been taken ; and the
curious Chaenon anceps is not uncommon at Tostock, Tuddenham, and Lowestoft. Coelinius niger
occurs frequently in marshes at Felixstowe, Dennington, and Barton Mills ; C. gracilis at Brandon ;
and C. elegans is doubtless common in the Broads district. Rhizarcha stramineipes has several
times been taken in the Bentley Woods, and Dacnusa abdita once or twice at Nacton.

Proctotrypidae

Very little is known of the British Proctotrypidae, which have never been adequately mono-
graphed ; and consequently I am greatly indebted to the late Rev. T. A. Marshall, whose contribu-
tion on this subject was, I believe, to have appeared in Andre's great Species des Hyminoptires
d'Europe, for kindly examining and naming the fifty kinds enumerated in the following list, only
two of which had been previously recorded hence by Curtis. These interesting little creatures are,
for the most part, parasitic upon the eggs of other insects and, since more than one often find
sustenence in a single moth's egg to supply the whole of their larval appetite, the minute size of
these ' Fairy Flies ' may be easily imagined ; but their beautiful and varied structure is only to be
appreciated through the microscope. Their classification is still to a great extent in a state of chaos,
from which it may be expected to emerge on the completion of Dr. KiefFer's perhaps too elaborate
European Monograph. We are indebted to Mr. A. J. Chitty for the revision of our species, and
those not here bearing a distinctive name will shortly be described by him.

In the subfamily Proctotrypinae, the typical genus is represented in Suffolk by Proctotrypes
niger, which has occurred to me in Tuddenham Fen and to Tuck at Tostock ; its var. a was swept
at Needham Market, and the var. /3 taken on umbelliferous flowers on the coast at Felixstowe.
Tuck has also taken P. ater, Nees, at Tostock in May and P. buccatus, Thoms., in September ; I
have found the latter at Whitton and Dodnash. The first of Mr. Chitty 's new species was also
taken by Tuck in an old beehive in Bury St. Edmunds, and I discovered the second in a dead
rabbit in the Bentley Woods.^* P. kngicornis, Nees, is common, and has turned up at Bentley
Woods on fir trees, at Felixstowe, Claydon, and Aspall Wood. P. brevipennis, Latr., was once
swept at Westleton by Mr. Elliott, and I caught it running on Foxhall Plateau in July 1904. The
handsome P. gravidator, L., is not uncommon at Foxhall, Brandon, Herringswell, Belstead, and on
the Kessingland cliffs ; whilst an allied species — Chitty 's third — was in my sweep-net in Tuddenham
Fen on 23 August 1905. P.pallidipes has only been found at Wherstead and Barton Mills ; and
P. viator, which destroys wireworms, at Ipswich and Tostock. P. calcar, Hal., is also found at
Tostock and Barton Mills ; but P. laricis, Hal., is confined to the Ipswich district, Bentley Woods,
Bramford, and Bourne Bridge. It is P. parvulus, Hal., that destroys the larvae of Orchesia micans
in fungi on elm, in the same locality. Chitty's fourth species I swept in a little alder wood at
Bramford ; ^' and his fifth occurred to me on long grass at Wortham early in June 1 900. Codrus
apterogynus, Hal., and Lagynodes palUdus, Boh., are not infrequent, the former at Southwold, Corton
cliffs, Sproughton, and Claydon, the latter in the Bramford marshes and amongst moss. Tricho-
steresis nitida. Thorns., has been taken at Nacton ; T. Forsteri, Kief., swept at Southwold in August
1904; Megaspilus alutaceus, Thoms., on the cliffs at Corton; M. halteratus. Boh., in the Bentley
Woods ; M. rufipes, Nees, among moss at Ipswich ; and the apterous form of M. thoracicus, Nees,
in a marshy wood at Bramford. The interesting and perhaps fossorial Bethylus fuscicornis, Jur., is
recorded by Curtis, under the name B. punctatus^^ from rushes on the beach at Covehithe, and it is
common at Ipswich, Bentley Woods, and Oulton Broad ; its for-long-intermixed cousin, B. cepha-
lotes, Forst., has been taken at Brandon in the north and Sudbury in the south. Of the Dryininae,
Chitty has recorded '^ Gonatopus striatus. Kief., from Brandon in May, and G. sepsoides, Westw.,
from Lowestoft. To the genus Antaean he has paid considerable attention, and has just published

" Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1893, p. 115. »» Ibid. 1907, p. 50.

" Ibid. 1900, p. 42. " Brit. Ent. 720. " Ent. Rec. 1907, p. 8 1.

119

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

descriptions of new species. His A. barbatui I took at Bentley in May 1902 ; A. arcuatus, Kief., I
found in the same locality in July 1904, and A. imterhis, Kief., in Assington Thicks in May 1899.
Chitty's A. Kiejfferi was floating on a horse-trough in Ipswich in May 1895. A. Gaullei, Kief.,
occurs on flowers in the Bramford marshes and on fumatory at Tattingstone in July ; while
A. Morleyi, Chitty, affected the flowers of meadow-sweet at Foxhall in August 1902. I have also
taken A. vicinus. Kief., by the Aide at Farnham and A. fusiformis. Kief., in a swamp at Reydon.

Of the very rare Pedinomma rufescens, Westw., I captured the second or third British example
in a chalk pit in Barking on 6 October 1898 ; Mr. Marshall, to whom I gave it, first discovered
the S, also an apterous insect, in 1901. The second of Curtis's records refers to He lor us anomalipeSy
Panz., which he says the Rev. William Kirby had observed in Suffolk," where, indeed, it is fairly
common everywhere, though especially so at Aldeburgh and Sibton Abbey. Among the Belytinae
we have fifteen ill-defined species : an undescribed Acropmia occurred to me at Blakenham in May
1897 ; and in the genus Belyta, B.validicornis, Thorns., was taken at the same time and subsequently
at Brockdish (Norf.). B. depressa and B. abrupta, Thoms., have been found respectively at the Kessing-
land clifis in July and Stanstead Wood in the middle of June. The fourth and fifth species were taken
flying in the Bentley Woods 27 May 1900 ; and B. dorsalls, Thoms., was once swept in Dodnash
Woods in September. I have taken Pantociis brevis, Nees, in moss at Ipswich, and a species of the
same genus or Anectata in the Bentley Woods on 22 September 1899. A new species of Aclista
was also swept there on the same day, as well as A. brachyptera, Thoms., on 28 September 1895.
Single specimens of Ismarus favicornis, Thoms., at Southwold, Oxy/abis armata. Curt., at Bentley
Woods, and of a species of Xenotoma at Stanstead Wood in June, have also been noted. Turning now
to the Diapriinae, we find that Spilomicrus stlgmaticalis has been swept from herbage at Little Blaken-
ham ; S. nigripes, Thoms., is common at Tuddenham Fen, Ipswich, and Barnby Broad ; and that
S. integer has occurred at Wherstead on 27 October, 1903. Aneurrhynchus galeslfcrmh, Westw.,
has been found in Bentley Woods, A. pentatomus, Thoms., at Stanstead Wood and Knight's Dales,
and A. nodicornis, Marsh., has also put in an appearance. Galesusfuscipennis, Curt., occurs at Bentley
and Belstead, and its variety was taken in the former woods on 1 1 July 1 902. Basa/ys antennata,
Nees, has once been taken at Foxhall in September ; and a new species of Paramesius beneath the
bark of a willow tree at Sproughton on 3 September 1897. The genus Loxotropa is represented hy
L. tritoma, Thoms., in Dodnash Woods ; L. tripartita, Marsh, (or dispar, Nees), on the banks of the
Orwell at Wherstead ; L. abrupta, Thoms., in a marshy wood at Bramford ; ^' and Galesus brevi-
cornis or ob/iguus, Thorns., at Bentley. The typical genus Diapria is represented by D. conica.
Fab., in the Bentley Woods, at Southwold and Claydon ; Mr. Chitty's first new species is not
Suffolcian, but the second was found in the centre of Framlingham ; D. verticillata, Latr., has
occurred at Claydon, and the third new species in the Bramford marshes ; £>. nigra, Nees, is
common at Easton Broad, Foxhall Decoy, and perhaps at Barren Heath, near Ipswich ; D. suspecta,
Nees, on brackish mud at Aldeburgh, at the roots of ragwort at Brandon, and of stonecrop at
Tuddenham. A fourth kind has appeared in flood refuse by the Gipping and on firs in the Bentley
Woods. Monelata petiolaris, Nees, has been found in damp moss in the same locality in the
autumn, together with the minute Leptacis scutellaris, Thoms., which sometimes lives in ants' nests.
Late in September 1905 my wife discovered on a white table-cloth, Alaptus minimus. Walk., one
of the most minute of our indigenous insects, measuring one-fiftieth of an inch in length.

TENTHREDONIDEA

The nomenclature of the sawflies is just now in a state or transition from that employed in
Cameron's British Phytophagous Hymenoptera to the more scientific system evolved by Pastor Konow,
as at present being set forth by the Rev. F. D. Morice in The Entomologists' Monthly Magaxine ; and
although Mr. Morice's nomenclature has not yet nearly fully appeared, and is still quite unfamiliar
to British students, it is thought advisable, in the following r&um6 of the Suffolk species, to adopt
for the most part the newer, more correct but less familiar names, which will shortly be the only
ones in genera! use. The sawflies of the county have been comparatively fijlly worked during the
past ten years, though never systematically, and new kinds are still constantly turning up as more
and more of the Broads, Breck, woods, and marsh-lands are explored entomologically.

The curious little Xyela jullii occurs, though sparingly, on pine trees in Bentley Woods, where
Pamphilus sylvarum has once been taken and P. sylvaticus is of periodical appearance. The Cephina
are rather well represented by Janus cynosbati, which Mr. Chitty took at Brandon ; ^* Trachelus
tabidus from Boxford and Claydon ; Cephus pilosulus from Stanstead and Barton Mills ; C. pallidipes
from Moulton and Tuddenham ; and C. pygmaeus, which is only too common everywhere, and very

" Brit. Ent. 403. " Cf. Ent.Mo. Mag. 1900, p. 42. " Ibid. 1903, p. 277.

120

INSECTS

destructive to the wheat crops. The Siricdidae or horntails, which used to be considered distinct
from the Tenthredinidae, have recently been placed here, and are well-represented in Suffolk. Of
this small family, Xiphydrta prolongata has occurred in some numbers to me at Mildenhall in one oak
post,'' and the handsome Sirex gigas occasionally appears throughout the county,'^ and was found in
Ipswich in 1903 ; S. noctilio is of much less frequent observation, and is only recorded from
Tostock, Bury, Great Glemham,and Battisford. The large and handsome Cimbicina are but poorly
worked in the county at present ; Cimbex sylvarum used to be common at Lound in Paget's time,
and C. femorata has only once been found, by the late Mr. E. G. J. Sparke, who dug up the cocoon
near Bury St. Edmund's ; there is also but one example of C. lutea, which was taken at Bury many
years ago by the Rev. A. H. Wratislaw. In August 1 904 I beat a larva of C connata from alder
in Freston Wood.'' Trichiosoma lucorum was found feeding on birch by Paget ; but T. tibialis is
quite common on whitethorn at Sudbury, Debenham, and about Ipswich, being often destroyed by
Cryptus cimbicis ; and I took T. silvatica in the Bentley Woods in 1895. Of the Hylotomae,
H. coeruUscens has occurred to Tuck near Lowestoft, H. ustulata is often common though very
local, H. cyanocrocea is rare at Tostock, Wherstead, and Ipswich, and I have turned up H.fuscipes in
Assington Thicks in May. Ahia uricea is much commoner with us than the usually more widely
distributed A.fasciata, which only lives in the Bentley Woods; and fifty years ago the Rev. E. N.
Bloomfield found a Lophyrus, which was probably pini, defoliating the fir-trees at Easton. Larvae of
Argerosae are very destructive to rose-trees ; I took them at Tuddenham in 1906.

Turning to the Nematina, we find Hemichroa crocea in the Brandon and Freston marshes, and
H. alni at Bentley and Lackford Bridge, while Dineura nigricans is common in the Bentley Woods
and in Assington Thicks ; D. stylata has turned up at Brandon, and Mesoneura verna at Belstead
in May. Priophorus padi, Cladius pectinicornis, and Trichocampus viminalis are abundant ; T. ulmi
extends from Ipswich to Tostock and from Leiston to Lowestoft, and Priophorus tristis is found at Bent-
ley. Mr. Norgate has discovered Croesus septentrionalis in north Suffolk, and it would appear, from the
old records of Curtis, Paget, and Westwood,'' to have been widely distributed at that time ; I took
it at Brandon in 1906, but it is certainly rare there, occurring in August. Fifty species of the now
sub-divided genus Nematus have been noticed : — Micronematus monogyniae is found in the Bentley
Woods, Phyllotoma vagans at Brandon, Lygaeonematus compressicornis in Barnby Broad, and Crypto-
campus saliceti is quite common. Pristiphora shows P. fulvipes and ruficomis at ^ramforA, fietcheri at
Ipswich, Felixstowe, and Sudbury, pallidiventris and westoni common in Tuddenham Fen, subbifida
at Aldeburgh, and P. pallidipes in the Reydon alder carr. Nematus, as now restricted, contains only
five Suffolcian kinds : N. crassus once at Tuddenham, aurantiacus by Tuck at Bungay, acuminatus in
the Bentley Woods, luteus rarely at Brandon, and N. consobrinus at Ipswich in 1893. Of Pteronus
we have a dozen species, the Ipswich district contributing P. virescens, curtispina, bergmanni,
hortensis, croceus, and pavidus ; the gooseberry pest, P. ribesii, appears much less prevalent here than
in most places, though it is recorded from six or seven parishes ; P. myosotidis is everywhere abundant,
P. oligospilus has been found at Tuddenham and Ipswich, P. brevivalvis at Foxhall, P. melanaspis
rarely at Henstead marsh and Bentley Woods, and once I found males of P. polyspilus common at
Brandon. Pachynematus adds P. vagus and trisignatus commonly, P. einersbergensis, clitellatus and
turgidus at Barnby Broad, P. albipennis zxl^svf'ich, P. apicalis and xanthocarpus in the Bentley Woods,
P. obductus at Tuddenham, and P. rumicis at both Dunwich and the Reydon alder carr in June.
Holcocneme lucidus is fairly common, but H, caeruleocarpus has only been taken by Tuck at Tostock.
The willow-feeding Pontaniae are P. salicis and leucosticta, which are both common, P. salicis-cinereae
at Tuddenham, P. gallicola at Ipswich, P. hipartita at Walberswick and Dunwich, and P. viminalis
in the Reydon alder carr. The last of these sub-genera is Amauronematus, which includes A.
viduatus from Brandon and Tuddenham, A. vittatus from the latter locality, and A.fallax taken by
me at Ipswich in 1895 and in Tuddenham Fen in 1907.

The pretty Eriocampa ovata is recorded '' plentifully from Lowestoft, E. annulipes has been
found at Brandon, E. varipcs at Walberswick and in the Bentley Woods, E. testaceipes at Tostock,
and the destructive E. Umacina is fortunately rare, as also would appear to be the rose pest, E. aethiops
which I have only seen in the Bawdsey marshes. Suffolk can claim many of the Blennocampae, of
which B. tenuicornis and aterrima, with Monophadnus geniculatus, have only occurred at Ipswich,
M. albipes at Foxhall and in Tuddenham Fen, B. melanocephalus in the Bentley Woods, and
Pareophora nigripes only at Lavenham and Foxhall in May. Scolioneura vicina, S. nana, and S. betulaeti
are beaten from birch in woods in September, May, and June respectively ; Blennocampa alternipes
and assimilis at Bramford, B. pusilla at Bungay and Assington, while Tomostethus luteiventris, dubius,
^nA fuHginosus are all widely distributed. Hoplocampa ferruginea and crataegi are frequent in hedges,
H. pectoralis has occurred to me at Barton Mills, and H. rutilicornis in the Bentley Woods, where

" Ent. Mo. Mag. 1899, p. 190. ^ Ibid. 1898, p. 213. " Ibid. 1905, p. 214.

" Proc. Ent. Soc. 1 840, p. v. " Ent. Ann. I 864, p. I I 2.

I 121 16

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Harplphorus hpldus is sometimes seen. In the genus Emphytus we are rather poor, only being
enabled to claim E. tegatus at Bentley, E. serotinus at Bungay and Bramford in October, and
E. grossulariat rarely in Assington Thicks and Finborough Park ; but E. calceatus and tener are
somewhat common, and Mr. Tuck has recently added E. cinctus and tibialis from Tostock. Fenella
nigrita is rare at Belstead, Fenusa melanopoda local at Barnby Broad and Tostock, F. pygmaea at
Bramford and Brandon, and F. hetulae at Barton Mills. I took Kaliosysphinga ulmi at Foxhall
in May 1507. Athalia annulata is the only unobserved kind or the genus, for A. rosae abounds
everywhere, A. spinarum is recorded by Curtis in his Farm Insects as most destructive about Cove-
hithe, and I have recently found it there, as well as in the Breck district ; A. ancilla is local,
A. Scutellariae has only been taken in Tuddenham Fen and A. lugens is represented by a single female
captured at Southwold by Mr. Tuck. Selandria serva is abundant, 5. stramineipes local at Ipswich,
Brandon, and Assington ; S. morio widely distributed and 5. aperta only noticed at Barton Mills,
Lowestoft, Brandon, and Ipswich. Strongylogaster cingulatus is common among bracken, including
two of the rare male ; and I have taken Stromboceros delicatulus rarely in both Assington and Staverton
Thicks. At Dodnash, Tuddenham, and Lowestoft Taxonus equiseti, which is certainly not common,
has been met with ; T. glahratus is, however, abundant with Poecilosoma excisa at Henstead and
Reydon. P. luteolum occurred to me at Southwold in 1900, P. immusa at Barton Mills and in
Bentley Woods in June, with P. pulveratum once at Foxhall, and P. tridens once at Barnby Broad.
Of P. longicornis I took a single male in Reydon marshes in June 1905.

Of the diflScult Dolerina we have Loderus palmatus at Tostock and Bramford, Dolerus madidus
at Ipswich and Tostock, D. palustris widely distributed but not common, D. liogasterax East Bridge,
D. haematodes at Foxhall and Tostock, D. nigratus at Monk Soham, D. rugosulus at Blakenham,
D. ravus at Stoke-by-Clare and Lavenham in the south, D, fissus in the Bentley Woods, with
D. coruscans and picipes ; while D. pratensis, gonager, anthracinus, aeneus, and Loderus vestigialis are
widely distributed and most of them common. Tenthredopsis campestris, litterata, dorsalis, and
coqueberti are frequently met with in the spring ; T. tiliae is not rare at Tostock and Bentley,
T. ornata is recorded from near Yarmouth by Paget, and has turned up at Belstead, Lavenham, &c.;
and Mr. W. H. Tuck has found T. dorsivittata at Tostock. Rhogogastera lateralis, aucupariae, and
viridis are all common and widely distributed. Pachyprotasis rapae is abundant, but P. antennata, so
common in the south of England, has not occurred with us. Of the handsome genus Macrophya,
the marsh-loving M. 12-punctata is even commoner than M. neglecta, M. blanda and rufipes have
occurred at Copdock, M. rustica at Bungay and Wooipit in July, while at Brandon I once found
M. alhicinctOy and once at Belstead M. ribis. Allantus scrophulariae and arcuatus are abundant,
though A. marginellus is rare, and ^. an^/ttw doubtfully Suflfolcian. In the typical genus Tenthredoy
four kinds — livida, rufiventris, bicincta, and mesomela — are abundant in the woods ; T, velox,
T. solitaria, and T. maculata are all very rare indeed at Bentley, though T. atra is occasionally met
with there, and T. punctulata has only been seen in Assington Thicks ; at Brandon alone 7". picta
has occurred to Mr. Chitty and me in some numbers.

In all one hundred and ninety-one species have been noticed in Suffolk out of the nearly four
hundred which inhabit Britain.

COLEOPTERA

Beetles

At the time of the publication of Canon Fowler's recent work on the beetles of the British Islands,
very little indeed appeared to be known of the Suffolk species ; but a careful and systematic study
of various books and periodicals issued during rather more than the last hundred years reveals the
fact that it was only in comparatively recent times that they had been neglected. In the very first
British book on beetles, the Entomologia Britannica of Marsham, which appeared in 1802, we find
some twenty species recorded from Suflfolk, mainly upon the authority of the Rev. William Kirby,
M.A., F.R.S. The earliest of these records takes precedence, perhaps, of any in Britain, and refers
to Scarabaeus {Geotrupes) vernalis, L., which was found commonly near Woodbridge in 1795. And
in the same year the rector of Barham gave his classical Monographia Apum Angliae with a local
mention of the curious Stylops which bears his name and has since been adopted as the permanent
seal of the Entomological Society. During the following twenty years John Curtis collected
extensively in various parts of the county and many of his better captures are brought forward in the
British Entomology of 1823-40. Denny enumerates several of Kirby's Pselaphi and Scydmaen: in his
Norwich Monographia of 1825 ; and nine years later many beetles are recorded, though without
author's' names, from the north-east corner of the county by the Pagets. Stephens's Manual in
1839 condenses the records set forth in the same author's Illustrations, with many additions; and

122

INSECTS

others are contained in the Annah and Magaxine of Natural History and in the Zoologist of 1 844 and
1849 respectively, by Walton and Prof. Henslow. The venerable William Kirby died in 1850,
and in Mr. Freeman's account of his life, published in 1852, several of his more noteworthy beetles
are referred to, as well as many of his interesting Suffolk wanderings in search of them. Dawson
has new material in his Geedephaga Britannica of 1854, where several full accounts of those of the
older writers may be found. "The Naturalist of 1858 and the Entomologists' Weekly Intelligencer oi
1859 to 1861 contain some most useful lists of captures by Leeds Fox, Dr. Garneys, and Tyrer,
who went to live at Eye in April of the former year. Curtis supplements his earlier notes by others
in his Farm Insects in 1 860. The old numbers of the Entomologists' Monthly Magazine contain
several county records from the pens of Rye, Saunders, Walker, Barrett, and the Rev. A. H. Wratislaw
of Bury School, who also wrote on the subject in the Transactions of the Suffolk Archaeological Society
of 1870. Power seems to have collected here very little, but is interesting in the Entomologist of
1865 and 1866. Then comes the gap. Till 1894, when I attacked the beetles of the Ipswich
district, nothing was done, but since that time notes have flowed in broadcast from Messrs. BedwcU,
Baylis, Butler, Chitty, Cottam, Champion, F. Fox, Keys, Norgate, Tomlin, and Tuck.

In 1899 I summed up all that was then known of our beetles, enumerating 1,763 species in
mj Coleoptera of Suffolk ; and we can now show that from 1795 to a few months ago, when a
species not previously known among the three and a quarter thousand in Britain was here discovered,
the county, despite its paucity of observers, has always held its own as a prolific and happy hunting
ground.

An account of the more ubiquitous kinds would occupy far too much valuable space to no
good purpose, and I propose to give simply a brief summary of those species which, from their local
distribution, almost exclusive attachment to our peculiar supersoils, or their individual rarity, appear
to be worthy of especial consideration in a county history, particularly since full lists have already
been printed in my work above referred to.

One of the most handsome, as well as rarest (for it is thought to be hardly indigenous), of our
British insects is Calosoma sychophanta, which was first discovered about 1820, at Aldeburgh, on the
Suffolk coast, by the poet Crabbe, who was undoubtedly a good naturalist or he could not have
written such a splendid risumf of the fauna of Belvoir as is published in Nichols' i//V/arj)<)/"Z,«V«?^r.'
This insect has probably occurred more frequently here than elsewhere in Britain, since we have
also records of it from Southwold, by a lady, and several times at Lowestoft, one as late as
1857, of which some were said to have been floating on the sea. Several continental beetles
appear to have reached our coast in this way, since Licinus cassideus, which is certainly not British, has
been found at Aldeburgh according to Dawson, who also says that Chlaenius sulcicollis, which has a
wide range through Germany, Sweden, &c., was once picked up near Covehithe about 1825. It is
a curious coincidence that these visitants should have all occurred within a few miles of each other.
There are other records of continental species occurring in Suffolk, but the majority of these are
very unreliable, since they were brought forward before our fauna was adequately investigated and
its species determined. Such marsh-frequenting kinds as Dromius sigma and D. longiceps, Odacantha
melanura, which occurs near Manningtree as well as in Benacre and Oulton Broads, and Bradycellus
placidus, are by no means uncommon among rejectamenta left on the banks after a flood ; and I
have enumerated 152 different species found in one bag of it on the margins of the River
Gipping near Ipswich in February, which included two dozen of the very rare Trachys troglodytes}
In May 1897 Mr. E. A. Elliott, F.Z.S., and I discovered Harpalus FrSlichii upon the Foxhall
plateau, which species had not before been found in Britain, and it was by no means rare in this one
restricted locality, where it occurred in company with H. discoideus, ignavus, consentaneus, Medon
castaneus, &c., during 1898. Then it appeared to unaccountably die out ; only one example being
found in 1899, and it was feared that it had entirely disappeared ; ' but it has again turned
up, though very sparingly, in its old haunts.* Upon the Breck sands in the neighbourhood of
Brandon is the only locality in Britain where Harpalus anxius is found inland, and almost the only
one inland for H. picipennis, though on the coast the former is common, with Amara consularis,
Lymnaeum nigropicum, Lionychus quadrillum, and the Pogoni. The first British capture of Polystichus
vittatus was effected by Hewitson in 1828 near Southwold ; and many other interesting Geodephaga
also occur. The last 1 shall refer to is Anchomenus gracilipes, which is nowhere found in our islands
outside this county, though the Rev. W. F. Johnson records it from Donegal ; this latter is,
however, owned to be an error in Mr. Johnson's recent List of the Beetles of Ireland. The first
specimen was taken at the Wisbeach Canal at Lowestoft in 1831 ; a second at Southwold in 1859;
two at Lowestoft in June 1861 ; and the last by Mr. Bedwell at the base of the Corton clifis in
June 1898.'

' Vol. i, pp. cxc-cciii {1795). ' Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. April 1897.

' Ibid. 1898, p. 84 ; 1 90 1, p. 64 ; East Co. Mag. ii. No. 5.

• Cf. Eftt. Mo. Mag. 1903, p. 205. ' Ibid. Oct. 1898.

123

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

The water-beetles, both carnivorous and phytophagous, offer little of note, and much yet
remains to be done concerning them, since, considering the great extent of brackish and fresh water,
there is no reason why all the very rarest, which occur in our latitude, should not be found here.
Mr. E. A. Newbery has recently introduced Haliplus immaculatus, Gerh., into the British fauna, on
the strength of specimens taken at Bury St. Edmunds by Mr. W. H. Tuck, M.A. The fen-
loving Hydroporus halensis was first captured in Britain at Haughley ; and subsequently at Stow-
market and Bungay ; I have found it commonly in a little rain-pool in the Foxhall crag-pits, and
once or twice in the Bramford marshes. Illybius subaeneus is also said to have occurred in the
Waveney near Beccles, though the record appears open to doubt. Marsham noticed Cercyon littor-
alis on the banks of the Orwell near Ipswich, and it is still extremely abundant in the same locality,
with Ahochara algarum, &c. The Brachelytra are represented by some four hundred species ; and
many of Stephens's records cannot be incorporated for lack of synonymy. Microglossa marginalis has
once occurred to me at Martlesham, and the rare Myrmedonia collaris is not unusually found at
Oulton Broad and near Beccles, by sifting the refuse of marsh-hay stacks. Vellim dilatatus has
several times turned up in some numbers ; Prof. Henslow, writing to the Zoologist, says he took
thirty or forty examples in 1848 ; and in 1896 Mr. Tuck found several in the nests of hornets and
wasps at Bury St. Edmunds. In bees' nests the latter found the first British Quedius nigrocaeru/eus,
which was also taken by Bedwell at Kessingland in July 1905.* Ocypus cyaneus is found about
Bury, where it has occurred several times ; and one or two Philonthus lucens have turned up in the
Bentley Woods, in moss. Stilicus fragilis was once found in abundance in Aspall Wood by
Dr. Garneys, but seems to have died out, since I have been unable to rediscover it there. Rye
wrote so fully of the Suffolk Stent that the genus is well represented with us ; its best exponents,
perhaps, being Stenus ater, incrassatus, circu/aris, nigritu/us, Erichsoni, pa/Iidipes, and fornicatus. Oxy-
porus rufui is often common in summer fungi ; and I once took two females of Bledius taurus flying
to electric light in the middle of Ipswich at night.' Prognatha quadricomis is another species first
found in Britain by Kirby near Barham ; it has since occurred to Mr. Tuck at Bury St. Edmunds,
and to me at Lakenheath.

Several of the extensive and heterogeneous genera of the Clavicornia merit especial notice. The
first two, which constituted the subject of Denny's Monographia, are somewhat poorly represented,
primarily on account of their small size, retiring habits, and general rarity ; Batrisus venustus was
first foimd in Britain near Barham, and subsequently by Mr. Waterhouse near Glemsford in an old
stxmip. Curtis figures a Suffolk specimen of Silpha opaca — possibly that taken at Aldeburgh by the
Rev. F. W. Hope — in his British Entomology ; and I have dug up the rare Hister maginatus at the
base of an oak tree near Ipswich. Saprinus virescens has occurred to me at Belstead, and Teretrius
piapes to Garneys near Bungay. All the common ladybirds are very freely met with, though
Coccinella i^-punctata has only been found, and then very rarely, near Bungay and Ipswich.
Scymnus pulchdlus is practically confined to the vicinity of Barham, one specimen only being
recorded from Kent in the Entomologists Annual, 1864, p. 72. There were but two old specimens
in Kirby's collection j and it was not till May 1894 that F. Fox rediscovered it at Coddenham,
upon one side of one particular pine tree. I have taken Rhizophagus parallelocolUs at Blakenham ;
and recently turned up Orthocerus muticus, which had not been taken here for twenty years, upon
the wind-swept heaths of the Breck, near MildenhaU. Aglenus hrunnnts is a well-known British
insect, and there is no need to doubt the accuracy of Dr. Garneys' record of it from Bedingfield.*
The last Clavicorn worthy of note is Heterocerus obsoUtus, Curtis, which its author found on the salt
marshes in Suffolk the beginning of May ; here it is still met with in no inconsiderable numbers,
burrowing in the mud at the ditch-sides and flying freely in the sunshine. Mr. E. C. Bedwell has
recently found that several unsuspected species of this group, including the rare Silvanus surinamensis,
live in our Suffolk flour-mills. The Lamillicorn, Copris lunaris, was also found by Curtis at
Bungay ; and I have taken one specimen, apparently attracted by light, in a street lamp on the out-
skirts of Ipswich. Of the extensive and interesting genus Aphodius, we have noted twenty-five species,
of which A. constans, not noticed since Stephens's record, A. porcus, by no means rare, and A. quadri-
maculatus, which Mr. Fox informed me he had once found at Bawdsey and is now found near
Ipswich, are the best. Odontaeus mobilicornis has once been recorded from the county ; as also have
Ischnodes sanguinicollis and Ludius ferrugineus.

Of the Malacoderma, the fen-loving Silis ruficollis occurs commonly in July along the valley of
the Waveney, extending as far west as Brandon ; together with Anthocomus rufus and Axinotarsus
ruficollis. Psilothrix nobilis, which ranges no farther north than Norfolk, is rarely met with in
flowers of Glaucium flavum on the coast ; and I have once swept Phloeophilus Edwardsi in Dodnash
Woods. Lar\'ae and imagines of Ptinus gtrmanus were very common in an old gate-post at
Wenham in April 1899, having been previously taken once or twice at Bungay, where Dr. Garneys

• Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. Mar. 1896 ; Dec. 1898 ; 1905, p. 279. ' Cf. Eniom. Nov. 1895.

» See Claude Morley, Coleoptera ofSuff. 58.

124

INSECTS

found P. sexpunctatus in his house in May 1 86 1 . A letter, describing the damage done to an oak beam
in Barham Church by Xestoblum tefsellatum, from Mr. Spence, was read before the Entomological
Society in 1847. The Longicornia of the county could probably be augmented by a systematic
working of the ancient woods around Fakenham and Staverton, which former I have never visited ;
most of the commoner kinds are, however, recorded. The lovely and aromatic musk beetle occurs
year after year not uncommonly about Mildenhall, as was at first pointed out to me by Dr. Sharp ;
it resembles a great emerald as it sits upon the white fluffy heads of the Angelica, sipping their
nectar and protesting with loud stridulations to the pressure of one's fingers, with which it is easily
captured ; when flying it looks like a small bird, with its wide-spread elytra, legs, and flowing
antennae. Hylotrupes bajulus from Frostenden, and CalUdium alni from Bungay, have not been met
with for many years. Curtis once took ' a considerable number ' of Clytus arcuatm near the latter
town, and I have recently rediscovered Rhtgium bifasciatum, which is not rare in most parts of
England. Acanthocinus aedi/is, Monochammus sutor, and Phytaecia cylindrica have all occurred spar-
ingly ; the last, which has been recorded from Eye and Coddenham, has recently been found about
Bury by Mr. Tuck.

In the Phytophaga — so called, I suppose, because the species of this division are only a small
part of the plant-feeding beetles ! — we are very rich, more especially, as was remarked by Rye,' in
the leaping species, which include the Turnip ' Fleas.' Sixteen of the nineteen British Donaciae
have been noticed, of which D. dentipes is only known to live at Oulton Broad and Henstead Marsh,
and D. cinerea only in Barnby Broad, where it is confined to a single clump of Arundo phragmites,
though first turned up many years ago by Curtis ; and D. impressa has not been found in Suffolk for
seventy years. Cryptocephalui iexpunctatm has only once been found : I beat an example from
birch in the Bentley Woods in May 1895, and though the spot has since been constantly searched
no more have appeared. Crysomela carnifex is another instance of a continental species found on the
Suffolk coast, this time at Covehithe in April, by Mr. Curtis, who often collected in that neighbour-
hood ; and there is hardly room to doubt the correctness of this record when we find that in June
1897 a specimen of the continental C. gloriosa, var. superba, was taken alive on the cliffs at South-
wold, only a couple of miles farther south, and was carefully examined and undoubtedly correctly
named. It is somewhat uncommon on the Continent, extending from the M^iritime Alps, through
Switzerland and Saxony, to the confines of Poland ; there is, however, no evidence to show that it
has ever occurred in north-west Germany, it is unknown in Holland, and its mode of arrival upon
our coast is entirely open to discussion. It may have been imported with garden produce, since it
feeds upon the umbelliferous Laierpitimn g/abrum, in which case one would rather have looked for it
in a town like Lowestoft, where Carabus auratus, Dawson says, has occurred, than on the open cliffs
of South wold.'" Phytodecta rufipes, Crytocephalui lineola, and Haltica corylizrc common in the Bentley
Woods; and Crepidodera nitidu/a is another rare kind, occurring not uncommonly upon young white
poplars in Assington Thicks. Microxoum tibiale was taken by Kirby and Marsham at Barton Mills,
where it is still often seen, in 1797 ; the former once took Diaperh boleti in 'considerable numbers'
from a fungus near Barham in June, and it has not since been found in Britain. Cteniopus sulphureus
is usually considered to be a coast insect, but in Suffolk we find it throughout the county — at
Belton, Brandon, Tuddenham, Bramford, &c. That interesting beetle whose larva always lives in
wasps' nests, Metaecus paradoxus, is not by any means uncommon here, fifty examples having been
found in one year near Bury by Mr. Tuck ; and I anticipate that its supposed rarity would dis-
appear if collectors cared to more frequently attack its strongholds. Cantharis ves'uatoria is said by
Westwood to have appeared in the county in ' immense profusion ' about 1837. It was recorded
from Tuddenham and Icklingham by Wratislaw ; and has lately been taken, locally abundant, in
Essex and Cambridgeshire ; in 1906 it was common at Newmarket.

Kirby first described the curious and anomalous Choragus Sheppardi from Offten * in Suffblcii '
in 18 1 8," and named it after the Rev. Revett Sheppard, who was curate of Nacton during the
three years following 1804, and a great friend of his ; it is not a rare species here, though always
occurring singly. An inexplicable case of ' distribution ' is furnished by the occurrence of
Rhinomacer attelaboides upon the pine trees in the Bentley Woods early in 1898 ; this species had
never been found south of Ripon before, and no new timber had for a great many years been
imported. '^ Suffolk is rendered classical ground for the charming genus Apion by Kirby's ' Mono-
graph ' upon it in the Linnean Transactions, and some sixty different kinds are noted from the
county, among which A. laevigatum is extremely rare, having been taken in only one other (now
destroyed) locality in Britain." Kirby writes of it ' in arenario quodam prope Gippovicum a Dom.
Sheppard bis lectum ' ; it is said to feed in galls upon the terminal shoots of Gnaphalium gallicum,
A. affine, limonii, Gyllenhali, astragali, and Jlavimanum are also recorded by the older authors, but

' Cf. Ent. Ann. 1865, p. 40. "> E. Anglian Daily Times, 15 Dec. 1898.

" Cf. Linn. Trans, xii, 447. " Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. xxxiv, 166.

" Cf. Proc. Ent. Soc. 1841, p. 32 ; Ent. Rec. viii, 2451.

125

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

have not been taken here for a considerable period. Though several of our three hundred species of
weevils are rare, few claim special notice here. Dorytomus va/idirostris, generally a scarce insect, is very
abundant with us beneath the bark of aspen trees during the winter ; I have upon occasion taken a
hundred examples beneath a single small piece of bark 1 Two specimens of Bagous digiyptus, of
which only two others have been found in Britain, have at diflFerent times occurred to me on the
banks of the Gipping near Ipswich ; and the late G. C. Barrett found the larva of the very rare
Gymnetron linariae at the roots of toadflax at Brandon, where it has recently again turned up spar-
ingly. Stephens* ancient record of Cryptorrhynchus lapathi has recently been confirmed by the
capture of fresh specimens by Mr. E. A. Elliott and others, at Barton Mills and Tuddenham Fen.

The above epitome will show, I think, how many rarities may be found in one ' 'onty by
assiduous collecting. The results of much of my own — some 8,500 specimens — were pre-
sented a short time ago to the Bury St. Edmunds Museum and form a fairly representative
illustration of the local fauna of this group. I will conclude with a catalogue of those species
which have been added to the 1,763 ennumerated in my CoUoptera of Suffolk, since its appearance in
May 1899 until Oct. 1 907, many of which had already been forecasted as of probable, though un-
instanced, occurrence in the footnotes. A full list is given, since the majority are rare kinds.

Additions, i 899-1 907

Harpalus serripes. At roots of plants on crag cliffs at
FeRxstotve

Lemostenus complanatus. Three beneath bark of
felled tree at Ipswich ; Fel'txstotve

Anchomenns oblongus. Bentley IVoods, in grass tufts

Bembidium doris. On margin of ditch in Tuddenham
Ten in July

Demetrias monostigma. Not rare on banks of Little
Oust River at Brandon

Dromius longiceps. Swept by Mr. Chitty by the
Ouse at Brandon, in May 1 906

Brachinns crepitans. Fourteen examples near Land-
guard Fort, FeJixstoae

Haliplus immaculatus. Several captured upon one
occasion in the borough of Bury St. Edmunds,
in June 1 903 (cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1907, p. 4)

Deronectes depressus. Bamby Broad; Bury St. Ed-
munds; and Bungay

Hydroporus discretus. Two at Tostock in July

— bilineatus. Two slightly doubtful females at Tos-

tock in July
Rhantus bistriatus. Tostock and Bury St. Edmunds;
not rare

— grappii. Found singly at OuJton Broad and Tos-

tock
Dytiscus circumcinctus. One dimorphic female at
Tostock in May.

— pnnctulatus. Bungay and Bury St. Edmunds ; very

scarce
Hydaticus transversalis. One male at Bamby in April
Helochares punctatus. Curiously rare ; only found

at (Vherstead in 1904
Limnebius nitidus. Taken at Brandon by the Ouse in

June
Helophorus mulsanti. Found at Tw/wi, 23 May 1902
Ochthebius exaratus. One in a brackish ditch at

Bawdsey
Cercyon terminatus. Found at Tostock in May 1902
Aleochara cuniculorum. Lotoestoft, Staverton and

Brandon; common in rabbit-holes

— spadicea. Taken in moles' nests at Ipswich by

Prof. Beare
Oxypoda misella. Not rare in rabbit-holes about

Brandon (cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1 904, p. 60)
Ischnoglossa prolixa. Found at Oulton Broad (cf. Ent.

Mo. Mag. 1906, p. 12)
Ocyusa incrassata. Once found in Ou/ton Broad in

December

One specimen taken with the
a cossus tree at Ou/ton Broad

Ocyusa maura. Probably common ; Bixley Decoy in
refuse in spring

— picina. Brandon and Bixley Decoy, in damp spots

— nigrata, Fairm. Levington, in martin's nest.

New to Britain (cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1904,

p. 251)
Ilyobates propinquus. One specimen found at Jps-

tvicA in April
Callicerus rigidicornis.

last
Thamiaria hospita. In

in Aug.
Homalota caesula. In rabbit-holes about Brandon and

Tuddenham

— cuspidata. Not rare under bark, Bentley IVotds in

Feb.

— hepatica. Once found jbout Mercurialis in Bent-

ley Woods

— immersa. In rotten wood ; Trimley Marshes and

Bentley Woods

— intermedia. A somewhat doubtfiil specimen at

Oulton Broad

— mortuorum. Swept singly at Tostock in June

— ravilla. Found in an old wasps' nest at Tostock in

March

— vilis. Two males in Tuddenham Fen in June 1903
Tachyusa atra. Taken by the Little Ouse at Brandon

in June
Xenusa uvida. One beneath seaweed by the Orwell

at Wherstead
Lamprinus saginatus. Taken at Foxhall in April
Hypocyptus seminulum. One swept in Tuddenham

Fen, Aug. 1905
Megacronus inclinans. One in dead leaves in Wool-

verstone Park
Quedius longicomis. Found in a mole's run in

garden of Monk Soham House, Mar. 1905
Staphylinus fulvipes. One flying in Bentley Woods in

June
Philonthus fulvipes. Taken in Tuddenham Fen in

middle of June

— fiimarius. In flood refuse at Benacre Broad
Cryptobium fracticome. Several in reed refuse at

Oulton Broad
Paederus fuscipes. Easton and Covehithe Broads, not

uncommon
Evaesthetus ruficapillus. By the river at Brandon in

June

26

INSECTS

Stenus argus. Found with the last species

— atratulus. With the last

— fuscipes. Swept in marshes at Tuddinham Fen

and Brandon

— morio. Very rare at Brandon and Lakenheath in

June

— solutus. Found singly at Brandon and Bixley

Decoy in spring
Bledius spectabilis. A male upon Felixstowe beach in

May
Trogophloeus foveolatus. Abundant on mud ol

brackish ditch at Bawdsey
Lestiva muscorum. Found in flood refuse at Oullon

Broad in Apr.
Omalium riparium. Taken by the Oruiell at Nacton

in Apr.

— testaceum. Roots of plants at Witnesham (cf. Ent.

Mo. Mag. 1903, p. 281)

Phloeocharis subtilissima. Taken at Brandon in June

Euplectus sanguineus. One in an Ipswich garden in
June

Euconnus hirticollis. Root of a thistle, Pannington
Hall, Wherstead

Agathidium nigripenne. Swept in Bentley Woods in
June

Liodes humeralis. Taken at Brandon in June and
May

Anisotoma ovalis. Found at Brandon in early June

Choleva anisotomoides. Singly at Felixstowe inA. Fox-
hall in Apr.

— fusca. A male at Oulton Broad in June

— wilkini. Found about Bury St. Edmunds in 1900

— sericatus. Ipswich and Bentley IVoods ; probably

common
Hister bimaculatus. One flying in the sunshine at
Wickham Market in July

— merdarius. A few beneath oak bark at Brandon

— purpurascens. Ipswich ; both type and var. niger

at Brandon
Paromalus flavicornis. Rare at Brandon, beneath oak

bark
Onthophilus sulcatus. Not rare in Brandon rabbit-
holes (cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1903, p. 204)
Ptenidium punctatum. Taken on banks of Orwell at

Nacton in Apr.
Sericoderus lateralis. Two at Glemsford in June
Phalacrus hybridus. Found at Felixstowe (cf Ent.

Mo. Mag. 1907, p. 224)
Meligethes rotundicollis. Taken by sweeping at

Kessingland
Aglenus brunneus. Omitted from the original list
Lemophloeus ater. In gorse stem at Brandon in July
Corticaria crenulata. Taken beneath Chenopodium

at Felixstowe
Melanophthalma fulvipes. Probably common ; on

the coast of Felixstowe

— similata. Swept at Tostock in June

Silvanus surinamensis. Abundant in a flour-mill in

Lowestoft
Telmatophilus typhae. In reed refuse at Bixley

Decoy, Foxhall
Cryptophagus populi. Barnby Broad and Tostock (cf

Trans. Norfolk Soc. 1902, p. 332)
Atomaria basalis. Abundant in haystack in Oulton

Broad

— Berolinensis. One in a fungus in the Bentley

Woods

Additions, i 899-1 907 {continued)

Lilargus bifasciatus,

Found very rarely at Mildenhall

(cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. July 1899)
Dermestes undulatus. One captured at Brandon in

early June
Aspidiphorus orbiculatus. One swept in Cutler's

Wood at Freston
Limnius troglodytes. Swept by Mrs. Morlcy on the

banks of the Ouse at Brandon
Aphodius depressus. A couple at Oulton Broad in

Sept.

— tristis. Not uncommon in rabbit-holes about

Brandon

Diastictus vulneratus. The only British specimen on
Brandon Heath (cf. Proc. Entom. Soc. 19 Sept.
1902)

Elater lythropterus. Found in Tuddenham Fen in
1889

Cyphon coarctatus. Captured near Bury St. Edmunds
in 1903

Telephorus figuratus. Not rare at Brandon and Tud-
denham Fen

— thoracicus. Tuddenham Fen, Barton Mills, and

Oulton Broad
Malthodes atomus. Foxhall, Bentley Woods, and

Glemsford, singly
Malachius viridis. Hemley salt marshes in 1904
Ptinus tectus. Abundant in a flour-mill at Lowestoft
Lasioderma serricorne. One specimen on my study

window, Monk Soham.
Anobium paniceum. A few in a flour-mill at Lowestoft
Coenocara bovistae. Brandon in Aug. (cf Ent. Mo.

Mag. 1904, p. 87)
Rhizopertha pusilla. Abundant in malt in Bury St.

Edmunds
Sphindus dubius. Found in fungus, Foxhall (cf Ent.

Rec. 1900, p. 78)
Cis festivus. Common in a fungus at Wherstead

— fuscatus. In a post at Barnby Broad in Sept.

— vestitus. Under pine bark in Bentley Woods
Ennearthron cornutum. Mildenhall, Barton Mills,

Bixley Decoy, and Foxhall
Donacia thalassina. Two found in Oulton Broad in

July
Zeugophora flavicollis. Found once on white poplar

in Islington Thicks
Chrysomela graminis. Swept from reeds at Brandon

upon several occasions
Plagiodera versicolora. On the banks of the Waveney

at Beccles
Hydrothassa aucta. Taken at Oulton Broad in Sept.
Luperus rufipes. Found in Tuddenham Fen on birch

in June
Galerucella calmariensis. Wangford St. Martin, Hen-
stead, and Beccles
Longitarsus anchusae. Common on Cynoglossum at

Shrubland Park

— castaneus. In Oulton Broad rarely in Mar.

— dorsalis. Not uncommon beneath ragwort at

Brandon in June

— aeruginosus, Foud. Darsham, Kessingland, and

Southwold ; overlooked
Aphthona herbigrada. Locally common in Aug. in

Tuddenham Fen
Epitrix pubescens. On Solanum dulcamarae ; local

at Brandon and Tuddenham
Chaetocnema Sahlbergi. Oullon Broad (Ent. Mo.
Mag. 1905, p. 68)

127

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Additions, i 899-1 907 {continued)

Cassida vittata, Vill. Grass-tufts ; Bentley Woods and
East Bergholt

Blaps Gages, Linn. The only British specimen at
Bury (cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1903, p. 174)

Tribolium confusum. In vast numbers in a flour-
mill in Loa-estoft

Mycetochares bipustulata. Staverton Thicks in June,
one only

Latheticus oryzae. Abundant in the Lotvestofi flour-
mill in Aug.

Anthicus instabilis. On Chenopodium, both sexes,
at FeUxs:o'xe

Rhynchites interpunctatus; On sallow in Bentley
Woods in May

Apion ononidis. On Ononis spinosa in Blakenham
chalk pits

— dissimile. Swept from trefoil, Bentley Woods (cf

Ent. Rec. 1900, p. 78)

— sanguineum. Once said to have occurred at

Brandon (cf Ent. Mo. Mag. 1904, p. 87)
Otiorhynchus raucus. On Felixstowe cliffs in June
Trachyphloeus spinimanus. Sparingly at Toxhall and

Tuddenham
Phyllobius viridicollis. Common in June at Brandon;

tuddenham
Limobius mixtus. Captured at Brandon in early June
Hypera suspiciosa. One female at Oulton Broad in

Mar.

— trilineata. Singly in Bramford marsh and Shrub-

land Park
Orchestes dccoratus. Swept from dwarf sallow in

Tuddenham Fen, Aug. 1905
Liparis coronatus. Bramford Road, Ipstvich ; probably

imported with chalk
Erirrhinus scirpi. One in reed refuse at Benacre

Broad in Sept.

Bagous nodulosus. In dykes at Beccles in June and
Aug.

Tychius tibialis. Found at roots of ragwort at Bran-
don in June

Sibinia potentillae. One found on the Corton clifls
in Aug.

Gymnetron collinus. Brandon, one in June 1903

Ceuthorhynchus ericae. Hollesley Heath and Tudden-
ham Fen, local

— euphorbiae. At Brandon and Glemsford in June
Ceuthorhynchideus Dawsoni. Once in June at

Brandon

— horridus. In a chalk pit at Brandon, very rare

— mixtus. One swept at Wherstead (cf Ent. Mo.

Mag. 1900, p. 287)

— posthumus. Singly at Mildenhall and Foxhall

Plateau

Litodactylus leucogaster. Apparently rare ; Oulton
Broad and Southtvold

Balaninus rubidus. Brandon, and not uncommon in
Tuddenham Fen

Codiosoma spadix. One ' on coasts of Suffolk ' in
Capron's collection ; and at Southzvold, by my-
self

Bruchus affinis. On Angelica at Claydon Bridge in
Aug.

— pectinicornis. One female on Angelica flower at

Foxhall in Aug.
Megacronus cingulatus. Beaten from a birch bush in

Tuddenham Fen early in May 1907
Quedius obliteratus. Wherstead, Ipswich, Bury, and

Westleton

— vexans. Taken by Prof. Beare in moles' nests at

Ipswich in the spring
Oxypoda longipes. Also found in moles' nests at
Ipswich by Prof Beare

These additions go to show how inuch there yet is to be done in the local kinds, and how very
far we still are from the perfect knowledge or catalogue of them, in spite of our 1,930 species;
though, in the compilation of this extensive list, we have had the advantage of visits from nearly all
the best British coleopterists.

LEPIDOPTERA

Butterflies and Moths

The handsome butterflies and moths have always come in for the lion's share of attention
among insects, and Suffolk has not been behind the majority of counties in the investigation of her
indigenous species ; so much so has this been the case that of late years local collectors have been to
a great extent relieved of the pressure of their study, which circumstance probably accounts for the
comparatively full catalogues of the more neglected orders of insects which the few resident collectors
have been enabled to compile. The first list issued by the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield was dated 1888,
when, during the compilation of a county catalogue, he found a very much greater mass of in-
formation respecting the Macro- than the Micro-Lepidoptera, and was induced to bring out a
preparatory account of the latter in order that it might be augmented to something approaching the
perfection to which the former had already attained. The result is seen in the very full Lepidoptera
of Suffolk \\c published in 1890, and supplemented in 1900, mainly from the 'records of Canon
Cruttwell, Revs. J- H. Hocking and A. P. Waller, Messrs. Claude Morley, E. Baylis, and the late
C. A. Pyett. The Victoria County lists of Lepidoptera have often run to such length that only a
general outline of those of Suffolk will be given, with especial reference to such species as are
peculiar to, or especially prevalent in, the county or generally rare.

Considering the proximity of Suffolk to both Cambridgeshire and Norfolk, it is curious that
the Swallow-tail butterfly {Papilto Machaon) is so rare with us as to leave considerable doubt whether
it ever breeds here at all ; it is said that years ago it used to be constantly and consistently found ia

128

INSECTS

the north-west, and one was positively caught there (and most laudably liberated) so recently a&
IQOI; but in the other districts it is doubtful whether the single records refer to anything more
than mere escapes, such as is mentioned in The East Anglian Daily Times, 1 6 and 20 August 1900.
Leucophasia sinapis has not been seen for over twenty years, and appears to have become extinct ; as
also curiously enough has Satyrus aegeria, which used to be common ; and Pieris crataegi is recorded,
but probably in error, by Curtis. The Bath White {Pieris daplidice) was taken at Felixstowe and
Aldeburgh in 1872, but has not been since seen. Our two species of Colias are, as elsewhere^
periodical, though C. edusa may be noted singly in most autumns ; its variety helice being much
rarer. Argynnis Lathonia has occurred at long intervals at such widely-spread localities as Aldeburgh,
Ipswich, Lavenham, Icklingham, Stoke-by-Nayland, and Bradwell ; its last appearance being in
1866. A. Niobe, var. eris, has once occurred at Monk Park Wood in 1879, about six miles south
of Bury St. Edmunds; it is the only British specimen of this insect.^ Melitaea artemis has been
found at Stowmarket, Beccles, and various places in the north-west, where it is still to be met with,
though apparently becoming very local ; Mr. Wratislaw says in the early numbers of the Entomologist
it was formerly common there ; M. athalia is only doubtfully indigenous in the county. Vanessa
c-album is very rare, but has been taken at Bury, Needham, and Bungay, while V. antiopa, though
usually very rare, has been taken in many places; it was almost common in 1872. The lovely
White Admiral occurs annually in several of our woods, and in some years most horrible
slaughter of this innocent is made, the collectors (who cannot be called entomologists) gleefully
bring one or even two hundred specimens home at a time ; but the grand Purple Emperor is still
very much rarer, and has hardly been seen of late, though recorded from around Ipswich, Beccles,
Stowmarket, and Sudbury. Arge galathea is extinct, though it was found at Needham before 1850;
but Satyrus semele abounds on all our heaths with all its commoner congeners. Thecla ruhi and
T . quercus are very common, and T. w-album is frequently met with in the south-east ; T . pruni
was once taken at Brandeston by the Rev. J. Green, and T. betulae has occurred at Ipswich, Saxham,
and Raydon, but is very rare. The rarest of all butterflies, the long-extinct Large Copper, is said
by Stephens to have at one time occurred on the coast at Benacre Broad, but this was a record of
the 'thirties. All the common Blues occur sparingly ; Lycaena corydon is, owing to the scarcity of
chalk, by no means common ; L. acts was taken in 1 861 at Foxhall, and L. adonis is only doubtfully
SufFolcian, though in Miss Jermyns's curious Butterfly Collector's Fade Mecum^ Moulton and Dalham
are instanced as localities for the ' Clifton Blue ' ; it has, however, been taken at Newmarket, but
this may have been in Cambridgeshire. L. alsus and Hesperia lineola are very rare, the former being
confined to the neighbourhood of Newmarket, and the latter hitherto found only at Bures ; but
Nemeobius lucina is by no means uncommon in woods at Bentley, Raydon, Needham, and Freston.
Altogether we have fifty-eight out of the sixty-six British butterflies, and of the remainder only one,.
Hesperia paniscus, is at all likely to be found here.

All the hawk-moths, too, have been taken in the county, which is especially celebrated as the
British headquarters of Sphinx pinastri, first found near Waldringfield in 1875, since which time its
range has gradually spread to Ipswich, Aldeburgh, Campsey Ash, Saxmundham, Aldringham, and
Southwold ; it is now firmly established, and specimens have been taken almost every year, and the
larva has even been found feeding upon the Cedar of Lebanon. S. convolvuli is periodically com-
mon, and the coast sands have produced Deilephila euphorbiae, though this species has never been
adequately sought after in Suffolk. The rare C. celerio has turned up singly at Stowmarket, Beccles,
Newmarket, Orford, Ipswich, &c., and the very rare C. nerii was taken in Southtown, Yarmouth,
in August 1872, by the Rev. J. W. Colville. The two species of Macroglossa, fusiformis and
bombiliformis, are scarce, especially the latter. Among the clear-wings, Sesia myopiaeformis is very
local, S, culiciformis not uncommon, S. formiciformis was once found freely at Stoke-by-Nayland ;
S. ichneumoniformis occurred among flowers near Norton Wood to Tuck in July 1899 ; S. cynipiformis
and S. hemheciformis are local ; and S. tipuliformis, with S. apiformis, common, the last being so
abundant that the aspens throughout the county bear marks of their depredations. The curious
little Limacodes testudo is found at Eaton, Playford, and Beccles ; about Ipswich its larvae are common
on oak in September and October. Procris statices and Zygaena trifolii are not uncommon in the
broads of the north-east, but Z. lonicerae is very rare. Nola cuculatella and iV. confusalis are common ;
but N. strigula is rare, though it has been taken by several collectors at the Bentley Woods and at
Felixstowe ; N. centonalis was found at Hemley in 1904. Lithosia muscerda, found elsewhere only
in Norfolk, is recorded from Lakenheath in Mr. Eedle's Fenland, and was taken among alders in
Barnby Broad in August 1898 by the writer; L. aureola, L. quadra, and L. rubricollis are all
more or less rare in Suffolk ; and L. helvola is doubtfully also recorded. The interesting Deiopeia
pulchella has been taken singly at Rougham, Finborough, Rickinghall, Foxhall, Aldeburgh, Ipswich,
and was last turned up by Mr. Mera at Felixstowe in June 1892 ; and Callimorpha dominula is very

' Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1900, pp. 41, 89. Published at Ipswich in 1827.

1 129 17

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

rare, being confined to the marshes of the north-west, where Euthemonia russula is common on the
heaths. Arctla plantaginis has been found at Bentley, SpUosoma ful'iginosa and S. mend'ica are un-
common ; and S. urticae very rare, though it has appeared at Tuddenham, Beccles, and Gorleston.
Orgy'ia fascelina and O. gonost'igma are both rare, the latter only once taken, at Bentley ; but Liparis
monacha and Demas coryli may be found upon oak-trunks about Ipswich. Trichiura crataegi and
Eriogaster lanestris are both rare, for though the latter is said to be common, it does not appear to
have been found in the county for a great many years. Bombyx castrensis has often been bred from
larvae found in the extensive salt marshes at Aldeburgh ; but B. trifo/ii, which is said by Hele, in
his history of Aldeburgh, to have been found in the same locality, is probably a mistake. Endromis
versicolor, which used to be found about Ipswich, has not been seen for many years, though Saturma
carpinl is widely distributed. All the Hooktips, excepting Platypteryx sicula, which is probably
wrongly reported as having been taken at Stowmarket, are found with us ; P. fakula is abundant, and
P. lacertula rare, in the Bentley Woods ; and P. ungmcula beaten commonly from beech-trees about
Bury St. Edmunds. All the Kittens are rare, and the Lobster moth has only been noticed at
West Stow, Holbrook, Bentley, and in 1903 at Needham Market ; but Petasia cassinea is widely
distributed. We have also all the British Prominents, though Notodonta cucullina and N. trilophus
are very rare, and N. carmelita doubtful ; "N . chaonia and !>!. dictaeoides are occasionally attracted to
electric light in Ipswich town ; A'^. dodonea was found not uncommonly by the Rev. Joseph Green.
Clostera curtula and reclusa are widely distributed, though not common.

We next come to the Noctuae, and here we find the lovely Thyatlra bath and T. derasa some-
what commonly attracted to ' sugar ' on tree-trunks, and all the British Cymatephorae represented
with the single exception of C. Jluctuosa, though C. or and C. flavicornis are scarce. Bryophila
glandifera is very rare at Needham and Gorleston, but the handsome Dipthera orion is to be met with
annually at Bentley, where it was at one time not rare. Acronycta leporina and A. ligmtri have been
taken in many places, but A. alni is confined to but few ; and Simyra venoia has turned up at Lowes-
toft, Fritton, and Needham Market. Our list is fairly full in the marsh-loving Leucaniae and
Nonagriae. Of the former genus L. extranea has only once occurred at Leiston in August 1878 ;
L. obsoleta at Needham Market ; L. litoralis only at Lowestoft and Kessingland ; L.pudorina used to
be found at Ipswich alone, but it has recently been discovered by the late Mr. E. G. J. Sparke at
Tuddenham ; L. straminea at Ipswich and recently at Hemley and Needham ; and L. phragmitidis
should be common, if adequately worked, in the Suffolk Broads. Leucania albipuncta has recently'
been added to our list by Mr. Waller, who took it, and both the red and light varieties o( L.Jlavicolor,
in the marshes at Hemley. Senta ulvae is another rare species at Ipswich and Lowestoft, and a
varied series was secured at Hemley in 1905. Many localities are instanced for Nonagria despecta,
both in east and west Suffolk ; and A', lutosa is commonly attracted to light in Ipswich ; but
N. neurica is rare at Lakcnheath, Needham, and Lowestoft, and A'^. sparganii has been bred at
Hemley. Hydraecia petasitis is certainly not uncommon, near Needham, though rarely seen in the
perfect state ; and both Xylophasia sub/ustrls and J!", scolopacina are local and widely distributed. The
rare Xylomiges consplcillaris has occurred, it is said, at Ipswich, but has not been seen for a great many
years, though Neuria saponariae is very widely distributed. Another recent addition to our list is
Aporophyla austraits, several examples of which are recorded from Felixstowe in 1895 by Lord
Rendlesham ; it was also seen both there and at Kessingland in 1902. Luperina caespitis is often
frequent at s.treet-lamps in Ipswich. Mamestra abjecta, anceps, and albicolon are all uncommon ;
the last occurs occasionally in numbers upon the Breck sands of the north-west, as well as upon the
east coast. Apamea fibrosa is local ; but A. ophiogramma, which used to be considered a great rarity,
has been several times taken recently at light in Ipswich. In Suffolk Agrotis valllgera is by no
means confined to the coast, having been taken on the Breck sands, as well as at Needham and
Beccles ; A. puta is very common, but A. sauda is local ; A. r'lpae and A. cursoria occur on the coast,
and though local are sometimes in plenty, with A. praecox, which is less abundant, and they are also
found in the Breck district. A. agath'ma is probably common on the heaths, but A. rav'ida is very
rare at Bury and Brandon. All the Triphaenae occur here, the only rare species, T. subsequa, having
been met with at Ipswich, Waldringfield, Bury, Brandon, and Tuddenham, though T. fimbria is
also somewhat uncommon.

The writer has taken all the fourteen species of Noctua that occur in Suffolk in the course of
a couple of seasons, so perhaps none should be accounted rare : the best are N. neglecta at Brandon
and Ipswich; N. rhomboidea, which is scarce at sugar in the Bentley Woods, &c., in east Suffolk; and
the generally rare but here locally abundant 'N . Dahlii. Most of the Taeniocampae, except the
northern T. opima, are here found more or less commonly, though T. kucographa and T. miniosa are
very local, the former having only once been taken near Stowmarket. The generally rare Orthosia
iuspecta may be sometimes secured in plenty on sugar near Ipswich, together with 0. maciUnta ; and

'Cf. Ent.Mo. Mag. 1902, p. 263.

130

INSECTS

0. upsilon is not common, though widespread. Anchocelh lunosa and Xanth'ia aurago are uncommon
at respectively light and ivy blossom ; but X, gilvago and cttrago are of frequent occurrence, and
X. ocellarii has of late been taken at Ipswich, Copdock, Waldringfield, and Bungay. At light
Cirrhoedia xerampelina is sometimes taken, usually singly, from Ipswich to Bsccles ; and both the
Tethtae have been found, though T. retusa is still very rare, occurring only at Ipswich and Bungay.
Dlcycla 00 rests upon the single specimen taken at Tuddenham by Wratisiaw a good many years
ago ; and Cosmia pyralina continues to be one of the possibly obtainable rarities. Widely distributed
but certainly rare is Eremobla ochrokuca ; and only quite recently has Dlanthaecia compersa been found
in the county at Bungay, Kessingland, Oulton Broad, and Ipswich. One of our most exclusive
species is D. irregularis, which was rediscovered as British by Rev. A. H. Wratisiaw at Tuddenham;
this species is nearly confined, in Britain, to the Breck district of Suffolk, whence it has found its
way into most cabinets from the local collectors, who capture great numbers of its caterpillars ; it
has also occurred at Elveden, Brandon, Eriswell, and Icklingham in the same district, and is often
netted at dusk flying to the flowers of the Spanish Campion {Selene otites). Aplecta occulta is only
recorded from the Bentley Woods and Beccles, and Hadena adusta, contigua, and geniitae are local ;
H. iuasa occurs at Brandon and about Aldeburgh, and the rare H. atriplicis singly at Brandon,
Playford, and Stowmarkct. Calocampa exoleta and vetusta are both rather rare in the county, where
Xylina semihrunnea has only occurred at Newmarket and Stowmarket. In 1895 the Rev. J. H. Hocking
took at Copdock the third or fourth British specimen of X. lambda, var. zitiienii,* and Cucullia
scrophulariae is also very rare at Lakcnheath and in the Bury district. C. lychnitis has only been
found at Woolpit and Beccles, C, asteris at Aldeburgh, C. absynthii at Erwarton and Orford, and
C. chamomillae at Southwold, Stowmarkct, Needham, Ipswich, and Tuddenham. The interesting
genus Heliothis is well represented in the Breck district, where H. marginata and H. dipsacea are not
uncommon, though H. peltigera and H. artnigera are very rare at Brandon ; the former also at
Lowestoft and the latter at Needham Market. Acontia luctuosa, Hydrellia unca, and Agrophila
iulphuralis are not infrequent in the Breck district, where the latter was first discovered in Britain,
and it is still hardly found anywhere else, though it is said to have occurred in plenty in Shrubland
Park. Eraslia fuscula and Brephos notha are very widely distributed, but local ; Plmia orichalcia, so
much sought after in Cambridgeshire, has only been found at Middleton once, in 1857 ; Toxocampa
pastinum is local but not rare. The beautiful Catocala fraxini has occurred in various places —
Lowestoft, Aldeburgh, and Ipswich — and in August 1901 Mr. J. F. Green took a perfect
specimen in Benacre Park ;' C. promissa is extremely rare about Bentley, and C. sponsa has probably
become extinct, though recorded from the same locality. Ophiodes lunaris is recorded * from the
Lowestoft lighthouse in 1832, the example being in Captain Chawner's collection. The
last Noctua worthy of mention is Phytometra aenea, which is very local at Tuddenham, Herring-
fleet, &c.

So many of the Geometrae are common that it is only necessary in this family to note that
Ellopia fasciaria, Silene lunaria, S. illustraria, and Ennomos erosaria, though local, are widely
distributed ; and that E. fuscantaria is unusually abundant annually at light. Cleora viduaria is
only of doubtful occurrence, as also are Boarmia roboraria and consortaria, recorded from Bentley,
though none of the British Tephrosiae are uncommon. T. consonaria has been found only at
Stowmarket and Bentley. Ephyra orbicularia was once taken at Lowestoft, and Hyria auroraria
is only found in the Fens at Oulton and Tuddenham. Several nice Acidaliae have turned up here ;
thus A. perochraria at Aldeburgh, A. trigemminata common at Bentley, Hemley, &c., A. rusticata
singly at Stowmarket and Felixstowe, A. emutata and A. inornata very local, A. ornata at Brandeston,
Tuddenham, and Southwold, and above all A. ruhricata, a species nearly confined to Suffolk, but
occurring in the west at Brandon, Thetford, and Tuddenham, and in the east at Leiston, South-
wold, and Aldeburgh. Aleucis pictaria was added to our list by Mr. Hocking in April 1898, and
Minoa euphorbiata is very rare at Stowmarket and Needham. The pretty Fidonia compicuata used
to be quite common about Ipswich half a century ago, but it has only been thrice noticed during
the last fifteen years, and may now be extinct ; and Sterrha sacraria has only once put in an
appearance, in 1863. Aldeburgh is the only known home of Pachycnemia hippocastanaria, which
was taken there by Wratisiaw. All the Hybernidae are common, but Cheimatobia boreata was first
noticed, though it is common, in 1897. Several nice Pugs, such as Eupithaecia succentureata,
plumbeolata, albipunctata, valerianata, dodoneata, and togata occur here, the last at Brandon and
Southwold ; though others, e.g. E. comignata, exiguata, coronata, and debiliata are very rare ; and
E. pusillata, with E. innotata, have only recently been added to the list. Thera juntperata has
occurred among juniper at Dalham, Hypiipetes ruberata at Bury and Ipswich, Melanippe hastata
commonly at Bentley ; but M. galiata, probably owing to our small outcrop of chalk, is very rare
indeed, having been taken singly only at Bentley and Chelmondiston. Anticlea rubidata and

* Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1895, p. 279. » Cf. Knowledge, 1901, p. 231. ' Entom. 1872, p. 14.7.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

A. herherata arc found annually at Bury, but Coremia propugnata is by no means common, and
Camptogramma fuvtata has occurred once to Major Nurse in Bury, and once to the writer at
light in Ipswich. The only uncommon Cidariae are C. psittacata and C. sagittata ; and Eubolia
hipunctaraia is still doubtfully a Suffolk species ; E. lineolata and Chesias obliquaria are local ; and
Lithtstege griseata is found in few British localities outside the Breck sands, where, however, it
occurs somewhat freely.

Owing to the smaller number of lepidopterists who are interested in the Micros our list of
them is less complete, and species are still being constantly added to it by even superficial collectors ;
this becomes very plain when we see that against thirteen additions to the Macros up to 1900 there
are 116 among the smaller kinds since 1890. Among the Deltoides, Hypena crassalis and the two
Hypenodes are distinctly rare ; the former is recorded, perhaps by mistake, at Brandeston by the
Rev. Joseph Green, the two latter mainly at Beccles ; several of the Herminiae are also uncommon,
as is the curious Aventia flexula, which, however, once occurred plentifully at Brandeston. Pyralis
fimbrialis is abundant, Cledeobia angustalis somewhat scarce, and Aglossa cuprealis very rare at Bram-
ford and Whitton. The three Pyraustac are seldom met with. Ennychia octomaculalis has occurred
singly at Stowmarket, and E. anguinalis near Tuddenham, while Diasemia literalis has but once
turned up in the former locality. All the British Hydrocampidae are common, Acentropus niveus
being frequently met with in the coast broads. The very rare Botys nuhilalis has been taken at
Felixstowe by Gibbs. B. pandalis is doubtfully recorded from the county ; Ehulea verbascalis is
rare at Ipswich and Brandon ; E. stachydalis at Bentley ; and Mr. Sparke has recently turned up
Pionea margaritalis in some numbers upon one occasion at Tuddenham. Spilodes sticticalls is almost
confined to the same district, but is abundant there. Mecyna polygonalis was once taken at Bury
by Wratislaw in 1869 ; Scoparia Uneola is found at Brandon and on the coast ; and the following
species are all local : — S. basistrigalis, crataegella, coarcta/is, ^nd pallida. Nineteen species of
Pterophori are recorded ; the writer added Agdistes Bennettii to the list at light at Ipswich in
1895, and it has since been found to be not uncommon at Southwold and Hemley ; Platyptilia
gonodadactyla is local, Aciptilia tetradactyla from Barton Mills, and Leioptilui osteodactyla is local at
Ipswich. These last two are quite recent additions, as is also Mimaeuoptilus phaeodactylus from
Felixstowe, and Leioptilus Lienigianus has been taken in several localities near the coast. Three species
have recently been added to the eighteen Crambidae originally recorded from Suffolk : Crambus
alpinellus from Hemley, C. sallnellus from Aldeburgh, and C. fascelinellus from Felixstowe ; the last
is of special interest, as it was only previously known from Norfolk in the vicinity of Yarmouth.
Our four Chilidae are all rare or local ; Sehaenabius gigantellus has been taken only at Needham
Market and Santon Downham.

The interesting Phycidae are well represented by twenty-nine kinds, but most of these are
of rare occurrence. Anerastia Farrella was taken at Lowestoft lighthouse in 1840, but A, lotella is
common at Felixstowe ; five species of Homaeosoma are all more or less scarce, the last addition
being H. nimbella from Southwold ; Nyctigretes achatinella has been taken at Benacre and Felixstowe,
and would appear not to be so rare as formerly ; Cryptoblabes bistriga, recorded from Woolpit,' has
not since been noticed. Other species worthy of mention are Gymnancyla canella near Leiston,
Phycis betulac at Copdock, and Dioryctria splendidella at Southwold.' The genus Rhodophaea
includes seven species ; R. formosa, consociella, advtnalla, suavella, and tumidella are local ; but
R. marmorea has only been taken at Aldeburgh ; and R. rubrotibiella at Brandon. Three species
of Galleriidae are only too common, two of these feeding on the comb of the honey-bee and ruining
the hives, but the rare and interesting Melanohlaptes bipumtanus has only been found at Felixstowe,
where Mr. A. E. Gibbs took a nice series. Of the three beautiful species of Cymbidae, Halias
prasinana may be seen and heard stridulating at Bentley and other woods ; H, quercana is local,
and H. chlorana seems rare, and is only recorded from Ipswich and Beccles.

TORTRICES

The large genus Tortrix is well represented, and most of the species are common ; T. icterana
is local, and T. crataegana, with T. diversana, have been but recently noticed, the former at Bentley
and the latter at Hemley. Pcrone'a crhtana has but once occurred, near Ipswich ; and P. comparana
and P. comar'tana have been lately added. Of the genus Penthina, the best are P. sellana from
Tuddenham, Aldeburgh, and Southwold ; P. picana and P. praelongana at Bentley Woods, and
P. fuligana at Aldeburgh ; the pretty Anthithesia salicella seems scarce, and Sptlonota neglectana is
local. Of the genus Sericoris, the more uncommon are S. litoralis, conchana, and micana ; Mixodia
ratzburghiana is found among Scotch fir. We have all the species of Orthotaenia, though none seem

'£»/. Ann, 1866. ' Ent. Mo. Mag. Sept. 1891.

132

INSECTS

common ; 0. purpurana at Bentley and O. ericetana at Orford, while O. antiquana and O. striana
are recorded from several localities in the east ; Phtheochroa rugosana has been taken at Aldeburgh,
Chelmondiston, and Felixstowe ; and the rare Sciaphila sinuata at the latter place ; and we have
also S. communana and S. chrysantheana ; while C/epsis rusticana occurs at Tuddenham. Of the pretty
genus Phoxopteryx none seem to be common unless it is P. lundana; P. unguicana at Brandon and
Copdock, P. inornatana at Tuddenham, P. comptana at Leiston, and P. lactana at Brandon, Bentley,
and Assington, are all local ; while the rare P. upupana has been taken at Bentley Woods.
Of the numerous species of Grapholithidae may be mentioned Bactra furfurana at Lowestoft,
Grapholitha nigromaculana at Brandon, Elveden, and Aldeburgh ; Phloeodes immundana at Leiston,
Paedisca hilunana with P. occultana at Orford and Felixstowe ; P. oppressana at Brandon, Ipswich,
and Lowestoft ; Olindia ulmana, Semasla ianthinana, S. rufillana, and Hens'imeme fimbr'iana are all
local. The rare Coccyx ochsenheimeriana was taken by Mr. Warren at Brandon ; the pretty
Stigmonota regiana is not rare, S. roseticolana is found near Ipswich, and S. redimitana and S. weirana
at Bentley ; and Carpocapsa grossana at Flixton. C. funebrana, of which the larvae are common
in plums, is rarely met with in the perfect state ; Dkrorampha saturnana, D. plumbagana, and
D. simp/iciana are local, as are also Catoptria Juliana, C. expallidana, and S. candidulana, the last at
Southwold ; while Trycheris mediana is everywhere abundant. Of the Conchylidae the best are
Eupoecilia nana, notulana, and E. rupicela ; E. roseana, first taken in Suffolk at Bungay in -1905,
and E. vcctisana, which occurs plentifully in salt-marshes ; E. DeGreyana and E. anthemidana are
very local, and have only been taken at Brandon ; Argyrolepia Subbaumannia at Tuddenham and
A. xephyrana at Felixstowe. Of the interesting genus Conchylh, C. Francillana, C. dllucidana,
C. Smeathmanniana, and C. inopiana are all local, while C. beatricella was introduced into the British
list from specimens bred near Leiston by the Hon. Beatrice de Grey.

TINEA
We can only mention a few of the rarer and most interesting species of this group.

PSYCHIDAE

Five species, of which Psyche radiella has been taken both in the east near Ipswich and west
at Lakenheath ; P. reticella at Hemley and Easton Broad in 1905.

TiNEIDAE

Of this family there are forty-one species ; and three of the interesting genus Ochsenhelmeria
have occurred, though none seem common ; 0. vaculella was recorded by Kirby, and has since been
taken in several localities, 0. hirdella at Thetford and Barnby Broad, 0. hisontella at Tuddenham
and Bentley Woods. Of the destructive genus Tinea some are very common, but T. imella has
only occurred at Brandon, and T. semifulvella at Copdock and Flixton. Of the beautiful long-horns,
Adela degeerella and viridella are common ; A. sulzella has been recorded by Curtis from Wrentham,
A. rufimetrella taken by the writer at Barnby Broad in 1905, and A. fibulella is occasionally met
with. Nemotois fasciellus does not seem to be rare, having been taken at Orford and several times
both at Ipswich and Aldeburgh, but N. minimellus only in Barnby Broad.

HyPONOMEUTIDAE

These comprise twelve kinds, of which Hyponomeuta evonymellus occurs at Thorpe and Orford,
H. virgiratipunctatus and Anesychia decemguttella at Bungay.

Plutellidae

Of the eleven species, Cerostoma sequella and C. silvella are scarce, Eidophasia messinglel/a has
been taken by Lord Walsingham at Copdock, Plutella porrectella at Hemley ; and Theristii caudella
would seem to be not uncommon at Bentley, though not met with elsewhere.

Gelechiidae

Of these we have about one hundred and eight species, but few of them can be noticed
Of the twenty-four kinds of Depreaaria the following are scarce : — D. umbellana among gorse,

133

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

D. cnicella on Eryngium at Southwold, D. chaerophylli on Chaerophyllum temulum, D. granulosella
on Anthriscus vulgaris, D. badiella and D. ciliella. Of the sixty species of the old genus Gelechia,
G. gerronella, G. celeraella, G. picieila, G. Lyellella, G. Hermannella, G. sequax, and G. alacella are
all scarce. The little Clcodora cytisella has lately been proved to feed on the brake-fern, among
which it is usually taken. To these we may add Hypsilophus fasciellus at Tuddenham, Nothris
verbascella at Bury on Vnbascum pulverulentum, Dasyctra olivierella at Stratford St. Mary and
Felixstowe. Oecophora lunarls is rather common about Ipswich, and the larger O. lamhdtlla, whose
larvae feed in the stems of gorse, has been taken at Aldeburgh, Leiston, and Southwold ; the very
rare Butalh cicadclla has occurred singly at Brandon and Tuddenham ; B. grandipmnis also feeds on
the furze bushes in the latter locality.

Glvphipterygidae

Of our nine species we need only mention RosUrstammia trxlehenella from Ipswich, and the
rare Perithia obscurepunctella from Copdock.

Argyresthiidae

Of the sixteen species scarcely any are rare ; Cedtstis Gysselinella, which used to be considered
a northern species, is now not uncommon in the Breck district, and Zelleria hepariella was taken at
Leiston by the Hon, Beatrice de Grey.

Gracilaridae

Of the eleven species, several hibernate and are found in the spring ; Gracillar'ta stigmatella is
then seen not uncommonly ; the larvae of G. tringipennella mine the leaf-stalks of the ribwort
plantain, G. elongella is found among poplar, and the larvae of Corisctum Brongniartellum lives beneath
the cuticle of oak-leaves, causing extensive bladdery mines.

COLEOPHORIDAE

Lord Walsingham records the rare Cohophora inflatae from Brandon, where occurs the very
local C. saturatella. None of the larger species seem common, but C. anatipennella is found at
Aldeburgh and Bentley Woods, C. palUatella at Copdock, C. currucipennella at Aldeburgh,
C. siccifoliella makes its case of a dead leaf at Lowestoft, and C. fiavaginella occurs at Kessingland.
We have, in all, about twenty-seven species of this family.

Elachistidab

The thirty species include the curious and very local Stathmopoda pedella, Bachtrachedra
pinicolella, the brilliant Cosmopteryx eximia, Laverna lacteella, and the pretty Stephens'ta Brunnichella,
all of which are rare and local.

LiTHOCOLLETIDAE

Most of our fifteen species are common, but LithocolUtis hortella and L. scopariella, both from
Brandon, are scarce and rarely met with, and L. itettinensis was first found at Foxhall, among alders,
by the writer in 1907.

Lyonetidae

Of the ten species we need only mention Opoitega saliciella and Bucculatrix Boyerella, both
from Southwold.

Nepticulidae

These tiny moths have been much neglected, only twenty species being recorded ; they
include Neptkula basiguttella and N. viscerella, both from Tuddenham, A'^. trimaculella from
Brandon, and Bohemannia quadrlmacuhlla from Lowestoft and Fritton.

»34

INSECTS

This rough summary will give the better kinds of those moths and butterflies which have been
noticed in SufFolk, the full figures representing the time-honoured groups are : —

Rhopalocera . . . . . . ". . . . 58 species

Sphinges . . . . . . , . . . 25

Bombyces .......... 89

Noctuae . . . . . . . . . .235

Geometrae . . . . . . . . . .215

Deltoides .......... 11

Pyralides .......... 50

Pterophori .......... lo

Crambi .......... 59

Tortrices . . . . . . . , . .199

Tineae . . . . . . . . , -331

DIPTERA

Flies

From the time of Kirby, who paid considerable attention to the destructive wheat midge, and
Paget, who effected a few very interesting captures of these insects round Yarmouth about 1830, to
the present time, the two-winged flies have received quite as much attention in Suffolk as in most
parts of England. Of late years the local collectors have been of that satisfactorily omnivorous
kind which collects all Orders, with the result that, despite the well-known difficulty always
attending the determination of Diptera, we are able to record 1,171 different species from the
county. When it is remembered that considerably over 3,000 kinds have been observed in Britain,
this total dies not appear large, though the variety of circumstances, local and otherwise, which go
to impede a clear knowledge are so numerous that even this number could only have been com-
piled by the co-operation of all those who have collected here. In this respect we have been
fortunate in the selection by Mr. G. H. Verrall, of a Suffolk residence at Newmarket — his house
and garden, though adjacent to Cambridgeshire, being entirely in Suffolk— and in the summer visits at
various times of other dipterists, the Hon. N. C. Rothschild, Rev. E. N. Bloomfield, Messrs. A.
Piffard, E. A. Elliott, &c., who have helped to swell the list. Curtis, in his British Entomology,
records several species from the vicinity of Covehithc and Wrentham ; Mr. W. H. Tuck of Bury
St. Edmunds has collected about Tostock, Aldeburgh, Bungay, Southwold, and Lowestoft ; Mr. E.
A. Fitch of Maldon has found a few species here ; and others are noticed by Messrs. Verrall,' Collin,
Henslow, Freeman, Bedwell, Gibbs, Ransom, and others. These scattered notes being all that have
appeared upon the subject, it becomes necessary in the following account to briefly refer to the
individual species which have been noted, though a work like the present is hardly the place to
introduce those interesting details of economy and habits of the species which go to show how varied
are the earlier stages of this extensive and, in some respects, most humanly beneficial family.

The fleas are treated in Mr. Verrall's List of British Diptera (ed. 2, 1901), the nomenclature
of which has been here adopted, as an aberrant family of the Diptera, but they have received but
little attention in Suffolk. Nevertheless, Pulex canis, the dog flea, P.erinacei, which was once taken
abundantly from a newly dead hedgehog in Bentley Woods, and P. leporis upon rabbits, have been
noted ; while P. irritans, Trichopsylla fasciatus and T. agyrtes occur in houses. T. hirundinis and
T. gallinae are abundant in martins' nests and on fowls, and T. sciurorum, which once turned up in
a fungus, in those of squirrels. The field-mouse flea, Typhlopsylla gracilis, and that of the mole,
Hystrichopsylla talpae, are by no means rare in the Ipswich district. A flea new to science has
recently been described ^ from a wood-pigeon's nest at Mildenhall, and called Ceratophyllus Farreni.
The destructive Cecidomyidae, of which the Hessian fly is a familiar example, have been entirely
overlooked locally, and only five species can be instanced. The late Mr. H. Goss exhibited a number
of puparia of Cecidomyia destructor from various places in Suffolk at a meeting of the Entomological
Society on 5 October 1887, and in the Transactions of the Linnean Society, iv, 237, the Rev. William
Kirby refers to his Diplosis tritici as doing considerable damage to the wheat crops in the neigh-
bourhood of Barham ; D. buxi is recorded from Suffolk by Fitch.' Recently Collin has found
Rhabdophaga salicis in woody galls on sallow at Bradley, and Perrisia crataegi is abundant in
my garden at Monk Soham. The Mycetophilidae are represented by Sciara Thomae and S.
xarhonaria, which with other species of the genus are common everywhere ; and S. bilineata occurs

' Ent. Mo. Mag. 1882, 1 886, 1887, 1888, 1894 ; Monographs of Brit. S^rphidae, DoUchopodidae, &c.
' Ibid. 1905, p. 255. ' Entom. 1880, p. I49.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

in Newmarket. Cordyla flavicepi has been found at Tuddenham, both C. crasslcernis and C. brevicomis
at Newmarket, with Dynatosoma fusc'icorne, Mycetophila luctuosa is found with M. obscura at Tud-
denham, M. punctata, cingulum, and /ineo/a are common in the Bentley Woods ; M. bimaculata in
Ipswich ; unipunctata has been found at Tuddenham, M. dimidiata, xanthopyga and spectahilh at
Newmarket. Rhymosia trunctaia has occurred in Mr. Verrall's study, and Exechia interruptOy
E.spinigera, E. fungorum, and E. tenuicornis in his garden ; £. /(7/fra/« is not uncommonly beaten from
yew trees in Bentley Woods in February. Mycothera dimidiata, Brachycampta alternans, B. bico/or^
B. griselcoUis, and B. serena are all found at Newmarket, the last also at Exning ; Docosia sciarina
has been noted at Coddenham and D. valida is often abundant at Bentley Woods on oak-trunks in
May. Phronia Girschneri is recorded from Newmarket, Collin has taken Sceptort'ia nigra at Tudden-
ham in September, and I have presented Zygomyia pictipennis, from the Bentley Woods in February
on fir trees, to the British Museum, as it was previously doubtfully British. Z. notata, Z. vara^
Z. valida and Acnemia nitidicollis occur at Newmarket. I have taken Sciophila marginata in the
Bentley Woods and at Blakenham ; and hear from Mr. Collin that S. occultans, S. incisurata, and
S. fimbriata all occur at Tuddenham, with S. tumida at Newmarket. Glaphyroptera fasciipennit
affects flowers at Bramford and Foxhall ; and both G. winthemii and G. fasciola are found at New-
market, together with Lasiosoma hirtum and L. luteum. The genus Platyura is represented by
P. marginata at Ipswich, P. atrata at Bildeston, P. cincta and P. nana at Newmarket, and tiie
P. intincta of Shiner at Henstead. I have caught Ceroplates tipuloides in Staverton Thicks ; and
Mycetobia pallidipes on exuding sap at Brandon. Macrocera fasciata, lutea, centralis, stigma, phaleratOy
pusilla, and crassicornis all occur in Newmarket, with Bolitophila fusca, and at Tuddenham,

B. cinerea. Mr. Tuck confirmed Ditomyia fasciata as British by the capture of a specimen at
Tostock.*

The typical genus of the Bibionidae is well represented, but of the others we only have
Anarete candidata, Scatpse clavipes, albitarsis, recurva, and S. brevicornis at Newmarket, S. notata at
Coddenham, S. halterata abundantly at Foxhall, and S. flavicoUis, which I once found ovipositing in
a fungus in Tattingstone Park ; both Dilophus albipennis and D. fehrilis are plentiful. Among the
fifteen species of Bibio in the British list only B. ferruginatus, venosus, and lacteipennis yet remain to
be found here. Simulium ornatum has occurred to me at Foxhall, 6'. reptans and S. (?)argyreata are
abundant in the Breck district, and Verrall has found S. nanum at Tuddenham. The extensive
families Chironomidae and Psychodidae are represented for the most part by specimens from New-
market— understood hereinafter — and elsewhere in Mr. Verrall's collection, where I have seen
Chironomus dorsalis, tentans, chloris, and albimanus. I have found C. plumosus at Oulton Broad and
Ipswich, C. riparius at Wherstead and Whitton, C. rufipes at Claydon, and C dispar in my study
in Ipswich in 1895. Verrall has Cricotopus molitator, bicinctus, and annulipes, Camptocladius aterrimuSy
byssinus, and minimus ; Orthocladius variabilis and stercorius ; with Diamesa ohscurimanus. At Ipswich
I have found Metriocnemus fuscipes at light, and Tanypus varius ; T. nebulosus turns up at Bramford in
May, and T. choreus, carneus, melanops, and pygmaeus are in Verrall's collection. Ceratopogon myrmeco-
philus is the proper name of the species recorded from Bentley Woods ; ' C. pulicaris is common in
Suffolk, with C. y^wcro/M in marshy places; and Verrall has C.piceus,ciliatus,/rutetorum,variuSy
pictipennis, and niger. Among the Psychodidae Verrall has recorded Pericoma nubila and P. fusca
from Fritton ; P. ocellaris and P. auriculata are also in his collection. I have often swept the
common Psychoda phalaenoides from reeds, and P. albipennis, P. sexpunctata, and P. humeralis occur at
Newmarket, with Trichomyia urbica. Of the mosquitoes Anopheles bifurcatus occurs at Foxhall^
Mildenhall, and Wherstead ; the common A. macuUpennis at Newmarket, Southwold, Bury, Hales-
worth, Wickham Market, Blakenham, Bawdsey, and Newbourn, Of the gnats Culex annulatuSy
and pipiens are only too common ; but C. dorsalis, the Aldeburgh biting gnat, said to have been
originally imported in ships from Norway, is decidedly local at that place and at Southwold ; * and

C. bicolor is rarely attracted to sugar on trees in the Bentley Woods. Verrall adds Corethra fusca,
and the Dixid Dixia nebulosa. Ptychoptera contaminata, alhimana, and scutellaris are all common near
streams, and P. paludosa occurs at Exning in August. Among the Limnobidae I have seen Limnobia
bifasciata abundantly on sugar in the Bentley Woods ; L. quadrinotata, nubeculosa, and analis about
Ipswich ; L. nigropunctata abundantly in woods at Assington and Bentley, and L. favipes at Wher-
stead. Verrall has L. tripunctata, Dicranomyia sericata, and Rhipidia maculata from Newmarket,,
with D. modesta from Mildenhall, D. didyma and D. dumetorum from Barton Mills ; D. lutea often
dances in crowds in Ipswich and Southwold, D. chorea occurs in Ipswich houses, and I once found

D. morio in a sand-pit. Both Empeda nubila and Goniomyia tenella, with Acyphona maculata, arc
found in Newmarket, and Chilotricha imhuta at Exning. Molophilus appendiculatus, bifilatus, and
obscurus have been found by Verrall, and M. propinquus occurs at Mildenhall in September. I have
taken Rhypholopus lineatus on willows in Bentley Woods, and Curtis tells us he once took R. nodulosus

* Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1902, p. 110. ' Ent. Mo. Mag. 1897, pp. 49, 90. ^ Ibid. 1895, pp. 227-9-

136

INSECTS

commonly in a Suffolk garden. R. haemorrhoidalis is rare, with Erloptera triv'talis at Exning ;
I have taken E. favescens by the Gipping at Ipswich, E. lutea at Dunwich, and Curtis records
E. fuicipennh from our county. Sythplecta sticitica, S. punctipennis, Ephelia marmorata and Dactylolabis
Frauenfeldl are all uncommon, but several of the Limnophilae, such as L. dispar, ferruginea, ochracea^
and dhdcollh are common, though L. lineola is only reported from Exning in July. The winter
gnats are of course abundant, and Trichocera hiemal'n and regelationh may often be seen dancing
about bare hedges, with, in September, T. annulata. Ula pilosa and Amaloph immaculata are not
common, but the large and handsome Pedicia rivosa, which was recorded from Lound Wood by
Paget, is sometimes seen at Tuddenham, Hemley, and Foxhall. The crane flies are well repre-
sented by eight species of Pachyrrhina, including the beautiful P.crocata from Whitton, and eighteen
Tipulae, some of which, as T. nigra, signata, lutescem, and vittata, appear local ; Dictenidia bimaculata
has been captured in Stanstead Wood in May. The last family of the Nematocera, the Rhyphidae,
is abundant in Rhyphus fenestralis and R. punctatus.

The Brachycera have been much more carefully worked, and the first family, the Stratiomyidae,
is somewhat fully represented. Pachygaster ater is often abundant on bracken at Foxhall, and I have
once found P. Leachii at Farnham in July ; Nemotelus pantherinus and N. u/iginosus occur at Felix-
stowe, the latter being widely distributed and recorded by Curtis from Thetford ; N. nigrinus has
been noticed at Ipswich, Bramford, and Barton Mills. The pretty genus Oxycera is represented by
0. pygmaea at Tuddenham, O.formoia not uncommonly at Foxhall in August, O. pukhella taken
here by PifFard, and 0. tril'tneata first noticed by Paget. Stratiomys potamida is found about Ipswich
and Lowestoft, S. riparia not rarely on umbels at Felixstowe, Benacre, and South wold; S. furcata is
common in the Broads, and I have taken one S. longicornn by a brackish ditch at Wherstead ;
Odontomyia angulata is recorded by Verrall from Tuddenham, O. tigrina was once swept by me at
Drinkstone, and O. v'lridula is everywhere abundant on the coast. The beautiful Chrysonotus
hipunctaius has been captured at Foxhall, Great Glemham, and Tostock ; Sargus ^avipes occurs at
Tostock and Lowestoft, S. cuprarius singly at Monk Soham and at Tostock, together with
S. iridatus at the latter locality. Chloromyia formosa, Microchrysa polita and M. Jlavicornis are
common, as also are Beris davipes, vallata, chalybeata, and Chorisops tibialis. Xylomyia marginata has
occurred at Exning in September. One is not inordinately worried by the bellicose Tabanidae, if
we except Heamatopota pluvialis ; H. crassicornis is distinctly rare at Brantham, Felixstowe, and
Ipswich ; Therioplectes tropicus, as well as its variety bisignatus, attacks one in the woods at Bentley,
Raydon, and Barton Mills, and T.solstitialis is not rare in the Broads. Paget records Atylotus Jiihius,
under the name Tabanus alpinus, as having been rare at Belton Bog ; the only members of the
latter genus at present found are T. autumnalis at Southwold and T. bromius at Felixstowe ; Chrysops
relicta is even commoner with us than C. caecutiens. Some of the elegant Leptidae are abundant,
especially Leptis scolopacea, which sits head downwards on tree-trunks, L. tringaria, L. lineola, and
Chrysophilus auratus ; C. aureus is local at Tostock, Bentley Woods, and Bramford. The insecti-
vorous Asilidae are common in June, Leptogaster cylindrica, Dioctria oelandica, rufipes, and Baumhaueri
occurring everywhere, though D. atricapilla is local at Tostock and Wortham, and D.Jlavipes only
met with in Assington Thicks. Isopogon brevirostris has occurred at Newmarket in July, and Tuck
took Laphria marginata in the Bury district in August 1897 ; the handsome Asilus crabroniformis is
widely distributed ; Philonicus albiceps occurs on the coast at Felixstowe and Corton ; Epitriptus
cingulatus and Neoitamus cyanurus are common ; Machimus atricapillus has turned up in the Bentley
Woods, &c. ; and Dysmachus trigonus is often abundant on the Lowestoft and Felixstowe denes, as
well as at Brandon.

Of the hirsute Bombylidae Anthrax Paniscus is widely distributed but uncommon, and Curtis
records A. hottentota (probably referable to the above species) among rushes near the sea-shore at
Covehithe early in July 1822 ; he also gives us a long and interesting account of Phthiria pulicaria,
which he first found in Britain in the same locality and presented to the British Museum. Bomby-
lius discolor and B. major are common, but doubt exists as to the capture of B. minor by Mr. Tuck
at Tostock in 1897, and perhaps fi. canescens, Mik., is the species inferred. The Therevidae comprise
Thereva nobilitata, plehja, and bipunctata commonly, and the local T. annulata at Tostock, Barnham,
Tuddenham Fen, and Brandon. Scenopinus fenestralis is found at Thetford, Tostock, Orwell, and
Monk Soham ; and S. niger is said to have been taken at Tostock in May 1 898. I have only
once met with the rare Omodes gibhosus at Barnby Broad in July ; and Acrocera globulus once on
birch in Tuddenham Fen. Few species of the voraceous Empidae can be referred to, though both
kinds of Hybos, ten of Rhamphomyia, and sixteen of Empis, have been noted ; of the latter we
may mention Empis opaca at Tostock, E, nigritarsis at Wherstead, E. pennaria at Oulton, and E.
pennipes in the Bentley Woods. Pachymeria femorata is common, and P. palparis has occurred in
Barnby Broad ; Hilara ci/ipes, pilosa, maura, clypeata, and pinetorum can be instanced, with Ocydromia
glabricula, Leptopeza flavipes, Clinocara stagnalis, two Trichinae, and Microphorus vetulinus. There is
an example of Ardoptera irrorata from Tuddenham, in the British Museum ; Lepidomyia melanocephala
I 137 18

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

occurs commonly at Bentley, Stilpon lunata at Foxhall, with Tachypeza nubila at Oulton and New-
market ; Tachista connexa is abundant, as was once Chersodromia cursitans on Malva on the beach
at Slaughdon ; Tachydromia alhiseta, by Verrall, at Brandon, T. flavipei at Needham, T. maculipes at
Foxhall, and T. femoralis at Claydon Bridge, have also been observed. Several recent additions
include Oreogeton flav'tpei, Leptopeza Jlavipes, Hemerodromia unilineata, Ardoptera guttata, Thamnodromia
vocatoria, Drapetis assimilis, Tachista arrogans, znd Elaphropexa ephipptata. The beautiful Dolichopo-
didae have recently come in for a good deal of attention, and we can enumerate four species of
Piikpus, Neurigona quadrifasciata, Eutarsus, aulicus and Hygroceuleuthus diadema, the last from Moulton
in June. The typical genus Dolichopus is represented by sixteen species, of which many are only
recorded from the Broads of the north-east or Fens of the north-west. The handsome Poedlobothrus
nobilitatus often occurs on my house-windows at Monk Soham ; Argyrae with silver bodies flit about
streams ; Machaer'mm maritimae is common by the salt-water Orwell ; Sce/Ius notatus may be swept
from reeds in our salt marshes, and the curious little Medeterus are seen sitting abundantly on
tree-trunks, &c. I have recently added Dolichopus griseipennis, D. trivia/is and D. acuticornis from
Monk Soham, D. lepidus and D. planitarsis from Tuddenham Fen, D. clavipes from Southwold, D.
ungulatus from Barham, Reydon, and Easton Broad, Xiphandrium monotrichum from Southwold, and
Hermtomus nigripennis from Henstead. In all seventy-three species of this family have been noticed
in the county. Of the last family of the orthorrhaphous diptera, the Lonchopteridae, we have all
the British kinds but Lonchoptera punctum and L. fuscipennis ; they are common, often turning up
even during the winter months.

The first three families of the cyclorrhaphous diptera, the Platypezidae, Pipunculidae, and the
Syrphidae, are now well known on account of Mr. Verrall's fine work, which treats of them, and in
which, too, many Suffolk records are enumerated. Calllmyia speciosa has occurred at Newmarket,
and C. amoena at Brandon ; Platypeza atra was once found by me in the Bentley Woods ; ' both
P. dorsalis and P. infumata can be mentioned, the former from Newmarket, and the latter taken by
Mr. Piffard at Felixstowe ; Chalarm spurius is recorded from Verrall's garden, and Verrallia aucta
from Suffolk. Thirteen species of the extensive and distinct genus Pipunculus have been noticed
here, but others are sure to turn up, of these the following seem worth recording : Pipunculus halte-
ratus at Tuddenham, which is the only British locality, P. varipes at Bentley Woods and Tudden-
ham, and P. pratorum in Newmarket. I have captured Paragus tibialis at Oulton Broad and Bramford,
and P. bicolor on the banks of the Gipping. Pipizella virens and Pipiza noctiluca are common, P.
luteitarsis and P. bimaculata are recorded from Newmarket, and I took a male of P. lugubris about
Ipswich, in 1894. Cnemodon vitripennis is recorded by Verrall, Orthoneura nobilis has occurred about
Ipswich, and we can include all the species of Liogaster and Chrysogaster except C. macquarti. Of
Chilosia we have seventeen species ; of the rarer kinds may be noticed C, longula from Barton Mills,
C. honesta at Ipswich in 1893, ^- g''0!"i which is widely distributed, C. albipilla singly at Bentley
and Raydon in March, C. impressa common at Barnby Broad, and C. Bergenstammi at Tuddenham.
And of Platychirus eight are recorded ; the best are P. scambus from Aldeburgh and Southwold,
P.fiilviventris from Brandon and Bramford, and P. angustatus from Aldeburgh and Bentley. Pyrophaena
granditarsa is not uncommon, and P. rosarum has also been met with ; oi Melanostoma we have not
yet noticed M. dubium, though the fine Xanthandrus comtus occurs at Copdock, Leucozona leucorum
usually a common species bred from nests of Bombus terrestris by Tuck at Tostock, and I once
captured Ischyrosyrphus laternarius at Bramford in August. Catabomba pryastri is common ; and
Gibbs took C. selenetica at Orford in 1903. Twenty-two species of Syrphus have been identified
from the county, of which may be mentioned S. tricinctus at Lackford and the Bentley Woods,
S. annulatusy S. iriangulifer, S. punctulatus from Newmarket, and S. labiatarum from Barton Mills
and Tostock ; as well as the three Sphaerophoria and both species of the handsome genus Xantho-
gramma, Baccha elongata is local, but Ascia podriagrica a.nd JJora lis occur freely; A. dispar is also said
to have been found here. The rare Brachypoda bicolor has twice been captured by me at so distant
localities as Belstead and Brandon ; Rhingia campestris, Volucella bombylans, and y. pellucens are com-
mon, and I once found V, inflata in the Bentley Woods. We have not found Eristalis cr\ptarum
nor rupium, but the other members of the genus are of frequent occurrence, E. aeneus being often
abundant on the coast. Myiatropa florea and Helophilus pendulus are a nuisance on flowers, though
H. trivittatus in various localities, H. hybridus at Cornard by Harwood, H. transfugus at Walbers-
wick, H. lineatus about Ipswich, and H.. vittatus (the Ruddii of Curtis) from Breydon marshes,
never seem to be met with in any numbers. Merodon equestris occurs at Bury, and I have found it
in an Ipswich house, and Tropidia scita is abundant in the fens and marshes. Criorrhina berberina is
noticed in Bentley Woods, C, oxyacanthae at the same locality and at Bungay,* C. floccosa is bred at
Tostock by Tuck, with the rare and handsome Pocota apiformis. I have captured Xylota nemorum at
Barham, X. segnis at Foxhall, X. lenta has been found at Copdock, and X. sylvarum at Tostock and

"Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1901, p. 281. • Cf. Trans. Norf. flat. Soc. vii, 14.

138

INSECTS

Bungay. Syrlta pipitns is abundant ; Eumerus sahulonum was captured by PifFard near Landguard
Fort andi'. strigatus is not very uncommon. Chrysotoxum sylvarum, C. bicinctum, and C.festivum are
common ; I have found C. elegans at Southwold, and Tuck has bred C. octomaculatum at Tostock in
1896 and 1897. Paget records Sericomyia horealis as occasionally common at Lound Heath, though
not now met with for many years, and I took the fine Criorrhina asi/ica in Bentley Woods in 1904.

The interesting family Conopidae is well represented in Suffolk. Of the typical genus Conops,
C. flavipei, (luadrifasciatOy and ceriiformis are not uncommon, and Tuck has bred the variety vitellinus
at Tostock. Physocephala rufipes and Oncomyia atra are also ubiquitous, but 0. pusilla and Zodion
cinereum are very rarely met with, the former at Dodnash Woods and about Bury, the latter once
only at Foxhall in August, and once at Brandon in June. Sicus ferruginem is often seen on ragwort
flowers in the autumn ; Myopa buccata is recorded hence by Curtis, and more recently from the
Bury district, &c. ; M. testacea was bred at Tostock by Tuck in May 1898, and M. fasciata,
which I have captured at Foxhall, was found at Ipswich by Freeman about 1887. Among the
bot-flies, the Oestridae, we can only positively claim two species, though Hypodermae are sure to
occur ; these are Gastrop^i/us equ't, of which Mr. Tuck took several specimens at Tostock in August
1898, and others at Bungay in July; and Oestrus ovis, the sheep-fly, which he also found in the
former village in July. Many of our parasitic flies of the family Tachinidae have not yet been
determined, but we may mention Meigenia egens from flowers near Ipswich, Ceromasia machairopsis
about Ipswich, C. sordidisquama and C. juvenilis common in Bentley Woods in May, C. senilis from
Felixstowe, by PifFard (in the British Museum), and Dodnash Woods, C. stabulans about Ipswich and
Lowestoft, and C. spectabilis on birch in Assington Thicks in June. Exorista vetula is found at
Assington and Bentley, E. fimbriata and E. apicalrigria occur here (the latter being in the British
Museum), E. perturbans is common on oak-trunks ; Mr. Ransom has bred E. jucunda at Sudbury
from Liparis salicis, and Tuck found E. notabilis at Aldeburgh. Epicampocera succincta is common at
Little Blakenham ; I have Blepharidea vulgaris bred from Pieris rapae and Abraxas grossulariata ;
Myxexorista fauna has been captured in the Bentley Woods, where Bothria caesifrons and Phorocera
serriventris are not rare; Blepharipoda atropivora has been noticed at Bramford, and Sisyropa hortulana
in Bentley Woods ; 5. lucorum I have bred from lepidopterous pupae at Ipswich in July. Chaetolyga
amoena occurs about Bury St. Edmunds, Tachina grandis in the Bentley Woods, T. erucarum at
Felixstowe, and T. rustica with T. agilis about Ipswich ; Gonia divisa was captured in 1894, and at
Foxhall in May I have taken G. ornata with G. lateralis. Monochaeta leucophaea and Thelymorpha
vertigosa are rare about Ipswich ; Aporomyta dubia is abundant in the Bentley Woods ; Somohia
rebaptizata widely distributed, and Pelatachina tibialis once occurred to me at Mildenhall in June.
In the Bentley Woods Maccjuartia grisea, Degeeria medorina, Demoticus Plebejus and D. frontatus,
Myiobia pacifica, Micropalpus pudicus (with the type of Meade's Nemoraea quadraticornis), all occur with
more or less frequency. Ptilops chalybeata has turned up at Bramford, Anthracomyia nana at Hens-
stead and Tostock, Micropalpus pictus at Claydon Bridge, M. vulpinus is certainly uncommon at
Felixstowe and Tostock, but Thelaira leucozona and Erigone radicum are common enough. Tuck
has taken E. rudis about Bury, and I have found E. vivida near Ipswich ; Echinomyia grossa has
occurred to me at Barton Mills, and E. fera to Hocking at Copdock ; Plagia ruralis occurs in the
Bentley Woods and P. trepida at Assington. PifFard says Phorichaeta carbonarius was abundant at
Felixstowe in 1896, and presented it to the British Museum ; Discochaeta muscaria is rare at Assing-
ton, but Roeselia antiqua is generally distributed, as also are Digonochaeta spinipennis and D. setipennis,
Thryptocera crassicornis and T. bicolor, with the two Siphonae, have been noted. Early in 1897 I
took what Dr. Meade said was Exorista [Blepharomyia) ampUcornis on oak-trunks in the Bentley
Woods, and with it occurred what he considered a new species and named Phorocera incerta, a co-
type of which is in the British Museum ; ' these Verrall synonymizes. I was also so fortunate as
to add Phasia Rothi {Xysta cand) to the British list,*" having found it in the vicinity of Ipswich,
where Alophora pusilla is sparingly met with. Few of the remaining sections of the Tachinidae,
the Trixinae, Sarcophaginae, and the Dexinae, require particular mention ; in the first we have
twelve species, including Trixa oestroidea^^ Tryphaera umbrinervis, and Dialyta atriceps ; in the
second fourteen species, several of the typical genus Sarcophaga and the fine northern fly Cynomyia
mortuorum from Orford and Tuddenham, the bee-parasite called Miltogramma punctatum, Hereronychia
chaetoneura, and the interesting little Sphixapata conica from Bramford and Felixstowe ; in the last
only four species, of which Dexiosoma caninum is found sitting commonly on bracken with, rarely,
Dexia rustica in the Bentley Woods, and D. vacua at Worlington, and Prosena sybarita on the Breck
sands, taken by the Hon. N. C. Rothschild, in August.

Of the ubiquitous Muscidae, we have found all the Stomoxys, Pollenia, Myiospila, Musca,
Morellia, Mesembrina, Pyrellia excepting P. cyanicolor^ ProtocalUphora, Calliphora, and Euphora ;

»Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1897, p. 223 ; 1898, p. 35. " Ibid. 1896, p. 212 ; 1898, p. 39.

" Cf. Trans. Norf. Nat. Soc. 1901, p. 157.

139

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Graphomyia maculata and Cyrtoneura stabulans are abundant ; C. pabulorum has been bred at Tostock
from nests of Vespa vulgaris ; Luci/ia caesar and L. urica are common on flowers, and I once took a
doubtful L. illuitris at Blakenham. The Anthomyidae are equally common ; of these we have the
two usual Polietes, eighteen species of Hyetodesia, in addition to H. ohscurata taken at Exning in July ;
Alloeostylus flaveola and A. simplex ; six species of Mydaea, twelve of Spilogaster, two of Limnophora,
eleven of Hydrotaea, four of Hydrophoria, fourteen of Hylemyia, seven of Chortophila, twelve of
Phorbia, and five of Pegomyia. Sphecolyma inanis has been bred by Tuck from nests of Vespa
germanica ; Melanochila riparia occurs at Foxhall ; Ophyra leucostoma and Drymia hamata are
occasionally met with ; Trichopticus semipellucidus, with T. cunctans, and all the British species of the
genus Anthomyia are also recorded, the rare A. albicincta having been taken once at Tostock.
Mycophaga fungorum has been found about Bury St. Edmunds and the rare Chirosia abbitarsis at
Foxhall. We have recently added Lasiops Roederi, ctenoctena, and L. Meadii from Newmarket.
Among the Homalomyinae we have fourteen species of the typical genus and five Azelia, three Lispe,
two Caricea, two Coenosia, together with Piezura pardalina, Coelomyia mo/lissa, Hoplogaster mollicula,
and Fucellia maritima. The marsh-loving Cordyluridae are represented by Cordylura pudica at Hen-
stead, C. pubera at Brandon, C. ciliata at Beccles and Claydon, and the common C. umbrosa ;
ParalUlomma albipes at Foxhall and Bentley Woods, Cnemopogon apicalis at Barton Mills, Amaurosoma
tibiella at Oulton Broad, Norellia spinimana, N. liturata, and A'^. spiniger, Trichopalpus fraternus,
and Spathiophora hydromyzina ; eight species of Scatophaga, Ceratinostoma ostiorum on the banks of the
Orwell and the Gipping, and Coniosternum obscurum at Harleston. Helomyza rufa and H. ustulata,
Btepharoptera ruficauda, and B. serrata are common ; H. Zetterstedtii, montana, and H. pallida occur
about Newmarket, and I took Allophyla atricornis at Brandon in 1903 ; Heteromyza atricomis and
Tephrochlamys rufiventris are frequent, T. flavipes is found in the Bentley Woods, arid T. palkscens
was taken in Ipswich in 1896. Trigonometopus frontatus is our only representative of the
Heteroneuridae ; it occurs in some numbers on dead rushes at Foxhall in March, and doubtless
hibernates among them.

The Sciomyzidae in so well-watered a county as Suffolk are abundant ; Mr. Tuck has taken
Actora aestuum at Aldeburgh in September, and both Dryomyza analis and D. flaveola are everywhere
common ; of Sciomyza we have noted nine species, including S. Schoenherri near Ipswich, S. simplex
at Barton Mills, and S. albocostata at Foxhall ; and ten of Tetanocera, of which mention may be made
of T. sylvatica at Barnby Broad, T. punctata commonly, and T. umbrarum in reed refuse at Oulton
Broad, Limnia marginata at Barham and Ipswich, and L, obliterata at Tostock and Aldeburgh.
Elgiva dorsalis and E. rufa are common ; I took E. lineata at Tuddenham in 1 906, and Tuck has
found E. albiseta at Tostock in July. The carrot-fly Psila rosae is too common, I have taken
P. fimetaria at Ipswich and Tuddenham, and both P. nigricornis and villosula are found at New-
market. Chyliza atriseta occurs at Bramford, C. leptogaster in Tuddenham Fen, and in June 1902
Tuck took C. vittata, which was new to Britain, at Bungay ; Loxocera aristata and L. albiseta are
generally distributed, and I once beat L. sylvatica in the Bentley Woods. Micropeza lateralis is rare
upon dry heath grasses at Foxhall, M. corrigiolata common with Calobata ephippium ; C. petronella
occurs commonly in Ipswich gardens, and Verrall took C. cibaria at Fritton in 188 1. Of the
Ortalidae, the only British specimen of Tanypeza longimana was captured at Tostock by Tuck in
July 1899 ; '' Dorycera graminum is not rare, nor also probably is Piilonota centralis. Pteropaectria
frondescentiae is frequent on rushes, and P. afflicta and P. nigrina have been met with here ; Ceroxys
pictus is abundant in the coast salt marshes and C. crassipennis in all the broads and fens. Platystoma
seminationis is often a pest in June, with Rivellia syngenesiae ; Seoptera vibrans is local at Theberton,
Southwold, Monk Soham, and Tuddenham Fen ; Ulidia erythropthalma is not uncommon, but
Chrysomyxa demandata is rare. Comparatively little attention has been paid to the pretty little
Trypetidae, and we can only instance the celery-fly, Acidia heraclei and A. Ifchnidis, Gonyglossum
Wiedemanni at Blakenham and Newmarket, Spilographa Zoe at Tuddenham on birch, Trypeta jaceae
at Yoxford ; T. onotrophes and T. florescentiae are common, T. cornuta has occurred at Ipswich,
T. tussilaginis at Oulton Broad, and T. serratula at Farnham. Urophora solstitialis and U. stylata,
with Sphenella marginata, are frequent ; Ensina sonchi has been taken at Southwold, Urellia stellata
at Foxhall, and six species of Tephritis comprise our list — T. plantaginis abundant about Southwold,
T. formosa at Bentley and Tostock, and the widely-distributed T. bardanae. Of the Lonchaeidae,
L. vaginalis is abundant, L. chorea found near Needham, L. tarsata bred by me from a Tortrix pupa
at Foxhall ; and I also took upon thistles in the Bentley Woods, 1895, what Dr. Meade called
L, fumosa, Egger. Palloptera ustulata, P. umbellatarum, and P. arcuata are common, but I have only
found P. saltuum at Southwold, and Taxoneura muliebris has been taken at Bramford, &c. Peplomyza
Wiedemanni occurs at Barton Mills, Sapromyza marginalis, fasciata, inusta, decempunctatOy biumhrata,
rorida, praeusta, and plumicornis are all recorded from the county, with S. lupulina fron: Wherstead,

" Cf. Ent. Mon. Mag. 1 904, p. 60.
140

INSECTS

Lauxanla Elisae, L. aenea, and, at Oulton Broad by Tuck, L. hyalinata. Balioptera tripunctata is
abundant, though not so B. comhlnata ; Opomyza germinationis and O. florum are of general distribu-
tion ; and at Shotley I have found Pelethophila lutea and P. flava at Tostock.

The long-legged Sepsidae are somewhat fiilly represented, the typical genus comprising Sepiis
pectoralU at Felixstowe, 5. nigripes, violacea, cynipua, and S. pUlpei at Newmarket ; Nemopoda cylindrica
and N. stercoraria are common about Ipswich ; Henicita Leachi and H. annulipes are recorded ; and
at Tuddenham Verrall has taken Mycetaulus hipunctatus in September. The three Themira, putris,
superha, and minor occur in Newmarket, with Saltella sphondylii and S. nigripes. The cheese-mites,
Piophila casei, with five more of the same genus, are of course abundant, and the pretty Madiza
glabra occurs at Ipswich and Southwold. Six Geomyzidae are noticed in Anthomyz.a fiavipes at
Felixstowe, and A. gracilis in Newmarket ; Geomyz.a obscurella has occurred to me at Aldetsurgh,
Diastata nigripennis at Foxhall with D. unipunctata, and D. punctum at Kessingland. The Ephydridae
have been recently much augmented by Mr. Verrall's Suffolk captures, and we now boast of Notiphila
venosa and N. dorsata from Aldeburgh, with five common kinds of the genus ; Trimerina madixans
from Bentley Woods in the winter ; Psilopa hucostoma and nitidula, with Hydrdlia griseola,
commonly. Collin has found Discocerina obscurella at Tuddenham and Philhygria stictica at New-
market. Hyadina scutellata and H. guttata occur, and Paget took Ochthera mantis at Lound Heath ;
two Parhydrae are common with Ephydra riparia and Caenia palustris ; but the curious tiny Scatellae,
of which we have four kinds, are never in great profusion. Among the Drosophilidae, Scaptomyza
graminum and Aulacigaster rufitarsis are rare, though few of our six species of Drosophila are un-
common. The handsome little Chloropidae have received considerable attention from Mr. Collin,
so our list comprises Lipara lucens, common by the River Lark, Platycephala planifrons in profusion
in all the Broads, four kinds of Meromyxa, with Center cerceris and C. myopinus among reeds.
Anthracophaga strigula has occurred to me at Bawdsey, Diplotoxa messoria at Beccles, and D. inconstans
at Claydon Bridge ; our list is augmented by seven species of Chlorops, two of Chloropisca, and five
Oscinus, which, with the common Elachyptera cornuta and abortive E. brachyptera, conclude this
family. Cacoxenus indagator, from Newmarket, represents the Milichidae ; Agromyza lutea at
Claydon and Schoenomyza litorella at Foxhall, the next family ; Phytomyza elegans from Tuddenham
and Chromatomyia affinis, a third ; while the fourth, the Astiadae, adds only Astia amoena, which
abounds in bracken refuse in the winter. It becomes necessary to somewhat fully deal with our
Borboridae since no other county has so good a list, thanks to the assiduity of Mr. Collin. The
typical genus Borborus has eleven representatives, of which B. nitidus has occcurred to me at Bram-
ford, B. pedestris at Ipswich and Brandon, B. longipennis on my study window, and B. geniculatus in
the Bentley Woods ; Collin has also found B. suillorum at Bradley, with B. Roseri, B. sordidus in a
Newmarket paddock, and he described B. notabilis from Bradley." Sphaerocera monilis, pusilla,
vaporariorum, scabricula^ and Collin's new 8. eximia are all found at Newmarket ; while I have seen
S. subsultans at Claydon. Of the extensive genus Limosina we have twenty-seven kinds, among
which I have taken L. frontinalis at Bentley, L. sylvatica at Felixstowe,/,, ochripes at Ipswich, with
Z,. scutellaris, L. erratica at Freston, L. spinipennis at Felixstowe, and L. roralis at Brandon ; all the
remainder have fallen to Collin's net, and they comprise L. ferrugata, lutosa, limosa, vagarts, lugubris,
melania, atomus, acutangula, fungicola, vitripennis, coxata, pumilio, clunipes, hcteroneura, nigerrima,
crassimana, fuscipennis, and minutissima, together with his two new species, H. Halidayi and
L. mirabilisy from Newmarket." In the Phoridae we are not so good, and only possess Conicera
similis, Trineura aterrima, six species of Phora including Verrall's new P. formicarum}^ The last
family, the Hippoboscidae is represented by four kinds : Ornithomyia avicularia which Tuck took at
Tostock in 1897 ; Stenopteryx hirundinis, captured by Dr. Wood at Woolpit ; Oxypterum pallidum,
recorded by Paget from the Yarmouth district, and still a very rare fly ; and the Slieep-fiy, Melo-
phagus ovis, which has occurred to the Rev. E. N. Bloomfield at Great Glemham and to me ;it
Monk Soham.

HEMIPTERA

Bugs
HETEROPTERA

Concerning the Heteroptera of Suffolk, little or nothing has until quite recently been pub-
lished, and it will be advisable to here deal somewhat fully with the subject. Little is to be learned
from modern literature, and nothing whatever (but one or two records in Curtis's British Entomology,
and a few more or less unreliable ones in Paget's Natural History of Great Yarmouth') from the older
authors. Mr. Saunders has done some collecting about Southwold, and Mr. E. A. Butler around

" Ent. Mo. Mag. 1902, p. 56. " Ibid. p. 59. " Cf. Meeting of Ent. Soc, 16 Mar. 190.).

141

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Corton near Lowestoft and at Felixstowe ; Mr. Thouless brings forward a few kinds in the Trans-
actions of the Norfolk Naturalists^ Society, and Mr. J. J. Walker mentions one or two from the
vicinity of Brandon. But for the majority of the species — especially the commoner sorts, which
go so largely to swell the proportions of a county list, though of little value in themselves, except
for purposes of ' distribution ' — I have had to rely mainly upon my own efforts and upon those of
Mr. Tuck, who has found several species in the neighbourhood of Bury St. Edmunds.

Odontoscelis fuUginosus has been found at Lowestoft, Felixstowe, and Mildenhall ; it occurred
to me upon the Foxhall Plateau not uncommonly in 1904. Podops inuncta, Gnathoconus albomar-
ginatus, Sehirus tico/or, and S. biguttatus are widely distributed, the last being often found in moss
during the winter. Aelia acuminata is decidedly local, though common on dry grasses at Brandon
and Lowestoft ; Bedwell has recently taken it at Kessingland, and I have once swept it at Barham.
On 25 May 1901 I was so fortunate as to beat the fourth localized British specimen of Perihalus
vernalis from young poplar trees in the Bentley Woods, near Ipswich ; elsewhere it is only known
from Weston-super-Mare, Cumberland, and Sussex.^ Pentatoma prasina is common in the same
locality, and P. baccarum has been taken singly by Elliott, Bedwell, and myself at Benacre and
Oulton Broads and Barton Mills. Piezodorus /ituratus, Tropicoris rufipes, Podisus luridus, Acanthosoma
haemorrhoidakydentatum, znd interstinctum are all common, though Picromerus bidens is certainly rare,
having been taken once only by Baylis at Foxhall Heath in 1895, and once by Bedwell at Herring-
fleet. Of the Coreidae, I have found in some numbers the rare Spathocera Dalmani, not before
seen north of the Thames, crawling upon the bare, sandy Foxhall Plateau in May and September.
Syromastes marginatus and Pseudopbloeus Fallenii have been taken sparingly, the former at Fritton,
Lound, Bungay, and Westleton, the latter upon several occasions uncommonly on the Breck Sands,
though locally abundant at Brandon beneath cranesbili. Coreus denticu/atus, Corizus parumpunctus,
and Alyrmus myriformis are not uncommon ; and Chorosoma SchilUngi was found at Lowestoft and
Southwold by Saunders, and has occurred to me at the latter locality. In May 1903 Tuck
captured Ferlusia rhombea, which was more frequent at Brandon in 1906, at Bury St. Edmunds,
and there is an example of Corizus capitatus in the Cambridge Museum from Mildenhall. Of the
curious Neides, N. tipu/arius has been taken singly by Mr. Newbery and myself about Ipswich, A'^.
crassipes by Thouless about Lowestoft, and by Bedwell at Barnby Broad ; N. minor is common, and
has been found in the nests of Bombus muscorum by Tuck ; N. signoreti occurred in a gravel pit at
Claydon in July ; N. montivagus at Southwold and Hadleigh in moss. Metacanthus puncticeps is
very abundant at the roots of marram grass on the Kessingland sandhills, and also occurs at Lowes-
toft and Kentford.

Of the Lygaeidae, the ubiquitous Nysius thymi, Ischnorhynchus resedae, I. geminatus, and Cymus
glandicolor are abundant, though C. claviculus appears to be confined to the Bentley Woods. The
local Heterogaster urticae occurs in some numbers at Lakenheath, Brandon, Tuddenham, Bungay,
Lowestoft, Aldeburgh, and Hollesley ; Rhoparochromus di/atatus and R. chiragra are not rare, and
R. praetextatus is recorded from Thetford Warren by Curtis. The usually common Chilacis typhae
is only found at Fritton and Ischnocoris angustulus beneath heather everywhere. Macrodema micro-
pterum, Plinthisus brevipennis, and the three Stygni have all been found here ; and I took one speci-
men of the very rare Lasiosomus enervis at Southwold in July 1897 ; Acompus rufipes swarms in all
the true fen country, from Mildenhall and Brandon to Oulton. Peritrechus luniger and P. geni-
cu/atus, Trapezonotus agrestis, Aphanus pedestris, Scolopostethus affinis, S. decoratus, Notochilus contractus,
Drymus sylvaticus, and D. brunnea are all quite common ; though Peritrechus nubilus is distinctly
scarce at the roots of grass on the Kessingland sandhills and in Bentley Woods, as well as in
marsh-hay in Oulton Broad ; Aphanus lynceus has but twice occurred to me, in moss at Barton
Mills in August and in a grass-tuft at East Bergholt in April ; Scolopostethus neglectus, sometimes fully
developed, is found at Tostock, Stoke by Nayland, Lavenham, and Oulton Broad ; and both
Gastrodes have been recorded by Paget, though that his ' abietis, L.' refers to that species is open
to doubt; G. ferrugineus is common at Brightwell Heath, Mildenhall, Battisford, &c. Jennings
took Drymus confusus at Brandon ; ' and Curtis tells us that many Pyrrhocoris apterus have been found
at Beccles in May.

Among the leaf-like Tingididae, both species of Piesma are found, P. qitadrata in profusion
beneath Chenopodium at Felixstowe by Mr. Newbery, and P. capitata widely distributed. Seren-
thia laeta is very local at Tuddenham, Mildenhall, Brandon, and Kessingland. Orthostira parvula,
Monanthia ampliata, M. cardui, and M. humuli are very common. Dictyonota crassicornis has been
found at Bentley Woods, Felixstowe, on the banks of the Gipping, and in an ants' nest at Covehithe
Broad ; D. strichnocera on mullein at Westleton in July ; and Derephysia foliacea has occurred to
Butler at Herringfleet and to me in a dead rabbit in the Bentley Woods. Monanthia ciliata and
M. dumetorum are scarce, the former at Belstead and the latter on whitethorn in Shrubland Park.

* Cf. Ent. Mo.Mag. 1901, p. 302. ' Ibid. 1904, pp. 87, 276.

142

INSECTS

The flat Aradus depressus is often common among pine chips, and Aneuris laevis sometimes socially
abundant in moss on old stumps at Bentley. The two hydrophilous Hebrl occur not uncommonly
in flood refuse at Oulton Broad, and Velia currens, of which I captured a developed form in the
Bramford marshes in September 1895, Hydrometra stagnorum, Gerris thoracica, G. gibbifera, and
G. lacustrii, are all common. M'urovelta pygmaea is fairly abundant at Oulton Broad, and also
occurs in the Bramford marshes ; Gerris najas has once been taken by me in some numbers in a mill-
stream at Nayland, and I once captured an example of the very rare G. rufoscutellata in an inun-
dated cart-rut in the Bentley Woods in 1903. Bedwell has found G. argentata in Oulton and
Barnby Broads. Both species of Ploiaria have been beaten from a faggot-stack at Tuddenham in
August, and P. vagabundus is also rare on holly in the Bentley Woods. The large Reduvius per-
sonatus, which clothes itself in dust, and is said to prey upon bed-bugs, has several times occurred
at Sudbury, Bury, Brandon, and flying to light in an Ipswich house in November ; Coranus subapterus
is somewhat common, with Nabis ericetorum, beneath heather throughout the county. All the
British Nabes have been found in Suffolk ; N. lineatus at Fritton, where it is not rare, Southwold,
Oulton Broad, Henstead, and Herringfleet ; N. boops is supposed to be a very rare species, of which
Butler took one specimen on the sandhills near Lowestoft,' and in 1902 I took it beneath heather
at Foxhall, where I should expect it to be not uncommon if thoroughly searched for. Among the
littoral Saldae much remains to be done, since 5. /i/Vwa, saltatoria,pallidipes,pilosella, opacula^orthochila,
littoralis, lateralis, and cincta are all that have been noticed here at present.

Cimex leciularius is of course only too common in our towns ; and there is a local superstition
that these insects are spontaneously evolved from wall-plaster or the paste with which its paper is
affixed ! Ceraiocombus coleoptratus, Piezostethus gaiactinus, and P. curisitans, Lyctocoris campestris, and
Temnostethus pusillus have all been noted. The three common Anthocores, with Tetraphleps vittata,
Triphleps nigra, T. minuta, and T. majuscula are reported ; and I have lately taken Anthocoris sarothamni
at Brandon and the two Acompocores on fir trees in Barnby Broad. Saunders took two BrachysteUs
parvicornis in 1877 beneath a low elm hedge near Walberswick, which is the only known British
locality for this species excepting Kessingland, where I captured one in 1904. The rare
Cardiastethus fasciiventr'ts has turned up at Monk Soham, Nayland, Raydon Great Wood, and
Coddenham in April and May ; as well as Xylocoris ater and Microphysa elegantula. I made the
second British capture of Xylocorridea brevipennis in the dry moat of Framlingham Castle on 8 April
1 90 1, having first found the species in Britain in Richrnond Park.'' Saunders records both Myrme-
dobia tenella and M. inconspicua from Southwold, and both sexes of the latter at roots of grass on
the Lowestoft sandhills. Bedwell has recently turned up the former at Oulton Broad ; and
Microphysa pselaphiformis has been found at Mildenhall and Tuddenham by Dr. Sharp and Mr.
Chitty.

We now come to the great family Capsidae, of which Pitharms Maerkeli, Miris laevigatus, M.
calcaratus, Megalocera erratica, M. ruficornis, Leptopterna ferrugata, L. dolobrata, and Monalocoris Ulicis
are quite common. Acetropus Gimmerthalii is said to be rare, but occurs annually upon Walbers-
wick Heath and sometimes in the Bentley Woods ; Megalocera longicornis has been found in several
localities ; and Teratocornis antennatus in Easton and Covehithe Broads. Pantilius tunicatus lives
about Brandon and Thetford, Tostock, and Bentley Woods, and Gibbs has found it at Orford ;
Lopus flavomarginatus is very common at Bentley, where I have twice found the variety superciliosus
of L. gothicus. Miridius quadrivirgatus appears to be confined to the south and south-east coasts of
Britain, Lowestoft constituting its most northern limit. Seven species of the slender-legged genus
Phytocoris and seven of the stouter Calocoris, as well as Oncognathus binotatus, have been observed here,
none of which are of especial note, unless it be the unusual rarity of C. fulvomarginatus. In 1904
I added Dichrooscytus rufipennis, from the Bentley Woods and Kessingland, and Plesiocoris rugicol/is,
from Foxhall, to our county list. Of the genus Lygus we have eleven kinds, none, however,
appearing uncommon except the variety nigronasutus of L. lucorum, which has only been recorded
from Corton by Mr. Butler, and Lygus atomarius, which Edwards alone had taken off silver firs at
Stratton Strawless in Norfolk till Mr. W. H. Tuck sent a specimen for identification to Mr. E. A.
Butler, taken at Tostock near Bury St. Edmunds in 1896 or 1897. Zygimus pinastri occurs at
Lowestoft, Corton, Fritton, Somerleyton, and Bramford ; Poeciloscytus unifasciatus sparingly in Tud-
denham Fen ; P. nigritus very rarely in Cutlers Wood at Freston ; and P. Gyllenhalii is common,
as also are Liocoris tripustulatus, Capsus lanarius (which is capable of inflicting a painful puncture),
and Rhopalotomus ater. Camptobochis lutescens is much rarer here than about London ; I have only
seen it from Tostock, Lavenham, Shrubland Park, Henstead, and Tuddenham Fen. In the last-
mentioned locality Mr. E. A. Elliott has taken Pilophorus cinnamopterus singly on the flowers of Spiraea
at the end of August ; and Butler has found Allodapus rufescens at Lowestoft (where it turned up
commonly in 1905) and Herringfleet. Halticus apterus, H. luteicollis, rarely on hazel at Freston,

* Ent. Mo. Mag. 1891, p. 277. * Ibid. Nov. 1898.

143

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Orihocephalus saltatory and, at Lowestoft, 0. mutabilis have been noticed here. Six kinds of Dicyphus
(of which D. pallidkornis is confined to Digitalis purpurea at Freston), Campyloneura virgula^ and
the two species of Cyllocoris are all common on their respective food-plants. Aetorhinus angulatus is
often attracted to light at night ; and I have captured Glohiceps Jlavomaculatus, G. dispar, and Me-
comma ambulans. Butler has taken a macropterous specimen of Cyrtorrhinus flaveolus at Fritton,'
I have found C. caricis at Wherstead, and C. pygmaeus has occurred to Thouless at Fritton. Eleven
species of the genus Orthoty/us have been found in Suffolk, of which O. prasinus, taken by Saunders
at Southwold in 1877, 0. tenellus at Freston, and O. rubidus on Artemisia maritima are the only un-
common ones. Hypsitylus bicolor, Heterocordylus tibialis, Onychumenus decolor, and Oncotylus viridiflavus
are uncommon, and Heterotoina merioptera abundant on nettles. Loxops coccineus has only been seen
at Kentford, with Malacoris chlorixans in the Bentley and Dodnash Woods. The two common
Macrocolei and both the Macrotyli are met with ; Conostethus roseus is abundant upon Foxhall Plateau
and Harpocera tboracica on oaks everywhere. Amblytylus affinis, Byrsoptera rufifrons, the three Phyli
and Atractotomus magnicornis occur sparingly, though A. mali has only been found at Bungay upon one
occasion in 1903. Eleven species of Psallus, among which P. alnicola at Freston and P. Roter-
mundi at Brandon are very local, and six of Plagiognathus, of which P. albipennis is found on Artemisia
maritima all along the coast, have been noticed. Butler took Asciodema obsoletum at Lowestoft in
1891 ; I have recently also turned it up about Ipswich.

Many of the interesting aquatic Cryptocerata await discovery, and few unusual kinds have been
noticed. Naucoris cimicoides is said by Paget to have been very common in ditches about Yarmouth
in 1825 ; it occurs at Oulton Broad, Ipswich, in brackish water at Bawdsey, and swarms in the
Tostocic ponds. Nepa cinerea, the water-scorpion, is generally common ; but the handsome
Ranatra linearis stood on the authority of a single specimen taken many years ago at Battisford
by Baker, till Tuck took several in one pond in the middle of a field at Drinkstone in October
1 901.* Notonecta glauca is abundant, and its vanety furcaia is referred to by Paget ; Plea minutissima
occurs in all the ponds about Ipswich. Of the extensive genus Corixa, comprising the lesser
waterboatmen, we have only fifteen kinds as far as is at present ascertained ; all these are fairly
widely distributed, though C.fallenii is represented by only two individuals taken respectively in
1893 and 1904, C. cohoptrata and C. venusta are restricted to Bixley Decoy and Oulton Broad,
and C. limitata is very rare and local. C. lugubris often occurs, mixed with C. praeusta, in the
utmost abundance among shrimps, in the brackish ditches at Bawdsey, the net becoming weighed
down with a dark mass of them.

From this short resume of the Heteroptera it will be seen that some two hundred and eighty-
four species have been noticed in Suffolk. Considering that I captured over a hundred in 1897
alone, and that less than that number have been added during the following eight years, it is
sufficiently obvious that collecting of late has fallen into neglect, and that assiduous working might
show up many new kinds.

HOMOPTERa

CiCADIDAE

In this group we have had even less observations to draw from than was the case in the
Heteroptera. Mr. Butler noted a few about Lowestoft in 1891, Mr. Edwards mentions one or
two kinds from Southwold and Brandon, and Curtis records, I think, two from the county. It
cannot, therefore, be wondered at that I have been able to include little more than exactly half the
British kinds ; but, with our extensive marsh country, to which many of those insects are restricted,
quite another fifty or sixty kinds should turn up if systematically sought in favourable situations
and upon their particular food plants, for these, like the last group, are entirely phytophagous in their
economy.

The curious Centrotus cornutus is a common species on bushes in the woods about Ipswich,
Bury St. Edmunds, and Lowestoft in June ; but Gargara genistae is very local at Tostock and
Ipswich, though Mr. Norgate has taken it commonly on broom at Barnham and Downham in the
north-west. Issus coleoptratus has only occurred singly at Ipswich in 1894 and 1904, and in a wasps'
nest in a holly bush near Bury ; Cixius pilosus and C. nervosus are common, though C. cunicularis is
decidedly local at Tostock and Assington Thicks in July. The thick-horned Asiraca clavicornis
was first found by Curtis at Henstead near Wangford, and more recently by myself among coniferae
in Bentley Woods, it is not uncommon about Brandon ; I have also found Delphax pulchella to be
somewhat common on reeds in Benacre and Herringfleet Broads in the middle of August. The
extensive genus Liburnia requires much more full investigation than it has hitherto received ; of the

• Ent. Mo. Mag. 1891, p. 277. 'Cf. Tram. Norf. Nat. Soc. 1902, p. 333.

144

INSECTS

fifty British species only eighteen have been observed, amongst which L. notula occurs on reeds in
Oulton Broad, L. lineola in Dodnash Woods, and on the banks of the Orwell, L. longipennh in tufts
of Carex pankulata at Foxhall in the winter ; L. vitttpennis is abundant in Tuddenham Fen, where
Elliott has taken L. fuscovittata in some numbers ; and L. punctulum with L. pelludda and L. scotti
about Lowestoft, where it was found by Butler, as well as at Claydon Bridge and Foxhall.
Mr. Edwards tells us' that L., or Chloriona, glaucescens, Fieb. — formerly thought to be C. unicolor,
H. S. — has been found by him commonly on reeds in the coast marshes at Southwold in August.
L. leptosoma and L. limbata are common, and L. eUgantula local at Foxhall, Kentford, and Tudden-
ham ; but L. speciosa, which does not appear to have been taken in Britain for many years, has been
but sparingly met with by Mr. Elliott and myself in marshes at Ipswich, Barton Mills, Brandon
and Tuddenham Fen. The remaining species are Liburnia difficUis^ discolor, exigua, Fairmairei, and
lineata, whose distribution is not yet fully known.

Of the rest of the Delphacidae, I have seen Dicranotropus hamata from Foxhall to Tuddenham,
and Stiroma pteridis common on bracken, P. albomarginata at Bentley and Tuddenham, P. affinh
once swept at Freston in 1904. The extremely handsome Triecphora vulnerata is by no means
uncommon upon young poplars and flying in the sunshine in the Bentley Woods, Assington Thicks,
and Holbrook Park in June ; both species of Aphrophora live about Ipswich and Bury ; and all the
British Philaeni, or ' Cuckoo-spits,' are common, though P. lineatus appears somewhat local, and
several forms of P. spumarius have not been met with. Ledra aurita is uncommon on oaks in the
Bentley Woods, at Tostock and Battisford ; Ulopa reticulata often swarms beneath heather ; and
Megophthalmus scanicus is very common. Among the pretty family Bythoscopidae, we have a much
better percentage of representatives. Afacropsis lanio is often beaten from oak trees ; Bythoscopus
atni rarely met with on the banks of the Gipping and in Bentley Woods, where as elsewhere
B. flavicollis abounds ; the rare B. rufusculus has occurred singly in Tuddenham Fen and the Bentley
Woods in 1904. Pediopsis scutellatus, P. tibialis, P. impurus, and P. ulmi all occur with fair fre-
quency, and last year I discovered P. cereus in Tuddenham Fen and P. fuscinervis at Foxhall, both
in August ; C. virescens, too, has lately turned up at Tostock, Kentford, and Barham. Idiocerus
adustus, I. populi and /. confusus are not infrequent upon poplars and willows ; an example from
Farnham appears referable to I.fulgidus ; and I have also recently found here /. lituratus in Tud-
denham Fen and /. distinguer.dus in Assington Thicks, which latter Mr. Tuck took at Aldeburgh ;*
/. albicans is local at Freston, Tuddenham, and Brandon, and a single /. tremulae has occurred in
Bentley Woods. Agallia puncticeps and A. venosa both occur, the latter being widely distributed at
Claydon, Southwold, and Brandon. Evacanthus interruptus, upon ragwort, and E. acuminatus are
both found in the Bramford chalk pits ; and Tettigonia viridis is often a pest in marshes throughout
the county. We possess all the British Acoctphali, the only uncommon one being A. flavostriatus,
which Butler has turned up in Fritton Decoy and I have seen at Kessingland. Eupelix cuspidata
has only been noticed on the Breck sands and Foxhall Plateau ; but Doratura stylata and Paramesus
nervosus, of the former of which I captured a specimen of the macropterous form at Ipswich in
1896, are common. I also beat a single Glyptocephalus proceps at Barren Heath near Ipswich in
July 1904.

The Jassidae leave much to be desired ; the only common Athysani being A. hrevipennis,
communis, sordidus, obsoletus, and obscurellus ; Butler has found A. grisescens at Lowestoft. Twelve
kinds of Deltocephalus are enumerated, of which five — D. pascuellus, coronifer, distinguendus, sabulicola,
and punctum — were first taken by Butler about Lowestoft ; Edwards records D. Normani from
Fritton, and I have seen D. argus in the Westleton lamb-pits and at Foxhall, where D. citrinellus,
ocellaris, and striatus also occur. D. Flori and D. pulicaris appear to be rare at Freston.' Allygus
mixtus, Limotettix antennata, and L. quadrinotata are common, as also probably is L. sulphurella,
though I had not met with it till last August, when the rare L. aurantipes occurred to me at
Foxhall and Bramford marshes. Of our six species of Thamnotettix, Tuck met with T. splendidula
at Tostock in October 1899 ; and I beat a couple of T. Torneella from birch in the Bentley Woods
in May and June 1902, from bushes through which I have beaten with no sign of this insect for
ten consecutive years ; it is rare in Britain, but has a wide range from Rannoch to the New Forest.
T. attenuata first turned up, and then commonly, at Foxhall late in September 1 904. Edwards
has found the rare Cicadula jasciifrons at Southwold; and I have once or twice met with C. sep-
temnotata, which is much rarer here than C. sexnotata ; Gnathodes punctatus is local at Bentley Woods
and Foxhall. Alebra albostriella has been observed, and, in Tuddenham Fen, in June 1901, I
took three examples of an allied insect, which was common there on birch, though apparently
hitherto unrecognized in Britain. Dicraneura variata is abundant and D. flavipennis common. The

' Ent. Mo. Mag. 1898, p. 60. ' Cf. Trans. Norf. Nat. Soc. 1902, p. 332.

' Since the above was written I have been so tortunate as to capture somewhat commonly Deltocephalus
formosus, a species not hitherto noticed jn Britain, in a marshy wood at Brandon, on the banks of the Little
Ouse, which forms the north-west boundary of the county (Cf. Ent. Mo. Mag. 1908, p. 59). — C. M.

I 145 19

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

pretty green Kybos smaragdulus lives not uncommonly in all our marshes ; Chlor'ita flavetcem occurs at
South wold, where it is attracted to lamplight in July ; and C. vlridula is always abundant in the
spring at Bentley and in Ipswich gardens. Of the slender and fragile genus Eupteryx, we have twelve
kinds, all common and widely distributed except E. melissae from Foxhall, E. abrotani in salt marshes
at Southwold, and E. signatipennis, which occurs abundantly, but solely, on Spiraea ulmarla in the
Freston Woods. Only ten species of Typhlocyba have at present been noted, amongst which
T. sexpunctata, ulmi, Douglasi, rosae, and quercus are common ; T. tenerrima occurs at Ipswich and
Carlton Colville, gratiosa at Southwold, geometrica sparingly on alder and mtidula once only on
beech at Foxhall. Xygina flammigera has been found at Wherstead, Z. parvula at Bramford and
Foxhall, where also Z. scutellaris has occurred, and I have once swept the rare Z. hyperici from a
mass of Hypericum hirsutum in the Bentley Woods in the middle of September.

PSYLLIDAK

The difficulty of determining the Psyllina has greatly contributed to their being passed over
in the field, consequently there are comparatively few records. Livia juncorum is certainly rare at
Bramford and Foxhall in the autumn, though it is said to be universally abundant at the roots of
rushes; on 19 August 1904 I swept the two first British specimens of L. limbata, in Tuddenham
Fen. Psyllopsis fraxinicola is abundant on ash trees everywhere, but P.fraxini has only been seen
at Assington and Barham. Aphalara calthae is not rare, but A. exi/is has only occurred at Foxhall
once. Of the clear-winged genus Psylla, we have twelve species, few of which claim especial
attention excepting to point out that many may be beaten from coniferae in the winter : thus
P. pruni has been found in the Bentley Woods, with P. pineti, in March ; P. melanoneura has been
taken by Chitty at Foxhall in the same month, and P. buxi lives in my garden here at Monk Soham
till quite late in the autumn on box-trees. P. visci Curtis described from specimens found at
Rougham, near Bury St. Edmunds, but it has not since been reported from the county. Trioza
urticae, g'tlii, and remota are probably, like Arytaena geniitae^ all abundant ; but T. crithmi has only
once occurred to me, in some numbers in August in the coast salt marshes at Southwold.

Aphididae

For the purpose of adding some account of the green flies of the county to this History, I
began to collect them last May, and succeeded so well in their identification, with the aid of
Buckton's Monograph of the British Aphides, published by the Ray Society, 1876-83, that I am able
to present a very representative account of them. By slavishly following this work I have been
enabled to name nearly every specimen taken upon its own food-plant, and can only regret that so
little interest is shown in this most interesting family in Britain, where I know of no one who
pretends to any knowledge of the subject since the author's death. Except where stated the
following species were taken in the garden of Monk Soham House during 1907.

The first species of the Aphidinae, and one of the most prevalent, was Siphonophora rosae, which
was seen upon the young shoots of both wild and cultivated roses throughout the summer, as well
as upon the leaves of adjacent Aquilegia vulgaris at the end of July. I did not look for S. granaria
till the middle of August, but harvest had hardly begun, and I at once found both the imaginal
forms commonly on some adventitious ears of wheat in my garden and a few females on barley in
neighbouring fields. S. hieracii were very rare beneath flower-heads of Hieracium early in August,
associating with a few females of Aphis rumicis. As early as I June larvae of S. millefoUi appeared
on the flower-stalks of Chrysanthemum segetum, and in early August both winged and apterous
imagines were fairly common on the stems of both that plant and Achillea millifolium, becoming
abundant by the middle of the month ; it also occurs at Brandon. At the end of July I found
S. pisi not very commonly on my garden peas and its larvae on Bursa bursa-pastoris ; in 1 903 I
took it near Ipswich in October. S. ruhi was not observed till the first week in August, when both
imaginal forms were seen on the leaves of Rubus fruticosus with Aphis urticariae. S. urticae has
been scarce ; I took only one apterous female, still attached to her pupal skin, on nettle early in
August. The distinct A. avellanae also appears rare, since of this I have also found but one apte-
rous female on Corylus avellanae in early June. Larvae, pupae, and apterous forms of 5. tanaceti
abounded in a dandelion in the middle of August. On Tusilago farfara numerous dead 5. tussilaginis
were found early in the same month ; and a diligent search revealed but two winged forms.
S. sonchi, in its apterous forms, is one of our commonest species on Centurea nigra at Monk Soham,
Southwold, and Brandon. Larvae, pupae, and apterous imagines of S. cichorii occurred upon a plant
of chicory near Easton Park on 17 August; and I saw it also at Dunwich in the middle of
September. Five S. olivata were taken on Cnicus palustris in the Bentley Woods in August
1904.

146

INSECTS

The small Phorodon humuli was abundant on the underside of hop leaves near Easton Park in
August ; and a protracted examination of Lamium album in my garden revealed a solitary winged
P. ga/eopsidis, on the under side of the leaf, in the same month. On 7 June a score of Myzus cerasi
in all their stages, though only two winged, were found on cherry ; and in early August I took
M. ribis rarely on Ribes rubrum. Quite suddenly on 4 August, Drepanoslphum acertna appeared
commonly beneath maple leaves and those of adjacent hazel and dogwood. Apterous females, larvae,
and pupae of the distinct and presumably rare Megoura vic'iae were found very commonly feeding
upon the pods and stems of Lathyrus pralensis in a damp meadow near Easton Park on I 7 August.
Early in June Rhopalosiphum ribis was found in hundreds in all its stages in rolled leaves of Ribes
nigrum ; and it is certainly the same species that Kirby referred to nearly a century ago when he
wrote :^° ' Last week I observed the top of every young shoot of the currant trees in my garden (at
Barham) curled up by myriads of these insects.' R. nymphae was abundant on the stalks of yilisma
plantago in July and Nymphaea alba in August, in the moat which surrounds my house, but among
thousands of the apterous form I could detect but one winged specimen. A very few winged females
and pupae only of R. Itgustri were taken early in August on privet leaves. Exclusively winged forms
of Siphocoryne pastinaceae were found on wild carrot both here and in the adjacent parish of Bedfield
in August. S. xylostei is a great pest on honeysuckle over the house-windows. S. capreae occurs
commonly on the leaves of willow and, like 5. xylostei, extends throughout the summer. 5. foeniculi
has only been seen on fennel at Dunwich in the middle of September.

The genus Aphis is an extensive one, and many of its species are common. A. brassicae was
forming large powdery masses on the flowers of cabbages on 9 June, and was still abundant up to
the end of August ; but I have seen no winged forms. About the same time I found a little
cluster of four apterous A. crataegi on a leaf of whitethorn in Framlingham Castle moat ; and
A. subterranea was very common on a carrot, just below the ground, at the end of August. On
whitethorn at Bedfield early in the same month A. edentula was not uncommon in all its forms on
terminal shoots. Mallow failed to produce A. malvae, but it occurred abundantly beneath the
flower-heads of yarrow in early August. On i June winged A. mali were somewhat common, with
a few scattered pupal skins on the leaves of the apple trees ; and on the 3rd the apterous females
and larvae were found to be abundant in their curled leaves ; the whole pest had, however, quite
vanished by the end of July. A. urticaria was very common on the stems of nettle early in June ;
and in curled leaves of Prunus spinosa, A. pruni was prevalent at the same time, with a proportion
of one winged to every score of apterous forms. A. atriplicis occurred on the sea lavender and
Aster iripelium in the salt marshes about Southwold early in September. A, hieracii was first seen
very rarely on leaves of Heracleum sphondylium on 9 June, by the middle of July it was common,
and at the beginning of August extremely abundant on the stems of hogweed ; it also appeared at
Southwold. A single plant of the hairy willow herb, among many, produced a dozen larvae and
one of both forms of the female of A. epilohii in the middle of August. A. hederae is only too common
on the ivy around the house. A. rumicis is one of the commonest kinds here, and bewilderingly
omnivorous ; I first took the winged form singly on the young leaves of Rumex acetosa ; it
abounded on broad beans throughout the summer, also attacking Cnicus arvensis, Petasitis officinalis,
beet, and Hieraceum. Thirteen of the very distinct larvae of A. papaveris were clustered together
on a leaf of scarlet poppy on 30 July ; and all the forms of A. pyri were abundant in curled leaves
of pear early in June. Hyalopterus arundinis was so numerous on reeds in the salt-marshes about
Southwold in September as to appreciably weigh down the sweep-net ; and Bucton records H. melano-
cephalus from Brandon.

At the end of May, Chaitophorus aceris was very numerous beneath the leaves of maple, ming-
ling later with Drepanosiphum. Early in August I succeeded in securing three examples of the
winged form of C. salicivorus, among myriads of the apterous one, which were scattered all over the
leaves of sallow ; later I also saw the species at Southwold. In the middle of August C. leucomelas
was not uncommon in its curious blisters on aspen leaves at Monk Soham, Debenham, and Easton
Park. Buckton also records Cryptosiphum artemisiae from Brandon. Callipterus betuleticola is exces-
sively abundant on birch in Tuddenham Fen and at Mildenhall ; C. coryli occurred commonly,
though singly and sparsely, here on hazel leaves in August. It was common in Easton Park in the
middle of the month, together with C. quercus, which I first found on oak leaves in my garden on
4 June. On 27 August 1906 C. casteneae was swept from rough heath grass in Tuddenham
Fen ; and this year I also found it at Brandon. Pterocallis juglandicola turned up on a walnut tree
at Sibton Abbey in the middle of September ; and, on the leaves of alder near Easton Park, winged
P. alni were not rare, though only one apterous imago and but a few larvae were present in the
middle of August. I have twice captured P. tiliae flying in July at Ipswich and Kessingland ;
here the winged form is solitarily abundant on the under side of lime leaves. Phyllaphis fagi was

"• Introd. to Entom. (7th ed.), 152.
147

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

abundant in all stages on the leaves of both old and young beeches at the beginning of June, but
soon disappeared.

Of LachnuSy the presumably rare L. agilis was commonly beaten from pines in the middle of
August, though but three winged forms were seen. Many winged L. macrocephalui were beaten
from spruce at Foxhall on 4 July 1904 ; and Kirby and Spence say '^ that L. plni used to be common
in the garden of Mr. Sheppard, who was curate of Nacton, 1804-7. I have captured winged
L. p'tnicolus in the Bentley Woods in July and at Easton Broad in June ; and in the middle of
August beaten the apterous form abundantly in my garden here, where were no winged individuals.
Three hibernating winged females of the large L. vimina/is were found beneath willow bark by the
Gipping at Ipswich during the winter of 1894-5. Kirby says ^^ that he has taken Aphis radicum
(= Trama troglodytes) in the nest of Lasius flavus — most probably in this county. Of the
Schizoneurinae, Schizoneura lanigera is only too common here and at Brandon on apple bark ; I
have, however, seen none winged ; they were still on the trees 22 October 1907. Apterous
S. fuliginosa are equally abundant in downy masses, one behind the other, on the pinnules of Scots
fir in August ; the earliest winged ones appeared last year on 22 October. Perhaps the ubiquitous
S. corni, more appropriately called vagans, was the species said by Kirby to have occurred in
incredible numbers in Ipswich in 1814 ; it is, at all events, often abundant there, at Wherstead, and
Barren Heath, as well as at Monk Soham, Reydon, Tuddenham, Eriswell, and Brandon, first
appearing on 22 August in 1907. Of the remaining small families I can at present only mention
Cherma laricis, of which I found eggs, larvae, and winged females abundantly on larches at Foxhall
at the end of May, and a big oviparous female here in June ; and Forda formkaria, which
Mr. Chitty took near Brandon in the nest of Tetramorium caespitum early in May.

Aberrant Hemiptera

Under this heading I shall notice the extremely few species of all those various families which
have at different times been thought to possibly belong to this Order, because little or nothing has
been ascertained respecting them in Suffolk, and they appear to have appealed very little to the
collecting instincts of our entomologists. I have, for instance, very often seen Coccidae, or Scale
Insects, on bushes and have passed them by on the other side ; once I did send what I thought to be
a Coccid to Mr. Newstead, but he returned it as the pupa of a Psyllid 1 Mr. Tomlin has found
fluffy Coccids on bushes in the Bentley Woods, and I have no doubt Mytilaspis, Aspidiotus, and the
rest of the pests are only too common with us, but I wot not of them. The only three species of
the family I can refer to are the currant scale, Pulvinaria riiesiaf. Sign., which I saw on my
currant bushes this year, Aspidiotes crataegi on hawthorn, and a white coccid, which simply covered
the bark of a tall beech in my garden last August, but its name I do not know. Only two kinds
of Aleurodidae have been mentioned by Mr. Douglas,'' both taken that year by Mr. Bonnewell ;
Aleurodes proUtella, Linn., on celandine at Coddenham on 7 November, and A. hrassicae. Walk., on
savoys in an Ipswich garden on the 14th of the same month ; the latter species occurred in my
garden at Monk Soham on 3 June and again in October 1906. Of the Mallophaga, too, those
apterous parasites of birds which have no suction-tube with its circle of hooks at the base, but
a biting mouth, only three kinds can be instanced, though a very great many certainly occur, since
each bird is supposed to possess a peculiar one. The first appears to be Laemobothrum laticolle,
Denny, who says it is found on the genus Falco ; this was certainly taken, with many more of the
same species, upon a hawk which a fowler had caught in his net near Ipswich in November 1900;
and in October 1903 Mr. W. A. Dutt sent me apparently the same kind, found on a hobby
hawk {F. subhuteo) at Lowestoft. Two domestic fowl lice, Goniocotes hologaster and Menopon
pallidium, have been found in my hen-house at Monk Soham. The Pediculidae raise more aver-
sion than interest, and the only three kinds at present under notice are Pediculus capitis, Nitz ;.
that so often found on pigs, Haematopinus suis, Leach, and the dog louse, H. pi/ifirus, Burm.
Nor can we claim any authentic Thripsidae, though abundant everywhere and in July often
sweeping over the neighbourhood in myriads, entering picture-frames in such numbers as to neces-
sitate remounting, and tickling everyone's flesh ; the commonest kind here is probably Limothrips
cerealium, Hal., so destructive to corn.'* A second species, Coleothrips fasciata, Linn., has been some-
what doubtfully recorded from Monk Soham by Prof. Poulton."

In 1905 I published The Hemiptera of Suffolk, which brings the total of Heteroptera noted
here up to 281 species, and the Homoptera, of the families Cicadidae and Psyllidae, to 162 species,

" Introd. to Entom. (7th ed.), 185. " Ibid. 336. " Ent. Mo. Mag. 1895, p. 68.

" Cf. my notes in E. Anglian Daily Timet, 7 Aug. 1906.
" Tram. Ent. Soc. 1906, p. 409.

148

INSECTS

which numbers may be taken to very fairly represent the fauna of the county, though especial
attention to these groups would doubtless reveal many more ; and indeed I am already able to
add:—

Asopus punctatus. Beaten from rose, Tuddenham Fen,

Aug. 1905, by E. A. Elliott, F.Z.S.
Sehirus morio Found in sand at Brandon, May and

June, by A. J. Chitty, M.A., and myself
Gerris argentata. Oulton and Bantby Broads, early

Apr. 1903, by E. C. Bedwell, F.E.S
Phytocoris Reuteri. I beat one from white poplar at

Brandon, in Aug. 1906
Systellonotus triguttatus. At Brandon, in Aug. 1 906,

by E. A. Elliott and myself
Corixa venusta. Four specimens in a 'swamp at

Bix/ej Decoy, Foxha/l, in Mar. 1897
Ebumia forcipata. I swept this in an alder carr at

Reydon early in June 1905
Idiocerus varius. Beaten from trees at Brandon, in

the middle of Aug. 1906

Allygus modestus. One swept from manh plants in

Tuddenham Fen, in autumn of 1906
Deltocephalus socialis. Captured at Brandon and

Tuddenham Fen, in Aug. 1905
Deltocephalus formosus. A new British species, which

I swept at Brandon, Aug. 1906
Limotettix stactogala. Found commonly on tamarisk

at Southwold, Sept. 1907
Cicadula metria. Swept from reeds near Brandon

Stanch in the early autumn of 1906
Dicraneura similis. Two specimens were swept in

Tuddenham Fen, in Aug. 1905
Aphalara nervosa . One only, taken on ragwort in my

garden. Monk Soham House, 1907

A Summary of the Insects of Suffolk, October 1907

CoLEOPTERA : —

Suffolk

Adephaga 277

Palpicomia 74

Brachelytra 441

Clavicomia 34.3

S8
35
56
34
32

Lamellicomia

Stemoxi

Malacoderma

Teredilia

Longicomia

Phytophaga 187

Heteromera 73

Rhynchophora . . . . 320

Total . . 1,930

Hemiptira : —

Heteroptera 287

Homoptera 171

Aphididae 66

Other Groups 13

Total . . 537

Orthoptera

Grand Total

Britain

44+

95

777

681

90

76

9«

57

57

256

118

526

3TI68

43«
3z«

182
c. 299"

1.233

Neuroptera : —

Thysanura ....
Pseudo-neuroptera
Odonata ....
Subnecromorphotica .
Trichoptera . .

Total

Lepidoptera

Hymenoptera : —

Chrsyididae
Aculeata
Evaniidae .
Ichneumonidae
Braconidae .
Proctotrypidae
Chalcididae
Cynipidae .
Tenthredinidae

Total

53 DiPTERA . . •

Suffolk, 6,355. Britain

Suffolk

Britaia

10

60

40

III

20

32

4*
56

62
164.

174
,443

1,290 <

:. 2,100

12

21

295

3
455

«37

380

8

1,688

596

74
36
38

373
1,408"
180"

191

c. 350"

1,241

5,004

1,171 2,577'

14,678

" This is Dale's computation, and is probably much too low ; he says, Thripsidae, 46 ; Coccidae, 1 8
(cf Newstead) ; Aleyrodidae, i o ; Pediculidae, 1 4 ; and Philopteridae, 211.

" Wallter, Haliday, and Westwood are stated to have described 1,274 ^Y Kirchner {Cat. Hym. Eurofi.) ;
I have found the above total to be correct by the closest scrutiny.

" Marshall says (Ent. Ann. 1874) that he has trebled Curtis's number — 56 ; there is no British list, and
the above total is that of the species described by Cameron, 1893.

" We cannot tell the total till Rev. F. D. Morice has completed his present work on this family {Ent. Mo.
Mag. 1903 et seq.).

™ Excluding all the doubtfully British species in Mr. Verrall's List. — C. M

149

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK
ARACHNIDA

spiders, Harvestmen, False Scorpions, and Mites.

No specialist, so far as I am aware, has ever worked at the Arachnids in Suffolk. Many years
ago, while entomologizing in the neighbourhood of Lowestoft and of Bury St. Edmunds, I observed
numbers of the commoner species of Araneidea, but at that time — 1849-50 — I had not seriously
begun to pay special attention to this group, and unfortunately have no records of the species met
with. Both the districts referred to were evidently such as would abundantly repay careful working.
The following list has been drawn up almost entirely from various collections of spiders sent to me
for identification between 1 90 1 and 1904 by Mr. Claude Morley of Monk Soham, Suffolk, and
collected by him during his entomological researches in difiFerent parts of the county. The list con-
tains one fiundred species of Araneidea (True Spiders), seven species of Phalangidea (Harvestmen),,
three species of Chernetidea (False Scorpions), and two of Acaridea (Mites). This is but a.
meagre representation of the British spiders (whose numbers as at present recorded amount to about
550 species). Among those now recorded for Suffolk some few are local and rare, and one {Tmeticus
commodus) appeared to me to be undescribed at the time I received it ; but the greater number are
among the species more commonly and generally distributed. Seven of the Phalangidea are repre-
sented out of twenty-four recorded British species, and only three of the twenty or so recorded
British Chernetidea (False Scorpions) ; while of the Acaridea (Mites) only two can be named.

For further information upon the systematic arrangement, nomenclature, synonyms, and other
details of the species in the subjoined list, I may refer to the following English publications : — A
History of the Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland, by John Blackwall (Ray Soc. 1 86 1 -4) ; Spiders of
Dorset, with an Appendix containing short descriptions of those British species not yet found in
Dorset, by the Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge, M.A. (Dorset Nat. Hist, and Antiq. Field Club, 1879-
81) ; papers on 'Spiders and other British Arachnids,' by the Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge, M.A.,&c.
(being papers supplementary to 'Spiders of Dorset ' [supra citj], Proc. of the Dorset Nat. Hist, and
Antiq. Field Club, 1882-1908) ; List of British and Irish Spiders, by the Rev. O. Pickard-Cam-
bridge, M.A., F.R.S., &c., &c., pp. 1—84, and other papers therein quoted ; (Sime & Co., Dorches-
ter, Dorset, 1900); 'Monograph on the British Species of Phalangidea or Harvestmen,' by the
Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge, M.A., F.R.S., C.M.Z.S., &c. [Proc. of the Dorset Nat. Hist, and Antiq,
Field Club, xi, 1890) ; 'Monograph on the British Species of Phalangidea or Harvestmen,' by
R. H. Meade, F.R.C.S. {Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. June 1855) ; 'Monograph on the British
Species of Chernetidea or False Scorpions,' by the Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge, M.A., F.R.S.,,
C.M.Z.i., kc. {Proc. of the Dorset Nat. Hist, and Antiq. Field Club, xiii, 1892); 'The Genus
Tapinocyba,' by A. Randell Jackson, M.B., M.Sc. {Trans, of the Nat. Hist. Soc. of Nor thumb. Dur.
and Newcastle-upon-Tyne (new ser.), i, pt. 2, pi. vii, viii, 1905) ; The Spiders of Tynedale, by A. Randell
Jackson, M.B., M.Sc, loc. cit. i, pt. 3, 1906 ; 'A Contribution to the Spider Fauna of the County
of Glamorgan,' by A. Randell Jackson, M.B., M.Sc. {Cardiff Nat. Soc. Trans, vol. xxxix, 1907);
'On some rare Arachnids captured during 1906,' by A. Randell Jackson, M.B., M.Sc. {Proc. of
the Chester Soc. of Nat. Sc. Lit. and Art, pt. 6, no. I, pi. I, May 1907) ; 'The British Spiders of
the Genus Lycosa,' by Frank P. Smith {Journ. of the Quekett Micros. Club, April 1907, pi. 1-4).

ARANEIDEA {True Spiders)

DYSDERIDAE DRASSIDAE {continued^

Segestria, Latreille. Clubiona, Latreille.

Segej/ria senoculata, Linnaeus. Clubiona reclusa, Cambridge.

Dysdera, Latreille. — holosericea, De Geer.

Dysdera CambriJgii, Thorell. — bretipes, Blackwall.

Harpactes, Templeton. Micaria, C. L. Koch.

Harpactes Homberpi, Scopoli. Micaria pulicaria, Sundevall.

ZoRA, C. L. Koch.

x^T, . ^^,T^ . .^ Zorj maculata, Blackwall.

DRASSIDAE Anyphaena, Sundevall.

Drassus, Walckenaer. Anyphtena accentuata, Walcken,icr.

Drassus lapidosus, Walckenaer. Includes Drassus Agroeca, Westring.

cupreus, Blackwall, which appean to be cer- Agroeca brunnea, Blackwall.

tainly a variety only of D. lapidosus.

Prosthesima, L. Koch. DICTYNIDAE

Prosthesima Peliverii, Scopoli. Dictyna, Sundevall.

— Latreillii, C. L. Koch. Dictyna uncinala, Westring.

150

SPIDERS

DICTYNIDAE {continued)

THERIDIIDAE {continued)

Lethia, Menge.

Lelhia humilis, Blackwall.
Amaurobius, C. L. Koch.

Jmaurobius similis, Blackwall.

— feneitralis, Stroem.

AGELENIDAE

DiPLocEPHALUs, Bertkau

Dlphcephalus fascipes, Blackwall.
WiDERiA, Simon.

Wider'ia antlca, Wider.

Argyroneta, Latreille.

Argjroneta aquatica, Latreille.
Tecenaria, Latreille.

Tegenana parietina, Fourcroy. Local, Wood-
bridge.
Agelena, Walckenaer.

Agekna labyrinthtca, Clerck.

THERIDIIDAE

Theridion, Walckenaer.

Thendion vlttatum, C. L. Koch.

— sisyphlum, Clerck.

— rjn'un/, Hahn.

— bimaculatum, Linnaeus.
Pholcomma, Thorell.

Pholcomma gibbum, Westring. Ipswich district. Local
and rare.
Phyllonethis, Thorell.
Ph-jllonethii lineata, Clerck.

LiTHYPHANTES, Thorcll.

lithyphantes corollatus, Linnaeus. Between Brandon
and Elveden. Local and rare.
Crustulina, Menge.

Crustulina guttata. Wider.
Laseola, Simon.

Laseola coracina, C. L. Koch. Ipswich. Local and
rare.
LiNYPHiA, Latreille.

Linyphia montana, Clerck.

— triangularis, Clerck.

— hortensts, Sundevall.

— clathrata, Sundevall.
Leptyphantes, Menge.

Leptyphantes Blackwalhi, Kulczynski.

— ericaea, Blackwall.
Bathyphantfs, Menge.

Bathyphantes concolor. Wider.

— dorsalis, Wider.
Porrhomma, Simon.

Porrhomma egeria, Simon. Blakenham (H. Donis-
thorpe). Rare and local.
Tmeticus, Menge.
Tmetkus rufus. Wider.

_ commodus, Cambridge. (The only example yet
recorded of this species.)
MiCRONETA, Menge.

Microneta t'iaria, Blackwall.
GoNGYLiDiuM, Menge.

Gongylidium fuscum, BlackwalL

— retusum, Westring.

— dentatum. Wider.
Erigone, Savigny.

Erlgone atra, Blackwall.
Neriene, Blackwall. (Sensu restricto.)
'Neriene rubeni, Blackwall.

— rubella, Blackwall.

Enidia, F. p. Smith {Dicyphus, Menge.)
Enidia bituberculala. Wider.

MIMETIDAE

Ero, C. L. Koch.
Ero thoracka. Wider.

EPEIRIDAE

Tetracnatha, Latreille.

Tetragnatha externa, Linnaeus.

— Sslandrii, Scopoli.

— cbtuia, L. Koch. Local
Pachygnatha, Sundevall.

Packygnatha Degeerii, Sundevall.

— Clerckii, Sundevall.
Meta, C. L. Koch.

Meta segmentata, Clerck.

— Merianae, Scopoli
Cyclosa, Menge.

Cyclosa conka, Pallas.
Cercidia, Thorell.

Cercidia prominem, Westring. Bentley Woods.
Local.
Epeira, Walckenaer

Epeira gibbosa, Walckenaer.

— pyramidata, Clerck, Ipswich. Local^and rare.

— diademata, Clerck.

— cucurbitina, Clerck.

— triguttata, Fabricius.

— Redii, Scopoli.

— umbralka, Clerck.

— cornuta, Clerck.

THOMISIDAE

Misumena, Simon.

Misumena vatia, Clerck.
Xysticus, C. L. Koch.

Xystkus crhtatus, Clerck

— pint, Hahn.

— lanio, C L. Koch.

— erraticus, Blackwall.

ulmi, Hahn. Ipswich district. Rare and local

OxYPTiLA, Simon.

Oxyptila atomaria. Panzer.

— praticola, C. L. Koch.

— trux, Blackwall.

— flexa, Cambridge. Rare
Philodromus, Walckenaer.

Philodromus aureolus, Clerck.

— dispar, Walckenaer.
TiBELLus, Simon.

Tibelhs obkngui, Walckenaer. Bramford. Local

PISAURIDAE

PiSAURA, Simon.

Piiaura mirabilis, Clerck.

LYCOSIDAE

DoLOMEDES, Latreille.

Dolomedes fimbriatu!, Clerck
Pirata, Sundevall.

Pirata piratkus, Clerck.

— hygrophilus, Thorell. Local. Ipswich district.

_ latitans, Blackwall, Local. Ipswich district.

151

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

LYCOSIDAE {continud)

Trochosa, C. L. Koch.
Trochosa ruricola, De Geer.

— terricola, Thorell.

— picUi, Hahu. Local. Southwold.
Tarentula, Sundevall.

Tarentula andren'wora, Walckenaer.
Lycosa, Latreille.

Lycosa amentaUi, Clerck.

— n'tgriceps, Thorell.

— pullata, Clerck.

— lugubris, Walckenaer.

— monticola, C. L. Kock.

SALTICIDAE

Epiblemum, Hentz.

Epibkmum scenkum, Clerck.
Heliophanus, C. L. Koch.

HeRophanus cupreus, Walckenaer.
Ballus, C. L. Koch.

Ballus Jepresius, Blackwall. Not common. Bent-
ley Woods.
Attus, Walckenaer.

Attui saltator, Simon. Tuddenham. Rare.
Hasarius, Simon.

Hasaiius falcatus, Clerck.

PHALANGIDEA {Harvestmen)

PHALANGIIDAE

LlOBUNUM, C. L. Koch.

Lioiunum B/aciu-a/fii, Meade.
Phalangium, Linnaeus.

Phakngium op'ilio, Linnaeus.
Flats-bunus, C. L. Koch.

Platybunus corniger, Hermann.

— triangularis, Herbst.

PHALANGIIDAE {continued)
Olicolophi's, C. L. Koch.
Oligolophus agrestis, Meade.
— tridens, C. L. Koch.

NEMASTOMATIDAE

Nemastoma, C. L. Koch.

Nemastoma lugubre, O. F. MuUer.

Chthonius, C. L. Koch.

Chtkonius Ra-ji, L. Koch.
Obisium, Leach.

Obiiium muscorum. Leach.

CHERNETIDAEA {False Scorpions)

Chernes, Menge.

Chernes dubiui, Cambridge.

ACARIDEA {Mites)

GAMASIDAE

Sub-fam. Urofodinab
Glyphopsis.

Glyphopsis coccinea, Michael.

— Bostockii, Michael. (In nest of an ant, Lasius
fiavus ; Monk Soham.)

152

CRUSTACEANS

For studying this class of animals, characteristically though not exclusively aquatic, Suffolk
makes kindly provision. It includes among its natural advantages a wealth of waters helpful to this
purpose. Several slow-flowing rivers at various points form lake-like expansions. Little winding
brooks feed the more important streams. Watercourses wide or narrow frequently intersect the
land to regulate its drainage. Ponds and wells and marshes are not wanting. In all directions
aquatic plants are present to feed, to shelter, or sometimes to entrap innumerable crustacean tenants.
A considerable sea-board allows the species of the North Sea to approach the eastern border of the
county. Fleets of trawlers bring to its harbours a vast variety of fishes, on which a due proportion
of parasitic Entomostraca are always sure to be lurking. Nevertheless, in the past the carcinology
of Suffolk, in regard to several orders and tribes, has been much neglected. To this neglect the
creatures themselves contribute by their prevailing love of concealment. In the fishing industry
the hard necessities of business leave men little time for paying attention to the intrusive fish-lice
and sea-fleas, which are practically their competitors in the same trade. For the more or less popular
pursuit of shore-hunting, the coast-line of Suffolk is not wholly satisfactory. Much of it is too
exposed and unindented to favour the immediate approach of shelter-loving animals. At Yarmouth
the ebb and flow from the north coinciding with the flow and ebb from the south by their counter-
action give to the rise and fall of the tide a very restricted range. Hence any one whose field of
exploration is between tide-marks finds there but little encouragement.

The earliest notices of Crustacea observed in this county seem to be those which occur in the
earliest writings of Dr. William Elford Leach, who, while quite a young man, nearly a hundred
years ago won distinction for himself and for English science by his scientific treatment of this class.
As will be shown in due course, he mentions from this coast four species of Malacostraca. Then
followed an interval of some fifty years, during which apparently no further records were forth-
coming, until a new epoch opened with Dr. G. S. Brady's important monograph on Recent British
Ostracoda, published by the Linnean Society in 1868. It is rather surprising that this work did not
more largely stimulate the collection of entomostracans in a district so admirably fitted to supply them
in variety and abundance. It may perhaps have revealed only too clearly that to facility of col-
lecting succeeds no little difficulty of discriminating these minute objects. Except for renewed
researches by Dr. Brady himself, in company with his friend, the late David Robertson of Cumbrae,
little effort was made to bring the micro-fauna of Suffolk into greater prominence. In 1875 the
report of Dr. Aug. Metzger, on the invertebrates dredged by the German vessel Pommerania in the
North Sea, added several malacostracans to the hitherto scanty list accredited to this county. Soon
afterwards Dr. Brady, in his Monograph of the Copepoda of Great Britain, published by the Ray
Society, recorded a few species of that order from Suffolk localities.

Although the Malacostraca that have to be named are comparatively few, the species are
distributed over many genera, families, and orders. They are pretty equally divided between the
Podophthalma or stalk-eyed section, which have pedunculate movable eyes, and the sessile-eyed
Edriophthalma, in which the eyes are fixed, without stalk or articulation. To the former section
belong the crab, the lobster, the crayfish, the prawn, and the shrimp, within which alliance the
popular idea of this class is often strictly confined. In the other section are included the woodlouse
and the sandhopper, with many other forms in endless variety, united by the firmest bonds of
relationship to the shrimp and the crab. Mankind are fastidious and, as a rule, eat only those
crustaceans that can waggle their eyes, whereas almost all marine animals and many birds feed
on sessile-eyed • species without reluctance. Among the Podophthalma the highest place is
generally conceded to the Brachyura or short-tails, because in their organization the ganglionic
chain is most concentrated, and because the actions of many among them are, 01 seem to be,
in no small degree intelligent and purposeful. Between a naked savage and the well-dressed
gentleman of to-day an intermediate state of civilization is represented by the Indian in his
feathers and war-paint. The tribe of the Oxyrrhyncha, or crabs with sharpened beaks, behave
much like the Indian. They do not indeed try to make themselves terrible in aspect, but by
I 153 20

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

borrowed plumes and scraps of clothing they seek to efface themselves. Not only do they
allow weeds and sponges and other zoophytes to grow upon their carapaces, but of their own
accord carefully aiBx them. What thus they don, they can also at their pleasure doff. To this
tribe, in the family Inachidae, belongs the species Macropodia rostrata (Linn.), which Mr. Claude
Morley in 1893 observed in the Ipswich Museum, the place of capture being recorded as South-
wold. Mr. Morley laments that at a later date the record of locality had been removed from most
of the crustacean specimens in this museum. The nearly related species M. tenuirostris (Leach) is
reported by Metzger^ as taken by the Pommerania in 23 fathoms depth, south-east of Yarmouth.
In the same tribe Hyas araneus (Linn.), of the family Hyadidae, is recorded by Mr. Morley as
brought in by Southwold fishing-boats, and it may be added that in May 1907 a dead specimen
was picked up on the north beach at Lowestoft. Among the characters which serve to distin-
guish these species one from another, it may be noted that in the genus Hyas the tail-part or pleon
is divided into seven segments, a number never exceeded in any malacostracan pleon, though it is
often enough apparently not attained. In Macropodia the number is only six, owing not to any
real loss of a segment, but to a coalescence which has taken place between the sixth and the seventh.
In this genus also the eyes have no proper orbits, but are salient and non-retractile, whereas in Hyai
there is a cup-like hinder portion of the orbit into which the eye can be deflexed. Between
M. rostrata and M. tenuirostris one mark of difference is that the two closely adjacent arms of the
rostrum in the former are shorter, and in the latter species longer, than the peduncles of the second
antennae. In both the rostrum is more slender than in Hyas. For both the generic name
Stenarynchus, Lamarck, 1818, was long accepted, but Macropodia was instituted by Leach for the
same species three years earlier. M. tenuirostris of Leach was for some time supposed to be a
synonym of Inachus longirostris (Fabricius). The latter form, however, has now been shown by
Miss Rathbun to be a synonym of M. rostrata, so that M. tenuirostris takes rank as an independent
species.

Less interesting to the intellect but more welcome to the palate is Cancer pagurus, Linn., the
well-known representative of the Cyclometopa, or arch-fronted crabs. It belongs to the family
Cancridae, and for mere purposes of recognition would not need to be described. It may, however,
be noticed that technically the front of a crab is the part of the carapace between the orbits, but
when we speak of cyclometopous or circular-fronted crabs, we refer to the segment of a circle
including with the true front and the orbits also the two marginal spaces, which are commonly
divided each into five teeth. These spaces in the great eatable crab form, in place of five dents,
nine bluntish lobes. The supply of this species at Lowestoft in the spring of 1907 did not appear
to be especially plentiful. Mr. Claude Morley notes that the Ipswich Museum possesses an abnormal
claw of a specimen from Aldeburgh. In the same institution he observed Portunus marmoreus. Leach,
brought in by Southwold fishing-boats, and Carcinus maenas (Linn.), which he speaks of as doubtless
abundant. A dead specimen was noticed in 1907 at Lake Lothing, and incidentally the species is
mentioned as occurring in the river at Yarmouth in 1869. While waiting for the tide to turn,
' Robertson and Brady sat down by the side of a little stream, where a great many shrimps were
playing or hunting for prey under a little cascade. There was a little shore-crab, Carcinus maenas,
stationed at the corner, making many a grab at the shrimps, but they eluded each and every attempt
he made by bounding backwards with wonderful dexterity.' ' The genera Carcinus and Portunus both
belong to the family Portunidae or swimming crabs, and agree in regard to the pleon, which in the
female is fully segmented, but in the male has only five segments, the middle three in that sex
being coalesced into a single piece. In Portunus the last joint of the last legs (fifth pair of perae-
opods) is far more expanded than in Carcinus. Really the audacious C. maenas is so much given
to walking about in the open air that a specially paddle-shaped toe for natatory purposes would be
an inconvenient piece of equipment.

The Oxystomata, or sharp-mouthed crabs, owe their name not to any rostral prolongation, but
to the narrowing forwards of the buccal or mouth area. From this tribe Metzger reports Ebalia
cranchii. Leach, as taken in 23 fathoms, south-east of Yarmouth, and E. tumefacta (Montagu) in
23 fethoms, east-south-east of the same town.' They belong to the family Leucosiidae, in which
the afferent channels to the branchiae open at the antero-lateral angles of the endostome or
buccal cavity, and the efferent channels traverse it in the middle line. The branchiae are fewer
than nine in number on each side. According to Leach, Montagu's species has only three
tubercles on the carapace, while his own has five. He further specifies that in Montagu's species
the pleon of the male has not only the third to the fifth segments coalesced, but also the sixth and
seventh, the latter two apparently being separate in C. cranchii. To an eye unsophisticated by

' Nordseefahrt der Pommerania (Jahresbericht coram, zur wissenschaftlichen Untersuchung der deutschen
Meeres in Kiel, 1875), 294.

' The Naturaftst of Cumbrae (1891), 256. • NordseefoArt der Pommerania, 293.

154

CRUSTACEANS

study these little crabs with their legs folded up look more like small rudely-chipped bits of stone
than animals high in the scale of organic life.

Passing fi-om the true crabs to the ' hermits,' which are only crabs by courtesy, we have
among the Macrura anomala, in the family Paguridae, the familiar Eupagurus bernhardus (Linn.).
Mr. Morley reports this as represented in the Ipswich Museum, and adds his own opinion that it
is 'doubtless abundant.' From the same division Metzger reports, in the family Galatheidae the
species Galathea squamifera. Leach, and G. intermedia, Lilljeborg, both taken south-east of Yarmouth
at the depth of 23 fathoms. From the ' hermits ' these little lobster-like animals are distinguished
by having the pleon symmetrical. Between the two species here named there is a distinction not
immediately obvious. A little examination will show that the appendages of crustaceans are
sometimes branched and sometimes simple. It is not uncommon for the first joint to carry an
accessory branch known as the epipod, and for the next joint to have a branch called the exopod.
The Brachyura and Macrura agree in having five conspicuous pairs of limbs, spoken of as legs,
or technically as peraeopods, though the diversity of functions they fulfil sometimes makes any
common name for them rather inappropriate. Often the first pair are grasping organs, or
chelipeds. Now, in Leach's ' scaly Galathea ' the chelipeds and two following pairs of legs carry
epipods, which in G. intermedia are confined to the chelipeds. To explain the name of the
' intermediate Galathea ' we must notice a third species, G. strigosa (Linn.), in which none of these
limbs have epipods. Thus Lilljeborg's species stands between a species with three pairs and a
species without any. It would be interesting if some of our experimentalists could ascertain
whether these differences are co-ordinated with any differences in the habitual life of the crea-
tures, and whether the simplification of structure should be regarded as an advance or an inferiority.

The genuine Macrura have a familiar representative on the coast of Suffolk in the common
lobster, Astacus gammarus (Linn.), of the family Nephropsidae. The neighbouring family Pota-
mobiidae supplies the river crayfish, Potamobius pallipes (Lereboullet). According to Mr. Claude
Morley, the Ipswich Museum has a specimen of it, taken from the River Gipping at Stow-
market. Mr. Cooper, sadler at Kirkby, Lowestoft, assured us that in his schooldays crayfishes were
common in the River Waveney, near Yarmouth. The crayfish eats animal food, but combines
with this a vegetable diet. Especially it is said to be fond of the Characeae or stone-worts which
abound in the East Anglian Broads. The lime with which these plants incrust their delicate stems
and leaves supplies what is needed for hardening the chitinous skeleton of the crustacean.

The tribe Caridea, embracing so many of the species popularly known as shrimps, is moderately
well represented on this coast. In the family Crangonidae Crangon vulgaris, Fabricius, the common
shrimp, justifies to some extent its specific name and English epithet, although there is another
species also commercially prominent in this part of the world. In the same family Metzger reports
Crangon trispinosus. Hailstone, and C. nanus, Kroyer, both from 22 fathoms, south-east of Yar-
mouth.^ From the same locality he records in the family Hippolytidae Hippolyte pusiola, Krfiyer,
at 23 fathoms,' and Firbius fasciger, Gosse, at 16 fathoms, and in the Pandalidae Panda/us brevi-
rostris (Rathke), at 23 fathoms.* To this group must be added Pandalus montagui. Leach, and in the
Palaemonidae Palaemonetes varians (Leach). Some of these species, however, in the progress of
science during the last hundred years, have undergone various changes of nomenclature, owing to
successive discoveries as to their structure and true systematic position. The first family is dis-
tinguished from the others by the subchelate character of the first legs. They are not fully formed
chelipeds. The sixth joint, or hand, is not produced into a thumb opposable longitudinally to the
seventh joint or finger. The clasping effect is produced by the widened distal margin of the hand,
across which the finger closes more or less obliquely. In the families Hippolytidae and Pandalidae
the second legs have the fifth joint, or so-called wrist, divided into several secondary articulations,
which is not the case in the Crangonidae or Palaemonidae. But whereas the Hippolytidae have
the first legs clearly didactyle, in the Pandalidae these limbs are either simple or only microscopically
chelate. The species cited by Metzger as Crangon trispinosus was placed by Kinahan in a new
genus, Cheraphitus, to which also C. nanus was referred by Sars. The name Cheraphilus, being
open to objection, has since been changed to Philocheras^ and, Kroyer's species having been identified
with Westwood's earlier Crangon bispinasus, the name should now be written Philocheras bispinosus
(Westwood). In the genus Crangon the second pair of legs are subequal in length to the rest, but
they are much shorter than the rest in Philocheras. Recently Dr. Caiman has recalled attention to
the fact that in Crangon vulgaris there are six pairs of branchiae, the arthrobranchia of the third
maxilliped having sometimes been overlooked, which, he says, ' although small, is not at all difficult
to see.'* He refers to Huxley's recognition of this feature given in the Proceedings of the Zoological
Society for 1878,' but does not notice the misleading contradiction which has there slipped into

* Loc. cit. 291. ' Ibid. 286. • Ibid. 289.

' South African Crustacea (1900), pt. i, p. 48.

' National Antarctic Expedition, Nat. Hist. (1907), ii, 6, 'Crustacea.' 'Op. cit. 783.

155

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Huxley's statement. That celebrated writer says, 'In Crangon none of the maxillipedes bear gills,'
but in the very next paragraph adds, 'I can find only one arthrobranchia on the ninth somite.'
This ninth somite is that which carries the third maxillipeds. The respiratory arrangements of
the Podophthalma admit the theoretical possibility of four pairs of branchiae to each of the three
pairs of maxillipeds and the five succeeding pairs of limbs. These breathing-organs are distinguished
as podobranchiae when attached to the first joint of the appendage, as front and hind arthrobranchiae
when on the connecting membrane between the limb and side-plate, and as pleurobranchiae when
attached to the side-plate itself. The full number is never found, and, owing to the crowding to-
gether and easily detachable nature of these organs, they are often miscounted by the careless or
unwary. There are sometimes extraordinary differences between forms in many respects nearly
related. Thus Panda/us montagui agrees with P. brevirostris in having five pairs of pleurobranchiae
and one pair of podobranchiae ; but it has six pairs of arthrobranchiae, of which the latter species has

on

ly two,

10

In the Hippolytidae it is now acknowledged that Virbius fasciger is synonymous with Hippclyte
variam. Leach. It was only distinguishable from it, as Metzger observes," by the transverse dorsal
tufts of plumose setae, which readily fall off. These more probably mark some stage of the in-
dividual life than any specific or even varietal difference. Hippolyte pusiola, Krfiyer, has now been
transferred to the very extensive genus Spirontocaris, Bate, in which the mandibles have a palp, and
the second pair of legs have the wrist seven-jointed, whereas in Hippolyte this wrist is three-jointed
and the mandibles are without palp.

In regard to the type species of Leach's genus Pandalus it is interesting to compare that
author's own statements. In the article * Crustaceology ' of the Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, after
defining the genus, he writes : — ' Sp. i Montagui. Rostrum turning upwards, with many teeth above,
and the apex emarginate, with six teeth beneath ; antennae ringed with white and red alternately.
Pandalus Montagui, Leach, Malacos. Brit. Pandalus, Tab. A, named in honour of its first discoverer,
Montagu, by whom it was called Jstacus maculatus. The Rev. J. Fleming took this species in
Zetland, whose successful labours in that country speak more than we can do in words.' "

But in the Malacostraca Podophthalmata Britanniae^^ Leach gives the name as Pandalus
annulicornis, and writes: — 'This highly interesting species was discovered in Zetland, and in
St. Andrew's Bay, Scotland, by the Rev. Dr. Fleming, who most kindly gave me the specimens I
originally described in the Edinburgh Encyclopaedia. It was observed also by Montagu, who found
it on the coast of Devon ; and by Mrs. D. Turner it was noticed at Yarmouth, and pointed out to
Mr. J. D. C. Sowerby as distinct from the common prawn. It is used at Yarmouth as an article
of food, and is at that place so much esteemed for the" table as to afford constant employment during
the summer season to several fishermen, who take it in abundance at a considerable distance from
the shore, and name it from that circumstance the sea-shrimp.'

By the common prawn is no doubt intended Leander serratus (Pennant), an early record of
which in Suffolk may therefore be credited to the acute observation of Mrs. Dawson Turner. Why
Leach discarded the name maculatus given by Montagu, and the name montagui given by himself,
to the first species of Pandalus, must be left to conjecture. Possibly maculatus was thought inappro-
priate, and annulicornis especially appropriate, but according to modern ideas the name montagui
found with the earliest description of the species must prevail. Leach described the first pair of feet
as adactylus or fingerless, meaning that they had a simple stiliform ending. In 1899 Dr. Caiman
pointed out that they are in fact microscopically chelate, and at the same time instituted a new
genus Pandalina for Rathke's P. brevirostris. This is distinguished from the preceding species by a
much shorter rostrum, by a much less subdivided wrist of the second legs, as well as by the branchial
formula above described. When the British Association met at Ipswich in 1895, during an excur-
sion, Pandalus montagui was taken abundantly in the River Stour. What diminution in the
salinity of the water this ' sea-shrimp ' can put up with does not appear to have been ascertained.
Palaemonetes varians (Leach) makes itself at home in water that is quite fresh, as well as in the sea.
It was originally placed in the genus Palaemon by Leach, who speaks of it as ' common at Yar-
mouth,' " and ' very common on the Devonshire, Glamorgan, and Norfolk coasts, where it is taken
as an article of food.' ^^ It is distinguished, by having no palp to the mandibles, from Palaemon and
Leander, in which there is a three-jointed mandibular palp.

The Schizopoda, called cleft-footed because the legs have two branches, are here represented
according to Metzger by Mysis inermis (Rathke) and Gastrosaccus sanctus, van Beneden, both taken
at 16 fathoms depth south-east of Yarmouth.'^ The family Mysidae, to which these belong, is
remarkable as having no proper branchiae. M. inermis is often referred to White's g&nvis Macromysis,

'" Caiman, Jnn. Nat. Hist. (1899), Ser. 7, iii, 30, 37. " Nordseefahrt Pomm. 305.

" Op. cit. (1814), vii, 432. " Op. cit. (i Mar. 1815), text to pi. xl.

" Edinb. Encycl. vii. 4.32. " Malac. Pod. Brit, (i May 1816), text to pi. xliii, figs. 14-16.
" Nordseefahrl Pomm. 288, 289.

156

CRUSTACEANS

1847, but that is itself a synonym of the much eadier Praunus, Leach. Metzger quotes Mysis
spimfera. Goes, as a synonym of Gastrosaccus sanctus, but it is now known that these two species are
distinct, G. spinifir having the concave hind margin of its carapace prettily fringed with eight sharp
denticles, which are not present in the other species. From Praunus this genus is distinguished by
the very great development of the side-plates in the first pleon segment. All the three species men-
tioned agree in having the telson apically divided. Thus they are separated from a fourth species in
the same family, Siriella armata (Milne-Edwards), of which a specimen was found by Mrs. T. R. R.
Stebbing, cast up among hydroids on the north beach, Lowestoft, in May 1907. This species has
a very long sharply-pointed rostrum, agreeing in this respect with S. frontalis (Milne-Edwards), but
separated from it by the scale of the second antennae, which in S. armata is distally much
narrower, and by the armature of the telson, wherein the marginal spines are less unequal and the
larger are separated from one another by less numerous small ones. The apical spinules are three
or' four in number.

The Edriophthalma or sessile-eyed Malacostracans offer a few points of interest in the fauna of
Suffolk. In the order Isopoda, tribe Flabellifera, family Sphaeromidae, Mr. Claude Morley reports
Sphaeroma longicauda. Leach, from brackish water, Trimley Marshes. Leach, in establishing a
second species, S. hookeri, at first speaks of it as ' discovered by Mr. W. J. Hooker on the Norfolk
coast,' " but later writes, ' Habitat in Suffolcii ad littora maris ; color cinereus aut rufescens,
punctulis nigris sparsus. Cum copii crustaceorum benignissime communicavit amicus W. J.
Hooker, cujus nomen gerit.' '* It is tantalizing to think of the light which might have been thrown
on the carcinology of this county by the families of Dawson Turner, James de Carle Sowerby,
and William Jackson Hooker, had not their passing interest in it been diverted to other branches of
natural history. As to the two species it is no longer quite certain that they ought to be retained
in the genus Sphaeroma^ and it is a little uncertain whether they should be specifically separated one
from the other. In the same tribe the family Limnoriidae contains the widely distributed gribble,
which Leach in 1814 called Limnoria terebrans. He says of it, 'This new and highly interesting
species was sent to Dr. Leach by Mr. Stevenson, from the Bell Rock, in logs of wood, which it
perforated in the most alarming manner. He has since received it from the coast of Suffolk.'"
Kirby and Spence in their Introduction to Entomology, published in 181 5, had already paid much
attention to injurious insects, but without any notice of the gribble. For this, which they evidently
considered a serious omission, they endeavoured to atone at great length in an Appendix issued the
very next year. Therein it is stated, ' The Linnean order Aptera furnishes another timber-eating
insect, a kind of woodlouse (Z,/OTnor/'a terebrans of Dr. Leach), which in point of rapidity of execution
seems to surpass all its European brethren, and in many cases may be productive of more serious
injury than any of them, since it attacks the woodwork of piers and jetties constructed in salt water,
and so effectually as to threaten the rapid destruction of those in which it has established itself In
December last I was favoured by Charles Lutwidge, esq., of Hull, with specimens of wood from
the piers at Bridlington Quay which woefully confirm the fears entertained of their total ruin by
the hosts of these pygmy assailants, that have within a few years made good a lodgement in them,
and which, though not so long as a grain of rice, ply their masticatory organs with such assiduity
as to have already reduced great part of the woodwork into a state resembling honeycomb.' '''^
Further on the writer says, ' The inhabitants of Bridlington Quay believe that this insect was left
there, a few years ago, by an American vessel, with what foundation I know not : but that it is
an imported insect, and, like the Teredo navalis, not originally an European animal, seems very
probable, from the fact that I can find no description of any species of Oniscus at all resembling it
prior to that of Dr. Leach, who seems first to have given it a name [Linn. Trans, xi, 371), and it
appears highly improbable that, if it had been an European species, it should not long since have
attracted attention and been described.'^' It was rather late in the day for these distinguished
entomologists to be treating this creature as an insect. As a matter of fact it had been described
in 1799 by J. Rathke as Cymothoa lignorum, the generic name clearly indicating that it was known
on the Continent to be a marine crustacean. Three kindred species from various parts of the
world have since been described. How and when Limnoria lignorum was first introduced into
Great Britain it might not be easy now to ascertain. It is unsafe to argue that it was not
living and working among us, because no one had said anything about it till the combined
efforts of Robert Stevenson and Dr. Leach made it notorious.

In the tribe Valvifera the family Astacillidae contains Jstacilla longicornis (Sowerby) of which a
specimen dredged off Yarmouth was given me several years ago by Dr. G. S. Brady. In the
family Idoteidae Metzger reports Idotea tricuspidata, Desmarest, from Yarmouth Harbour.^^ By
this name is probably intended /. halthica (Pallas), which is everywhere common on our coasts.

" Edinb. Encycl, vii, 433. " Trans. Linn. Soc. (1815), xi, 369. " Editib. Er.cycl. vii, 433.

'" Op. cit. 17. " Ibid. 19. " Hordicefahrt Pomm. 285.

157

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

/. viridis (Slabber), a much more slender species, with the pleon apically much less clearly tridendate,
was sent to me by the late Dr. Sorby, F.R.S., from the mouth of the Orwell, In the tribe Asellota,
family Asellidae, the universally distributed freshwater species Astllus aquaticus (Linn.) was found
abundant in a wide ditch near Oulton and in Kirkley Run, Lowestoft. The tribe Epicaridea is one
in which nature, like the giants piling Pelion uf>on Ossa, plants shrimps upon shrimps. It contains
only crustaceans parasitic or semi-parasitic upon crustaceans. In Suffolk the abundant Pandalus
montagui frequently harbours under its abdomen or pleon the lop-sided prolific Hemiarthrus ahdom'i-
nalis (H. Rathke) with her closely attached, small, symmetrical mate. This isopod is said to frequent
impartially ten or eleven different species of shrimps or prawns. Metzger records it under the
preoccupied name Phryxus as taken in 23 fathoms south-east of Yarmouth on Hippolyte pusiola.^
By some oversight he does not include this locality among the places of capture for the host itself,
which, as already explained, is now called Spirontocaris pusiola.

In the tribe Oniscidea, Messrs. Webb and Sillem ^ record only three species from Suffolk.
With another three here added the total assuredly falls far short of the number which will
eventually be found in the county. In the family Oniscidae the extremely common PorceUlo scaber,
Latreille, was taken at Sparrow's Nest Park, Lowestoft, and near Oulton Broad. The smooth
P. /aevis, Latreille, with long-branched uropods, is recorded by Mr. Webb from Ipswich. The
large and common Oniscus aullus, Linn., is reported from the same place by Mr. Claude Morley,
and has also been taken at Lowestoft. At the latter locality the much smaller and more
shining Philoscia muscorum (Scopoli) was found. The straight-fronted Metoponorthus pru'tnosus
(Brandt) has been taken at Ipswich by Mr. Webb, who further records from the same locality
Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille) of the family Armadillidiidae. This so-called pill-woodlouse, which
is not always so common as its specific name suggests, was taken variously coloured at Oulton
Broad, and in one instance alive on the sands between tide-marks at south beach, Lowestoft.

The Amphipoda, like the Isopoda, have sessile eyes, and between the headpiece and the pleon
have seven segments of the trunk articulated and uncovered by any carapace. Unlike the Isopoda
they have their breathing organs, not in the pleon, but connected with the limbs of the central
trunk or peraeon. In the tribe of Amphipoda Gammaridea the pleon is almost always strongly
developed, its first three segments as a rule carrying each a pair of pleopods, each pleopod having
two many-jointed branches, and each joint of the branches being furnished with a couple of plumose
setae. To these swimming-organs succeed on the next three segments three pairs of uropods, in
which the branches are stiff, not many-jointed, the terminal segment or telson being as usual without
appendages. From this vast tribe Metzger reports Amathilla sahinei (Leach), as taken in
16 fathoms south-east of Yarmouth." This species, which belongs to the family Gammaridae as
now restricted, was named Gammarus sahini by Leach in 1819, but it has borne several other
names, earlier and later than those given by Leach, and should now be called Gammarellus homari
(Fabricius).^' By its carinate body and feebly emarginate telson it may be distinguished from the
common fresh-water amphipod Gammarus pulex (Linn.), which has the body not carinate and the
telson cleft. The latter occurs in Kirkley Run, as in almost all similar situations throughout the
kingdom. From the Gammaridae the Talitridae are distinguished by having no palp to the man-
dible and by having the third uropod usually single-branched. Talitrus saltator (Montagu), the
sandhopper, though not specially recorded for Suffolk, may be trusted to occur on all our sandy
coasts, A much more rarely observed species, Talorchestia brito, Stebbing, proved to be plentiful
at south beach Lowestoft, in May 1907, The relationships of these genera are rather intricate.
The male and female of Talitrus and the female of Talorchestia have the first legs simple and the
second feebly chelate. The female of the shorehopper Orchestia has the first legs subchelate and
the second feebly chelate. The males of Talorchestia and Orchestia have the first legs subchelate
and the second also subchelate, but in a much more powerful degree. Hence a new species in
these genera cannot easily be assigned to its proper genus unless both sexes are known. In the young
male of Talorchestia brito the first legs or gnathopods are still simple like those of the female, while
the second gnathopods undergo various changes before reaching their final form. Corresponding
changes have been described in detail for the young male of Talorchestia deshayesii (Audouin), one or
two specimens of which occurred on the same beach at Lowestoft, distinguishable by their dark
eyes and (when alive) by the rows of spots on the pleon." Of neither species were full grown males
captured. The eyes of T. brito are white, with dark pigment showing through the centre, the
body colouring, purple markings on a ground of pale orange and white, making this little skipper
difficult to see when it settles on the sand, after its many long and rapid leaps, first in one direction
and then in another. It was first observed in North Devonshire, and has since been recorded from
Gironde in France. From the family Jassidae, which are not burrowing but domicolous, yassa

" Nordsee/airt Pomm. 285. '* The British WoodRce (1906). " Nordseefahrt Pomm. 281.

" Dos Tierreich, Amph. Gamm. (1906), 21, p. 287. " Ibid. 546.

158

CRUSTACEANS

pulchella. Leach, has been obtained by Dr. Sorby in the River Orwell. For a long time the genus
Jassa of Leach was confounded with his Podocerus, established at the same time, but really belong-
ing to a different family.''* Lastly, for the family Corophiidae a record is supplied by the Rev. E. N,
Bloomfield, who, writing in August 1 902, says, 'in a very interesting letter from Dr. Harmer,
F.R.S., of Cambridge, among various creatures met with by him in the salt water ditches near
Aldborough, he mentions the very remarkable amphipod Corophium grossipes.'' This species should
rather be called C. volutator (Pallas). All round our coasts it forms its tubular galleries in the
mud of tidal swamps. From C. crassicorne (Bruzelius), which has been taken in almost fresh
water in Norfolk, C. volutator is separated by a rather uncommon feature of distinction, the latter
species having the fourth, fifth, and sixth segments of the pleon normally articulated, while in the
former they are coalesced into a single piece.

The Entomostraca form three principal groups, Branchiopoda, Ostracoda, Copepoda, each with
various subdivisions. In the first only the Cladocera now need our attention. Of these the
following examples may be specified. From a small pond near Oulton on 1 4 May 1 907, a specimen
of Daphnia pulex (De Geer) was taken, corresponding with the figure given by Lilljeborg of a
young male taken at Upsala, not in the spring but early in September, and described as Mas junior
autumnalis?^ To the same family Daphniidae belongs Simosa vetula (O. F. MuUer), of which
specimens were obtained from a ditch near Oulton, 13 May 1907. These agree perfectly with
Lilljeborg's account and figures of the femina adulta vernalis.^ The veteran Swedish anthor states
that the female of this species, like Daphnia pulex, is largest in the spring, being about 3 mm.
long, and having then the largest number of eggs in the brood cavity, its shape broad oval, strongly
narrowed in front. In this genus it may be noted that the four-jointed branch of the second or
swimming antennae has one of the apical setae shorter than the other two, minutely uncinate
and thereby prehensile. On the hind body S. vetula has two processes, the anterior standing nearly
upright, the other smaller, bent forward. Behind the caudal setae the upper margin of the tail-piece
runs to an angle, between which and the ungues a very sinuous border carries from nine to ten
spines. The ungues are distinguished from those of other species in the genus by the microscopic
fineness of their spinules. The name vetula, as given by Mailer, may originally have included
more than one species. As defined by Schoedler in 1858 it is now generally accepted for the form
here described. A male specimen was obtained, as well as several of the other sex. In the family
Chydoridae, at the same time and place with S. vetula one example of Eurycercus lamellatus (O.F.M.)
was taken. This family differs from the Daphniidae by having both branches of the swimming
antennae instead of only one of them three-jointed, and by having the intestine with instead of
without a loop. Eurycercus agrees with the Daphniidae in that the intestine has in front two
caecal appendages, which are not present in other members of the Chydoridae. E. lamellatus has the
first antennae thick, with the sensory seta placed near the middle of their single joint. Lilljeborg gives
the length of the female as ranging between 3 and 4 mm., the size somewhat larger in spring and
summer than in autumn, less in brackish water than in fresh." Under the microscope the tail-piece is
a pleasing object with its fringe of 1 00-120 spinules. These gradually increase in size as they pass
from the caudal setae to an angle which is separated from the ungues by a deep sinus. Near the
ungues the sinus also carries spines and spinules. Chydorus sphaericus (O.F.M.), a tiny dwarf in
comparison with the two preceding species, is abundant at Lowestoft, as it appears to be in suitable
waters all over the globe. The sexual differences in this species are well marked, the rostrum of
the female being acute, that of the male obtuse, and the tail of the male being strongly emarginate
at the anal fissure, instead of shallowly as in the female.

For the Ostracoda of Suffolk, the paper by G. S. Brady and David Robertson, published in the
Annals and Magazine of Natural History for July 1870," is the leading authority. The authors
say : 'The Entomostraca of the tidal rivers of Norfolk, Suffolk, and the Cambridge fen-district con-
stitute so remarkable a group that it seems best to speak of them separately, and in so doing we
shall call the area to which we refer the East Anglian District, understanding by that term the whole
tract drained by the rivers Nene, Cam, Bure, Yare, and Waveney. The drainage tract of the
adjoining rivers on the south. Aid, Deben, Stour, &c., is separated by rising ground, and appears to
be zoologically distinct.' Speaking of the Broads of Norfolk and Suffolk in general, they say that
they may be considered as expansions of the various tidal rivers, though situated at such distances
from the sea as to be but slightly influenced by tidal ebb and flow. As to those with which we are
here more especially concerned, they write : ' Lake Lothing is a tidal expanse separated from Oulton
Broad, at i^s western extremity, by an embankment, through which canal boats pass by means of a
lock. In this way some slight communication exists between the waters of the two basins, but the
true outlet of Oulton Broad is by the River Waveney, which from this point takes a circuitous

" Das Tierreich, Amph. Gamm. (1906), 21, pp. 654, 739. " Cladocera Sueciae, pi. xii, fig. 12.

" Ibid. 167, pi. xxiv, figs. 8-18. " Ibid. 386. " Op. cit. 1-33, pis. iv-x.

159

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

course of about 15 miles to Breydon Water. The western end of Lake Lothing has quite a marine
appearance, its stones being coated with the usual Algae of the upper littoral zone. Our gatherings are
from the soft black mud of the channel beyond low-water mark. The sea was once known, on the
occasion of an unusually high tide, to break over the top of the bank into Oulton Broad.' Breydon
Water itself they describe as a large tidal basin about 4 miles long by a mile broad, to the west of
Great Yarmouth, receiving the waters of the rivers Bure, Yare, and Waveney, and having a large
proportion of its surface left dry at low water. From the Deben or the Stour, or both, they give the
following species : In the family Cyprididae, Cypris pratensis, Brady and Robertson, at that date a
new species, C. compressa, Baird, C. laevis, O. F. Mailer, C. gihba, Ramdohr ; Cypridopsis obesa,
Brady and Robertson, Candona Candida (O.F.M.), C. lactea^ Baird, C. albicans, Brady ; in the
Cytheridae, Cythere castanea, G. O. Sars, C. porcellanea, Brady, C. lutea, O.F.M., C. viridis,
O.F.M., C. villosa (Sars), C.fuscaia, Brady, Limnicythere inopinata (Baird), Cytheridea torosa (R.
Jones), Xestoleberis aurantia (Baird), Loxoconcha impressa (Baird), L. elliptica, Brady, L. pusilla,
Brady and Robertson, then new, Cytherura nigrescens (Baird), C. robertsoni, Brady, C. gihba
(O.F.M.) ; in the Paradoxostomatidae, Paradoxostoma variabi/e (Baird), P. fischeri, Sars; in the
family Darwinulidae, Polycheles stevemoni, Brady and Robertson, a new genus and new species. To
this list must be added from Oulton Broad, Lake Lothing, or Breydon Water, and in most cases
from all three, in the Cyprididae, Cypris ovum (Jurine), C. reptans (Baird), Cypridopsis aculeata
(Liljeborg), C. newtoni, Brady and Robertson, a new species, Candona compressa, Koch, C. kingsleii,
Brady and Robertson, a new species ; in the Cytheridae, Metacypris cordata, Brady and Robertson,
genus and species both new, Cythere pellucida, Baird, C. cicatricosa, Sars, C. antiquata, Baird,
Limnicythere monstrifica (Norman), Cytheridea torosa, \zr. teres, Cytherura Jiavescens, Brady, C. striata,
Sars ; Cytheridea subulata, Brady ; Sclerochilus contortus (Norman), with var. abbreviatus ; Para-
doxostoma abbreviatum, Sars, P. ensiforme, Brady. Of the species taken in the rivers above mentioned
only Cvthere villosa and Cytherura gibba were missing from the expanded waters. From other re-
searches may be added Cypria ophthalmica (Jurine) and Cyclocypris serena (Koch), obtained at
Lowestoft in 1907 and submitted to Dr. Brady for identification, also Cytheridea elongata, Brady,
and Cytherura clathrata, Sars, recorded by Brady in 1868, as dredged off Yarmouth by Mr. D. O.
Drewett. Moreover, Paradoxostoma normani, Brady, appears to have been taken by Dr. Brady in
Breydon Water, though at first considered to be a variety abbreviatus of Sclerochilus contortus.^^

To deal with this long series of genera and species so as to make intelligible their numerous
and important but often microscopic differences, would demand a treatise to itself. It must suffice
to allot them to their proper places under the rapid advances of modern classification, and to com-
ment on a few forms in which this county may claim exceptional interest. All the species belong
to the division Podocopa, in which the little animals are without a heart, and which is dis-
tinguished in general from the other division, the Myodocopa, by having no rostral sinus to the
shell-valves. The four families among which these species are distributed cannot be at once known
apart by any single character. But as a rule the Cytheridae have a hard shell with uneven surface,
while the shell in the other three families is thin and smooth. In the Cyprididae the second antennae
usually have a brush of long plumose natatory setae, not found in the other families, and only the
last two pairs of appendages are leg-like, instead of the last three as in the others. The so-called
poison-gland and its duct, formed by the setiform flagellum on the basal joint of the second
antennae, structures found in the Cytheridae and Paradoxostomatidae, are wanting in the Dar-
winulidae. The Cytheridae are mostly marine, and cannot swim. The Paradoxostomatidae
are distinguished by their slender, stiliform mandibles, adapted for piercing instead of biting.

Cypris pratensis, according to Sars, should be called Cyprinotus pratensis, the change of genus in
part depending on the strange circumstance that species of Cypris are found to be in many places
never, or hardly ever, anything but parthenogenetic, while species of Cyprois and Cyprinotus are
more connubial.'^ Cypris compressa, Baird, is now identified with Cypria ophthalmica (Jurine).^'
C. laevis (O.F.M.) and C. ovum (Jurine), must be transferred to the synonymy of Cyclocypris laevis.

The s^ez\cs Cypris Serena, K-och, which since its institution has borne half a dozen different
names, is now to be called Cyclocypris serena. Referring to this species and C. laevis, Brady and
Norman, after re-defining their genus Cyclocypris, say : ' Professor G. O. Sars was certainly quite
right in removing the two preceding species into the genus Cyclocypris. Our figures, pt. I, pi. xi,
figs. 15, 16, were not correct as regards the setae of the limbs drawn, of which we now give correct
descriptions in the character of the genus.'" It should be observed that figs. 15-16 have reference
to Cyclocypris globosa (Sars), a species to which I was inclined to refer my Lowestoft specimens.
These minute ostracods are tumid in shape, brown in colour ; the second antennae of the female

" Ann. Nat. Hist. (1868), Ser. 4, iii, 372.

" Brady and Norman, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. (1896), Ser. 2, v,- 720.
" Ibid. (1889), Ser. 2, iv, 69. »« Ibid. (1896), v. 718, 719.

160

CRUSTACEANS

have ungues of great length, not exceeded by the natatory setae of the antepenultimate joint,
but much exceeded by a solitary seta issuing apparently from the proximal part of that joint.
This striking feature does not appear to have been recorded by our authorities. Dr. Brady, having
kindly examined a specimen, writes : * In comparing my mounted dissections of C. serena, I find
that they agree with yours as to setose armature of antennae — one (or two) long setae and a few
short ones.' On the caudal rami of these specimens the dorsal seta was not perceived, but is not
necessarily absent ; there is a minute seta in front of the ungues, which are strong, unequal,
curved at the apex, and the dorsal margin of the rami is finely pectinate.

The large and common handsomely-coloured Erpelocyprli reptans (Baird) occurs freely at
Kirkley Run, Lowestoft. As to Cypris gibba, Ramdohr, it is thought probable that two species have
been confounded under one name. These are now called Ilyocypris gibha (Ramdohr), and /. bradyi,
Sars, with a reserve in favour of calling the latter /. hiplkata (Koch). Whether Cypridopsis ohesa
should retain its generic name or be transferred to Pionocypris, and whether it should be accounted
a distinct species or only a variety of C. or P. vidua (O.F.M.), are questions of transcendental
learning. C. aculeata should, it seems, be attributed not to Lilljeborg, but to O. G. Costa, who
independently and earlier chose the same specific name. To the localities for Candona Candida may
be added a broad ditch near Oulton. As to this species, Brady and Norman remark that the
ordinary form 'occurs commonly in ponds and ditches; and the variety tumida is most common in
rivers and dykes subject to tidal influence, as in the fen district of Norfolk and Suffolk.' " In this
genus the second antennae are without a brush of natatory setae, and in fact the animals have no
swimming power. Candona kingsleiiy named in honour of the well-known novelist and naturalist,
Canon Charles Kingsley, has been transferred to a new genus, Candompsis, by the Hungarian author
Vivra.** Candona albicans is now thought not to be an independent species, but to represent the
young of C. compressa and probably other species."

Polycheles stevensoni, after twice lighting upon a preoccupied generic name, is now established as
Darwinula stevensoni, in a distinct family Darwinulidae. Brady and Norman say, ' This is perhaps
the most characteristic Entomostracan of the East Anglian Fen district, where it is widely spread,
and often occurs in considerable abundance.' '"'

Metacypris cordata hovered at first between the Cyprididae and Cytheridae, but is now settled
in the latter family." For the relations between Cythere pellucida, Baird, C. castanea, auctorum,
and C. confusa, Brady and Norman, the monograph by the two latter authors should be consulted,'"
and similarly for those between C. lutea and C. viridis.*^ C. cicatricosa is insecure ; Loxoconcha elliptica
is now regarded as a synonym of L. viridis (O.F.M.) ; Cytherura robertsoni becomes a synonym of
C. gibba (O.F.M.) ; C. flavescens of C. sella, Sars, and C. gihba, Brady, of the same author's
C. cornuta.**

Turning from this prolific branch of Suffolk carcinology to the Copepoda, which may be
equally abundant, we find the records less ample. It is evident, however, that here as elsewhere
the family Cyclopidae, in the tribe Cyclopidea, offers not a few species of Cyclops. This is
a genus almost confined to fresh water. It is perplexing by the number and general similarity
of the species. The first antennae are to a certain extent helpful by the varying number
of the joints. But this character must be used with caution ; for while in adults the number
of joints may vary from six to eighteen according to the species, it may vary from five to
eleven in juvenile stages of a single species. In Cyclops vernalis, Fischer, the highest number
of joints is attained ; but almost all the eighteen except the first are very short, even the
two last being of very moderate length. This species, which has been taken at Lowestoft,
is called C. elongatus by Claus, and Brady in 1891 uses that name for it. C. albidus (Jurine)
has the first antennae 17-jointed. The first, fourth, seventh, and the last three joints are
longer than the rest. The terminal joint has a microscopically serrated ridge. In the
second antennae the antepenultimate joint is pectinate, and the two following joints are
elongate. C. fuscus (Jurine) also has 1 7-jointed first antennae, more slender, and without
pectination of the terminal joint ; the antepenultimate joint of the second antennae setulose instead
of pectinate, and the penultimate joint not elongate. Both these forms occur at Lowestoft.
By Brady they are united as one species under the name C. signatus, Koch. C. viridis
(Jurine), also with 17-jointed antennae, for which Brady in 1878 accepted the name C. gigas,
Claus, includes both that species and Claus's C. brevicornii. Brady found it plentifully in the
Broads of Norfolk and Suffolk.*' C. serrulatus, Fischer, has the antennae 12-jointed. Both
sexes were found at Lowestoft. There also a male specimen of C. affinis, Sars, was obtained,
agreeing with the figures of the anterior antennae, fifth foot, and caudal ramus given by Brady,*' and

" Brady and Norman, Trans. Roy. Dubfm Soc. (1889), iv, 99. '» Ibid. (1896), v, 731.

" Ibid, iv, loi. " Ibid. 122. " Ibid. 123. " Ibid. 126-7.

«• Ibid. 128, 185, 188. " Ibid. 140, 185, 192.

" Monograph of Brit. Copepoda (Ray Soc), i, 106. " Ibid. pi. 24B.

I 161 21

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

with Uljanin's figure.*' On the basal joint of the first antennae in the male there is in the Lowestoft
specimen a seta widened near the base, with the border of this widened part pectinate. In this
species the first antennae of the female are ii-jointed. C. fimhriatus, Fischer, which is perhaps the
same as C, crassicornis, O.F.M., has 8-jointed first antennae. The Lowestoft specimen agrees
with Uljanin's figures of the first antennae and labrum.** C. aequoreus, Fischer, with 6-jointed first
antennae, is recorded by Brady from brackish pools of salt marshes, among other places at ' Manning-
tree (Suffolk).' " Manningtree itself is in Essex, but so near to Suffolk that the species mentioned
is no doubt common to both counties. As to C. helleri, Brady, which that author in 1878 reported
from Oulton Broad, among species with lo-jointed first antennae, in 1891 he says, ' It is perhaps
more than probable that the types [now lost] represented one of the stages of development of a
1 7-jointed species, and under this impression it seems best for the present to regard the species as
one of doubtful validity.' ***

In the tribe Calanidea and the family Temoridae, instituted by Sars in 1 903, Eurytemora velox
(Lilljeborg) is reported by Brady as occurring ' in several of the broads of Norfolk and Suffolk,'
and ' in pools near the River Stour at Manningtree.' For the synonymy of this species, which
involves various perplexities, the reader should consult the works of Dr. Brady and Mr. Scourfield.
Both writers agree that it thrives in fresh water, and also flourishes in that which is brackish.
Brady says, in brackish pools fully exposed to the rays of the sun it seems to luxuriate, often
fairly swarming in such places.'^

In the tribe Arpacticidea, and the family Tachidiidae, Tachidius hrevicornis (O.F.M.) is
recorded by Brady from Oulton Broad and Lake Lothing, in brackish marsh-pools." By Norman
and Scott, in The Crustacea of Devon and Cornwall [i()ob), this species is said to be T. discipes,
Giesbrecht. From the family Canthocampidae Canthocampus minutus (O.F.M.) has been taken at
Lowestoft. It has been pointed out by Canon Norman that ' Jurine himself quotes Muller's Cyclops
minutus as a synonym for his own Monoculus staphylinus,' so that the latter specific name must give
way to its predecessor." C. palustris, Brady, was taken by that author in brackish pools by the
River Stour, at Manningtree, and in Oulton Broad (Suffolk).'* The variable species Dactylopusia
tisboides (Claus), referred by Sars to the family Thalestridae {Crustacea of Norway (1905), v, 125), is
reported by Brady from ' brackish pools near the River Stour, at Manningtree, Suffolk.' " Lastly,
concerning Platychelipus littoralis, Brady, in the family Nannopidae, at its institution in 1880, the
often-quoted author remarks, ' several examples of this very distinct species were noticed in a
gathering from between tide-marks at Lake Lothing, Suffolk, where the water of Oulton Broad
finds its way to the sea. Though the gathering was made among the fronds of Fuci the water
would no doubt be brackish.' "

A hundred years ago, so far as appears, the carcinology of Suffolk was a simple blank. Its
chronicles are still extremely incomplete. No mention, for instance, has been made of cirripedes,
although none of our coasts are left unfrequented by species of that group. For these and an
indefinite number of other crustacean families, it is assuredly not the representative creatures that
are wanting, but in some cases observers, and in others the published record of observations.

" Crustacea of Turkestan, pi. xi, fig. 4. ** Ibid. pi. viii, figs. 9-16.

" Mon. Brit. Copepoda, \, 120. " Tians. Nat. Hist. Soc. Nortiumi. xi, 92.

" Ibid, xi, 105 ; foum. Quekett Microsc. Club (1903), 533.

" Mon. Brit. Copepoda (1880), ii, 20. " Joum. Quekett Microsc. Club (1903), 536.

" Mon. Brit. Copepoda, ii, 54.. " Ibid. 108. " Ibid. 104.

162

FISHES

The coast of SufFolk extends from Harwich to Yarmouth and includes
only three estuaries of considerable size, namely the Stour, the Orwell, and the
Deben. Besides these there is only one harbour of importance, that of Lowes-
toft. The shore consists of sand and shingle, and slopes gradually seawards
to the 20-fathom line ; beyond this there is a narrow depression running
parallel to the coast and deepening to 25 and 27 fathoms. On the other side
of the depression are the shallow grounds extending to the Dutch coast, the
more northern part of which is known to the Lowestoft trawlers as the Brown
Ridges. The rivers of the county are of no great size, and there is only one
considerable lake, Oulton Broad near Lowestoft.

Scarcely any special accounts of the fishes of Suffolk have been published,
and except at Lowestoft very little attention seems to have been paid to the
ichthyology of the county. In Norfolk there have been many zealous natu-
ralists and among them good ichthyologists, but the study of natural history
has been rather neglected in the sister county. The notes in the following
list are chiefly based on records contained in the ' List of Norfolk Fishes '
by Dr. John Lowe, Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists'
Society^ 1873-4, the additions to that list in the same Transactions, vol.
iii, 1884 and later volumes, and the writer's own observations made at
Lowestoft and on board Lowestoft fishing boats in 1895. A few notes
have been taken from Mr. Nicholas Fenwick Hele's interesting little book.
Notes or Jottings about Aldeburgh, published in 1870. The records in the
Natural History of Tar mouth, by C. J. and James Paget, published in 1 834, have
been incorporated in Lowe's list.

Since 1902 Lowestoft has been the centre for the English portion of the
International Fishery Investigations in the North Sea. The English researches
have been carried out on behalf of the Government by the Marine Biological
Association, which has maintained a laboratory, a scientific staff, and a re-
search steamer at Lowestoft, and has also carried on hydrographical researches
from its laboratory at Plymouth. The researches at Lowestoft have been
principally applied to the trawl fishery and have consisted of investigations of
the distribution, movements, and growth of the fishes which are taken by the
trawl, especially of the plaice. The migrations of the fishes have been followed
by the method of marking large numbers of specimens and setting them free
again at different localities. These experiments have also thrown light on the
rate of growth of the fish. One of the most interesting discoveries made in
the course of the International Investigations is that the age of a plaice is

163

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

indicated in the structure of its otoliths ; the latter are calcareous bodies of
flattened oval shape contained in the cavities of the ears, and they increase in
size by the addition of new deposits on the surface. The successive layers
deposited in successive years can be distinguished by differences of transparency
in the deposits of different seasons, and so the number of years in the age of
the fish can be ascertained. Other calcareous structures of fishes show similar
annual rings, for instance the scales and the bones, but usually they are less
distinct than the rings of the otoliths.

An asterisk prefixed to a name denotes a fresh-water species ; two
asterisks indicate occurrence in both fresh and salt water.

TELEOSTEANS

ACANTHOPTERYGII

*i. Perch. Perca fiuvlatillsy Linn.

Common in the rivers and in Oulton Broad.

**2. Sea Bass. Morone labrax^ Linn. [Labrax
lupus. Day).
Doubtless occurs occasionally off the coast and
in the estuaries, but only as a summer visitor.
Has been taken on the Norfolk coast.

*3. Ruff or Pope, Acerina c^rntttf, Linn.
Not so common as in Norfolk.

4. Shade-fish. Sctaena aqu'tla, Lac^p.

A specimen over 5 ft. in length and weighing
84 lb. is recorded by Hele to have come ashore
at Thorpe near Aldeburgh in August 1868.^
Another specimen was taken near Yarmouth in
November 1875, as recorded by Mr. Tregelles
of Brompton in the Times of I November of that
year. It was 4 ft. 9 in. in length and weighed
75 lb.

5. Common Sea-bream. Pagellus centrodontus,

De la Roche.
Probably occurs occasionally but rarely ; has
been recorded for Norfolk.

6. Gilt-head. Pagrus auratus, Linn.

Very rare : a specimen recorded at Pakefield
by R. Leathes in April 1829.^

7. Scorpaena dactylopterOy De la Roche.

A specimen sfin. in length taken off Yar-
mouth by a shrimper obtained by Mr. A. Pater-
son 29 April 1894 is recorded in Lowe's third
list under the name Sebastes norvegicus. In the
fourth list this specimen is identified as Scor-
paena dactyloptera, and Mr. Paterson saw a second
specimen at Lowestoft in December 1895 which
measured 8 in.

' Notes and Jottings^hout Aldehurgh.
'Lowe, Tisbes o/Norf.

8. Red Mullet. Mullus barbatus, var. surmul/etus,

Linn.

Occurs occasionally. In Paget's Natural
Histtry of Tarmouth it is stated that 10,000 were
sent in one week in May 1831 to the London
market. Mr. Gurney believed that the red mul-
let of the eastern coa?t were plain red mullet,
but this seems unlikely, and Lowe considers that
the plain variety occurs but rarely ; it has not
been proved to occur at all.

9. Ballan Wrasse. Labrus maculatus, Bloch.
A young specimen about 8 in. long was taken

with hook and line in the
Lowestoft in August 1852.

outer harbour of

10. Cook or Cuckoo Wrasse. Labrus mixtus,
Linn.

A specimen under the name L. larvatus is
recorded by Lowe,' probably from Norfolk.

*ii. Miller's Thumb. Coitus goblo, h'mn.

Occurs in the Yare, probably also in the Wa-
veney and other rivers.

12. Father-lasher, Short-spined Bull-head. Cottus

scorpius, Linn.

Common on the coast.

13. Long-spined Bull-head. Cottus bubalis,

Euphr.

Probably occurs.

14. Grey Gurnard. Trigla gurnarduSy hinn.

Common on the Lowestoft trawling grounds ;
numbers are landed in the trawl market. The
grey gurnard in its young stages, when under
9 in. in length is of a uniform reddish colour
without spots, but not so bright a red as Trigla
cuculus. In its adult condition it has bright yel-
low spots.

164

^ Prcc. Zool. Sec. 1859, P- *49'

FISHES

15. Tub, Latchet, or Sapphirine Gurnard. Trig/a

hirundo, Linn.

A considerable number are taken on the
Lowestoft trawling grounds in September and
October.

16. Red Gurnard or EUeck. Trigla cucu/us,

Linn.

Common on the trawling grounds.

17. Streaked Gurnard. Trigla lineata, Linn.

Examples not seldom brought in by trawlers
at Yarmouth and Lowestoft. One landed at
Lowestoft on 9 March 1896 was said to have
been taken near the port.*

18. Pogge or Armed Bull-head. Agonus cata-

phractus, Linn.

Common on the Newcome Sand and along
the coast.

19. Lump-sucker. Cyclopterus lumpus, Linn.

Has been taken off Yarmouth and occurs
occasionally off the Suffolk coast. Hele states
that an enormous specimen weighing over 15 lb.
was captured at Aldeburgh in March 1868 ; its
length was 22^ in., its greatest breadth 13^ in.

20. Sea-snail. Liparis vulgaris, Flem.

21. Montague's Sucker. Liparis montagui, Cuv.

Both these species are recorded as occurring
on the Norfolk coast, and it is probable that they
occur in the Suffork district, but they have not
been recorded.

22. Two-spotted Goby. Gobius ruthensparri,

Euphr.

The Gobius unipunctatus of Yarrell and the
G. pusillus of Lowe, recorded for Norfolk, are
considered by recent authorities as synonyms of
this species. It may occur on the Suffolk coast,
but as it swims among Laminaria and Zostera it
may be rare, the shores of Suffolk consisting
chiefly of shingle with little weed.

23. Freckled Goby. Gobius minutus, Gmel.

Common on the Newcome Sand and probably
on other sandy ground along the coast. Taken
in considerable numbers in shrimp trawls.

24. John Dory. Zeus faber, Linn.

Probably occurs sometimes, as it has been
taken off Yarmouth (Paget). I saw none taken
on the trawling grounds in September 1895. A
specimen 8|^ lb. in weight, taken in drift nets
with herring on 2 October 1896, is mentioned
in Lowe's fourth list.

' Lowe's fourth list.

25. Boar-fish. Capros aper, Linn.

Has been recorded as found at Harwich, and
therefore may occur within the Suffolk limits
occasionally. Southwell mentions a specimen
found on a shrimper at Yarmouth, July 1881,
and another dead on Yarmouth beach in May
1882.

26. Mackerel. Scomber scombrus, Linn.

There is a regular fishery for mackerel off
the Suffolk coast in summer. May and June, and
again in autumn in September and October.
There is reason to believe that they come from
the English Channel and return thither in winter.
In Lowe's supplementary list a quotation is
given from a letter of Mr. Massingham, har-
bour master of Lowestoft, to Mr. Southwell.
The letter is dated 9 November 1875 and com-
ments on the unusual feet of a large number of
mackerel having been taken at that late season
of the year, as they were usually only caught on
that coast in May and June. It would appear
from this that the presence of mackerel in
autumn was previously unknown to the fisher-
men, or at least to the harbour master ; but it is
improbable that mackerel only began to visit the
Suffolk coast in autumn in the year 1875.

27. Tunny. Thynnus thynnnus, Linn.

In the Norwich Museum is a specimen 3 ft. 6 in.
long taken off the Suffolk coast, probably near
Southwold. Another, 6 ft. 9 in. long, weigh-
ing 2241b., was taken at Yarmouth in October
1870. According to Paget small specimens are
not infrequently taken during the mackerel
fishery.

28. Plain Bonito. yfuxis rochet, Risso.

Two taken in June 1839 off Yarmouth, and
a third at the same place in 1847.

29. Sword-fish. Xiphias gladius, Linn.

Specimens have been taken on the shores of
Essex and Norfolk. One was captured at
Lowestoft about November 1882 and another is
mentioned in Lowe's fourth list on the authority
of Paterson as landed at the same place in Sep-
tember 1897.

30. Ray's Bream. Brama raii, Bl. Schn.

Two specimens recorded by Dr. Lowe from
Yarmouth, one of which is in the Norwich
Museum.

31. Opah or King-fish. Lampris luna, Gmel.

Two specimens recorded by Paget as taken at
Yarmouth in 1823 and 1828. This fish reaches
a large size, specimens having been taken which
measured from 4 ft. to 6 ft. in length and weighed

165

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

upwards of i cwt. It is remarkable for its bril-
liant colours. It is an oceanic fish, but not
probably an inhabitant of the great depths. It
is frequently seen on the coast of Norway, and in
Britain the greater number of specimens have
been taken in the north. It evidently enters the
North Sea from the north, as it has not been
recorded on the English coast between Suffolk
and Cornwall.

32. Scad or Horse-mackerel. Caranx irachurus,

Linn.
Common off Lowestoft in the mackerel season,
and taken in mackerel nets.

33. Pilot-fish. Naucrates ductor, Linn.

The only record seems to be that of Mr.
Gurney, who informed Lowe that many years
before 1873 he saw a specimen which had been
recently caught off the Suffolk coast.

34. Greater Weever. Trachinus draco, Linn.

Extremely abundant on the trawling grounds
off Lowestoft (Brown Ridges). Numbers are
fi-equently seen with red and grey gurnard in
heaps in the trawl market, for sale as food.

35-

Lesser Weever.
Val.

Trachinus v'tpera, Cuv. and

Common on the shrimping grounds, such as
Newcome Sand, and also on the trawling grounds,
but too small to have any market value. It is
remarkable that Lowe in his Fishes of Norfolk
scoffs at the ' erroneous idea,' which he says
was still held by the fishermen, that a wound
inflicted by the dorsal fin is poisoned. It may
be true that the spines of the dorsal fin are not
poisonous, but it is certain that the fish possesses
a venomous sting in its opercular spine. The
present writer has had painful experience of the
effects of a prick from this spine, and can testify-
that the venom acts as an irritant to the
nerves. It produced the most intense pain,
extending from the wound in the thumb up to
the shoulder, and lasting for about five minutes,
but did not have any other effects. The wound
did not become inflamed or festered, and the pain,
although almost unbearable while it lasted, soon
subsided completely. The involuntary experi-
ment was made on board a Lowestoft shrimping
boat, and can easily be repeated by anyone who
desires further proof.

36. Dragonet or Skulpin.
Linn.

CaUionymus lyra,

I saw several specimens taken in the trawl on
one of the Lowestoft trawlers in September
1895. Probably the species is common on the
trawling grounds, as, the fish being small and
slender, many would escape through the meshes.

The male and female in this species are very
different and were formerly supposed to be
distinct species, the former being known from its
brilliant colouring as the gemmeous dragonet and
the latter as the sordid dragonet. The male
is adorned with vivid blue and yellow markings
and has the first dorsal fin greatly elongated.
The fishes perform an elaborate process of court-
ship when breeding, which was very completely
studied by Mr. E. W. L. Holt and described by
him in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for
1898.

37. Cat-fish or Wolf-fish. Anarrhichas lupus,
Linn.

Is recorded by Paget from Yarmouth and
therefore probably occurs occasionally.

38. Butterfish or Gunnel.
Linn.

Recorded at Yarmouth.

Centronotus gunnellus.

39. Viviparous
Linn.

Blenny. Zoarces viviparus,

Gurney says that adult specimens are found
near the beach at Lowestoft, and in the later
summer months young ones about an inch in
length are abundant in the upper part of the
inner harbour, where they frequent the mud
banks.

40. Angler, Fishing-frog, or Monk-fish. Lophius
piscatorius, Linn.

Recorded by Paget at Yarmouth. According
to Lowe's fourth list quite a number were
captured by the mackerel boats at Lowestoft in
the autumn of 1897, but he does not explain
how a purely ground fish like this came to be
captured in drift nets ; it is usually taken by the
trawl.

ANACANTHINI

41. Cod. Gadus morrhua, Linn.

Occurs but is not very abundant. It was not
taken in the trawl in the voyage which I made
in a Lowestoft smack, but appears occasionally
in the records of the International Investigations
from Lowestoft grounds.

42. Haddock. Gadus aeglefinus, Linn,

Considerable numbers of haddock are landed
at Lowestoft, but they are chiefly obtained from
the deeper water to the north. On the Brown
Ridges where the depth is mostly from 10 to 15
fethoms I saw none, and they are not mentioned in
the records of the International Investigations as
occurring on the grounds off the Suffolk coast.

166

FISHES

43. Bib or Pout. Gadus lutcus, Linn.

Occurs at Lowestoft according to Mr. Gur-
ney in Dr. Lowe's list. I did not notice it on
the Brown Ridges in September 1895, but it is
recorded from the deep water off Lowestoft
and from other grounds in the neighbourhood,
in the International Investigations.

44. Whiting. Gadus merlangus, Linn.

Abundant both inshore and on the trawling
grounds. They are caught with hook and line
from the piers of Lowestoft Harbour in autumn
and large numbers are landed by the trawlers.
Many small specimens are taken by the shrimpers
and also by the large trawlers ; in fact I did not see
any over 13 in. long. The trawlers often throw
overboard all the whiting caught at the beginning
of a voyage and save only those taken in the last
hauls, as they are of little value after being in
ice for several days

45. Coal-fish. Gadus virens, Linn.

Plentiful at Yarmouth according to Paget,
but this probably refers only to fish landed by the
trawlers, for the coal-fish belongs to more
northern waters ; in the records of the Interna-
tional Investigations it is only occasionally
recorded from grounds about the Dogger.

46. Ling. Molva vulgaris, Flem.

At Yarmouth according to Paget ; is recorded
once or twice from the Lowestoft deep water
{Intern. Invest.).

*47. Burbot. Lota vulgaris, Cuv.
Occurs in the Waveney.

48. Five-bearded Rockling. Motella mustela,
Linn.

At Yarmouth according to Paget.

PLEURONECTOIDEI

49. Halibut. Hippoglossus vulgaris, Flem.

The halibut being a northern deep-water fish
is not commonly taken off the Suffolk coast, but
a specimen 5 ft. 4 in. long was mentioned in
the Norwich papers of 15 February 1873 as
taken ofiF Yarmouth ; Buckland records another,
6 ft. long weighing 161 lb., from the same place
in 1867 ; a third, above 7 ft. in length and
weighing over 300 lb., is recorded in the Norfolk
Chronicle of 29 April 1876 as taken from the
■deep sea ofiF the eastern counties.

50. Turbot. Rhombus maximus, Linn.

Mr. Gurney obtained a large specimen at
Lowestoft which was caught in the deep chan-
nel opposite the esplanade, and he heard that two

had been taken at the head of the inner harbour
just below Mutford Lock. Turbot are fairly
plentiful on the Lowestoft trawling grounds and
of considerable size.

5 1 . Brill. Rhombus laevis, Linn.

Taken with the turbot in about equal numbers
on trawling grounds.

52. Scald-fish or Scald-back. Arnoglossus laterna,

Walb.

I saw several specimens of this fish taken in the
trawl on the Brown Ridges in September. I
have shown that the male of this fish when
mature has the anterior rays of the dorsal fin
elongated. This was formerly considered to
be a distinct species and named A. lophotes ; I
have not seen this form in the North Sea, it is
known to live in deeper water than the young
specimens.

53. Plaice. Pleuronectes platessa, Linn.

Abundant on the trawling grounds and forms
one of the most valuable parts of the catch of the
trawlers. I found that the plaice on the Brown
Ridges were mature at a smaller size than those
from more northern grounds such as the Dogger
Bank, all over 13 in. being mature, while of the
more northern plaice the limit is about 17 in.
The smallest mature on the Brown Ridges are
9 in. long, while on the northern grounds none
are mature under 13 in. : these figures refer to
females, the males being mature at a somewhat
smaller size. In this respect the Lowestoft
plaice are similar to the Channel plaice studied at
Plymouth. The naturalists of the International
Investigations have studied by means of the rings of
the otoliths the relation between age and size on
different grounds, but have not yet published a full
account of the relation between age and maturity.
They find that on shallow grounds like those off
Lowestoft, as well as on both sides of the North
Sea farther to the north, plaice are much smaller
at the same age than those from deep water or
from the Dogger Bank. According to Dr.
Garstang the lower rate of growth on shallow
grounds is due to overcrowding and consequent
scarcity of food, but other conditions, such as
temperature, probably have an influence on the
growth. The marking experiments of the Inter-
national Investigations show a marked general
tendency in plaice in this part of the North Sea
to migrate southwards in winter and northwards
in summer.

54. Lemon Dab.
Donovan.

Pleuronectes microcephalus,

This fish, called usually lemon sole by fisher-
men and dealers, is very scarce on the Brown
Ridges where the water is shallow, but more
plentiful in the deeper water off the Suffolk
coast.

167

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

55. Dab. PUurenectes limanday Linn.
Plentiful.

56. Flounder. Pleuronectes feius, Linn.
Common in the estuaries at Lowestoft, Har-
wich, etc. and in the sea in the spring when it is
spawning.

57. Sole. Solea vulgaris, Quensel.

Fairly plentiful on the trawling grounds. The
young I J in. to 3 in. long are taken in consider-
able numbers by shrimpers on the Newcome
Sand opposite Lowestoft, together with others
from 6 in. to 10 in. in length. Those taken by
the large trawlers are from 8 in. to 1 8 in. in
length.

58. Solenette. Solea lutea, Risso.
Common on the Brown Ridges.

PLECTOGNATHI

59. Sun-fish. Orthagorlscus mola, Linn.

Three specimens are on record as taken at
Yarmouth, one in Sir Thomas Browne's list
written in 1662, one in 1835, and one in 1843.'

PERCESOCES

60. Thin-lipped Grey Mullet. Mugil capita,

Cuv.
At the mouth of the Orwell (Gurney).

6 1 . Atherine. Atherina presbyter, Jenyns.
At Lowestoft according to Gurney.

62. Larger Launce or Sand-eel. Ammodytes lan-

ceolatus, Lesueur.

Dr. Lowe reverses the English names of these
species, calling lanceolatus the lesser, tobianus the
larger launce. He states that lanceolatus occurs in
the Norfolk Estuary, but it probably occurs also
on the Suffolk coast.

63. Lesser Launce, or Sand-eel. Ammodytes to-

bianus, Lesueur.

Common at Yarmouth and Lowestoft.

64. Gar-fish. Belone vulgaris, Fleming.

Taken regularly in small numbers by the mac-
kerel nets off Lowestoft in October. Dr. Lowe
gives some interesting notes on the occurrence of
the Hemirhamphus europaeus of Yarrell, which is
in all probability the young of this species. He
observed them in the Ouse below Lynn in July
1868.

65. Saury Pike, or Skipper. Scombresox saurus,
Bl. Schn.
Occurs at Yarmouth according to Gurney.

' Paget op. cit. and Zool. 1 843,

HEMIBRANCHII

**66. Three-spined Stickleback. Gasterosteus
aculeatus, Linn.
Common.

*b']. Ten-spined Stickleback. Gasterosteus pun^-
tius, Linn.

Probably occurs.

68, Fifteen-spined Stickleback. Gasterosteus
spinachia, Linn.
Rare at Yarmouth according to Paget.

LOPHOBRANCHII

69. Broad-nosed Pipe-fish. Siphonostoma typhle,

Linn.
Occurs at Yarmouth and Lowestoft.

70. Greater Pipe-fish. Syngnathits acus, Linn.
Probably common.

71. Sea-horse. Hippocampus antiquorum. Leach,

Is included in Paget's Yarmouth list, but there
is no record of its having been taken on the Suf-
folk coast.

HAPLOMI

*72. Pike. Esox lucius, Linn.

Common in the Norfolk Broads, probably
occurs in Suffolk.

OSTARIOPHYSI

*73. Carp. Cyprinus carpio, Linn.
Probably occurs.

*74. Gudgeon. Gobio Jluviatilis, Flem.
Common.

*75. Roach. Leuciscus rutilus, Linn.
Common.

*76. Dace. Leuciscus dobula, Linn.
Common.

*77. Rudd. Leuciscus erythrophthalmus, Linn.
Common.

*78. Minnow. Leuciscus phoxinus, Linn.
Common.

*79. Tench. Tinea vulgaris, Cuv.
Common.

168

FISHES

•80. Bream. Abramii brama, Linn.
Common.

•81. White Bream. Abramis blicca, Bloch.
Probably occurs.

•82. Loach. NemachUus barbatula, Linn.
Probably occurs.

MALACOPTERYGII

•*83. Salmon. Salmo salar, Linn.

The salmon does not seem to occur in the
Suffolk rivers, although in Sir T. Browne's time
it was said to be taken in the Waveney. It is
recorded that a specimen weighing 25 lb. was
captured off Lowestoft in a trawl net in May
1879, and that this was only the second instance
since 1849.* A specimen of I3jlb. weight is
recorded in Lowe's fourth list as taken in a draw-
net at Gorleston, 17 May 1898.

**84. Salmon Trout. Salmo trutta, Linn.

Lubbock states that the salmon-trout is taken
in the Waveney. Considerable numbers are
taken in the mackerel nets off Lowestoft in Octo-
ber. One which I examined in 1895 was I4|-in.
long. Although great variation occurs in the
proportions of the head, in the shape of the preoper-
culum, and in the number of the coecal appen-
dages, these differences are not constant enough
to distinguish permanent varieties.

*85. Trout. Sa/mo fario, Linn.

According to Lubbock there are no trout in
the Waveney and they are not mentioned as
occurring in the rivers of Suffolk.

**86. Smelt. Osmerus eperlanus, Linn.

Common in all the estuaries, at Lowestoft, in
the Aide, the Deben, the Orwell, and the Stour.
Hele in Notes and Jottings about Aldeburgh
mentions an indenture of 1608 in the town-hall
of that town, agreeing that a reduced payment
should be made to the Priory, of Our Lady of
Snape for every boat fishing for Sperling in Sperling
time. These fish never leave the estuaries
entirely, but they ascend almost to the limits of
the tide to spawn, and deposit their eggs in fresh
water. The ova are adhesive and attach them-
selves by a flexible membrane to piles and piers
or other objects in the water ; but many of them
become detached and move to and fro with the
tide at the bottom of the channel.

87. Anchovy. Engraulis encrasicholus, Linn.

Paget records a specimen found on the beach
at Yarmouth in 1830, and Lowe states that they

Colman, Land and Water, 10 May 1879.

are frequently caught in the Ouse at Lynn in
Norfolk. Although there are no actual records
for Suffolk they probably occur in the sea off the
coast in autumn, as they are abundant in the
Zuyder Zee in Holland in summer and migrate
southwards through the English Channel in the
autumn.

88. Herring. Clupea harengus, Linn.

Immense shoals of herrings arrive off the coasts
of Suffolk and Norfolk at the beginning of Oc-
tober, and from that time to the end of November
a great fishery is carried on at Lowestoft and
Yarmouth, in which not only hundreds of local
boats take part, but large numbers of Scotch
boats. The herrings spawn in November, and
soon after spawning all depart again. Her-
rings are also on the Suffolk coast from March
to July, and in all probability another spawning
takes place some time within that period. No
special study however has been made of these
spring herrings, but there is evidence from other
parts of the coast that herrings spawn at the
beginning of the year as well as in autumn.
There is reason to believe that the fish of the
two seasons are not the same, but perfectly dis-
tinct, and that they form separate races. The
autumn herrings are larger and come from the
deep sea, while the spring herrings spawn nearer
shore and do not migrate to so great a distance.

89. Sprat. Clupea sprattus, Linn.

Caught off the coast with small-meshed drift-
nets from the beginning of November to the
middle of January. This fishery is carried on
at Lowestoft, Southwold, Thorpe, and Aldeburgh,
while at Harwich sprats are caught with stow-
nets in the. estuary. In Lowe's Fishes of Norfolk
Mr. Dowell is quoted as stating that though he
had seen vast quantities of sprats caught, he never
saw one with roe. This fact can now be ex-
plained, for it has been proved that sprats spawn
at some distance from the coast in summer, and
that during the sprat fishery in autumn and win-
ter, when they are in the estuaries or near the
coast, their roes, although of course present, are
not developed. Ripe specimens with large roes have
been obtained occasionally in the trawl, and the
eggs, which are buoyant, are found in the sea from
February to May or June. The young, soon
after hatching, approach the shore and enter the
estuaries, where they are caught as whitebait.

90. Pilchard. Clupea pilchardus, Walb. Artedi.

According to Paget a few specimens are taken
every year in the herring-nets at Yarmouth, but
usually they are rare. In some years at the end
of the 1 8th century, according to the same
authority, these fish were abundant. They have
also been recorded at Harwich.

169

22

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

**9i. Allis Shad. Clupea alosa, Linn.

Not abundant. According to Paget not un-
common with the herrings at Yarmouth. Two
specimens recorded by Gurney as taken at
Lowestoft in May 1840, a male of 3^ lb. and a
female of 4J lb.

**92. Twaite Shad. Clupta finta^Cm.

Not uncommon at Yarmouth according to
Paget. A specimen over 2 lb. in weight was
caught with hook and line at Lowestoft in June
1867 (Lowe).

APODES
**93. Eel. Anguilla vulgaris, Turton,

Common in the rivers and estuaries. A quo-
tation by Day in his British Fishes states that
Mr. Gurney used to find sharp-nosed eels along
the coast at Lowestoft, sometimes nearly a mile
from the harbour mouth. These were doubtless
males, in which the snout is narrower and sharper
than in the females. Both sexes however may
be taken in the sea, since all eels migrate to the
sea in order to spawn. It has now been proved
that the spawning of the eel takes place and the
young are hatched in the open Atlantic to the
west and south of the British Isles, in the neigh-
bourhood of the 500 fathom line. The larvae are
ribbon shaped and perfectly transparent, and were

formerly known as a species of Leptocephalus under
the name L. hrevirostris. The identification of
this species as the larva of the eel was made by
Grassi and Calandruccio at Catania in Sicily in
1893, and in 1905 specimens of this larva were
taken in considerable numbers ofiF the entrance
to the English Channel, just beyond the 500-
fathom line, by the Danish naturalist Johannes
Schmidt on the Danish investigation steamer
Thor. The spawning eels were not obtained,
but the presence of the larvae shows that the
spawning takes place not far off; the larvae were
not taken at the bottom, but within about 50
fathoms of the surface. Thus all the eels which
live in fresh waters in England or elsewhere in
north-western Europe are originally hatched in
the open Atlantic and migrate thence to the
rivers. Eels spawn only once in their lives;
those which descend to the sea never return, but
die after shedding their eggs and milt.

94. Conger. Conger vulgaris, Cuv.

Not uncommon at Yarmouth according to
Paget. In October 1895 I saw four specimens
landed at Lowestoft by a trawler which had
been fishing in the deep water off the town.
The larva of the Conger is Leptocephalus morrisi,
which has occasionally been taken in shallow
water, but there is no doubt that spawning takes
place in deep water. Like the eel the conger
spawns only once in its life. All the large
specimens taken are females, the males never
exceeding 2 ft. 6 in. in length.

GANOIDS

•*95. Sturgeon. Acipemer sturio, Linn.

Dr. John Lowe mentions a specimen taken off
the Suffolk coast which was 12 ft. 2 in. long and
weighed only 156 lb. In Mr. Hele's little book
on Aldeburgh he writes ' Mr. G. T. Rope of Blax-
hall,Tunstall, has furnished the following interest-
ing particulars concerning the capture of a sturgeon
many years ago. The incident is well remem-
bered by his father, now (1870) in his 90th year.
The fish was taken in the river Aide at Rendham,
according to Mr. Rope senior between the years
1836 and 1840. The capture occurred on the
property of the grandfather of the Rev. E. N.
Bloomfield of Guestling Rectory near Hastings,

and that gentleman in a letter to Mr. Rope gives
the following account of the event : — " There had
been a flood, but the water had gone down, so
that the sturgeon was left in a hole of the river
and could not get away. A boy who had been
sent from the Grove, Glenham, where my grand-
father lived, to the farm at Rendham, saw as he
supposed a pig in the river. He therefore told them
at the farm what he had seen. The head man at
once went with a halter to pull the pig out and
so captured the sturgeon. It was a very fine one
and was exhibited at Saxmundham. I think the
sturgeon must have been taken some time before
1835."*

170

FISHES

CHONDROPTERYGIANS

q6. Blue Shark. Carcharias glaucus, Linn.

Mentioned by Paget as seen occasionally at
Yarmouth with the herring. Mr. Gunn records
a specimen 5 ft. 4 in. long stranded on the beach
at Yarmouth in 1866, which Lowe suggests
might have been a tope. Hele records the cap-
ture of a specimen at Aldeburgh, and a second
stranded specimen 6 ft. long at Yarmouth is
recorded in the Zoologht in 1867.

97. Tope. Galeus vulgaris, Flem.

I identified a specimen taken in the trawl
when I was on board a Lowestoft trawler on
the Brown Ridges in 1895. It was a female
25 in. in length.

98. Hammerhead. Zygaena malleus, Risso.

A specimen is on record as taken at Yarmouth
in November 1829.

99. Smooth Hound. Mustelus vulgaris, Mullcr

& Henle.

A specimen 12 in. long was taken during my
voyage on the Brown Ridges in 1895. I also
saw a small specimen taken in the shrimp trawl
on the Newcome Sand. The men called it a
Sweet William, a name given by Dale in his
Antiquities of Harwich, published in 1 830, to
Galeus vulgaris.

100. Rough Hound or Small-spotted Dog-fish.

Scyllium canicula, Linn.

At Lowestoft according to Gurney.

loi. Nurse Hound or Large-spotted Dog-fish.
Scyllium catulus, Cuv.

At Yarmouth according to Paget.

102. Porbeagle. Lamna cornuhica, Gmel.

Two specimens taken at Yarmouth (Paget).
Southwell in his Notes to Sir Thomas Browne's
list states that a specimen 7 ft. long was taken
\t Lowestoft in October 1900, in drift-nets.

103. Thresher. Alopias vulpes, Gmel.

This species was first described by Dr. Caius
in 1570 from a specimen stranded between
Lowestoft and Pakefield. Southwell mentions
specimens at Lowestoft on 1 1 and 29 September
1897. Another occurred at the same place in
November 1898 which was 14 ft. long. It is
not infrequent in the mackerel season ; it preys
on the mackerel and is entangled in the drift-
nets.

104. Basking Shark. Selache maxima, Gmc\.

Paget states that several have been taken at
Yarmouth at different times.

105. Picked Dog-fish or Spur-dog. Acanthias

vulgaris, Risso.

I saw a small specimen caught in the shrimp
trawl on the Newcome Sand, but none on the
Brown Ridges. It is probably common at times,
but being a mid-water swimmer is usually
caught in the drift-nets or by hook and line.

1 06. Greenland Shark. Laemargus microcephalus,

Bl. Schn.
Southwell records a male specimen 12^ ft.
long taken off Kessingland in February 1875.'

107. Angel-fish or Monk-fish. Rhina squatina,

Linn.
A specimen was exhibited by fishermen on
the beach at Lowestoft in August 1874
(T. Southwell).

108. Torpedo or Electric Ray. Torpedo nobi-

liana, Bonap.

In Lowe's supplementary list a fine specimen
of T. vulgaris is stated to have been trawled at
Lowestoft in December 1883. It was in all
probability this species.

109. Common Skate. Rata hatis, Linn.

Probably occurs in the deep water. I did
not see any caught on the shallow grounds when
I was at Lowestoft.

1 10. White Skate, Burton Skate. Rata alba,

Lac6p.
A fine example is mentioned by Day as taken
off Yarmouth in October 1883, the first for
twenty-five years according to the Eastern Daily
Press at the time.

111. Thornback Ray. Raia clavaia, hinn.
Common. I saw three young specimens taken

in the trawl on the Brown Ridges
they were about 12 in. in width.

m

1895;

112. Spotted Ray or Homelyn Ray. Raia

maculata, Montagu.
Probably occurs, as it is common off Norfolk
according to Lowe.

113. Sting Ray. Trygort pastinaca, hinn.

Mr. Gurney in Lowe's list mentions one
weighing about 2 stone which he saw taken off
Kessingland in 1856 and which had a double
spine. T. E. Gunn records one from Yarmouth
3 ft. 6 in. long which weighed 4 stone.

114. Eagle Ray. Mylicbatis aquila, Linn.

One found dead on Lowestoft beach in June
1867.

'Zoo/. 1875.

171

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

CYCLOSTOMES

•*II5. Sea Lamprey. Petromyzon marinus, *ii6. Lampern or River Lamprey. Petromyzon
Linn. JluviatiliSy Linn,

According to Lowe this species is abundant in Occurs in Norfolk in the Ouse, and perhaps

the Yare in April and May, when numbers in Suffolk rivers, but is not recorded,

ascend the river to breed; it probably occurs *^^^ Planer's Lamprey. Petromyzon branchialis,
also in the Wavcney, and perhaps in other Suf- Linn.

rivers. Occurs in Norfolk according to Lowe and

therefore probably in Suffolk, but not recorded.

172

REPTILES
AND BATRACHIANS

Four species only of reptiles and five of batrachians can with certainty
be enumerated for this county. Of the former all have apparently de-
creased in number during the last century, especially the latter half of
it ; three in particular, the common ringed snake, viper and slow-worm,
being no longer found in many of their former haunts. The face of the
country has undergone such changes through a higher system of cultiva-
tion, enclosure of wastes, drainage and other causes, that much of it has
become unfitted for the requirements of these creatures. On the other
hand, the shelter provided by numerous railway cuttings and embank-
ments may, it is to be hoped, serve to retard, and perhaps prevent, the
utter extermination of these and other persecuted members of the British
fauna.

As regards batrachians, the natterjack {Bufo calatnita) is found in
several places near the coast. The Norfolk and Cambridgeshire colonics
of the edible frog [Rana esculenta) do not appear to have spread into
this county. A single specimen, doubtless an escaped one, was found in
a garden at Felixstowe in August 1882 (see note by A. B. R. Battye,
Zoologist, 1883, p. 226). Several of these frogs brought from Normandy
were turned out at Blaxhall in 1882, and a further supply, obtained
from London, in 1892 ; but owing to improper packing a large number
died. A few were seen and heard through the summers of 1893 and
1894, and one, in the adjoining parish of Farnham, in 1895, since which
time none have been observed.

The palmated newt {Molge paimata) has not, as far as I am aware,
been met with in this county, but as it has been found both in Nor-
folk and Essex it seems not unlikely that its presence may eventually be
detected.

Eleven examples of the European water tortoise {Emys lutaria)
were placed in a pond at Blaxhall in 1889, but most of them soon
wandered away in different directions. During the three following
years specimens were from time to time found about the village, and
in 1894 two were discovered in a marsh ditch about a quarter of a mile
off, another in the river (Aide) at about the same distance in an oppo-
site direction, and a third in a ditch at Iken Cliff, more than two miles
off. During the years 1894 and 1895 forty-nine of these tortoises were
turned into ditches and ponds at Blaxhall. A few were at the same
time liberated in some water adjoining a garden at Little Glemham.

^7Z

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

These latter appeared regularly near the same spot for several summers
in succession, but have now ceased to do so. In all cases the tortoises
remained in a healthy and thriving condition, but no young ones have
been seen.

REPTILES

LACERTILIA

1. Common or Viviparous Lizard. Lactrta

vivipara (Jacq.)

Fairly common in some parts of the county
on dry banks facing south or south-east.
About the heaths of east Suffolk it used to
be most abundant ; but in those parts best
known to the writer, where pheasants now
abound, lizards have become very scarce.
Over a large extent of heath land in the
parishes of Blaxhall and Tunstall, much of it
common ground, these little creatures were
within the recollection of the writer extremely
abundant, notwithstanding that kestrels were
at that time much more numerous than at
present, and harriers not uncommon. Since
however the preservation of game has been
extended to this tract of ground, and pheasants
have greatly increased in number, the lizards
have almost if not entirely disappeared.

As regards the western part of the county.
Professor A. Newton writes, ' According to
my experience the viviparous lizard was very
scarce and extremely local in west Suffolk.
At Elveden I knew of only one place where
it was ever to be seen, and even there one
could not be sure of always meeting with it.'

2. Slow-worm. Anguh fragilis, Linn.

This harmless and interesting little reptile
is pretty generally distributed, but reports
from various districts show it to be less com-
mon than it used to be. It is unfortunately
looked upon by many people as a noxious and
dangerous creature, and is therefore destroyed
by them if possible whenever met with. In
many parts of east Suffolk it is now but sel-
dom seen. About Thetford also it is con-
sidered by Mr. W. G. Clarke to be ' rather
rare.'

The increased attention paid to roads and
roadside banks and hedges may perhaps partly
account for the disappearance of this animal
from some of its former haunts, the surface
of the banks being seldom allowed to remain
long undisturbed, and the hedges kept so low
and narrow as to afford little or no shelter or
concealment.

In Earl Soham churchyard slow-worms
have been noticed by the Rev. R. Abbay to
be abundant ; and communications received
from other parts of the county seem to de-

note a particular partiality or these little
reptiles for churchyards in general. In such
situations they would probably have a better
chance of remaining undisturbed than else-
where, and be less exposed to persecution from
men and boys.

OPHIDIA

3. Common or Ringed Snake. 1 ropidonotus
natrix, Linn.

Throughout the whole county this species
is much less numerous than it was thirty or
forty years ago, and from many districts where
it was formerly not uncommon it has now
totally disappeared. It is doubtful indeed if
it can anywhere be called plentiful at the
present time. The much 'cleaner' system of
farming now adopted, involving the abolition
of the old rough banks and wide straggling
hedges of former times, the drainage of swamps
and enclosure and cultivation of waste cor-
ners, have long been encroaching upon and
gradually restricting the former haunts of the
ringed snake. In those woods and waste
grounds where it still maintains a struggle
for existence every man's hand is against it ;
the gamekeepers destroy it as ' vermin,' and
the country people generally, believing this
harmless animal to be a venomous creature
dangerous to mankind, consider it a meritorious
action to kill every one they meet with. In
the neighbourhood of Ipswich there are woods
and heaths where the common snake is still
occasionally seen. Mr. H. Miller of Ipswich
and other observers have met with examples
at Bentley, Foxhall, Raydon and Brantham.
About Needham Market specimens have fre-
quently been observed by Mr. H. Lingwood.
In the Beccles district Mr. W. M. Crowfoot
reports it to be still not uncommon, while
about Herringfleet, a few miles further north,
it appears to have become rare. Reports
from the neighbourhood of Bury St. Edmunds
and west Suffolk generally, mostly agree as to
the increasing scarcity of snakes, though these
reptiles still exist in some places. The Rev.
J. G. Tuck, writing from Tostock near Bury,
refers to the ringed snake as getting rare in
that part of the county. About ten years
ago he used to come across specimens often
enough. In a later communication to the
writer he mentions two snakes having been.

174

REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS

seen on the railway bank at Elmswell on
9 April 1903. Just over the Cambridgeshire
border at the ' Devil's Dyke ' a large snake
was observed by a friend of Mr. F. Norgate's
in September 1892.

One reason given by Mr. Bateman ' for
the greater scarcity of this species as com-
pared with the viper, is that the eggs of the
former, often deposited in manure heaps and
similar situations, are very liable to injury
and often prevented from hatching, while the
more prolific * viper produces at one time
from thirty to fifty little viperlings, all ready
and able to fight their way in the world.'

For an interesting account of the curious
behaviour of some sparrows and a robin in
the presence of a snake, see the Zoologist for
1869, p. 1918.

4. Common Viper or Adder. Vipera berus,
Linn.

Very much scarcer than it used to be, but
still found in many parts of the county. On
the irregular strip of heath land which runs
more or less parallel to the coast, extending
in places several miles inland, it was up to
thirty or forty years ago fairly common.
Here it probably subsisted principally on the
lizards which then abounded on the same
ground. At that time vipers were not un-
frequently carried into the neighbouring farm-
yards, among loads of furze, brakes (bracken)
and heather brought from the heath. Of

late years Mr. H. Miller has met with
examples at Nacton and Alnesbourne, as
well as in woods at Bentley, Raydon and
Brantham, and Mr. Hudson has until lately
found this reptile common at Foxhall near
the decoy. From the heath about Blaxhall,
Tunstall and Iken, it has almost entirely dis-
appeared. At Gedgrave one was lately killed
by a waggoner with his whip while it was
crossing the road, and was preserved by Mr.
Hudson of Ipswich. Vipers were formerly
common about Blyth burgh, Westleton and
Dunwich, but according to various observers
their numbers have greatly diminished. In-
deed intelligence received from several parts
of the county agrees with respect to the in-
creasing scarcity of this reptile in comparison
with former times. In very few districts
does it still appear to be at all abundant.
Mr. W. M. Crowfoot considers it not un-
common in the neighbourhood of Beccles,
and has found the red variety in Worlingham
Park. He was also told by Colonel Leathes
of Herringfleet Hall, some 4 or 5 miles from
Beccles, that they were a great deal too com-
mon in that parish. Mr. H. Lingwood, in a
letter to the writer, states that it is frequently
met with in the neighbourhood of Needham
Market, also that he has known it take the
water like the common snake. Mr. F.
Norgate killed two vipers at Tuddenham
St. Mary near Mildenhall in May 1893,
and has occasionally met with them there in
previous years.

BATRACHIANS

ECAUDATA

1. Common Frog. Rana tempararia, Linn.

Locally, Fresher or Freshy.
Plentiful in low and moist situations in all
parts of the county. A handsome variety is
sometimes met with, in which the upper
parts are of a rich chestnut with darker spots
or blotches, the under parts yellow, splashed
and sprinkled with light scarlet or blood red.
This occurs about Blaxhall, Farnham and
the surrounding district. The writer has
also seen a specimen near the river Stour at
Bures, and it is probably to be found in other
parts of the county.

2. Common Toad. Bufo vulgaris^ Laur.

Locally, Hopping-toad.
Common. Breeds abundantly in many
ponds and ditches (though by no means in

' The Ovarium, by the Rev. Gregory C. Bate-
man, A.K.C., p. zzz.

all of them) throughout the county. Great
numbers both of toads and frogs are de-
stroyed and partly devoured at the com-
mencement of the spawning season by rats.

3. Natterjack Toad. Bufo calamita, Laur.

This very local species occurs in more than
one part of the county, showing as elsewhere
a decided partiality for the sea coast. It is
found at Belton near Yarmouth, Herringfleet,
St. Olaves, Southwold and Walberswick.*
From thence, following the coast line in a
southerly direction, we come to Aldeburgh,
where in August 1882 the Rev. H. A.
Macpherson observed examples in warm

' At Herringfleet it has been observed by Mr.
H. Miller of Ipswich, as well as by Colonel
Leathes, who has also seen specimens at St. Olaves.
Both Mr. Miller and Mr. E. R. Cooper have met
with this species at Southwold, and at Walberswick
it has been noticed by Mr. Cooper and the pre-
leat writer.

175

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

sunshine quite close to the beach.' Further
south Mr. H. Miller has noticed this species
in a garden at Alderton. At Bawdsey, an
adjoining village at the mouth of the river
Deben, a colony of natterjacks has long
been known to exist. Through the kind-
ness of Mr. W. H. Tuck I am enabled to
record an inland locality for this interesting
little batrachian. At Tostock, a village
situated about midway between Stowmarket
and Bury St. Edmunds, there is a pond which
forms one of the sources of the little river
Thet. This particular pond, one among
several in that neighbourhood, has long been
frequented in the breeding season by natter-
jacks. Mr. Tuck states that they leave the
water in July. These animals used to spawn
annually at Coldfair Green, about 3 miles
north-west of Aldeburgh. A small stream
here crosses the green, connected after heavy
rains with several shallow depressions in the
ground, which then become pools of water ;
remaining in that state sometimes for many
months. Here, within a stone's throw of
several cottages, the natterjacks used to de-
posit their spawn, and at the end of April and
beginning of May their loud ringing cry
could be heard for a considerable distance.
From some unknown cause they have now
deserted this spot. On 17 June 1903 the

* Zoobpst, 1882, p. 465.

Rev. J. G. Tuck saw a half grown natter-
jack on Wortham Common near Diss.

CAUDATA

4. Great Crested Newt. Molge cristatOy

Laur.
Inhabits ponds in various parts of the
county, particularly those upon a clay soil.
It is less numerous than the common smooth
newt, but the two are not unfrequently found
together, the warty newt sometimes making
a meal of its smaller relative.

5. Common Newt. Molge vulgarity Linn.

(Triton punctatus, Latr.)
Plentiful in many ponds and pools of
stagnant water, particularly those in which
the shining pondweed (Potamogeton lucens)
grows, upon the under side of the leaves of
which the female often deposits her eggs.
The common newt is sometimes found
hibernating in cellars, but more frequently
under stones, logs, etc. The young after their
transition from the tadpole state, instead of
increasing, appear for a time to diminish con-
siderably in bulk. It is not unusual to find
hibernating on land, newts which have at-
tained the perfect or adult stage, so extremely
small as to be less than half the size of ex-
amples in the larval condition, living in the
water and still retaining their branchiae.

ADDENDUM

European Water Tortoise. Emys lutaria. Some of the water tortoises turned out at
Blaxhall and Little Glemham during the years 1894 and 1895 still survive in both parishes.
Three large specimens have been seen together during the spring of 1908, in a ditch at the
latter place.

T76

BIRDS

If the list of the birds of Suffolk falls short of the Norfolk list
by about thirty species, it is not because the former county has been
less attractive to birds than its northern neighbour, but because Suffolk
has not been so productive of resident naturalists who have made a special
study of local birds. The fifty miles of Suffolk coast-line with its tidal
rivers, as well as the marshes and broads of the east and the fens of the
north-west, must have been literally teeming with bird-life in the
eighteenth century. Latham seems to have had some knowledge of the
birds of Suffolk, but it was not till 1824 that the Rev. Revett Sheppard
(a Suffolk man) and the Rev. William Whitear jointly produced their
Catalogue of Norfolk and Suffolk Birds, with Remarks. In 1846, when the
Rev. Alfred Suckling published The History and Antiquities of the County
of Suffolk, he was assisted by Mr. T. M. Spalding, who furnished him
with a List of Birds rarely and occasionally met with in the County of Suffolk
(vol. i. Introduction pp. xxxv.— ix.). This list contains 116 species,
some of which are ordinary summer migrants, such as the wheatear and
wryneck, both of which are accorded a place. In 1859 the late Mr,
Nicholas Fenwick Hele, a Devonshire man, went into practice as a
medical man at Aldeburgh, where he remained till his much-lamented
death in 1892. The two editions of his Notes and Jottings about Alde-
burgh, published respectively in 1870 and 1890, contain much interesting
information on the birds of the district, and his fine collection of local
birds, many of them shot, and nearly all mounted by himself, is now
preserved in the Ipswich Museum. In 1886 the late Dr. Churchill
Babington, rector of Cockfield, published The Catalogue of the Birds of
Suffolk, with an Introduction and Remarks on their Distribution, an octavo
volume of nearly 300 pages, illustrated by photographs taken from
mounted specimens of some of the rarest species; and in 1891 the
present writer furnished a list of Suffolk birds for Mr. William White's
History, Gazetteer and Directory of Suffolk.

At the present time about ninety species of birds habitually breed
in the county, and some few others may breed or attempt to do so from
time to time, though they can hardly be considered to do so regularly.
These are the Dartford warbler, white wagtail, crossbill, short-eared owl,
Montagu's harrier, hobby, garganey, pochard, quail, spotted crake, oyster-
catcher and woodcock ; and then follows a rather melancholy list of birds
which are known to have formerly bred in the county, some of them
in large numbers, but which do so no longer, and with the possible
exception of the bearded tit there is little hope of their ever doing so
again. This catalogue includes the bearded tit, raven, buzzard, pere-
I 177 23

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

grine falcon, cormorant, spoonbill, great bustard, avocet and black-headed
gull, to which perhaps may be added the Sandwich tern and the
roseate tern, and there can be little doubt that in days now long gone by
many other species resorted to the woods, fens and marshes of Suffolk in
the nesting season. No record seems to exist of Savi's warbler, the
marsh-harrier, hen-harrier, honey-buzzard, kite, bittern, grey-lag goose,
crane, ruff, black-tailed godwit, curlew and black tern having bred in
the county, but from what we know of their habits in other parts of
England in former times, and on the continent of Europe at the present
day, it seems quite reasonable to believe that such was the case.

The birds seen or obtained on Breydon Water, which for some
three miles forms the boundary between Norfolk and Suffolk, may fairly
be considered to belong in an equal degree to both counties, and several
species have no other claim to a place in the Suffolk list than their occur-
rence ' on Breydon.'

In the following list, when a species is described as a 'resident' it is
intended to convey the meaning that some individuals of that species
may be found in the county all the year round, but not in all cases the
same in winter as in summer. Two very well known birds, the song-
thrush and the chaffinch, may be taken as typical examples. Very few
thrushes pass the winter in Suffolk, even though that season may be an
exceptionally mild one, and for every one that does so we have at least a
dozen pairs of breeding birds. On the contrary swarms of migratory
chaffinches come to us with the bramblings in late autumn and early
winter, and for every pair which breed here we have twenty or more
* foreigners ' in winter. The blackbirds which come to our holly trees
in December with the fieldfares and redwings are probably not the same
birds which throng our fruit gardens in June ; the ' plovers' eggs ' so
eagerly sought by schoolboys in the Easter holidays are not laid by the
same lapwings which may be seen flocking in our fields in November ;
and the snipe whose ' drumming ' above our marshes and meadows is
one of the most welcome signs of the coming of spring will be far
away when the snipe-shooter goes over the same ground later in the year.
It would seem in fact that most birds which breed with us leave us in
the late summer or autumn and move on to the south ; their places are
filled, and in the case of the sky-lark and wood-pigeon filled ten times
over, by others of the same species which come to us from the north.
The migration of ' resident ' species can be seen by any one who passes a
few days at Southwold or Aldeburgh about the middle of October,
when sky-larks, starlings, rooks and jackdaws can be watched as they
come in over the sea.

By a ' summer migrant ' is meant a bird which comes to us in
spring, remains with us some months, rearing one or perhaps two broods
here, and leaving again in autumn never spends the winter in this
country. Of this class we have about thirty species, of which the red-
backed shrike, swift, wryneck, turtle-dove, stone-curlew, common tern
and lesser tern may be mentioned as examples.

178

BIRDS

A ' winter migrant ' on the other hand is a bird which comes to us
in autumn, remaining with us till the return of spring calls it back to its
breeding haunts in more northern regions. The fieldfare, redwing,
brambling, hooded crow, with the great majority of the woodcocks, are
examples of this class, and having no inducement to remain long in one
place, their movements are more irregular and uncertain than those of
the summer migrants.

The term ' visitant ' is applied to a species which comes to us on its
passage from north to south, or vice versa, remaining only for a few weeks
or days, perhaps but for a few hours, for the purpose of resting. Many
of the waders, like the grey plover, greenshank, knot and bar-tailed
godwit, come to the Suffolk coast and to Breydon Water in May on their
migration to their northern breeding grounds, and make a return visit in
August and September when the young birds of the year are numerous,
but at mid-summer or mid-winter none are to be found. Under the
heading of ' visitants ' must also be included those birds the occurrence of
which in the county is more or less irregular and accidental.

A good deal of bird protection has been accomplished in Suffolk
both by private effort and recent legislation. Within the limits of juris-
diction of the West Suffolk County Council all species of owls, the
kestrel, the kingfisher, and the great bustard (the last-named for special
reasons) are now protected throughout the year, and the taking or
destroying of their eggs, with those of the nightjar, heron, stone-
curlew, redshank and many other species is prohibited. In east Suffolk
that portion of the coast on which the terns and other birds breed is
now a ' protected area,' and here, where a single raid used formerly to
produce eighty or a hundred ' cobs' eggs,' protection exists not only in
name but in actual fact. Breydon Water also is well looked after in the
close time by the members of the Breydon Protection Society and their
agents, so that spoonbills frequently come there, remain for some days,
and depart in safety. The extension of the close time in Norfolk and
east Suffolk from i August to i September has also been of great value
in preventing the wanton destruction of the terns and black-headed
gulls.

It seems desirable to add the local or colloquial names of each species
so far as it has been possible to obtain them. Natural history ' object
lessons ' now form a part of the instruction given in village schools, and
the teaching must often be given by those whose knowledge of their
subject has been gained from books and illustrations rather than from
actual out-door experience. The children will thus be taught to speak
of the various birds by what must be admitted to be their proper names
and to discard the familiar ' mavis ' and ' King Harry ' which have come
down from generation to generation in our villages, so it seems possible
that in the course of time these names may become obsolete.

In drawing up this list the second edition (1899) of Mr. Howard
Saunders' Illustrated Manual of British Birds has been adopted as the
guide both to the order in which the species are given, and the name

179

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

under which each one is mentioned. Following the example of that
excellent authority, the purple gallinule, the Canada goose and the
Egyptian goose are excluded from the list as birds which have escaped
from captivity or semi-captivity, and the ' parrot-crossbill ' and ' Polish
swan ' are not treated as distinct species. 384 species of British birds are
described in the Manual, of which 282 find a place in this list.

Space will not permit individual acknowledgment of all the valuable
assistance received, but the writer's cordial thanks are due to Mr. Frank
Norgate, who has most kindly read through the MS. and the proof-sheets ;
to the Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain and Mr. G. T. Rope for the use of their
private notes ; and to Mr. L. Travis for his unvaried courtesy during
the last fifteen years in affording opportunities for the inspection of the
birds sent to him for preservation and also in giving information of their
localities.

1. Mistle-Thrush. Turdus viscivorus, Linn.

Locally, Mistier or Mistle-bird.
A resident, breeding early, and as a rule
rearing only one brood in the year. It does
not frequent fruit gardens in the summer,
but goes away with its young into meadows
and fields.

2. Song-Thrush. Turdus musicus, Linn.

Locally, Mavis.
A resident, though, as previously stated, a
thoroughly migratory species. An early
breeder, sometimes having eggs in February,
and nesting at least twice in the season.

3. Redwing. Turdus iliacusy Linn.

A typical ' winter migrant,' often found in
company with the fieldfare, and, like that
species, never under any circumstances re-
maining to breed here.

4. Fieldfare. Turdus pilaris, Linn.

Locally, Fulfer or Dow-Fulfer ( = Dove Field-
fare,) probably from the dove colour on its
back.

A winter migrant, which in hard weather
abandons its ' field-faring ' habits, and comes
into gardens to feed on holly-berries. During
a short but severe frost in February, 1902,
over forty fell in one day to one gun, a
slaughter only excusable from the fact that
the fieldfare in good condition is an excellent
bird for the table.

5. Blackbird. Turdus merula, Linn.
Resident and common, but a bird whose

migratory habits are plainly shown by the
frequent casualties with which it meets on
the lanterns of lighthouses and lightships. It
breeds twice or thrice in the season, the first
clutch of eggs rarely exceeding four, while in

May or June five are often and six occasion-
ally found. Varieties with more or less white
in the plumage are not uncommon. The
blackbird much appreciates being fed in win-
ter, and a few apples, worthless for the table
or kitchen, are a great boon to it in severe
weather.

6. Ring-Ouzel. Turdus torquatus, Linn.

A spring and autumn visitant, probably
occurring every year. One got into a net
and was captured in a garden at Icklingham
in the summer of 1901. There seems to be
no satisfactory record of its nestmg here,
though several heaths and commons in Suffolk
are well suited to its habits.

7. Wheatear. Saxicola cenanthe (Linn.)

Locally, Stone-chuck.
A typical ' summer migrant * and one of
the earliest, arriving on the east coast about
the last week in March. ' The sea-blue bird
of March ' is to be seen on rabbit-warrens,
heaths and waste grounds, where it builds its
nest in rabbit-burrows, rearing two broods in
the year. During the last few years no less
than three new species of wheatear have been
added to the British bird list, of which it may
be said that any one who finds himself the
possessor of a rather small wheatear with a
black or mottled patch under the throat has
a very valuable prize, and that, if these rare
visitors occur at all, the locality will probably
be near the coast, and the time that of the
autumn migration.

8. Whinchat. Pratincola rubetra (Linn.)

Locally, Furze-chuck.
A summer migrant, breeding in rough
grass meadows and on furze commons
throughout the county.

180

BIRDS

9. Stonechat. Pratincola rubicola (Linn.)

Locally, Furze-chuck.
A resident, though more numerous in sum-
mer, and only nesting on furze commons. It
breeds twice in the year, building a nest so
well concealed in the thickest part of a furze
bush that its discovery is almost impossible
unless the bird is seen to go to it or suddenly
flushed from it.

10. Redstart. RuticUla phanicurus {LAnn.)
Locally, Fire-tail or Red-tail.

This pretty species is well known as a
summer migrant throughout the county.

1 1 . Black Redstart. Ruticilla titys (Scopoli)
Though a regular winter migrant to some

parts of England, in Suffolk this bird is a
decidedly rare winter visitant, usually found
near the coast. If a redstart is seen in the
eastern counties after September, it is pretty
certain to be one of this species.

12. Red-spotted Bluethroat. Cyanecula suecica

(Linn.)
A very rare spring and autumn visitant,
of which Dr. Babington mentions the occur-
rence of seven specimens, and no more seem
to have been recorded. The bluethroat is
unlikely to be found except near the coast,
and in the plain plumage of the first year
might easily be overlooked.

13. Redbreast. Erithacus ruhecula (Linn.)
The title ' robin ' is so often applied to

this bird that it can hardly be given as a
local name. Though a common resident,
there are numerous records of its migrations
on the east coast and elsewhere, even on the
Shetland Islands. Wherever the custom of
feeding birds in the winter is practised the
robin is always well to the front, and often
comes so late in the afternoon that his colour-
ing cannot be seen. In April, 1903, a pair
hatched off in a garden at Bury, of which the
cock would take meal-worms from the hand
and carry them to the young brood. An old
kettle with the lid removed and placed on its
side in a bush or in ivy on a wall is a favourite
nesting place. Occasionally a clutch of per-
fectly white eggs is found, and the second
nest of the robin is in Suffolk frequently
selected by the cuckoo for the reception of
its egg.

14. Nightingale. Daulias lusc'tnia (Linn.)
About the middle of April this well known

summer migrant arrives in Suffolk in large
numbers, and those who know it well by
sight often recognize it before it makes its

presence known by its song. Its nest — of
which oak leaves always form a part — and
eggs are both unlike those of any other bird
nesting in Great Britain, though the eggs vary
a good deal. Perhaps a circle with a ten mile
radius and the Norman tower at Bury for
its centre would contain as many nightingales
in May as any district of equal area in this
country, and they indirectly enjoy the benefit
of the protection of the gamekeeper, who likes
his woods ' kept quiet ' in the breeding time.
Only one brood is reared in the season, and
as soon as the young are hatched the song of
the cock ceases, so when it is heard after the
first week in June it is usually due to the
fact that the first nest has been taken or de-
stroyed.

15. Whitethroat. Sylvia cinerea (Bechstein)
Locally, Hay-jack.
This lively little summer migrant is com-
mon everywhere, and its nest, usually built in
what is known in Suffolk as the ' brew ' of a
ditch, is often disclosed by the bird darting
out at the feet of any one passing by.

16

Sylvii

'via curruca

Lesser Whitethroat.
(Linn.)

A much less abundant summer migrant
than its larger congener, building a very
small neat nest in hedges, generally two or
three feet from the ground.

17. Blackcap. Sylvia atricapilla (Linn.)

A summer migrant whose song is only in-
ferior to that of the nightingale. The fact of
the cock being often seen on the nest has
sometimes given rise to the mistaken idea
that both sexes are alike, whereas the ' cap '
of the hen is reddish brown.

18. Garden- Warbler. Sylvia hortensis (Bech-

stein)
Locally, Hay-jack.
This summer migrant shares the above
local name with the whitethroat from the
dry grass used in the building of their nests.
Its eggs often much resemble those of the
blackcap, but the garden-warbler is a much
later breeder, and the nest is larger, while the
eggs never show any trace of the beautiful
red tint sometimes seen in a clutch of black-
cap's eggs.

19. Dartford Warbler. Sylvia undata (Bod-

daert)
The discovery of the breeding of the Dart-
ford warbler in Suffolk is due to the late Sir
Edward Newton, whose observations arc re-
-orded in the Birds of Norfolk (iii. 387). It

181

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

may perhaps be classed as a resident, as a few
pairs probably still breed on some of the
furze commons.

20. Goldcrest. Regulus cristatus, K. L. Koch
Locally, Teapot, possibly from the shape of its

nest.
A resident, receiving large additions in
autumn. There is nothing more interesting
in the autumn migration than the crossing of
the wild North Sea by this 'shadow of a bird,'
as Gilbert White called it. On 1 5 October,
1883, fourteen were killed by striking the
lantern of the Shipwash lightship, which lies
about five miles south-east of Orford. Dr.
Babington seems to have been very doubtful
about the claim of the firecrest [R. ignicapillui)
to a place in the Suffolk list, and as there
appear to be no further records the species is
omitted here.

21. Chiffchaff. Phylloscopus rufUs (Bechstein)
The local names of ' ground oven ' and

'oven bird' are common to this species and the
willow-warbler from the shape of their nests.
The chiffchaff is a summer migrant, arriving
in March and announcing its presence by the
often repeated note from which it takes its
name.

22. Willow - Warbler. Phylloscopus trochilus

(Linn.)
A summer migrant, building a domed nest
lined with feathers like that of the chiffchaff,
but the eggs can be distinguished by their
pale red markings, while those of the chiffchaff
are spotted with purple or claret colour.

23. Wood-Warbler. Phylloscopus sibilatrix

(Bechstein)

A much more uncommon summer migrant.
The bird is larger and greener than either
of the two species just mentioned, its nest
contains no feathers, and the eggs are much
more closely marked with dark red or purple.

24. Reed - Warbler. Acrocephalus streperus

(Vieillot)

A local summer migrant, restricted to
places where the reeds afford it shelter and
also the requisite support for its beautiful
nest. It is plentiful in the reeds which fringe
and in some places completely cover the river
Waveney. The very similar marsh-warbler
(y/. palustris), which has occurred in Norfolk,
will doubtless be sooner or later identified in
Suffolk, and any basket-like nest found in an
osier-bed, or suspended from the stalks of the
meadow-sweet, should be carefully watched
with thi« object in view.

25. Sedge-Warbler. Acrocephalus phragmitis

(Bechstein)
A very common summer migrant, which
seems to be especially fond of the sound of
its own voice, as it may be heard before day-
light and after dusk. A rare kindred species
known as the aquatic warbler {A. aquaticus)
has been obtained in Norfolk, and ' the con-
spicuous buff streak down the middle of the
crown of the aquatic warbler is an unfail-
ing mark of distinction between this species
and the sedge warbler ' (Saunders' Manualy
p. 88)

26. Grasshopper-Warbler. Locustella navia

(Boddaert)
A local summer migrant, much more often
heard than seen, which builds a nest so well
concealed in rough grass or a low bush that
very few nest-hunting boys have ever seen
its red-mottled eggs, or even know of the
existence of the bird. The grasshopper-
warbler looks very dark in colour when
flushed from her nest, and as she goes off
spreads her tail to its fullest extent, so that
when once seen under these circumstances
she can always be recognized again.

27

Accentor modularis

Hedge - Sparrow.

(Linn.)
Locally, Hedge-Betty.
A common resident, though many are also
migratory. Its moss-built, hair-lined nest
and lovely blue eggs are well known to every
one. As in the case of the blackbird, five
eggs are rarely found till the second nest is
built.

28. Alpine Accentor. Accentor collaris (Sco-

poli)
This very rare visitant has never been ob-
tained in the county, but has been twice
seen by excellent observers, the first time in
1824 at Oulton by the Rev. R. Lubbock,
and again in September, 1894, at Gorleston
Pier by Mr. Patterson {Zoologist for 1900,
p. 400)

29. Dipper. Cinclus aquaticus, Bechstein
This species, though common enough in

many parts of England, is a very rare visitant
to Suffolk. Dr. Babington also records the
occurrence of the northern form, which has
a black breast.

30. Bearded Reedling or Tit. Panurus biar-

micus (Linn.)
Norfolk appears to be the only county in
the British Islands in which this beautiful
little bird is now (1903) a resident. It was

182

BIRDS

once bjr no means rare in several localities,
chiefly in east Suffolk, but is now only an
autumn and winter visitant. Two were re-
corded in the Field as having been seen near
Ipswich in the autumn of 1902.

3 1 . Long-tailed Tit. Acrtdula caudata (Linn,)

Locally, Pudding-poke, Bum-barrel, from the
shape of its nest.

A resident and an early breeder, often
commencing to build its curious nest in
March, when it is easily found in the bare
thorn hedges.

32. Great Tit, Parus major, Linn.
Locally, Black-cap.

A common resident species, which becomes
very tame where it is fed in the winter, and
will always go to suitable nest-boxes provided
for its accommodation. It has a curious
habit of covering up its eggs till the full
clutch is laid, and the sitting hen will allow
the lid of the box to be removed and replaced
without leaving her nest. Where traps baited
with cheese are set for mice in gardens great
tits, blue tits and nuthatches are almost cer-
tain to be caught unless the traps are covered
or sprung during the daytime. Among the
early signs of spring is the note of the great
tit, of which country people remark that ' He's
a sharpin' his saw.'

33. Coal-Tit, Parus ater, Linn.

A resident, not so common as the last, but
very similar in its habits, except that of roost-
ing in haystacks, which none of the other tits
<lo.

34. Marsh-Tit, Parus palustris, Linn,

Also a resident, but not abundant. Its
favourite nesting-place seems to be an old
rotten birch or alder stump, in which it often
bores for itself a neat little nesting-hole like
that of a woodpecker, and builds a small nest
chiefly made of down. As a rule it lays
eggs marked with larger and darker spots
than those of the other tits.

35. Blue Tit. Parus caruleus, Linn,
Locally, Blue-cap, Tom-tit, Pick-cheese,

A common resident, well known to every
one, and the word ' impudent ' suits it better
than ' tame,' In Suffolk all the tits appear to
breed but once in a year, and as the family
sometimes consists of ten or a dozen they
increase as rapidly as many birds which rear
two broods, A nest-box with a small hole
placed on a garden wall is pretty certain to
attract a pair of blue tits, and they more than

pay their rent by the number of caterpillars
which they destroy when feeding their young.

36. Crested Tit, Parus cristatus, Linn.
Mr. Hele saw one in his garden at Alde-

burgh in the summer of 1861, and as he
possessed a good knowledge of birds combined
with excellent eyesight there can be no
doubt as to the identity of the bird. A second
was shot at Melton in 1873 and seen by Dr.
Babington (ZWa^rf, 1890, p. 21 1)

37. Nuthatch, Sitta casta. Wolf,

A resident in the strict sense of the word,
as there appear to be no records of its migra-
tion anywhere in England, and it does not
find a place in the list of nearly 400 species
seen or obtained on Heligoland, It has a
singular habit, unique among British birds, of
plastering up the entrance to its nesting-place
with clay, leaving only a hole just large enough
to allow it to pass in and out, and it also
uses an unusual material for its nest, which is
simply a heap of the scales of the Scotch fir.
Like the great tit it will readily take advan-
tage of a nesting box, and will also come to a
window for food. No bird is more amusing
to watch than a nuthatch when feeding, and
no bird can take better care of itself, as even
the sparrow stands in awe of the long sharp
bill which can ' hack ' a hole in the shell of a
hazel nut. The name ' nuthatch ' means the
' hacker of nuts,' and the bird is often mis-
called a ' tree-creeper ' or a ' woodpecker.*

38, Wren, Troglodytes parvulus, K. L, Koch.
Locally, Tittereen or Magareen, which may

be corruptions of Titty Wren and Maggie
Wren.

A hardy little resident, which seems able
to find food even in hard winters, as it never
comes to be fed. Records of its migratory
movements have been received from the
Corton and Shipwash light-vessels, and also
from the Orford lighthouse,

39, Tree-Creeper, Certhia familiarls,\J\vm.
Locally, Creep-tree ; Dr. Babington also gives

Bark-runner,
This little bird is almost as much a resident
as the nuthatch, and is fairly common through-
out the county wherever trees suitable to its
habits are to be found. It usually builds
behind a loose piece of bark on an elm, and
has often been known to use an artificial site
of this kind. Two nests, both containing
eggs, have been seen in places thus constructed
on opposite sides of the same elm tree. The
eggs of the tree-creeper much resemble those

183

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

of the smaller tits, but the nest is quite un-
like that of any other bird.

40. Pied Wagtail. Motacilla /ugubris, Tem-

minck.
Locally, Washtail or Penny-Wagtail, the latter
perhaps from Penelope, like Jenny Wren.

In mild winters a few pied wagtails may
remain to pass the whole year in Suffolk, but
this pretty bird is practically a summer
migrant. It is very fond of tennis courts and
croquet grounds, where it may often be seen
busily engaged in the pursuit of insects. The
pied wagtail sometimes uses the old nest of
another bird as the foundation of its own, and
usually rears two broods in the year.

41. White Wagtail. Motacilla alba, Linn.
This bird is the continental form of the

pied wagtail, and its migrations extend as far
north as Iceland, where it breeds regularly.
It is doubtless often seen and not recognized,
and may be a regular summer migrant. On
more than one occasion it has been known to
interbreed in Suffolk with the pied wagtail,
while at least one nest has been found of
which both the parents were white wagtails.
The adult bird is easily recognized by its light
grey back, sharply contrasting with the glossy
black of the head, but its habits, nest and
sparrow-like eggs all resemble those of the
more common species.

42. Grey Wagtail.
Pallas.

Motacilla melanope.

A rather rare winter visitant, never breed-
ing in the county, though it has been known
to do so in Lincolnshire. A wagtail showing
any trace of yellow in its plumage which is
observed in the winter is certain to belong to
this species.

43. Blue-headed Yellow Wagtail. Motacilla

Jlava, Linn.

A rare summer visitant, which from its
habit of frequenting marshes and meadows
may easily be overlooked, and if it breeds in
the county the nest and eggs cannot be dis-
tinquished from those of the yellow wagtail,
but the male in full plumage can be recog-
nized by the colour of his head.

44. Yellow Wagtail. Motacilla rati (Bona-

parte)
A summer migrant. Common enough in
localities suited to its habits, where it breeds
on furze commons, marshes and in rough
meadows. The nest is very difficult to find,
as the hen steals quietly off her eggs at the
approach of an intruder, though in wet cold

[84

weather, like most birds, she sometimes sits
very closely.

45. Tree-Pipit. Anthus trivialis (Linn.)

A common summer migrant, always nesting
on the ground, and rearing two broods in the
year. The nest is frequently found in hay-
fields and on railway banks, and the eggs,
with the single exception of the guillemot's,
vary more than those of any other British
bird.

46. Meadow-Pipit. Anthus pratensis (Linn.)

Locally, Tit-lark, a name often given also to
the tree-pipit.

The great majority of the meadow-pipits
which are found in Suffolk are summer
migrants, though some remain throughout the
year. This species frequents furze commons
rather than meadows, and its nest is usually
placed on or very near the ground in a low
furze bush. The eggs are much duller in
tint than those of the tree pipit, and never
show any of the red mottling or purple or
greenish blotches so often seen in those of
that species.

47. Tawny Pipit. Anthus campestris (Linn.)
This very rare visitant has occurred once

near Lowestoft, where one was caught alive
on 2 September, 1889 [Zoologist, 1890, p. 57).
Dr. Babington has admitted Richard's pipit
[A. richardi) to his Catalogue, as' it has been
shot a few times near Yarmouth, and is said
to have been once seen near Hadleigh. No
Suffolk specimen is known to exist, though
there can be little doubt that it has visited the
county, and with a view to its fiiture recogni-
tion it may be described as the largest pipit
known, in size nearly equal to a sky-lark, and
possessing a long curved hind claw.

48. Rock-Pipit. Anthus obscurus (Latham)

A winter visitant to the coast, where it
frequents salt marshes and the muddy banks of
tidal rivers. It has never been known to
breed in the eastern counties. Two other
species of pipit are figured and described in
Saunders' Manual, and any bird of this family
about which there exists any doubt should be
submitted to the inspection of an expert.

49. Golden Oriole. Oriolus galbula, Linn.
An occasional spring and summer visitant,

more frequently found in east Suffolk than
further inland. As it has more than once
nested in Kent it is by no means impossible that
it might also do so in other counties if the
same protection were extended to it, but the
brilliant yellow colouring of the cock oriole's

BIRDS

plumage renders him liable to attract notice,
and this usually results in his being shot.

50. Great Grey
Linn.

Shrike. Lanius excubitor.

A regular autumn and winter visitant, met
with every year, and a bird likely to attract
notice from its colouring. The northern
form known as Pallas's grey shrike, which has
more white on the wings, also occurs.

51-

Red-backed
Linn.

Shrike. Lanius col/urio.

Locally, Butcher-bird.
A well-known summer migrant, nesting
plentifully in mid-SufFolk, and returning to
the same locality year after year with great
regularity. A late comer, it is also a late
breeder, making its nest about the end of
May in a thorn hedge, and usually choosing
one which divides two grass fields. If the
cock bird is seen perched on a telegraph wire,
it may be taken for granted that the nest is
not far away. The eggs, though they vary a
good deal, are not likely to be mistaken for
those of any other bird which breeds in the
British Islands, and the variety zoned with
deep red and purple is very beautiful. This
type however is not found in more than one
nest in a dozen. The name of ' butcher-bird '
has been given to this species from its curious
habit of impaling bees and small birds on furze-
bushes or thorn fences.

52. Woodchat Shrike. Lanius pemeranus,

Sparrman
A very rare summer visitant, which has
only occurred three or four times, the last
record being in i860. Three specimens of
the lesser grey shrike {Lanius minor), a bird
intermediate in size between the great grey
and red-backed species, have been obtained in
Norfolk, and as it is a southern bird it may
on some future occasion be met with in
Suffolk.

53. Waxwing. Ampelis garrulus, Linn.

A most erratic winter visitant, in some
seasons dispersed all over the county, and
sometimes not occurring once in a long cold
winter. There was a considerable immigra-
tion in 1849-50 and another in 1866-7 >
during the ffost of 1890-1, which lasted eight
weeks, no waxwings were recorded either in
Norfolk or Suffolk ; but in the early months
of 1893 a good many were obtained, and a
keeper near Ixworth shot five in one day.
Most local collections contain one or two
specimens, and the waxwing is so striking in
its appearance that the most unobservant

gunner could not pick up one without
noticing that his victim was not a common
bird.

54. Spotted Flycatcher.
Linn.

Afuscicapa grisola,

Locally, Wall-bird.
This well-known summer migrant derives
its local name from its habit of building its
nest on the bough of a fruit tree or rose
trained against a wall. The young birds,
when they leave the nest, are as boldly spotted
on the back as the young of the mistle-thrush.

55. Pied Flycatcher. Muscicapa atricapilla,

Linn.
A rather rare spring and autumn migrant,
which does not breed in Suffolk. The cock
bird, with his jet-black and pure white
plumage, is easily recognized, but the female
and yoimg might easily escape notice.
Another small species, the red-breasted fly-
catcher (M. parua), has occurred three or
four times in Norfolk, and the male in full
plumage rather resembles the robin.

56. Swallow. Hirundo rustica, Linn.

A beautifiil and very common summer
migrant, appearing about the middle of April,
and gladly welcomed by all lovers of nature.
A few days of very cold weather with severe
hailstorms about the middle of May, 1891,
caused the death of many swallows, and several
were taken to a bird-stuffer in Bury, who
was told by the boys who brought them that
' they kept on dropping down.' As a rule
birds suffer far more in hard winters from
scarcity of food than from actual cold, but
there can be little doubt in this case that the
swallows were simply paralyzed by the damp
chilly atmosphere. The congregating of
swallows and martins before their departure
must have been noticed by everybody who
takes an interest in bird life, and it is not
unusual to see the roof of a church or the top
of a house literally covered with them. The
southward migration of the swallow extends
much farther than is usually supposed, and
probably a very few, if any, pass the winter
in Europe.

57. House-Martin. Chelidon urbica, Linn.
A summer migrant, rather later than the

swallow, whose nests can be seen under the
eaves of one or more houses in almost every
village. These are usually left xmdisturbed,
as it is said that ' the martins bring luck to
a house,' and it is also supposed to be ' un-
lucky ' to molest them. The worst enemy
of these birds is the house-sparrow, who often

185

24

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

evicts them from their nests and takes pos-
session. Gilbert White of Selborne seems to
have been the first to notice this, as he writes :
' When the house - sparrows deprive my
martins of their nests, as soon as I cause one
to be shot, the other, be it cock or hen,
presently procures a mate, and so on for
several times following.' Young martins,
doubtless the third brood, are sometimes seen
in the nest as late as October.

58. Sand-Martin. Cotile riparia (Linn.)
Locally, Pit-Martin.

Also a summer migrant, arriving before the
swallow, and breeding in large colonies in
gravel-pits and sand-pits, also in the sides of
railway cuttings. Near Brandon it has been
known to excavate its nesting-holes in a very
large heap of sawdust (F. Norgate).

59. Greenfinch. Ligurinus chloris, Linn.
Locally, Green Linnet.

A common resident, breeding everywhere^
and congregating in large flocks during the
winter on stubbles and in stack-yards.

60. Hawfinch. Coccothraustes vulgaris, Pallas.
A resident, not uncommon, and perhaps

breeding more numerously in the vicinity of
Bury than in any other part of the county.
The nest, much resembling that of the bull-
finch, but larger, and always containing more
or less grey lichen, is usually found in thorns,
apple trees, or on the branches of firs at some
distance from the trunk. Few eggs are more
beautiful when fresh, but the delicate tints of
olive and purple soon disappear when they are
blown. The hawfinch is easily recognized
when flying by the display of white on the
wings and tail, and is a troublesome bird in
kitchen gardens, where (as an old gardener
used to say), ' they play hack wi' the peas.'
This bird sometimes comes quite up to a
house for food, and at Tostock a few years
ago a fine old male was killed by a cat close
to the front door of the rectory, but too much
damaged to be of any use as a specimen.

61. Goldfinch. Carduelis elegans, Stephens.
Locally, King Harry, Redcap and Thistle

Finch.

This lovely little bird is a resident, though
less common than it used to be. Being much
in request as a cage-bird many are taken by
bird-catchers and many nests robbed of the
joung.

62. Siskin. Carduelis spinus (Linn.)

A winter migrant, usually frequenting
alder trees. In the summer of 1902 the

siskin was observed in west Suffolk under
circumstances which suggest that it may have
bred.

63. Serin Finch. Serinus hortulanus, K. L.

Koch.
A very rare summer visitant, which has
only occurred two or three times. In colour-
ing and size it is not unlike the siskin, but
has a stouter bill, and is never likely to be
met with in the winter.

64. House-Sparrow. Passer domesticus (Linn.)
A too common resident, which might be

numbered among the ' extinct breeders ' with-
out causing general regret. Destructive alike
in gardens and cornfields, blocking up troughs
with its untidy nest, doing much damage to
thatch, and (as before stated) the enemy of
the martin, there is little to be said in its
fiivour. ' Introduced, like the rabbit, through
officious ignorance, in Australia, New Zealand
and the United States, it has become such a
curse that special legislation has been loudly
invoked for its destruction ' (Saunders' Manual,
p. 180). The only methods of reducing the
numbers of the sparrow without the destruc-
tion of other birds seem to be by netting it
in stacks and ivy, and by taking every nest
which can be got at when the young are
hatched, not when there are eggs. The use of
poisoned grain is illegal, and also attended
with serious risks not only to other birds, but
also to poultry, pigs and cats ; while if a
shot is fired into the great flocks of birds
which assemble in stack-yards in hard weather
after corn has been thrashed out, robins, tits
and other harmless birds will usually be killed
with the sparrows. Birds like the hedge-
sparrow, whose usual food consists of insects,
will often pick up grain in the winter, possibly
for purposes of digestion as well as for food.
The house-sparrow often builds in colonies in
the branches of trees, and when these are
bare in winter the nests convey the idea of a
small rookery.

65. Tree-Sparrow. Passer montanus (Linn.)
A pretty little resident, as harmless as its

larger relative is destructive. In addition to
those which breed here, many tree-sparrows
come ' over the water ' to the east coast in
autumn. The nest is usually built in holes
of trees, and has often been found in a nest-
box. Fresh eggs have been found as late as
August, and a clutch nearly always contains
an 'odd egg' very lightly marked in compari-
son with the others. A cross between this
bird and the house-sparrow was shot in a
farm-yard at Tostock in 1894, whicii was

186

BIRDS

examined in the flesh by the late Lord Lilford,
and exhibited after it was mounted at meet-
ings of the Linnean and Norfolk Naturalists'
Societies.

66. Chaffinch, Fringilla ceelebt, Linn.
This charming bird is a resident, but, as

previously pointed out, very many come as
winter migrants with the bramblings. It is
often spoken of simply as the ' finch.'

67. Brambling. Fringilla montiJringilla,Liinn.
A winter migrant, sometimes so numerous

that the beech woods are literally alive with
them. When a flock of small birds feeding
on beech-mast is disturbed, the bramblings
are easily recognized as they fly up by their
white backs. It has no local name, but
allusion is often made to ' them little foreign
finches.' The brambling sometimes remains
till the middle of April, when the cock birds
begin to assume the black head and back of
the summer plumage, and occasionally a bird
is shot with more or less black on the throat.
It has never been known to nest in England
except in captivity, and is a handsome addition
to an aviary.

68. Linnet. Linota cannabina (Linn.)
Locally, Grey Linnet, Red Linnet.

A common resident, breeding abundantly
on furze commons, also in road-side hedges
and even in gardens. It breeds at least twice
in a year, and sometimes lays perfectly white
eggs.

69. Mealy Redpoll. Linota linaria (Linn.)
A rather scarce winter migrant, larger and

greyer than the lesser redpoll.

70. Lesser Redpoll. Linota ra/^f«w (Vieillot)
A resident, though its numbers are in-
creased in winter, when it is often to be seen
on alders in company with siskins. It builds
an exquisite little nest lined with willow-
down, and its eggs are easily recognized by
their small size and blue ground-colour.

71. Twite. Linota Jlavirostris (Linn.)

A winter migrant, sometimes occurring
near the coast in large flocks. It is a smaller
bird than the linnet, with more yellow on the
bill, and no red on the head.

72. Bullfinch. Pyrrhula europtea^ Vieillot.
Loealfy, Olf.

The cock bullfinch, often called a ' blood-
olf ' from his bright red breast, is one of our
handsomest small birds. This resident species
is often seen in pairs during the winter, and

in early spring is rather troublesome in
gardens, but a few explosions of powder in an
old muzzle-loader will often keep it away
altogether, while a charge of shot fired at a
bullfinch in a plum or apple tree will do fiu:
more damage than the bird itself. It is a
strong hardy bird, quite well able to bear severe
weather, as it can always find buds of some
sort and is one of the few birds which feed
on ' hips,' as the berries of the dog-rose and
sweet-briar are called. No bird is a greater
favourite as a cage-bird with cottagers, and a
brood of young ' olfs ' is reared with the
greatest care. There is a large northern
race or species of bullfinch (P. major), of
which the cock has a paler grey back and a
still brighter red breast than our bird. It has
once been shot in Norfolk, and once plainly
seen in Suflfolk, but ' Russian bullfinches ' are
now imported in such numbers that there is
at least a likelihood of both these being
escaped birds.

Dr. Babington records for what they are
worth a few occurrences of the pine grosbeak
(P. enucleator), but adds that ' the above
quoted instances appear to be doubtftil' and
his remark seems to be much to the point.

73. Crossbill. Loxia curvirostra, Linn.
Locally, Robin-Hawk.

A well known species whose migrations are
almost as irregular and uncertain as those of
the waxwing. In some years, as in 1867-8,
and again in 1888-9, .the bird-stuffers'
shops have been full of crossbills in every
variety of plumage, but a man who brought
some into Bury in 1888 remarked that he
had seen none for twenty years. In 1889
several nests were found containing eggs, of
which full details are given in the Birds
of Norfolk (iii. 390, 391). There was a
smaller migration in 1898 in the late sum-
mer, and some were shot in Norfolk as early
as August, the birds being so tame that in
one place they were killed with a catapult.
The crossbill is a very early breeder, having
eggs in March even in Scotland, where it
breeds regularly. The Marge, stout-billed
race, formerly distinguished as the parrot-
crossbill [Loxia pityopsittacus),' mentioned in-
cidentally by Mr. Saunders [Manual, p. 202),
has occurred in Suffolk more than once. A
very fine red male of this form shot near
Bury in December, 1888, measured nearly
^\ inches in length in the flesh, and is in the
Tostock rectory collection.

74. Two-barred Crossbill. Loxia bifasciata

(C. L. Brehm)
A very rare visitant from the north-east.

187

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

A cock bird, shot at Drinkstone in May,
1846, is now in the Norwich Museum, and
another cock, in full plumage, was shot at
Burgh Castle September, 1889, in which year
others were obtained in Yorkshire, Bedford-
shire and Surrey. This species derives its
name from the two white bars on the wing,
and was formerly known as the ' European
white-winged crossbill.'

75. Corn-Bunting. Emberiza miliaria, lAnn.
LocaUy, Bunting-lark.

A resident, not very common, but found
all over the county. It is essentially a bird
of the fields, and only comes into stackyards
in severe weather. This bird almost always
nests on the ground, and is a late breeder,
seldom having eggs before June, while they
have been ' cut over ' in August. The eggs
are often splendidly blotched with rich dark
brown, and if not very carefully blown the
colouring matter is liable to be rubbed off.

76. Yellow Hammer. Emheriza citrinella,

Linn.
Locally, Yellowham or Yellowhammet.
A common resident, sometimes seen in
large flocks during the winter. A beautiful
variety of this bird was killed at Great
Barton about November, 1902, the entire
plumage of which was almost as yellow as
that of a canary. The yellow hammer sits
close, and goes off her nest in a manner
which at once discloses the exact spot, so very
many nests are robbed by boys. It is rare to
find more than four eggs, and sometimes a
spotless variety is met with, much resembling
pale eggs of the wheatear. Further evidence
seems desirable before adding the cirl bunting
[E. cirlus) to the Suffolk list, as although
two were caught ' on Breydon marshes ' early
in 1888, of which the identity is beyond
question, they may have been taken in either
Norfolk or Suffolk. In size the cirl bunting
is a trifle smaller than the yellow hammer, the
cock has a black throat, and both sexes are
without the warm rusty red on the lower
back.

77. Ortolan Bunting. Emberiza hortulana,

Linn.
A very rare visitant, of which a specimen
killed near Lowestoft in May, 1859, seems
to be the only record.

78. Reed-Bunting. Emberixa schceniclus,

Linn.
Locally, Water-Sparrow.
This prettily-marked species is a resident,
common enough in marshes, rough meadows

and reedy dykes, where the cock, with his
handsome plumage and lively movements, is
a conspicuous little bird. The reed-bunting
usually builds in sedge or other herbage close
to the water, less frequently in a low thorn-
bush or in furze on a common, and the eggs
are much darker in colour than those of any
other bunting which breeds in England.

79. Snow-Bunting. Plectrophenax nivalis

(Linn.)
A regular winter migrant to the coast,
sometimes appearing in large numbers. Mr.
Hele used to find it at Aldeburgh ' frequenting
the Haven Sands and generally along shore.'
It breeds in small numbers in Scotland, but
has never been known to do so south of the
border.

80. Lapland Bunting. Calcarius lapponicm

(Linn.)

A rare winter visitant, of which perhaps
six specimens have been obtained in the
county. There was a large autumn migration
of Lapland buntings in Norfolk in 1892, but
very few reached SuflFolk. In colouring this
bird rather resembles the reed-bunting, but is
easily known by the long and nearly straight
hind claw.

81. Starling. Sturnus vulgaris, Linn.

A common resident, breeding wherever it
can find suitable holes in church towers, old
trees, and thatched buildings. It has been
known to enlarge the entrance hole of an old
weather-beaten nesting-box till it could gain
admittance, and can be as easily attracted to a
box as the great tit. Though it is fond of
cherries, and sometimes adds to the damage
already done to thatch by sparrows, it devours
an enormous quantity of insects and grubs,
and a group of starlings at work on the grass
with the spring sun shining on their glossy
plumage is a very charming piece of bird-life.
Multitudes cross the North Sea in autumn,
and Mr. Hele during two hours' observation
of in-coming migrants at Aldeburgh on an
October morning noticed thirteen arrivals of
starlings. As many as fifty have been killed
in a night by striking the glass of one of the
Norfolk lightships.

82. Rose-coloured Starling. Pastor roseus

(Linn.)

A rare visitant, of which there does not
seem to be an occurrence since 1868. The
young bird is very plainly coloured, and might
easily be passed over alive or dead without
being recognized as a rarity.

The following interesting paragraph appears

18S

BIRDS

in the Zoologist for 1888 (p. 185): 'Pro-
bable occurrence of the Chough in Suffolk.
In a migration schedule received this moining
(April 14th) fron' Mr. Owen Boyle, of the
Landguard Lighthouse, is the following entry :
— " April 2nd, 1888. Two Crows put in an
appearance, 7.30 a.m., larger than Jackdaws ;
they had red beaks and legs, and went north-
west." John Cordeaux.' This seems hardly
sufficient to warrant the inclusion of the chough
in the Suffolk list, but Mr. Cordeaux, who
made a special study of migration, and perhaps
did more than any man to interest the keepers
of lightships and lighthouses in the subject,
appears to have thought the incident worthy
of record.

83. Nutcracker. Nucifraga caryocatactes

(Linn.)
A very rare visitant to England, which
has once at least occurred in Suffolk, one
having been shot at Gorleston in October,
1864.

84. Jay. Garrulus glandarius (Linn.)

This handsome bird is a resident, common
enough where it can find woods and copses
suitable to its habits. It is not a favourite
with gardeners or gamekeepers, and it certainly
does a good deal of damage to green peas,
but probably the eggs of wood-pigeons and of
the various thrushes are much more liable to
be eaten by it than those of game birds.

85. Magpie. Pica rustica (Scopoli)
Though common enough in many parts of

England, the magpie is a rare bird in Suffolk,
and almost extinct as a breeding species.

86. Jackdaw. Corvus monedula, Linn.

A rather local resident, breeding in hollow
trees and church towers. Thorpe Morieux
church, near Lavenham, used to provide
shelter for a large colony of jackdaws, but
the tower has recently been put in order and
the holes stopped which contained the nests.
Young jackdaws brought up from the nest
and allowed perfect liberty with uncut wings
make delightftil pets, and become extremely
tame, but they are liable to be decoyed away
by wild birds at the time of the autumn
migration. At this season these birds are
often seen literally in swarms, and the oft-
repeated calls of ' jack ' from a flock passing
overhead have rather a pretty effect.

any record exists were built in trees, as there
are no clifis of sufficient height on the coast-
line nor any inland rocks. In the western
division of Suffolk it formerly bred at Drink-
stone Park, Icklingham, Elveden, and Santon
Downham, also at Stutton, Gedgrave and
Middleton in the eastern part of the county,
the last occupied nest being at Elveden
about 1863 {Ootheca fVolleyana, p. 578).
At Middleton a tree is still (1902) stand-
ing which used to be resorted to every
year, and a former owner of the property
caused the ' raven-tree ' to be fenced round
for the protection of the nest. On one occa-
sion some young ravens from the Gedgrave
nest were taken to Leiston, a distance of at
least eleven miles, but the old birds found them
out and fed them in their new home (G. T.
Rope). At Lindsey, near Hadleigh, there is
a farm called 'Ravens' Hall,' which may have
been thus named from its being an old haunt
of this species, though the title may be derived
from the surname of a former owner. Mr.
Hele used to see and hear ravens from time to
time at Aldeburgh, but never obtained a speci-
men, and the last occurrence seems to have been
that of one shot by a keeper at the Tuddenham
in west Suffolk about 1888 or 1889, which
was not preserved (F. Norgate).

88. Carrion-Crow. Corvus corone^ Linn.

In the 'sixties' this bird was sufficiently
common to be known by the local name of
'carroner,' but it seems probable that in the
next list of Suffolk birds it will be numbered
among the extinct breeders, as no bird is more
detested by gamekeepers, and, it must be
added, with good reason. The Rev. James
Oakes, who was rector of Tostock from 1 796
till 1 86 1, was very fond of a pair or two of
carrion crows which bred on his property,
and never allowed them to be destroyed,
though doubtless the young poultry on his
home farm suffered from their depredations.
This bird is sometimes seen on the sea-shore,
and there are records of its migrations.
Viewed from below, the nest of the carrion
crow is exactly like that of the rook, but is
more warmly lined with wool and fur, and
the eggs are rather larger, and as a rule, more
richly coloured. In a full clutch of five
crow's eggs there is usually an 'odd egg,*
much lighter in colour than the rest, and some-
times a nestful of eggs is found much resem-
bling large eggs of the jackdaw.

87. Raven. Corvus corax, Linn. 89. Hooded Crow. Corvus cornix, Linn.

This splendid bird is now quite extinct as Loca/iy, Royston Crow,

a resident, and very rare even as a visitant. Near the coast this bird is a common win-

All the ravejjs' nests in the county of which ter migrant, which may often be seen in

189

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

October coming in over the water, and the
boldly-contrasted black and grey of its plu-
mage make it an easy bird to identify. It
soon makes itself at home in its winter quarters,
and frequents the sea-shore along the tide-line,
where food of some sort is always to be found.
Mr. Hele mentions two instances of its
breeding near Aldeburgh in 1872 and 1873,
and an egg marked in his handwriting ' Roy-
ston, Hazelwood,* is in the museum collection
at Ipswich. This bird is sometimes spoken
of as the * carrion-crow.'

90. Rook. Corvus frugiUgus, Linn.

Many of the Suffolk farmhouses and par-
sonages, as well as the large country mansions,
have their rookery, these colonics varying in
size from a dozen nests to ten or twenty
times that number. Rooks are in their way
as migratory as starlings, and numbers cross
the North Sea in autumn, sometimes striking
the light-vessels. This bird is almost omni-
vorous, and in dry seasons will eat any eggs
that come in its way, especially those of ducks
and other water-birds, while its fondness for
grain makes the employment of * bud-scarin' '
(bird-scaring) boys a necessity on farms near
a rookery. Still it devours a vast number of
worms and insects, and like the bullfinch
deserves to be frightened away with powder
rather than slaughtered with shot, for there is
hardly any bird more closely connected with
country life in East Anglia.

91. Sky-Lark. Alauda arvensis, Linn.

A resident, breeding as early as the middle
of April and as late as the end of July, in
cornfields, meadows, marshes and commons.
In winter, sky-larks collect in vast flocks on
the Stubbles, and multitudes cross the North
Sea during the autumn migration. Perhaps
more of these birds perish from striking the
lights than any other species, and the number
picked up is sometimes sufficient to provide the
crew of a lightship with a substantial meal.

92. Wood-Lark. Alauda arborea, Linn.

A very local resident, which seems only to
have been found breeding on the western side
of the county near the Norfolk border. Com-
paratively few people know of its existence,
but those wishing to add to their knowledge
will find an admirable account of the bird and
its habits in SuflFolk in Yarrell's British Birds
(ed. 4, i. 625-31). It is a smaller bird than
the sky-lark, with a shorter tail and a con-
spicuous streak over the eye.

93. Short-toed Lark. Alauda hrachydactyla,

Leisler.

One was shot « near South Breydon Wall,

Great Yarmouth' on 7 November, 1889
{Zoologist, 1890, p. 77), which would claim
a place in the Suffolk rather than the Norfolk
list.

94. Shore-Lark. Otocorys alpestris (Linn.)
The shore-lark used to be considered a

great rarity, and was not known as a British
bird till 1830, when the first recorded speci-
men was obtained in Norfolk. Mr. Hele
first met with it at Aldeburgh in November,
1864, by the merest chance, as having shot at
two birds on the ground to obtain food for a
tame hobby, he picked up a fine cock shore-
lark, which is still in the Ipswich Museum,
and the second bird, which was wounded at
the time, was brought to him a few days
later. In the second edition of his book
(1890) he was able to describe it as ' by no
means uncommon.' In matters relating to
birds it is easier to state facts than to give an
explanation of them, and the cause of the
great increase in the number of shore-larks
which now come to the east coast of England
as winter migrants has yet to be made known.
In 1896 two were obtained near Needham
Market, an unusually long distance from the
sea (Lingwood).

95. Swift. Cypselus apus (Linn.)

Locally, Deviling, Shriek-Devil, Rain-bird,
Shriek-Owl and Screech-Owl.

Whoever bestowed on the swift the first
two of the local names given above must have
imagined that there was something 'uncanny'
about the dusky colour, rapid flight and
piercing cry of the bird. But it is a charming
and interesting creature, and one which should
never be destroyed or disturbed. The swift
is a late summer migrant, seldom arriving
before May, though Professor Newton was
able to record in the Field the appearance
of one at Lowestoft on 26 March, 1897,
which was plainly seen by himself and his
brother. All the Suffolk swifts nest in
buildings of some kind, and there has always
been a flourishing colony in the tower of
Elmswell church, but there is at least one
place in East Anglia where these birds still
retain what must be regarded as their original
habit of breeding in a cliff. One singular
habit of the swift is that of gathering into
bands towards the close of the day and dashing
about at lightning speed, all the birds at in-
tervals squealing in chorus. This performance
appears to be gone through simply for exer-
cise or amusement, and the birds seem to
enjoy it thoroughly. The name of ' rain-
bird ' has been forwarded by an observer near
Woodbridge, and is in accordance with Mr.

190

BIRDS

Saunders* remark {Manual, p. 26a) that ' the
swift seems to revel in the storm.' In Suffolk
the name of ' swift ' is applied to the common
water-newt.

96. Alpine Swift. Cypselus melha (Linn.)

A very rare visitant from the continent of
Europe which has only occurred two or three
times. On 8 September, 1870, two were
seen at Aldeburgh, and one flew into a room
at the Brudenell Hotel, where it was cap-
tured and killed. It was for some time in
the possession of the late Mr. H. Greenwood,
who kindly gave several of his friends the
opportunity of seeing it in the flesh. The
alpine swift can be recognized by its white
under-parts and large size, having a wing
expanse of quite eighteen inches.

97. Nightjar. Caprimulgus europaus, Linn.
Locally, Night-hawk, Night-reel or Eve-jar.

The above-given local names, like the
orthodox * nightjar,' are derived from the bird's
nocturnal habits and singular note, and the
absurd and misleading name of ' goatsucker '
is happily almost obsolete. This bird is a
summer migrant to SuSblk, frequenting heaths
and commons throughout the county. Arriving
about the first week of May its eggs may be
found about a month later, and the blending
of delicate grey and rich brown on a fresh
clutch of nightjar's eggs is very beautiful, but
the delicate colouring soon fades when the
eggs are blown. The two eggs are laid on
the ground without any pretence of a nest,
and the young, which are well covered with
down when hatched, soon begin to move from
place to place. Many interesting photographs
of young nightjars have been obtained, and
more than one artist has been successful in
getting a picture of the hen on her eggs.
There is no more harmless bird than the
nightjar, as its food consists entirely of in-
sects, and it is to be regretted that it is
sometimes wantonly shot by rabbit-shooters
on summer evenings when in pursuit of its
prey.

98. Wryneck, lynx torquilla, Linn.

Locally, Cuckoo-leader, Cuckoo's mats or
Barley-bird.

The wryneck's well known note is usually
heard quite early in April, and the name of
' barley-bird ' appears to be derived from the
arrival of the bird at about the time of sowing
spring barley. It is a * masterful ' bird, and
has been known to eject not only the great
tit but even the sparrow from a nest-box
which it coveted for its own use. When dis-
turbed on its eggs, which are usually laid in a

hole in a tree, it protests with a hissing noise
which can be almost exactly imitated by
dropping a lighted match into cold water. No
nest is made, the eggs being laid on scraps of
wood, and when the tree is very soft and de-
cayed the wryneck will enlarge the hole. A
few years ago three clutches of nine, eight
and six eggs were taken from an old apple-
tree near Bury, all of which were undoubtedly
laid by the same bird in one season.

99. Green Woodpecker. Gecinus virldis

(Linn.)
Locally, Woodsprite, probably the ' sprite ' or

' spirit ' of the wood, from its loud

laughing cry being heard when the bird

was unseen.
A beautiftil resident species, which like the
nuthatch seems to remain in the same locality
all the year. Its domestic arrangements are
often upset by starlings, which take possession
of the holes bored by the woodpecker when
completed, and thus often cause it to postpone
the laying of eggs till the end of May or even
till June. The elm is its favourite tree, but
its nest-holes have been noticed in Suffolk in
the birch, alder, willow, white poplar, oak,
ash, beech, silver fir and even in an old dead
holly, of which part is still standing in Hes-
sett churchyard. Fresh eggs of the green
woodpecker are very lovely, the yolk giving
an exquisite pink tint to the glossy white
shell. A beautiful pair of these birds, in the
Tostock rectory collection, were picked up
dead during a very severe frost in February,
1895, the cock at Elmswell and the hen near
Bury, which had evidently died of cold and
hunger, as no trace of injury could be found
on either. This woodpecker sometimes comes
into gardens and searches the grass for ants
and other insects.

100. Great Spotted Woodpecker. Dendrocopus

major (Linn.)
This bird is also a resident, but neither so
common nor so conspicuous as the green
woodpecker. It is also more migratory, and
at times crosses the sea in some numbers. In
spring the cock makes a very loud vibrating
noise by rapidly hammering a branch or the
trunk of a tree with his bill, and this, as it is
never heard in winter, is probably his method
of attracting the attention of the hen. Being
a later breeder than the green woodpecker it
suffers less from the molestation of starlings.
A nest in an old dead birch at Tostock con-
tained four slightly sat on eggs on 2 June,
1 900, which were much less glossy than those
of the green woodpecker, and the hen sat very
close. These birds roost in old nest-holes.

191

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

lOi. Lesser Spotted Woodpecker. Dtndro-
copus minor (Linn.)

This is much the smallest of the three
British woodpeckers, and is a resident as
common as the great spotted, but seldom seen.
It is difficult to say whether the local names
of ' wood-jar,' * wood-nail ' and ' grain-bird '
are meant for this bird or the larger species,
as the singular noise alluded to above and
suggested by the names is common to both.
' Grain-bird ' may have some connection with
the ' grain ' of the wood, and was given by
an intelligent old labourer who accurately des-
cribed the sound. The tiny nesting-hole of
the lesser spotted woodpecker is usually bored
in dead wood at some height above the
ground, so that to examine the nest and its
contents involves some risk. The eggs much
resemble those of the wryneck, but are slightly
smaller.

The large black woodpecker {Picus martius)
is reported to have been seen in Suffolk, but
as its claim to be even a British bird is very
doubtful, nothing but the production of a
specimen in the flesh in so fresh a state as to
show beyond a doubt that it was not imported
from Norway or Sweden will ever satisfy
critical naturalists.

102. Kingfisher. Alcedo ispida, Linn.

This richly-coloured little bird is a resident,
breeding in the banks of streams and some-
times in the side of a crag-pit {Zoologist, 1870,
p. 2,022). It seems also to a certain extent
to be migratory, as many are observed about
dykes and rivers near the coast in the autumn,
and one was killed by striking the Orford
lighthouse on 25 March, 1884, which sug-
gests that the bird had wintered in the south,
and was returning to breed in Suffolk. The
kingfisher bores a hole for itself, and fresh
' whitewash ' at the entrance is a pretty sure
sign that the eggs are laid. It is an early
breeder, as even in the north of England a
full clutch of seven eggs has been found by
the middle of April. Occasionally the nest
is spoiled by heavy rains flooding the stream
and causing the water to rise above the en-
trance hole, an instance of which occurred
near Woolpit in the early summer of 1889.
Few birds suffered more than the kingfisher
in the frost of 1 890-1, which lasted eight
weeks and caused the death of many, some
from being shot and others from actual star-
vation. There were six in the flesh in a
shop at Bury on 17 December.

103. Roller. Coracias garruius, hinn.
This splendid bird has occurred a few times

in the eastern part of the county on its spring

and autumn migrations, the last recorded
having been obtained at Burgh Castle in
September, 1892.

104. Bee-Eater. Merops apiaster, Linn.

A far rarer visitant to England than the
roller, and there are only two or three records
from Suffolk.

105. Hoopoe. Upupa epops, Linn.

A Suffolk man reporting the appearance
of a hoopoe would probably describe it as ' a
wholly pretty bird with a topple-crown,' and
any one who has once seen it alive is certain to
recognize it again. Perhaps it is hardly com-
mon enough to be called a regular summer
visitant, but most outdoor naturalists in East
Anglia have come across it at least once in
their career. Near Lowestoft no less than
thirteen were obtained in the April and May
of 1859, and Mr. Hele used to meet with
it from time to time at Aldeburgh. There
is no record of it having attempted to breed
in the county.

106. Cuckoo. Cuculus canerus, Linn.

The year 1894 was a 'record year' for
early cuckoos throughout the country, and in
Suffolk Colonel Butler observed two at Bret-
tenham Park on 4 April. At Tostock the
cuckoo was seen and heard on 9 April, but
these dates are a good fortnight in advance of
the usual time for the arrival of this summer
migrant. The following rhymes were lately
taken down at the fireside of a cottager, who
said he had heard the first * more than sixty
year ago ' : —

In April he show his bill.

In May he sing night and day,

In June he change his tune.

He wait till July, away he fly,

If he wait till August away he must — go.

The cuckoo is a pretty bird, he sing as he fly,
He bring us good tidings and tell us no lie.

To the latter another authority adds :

He suck the pretty birds' eggs to make his voice

clear.
And the more he sing ' cuckoo ' the summer

draw near.

This well known bird is found all over Suffolk,
and its eggs which are laid from May to July
are most often deposited in the nests of the
robin, sedge- warbler, reed-warbler, hedge-spar-
row, pied wagtail and meadow-pipit. Taking
the county through it is probable that more
cuckoos' eggs are placed in the nest of the
hedge-sparrow than of any other bird, and
that the meadow-pipit would come in a 'good
second.' The greenfinch, linnet and yellow
bunting are less frequently chosen as foster-

192

BIRDS

parents, and the egg of the cuckoo has been
found in Suffolk in the nests of the song-
thrush, blackbird, nightingale, whitethroat,
blackcap, willow-wren, yellow wagtail, tree-
pipit, red-backed shrike, spotted flycatcher,
chafhnch, bullfinch and reed-bunting, making
twenty-two species in all, while doubtless
other nests have been chosen which have not
been recorded or discovered. It is very rare
to find more than one cuckoo's egg in a nest,
but In May, 1902, a meadow-pipit's nest was
taken near Diss, containing three eggs of the
owner and two of the cuckoo, the two
cuckoos' eggs being quite unlike each other.
The cuckoo's egg has been found in a nest
with no other egg, and with from one to six
eggs of the foster-parent. Though the old
birds take their departure in July, a nestling
has been seen in August, and the young birds
sometimes remain till late in September.
The song from which the cuckoo derives its
name is familiar to every one, but it has another
note believed to be peculiar to the hen, which
resembles the spluttering sound produced by
pouring water from a bottle. The taking of
young cuckoos from the nest with the idea of
rearing them is not to be encouraged, as they
are troublesome to feed, uninteresting in their
ways, and usually die in a few weeks. Mr.
Hele tried his luck with several, but never
succeeded, and where so skilful and patient a
naturalist failed others are not likely to succeed.

107. White or Barn-Owl. Strix flammea,
Linn.
Locally, White Owl.
As previously mentioned the West Suffolk
County Council has issued orders for the pro-
tection of all species of owls throughout the
year, and if owners and occupiers of land
would not only strictly forbid their keepers
to kill these birds, but also make it under-
stood that they wished to see and hear owls
about their place, these wholesale destroyers
of rats and mice would have a fair chance of
doing their work. All owls cast up the fur
and bones of their prey in pellets, and these
can be easily analyzed by putting a few in a
basin and pouring warm water over them,
when the bones of various small rodents will
be seen. A farmer whose knowledge of birds
enabled him to speak from experience once
said that 'any one who kills an owl ought to
get six months,' and the barn-owl is certainly
one of the most useful members of a highly
respectable county family. It is a resident
breeding in old trees, barns and church
towers, but migrants arrive in autumn.
These * Scandinavian barn-owls ' are usually
darker in colour than the resident birds, and
I

a remarkably good specimen, with the entire
breast of a warm fawn colour, was obtained
near Lowestoft in February, 1898, which is
now in the Tostock rectory collection.

108. Long-eared Owl. Asia otus (Linn.)
Locally, Horned Owl.
A resident, far from common, but breeding
every year. It frequents fir plantations, and
generally uses an old squirrel's nest on which
to lay its eggs, though the nest of a crow or
other bird is sometimes chosen.

109. Short - eared Owl. Asia accipitrinus
(Pallas)

Locally, Woodcock Owl or Sedge Owl.
This winter migrant derives its local names
from its arrival on the east coast in October,
when the woodcocks come, and from its being
often aroused from sedge or rough grass. Short-
eared owls vary a good deal in plumage, and
any one seeing a small pale specimen side by
side with a large dark one might easily imagine
them to belong to different species. Like the
woodcock, the short-eared owl occasionally
breeds, and a nest found at Tuddenham
(west Suffolk) in 1882 is recorded in the
Zoologist for that year. The nest, such as it
is, is invariably on or near the ground, and
the white eggs cannot be distinguished from
those of the long-eared owl. A beautiful
photograph of a nest containing seven eggs
is given in Kearton's Rarer British Birds.

110. Tawny Owl. Syrnium aluco {)^\nn.)
Locally, Brovim Owl.

This handsome owl always makes its pres-
ence in a locality known by its loud hooting
cry, which on a clear frosty night can be
heard at some distance, and possesses a great
charm for bird lovers. It is a resident, breed-
ing in hollow trees, and often has a full clutch
of eggs before the end of March. When the
young are hatched it becomes bold and even
aggressive, and the following incident recorded
shortly after its occurrence in the Zoologist of
1890 by the present writer may be of suffi-
cient interest to justify its quotation here :
' A few days ago I had a novel and somewhat
unpleasant experience of the way in which
the tawny owl resents an approach to its nest.
About three weeks ago I found in an old dead
elm a nest containing three young and two
eggs, which we much hoped would not be
disturbed, as till last year this bird was not
known to breed here. One bright moonlight
night I was standing close to the trunk of the
tree, watching for the return of the birds with
food for their young. Presently one of the
parents perched on a tree a few yards away^

193 25

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

uttering a peculiar whining cry, and in a
minute or two dashed straight at my head.
The blow inflicted was very like that of a
moderately hard snowball, and putting up my
hand I found my forehead bleeding freely in
several places, while my cap (a soft grey wool-
len one) was carried off as a trophy, and found
the next morning under a tree about 70 or
80 yards away. Since then I have given my
protegh a wide berth after sunset.'

111. Tengmalm's Owl. Nyctala tengmalmi

(J. F. Gmelin)
A rare autumn and winter visitant from
Scandinavia and Lapland, of which about
half a dozen Suffolk occurrences are re-
corded. Two were caught alive and un-
injured at Southwold in the autumn of
1 90 1, both of which lived for some time
in confinement. Tengmalm's owl and the
little owl could be distinguished even in the
dark by their legs, which in this species are
covered to the claws with thick downy
feathers, while in the little owl the toes
are nearly bare.

112. Little Owl. Athene noctua i^co'poW)
Little owls have been turned out in

England on several occasions and have bred
in a state of perfect liberty, so it is difBcult
to decide whether those which are met with
from time to time are genuine migrants. The
late Mr. Bilson of Bury had one in the flesh
in February, 1865, which was shot at Hen-
grave, and a very perfect specimen was caught
at Cavenham about 22 April, 1902, which
was stuffed by Mr. Travis of Bury.

113. Snowy Owl. Nyctea uandiaca (Linn.)
This splendid northern species is very rare

in East Anglia, and only occurs in winter.
One, now in the Norwich Museum, was shot
near Bungay in February, 1847, which was
for a long time in Mr. Spalding's collection,
and a second is reported to have been shot
near the Languard lighthouse 9 February,
1886, but its possessor is not known. A
third was seen by Colonel Leathes within
20 yards on a tree near Fritton Lake, 30
September, 1902 (Leathes).

114. Scops-Owl. Sfij^i ^iK (Scopoli)

This, the smallest of the British owls, is a
very rare visitor, but there seems to be a
genuine record of one shot at Haughley in
1865. It can be at once recognized by its
ear-tufts. Like the little owl this species is
very often imported alive from the continent,
and can usually be obtained through the Lon-
don dealers.

115. Marsh-Harrier. Circus arugtnosus (Linn.)
The marsh-harrier is the largest of the

three British harriers, and has for many years
been the most uncommon in Suffolk. There
can be no reasonable doubt that it formerly
bred in more than one locality, but all en-
deavours to establish a definite record have
been unsuccessful. One was picked up dead
near Aldeburgh in May, 1 869, but Mr. Hele
was never able to procure a specimen, and the
one in his collection in the Ipswich Museum,
which is cased up with a peregrine and a rough-
legged buzzard, came from Norfolk.

116. Hen-Harrier. Circus cyaneus (Linn.)

Females and young males of this species
occur in the county almost every year, but
the old male in his grey and white plumage
is practically unknown. It doubtless bred till
the early part of the last century, but the nest
found on Cavenham Heath in 1 871, in which
there were three broken eggs, but no bird be-
longing to which was seen (Babington's Cata-
logue, p. 38), was far more likely to have been
that of Montagu's harrier. A fine young
male was shot on the outskirts of Bury in
October, 1899, which was said to have just
killed a partridge.

117. Montagu's Harrier. Circus cineraceus

(Montagu)
A spring and autumn visitant, of which
there are no records of the breeding since
1889. In that year two nests were found,
each containing three eggs, one at Westleton,
the other on Dunwich Common, of which
somewhat melancholy details are published in
the Zoologist for 1890 (p. 77). Montagu's
harrier is the smallest of the three species, in
colour more resembling the hen-harrier than
the marsh, and occasionally an almost black
variety is met with, a specimen of which is
in the Dennis collection at the Bury Museum.

118. Buzzard. Buteo vulgayis, hach.

The local name of ' puttock,' which really
belongs to this species, is applied in Suffolk to
any large hawk. The buzzard is now only
a visitant, usually occurring in autumn, but it
used to breed in the county. The last eggs
taken and preserved were probably a clutch
taken at Tostock about 1853 '"^ * wood well
known to hunting men as ' Cindron Hills,' but
buzzards bred in Monk's Wood near Felsham
in 1874, where Dr. Babington saw the nest.
One of the birds was shot and thrown away
for the foxes, and in the following year the
hen was wounded on the nest {Catalogue, p.
33). Like the ravens, the buzzards bred in
trees for want of suitable rocks, and the

194

BIRDS

Tostock nest was in all likelihood an old
carrion-crow's, as these birds used to frequent
the place where it was found.

119. Rough-legged Buzzard. Buteo lagopus

(J. F. Gmelin)
A winter migrant, almost as irregular as
the waxwing, as in some seasons a good many
have occurred, and in many winters not one
has been recorded. 1876 and 1891 were
rough-legged buzzard years, the former year
especially, when these birds were met with
all over the county. They vary in plumage
a good deal, but are usually lighter in colour
than the common buzzard, and * a bird in the
hand ' can be recognized at once by the
feathered legs. The rough-legged buzzard
has not been known to breed in the British
Islands.

120. Spotted Eagle. Aquila maculata (J. F.

Gmelin)
Of eleven British specimens of this bird
two belong to Suffolk, both of which were
obtained in the autumn of 1891. The first
was shot at Sudbourne near Orford early in
November, and beautifully set up for its owner
by Messrs. Pratt of Brighton ; the second at
Reydon near Southwold in December, details
of both being recorded in the Field at the time
of the occurrences. The spotted eagle is a
small eagle with feathered legs and more or less
spotted with white on the upper parts.

121. White-tailed Eagle. Haliaitus alhicilla

(Linn.)
An occasional autumn and winter visitant,
often recorded as the golden eagle. The young
golden eagle has a good deal of white on the
tail, while the young white-tailed eagle has a
dark brown tail, but the two birds can be dis-
tinguished at a glance by the legs, which in
the golden eagle are feathered to the toes and
in the white-tailed eagle are bare to the joint.
Many collections contain a local specimen of
the latter, but there is no satisfactory record
of the occurrence of the golden eagle in
Suffolk, and it is very rare to meet with it
south of the Scottish border.

122. Goshawk, jistur palumbarius (Linn.)
A very rare autumn and winter visitant, of

which the last occurrence was at Somerleyton
in March, 1894. The goshawk may be de-
scribed as a gigantic sparrow-hawk, with pro-
portionately shorter and stouter legs, and like
that species has bright orange-yellow eyes.

123. Sparrow-Hawk. Accipiter nisus (Linn.)
A resident, breeding throughout the county,

but rarely allowed to bring off its young, as it

bears an evil repute as a destroyer of young
game. The nest is sometimes built by the
birds themselves and sometimes an old one
belonging to some other bird, but is invari-
ably on a tree, never in rocks or buildings.
Few birds lay more beautifiil eggs, and a
clutch well covered with chestnut - red
blotches is an ornament to any collection.
There are many records of the sparrow-
hawk's migration on the east coast.

124. Kite. Milvus ictinus, Savigny.

This magnificent bird is now very rare,
but Dr. Babington's statement that it ' for-
merly bred ' is doubtless quite correct, as there
are many places in the county suited to its
habits. The last kite obtained in SuflFolk
was one at Frostenden in February, 1901
(W. M. Crowfoot). In the autumn of 188 1
large birds of prey were met with in un-
usual numbers, and a female kite was picked
up dead, but perfectly fresh, on the shore near
Aldeburgh, of which particulars are given in
the Zoologist for 1884 (p. i).

125. Honey-Buzzard. Pernis apivorus(Linn.)

A summer visitant, which has often nested
in other parts of England, the New Forest
especially, but there is no mention of its ever
having attempted to do so in East Anglia.
The honey - buzzard varies a good deal in
plumage, but the long wings and rather small
but brilliant yellow eye are always distinguish-
ing marks. A very fine old female shot near
Bury on 1 1 June, 1888, which had been feed-
ing on unfledged birds and blackbirds' eggs, is
now in the Tostock rectory collection.

126. Greenland Falcon. Falco candicans{J.F.

Gmelin)

Dr. Babington {Catalogue, p. 230) gives de-
tails of three occurrences, all in east Suffolk.

127. Gyr-Falcon. Falco gyrfalco, hinn.

An immature specimen was shot at Orford
in October, 1867, an excellent photograph of
which is given in Dr. Babington's Catalogue.
Suckling, in his History and Antiquities of the
County of Suffolk mentions (ii. 236) that King
John in return for his grant of certain privi-
leges received from the inhabitants of Dun-
wich ten falcons and five gyr-falcons, in addi-
tion to a payment of money.

128. Peregrine Falcon. Falco peregrinus,

Tunstall.

Almost every autumn and winter one or

two peregrines are sent into Bury to be stuffed,

and they are certainly the least rare of the

large hawks. The great majority of those

195

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

obtained are females, and a perfect old male
is a rarity. A splendid specimen came to
grief against the telegraph wires near Alde-
burgh in March, 1864, and was brought to
Mr. Hele in a terribly damaged condition, but
he managed to make a good bird of it. A
hen bird was caught near Bury in May, 1890,
which is an unusual date. Peregrines vary a
good deal in colour, some being much darker
than others. The only mention of the breed-
ing of this bird in Suffolk is made by the Rev.
R. Lubbock, who in his Fauna of Norfolk says
that ' during the time that the late Mr. Downes
practised falconry near Yarmouth a pair of these
birds used to breed in the steeple of Gorton
Church. The nestlings were taken and trained
to the chase, the clerk having a regular re-
taining fee for their preservation' (ed. 1879,
p. 29). This would probably be some time
between 1800 and 1820. The book referred
to contains (pp. 224-39) an article by Pro-
fessor Newton on ' Hawking in Norfolk,' in
which there are some interesting references to
the same sport in Suffolk, especially to the pur-
suit of the kite in the neighbourhood of Thet-
ford.

129. Hobby. Falco subbuteo, Linn.

This beautiful little falcon is now a rare
summer migrant, and must be classed among
the ' doubtful breeders.' A very perfect male
was shot at Rougham in June, 1898, which
may have been one of a pair nesting in the
vicinity, and in the ' sixties ' Mr. Hele had a
tame hobby for some years, which was taken
from a nest near Woodbridge. She was kept
in the garden during the summer and brought
into the house for warmth in the winter, but
at last made her escape, with the usual sequel
of being shot, and is now one of a group of
hawks and owls in the Ipswich Museum. The
hobby is said never to build a nest, but always
to use an old one, most frequently a crow's,
and is the latest breeder of all the hawks, not
laying till June. Three eggs are usually laid,
like those of the kestrel, but rather larger and
paler in colour.

1 30. Merlin. Fa/ca eesalon, Tunstall.

The merlin is a winter migrant, never re-
maining to breed, but not uncommon near
the coast, where it has been shot as early as
the first week in September. Its small size
enables it to be easily recognized.

131. Red-footed Falcon.
Linn.

Falco vespertinus,

The only record of this very rare southern
species is that of one shot at Somerleyton in

July, 1862, which was for many years in the
late Mr. H. Stevenson's collection.

132. Kestrel. Falco tinnunculus, Linn.
The kestrel like the owls is supposed to be

protected by law throughout the year in west
Suffolk, but (also like the owls) is often shot
by those who ought to know better. It is
the most common of all the hawks, breeding
throughout the county, frequently in church
towers, but also in hollow trees and old nests
of other birds. Its richly-coloured eggs can
hardly be mistaken for those of any other
bird nesting in Suffolk, and the young birds,
which are easily reared, make delightful pets,
becoming almost as tame as jackdaws, but if
allowed perfect liberty the migratory instinct
calls them southwards in early autumn. The
food of the kestrel consists chiefly of mice,
and the damage it is often accused of doing
to young game if not imaginary is greatly
exaggerated. The lesser kestrel {F. cenchris)
has not yet been found in Suffolk, and can
be identified by its small size and white claws.

133. Osprey. Pandion haliaftus (Linn.)

A rare spring and autumn visitant, more
often occurring near the coast than inland.
Several have been shot on Breydon, two of
which are in the Bury Museum, and two or
three near Aldeburgh, one of which, shot
near Thorpe Haven in October, 1874, is in
the museum at Ipswich. The bold contrast
of dark brown above and white below in the
osprey's plumage, and its extent of wing,
which often exceeds five feet, combine to
render it an easy bird to recognize.

134. Cormorant. Phalacrocorax carbo (Linn.)

The often-quoted record of Mr. Lubbock
[Fauna of Norfolk, ed. 1 879, p. 173) that
' cormorants have in some seasons nested in
the trees around Fritton decoy in some
number ; in other years there has not been
one nest ' must once more be cited, and from
a note in the Birds of Norfolk (iii. 288) the
date appears to be about 1825. The cor-
morant is now only a visitant, usually in late
summer and autumn.

135. Shag or Green Cormorant. Phalacro-

corax graculus (Linn.)

A visitant much rarer than the cormorant,
and a more strictly marine species, never
known to have nested in the county. In
December, 1900, one was shot when perched
on the roof of a house at West Stow near
Bury, which is quite thirty miles from the

196

BIRDS

136. Gannet or Solan Goose. Sula bassana

(Linn.)
A rare autumn and winter visitant to the
coast, sometimes driven inland by rough
weather. Most of those obtained have been
young birds in the spotted plumage, and an old
white bird is quite a rarity.

137. Common Heron. Jrdea cinerea,Liinn.
Locally, Harnser or Heronshaw.

From a fancied resemblance of its cry to
the word, the heron is often alluded to as
' Frank ' or ' Old Franky.' It is a resident
having several colonies in the county, of
which those at Orwell Park near Ipswich and
Blackheath on the river Aide were the largest.
Recent inquiries have elicited that both these
heronries are sadly diminished, as in 1902
neither had more than about six nests. In
1893 and 1894 the herons at Blackheath
were much disturbed by rooks, which per-
sistently sucked the eggs and left the ground
under the trees strewn with shells (Rev.
F. C. R. Jourdain). These two seasons were
unusually dry and the rooks possibly had
difScuIty in obtaining food. There are how-
ever more recently established but flourishing
heronries at Broke Hall near Ipswich and at
Walberswick, both of which may be oflFshoots
from the older ones. Herons formerly bred
at Herringfleet, but not for many years past,
though there is a fine heronry at Reedham,
just over the Norfolk border, where the birds
are strictly protected (Col. Leathes). There
were sixteen nests in April, 1903, at Flixton
Hall near Bungay, where the herons are also
well looked after (Sir Fredk. Adair). In
west Suffolk there is one at Cavenham (Rev.
E. A. Jones) and in 1902 a few pairs nested
at Chimney Mills near Bury on the Culford
estate (Mr. L. Travis). In winter herons are
scattered all over the county, too often to
fall victims to the prowling gunner, and are
sometimes seen displayed as ' show-birds ' in
the game shops. In west SuflFolk the heron is
protected under the Wild Birds' Protection
Act and also its eggs, so it is to be hoped that
^o fine and interesting a bird will always
hold its own and never be numbered among
the ' extinct breeders.*

138. Purple Heron. J rdea purpurea, Li'mn.

A rare visitant, hitherto only recorded from
the eastern side of the county and usually in
autumn. Those which occur are in most
cases young birds which have probably gone
astray when migrating from their breeding
grounds in Holland. A fine pair in the
Ipswich Museum were brought in the flesh to

a bird-stuffer in that town (Babington), but it
does not follow as a matter of course that
they were killed in Suffolk or even in
England.

139. Squacco Heron. Ardea ralloides,Scopo\i.
A very rare summer visitant, of which

the only record for perhaps half a cen-
tury is that of a female shot in Thorpe
Mere near Aldeburgh on 14 June, 1882.
Mr. Hele had it in the flesh and writes, ' It
had been feeding on the Pandalus annuUcornis
or grey shrimp, also small eels. It was in
most perfect plumage. The ovary contained
impregnated eggs ' {Notes about Aldeburgh, ed.
1890, p. 82).

140. Night-Heron. Nycticorax griseus (Linn.)
A rare visitant which has been obtained a

few times, the last occurrence being in June,
1883 (Babington).

141. Little Bittern. Ardetta minuta (Linn.)
Several little bitterns have been shot in the

county, and many more may have come and
gone without being noticed, as its small size
and habit of frequenting reed-beds often
enable it to escape observation. Most of
those recorded have been summer visitants,
and there can be little doubt as to its having
formerly bred in the eastern counties.

142. Bittern. Botaurus stellaris (Linn.)
Though eggs of the bittern were taken in

Norfolk as recently as 1868 there is no posi-
tive record of its having bred in Suffolk, but
it was probably a resident both in the fen-
land near Mildenhall and also in the vicinity
of Lowestoft. Hardly a winter passes with-
out one or more being shot, and like other
winter migrants they are much more numer-
ous in some seasons than in others. Early in
February, 1901, a bittern was caught by a
dog at Ampton and conveyed to the Zoo-
logical Gardens, but it soon died and was
returned to the donors, for whom it was pre-
served by Mr. Travis of Bury. It was a
small bird but in beautiful plumage.

143. White Stork. Ciconia alba, Bechstein.
A rare summer visitant which has not

been obtained or seen for upwards of thirty
years. There is one in the Ipswich Museum
shot at Sudborne in 1830 and given by the
late Sir Richard Wallace, and one was seen
in the meres near Aldeburgh on several
occasions in the spring of 1875.

144. Black Stork. Ciconia nigra (Linn.)
Even rarer than the white stork, but two

or three have been recorded. One shot on

197

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Breydon in June, 1877, was bought at Mr.
Stevenson's sale for the Norwich Museum,
and Dr. Babington mentions having seen
another which was shot at Stoke-by-Nayland
in 1881.

145. Glossy Ibis. Plegadis falcinellus (Linn.)
Only one bona-fide Suffolk specimen of this

accidental visitant has been obtained, an adult
female shot at Blundeston near Lowestoft in
May, 1850 {Birds of Norfolk, ii. 193).

146. Spoonbill. P lata lea leucorod'ta, IJinn.

' The platea or shovelard, which build
upon the tops of high trees. They formerly
built in the heronry at Claxton and Reedham ;
now at Trimley, in Suffolk. They come in
March, and are shot by fowlers, not for their
meat, but for the handsomeness of the same ;
remarkable in their white colour, copped
crown, and spoon or spatule like bill.' This
most interesting note of the Norfolk naturalist
Sir Thomas Browne is quoted by the author
of the Birds of Norfolk (ii. 184), who assigns
to it the date of 1688. The spoonbill is
now by no means one of the rarest spring
and summer visitants, and its pure white
plumage and long legs make it a conspicuous
bird. In the ' sixties ' and * seventies ' it was
frequently seen about the river and meres
near Aldeburgh, and the Hele collection at
Ipswich possesses two local specimens. In
the Zoologist for 1 90 1 , Mr. Patterson was able
to write from Yarmouth : ' Scarcely a day has
passed since early April to this day of writing
(June 2 1st) but what one or more spoon-
bills have been in sight on Breydon. First
one was seen on April loth, twelve on April
27th, and five more next day — seventeen in
all ! Seven observed on May 7 th ; I saw two
on May i6th quite near my houseboat, and I
sailed up to a couple on May 17th.' No
bird has profited more by the watchful over-
sight now exercised on Breydon than this, as
it can be seen through the watcher's glass a
mile or more away. These and other spring
visitants probably reach Breydon vii Suffolk.

147. Grey Lag-Goose, yinser cinereus, Meyer.
Though this is the only goose breeding in
the British Islands, and the only one known
ever to have done so, it is in Suffolk the
rarest of the four grey geese and quite an
uncommon winter visitant. In September,
1870, three frequented the meres near Alde-
burgh and associated with the geese kept by
the cottagers at Thorpe. One of them was
shot and proved to be a very fine old gander
slightly marked with black on the under parts
(Ipswich Museum).

148. White-fronted Goose.
(Scopoli)

yinser albifrons

A rather uncommon winter migrant,
though Mr. Hele mentions that in the
winter of 1870— I enormous ' skeins ' visited
the Aldeburgh neighbourhood. Some of the
old birds are very richly marked with black on
the breast and belly, and like the grey lag-
goose this species has a white nail on the tip
of the beak.

149. Bean-Goose. Jnser segetum (J. F.
Gmelin)

This is the common ' wild goose ' of
Suffolk, and a flock seen flying over in west
Suffolk during the winter may safely be said
to be bean-geese. * On some of the farms
near the coast and river at Sudbourne and
Gedgrave wild geese came in such numbers
to feed on the young growing corn that the
farmers had to employ boys to scare them
away. One farmer used to have yarn
stretched between sticks all over the fields
frequented by them. This was probably
about sixty years ago and my father recollects
it well ' (G. T. Rope). The rearing of
geese on a large scale was formerly a recog-
nized industry in East Anglia, and in 1902
more than a thousand geese brought over
from Holland when quite young were turned
down on some fields at Tostock, many of
which showed plain traces of bean-goose
ancestry.

150. Pink-footed Goose. Anser brachyrhyn-
chus, Baillon.
Next to the bean-goose, which it resembles
in having a black nail on the beak, this is the
most common grey goose, being in some
years the more abundant of the two. It is
of course a winter migrant, and at Aldeburgh
has been seen in flocks of eighty or a hun-
dred in the marshes south of the town (C. C.
Clarke in litt.).

151. Barnacle-Goose. Bernicla leucopsis (Bech-

stein)
A decidedly rare winter visitant of which
two were obtained in the river near Alde-
burgh 20 September, 1887 (Hele). This is
an unusually early occurrence.

152. Brent Goose. Bernicla brtnta (Pallas)
Locally, Prussian Goose or Brant.

In hard winters this marine goose is quite
abundant, though it is never obtained in the
same numbers as in Essex. It has been
noticed on migration from the Corton light-
ship as early as July (Zoologist, 1880, p. 184).

198

BIRDS

The omission of the Canada goose and of
the Egyptian goose has been already axplained.

153. Whooper Swan,
stein.

Cygnus musicus, Bech-

18 70-1 and 1 890-1 were both great
' swan years,' in the former of which more
than twenty whoopers were shot near Alde-
burgh, and in the latter a good many were
obtained. One gunner shot five in the
river Aide at one discharge of his punt gun,
and another shot three swans, of which the
species was not recorded, at one shot with a
shoulder gun. A fine old cock whooper will
often turn the scale at over 20 lb. and there
seems always to be a sale for swans of any
kind in the London market. Probably all
are utilized for food in some form or other.

154. Bewick's Swan,
rell.

Cygnus bnvicki, Yar-

This bird shares with the whooper the
popular name of ' wild swan,' and though not
so common as its larger congener, when
whoopers arrive in unusual numbers Bewick's
swan may always be expected. An adult in
the Tostock rectory collection was shot in the
river Aide as late as March, 1891, and before
it was skinned the bright yellow of the bare
skin round the eyes (technically called the
orbit) was very conspicuous. Bewick's swan
is a much smaller bird than the whooper, and
13 lb. is a good weight even for an old male.

155. Mute Swan. Cygnus olor (J. F. Gmelin)

Though many mute swans stray from
private waters and lose their lives Mr.
Saimders has suggested [Manual, p. 417) that
it does not follow that all which are shot are
escaped birds, ' for the mute swan still breeds
in a perfectly wild state at no greater distance
from us than Denmark and the south of
Sweden, whence it is forced by cold to
migrate in winter.' These countries it may
be pointed out are a good thousand miles
nearer the east coast of England than any
known breeding-place of Bewick's swan.
Swan-breeding has never been carried on in
Suffolk on so large a scale as in Norfolk, and
the fattening of cygnets for the table has not
often been attempted. The late Rev. W. G.
Tuck, who as a Norfolk man well knew the
edible value of the swan, had one or two
young ones fattened and killed in the early
' sixties,' and though the experiment was
entirely successful from an edible point of
view it was hardly so as a matter of expendi-
ture and result.

156. Common Sheld-Duck. Tadorna cornuta

(S. G. Gmelin)
Locally, Burrow-Duck.
This fine wildfowl is a resident breeding
in rabbit holes in several localities near the
coast, though the birds which remain all the
year are few in number compared with the
winter migrants. Of these Mr. Hele says
(Notes about Aldeburgh, ed. 1870, p. 151) :
* Almost every winter many shieldrakes visit
us, they fly together in large flocks, and most
beautiful they appear. The white of the
wings reminds one strongly of a patch of the
purest possible snow having fallen upon their
backs.' Being entirely shore and mud-
feeders they are utterly valueless for the table,
and it is a pity to shoot such interesting and
ornamental birds unless they are required as
specimens. The eggs, which are white and
glossy, are sometimes as many as twelve in
number, and the drake and duck are much
alike.

157. Ruddy Sheld-Duck. Tadorna casarca

(Linn.)

Till 1892 a single bird shot in the mere
near Aldeburgh in July, 1886, was the only
Suffolk specimen of this rare south-eastern
duck, but in the summer of 1892 a remark-
able migration occurred of which Mr. F. M.
Ogilvie has given full details in the Zoologist
for that year (pp. 392-8). Three more were
then shot in the meres near Aldeburgh and
others seen, but there is no record of any
having been obtained or even observed since
that date.

158. Mallard or Wild Duck. Anas boscas,

Linn.
Locally, Wild Duck, Grey Duck.
A resident throughout the county, breeding
in marshes, on heaths, and occasionally in a
place as high and dry as the head of an old
pollard tree. The resident birds pair in
February and often have eggs in March, and
these should be spared after 10 February at
the latest. Many ' foreigners ' come over in
winter, which are smaller and slimmer birds
than the resident race. At least three decoys
are still worked in Suffolk, of which one is
at Fritton Lake near Lowestoft and another
at Iken near Aldeburgh. In the former 2,765
fowl were taken in the season of 1 900-1
and about half that number in the following
year, but some sixty years ago when decoys
were worked at both ends of the lake the
numbers were from twelve to fifteen thousand
annually (Col. H. M. Leathes). The present
owner of the Iken decoy (Mr. A. H. E.

199

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Wood) has kindly furnished details of the
number of fowl taken from 1878-9 to
I go 1-2, the total for the twenty-four seasons
amounting to 43,318, which includes fowl
shot on the estate and adjoining tidal waters.
Of the total 20,382 were wild ducks, 17,169
teal, and 5,464 wigeon, the balance being
made up of ' various.' The number of fowl
in the season of 1902-3 was 3177, which
beat the previous record of 2,964 in 1899-
1900 (A. H. E. W. in litt.). The third
decoy is on the Orwell Park estate near
Ipswich, and yields an average of about 2,000
fowl in a season.

159. Gadwall. Anas strepera, h'mn.

This game-duck breeds regularly in Norfolk
but the nest has not yet been found in Suffolk,
though in May, 1901, a clutch of ten eggs
was taken near Diss within a mile of the
boundary river and put under a hen. In
Suffolk it is a rather uncommon winter
migrant. During a short period of hard
weather in February, 1902, a female was
shot at Bardwell and preserved by Mr. Travis
of Bury. The gadwall can be recognized
by its yellowish legs and white wing-spot.

160. Shoveler. Spatula clypeata (Linn.)
For beauty and variety of colouring the

shoveler drake is excelled by no British water-
fowl. This bird is a resident and ' about ten
or twelve couple breed annually in one
district in east Suffolk where I have seen four
or five nests. Sometimes they are to be found
among dead reeds : at other times high up
on commons among gorse and bracken and
right away from water. One nest contained
eleven shoveler and three pheasant eggs '
(Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain). The broad bill is
a distinguishing mark of this bird in any
plumage.

161. Pintail. Dafila acuta (Linn.)
Locally, Sea-Pheasant.

A winter migrant sometimes arriving in
September and occasionally remaining as late
as 13 May [Zoologist, 1875, p. 4536), but
never breeding in England.

162. Teal. Nettion crecca (Linn.)

A resident which ' breeds in fair numbers
in east Suffolk. I have seen the nest in
woods as well as on the commons ' (Rev. F.
C. R. Jourdain). 1879—80 was a great teal
year, and 1,661 were captured or shot at
Iken out of a total of 2,846 fowl (A. H. E.
Wood).

163. Garganey. ^erquedula circia (Linn.)
This summer migrant is now so rare that

the local name of ' summer-teal ' is practically
obsolete. In the ' seventies ' Mr. Hele found
it breeding in the marshes near Aldeburgh,
and Mr. G. T. Rope in the reedland at
Leiston [Zoologist, 1874, p. 4036, for details
of the latter), but there are no more recent
records. In 1872 several young birds were
shot near Aldeburgh during August, and
there are one or two local eggs in the Ipswich
Museum. The duck in hand can be dis-
tinguished from the teal by the absence of
the bright green wing-spot.

164. Wigeon. Mareca penelope (Linn.)

A common winter migrant of which many
are taken in the decoys and also shot. The
record of wigeon in the Iken decoy was 771
in 1 900-1 (A. H. E. Wood). They have
been seen paired in the Aldeburgh meres in
May, and Mr. Hele thought they occasionally
bred, having once had a duckling brought to
him still partly in the down, but it is perhaps
possible that this may have been a gadwall.

165. Red-crested Pochard. iJetta rufina

(Pallas)

A very rare visitant from the south of
which Dr. Babington records one perfectly
satisfactory specimen shot at Easton Broad by
Mr. Spalding 'some years before 1864.' It
was a drake in full plumage, and at Mr.
Spalding's sale was secured by the late Mr.
H. Greenwood [Catalogue, p. 245).

' 166. Pochard. Fuligula ferina (Linn.)

A winter migrant sometimes plentiful
enough and believed to have nested once at
least near Aldeburgh (Hele). Some eggs
were taken and from them were hatched
ducklings with very large feet, but they died
and were not preserved. ' I have seen a few
in the spring with other duck and believe
them to breed, though I have not found the
nest ' (Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain).

167. Ferruginous Duck. Fuligula nyroca

(Guldenstadt)

A rare visitant which has only been
obtained a few times in SufiFolk and not very
recently.

168. Tufted Duck. Fuligula cristata [Ltach)

This is a bird whose nest, like that of the
pochard, could probably be found if searched
for, as it breeds abundantly in Norfolk and
its range as a resident species is extending
throughout the country. As a winter migrant
it is very well known on the coast and in the
rivers.

200

BIRDS

169. Scaup-Duck. Fuligula marila (Linn.)
A sea-duck seldom met with inland, never

breeding in England and only very rarely in
Scotland, but common enough on the coast
in winter. The name is probably derived
from its feeding on mussel * scalps.'

170. Goldeneye. Clangula glaucton (Linn.)

Locally, Goldeneye Daver (= Diver).

A winter migrant of which young birds
and females are not uncommon, but a good
old drake is quite a rarity.

171. Long-tailed Duck. Harelda glacialii

(Linn.)
A rather irregular winter migrant of which
Mr. Hele states that it ' has occurred in
flocks during excessively cold winters.' An
old drake in summer dress was obtained near
Orford about 23 July, 1872 (Ipswich Museum),
in which plumage it is extremely rare in
Britain.

172. Common Eider Duck. Somateria mollis-

sitna (Linn.)
A rare winter visitant, but one which will
perhaps be more often met with in East
Anglia now that its breeding grounds on the
Fame Islands are so strictly protected.
The very rare king-eider (S. spectabilis) has
been obtained more than once in Norfolk,
and if all eiders killed in Suffolk are examined
by a competent authority it may sooner or
later be recognized. It is a slightly smaller
bird than the common eider.

1 73. Common Scoter. (Edemia nigra (Linn.)
This winter migrant is an essentially

marine bird and very rarely seen inland. A
few, which are probably birds which have
not begun to breed, are sometimes observed
flying alongshore in the summer months. In
July, 1 89 1, large flocks were attracted to
Sizewell Bank to feed on the barley washed
out of a steamer sunk there (F. M. Ogilvic
in Zoologist, 1892, p. 1 09).

1 74. Velvet-Scoter. (Edemia fusca (Linn.)
Though much less frequent than the last-
named species young velvet-scoters are not
uncommon in winter, but old drakes in the
handsome adult plumage are scarce. A very
perfect one was shot at Cockfield, which is
quite twenty-five miles from the sea, 26
November, 1892. The colouring of the
legs and beak was very bright.

175. Goosander. Mergus merganser^ Linn.
Females and young birds are not uncom-
mon winter migrants, but a perfect male is

always a prize
collection.

and

an ornament to any

Mergus

str-

176. Red-breasted Merganser.
rator, Linn.
Locally, Saw-bill or Saw-bill Daver.

This species shares with the goosander the
local name of ' saw-bill,' and the same remarks
apply to it, though it is perhaps the more
common of the two.

Mergus albellus, Linn
rare winter visitant, which

177. Smew,
A rare winter visitant, which occurs as a

rule only in very severe winters. A fine
drake was shot near Ixworth during the frost
of 1 890-1. The Ipswich Museum (Hele
collection) possesses splendid old males of this
and the three last-named species, all obtained
at or near Aldeburgh in i8?o and 1871.

178. Ring-Dove or Wood-Pigeon. Columba
palumbus, Linn.

A common resident breeding twice if not
three times in the year, and often appearing
in enormous flocks in winter. Many are
shot by waiting for them in ' dow-houses '
(dove is usually * dow ' in Suffolk), which are
huts roughly constructed of boughs in which
the shooter waits for the birds as they come
to the woods for the acorns and beech-mast.
On 9 February, 1903, a man was shooting
them in this manner near Ipswich and killed
a fine young white-tailed eagle which flew
down on a dead bird set up as a decoy
{Zoologist, 1903, p. 107). In the Newmarket
neighbourhood wood-pigeons swarmed in
December, 1902, and a local paper stated
that a punt gun was brought to bear on them
so effectually that in one case nineteen
were killed at a shot. These great flocks
probably come from Scandinavia, as they
have been seen crossing the North Sea, and
there is a record of one having been killed
by striking a lighthouse at Orford [Migration
Report for 1884, p. 59).

179. Stock-Dove. Celumba aenas, Linn.
Locally, Stock-Dow.

A resident never seen in flocks like the
ring-dove, but more numerous now than in
former years. It derives its name from its
habit of nesting in the ' stocks ' or trunks of
hollow trees, but it also breeds freely in rabbit
burrows on the warrens and sometimes in
church towers. The eggs, smaller and more
creamy-white than those of the ring-dove,
have been found as early as April and as late
as September. A nest with two almost fresh
eggs was found in the tower of Tostock
church, 26 August, 1900. The smaller
201 26

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

size and entire absence of white in the
plumage distinguish this bird from the ring-
dove, and it does not ' coo,' but utters instead
a singular grunting note.

1 80. Turtle-Dove. Turtur communis, Selby.
A summer migrant arriving about May
Day and easily encouraged by feeding. For
some years past they have come daily to the
garden at Tostock rectory in the summer
months, feeding on maize thrown down for
the tame pigeons, and though they do not
pass the winter north of the Mediterranean
there can be little doubt that the same birds
return to their old haunts year after year.
They are very fond of salt, and when seen
in kitchen gardens they come there with no
worse intent than to peck about on the salt-
impregnated soil of the asparagus beds. The
beauty and harmlessness of this bird well
merit the protection ordered in west Suffolk
both for itself and its eggs.

i8i. Pallas's Sand-Grouse. Syrrhaptes para-
doxus (Pallas)
Suffolk was visited by this Asiatic species
both in the immigration of 1863 and the
second and much larger one in 1888. Mr.
Hele records [Notes about A Idehurgh, ed. 1890,
p. 79) that on 28 May, 1863, seven were
seen to come in from the sea, which alighted
on the shore at Thorpe. A female (Ipswich
Museum) was shot and brought to him, and
many others were afterwards seen. Dr.
Babington [Catalogue, pp. 236-8) has given
a very careful record of the first visitation
with illustrations of a cock and hen. The
pioneers of the second visitation appeared in
Suffolk about the end of May, 1888, when
one was obtained at Mildenhall and another
picked up on the beach at Lowestoft. Several
"were shot near Aldeburgh, some of which
were taken to Mr. Hele, and a fine pair in
the Tostock rectory collection were kindly
sent by him in the flesh. The birds soon
spread all over the county, and many passed
on to the midlands. Some remained till the
end of the year, but no attempt at breeding
appears to have been made in Suffolk. In
1889 'there was a beautiful single male
Pallas's sand-grouse killed at Thorpe Haven
the very end of January. It was peculiarly
marked about the breast, being very dark.
The primaries of the wings and elongated
feathers of the tail were most perfect. The
bird weighed thirteen ounces. I should say
about the best example obtained ' (N. F. Hele
in litt.). Dr. Babington died in January,
1889, having been for some time in failing
health, which prevented him from going

thoroughly into the visitation of 1888, and
perhaps the last addition to his fine collection
of birds was a male of this species shot at
Lowestoft 13 June, 1888. It is impossible
to give any idea of the number visiting the
county or of those killed, but a local paper
stated that on 27 August a flock of two or
three hundred birds passed over Eriswell, and
it is pretty certain that all those which were
shot were not recorded.

182. Pheasant. Phasianus colchicus, Linn.
Though thousands of pheasants are annu-
ally reared and shot in Suffolk, it would now
be a difficult matter to obtain a specimen of
the pure old English form. The great ma-
jority of cocks show more or less of the white
ring on the neck derived from the Chinese
P. torquatus, and as the Japanese pheasant
and Reeves' pheasant have also been
turned down in various places, cross-bred
birds in great variety have been shot. Pied
or even white varieties are common enough,
and about the end of 1898 two hybrids be-
tween the pheasant and common fowl were
sent to Bury to be preserved. Colonel Butler
records [Zoologist, 1901, p. 477) a black
grouse and pheasant hybrid shot near Wood-
bridge, and it seems hardly needful to add
that the presence of the black grouse in Suf-
folk is due to some having been turned down.

183. Partridge. Perdix cinerea, hutham.

Suffolk has long been regarded as a strong-
hold of this favourite game bird, which is
often spoken of as the ' pattridge.' They
are expected to be paired by Valentine Day
and to have hatched by Midsummer Day.
Varieties of plumage occur from time to
time.

184. Red-legged Partridge. Caccahis rufa

(Linn.)
Locally, French Partridge or Frenchman.

Towards the close of the eighteenth cen-
tury these birds were introduced into England
' by the Marquis of Hertford and Lord
Rendlesham, each of whom had eggs procured
on the Continent, carefully brought to Eng-
land, and placed under domestic fowls ; the
former at Sudbourn, near (Jrford in Suffolk,
one of his shooting residences ; the latter on
his estates at Rendlesham, a few miles distant
from Sudbourn. From these places the birds
have been gradually extending themselves
over the adjoining counties ' (Yarrell, ed. 4,
iii. 1 1 6). The 'Frenchman' is now dis-
persed all through the county, and is perhaps
as common in the neighbourhood of Diss as
anywhere. Young birds of this species in

202

BIRDS

the speckled plumage have often been mis-
taken for hybrids with the common partridge.

185. Quail. Ceturnix communis, Bonnztcrre.
A rather irregular summer migrant, more

plentiful in some years than in others. The
nest has been occasionally found.

186. Corn-Crake or Land-Rail. Crex pra-

tensis, Bechstein.
In Suffolk people usually shoot the ' land-
rail ' but hear the ' corn-crake,' as the latter
name appeals more to the ear. This bird is a
rather late summer migrant, nesting in
meadows and cornfields, where it makes its
presence known by its oft-repe;.ted * crake-
crake.' Comparatively few people know it
by sight, and a beautiful specimen which
struck the telegraph wires near Bury in May,
1 90 1, was a puzzle to a gang of railway
workmen, not one of whom could name it.

187. Spotted Crake. Porzana maruetta

(Leach)
One or two pairs may nest in the county
still, but this bird is chiefly an autumn visitant.
Mr. G. T. Rope has found it nesting at
Leiston, ' where in the marshes on the Lower
Abbey Farm there was a large reed-bed or
" reedland," since drained and done away
with. The Spotted Crake bred there in 1872
and my brother and I found the nest, or more
strictly speaking our dog found it. The
young were on the point of hatching and an
addled egg and a drawing of one of the chicks
were sent to the Field office' (G. T. R. in litt.).
In the summer of 1866 the naturalists at
Aldeburgh were much perplexed by the call
of a bird repeatedly heard in the mere nearest
the town, and there is little doubt that the
' weet-weet ' was produced by the spotted
crake (Hele).

188. Little Crake. Porzana parva {Scopoli)
A very rare visitant, which has doubtless

often escaped notice from its small size and
skulking habits. One was killed on Oulton
Broad in 1830, which Dr. Babington con-
sidered the ' only one which can with cer-
tainty be counted on as having occurred in
Suffolk.'

189. Baillon's Crake. Perzana hailloni

(Vieillot)
The records of this rare visitant do not
appear to be very satisfactory or very recent,
but as Dr. Babington has admitted its claim
and Mr. Saunders states that ' Baillon's crake
has occurred in Suffolk ' {Manual, p. 513) it
is included here, especially as there are several

good records from Norfolk, and it is believed
to have nested in that county. It may be
roughly described as a very small spotted
crake,

190. Water-Rail. Rallus aquaticus, Linn.

A resident breeding in marshes and reed-
beds, but not common except in winter,
when the numbers are increased by the
arrival of migrants.

191. Moor-Hen. Gallinula chloropus (Linn.)
A common resident, also known as the

water-hen, breeding on the edges of lakes,
rivers and ponds, and even in ditches, where
its nest may be found from early in April till
late in June, as it rears two broods in a
season. During a flood in the Norton
meadows in June, 1902, which must have
destroyed many hundreds of eggs, a sitting
moorhen raised her nest and eggs with sedge
and reeds to a height of about 18 inches
above the original site of the nest and kept
them high and dry. In a long frost these
birds suffer severely, and in the intense frost
of February, 1895, some were found dead at
Tostock in rabbit burrows into which they
had evidently crept for shelter.

192. Coot. Fulica atra, hinn,

A resident far less common than the moor-
hen but breeding both in marshes near the sea
and on inland waters. Bartonmere, before
it had shrunk to its present condition, was a
favourite haunt, and in 1 90 1 several pairs
nested on Drinkstone Park water. * There
are a few women in the town who are
regularly employed to prepare the coot for
cooking. It appears the down under the
feathers is so close and thick as to necessitate
its removal after the bird is plucked. Thisi
is done by first rubbing the surface with pow-
dered resin, afterwards dipping the entire
body into hot water. By this means the resin,
becomes dissolved and mingling with the
down allows it to be removed with tolerable
ease' (Hele, Notes about Aldeburgh, ed. 1890^
p. 86).

193. Crane. Grus communis, Btchste.\n.
Though it is quite possible that the crane

may have bred in the fens of Suffolk long ago
there are only two records of its occurrence
in recent times, both of them in the Lowes-
toft district. One was shot at Kirkley in a
barley field in April, 1845 (Babington, Cata-
logue, p. 157), and the other at Benacre in
the last week of June, 1 893, which was pre-
served for Sir Alfred Gooch by Mr. Bunn of
Lowestoft.

203

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

194. Great Bustard. Otis tarda, Linn.

Much has been written on the great
bustards of SuflFollc, but as this fine old county
family became extinct about 1830 it is pretty
certain that there is no one now living who
can claim a personal acquaintance with them,
and a writer in the twentieth century must
fall back on information previously published.
The history of the Norfolk and Suffolk
bustards has been most carefully recorded in
the Birds of l<!$rfolk (i. 1-42, and iii. 396-
407), and Dr. Babington [Catalogue, pp.
1 1 1—3) has taken great trouble to preserve a
record of the occurrences in this county.
This superb game bird had its headquarters
in the north-west on the warrens or brecks
about Elveden, Eriswell and Icklingham.
Mr. W. Bilson, for many years a bird-stuffer
at Bury, who was born in 1808 and died in
1894, well remembered the Icklingham
bustards, and on one occasion saw as many as
six at once. This would probably be about
1824. Only four specimens of the old native
race seem to be in existence, and none of
them remain in the county. There is one in
the Cambridge Museum from Icklingham ;
one in the Norwich Museum obtained at
Elveden in 1 8 15; one in the collection of
Mr. Lucas of Burgh in Norfolk, killed at
Eriswell about 1829 ; and one was for many
years at Riddlesworth Hall, which was killed
at Cavenham, and at the Riddlesworth sale in
1894 passed into a private collection. All
these are females. Dr. Babington mentions
also the particulars of four Suffolk eggs which
were intact when he wrote in 1886. After
the old race had become extinct Suffolk
remained for about forty years unvisited by
bustards, but in January, 1876, a fine male
appeared at Feltwell in Norfolk, where he
remained for a month and was subsequently
seen at Eriswell and Elveden (H. M. Upcher
in Zoologist, 1876, p. 4882, where full details
are given). During the winter of 1890— i
several hen bustards were killed in England,
one of them in Mildenhall Fen on 5 February,
1 89 1. Mr. Hewlett of Newmarket met a
fen-man with the bird in his hand and at
once purchased it. He mounted it and after-
wards sold it to Mr. Walter Rothschild of
Tring Park, in whose museum it still remains.
An attempt was made some ten years later to
re-establish the bustard on the Elveden estate
where seventeen birds imported from Spain
were turned down. The experiment un-
fortunately was not successful as the majority
of the birds disappeared, and in December,
1 90 1, only four remained, of which one had
a damaged wing (J. H. Gurney in Zoologist,

1902, p. 84). Two of the birds strayed to
Finningham, where they were shot by a
keeper in June, 190 1, and though the shooter
was prosecuted and fined for killing game out
of season the mischief was done. These two
birds, a hen and a young cock, were pre-
sented to the Ipswich Museum. In the
autumn of 1902 one of the four survivors
was shot just over the Cambridgeshire border
and all hope of the birds increasing was at an
end, though a cock and hen were alive and
well in April, 1903, of which the hen had
laid two infertile eggs in 1902 (Mr. W. Hill).

195. Little Bustard. Otis tetrax, Linn.
There is no reason to believe that this bird

was ever anything but the rare visitant to
Britain that it is now. Nearly all the Suffolk
examples have been met with in autumn or
winter, but the only one obtained since the
' seventies ' is a remarkable exception. This
was a fine male shot at Kessingland on 30
May, 1898, which was in perfect breeding
plumage, and in this respect unique as a
British specimen. An illustration reproduced
from a photograph with details will be found
in the Zoologist for 1899, p. 120.

196. Stone-Curlew. (Edicnemus scolopax (S.G.

Gmelin)
Locally, Culloo or Cullew.
A summer migrant arriving about the end
of March and still fairly common in those
parts of the county which were once the
haunt of the bustard. There are also some
on the commons and in the fields adjoining
the coast, and in May, 1901, a clutch of eggs
was found near Southwold. The two eggs
often differ a good deal in shape, one being
much rounder than the other, and this was
the case with a clutch remarkable for the
minute freckles on both eggs found near
Mildenhall in 1902. 'Many of the first
clutches are broken by harrowing and rolling.
It is a curious fact that keepers who have
excellent opportunities of observing these birds
state that they see them occasionally during
every month of the winter ' (Rev. F. C. R.
Jourdain). One was picked up alive near
Bury in November, 1902, apparently nipped
by the cold, but it soon recovered and was
eventually sent to an aviary in Yorkshire. In
January, 1889, one was shot at Barrow, and
as a note made at the time mentions that it
was in poor plumage and condition it may
have been a wounded bird. This bird is also
known as the great plover, Norfolk plover and
thick-knee. The large bright yellow eye is
very beautiful in the living bird, and indicates
the nocturnal habits of the species.

204

BIRDS

197. Cream-coloured Courser. Cursorius

gallicus (J. F. Gmelin)
Dr. Babington mentions one occurrence
of this very rare straggler to England, stating
that one was shot at Friston in 1828 {Cata-
logue, p. 239).

198. Dotterel. Eudromias morinellus {L,mn.)
An uncommon spring and autumn migrant,

but it is quite possible that in the plain
plumage of the first autumn many "have been
shot and eaten without being recognized. In
the spring of 1880 one in perfect summer
dress was brought to Mr. Hele which had
'made a job of itself (Suffolk for suicide)
against the telegraph wires so effectually that
it could not be mounted. The dotterel breeds
no nearer to Suffolk than the mountains of
the English lake district.

199. Ringed Plover. Mgia litis hiaticula

(Linn.)

Locally, Stone-hatch, inland ; Stone-runner,
on the coast.

The graceful flight and mellow whistle of
this pretty bird must be familiar to every one
who has walked along the shingly beaches of
Suffolk. It is a resident breeding on the
coast and also inland at Barnham, Elveden,
Lakenheath and on Thetford Warren. Mr.
W. G. Clarke has given {Zoologist, 1897, pp.
502-4) full details of the inland nesting-
places, stating that the birds arrive in March
and sometimes have eggs by the end of the
month, adding that they leave about mid-
August and are said to ' go with the cuckoos.'
Young birds unable to fly are sometimes seen
in August, which indicates that two broods
are reared in the year.- A rather smaller form
with darker mantle occurs on migration, but
the real little ringed plover (/£. curonica)
has not been recognized in Suffolk.

200. Kentish Plover. Mgialitis cantiana

(Latham)
A rare spring and autumn migrant, the
breeding grounds of which are confined in
England to a very limited area on the coasts
of Kent and Sussex. It is smaller than the
ringed plover and can be identified at any age
by its black legs. A very perfect male in the
Ipswich Museum was shot near Aldeburgh in
June, 1869.

201. Golden Plover. Charadrius pluvialis,

Linn.

A winter migrant often met with inland

but rarely remaining late enough to assume its

summer plumage. In May, 1891, one was

shot at Tuddenbam (west Suffolk) with a

very perfect black breast, which is still in the
possession of Mr. Travis of Bury. Its nearest
breeding grounds are on the Derbyshire hills.
The lesser golden plover {Charadrius dominicus)
has lately been added to the British list, and
any one shooting a small golden plover near
the coast will do well to obtain the opinion
of an expert before consigning it to the larder.

202. Grey Plover. Squatarola helvetica (Linn.)
A typical spring and autumn visitant much
more numerous in the latter season. Young
birds in first plumage have a yellowish tinge
on the back, but the grey plover can be recog-
nized in any plumage by possessing a hind
toe. The splendid specimens in the Ipswich
Museum were shot near Aldeburgh in 1866
or 1867.

403. Lapwing. Vanellus vulgaris, Bechstein.
Locally, Peewit, Horn-Pie.
A resident breeding in rough meadows, on
commons and also on arable land throughout
the county. In the very early spring of 1 894
a full clutch of eggs was found at Tostock
on 30 March. Many eggs are taken for
eating, but if the first nest is safely hatched
only one brood is reared. Early in July the
Suffolk-bred birds congregate in flocks, and
there are large additions of foreigners ' in late
autumn, of which there are many records
from lightships and lighthouses.

204. Turnstone. Strepsilas interpres (Linn.)
A spring and autumn migrant and a bird

easily recognized from its black and white
plumage. The young birds begin to arrive
in August and are sometimes so tame that
they will allow a shore-shooter to walk
almost up to them. The turnstone frequents
the beach and is often seen feeding quite close
to the tide-line. Dr. Babington had no
records from west Suffolk.

205. Oyster-catcher. Hamatopus ostralegus,

Linn.
Locally, Olive (Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain) ;
Mere-Pie.

The great flocks of oyster-catchers which
frequent the shores of the Wash are unknown
in Suffolk, though Mr. Hele says that they
were ' formerly much more abundant than now
and used to breed in large numbers about the
mere-land at Thorpe.' No eggs came into
his possession between i860 and 1890, when
in the second edition of his book he wrote of
the once abundant birds : * A few of these
are generally to be found during May, both
at Thorpe and about the river side,' referring
to those which occurred on migration. In

205

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

1 89 1 the present writer classed the oyster-
catcher with the extinct breeders, but on 3
June, 1893, the Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain
found a nest on the Suffolk coast with three
eggs just hatching, and on 5 June saw a pair
evidently breeding on one of the rivers, add-
ing that in 1894 they were certainly breeding
again on the shore, and that a boy told him
he had more than once found the nest of the
' olive,' as he called it (F. C. R. J. in litt.).
This is an interesting case of birds returning
to old breeding grounds, and this handsome
species may perhaps be described as a resident
though very scarce and local.

206. Avocet. Recurv'irostra avocetta, Linn.

This bird has been extinct as a breeder in
the British Islands for more than half a cen-
tury, but Mr. Hele was able to write in 1870,
' I have been informed by a trustworthy old
gunner since dead that he could distinctly
remember this species, called by the local
name of the awl-bird, breeding not infre-
quently in the mere-lands at Thorpe.' The
death of the informant must have taken place
some time between 1859 and 1870, and he
might have been a bird-nesting boy at any
time between 1800 and 1820, so it seems
reasonable to believe that the avocet continued
to breed in Suffolk as long as it did in Norfolk,
where it is known to have bred till about
1822 or 1824. There could hardly have
been a place in England better suited to its
habits than the mere and fen at Thorpe
before the railway was made and when all
the district was quiet, but there were probably
other places both north and south of Thorpe
in which it bred. Mr. T. M. Spalding about
1846 wrote of the avocet, 'Now very rare;
has been killed at Orford and Easton Broad.'
The avocets which bred in Suffolk were
undoubtedly summer migrants, and when any
occur now they usually appear in spring. A
pair visited the old haunts at Thorpe in April,
1878, of which the hen was shot, and on 4
May, 1887, five out of a flock of six were
shot on Breydon, where they now have the
benefit of careful protection.

207. Black-winged Stilt. Himantopui candidus,

Bonnaterre.

There is a rather ancient specimen of this
bird in the Bury Museum (Dennis collection)
said to have been ' shot at Orford but not
known in what year.' Mr. Dennis was so
careful to preserve full ' data ' of the birds he
stuffed that such a rare bird would have all
particulars affixed to the case, and he probably
bought it already mounted. In the Zoologist

for 1875 (p. 4634) Mr. Stevenson records one
shot in July of that year on Outney Common
near Bungay, and if the locality is correct
this bird was killed just within the Suffolk
boundary. Dr. Babington mentions one or
two more shot ' at Yarmouth ' or ' on Brey-
don ' many years ago [Catalogue, p. 239).

208. Grey Phalarope. Phalaropus fulicarius

(Linn.)

Not very uncommon on the coast as an
autumnal visitant, but never met with on its
northward journey in spring. In winter
plumage it rather resembles the sanderling at
the same season, but is easily recognized by
the lobed membranes of the feet.

209. Red-necked Phalarope. Phalaropus hyper-

boreus (Linn.)

Though this species breeds in Orkney and
Shetland, and the nearest breeding grounds of
the grey phalarope are in Iceland, it is much
the rarer of the two in Suffolk, and years
often pass without its occurrence. Mr. Hele
had to wait twenty years before a specimen
came into his hands.

210. Woodcock. Scohpax rusticula, Linn.
A woodcock's nest in Suffolk is quite a rare

thing, but Dr. Babington [Catalogue, p. 146)
mentions ten places where it is believed to
have bred once at least. To these may be
added Monk's Wood at Bradfield, where four
young ones were hatched early in April,
1897, and three eggs taken in the follow'ng
year, and Rattlesden, where there was a nest
with four eggs in 1900. But the bird is
practically a winter migrant, arriving about
the middle of October. In October, 1865,
one struck the weather-vane on St. Mary's
Church at Bury and was picked up under
the tower with the neck torn open. Wood-
cocks have been seen at Aldeburgh on
several occasions coming in over the sea,
usually directly against the wind, and after
the fatiguing effort of the migration flight
have been known to drop into gardens or even
on the bare shingle under cover of a fishing-
boat (Hele). In Suffolk as elsewhere they
vary a good deal in colour and size, and a
small red bird shot at Tostock in December,
1893 (rectory collection) weighed barely
10 oz., while a large dark specimen will often
run up to 13 oz. or more. The woodcock
usually rises in silence, but one flushed at
Tostock on 17 March, 1894, uttered aery
like ' cack-cack-cack.^ It is an early breeder
and even in Scotland often has eggs in March.

Jo6

BIRDS

211. Great Snipe. Gallinago major (J. F.

Gmelin)
The solitary snipe, as this bird is often
called, is an autumnal visitant usually appear-
ing in August and September, but never
remaining through the winter and very rarely
occurring in spring. Mr. Bunn of Lowestoft
has more than once picked up a specimen in
the game shops there, and dozens have
doubtless been shot and eaten. Mr. Hele
once shot in the dusk at something running
on the ground in the marshes just south of
Aldeburgh and picked up a great snipe.

212. Common Snipe. Gallinago cailestis

(Frenzel)
A resident which sometimes has eggs in
March. Many of the early nests are de-
stroyed when the meadows are rolled, but the
hen soon lays again, and the same bird has
been known to lay three full clutches of four
eggs in a season. The fresh eggs are often
very handsomely marked but vary a good
deal both in size and colour. A clutch of
iive was found at Tostock on 28 May, 1892,
from which the bird was flushed, and a sitting
snipe will sometimes almost allow herself to
be trodden on. The birds which breed as
they do in suitable places all over the county
return to the same haunts with great regu-
larity, and their arrival is soon announced by
the ' drumming ' of the cock, which is some-
times heard quite late in the evening when
the Easter moon is at the full. Many come
as winter migrants, and one at least has been
k^illed by striking the Orford lighthouse.

213. Jack Snipe. Gallinago gallinula (Linn.)
This is the smallest and by far the hand-
somest of the British snipe and is a winter
migrant arriving in September and leaving in
March or April. Its nest has never been
found in the British Islands.

214. Broad-billed Sandpiper. Limicola platy-

rhyncha (Temminck)
A very rare visitant from north-eastern
Europe which has been obtained on Breydon
three times in spring and once in autumn.

215. Pectoral Sandpiper.
Vieillot.

Tringa maculata.

This rare visitant from the other side of
the Atlantic has been shot four times near
Aldeburgh and always in the autumn. One
shot by Mr. Hele is in the Ipswich Museum,
and another shot by the present writer in
Thorpe Mere 14 September, 1872, was re-
corded in the Zoologist for that year (p. 3307)
as follows : ' To-day I was lucky enough to

shoot a pectoral sandpiper in the north mere.
Three birds skimmed past me within a
longish shot and I shot at them and killed
this one, thinking that they were curlew-
sandpipers. It is evidently a bird of the year
from the light-coloured margins to the feathers ;
the sex I could not ascertain with certainty
owing to the shot marks. The legs and base
of lower mandible were light yellowish brown
and irides dark brown ; the body was loaded
with fat. The wind had been blowing
rather freely from the west for some days and
I fancy that this bird must have been blown
over to the coast of Norway or Iceland, and
then have joined a flock of knots or curlew-
sandpipers on their way southward.'

216. Siberian Pectoral Sandpiper. Tringa

acuminata (Horsfield)
This is the old world representative of the
last-named species, and recently added to the
British list, a specimen having been shot on
Breydon 29 August, 1892, of which full
details are given in the Zoologist for 1892 (pp.
356-8).

217. Dunlin. Tringa alpina, Linn.
Locally, Oxbird.

The commonest wader on the coast but
never breeding in Suffolk, though it does so
regularly in many English counties. The
young birds arrive quite early in August and
in winter it is sometimes seen in great flocks.

2 1 8. Little Stint. Tringa minuta, Leisler.

A spring and autumn migrant sometimes
rather common. When curlew-sandpipers
are abundant this species usually comes in fair
numbers, but never in large flocks, and in
spring it is always rare.

219. Temminck's Stint. Tringa temmincki,

Leisler.
Also a spring and autumn migrant, rarer
than the little stint. In plumage it much
resembles the common sandpiper and has
yellowish legs, those of the little stint being
black.

220. Curlew-Sandpiper. Tringa subarquata

(Guldenstadt)
This species is sometimes common enough
in autumn, when as many as six have been
killed at a shot in the Aldeburgh meres. In
the handsome summer dress, which resembles
that of the knot at the same season, it is much
rarer, but a good many have been obtained
both on Breydon and near Aldeburgh. The
long down-curved bill from which the name
is derived enables it to be recognized in any

207

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

plumage when shot, and on the wing the
white rump is conspicuous.

221. Purple Sandpiper. Tringa striata, hinn.
An autumn and winter visitant and one of

the tamest of the waders on its first arrival.
Like the grey phalarope it misses the east
coast on its homeward journey in spring and
is unknown here in breeding plumage.

222. Knot. Tringa canutus, Linn.
Locally, Silver Plover in winter.

The migrations of the knot are much like
those of the curlew-sandpiper but it appears
in autumn and winter in much larger flocks,
and some remain throughout the winter. Its
remarkably extensive geographical range has
been carefully worked out by Mr. Saunders
{Manual, p. 596), but no eggs have ever been
found. From the vast numbers of birds
which come to England in autumn and
winter the nests must abound in some yet
undiscovered breeding-place.

223. Sanderling. Calidris arenaria (Linn.)
A spring and autumn migrant of which a

few remain through the winter. Though
the plumage varies a great deal according to
age and season it can be always known by the
absence of a hind-toe.

224. RuflF. Machetes pugnax (Linn.)

The rufF bred in Norfolk till late in the
' eighties ' and there can be no reasonable
doubt that it bred in Suffolk in earlier times
in more than one locality, although no record
of its having done so exists. Young birds are
not at all uncommon in autumn, and in July,
1872, an adult male was shot near Aldeburgh
showing traces of a recently-shed white ruff
(Ipswich Museum).

225. Buff-breasted Sandpiper. Tringites ru-

fescens (Vieillot)
A very rare North American species of
which three specimens have been shot on
Breydon, the last in 1 843. All three occur-
rences were in autumn.

226. Common Sandpiper. Totanus hypoleucus

(Linn.)
Locally, Summer Snipe.
This species is not at all uncommon as a
spring and autumn visitant, frequenting tidal
rivers and dykes in the marshes. Its nest and
eggs have once been found in Norfolk, but
there is at present no certain proof of its
having bred in this county.

227. American Spotted Sandpiper. Totanus

macularius (Linn.)
A specimen of this American sasdpiper

was shot near Mildenhall early in 1869
[Zoologist, 1871, p. 2684) and stuffed by Mr.
Bilson of Bury. Dr. Babington when en-
gaged on his book was unable to trace it and
seemed somewhat doubtful about it, but adds
in his appendix [Catalogue, p. 276) : 'I now
believe that there was no reason to question
the Mildenhall example.'

228. Wood-Sandpiper. Totanus glareola (J.

F. Gmelin)
A spring and autumn migrant which has
often been obtained in the eastern part of the
county especially in the Aldeburgh meres.
On 14 June, 1889, a flock of five was seen
in the mere adjoining the North Field [Zoolo-
gist, 1889, p. 313).

229. Green Sandpiper. Totanus ochropus

(Linn.)
Some birds of this species remain through
the winter, and Dr. Babington [Catalogue, p.
132) had records for all months but February,
March and November. It is a striking bird
on the wing, looking as black and white as an
oyster-catcher when flying low over the water,
and the very loud shrill note it utters when
alarmed is certain to attract attention, and it
is a less sociable bird than the wood-sandpiper,
being usually met with singly or in pairs.
The eggs have never been found in the
British Islands, though it is quite possible it
may have bred, as its habit of laying in old
nests of other birds built in trees was un-
known till about fifty years ago. Should the
eggs ever be found in England the discovery
will probably be made in one of the counties
bounded on the east by the North Sea.

230. Redshank. Totanus calidris (Linn.)
Locally, Tu-tu (Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain).

A resident breeding in marshes near the
coast and also in several localities in west
Suffolk, but the autumn and winter migrants
far exceed in number the resident birds.
In its nesting-grounds it is an attractive
bird with bold dashing flight and loud
mellow whistle, and though the anxiety of
the parents may plainly indicate that the eggs
are near they are difficult to find, being usually
well concealed in a tuft of grass and the hen
does not sit very closely. The eggs are often
sold as ' plovers' eggs ' but are rather smaller
and lighter in colour.

231. Spotted Redshank. Totanus ^scus (Linn.)
An uncommon visitant at any time, and in

the black summer dress is quite a rarity. One
in this plumage was shot at Stanningfield in
May, 1871, and preserved by Mr. Bilson.

208

BIRDS

Y^oung birds occur from time to time in
autumn, and two were shot at Aldeburgh in
January, 1871, rather an unusual date, one of
which is in the Ipswich Museum. It is a
larger bird than the common redshank, with
longer legs and beak in proportion to its size,
and has no white on the wing.

232. Greenshank. Totanus canescem (J. F.
, Gmelin)

A spring and autumn visitant, the young
birds often fairly plentiful in autumn. In
1880 Mr. Charles Clarke took an egg between
the martello tower and the Orford light-
house believed to have been a greenshank's,
both from the character of the egg itself and
from his description of the birds, which were
very white underneath and kept up a shrill
whistling overhead. This bird breeds in fair
numbers in the north of Scotland.

233. Bar-tailed Godwit. Limosa lapponica

(Linn.)
A spring and autumn migrant arriving on
passage about the middle of May, when Mr.
Patterson has seen hundreds on Breydon
{Zoologist^ I90i> P- 104)- The young birds
come in August and September and are often
easily approached and shot, as perhaps they
never see a human being at close quarters till
they reach the British coast. They are ex-
cellent eating and often sold in numbers by
game dealers. Most of those which come in
autumn move on after a short stay, but some
remain through the winter, and in January,
1903, a considerable number were shot.

234. Black-tailed Godwit. Limosa belglca

Q. F. Gmelin)
Though there is ample evidence of this
bird breeding in East Anglia till about 1847
no record has been kept of its having done so
in Suffolk. It is now only a rare visitant in
late summer or autumn, the last occurrence
being one shot on the Orwell 8 October,
1902, by Mr. Hudson of Ipswich, who re-
corded it in the Field. Many are imported
from the continent both alive and dead, and
sometimes unblown eggs can be bought in
Leadenhall market.

235. Common Curlew. Numenius arquata

(Linn.)
Some curlews remain on the coast all the
year but none breed in the eastern counties,
though they do so numerously in the north of
England. There is plenty of common land
in east Suffolk well suited to their habits in
the breeding season, and it is quite possible
that they bred here formerly. Many come
in autumn, and from reports forwarded from

various light-stations the glare of the lantern
seems to have more attraction for them than
for most birds, as ' many round lantern ' is a
frequent entry. Their loud whistle is often
recognized as they pass over on migration at
night, and Mr. Travis has heard them going
over Bury. Curlews vary a good deal in
size and weight as well as in length of bill.

236. Whimbrel. Numenius phaopus (Linn.)
Locally, May-bird or Bream.

Its regular appearance in May will account
for the first local name given for this spring
and autumn migrant, but to explain the latter,
which Mr. G. T. Rope gives as * Brame'
{Zoologist, 1878, p. 290), is difficult. The
whimbrel frequents the coast, tidal rivers and
marshes near the sea and is rarely met with
inland except on migration. Its only breeding
places in the British Isles are in Orkney and
Shetland.

237. Eskimo Curlew. Numenius borealis (J.

R. Forster)
A very rare American species of which Mr.
Hele writes : ' One shot some years ago on the
river by Capt. Ferrand, but unfortunately not
preserved. A specimen in very similar dress
was obtained on the Woodbridge river and
was in the collection of the late Mr. Hilling
of that town ' {Notes about Aldeburgh, ed. 1 890,
p. 98). There is no record of any other in
England.

238. Black Tern. Hydrochelidon nigra (Linn.)
This is another species which doubtless

bred in Suffolk a century ago, and it is now
not rare as a spring and autumn visitant. It
sometimes comes to inland waters, where its
singularly graceful flight and dusky colouring
cannot fail to attract notice, while its tameness
renders it an easy and most interesting bird to
watch. One was seen on Bartonmere for
some hours on 20 April, 1895, hawking for
insects over the water like a swallow, and it
seems in spring to be almost entirely an in-
sect feeder. As many as forty have been
seen on Breydon during the migration in
May (Patterson, Zoologist, 1901, p. 105).
The young birds which appear in September
are greyish-brown above and white below,
and can be recognized by having the feet only
half-webbed.

239. White-winged Black Tern. Hydrocheli-

don leucoptera (Schinz)

This rare southern species has only been

recognized as a British bird since 1841, and

was not known to have visited Breydon till

1871, when the late Mr. E. T. Booth killed

209

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

four at one shot, which are in the Dyke Road
Museum at Brighton. A flock of eight was
seen on Breydon 22 April, igoi {Zoologist,
1901, p. 88), and this bird is perhaps now an
annual summer visitant there, but it has only
once been identified on the Suffolk coast or
inland waters, when two were seen on Fritton
Lake in the year mentioned above (Leathes).

240. Gull-billed Tern. Sterna ang/ica, Mon-

tagu)

A rare summer visitant of which there is
no record except from Breydon, where eight
or nine have been shot, the last occurrence
being on 5 September, 1896 [Zoologist, 1897,
p. 132). A Breydon specimen shot in April,
1849, is in the Bury Museum. On the wing
it would be difficult to distinguish this bird
from the more common Sandwich tern.

241. Caspian Tern. Sterna caspia, Pallas.

Mr. Yarrell states that three or four of this
species were once seen at Aldeburgh and one
of them shot. As a rare summer visitant it
has occurred several times on Breydon, where
one was seen on two successive days in July,
1901 [Zoologist, 1902, p. 91), and another 24
July, 1902 [Zoologist, 1903, p. 132). The
geographical range of this fine species is very
extensive both in the old and new world
(Saunders' Manual, p. 642).

242. Sandwich Tern. Sterna cantiaca (J. F.

Gmelin)
This is the largest of the five species of
terns which still breed in Britain, but in
Suffolk it is now only a visitant, though
there is some evidence that it used to breed.
Bewick quotes from Latham that ' it is pretty
common on the Suffolk and Kentish coasts in
the summer months, breeds there in the
month of June,' and this would be towards
the close of the eighteenth century. About
fifty years later in 1846 or thereabouts Mr.
T. M. Spalding in his Catalogue previously
referred to mentions it simply as ' summer
visitor,' using precisely the same words for
the wryneck. It formerly bred near the
Kentish port from which its name is derived,
and still breeds abundantly on the Fame
Islands and less numerously in other places in
England. As there could hardly be a locality
better suited to it than the Orford beach, with
a tidal river on one side and the sea on the
other, it is quite possible that like the oyster-
catcher it may return to its old breeding-
grounds, especially as it enjoys the benefit of
the strictest protection on the Fame Islands
and also of the extension of the close-time to

I September, so with the increase in its
numbers new colonies may be formed. The
Sandwich tern can be recognized by its large
size, black legs and perfectly white under-
parts, and its very beautiful eggs are unlike
those of any other British bird.

243. Roseate Tern. Sterna dougalliy Mon-

tagu
In Mr. Spalding's list just referred to he
simply mentions ' Roseate Tern. Orford.'
This seems to indicate that he regarded that
locality as a regular haunt, and he was so
careful an observer, and the bird is one so
easily recognized alive or dead, that there
need be no hesitation in admitting the bird
to the Suffolk list. It probably bred, and is
believed to have done so in Norfolk recently
(Patterson). Mr. Booth saw one on Breydon,
26 May, 1 87 1 [Birds of Norfolk, iii. 300).

244. Common Tern. Sterna fluviatilis, Nau-

mann.
Locally, Cob, Sea-swallow.
This lovely bird is a summer migrant, breed-
ing in fair numbers on the now ' protected
area ' of Orford beach, where it is on the
increase. Thirty or forty years ago the nests
used to be mercilessly robbed by people who
went down with dogs trained to find the eggs,
and as recently as 1878 over one hundred
were taken in a day. Mr. Hele states that
they used also to breed at Thorpe. The
Orford terns have been seen to mob a hare
which ran across their breeding ground (C. J.
Palmer).

245. Arctic Tern. Sterna macrura (yiAnvaiinn)
A spring and autumn visitant which may

have bred, but there is no absolute proof of
its having done so. It is very like the com-
mon tern, but has a longer tail, shorter legs, a
smaller bill and underparts of a darker grey.
The young of the year are not easy to dis-
tinguish, and the legs are the best guide, being
pinkish in this species and yellowish-brown in
the common tern.

246. Little Tern. Sterna minuta, Linn.
Locally, Reek or Ric, from its cry.

This graceful little bird is a summer
migrant, arriving early in May and breeding
on the Orford beach. There is also a colony
on a shingle bank near Southwold (Rev.
F. C. R. Jourdain). Few birds have bene-
fited more by the protection extended to eggs
and parents during the last few years than
the terns of the east coast. Both the com-
mon and lesser terns are occasionally met
with inland at the time of the spring migra-

210

BIRDS

tion, and one of the latter was picked up in a
pond at Tostock 28 April, 1897.

247. Sabine's Gull. Xema sabinii (Joseph

Sabine)

This small fork-tailed gull, which seems
like a link between the terns and gulls, is a
very rare visitant from arctic America. Two
were shot on Breydon in October, 1881, and
a third at Lowestoft 18 October, 1901 (Zsa-
logtity 1902, p. 93), all of which were young
birds.

248. Little Gull. Larus minutus, Pallas.

In the winter of 1869-70 there was a
considerable migration of little gulls to the
east coast, and it is now not very rare as an
autumn and winter visitant. An exceptional
occurrence was recorded in the Field of 1867
by Mr. Hele, who shot 'on May 22 a little
gull in the Thorpe Mere in immature but
very handsome plumage. It was in company
with several little terns and tolerably easy of
approach. The bird (a male) had been feed-
ing upon the slender dragon-fly so common
hereabouts. The flight of the little gull
almost exactly resembled that of the little
tern.' This specimen, with an old bird in
winter dress shot in 1870, is in the Ipswich
Museum. One was shot at Thorpe 26 Sep-
tember, 1 87 1 (Hele).

249. Black-headed Gull. Larus ridibundus,

Linn.
Locally, Peck-mire, Coddy-moddy.
This is the only gull which is known ever
to have bred in East Anglia, and there is only
one record of a ' gullery ' in Suffolk, of which
Professor Newton furnished the particulars
for the Birds of Norfolk (iii. 323). ' The ex-
tinct Brandon gullery was on a small mere
perhaps half-a-mile from the Brandon and
Mildenhall road, and so close to the Wang-
ford boundary that in one place the Wang-
ford warren-bank may be said to have touched
the water — indeed, in a wet season, I have
seen the water come through on the Wang-
ford side. On the 9th April, 1853, Gathercole,
who had been warrener on Wangford for
twenty-two years, told my brother and my-
self that the " coddy-moddies " left off breed-
ing there several years ago.' The bird is
still common enough, especially the young in
autumn.

250. Mediterranean Black - headed Gull.

Larus melanocephalus, Natterer.
As its name suggests this is a southern
species, of which a single bird wandered to
Breydon and was shot on 26 December, 1886
{Zoologisiy 1887, p. 69).

251. Common Gull. Larus canus (Linn.)
Locally, Cob, Sea-cob, Sea-crow (inland).

The presence of this and other gulls on
the east coast at all times of the year may be
accounted for by the fact that these birds do
not assume full plumage for some years, and
do not breed till they assume it. Hence there
are birds of any age from one to four years
with nothing to keep them in one place for a
week at a time, and they may be seen on the
coast any day. The common gull is often
seen flying over inland, and the appearance
of a flock is supposed to foretell stormy
weather, though when they are flying to-
wards the north or east the exact opposite is
the case. Most gulls seen inland are of this
species, which is not known to breed any-
where in England or Wales.

252. Herring-Gull. Larus argentatus (J. F.

Gmelin)

This fine bird, of which the nearest breed-
ing places are on the Yorkshire cliffs, is not
uncommon as an autumn and winter visitant,
especially in the sprat season.

253. Yellow-legged Herring - Gull. Larus

cachinnans, Pallas.
Like L. melanocephalus only one specimen
of this bird has been obtained. It was shot
on Breydon 4 November, 1886, but not
fully identified or recorded for some years
{Zoologist, 1897, p. 572).

254. Lesser Black-backed Gull. Larus fuscus,

Linn.
Locally, Saddle-back or Black-back.
Fine old birds of this species often occur in
July and August on migration, and the young,
which are very similar to those of the herring-
gull, are common. It does not appear to
remain on the east coast in winter, and is
practically a summer migrant to England.

255. Great Black -backed Gull. Larus

marinus, Linn.
Locally, Saddle-back or Black-back.
No English winter is too severe for this
magnificent sea-bird, which frequents our
coast all the year. In the perfect black and
white plumage which it is said not to assume
for four or five years it is rather rare, but
young birds are common enough.

256. Glaucous Gull. Larus glaucus, O.

Fabricius.

This large gull is a winter visitant from

the far north, and not uncommon in hard

winters. In January, 1881, nearly thirty

were obtained near Yarmouth, of which only

III

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

seven were adults (Babington). It has no
black on the wings or tail at any age, and
the young birds are mottled all over with
light brown on a dull white ground.

257. Iceland Gull. Larm Uucopierus, Faber.
The Iceland gull is one of the rarest win-
ter visitants. One was shot in Thorpe Mere
in January, 1874 (Ipswich Museum), and in
the Zoologist for 1892 (p. 1 1 4) Mr. F. M.
Ogilvie gives particulars of another shot in
January of that year, both of which were
immature. This species resembles the glauc-
ous gull in colour, but is much smaller, and
has far longer wings in proportion to its size.

258. Kittiwake. Rissa tridactyla (Linn.)
This gull is a rather irregular winter visi-
tant, but sometimes appears in fair numbers
in the sprat fishing time. After some heavy
gales in February, 1894, an adult bird was
picked up in a yard at Bury, and another was
found exhausted near Bury in March, 1903,
after a westerly gale.

259. Great Skua. Megalestris catarrhactes

(Linn.)

A very rare winter visitant to the coast.
An unusually light-coloured specimen in the
Ipswich Museum was picked up dead on the
beach at Thorpe in January, 1864, and one
was shot at Lowestoft in the memorable
storm of 18 January, 1 88 1 [Zoologist, 1882,
p. 429). It is essentially a sea-rover, rarely
approaching the shore.

260. Pomatorhine Skua. Stercorarius poma-

torhinus (Temminck)

An irregular autumn and winter visitant.
There was an exceptional immigration all
along the east coast in October, 1879, when
several were obtained near Aldeburgh (Hele).

261. Arctic or Richardson's Skua. Stercora-

rius crepidatus (J. F. Gmelin)

This is in Suffolk by far the most common
of all the four skuas and a regular autumn
visitant, sometimes appearing as early as
August. It has been obtained in all stages
of plumage, and there are several good local
specimens in the Ipswich Museum.

262. Long-tailed or Buffon's Skua. Stercora-

rius parasiticus (Linn.)
A rare autumn visitant which has been
obtained a few times on the coast and once
near Newmarket, where one was found dead
in November, 1891. All the skuas seem to
make the return journey to their northern
breeding-places by a different route in the

spring, as they are never seen at that season
on the east coast.

263. Razorbill. Alca tarda, Linn.

This bird is not uncommon as an autumn
and winter visitant, and in late summer quite
young ones are seen with their parents, having
strayed from their breeding-haunts on the
Yorkshire cliflfs. Early in 1872 there was a
strange mortality among these birds, which
Mr. Hele described in the Field. ' An ex-
traordinary advent of and mortality amongst
razorbills, numbers of which have been
washed ashore. From whence all these in-
dividuals have strayed I know not, but imagine
that as starvation appears to be in each and
every case the actual cause of death they had
been in attendance upon some shoals of small
fish — probably sprats — which had suddenly
taken to deeper water through the generally
rough condition of the sea. Certain it is
that all the birds I have examined are more
or less mature with good and sound plumage.
In my walk this morning my dog brought
me no less than eleven specimens, and I hear
of very many more having been found.' This
mortality was not limited to Aldeburgh or
even to Suffolk.

264. Guillemot, t/n'a /r«/7^ (Linn.)

A visitant at any time of the year except
the height of the breeding season, and some-
times found inland. One was picked up
alive and uninjured at Rougham on 13 March,
1896, and sent to the Zoological Gardens.

265. Black Guillemot. Uria grylle {L'mn.)

Though a regular breeder in the Orkney
and Shetland Islands, the black guillemot is a
very rare winter visitant, and the immature
bird obtained at Aldeburgh by Mr. Hele in
1863 (Ipswich Museum) is perhaps the only
Suffolk specimen in existence.

266. Little Auk. Mergulus alle (Linn.)
This little arctic sea-bird is not rare as a

winter visitant, and more often found inland
than any other bird of its kind. There was
an extraordinary visitation early in 1895, and
little auks were picked up all over the county,
though less numerously than in Norfolk. Mr.
Hewlett of Newmarket had more than forty
(W. Howlett in litt.).

267. Puffin. Fratercula arctica (Linn.)
The quaint-looking puffin is not common

enough in Suffolk to be known by its York-
shire name of ' sea-parrot,' and is a decidedly
rare bird. Mr. Hele has given [Notes about
Aldeburgh, ed. 1870, p. 164) details of a fine

212

BIRDS

old bird brought to him alive in March, 1869
(Ipswich Museum). About 20 November,
1893, the Suffolk coast was visited by a
terrific north-easterly gale, and many storm
driven sea-birds were picked up, among them
an adult puffin within the bounds of Bury.
It was found alive and unhurt by some boys,
who took it to Mr. Travis, who kept it alive ;
but it refused the fish provided for it, and
died at the end of a week.

268. Great Northern Diver. Colymbus gla~

cialis, Linn.

This fine bird is a winter visitant from the
north, and is usually only met with on the
coast in hard weather. All those obtained
have been in immature plumage.

269. White-billed Northern Diver. Colymbus

adamsi, G. R. Gray.

This rare arctic species, which is even
larger than the great northern diver, has only
recently been added to the British list. The
first British specimen was shot at Pakefield in
the early spring of 1852 (Saunders' Manual,
p. 711) and is in Mr. Gurney's collection.

270. Black-throated Diver. Colymbus glacia-

lis, Linn.
A rare winter visitant, but one which might
easily be overlooked in the plain grey and
white plumage in which it usually occurs in
England. Mr. Gurney has a Lowestoft
specimen in nearly full breeding plumage
{Birds of Norfolk, iii. 270).

271. Red-throated Diver. Colymbus septen-

trionalis, Linn.
Locally, Sprat-Loon.
This bird is much the most common of the
divers, and may be called a regular winter
migrant. Specimens are sometimes obtained
in autumn in almost perfect summer dress,
with the chestnut-red patch on the throat
from which the name is derived. None of
the divers breed in England, but the black-
throated and red-throated breed in fair num-
bers in the north of Scotland and on the
adjacent islands.

272. Great Crested Grebe. Podicipes crista-

tus (Linn.)
This splendid bird is a resident breeding in
fair numbers on Fritton Lake, where it is
carefully protected (Col. Leathes). In west
Suffolk it breeds on Ampton Water, and used
to do so on Bartonmere when there was suffi-
cient water. The pike is its worst enemy,
and this voracious fish devours many young
grebes during the early days of their exist-

ence. In winter the crested grebes go to the
sea and tidal rivers.

273. Red-necked Grebe. Podicipes grise'igena

(Boddaert)
A rather rare winter visitant, and in Suffolk
almost entirely a marine species.

274. Slavonian Grebe. Podicipes auritus

(Linn.)
This species, which breeds abundantly in
Iceland, is not uncommon as a winter visitant
to the east coast, but has not been recorded
from Suffolk in its very handsome summer
plumage.

275. Eared Grebe. Podicipes nigruollis (C.

L. Brehm)
A southern species, only occurring in the
spring and summer months. On 3 August,
1878, a fine male was shot near the martello
tower at Aldeburgh. In winter dress it
much resembles the Slavonian grebe at the
same season, but is smaller and has a slightly
up-turned bill.

276. Little Grebe or Dabchick. Podicipes

fluviatilis (Tunstall)

Locally, Dabchick, Deve-dobbler ; Dobchicken
(Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain).

A common resident, which breeds not only
on large pieces of water, but also on ponds
and even in meadow dykes. Its nest with
the eggs covered might easily be taken for a
mass of weeds, and this has been well illus-
trated by Mr. Kearton's photographs, which
he obtained in east Suffolk. The dabchick is
an early breeder, having eggs by the end of
April, and as the young in down have been
found late in August {Zoologist, 1873, p. 3798)
it must sometimes breed twice in a year.
The eggs of this and all the other grebes are
protected in west Suffolk.

277. Storm-Petrel. Procellaria pelagica,'Li\nn.

This tiny sea-bird is an autumn visitant,
and is well known to the lighthouse and
lightship keepers, as in its ocean wanderings
it frequently strikes the lanterns, and more
than one has been thus obtained at the
Languard station. Storm-petrels are occa-
sionally picked up inland, and after the gale
mentioned above in the note on the puffin
one was found at Livermere. Except in very
rough weather it rarely approaches the land.

278. Leach's Fork-tailed Petrel. Oceanodro-

ma leucorrhoa (Vieillot)

This species is easily recognized by its
larger size and forked tail, and is much rarer

213

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

than the storm-petrel. Most of the speci-
mens recorded have been obtained in autumn,
and one in the Tostock rectory collection
was picked up alive but quite exhausted on
the ground near Lowestoft pier early in
October, 1897.

279. Wilson's Petrel. Oceanites oceanicus

(Kuhl)

Mr. Hele has recorded in both editions of
his book a specimen of this very rare wanderer
obtained in the Aldeburgh neighbourhood
many years ago, which belonged to the late
Colonel Thellusson.

280. Great Shearwater. Puffinus gravis

(O'Reilly)

Only one specimen of this casual visitant
has been obtained in SufFolk, which was
brought into Lowestoft by a fishing-boat in
November, 1898 {Zoologist, 1899, p. 31), and
this bird may have been procured some dis-
tance out at sea. Mr. Hele mentions having
seen one passing alongshore in December,
1869 {Notes about Aldeburgh, ed. 1870,
P- 175)-

281. Manx Shearwater. Puffinis dnglorum

(Temminck)
A rare autumn visitant which has occurred
a few times in September. It is sometimes
found inland, and Dr. Babington possessed a
specimen which was taken alive at Fornham
in a harvest field i September, 1882 {Cata-
logue, p. 225). In September, 1891, a shear-
water was shot by a visitor to Aldeburgh,
which was either an unusually small example
of this species or some very rare stranger.
Several new species of petrel have been added
to the British list within the last twenty years,
which are figured in Saunders' Manual, and
in two instances a small bird picked up dead
on the beach has proved to be a very valuable
prize ; the moral of which is that any petrel
of which there is the slightest doubt as to
the species should be carefully preserved, and
either submitted to an expert or compared
with the series in the national collection.

282. Fulmar. Fulmarus glacialis (Linn.)

A rare autumn and winter visitant, usually
keeping well out at sea. One caught alive
at Sizewell in September, 1862 (Hele) is in
the Ipswich Museum.

ADDENDA

137. Common Heron. In May, 1908 the
Orwell Park and Blackheath heronries were
reported as entirely deserted {fide head-keeper
on both estates). About two pairs breed at
Euston (Rev. R. B. Caton). The colony at
Broke Hall is still in existence, and seventeen
nests were counted at Flixton Hall in 1908.

159. Gadwall. This species bred at
Euston in 1903, and Rev. R. B. Caton re-
ports several pairs breeding there in 1908.

165. Red-crested Pochard. A pair were
shot in Thorpe Mere 16 January, 1904
{Zool. 1905, p. 90). A flock of thirteen
visited Breydon 4 September, 1906, of which
nine were shot {Zool. 1906, p. 394).

167. Ferruginous Duck. Two were shot
on Culford Lake by the Hon. Lewin Cado-
gan in January, 1 906 {Field,!, February, 1 906).

191. Moor-Hen. A specimen of the rare
and curious variety, ' hairy ' in plumage and
sandy in colour, was caught by a dog near
Bury in January, 1905 and preserved by the
late Mr. Travis.

206. Avocet. Nine visited Breydon 14-17
June, 1905 {Zool. 1906, pp. 129-30).

242. Sandwich Tern. A nest with one
egg was photographed near Orford Haven in

214

1 906, the bird flying about near the operator.

An adult bird was killed about the same time
by striking the telephone wire (G. P.
Hope).

244. Common Tern. The protection
order has unfortunately been rescinded after
being in force five }ears. In 1907 almost
every egg was taken as soon as laid. The
terns all came back, but in reduced numbers,
this year (1908), and it will not be long before
they all leave off breeding on the north weir
(G. P. Hope).

2^ba. Sooty Tern. Sterna /i/liginosa, J. F.
Gmelin. In the spring of 1 900 one was picked
up dead at Santon Downham, which was not
identified till more than three years later.
Through the good offices of Messrs. W. A.
Dutt and W. G. Clarke, by whom it was
recognized, the bird was taken to Norwich
for inspection, and its identity confirmed by
the naturalists there. This is the fourth
British specimen (Saunders' Manual, ed. 2,
p. 655).

249. Black-headed Gull, During the
hard weather early in 1907 these gulls were
flying about near the houses in Fonnereau
Road, Ipswich.

MAMMALS

The mammals, reptiles and batrachians of Suffolk have hitherto
received very little attention. As far as I am aware no list embracing
the whole area of the county has ever been published. Several his-
tories of separate towns and villages have from time to time appeared,
but few of these contain any remarks on the animal life of their respec-
tive districts, and in the rare exceptions to this rule only slight sketches,
confined principally to the birds and insects, are given.

Over the greater part of the county game preserving is almost
the universal custom, and all carnivorous animals meet with ceaseless
persecution, including species which are not only harmless but even
beneficial to the interests of those who destroy them.

Unfortunately it is in those very districts which still remain un-
cultivated, and whose natural features are most favourable to the preser-
vation of such animals as the badger, marten, etc., that the destruction
of so-called ' vermin ' is most strenuously carried on. Moreover having
become rarities, their skins are of value for stuffing, so that any stray
wanderer finding its way to the woods and heaths of Suffolk stands a
very poor chance of remaining long in peace and security.

Rather more than a quarter of a century ago there were beavers
in this county, living in a state of partial liberty in Sotterley Park ; but,
as I am informed by Mr. Ling, agent on that estate, they soon strayed
away and were in a short time all lost or killed. These animals were
brought from Canada by the late Colonel Barne, about the year 1868,
and were of course of the American species Castor canadensis (Kuhl),
which is considered to be specifically distinct from the European beaver.

About the year 1873 or 1874 a number of alpine or Irish hares
{Lepus variabilis, Pallas) from Ireland were turned down by the late Sir
Richard Wallace at Iken, on the Sudbourn Hall estate. They bred
freely and spread in various directions, specimens having been observed
at Gedgrave and other places in the neighbourhood. They appear
however to have gradually died out, none having been seen now for
some years past. The keeper on whose beat these animals were liber-
ated described the young ones as being very stupid and helpless, often
falling into the marsh ditches and getting drowned. He has found as
many as three or four dead leverets in the water in one morning. No
hybrids between this species and the common hare were observed by
this man.

As regards the Cetacea, it is very probable that examples may
from time to time have been stranded on the beach, or caught in herring

215

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

nets off the Suffolk coast, which have never been seen or identified by
a naturalist. Where animals of this order are caught at sea, more or
less opposite to the boundary line between two counties, as for instance
off Yarmouth,' it is by no means easy to decide to which county they
should be assigned, nor is it perhaps a matter of much consequence.
Some of the specimens enumerated by Mr. Patterson in his Mammalia of
Great Yarmouth, which are not mentioned here, may have been captured
off the Suffolk coast.

Except in the case of a few occurrences taken from the above
mentioned valuable list, the writer is indebted for the short account of
Suffolk cetaceans given below to Mr. T. Southwell, F.Z.S.

The writer's sincere thanks are especially due to Mr. T, Southwell,
Dr. Laver and the Rev. J. G. Tuck for much valuable advice, and for the
great amount of assistance which they have spared neither time nor
trouble to afford. He is also greatly indebted to Mr. F. Norgate, Mr.
W. M. Crowfoot, Mr. H. Miller, the Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain, Mr.
W. G. Clarke, Mr. H. Lingwood, Mr. W. H.Tuck, Mr. H. C. Hudson
and many others, too numerous to mention separately, for the trouble
they have taken in procuring information on the mammals, reptiles and
batrachians of this county.

CHEIROPTERA

J. Long-eared Bat. Plecotus auritus, Linn. and were feeding apparently on small moths.

With the exception of the pipistrelle, and and possibly also on caterpillars, for they cer-

in some districts perhaps of the noctule, this tainly took food of some sort at times from

appears to be the commonest Suffolk bat, and the leaves. This is one among several species

it is certainly one of the prettiest. By day of bats observed in the Stour valley by Mr.

it hides in hollow trees, nooks and crannies in H. Laver of Colchester,
old buildings, and similar retreats. The

writer has observed it in a cellar at Blaxhall. 2. Barbastelle. BarbaiUlla harbaiUUus, Schre-

Messrs. C. J. and James Paget {Sketch of the "^''•

'Nat. Hist, of Yarmouth and its Neighbourhood, ^tW—Barbastellm daubentonii.

published in 1834) refer to this species as Professor Alfred Newton [Zoologist, 1857,

'common in old houses in and about the town.' p. 5420) records the occurrence of this bat in

In the neighbourhood of Thetford, on the Suffolk. Mr. Southwell, in an article on the

Norfolk boundary, Mr. W. G. Clarke con- Mammalia and Reptilia of Norfolk,' referring

siders it to be rare. Mr. Hudson, taxider- to the barbastelle, says : ' Mr. Crowfoot found

mist, Ipswich, lately informed me that in one on a wall at Ellingham ' (on the Norfolk

taking down an elm tree at Holy Wells, on side of the river Wavcney), ' on 2 November

the outskirts of that town, a very large 1870, and believes this species to be common

number of long-eared bats were found in the in the neighbourhood of Beccles.' In a letter

cavity of a large rotten branch. The man to the writer, Mr. Crowfoot mentions a

who found them remarked that when he put specimen he took some years ago from a tree

his hand and arm into the hole, the place in Worlingham Park. About the year 1900

felt quite warm. On the evening of 7 June a bat, believed to have been of this species,

1888 several-small bats, believed to have been was taken by the writer from a hole, rather

of this species, were noticed by the writer low down, in the trunk of a large and very

about some oaks at the edge of Iken Wood, old cherry tree in a garden at Little Glem-

They were threading their way amongst the ham ; but before a careful examination could

branches with great ease and dexterity, never be made, it freed itself by a sudden effort, and es-

appearing to touch a twig with their wings ; caped. The dark colour of the fur (nearly black

• Southtown, a part of Great Yarmouth, is in Suffolk.
* Read before the Norfolk and Norwich Nat. See. and printed in their Transactions, i. (1870-1), 7'*

216

MAMMALS

on the upper parts), and singular aspect of the
face, occasioned by deeply sunk nostrils and
a peculiar formation of the ears, at once
arrested attention, recalling Bell's figure of
this species.

3, Great or White's Bat. Pipistrellus noctula,

Schreber.

Bell — Scolophilus noctula.
White — VespertHio altivolans.

The Messrs. Paget,' writing in 1834, refer
to this animal as being ' rather rare ' in the
neighbourhood of Yarmouth, which includes
a portion of Suffolk ; and about Thetford,
Mr. W. G. Clarke considers it to be rather
scarce at the present time. In most parts of
the county however it is a common species.
In the east it is especially numerous, and its
vigorous and somewhat snipe-like flight often
attracts attention as at sunset its dark form
comes into bold relief against the glowing col-
ours of the western sky. Flying usually at a
considerable elevation, it will sometimes, in hot
pursuit of its prey, dash obliquely downwards
almost to the earth. In east Suffolk it is gene-
rally first seen on the wing about the second
or third week in April. During a period of
seven or eight years, the earliest appearance
noted by the waiter is 2 April at Leiston, in
the year 1873. It does not as a rule retire to
its winter quarters till the latter part of
October, and on two occasions, in unusually
mild weather, I have noticed it abroad near
Snape Bridge in November ; in one instance
as late as the 28th of that month. In the
year 1894 the Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain saw
one near Halesworth, flying at mid-day in
bright sunshine, as early in the season as 26
March. In 1901 a noctule was observed by
the writer, apparently hawking for insects over
a sandpit at Blaxhall on 21 January at 4.45
p.m. The Rev. J. G. Tuck informs me that
these large bats take possession of the nest-
boxes placed about his garden at Tostock
near Bury St. Edmunds for the benefit of the
birds, and that he has found as many as ten
in one box. The noctule is particularly
partial to our river valleys ; those of the
Blythe, the Aide and the Stour being especially
attractive to it.

4. Pipistrelle. Pipistrtllus pipistrellus, Schre-

ber.

Bell — Scotophtlus pipistrellus.
Abundant. Often seen abroad in mid-
winter during mild weather. It not unfre-

» A Sketch of the Nat. Hist, of Yarmouth and
Neighbourhood, C. J. and James Paget.

quently hawks for insects in the daytime,
both in summer and winter. I have several
times noticed this little bat so engaged in
December and January at hours varying from
9 a.m. to 2 p.m.

5. Natterer's Bat. Myotis natter eri, Kuhl.

Bell — Vespertilio nattereri.
Professor Newton ^ has recorded the occur-
rence of this bat at Elveden near Thetford,
and Mr. H. Laver of Colchester has also met
with it in the Stour valley. On several
occasions during the years 1882 and 1883
some examples of the present species were
found by the writer in the interior of a plaster
figure on the wall of a summer-house at
Blaxhall, most of them being males. On
12 April 1884 four of these bats, two ot
each sex, were discovered in the same retreat,
and on 18 March 1885 a single female was
the only occupant. They ran with consider-
able agility upon the ground, and their flight
was strong and vigorous. A pair were dis-
covered in the same place in May 1903.

6. Daubenton's Bat. Myotis daubentoni,

Leisler.

Bell — VespertiRo daubentonii.
In an article on this bat in the Zoologist for
1889, Mr. J. E. Harting, then editor of that
journal, states (p. 163) that it has been ob-
served by Doubleday flying over the river
Stour at Sudbury. Mr. H. Laver of Col-
chester has since met with this species in the
Stour valley. About the year 1878 a bat
was shot within the boundaries of the parish
of St. Clement's, Ipswich, near the present
site of the sewer outlet works, which at that
time had not been constructed. Mr. H. C.
Hudson, taxidermist of that town, who was
present when it was killed, observing that it
was no common species, went with the per-
son who shot it to the Ipswich Museum, to
try and ascertain its species. Unfortunately
Dr. Taylor, curator at the time, was away.
After however consulting several books, Mr.
Hudson came to the conclusion that it was a
specimen of F. daubentonii. It was soon after-
wards sent to London, and came into the
possession of a Mr. Betts, who has since died,

[^Fespertilio dasycneme. Boie (I sis, 1825,
p. 1200).

Mr. J. E. Harting (« Remarks on British
Bats,' Zoologist, 1887, p. 162, in which is
given the classification, with distinguishing
characters of the families and genera, of all

' Zoologist, 1853, p. 3804.

217

28

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

the species found in these islands) refers to
V. dasycneme as 'reported to have been cap-
tured on the banks of the Stour.'] '

7. Whiskered Bat. Myotts mystacinus, Leisler.
Bell — FesperUlio mystacinus.
Mr. H. Laver has met with this species in
the Stour valley.

INSECTIVORA

8. Hedgehog. Erinaceus europaus, Linn.
This animal is certainly far less common

than it used to be, and in many parts of the
county it has become quite scarce. As
pointed out by the late Rev. F. Barham Zincke,
in his interesting history of the parish of
Wherstead/ the clearing away of the large
banks and wide rambling hedges once so
prevalent has deprived certain of our reptiles
and smaller mammals of secure and con-
venient retreats, and has done much towards
reducing their numbers. Among these
the hedgehog may certainly be included.
It has besides many enemies to contend
with in its struggle for existence. The
gamekeeper persecutes the poor hedgepig
most relentlessly for occasional misdemeanours,
and others blindly follow his example, killing
every one they meet with, regardless of its
services as a destroyer of snails, beetles and
young field mice. Rabbit-trapping too in-
volves the destruction of many of these
animals, which often lie up by day in a rabbit
burrow, and gipsies with their dogs keep a
sharp look-out for them for culinary purposes.
The old deep-rooted prejudice against the
hedgehog, on account of its supposed habit of
sucking cows, still lingers in this county. In
some recent correspondence on this subject in
the 'East Anglian Miscellany,' ' instances were
brought forward of the animal's supposed
guilt.

9. Mole. Talpa europiea, Linn.
Common everywhere. On the light sandy

soil towards the coast, as well as in other
parts of the county, moles are found in
astonishing numbers, fields and meadows
being almost covered with their hillocks.
Game-preserving is so universal here, and is
carried to such extremes, that most of the
creatures appointed by nature to keep down
the number of such animals as these and the
smaller rodents, have been well nigh exter-

1 'Cf. Buckton, Proc. Linn. Soc. 1853, p. 260,
where the species is treated as a variety of F. dau-
bentonii. Tomes {Zoologist, 1854, p. 4361) con-
sidered it to be dasycneme.'

^ Some Materials for the History of Wherstead, by
F. Barham Zincke, vicar of Wherstead.

2 Published once a week in the columns of the
East AngUan Daily Times.

minated. The Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain in-
forms me that near Sibton he has seen four or
five hundred moles hung out on some wire
fencing, near where mole-catchers have been
at work. When the marsh lands are flooded,
the moles are sometimes forced by the rising
waters to assemble in such spots as are slightly
above the general level. Here they attract
the attention of the herons, which on such
occasions clear off a good many, and numbers
of the 'castings' of these birds may be found
composed almost entirely of the bones and
skins of moles. On some marshes on the
coast between Dunwich and Sizewell the
writer has seen two or three great black-
backed gulls {Larus marinus) waiting for days
together about these small temporary islands,
the castings or pellets thrown up by these
birds affording conclusive evidence of the
nature of their diet. Long continued droughts
in summer are fatal to large numbers of moles.
The worms then descend probably to such a
depth that their enemies cannot follow them.
At such times these animals often come out
upon the surface of the ground, and after
searching about for food cannot again pene-
trate the hard crust, and soon die. Several
cream-coloured moles have been caught near
Sudbourne Church, and Mr. W. G. Clarke
informs me that the same variety has occurred
both at Elveden and on Barnham Common,
and that specimens whose fur was of a
yellowish tint have been taken at Fakenham.
Of late years quite a demand has arisen for
mole-skins for converting into furs, and the
price has gone up considerably. They were
recently (1903) advertised for in the East
Anglian Daily Times at 31. per dozen.

10. Common Shrew. Sorex araneus, Linn.

Locally, Ranny (applicable also to the other
two British shrews).

This little animal is met with throughout
the county in a great variety of situations. It
frequents woods, hedge-banks, cornfields, dry
heaths, upland pastures and low wet marshes.
After the marsh ditches have been cleaned
out, the shrews drive small tunnels in all
directions through the mud which has been
thrown out, in order to get at the rich feast of
aquatic insects and other forms of animal life
contained in it. They also burrow through

18

MAMMALS

the dry patches ot cow-dung in the meadows
to feed on the grubs beneath. In some wet
swampy meadows near Minsmere sluice, which
many years ago were more or less flooded
every winter, sometimes as late as March,
shrews used to be very numerous. After a
sudden rise of water a great many might be
seen congregated upon small patches of higher
ground. Even where the surface was covered
with water they could then be seen running
up and down the broken-down stems of
reeds and other plants, while at times
they seemed to be actually running upon
the water, the scum upon the surface
with various floating odds and ends which had
collected there being buoyant enough in places
to support their weight. In these marshes I
have found their nests by the sides of ditches ;
the occupants on being disturbed taking to
the water quite readily, and swimming well.
Individuals having white tips to their tails are
frequently met with as elsewhere. On 14
March 1883 I caught a pied shrew at Farn-
ham. A broad band of white almost entirely
encircled the body at the loins, the edges being
sharply defined. One side of the head and
neck was of a silvery grey tint. Specimens
having a few scattered white hairs on the
forehead are not uncommon. The ravenous and
insatiable appetite possessed by both moles
and shrews is well known. If a common
shrew just caught be held in one hand, and a
beetle or woodlouse offered it with the other,
it will at once seize and devour it. The
writer once placed two of these little animals
in a cage with a good supply of worms and
insects. The next morning only one CQuld
be found, and that dead, the body looking
unnaturally distended. After a close search
one foot and some of the fur of the other was
found. One of these shrews had evidently
killed and eaten its companion, paying for this
act of cannibalism with its own life.

II. Pigmy Shrew. Sorex minutus, Falhs.

Bell — Sorex fygmceus.

Two skulls of this little animal have been
found by the Rev. Francis C. R. Jourdain in
owl pellets at Huntingfield, in the eastern
part of the county, and one at Great Thur-
low in the west, and have been identified by
Mr. Lionel E. Adams. On 23 December
1892 Mr. F. Norgate of Bury St. Edmunds
saw a specimen of S. pygtmeus dive into a narrow
crevice three quarters by one quarter of an
inch wide between the bricks of his porch
floor, and setting a trap close to the spot
caught the animal in the following March. I
have on several occasions come upon shrews

of this species, both living and dead, at Blax-
hall ; in more than one instance from noticing
a cat or kitten playing with one, and do not
think it can be very uncommon. Owing to
its extremely diminutive size and inconspicuous
colour (harmonizing perfectly with the dead
leaves, dry sticks, etc., among which it lives),
it no doubt often escapes notice. All three of
our British shrews are subject to that myster-
ious mortality which in the case of S. araneus
has so often attracted attention, but never I
believe been satisfactorily accounted for. Mr.
Edward Bidwell has an albino of this species
from Thetford {Trans. Norf. and Nor. Nat.
Soc. iii. 667).

12. Water Shrew. Neomys fodiens, Pallas.
Bell — Crossoptts fodiens.
This pretty and interesting little animal is
widely distributed in the county, though I
know of no locality where it can be called
abundant. Its habits and the nature of its
haunts alike tend to shield it from observation
in spite of its rather conspicuous and strongly
contrasted colours. In the north-east, towards
the Norfolk boundary, its occurrence is re-
corded by Mr. Southwell {'Mammalia and
Reptilia of Norfolk,' Zool. 187 1, p. 2753), who
refers to a specimen from Oulton, Suffolk,
seen by Mr. Gurney. At Fritton Decoy
Mr. F. Norgate has watched these little
animals diving for their prey. The Rev. E.
T. Daubeny informs me that he has once or
twice observed this species at Market Weston
near Thetford. About Wilby the Rev. H.
S. Marriott has met with it in some numbers,
more particularly in the early spring. The
Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain obtained a skull of
the water shrew at Huntingfield, near Hales-
worth, and another at Great Thurlow in
west Suffolk. Both these skulls were taken
from pellets of the barn owl {Strix flammea\
and were examined by Mr. Lionel E. Adams.
About Needham Market this animal has no(
unfrequently been observed by Mr. H. Ling-
wood, and the late Dr. Churchill Babington,
author of the Birdi of Suffolk, has taken it at
Cockfield. In the neighbourhood of Blaxhail
it is not uncommon, and the writer has seen
it ' fishing ' in a pond surrounded by trees in
that parish, and also in a ditch near Dunning-
worth Hall, Tunstall. Elsewhere in that
district he has occasionally met with examples
both living and dead, some of the latter at a
distance from water. It has also been ob-
served at Leiston. In September 1886 I
picked up a dead one at Stratford St. Mary,
on the banks of the river Stour, which here
forms the southern boundary of the county,
and Mr. H. Miller informs me that this

2ig

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

species has also been observed at East Berg-
holt, a mile or two further down the river, by
Mr. C. Whiting. Cats not unfrequently kill
this animal, as well as the other British
shrews.

The Oared Shrew {Sorex rtmifer. Bell),
formerly considered to be specifically distinct,
but now looked upon as a variety of C. fodiens,
also occurs in the county. The under parts
in this animal are almost as dark as the back,
and the general colour much resembles that of
the mole. On 5 September 1900, in a
meadow at Blaxhall, I met with one of these
big dark-coloured shrews. It was a pregnant
female, and so large that before picking it up
I took it for a half-grown mole. Hoping to
have leisure to examine it carefully on the

morrow, I placed it in a large cage with
earth, water, a bed of dry grass and a plentiful
supply of earthworms, one of which it at
once seized and devoured. But in the morn-
ing it had disappeared most unaccountably.
This shrew was certainly larger than a full-
grown house mouse [M. musculus). Its climb-
ing powers were considerable, for it not only
easily ascended the upright wires of the cage,
but even made its way along the top, clinging,
back downwards, to the wires. The fact of
its being with young at this season seems to
denote that more than one litter may be pro-
duced during the year. Many years ago one
was seen by the writer on the bank of a pond
in the same parish which he believes to have
been still larger.

CARNIVORA

13. Fox. Fulpes vu/peSy Linn.
Bell — Vulpes vulgaris.
In Suffolk foxes are not often met with far
from the hunting districts, which are situated
(broadly speaking) in the central, southern and
extreme western parts of the county, hunted
respectively by the Suffolk, Essex and Suffolk,
and Newmarket and Thurlow foxhounds.
From time to time one of these animals
makes its appearance among the game pre-
serves in other parts of the county, where it
does not always receive a very hearty welcome.
On the Campsea Ashe estate, which for
many years has been occasionally visited by
these animals, one was shot in the autumn of
1902 at a fir plantation on Tunstall Heath,
and another was killed at Ramsholt in
December of that year. About the same
time a fox was known to frequent the neigh-
bourhood of Pettistree. The late Mr. Hele
of Aldeburgh' gives an instance of a dead
fox having been found floating in the river
near that town in 1864, and in the same
year of an old and decrepit vixen having
been trapped on a warren close by. Formerly
these animals must have been generally dis-
tributed throughout the county, and their
frequent depredations in the poultry yard and
among the young lambs led to a reward be-
ing offered in many parishes for their destruc-
tion. In the churchwardens' accounts for
the parish of Freston near Ipswich there are
several entries of sums paid during the latter
part of the eighteenth century for the destruc-
tion of foxes, the amount varying at that
time from u. to 2;. bd. per head.

Jottings about Aldeburgh, by N. F. Hale, 1870.

14. Pine Marten. Mustela martes, Linn.

Bell — Maries abietum.
In a part of the country where the destruc-
tion of every beast or bird supposed to be in
any way harmful to game goes on unceas-
ingly year after year one can hardly expect
to find many carnivorous mammals still sur-
viving. The larger species are usually the
first to disappear, and that beautiful and
graceful animal the marten, the largest of our
British weasels, has long been extinct as a
resident species. Yet as lately as the year
1889 a marten was shot on 29 May in a
Scotch fir plantation at Sutton near Wood-
bridge, and another is said to have been seen
at the same time. According to a report of
this occurrence in the Field of 13 July 1889,
p. 45, the animal destroyed was a male,
measuring 27 inches in length and weighing
a trifle over 4 lb. When shot it was carrying
in its mouth a full-grown young wood-pigeon.
It was stuffed by Mr. Asten of Woodbridge.
As it is probably not less than sixty or seventy
years since the marten became extinct in
Suffolk it is difficult to account for its re-
appearance after so long an interval. If these
two individuals could possibly have wandered
from any existing habitat of the species, they
did well to escape detection, considering the
distance they must have travelled. Remark-
ing on some similar occurrences of this animal
in Norfolk in comparatively recent times
Mr. Southwell {Trans. Nor/, and Nor. Nat.
Soc. ii. 668) writes as follows : 'That these
were escapes I have no doubt, although un-
able to trace them. To show how easily
this may occur, I was informed by a friend
(Prof. Newton) that some years ago an un-

220

MAMMALS

dergraduate at Cambridge surprised him by-
stating that from time to time a considerable
number of live martens had been sent to him
from Ireland, several of which had escaped
and were then living at large in his neigh-
bourhood in the south of England ; the same
thing may well have happened in Norfolk
{or Suffolk) without its being suspected.' In
the Norwich Mercury of 2 1 December 1 8 1 1
is the report of the 'Suffolk Gamekeepers'
Annual Meeting ' held at Bury St. Edmunds
on 9 December of that year, at which a prize
was given to one Sharnton as the most suc-
cessful gamekeeper. This man had the over-
looking of 4,000 acres, and among the' vermin'
destroyed by him in the preceding year are
enumerated three martens.' The Messrs.
Paget refer to the marten as occurring
* formerly at Herringfleet and Tofts ; ' now
extremely rare.' A specimen was now and
then captured in Ubbeston Wood during the
first quarter of the last century, and the
writer's father remembers having seen one in
that parish nailed upon a barn.

15. Polecat. Putorius putorius, h'mn.

Bell — Mustek putorius.

There is abundant evidence to show that
this animal was formerly common in most
parts of the county, and until about the
middle of the last century it does not appear
to have been considered rare. The late Rev.
H. T. Frere, writing in the Zoologist ior 1849,
p. 2493, states that * the polecat is to be
found on most rabbit warrens. In some parts
of Suffolk it is far too common.' The con-
tinual persecution however to which its pre-
dacious habits have always rendered it liable,
together with the greatly increased area de-
voted to game preserving, in time began to
make an appreciable reduction in the numbers
of this animal, and its almost complete ex-
tirpation from the greater part of the county
has gradually been effected. In the west and
north-west the polecat appears to have held
its ground longer than elsewhere. In the

' See an article entitled ' Martens in Suffolk,'
T. Southwell, Zool. 1877, p. 338, vifhere the
number is stated, as given by Mr. Gurney in his
communication to the Norf. and Nor. Nat. Society's
Trans, ii. 224, as 'forty-three' ! — an error which
has been extensively copied. Mr. Southwell has
since been at considerable pains to get at the
original newspaper report, which he ultimately
discovered in the Norwich Mercury of 2 1 December
18 1 1, where, as above stated, the number of
martens is ' three ' and not ' forty-three.' It is
impossible now to say how the original error arose.

' Probably Toft Monks near Aldeby, which is
in Norfolk.

Mildenhall district, and especially about the
fen country between that town and Ely, it is
still frequently met with. A gamekeeper
from whom the Rev. B. P. Oakes obtained a
specimen captured at Beck Row, a hamlet of
Mildenhall, about the year 1897, told him
that he had killed thirty-eight ! including
young ones, in the course of the year, and
that he believed polecats to be common in
the fens towards Ely, and that they worked
up to Beck Row along the dykes. In 1898
Mr. Travis, the Bury St. Edmunds taxi-
dermist, received one from Cavenham, some
7 or 8 miles north-west of that town, and
also one from Mildenhall in the same year,
both these examples being killed during
February, on the 3rd and 15th respectively.
Three others obtained in the Mildenhall dis-
trict during the same year were seen and
examined by the Rev. J. G. Tuck. The
following curious capture of a polecat is from
the Ipswich yournal of 23 February 1895 :
' At Isleham in the Cambridgeshire fens ' a
polecat has been found by the lockkeeper
with its feet frozen to the top of the lock
gate. It had evidently stopped on the gate
to watch some object of prey.' In the same
journal of the date of 28 March i888 one
of these animals is reported to have been
caught at Mildenhall in a trap set for an
otter. Mr. W. G. Clarke, in a letter to the
writer, refers to the capture of one of these
animals about the year 1898 at Lakenheath,
and also to its former occurrence both at
Fakenham and Euston. At Barnham in the
same district Mr. F. Norgate started a very
big polecat from a rabbit hole on 21 August
1890. As regards the north-eastern part of
the county, the last polecats known by Mr.
W. M. Crowfoot of Beccles to have been
killed in his neighbourhood were trapped at
Worlingham about the year 1859 or i860.
A very large male was exhibited at a dealer's
stall at Yarmouth market in November 1867.
It was said to have been killed somewhere in
the neighbourhood, but whether in Norfolk
or Suffolk was not specified." The late Rev.
H. T. Frere, writing to Mr. Southwell in
December 1870, referring to a period about
twenty years previous to that date, mentions
this species as being ' common enough about
Diss.' He further stated, 'They seem to
leave the lower grounds about October, and
when I lived at Roydon Hall we were sure
to catch several about that time under the
roots of a particular pollard oak, through

1 The river Lark at Isleham forms the boundary
between Suffolk and Cambridgeshire.

" T. E. Gunn, Zoologist, 1869, p. 1925.

221

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

which there was a run. I once caught seven,
two old and five young ones, in a barn there.
On two or three other occasions I have
turned out burrows on the fen, which have
contained eels and frogs generally half de-
composed.' In the Zoologist, 1888, p. 222,
Mr. Frere writes : ' I have seen their tracks
in the snow not many years ago, and now I
hear that there was one this winter within
two hundred yards of my house.' Roydon
and Diss are both in Norfolk, but have only
the river Waveney between them and Suffolk.
I am indebted to Captain Page of Woolpit
for the particulars of a strange incident which
occurred at the old rectory of that parish,
which is situated in the west central part of
the county. The house was one of the old
parsonages built in Queen Elizabeth's time,
having no cellar beneath. In June 1852 the
inmates were driven from their drawing-room
by a most evil and unaccountable smell. At
length it was supposed the nuisance must be
caused by some dead animal, and the car-
penter was sent for to take up the floor
boards when a living polecat was found com-
fortably ensconced underneath them. Mr. H.
Lingwood has a specimen from Bricett near
Bildeston obtained in 1847. In the neigh-
bourhood of Letheringham in east Suffolk it
was also not uncommon at that time, and
lingered until several years later. Polecats
inhabited Ubbeston Wood near Halesworth
(then unpreserved for game) within the
memory of the writer's father, who also
recollects seeing the mouths of their burrows
strewn with bones and feathers. This would
probably be from about 1824 to 1830 or
later. A gamekeeper informed Mr. C.
Whiting that while living at Crowfield about
2 J miles from Coddenham, between i860
and 1872, he caught about fourteen pole-
cats.* During the last two years of that
period only one or two were killed, and he
believes these animals to be now extinct in
that neighbourhood.

16. Stoat. Putorius ermineus, Linn.
Bell — Mustela erminea.
In the neighbourhood of Tostock in west
Suffolk, the Rev. J. G. Tuck has often heard
the local name of 'miniver' used for this
animal. The Re v. E. T. Daubeny, too {Nature
Notes, October 1903, p. 213), in a list ot
local names in use in the neighbourhood of
Market Weston near Thetford, says : 'In
winter the stoat is a "minifer."' In the
eastern part of the county it is, or used

' For this information I am indebted to Mr. H.
Miller of Ipswich.

frequently to be, called the ' weasel,' while
the true weasel has another name given
it. No animal is more universally detested
by gamekeepers than this bold, determined
little marauder ; and its numbers have been
so much reduced by traps, guns and other
means, that it is far less common than it was
thirty years ago. In the game-preserving
districts of east Suffolk, one rarely gets a
chance now of watching the stoat hunting
along the side of a hedge or ditch, and ad-
miring the grace and elegance of his move-
ments as he comes bounding along, full of life
and animation, now and again raising himself
to his full height, in order to extend his
horizon. In spite of its bad reputation, this
animal is an excellent and accomplished rat-
catcher, and so atones for many of its misdeeds.
The advantage it possesses through its ability
to follow its prey into their holes, combined
with remarkable strength, agility and courage,
makes it a formidable foe to the rat. Stoats
haunt the banks of rivers and streams, especi-
ally where there are beds of reeds or osiers,
preying upon rats, water voles, waterhens,
etc. On the beach, sand hills and rough
ground between Sizewell and the Dunwich
clifls, where they were comparatively safe
from the keepers, both stoats and weasels used
to be fairly common. They also visit at times
the river * walls,' in pursuit of the rats and
moles which there do much damage ; but
even here their relentless enemy follows them,
setting baited traps for their destruction. The
stoat takes the water boldly, swimming very
fast, and with a good deal of its body above
the surface. Where rabbits abound, these
animals are soon attracted to the spot. Mr.
W. G. Clarke informs me that in the year
1893, 200 stoats were trapped upon Thetford
warren in six weeks. Up to the early part of
the last century, this animal must have been
very common. In the list of vermin killed
in a single year (181 1) by a gamekeeper in
Suffolk (quoted in the account given here of
the marten) the number of stoats destroyed is
416. Every winter, whether severe or other-
wise, a few white or rather nearly white
specimens find their way into the bird-stuffers'
shops, most of them retaining a few patches
of colour, especially round the eyes and along
the spine, the black tip of the tail being of
course always present. One in perfect winter
dress, killed in Suffolk, was exhibited by Dr.
Crisp at a meeting of the Zoological Society
in i860.' The extraordinary audacity so
characteristic of the weasel family is very
conspicuous in the stoat, who will sometimes

Zoohffi/, i860, p. 6913.

222

MAMMALS

dispute, even with man, the possession of any
animal he may have killed. See the Zoologist
of 1890, p. 380, where some very curious
experiences with this animal are described.

17. Weasel. Putorius nivalis, Linn.
Bell — Mustek vulgaris.
Locally, Whitethroat (male) ; Mousehunt or
Mousehunter (female).
Like the stoat, this useful and elegant little
animal is systematically destroyed by game-
keepers,and its numbers have been sadly reduced.
In some parts of the county it has become the
rarer animal of the two ; and in places where not
bng ago it was fairly common, one may now
keep a sharp look-out for a year or more with-
out seeing a single individual ; besides which
the old rough banks and wide bushy hedges
which formerly provided it with both shelter
and productive hunting groimds have disap-
peared. From its diminutive size and flexible
snake-like form, the weasel can follow a mouse
into its hole, or thread its way among the
sheaves in a wheat stack with the greatest
ease ; and with the exception perhaps of the
barn owl is the most valuable and efficient
mouser we possess. Its value in keeping down
mice, voles, and even rats and moles is well
known and appreciated by many farmers, who
would feign protect and encourage it if
possible. Repeated observations have shown
that while such prey is to be had, the weasel
does very little harm among game or young
cHickens ; certainly far less that the rats it
helps to keep down.' A curious habit of this
little animal came under the notice of Mr. A.
M. Rope of Leiston. Driving over Westle-
ton ' Walks,' he noticed on a bare sandy spot
of ground a strange-looking object moving along
in a peculiar undulating manner. It was
some 2 feet in length and very narrow ; and
he at first took it for a snake. A nearer
approach showed it to be a female weasel,
with a litter of young ones following close
behind her in single file. The dam carried
her head and neck high above the ground.
When she saw that she was observed, she
took one of the cubs in her mouth and bore it
oflF to some place of safety, returning very soon
Jbr another, which she served the same ; and
there is little doubt that had she been watched
longer she would not have rested until every
one of the cubs had been removed and placed
out of danger. A family of young weasels
following closely behind their mother in one
long unbroken line has also been noticed near
Orford. A weasel was once seen by the

^ See Zoologist, 1894., p. 422, twelve lines from
bottom.

writer swimming across the river Aide, not
far from Langham bridge, and carrying in its
mouth a young one, almost if not quite as
large as itself. Not one of our few remain-
ing wild animals is more graceful and agile in
all its movements or more entertaining to
watch than the weasel. It is a great pity
that in the war of extermination waged
against so many of our interesting native
animals, this useful and beautiful little creature
at least should not be spared.

18. Badger. Meles meles, Linn.
Bell — Meles taxus.
Except as an occasional wanderer from a
distance the badger can no longer, I fear, be
included in a list of Suffolk mammals. From
time to time however a specimen still turns
up here and there. A few may have been
introduced for the purpose of making earths
for foxes, while some of the more recent ex-
amples may possibly have escaped from con-
finement, and perhaps in rare instances have
bred in the county. Formerly however they
must have been common in many parts of
Suffolk. At the time the Messrs. Paget
wrote (1834) these animals had already been
exterminated in the Yarmouth district, though
stated by them to have been common thirty
years earlier, especially about Bradwell and
Browston. In some parts of the county
badgers appear to have lingered till nearly
half a century later. In the winter of 1 846-7
one was killed at Cavenham, and another
supposed at the time to exist in that neigh-
bourhood, as recorded by Professor A. Newton
{Zool. 1849, p. 2379). Mr. F. S. Griffiths
of Dedham, in a communication to the East
Anglian Miscellany of 9 March 1 90 1, writes
as follows : ' Some fifteen or sixteen years ago
a fine female badger was taken alive — not
shot — by Mr. Robert Partridge of Stratford
St. Mary, while cutting grass. It was after-
wards sold, I think, to Mr. H. N. Dunnett,
but soon died. Dissection proved it to con-
tain, I think, three young ones. It was sup-
posed to have been an escaped specimen ; but
I have heard from two very old inhabitants
of Stratford St. Mary . . . that in their youth
they frequently undertook to dig badgers out
in the Commons and Bush Hills, two pre-
served woods near the meadows spoken of.'
About Ubbeston there were a few badgers
during the first quarter of the last century,
Ubbeston Wood being then unpreserved.
Mr. S. Levett, in the East Anglian Miscellany
of 9 March 1901, states that he has seen one
which had been caught on the Stratton Hall
estate in 1852; and that another has since

223

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

been taken by a ratcatcher at Kirton Hall.
Mr. Levett has been told badgers used to
breed at Fagbury CliSs at Walton and Trim-
ley. The three localities last named are
situated in a rather isolated part of the county,
lying between the rivers Orwell and Deben.
In the same publication, under date 4 May
1 90 1, Mr. T. W. Thurston refers to one of
these animals having been caught at Norton
near Bury St. Edmunds, about four or five
years previous to that time. Mr. T. E.
Gunn of Norwich in the Zoologist of 1869, p.
1926, records the capture of a female and two
cubs in SutFolk, close to the Norfolk boundary,
in 1865. Mr. C. Whiting, in a letter to Mr.
H. Miller of Ipswich, gives an account of a
curious capture of one of these animals about
the year 1865 or 1866 on the Dial farm, Cod-
denham, by a man named Jessop. He had
shot at and wounded a rabbit which his dog,
as he thought, had followed to a hole. Reach-
ing in with his arm, he pulled out a badger,
which fortunately did not bite him. Having
somehow managed to get a wire snare over
its leg, he drew it into a sack and secured it.
He kept it some little time shut up in a shed,
but it afterwards escaped. About a week or
ten days after this, a badger (doubtless the same
animal) was captured close by and sold to a
man living near Chelmsford. About the
year 1885 or 1886 a male badger was un-
fortunately destroyed at Chillesford, where it
had first been noticed drinking at a pond in
the village. This, there is little doubt, was
one which had made its escape two or three
years before from Blaxhall, about four miles
distant, and which came originally from
Oxfordshire. Since its escape it had lived for
a time in a rabbits' burrow in that parish.
A badger caught at Stratford St. Andrew by
a man named Cuthbert was sent to Mr.
Asten, taxidermist at Woodbridge, in May
1 89 1. Mr. W. M. Crowfoot of Beccles, in
a letter to the writer, states that the last
badger he has heard of in his district was dug
alive out of a burrow in a small plantation at
Carlton Colville, known as the ' Grove.'
After having been exhibited in the neigbour-
hood it was killed and stuffed, and was pur-
chased in 1894 by a gentleman living at
Lowestoft. The last Suffolk badger of which
I can find any notice is one killed in the Cliff
Hill Wood on the Sudbourne estate, on I
March 1895, recorded by Mr. S. O. Hey-
wood of Glevering Hall, in the East Anglian
Miscellany of 9 March 1901. It is unaccount-
able that an interesting and inoffensive animal
like the present species, well known to do
little harm to game, should almost invariably
be killed wherever it makes its appearance.

instead of being welcomed and protected. It
does excellent service in searching out and
destroying wasps' nests. For a most enter-
taining account of the successful introduction
and establishment of a colony of badgers by a
gentleman in Leicestershire, see the Zoologist
of 1888, p. 6. Since writing the above I
have received a letter from Mr. C. H. Hill,
gamekeeper (to whom I had been kindly
referred by Mr. Laver of Colchester). This
man lately lived at Stanway in Essex, where
a few badgers are still, I believe, in existence.
The following is an extract : ' I have seen
their work in the parish of Sproughton. They
(drew) an earth in the latter part of March
in a hedge-row bank upon the Valley farm,.
I believe for young. Unfortunately the hedge
was cut down and the earth exposed, causing
them to forsake it. I have not the slightest
doubt that it was done by badgers, as I have
seen their work at Stanway Hall. I have
not heard of any being turned down here.'

Tidings have just arrived of the capture
during the present year of one of these
animals in this county. In a letter from Mr.
A. E. Elliott, Estate Office, Elveden, for-
warded by the Rev. J. G. Tuck, mention is
made of a badger caught last January in a
belt called 'Napthens' in that parish. It was
a fine male measuring 3 feet 9 inches in
length.

19. Otter. Lutra lutra, Linn.
Bell — Lutra vulgaris.
For the last thirty years or so the number
of otters frequenting the rivers and streams of
this county, in spite of the treatment they
generally receive, is greater than has previ-
ously been the case for a considerable period.
The Messrs. Paget, writing of the Yarmouth
district in 1834, refer to this species as 'now
seldom seen on any of the broads, where it
was once not uncommon,' and up to more
recent times it has been considered a rare
animal in Suffolk. At present however so
many instances of the capture or wanton
destruction by gun, trap or other means, of
this interesting and comparatively harmless
animal annually come to light, that it would
be difficult as well as unnecessary to enumerate
them. From the Waveney and Little Ouse
in the north to the Stour on the southern
boundary, there are itw streams that are not
occasionally visited by this nocturnal wan-
derer. In the extensive marshes near the
coast and the low meadows of the river valleys
otters hunt the ditches for eels, frogs, fresh-
water mussels {Anodonta cygnea), and coarse fish,
lying up temporarily in reed beds, alder cars
or any suitable retreat they can find. The

224

MAMMALS

presence of a town of considerable size on
the banks of a river frequented by these
animals by no means prevents their passage
up and down stream. At Ipswich the curious
whistling call of the otter has been heard at
night, where the river Orwell passes through
the town. Mr. Hudson, the Ipswich taxider-
mist, who at the time had several otters in
his shop, informed the writer of a curious
incident which took place a short time before.
While the passenger steamer Merrimac was
lying at Ipswich, a man proceeding to clean
one of her paddle-boxes found an otter inside
it, which I am sorry to add he destroyed. In
the local museum there is a large otter
labelled ' Killed in Stoke Park,' which is just
outside the town. The Essex Otterhounds,
on 27 August 1902, killed three otters
near Stowmarket, weighing respectively 24,
15 and 7 lb. In May 1879 a fine male
entered one of the marsh draining mills on
the Minsmere level, where it was shot by
the man in charge of the mill. The marshes
in that neighbourhood are much frequented
by otters. On one occasion, close to a thick
plantation bordering upon these marshes, Mr.
A. M. Rope had in sight two of these animals
at the same moment and was able to watch
them for some time. In the spring of 1883
they seem to have been quite numerous in the
Waveney. Among others destroyed, a female
and her cubs were ' done to death ' near Bun-
gay. It seems indeed to be thought a heroic
and praiseworthy deed to take the lives of
these graceful creatures, whose presence so
greatly enhances the interest and attractive-
ness of the places they haunt. Otter cubs
are, as is well known, born at various seasons,
and not, like the young of most wild animals,
in the spring and summer only.' On 10
March 1885 two young otters were caught
in a farmyard at Stratford St. Andrew by
means of a running noose on the end of a
pole. They were at the time not quite half
grown, and were probably born during the
previous autumn. A small cub killed by a
dog on the Abbey farm at Snape on 5 De-
cember 1892 appeared to be then about eight
or nine weeks old. In severe winters, when
neither frogs, eels nor fish of any sort are any
longer to be had, the otter is forced to subsist
on whatever it can get, preying upon water-
hens, rabbits, etc. During the winter of
1891-2 near Leiston, Mr. A. M. Rope fol-
lowed the track of one of these animals in the

snow, which left the river and led across
some fields. Here it appeared to have tried
to seize a hare in its seat, but only succeeded
in getting a mouthful of fiir.

20. Common Seal. Phoca vitulina, Linn.

Almost every year a few seals visit diflFerent
parts of the SufiFolk coast, sometimes enter-
ing the rivers in pursuit of their prey. The
Messrs. Paget refer to this animal as follows :
' Occasionally has been seen in the Roads, or
been thrown upon the beach ; one weighing
14 stones killed March 1822. They seem
formerly to have been much more common.'
Mr. N. F. Hele,' writing thirty-six years later
than the Pagets, mentions the occurrence of
four seals at Aldeburgh and Thorpe, between
1863 and 1869. He remarks that: 'It is
probable that these animals come from the
north, and follow the shoals of herrings. In
every instance of capture or otherwise, the
seals have always appeared off Thorpe, to
northward of us, before arriving here.' Mr.
T. Southwell, in an article on the ' Mamma-
lia of Norfolk," has drawn attention to a
colony of these animals inhabiting sandbanks
in the Wash. It seems only reasonable to
suppose that those seen from time to time on
the coasts of Suffolk and Essex are wanderers
from these sandbanks. Two seals were ob-
served in the Stour, between Harwich and
Manningtree in 1854, one of which was
shot by a puntsman.* A beautiful specimen
lately on view at the shop of Mr. Hudson of
Ipswich had been shot in the Deben on
22 February 1902. For a very long period
these creatures have from time to time made
their appearance on the beach at Orford,
particularly about the shifting shingle at the
mouth of the river, and it is supposed by
some that the traditional ' wild man ' of
Orford, shut up for a time in the castle, was
in reality a seal. In November 1872 one of
these animals was observed several days in
succession in the river at Orford, sometimes
opposite the quay. On one occasion it was
seen with a fish in its mouth between the
quay and a vessel lying close by. According
to Mr. C. Rope of that town, the time that
seals most frequently make their appearance
there is from the latter part of November to
the end of December, but in 1902 two were
observed in July. One was seen at Felix-
stowe by a night watchman in October
1900 {East Anglian Daily Times, 22 October

* Mr. Southwell's observations show this animal
to be, in Norfolk at least, a late autumn and winter
breeder.

* Jottinp about Aldtburgb, N. F. Hele.

* Trans. Norf. and Ntr. Nat. Sec. i. (i 870-1),.

7«-

* MammaBa ef Essex, H. Laver, F.L.S., p. 55.

225 29

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

1 900), and another killed near Bawdsey ferry
on 7 September 1891. Some years ago a
young seal was killed on the steps of the
landing-place at Walberswick ferry near
Southwold. Another young one was shot
on 9 September 1878 while lying on the end
of the Minsmere sluice between Dunwich and
Sizewell. It is gratifying to be able to give
a single instance where one of these beautiful
and intelligent animals met with kind treat-
ment instead of serving as a mark for a rifle
bullet. Mr. T. Southwell (ZW. 1 890, p. 384)
writes as follows : ' On the 8th August I went
to Corton to see a seal which had been
caught on the beach there, I believe, the
same morning ; this was nearly full grown,
and so won the hearts of the ladies at Cliffe
House by its mild beseeching looks, and evi-
dent discomfort, that Mrs. Colman bribed its
captor to liberate it, and we had the pleasure
of seeing it swim ofiF to sea.'

21. Hooded Seal. Cystophora cristata, Erxle-
ben.

' The first fully identified British example
of this seal, and for a long time the only one
known, was killed in the river Orwell on
29 June 1847. ^^ ^^ preserved in the
Ipswich Museum, but on my last visit to
that institution I was unable to identify it ;
the stuffed seals were without labels, and the
then curator did not seem aware of the
treasure he should have in his charge.'

To the above account of this rare British
animal, for which the writer is indebted to
Mr. T. Southwell, F.Z.S., the following
particulars, taken from Mr. H. Layer's
Mammalia of Essex, p. 56, may be added :
' The capture of this specimen was recorded
by Mr. W. B. Clark in the Zoologist for 1847,
p. 1870, where a full description of it is to
be found. It was presented to the museum
by Mr. Ransome.'

RODENTIA

22. Squirrel. Sciurus leucorus, Kerr.
Bell — Sciurus vulgaris.
Inhabits woods, parks and plantations in
most districts, and was at one time very
abundant in the Scotch fir belts about
Mildenhall. It is however destroyed on
some estates as an enemy to game, and is
probably much less numerous in Suffolk than
in many English counties. In sparsely wooded
districts squirrels make long journeys from
wood to wood, taking advantage as much as
possible of roadside trees and hedges. On
4 November 1872, in a wide stretch of
marshes near Leiston, which, with the ex-
ception of a very few scattered pollard
willows, are quite bare of trees, a squirrel
was caught by a dog in a clump of sedge at
the very edge of a ditch, only just clear of
the water, and on the same open marshes in
December 1873 one was seen and chased by
a man at work near by. A large and hand-
some example, of a pale fawn or cream
colour throughout, for at least two years fre-
quented a garden and plantation at Blaxhall.
In the Field of 22 November 1902 will be
found an interesting note on the squirrels in
Christchurch Park, Ipswich, whose gambols
among the branches of the fine old oaks and
chestnuts add greatly to the attractions of the
place.

23. Dormouse.
Linn.

Muscardinus avellanariuSy

Bell — Myoxus avellanarius.
The distribution of the dormouse in Eng-
land, and especially in East Anglia, is very

curious, and difficult to understand. Though
found in many parts of Essex, it appears to
be absent from a large portion of the neigh-
bouring county of Suffolk, amounting perhaps
to more than half of it, while in Norfolk it is
only known to occur in one locality, restricted
to some three or four adjoining parishes. As
regards the eastern half of the county of
Suffolk, from the VVaveney in the north to
the Stour in the south, no instance has, as
far as I am aware, been recorded of the dor-
mouse having been met with except in the
neighbourhood of Ipswich and the wooded
country about Belstead and Bentley. This
little animal appears to be commonest in the
west central district lying to the south-west
of the railway connecting Bury St. Edmunds
with Haughley and extending as far as Long
Melford on the Essex border. No recent
information has been received of its occur-
rence in west Suffolk further north than
Thurston. The Messrs. Paget however re-
fer to it as ' occasionally seen in small woods,
etc.,' about Yarmouth in their time (1834).
Mr. W. G. Clarke, in reply to an inquiry on
this subject, writes as follows : ' I have never
met with the dormouse in the Thetford dis-
trict, nor is there any record of its occurrence,
although this may be due to lack of systema-
tic observation.' Mr. Travis, the Bury St.
Edmunds taxidermist, considers this animal as
by no means rare in the neighbourhood of
that town, and Mr. W. H. Tuck informs
me that it is ' not uncommon about Tostock.
The Rev. J. G. Tuck, rector of that place, found
one in a birds' nest-box on an elm tree, some

226

MAMMALS

1 2 feet from the ground. There was no nest.
The following localities were given in a letter
from the late Dr. Babington to the writer in
1885 : * Bull's Wood, Cockfield (dormice, as
well as many of their nests containing young,
found during September about two years ago),
Rougham, Thurston, Beyton, Bradfield St.
George and Rush brook. Not at all uncom-
mon in the neighbourhood.' The late Dr.
Bree, in a letter to Mr. H. Laver of Colches-
ter, dated from Long Melford, Suffolk, says :
'The dormouse is well known about here
. . , Two " sleepers " were quite recently
caught by a man while at work in a large
wood near Lavenham.' As regards the Ips-
wich district, Mr. H. Miller of that town has
on more than one occasion during entomo-
logical excursions met with dormice in the
woods at Belstead and Bentley, and once
possessed a specimen which had been found
in its nest near the Gold Road in the parish
of Stoke, a suburb or hamlet of Ipswich. As
recently as the year 1899 he found a pair of
dormice and their nest in the Old Hall Wood,
Belstead.

24. Brown Rat. Mus decumanusy Pallas.

In consequence of the systematic destruc-
tion of its natural enemies by gamekeepers
this noxious and omnivorous animal has be-
come excessively abundant. During the sum-
mer great numbers of rats live out in the
marshes, burrowing into the sides of ditches
and also into the river ' walls,' sometimes to
such an extent as to endanger their stability.
Undermined and weakened by the numerous
excavations of the rats and moles, these em-
bankments can no longer resist the weight
and pressure of the water, and giving way
before the incoming tide occasion extensive
floods. The woods too harbour great quan-
tities of these animals, which multiply there
to an alarming extent, feasting upon the
maize and other food intended for the phea-
sants. Towards winter they make their way
to farm premises, corn stacks and buildings,
where they make great havoc among farm
produce of various sorts, and especially later
on among the early broods of ducklings and
chickens, carrying off at times a whole brood
in a single night. So numerous have they
become that in many districts the ratcatcher
with his dogs and ferrets can no longer keep
them in check, and the farmers have for
years past been forced to resort to the objec-
tionable practice of laying down poison,
whereby unfortunately not only the rats are
destroyed, but also those very creatures which
if more numerous would far more efiFectually
keep down the numbers of these rodents. It

is more than probable that many weasels,
stoats, owls and other useful ratcatchers find
and devour the poisoned rats with fatal results
to themselves. Even on the sea coasts colo-
nies of rats establish themselves among the
faggots sunk in the shingle as a protection to
the beach. The sea itself provides them
with a constant supply of food, such as shell-
fish, dead fish, Crustacea and other marine
animals, and occasionally corn and other
stores \yashed ashore from wrecks. On some
parts of the coast this is supplemented in
spring and summer by the eggs and young of
terns, ringed plovers and other birds. Some
years ago after the wreck of a herring boat
the beach between Sizewell and Dunwich
was for a long distance strewn with these
fish, many' of which were carried by rats a
long distance across the marshes to an ancient
isolated building in ruins known as the
' Chapel,' ' and were there found stored in
their holes under the crumbling walls. Mr.
Southwell informs me that on Lowestoft pier
he has seen the rats seize and run off with
the bait lying by the side of the anglers from
the pier. The brown rat varies a good deal
in size, and where food is plentiful will attain
to dimensions far exceeding those of ordinary
individuals. Some big rats have been met
with in this county, and curiously enough the
two heaviest examples of which I have come
across any record were caught in the same
parish (Tunstall). One of these, which
weighed 21 ounces, was recorded by Mr.
J. D. Jackson in the Field of 13 August
1 88 1. The other, weighing 23 ounces, was
killed on the Dunningworth Hall farm by
Mr. R. A. Girling. The occurrence was
noted in the same publication under date
10 February 1883. These weights however
have in several instances been exceeded,
notably in the Case of a specimen mentioned
in the Field of 9 January 1897, which is
stated to have weighed 2| lb. In a species
$0 abundant as M. decumanus occasional de-
viation from the normal colouring would
naturally be expected. Several rather striking
varieties have occurred in this county. In
the Zoologist for ^889, p. 144, a fawn coloured
specimen, white underneath and with pink
eyes, is recorded by Mr. E. W. Gunn of
Ipswich as having been trapped at Holbrook.
In January 1890 a pied rat, brown and
white, which had been killed at the Burnt-
house farm, Farnham, was seen by the writer.
Several others, more or less marked with

* This ruin is all that now remains of the abbey
of Premonstratensian canons, founded in 1182.
See Hist, of Suffolk, Rev. J. J. Raven, D.D., p. 87.

227

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

white and belonging perhaps to the same
litter, were observed there at about the same
time. Albinos are not very uncommon, and
have several times been met with in the
county. A white rat with black eyes was
shot by Mr. G. Cornish on the banks of the
Gipping at Ipswich about the year 1868 or
1869, and in February 1903 an adult which
was of a smoky black colour all over was to
be seen in the shop of Mr. Asten, taxidermist
of Woodbridge. It had been caught at Boy-
ton.

25 Black Rat. Mui rattus, Linn.

Black rats have occasionally been reported
to have been caught in old houses in Ipswich.
Mr. H. C. Hudson of that town lately told
the writer that when living in Fore Street,
he used now and then to catch examples of
this species, with which he is well acquainted,
sometimes as many as three or four in a year.
The last captured was in the summer of 189 1.
One was caught in a house in Brook Street,
Ipswich, about the year 1863 or 1864. Mr.
Frank Norgate, in a letter to the writer, gives
particulars of a black rat killed in January 1891
at a pea stack at Little Welnetham. His
description of this animal, carefully taken
down at the time of capture, agrees in most
details with that given by Bell {Hist. Brit,
^ad.) of M. rattus, excepting that the tail
was ' well covered with hair,' whereas in that
species it is usually nearly naked. Through
the kindness of the owner of this specimen,
Willoughby Josselyn, Esq., the writer was
allowed to examine it, but could not arrive at
a decided opinion as to its species. Without
having seen Mr. Norgate's notes referred to
above, and taking into consideration the place
of capture, one would I think be inclined to
label this rat ' Mus decumanus (black variety).'
Its form and appearance had probably under-
gone considerable alteration through and since
the process of stuffing, especially as regards
the shape of the muzzle ; and both tail and
ears seemed rather short for M. rattus. The
animal being mounted by itself in a small
glazed case, it was impossible to get a clear
view of the feet. At Yarmouth the black
rat seems to have increased rather than
diminished in numbers since the Messrs.
Pagets' list was published. It is there stated
that ' This species still remains here, though
its numbers are gradually decreasing ; it is
now seldom found, except in the ceilings and
upper stories of old buildings.' Mr. A. Patter-
son (* Mammalia of Great Yarmouth and its
Immediate Neighbourhood,' Zoologist, 1898, p.
305) writes : ' Than at the present moment
the black rat was never more numerous at

Yarmouth.' He further states that in 1895,
when its numbers appeared to be increasing,
it confined itself chiefly to the south-western
part of the town, much of which is in the
county of Suffolk. Mr. Patterson received
over a hundred examples within a few months.
Traffic with foreign ports tends here to keep
up a supply of black rats, and prevents the
species from dying out.

[Alexandrian Rat. Mus alexandrinus, Dt
Selys.

On 9 May 1903 I received a black rat
which had been caught on the premises of
Messrs. Paul of Ipswich, corn merchants and
importers of foreign grain. It was an adult
female in good condition, with glossy shining
fur. Mr. T. Southwell, who examined this
animal, pronounced it to be a specimen of M.
aUxandrinus, the continental form of our M.
rattus ; in colour however it resembled the
latter. The great length of the tail (nearly
9 inches), in comparison with that of the
head and body, was very striking. Some of
the hairs of the whiskers, which were very
abundant, reached 2^ inches. The manager
of the above-mentioned firm, to whom I am
indebted for this specimen, stated that black
and slate-coloured rats were not unfrequently
caught in their warehouses and granaries.]

26. House Mouse. Mus musculus, Linn.

Abundant everywhere, and, like the brown
rat, always ready to adapt itself to any change
of circumstance or situation. Thus in the
matter of nest building, it turns to account
any material it finds available. In a stack
hay or straw is used, in the carpenter's shop
shavings serve its purpose equally well, and in
the house paper or rag of any kind is soon
converted into soft and comfortable bedding.
A nest found in a fowl house at Blaxhall
was composed entirely of the bright buEF
feathers or some Pekin bantams. Scarcely
any animal multiplies faster than this species.
The writer has records of three mouse's nests
in Suffolk, containing respectively fourteen,
seventeen and thirty-two young ones. In the
last case more than one female had probably
used the same nest as a nursery. In thrash-
ing a wheat stack at Blaxhall in April 1881
a white mouse was killed with a litter of
young ones, all of which were white, and
like the mother had black eyes, and were
therefore not albinos. Some of the young
had both ears of a greyish colour, while in
others only one ear was coloured. Most of
them had also a small spot or two of the same
tint at the root of the tail. In the spring of
1903 several mice of a cinnamon colour

MAMMALS

were observed by Mr. E. J. Rope in a barn
at Little Glemham.

27. Wood Mouse or Long-tailed Field

Mouse. Mus sylvaticus, Linn>
Very abundant everywhere, frequenting
woods, hedge banks, fields and gardens. I
have seen it among the tall marram grass on
the sea beach between Dunwich and Sizewell.
It sometimes enters houses, and especially
dairies, from its fondness for milk ; but does
not permanently take up its abode there.
Owing to its partiality for newly sown peas,
beans, and corn of all kinds, it is not a
favourite with farmers and gardeners.

28. Yellow-necked Mouse. Mus flavicollisy

Melchior.
In March 1903 a fine adult female of this
large and handsome variety of Mus sylvaticus
was captured at Tostock Rectory, near Bury
St. Edmunds, by the Rev. J. G. Tuck. It
was trapped inside the house, having first be-
trayed its presence by biting the door mat in
the hall. Mr. Tuck was kind enough to
forward it to the writer, who afterwards sent
it on to Mr. Southwell of Norwich. It was
ultimately examined by Mr. Oldfield Thomas
of the British Museum, who pronounced it
to be a clearly marked example of the large
form of Mus sylvaticus, i.e. Mus sylvaticus
wintoni, Barrett-Hamilton. Previous to this
occurrence Mr. Barrett-Hamilton had received
specimens from Suffolk, but possesses no
record of the exact locality. In the Zoologist
for April 1903 will be found an interesting
article by Mr. Southwell on this large race or
subspecies of M. sylvaticus. Mr. Tuck in-
formed the writer that he believed a second
specimen had been caught in another house
in his parish. Besides its superior size and
more brilliant colouring, this animal differs
from a typical specimen of the long-tailed
field mouse, in the shape and extent of the
breast spot or collar. In the latter this is a
mere spot or streak of fawn, rather variable
in size and shape, on the silvery white fur of
the under parts ; in the former it is developed
into a well marked band across the breast ;
the middle portion of this band being pro-
duced so as to form a streak, running back-
wards for a short distance towards the tail,
and also projecting slightly forwards, thus
producing a somewhat cross-like figure. Mr.
Southwell informs me that a second female
example from Tostock was sent him by Mr.
Tuck on 18 April 1903. On 18 June Mr,
Tuck sent two more specimens, which had
been caught by his cat, to the Norwich
Museum.

29. Harvest Mouse. Mus minutus, Pallas.

This beautiful little animal is not uncom-
mon in Suffolk, though perhaps nowhere par-
ticularly abundant. Owing to its diminutive
size, as well as to a want of interest in matters
of natural history among those most likely to
come in contact with it, its presence is apt to
be overlooked ; and it is probably more gene-
rally distributed than is commonly supposed.
The harvest mouse is not included in the
Messrs. Pagcts' Sietch of the Natural History
of Yarmouth, published in 1834, but in more
recent years has been found to inhabit some
parts of the Yarmouth district. Mr. W. M.
Crowfoot has found its nest among the coarse
herbage growing on the Norfolk bank of the
Waveney at Gillingham, and also in the
marram-grass on the beach at Kessingland,
almost within reach of the sea-spray.' At
Haddiscoe in Norfolk, just over the Suffolk
boundary, Mr. Last Farman reports finding
these mice in quantity in the bottom of barley-
stacks.' The writer has often met with this
species at Leiston, and also at Blaxhall, where
it is certainly far from uncommon, though, as
elsewhere, uncertain and erratic in its appear-
ance. Harvest mice have also been observed
at Little Glemham, and at Gedgrave near
Orford. About Bury St. Edmunds Mr.
Travis, taxidermist of that town, considers
them common, and at Tostock, between Bury
and Stowmarket, they arc stated by Mr.
W. H. Tuck to be not uncommon. At
Market Weston near Thetford the Rev.
E. T. Daubeny has seen two nests, and in
the neighbourhood of Needham Market Mr.
H. Lingwood has, some thirty years ago,
many times come across both the mice and
their nests. Mr. E. C. Moor of Great Beal-
ings, in a communication to the Zoologist for
1884, p. 190, writes as follows : ' During the
autumn of 1883, especially harvest time,
several nests of the harvest mouse, Mus mes-
sorius, were taken by myself, mostly from
barley-fields, being placed upon the laid bar-
ley. Almost all contained young ones, num-
bering from six to eight, and it was surprising
to see how eight fair-sized mice could possibly
live in a nest hardly as large as an orange.'
In a letter to the writer dated i January 1 903,
Mr. Moor refers to this little animal as being
rather common at Bealings, and generally
observed when threshing in the winter. Har-
vest mice are indeed seldom seen except
during the threshing of corn stacks, when

• ' Mammalia and Reptilia of Norfolk,' T. South-
well, Zool. 1871, p. 2756.

* 'The Mammalia of Great Yarmouth,' A. Pat-
terson, Zool. 1898, p. 305.

229

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

numbers are sometimes found congregated
together in the lower part of the stack. After
the corn is gone, they often remain throughout
the winter in the straw left on the spot. On
one occasion a pair were observed by Mr.
Moor in a stack of tares. The writer has
seen the nest of this little animal built in tall
reed-like grass, in the midst of a thin white-
thorn hedge beside a ditch at Snape ; among
straggling blackthorn bushes in a similar sit-
uation at Leiston, and in a plant of the com-
mon broom at Washbrook. A nest built
among standing barley was presented by Mr.
E. C. Moor to the Ipswich Museum.
90. Water Vole. Microtm amphibius, Linn.
Bell — Jrcicola omphlb'm.
Common in suitable situations in most
parts of the county. From its inoffensive
habits it is less persecuted by man than most
of our British rodents, and the presence of
this busy little creature gives an additional
interest to most rivers, streams and ponds. It
is less shy than many animals, and as its range
of vision seems to be rather limited, it can by
careful stalking be very closely approached,
especially when feeding. The Rev. F.C.K.
Jourdain has observed that the water vole is
very rarely preyed upon by owls, though our
two smaller voles are often devoured by these
birds. The writer has more than once seen
it feeding on the leaves of the common blue
forget-me-not.

The black variety of this animal, common
in some parts of Scotland, and also found in
Norfolk and Cambridgeshire, occurs in a few
districts. Professor Newton has reported it
to be common in the neighbourhood of Thet-
ford on the Norfolk boundary,' and the Rev.
J. G. Tuck in February 1898 received a
good specimen of this variety, in the flesh,
killed at the stables of Hopton Rectory, about
a mile from the Little Ouse.» The specimen
is still in his possession. Mr. H. Lingwood,
in a letter to the writer, states that he
has not unfrequently seen the black variety
of the water vole in the river Gipping, near
his house, at Needham Market. A specimen
about the colour of M. decumanus, but having
a pinkish tinge, was seen some years ago by
Mr. A. M. Rope near Leiston.
31. Field Vole. Mkrotus agrestisy Linn.
Bell — Arvicola agreslis.
Local name, 'Meadow Mouse.' About
Thetford it is called the ' Bog Mouse.' ' Very

» yf History oj British ^druptds, Thos. Bell,
F.Z.S., ed. 2 (1874), p. 3"-
' Zookgisl, 1898, p. 122.
' W. G. Clarke in litt.

common in meadows and marshy ground, but
from its protective colouring, and burrowing
and tunnelling habits, it usually attracts little
notice. On the salt marshes near the coast,
and the river walls, it abounds and grows to a
large size. It also makes its appearance on
arable land when cropped with clover, lucerne
and other forage plants. It is very prolific,
and continues breeding through more than
half the year. In Suffolk the writer has found
nests of the field vole containing young, some-
times as many as ten in one litter, from 9
March till 13 October. Some of the earlier
of these contain fur, plucked from rabbits or
any other dead animals available ; that of its
own species being sometimes used for this
purpose. In cutting grass, these nests, built
on the surface of the ground, generally in
some slight depression, not unfrequently get
entangled among the knives of the mowing
machine and impede its progress. This little
animal takes the water quite readily. If sur-
prised at the water's edge, it swims out boldly
like a miniature water vole, and can easily
cross most ditches, but if the width is too
great for its liking it soon turns back. The
writer once saw a rather small field vole cross
the river Aide, against a strong current, at a
spot where it is between 30 and 40 feet wide
(measured). This species is sometimes found
on the sea shore at low tide, close to the surf,
apparently searching for animal food among
the seaweed. The writer once surprised one
of these voles, thus engaged, on the sand
under the cliff at Ikcn, at the brink of the
water. It at once swam straight out from the
shore, but soon returned. In November 1872
an albino field vole was caught alive at East
Bergholt and brought to Mr. W. S. Calvert
of that place, who recorded the occurrence in
the Field of 30 November 1872.

A perfectly black female suckling a litter
of young ones of the normal colour was cap-
tured in a clover field at Blaxhall on 25 June
1886. Its fur was of a rich shining black,
long and abundant. This specimen is now
in the Ipswich Museum. In an adjoining
pea-field, a second black female was caught
alive on 7 August in the same year, and was
sent to the Zoological Gardens, Regent's
Park. This species is much sought after by
weasels, kestrels and owls, the short-eared or
woodcock owl in particular.
32. Bank Vole. Evotomys glareolus, Schreber.
Bell — Arvicola glareolus.
This pretty little animal is common in
many parts of the county, and is probably
much more generally distributed than is often
supposed, frequenting old rough banks, woods,

230

MAMMALS

gardens and orchards. It is no doubt often
confounded by superficial observers with the
last mentioned species, but may easily be dis-
tinguished from it, not only by its teeth, but
by its larger eyes, longer tail and ears (the
latter showing well beyond the fur), and by
the warm ruddy tint on the back of adult
examples. It is also more lively and rapid in
its movements. In the autumn it climbs
about the hedges with the greatest ease in
search of ripe haws, and the writer once
noticed one early in May perched high up in
a tall hedge at Farnham, feeding on the tender
young leaves of the hawthorn. In the winter
the bank vole sometimes enters outhouses
where seeds, bulbs, etc., are kept, and es-
pecially buildings used for storing apples and
pears, from which it is sometimes difficult to
exclude it. In an apple-house in the midst
of a plantation at Blaxhall, several examples
are caught almost every season. A few years
ago several were found in a heap of mangolds or
beetroot (locally a ' beet clamp ') at Leiston.
They had made a nest among the litter with
which the roots were covered before being
banked up with earth. This little animal is
easily tamed, and is very amusing in its ways.
One kept for two years at Blaxhall would feed
quite readily from the hand. This, as well
as several others kept there at different times
as pets, had been rescued when quite young
from the jaws of a cat. The Rev. F. C. R.
Jourdain found twelve skulls of this species in
pellets of the barn owl {Strix flammea) at
Huntingfield.

33. Common Hare. Lepm europaus, Pallas.
Bell — Lepus tlmldus.

Common, but not so abundant as it was
thirty or forty years ago. At that time, on
some of the large estates towards the coast,
an enormous stock of hares was kept up, re-
sulting in a considerable proportion of under-
sized and diseased animals. Some curious
varieties have occurred from time to time.
Mr. Alexander Clark-Kennedy {Zool. 1869,
p. 1558) states that a hare with white and
iron grey markings was shot near Easton by
the late Duke of Hamilton, in November
1868. The head, ears and part of the neck
were white, mingled with grey ; the legs,
feet, with part of the chest and of the back,
white.

A grey female is reported by Mr. T. E.
Gunn {Zool. 1868, p. 1129) as having been
killed near Wangford in January 1868. In
this example the whole surface of the coat
was of a silver greyish hue, suflused with a
pale reddish tinge on the head, ears, neck and
flanks.

Mr. H. C. Hudson, taxidermist of Ipswich,
informs me that a pale sandy variety, ap-
proaching white, was shot in or close to the
parish of Woolverstone in January 1893.

In the Zoologist for 1843, p. 342, there is
a notice of a black hare killed at Glemsford,
then to be seen in the Sudbury Museum.^ A
perfectly black specimen shot at Brome, on
the estate of the late Sir Edward Kerrison,
Bart., in January 1855, was for nearly half a
century a conspicuous object in the Ipswich
Museum, but has at last apparently vanished
from mortal ken. A third black hare killed
at Denham, near Bury St. Edmunds, is men-
tioned by Mr. Southwell in an article on the
' Mammalia and Reptilia of Norfolk ' {Zool.
1 87 1, p. 2757), on the authority of the late
Mr. J. H. Gurney.' Yet another example
of this rare variety has been obtained at Bel-
champ St. Pauls in Essex, just beyond the
Suffolk boundary. The occurrence was re-
corded by Mr. G. W. Eagle in the Field, the
exact date of which I am unable to supply.
That hares are good and bold swimmers is
well known. They have now and then been
seen crossing the river Ore, below Orford, to
and from the long narrow strip of beach be-
tween that river and the sea, and have been
caught in the water on their passage.

34. Rabbit. Lepus cuniculus, Linn.

Abundant everywhere, but especially so in
the 'Breck' district in the north-west, and
on the light sandy soil stretching along the
coast.

The silver sprig or silver grey variety
flourished exceedingly on Thetford Warren
from the year 1837 to about 1888; after
which time the skins appear to have declined
in value. In the middle of the last century
20,000 were annually sent to London from
this warren alone.^ In 1883 Mr. F. Nor-
gate counted on Thetford Warren sixty silver
greys in sight at the same time, besides many
other rabbits. Mr. S. R. Lingwood, in a
letter dated 16 February 1903, writes: *At
the present time their skins are of no more
value than the ordinary grey, hardly so much.
Some 40 or 50 years ago the skin was of
more value than the carcase.' The variety
appears to be dying out, from repeated crossing
with the normal type. A black variety is not
uncommon in many districts ; sandy coloured
rabbits are also occasionally met with, some
of them of a beautiful bright tint inclining

' This museum is no longer in existence.
' Trans. Norf. and Nor. Nat.Soc. 1869-70, p. 26.
' For this information the writer is indebted to
Mr. W. G. Clarke of Norwich.

231

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

to orange. Albinos, among pure bred wild
rabbits, are rare. In an article on the ' Mam-
malia and Reptilia of Norfolk' (ZW. 1871,
p. 2757), Mr. Southwell refers to a very

curious variety shot by Mr. J. H. Gurney on
Corton Denes, Lowestoft, which was decor-
ated with alternate black and grey markings
like a Cyprus' cat.

UNGULATA

35. Red Deer. Cervus eJaphus, Linn.
Among the eleven Suffolk deer parks enu-
merated by Whitaker in his list, published in
1892,' two only are mentioned as containing
red deer, viz. Helmingham Park (72 head) and
Somerleyton Park (20 head).

Judging by the number of antlers which
have been found, this must formerly have
been a common animal in this county. Several
of these have been dredged up from the beds
of the Orwell and the Aide, and there are
now in the Ipswich Museum specimens from
the former river in various states of preser-
vation. Mr. Norgate has seen antlers of the
red deer, stated by their owner to have been
obtained from Undley Fen, Mildenhall.

36. Fallow Deer. Cervus dama, Linn.
The following herds of fallow deer are

mentioned in Mr. Whitaker's list, published

in 1892 : —

Ickworth Park . . 300 head, formerly 600

Livermere Park . . 120 „ (about)

Flixton Hall Park . 220 „ „

Helmingham Park . 260 „ small, black in

colour

Shrubland Park . . 150 „

Woolverstone Park . 400 „

Orwell Park ... 200 „
Redgrave Park . . 60 „ (about)
Polstead Park . . 80
Campsey Ashe Park 60
Somerleyton Park . 35

Besides the above, Ampton Park also con-

tains a herd of fallow deer. Some were kept
in Christcliurch Park, Ipswich, until some
forty or fifty years ago. The ' dappled herd '
of Euston Park, immortalized by Robert
Bloomiield in the Fakenham Ghosty disappeared
from there, as I am informed by Mr. W, G.
Clarke, about the year 1845 or 1846.

37. Roe Deer. Capreolus capreoluSy Linn.
Bell — Capreolus caprea.
Though this animal has long been extinct
in Suffolk, its remains, found in more than
one part of the county, show it to have been
formerly not uncommon.' It has in one dis-
trict been re-introduced, and there are at the
present time roe deer living at large and
breeding within the Suffolk boundary. Mr.
Heatley Noble, in an interesting article en-
titled ' The Birds and other Animals of Thet-
ford Warren' {Zool. April 1903, p. 157),
quotes a letter from the owner of the warren,
W. Dalziel Mackenzie, Esq., where it is
stated that ' Roe Deer obtained from WUr-
temberg have been turned down in the young
Warren woods, and have increased consider-
ably.' Mr. Noble, in a letter dated 30 April
1903, has been good enough to supply the
following additional information : ' Queen's
Wood, where the deer were turned out, was
planted by Mr. Mackenzie. It is about 800
acres in extent, and runs down to the river.' *
He further adds : ' I have not heard of one on
the Norfolk side yet.'

CETACEA

38. Common Rorqual. Balanoptera muscu-
lus, Linn.

'A much decayed specimen was cast ashore
at Kessingland about the 29th of October
1899.' (This was seen and identified by Mr.
Southwell.) The Rev. J. G. Tuck, in an
article which appeared at the time in Land
and Water recording this occurrence, says :

The village of Kessingland was in a state of
excitement, the whale having been cast upon the
shore there and left high and dry, exhaling an

' A Descriptive List of the Deer Forks and
Paddocks of England, Joseph Whitaker, F.Z.S.
(1892).

odour which almost made the neighbourhood un-
bearable. The local authorities decided to cremate
it, and this with some difficulty was at last effected.

39. Lesser Rorqual. Balanoptera rostrata,
Fab.

* A female was captured in the river at

' In East Anglia tabby cats are almost univer-
sally so called, the two words 'tabby' and ' Cyprus'
having a similar origin.

' Mr. F. Norgate possesses a horn from the peat
at Burnt Fen, Mildenhall, and has been shovni
others, stated by their owner to be from Undley
Fen, Mildenhall.

• The Little Ouse, which here divides Suffolk
from Norfolk.

232

MAMMALS

Gorleston on the 8th of June 1891.' Of
this specimen Mr. Patterson observes : * * It
was drawn into the lifecboat shed and ex-
hibited, afterwards being preserved and taken
on tour to various parts of the country.' Mr.
Patterson also records* an adult specimen
stranded on Gorleston beach on 8 December
1896.

40. Grampus. Orca gladiator, Lac^pidfe.
Mr. Patterson reports' an example 7 ft.

6 in. long, taken into Lowestoft harbour on
12 November 1894.

41. Porpoise. Phocana communis, F. Cuvier.
' Small schools of this, the most frequently

met with of the Cetaceans in our waters, are

* * The Mammalia of Great Yarmouth and its
Immediate Neighbourhood,' Arthur Patterson, Zool.
1898, p. 309.

frequently seen passing at sea, and individuals
are occasionally captured in the herring nets
and landed at Lowestoft.' — ^T. Southwell.

42. Bottle-nosed Dolphin. Tursicps tursia.

Fab.
Bell — De^hinus tursio.
The late Sir William Flower, in a letter to
Mr. T. Southwell, referring to a recent visit
to Felixstowe, observes : * besides common
porpoises frequently, we saw on the afternoon
of July 27th [1873] a pair oi Delphinus tursio
going south.'

43. White-beaked Dolphin. Delphinus albi-

rostris, J. E. Gray.
Among several examples which have come
under the notice of Mr. Patterson at or near
Yarmouth is one measuring 7 feet, taken at
Gorleston on 17 April 1890.

ADDENDA

1 9. Otter. Two young otters were found
by a lady on 23 May 1908, in a deep cart
rut in the marshes near the ' King's Fleet,'
not far from the mouth of the Deben. Three
and a half hours later a man visiting the spot
found them still lying there, one, however,
being dead. They were taken to Mr. Hud-
son of Ipswich (to whom I am indebted for
this information), who, on examining the dead
cub, found in its head two deep tooth marks,
making it appear that its death had been caused
by the bite of some animal. He managed to get
the other young otter to take some milk, and
eventually succeeded in rearing it. The dam
had probably been killed.

30. Water Vole. On 14 February 1908
a female of the black variety, killed at Barn-
ham, near Thetford, was received for preser-
vation by Mr. H. C. Hudson of Ipswich.

An albino of this species was caught
27 April 1908 near the water-mill at Little
Glemham. It was about three parts grown,
the fur being of the purest white all over,
long, soft, and abundant ; the eyes red. This
specimen has been sent by Mr. E. J. Rope to
the Ipswich Museum.

36. Fallow Deer. The number of fallow
deer in Flixton Hall Park, as I am informed
by Mr. C. S. Joy, is at the present time
(1908) about 260.

233

30

Prehistoric Map

of

SUFFOLK

Reference

O Ps/xo/itfiic Implements
® Aeolithic Imfilements
>f Bronze /l^& /Int/quities
* Early Iron Age Antiquities
A Dtvellin^s

3

EARLY MAN

THE county of Suffolk offers the nearest approach to an epitome of
the Stone Age of man that is probably to be found in the whole
world. In this respect it holds to the Stone Age much the same
relation that the county of Gloucester does to geology. Probably
nowhere in the world is there such a concatenation of geological periods to
be met with in a relatively small area as in Gloucestershire. Similarly
nowhere probably are so many periods and sub-periods of the Palaeolithic and
Neolithic Ages represented as in Suffolk, and more especially in the north-
western part of the county. It is true that one important division of the
Palaeolithic Period is absent : viz. the MagdaleniaYi, so splendidly represented
in Central and Southern France. But this is probably due to the absence
of caves in the county. In the Neolithic Period there is an absence of the
megalithic monuments so characteristic of the later stages of that period in
certain parts of this and of other countries. Absence of the necessary prime
material would account for this. But with these two exceptions the whole
panorama of the Stone Age is exhibited with extraordinary fullness, and
under conditions which raise hopes for the solution of some of the many
obscure problems associated with it. To treat of the whole county in detail
would require a volume rather than an article. It will therefore be better
to confine the main portion of this article to one division of the county,
leaving the rest to be described more briefly in the topographical index at
the end. For this purpose the north-western section, comprised within
the limits of a line drawn from Thetford to Bury St. Edmunds, thence to
Mildenhall, Lakenheath, Brandon, and back to Thetford, has been selected.
Within this line are comprised some of the richest deposits of the Palaeolithic
Age in England, if not in the world, and within it have probably been found
a larger number and greater variety of neolithic implements of beautiful
workmanship and of fine material than in any other part of the world of
equal area.

The Palaeolithic Age

It will be well to begin with the earlier main division of the great
Palaeolithic Age commonly known as the ' Drift ' Period. The name ' drift '
is derived from the fact that with very few exceptions the implements of
this period, so far as England and the western half of Europe are concerned,
are found in gravels which have been formed at one or more epochs of vast
diluvial action, by which the stones lying on the surface of the land have
been washed down to form deposits of gravel in valleys ; which valleys may
still exist as such, or may by subsequent changes of the surface have ceased

235

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

to be valleys, may, indeed, be converted into hill-tops. Though the fact
that such implements are almost invariably found in gravels has been
universally recognized, yet it would seem that insufficient stress has been
laid upon the extraordinary nature of the floods that must have cleared the
surface of the ground, over very wide areas, of all stones lying upon it at the
time. For were the ground not so cleared we should find implements
belonging to this period lying on or near to the surface independently of
gravels. Yet this is never the case except under quite exceptional circum-
stances.* It is further worthy of note that since the close of the ' Drift '
Period floods on the scale necessary for such complete sweeping of the surface
seem not to have taken place ; for though the Palaeolithic Age lasted for a
long time after the ' Drift ' Period had come to an end, there is no evidence
of later gravels containing the implements of later palaeolithic man. Later
gravels occur, it is true, but they would not seem to have resulted from
so generalized a sweeping of the surface of the earth as was the case with
the older gravels in which the ' drift ' implements are found.

It must not be thought however that all gravels of the earlier quaternary
period yield implements. This is by no means the case, not even the majority
of them do so. These diluvial periods seem to have been repeated time after
time. Sometimes man had existed in the district and had made his weapons
since the last diluvial period, and these weapons appear in the gravels resulting
from the next ensuing floods. Sometimes man had been absent in the
interval between two such periods, and no implements lay on the ground to
be incorporated in the gravels. But that these diluvial periods recurred
many times, and that marl disappeared from the scene and reappeared many
times during the long series of centuries involved, is clear from the occur-
rence in a comparatively small area of country of gravels at different levels,
some of them with implements, some without a trace of them ; whilst of
those with implements there are, in gravels in near proximity to one another,
wide diffisrences of type and of patination,* such as would be impossible if
the gravels had been laid down at the same time, and if the floods giving rise
to them had swept the surface of implements made by the same race of man
and belonging to the same period.

This is very clearly seen in North-west Suffolk and the adjacent parts
of Norfolk, where a large number of implementiferous gravels have been
discovered. It would require more space than can be here allotted, and
more knowledge than is perhaps at the disposal of anyone at present, to
deal with all these gravels in a scientific way. It is proposed therefore
to consider certain gravels which occupy what is now a ridge, running
for several miles from south to north from a point about 2 miles east
of the little town of Mildenhall, to a point about three-quarters of a
mile east of the village of Lakenheath. This ridge is a mere fragment

' There are two conditions under which this may occur : (l) Where palaeolithic man was living on a
ridge, as on the present North and South Downs of southern England. Here the physical conditions are
such as to prevent the gathering force of any large body of water. On these Downs ' drift ' implements are
not unfrequently found on the surface, (z) Where an old implementiferous gravel has been cut through by
a river of later date, and its contents scattered over the lower course of the river ; in this case ' drift ' imple-
ments may be found in the alluvial soil of the newer river. Occasionally also ' drift ' implements were buried
to a considerable depth in brick-earth or other deposits, apd thus protected from later changes.

' The word ' patination ' is used to indicate the changes of surface of hard materials such as stone or
bronze resulting from age.

236

EARLY MAN

of what it must have been originally, much of it having been destroyed
by river action of later times ; and both north and south ends are abrupt
and without any present connexion with the neighbouring higher ground.
Nor is the ridge continuous from end to end. At some time in its
history it has been cut across at right angles by streams coming from the
east. There are at least three such breaches of continuity which will be
described more fully presently. And these three breaches are by no means
the only evidences of the past destructive forces to which this area of ground
has been exposed. The very fact that to-day it exists as a ridge speaks
eloquently of its past history. All along the top of the ridge are gravels,
most of them implementiferous, and at least two of them teeming with the
handiwork of man. When these gravels were laid down what is now the
ridge must have been a valley, all traces of the boundaries of which have
now disappeared. To the west the ridge slopes down to the flat expanse
of the chalk plain of Cambridgeshire and the Fen country ; whilst to the
east it is bounded by a valley, in many parts a mile wide, running
parallel to the ridge from north to south, which valley must have been

ScAkt I INCH TO TMt MILt

Plan of the Mildenhall District
237

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

scooped out since the gravels were deposited on the top of the ridge.
This valley ends in the wider valley of the River Lark, a river running from
east to west ; a river now of small size, but whose valley at this point is
about 2 miles wide. The Lark runs at right angles to the ridge and cuts
right through it, so that the southern end of the ridge appears as a low
escarpment bordering the Lark Valley. No one who stands on this escarp-
ment and looks southward across the valley of the Lark can have any doubt
that this valley has been formed since the gravels which cap the ridge were
laid down ; and that the present river system of this part of Suffolk has little
or nothing in common with that which obtained at the time the gravels
were formed.

To sum up the evidence brought forward up to this point ; we see that
since the gravels were laid down in a river running from south to north, one
side (the west) of the valley containing the river has entirely disappeared,
being replaced by a flat plain at an average level of about 80 ft. below the
level of the gravels ; whilst the other side (the east) has been cut out by water
until the ancient river boundary is replaced by a valley averaging some 60 ft.
below the level of the gravels and about a mile wide.

As has been stated the ridge is capped by gravels for nearly its whole
extent ; and in at least four different places these gravels have yielded humanly-
worked implements. These four gravels are not, however, all at the same
height above the Ordnance datum. Thus the upper surface of those situated
at the south end of the ridge — known as the Warren Hill gravels — is about
70 ft. above the Ordnance datum, whereas the corresponding surface of the
others lies at or above the hundred-foot level. And as they differ in height
so do they differ in the character of the implements found in them. The
four gravels referred to are known from south to north as: — (i) The Warren
Hill gravels (just mentioned); {2) the High (or Warren) Lodge gravels;
(3) the Portway Hill gravels ; (4) the Maid's Cross Hill (Lakenheath) gravels.
The Warren Hill pits have produced the largest number of implements —
certainly over a thousand ; the Maid's Cross Hill pits have been the next most
prolific — probably some hundreds ; then the High Lodge gravels, the condi-
tions of which are very peculiar and to which further reference will be made
presently. The gravels at Portway Hill have not hitherto yielded many
implements, and it is therefore difficult to speak very definitely about them.

In comparing a large series of Warren Hill implements with a series
from Maid's Cross Hill, the sharp distinction between them in type and
appearance becomes at once evident. The striking characteristic of the series
from Warren Hill is that the ovate implement, brought to a more or less
sharp edge all round, shows marked predominance over other forms. At
Maid's Cross Hill the pointed implement with a massive upper end is in
equally marked predominance — a pointed implement of special type. Then
again the predominant patina, or colour change due to age, of the Warren
Hill implements is a peculiar spotted blue and yellow, very rarely met with
elsewhere ; whilst that of the Maid's Cross Hill implements is a light yellow-
ish white with perhaps bluish marbling. It is thus, in the case of the great
majority of implements, perfectly easy to recognize at a glance from which of
the gravels they have come. The implements from the High Lodge gravels,
though more or less distinct in form and colour from those from Warren

238

EARLY MAN

Hill, somewhat resemble the latter and are wholly different from those from
Maid's Cross Hill. Of implements from Portway Hill a sufficient number
has not been examined to learn their leading characteristics.

This marked difference in the appearance of implements found in gravels
relatively near to one another points to the gravels having been formed at
quite different periods, the man whose implements are found in the later
gravels having appeared and occupied the country after his predecessors'
handiwork had all been swept down and buried in the earlier gravels. Which
then of the two gravels, the Warren Hill or the Maid's Cross Hill, is the
earlier ? This question will be discussed when the gravels and their contained
implements have been examined in rather more detail.

As has been seen, the Warren Hill gravels cap the southern end of the
ridge where the little escarpment slopes rapidly down to the Lark Valley.
Their upper surface lies at an average of about 70 ft. above the Ordnance
datum and between 30 ft. and 40 ft. above the River Lark. They are certainly
between 30 ft. and 40 ft. thick, and the base has never apparently been
reached. They are soft in structure, with much sand. As before said, the
river that gave rise to them ran at a right angle to the course of the present
River Lark, which has washed away a considerable, probably the larger,
portion of the original gravel. On the opposite side of the Lark Valley
— here 2 miles wide — are gravels lying at about the same height as those of
Warren Hill and containing flint implements of very similar types, which
were probably continuous with the Warren Hill gravels.

It has been pointed out that the predominant type of implement at
Warren Hill is the ovate with sharp edges all round ; the Warren Hill ovate
is indeed familiar to all collectors of flint implements. An interesting and
rather surprising fact is that this sharp ovate is rarely found in the Thames
Valley. This valley from above Oxford to the Nore teems with implemen-
tiferous gravels, and many thousands of implements have come out of them.
In the writer's collection there are some three thousand specimens from the
Thames Valley ; yet amongst this large number there is only one sharp ovate
at all comparable to those which occur in such large numbers at Warren
Hill. A few ovate implements occur, but they are of wholly different type
from the bulk of those in the Suffolk gravel. What does this mean ? It can
hardly be a question of local distribution ; for, on the one hand, gravels
within a very few miles of Warren Hill contain no larger proportion of sharp
ovates than do those of the Thames Valley ; whilst, on the other hand, sharp
thin ovates, strictly like those from Warren Hill, are found in various other
parts of England, as well as in France and in other more distant parts of the
world. It would seem therefore that in the Thames Valley gravels and in
the Warren Hill gravel we are dealing with two very distinct periods. The
Thames Valley Period is, it is true, represented, though only in a meagre degree,
at Warren Hill ; whilst the Warren Hill Period is scarcely represented in the
Thames Valley. French archaeologists divide their ' drift ' period into two
main divisions ; one named from Chelles in the department of Seine et Marne,
thence called Chelleen ; the other from St. Acheul near Amiens, whence
called Acheuleen. The classification is a rough one only, but has been almost
universally accepted. The Thames Valley implements belong in the main to
the Chelleen ; the Warren Hill implements to the Acheuleen. There seems

239

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

to be no doubt that the Chelleen period preceded the Acheuleen in time.
Hence therefore the Thames Valley gravels are older than those at Warren
Hill ; the absence of the later types from the Thames Valley gravels pointing
to the probability that during the period of the civilization represented at
Warren Hill the Thames Valley was under w^ater, and therefore not habitable.

This Warren Hill Period must have been of immense length. The
ovates which have been found in such large numbers are by no means
uniform in shape or appearance. Some are much more finely made than
others ; and they vary also very largely in patina, the more finely made
tending to be less patinated than those of coarser shape — some indeed being
scarcely patinated at all. The great majority, however, are more or less
deeply patinated ; and as already stated there is one type of patina, exceed-
ingly common in implements from Warren Hill, which is rarely met with
elsewhere — a curious mottling of surface, yellow or white spots on a blue
ground, or blue spots on a yellow ground.

Not only is the predominant patina special to Warren Hill, but there
are two other peculiarities which occur in implements from that gravel which
are rarely met with anywhere else. The first is that a very considerable
proportion of them are differently patinated on the two sides of the ovate.
Sometimes this difference is merely one of degree of change of colour, but in
not a few cases the difference is more than this, one side being deeply
patinated — with very marked colour change, whilst the other side is quite
unchanged, and presents the original colour of the freshly chipped flint (which
is in nearly all cases black). What does this mean ? In the first place it
means that the patination had taken place before the stone reached its present
position in the gravel ; for it is not possible that in a number of instances a
stone lying in a sandy gravel should have had one side protected in such a way
as not to undergo the same change as the other ; whereas it is easily under-
stood that a stone lying on the ground for a long period of time will have its
upper surface, exposed to all the varying conditions of weather and light, patin-
ated ; whilst the under surface, protected as it is, will be much less changed
— or even quite unchanged. The phenomenon is familiar to all who have
examined flint implements from the African deserts. Here the stones have
lain for countless ages with one side exposed to the hot African sun, whilst
the other has been protected by the shade of the stone itself. So it must
have been with these stones from Warren Hill, and we have thus specific
proof that the patination took place before the stones were washed into the
gravel. With regard to the length of time thus indicated we can only say
that no neolithic stones, not even the very oldest of them, have a patina at all
approaching that of the bulk of Warren Hill stones for depth and variety of
colour. Yet we shall see presently that there are reasons for believing that
the more ancient neoliths are of much greater age than they have hitherto
been credited with. It would therefore seem that the Warren Hill
implements — at any rate the older specimens amongst them — must have
been lying on the ground for an immense — almost immeasurable — length of
time before they were washed down into the gravels in which they are
found.

There is another remarkable point in connexion with implements from
Warren Hill. In a large proportion of them the edges present chips varying

240

EARLY MAN

in size from a split pea up to a five-shilling piece, or even larger, which chips
are apparently due not to human agency, but to accidental violence. The
surface of these chips in no w^ay resembles that of the implements themselves,
but has undergone a change from the natural blackness of the newly-chipped
flint to a porcelainous white, quite irrespective of the patina which the
humanly-worked surfaces of the flint may have taken on. This chipping is
a very remarkable and very instructive phenomenon. It means that at some
time in the past history of these flints, after they had received their patination,
they were subjected to some exceedingly rough usage, not by man but by
nature ; a knocking about greater than that to which the stones of any other
implementiferous gravels have been subjected ; for this curious chipping is
practically confined to Warren Hill. Then these newly-chipped surfaces
have undergone a fresh patination, but probably not in the gravels in which
they are now found. In the first place the Warren Hill gravels are very
sandy — so much so that they are often referred to as sand pits rather than
gravel pits. They are one of the loosest and softest gravels that the writer is
acquainted with ; the least likely of any therefore to show signs on the stones
of extensive knocking about, in their course down to the gravels. The
chipping would thus seem to be due to some previous journey under flood
conditions, the last journey into their present position being a later episode in
their history. And this view is borne out by the fact that implements with
slight patination, which are generally of finer make, show less signs of rolling
than those of more marked patination ; and have none of the chipping round
the edge. They have in fact been fabricated after the tumultuous floods
which chipped the older implements, and have therefore been subjected only
to the milder diluvial conditions which gave rise to the present sandy gravels.
But further, there is good reason for believing, contrary to the general
view, that flints do not, in most cases at any rate, undergo staining in gravels.
At Warren Hill the evidence already adduced is in favour of this view ;
many of the implements being patinated on one side only, and the accidental
chips being white rather than the colour of the original patina. The most
cursory examination of palaeolithic gravels will show that in them the true
palaeolithic patinations are rare amongst the stones composing the gravels.
These true palaeolithic patinations are of various kinds ; but all of them are
quite different from the prevailing patination of the gravels. This does not
refer to humanly-worked stones only, but to all the flints in the gravels of
true Palaeolithic Age, for the patinas on the humanly-worked stones do not
differ from those on the accidentally split or chipped surfaces of the un-
worked stones of the same period. Yet, the point bears repetition that flints
with palaeolithic patinations, whether human or non-human, in most gravels
are in a very small minority, not more perhaps than one in a thousand.
How then can they have got their staining in, at any rate, the present
gravels? Moreover, if the gravels be carefully examined it will be seen that
there are flints in them which have evidently been broken in their course
down into the gravel ; and the broken surfaces of these flints are quite
black — wholly unpatinated. Therefore, to go back to the accidental
chippings on many of the Warren Hill ovates with their porcelainous white
patination, there is every reason to believe that these chippings date, not
from the last diluvial action to which they have been exposed, but to some
I 241 31

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

long anterior action, which probably ended by scattering them over a wide
surface of land rather than gathering them into a gravel, and that they thus
had a second long exposure to atmospheric conditions before arriving at
their present resting-place. Our ovates, themselves probably divisible into
several sub-periods, belong to a period of palaeolithic life wrhich is unrepre-
sented in the Thames Valley, teeming as this latter does vv^ith remains of
' drift ' man. After being made they were exposed on the surface of the
earth for a time sufficient to induce colour changes, far beyond anything that
we see in the oldest neolithic flints. Then they were subjected by nature to
some very rough usage which markedly chipped their edges. They then lay
exposed to the air and the elements for a further period long enough to
induce white porcelainouB patination of the chipped surfaces. Then came
the diluvial conditions which washed them into their present resting place
at Warren Hill ; since which time many great changes in the earth's
surface have occurred, including the vast denudation which gave rise to the
Fen district ; and later on (as we shall see) the scooping out of the valley
of the present River Lark and its affluents. This gives us some hint of
the vast periods involved in the consideration of ' drift ' man.

We will now pass to the next series of gravels on the ridge, viz. : those
at High (Warren) Lodge,' by the side of the Mildenhall-Thetford road.
They lie about three-quarters of a mile north of Warren Hill, and the
summit of the ridge is about 1 20 ft. above the Ordnance datum, and there-
fore about 50 ft. higher than the present upper limit of the Warren Hill
gravels. The situation of the High Lodge gravel is, however, a very
remarkable one, and is worthv of careful description and study.

JUj2h_

O iaarammaJUc SlUtcli, of the, ridge

FhlXtnuffJ hmmii Oxrbndyt* the fern
VYtir ezzzz

JecliofV oL Hid^e (hroujQh MU^jt/i MUL

TyarOnund ktmsnijQnnbrtdgeifht tbrs

Sectimi. of Pidqe Vunigh High Lodpe Mtjl

-£av

j\j n»4 plan and

bccrioni art purely di<i^rontinaA«
Ond art qor draMn r^ ftcal^.

Sections of thl Warren Hill Ridge

' This name is given to avoid confusion with another ' High Lodge ' about 2 miles away on the Eriswell-
Elveden Road.

242

EARLY MAN

It has been stated that the ridge on which lie the various gravels
with which we are dealing runs from south to north ; is bounded on the
east by a side valley of the Lark river-system, and on the west slopes down
to the plain of Cambridgeshire and of the Fens. This plain was obviously
excavated after the deposit of the gravels ; and after this excavation the
whole district must have gone under water, probably that of a lagoon ;
for a deep hollow which was made in the side of the ridge where High
Lodge now stands became filled with brick-earth, which during the past forty
years has been worked for commercial purposes. The brick-earth would
seem to have been of slow formation, and during this period the banks
of the lagoon were inhabited by a race of men who made their imple-
ments on the spot where they are now found, the implements being
subsequently buried in the slow deposit from the water of the lagoon,
and there they have remained to this day. That the implements are
lying where they were dropped by their makers and users seems clear
from the fact that they are as sharp and fresh as the day they were
made ; and having been protected from atmospheric conditions they are
for the most part wholly unpatinated — as black and as dull as if made
yesterday ; so much so that archaeologists unacquainted with the circumstances
have found it difficult to believe that they are not modern forgeries. This
view that the implements have never been moved since they dropped from
the hands of their makers is borne out by the fact that in addition to the
perfect implements there are in the brick-earth large numbers of flakes and
rough pieces, just as one would expect to find on the site of a workshop of
flint implements, all of them as sharp and as fresh and as unpatinated as
the implements themselves. But now comes the interesting point. These
implements are not ' drift ' implements. They are wholly unlike the
implements found in the neighbouring gravels, or in fact in any gravels.
On the other hand they resemble in the closest possible way the implements
found in such large numbers in the rock-shelter of Le Moustier in the valley
of the Vezere in Dordogne, which have become the prototypes for the
great ' Mousterian ' division of palaeolithic time. Implements of definite
' Mousterian ' type have now been found in various parts of Europe and
elsewhere ; the latest great discovery of the kind having been in the ' Grotte-
du-Prince ' at Mentone, where more than 60 vertical feet of deposits of this
age were carefully excavated. To show the vast length of time that this
particular civilization must have lasted, reference need only be made to the fact
that in the lower strata of the ' Grotte-du-Prince ' the Mousterian implements
were associated with the bones of sub-tropical animals — a sub-tropical elephant
and rhinoceros and the hippopotamus ; whilst in the upper strata the same
class of implement was associated with the bones of sub-arctic animals — a
sub-arctic elephant the mammoth, a sub-arctic rhinoceros, and the reindeer.
We need not be surprised, then, that our Mousterian man at High Lodge
lived on the side of our ridge for a time sufficient for the level of the lagoon
waters gradually to rise, slowly burying the handiwork of generation after
generation until the brick-earths had accumulated to a depth of more, probably
much more, than 30ft., implements being found at all depths in the brick-earth.

It is a curious fact that except for this rich deposit at High Lodge, the
Mousterian Age is practically unrepresented in England ; and the deposit

243

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

therefore is, if only for this reason, one of the greatest interest and im-
portance. But this is not the only reason why it should be carefully studied ;
for the conditions in which the deposit has been made are such that it can
throw light on the Mousterian Period such as no other deposit — not even the
great deposit of the ' Grotte-du-Prince,' splendidly worked and studied as it
has been under the auspices of the Prince of Monaco — has hitherto been
able to do. For we now come to the most extraordinary part of the story.
When the workmen were digging on the side of the ridge to get at the
brick-earth just mentioned — the pit being sunk well to the westward of the
top of the ridge, and at an elevation some 20ft. below the highest point —
they found that they had to pass through a layer of gravel 8 ft. or 10 ft.
thick, before reaching the brick-earth, the gravel thus lying above the brick-
earth, and like it at the side, and not on the top of the ridge. From the
geological point of view this in itself was a strange state of things ; but
what made it still stranger was that this gravel contained very considerable
numbers of ' drift ' implements — implements of typical ' drift ' shapes and
of finely coloured patination. This was a discovery well calculated to puzzle
both archaeologist and geologist. If anything is certain in prehistoric archae-
ology, it is the priority of the ' drift ' period to the Mousterian ; yet here we
have typical Mousterian implements lying under a deposit of ' drift ' gravels.
The explanation of this strange anomaly is comparatively simple and exceed-
ingly instructive.

When first describing the ridge it was stated that it is now no longer
continuous, but is cut through in several places. There is, to begin with,
the valley of the Lark, which has separated the ridge from the higher
ground to the south, whence the valley now represented by the ridge
originally came. Next, at a distance of about \\ miles to the north of
Warren Hill, which now forms the escarpment bounding the ridge towards
the Lark valley, is a V-shaped gully cutting the ridge from east to west,
and forming a clear passage from the bounding valley on the east of
the ridge to the fen country on the west of it. This, which may be
called 'the Gully,' is about 100 yds. wide at its lowest part. Then, at
about a mile still farther north, the ridge is again cut through by
another V-shaped aperture, which is about J of a mile wide at its lowest
part, and which also opens free communication between the eastern bounding
valley and the fen country to the west. This may be called ' the Vale ' —
which is, indeed, the name given to it on the Ordnance map. About another
mile to the north the ridge ends, only to reappear a mile farther on as Maid's
Cross Hill, Lakenheath. This breach is therefore a mile wide ; but it has
quite obviously been made by water flowing from east to west, for here, as in
the case of the other breaches, and of the lateral side valley to the east with
which thev communicate, the final bed of the stream as it diminished in size
to nothingness can quite clearly be seen. Neither in the lateral valley nor
in the breaches does any water flow now, nor can it have done so for a long
time, as the roadways of the present day are carried across them on causeways
in which not even a culvert has been made. This wide breach it is proposed
to call 'the Valley.'

The interpretation of this state of things may be taken with some con-
fidence to be as follows. Before the Lark river-system had been established,

244

EARLY MAN

which we have seen was clearly after the deposit of the gravels at Warren
Hill and other parts of the ridge, the ridge was continuous towards the east
with the high ground which extends to and beyond Elveden about 5 miles
away. The western boundary of the valley in which these ridge gravels were
deposited had already disappeared in the general denudation which gave rise
to the present fen districts and the surrounding low-lying chalky plain. On
the slope resulting from this denudation Mousterian man lived and made his
implements, which were successively buried in the brick-earth in which they
are now found. When at some subsequent period the diluvial conditions
arose which gave rise to the present river-system of this part of the country,
great floods of water poured over from the higher ground in the neighbour-
hood of Elveden and rushed down over the ridge (not yet separated on its
eastern side) and so into the low-lying country beyond. The great main
drain of the district was meantime forming, and is now represented by the
River Lark. This would tend to draw towards itself the minor drains of the
system, and amongst these would be that represented by the valley which has
cut the ridge off from the high ground to the east. This valley would,
however, not be formed all at once. It would be shorter and narrower, to
begin with, than it subsequently became. But as it cut its way back north-
wards it would tap first one and then another of the streams which up till
then had been rushing from the high ground to the east towards and over the
gravel-topped land which now constitutes our ridge. These streams flowing
from east to west would in ordinary course be cutting their way down
through the gravels and underlying strata, and with time would deepen and
widen their beds. The tapping process described would deflect the water
first of the ' gully,' then of the ' vale,' and finally of the ' valley,' The ' gully,'
as we have seen, had attained a bottom width of 100 yds., when its further
progress was thus stopped ; the ' vale ' a width of about a third of a mile,
when it ceased to carry further water ; whilst the ' valley ' was a mile wide
before it was finally tapped.

Here, then, we must look for the explanation of the superposition of
' drift ' gravels to ' Mousterian ' brick-earth. Not only were there these three
breaches made in the ridge by the rush of waters from the east, but a fourth
breach was begun half-way between our ' gully ' and the Lark. The water
had time to push the gravels capping the ridge at this point over on to the
side of the ridge to the west, when the valley which the waters were
excavating to the east of the ridge tapped the source of this flow, and here the
gravels have remained to this day. The paradox in prehistoric archaeology
thus caused comes as an aid to geology in clearing up a very curious problem.

A comparatively simple confirmation of the account here given may be
obtained. If it be the case that large portions of the ridge with its imple-
mentiferous gravels have been carried away by the Lark and by the streams
that gave rise to the breaches here described, then there ought to be some
signs of the resulting debris in the valley of the Lark below the ridge and in
the country to the west of the ridge ; and such evidence is forthcoming. A
certain number of typical Warren Hill implements have been found at or
near the surface of the ground at various spots in the lower Lark Valley ;
and implements of pure ' drift ' types, and with typical ' drift ' patination,
have been picked up on fields opposite each of the breaches described at

245

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

distances of from one to three miles from the breach. It is not very probable
that any large number of such implements will be found, as most of them
will be buried too deep for agricultural operations to reach them. The few
that have been found, however, speak eloquently of the causes that have
moved them to their present positions.

We will now pass to the gravels capping Maid's Cross Hill at
Lakenheath, the isolated northern extremity of the ridge. These gravels
are of great thickness, and their upper surface lies at about loo ft. above
the Ordnance datum — considerably higher, therefore, than those at Warren
Hill. The ovate implement is here much less predominant ; the type
which occurs in large numbers and which may be said to give a special
cachet to these gravels being a peculiar form of pointed implement with
a cross section approaching the triangular or rectangular shape. This class
of pointed implement is different from that found in the Thames Valley,
and so far as is known is almost special to this part of Suffolk. It is not
altogether confined to Lakenheath, for specimens sometimes occur from
other gravels in the district ; but in no other gravel with which the writer
is acquainted is it so distinctive a type as there. Then again, as has been
said before, the patina of the implements from Lakenheath is markedly
different from that of the implements from Warren Hill,

Thus we see that the gravels at Warren Hill and at Lakenheath, although
evidently lying in the same old river-valley, and although separated from one
another by less than half a dozen miles, contain implements that are sharply
defined from one another in type and in patina, and obviously must have been
deposited at quite different times. Can we, then, form any idea as to whether
the higher gravels (Maid's Cross Hill) were deposited before or after the lower-
lying gravels (Warren Hill) ? For reasons too long to go into on the present
occasion there can be but little doubt that the higher gravels are the later.
This is the opposite of what obtains in the Thames Valley and in other valleys
of greater depth and scooped out in harder strata than those in Suffolk. In
these the higher gravels on the sides of the valleys are the older. But in Suf-
folk the valleys have filled up, and then after extensive denudation an entirely
different set of valleys has been produced ; the stumps of the older ones have
been left, as in the case of our ridge ; and the deposits show in the ordei of
their deposition, the higher ones being the later. This is borne out by the
fact that though the implements from the gravels of our ridge present so sharp
a contrast to those from the Thames Valley, yet gravels occur in the neigh-
bourhood which contain typical Thames Valley types ; and in every case with
which the writer is acquainted these gravels lie at a lower level than our ridge
gravels. The best known of these gravels is that at Shrub Hill, a few miles
on the other side of the Norfolk border. This gravel teems with implements
of Thames Valley types ; yet although it is called a 'hill,' the gravel really
lies on an island of gault in the middle of the fens, at a few feet only above
the level of the sea. The gravels which must have overlain the present
Warren Hill gravels to allow of the flow of water which laid down the higher-
lying Maid's Cross gravels, were doubtless swept away when the Lark Valley
was made.

Special attention must be called to the implications arising from the
differences of period indicated by the differences of type and of patina in

246

EARLY MAN

implements from neighbouring gravels such as these. They prove beyond
any doubt that there were several — probably many — different periods of
human occupation in the ' drift ' age, separated from one another by periods
of vast diluvial action. The earth v^ras swept clean of its implements by
one great set of floods ; then man reappeared, and his implements in turn
were swept down into gravels, and so on. How many times this process
was repeated it is impossible to say ; but as it is difficult to believe that
each recurrence of habitable conditions with the alternating flood conditions
was other than of very long duration, the total length of time thus adumbrated
for the whole ' drift ' period must have been immense — far beyond anything
that has hitherto been tentatively assigned to it.

We are now in a position to sum up the knowledge gained from this
discussion of the geological conditions of the ridge.

1. The first and most important point is the evidence just brought
forward that the whole ' drift ' period was made up of sub-periods during
which the land was alternately habitable and under diluvial conditions.

2. That the ' drift ' period must have been of sufficient length to include
not only the vast deposits of the Thames Valley, but also large and important
deposits in Suffolk which are not represented in the Thames Valley.

3. That the patina of ' drift ' implements, certainly in Suffolk and
probably everywhere else, was formed before they got into their present positions
in the gravels. There is every reason to believe that this formation of patina
on flints of good quality is of very slow growth ; for no neolithic implement
has ever been found presenting anything like the ochreous patination so
distinctive of a large proportion of ' drift ' implements. Yet even at the most
moderate computation neolithic implements are several thousands of years old.

4. This being so, the very varied and in many cases the very deep
patination of many of the Warren Hill ovates points to the period represented
by them as having been very long, probably greatly exceeding anything that
we can allow for the whole Neolithic Age, including the time that has elapsed
since it came to an end. Yet this Warren Hill period is merely one of many
sub-periods of the great ' drift ' age. We begin here to get a glimpse of the
vast extension of palaeolithic time.

5. Passing on from the lessons taught as to the ' drift ' period we come to
the next great division of palaeolithic archaeology, the ' Mousterian.' After
the 'drift' age had passed away, and before the Mousterian was established, we
saw that a wholly new distribution of geological forces took place by which
the valley and the river in it were changed from their original character. The
river disappeared, and the land to the west of the valley was shaved down to
its present relative level ; the lowering process being carried right up to the
western side of our ridge, which then formed a bank sloping down from the
higher ground to the east to the newly excavated lower ground to the west.
And on this bank, the shore probably of some lagoon, lived ' Mousterian '
man, whose implements are found buried in the brick-earth deposited by
the muddy waters of the gradually rising lagoon. This is probably the only
instance where we get a glimpse of the order of time that elapsed between the
' drift ' epoch and that of ' Mousterian ' man. Here we have the sequence :
ovates of Warren Hill ; their patination ; their accidental chipping and its
patination; the flood conditions that washed them into the gravels; recurrence

247

e

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

of similar conditions giving rise to the Lakenheath implements ; destruction
of the valley, with excavation of the fen district ; and finally ' Mousterian '
man sitting on the side of the hill thus formed. When the conditions are
appreciated the vast periods involved are almost beyond our comprehension.
6. After the implements of ' Mousterian ' man had been buried by th
gradual accumulation of the 30 ft. (or more) of brick-earth, a recurrence took
place of diluvial action, with the result that the present river-system repre-
sented by the Lark and its affluents was established. The old river-valley with
its gravels, the western side of which had already been destroyed, was now cut
off from the high ground to the east, and its ridge-like character finally deter-
mined. The ridge itself was at the same time cut into sections, and the
beginning of such a cutting process at High Lodge swept the gravels capping
the ridge at this point over the brow of the hill on to the top of the
lower-lying but much more recently deposited brick-earth with its contained
Mousterian implements.

Before passing to the consideration of the Neolithic Period a few words
must be said about the hiatus of time that is presumed tohave existed between
the end of the Palaeolithic Period and the beginning of the Neolithic. There
is a general consensus of opinion that in North-west Europe, at any rate, there
was a lapse of time of indeterminate length, during which, for some reason not
yet explained, large areas of Europe, including the British Isles, were unin-
habited, and therefore presumably not habitable, by man. There has been
a tendency amongst some archaeologists to call certain groups of implements
which do not appear to find a place in any of the recognized periods ' Meso-
lithic;' that is to say, between the Palaeolithic and Neolithic Periods. But
the connotation of the word is so very large that it would require evidence of
a far more convincing character than anything that has hitherto been brought
forward to admit of its acceptance in scientific archaeology. For the present
therefore we are justified in postulating the existence of a hiatus ; the
Palaeolithic and Neolithic Ages being sharply defined from one other. During
this hiatus man must have lived somewhere ; but as to the conditions of his
existence we shall have to wait for knowledge until we have learnt a great
deal more than we know at present of the Stone Age of the subtropical and
tropical regions of the earth.

The Neolithic Age

If the Palaeolithic Period has presented us in North-west Suffolk with
novel problems of great interest, the Neolithic Period in no way yields to it in
the importance and the interest of the problems which it offers us. Here it
is not, however, to the position in which the implements lie that we must look
for the main factors of the case. Neolithic implements all lie on the surface
or in the surface soil ; hence it is only exceptionally that we shall get help from
position. It is the stones themselves that must be our study, their forms and
especially their surfaces — the patination or other changes that have taken place
on these surfaces. In stones from the gravels we saw that the study of patina
might be of considerable service in clearing up problems ; but in their case
the patina is only of secondary value, the chief element being the geological

248

Flint Implements. Plate I. (Scale about f.)
From^(i)^Warren^Hill (the other side of this piece is white). (2)Elveden. (3) Brandon Fields. (4) Herringswell. (5) W.nrren Hii:.

(6) Lakenheath. (7) Mousterian ' racloir.'
Lodge, Mildenhall.

(8) Mousterian ' pointc.' The two last are from the Moustenan brick-earth licposit at High

EARLY MAN

position of the gravels or brick-earths in which they are found. Prehistoric
archaeologists have hitherto rated the significance of patina changes at too low
a value. Certain patinas, it is true, are not of great value, for instance, the
chalky-white patina that forms on many flints that have been exposed to the
action of easily decomposed limestone, such as chalk and the softer oolites. But
where flints have been lying in contact with the harder limestones, with soils
other than limestone, and especially with sand, the surface changes become of
the greatest help in determining relative age. In North-west Suffolk the ground
is covered, over very large tracts of country, by sand which in most places protects
the flints from the action of the underlying chalk, where the latter is not also
covered by great thicknesses of boulder clay. By this means the large numbers
of neolithic flints found in this part of the county are protected from the more
or less rapid decomposition induced by the presence of carbonic acid in con-
siderable quantity ; and the changes produced in the flint by prolonged exposure
to moisture, sun, and air are allowed to show themselves uncomplicated by
other considerations. Reasons will be presently given for believing that these
changes take place in flint of good quality with extraordinary slowness ; and
that in such flint a high degree of patination predicates great age.

It is proposed to take for the discussion of neoliths a little valley in the
parish of Icklingham which forms a part of the Lark system of drainage
(see plan, p. 237). As with the valleys referred to in the first part of
this article, so here there is now no water in the valley, and there is no sign
of there having been any within the historic period.

The valley in question is about a mile in length and runs from the
plateau of Elveden straight down to the main valley of the Lark, which it
enters at a right angle. The valley is in the shape of a wide and shallow
V ; the highest points of the V being about half a mile apart ; and the per-
pendicular depth of the valley about 50 ft. to 60 ft. The plateau where the
valley starts is about 170 ft. above the Ordnance datum and the River Lark
at the point where the valley debouches is about 40 ft. above the same
datum. The lateral boundaries of the valley consist on each side of a ridge
about 300 yds. wide ; each ridge descending on its opposite side into a
wider and longer valley, which two valleys also sweep down from the plateau
into the main valley of the Lark.

When we consider the matter, it is rather strange that so short a valley
as this should have such great relative width ; that it should start flush from
the plateau with no sign of any special collecting ground ; and that it should
enter the main valley at a right angle, with no sign that the water, which
presumably hollowed it out, made any attempt to swirl round in the direction
of the current of the main stream, as is usually the case at the junction of rivers.
We will, however, not follow these points further just now, but proceed to the
examination of the valley.

From the neolithic point of view the valley is probably one of the
richest districts in the world. Though its area includes not more than some
300 acres, many thousands of implements have already come out of it ; and
there probably remain quite as many yet to be found. The implements are
by no means all of high quality, the majority indeed are rough ; but none the
less are they full of instruction. Many patinas are represented, too many to
be described in detail. But they may be summed up as follows: — (i) A deep
I 240 32

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

lustrous blue ; (2) a lighter less lustrous blue ; (3) a deep and highly lustrous
blue-black ; (4) a less lustrous black ; (5) a dull non-lustrous black ; (6) a thick
more or less lustrous porcelainous white ; (7) a thin slightly lustrous white.
And in addition to the more ordinary types of flint which undergo changes
of surface in course of time, there are a considerable number of implements
and flakes made of fine chalcedonic or jasperoid flint which decomposes with
extreme difficulty. In most cases these have come down to us with little or no
change, though there may be other evidence of their being of equal age with
some of the most highly patinated of the implements made of ordinary flint.

What evidence is there that pieces of different patinations, or different
degrees of the same patination, are of different ages .? In answer to this it is
only necessary to bring forward another feature frequently met with in this
valley as elsewhere, viz. the occurrence on the same implement of the work of
men of two different ages. In the best examples an implement of fine make
which has undergone patination of a marked description has been carefully
re-worked at some subsequent period ; and the re-worked surfaces are either
unpatinated or have patination quite evidently less ancient than that on the
original working. More often an implement of early Neolithic Period has
been simply re-used at a later period without any care as to re-making. In such
a case the old and patinated implement shows all round the edges the chips
that have been detached when it was re-used ; such chips being either unpat-
inated or having a different degree of patination from that on the original work.
Sometimes more than two types of patination of human work are present on
the same implement. From a study of a large series of such doubly patinated
implements, much may be learnt as to the relative age of patinations.

We now come to the most important point in connexion with the im-
plements from this valley, and one which is wholly novel. This is the presence,
on great numbers o( them, of scratches of various kinds — ^striae' to use the
more scientific term. The importance of this phenomenon is very great.
When we consider that flint is of a very high degree of hardness, even when of
poor quality ; when we consider that most of the implements found in North-
west Suffolk arc formed of flint of especially good quality, many of them
being made of translucent chalcedonic or jasperoid flint ; when we find that
flint of this quality will scratch with ease flints of less fine varieties, whereas
nothing softer than quartz will scratch // ; and when we find that flints of
this fine quality are themselves often scratched all over — the fact that this is
so tends to excite our astonishment and make us ponder deeply on the causes
that can have produced such a result.

It will not be possible here to go into the abstruse questions which an
inspection of these scratched surface-flint implements brings before the mind ;
nor would an article in a county history be the proper place to enter on the
highly controversial lines of investigation which would be necessary for their
discussion. It will be well therefore to give only a short account of these
striated implements, which, though occurring by thousands in this particular
valley, are by no means confined to it ; they are found not only widely scat-
tered over North-west Suffolk, but also in many other parts of England and
elsewhere.

Just as there are many varieties of patination of surface-flint implements
— which can, however, be referred for the most part to six or eight main

250

EARLY MAN

categories — so there are many varieties of striated implements, which can
similarly be referred to six or seven categories.

1. The most ancient class of neolithic implements would appear to be
represented by a group of exceedingly rough pieces, the humanly-made surfaces
of which are scratched all over ; in typical specimens the scratches are so
numerous and so criss-crossed over the whole surface that it would be difficult
to put more than the point of a pin between them.

2. The next class in apparent age is mainly composed of deep blue or
deep blue-black highly lustrous pieces. The scratches though less numerous
than in Class i are yet very well marked, generally large and deep ; and
striae thus made go right into the substance of the flint and are more or less
of uniform depth. The bulbar side of the implement or flake is the one
chiefly affected, and the bulb is especially liable to be scratched, apparently as
being the part that is most prominent. Implements of this class are generally
rough in make, but they are quite different in shape from those of Class i.
Occasionally an implement of Class 2 has been made from one of Class i.
In that case the two periods of work on the same stone are sharply defined
from one another by quality of workmanship, by patina, and by the kind of
scratching on the surfaces.

3. This class resembles Class 2 in its main features ; but differs from it
in degree of patination, in the smaller number and depth of the scratches,
and in the greater variety of forms and greater delicacy in the make of
the implements.

4. This is a numerous class, composed of implements in which the patina
is much less developed than in either of the preceding classes ; or of implements
without colour patina but on which a lustred surface of a high degree of
intensity has been produced. These implements are scratched in a different
way from those in the first three classes. The scratches are large, but instead
of being of the same colour as the surrounding flint they stand out white, and
are prominently visible when seen at a distance of some feet. There is a
strong tendency to parallelism in these white scratches. In the scratching of
the first three classes, though parallelism is sometimes seen, yet on the whole
it is not a striking feature. In the white scratches of this class the parallelism
is one of the points that at once attract attention. Examination with a lens
will reveal the cause of the whiteness. The scratches will then be seen to
differ from those on stones of the first three classes in this respect : it has
been remarked that in those classes the scratches go with fair uniformity into
the substance of the flint from end to end of the scratch. These white scratches
will be seen to be composed not of a single straight furrow on the flint, but
of a number of little digs into the flint separated by minute intervals of un-
broken surface ; or if the surface be broken throughout, the scratch is by no
means of uniform depth, and the surface of the scratch is bruised rather than
cut cleanly through. It is to this lack of uniformity of depth, combined
with the bruising of the flint, that the whiteness of the scratch is due.

5. This class, which is very curious but quite well defined, is met with
less frequently in the valley itself than in some of the neighbouring districts.
The characteristic of the scratching on the implements is that instead of large
scratches the surfaces show a number of very fine hair-like scratches. These
fine scratches occur in groups of from four or five up to forty or fifty ; the

251

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

scratches of the group being strictly parallel to one another and frequently
running for an inch or more across the surface. There may be one group or
several on the same stone, the groups not being necessarily parallel to one
another. It is difficult to look at these groups of fine parallel scratches,
bearing in mind the extreme hardness of the fine flint surfaces on which they
have been engraved, without the conviction that they have been made by
the dragging of fine sand (quartz grains) across the surface under pressure.

6. The last class into which scratched implements fall is the most
numerous of all. It consists of implements, with slight patinas, but generally
sub-lustrous, on which there are two or three slight and, in most cases, fine
scratches, generally less than i in. long, which suggest to the observer that what-
ever may have been the conditions which gave rise to the scratches on all the
various classes of stones just enumerated, these conditions have been present
in much less degree in this our last class. As the variety and delicacy of
make of implements gradually increased, as we advanced from one class to
another, so here we reach the highest point in these respects attained by
scratched implements. Even the more delicate arrow-heads are represented
by a few specimens. The vast majority of arrow-heads belong however to
the great class of unpatinated, unscratched, and highly-finished implements.

The above are the six great classes into which the scratched flints may be
divided. It is quite certain that the classes are not contemporary with one
another, but that there is a sequence in their relative ages ; and it is practically
certain that the sequence in which they are placed above is the correct one —
Class I being the earliest and Class 6 the latest. Proof of this is to be found
in a careful study of the large series of doubly patinated pieces where two
classes are represented on the same stone. As the result of this definite
sequence, the stones composing the earlier classes must have existed during
the subsequent periods when the later kinds of scratching were acquired, and
therefore ought to present all the varieties of scratching, not only that of their
own period, but those of all subsequent periods. As a matter of fact this is
very commonly the case ; nevertheless it is by no means rare for an imple-
ment to show nothing but the scratching belonging to its own special period
— to have come down true, so to speak. At first sight this seems rather
surprising. There is, however, a quite simple explanation of the phenomenon ;
but as this explanation is closely connected with the general theory of the
causation of the scratches it is not possible to go into it here.

The question may be asked : Are these scratched implements really
neolithic ; or do they represent some late phase of the Palaeolithic Period ;
or perhaps even an intermediate period.? The answer is that with the ex-
ception of the first class, a few examples of each class have been found with
parts of their surfaces polished. Care must of course be taken in such cases
not to confuse the scratches due to artificial polishing with the scratches due
to some quite outside cause. There is really no difficulty in making the dis-
tinction between the two, as there is practically no resemblance between
them. In certain instances the ' natural ' scratches, if they may be called so,
run right athwart the ' artificial ' scratches ; and the contrast between them
becomes at once evident.

With regard to the distribution of these scratched flints, as has already
been stated, they abound in the little valley, but they equally abound in the

252

From (i) Mildenhall

(9) Kenny Hill, Mildenhall,

Flint Implements. Plate II. (Scale about |.)
(z) Mildcnhal Fen. ( 5 ) Kenny Hill, Mildenhall. (4) MildctlhaU Fen. ( 5, 6, 8) Mildenhall.

(7, 10, n, 12) Icklingham. (13, 14) Mildenhall. (15) Burnt Fen, Mildenhall.

EARLY MAN

fields which border the valley — on the two ridges, that is to say, which
separate the little valley from the larger neighbouring valleys. These ridges
are about 300 yds. wide, and are connected directly with the main plateau,
from which they slope very slightly away, being on the average not more
than 6 ft. or 8 ft. below its level. As the plateau is the highest ground in
the district it cannot be claimed that the scratched flints have been water-
carried, and that the scratches have been produced by their knocking against
one another in the process. There is moreover this curious fact to be noted
in connexion with the distribution of scratched flints on these ridges, viz.
that no sooner has one begun to descend the side of either ridge opposite to
the little valley, so as to pass into the neighbouring larger valleys, than the
scratched stones become more and more scarce, until after walking a
few hundred yards down the side of the larger valleys, they disappear
altogether. This peculiarity is so marked that it calls for some explanation ;
for it is a strange thing that these two ridges should themselves be covered
with scratched implements ; that these implements should be found in large
numbers down the sides of the little valley ; but that when we pass down
the opposite side into the larger outside valleys they should disappear. The
explanation appears to be this : the two outside valleys though both are
now quite empty of water, have in past times, when the water to be carried
off has been on a large scale, acted as the drains for the plateau. The
little valley in the middle has therefore at such times been relieved of any
function of the kind. It is in fact a repetition of what has been stated
as having taken place at High Lodge. The little valley at first took its share
in draining the plateau, but eventually was relieved of its work by the opening
out of the larger side valleys. Since then it has been left in exactly the
condition at which it had arrived in those distant times, so far at any rate as
the action of water is concerned. In the side valleys, on the contrary, large
flows of water continued to take place, and ancient implements lying in them
would either be washed away or buried deep in the detritus brought down
by the streams. The subject however here touches delicate ground, as the
full explanation of this curious fact must necessarily form part of a full
discussion of the problem of the scratches. But the fact of this curious
distribution of the scratched flints is one that ought to be noted here.

This concludes a strange story in so far as it can be dealt with here. It is
for the future to determine its true meaning. It may however be said that
no true account of the late Pleistocene Age can be given until the questions
involved have been fully answered ; and that no geologist will have mastered
this part of his subject who has not given full attention to the lessons to be
learnt from this obscure little valley in North-west Suffolk.

The variety of the neolithic implements found in Suffolk is very great ;
and the beauty of them not to be surpassed in the British Isles. Almost
every type described by Sir John Evans in his classical work on The Ancient
Stone Implements of Great Britain is to be found in Suffolk. Chipped celts
occur in considerable numbers, especially in the fen districts of the north-
western part of the county. Some of these resemble in shape the general
type of polished axes ; and the best of them are examples of the highest skill

253

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

in chipping obtained by early man, if we except the finest of the Danish and
Egyptian pieces. The majority, however, are long and narrow, with sides
approximately parallel. Chipped celts of this description are met with in
large numbers in three districts of England : the South Downs of Sussex,
and especially in the neighbourhood of Eastbourne ; the River Thames and
its affluent the Lea, from the beds of which some hundreds have been dredged ;
and the Fen districts. The South Downs are near to the sea ; the Thames
is the most important waterway of the south of England ; whilst the Fens
were at that time probably a chain of lakes leading to the sea. It seems
probable therefore that these long chipped axes had as their main use the
hollowing out of canoes. Canoes were probably made by lighting fires
along the upper side of trunks of trees felled for the purpose. When the
wood was sufficiently charred axes of this kind would be admirably adapted
for stubbing out the half-burnt wood ; and by repetition of the process the
canoe would be made.

Polished axes, of which many have been found in Suffolk, differ from
those found in many parts of the country, in that owing to the abundance,
large size, and fine quality of the flint found in the county, this material
has been much more widely used for axes than elsewhere. Where flint is
scarce or of inferior quality neolithic man took great pains to obtain fine
hard stones other than flint to make into poUshed axes. Where he could
not obtain a suitable stone in his own district he imported it from a distance ;
and there is evidence of barter on a considerable scale, whether of the raw
material or of the finished article. There was httle necessity for this in
Suffolk ; for though flint is a somewhat intractable substance to work into
shape and to polish, nothing could be better for the end in view when once
the necessary labour had been gone through.

In all districts where flint is easily obtained and where neolithic man
has left his traces, scrapers are found in large numbers — so common indeed
are they that there is a tendency amongst collectors to despise these
humble but highly useful little tools. Nowhere have they been found in
such large numbers as in Suffolk ; and nowhere are they found of such real
beauty, both of material and of workmanship, as in the north-western part of
the county. They vary in size from a split pea up to great implements 4 in. or
5 in. long. And they are of all shapes — circular, oval, spoon-shaped, duck's-
bill, oblong with the corners rounded off, and many other forms. Many of
them are made of very fine material ; translucent chalcedonic flint, red jasperoid
flint, rich brown flint, variegated and striped flint. And the natural beauty of
the stone is often increased by the changes that time has produced on the surface.
This may be brilliantly lustrous ; or the natural colour of the flints may have
been intensified or altogether changed under the influence of the surroundings
in which for countless centuries they have lain. More especially is this
the case with those found in the fen districts, where the wet soil, largely
made up of rotting vegetation, stains the flint of a beautiful red-brown colour
unmistakable when once seen. A picked collection of Sufi^olk scrapers may
almost be compared to a collection of precious minerals. Indeed, thosd who
are not familiar with neolithic objects from this district would hardly
believe what very beautiful things they are in themselves, apart from the
interest attaching to them from the human and archaeological point of view.

2S4

Flint iMPLEMtNXi, Plate III. (Scale ] .)
Ariowheads from the neighbourhood of Mildenhall and Icklinghani. Pigmy implements from Wangford Warren, near Brandon.

EARLY MAN

And so with the arrow-heads. Of these there are three main varieties :
the leaf-shaped ; the lozenge-shaped ; and the barbed and tanged. Two
great divisions met with elsewhere are almost wholly wanting : the tanged
without barbs, and the barbed without tang — the hollow-based. The former
is common in Italy and Egypt ; the latter in Ireland, Denmark, Egypt, and
Japan. The types present in Suffolk may be divided into many sub-types,
and they occur in very large numbers. They are frequently of the greatest
beauty, and the variety of material is as great as in the case of the scrapers.
One may repeat of the arrow-heads what was said of the scrapers, that a
picked collection is worthy to rank with a collection of jewels.

Space prevents the consideration of all the many varieties of neolithic
implements so richly represented in Suffolk : the javelin-heads and spear-heads,
the knife-daggers, and knives of many sorts ; the ' fabricators ' and chisels ;
the axe-hammers and hammer-heads. Suffice it to say that for the most
part they yield in nothing to those found elsewhere. There is, however, one
class of implement found in great abundance in certain places in the county
which must not be passed over in silence. This is the ' midget ' or ' pigmy '
flints. Those who have followed the course of prehistoric archaeology
during the past few years will be aware of the great importance which the
study of these tiny implements has assumed. They seem to occur almost
everywhere where neolithic man was firmly established ; though it is
especially in sandy places that the majority have been found — probably
from the much greater ease with which they can be discovered in wind-blown
sand than in heavy agricultural ground. Their first discovery in England
was made not in sand, but under a thick coating of peat, by Dr. CoUey
March, on the Lancashire moors. In Suffolk, however, it has been on sandy
heaths that they have been chiefly found ; and the same is true of the great
find at Scunthorpe in Lincolnshire, and in other places in England. Out of
England they have been found in Belgium, in many parts of France, in
Italy, Algiers, Tunis, Egypt ; whilst one of the most notable finds was that
of the late Mr. A. C. Carlyle in caves in the Vindhya Hills of Central India,
whence have come the most beautiful of any that have been anywhere found.
Many types occur, but the strange thing is the resemblance of the types from
all these widely scattered places. And the types are not simple, but highly
evolved and worked out with great deUcacy and precision. This resemblance
is so striking that it seems impossible that they should not have had a common
origin. Not only are the implements highly finished, but they are almost
always made of flint or other varieties of silica specially selected for their
beauty ; indeed, those from India are largely made of precious stones ; jasper,
chalcedony of the finest quality, agate, moss-agate, cornelian, and many other
beautiful stones. In size they are astonishingly small ; a highly-finished
little implement will be no larger than the paring of a little finger nail.
Little is known about them. They are neolithic, probably belonging to
some early phase of the period. Wherever found, they usually occur in
large numbers, and they are rarely mixed with the larger and more generally
recognized neolithic implements. As to their use, many suggestions have
been hazarded ; but it is doubtful whether any of these suggestions have
much probability of truth in them. Though their neoUthic origin seems
certain, yet minute implements, not very dissimilar, occur in certain palaeo-

255

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

lithic deposits. Thus they are found in the later deposits of the well-known
caves of Mentone, which are believed to belong to a civilization following
the Mousterian described in the first part of this article. And they have
been met with in large numbers in certain caves in central France, the
deposits of which belong to one phase of the great Magdalenian Age ; in
both these cases being associated w^ith the remains of extinct animals. As
with many other branches of prehistoric archaeology much remains to be
found out about these ' midgets,' whether palaeolithic or neolithic. Thus
far their discovery has added one more to the many fascinating problems
attaching to the study of the great science of the evolution of the civilization
of mankind.

Topographical List of the Palaeolithic and Neolithic Localities

IN Suffolk

(Where references are not given, the discovery has been made by the compiler of this list, or
the information has been communicated to him privately. For valuable assistance in making the
list as complete as possible, he is especially indebted to Dr. W. Allen Sturge, Dr. J. S. Holden, the
Rev. J. D. Gray, and Messrs. F. J. Bennett, W. G. Clarke, A. E. W. Baker, and E. R. H. Hancox.)

Acton. — Palaeolithic implements have been found here by Mr. F. J. Bennett, the Rev. J. D.

Gray, and Dr. J. S. Holden.
Aldeburgh. — Neolithic scrapers, flakes, &c., occur on the Golf Links ; also below high water in

the bed of the Aide.
Alderton. — Neolithic polished stone celt [Evans, Stone Imp. (and ed.), 102].
AsHBY. — Neolithic flakes and implements occur in fields west of the church.
AsPALL. — Neolithic scrapers.
Badingham. — Neolithic scrapers and flakes.

Bardwell. — Neolithic perforated felstone celt [Evans, Stone Imp. (2nd ed.), 192].
Barking. — Neolithic scrapers.
Barney. — Neolithic implements of rude types.
Barnham St. Gregory. — Palaeolithic implements \_Geol. of Cambs. and Suff. 80]. Two neolithic

polished stone celts [Trans. Norf. and Norw. Nat, Soc. viii, 29] ; ground fabricator [ibid. 30] ;

fire-marked flints, bones, and pebbles [ibid. 27]. Polished axe [Field Club^ iv, 165]. Neolith c

arrow-heads, scrapers, flakes, &c., in Cambridge Museum of Archaeology.
Barrow. — Neolithic limestone disc [Evans, Stone Imp. 439]. Neolithic arrow-heads.
Barsham. — Neolithic scrapers, &c. [IVaveney Valley in the Stone Age, 18].
Barton Mills. — Palaeolithic implements \Geol. of Cambs. and Suff. 78 ; Proc. Norw. Geol. Soc. i,

164]. Palaeolithic implements from here are in the Cambridge Museum of Archaeology.

Neolithic arrow-head [Evans, Stone Imp. 390]. Other arrow-heads have been found.
Bawdsey. — Palaeolithic implements [Proc. Norw. Geol. Soc. i, 164]. Neolithic quartzite hammer

with natural hole artificially smoothed. Neolithic scrapers.
Baylham. — Neolithic implements [Proc. 5«^ Inst. Arch, vii, 209-11]. Partly ground axe and

chisel ground at both ends.
Bealings, Great. — Neolithic polished flint celts, perforated hammer, flint cores, and scrapers.
Beccles. — Polished stone axe [Norw. Mus.]. Neolithic scrapers, &c. [Thetford Mech. Inst.].
Beck Row. — See Mildenhall.
Belton. — Neolithic flint knives, scrapers, and flakes [IVaveney Valley in the Stone Age, 18, 19];

Neolithic 'button' scrapers [ibid. 38]. Polished stone axes [Norw. Mus. Proc. Suff. Inst.

Arch, xi (3), 2 ; Norf, Arch. Iv, 312].
Benhall. — Mr. J. Chambers, of this parish, has a neolithic ground celt of basalt, found on Benhall

Green.
Bergholt, East. — There is a pointed palaeolithic implement labelled ' East Bergholt ' in Col-
chester Museum.
Blundeston. — Neolithic curved knife [tVaveney Valley in the Stone Age, 19]. Neolithic scrapers,

flakes, &c.
Blythbcrgh. — Neolithic scrapers and choppers.
Botesdale. — Neolithic polished celt [Evans, Stone Imp. 100]. Flat-sided polished, flint celt [ibid.

no].

2i;6

Finely chipped knife w!lh two periods of working. The older patinnted work
is of the same qu;itity as the later unpatinated work.

No. 1 Scratching on older surfaces.
No. 3 Scratching on newer surfaces.

No. 4 Scratching.

■<

M^te

c

/' a^^^B^^HHbBBb^. ' ■- -'^ii^

'^l

BE^^fe^^grf

^^jB^^L'jIIJIp^y^ K^^i@^<£^K/

No. 3 Scratching.

', ""^^ir---

Striated Neolithic Implement, No, 4 scratching, Santon. (i)

F'lint Implemknis. Plate IW

EARLY MAN

BoxFORD. — Palaeolithic impleiuents found here by Mr. F. J. Bennett. Neolithic chipped flint axe.

Bradley, Great. — Neolithic arrow-heads.

Bradwell. — Several neolithic flakes and implements.

Bramford. — Neolithic scrapers.

Brampton. — Neolithic scrapers and flakes.

Brandeston. — Neolithic flinf borer in Ipswich Museum.

Brandon. — Supposed inter-glacial implements [Evans, Stone Imp. 568 ; Proc. Cambs. Phil. Soc. iii,
285 ; GeoJ. Surv. Mem. 'On the Manufacture of Gunflints,' 68 ; Prehistoric Europe, 263 ;
Miller and Skertchley, Fenland, 546 et seq. ; Brit. Mus. Guide to the Stone Age, 21]. Palaeo-
lithic implements [Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xxv, 449 ; Evans, Stone Imp, 562, 565 ; Brit.
Mus. Guide to the Stone Age, 8 ; Proc. Norw. Geol. Soc. i, 1 64 ; Norw. Mus. ; Camb. Mus. of
Arch.]. Neolithic polished axes in Cambridge Museum of Archaeology. Neolithic arrow-
heads and scrapers.

Bredfield. — Palaeolithic implements in Ipswich Museum. Neolithic polished and unpolished flint
celts, scrapers, &c. Some are in Ipswich Museum.

Brightwell. — Neolithic ground-edged celt, barbed and leaf-shaped arrow-heads, knives and
scrapers.

Brome (near Diss). — A pointed palaeolithic implement found here is in the possession of
Mr. G. Spalding of Norwich. Neolithic polished axe of yellow flint.

Bromeswell. — Neolithic arrow-heads and scrapers.

Bruisyard. — Neolithic scrapers, choppers, &c.

BucKLESHAM. — Neolithic polished flint celt and scrapers.

Bungay. — Palaeolithic implement [Antiq. Feb. 1908, p. 64 ; Man, viii, 41, 42]. Neolithic polished
flint axe, triangular flint knife, scrapers, &c. \}Vaveney Valley in the Stone Age, 21-5]. At a
meeting of the Norwich Geological Society held on 26 April 1864, Mr. B. B. Woodward
mentioned the finding of neolithic implements at Bungay. Pigmy flint implements [Nature,
5 Dec. 1907].

Burgh Castle. — Neolithic scrapers, choppers and flakes [Waveney Valley in the Stone Age, 26].

Burnt Fen. — See Mildenhall.

Bury St. Edmunds. — Palaeolithic implements [Evans, Stone Imp. 540-2 ; Flint Chips, 43].
Palaeolithic human skull [Evans, Stone Imp. 656 ; Brit. Mus. Guide to the Stone Age, 7].
Ground-edged flint celt [Evans, Stone Imp. 91] ; flint chisel [ibid. 174]. There are palaeo-
lithic implements from Bury in the Blackmore Museum, Salisbury, and neolithic implements
in the Cambridge Museum of Archaeology.

Cardwell. — See Lakenheath.

Carlton Colville. — Neolithic scrapers, &c. [Proc. Suff. Inst. Arch, xi {3), 4]. Partly polished axe.

Cavenham. — Palaeolithic implements [Geol. of Cambs. and Suff, 78]. Polished greenstone celt
[Evans, Stone Imp. 142]. Neolithic arrow-heads, polished axes, scrapers, &c., found here are in
the Cambridge Museum of Archaeology, Bury St. Edmunds Museum, and several private
collections.

Chediston. — Three neolithic chipped flint axes.

Chilton. — Palaeolithic implements found here by Mr. F. J. Bennett.

Clare. — Palaeolithic implements found by Dr. J. S. Holden. Neolithic perforated quartzite
hammer [Evans, Stone Imp. 229].

Clopton. — Polished flint celt.

Cockfield. — Palaeolithic implements found by Dr. J. S. Holden.

Coddenham. — Neolithic scrapers and flakes.

Combs. — Neolithic flint dagger, in Ipswich Museum.

Cornard, Great. — Dr. J. S. Holden has found palaeolithic implements here associated with teeth
and tusks of Elephas primigenius.

Cornard, Little. — Palaeolithic implements have been found here by Mr. F. J. Bennett. Neo-
lithic scrapers and flakes.

Corton. — Palaeolithic implements [Antiq. Feb. 1908, p. 63]. Neolithic flint knife [Arch, Journ.
xxii, 75 ; Proc, Soc, Antiq. (Ser. 2), iii, 19 ; Evans, Stone Imp. 356-7]. Neolithic lance-head,
scraper, and borer [Raven, Hist, of Suff. 1 1]. Broken polished flint axe.

CovEHiTHE. — Neolithic scrapers, chopper, and flakes.

Cransford. — Neolithic scrapers.

Creeting. — Neolithic flakes and scrapers.

Culford. — Palaeolithic implements [Geol. of Cambs. and Suff. 51, 81 ; Journ. Anthrop. Inst, vii,
162 ; Brit. Assoc. Rep, 1879 ; ^^^*- ^'*'- Guide to the Stone Age, 9]. Neolithic ground-edged
celt [Evans, Stone Imp, 88]. Neolithic implements found here are in the Cambridge Museum of
Archaeology.

» 257 33

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Darsham. — Neolithic flint core.

Debenham. — Neolithic ground-edged flint celt [Evans, Stone Imp. 91]. Neolithic flakes and

scrapers,

Dennington. — Neolithic scrapers and borer.

DuNWiCH. — Neolithic flakes, scrapers and choppers, and polished axe.

Easton. — Neolithic flakes and scrapers.

Ellough. — Neolithic flakes, scrapers, &c., are plentiful in fields near the church. Neolithic flint
core.

Elveden. — Palaeolithic implements [Miller and Skertchley, Fen/and, 346). Palaeolithic imple-
ments found here are in the Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and the collections of
Mr. F. Rix (Thetford), and Mr. F. H. Haward (Norwich). Neolithic polished axes, also
scrapers, &c., are in the Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and the Thetford Mechanics'

Institute.
Eriswell. — Palaeolithic implements [Evans, Stone Imp. 550 ; Geo/, of Cambs. and Suff. 74].
Palaeolithic implements found here are in the Cambridge Museum of Archaeology. Neolithic
arrow-heads and polished and unpolished celts from this place are also at Cambridge. Among
recent discoveries has been that of one of the so-called 'star-shaped' implements with flat base,
ridged back, and rounded points. These implements, which occur elsewhere in the Breck
district, resemble a well-known Egyptian form.
Euston. — Neolithic implements {Trans. Norf. and Norw. Nat. Soc. vi, 35].
ExNiNG. — Neolithic arrow-heads.
Eye. — Neolithic perforated jasper hammer [Evans, Stone Imp. 229]. Neolithic fabricator. Other

implements from Eye are in the Ipswich Museum.
Fakenham. — Neolithic scrapers.
Falkenham. — Neolithic scrapers, and flakes.
Farnham. — Neolithic flakes, scrapers and cores.

Felixstowe. — Neolithic perforated quartzite axe [Evans, Stone Imp. 207, 218]. Neolithic scrapers.
Flempton. — There is a palaeolithic implement labelled 'Flempton' in Bury St. Edmunds Museum.

Neolithic implements, now in the Cambridge Museum of Archaeology.
Flixton (near Bungay). — Neolithic broken polished chert axe [Introd. to Galpin's Flowering Plants

of Harleston., 18].
Flixton (near Lowestoft). — Neolithic scrapers, knives, &c. {fFaveney Valley in the Stone Age, 29,

30 ; Proc. Suff. Imt. Arch, xi (3), 31]. Neolithic flint choppers [ibid. 6].
FoRNHAM All Saints. — Palaeolithic implements [Evans, Stone Imp. 542]. There is a

palaeolithic implement labelled ' Fornham ' in Bury St. Edmunds Museum.
FoRNHAM St. Martin. — Neolithic implements, now in Bury St. Edmunds Museum.
FoxHALL. — Many well-worked neolithic scrapers, arrow-heads, and knives have been found on the

heathland of this parish.
Framlingham. — A flint implement (no. 307) in the Museum and Art Gallery, Beaumont, Ply-
mouth, was found here. Mr. E. E. Lowe (curator) states that it appears to be palaeolithic.
Neolithic implements, rudely worked.
Freckenham. — Neolithic arrow-heads.

Fressingfield. — Neolithic implements \Proc. Suff. Inst. Arch, vii, 36].
Friston. — Neolithic scrapers and flakes.

Fritton. — Neolithic flakes and implements, including discoidal and pick-like implements \JVaveney
Valley in the Stone Age, 32; Proc. Suff. Inst. Arch, xi (3), 9]. Neolithic 'button' scrapers
and needle scrapers [ibid. 3, 4, 7]. A flint axe is recorded to have been found on the edge of
Fritton Lake in 1865 [Norf. Arch, vii, 351].
Frostenden. — Neolithic implements, rather rudely fashioned, occur in fields near the church.
Gazeley. — Neolithic arrow-heads have been found at Needham Street, in this parish.
Gisleham. — Neolithic implements have been found in considerable numbers on Bloodmoor Hill in

this parish, among them being a well-worked flint knife, and a broken chipped axe.
Glemsford. — Neolithic scrapers and flakes.

Gorleston. — Neolithic implements {Proc. Suff. Inst. Arch, xi (3), 4].
Grundisburgh. — Neolithic polished flint celt [Evans, Stone Imp. 100]. Neolithic perforated flint

hammer in British Museum [ibid. 223].
Gunton. — Neolithic implements {Proc. Suff. Inst. Arch, xi (3), 4].
Haughley. — Neolithic barbed and leaf-shaped arrow-heads, scrapers, &c.
Helmingham. — Neolithic flint flakes {Arch, fourn. xxi, 172 ; Evans, Stone Imp. 280].
Hemley. — Neolithic scrapers, &c., have been found in good numbers.
Henham. — Neolithic scrapers and flakes.
Henstead. — Neolithic implements of rude workmanship.

258

EARLY MAN

Hepworth. — Neolithic polished flint celts [Evans, Stone Imp. loo, 102].

Herringfleet. — Palaeolithic implements [Jntij. Feb. 1908, pp. 60-4]. Neolithic implements of
very finished workmanship have been found here, including some interesting combination tools,
such as double-ended convex scrapers and combined convex and concave scrapers.

Herringswell. — Palaeolithic implement [Evans, Stone Imp. 539]. Neolithic polished axes, arrow-
head, &c.

Hessett. — Neolithic polished axe.

HiGHAM (near Bury). — Palaeolithic implements [Windle, Remains of the Prehistoric Period^ 64].
Neolithic arrow-head and scrapers.

HiGHAM (near Hadleigh). — Neolithic trimmed flakes.

Holywell Row. — See Mildenhall.

HoPTON. — Neolithic scrapers, knives, &c., of delicate workmanship \Proc. Suff. Inst. Arch, xi, (3),

329]-

HoxNE. — Palaeolithic implements [Arch, xiii, 204 ; ibid, xxxviii, 298 ; Evans, Stone Imp. 573-7 ;
Lubbock, Prehistoric Times (4th ed.), 353-4; Geologist, iii, 347; ibid, iv, 19; Phil. Trans.
(i860), 277, 307 ; ibid. (1864), 247 ; ibid, cl, 304-9; ibid, cliv, 283 ; Skelton, Meyrick's
Armour, pi. xlvi ; Lyell, Antiq. of Man, 166 ; Quart. Journ. of Science (1876), 289-304;
Reid and Ridley, Rep. Brit. Assoc. (1888), 674; 'Appointment of Committee to examine
Hoxne Beds' (1895), 679 ; Rep. of Com. (1896), 400 ; Essex Naturalist, ix, 245 ; Geol. of
Country around Halesworth and Harleston, 27-31 ; Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xxxvi, 497, and
xxxviii, 669 ; Proc. Norw. Geol. Soc. pt. ii, 62 ; Geol. of Engl, and Wales (2nd ed.), 515 ; Brit.
Mus. Guide to the Stone Age, 1, 7-8, 20; Geikie, Textbook of Geol. (4th ed.), 1358; Proc. Suff. Inst.
Arch, vii (i), p. xxviii]. Neolithic arrow-head \^Arch. Journ. xvii, 261 ; Evans, Sf««f Imp. 373] ;
arrow-head [ibid. 390]. Neolithic flakes and scrapers [Waveney Valley in the Stone Age, 34].

Tcklingham. — Palaeolithic implements {Phil. Trans. (1864), 253 ; Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xvii,
364; Arch, xxxviii, 302, and xxxix, 63; hyeW, Antiq. of Man, 169; Evans, Stone Imp.
543-7 ; Geol. of Cambs. and Suff. 79-80 ; Brit. Mus. Guide to the Stone Age, 21 ; Proc. Norw.
Geol. Soc. i, 163]. Thousands of neolithic implements have been found in the two Icklingham
parishes, including polished and unpolished axes, triangular knives, arrow-heads, perforated
hammers, and leaf-shaped, lunate, and ground-edged knives. Some of these are figured and
described in Evans, Stone Imp. Icklingham flint implements are preserved in the British
Museum, in the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, in the Cambridge
Museum of Archaeology, Blackmore Museum (Salisbury), Norwich and Ipswich Museums,
Thetford Mechanics' Institute, and many private collections.

Iken. — Neolithic scrapers and flakes.

Ilketshall St. Andrew. — Neolithic chopper.

Ilketshall St. John. — Neolithic broken polished flint axe [JVaveney Valley in the Stone Age, 26].
Neolithic implements, rudely fashioned, are frequently found here.

Ingham. — Neolithic implements found here are in the Thetford Mechanics' Institute.

Ipswich. — Palaeolithic implements [yawrn. Anthrop. Inst, xxxiii, 41-3; ibid, xxxiv, 306-10]. Neo-
lithic deer-horn pick \Journ. Anthrop. Inst, i, 73 ; Evans, Stone Imp. 34]. Neolithic polished
flint axe [ibid. 100]. Perforated quartzite celt [ibid. 193]. Neolithic flint dagger [ibid. 353].
Neolithic knife [Proc. Suff. Inst. Arch, xi, 203].

ICenny Hill. — See Mildenhall.

Kentford. — There are palaeolithic implements labelled ' Kentford ' in the Cambridge Museum of
Archaeology.

Kesgrave. — Neolithic polished flint celt [Evans, Stone Imp, zoo]. Neolithic scrapers and arrow-
heads.

Kessingland. — Neolithic sCrapers, knives, choppers, borers, &c., are plentifully distributed over the
fields in this parish, and they have also been found among the sand dunes on the beach.

KniKLEY. — Neolithic polished flint axe [Proc. Suff. Inst. Arch, xi (3), 2 ; Waveney Valley in the
Stone Age, 36]. Neolithic scrapers and flakes have been found below high-water mark in Lake
Lothing, and a partly ground axe and a well-worked flint knife were picked up on Black
Heath,

KiRTON. — Neolithic scrapers and flakes.

Lackford. — Neolithic flat-sided, polished flint axe [Evans, Stone Imp. 112]. Arrow-heads.

Lakenheath. — Palaeolithic implements [Evans, Stone Imp. 566 ; Geol. of Cambs. and Suff. 74 ;
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xxv, 450-1 ; Brit. Mus. Guide to the Stone Age, 8 ; Proc. Norw. Geol.
Soc. i, 164]. This parish has produced a very great number of neolithic implements, including
polished and unpolished axes, chipped and ground flint knives, arrow-heads, scrapers, &c.
Many of these implements are described and figured in Evans, Stone Imp. In the Cambridge
Museum of Archaeology there are about 250 arrow-heads from this parish, while a recent

259

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

addition to that museum is a perforated celt from Lakenheath Fen. This is also a locality
for pigmy flint implements [Trans. Norf. and Norw. Nat. Soc. viii, 32]. Sir J. Evans {Stone
Imp. 550] records the finding of a palaeolithic implement on the surface of the ground at
Cardwell in this parish.

Lavenham. — Palaeolithic flakes associated with a tusk of Hippopotamus major and a molar of Rhino-
certs leptorhinus [Geo/, of the Neighbourhood of Stowmarket, 1 7]. Neolithic chipped axe.

Leavenheath. — Neolithic polished axe.

Leiston. — Neolithic scrapers and flakes.

Levington. — Neolithic scrapers, knives, &c., of delicate workmanship.

LiNDSEY. — A very fine neolithic axe was found here in 1889. It was embedded in a wall about
200 years old, into which it had been built with other flints [Proc. Suff". Inst. Arch, xi {2)].
This axe is 11^ in. in length and weighs 3^ lb.

LiNSTEAD Parva. — Two stone axes were found in a garden here in 1867.

LivERMERE. — Neolithic polished greenstone celt [Evans, Stone Imp. 116].

LouND. — Several polished and unpolished neolithic axes have been found here in the course of
excavations in connexion with the Lowestoft Waterworks. They were met with on the
bank of an arm of Fritton Lake, under a peaty deposit resting on what appeared to be an old
sandy shore of the lake [Proc. Suff. Inst. Arch. (2) ; PFaveney Valley in the Stone Age,2l-2 i
Longe, Lowestoft in Olden Times]. These axes, which were accompanied by a grinding or
polishing stone, are preserved in the oflSces of the Gas and Water Company at Lowestoft. Other
neolithic implements, including scrapers, choppers, borers, &c., have been found in this parish,
and recently another well-chipped axe has been discovered.

Lowestoft. — Palaeolithic implements [Antiq. Feb. igo8, pp. 60-4]. Leaf-shaped arrow-heads
[Waveney Valley in the Stone Age, 35]. Neolithic ground flint axe [ibid. 36]. A large
number of finely-chipped neolithic implements have been found near the shores of
Lake Lothing, while in the fields around Lowestoft implements of ruder workmanship
are numerous.

Market Weston. — Neolithic polished flint celt [Evans, Stone Imp. 100].

Martlesham. — Neolithic ground-edged celt [Evans, Stone Imp. 89]. In a field here, known as
Bloodfield, several axes and arrow-heads have been found. Several private collections contain
axes and arrow-heads picked up in this parish, among them being a small greenstone celt found
on a stone heap.

Melford, Long. — Palaeolithic implements [Evans, Stone Imp. 578 ; Proc. Norw. Geol. Soc. i, 164].
Other implements, associated with remains of Elephas primigenius, have been found by
Dr. J. S. Holden. Palaeolithic implements found here are in the Norwich Museum and the
collection of Mr. F. J. Bennett. Neolithic implements also occur.

Melton. — Neolithic partly polished flint pick [Evans, Stone Imp. 174]. Delicately worked neo-
lithic implements have been found here, including a partly ground arrow-head.

Mendlesham. — Neolithic implements in Ipswich Museum.

Mettingham. — Neolithic implements of rude workmanship are plentiful in some of the fields.

MiLDENHALL. — Palaeolithic implements [Evans, Stone Imp. 548-50, 643, 685 ; Geol. of Cambs. and
^"jff^- 55-7* 74» 81, 84 ; Phil. Trans, cliv, 253 ; Brit. Mus. Guide to the Stone Age, 9, 13, 27,
28 ; Brit. Assoc. Rep. 1 879 ; Miller and Skertchley, Fenland, 548 ; Proc. Norw. Geol. Soc.
i, 163 ; Neolithic Man in N.E. Surr. 14]. A most interesting palaeolithic locality in this
parish is High or Warren Lodge, where a brick-earth occurs, containing implements of types
resembling those from the cave of Le Moustier. At West Row and Holywell Row, two
hamlets in Mildenhall, palaeolithic implements occur in the surface soil ; this is also the case
in some of the neighbouring parishes. There are many palaeolithic implements from Mil-
denhall in the Cambridge Museum of Archaeology ; also some in the British Museum,
Ipswich Museum, Blackmore Museum (Salisbury), and the Museum of the Society of
Antiquaries of Scotland. Neolithic implements : Flint knife or dagger [Evans, Stone Imp.
337], flint adze or hoe [ibid. 78], flint saw [ibid. 73, 75], unpolished axes [ibid. 67-8, 73,
75], ground-edged celts [ibid. 88, 91, 93], polished celts [ibid. 104, no], perforated quartzite
hammer [ibid. 229], perforated greenstone hammer [ibid. 230], ground flake [ibid. 291], oval
chipped knife [ibid. 336-7], ground flint knife [ibid. 341]. Mildenhall, like Icklingham,
Lakenheath, and several other parishes in North-west Suffolk, has produced an immense number
of neolithic implements, examples of which are to be found in many museums, while great numbers
are in the hands of private collectors. Arrow-heads are frequently found. Beck Row, Burnt
Fen, Kenny Hill, West Row, West Row Fen, and Holywell Row, all hamlets in this parish,
have produced many neolithic implements, including arrow-heads and polished and unpolished
axes.

Mutford. — Neolithic scrapers, knives, choppers, and flakes.

260

EARLY MAN

Nacton. — Neolithic hatchet and borer [Proc. Suff. Inst. Arch, xi (3)]. This parish is one of
the most prolific in South-east Suffolk so far as neolithic implements are concerned. Several
sites of settlements have been identified by Mr. E. R. H. Hancox, and axes, arrow-heads,
spear-heads, chisels, knives, symmetrically worked scrapers, borers, hammer-stones, and trimmed
flakes have been found. Numerous pyramidal cores and literally thousands of flakes mark the
sites of the settlements.

Navland. — Mr. F. J. Bennett and Dr. J. S. Holden have found palaeolithic implements in the
drift sands and gravels of this neighbourhood. The Rev. J. D. Gray has also found
palaeolithic implements here. Neolithic implements have been found in considerable numbers,
including convex and concave scrapers, borers, fabricators, chisels, knives, &c.

Needham Market. — Neolithic scrapers and flakes.

Newbourn. — Neolithic implements of delicate workmanship in considerable numbers.

Newmarket. — Neolithic polished axes, arrow-heads, &c., have been found here ; but in some
instances they were probably found in that part of Newmarket which is in Cambridgeshire.

Newton. — Mr. F. J. Bennett and Dr. J. S. Holden have found palaeolithic implements here.
Neolithic implements also occur.

North Stow. — See West Stow.

NowTON. — Palaeolithic implements [Evans, Stone Imp. 542].

OccoLD. — Neolithic scrapers, borers, flakes, &c.

Otley. — A neolithic polished axe found here is in the Norwich Museum.

OuLTON. — Palaeolithic implement [Antiq. Feb. 1908, p. 63]. Neolithic polished flint axe [/F<7t/«j(rjr
Valley in the Stone Age, 40]. Various neolithic implements [Proc. Suff. Inst. Arch, xi {3)].

OusDEN. — Palaeolithic scraper-like implement [Geol. of Cambs. and Suff. 109].

Pakefield. — Neolithic implements of rude workmanship are abundant in this parish. The
Rev. R. Ashington Bullen collected 719 neolithic implements and flakes on a farm here,
including a hoe, a hand-hatchet, a hand-hammer, several small saws, and a tanged and winged
arrowhead of pale chalcedonic flint.

Pakenham. — Neolithic flakes, implements, and 'pot-boilers' [Proc. Suff. Inst. Arch, x, 169].

Parham. — Several rudely-shaped neolithic implements.

Playford. — Neolithic polished flint celt [Evans, Stone Imp. loi].

Polstead. — Palaeolithic implements have been found on the surface of the ground. Neolithic axe
and flint cores.

Ramsholt. — Neolithic scrapers and other worked flints.

Redgrave. — Neolithic polished flint celt [Evans, Stone Imp. Iio]; perforated quartzite hammer-
head [ibid. 228].

Redisham. — Rudely worked neolithic implements.

Rendham. — Neolithic flakes and implements, rudely fashioned.

Reydon. — Neolithic scrapers and flakes.

RouGHAM. — Dr. W. Allen Sturge has palaeolithic implements that were found here, apparently
from brick-earth.

Rushmere St. Andrew. — Neolithic polished axe.

RusHMERE (near Lowestoft). — Rudely-fashioned neolithic implements.

Santon Downham. — Palaeolithic implements [Evans, Stone Imp. 550, 552, 556-560, 647, 660 ;
Geol. Mag. v, 443 ; Proc. Soc. Antiq. (Ser. 2), iv, 124 ; Brit. Assoc. Rep. 1886 ; Miller and
Skertchley, Fenland, 551 ; Proc. Norw. Geol. Soc. i, 164 ; Brit. Mus. Guide to the Stone Age,
16, 21]. Palaeolithic implements from this place are in the British Museum, Blackmore
Museum (Salisbury), Norwich Museum, and several private collections. Neolithic implements :
Rough chipped flint adze [Evans, Stone Imp. 70] ; ground-edged flint celt [ibid. 92] ; polished
flint celt [ibid. 99] ; ground-edged blue flint knife and fragment of circular ground knife [TVanj.
Norf. and Norw. Nat. Soc. viii, 30] ; finely worked pear-shaped scraper [ibid. 34]. Santon
Downham has been very prolific of neolithic implements, many of which are of very finished
workmanship. Among them are some of the peculiar ' star shaped ' implements (see Eriswell).
Good examples of Santon Downham neoliths are in the museums at Cambridge, Norwich, and
Edinburgh.

Saxham. — Neolithic implements found here are in the Cambridge Museum of Archaeology.

Saxmundham. — Neolithic scrapers.

Saxtead. — Neolithic scrapers and flakes.

Shadingfield. — Neolithic scrapers and flakes.

Shelley. — Neolithic polished celt [Evans, Stone Imp. 106] ; another found here is in the possession
of Mr. J. Payne, of Hadleigh.

Shimpling. — Rudely-worked neolithic implements have been found in and around the earthworks
known as ' War-banks.'

261

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Shipmeadow. — Neolithic scrapers and flakes.

SiCKLESMERE. — See Welnetham Magna.

Snape. — Neolithic scrapers and worked flakes. Flint flakes found in barrow [Hele's Notes about

Aldehurgh, 26]. Mr. J. Chambers (Benhall) has a neolithic polished flint celt from this parish.
Somerleyton. — Neolithic scrapers of fine workmanship [Proc. Suff. Inst. Arch, xi (3)].
SoTTERLEY. — Neolithic flakes and cores.
South Cove. — Rudely shaped neolithic implements.
South Elmham St. Margaret. — Neolithic polished flint axe and portions of two others [Galpin,

Flowering Plants of Harleston, 1 7, 18] ; neolithic chipped axe, spear-heads, arrow-heads, and

scrapers [ibid. 1 8, 19].
Southwold. — Neolithic arrow-head and other implements.
Spexhall.— Rudely worked neolithic choppers and scrapers.
Sproughton. — Neolithic greenstone celt [Evans, Stone Imp. 126].
Stanningfield. — Neolithic perforated hammer [Evans, Stone Imp. 228].
Stanton. — Neolithic arrow-head [Evans, Stone Imp. 389].
Stoke-by-Nayland. — Neolithic perforated hammer and other implements.
Stonham [ ? Stonham Earl]. — Mr. G. Spalding of Norwich has a palaeolithic implement inscribed

'Stonham,' found in 1887. Neolithic flint flakes [Evans, Stone Imp. 281 ; Arch. Assoc, yourn,

xxiv, 182].
Stowmarket. — A fine palaeolithic implement, said to have been found at Stowmaiket, was exhibited

recently in a dealer's shop at Ipswich. Neolithic polished celt [Arch, xvi, 364 ; Evans, Stone

Imp. no]. Other neolithic implements found here are in Ipswich Museum.
Stuston. — Neolithic flakes and scrapers [JFaveney Valley in the Stone Age, 41].
Stutton. — Palaeolithic flake [Evans, Stone Imp. 578].
Sudbury. — Palaeolithic implements [Evans, Stone Imp. 578]. Mr. F. J. Bennett and Dr. J. S.

Holden have also found palaeolithic implements here. Neolithic polished whin-stone celt [ibid.

117]. Two other polished axes and numerous other neolithic implements.
Sutton. — Neolithic polished flint celt [Evans, Stone Imp. in] ; perforated quartzite hammer [ibid.

231]. A considerable number of neolithic arrow-heads, scrapers, and other worked flints have

been found on Sutton Heath, in the neighbourhood of round barrows. Some of these are in

the Ipswich Museum. The whole district is described as being strewn with neolithic flakes

and chips.
Syleham. — Neolithic implements of rude workmanship.
Thetford. — This town is a well-known palaeolithic site ; but the palaeolithic gravels are on the

Norfolk side of the Little Ouse. Neolithic chipped flint celt [Evans, Stone Imp. 74] ; two

partly ground axes [Trans. Narf. and Norzu. Nat. Soc. viii, 29, 30] ; ground triangular graver

[ibid. 30] ; hollow-based javelin-head [ibid. 32] ; re-chipped fabricator [ibid. 33]. The heaths

and warrens around Thetford have produced a great number of neolithic implements.
Thurlow, Great. — Neolithic polished flint axe.

Thurston. — Neolithic ground-edged celt of mica-schist [Evans, Stone Imp. 97].
Trimleys. — Neolithic implements of delicate workmanship have been found in these parishes.
Troston. — Neolithic ground-edged celt of micaceous grit [Evans, Stone Imp. 97] ; another polished

celt [ibid. 128] ; polished limestone celt [ibid.]. Neolithic implements found here are in the

Thetford Mechanics' Institute.
Tuddenham St. Mary. — There are palaeolithic implements from this parish in the collection of

Dr. W. Allen Sturge. Neolithic axes, arrow-heads, etc., some of which are in the Cambridge

Museum of Archaeology and the Ipswich Museum.
Uggeshall. — Neolithic fabricator, borer, and scrapers.
Undley. — A hamlet in the fen part of Lakenheath. Implements found here are often described as

having come from the hamlet of Undley Common, which is in Mildenhall, and vice versa.

They include neolithic arrow-heads and polished axes.
Undley Common. — See Mildenhall.
Walberswick. — A considerable number of rude neolithic implements, including many of grey

cherty flint.
Waldringfield. — Neolithic flint chisel [Proc. Suff. Inst. Arch, xi, 4]. Well-chipped scrapers arc

plentiful in this parish, and some good flint knives have been found.
Walton-cum-Felixstowe. — Neolithic scrapers.
Wangford (near Brandon). — Palaeolithic implements [Brit. Mus. Guide to the Stone Age, 21].

Neolithic arrow-heads [Evans, Stone Imp. 389 ; Arch. Journ. x, 354]. This parish has

produced many well-worked neolithic implements, including polished and unpolished axes.

Great numbers of pigmy implements have also been found.
Wangford (near Southwold). — Neolithic implements of rude workmanship.

262

EARLY MAN

Warren Lodge. — See Mildenhall.

Welnetham Magna (Sicklesmere). — Palaeolithic implements [Evans, Stone Imp. 542 ; Brit. Mus.

Guide to the Stone y^ge, g, 21 ; Proc. Suff. Inst. Arch, vii, 216; Miller and Skertchley, Fenland,

548 ; Proc. Narw. Geol. Soc. i, 163].
Wenhaston. — Neolithic flakes and scrapers.
Westhall. — Neolithic rubbed flint pebbles [Evans, Stone Imp. 442 ; Arch.xxxW, 456]. Neolithic

scrapers.
Westleton. — Neolithic white flint gouge [Evans, Stone Imp. 179]; neolithic quartzite hammer-
head [Proc. Norw. Geol. Soc. i, 30]. Also many rudely worked neolithic implements.
Westley. — Palaeolithic human skull [Joum. Anthrop. Inst, xiv, 51 ; Man the Primeval Savage, 280;

Evans, Stone Imp. 542]. Palaeolithic chopper [ibid. 543]. Neolithic spear-heads and other

implements [Proc. Suff. Inst. Arch, vii, 214].
Weston. — Rudely worked neolithic implements.
West Row. — See Mildenhall.
West Stow. — Palaeolithic implements [Evans, 5/««^ Imp. 542; Brit. Assoc. Rep. 1897; Miller

and Skertchley, Fenland, 548 ; Brit. Mus. Guide to the Stone Age, 9]. Neolithic implements :

Polished flint celt [Evans, Stone Imp. 100] ; thin ground adze [ibid. 92]; flint chisel [ibid.

176] ; arrow-heads [ibid. 389 ; Proc. Suff. Inst. Arch, vii, 216]. Many other neolithic

implements have been found here, some of which are in the Museum of Archaeology at

Cambridge. In North Stow, in this parish, neolithic flint chisel [Evans, Stone Imp. 176] ;

curved knife and horse-shoe-shaped ground flint knife [ibid. 342, 356] ; ground-edged chisel

[Proc. Suff. Inst. Arch, xi, (2), 203].
Wetheringsett. — Two neolithic polished axes, picked up by schoolboys, are preserved in the

village school.
Wherstead. — Palaeolithic implements [Proc. Norw. Geol. Soc. i, 164]. Neolithic implements in

Ipswich Museum.
Whitton. — Neolithic flakes and scrapers.

WiCKHAMEROOK. — Neolithic polished axe in Bury St. Edmunds Museum.
WicKHAM Market. — Neolithic implements of rude workmanship.
Willingham. — Neolithic chopper and scrapers.
Woodbridge. — Finely worked neolithic flint knife, polished axe, and many other well-worked

implements.
Woolpit. — Neolithic arrow-head in British Museum.
Worlingham. — Neolithic flakes, choppers, and scrapers.
Worlington. — Neolithic polished axes, arrow-heads, and many other delicately worked implements.

Some are in the Museum of Archaeology at Cambridge.
Worlingworth. — Neolithic implements of rude workmanship,
Wortham. — Neolithic polished axe in Norwich Museum.

The Bronze Age

A convenient division w^hich may be made of prehistoric antiquities is
that which separates the stone ages from the metal ages, the Palaeolithic and
Neolithic Periods from those of bronze and iron. The beginning of the
Bronze Age in Britain is archaeologically very important for more than one
reason. It marks a great advance in culture, and it proves the coming of
a new race to our shores.

In certain countries the age of stone appears to have been succeeded by a
period in which the only metallic tools and weapons were those made of
copper, but before the Goidelic Celts came to Britain they had arrived at the
Bronze Age of culture, a distinct advance on the Copper Age,

There are many problems in connexion with the early working of
bronze in this country into which it is unnecessary to enter in this place ;
but a few words on the general question of the Bronze Age are perhaps desir-
able in order to indicate the value and precise significance of some of the
discoveries of antiquities in Suffolk about to be described.

The chief source of information on certain phases of prehistoric
civilization and prehistoric customs is found in sepulchral remains. This

263

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

is as true of the Bronze Age as of later parts of prehistoric time. The
introduction of bronze into Britain was marked by an almost entire change in
the burial customs of the people. The neolithic burial-places consisted of
megalithic structures, and long or oval barrows sometimes containing
chambers built up of rough stones. The dead bodies were buried some-
times with and sometimes without previous burning or partial burning, and
also in some cases after the skeleton had been bereft of its flesh. The bronze-
using people, on the other hand, habitually burnt their dead and inclosed
the remains in either (i) a cist formed of comparatively small stones, (2) a
cinerary urn of rough pottery, inclosing also smaller sepulchral pottery, or
(3) in an excavated hole in the ground, which was then covered by a
mound. They reared low mounds, generally circular in plan, over the
remains, which usually consisted of the much charred or entirely calcined frag-
ments of bone accompanied by a few articles of either bronze or worked flint.

Although burial by inhumation still continued to be practised during
the Bronze Age, cremation was adopted for the first time, and constitutes one
of the most characteristic features of Bronze-Age burial. The survival of the
practice of inhumation affords, as the late Mr. J. Romilly Allen has clearly
shown,^ an indication that the Bronze-Age race, or Goidels, amalgamated
with the neolithic aborigines rather than exterminated them. The unburnt
bodies were usually buried in a doubled-up position, and sometimes an urn
was placed near the dead body ; but with the burnt interments of the Bronze
Age ornamented pottery was generally deposited, and this affords ample
material for studying the art of the period.

This pottery derived from round barrows, which can now be examined
in the more important museums of the kingdom, exhibits a remarkable variety
of forms, which for the purpose of definite classification have been divided
into the following classes : —

1. Cinerary urns. 3. ' Drinking-cups.'

2. ' Food-vessels.' 4. ' Incense-cups.'

Of these terms, perhaps the first alone may be regarded as really
descriptive of the use to which that type of vessels was put. The cinerary
urn, which was used as a receptacle for the remains of burnt human
bones, stood from 6 in. to 3 ft. in height. It was sometimes placed upright,
and sometimes in an inverted position on a flat stone. Round the top of the
vessel was usually a thick rim the purpose of which was probably to impart
strength.

' Food-vessels ' are urns with fairly wide open mouths. By some autho-
rities they are believed to have been used to contain food which was placed
near the human remains in unburnt Bronze-Age burials.

' Drinking-cups ' are vessels of beaker-like form, the surfaces of which
are ornamented by interesting incised designs. They are hardly ever associated
with cremated burials, and are generally found placed near the shoulders of the
skeleton of the dead.

' Incense-cups,' unlike the two types of pottery just referred to, are never
found in association with unburnt burials ; they invariably accompany crema-

' CelHc Art, 23-4.
264

EARLY MAN

tion, and are sometimes found contained within cinerary urns. The purpose
of this kind of vessel, which is sometimes furnished with a lid or cover, is a
question which has given rise to much speculation among antiquaries, but the
point remains unsettled. The use indicated by the name appears improbable,
but there is another suggested use which certainly seems reasonable, namely,
that these vessels were used for conveying fire to the funereal pyre, as part of
the ritual accompanying cremation ; but this theory requires confirmation.

Much important information as to the casting of bronze articles, the
trading in bronze implements, and the evolution and contemporaneity or
otherwise of forms of bronze implements, has been derived from certain
deposits or hoards of metal. These originally were hidden in the soil by the
possessor and not recovered until modern times, when by some chance ex-
cavation they have been brought to the light of day.

Hoards of bronze antiquities comprise a considerable variety of new
and old implements, ingots of rough metal or cakes of copper, &c., but they
fall conveniently into three main groups or classes, viz :

(a) Personal hoards, containing the personal property of individuals who
had buried the metallic objects underground for security, and presumably
forgotten the site, or at any rate, for one reason or another, never recovered
the treasure ;

(6) Merchants' hoards, comprising the stock of newly cast implements or
weapons ready for use, and probably carried about from place to place for
exchange ; and

(c) Founders' hoards, consisting of broken or disused weapons, imple-
ments, &c. collected for the purpose of re-melting and often accompanied by
moulds for the making of fresh castings in bronze.

The evidence of accumulations of this character for the diffusion of
Bronze-Age population and the activity of Bronze-Age commerce is of the
greatest archaeological value.

Another point upon which bronze hoards afford valuable evidence is the
succession of stages in the development of the form of implements, etc.
Within certain limits they prove what objects are contemporary. They
show, for example, that tanged implements of any kind are rarely found with
socketed celts ; that flanged celts and palstaves are sometimes found together,
but that palstaves are often found with socketed celts ; and that both metal
moulds and rough lumps of copper are generally associated with hoards in
which socketed celts are found.

Knife-daggers and early flat celts are found only very rarely in hoards ;
but they occur with some frequency in associiation with interments in Bronze-
Age barrows. From this it seems safe to infer that in the earliest periods of
the British Bronze Age (to which flat celts and knife-daggers belong) metallic
tools were esteemed very highly ; indeed, they may have been regarded with
superstition ; or they may have been buried with the dead to serve as the most
useful objects for life in a future state ; or possibly the art of melting down the
old metal tools and casting new ones was unknown.

It is clear, after a careful study of many hoards of Bronze-Age antiquities,
that flat celts, and tanged implements generally, belong to the early part of the
Bronze Period, whilst palstaves, socketed celts, and socketed articles generally
are of later date.

I 265 34

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

The following are brief particulars of these Bronze-Age hoards found in
Suffolk : —

Clare, Poslingford Hall. — This hoard,' which was discovered by labourers in or about
1 845, comprised 1 9 bronze flanged celts of various sizes, the largest weighing i ^ lb. and the smallest
rather less than i lb. Several of them were ornamented with engraved lines, punctures, and
zigzag patterns. Some of these interesting objects were subsequently presented to the British
Museum.

Felixstowe. — This hoard, which subsequently passed into the collection of the late Sir
John Evans, contained the following objects, 24 in all : —

Rough metal .......... i

Fragments of tools and weapons ....... 6

Heads and runners .......... 3

Knives or daggers ......■••• 3

Socketed celts 6

Gouge ........••••!

Spear-heads ........... 2

Saw .........•■• I

Scabbard end ........... I

Thorndon. — The hoard of Bronze Age antiquities found at this place comprised a spear-
head, hammer, knife, gouge, awl, and one or two socketed celts. The hammer, as the late Sir
A. Wollaston Franks ' pointed out, is of a curious and rare type. It resembles a socketed
celt, but instead of tapering off at the point, the lower end is cut off square and is of solid character.
The knife is provided with a socket into which the handle was fixed by two pins. The gouge
is of the ordinary type.

The hoard must have been made late in the Bronze Age, all the articles having reached
their highest, or at any rate, latest stage of development. The socketed hammer is suggestive
of the type having been derived from a much worn-down celt. The objects are now preserved
in the British Museum.

Exning. — An interesting hoard, probably of Roman date, but containing several objects
of purely Bronze-Age character, was discovered in Exning in the year 1832. Mr. (afterwards
Sir) A. W. Franks exhibited the objects at a meeting of the Royal Archaeological Institute *
in 1852, and drew attention to the more important points of tiie antiquities. The articles
included a bronze pendant object bearing some resemblance to 2^ bulla, formed of thin metal filled
with baked clay ; socketed celts ; spear-heads ; a gouge ; and a curious pin with a chain, all
of bronze. Near this hoard were two urns the form of which was very similar to Roman
vessels, but the material was coarse and badly baked, suggestive of a rather earlier period.

The art of the Bronze Age in Britain is traceable, to a large extent, to
a Mycenaean origin.' The forms it takes throughout Europe, comprise (i)
the swastika, (2) the triskele, (3) the cup and ring, (4) the ship, (5) the axe,
and (6) the wheel. In England we have only a few of these forms, among
which the swastika is rare, and cups and rings fairly abundant, particularly in
the north of England.

One of the chief forms employed on the pottery of the Bronze Age in this
country is the cheveron in various combinations. Parallel horizontal lines
sre largely used, singly or otherwise, so as to cut up the body of the vessel
into zones, which as a general rule, are alternately plain and ornamented.

An urn of the ' drinking-cup ' type round at Lakenheath, and now
preserved in the British Museum, illustrates this kind of Bronze-Age orna-
ment in an admirable manner. In this urn the whole of the external surface
is covered with ornament, the general effect of which is distinctly pleasing,
although the forms employed are quite simple and elementary.

' Proc. Soc. Antiq. (Ser. l), 1, 83. ' Arch. Journ. x, 3.

* Arch. Journ. ix, 303 ; x, 3. ' J. Romilly Allen, Celtic Art, 21.

266

Gold Torqle found ai Bovton

Bronze-Age ' Drinking-cup ' (height 7^ in.) found in a Barrow at Lakenheath
[Noiv in the British Museutn]

Bronze-Age Antiquities found in Suffolk

EARLY MAN

Cinerary Urn found at
Snapb

It will be observed that straight lines only are employed. Spiral forms,
which gave such beauty to Late Celtic art, are here entirely wanting, and,
with the exception of the circles found on the bottoms of some of the incense
cups, curves form no part of the decoration of
Bronze-Age pottery. Although the incisions are
somewhat irregular they are evidently intended for,
and must be regarded as, straight lines.

One of the characteristics of the Bronze-Age
beakers or ' drinking-cups ' of Essex is the use of
parallel horizontal lines.

A cinerary urn of the regular Bronze-Age
type with over-hanging rim was found at Snape
(see annexed illustration).

There are a few pieces of Bronze-Age pottery
of some interest, which were probably found in
Suffolk, now preserved in the archaeological museum
at Ipswich. One is a vase, or urn, of drinking-cup
form, about 5 in. high, decorated with a rather
coarse series of dots arranged in the form of horizontal lines between which,
in alternate zones, are dotted lines in the form of lattice-work with diamond-
shaped openings. Another similar vessel is beside that just described. Both
are somewhat mutilated bv hard wear.

There is a third vessel of flatter, smaller, and more globular form. It is
ornamented with incised horizontal lines.

There are certain ornamental features on some of the cast-bronze imple-
ments found in Suffolk which give distinctly valuable illustrations of the kind
of artistic efforts made by the worker in bronze of this early period of
time. These differ essentially from the styles of ornamentation found on sepul-
chral pottery of this period. In the pottery we have many different combina-
tions of horizontal, perpendicular, and oblique lines,
generally forming some kind of cheveron design. Every-
thing of the nature of a regular curve is wanting. If a
line approaches a curved form it is almost certainly the
result of carelessness or accident. In the objects formed
of cast bronze, however, as will be observed from the
accompanying illustrations, this is not the case. Here we
have, in the case of the socketed celt from Fornham, a
series of five flattened circular pellets or roundels arranged
across the celt at about the point where the hollow socket
ends and the solid, business-part of the implement begins.
Raised lines, or ribs, connect the roundels with the well-
developed moulding which surrounds the socket end of
the celt. The area near the cutting edge, it will be
noted, is kept quite free from ornament.

The use to which implements of this type were
applied is a matter of some uncertainty, but the fact that
they have often been found broken just at the small end
of the socket suggests that they were employed for levering,
prising, or splitting wood, or some such use. If this is
267

Celt found at
Fornham

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

true the ornament in the form of pellets and ribs on the sides may have
been a method of strengthening the implement at the point where it
specially required rigidity.

Another socketed celt, found at Lakenheath, has on the sides three lines of
rather oval pellets, terminating in ring ornaments. Between them are plain

ribs terminating in small circular pellets. This speci-
men is in the British Museum.

The celt from Mildenhall here shown has three
curved ribs on each side arranged in a
way which suggests survival in form of
the bent-over flanges or wings of the
earlier types of implements.

A palstave found at Honington is
ornamented with a kind of shield. In
some cases this shield is divided into two
halves by a line carried through it from
apex to base, but in the Honington
example this line is not present. It is
a curious feature, but comparative study
shows that it is related to the vertical
ribs which are found on many palstaves.
A fragment of a similar palstave, labelled
' part of a bronze spear-head,' is in the
Museum at Ipswich, and presumably it
was found in Suffolk.

Two leaf-shaped swords found at
Barrow,' near Bury St. Edmunds, are of particular value from the fact
that they were found under circumstances which indicate, if they do not
prove, association with a burial. The discovery was made in 1850 or 1851
by workmen. The swords, one of which measured 26J in. in length, lay
two or three feet below the surface. The evidences go to show that the
associated burial was unburnt. Of these two swords, one is now in the
Museum at Bury St. Edmunds.

The bronze swords procured at Barrow show a good
deal of refinement of form. There is in the Cambridge
Museum of Archaeology a fragment of another fine leaf-
shaped sword-blade found at Mildenhall.

In the Archaeological Museum in Christchurch Park,
Ipswich, there are socketed spear-heads of bronze from
Felixstowe and Nacton Heath, and palstaves and socketed
celts from Mildenhall (several), Baylham, Bromeswell,
Hadleigh, and Stowmarket. One bronze celt in this
collection which is of special interest from its thick, unorna-

TALSTAVE FOUND AT ,- /I'-i-i ri

Honington mented torm (a characteristic of the early part or the

Celt found at
Lakenheath

Celt found at
Mildenhall

• Proc. Bury and W. Suff. Arch. Inst, vi, 185-6. It is worthy of note that another leaf-shaped bronze sword
was found buried about 2 ft. 6 in. deep under similar circumstances, and doubtless in connexion with an inter-
ment, at Chippenham (in East>Cambs.), quite close to Barrow. The Rev. Canon Greenwell, F.R.S., to whom
this discovery has been referred, feels considerable doubt as to the suggested association of the swords with
a burial.

268

EARLY MAN

Bronze Age), is unfortunately unlabelled with any more definite locality
than ' Suffolk.'

A perfectly preserved gold torque, measuring about 5 in. in external
diameter, was discovered at Boy ton ^ in the year 1835. The torque, as one
might expect from its name, is twisted, whilst the ends, which are made of
straight pieces of thick gold wire or bar, are turned sharp back, so as to
produce acute hook-like fastenings. The total weight, including a link of gold
ring money attached, as an additional security, to the fastening, is 2 oz. 4 dwt.
The torque was found in a loam-pit embedded in the soil 1 2 ft. below the sur-
face, and unfortunately in washing it one of the pieces of ring-money (there
were originally two) was lost. The other is now in the British Museum.

The period of this beautiful specimen of personal ornament is probably
somewhat late in the Bronze Age. The charming effect produced by the
twisting of the gold is due to the fact that the bar of metal was built up into
a kind of rod or wire of a cruciform section.

There does not appear to be much available evidence as to the forms
of human dwellings during the Bronze Age. In times of civil or tribal
strife, possibly also in very severe weather, the Bronze-Age folk retired to
caves and other natural fortresses, just as at a much later period the Scottish
Covenanters fled to caves and forests during the persecutions which they
underwent.

The antiquities discovered in Heathery Burn Cave, in the county of
Durham, furnish evidence of the presence of human residents extending over
a considerable period, but residence was probably intermittent and interrupted.
In other parts of the country rock shelters as well as caves may have been
made use of for dwelling purposes. It is significant, however, that the small
clay sepulchral receptacles known as hut urns, found in Italy, which are of
the Bronze-Age, are shaped exactly like small wooden houses or huts with
square plan, gabled roofs, timber-rafters, and rectangular or nearly rectangular
windows and doors. We may possibly conclude from this that the houses of
the Bronze Age in Britain, as elsewhere, were constructed of shaped timbers.
The tools formed of bronze would doubtless be equal to the work of cutting,
cleaving, and shaping the timbers necessary for the building of such houses.

Certain remains of Bronze-Age houses in this country have been found,
although they are distinctly rare. On Dartmoor, where stones for the purpose
are abundant, there are several low circular walls or foundations of habitations
which belonged to this period. In other parts of the kingdom where rivers,
lakes, or marshy land were available, the dwellings were constructed upon piles
driven into the bed of the stream or lake. These pile-dwellings, whilst perhaps
having certain disadvantages arising from dampness, afforded valuable protection
from wolves as well as from human enemies.

There is every reason to believe that there are still existing below the
soil, in places where lakes and marshes have been dried up or river-courses
have been diverted, several remains of pile-dwellings of the Bronze Age.
Possibly there are some such in Suffolk, a county which presents many of
the requisite physical conditions for structures of this character.

At least one spot where remains of pile-dwellings have been found in
Suffolk is recorded ; this is in Barton Mere, at Great Barton. Here, it is pretty

' Arch, xxvi, 471.
269

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

clear that the houses had been constructed on piles driven into the bottom of
the lake. Large blocks of stone were found round the piles, which from
the associated socketed bronze spear-heads were evidently the work of the
Bronze Age.

The Early Iron Age

The use of iron in prehistoric times succeeded the use of bronze. This
division of time, or rather stage of culture, as it may more conveniently be
considered, began with the first introduction of iron into Britain, and ended
with the coming of the Romans to our shores. The term Early Iron Age,
which is sufficiently descriptive for all practical purposes, must not, however,
be taken to mean that iron was the only metal in use, because during the
whole period, and indeed subsequently to it, bronze continued to be used
for the hilts and scabbards of swords, for horse-trappings, and a variety of other
articles in which durability and slow oxidation were more desirable qualities
than the capacity for receiving a keen edge or a sharp point. There was, in
fact, quite a long period of transition and overlapping, during which bronze
and iron were employed in the manufacture of weapons and domestic imple-
ments of all kinds.

The employment of the exact admixture of metals to produce the hardest
bronze proves that both copper and tin were thoroughly well understood
during this period. To the metals iron, copper and tin, we may add gold,
the latter having been extensively employed for the making of personal
ornaments in the Bronze Age as well as the Early Iron Age. The extra-
ordinary skill displayed by the inhabitants of Britain at this early period in
the working of different metals is eclipsed by the artistic excellence of the
ornamental forms, and by the use of variously coloured enamelling, employed
especially on articles for personal wear, such as brooches, bracelets, collars,
&c. Suffolk has furnished a few metallic objects of this period which may
be placed amongst the very finest of their class. These will be described in
this article in due course.

There are reasons for thinking that the first iron used in Britain was not
obtained from an indigenous source, but was imported, being brought probably
by the Brythons, a branch, like the Goidels or Bronze-Age people, of the
Celtic family. A point of very great interest about this subject is that the
chief of the British Islands received its name from that of the new race
which, at the beginning of the Early Iron Age, made its appearance on our
shores. To this race, therefore, Britain is indebted for the first knowledge
of iron, for her wonderful metallurgical skill, her name, and much of the
blood which has made her famous amongst the great nations of history.

An Early Iron-Age burial deposit of great interest was discovered in
or about the year 1888 at Elveden. Dr. Arthur Evans,' who had an early
opportunity of examining the objects found, draws attention to the striking
resemblance of this Suffolk burial to those found at Aylesford, Kent.

The objects found at Elveden comprised a two-handled bronze-plated
wooden tankard adorned with repousse medallions, and presenting the closest
parallel to a tankard made of bronze found in one of the Aylesford graves.
The Elveden tankard is remarkable on account of the purity of the Late

^Jrci.Wi, 351, 359.
270

EARLY MAN

Celtic curves introduced into its ornamental circular discs, and also on account
of the general form of the vessel/ which reminds one very forcibly of the
Aylesford example.

The Elveden sepulchral deposit also contained three earthenware vessels
of excellent quality and belonging unquestionably to the same class of ware
as that found at Aylesford, which, as Dr. Arthur Evans has demonstrated, is
a fashion introduced from the region about the northern end of the Adriatic
Sea. One of these was a reddish colour, and, though more globular in form,
resembled the most delicately finished of the Aylesford vases in the double
row of undulating striae that ornamented its body. Calcined bones found
amongst the earth in which these relics lay evidently formed part of the
funeral deposit placed here, as at Aylesford, some little depth below the surface
of the ground.

A bronze brooch of great beauty, of the type known as S-shaped, was
discovered at Lakenheath, Suffolk, some years ago, and is now in the
possession of Mr. S. G. Fenton.' The late Mr. J. Romilly Allen, who
published an account of this brooch in The Reliquary of January 1907,
points out that the form of this class of brooch seems to have been suggested
by a dolphin, a sea-horse, or some kind of nondescript dragonesque creature,
and although the shape has been modified by successive copying and making
the two ends symmetrical, the eye, which is the most prominent feature, has
survived in nearly all cases.

The Lakenheath brooch was found on a skeleton, so there can be no
doubt that it was buried as part of the personal ornaments of the dead. The
bronze is well preserved, and the kind of ornamental forms introduced into
the brooch can be seen precisely. The main outlines are in the form of
broad, sweeping curves. At the terminations are curved trumpet-like
expansions. In the open part of what may be called the thick part of
the letter S is a circular-pierced ornament ingeniously produced by a
combination of two trumpet-shaped pieces. The pin by which the brooch
was attached to the garment still remains in a practically perfect state of
preservation.

The accompanying photograph shows the scheme of the ornament,
which, it will be seen, is purely Late Celtic in character. The vigour of
the whole design affords sufficient proof that we have here a charming piece
of British jewellery in which
no trace of Roman influence is
to be found.

In later forms of S-shaped
brooches the ornament is more B^„^^^ FiNCER-Rmc

generally carried out in enamels found near Mil-

of red, yellow, blue, &c., rather denhall (enlarged)

than by beauty of form, as in

the Lakenheath example. Some ' '

beautiful examples were found Diagram of Bronze Ring Extended (fuU size)

• For these reasons it has been repeatedly figured as a pure type of Late Celtic art before there was any
admixture of Roman influence.

' The writer is indebted to Mr. Fenton for permission to examine this brooch, and take the accompanying
photograph.

271

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

many years ago in the Victoria Cave, Settle, Yorkshire.* In one of these,
which represents a dragon, the eye is made of red enamel.

Other Early Iron-Age brooches found in Suffolk are now in the Museum
of Archaeology at Cambridge.

Mr. Fenton also possesses a charming little bronze finger-ring displaying
strong Celtic influence in the scroll-work, which ornaments and partially fills
a longitudinal opening extending for about an inch. On either side of this
opening there are lines of beaded ornament pointing, perhaps, to Roman
influence. The Late Celtic scroll-work, however, is quite definite enough to
prove its close relation to native British art. The ring is quite small and
clearly intended for a lady. It was found in the neighbourhood of Mildenhall.
An interesting group of Early Iron-Age objects was discovered in 1854,
during the process of draining a field at Westhall, a Suffolk village situated
about 3 miles north-east of Halesworth. Details of the discovery were
communicated to the Society of Antiquaries of London by Mr. Henry Harrod,
F.S.A., in 1855, and this paper, published in Archaeologia^ is the authority
for the following account : —

A farmer engaged in draining Millpost Field caused the trenches to be
carried to a depth of between 2 ft. and 3 ft. below the surface, revealing a
stiff, clayey soil. In the lowest part of the field, adjoining a water-course, it
was observed that there was an area of about 2 acres of much darker soil
than that of the other part of the field. This peculiarity was visible when
the field was turned up by the plough, but when the drained trenches were
cut, much burnt earth and many fragments of pottery were discovered.

Near the centre of this dark patch of earth, and about 2 ft. below the
surface, the workmen came upon a number of bronze rings and other
fragments, which the farmer gave to Mr. Hylton, a Norfolk farmer. The
discovery led to the careful examination of the site, and upon digging over
the surface with a spade it was found that throughout the blackened area the
soil contained evidences of the action of fire to a depth below the surface
varying from i ft. 6 in. to 3 ft. The soil also contained much charcoal and
very many fragments of broken pottery, all of the commonest and plainest
kind, but in great variety. All the pottery was broken, but so abundant
were the fragments that each spadeful of earth contained a dozen fragments
of a dozen different urns. Mr. Harrod found a solitary fragment of a plain
Samian patera^ but he seems to have been convinced that all the rest was of
' Roman-British manufacture.'

The more important objects were contained in a bronze vessel, of which
the bottom and part of the side remained. Over them was found a thin
bronze plate or cover which was of ruder workmanship than the other
bronzes, and it had, in its centre, a circular plate or disc
embossed with an animal recalling the forms found on
the Late Celtic bucket from Aylesford. The cover
itself, although considerably damaged, appears to have
been ornamented with a species of elongated cross patee,
between the limbs of which were conventional branches
r> „" T ,„ „„ of palm, the whole inclosed in (i) a circle of oval

CjRNAMENT ON JjID OF / . V '

Bronze Box projections arranged diametrically, and (2) five concentric

* See Boyd-Dawkins, Cave Hunting, 98. * Op. cit. rxxvi, 454-6.

272

Enamelled Bronze Harness-ring found at
Westhall (A)

S-SHAPED Brooch with Typical Late Celtic
Ornament found at Lakenheath (^)

Small Socketed Bronze Axe found at Lakenheath {\)

Iron Bill-hoo;< of the
Early Iron Age, found

NEAR MiLDENHALL

(Length of fragment shown
lo^ in.)

Bronze and Iron Antiquitu.s found in Suffolk

EARLY MAN

raised ridges. The precise character of some of these ornamental features,
which are somewhat complex, will be best understood from the accom-
panying drawing.

The objects contained in the case were of great importance, comprising
the ornamental boss from the harness of a horse, and three rings, also asso-
ciated with horse accoutrements, of bronze ornamented in dark-red enamel
designs of late and rather debased Late Celtic forms. These three rings
appear to have been suspended from a strap, or, like the modern terrets,
may possibly have been fixed upright into the saddle. In ancient times, as
at present, they seem to have been intended as guides and supports for the
leather driving reins. The ornamental decoration of these rings or terrets
comprises the characteristic curves and returning spirals of Late Celtic art,
whilst in the case of the smallest example we have a debased representation
of two fishes or dragons placed head to head.

In addition to the above pieces of horse trappings, or rather harness-
furniture, the deposit contained no less than six hollow bronze cylinders
about 1 1 in. in length, three of them with the larger end open, and the
others having a square aperture. The fourth
specimen was found in a damaged condition
and containing a mass of iron. The fifth
was blocked up with iron, and the sixth
seemed to possess no square hole at all.
These six objects were probably either the
heads of linch-pins or the terminations of
the axles of chariot wheels, probably of
three different chariots. It is significant

Bronze Cylinder . . r ..i • ..i_ .. ..i. *u_„~

FROM Westhall 1" ^icw of this that there were three
different ' terrets ' or harness-rings found.
Other objects in the find included some small pieces of bronze, one riveted
over another, a small blue glass bead, a corroded brass coin, said to be of
Faustina, and a typical Roman lamp of bronze.

The fact that these objects were found inclosed within a bronze case
indicates that they were buried in the earth as a hoard for future use, but
it does not preclude the possibility of several of the articles having been
obtained from a chariot burial, which was a method of interment in use
during the Early Iron Age, as is shown by the remains found in Yorkshire
and other parts of England.

The great Fen district, which extended from the Wash for more than
60 miles to the south, was an important physical barrier which tended to
isolate almost completely what are now known as Norfolk and Suffolk. This
isolation of the eastern counties is illustrated in several ways. We see it, to
some extent, reflected in the character of the antiquities, in the direction of
the roads, and in the inscriptions on the coins.

The ancient British tribe of the Iceni appears to have inhabited the
district on the eastern side of England now represented by the counties of
Norfolk and Suffolk, and probably portions of adjacent counties. On some
of the ancient British coins found in this part of the country the inscription
ECEN occurs, and this obviously refers to the name of the tribe. Even in the
case of uninscribed coins from this district, certain well-marked peculiarities
I 273 35

Bronze Cylinder
FROM Westhall

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

have been observed w^hich distinguished them as the currency of an inde-
pendent tribe/

We have another interesting trace of this ancient British tribe in the
name Icknield Street (anciently Icenhilde Weg),a road w^hich, in pre-Roman
as well as Roman times, connected the southern and central parts of the
kingdom with the territory of the Iceni.

Tacitus and Ptolemy, among classical writers, described the Iceni under
different designations, and furnish very little definite information as to the
extent of the tribe, or the names of its princes or rulers ; but here again we
get a little light from such numismatic evidence as is available. The
inscriptions antd and anted on ancient British coins are believed to be,
contractions for Antedrigus, which, there is reason to suppose, was the name
of a prince who originally ruled over the Iceni until the defeat of that tribe,
about A.D. 50, by the Romans under the leadership of Ostorius, Coins
bearing the inscriptions just given have been found in the west of Britain,
and it seems probable that Antedrigus became a prince there, either over
some remnant of his people who accompanied him in his flight to the west,
or by election over a native British tribe in that district.

A map of England, marked in such a way as to show the distribution
of the various types of ancient British coins, affords ample confirmation of the
fact that the tribes inhabiting what was afterwards known as East Anglia
were severed from the rest of Britain by something more than mere distance.
The predominance of purely local coins over coins from other, but not very
distant, districts is, however, shown more clearly in the contents of hoards
found at Freckenham and Santon Downham.

In the former hoard about ninety coins of rather base gold were found
in an earthen pot buried in the soil.

The Santon Downham hoard, which was found in 1869, contained 109
coins. Of these twelve bore the inscription ecen ; nineteen the inscription
ECE ; four the inscription aesv ; fourteen the inscription anted ; twenty-nine
did not show their legends ; the same number (twenty-nine) were
uninscribed ; and two were coins of Roman date and make. The identity
of the prince or other person or even town represented by the inscription
aesv has not been clearly determined. Sir John Evans suggested that it
indicated either Asutagus,^ or else some British town of the Iceni.' But the
preponderance of coins either (i) bearing legends which may be regarded as
indicating the tribe and one of the princes of the Iceni, or (2) of types which
are known to be characteristic of this district, is remarkable.

Numerous individual coins found separately in different parts of Suffolk
may also be assigned to the Iceni, either on the ground of inscription or
likeness of type. The precise localities are given in the topographical list
at the end of this article.

One interesting coin was found at Newinarket bearing an inscription
of Addedomaros, a prince whose dominions probably either joined those of
Cunobelinus, or were included within them.

We should naturally expect to see in the ancient coinage of Suffolk
definite traces of the influence of Cunobelinus, a powerful and famous ruler

' Evans, j4nct. Brit. Coins, 375. ' Numis. Chron. (new ser.), ix, 326.

' And. Brit. Coins, 386.

EARLY MAN

whom Shakespeare refers to under the familar Cymbeline. Cunobelinus,
whose period probably extended from about 5 b.c. to about 43 a.d, was king
of a large part of south-east Britain. His seat of government, probably, and
the mint whence his gold coins emanated, were both at Colchester. The
coins of this prince usually bear very brief inscriptions consisting of
the abbreviations cvno, camv, or other similar forms. Camv is an
abbreviation of Camulodunum, which had been originally a town of the
Britons. This the Romans occupied, and in due course they extended the
name to a Roman colony.

In Suffolk coins bearing the inscriptions of Cunobelinus have been found
at Coddenham, Glemsford, Ipswich (2), Lawshall, and Melford (2).

Uninscribed coins of gold, silver, copper, and tin, of the Ancient British
Period, have been found in various parts of the county, whilst at Icklingham
a contemporary forgery was found in the shape of a silver-plated copper coin.

Topographical List of Bronze-Age and Early Iron-Age Antiquities

FOUND IN Suffolk

Ampton. — Bronze-Age cinerary urn and incense cup, in the British Museum.

Bardwell (near Bury St. Edmund's). — Several tin coins found [Evans, Coins, 485].

Barrow. — Flanged bronze celt, ornamented with curved transverse ridges on the lower half of the

blade [Evans, Bronze Imp. 54]. Bronze sword, 27^ in. in length, with a long slit extending

nearly the whole length of the hilt-plate, and ten holes, five on each side, for attachment to the

hilt [Evans, Bronze Imp. 277]. Bronze leaf-shaped sword, in Bury St. Edmunds Museum.
Barton, Great. — Pile dwellings associated with Bronze-Age spear-heads, found in Barton Mere

[Dawkins, Early Man in Britain, 352].
Beccles. — Uninscribed copper coin with winged Pegasus [Evans, Coins, 479].
Blythburgh. — Bronze socketed celt, in Bury St. Edmunds Museum.
BoYTON. — Bronze-Age torque of gold fastened by means of a piece of ring-money, now in the

British Museum [/irch. xxvi, 471].
Brandon. — Bronze-Age drinking cup.

Bromeswell. — Winged bronze celt, 6J in. long [Evans, Bronze Imp, 90].
BucKLESHAM. — Uninscribed gold coin [Evans, Coins, 432].
Burnt Fen. — See Mildenhall.
Bury St. Edmunds. — Early Iron-Age pin [Brit. Mus. Guide to Early Iron Age Jntiq. 147]. Ancient

British gold coin inscribed with the name of Antedrigus [Evans, Coins, 490]. Coin of the Iceni

[ibid. 583]. Several uninscribed silver coins [Evans, Coins, 113, 115, 353].
BuTLEY. — Hoard of nineteen bronze celts discovered about 1845 [Arch, xxxi, 496]. Bronze fibula,

now in British Museum.
Clare (Poslingford Hall). — Hoard of bronze implements, &c. [Proc. Soc. Antiq. (Ser. i), i, 83].

Also four ornamented bronze celts were found, and are now in the British Museum. Four flanged

celts, found at Poslingford, are in Bury St. Edmunds Museum.
Coddenham. — Coin of Cunobelinus [Evans, Coins, 342].
Elveden. — Late Celtic antiquities found here, see pp. 270-1.
Eriswell. — Two bronze celts, in British Museum ; three bronze celts, in Bury St. Edmunds

Museum. Two Late Celtic bronze brooches, now in the possession of Mr. W. C. Wells.
ExNiNG. — Plain bronze celt, bronze pins, twisted armlet, armillae, jet armillae, bronze buckles,

bronze penannular armillae, and bronze ornament, all now in the British Museum. Hoard

containing some objects of the Bronze Age [Arch. Journ. ix, 303 ; x, 3].
Eyk : Abbey Farm. — British burial-ground (probably of the Bronze Age) [IV. Bury and Suff. Trans.

ii, 117 ; Gent. Mag. Aug. 1818, p. 132].
Felixstowe. — Hoard of Bronze-Age antiquities [Proc. Soc. Antiq. Lend, xi, 8-12]. Bronze-Age

implements, now in Norwich Museum.
Fornham. — Socketed bronze celt, the aperture or socket approaching a square form. The sides

have interesting ornamentation [Evans, Bronze Imp. 122]. Silver British coin of the Iceni

[Evans, Coins, 587].
Framlingham. — Bronze palstave.

275

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Freckknham. — Hoard of ninety coins of rather base gold [Evans, Coins, 578]. Gold British coins
attributed to the Iceni [Evans, Coins, 578, 579, 580, 581, 583].

Glemsford. — Coin of Cunobeiinus [Evans, Coins, 559].

HiNTLESHAM. — Bronze tanged spear-head, or dagger-blade, now in the British Museum.

HoNiNGTON. — Bronze palstave with interesting ornamentation [Evans, Bronze Imp. 91].

IcKLiNGHAM. — Bronze-Age spear-head and drinking-cup in Bury St. Edmunds Museum. Numerous
other Bronze-Age antiquities are now in the Museum of Archaeology at Cambridge. Numer-
ous coins of the Iceni and of Cunobeiinus, &c. [Evans, Coins, 118, &c.]. The late
Mr. Romilly Allen also recorded the discovery of a late Celtic bronze sword-sheath [Jrch. Camb.
(Ser. 5), xiii, 327]. In the River Lark, near this place, was found a leaf-shaped Bronze-
Age sword [Evans, Bronze Imp. 282].

Ipswich. — Two rings and portions of semi-cylindrical cauldron, and beaded brackets through which
they passed, now in the Ipswich (Christchurch Park) Museum [Evans, Bronze Imp. 41 1].
Coin of Addedomaros and others of Cunobeiinus and of the Iceni [Evans, Coins 374, &c.].

IxwoRTH. — Several ancient British coins, including those of Cunobeiinus, the Iceni, &c.
[Evans, Coins, 316, 321, 397, 398, 433]. Coin of Cunobeiinus \IV. Bury and Suff.
Trans, i, 75].

Lakenheath. — In the collection of the late Sir John Evans there are several important Bronze-Age
antiquities found at Lakenheath [See Evans, Bronze Imp. 80, 125, 320, 322, 330]. Bronze
socketed celt, now in the British Museum. Palstaves, socketed celts, rapier-blade, &c., of bronze,
in the Museum at Bury St. Edmunds and the Museum of Archaeology at Cambridge. Bronze
S-shaped brooch of late Celtic design, also small bronze socketed axe of Italian (?) work, in the
collection of Mr. S. G. Fenton ; and bronze rings (Late Celtic) in the possession of Mr. W. C.
Wells. At Undley, in this parish, was found a socketed gouge of bronze, of unusual length,
measuring nearly 6 in. [Evans, Bronze Imp. 175].

Lark (River). — See Ickungham.

Lawshall. — Gold coin of Cunobeiinus [Evans, Coins, 298].

LouND. — Traces of what are believed to have been lake dwellings have been found here \_E. Anglian
(new ser.), ii, iii].

Martlesham. — Hoardof bronze objects, including socketed celt, gouge, knife, and a large quantity of
lumps of copper [Evans, Bronze Imp. 119, 129, 174, 2o6, 424]. There are certain Bronze-Age
antiquities from Martlesham in Norwich Museum.

Melford, Long. — Ancient British coins of Cunobeiinus [Evans, Coins, 569, 572].

Mettingham. — Bronze palstave, now in the Museum of Archaeology at Cambridge.

MiLDENHALL. — Numerous Bronze-Age antiquities in bronze [Evans, Bronze Imp. 46, 78, 127, 306].
Iron bill, or chopper, possibly of the Early Iron Age, found here and now in the possession of
Mr. S. G. Fenton. Beautiful bronze finger-ring of late Celtic design, in collection of Mr. S. G.
Fenton. Silver and gold coins of the Iceni [Evans, Coins, 397, 581]. Coarse cylindrical object
of pottery (late Celtic), now in the British Museum. Other Bronze-Age antiquities are in
the Museum of Archaeology at Cambridge. At Burnt Fen, in this parish, were found two
bronze celts, now in the British Museum.

Needham Market. — Bronze-Age ' drinking cup,' now in the British Museum.

Newmarket. — British coin of Addedomaros [Evans, Coins, 577]. Bronze socketed spear-head
{Proc. Bury and W. Suff. Arch. Inst, x, 169].

Pakenham. — Silver coins of the Iceni [Evans, Coins, 397, 586].

PosLiNGFORD Hall. — See Clare.

Santon Downham. — Important hoard of 109 Ancient British coins, some being those of the Iceni
[Numis. Chron. (new ser.), ix, 326].

Snape. — Bronze-Age cinerary urn, 1 5 in. high, found in tumulus on Snape Common near Anglo-Saxon
remains [Proc. Soc. Antiq. (2nd Ser.), ii, 179].

Stoke. — Uninscribed gold coin [Evans, Coins, 50].

Stoke Ash. — British (Bronze Age ?) cinerary urn [PV. Bury and Suff. Trans, ii, loi].

Suffolk. — Bronze celts (locality not stated) [W. Bury and Sujf. Trans, ii, 204]. The late Sir John
Evans had in his collection a flanged bronze celt from some unknown locality in Suffolk [Evans,
Bronze Imp. 48].

Sutton. — Long chisel-like palstave of bronze, and bronze looped palstaves [Evans, Bronze Imp. 84, 87].
Bronze-Age urn, now in the British Museum.

Thktford. — Socketed Bronze-Age celt and spear-head with two loops [Evans, Bronze Imp. 123,

321]-
Thorndon. — Important hoard of Bronze-Age antiquities [Arch. Journ. x, 3]. Bronze socketed
dagger, spear-head, gouge, socketed hammer, and bradawl, now in the British Museum. Bronze-
Age cinerary urn, now in Bury St. Edmunds Museum.

276

EARLY MAN

Thurston. — Six annular and two pennanular bronze bracelets e igraved with diagonal and curved

lines. Now in possession of the Mr. W. C. Wells.
Troston Heath. — Bronze-Age ' food-vessel,* now in the British Museum.
TuDDENHAM. — Bronze-Age ' drinking cup,' now in the British Museum. Bronze-Age implements

in the Museum of Archaeology at Cambridge.
Ubbeston. — Bronze palstaves, with vertical ribs on blades [Evans, Bronze Imp. 93].
Undley. — See Lakenheath.
Waldringfikld. — Uninscribed gold British coin [Evans, Coins, 60]. Small lanceolate bronze

object, possibly a javelin-head ; now in the possession of Mr. W. C. Wells.
Wangford. — Silver coin of the Iceni, bearing the representation of an animal resembling a boar

[Evans, Coins, 398].
Westhall. — A hoard containing several important Early Iron-Age antiquities found here (and now

in the British Museum), including bronze bridle ornaments and other objects ; also bronze

lamp, mirror, embossed plates, fragments of bowl and cylindrical vessel, Roman coin, flint

pebble, and fragments of Samian ware and flue-tiles.
Westley. — Bronze-Age cinerary urn, now in Bury St. Edmunds Museum.
Wetheringsett. — Leaf-shaped Bronze- Age sword found 14 ft. deep in clay. There is a long slot

in the hilt-plate [Evans, Bronze Imp. 274, 282].
Wissett. — Bronze celt \^Arch. Inst. Norw. vol. (1847) xxiv].

Woolpit. — Socketed spear-head, or lance-head [Evans, Bronze Imp. 328]. Clay amulets (prehis-
toric ?) in Bury St. Edmunds Museum. Bronze sword-blade [Arch. Inst. Norw. vol. (1847)

xxvi].
Worungton. — Bronze-Age ' drinking cup,' now in the British Museum.

277

Reference

rort

Town or y///s^e

y//fa

Sepulchral remains

Miscelldt)eoui rinds

/?oman Road

Doubtful Roman Road

ROMANO-BRITISH MAP

of

SUFFOLK

^

ROMANO-BRITISH
SUFFOLK

TO give any idea of what the district which we now name SufFolk
was like in the Roman period it will be useless to have recourse
to the pages of ancient writers, for only one recorded event, the
great revolt against Rome under Boadicea, Queen of the Iceni, can
in any way be connected with the land with which we are dealing. Its
inhabitants suffered doubtless in the struggle, and more so from the vengeance
of tlie conquerors, which may have resulted in deserted homesteads and un-
tilled fields for many years. One other event deducible from an ancient
document which left a more permanent mark here than any consequences of
the great rebellion was the erection on the coast of Suffolk of certainly one,
and almost certainly two, of the fortresses called ' the forts of the Saxon Shore,' '
from the fact of their having been built to defend the east coast from the
attacks of the Saxon sea-rovers, which during the decline of the Roman power
towards the end of the 3rd century had become intolerable. We shall have
more to say on this subject when the remains of these fortresses are examined.
In default of anything like history we have a source from which we
can at least make out some picture of the lives of those who lived on the soil
of Suffolk during the ages of Roman dominion. This, as Dr. Raven well says,
' is the great unwieldy mass of unwritten testimony: coins, and medals, pottery,
traces of domestic life and colonization, roads and forts, arguments fairly
deducible from the soil and the set of the country, etc' Into this mass we
propose to penetrate and give the results of such researches.

The county of Suffolk lies for the most part compactly within natural
boundaries. On the north the Waveney and the Little Ouse divide it from
Norfolk, and on the south the Stour through all its length parts it from Essex.
The little streams of the Lark and the Linnet help to separate it from Cam-
bridgeshire and the fens, whilst the German Ocean for ever gnaws away its east-
ern side and chokes its river mouths with shifting sands. All its principal rivers
fall into the North Sea, and three of them are distinguished by one peculiarity
in common, which had a decided influence on the choice of position of the sea
fortresses at Burgh near Yarmouth (Gariannonum) and Walton. The pecu-
liarity in question is that on approaching the coast the rivers do not discharge
themselves directly into the sea, but at no great distance from the beach they
make a turn to the south and pursue a course for miles in a direction roughly
parallel with the shore line, before falling into the ocean. This is the case

' See the Notitla Dignitatum, ' an official directory and army list ' probably made up in the early years of the
5th century.

279

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

with the Waveney and its associated Norfolk rivers, and was formerly so with
the Blyth, which has been led by a direct cut into the sea. The Aide, or Or,
which bears the latter name in its lower half, is more decided in the strange-
ness of its wanderings. It makes for the sea till just behind Aldeburgh,
where it expands into a considerable sheet of water, from the eastern end
of which it takes a southern direction not far from, and sometimes quite
close to, the shore, and so continues for about lo miles before it finally falls
into the ocean. The next river travelling south, the Deben, has a direct exit,
but the waves are gradually heaping up the sands at its mouth, and so forcing
the current downwards till in time it will no doubt resemble its sisters.
The same on a much larger scale may be said of the estuaries of the Stour
and the Orwell in their devious courses. These rivers are accompanied by
belts of marsh land, which have behind them extensive heaths, a very paradise
of the bee when the heather and the gorse are in bloom. The tract altogether
forms a wide belt on this eastern side of the county which may be distinguished
under the title of ' the light lands.' Probably, although a greater and more
careful cultivation has altered somewhat its general conditions, it retains much
of the aspect it wore in Roman times, when it must have been a district not
of agriculturists, but of hunters and fishers. The marshes of the east coast are
matched by the fen land on the west side of the county, and the country about
Brandon and Thetford on the north repeats the light lands of the east coast.
A larger and more settled population of natives or colonists occupied the fertile
wheat-producing portions of the more central area. They may have con-
tributed by their industry to the export of grain from Britain of which we
hear in the later Roman period. There was only one port on the coast, and
as to its identity there are some doubts. Some antiquaries call Dunwich
— or rather the town of that name now beneath the waves of the North Sea—
the ancient Sitomagus. Supposing them to be right, then the grain ships for
the Continent were probably loaded along its quays ; but if not, the road,
certainly Roman, through central Suffolk would be used by long trains of
wagons loaded with corn toiling southward to Camulodunum, where the empty
ships ready for their arrival lay along the wharfs by the Colne. But leaving
conjecture there can be no question that traces of the inhabitants of the
Roman period are dotted all over Suffolk, and it will be our task to point
them out, or at least the most prominent of them, in the following pages.

The Roman antiquities of the county, for the sake of clearness, will be
best described under two heads, viz. Military and Civil. The first section
is by far the more important, as it touches the subject of the defence of
the east coast from invasion.

Remains of Military Occupation

Referring to the Ordnance Survey maps, there will be noticed many
places marked 'camp' or 'camp field,'' and others, 'rectangular inclosure formed
by moats,' some with, some without banks of earth on the inner side, most of
which are usually erroneously referred to the Roman period.

' Consult the New Engl. Did. edited by J. A. K. Murray, vol. ii, C, where is found the following : ' Camper
(obs. or dial.), a player at Camp or football,' and quotes '1573 Tusser, Husb. (1878) 60,' Get 'Campers a ball
to Camp therewithall,' and ' In medow or pasture to growe the more fine. Let Campers be tamping in any of
thine.'

380

ROMANO-BRITISH SUFFOLK

Some county histories vouch for the existence of an inclosure at a
quarter of a mile north-west of the village of Stratford St. Mary. This is an
important point, for it is fairly certain that a Roman road from Colchester
passes the Stour at this point, going northwards. Nothing seems to have
been found in the inclosure, but cinerary urns have been dug up in the parish.
From its distance from the ford it is scarcely likely to have had any military
character about it ; but, if Roman at all, one is tempted to see a farmstead,
fortified in troublous times, perhaps the last quarter of the 3rd century,
sufficiently to resist any sudden attack from the sea-rovers who by chance
might ascend the river.*

Another quadrangular inclosure of similar kind is to be found at South
Elmham. Within the bank this measures about 4 acres, and it contains the
ruins of a Saxon church called ' the Old Minster.' Fragments of Roman
brick, and it is said even of flue tiles, were used up as material in the
building of the church. It may possibly be that a Roman homestead of
some consequence stood originally on the site, and that the bank and ditch
had been drawn round it for protection in the later years of the Roman
occupation, whilst, at a later period still, the ruins of the house and its
dependencies served as a quarry in building the church whose remains are
still to be seen. There are great discrepancies in the accounts given of this
site by antiquaries. One (Suckling) speaks of ' urns with burnt bones and
ashes ' having been ploughed up frequently within the inclosure ; another
(Woodward) states 'that though the Minster Yard (the inclosure in question)
has been cultivated by all the most approved methods of modern husbandry,
ploughed, subsoiled, and even drained ; although the moat has been searched
and cleared ... no traces of anything that could be called antique has been
found.'

There is no need to give here any description of various vague traces of
banks and ditches which have been called Roman, as they will be dealt with
at sufficient length in the Topographical Index to this article and in the
section upon earthworks.

Burgh near Woodbridge. — The twilight becomes less obscure as we come
to the next site to be described, one which shows plain marks of Roman
occupation. This is at Burgh near Woodbridge. Dr. Raven,* whose
studies on Roman roads in East Anglia are well known, sees at Burgh a
fortified post, and considers it to be the Combretonium of the IXth Iter of
Antonine. The aspect of the site might bear out this supposition. In
fields gently sloping to low land through which flows a little stream, and
close beside the road from Woodbridge, lie the scarcely distinguishable lines
of a mound and fosse, forming a quadrangular inclosure whose dimensions may
be guessed approximately at 800 ft. by 500 ft., although nothing but careful
excavation and measurement could ascertain its exact size. The greatest
length of this inclosure is from north-west to south-east. The eastern
end is traversed by a considerable depression or valley running to the low
ground, down which a road called ' Drabs Lane ' has been carried to meet
that from Woodbridge. Near the angle where the two ways join are

' Such a protected farmstead has presumably been found at Cwmbrwyn in Carmarthenshire ; ice
Arch. Cambr. Apr. 1907.

* Raven, Hist. ofSuff. (1895), 30 et seq.

I 281 36

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

situated the church and churchyard of Burgh, placed astride the centre of
the south-west side of the inclosure. The north-east angle of the entrench-
ment can still be made out, and perhaps that of the north-west also. The
line of fosse and bank of the south-east end is fairly visible, and crowns the
slope of the valley down which runs Drabs Lane. All the ploughed land
within the vague lines of this inclosure shows fragments of Roman brick and
roof tiles, and in the field in which stands the church red-tile tesserae have
been picked up, a sure sign of the former existence of Roman buildings.
Excavations were made in November 1900 by Mr. Walter Brooke and
Mr. E. St. F. Moore. The objects found are now in the Ipswich Museum.

Here again we may perhaps see something similar to the two moated
inclosures previously mentioned. It may be conjectured that some exten-
sive homestead was hastily fortified against the too probable attacks of the
Teutonic sea-rovers from the neighbouring ocean, or it may not be impossible
that a small congregation of houses within the inclosing banks may have
formed the much-disputed site of Combretonium.

Burgh Castle. — We emerge into clear daylight when the next two
stations and the last to be noted are reached, viz. those of Burgh Castle near
Yarmouth and Walton near Felixstowe, of which the latter is now submerged
beneath the waters of the North Sea. But before describing these stations
something must be said as to the causes of their origin.

By the last quarter of the 3rd century the Romano-British fleet, on
which no doubt dependence had been placed for the protection of the east
and south coasts from raids by plundering bands of rovers from over the seas,
had evidently failed to afford that protection. Whether it was that the fleet
was not numerous enough or for whatever reason, the Roman government
determined to supplement its first line of defence by a second, and this was
achieved by the erection of forts capable of holding from 500 to 1,000 men
each, on points of the coast-line extending from the mouth of the Wash to
Pevensey on the coast of Sussex. The coast-line indicated received the name
of Litus Saxonicum, and the nine fortresses which guarded it are called ' the
forts of the Saxon Shore.'

The repeated attacks on the east coast by the Danes and Northmen at
a time later than the Roman period show with sufficient clearness the plan
adopted by them in their raids, and from it we may easily deduce that their
predecessors the Angles and Saxons were their masters in the art of invasion.
Their endeavour was to enter the rivers and by so doing to rerxh an inner
and more populous region to plunder rather than to ravage the coast. The
way to check the carrying out of this plan was to place a sufficient guard
over the mouths of such rivers as might appear to offer too easy an access to
the better inhabited districts, and there is strong presumption that this was
what was attempted by placing these Roman forts in the positions they
occupied. In nearly every instance, but in none so plainly as at Burgh
Castle, are they placed on or near the mouths of important rivers. We shall
see how the two forts in question will fall in with the view put forward. A
consultation of the map (plan I) will show that at the extreme north-east
corner of the county lies a sheet of water called Breydon Water, which forms
at this point the limit of the county. Into the western end of Breydon flow
two rivers, the Waveney and the Yare ; another, the Bure, a Norfolk river,

282

ROMANO-BRITISH SUFFOLK

flowing into it on the north. Of these the Waveney makes a great bow or
curve from north to south a Httle above its mouth in Breydon, and then,
changing its direction, proceeds westward. Breydon is practically land-
locked, for the access to the sea of its waters and those of the rivers
entering it is now only by a cbannel 2 miles long to the south of the
town of Yarmouth.
This has probably
always existed, but
the chief outfall of
the rivers was at an-
other point, and one
of more importance.
In Roman times,
and for countless
ages previously, the
tides rushed in and
out of Breydon
through a great
opening in the huge
sand bank on which
Yarmouth came to
be built in the i ith
century. This gap,
through which the
Norfolk and Suffolk
rivers flowed to the
sea, in course of ages
became blocked by
shifting sands, and
by the time of Eliza-
beth had become
entirely effaced. In
the Middle Ages it
was known by the
euphonious name of
Grubbs Haven, and
its position lay be-
tween the north end
of Yarmouth and
a spot still farther

north called Caister. Close to this village was certainly a small Roman settle-
ment which may well have overlooked the passage of the sea into Breydon.
It is now covered by the Yarmouth Water Company's waterworks.

One other point must be mentioned, as it affects the position of the
camp at Burgh. At Lowestoft, as will be seen by reference to the map
(plan I), there is a communication between the sea and the Waveney, first by a
sheet of water called Lake Lothing, and further by a broad called Oulton
Broad, whence a long channel runs west and north to the Waveney. Much
of this waterway, however, is artificial and modern. The definite junction

283

»*=

CAISTER

Course of the
Waveney from Beccles

TO BREYDON WATER AND

Coast of Lothing land

TMt WATEB IS CNOWH AJ HKW WAIIR MARK.

I

great
yarmouth

r^

(tBURGH CASTLE GORLESTOnU
\ GAHIANNONUM 11

NORTH

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REEDHAM '^^f

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I S E K

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Plan L — Plan showing Position of Burgh Castle

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

of Lake Lothing with the sea was effected when the harbour at Lowestoft
was formed ; before that the narrow strip of land between the two waters
was breached and filled and breached and filled again and again, and
the connexion too between Lake Lothing and Oulton Broad seems to have
been uncertain. That there was any way at all practicable for vessels along
this line in Roman times cannot be believed, as it would have rendered the
fortress useless, by allowing an entrance to the river far above it. The
south bank of Breydon, unlike its other margins, was not marshy, and
fairly high land can be traced along its full extent. Towards the north
of the Waveney it rises somewhat, and at the spot chosen for the fortress of
Gariannonum (Burgh Castle) ' it presents a high bank to the west with a

Plan II. — Plan of Gariannonum (Burgh Castlb)

Steep incline to the river, which flows at its foot with a broad strip of marsh
intervening (plan II).

Like all Roman fortresses, at least in this country, all that remain
above ground are the walls of enceinte surrounding a space of quadrangular
shape, in this instance roughly 640 ft. long by 413 ft. wide. The thickness
of the walls is 9 ft., with a foundation 12 ft. thick ; each angle is rounded and
is buttressed by a solid round bastion. Two other bastions occur on the
east side, and one each on the north and south sides, these not being in the
centre of each side, but rather west of it. Each of the bastions has a hole in
the top 2 ft. deep by 2 ft. in diameter, possible indications of some sort of
turntable on which a small ballista could be planted. There is another
peculiarity respecting them. From their bases for 7 ft. up they are not
bonded into the wall, but from that point for the rest of the height, originally

* l^crf. Arch. 1859, v, 126 et seq.
284

ROMANO-BRITISH SUFFOLK

no doubt from 1 6 ft. to 20 ft., they form one mass with it. It seems probable
that the builders decided on the additional defences when they had partly
carried up their wall, and that the bastions were then added, their upper
portion becoming one with the wall behind them. The wall and bastions
were of the usua.1 construction for such work, a core of rubble with a facing
of faced flints (in this case) with, at short intervals, lacing courses of brick.
Occasionally the mortar appears coloured with brick-dust, which is used
capriciously, and it is doubtful if there was any particular reason for its use.

The greater portion of the area of the fortress was on high level ground,
but west of the gates in the north and south walls it sloped rather steeply, as has
been said, to the river. The walls named were carried down this slope to
join the west wall, which adjoined the river whose waters perhaps then ran
nearer this wall than at present. Of this wall nothing is visible. The
remains of its foundations were however uncovered in 1859 by that able
antiquary the late Henry Harrod, and the existence of a wall similar to the
others sufficiently proved,* It was pushed as far forward towards the river as
the marsh would allow. How it disappeared is clear enough, for it was
used as a quarry, being easy to get at, during the Middle Ages, Tiles from it
may be found in the fabric of the church at Reedham on the Yare, not more
than two miles from Burgh, and no doubt in other places.

The south wall of the fortress will be seen by a reference to the plan (plan II)
to beat an obtuse angle with the east one. This looks like an intention to get
the south-west angle of the inclosure as near the river bank as possible. The
distance between the banks at this south-west corner is roughly 330 ft., at the
corresponding north-west angle it may be 600 ft. The distances here named
are by no means beyond those attainable by the darts of the larger ballistae
used by the Romans in the field, and there is nothing improbable in supposing
that such ballistae might have been planted on platforms backing the river wall,
of such power as effectually to command the passage of the river opposite the
fortress.^

The gates are three in number, as has been said, but of the south gate
only a trace remains. Those in the north and south walls were only 5 ft.
wide and offer no peculiarities of construction. The eastern gate, the prin-
cipal one, in the centre of the eastern wall, is commanded by bastions on either
side. In a line with the inside face of the wall across the gateway a trench
was found in the soil 15 in. wide, a clear indication of the former existence of
a timber threshold. Inside the gate on either hand were the remains of a
low wall with a return at a distance of 10 ft. 7 in. from the threshold. It is
possible these were vestiges of the walls of the guard-houses. The gateway
was no doubt a single arch, the rampart walk passing over it, and it was
c'.osed by a door of two valves in the usual fashion.

As in other fortresses of the same date there seems little trace of any ditch.
Along the east front there is no sign of such a feature. Some signs of this

° See 'Norf. Arch. 1859, v, 146 et seq.

' See for such a platform an inscription in Corpus Inscr. Brit. Latinae, vii, no. 104.5. T'** French have
made experiments as to these engines. In one of the halls of the Musee des Antiquites Nationales de St. Ger-
main near Paris may be seen full-size working models of balRstae of several sizes, restorations made from the
plans of General de Reffye. All are presumably for use in the field, and the largest can throw a dart, according
to the weight, for a distance from 150 to 310 metres. Larger and more powerful engines of the sort might
have carried bolts with effect to still greater distances than those named.

285

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

defence appear on the north and south sides, but they are more like natural
depressions of the ground than artificial excavations.

The walls do not appear to have been backed by any mound, though
Harrod, who thoroughly knew the ground, considers there was one. It would
unquestionably have strengthened the defences ; but its existence must remain
an open question. At other fortresses of late date, Richborough and Peven-
sey, there is no mound, which is a frequent feature of earlier fortifications (ist
and 2nd centuries), but with these latter the scheme of defence differs from that
adopted for the forts of the Saxon Shore. Unhappily there is but little
chance of making further discoveries in the inclosed area, as the ground has
been dug over for gravel and clay for many years, and the greater part of the
central space has been carried away. No excavations would now reveal
traces of the officers' quarters ; the barracks for the men, the granaries, the
stables, the treasury, or the shrine for the standards, all are gone without any
record except perhaps one slight trace of the baths. Ives, a writer of the
1 8th century, describing the ruins in his day speaks of a mound within the
walls near the south gate, apparently of considerable size. By the time of
Harrod's explorations so much digging appears to have been done hereabouts
that a doubt exists as to the existence of this hill. However, Harrod cut a
trench across what remained of it, and at a pcint some distance to the west
of where the south gate of the station formerly stood came upon the foun-
dations of a small chamber, the south side of which was formed by the wall of
the station. It was i6ft. 6 in. square, and had along its south side a flue
formed of flanged tiles with some indication of a furnace outside at the south-
east corner. One fragment of the west wall remained with signs of plastering
upon it, and there was nothing further to be discovered. It is quite possible
that the chamber was one forming part of the baths of the station.

The cemetery of the fortress, which has never been properly explored,
is supposed to have occupied the field outside the eastern wall. Out of three
or four cinerary urns said to have come from Burgh two figured by Ives are
distinctly Anglian. There is little more to be said of finds. In levelling part
of the hill about 1770 Ives reported the uncovering of a stratum of quantities
of ashes and broken vases and a silver spoon, just the contents of a dust heap.*
It must be noted that the coins turned up are mostly those of the later
emperors.

One or two other matters require attention before quitting the neigh-
bourhood of Gariannonum. If this fortress was intended, as conjectured with
very good reason, to have been built where it stands for the purpose of closing
the waterway of the Waveney, it seems impossible that the sister river close
by could have been left with no defence. Roman remains have been found
at Reedham, 2 miles up the Yare from Breydon, which might indicate a
small post for watching and signalling purposes. On a hill close to the river
(the Yare) mounds showed an inclosure, and the foundations of a tower
were discovered, a tower from which signals could be transmitted to the big
station beside the Waveney,' for it must not be overlooked that the course of
the Yare, though of less importance, required watching as well as the Waveney,

' Ives, Garian. (2nd ed.), 1 803.

' Norf. Arch, iv (1855), 314-1 5. The mounds mentioned have long since vanished, with anything that
stood on or by them carted away for gravel.

286

ROMANO-BRITISH SUFFOLK

There might also be a look-out and signalling station at Caister, north of
Yarmouth, where Roman remains have been found. From it there would be
a wide view both over the North Sea and the passage into Breydon. Nor must
we forget the fleet. To be of any service there must have been a certain
number of vessels for the defence of the coast and harbours near each station,
and Breydon offered a good anchorage for Gariannonum. From he Notitia
Dignitatum, compiled it is believed in the 5th century, it appe? s that the
fortress was garrisoned by a body of cavalry, the Stablesian Horse. The
land for many miles south of the station was flat and in placts high above
the sea, and well adapted for any work cavalry would have to do ; ani from
this point on the Waveney as far as Dunwich a Roman port, presumably
walled, could be easily patrolled when necessity arose.^"

Walton. — Travelling southward, at the south corner of the county and
upon its coast line
(plan III) will be
found the compa-
nion fortress to the
one just described.
But before giving
any account of what
is known of it the
district which it
was erected to
guard must be no-
ticed, or the reason
for the need of its
existence will not
be apparent.

At this south-
ern corner of Suf-
folk there are three
waterways, two of
which penetrate far
into the land. The
first and most east-
erly, the Deben, so
called from the
little stream which
flows into it, runs
up as far as Wood-
bridge, and a short
distance beyond
this town is Burgh,
already mentioned.
Farther south come
the estuaries of the
Orwell and the

COAST LINE OF

SUFFOLK AND ESSEX

FROM BAWDSEY HAVEN TO
WALTON ON THE NAZE

Xbc DOrreo DNt shows tiiaH watzr mark.

O I 2 MILCS

Plan III. — Plan showing Position of Walton Castle

" Mag. Brit. (1730), v, 191 ; Soc. of Antiq. Min. Bk. (1758), viii, 67 ; Suckling, Hist. ofSuff: (184.8), ii
262 ; Arch. Joum. (1858), xv, 155.

287

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Stour, which unite now in the harbour of Harwich. This harbour,
as seen on the map (plan III), has a considerable width, but it has only
one deep channel into it, close beside the end of Landguard Common.
The sea is shallow, and there were, if there arc not still, considerable
sand banks in front of the harbour, as may be seen on the map (plan III).
A plan (IV) of the port was made in 1686 by Capt. Grenvil Collins
and dedicated to Pepys. It is a well-known fact that the North Sea
has, even in historic times of no distant date, largely affected the eastern

Flau IV.— -Cha«t of £«Ta4iiics to Ha»wich Harbour in 1686

coast-line of Britain, and very especially portions of Suffolk. Along this
Ime of coast from the Deben to the Stour it has been advancing with some
rapidity, and in the course of nineteen centuries considerable alterations
in the disposition of land and water may have taken place, and so much
is this the case, that it is permissible to conjecture, that in the Roman period
a tract of salt marshes and sand banks stretched across the present opening
of Harwich Harbour, forming a lagoon something like Breydon, from
which the united waters of the Stour and Orwell poured themselves into the
sea by a passage running at the foot of high land called at its eastern end

288

\\ ul^Jn LJ^I'Il

East

Walton Castle : Grouno Plan and Ruins

Walton Castle : Rl'Ins

(^From a iiraivtfig maJe in 1703)

ROMANO-BRITISH SUFFOLK

Bulls ClifF, at Felixstowe. Marshes at the foot of this high land, and the
traces of a waterway in the marshes, in fact, seem to point out the line or
which the united waters of the Stour and Orwell reached the sea in very
early times. Between the Deben and these other estuaries lay a broad flat
tract of land some miles in extent, a sort of peninsula. In the Roman period
this tract projected farther into the North Sea than it does now. On a site
on this land about a mile south of the mouth of the Deben, but possibly then
at some distance from the sea-shore, stood the fortress whose history, scanty
as it is, is still worth tracing. Of the walls not a fragment remains above
the waves, which undermined the last relics of them in the i8th century.
Now and again when the tide is at its lowest two or three weed-covered
masses may be seen, but that is all there is to show that a Roman station
once stood on the spot. Fortunately the memory of it has been preserved in
letters and drawings which show clearly enough the character of the buildings.
The place was known in the 17th century, and probably much earlier, by the
name of Walton Castle, no doubt from some traces remaining within the
inclosure of the Roman walls of a keep and other structures of the 12th
century, built by the rebel earl Hugh Bigod, whose castle here was
destroyed by the king (Henry II) after the suppression of the rebellion in
which the earl had been engaged."

However this may be, it is not until the i8th century that it is possible to
speak with any certainty as to the remains called Walton Castle, and then the
descriptions show them to be clearly Roman. The first in date is the follow-
ing, which occurs in vol. i of the Minute Books of the Society of Antiquaries
under date 28 November 1722, in a letter from Dr. Knight. It runs thus: —

Some distance East of this town (i.e. the neighbouring village of Walton) are the ruins
of a Roman Wall situate on the Ridge of a clifF next the Sea between Languard fFort and
Woodbridge River (the Deben) on Bawdsey haven. 'Tis 1 00 yards long, five foot above
ground 12 broad at each end and turned with an angle. Its composed of Pepple and Roman
bricks in three courses, all round footsteps of buildings, and several large pieces of Wall cast
down upon the Strand by the Seas undermining ye ClifF all which have Roman brick. At
low water mark very much of the like is visible at some distance in the Sea. There are
two entire Pillars with Balls, the ClifF is 100 foot high.

The next notice that can be given is from Kirby's Suffolk Traveller (1735),
where it is stated under the head of Walton : — ' For the neighbouring Parish
of Felixstowe on the Colnes side of Woodbridge (Bardsey) haven, still appear
the ruins of a quadrangular castle, advantageously situated ' ; and further and
more fully in the second edition of his book, published in 1754, he says :

He that would look for the Site of this Castle (i.e. of Walton) within the bounds of
Walton strictly taken will never find it ; but upon a high ClifF in Felixstowe, at the distance
of about one mile from the mouth of Woodbridge River (the Deben) and two miles from
Orwell Haven, Part of the Foundation of the West Side of it, is still to be seen : being
now One Hundred and Eighty-seven yards in Length, and nine feet thick ; it is called by
the Country People, Stone- Works. How much larger it was we cannot judge. Part of
the South end being washed away : and the Sea, which is daily gaining upon this coast
having swallowed up the ruins. Such was the condition of it about the year 1740 : but
since then the Sea hath washed away the remainder of the Foundation. There can be
no doubt but Walton Castle was a Roman Fortification as appears from the great Variety of
Roman Urns, Rings, Coins, etc., that have been found there, etc.

" On the Pipe Roll of 22 Hen. II, an. 1 1 76, is the amount of the costs involved in its destruction. The
Norman additions to the Roman fortress would find a parallel in those made within the Roman walls of
Pevensey {Anderidd), another of the 'forts of the Saxon Shore.'

1 289 37

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

A page further on contains the following paragraph, which seems to identify
the place : ' In a Survey of the Manor of Felixstowe Priory made in 1613
we find a Close of Arable land called Great Long-Dole, in which Close are
the ruins of Walton Castle.' The close is still known by its ancient name,
and its position may be seen on the Ordnance Survey maps. It lies close against
the sea, Grose, in his supplement to the Antiquities of England and JVales,
pubhshed in 1787, gives a view of the wall in question, which by that time
had fallen on the beach. He says : ' Its remains in 1766 when this view was
drawn, were only visible at near low water, the sea having gained so con-
siderably on this coast as to wash away the cliff on which it stood. A
gentleman now living remembers the ruins of the castle to have stood at
least fifty yards within the extremity of the cHff.' Thus the only remaining
fragment of Roman inclosure had fallen beneath the waves in 1766. The
wall unquestionably formed part of a station of the same class as the one by
the Waveney, though perhaps not covering quite so large an extent of ground.
Kirby speaks of it as standing on a ridge. This was the southern edge of a
wide depression, scarcely a valley, which, wide upon the shore, gradually
narrowed as it ran westward to the ancient village of Felixstowe. Both slopes
of this shallow valley appear to have been used as the cemetery of the station ;
a boarded well has been discovered ; and perhaps some few scattered houses,
judging from the building material found, may have existed here. On the
north side of the valley, where a fall of the cliff occurred in 1853, two skele-
tons were uncovered. These had bronze armlets, which were placed with
the bones in the museum at Ipswich."

From a report ^^ in the Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries (1885) we
learn that ' during the progress of works carried on in what is known as the
Park, situated a short distance from Felixstowe Church (close to, if not actually
part of, the field known as the Great Long-Dole), the men in their search for
Coprolites came upon many most interesting relics of the Roman occupation.'
Amongst the list of objects turned up occur ' coins of Severus, Gordianus,
Gallienus, Victorinus, Constantinus, Arcadius ' &c. Of more consequence
than the miscellaneous finds were the cinerary urns found, ' containing bones
and ashes and either closed with a cover or with a stone only.' The discovery
of these last showed the situation as part of the cemetery.

From what has preceded it is clear that there was on this spot of the
Suffolk coast a Roman station, approximating in size and details of construc-
tion to those noted for the defence of the east coast. It occurs at a most
important point for the protection of this coast, and its omission would have
caused a dangerous gap in the line of defence. On the cliff 100 ft. above the
sea it commanded a full view of both the Stour and the Orwell and of the
Deben, the harbour at whose mouth, called Bawdsey Haven, scarcely a mile
away, would have held the auxiliary ships of the fleet. It seems strange that
the site should be so little known by antiquaries, perhaps owing to its
disappearance early in the i8th century and the very little interest shown by
them in the later Roman fortresses in comparison with those which are more
obvious and earlier.

•' For an account of other views representing the ruins of the Roman station called Walton Castle see
Topographical Index under Felixstowe.

" Proc. Soc. Jnlif. Land. (Ser. 2), 1885, xi, 12, 14.

290

Vase from Walton Castle Cemetery
(British Museum)

■RAGMtNT OF Mosaic Pavement from Whitton

ROMANO-BRITISH SUFFOLK

It is a curious fact that though eight of the ' forts of the Saxon Shore '
have been identified with all probable correctness, the place of one of them
has never been settled with general assent. This is the Portus Adurni. The
station has been supposed to have been situated on the Adur, a stream flowing
into Shoreham Harbour, in Sussex, the name being given to it from that of
the stream ; but this has been shown to be an error, as the little river in
question had no certain name till the 17th century, when that name was
bestowed upon it.'* Portchester has also been suggested for its site, as a
large Roman station of the late class still exists there at the head of Ports-
mouth Harbour. There is, however, no river or stream here whose name
might be associated with that of the port. From the most westerly of the
identified ports of the Saxon Shore, Pevensey (Anderida), round to Brancaster
on the Wash, in Norfolk (Branodunum), the sites of the stations have been
found and named, yet here at Walton on the most important point in the
whole line lies a station as important as Gariannonum, which station it is
suggested was Portus Adurni. If we knew the Roman name of the Stour
such a suggestion would be settled.

In the Notitia Dignitatum Portus Adurni is spoken of as garrisoned by a
body oi exploratores ; that is, in modern phrase, mounted scouts. No better
troops could be selected for such a fort as that at Walton. There seems not
very much doubt that if all the facts connected with the site could be fairly
arrayed the name given above would with little hesitation be bestowed upon it
and the last gap in the list of the Notitia would be satisfactorily filled.

Remains of Civilian Occupation

The civil side of our subject does not perhaps offer matter of as much
interest as that just treated ; not so much on account of the want of , its impor-
tance as on account of the imperfect remains it has to show. Yet Suffolk
quite equals other counties in the number of such remains. It is needless to
dwell on the minor antiquities, which will be found fully treated in the
Topographical Index. The essential object is to note all traces discoverable
of the dwelling-places of the inhabitants of the district in question, for from
them alone it is possible to guess at the social condition of settlers or of the
Romanized Britons occupying the land. From the paucity of stone and the
abundant supply of wood from the forests the houses must have been of half-
timbered construction, the spaces between the timbers being filled with a
plastering of clay upon a ground-work of laths or reeds, the whole built on a
footing, some 2 ft. high, of rubble or brick, and roofed with reeds which grew
plentifully along the course of the rivers. Such dwellings sufficed, but in
those of any size, the comforts or elegancies of life, such as tessellated pave-
ments and painted walls and warmed winter rooms, were not entirely lost sight
of. The principal settlements which have been found may here be noted,
beginning with such sites as are discoverable by building and other material,
scattered in the soil, and passing on to actual foundations marking out a
definite plan. At Great Welnetham, Gough in his edition of Camden reported
the ploughing up of many fragments of pottery early in the i8th centurys

" Haverfield, Proc. Soc. Ant'tq. 1893 (Ser. 2), xiv, 112, 116.
291

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

including specimens of so called-Samian ware, urns, ashes, bones of animals,
etc., and amongst other things a kitchen chopper of no unusual form, which he
calls a sacrificial knife. ^^ At Coddenham " again in 1826, in an inclosure
near the banks of the Gipping, much broken pottery, and Roman bricks, tiles,
and ashes were discovered. An ancient road crossing a ford passed through
this inclosure. Further, at Westhall near Halesworth in a field called Mill
Post Field, beside a small stream, an area of 2 acres was thickly strewn with
broken pottery, and the earth for a depth of i ft. 6 in. showed signs of burning."

The inclosure of Burgh with its scattered remains of building material
has already been noted, but another site as noteworthy as Burgh must be
mentioned. This lies in the Stonham parishes, and, if the record of it is not
exaggerated, suggests the former existence of a village. In a valley crossing
the boundaries of the parishes of Earl Stonham and Little Stonham excavations
were carried on in 1867 over an area of several acres, and it was reported
that these showed that houses had occupied the north side of the valley, while
opposite on the south side the cemetery could be traced by many cinerary
urns, often covered with a tile. From the presence of flue tiles on the north
side of the valley, the deduction was clear that hypocausts had existed there,
and afforded a proof that houses of some importance once occupied the spot.
But there were no traces of foundations to be made out."

Other sites, however, indicate the former presence of houses. At a
place called Red Castle Farm near Ixworth " a mosaic pavement, afterwards
destroyed, was discovered in the i8th century. Again at Rougham, in the
vicinity of a group of Roman sepulchral tumuli (of which more presently),
a floor was observed of which the following account was given in 1843 to the
Gentleman s Magazine. ' In a field occupied by Mr. Levett, about 250 yards
south-east of the tumuli, the plough struck on some vestiges of buildings.
About the middle of the field we ourselves observed the plain remains of a
Roman floor constructed of pounded tiles and mortar, and a stratum of fine
white calcareous stucco on the surface.' A somewhat similar instance
occurred at Whitton near Ipswich, where in laying the foundations of a new
farm-house in 1854 in a field called Castle Field great quantities of Roman
bricks were dug up and a fragment of mosaic pavement of somewhat singular
design was also uncovered. This latter was saved from the usual destruction
attending such things and presented to the Ipswich Museum.

More definite traces of habitations than those already given can be cited,
as, for instance, at Eye.'" There being a tradition that buildings had once
stood in a field called Camp Field to the north of the town, the owner of the
ground determined to test its truth and in an excavation made in 1857 came
upon what seems to have been a Roman hypocaust with its furnace. Little
was done, or possibly much more might have been revealed, and the discovery
was very imperfectly recorded. Another hypocaust with its furnace complete
was found in 1835 at a spot about half a mile south of Ixworth" on the way
to Stowlangtoft. The same fate befell this relic as that cited at Eye. Little
beyond the opening up of this hypocaust appears to have been attempted,

" Camden, Brit. (ed. Gough), 1789 (Add.), 4, 81. " Gent. Mag. 1825, pt. i, 291-3.

^' Arch. 1855, xxxvi, 454 et seq. It was in this field tiat bronze enamelled objects of Celtic character
were found mixed with others of Roman date.

" Joum. Brit. Arch. Assoc. 1868, xxiv, 184-5. " Gent. Mag. 1843. pt. ii, 524-8.

" East Angl. Notes, 1864, i, 249. " Prcc. Suff. Inst. Arch, i, 77-8.

292

ROMANO-BRITISH SUFFOLK

though doubtless more might have been found if further search had been
carried out.

The third and last example of the remains of buildings to be cited
here is one found at Icklingham in 1 877, situated in a field called the
Horselands. Its discoverer, Mr. Henry Prigg, says of it, 'So far as one can
judge from the portion already explored the general plan of the building was
that of a parallelogram directed north-west and south-east, having its principal
apartments at the west, and the minor ones grouping around a central court-
yard. The only portion explored was one large chamber at the west end,
25 ft. by 17 ft., divided into two by a transverse wall and warmed by a
hypocaust ;' which he proceeds to describe very fully. It differs in nothing
from the usual type of pillared hypocaust. Nothing more than the exploration
of this hypocaust seems to have been attempted, and the rest of the traces of
the house still have to be explored."

The last resting-places of the inhabitants wherever discovered point to
their dwellings in life in close vicinity. Near to any village or group
of houses the cemetery will be found, and every isolated dwelling has its little
burial-ground ; only in our generally haphazard methods of research one or
other, house or interment, is missed. Instances of various cinerary urns have
been dug up : at Coddenham, a site already mentioned, and at Stratford St. Mary.
At Wangford," near an ancient ford over the Waveney, calcined bones and
Roman pottery (the latter probably the broken urns which had held the
human ashes) were turned up in 1856. At Stoke Ash 'some vessels con-
taining calcined bones were found inverted on a square tile,' and at Easton '*
in 1850 in a gravel pit five urns, and a sixth in the following year, were dug
out. Later a group of seven or eight were turned up, only one of which had been
used to hold ashes. Lastly, close to the site of the villa at Whitton previously
referred to, one of those large globular amphorae not uncommon in this
county was discovered in digging for gravel in 1894. It was filled with
ashes, probably from the funeral pile, in which no doubt had been buried the
cinerary urn. Amphorae of similar character and containing cinerary urns
have been dug up elsewhere. In all cases, as in this, the handles and neck
have been removed so that the urn holding the ashes could be placed
within.

The most remarkable, however, of the Roman tombs found in Suffolk are
the four tumuli at Rougham, the remains in which were unquestionably
those of the possessors of the mansion in their close neighbourhood. These
barrows were ranged in a line, one being larger than the others and called
Eastelow Hill. The most northerly on being levelled in 1843 was found to
contain a cist of brick 2 ft. square covered by a layer of flat tiles. In it was
an iron lamp and a thick square jar of green glass holding bones and ashes.
The next tumulus to this one was destroyed in the same year. A cist of brick
of the same character as that just mentioned lay in the centre at a depth
slightly lower than the ground level. A large globular vase of glass
contained human ashes and bones, and amongst them lay a lachrymatory,
also of glass, with a bronze coin. Various vessels of different wares were

"Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc. 1878, xxxiv, 12 et seq.

^ ¥roc. Bury and West Suff. Arch. Inst. 1863, iii, 413 et seq.

'*Jourtt. Brit. Arch. Assoc. 1853, viii, 159, 160.

293

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

with the vase, and possibly a small casket in fragments. From one side
an iron spike projected from the brickwork, sustaining an iron lamp.

The third and last of the smaller tumuli was practically worn down
by the passage of a road across it, but the fourth and largest was intact
when opened in 1844 by Professor Henslow, who had examined all the
others previously. The interment had differed entirely from the others
in that it was by inhumation. On a floor of flints at the original level of the
ground was built up a chamber of rubble and tiles, a sort of little house with
roofing of tiles. At the north end was a small projection, but for what purpose
could not be made out. Inside, in a leaden coffin probably originally inclosed
in one of wood, lay the skeleton of a man. Nothing else was found in the
tomb. The interment seems to have been of comparatively late date, and
may have been Christian."

Turning now to more extensive sepulchral deposits, the first which may
be named was discovered in the parish of Pakenham, next to that of Ixworth,
early in the 19th century whilst digging for gravel. The man who came
upon it described it as a square place full of pots set in rows. There were
many, but he could not tell the number. The urns were of dark colour, and
some had covers. No care was taken to preserve any of them, and these few
words record all that is known of them."

Of more importance is a cemetery found in 1873 ^" ^ ^^^"^ called ' The
Cowpath Breck,' close to the road to Thetford, when the railroad was in course
of construction between Bury St. Edmunds and Thetford. As the cuttings
progressed no less than nineteen interments were noted. There was only one
vessel containing ashes, a vase of red ware covered with white slip, all the other
burials were in coffins of which only the nails remained. Most of the coffins
had an east and west position ; in the second burial the head, however, was
to the north. There seems to have been some pottery with the coffins, and
in one having an east and west position was a vase of Durobrivian ware and
some horses' teeth ; in another a second vase of Durobrivian ware of a red
colour."

Not far from these interments a group of rubbish pits occurred. They
had the usual contents, animal bones and broken pottery. Wherever such
pits are found it is a sure sign of the presence of habitations not far off. Thus,
though the cemetery has been discovered, the village of which it was the
burial-ground has yet to be found, unless indeed it has utterly disappeared."^

Less satisfactory because more disturbed was a cemetery recorded to have
been found between HaverhilP' and Withersfield, not far from the castle at
the former place. Here in 1759, in digging for gravel, complete skeletons were
unearthed and many cartloads of human bones removed from the spot. These
would not have been conclusive evidence of Roman burials if such had not
been proved by the presence of urns of glass, />^/'fr^^ of so-called Samian ware,

"Pnv. Suff. Inst. Arch. 1874, iv, 257 et seq. ^Joutii. Brit. Arch. Assoc. 1846, i, 138 (?).

" For further details see under Ingham in the Topographical Index.

"The mention of rubbish pits leads to that of wells. Some few of these have been found in Suffolk,
especially along the coast where at Covehitl.e near Southwold the fall of the cliffs disclosed a certain number.
They all seem to have shown the usual construction of sqjare Roman timber-framed wells in this country,
made of boards, standing in sections one on another and strengthened at the angles with short cross pieces.
The wells arc noted here because when they became dry, they were generally used as rubbish pits, and from
them as from the pits many and various objects have been obtained.

"Coles MS. v, 31, fol. 92-3, and for drawings of some of the objects, fol. 91^, 92^.

294

Contents ok Barrow openkd at Rol'gham in 1843

(From Proc. Suf hat. -itc/l. IV.)

ROMANO-BRITISH SUFFOLK

urns of white ware, a lump of red earth, and many shards or cinerary urns.
Near, and probably originally within the largest of the glass vessels, was a
white glass lachrymatory, one of those small perfume bottles sometimes buried
amongst the ashes in the cinerary urns. In both cemeteries just mentioned
the two methods of burial seem to have been practised, thus indicating a
comparatively late date in the Roman period. To complete this list of
cemeteries the one already noted in the Stonham parishes may be called to
mind.

Another indication of dwelling-places or their near vicinity is to be seen
in the hoards of coins which have been disclosed from time to time. Either
these must have been buried plunder or the treasure of an individual who
had deposited it in some spot within his observation. Such hoards of Roman
coins have been turned up in various places in Suffolk. One of bronze coins
is recorded to have been discovered in Ickworth,'" and another of the same
metal at Lakenheath." A small collection of British coins was found at
Santon Downham ^^ in the year 1870. It is named here because it included
two second brass of the Emperor Claudius. An important find was made in
the year 1874 at Lavenham,'' in a field near Lavenham Lodge, where a
labourer ploughing turned up from about a foot underground a rude earthen
vessel, filled with silver denarii, 197 in number ; 187 of these were saved.
The earliest in date, as far as could be ascertained, were three of Mark
Antony (b.c. 44-30), the latest twenty-eight of Trajan (a.d. 98-1 17). A still
larger hoard of upwards of 900 silver pieces was discovered when a new
turnpike road was being made through the parish of Benacre in 1786.'* It is
said that none of these were earlier in date than Vespasian (a.d. 69-79). Not
far from the site of the interment at Mildenhall,'^ previously mentioned, were
found in 1833 two vessels of clay and the remains of a third containing coins
rusted into a mass. A much earlier find was made, viz. in 1764, of ' a pot
full of Roman coins of the Lower Empire' at Stowlangtoft.'* Again, in 1870,
at Sutton, another deposit, of two urns containing coins of the period of
Constantine (a.d. 307—337), was turned up; and later, in 1874, a labourer
ploughing a field on land called Dix's Charity land at Icklingham " discovered
a hoard of silver pieces numbering in all probability about 400. Those
which were preserved and examined showed a range of date from Constantine I
(a.d. 307-337) to Honorius (a.d. 395-423).

Regarding only the value of the metal, the most remarkable of these
Suffolk hoards was that discovered near Eye,'* on Clint Farm, in 1781.
This consisted of several hundred gold coins (600 it was said) in good
preservation, inclosed in a leaden cist, ranging in date from Valentinian
(a.d. 364—375) to Honorius (a.d. 395—423). There appears to have been an
interment close by the site of this find, as was also the case near that made at
Mildenhall. In both instances the treasure may have been deposited in
burial-places attached to private houses. Finally, the mention of a hoard
of the latest period, not an unimportant one, may close this list of finds

'» Camden, Brit. (ed. Gough), 1789, Add. ii, 81. " Joum. Brit. Arch. Assoc. 1880, xxxvi, 104.

" Arch. Jourrt. 1870, xxvii, 92 et seq. " Proc. Suff. Inst. Arch. 1874, iv, 414 et seq.

" Gent. Mag. cvi, pt. i (1786), 472-3. " Archaeokgia, 1839, xv, App. 609.

^ Camden, Brit. (ed. Gough), 1789 (Add.), ii, 81. " Proc. Suff. Inst. Arch. 1874, iv, 282 etseq.
" IpstLicbjoum. 19 May 1781 ; Camden, Brit. (ed. Gough), (Add.) 1789, ii, 90 ; Gillingwater, Hist.
of Lowestoft, 1790, p. 38 n.

29s

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

of coins. In the year 1812, a collection of minimi to the number of a
thousand was ploughed up on land beyond the limits of the common at
Bungay."

As an example of manufactures carried on within the county, the
potters' kilns discovered near the village of West Stow **" may be cited. Five
of these have been uncovered, the first in 1879, and there is reason to believe
that many more have either been destroyed or yet remain beneath the soil; in
fact that there was a little community of potters settled on this spot. The
kilns were sma]^ hut of the usual form. Shards of pottery lay about them,
but they were empty save that in one ampullae of a buff ware had been fired.
From the ashes of this last kiln two small brass coins of Constantine were
turned up, an indication perhaps of the date when the kilns were in working
order.

Another more rare, if not unique find was made near Byng Hall, in
Pettistree," in Melton, in 1846. This had the appearance of a brickfield,
stacks of burnt and unburnt bricks of Roman character being brought to light.
Flanged tiles also and some hundreds of others of the usual form helped to
show the nature of the find. But unfortunately the excavations were not
continued ; little was done, and we have only an incomplete record of
what was seen.

Before entering on another section of this paper, viz. the Roman roads
in and through Suffolk, some mention must be made of the miscellaneous
antiquities of the period. To go through any detailed list of these would
occupy too much space, nor are they, for the most part, so unlike much to be
found elsewhere as to need special remark. Some, however, of the more
remarkable are here cited.

Amongst these, the statuette in bronze dug up at Barking Hall *' before
the year 1800 may well take the first place. The figure measures 22 in. in
height, and is believed to represent an imperial personage in full armour.
It is the details of this armour which give the figure its character and distinc-
tion, for the surface of the cuirass is completely covered with fine niello work
of a quality and completeness of design rare in this country. The statuette
was considered so important a specimen of its kind that it was engraved
and described in the fourth volume of Vetusta Monumenta of the Society of
Antiquaries. It now forms one of the chief ornaments of the Romano-
British collection at the British Museum.

Fragments of two statuettes of a very different style from the preceding,
but of equal interest archaeologically, were found at Hawkedon,** in 1880, in
an amphora which had probably contained a cinerary urn. Only the heads
and busts of these statuettes remained. The material of which they were
composed was pipeclay. As an indication of size, it may be noted that the
head of one measured i in. and of the other i \ in. in height. Both represented
a nude type of the goddess Venus. Such figures are well known in France, but
are much less common in this country. What makes their discovery worthy
of notice is that they may perhaps be looked upon as objects of popular worship.
The two specimens here mentioned may have had a place in the domestic shrine

19

Proc. Suff. Inst. Arch. 1863, iii, 414. " Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc. 1881, xxxvii. 152 et seq.

" Davy, Suff. Coll. B.M. MSS. xxxvii, 191 13, fol. 194 a, b. See diagram of find in Topog. Index.
" Vetusta Monumenta (Soc. Antiq.), iv, pi. xi, xv. *' Proc. Suff. Inst. Arch, vi, 1888-9.

296

I

Bronze Figure f height, 22 in.) from Barking Hall
297

38

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

of some dwelling not far froni the spot where they were found. These
objects are now deposited in the museum at Bury St. Edmunds.

The last of the more notable finds which we need name here was that of
a whole service of pewter vessels, dug up at Icklingham ** in 1839, remark-
able from the fact that the discovery helped to swell a list of similar finds ia
the eastern counties already larger than can be made out in any other district
in England. The pieces of this set are well preserved, the larger proportion
taking the form of shallow paterae. They are now in the British Museum.

Roads

It is needless here to give any account of the authorities concerning the
Roman roads in Britain. It suffices to name the principal one and that most
relied upon, namely the Antonine Itinerary, which is a road book of the
Roman empire, whose compilation is variously dated from 200 a.d. to early
in the 4th century. The portion of this book relating to Britain is divided
into fifteen sections or ' Iters,' showing in each the route between the stations
which begin and end the Iter.

For Iter V, running from London through Colchester and Lincoln
to Carlisle, no satisfactory course has been made out through Suffolk.
The direction is uncertain and no sites have yet been identified with any
certainty. All that can be said is that Villa Faustini and Icinos must have
been somewhere within the county.

Iter IX, which passes from Caister St. Edmunds in Norfolk to London,
is less hopeless, and affiDrds room for probable conjecture, but with this there
are difficulties. For instance, the distance between Colchester (Camolu-
dunum) and Caister St. Edmunds (Venta Icinorum) is given as 75 Roman
miles instead of 55 miles, which it would be by a direct route.*^ The posi-
tions of the intermediate stations (Combretonium and Sitomagus) are also
vague. To account for the discrepancy in the distances named it is supposed
that the road was deflected either eastward or westward. Camden imagined
that it ran the westward course by Brettenham and Thetford though without
any valid reason. The late Dr. Raven preferred an eastern deflection. The
stations on Iter IX from London to Colchester are fairly well determined,
even as far as Stratford St. Mary (supposed to be Ad Ansam of the Itinerary),
where the road coming north from Colchester crosses the Stour. It has
been traced beyond this, going northward and so faintly onward, till just
beyond the little River Gipping it is again clearly discoverable. From here-
abouts begins the deflection by which it is supposed to pass Burgh, near
Woodbridge (possibly Combretonium), and thence onwards by Stratford
St. Andrew, Saxmundham, and Kelsale to Dunwich, which may be the
Sitomagus of the Itinerary. From this point all is clear. The road passes
in a north-westerly direction, over the River Blyth, by Halesworth, past
Mettingham Castle to a ford at Wangford over the Waveney, and so onwards
to Venta Icinorum, thus completing the Iter." A recent writer on Roman
roads in Britain lays down another route for the section between the Gipping

M

Arch. 1842, xxix, App. 389. " T. Codrington, Roman Roads in Britain, 228-9.

" Rev. J. J. Raven, D.D., Hin. ofSuff. iii, 28 ct seq.

7.08

Pewter from the Acton Collection, found at IcklinGHam

ROMANO-BRITISH SUFFOLK

and Dunwich, making it run by Coddenham, East Soham, and by Sibton
Abbey, and so to Dunwich. There is one objection to this route, that it
passes by no site with so many Roman remains as at Burgh, which might
well be taken for the Combretonium of the Itinerary." No line of commu-
nication has yet been discovered between Walton Castle and the routes here
mentioned. It is impossible that there should not have been such a line.
As for Gariannonum (Burgh Castle), a road starts from that fortress south-
wards, which is supposed to have passed by Hopton and towards the end of
Oulton Broad. It cannot be traced farther, if as far. Possibly the road
continued till it joined the line from Dunwich to Wangford; or perhaps,
crossing the Waveney at Burgh St. Peter, it may have passed on to join this
same line near Ditchingham station in Norfolk; but this is mere conjecture.*'

The most direct road from the south to Venta comes from Stratford
St. Mary (Ad Ansam), and as far as the Gipping is the same road as that
spoken of as part of Iter IX. From thence, proceeding in a nearly direct
northern course, it runs by the Stonhams to Stoke Ash, and so to Scole,
where it passes into Norfolk on its way to Venta Icinorum. Though by far
the most direct route to the last-named station, it cannot be identified as
belonging to the Antonine system. ' The Peddars Way,' one of the most
remarkable of the Roman roads on the eastern side of Britain, is likewise
omitted from the Antonine Itineraries. Its supposed starting-point was
Colchester, but for i6 miles through Suffolk there are no signs of it. Not
until the village of Hitcham is passed do traces of it appear. From Hitcham
it goes on to Woolpit, from thence to Stowlangtoft, and so on past Thetford,
where crossing the county boundary about 5 miles east of that town it enters
Norfolk. It crosses the west side of Norfolk to find an ending at an obscure
village. Holm on the Sea, at a point where the Wash is narrowest from the
opposite coast of Lincolnshire, and 4 miles west of Brandon (Branodunum),
the first of the forts of the Saxon shore. A writer, previously cited, says of
it, from Stanton ' this remarkable road can be traced for 45 miles to the
north coast of Norfolk. It has been called British, but it has all the charac-
teristics of Roman laying out, and is, indeed, the best-preserved Roman road
in East Anglia.' And, again, Peddars Way has been said to pass through
neither town nor village, and it is true that from Ringstead (in Norfolk)
'southwards as far as it can be traced, about 45 miles. Castle Acre' (a possible
Roman station) ' is the only village upon it, and those near it are small.'*'

One other road requires to be mentioned, viz., the Icknield Way, which
shows faintly on the western border of Suffolk, passing the county boundary
at Kentford, and running on less and less visibly towards Lackford, but
vanishing beyond that place.

" T. Codrington, Roman Roads in Britain, 220-1.

" Ibid. 222. The writer apparently here confuses a place on the Waveney called Burgh St. Peter with
the great fortress at that river's mouth, or he may have been led into error by the vain imaginings of local
antiquaries, one of whom at least has endeavoured to fix the site of Gariannonum on this spot in order to
bolster up a theory, unfortunately too much credited, of the existence in Roman times of a huge estuary
separating Norfolk from Suffolk and running far up into the former county. There are no signs of any
Roman fortress at Burgh St. Peter, nor have any Roman remains been found there.

** T. Codrington, Roman Roads in Britain, 224 et seq.

299

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Topographical Index

Aldeburgh. Between Aldeburgh and Orford small Roman coins of the Lower Empire were found

in great quantities on the sea shore [MS. Min. Soc. Antiq. 1743, iv, 190]. (See Hazlewood.)

AsHBOCKiNG. — At a spot on a farm in this parish, lying between two mounds and inclosed with
ditches, a considerable quantity of scattered broken pottery was found [Davy, Suff. Coll. B.M.
MSS, viii, 19084, fol. 30].

Bardwell. — Near a gravel pit 330 yds. south of the village ' Roman Pottery was found in 1840 '
[O.S. 6-in. xxxiv, NE.]. A bronze enamelled diamond-shaped fibula was found in May
1869 \Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc, xxvii, 258-9].

Barking. — A bronze statuette was found near Barking Hall towards the end of the i8th century,
buried about 12 ft. below the surface of the ground. It is 22 in. in height, and represents an
imperial personage in full armour, but bareheaded. The left arm is lost, the right is raised,
the fingers of the hand being bent, an indication that they once grasped a spear. Besides the
quality of the workmanship, the figure exhibits a fine instance of metal inlay and niello work,
the cuirass being covered with scrolls and leaves of the latter work, interspersed with flowers
and leafage formed by thin laminae of white metal. The bronze serving as a ground to this
ornamentation was of a fine golden colour. The figure was found on land belonging to the
Earl of Ashburnham, who presented it to the British Museum in 1813 [MS. Min. Soc. Antiq,
xxviii, 13 (1800) ; Fet. Menum. iv]. A bronze handled bowl was found at Needham Market
in this parish [Chart, Watling Coll. in possession of Miss Nina Layard]. A bronze bowl
(Anglian) and another (Celtic) with a coarse buff earthenware pot, which contained coins
dating from Antoninus Pius (a.d. 138-61), were found at Gatesford [Chart, Watling Coll. in
possession of Miss Nina Layard ; and note by Mr. H. Watling, Reliq. and Illus. Arch, vi, 244].

Barrow. — A Roman key found here is now in the Museum, Bury St. Edmunds.

Barsham. — A gold ring was found about 18 16 near Barsham Hall engraved with a figure holding
a standard [Suckling, Hist. Suff. i, 44].

Baylham. — Near ' the Great Road ' supposed to be Roman have been found so-called Samian
pottery, painted white ware, and other remains, together with coins, one of which was a first
brass of Hadrian (a.d. 117-38). A considerable number of coins found had been sold to
different people [Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc, xxv, 387-8]. A knife with bone handle and a
ring of bronze were found here with Roman urns [Suffolk Illustrations (Fitch Coll. in Lib.
of Suff. Inst, of Arch, Bury St. Edmunds), vol. xiii ; Proc. Suff. Arch. Inst, v, 117]. Amongst
the pottery found was a piece of figured so-called Samian, part of a vase of early type, three
flanged basins, the rim of one painted with white scrollwork, all three of the same ware ; pans
of so-called Samian ; different sizes of brown and pale buff ware, and two ollae, one pale red,
the other brownish buff ware, and a one-handled bottle, with short small neck, of black ware.
There is also in the Watling Coll. in possession of Miss Nina Layard a plan of the site
showing the track of the Roman road, and with it a note where a bronze box was found.

Belton. — Pottery from a tumulus was found here [Proc. Arch. Inst. Norw. 1847, xxviii],

Benacre. — 'A few days ago, as the workmen were making a new turnpike road at Benacre . . .
one of them struck his pickaxe against a stone bottle which contained about 920 pieces of
silver coin' [Ipswich Journ. 27 May 1786]. A further reference to this find says : ' The coins
alluded to were in good preservation, and included a large series (some few before Domitian
[a.d. 81-96]). They are all about the size of a sixpence, nine of them weighing an ounce. . . .
Sir Thomas Gooch purchased near 700. Some were bought by different persons, and the
remainder sold to a Jew, who retailed them at a low price in the neighbourhood. Impressions
of Aurelian [B.C. 270-5], Germanicus [b.C, 15-A.D. 19], and Trajan [a.d. 98-117] are in
my possession ; drawings of which I have sent. . . — R.L.* \Gent. Mag. Ivi (i), 472-3],
In Excursions in the Co. of Suff. ii, 1 30- 1, it is stated that none of the coins in this hoard
were prior in date to Vespasian (a.d. 69-79). I" Benacre Park is a clump of trees near the
road from Lowestoft called ' Money tree clump' [O.S. 6-in, xix, SW.].

Bergholt, East. — A number of urns, evidently sepulchral, from the ashes they contained, was
found in 1838 in digging foundations for a house in a field about a quarter of a mile north of
the church, on a hill towards Stratford. They lay in a circle with a diameter of about 12 or
14 yds., and were much broken. Those in the centre were of fine earth inclining to white,
the outer ones were of a coarse red earth. The necks of some were entire, and about the
size of a common bottle [Note from E. Dunthorne, Sept. 1838; Davy, SuiF. Coll, B.M,
MSS, xxviii, 1 9 104, fol. 134],

300

ROMANO-BRITISH SUFFOLK

Blaxhall. — In a field near Grove Farm were found in 1863 Roman coins, urns, &c., and in the
same parish, on Blaxhall Heath, a ' tumulus with Roman urns was found in 1827' [O.S.
6-in. lix, SE.].

Blyford. — A bronze statuette of a nude Venus, 6 in. high, holding a dove in the right hand, was
found in a field near Blyford Bridge. It was originally in the possession of the late Rev. S. B.
Turner. Between Blyford and Sotterley was found an urn of bufif ware [Chart, Watling
Coll. in possession of Miss Nina Layard].

Blythburgh. — The following entries record the discovery of Roman remains : * Not many years
ago there were Roman urns dug up here among old buildings' [Lysons, Mag. Brit. {1730),
v> 193]- From Grose we have the statement, * A number of Roman urns dug up here about
the year 1678 ' [Grose, Antiq. of Engl, and Wales, iii, 1775]. Suckling says that after a fire
which damaged the village in 1676, the labourers in clearing the ground for fresh buildings
found several Roman urns and coins [Suckling, Hist. Suff. ii, 142].

Brandeston. — A Roman coin, large brass, was found here \Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc, x, 90].

Bungay. — In sinking a well in Earsham Street, near the castle, in 1826, a coin, first brass, of
Marcus Aurelius (a.d. 161-80) and a second brass of Faustina (a.d. 138-41) were found.
The next year a coin of Gordian III (a.d. 238-44) was turned up in a garden near Duke's
Bridge [Suckling, Hist. Suff. i, 130]. 'Part of Trinity parish lies by the side of the
old Roman road called Stone Street at the distance of about 5 miles from the town '
[ibid. 133]. Bronze coins of Nero (a.d. 54-68), Antoninus (a.d. 138-61), Aurelius
(a.d. 161-80), Faustina the younger (a.d. 147-76), and Carausius (a.d. 286-93), were dug
up in the town, and more than 1,000 minimi were ploughed up outside the common in 181 2
[Proc. Suff. Arch. Inst, iii, 414]. A coin of Nero (a.d. 54-68), second brass, was turned up
from the railway cutting on the common in 1862 (?) [East Angl. N. and Q. i, 249]. A coin
of Clodius Albinus (a.d. 196-7), first brass, was dug up in Mr. Lait's garden at the 'back of
the hills,' and another of Vespasian (a.d. 69-79), ^'''^ incuse reverse, was found near the
town [Raven, Hist. Suff. 30].

A trench across the neck of the common is marked in the O.S. maps ' Roman
remains,' and about the centre of it 'Roman coin found 1862.' The Stone Street,
running in a north-west direction, makes an angle in the town, and after crossing the River
Waveney starts again due north. It crosses the marches north of the river at about their
narrowest part, and passes about a quarter of a mile south-east of the bank called ' Roman
remains' [O.S. 6-in. viii, SE.]. A road, called 'Stone Street,' also runs in a north-west
direction through the parishes of Spexhall and Ilketshall St. Lawrence, between Bungay and
Halesworth [O.S. 6-in. xviii, SW.].

Burgh. — Near Woodbridge : 'About a mile to the south-east of Clopton.' The church 'stands
within the enclosure of a Roman station' [Excursions in Suff. ii, 19, 46]. Coins have been
found on the site ; one, possibly of Tiberius [a.d. 14-37), another of Crispus (a.d. 317-26),
with a second, illegible, probably of the same period, and a minim of Constantine II (a.d. 337-
40) [Proc. Suff. Arch. Inst, ix, 335]. 'Burgh churchyard is well scarped to the south and
west, and at about 200 yds. to the south the remains of a trench now filled in may be clearly
seen. This, at a point east-south-east of the church, turns northward, and between the two
churches (Burgh and Clopton, a mile away) westward, till it meets the scarp. The name
Castlefield is still preserved, and the late Major Rouse of Woodbridge could remember the
ruined walls. Here, a few years ago, a gold Roman bracelet was found, and at the further
end of Clopton in 1883 a boy named John Gardiner found a gold Roman coin, which he sold
to a watchmaker in Woodbridge. Fictile remains are found strewn on the ground' [Raven,
Hist. Suff. 30 et seq.]. In 1901 excavations at this place yielded 'very interesting rubbish,'
tiles, potsherds, painted wall-plaster, a coin or two, and other relics of a possible Roman villa
[^«//y.xxxvii, 342, (1901) ' Quarterly Notes,' by Prof. Haverfield]. On the O.S. Map [6-in.
Iviii, SW.] the field in which the church stands is marked ' site of camp,' though the traces of
the fosses are not given.

Burgh Castle. — Near Yarmouth. A walled station. [For early description and plans, see
Sir Henry Spelman, Icenia (ed. 1723), 155 ; Camden, Brit. (ed. Gough), ii, 77, 90; Ives,
Garian. (ed. 1803); King, Munimenta Antiqua, ii, 52«-5, 1 16 et seq.] The following
details may be added to the general description of this station previously given. The body
of the walls is of flint rubble concrete, with lacing courses of tiles, six of which may yet
be seen. These courses run two tiles deep into the wall, and arc three tiles in width. The
spaces between these courses vary from i ft. 8 in. to 2 ft. i in. in width, showing a dressed
flint facing. The walls are faced on the inside, but the lacing courses are irregular and fewer
than on the outside, and the flint facing is ruder also. The mortar employed in the outer
facing is pink with coarsely-pounded tile. There is no regular rule in the employment of it

301

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

throuf^hout the walls, but if anything it is associated with the tile courses. At the broken
west end of the north wall, where the high land slopes to the water meadows, there are some
indications of a stepped line in the tile courses to meet the last of those in the west or river
wall. Where the wall is fractured there is a drop in the tile courses which shows in the
section. The west wall, that next the river, was founded on piling, the piles being i ft.
apart, and the interspaces filled with clay and chalk stones strongly rammed down. If all the
bastions of the station had foundations like that of the tower on the south side it would
appear that they were founded on a bed of timber planking. The tower referred to has fallen
over, and on its base could be seen, in 1774, the imprint in the mortar of the planking on
which it had been built. The best and most complete account of the station is that given by
Harrod [Norf. Arch, v, 146 et seq. ; see also Proc. Sac. Jntiq. iii, 227].

With respect to the supposed cemetery of the station, Ives says [Garian., 34-5],
'The field adjoining the eastern wall of Gariannonum was the place allotted for depositing
the ashes of the dead. . . . Here a great number of Roman urns have been found. . . .
They are made of a coarse blue clay brought from the neighbouring village of Bradwell ; ill-
formed, brittle, and porous. In the year 1756 a space of 5 yds. square was opened in this
field, and about 2 ft. below the surface a great many fragments of urns were discovered, which
appeared to have been broken by ploughs and carts passing over them. These and the oyster
shells, bones of cattle, burnt coals, and other remains found with them, plainly discovered this
to have been the Ustrina of the garrison. One of these urns, when the pieces were united,
contained more than a peck and a half of corn, and had a large thick stone operculum on the
top of it ; within was a considerable number of bones and ashes, several fair pieces of Con-
stantine, and the head of a Roman spear.' The illustrations given by Ives [Garian., 34]
show the head of a spear, a Roman /ibu/a, and two urns which are Anglian, not Roman [see
also MS. Min. Soc. Antiq. i, 195 (1726-7)]. Two cinerary urns were found in the same
field, called Brick Kiln Piece, in December 1843, ^^ ^ depth of 2 ft. They were partly filled
with bones, and one contained four iron nails [Suckling, Hist. Suff. 333 ; SufF. Illus.
(Fitch Coll.), vol. iii]. A vase of dark brown Durobrivian ware, decorated with white scrolls
in slip and with a female mask at the mouth, was found between the station and the church in
1 85 1 [Norf. Arch, iii, 415 ; Dawson Turner Coll. B.M. Add. MSS. 23062, fol. 95]. In a
field, the position of which is not specified, a number of circular pieces of stone (?) were
discovered ' flat on one side and slightly convex on the reverse ; of a dingy black colour inter-
spersed with dull red spots.' These were possibly spindle-whorls of pottery [Suckling, Hist.
Suff. 333]. According to Ives [Garian, 30-1] no coins were found earlier than these of
Domitian (a.d. 81-96), and most of them much later, of the Lower Empire. Few were of
any other metal than bronze, though Ives had a silver one of Gratian (a.d. 375-83). It was
said that a considerable number of silver, as well as two of gold, had once been ploughed up.
The coins, which were in the possession of the late Sir Francis G. M. Boileau, bart., F.S.A.,
the owner of the site, range from Gallienus (a.d. 253-68) to Arcadius (a.d. 383-408). There
is one silver piece of Arcadius.

Other objects from this station in the possession of the late Sir Francis G. M. Boileau
in 1889 were: — Fragments of iron nails, one with a flat square head and 4 in. of shank
remaining, together with pieces of flat iron bands found within the east gate, in 1847 ; a small
flat square of bronze with a man's head on it in low relief within a circle ; a harp-shaped yf^«/(7
of bronze i^ in. long, with remains of blue enamel about the head and a sinking for the setting
of stones, found in 1847 '■> * ^^■'7 small fragment of a thin glass vessel, one fragment of
so-called Samian ware with ornament in white painted on it, found in 1850 ; other pieces all
plain, one showing a flanged rim ; a small globular bottle of bufF-coloured ware, 2 in. high,
with a very small neck ; one perfect urn and fragments of another, of coarse grey ware, found
in 1848 ; a pan of the same coarse ware ; pieces of flue and roof tiles, and horns of deer with
portions sawn off them. In the Museum at Norwich are fragments of a vase found in 1852,
presented by Mr. G. J. Chester, and fragments of bronze buckles and other small objects,
presented by Mr. W. Squire. One of these so-called bronze buckles is a portion of a Saxon
fibula. In the British Museum are a bronze ball and a small hollow cylinder of the same
metal from Burgh [O.S. Norf. 6-in. 11, NW. ; 25-in. 5 and 9, Ixxviii ; descriptions of the
place are also given in Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc, xxxvi, 98-9 ; Proc. Suff". Arch. Inst, xi, 31 1].
Bury St. Edmunds. — A ' glass unguentarium ' was found near a skeleton on the site of Mr. Farrow's
house in the churchyard [Proc. Suff. Arch. Inst, i, 343]. There are several Roman coins from
the Botanic Garden [ibid, ii, 28], and the head of a one-handled vase of red ware covered with
a cream-coloured slip was found in 1848 [Acton Coll. SufF. Illus. (Fitch Coll.), vol. xvii].
Two coins of Carausius (a.d. 286-93) and AUectus (a.d. 293-6) were also found here
[Numis. Journ. i, 264].

302

>i?

MiRROK. Cask found at Coddenham [zh m. dKini.)

ROMANO-BRITISH SUFFOLK

Cavendish. — A sepulchral urn was found here [East Angl. N. and Q. ii, 29].

Clare. — About a mile from the town of Clare, in constructing a roadway in 1864, on the glebe
land where the railway leaves that land in the direction of Cavendish, the workmen came upon
a quantity of Roman urns about i ft. 6 in. below the surface. Seven or eight were found
within the space of a few yards. One only had any ornament on it ; they were of quite
common material, and all full of bones and ashes. Near where they were discovered is a plot
of broken ground called the 'Dane pits' [East Angl. N. and Q. i, 203 ; ii, 29]. This
discovery is noted on O.S. 6-in. Ixxi, NE., and described as having been made on the Suffolk
bank of the Stour where the railway (Cambridge, Haverhill and Melford line) crosses the
river. A small figure of a dancing boy or Mercury, in bronze, was found at Clare [yourn.
Brit. Arch. Assoc, xxi, 343 et seq.].

CoCKFiELD. — About a mile north-east of the church is Colchester Green, and near it a farm where
in 1834 some mounds were to be seen. Perhaps on this site, but certainly only a quarter of
a mile from Colchester Green, Roman tiles had been found about 2 ft. under the surface. A
fragment of one of these, which was preserved, showed part of a turned-up edge and a scored
surface, and was apparently part of a flue tile [Davy, SufF. Coll. B.M. MSS. i, 19077, fol.
243]. Within an encampment known as the Warbank was found a small bronze bust of a
woman, the hair plaited in twelve twists and fastened on the top of the head with a bow ;
also the bronze handle of a knife or mirror with a crowned female head at the end [Journ.
Brit. Arch. Assoc, xxxiii, 117].

CoDDENHAM. — Traccs of a Roman road Were discovered in 1823 on the property of Sir William
Middleton, bart., by labourers employed in draining to the west of the turnpike road from
Ipswich to Scole (the Pye road), nearly 7 miles from Ipswich. This ancient road was traced
in almost a straight course to a former ford over the River Gipping, through a field retaining
the name of Sharnford and by a cottage called Sharnford Cottage, and across another field
named Causeway Meadow, and so onwards in a southerly direction towards Great Blakenham
Church. When this road was cut through, it was found to consist of a very solid stratum of
stone and gravel about 6 or 7 yds. wide. In December 1823, to the west of this road and
near the River Gipping, were discovered at some 2 ft. from the surface a Roman urn of coarse
slate-coloured ware containing human ashes, and close to it a smaller vase of fine light red
ware. With the urns was turned up a small double bronze mirror 2^ in. in diameter, having
on one side a head of Nero and on the other a general addressing his soldiers. This was pre-
sented by Sir W. Middleton to the British Museum in 1838. The remains appear to have
been deposited in the earth uninclosed in any cist. A further search showed that the ground
was full of potsherds of different kinds to a depth of 3 ft. Amongst them were fragments of
so-called Samian ware, and pieces of brick and tile were scattered through a great part of the
field in which they were found, together with large oyster shells, ashes, and some slag. A
wall was uncovered also, about 30 yards in length and 2 ft. in thickness, running in a direction
nearly east and west. Probably the site was that of a villa. The coins found were : a sup-
posed one of Claudius (a. D. 41-54), a middle brass of Nero (a.d. 54-68), one of Vespasian
(a.d. 69-79) ^'^^ O"^ <^f Trajan (a.d. 98-1 17), a silver denarius of Crispina (a.d. 178-82), and
three small brass, one of Magnentius (a.d. 350-3), one of Valentinian (a.d. 364-75), and one
of Constantius I (a.d. 305-6) [Gent, Mag. 1824, pt. i, 261 ; ibid. 1825, pt. i, 291-3 ; Arch.
xxvii, 359, 360 ; Chart, Watling Coll. in possession of MissNina Layard]. In 1843 a denarius
of Postumus (a.d. 259-69) and some small brass coins of Constantius I (a.d. 291-306), Con-
stantine I (a.d. 306-37) and Constantius II (a.d. 337-61) were found near the river, at a place
called Sharnford, about a hundred yards from the previous discovery [Numis. Chron. vi, 104].

Combs. — A /xj/^ra of so-called Samian ware was found in 1855, with the potter's mark siginivs.
It is now in the Ipswich Museum,

CovEHiTHE. — In the cliff between the Benacre road and the lane leading down to the beach from the
village, between 187 1 and 1876, was exposed by a fall of the earth what looked like half a square
well. One half of this well still remained in the cliff, the other had fallen and been washed away
by the sea; It was not constructed with masonry, but with boards in the usual Roman fashion,
the boards having ties crossing the angles, and it was filled with earth for some feet below the
present ground level. In April 1 890 another of these wells came to light, under the end of the
road which terminates abruptly at the edge of the cliff. Very little of the woodwork was visible,
but the beach was said to have been strewn with fragments of pottery which it had contained.
Some few spikes or nails and the bones of some small animal were the only other contents of
these wells. They were, however, never properly examined [Proc. Suff. Arch. Inst, vii,
303-4]. (See find of a similar well at Easton Bavents near Covehithe.)

CowLiNGE. — A small bronze figure of Mercury, the eyes in white metal, found at Flempton Hall
Farm, one of Hercules, and a mask of dark grey ware [Tymm. Coll.] are all in the Museuni,

303

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Bury St. Edmunds. Three coins were found here, one brass of Maximin (a.d. 235-8), one
brass of Magnentius (a.d. 350-3), one silver denarius of Antoninus Pius (a.d. 138-61) [Proc.
Suff. Arch. Inst, ii, 21 1], and some Roman flue tiles were found at Kirtlinge (? Cowlinge)
[ibid, i, 232].

Greeting. — A black urn and red pot-shaped vase were found here [Chart, Watling Coll. in pos-
session of Miss Nina Layard],

Debenham. — Here was found a silver coin of the Emperor Carausius (a.d. 286-93). O" '^^
reverse are two figures holding a standard, and circumscribed expectate veni [Ipswich yaurn,
9 February 1828 ; Gent. Mag. 1828, pt. i, 164].

Dennington. — In a field south of Dennington Place Roman coins were found in 1843 [O-S- 6-in.
xlviii, NE.].

DuNWiCH. — ' The antiquity of this place is rendered very probable by this, that " Roman " coins
are often found here . . .' [Lysons, Mag. Brit. (1730), v, 191]. 'Mr. T. Martin ex-
hibited some brass instruments, supposed to be a species of fibulae or bodkins, and a young
Hercules in lead (?) which was found in a burying-ground near Dunwich ' [MS. Min. Soc.
Antiq. viii, 67]. In the collection of Mr. Frederick Barne of Dunwich, amongst other
relics of Dunwich is a large brass coin of Nero (a.d. 54-68), well preserved [Suckling, Hist, of
Suff, ii, 262]. The Rev. Greville Chester said that in June 1858 he observed

in various places in the face of the cliff, within 5 ft. of the top . . . numerous pieces of coarse
blue, black, and brown pottery, some of which were manifestly of Roman manufacture, while
other fragments were perhaps Saxon. Of one variety I found fragments lying together almost
enough to form an entire urn. Animal bones, with teeth of the ox, sheep, and deer, were also
numerous. In one place I discovered a rounded seam of black earth full of bones, ashes, charred
wood, cockle, oyster, and whelk shells, with broken fragments of Roman pottery. This apparently
was an ancient rubbish pit. I saw an imperfect small brass coin of the Lower Empire, which
was picked up near this spot.

Among the objects collected by Mr. Chester on this site were some keys, apparently Roman,
especially one of bronze, and a bow-shaped fibula [Arch. "Joum. xv, 155]. It has been
suggested that Dunwich was the site of the station Sitomagus in the 9th Iter of Antoninus,
as it answers to the distance, 32 miles, from Venta Icenorum (Norwich or Caister ?) [Wright,
Celt. Rom. Sax. 135 ; 'Joum. Brit. Arch. Assoc, xxxii, 2i6, 217]. Numerous fragments of
Roman tiles and bricks are to be seen in all the ancient edifices of the place [ibid.]. The
inclosure of the Grey Friars abounds in fragments of Roman tile and other debris [Arch.
Journ. XXXV, 82]. In the Museum at Ipswich are some objects of bronze, doubtfully
Roman.

Easton. — Near Wickham Market. A Roman vault or grave was found in March 1850, at 'Rose's
pit,' by men digging for gravel. The vault was 4 ft. from the surface and about 2 ft. deep
and I ft. 6 in. wide. In it were five urns, some bones and teeth ; and a horn. Everything
was destroyed. In March 1851 another urn was found in this pit, and in 1853 seven or
eight more small Roman urns, one of which was full of bones and ashes. These fell to pieces
on exposure to the air. From the same pit was picked up a bronze fibula of common type
[youm. Brit. Arch. Assoc, viii, 159-60]. Some Roman coins with a flint arrow-head were
turned up in a brickfield here ; the coins were destroyed by the plough [Journ. Brit. Arch.
Assoc. X, 383].

Easton Bavents. — The remains of a boarded Roman well were observed in the clifF on the sea-
shore in the autumn of 1888, about 10 yards north of where some old farm-houses formerly
stood. A considerable quantity of pottery is said to have come from this well [Proc. Suff.
Arch. Inst, vii, 304].

Elveden. — Excavations were made in 1888-9 *>" the site of an ancient burial ground near Elveden,
and three large urns of brown ware were discovered. They had been deposited with their
necks downwards, and covered with a circular situla, of which some of the metal mountings
remained. Burnt bones were found outside the circle of the situla, but none were \yith the
urns. Some ornamentation of Celtic style on the mountings led to a controversy as to the
date of the remains, but it was concluded that they were Roman [Joum. Brit, Arch. Assoc,
xlv, 81 ; Arch. Rev. iv, 68 ; Antiq. xix, 1 81].

ExNiNG. — 'Mr. Martin had some Roman coins and fibulae found here in 1720' [Camden, Brit.
(ed. Cough), ii, 81]. Several coins of Trajan (a.d. 98-117), one of Maximian (a.d, 286-
308), one of Faustina (a.d. 138-41) were found on Newmarket Heath in the 1 8th century
[Excursions in Suff. i, 19, 91]; and a. fibula and coin, now in possession of Lord Lowther, were
found in levelling the course [MS. Min. Soc. Antiq. xxxvi, 42]. Several interments were
found in a gravel pit in Exning parish in 1832 and the following years. In 1832 pieces of

304

Bronze Lar or Household God (Hercules) found at Ccwlinge (})

Bronze Lar or Household God (Mercury) found at Flempto.n Hall Farm, Cowlinge (1)

ROMANO-BRITISH SUFFOLK

coarse black ware mixed with large sandy grit, and two small vases filled with ashes and bones,
were turned up, and at the same time appear to have been found five or six bronze objects
resembling padlocks with a loop at the top for suspension, but with a circular hole through
the centre. They were all of different sizes, the metal of which they were formed was very
thin, and they were filled with a light-coloured earth. Besides these were found an object
like a carpenter's gouge, spear-heads, an arrow-head, pieces of metal possibly parts of armour,
and masses of metal apparently fused by fire. In February 1833, in the same spot, two more
small earthen vessels were discovered, one 7 in., the other 9 in. high, filled with burnt bones,
together with a ' small stone pot,' and three days later came to light a nearly perfect skeleton.
It was found about 2 ft. 6 in. from the surface of the ground, lying upon its face, near the
vessels just mentioned. Round the neck was a necklace of beads of ring-like form, of glass,
the colours purple, yellow, and light green. One was veined, and opaque, another opaque,
formed in ridges and rough in texture. A small bronze tube was with these, probably the
fastening of the necklace. The arm of the skeleton was encircled by a bronze bracelet. At
a slightly later date and near the same place two more urns, one of which was 6| in. high,
filled with bones, were dug up together with a patera 6^ in. in diameter of so-called Samian
ware, with leaves on the rim. Other articles from the same site, and from a long trench at
a depth of loft. (?) were discovered in 1834. The list is as follows: a small glass bottle,
very thin and opalized ; a ring of wood, very black (probably Kimmeridge shale) ; a bronze
pin and chain ; various rings of bronze difFeiently ornamented, and one of twisted wire ; many
beads, some iron nails, and a fragment of a black pot. The greater number if not the whole
of the objects described were purchased by Mr. Davy [SufF. Coll. B.M. MSS. iii, 191 78,
216, 221; xix, 19095, 87, 1 16-18]. A vase of the shape called thumb-pot; a bracelet
of bronze with three ring-like beads threaded on it ; a vase of light brown earth and
a small globular vase ornamented with rows of dots in slip, are all figured in SufF. Illus. (Fitch
Coll.), xii. In the Museum, Bury St. Edmunds, are fragments of figured so-called Samian
ware ; three fragments of greyish ware with stamped ornament ; a chain (Acton Coll.) ; a
necklace of glass beads and amber ; the top of a bottle ; black ware ; a fragment of grey
ware with incised circles. In the Museum, Ipswich, is a large thumb-pot. In the British
Museum are a pot of grey ware with lines of dots in slip ; an upright pot of reddish drab
ware ; a jet spindle-whorl ; a lead pin ; a portion of a bone comb ; a bronze pin ; seven
armlets ; a neck-ring ; and a necklace of jet and glass beads. The smaller objects were
purchased in 1832-3.

EvB. — In 1733 a gold coin of Honorius (a.d. 395-423) was found at Hoxne near Eye [MS.
Min. Soc. Antiq. ii, 14]. A hoard of gold coins was discovered here, of which the following
is the first account : ' One day this week, as two labourers were digging in a sand-pit at
Eye . , . they struck their spades against a case covered with lead, within 2 ft. df the surface,
which gave way, and discovered upwards of 600 Roman gold medals . . . They are of the
purest virgin gold as fresh as if just coined . . . We hear Mr. Pitt, the proprietor of the soil,
has put in his claim' [Ipswich Journ. 19 May 1781]. A further notice speaks of these
coins as of the reigns of ' Valentinian (senior and junior) [a.d. 364-92], Gratian (a.d. 375-
83), Theodosius (a.d. 379-95), Arcadius (a.d. 383-408), and Honorius (a.d. 395-423)'
[Camden, Brit. (ed. Gough), ii, 90]. A mention is made that human bones were found nea
this treasure by Gillingwater {Hiit. of Lowestoft, 1790, p. 38 note; MS. Min. Soc. Antiq.
xviii, 2 (1781) ; Numis. Chron. (Ser. 3), xi, 10]. The hoard is said to have been turned up
on Clint Farm [Proc. Suff. Inst, of Arch, v, 109], and the spot is thus noted on the O.S. maps:
'Roman coins and coffin found about a.d. 1781 ' [O.S. 6-in. xxxvi, NE.]. A small wingless
Cupid in bronze 4 in. high was found at Eye (possibly Roman) [SuflF. Illus. (Fitch Coll.), xi].
Remains of a Roman building were discovered in 1857 Ifi"^* ^^gl- ^- ^"'^ Q- i, 249 ; O.S.
6-in. xxxvi, NE.].

Felixstowe. — Here was a Roman station known under the name of Walton Castle, formerly
existing on land near the village of Felixstowe, which has long been washed away by the
encroachments of the sea (see p. 287). The site of the cemetery attached to it still remains.
The following are the principal authorities for the former existence of the station : — A
communication from Dr. Knight to the Society of Antiquaries of London, which has been
inserted in the manuscript Minute Book of that society [i, 71, 2]. The letter is dated
28 November 1722 [J Tour in the Whole Island of Britain, by a Gentleman (ed. 3),
39-40]. Mr. T. Martin, in his account of the remains, which is dated 16 September 1725
[Church Notes, i, 185], says, ' About half a mile from the town (of Felixstowe) are the ruins of a
Roman fortification upon the brink of the clift (great part being already fallen down, a few
years are likely to put a period to the whole), 'twas built very substantially with rock-stone and

Roman brick. ' The portion of this wall of

I 305 39

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

the station, still standing in 1740, and the site generally, are described by J. Kirby [Suffjii
Traveller (ed. 2), 89-91]. Camden mentions Walton Castle, but not as a Roman station.
Gough in his 'Additions' to his edition of Camden speaks of 'a castle (at Walton), the
foundations 187 yds. long and 9 ft. thick . . . plenty of Roman coins and other anti-
quities found there' [Camden, Brit. (ed. Gough), ii, 85]. The mention of the length of wall
remaining is probably taken from Kirby. In Grose's account accompanying his text a view
apparently taken in 1 766 is given showing the remains of the wall lying upon the beach [Grose,
Antiq. of Engl, and (Fales ; Suppl. ii]. Besides the view of the ruined wall in Grose's account
others may be mentioned. There is a small sketch in Indian ink entitled ' Remains of Felixstow
Castle 1780,' the drawing being by Isaac Johnson, in vol. ii of SufF. Illus. (Fitch Coll.). Another
drawing in pen and ink, washed, was in the collection of the late Mr. Eyre of Ipswich. It pur-
ports to be a copy from a print in the possession of Mr. Oxburgh of HartclifF in Kent, the print
itself having been executed from a drawing made in 1700 by Thomas Bates of Ipswich. A
second copy of this print is in the collection of Miss Nina Layard of Ipswich. Neither print
nor original drawing is now traceable. These copies show the ruins of a circular bastion on the
edge of the cliff, evidently that of the one at the south-west angle of the station, with a small
portion of the south wall running seawards, and overhanging the precipice. Masses of the
same wall lie upon the beach. Mr. Eyre also had a tracing from a pen-and-ink outline
drawing washed with colour, of much earlier date than the last mentioned. Upon the
original drawing there appears to have been this inscription in writing of the 17th century :
'E Pros (?) Walton Caste!,' and it was signed in one corner 'John Sheppard 1623.' The
sea front of the station is represented entire, the edge of the cliff being in the foreground. A
circular bastion is seen at each angle, and a wide break about the centre of the front marks a
gateway. Beneath the view is a rough plan indicating that the walls of the station formed
a parallelogram with a bastion at each angle. The drawing from which this tracing was made
is not now to be found, and judging from the tracing it had the character of a sketch of the
1 8th rather than of the 17th century, although the writing on it seemed to be of the latter
period. Unless something more could be ascertained respecting the original drawing from
which the tracing in question was made, its value as an authority for the condition of the
remains early in the 17th century must be considered doubtful. Many objects of the Roman
period have been found about the site. Beginning with coins, it may be mentioned that Davy
[Suff. Coll. B.M. MSS. 19087, fol. 53-60] described a collection made at Felixstowe in the
years 1742-3-4, in full detail. The coins range from Pompey the Great (ob. 48 B.C.)
of whom there was one example, to Honorius (a.d. 395-423), and their total number amounted
to 420. This collection was the property of the Rev. W. Brown of Saxmundham, and at
the sale of his goods in 1827 it passed into the possession of the Rev. W. Layton of Ipswich.
Coins were found at a later date, of Victorinus (a.d. 265-8), Tetricus (a.d. 268-73), Urbs
Roma, Valens (2) (a.d. 364-78), and Gratian (a.d. 375-83) \yourn. Brit. Arch. Assoc, xiv,
271] ; also a gem of oval form, possibly a cornelian, engraved with a figure wearing a. petasus^
and with a panther skin hanging from one arm. In the right hand it held a poppy head and
wheat ear, and in the left a pedum [ibid. 339]. A find is recorded in 1749 of very small
Roman coins and some pieces of metal, as if melted in the fire, near Bawdsey Haven [MS.
Min. Soc. Antiq. v, 241]. During the process of digging for coprolites in the field known as
the Park near Felixstowe Church, many objects of the Roman period were turned up. Such
as were noted were as follows : — ;-Vase of so-called Samian ware, with hunting scenes and
ornament of oak leaves and acorns (purchased by the South Kensington Museum), flue tiles,
amphorae^ lagenae, a small glass phial, bronze pms, tweezers, a speculum, several fibulae and
gold rings, silver rings, some set with stones, a gold chain of twisted wire, and a bronze bracelet,
a bronze disk enamelled (a zxxqaAzx fibula ?), a bronze enamelled tag ox fibula, and other objects
in the same metal ; coins of gold, silver, and bronze, of Severus (a.d. 222-35), Gordian III
(a.d. 238-44), Gallienus (a.d. 253-68), Victorinus (a.d. 265-8), Constantine (a.d. 306-37),
and Arcadius (.\.D. 383-408). There was a great quantity also of mussel, periwinkle, and cockle
shells, and of snail shells. Many sepulchral urns were dug up containing bones and ashes,
closed in some instances with a cover, in others only with a stone {Proc. Soc. Antiq. (Ser. 2),
xi, 12, 14: 'Communication from Mr. E. St. F. Moore of Woodhridgc ']. In 1843 Prof.
George Henslow and his father found ' a sort of kitchen midden in the London clay cliff near
Felixstowe.' Rough pottery, bones, cores of deer horns, a skull, rusty nails, and a so-called
Samian vase, were among the objects discovered in it [Antiq. xlii, 283 (1906)]. The Roman
objects of bronze in the collection of Lord Londesborough from this site are a bust of
Mercury and several keys [Antiq. Etching Club Publ. iii, pi. 25]. In the Ipswich Museum
there are three flue tiles, perfect, one of large size with reeded ornamentation ; vessels of
ordinary ware, some probably cinerary urns ; a large thumb-pot of unusual size, and a harp-

306

ROMANO-BRITISH SUFFOLK

shaped ^ia/a 2^ in. long. Here are preserved an arm and a finger bone from one of the skele-
tons found by Prof. Henslovy, together with bronze bracelets. The objects added to the
museum in 1897 were fragments of vases of Durobrivian, Upchurch, and so-called Samian
ware (all plain) ; pieces of a glass vessel, one fragment of window-glass, and small portions of
roof and flue tiles. The animal remains consist of fragments of horns of red deer, &c., and
there arc some oyster shells.

In the Norwich Museum (Fitch Coll.) are preserved keys, tags of belts, tweezers, fibulae —
two perfect, two in fragments — nails, rings, a small bronze column 3 in. high, a figure of a
goat, a head of an animal, two small busts, one perhaps of Mercury, a leaf, a portion of a vase,
and fragments of ligulae. All these bronzes appear to be water-worn.

In the Bury Museum are a small vase with black glaze, presented by the late Lord John
Hervey, 1853; needles and bone pins (Acton Coll.); implement in bone, probably a mesh
gauge ; jet pins ; a double comb in bone, one button in shale and one in jet.

In the British Museum are bronze studs found here in a leaden coffin in 1853 > *^*
central band of an enamelled buckle ; a bronze toilet implement ; a brooch ; a pin ; beads ; an
armlet ; a necklace of glass beads and shell found in a glass urn with bone bracelets in 1853 5
glass beads, one being engraved ; a small rude flanged pan of dark drab ware, a pot of grey
ware ornamented with groups of dots in slip, a small black vase with glazed bands ; a small pot
of rough reddish grey ware ; and a reddish-grey vase with black bands. A vase of so-called
Samian ware of oval form has the body ornamented with a wide band and simple marginal
lines, this band having vine foliage, amongst which are interspersed figures of stags ; the
animals appear to be of slip, and resemble those seen on Durobrivian ware. This vase was
given by Sir A. W. Franks in 1881 [For site see O.S. 6-in. xc, NW. and SW.].

Fritton. — Half a mile to the north of Fritton Broad, in a small hillock, pieces of pottery are
occasionally found [Suckling, Hist. Suff. i, 353].

Glemsford. — A first brass coin of Antoninus Pius (a.d. 138-61) was found here [Proc. Bury and
Weit Suff. Arch. Inst, i, 235].

Grundisburgh. — Here were found a small pan of reddish cream-coloured ware, the top of the
neck of a vase with oval mouthpiece, so-called Samian, and an ampulla of buff ware. A
flat circular glass bead was discovered in 1848-50 [Davy, Suff. Coll. B.M. MSS. iii, 19178,
57]. Two terra-cotta lamps have also been found, and part of a third [Suff. lUus. (Fitch
Coll.), ii].

Haverhill. — In the summer of 1759, between Withersfield and Haverhill, a cemetery appears to
have been discovered. The site of it was in a disused lane, beside the old Roman road from
Cambridge to Colchester, near a rivulet under the wood by Haverhill Castle. In digging for
gravel at this spot many cartloads of human bones were removed besides complete skeletons.
In the same place the earth was black with the ashes of burnt bodies, and several large glass
urns had been found. The following is a list of objects found on this spot in the possession of
Mr. Barnard, then rector of Withersfield : A large white transparent glass vase, capable of
holding 2 gallons, with a ribbed handle and short neck ; a small bottle of transparent white
glass, filled with an unctuous substance ; another of the same character ; a round squat vessel
of transparent glass ; a small patera of so-called Samian ware standing on a foot, the rim orna-
mented with sprigs and leaves (it had a potter's mark which was not recorded) ; another,
without a foot, and a portion of a third, of the same ware ; a large urn of whitish ware of
coarse texture full of burnt bones ; another of the same ware with handle and straight neck, and
a small ordinary lamp of red ware. Besides these there were many pieces of urns and
paterae with ashes and partly burnt bones [Coles MS. B.M. MSS. v, 31, fol. 91^, 92, 92^,
93 ; MS. Min. Soc. Antiq. xi, 38 (1869)]. No coins were discovered.

Hawkedon. — An amphora of globular form deprived of neck and handles, within which were two
fragments of statuettes of pipeclay, both representing a nude type of the goddess Venus,
was found in draining the Glebe Farm [^Proc. Suff. Arch. Inst, vi, 2 pi]. A fragment of one of
these statuettes and the amphora are in the Museum, Bury St. Edmunds.

Hazlewood. — In May 1907 some excavations were made on 'Barber's Point,' a small sandy
mound near the River Aide, about 3 miles from Aldeburgh. Finds of rough pottery, oyster
shells, and other indications had led to the suggestion that a small settlement of some kind had
existed on the spot. No foundations were discovered, but a quantity of fragments of so-called
Samian and other ware, some bronze objects, iron nails, and hypocaust tiles were found, as well
as one stone spindle-whorl, a horse-shoe, masses of oyster and other shells, bones of animals
and birds, charcoal and burnt earth. It is thought possible that there may have been a villa on
the common near this site. The so-called Samian ware has been identified by Mr. R. A.
Smith, F.S.A., as follows : (i) A small patera, made at La Graufesenque in the is century.
The potter's name on it is quintvs in a lozenge. The dish is 5^ in. in diameter, 2 in. high.

307

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

(2) The base of a flat bowl, with Tasc on it, made at Lezoux. The name appears at
Aldborough (Isurium) in Yorkshire as Tascilli ; other specimens found at Colchester and in
London have been read as Tascilli. (3) A smaller fragment measured | in. in lower section
and I in. in upper section. (4) Part of a two-inch vase ; the potter's name on it was
obliterated. (5) Portions of a flat dish, i^ in. across. There were also a large portion of an
urn of dark grey ware and a mortarlum in two pieces, besides quantities of smaller fragments
[Prac. Suff. Arch. Inst, xiii (i), 25 (1907) ; Ant'tq. xliii, 243-4]. The bronze objects were as
follows : One small bronze bodkin with a knob head ; one thick bronze ring with two nicks in
it which may have been caused by articles suspended from the ring ; one pair of bronze tweezers,
with a circular pattern on the sides and a little loop of bronze wire at the upper end. A more
interesting find was a small diamond-shaped bronze locket, with a design of small circles on the
cover, and traces of blue enamel on it. The hinge and catch worked well, the under side had
four perforations in it, and a square notch on each of the sides showed where a chain may have
been passed through it. These lockets were originally thought to be seal cases, but were
probably either amulets or perfume cases. There are twenty-nine specimens from different
parts of England in the British Museum. Of these one is from Suffolk, but from what
precise locality is not known. Six specimens have been discovered in the county and are
preserved in different places, two in the Cambridge Museum. Five of them were found
at Wangford, Eriswell, Icklingham, Dunwich, and Hazlewood (Aldeburgh) \_Proc. Suff".
Arch. Inst, xiii, 2$ et seq.; Antiq. xliii, 243-4 ; N. F. Hele, Notes or Jottings about Alde-
burgh, 1870].

Helmingham. — Roman remains are said to have been found here, and were reported by the Rev. G.
Garden. The account given is not very definite, but the remains of a cemetery seem to have
been discovered in a little wood called ' The Wilderness,' adjoining the rectory garden [yourn.
Brit. Arch. Assoc, xxi, 267 et seq.]. A large number of skeletons, in very shallow cists, some
only 18 in. deep, were found. The spaces between the cists were filled in with calcined earth
and charcoal, the graves themselves being cut in the natural yellow clay and flint gravel. In
the made earth above were many fragments of Roman pottery and querns, a bronze fibula, and
a pair of bronze volsellae, biit in the cists with the bodies only jaw-bones and teeth of animals,
chiefly of bos longifrons and of the hog. No traces of clothing, ornaments, or coffins of any
kind were discernible. Some of the skeletons showed signs of previous mutilation, such as a
severed head, &c. Two had children of five or six years old resting on their right arms. It is
said that there were several hundred of these bodies, lying on their backs close together, with
feet to the east, in a remarkable state of preservation. The cemetery extended for some
distance under the rectory stable and garden to the churchyard \_Illus. Lond. News, 2 July
1864 ; 31 March 1866]. A leaden ampulla and fragments of urns and scattered human
bones were found in another place [^Proc. Sac. Antiq. (Ser. 2), ii, 420], and in 1844 a gold coin
of Vespasian (a.d. 69-79) ^^ discovered [Numis. Chron. vii, 192].

A common red pan and a black olla from this site are shown on the chart in Watling Coll.
in possession of Miss Nina Layard.

Herringfleet. — A Roman bronze vessel, with maker's name, quattenvs f., engraved on the
handle, was found in July I 742 and presented to Norwich Castle Museum by Col. H. M.
Leathes, of Herringfleet Hall [Gent. Mag. 1844, pt. i, 634 ; Suff Illus. (Fitch Coll.), iii ;
Arch. Journ. xxxvii, 151 ; xxxviii, 301 ; Proc. Suff. Arch. Inst, iii, 406 et seq. ; Ephemeris
Epigraphica, yii, no. 1167 ; Proc. Soc. Antiq. (Ser. 2), xvi, 237 et seq.].

Handle of Bronze Vessel from Herringfleet

Bronze V tastL from HtRRi.vcFLEtT

308

ROMANO-BRITISH SUFFOLK

HoLBROOK. — In 1 84 1 a discovery of coins was made at Holbrook — second brass of Diocletian (a.d.
284-305), Maximian (a.d. 286-308), Constantius Chlorus (a.d. 305-6), Constantine I
(a.d. 307-37), Constantius II (a.d. 337-61). They were in good preservation [Numii. Chron.
iv, 64 ; Ipswich Journ. 20 March 1841]. In 1853 fo""" third brass coins — (i) Maximin Daza
(a.d. 308-13), struck at Treves ; (2) Constantine the Great (a.d. 307-37), struck at Treves ;
(3) another struck in London ; and (4) a different mintage of the same coin — were found on
the banks of the Stpur \Proc. Suff". Arch. Inst, i, 151].

HoLLESLEY. — A vase of grey ware with broad band of incised waved ornament, now in the British
Museum, was found here.

Icklingham. — The following discovery is recorded by Salmon, who says : ' About three years ago
a Leaden Cistern was found here by a ploughman, the share striking against the edge of it.
The Treasure it had concealed was gone. The Cistern is in being ; it contains about sixteen
gallons, perforated on each side for Rings to lift it by. There is ornamental work on the
Outside of it, imitating Hoops of Iron, but cast with the Thing itself. On one side is a Mark
A, perhaps intending the Measure or the Use of it.' This cistern might possibly have been
Roman [Salmon, A New Surv. of Engl. (1730), i, 158 et seq.]. In 1720 Roman coins and
fibulae were found, three coins of Marcus Aurelius (a.d. 161-80), others of Victorinus (a.d.
265-8), Tetricus (a.d. 268-73), and Honorius (a.d. 395-423) [MS. Min. Soc. Antiq. i, 35,
173 (1725)]. A gold ring, exhibited at a meeting of the Society of Antiquaries of London,
was picked up in a field between Mildenhall and Icklingham with a figure on it, perhaps of
Mars, holding a Victory in his hand [MS. Min. Soc. Antiq. xxxv, 72]. Mr. Acton exhibited to
the same society a service of pewter, which consisted of one large flat round dish, two very
small dishes, two deeper round dishes, one square dish, one amphora, two standing dishes with
octagonal borders, and one little pan, found in 1839 by labourers trenching heath land ; these
articles lay l ft. 6 in. beneath the surface, and seem to have been hastily buried. Two second
brass coins, illegible, were turned up at the same place [Arch, xxix, App. 389 ; Proc. Soc. Antiq.
(Ser. 2), iv, 430]. A funnel-shaped vessel of bronze, which belonged to Mr. E. Acton in
1850 [Antiq. Etching Club, ii, pi. 46] was found here, and an urn of large size was dis-
covered in 1 85 1 in a sand-pit, from which pit many skeletons had been dug up at various
times {Proc. Suff. Arch. Inst, i, 343]. There were exhibited from this site in a temporary
museum at the Ipswich Congress of the British Archaeological Association two silver rings,
one silver fibula, ten bronze fibulae, five bronze bracelets, one glass ring or bracelet (black), and
one string of beads \yourn. Brit. Arch. Assoc, xxi, 345 ; C. Roach Smith, Coll. Antiq. iv, 95,
96]. There is mention of a coin of Honorius (a.d. 395-423) being found here [ibid, xxv,
82]. From the most southerly field of Dix's
Charity land were turned up by a man plough-
ing in July 1877 fragments of a vase of
Durobrivian pottery, and a hoard of coins, of
which the full number may have been about
400. The coins were all silver, and generally
in good condition. Shards of different kinds
of pottery were scattered about the spot where
they were found. The following is the list
of those which were saved : — Constantius I
(a.d. 305-6),!; Julian (a.d. 360-3), 19;
Jovian (a.d. 363-4), l ; Valentinian (a.d.
364-75), 28 ; Valens (a.d. 364-78), 73 ;
Gratian (a.d. 375-83), 41 ; Valentinian II
(a.d. 375-92)>9 ; Theodosius (a.d. 379-95),
43 ; Magnus Maximus (a.d. 383-8), 48 ;
Victor (a.d. 383-8)52 ; Eugenius (a.d. 392-4),
II ; Arcadius (a.d. 383-408), 51 ; Honorius
(a.d. 395-423), 22 ; in all 349 [Proc. Sufi]
Arch. Inst, iv, 282 et seq.]. A vase of Duro-
brivian ware was also found [ibid. 367 et seq.].
The remains of a house discovered in a field
called ' The Horselands ' were partially ex-
cavated by Mr. H. Prigg [Journ. Brit. Arch.
Assoc, xxxiv, 12 et seq.]. Objects observed
during the excavations included fragments of
different kinds of pottery, bones of animals,
including those of the horse, ox, goat, pig,

309

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Icklingham

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

fox, and hare ; with these, many shells of a large kind of oyster and of the common snail,
and part of a pearl mussel shell. Of metal there were three iron holdfasts, some nails, and an
axe-head of Saxon type. The coins discovered were all small brass, and much oxidized, the
most important being a Magnia Urbica (a.d. 282-5) and a Carausius (a.d. 286-93) °^ ^"
ordinary type.

Mr. H. Prigg found a large cemetery near Icklingham, in which the remains were all
of urn burial, the urns being of Roman manufacture. Such of the urns as he describes are,
however, of Saxon form \Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc, xxxvii, 154-5]. In the same cemetery was
found in April 188 1 a silver ring set with an intaglio representing a genius holding in one
hand a bunch of grapes and in the other two ears of corn [ibid. 214]. There is mention
of a leaden Roman coffin with nails about it in a Roman burial-place (possibly the same
cemetery) partly explored in 187 1, and of a Roman interment at Mitchell's Hill in Ickling-
ham parish \_Proc. Suff. Arch. Inst.vi, 56]. On Warren Hill, Icklingham, was found in 1877
a small head of Silenus in high relief, of red ware. It was probably part of horse-trappings or
had been worn as an amulet [Antiq. vii, 32 ; Proc. Camb. Antlq. Soc. 1 882]. Four tumuli in a
row, with a single one some distance south-east of them, are to be seen in a field less than a
quarter of a mile from Bernersfield Farm [O.S. 6 in. xxii, SE.], the site of a villa, and at
a bend of the road a short distance farther south some coffins found in 1877, which may
be Roman, are noted in the Ordnance maps [O.S. 6 in. xxxii, NE.]. In the museum.
Bury St. Edmunds, are a jar of bright red ware 6 in. high, 5^^ in. in diameter, and another
of the same ware, given in i860; three vases of red ware, given in 1861 ; a vase of
red ware and a black glazed globular urn, i ft. 6 in. high, presented by the Rev. — Gwilt ;
a bronze fibula ; bronze tweezers ; a bronze knife-handle, from a Romano-British cemetery
at Stone Pit Hill (Acton Coll.), a bow-shaped silver fibula, a gilt fibula, damascened with
silver, found with glass vessels in same cemetery. Five different bronze armillae from
the same cemetery (Acton Coll.), a roundel of white clear glass with a male bust in relief
and N, c in raised letters, another with a galley having two rowers (Warren Coll.), a
spindle-whorl in basalt i^ in. in diameter (Tymm Coll.), a bronze knife and chain. In
1867 fragments of a casket of bronze with rosettes and bands of embossed silver were
found and presented to the Society of Antiquaries by Mr. (afterwards Sir) John Evans, F.S.A.
\Proc. Soc. Antiq. iv, 1 30]. In the British Museum are a large pan of black glazed ware ; a small
one-handled bottle of red ware ; a bowl or basin of coarse red ware ; half a pair of bronze com-
passes ; a flat-headed pin ; a twisted bronze ring ; a boss ; four small keys ; two brooches ; a
weight ; eight armillae ; a pedestal ; a bone pin ; an armilla of Kimmeridge shale ; a square
pewter dish with circular sinking, and other plates and dishes, all purchased in 1844, and a
pewter vase of simple form without handles.

IcKWORTH. — A large pot of Roman coins found here is mentioned by Archdeacon Batteley [Camden,
£r;V.(ed. Gough),ii, 81].

Ilketshall St. John. — A billon denarius of Postumus, sen. (a.d. 259-69), was found on a farm
in the occupation of Mr. J. O. Wayling \East Angl. N. and Q. iii, 90].

Ingham. — A cemetery appears to have been found about the year 1823 or 1825 on land originally
heath, close to the Culford boundary towards the south end of the parish. The land sloped
upwards in a northerly direction from marshy meadows, through which flowed a stream running
from Livermere through Culford to fall into the River Lark. In a field here, lying on the
eastern side of a shallow depression bounded by a ditch, was the site of the cemetery. The
report of a labourer of the name of Ban ham, who afterwards became parish clerk of Ingham,
and who as a young man worked on the Hall Farm, on which this spot was situated, is to the
following effect : — He, with other men, one harvest time about the year mentioned, was set,
owing to an interruption of the harvest work by wet weather, to dig over the spot in question,
and they turned over the surface for the space of 4 rods. A dozen pots were found, and various
bottles and other things, which were all delivered to Mr. Worlledge, the then tenant of the
farm. No metal seems to have been foimd with the pottery ; only fragments of bone, and
patches of dark soil. An urn of red pottery, presumably a cinerary urn, 9^^ in. high, was
discovered in 1825, 2 ft. below the ground, together with a patera of so-called Samian ware,
on this farm, which may have come from this cemetery. At a later date the upper stone of a
quern of pudding stone was dug up ; it was 18 in. in diameter, and showed traces of an iron
rim and central point [Proc. Sufi'. Arch. Inst, i, 230 ; vi, 52]. The urn is in the museum, Bury
St. Edmunds. Another cemetery was discovered in 1873, when the railway between Bury
St. Edmunds and Thetford was in course of construction. The site is in a field called Cow-
path Breck, west of the road to Thetford, and between it and the farm road to Bodney Barn.
Nineteen interments at least were observed, and the bodies appear to have been buried in coffins,
the nails of which were found. Interment no. i (close to the fifth milestone from Bury) was

310

ROMANO-BRITISH SUFFOLK

4 ft. 6 in. below surface, in a north and south direction with head to north. Iron nails were
found with it and pieces of a globular urn of dark ware. The skull and long bones remained.
Twenty yards to the north occurred interment no. 2, at a depth of 5 ft. in the same direction
as no. I. There was a skeleton fairly entire, and only nails were found with it. Some yards
farther in advance were fragments of n large vase of red ware covered with cream-coloured
slip, which had contained calcined human bones. Some way from it lay an urn of red ware,
but not of the same kind as the vase.. A group of rubbish pits was found not far off. From
these came some animal bones and pieces of pottery, some of coarse ware with a ' stellate pattern
in relief.' Interment no. 3 was at the same depth as no. 2. It contained the skeleton of a
woman buried in a coffin ; the direction of the grave was east and west. At the head, to the
west, was a cup of Durobrivian ware, 6^ in. high. Amongst the bones were more than a dozen
horses' teeth. No. 4 was 44 ft. north of no. 3 ; the bones were much decayed, and had
nothing with them. No. 5 was 34 ft. farther, on the west edge of the railway cutting. The
bones lay in an east and west direction, and were much decayed. With them was a fragment
of coarse red ware with two dogs and a boar upon it, perhaps part of a vase of Durobrivian
ware. No. 6 was 1 7 ft. farther on the east side of the cutting, where at a depth of 3 ft. 6 in.
in a long coffin lay the skeleton of a man well-preserved, the skull perfect, with the head to the
north-east. Owing to untoward circumstances this was the last interment carefully observed,
but there is a record of twelve more. Nails were seen in some of the graves ; the bones were
generally much decayed. The graves appeared to lie across the line of the railway cutting ;
that is, they would have been in an east and west direction. Many no doubt were not recorded.
The site of the cemetery was not far from Icklingham [ibid, vi, 41 etseq.].

Ipswich. — A tall vessel of Castor ware with slip ornament, a globular urn inclosed in a larger
urn which was broken, the head of a vase of white ware, 2|^in. across, with a fragment of
handle and on the opposite side a female head, the details of head and a rude cross mark
being in brown paint, were found on Bolton Farm, Ipswich, in September 1863 [Suff. lUus.
(Fitch Coll.), ii]. A globular vessel with large circular incised ornament on it, a vessel
with short neck and handle, an urn and another globular vessel with short neck and
handle were found in digging the foundations of Paul's Brewery [ibid. iii]. A fihu/a in
the form of a bee, and a bronze lamp in the shape of a dog, the head lost, were found
near Ipswich in 1883 [Proc. Soc. Antiq. (Ser, 2), 98-9]. Fragments of Roman pottery were
found in High Street, and a vase and other pottery from the site of the new Gas Offices in
Carr Street \_Proc. Suff. Arch. Inst, vii, 368]. A tetina of brown ware was found in 1862 when
the new bank was built [Chart, Watling Coll., in possession of Miss Nina Layard]. In
excavations on the site of the Carmelite Convent fragments of pottery at depths ranging
from 10 ft. to 23 ft. have been brought up, but although some of these fragments have a
certain resemblance to pottery of the Roman period, it is scarcely possible to identify any of
them as of that age. Nothing definitely Roman appears to have been found [^Arch. yourn.
Ivi, 236]. At Gippeswyk Hall, near Ipswich, some fragments of so-called Samian and other
Roman pottery were discovered in February 1897 \^Antiq.xx\\y 17]. In 1902 two large urns
of brown ware, wheel-turned and sun-baked, were found in some sand-pits at 'The Dales.'
They were standing upright, in a small cave, like a hollow roughly formed in the ground, and
were both empty. One pot had a cover, and they were both ornamented, one with moulded
bands in relief, the other with incised indentations. The larger, with cover, was 15 in. in
height, 1 1 in. in diameter ; the smaller 7 in. in height, 4J in. across the widest part. Pottery
has been found in the brickfields on the Norwich road, and at Westerfield, where the railway
line crosses the road, several more or less perfect examples have been discovered [Proc. Suff.
Arch. Inst, xi, 338 (1901-3)]. In the Museum, Ipswich, is a pot-shaped vase, found in carrying
out sewage works in Burlington Road. In the Museum, Bury St. Edmund's, are two bronze
/ibu/ae and a chain (Acton Coll.). There is also a bronze chain in the Castle Museum, Norwich
(Fitch Coll.). In the British Museum is a bronze vessel found in the garden of Cardinal
Wolsey's College, and purchased in 1857.

IxwoRTH. — A bronze ^bu/a was found here in 1834. It was circular, convex, and set with
concentric zigzag circles of enamel. With it at the same time was turned up a silver coin of
Septimius Severus (a.d. 193-21 1), and from the same spot a few bronze coins. In 1838 some
pieces of pottery were dug up in digging the foundations for the parsonage. In 1846 more
pottery was found, part of a glass vessel, the tusk of a boar, and the skull of an ox with the
horn cores remaining. In 1834, near the road to Stowlangtoft, about half a mile south of the
village, the remains of a chamber with an apsidal end, and with a pillared hypocaust, were
discovered in the course of ploughing. Though attention was called to the discovery in
the following spring (1835), no further investigation was made until 1849, when the place
was cleared for the inspection of members of the Suffolk Institute at a meeting at Ixworth.

3"

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

The main objects discovered included a grotesque mask, part of a vase, some black pottery, and
a. small bronze coin of Constantine I (a.d. 307-37). A silver coin, of which the inscription
was illegible, had been picked up before the excavation of the site [Proc. Suff. Arch. Inst.
i, 74 et seq. ; O.S. 6 in., xxxiv, SW.]. In the churchyard was dug up a circular bronze
^bula with eight semicircular projections. It was enamelled in blue, yellow, and perhaps red,
and was l^ in. in diameter [Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc, viii, 364]. A bronze circular fibula,
gilt, was hoed up in a field where other Roman remains have been found \_Proc. Suff. Arch.
Inst, ii, 275]. Other bronze fibulae were also discovered [ibid, iii, pi. pp. 296, 402]. From
the churchyard have been obtained at different times the following coins : — i Antoninus Pius
(a.d. 138-61), first brass; 2 the same, middle brass; 1 Trajan (a.d. 98-117); I small brass
of Licinius (a.d. 307-24) ; i small brass of Constantine I (a.d. 307-37) [£<7jr Angl. N. and Q.
j 437]. A bronze key found here was shown in the temporary museum at the Ipswich
Concrress of the British Archaeological Association [Journ. xxi, 345], and a shield-shaped
bronze enamelled fibula is recorded [ibid, xxviii, 282; xxix, 90]. Fragments of so-called
Samian ware have also been found, and a vase of the same with hunting subjects (1840)
[SufF. Illus. (Fitch Coll.), ixx]. Roman Key [Museum, Bury St. Edmund's]. A denarius
of the Rubria family, restored by Trajan, was picked up at Ixworth in 1852 [Numis.
Chron. xv, 59]. The handle of a sword in bronze was also found here, and some enamelled
fibulae [C. Roach Smith, Coll. Antiq. iv, 95-6].

Kelsale. About Kelsale Lodge many urns were found of ordinary black ware, and vessels of

various shapes in red and buff ware [Chart, Watling Coll., in possession of Miss Nina
Layard].

Kbsgrave. — A roundel in terra-cotta and a medallion in terra-cotta, Bestiarius and lion, from here
are now in the Museum, Bury St. Edmund's [Acton Coll.].

Kettleburgh. — A small vase of grey ware was found here [Davy, Suff. Coll. B.M. MSS. iii,
19178, fol. 237].

KiRTON. — A large pot-shaped urn found here is now in the Ipswich Museum.

Lakenheath. — Not far from Feltwell (Norf.) wal found a small pot containing brass Roman coins
\yourn. Brit. Arch. Assoc, xxxvi, 1 04]. Found here, and now in the British Museum, are a
circular bronze brooch, four pewter plates, another circular brooch bought in i87i,a number of
iron fragments, hinges, an adze-head, bill-hooks, a padlock, the handle of a bucket, a knife,
&c., presented by Mr. Walter K. Foster, F.S.A., in 18S2 ; a small blackish drab vase and a
large vase of coarse blackish-brown hand-made ware, ornamented with a broad band of
incised cross lines making a diamond pattern, the rim flat, with three ribs.

Lavenham. — Coins were found in 1823 near the site of the manor house, third brass of Domitian
(a.d. 81-96), of Hadrian (a.d. 117-38), and of Faustina (a.d. 138-41). A silver coin,
perhaps of Trajan (a.d. 98-117), was found in 1826 [Davy, Suff. Coll. B.M. MSS. i, 19077,
fol. 371]. A fragment of a glass vessel was found inclosing a small quantity of liquid of a
pinkish colour, with a white sediment ; the glass was of pure white crystalline texture [Arch.
Journ. iii, 69]. A labourer, on 10 June 1874, ploughing in a field near Lavenham Lodge
[O.S. 6-in. Ixiii, NE.] came upon a rude earthenware urn about a foot beneath the surface
of the ground, containing 197 silver coins, of which 183 were saved and the rest dispersed.
The following is the list of those saved : — M. Antonius (ob. B.C. 30), 3 ; Augustus (b.c. 27-
A.D. 14), 1; Tiberius (a.d. 14-37), '5 Claudius (a.d. 41-54), i; Nero (a.d. 54-68), 4; Galba
(a.d. 68-9), 4; Otho (a.d. 69), I; Vitellius (a.d. 69), 4; Vespasian (a.d. 69-79), 65; Titus
(a.d. 79-81), 23 ; Domitian (a.d. 81-96), 42 ; Nerva (a.d. 96-8), 6; Trajan (a.d. 98-117),
28 ; in all 183 [Proc. Suff. Arch. Inst, iv, 414 et seq.].

Lowestoft. — At a place called Bloodmore Hill, between Lowestoft and Pakefield, a barrow was
excavated in 1758 and a skeleton was discovered, with a gold coin and an engraved onyx set
in gold hung round its neck. The coin had the word avitus on it, and a copper coin with
the same inscription was also found [MS. Min. Soc. Antiq. viii, 318 (1761)].

Martlesham. — The base of a bronze equestrian figure found here, with a dedication to Mars
Corotiacus from Simplicia, made by Glaucus [Hubner, Corp. Inscr. Lot. no. 93], is now in
the British Museum.

Melford, Long. — ' Many years since several Roman urns were dug up here in a gravel pit *
[Excursions in Suff. i, 19, 59]. In March 1 823, at a distance of 300 yds. from the River
Stour, near Mr. Almack's house, some workmen digging for gravel came upon a glass vessel
at a depth of 6 ft. from the surface, together with two urns. The vessel and the urn stood
upright at a distance of 2 ft. fi-om each other, and the former was covered by a patera reversed,
as a lid. It had contained calcined bones. The larger of the two urns had a coin in the
mouth, too much corroded for identification. Both urns appear to have held ashes. Near
where this discovery was made skeletons, with broken urns and coins of Hadrian (a.d. 117-38)

312

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Medallion in Terra Cotta from Kesgrave ([)

Square Pewter Dish and other pieces from Icklin<.ham (.iLiout })

Base of Bron/e Ficure from Martlesham (British Museum) (|)

ROMANO-BRITISH SUFFOLK

Shpt ef lAt tona.

Vespasian (a.d. 69-79), &c., had been dug up at different times \Arch. xxiii, App. 394-5 5
MS. Min. Soc. Antiq. xxxiv, 618 ; xxxv, 519]. Coins have been found on land called
Stoney Land, and in a meadow, the property of Mr. Churchyard, a small vase, a patera of
so-called Samian ware and more coins. The two fields are not far from each other \Proc.
Suff". Arch. Inst, i, 223]. Some urns and a small cup of green glass found here were exhibited
at a meeting of the Suffolk Archaeological Institute at Melford by Mr. Almack, at which
meeting a second brass of Vespasian (a.d. 69-79) was also shown [Ibid, ii, 96-97]. Drawings
of two vases of brown buff ware, wide mouthed and low, are amongst the Suffolk Illustrations
[{Fitch Coll.), xxv], and are also figured on a chart in the Watling Collection, now in
possession of Miss Nina Layard. The glass vase found in 1823 was presented bjr Sir
W. Parker to the British Museum in 1825.
Mellis. — The lower stone of a quern was found here [Proc. Suff. Arch, Inst, ii, 277].
Melton. — The discovery of a Romano-British tile kiln was made here in December 1846, in a
field occupied at the time by Mr. Isaac Churchyard. Mr. Churchyard's bailiff, having observed
that the corn in a particular part of the field was much more luxurious than the rest, was
induced to examine into the cause of it ; he accordingly dug a hole on the spot. At the
depth of about 4 ft. he came to a considerable number of large tiles, laid in regular order upon
each other to the depth of 3 ft. or more ; between each layer of tiles was a layer of loam of like
thickness. Later Mr. Churchyard caused a more extensive opening to be made. At a depth
of about 5 ft. a level floor was discovered, apparently of clay, but hardened by the action of
fire. On the right-hand side of this floor, the tiles had been piled up in a regular way in
courses, to the depth of about 4 ft., and for the length of 10 ft. or more ; on the opposite side
of this pile was another of the same kind, but it does not appear to have extended more than
3 ft. or 4 ft. from the east end ;
the space between these two
piles was not more than 3 ft.
These piles were thoroughly
burnt and fit for use. At the
east end was a similar pile of
tiles in the state in which they
were when they came from
the manufacturer's hands ;
these had also the layer of
loam or clay between each
course ; the fire had never
reached them, and they were
as easily cut through with the
spade as they would have
been the moment they came

out of the mould. Some hundreds, perhaps, of the tiles were extracted, and about forty or fifty
uninjured ones were preserved ; the following are their dimensions : length, 14 in. ; breadth,
lof in. ; thickness, i^ in. There were besides portions of roof and flue tiles, having the
opposite edges turned up about 2 in. The dimensions are : length, 6| in. ; breadth between
the turned up edges, 6 in. ; and the thickness f in. ; on the upper side lines were scored, in a
very rough manner, by way of ornament. The earth of which these tiles are made is of good
quality, but the manufacture is very coarse. The only other object found was a small
fragment of pipe, the diameter of which inside may have been about 2^ in., and the thickness
about f in. ; at one end there is a shoulder of about half the thickness of the pipe, which is
left in order that the next piece of pipe might be fitted into it. At the west end of the
excavation appeared a considerable quantity of wood ashes, and this was probably the mouth of
the furnace. The land slopes to the west, and the opening of the kiln was, no doubt, at that
point. The whole of the soil which has been removed is red, as if formed of powdered tiles,
mixed, however, here and there, with pieces of a hard, coarse, white substance, which, upon
being broken, have a disagreeable pyritic smell [Davy, Suff. Coll. B.M. MSS. xxxvii, 191 13,
fol. 194, a and h'\.
MiCKFiELD. — A black urn of ordinary type, a smaller one of red ware, and a bottle-shaped one-
handled vase of buff ware were found here [Chart, Watling Coll., in possession of Miss Nina
Layard].
MiLDENHALL. — In 1 833 a glass vase containing ashes was found with other remains in the
parish ; it was destroyed by the labourers who dug it up, and two clay vessels con-
taining Roman coins were discovered not fiir from the same spot [Arch, xxv, App. 609 :
Proc. Suff. Arch. Inst, i, 24; MS. Min. Soc. Antiq. xxxvi, 312]. A bronze head was

» 313 40

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Cities

u

Plan of Tile Kiln at Melton

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

found at Kenny Hill about three miles north of Mildenhall [Proc. Soc. Antiq. (Ser. 2), xiv,
155). A cinerary urn with burnt bones ; a portion of a quern of lava ; three bronze dishes,
one within the other ; a bronze winged figure holding flowers ; a dagger with ivory (?) handle
and some coins, silver and bronze, were all found in Mildenhall Fen [Proc. Suff. Arch. Inst.
i 312-13]. Lying on the clay under 6 ft. of vegetable mould in another fen near Mildenhall
were found a portion of a concave mirror, the handle of bronze 3 in. long, and near it a bronze
hand 2^ in. long, the fingers extended, evidently part of a figure which was not found ; two
blue and white glass beads, and a button of transparent light green glass f in. in diameter.
At the same time and place were found coins of Hadrian (a.d. 117-38), Vespasian (a.d.
69-79), and Constantine I (a.d. 307-37) [ibid. 310 et seq.], and a ring with a female figure at
an altar, engraved on an amethyst set in silver [ibid, iii, 406]. A vase of Durobrivian ware
was ploughed up at West Row in 1869 [ibid, iv, 374]. In 1897 a 'canister' of Roman
coins weighing about 5 lb. was found in a field, but no particulars have been recorded \_Antiq.
xxxiii, 1 7, Haverfield, ' Quarterly Notes ']. In the Museum, Bury St. Edmunds, in one of the
earthen pots containing coins, a glass vase having an inscription in relief, found near Holywell
Row in 1833, and a small black vase, exhibited, and the latter presented, by Sir Henry
Bunbury ; also a steelyard hook, chain and loops in bronze (Acton Coll.).

NowTON. — A fragment of a quern of pudding stone was found here [Proc. Suff. Arch. Inst, i, 304
et seq.].

Pakenham. — A tessellated pavement was discovered in this parish on Redcastle Farm in grass-land
near the farm-house. It was preserved for a time, but was finally destroyed by cattle getting
into the inclosure which had been made for its protection [Camden, Brit. (ed. Gough), ii, 81 ;
Proc. Suff. Arch. Inst, i, 74]. A burial-place was opened early in the 19th century by a man
digging for brick earth. This appears to have been at a spot near Pakenham Mill. The
report of the man who made the discovery was to the effect that he found a square place full
of pots set in rows. He could not tell the number, but there were a great many, and they
were of a dark colour. Mr. Sharpe of Ixworth, who saw them, reports that several of them
had covers. No care was taken to preserve them [ibid. 75]. One of these urns is figured on
a chart in the Watling Coll. in the possession of Miss Nina Layard, where it looks like a Roman
cinerary urn. In digging for gravel in 1844, 'w perfect skeletons were discovered, also
fragments of pottery, parts of two bronze plated spoons, hairpins in bone and bronze, a stylus,
a piece of stag's horn, and an iron object. Besides these there was a bronze handle of good
workmanship which, from fragments of wood adhering to it, may have belonged to the lid of a
box holding some of the articles mentioned. At a somewhat later date, a coin of Constans
(a.d. 337-50) was turned up. In 1845 a bronze bracelet and an ^nzmeWtd. fibula were found
[Proc. Suff. Arch. Inst, iii. Figs. 5 and 6, pp. 296, 402-3 ; C. Roach Smith, Coll. Ant'tq.
iv, 95-6], four or five urns of common ware, not cinerary, and some fragments of so-called
Samian ware, together with pieces of thick buff ware and a large brass coin of Nerva
(a.d. 96-8), were likewise found [Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc, i, 138 ; Proc. Suff. Arch. Inst.
i, 74 et seq.]. A silver coin of Julia Domna (died a.d. 217) with reverse of Geta
(a.d. 211— 12) was found in a village adjoining Ixworth (Pakenham?) [Journ. Brit. Arch.
Assoc, vi, 445]. The traces of a Roman road occur in this parish on the Queach Farm,
tenanted by Mr. Waites Matthew. When a ditch was cut through the line of the road
in 1856, the section showed gravel about 10 yds. wide and about 1 ft. thick at the crown.
The road passed through fields formerly part of Pakenham Heath, and near it was a place
called Puttocks Hill, where was once a tumulus. As far as it is possible to trace it, its
course is roughly east and west. In a small field, where the line of it can be most clearly
seen, was found a brass coin of Trajan (a.d. 98-117) and a harp-shaped enamelled fibula
[Proc. Suff. Arch. Inst, i, 74 ; ii, 212, 221 ; O.S. 6-in. xxxiv, SW.]. A mortarium was
found on Messrs. Burrell and King's land, on the south-west side of Ixworth Bridge
[Proc. Suff. Arch. Inst, vii, 214]. A denarius of Tiberius (a.d. 14-37) '^^ found in a
field at a fork of the roads through Pakenham to Bury and Thurston station [Raven,
Hist, of Suff. 26].

Peasenhall. — Close to the remains of Sibton Abbey, a quarter of a mile north-east of the village
of Peasenhall, are traces of a ' supposed Roman road running north of east and some 600 ft.
long' [O.S. 6-in. xxxviii, SE.].

Playford. — A vase 6 in. high, the same m diameter, found here in an old fosse is now in the
Museum, Bury St. Edmunds.

Poslingford. — A Roman coin, a brass weight and a key were found at the Hall [Proc. Suff. Arch.
Inst, i, 87 et seq.].

Redgrave. — An urn was dug up here about 3 ft. 6 in. in circumference [ibid, i, 148]. This may
be the one of buff ware from Redgrave preserved in the Museum, Bury St. Edmunds.

3H

ROMANO-BRITISH SUFFOLK

RoUGHAM. — Close to the highway at the junction of the roads to Hessett and Bradfield St. George,
is a mound called Eastlow Hill, and not far from it two mounds between 50 ft. and 60 ft. in
diameter. Various objects of the Roman period have been discovered in the neighbourhood
from time to time. The land where these mounds stood had been common land until about
1813. About 250 yds. east of these tumuli were discovered remains of buildings, and in the
middle of the field traces of a floor were uncovered, composed of a bed of pounded tile and
mortar, and upon that a layer of white calcareous stucco [Gent. Mag. 1843, P*- ''> ^9°) 5^8].
The barrows mentioned (of which there were four, not three) were examined by Prof. Henslow
in 1843 ^"'^ 1844. His long and elaborate accounts are here condensed. These barrows lay in
a continuous line north-east and south-west, the one called Eastlow Hill being the largest. In
July 1843 labourers were employed in taking earth from the most northerly of the smaller
barrows, when they came upon a cist of tile which appears to have been a cube of 2 ft. Hollow
flue tiles as well as the ordinary tiles were used in its construction, and the roof was of a single
layer of large flat tiles. Within were found a large iron lamp with a short handle, and a square
urn of green glass filled with burnt human bones. The urn was Sin. square, 12 in. to the
shoulder, and 1 6 in. full height, and the mouth 2f in. in diameter. The cist, according to the
workmen, contained nothing else. The next barrow, to the south-west, was opened
1 5 September of the same year, by cutting a trench 4 ft. wide across the middle of it, in a
north-east and south-west direction. In diameter it was 54 ft. and in height from the ground
about 6 ft. In the centre and beneath the surface of the soil lay a cist or chamber built of
tiles, each 17 in. long, 12 in. broad, and 2 in. thick. The chamber measured slightly over
2 ft. square (2 ft. 2^ in. by 2 ft. i in.). It was 2 ft. 3 in. high from the floor to the crown of
the straight-sided arch covering it, formed of five courses of tiles overlapping each other till
they were covered by a row of single tiles at the top. Heaped above the cist was a mass of
broken brick rubbish, then a layer of loam somewhat rounded above the natural ground level,
and finally a coating of pounded brick and mortar. The cist contained the following objects :
(i) An urn of bluish-green glass with broad reeded handles, the body nearly spherical, and
about 9 in. in diameter, the neck 4 in. long and the opening of the mouth 3 in. wide. It had
a foot 4 in. across. It had fallen in pieces and lay heaped up with the burnt bones it had
contained. (2) A lachrymatory or perfume bottle of glass, in form a long neck with a small
flattened body, had been placed on the bones within the urn and contained a brown matter.
(3) A coin, apparently second brass, but illegible. (4, 5) Two small plain jars of coarse
black ware, the one 3 in. high and 2 in. in diameter, the other 3^ in. high and 3 in. in diameter.
They lay on their sides near the cinerary urn, and had perhaps been painted and gilt. (6) A
spherical pitcher of coarse bufF ware, 10 in. high and 8 in. in diameter, with a narrow neck
and one handle. (7) A similar vessel of smaller size. (8) A patera of so-called Samian ware,
7 in. in diameter with a potter's stamp badly impressed, the name might be eifvsa. Near this
were fragments of bone, perhaps the handle of a knife. (9) A very similar patera, of the
same diameter, with potter's mark albvci. (10) A third patera, a trifle smaller, potter's mark
MICCIOF. This one had in it some chopped fragments of unburnt bone and pieces of the
neck bone of an ox. (11) Another patera, potter's mark illiomrin. (12) An iron lamp
hung from a twisted iron rod driven into the south-west wall of the chamber. The lamp was
5 in. long and open at the top. It had remains of a wick in the nozzle. (13) Two iron
rods 3^ in. long, possibly handles of a small wooden chest or casket, traces of which lay in the
east corner of the cist. Pieces of burnt bones were found lying near patera no. 10, which
appeared to have been covered either with gold dust or gold leaf. The third and last of the
small barrows was opened 22 September. It had been so much injured by the removal of
earth, and by a road having been formed across it, that the exploration had but indiflFerent
results. Two cinerary urns containing some bones, which appeared to have been placed upon
the surface of the natural soil, were found and a few pieces of pottery, among them two
fragments of so-called Samian ware. No signs of any cist were discovered. Prof. Henslow,
in the following year (4 July 1 844), opened the largest and last of this group of four barrows,
called Eastlow Hill. A tunnel was driven into the mound towards its centre and at a distance
of 50 ft. from the foot a tomb was reached. This stood on the level of the natural soil upon
a square platform of concrete, and was a diminutive model of a roofed building. It was
constructed of flint rubble with rows of tile and tile quoins, and gabled at each end, the roof
consisting of four rows of tiles on each side, with a ridge of flue tiles. In the rectangular
chamber formed by this masonry was found a skeleton of a man inclosed in a leaden shell, the
body having been wrapped in the hide of some beast, as there was hair with the bones. Also,
from the mass of carbonaceous matter at the bottom of the tomb, and from the nails from
2 in. to 1 2 in. long, lying with it, it was clear that the leaden shell had been inclosed in a
wooden coffin. This shell measured 6 ft. 9 in. in length by I ft. 5 in. in breadth, and had a

315

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

depth of I tt. 4 in. The little rectangular chamber appears to have been just large enough to
contain the coffin, and was covered by an arch turned with brick. At the head of the tomb
was a small addition extending beyond the concrete platform. There was nothing about it
to tell for what purpose it had been used. No objects appear to have been found with this
interment [Henslow, Account of Roman Antiq. at Rougham near Bury St. Edmunds, 1843;
Bury Posty^ The Roman Tumulus, Eastlow Hill, Rougham, opened 4 July 1844'; Proc.
Suff. Arch. Inst, iv, 257 et seq.]. Reference is made by Prof. Babington in his introduction to
the reprint of these papers [ibid.] as to the state of the barrows in June 187 1. Only two
then remained, the large one, and one of the three smaller ones. The large barrow, Eastlow
Hill, had an elliptical rather than a circular form and was four times larger than the other.
It was 17 ft. high. The tunnel made in 1844 was still open and the tomb within the
barrow could still be seen in situ. The roof was for the most part intact, and the bones of the
skeleton yet lay within the chamber, although the skull had been removed to the Anatomical
Museum at Cambridge, and the leaden coffin to the Fitzwilliam Museum at the same place.
The barrow which had contained the cist with the glass urn and much pottery yet existed,
showing the trench cut through it. It measured 56 ft. in diameter and was then something
less than 5 ft. high. A bronze lamp found in one of the tumuli at Rougham was shown at a
meeting of the Suffolk Institute at Thetford 29 September 1849 [Proc. Suff. Arch. Inst, i, 150;
Reliq. and Illus. Archit. viii, 127-30 ; O.S. 6 in. xlv, SW.]. A full-sized model of the
small chamber found in the second barrow described is to be seen in the museum at Bury St.
Edmunds, containing all the antiquities found in it. These were presented to the museum by
the owner of the estate, Mr. P. Bennet of Rougham Hall. A number of fragments of plain
and figured so-called Samian ware, dug up at Rougham, have lately been deposited in the same
museum (1899).

Santon Downham. — A hoard of British coins was found near Brandon to the south of the Little
Ouse, amongst them two second brass {dupondii) of the Emperor Claudius (a.d, 41-54). The
probable date of the deposit was from a.d. 50 to 55 [Arch. Journ. xxvii, 92 et seq.; t^um.
Chron. (Ser. 2), ix, 319]. See Appendix.

Snape. — In the British Museum is a pot of pale buff ware ornamented with a chequer of slip dots,
found in this parish. In 1862, among Saxon and earlier relics a thumb ring of gold set with
an undoubtedly Roman intaglio was found on the common \Proc. Soc. Antiq. (Ser. 2), ii, 1 81],

SoTTERLEY. — Between Sotterley and Weston an olla of ordinary form was found [Chart, Watling
Coll. in possession of Miss Nina Layard].

SouTHWOLD. — A middle brass coin of Constantius I (a.d. 305-6) ploughed up here had on the re-
verse, memoria FELIX, and there was a hole through it for suspension [Proc. Soc. Antiq. ii, 184].

Stanton. — About a quarter of a mile from the village a good many fragments of Roman pottery
and some coins were found [Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc, iv, 72].

Stoke Ash. — 'Drawings were exhibited (at a meeting of the Brit. Arch. Assoc. 1868) by Mr. H.
Watling, of Roman remains consisting of ollae and other vessels of red and dust-coloured ware
found at Stoke Ash. On the handle of an amphora was" stamped enn ivl (Ennius Julianus),
and among the so-called Samian ware was a portion of a fine bowl with hunting subjects,
bearing the stamp albvci ' [Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc, xxiv, 394]. A group of this pottery is
figured on one of Mr. Watling's charts of Roman remains in Suffolk [Watling Coll. in posses-
sion of Miss Nina Layard] and shows, besides the bowl previously mentioned, a small fragment
of figured so-called Samian ware with a rabbit upon it. The stamp on the handle of the amphora
is thus given, enniy. There is also a plan of the site where the pottery was found, which
shows spots in fields east and west of the main road, and south of an inn called the ' White
Horse ' between it and the river. On the east side of the road, which runs due north, sepul-
chral urns were discovered, one reversed, the mouth covered by a tile. It is also noted on the
chart referred to that the bed of the river contained a great quantity of animal bones and
shards of pottery. Some coins were found, amongst them one of Crispus (a.d. 317-26).
From Stoke Ash the road (presumably a Roman one) goes north by Scole, Dickleburgh, and
Long Stratton, to Caister (Norf.), and it is said by the road-makers that there is a great
difference in its character to the north and south of the White Horse Inn [Raven, Hist, of
Suff. 25, 30].

Stonhams, the. — These parishes (Little Stonham, Earl Stonham, and Stonham Aspall) lie close
together on the Roman road through the county from south to north. At Stonham Aspall
was found an unguentarium containing traces of unguent [Proc. Suff. Arch. Inst, i, 24]. Dis-
coveries are recorded at East (Earl ? ) Stonham, where some of the objects appeared to be
British, but Roman cinerary urns were observed, also tiles, fragments of so-called Samian ware,
&c. These discoveries are said to have extended over several acres [Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc.
xxiii, 300].

316

ROMANO-BRITISH SUFFOLK

The following extract is from a communication to the British Archaeological Association,
by Mr. Hamlet Watling of Stonham : —

A vast quantity of Roman and other remains have been found lately in the valley intersect-
ing the two parishes of Earl Stonham and Little Stonham. This valley was apparently a
village and that to the south a cemetery ; a vast quantity of urns of a dark colour, covered with
tiles and containing human bones, with long nails, &c. have been found. To the north of the
church is an extensive barrow, in the vicinity of which urns of a grey colour are found, and
within the churchyard is a tumulus. Only fifteen rods have as yet been excavated, but from this
small area vast quantities of pottery, iron, lead, glass, copper coins, querns, flue tiles, &c., have
been obtained, also flint implements and a quantity of oyster and other shells and horns and
bones of deer, hog, horse, ox, wolf, goat, &c.

The following objects were sent for exhibition : — Animal remains as noted, knives, a key
and nail of iron, a leaden weight, a grotesque mask originally forming part of a vessel of brown

ware, the bottom of a vase with the potter's stamp , the last two letters ligulated. The

depth at which the Roman remains occurred appears to have been about i ft. i o in. beneath
the present surface [ibid, xxiv, 184-5, 286, 397]. The coins found, identified by the Rev.
C. E. Searle, were mostly third brass of the Lower Empire. Those read with certainty were of
Claudius Gothicus (a.d. 268-70), Diocletian (a.d. 284-305), Carausius (a.d. 286-93), Con-
stantine I (a.d. 307-37), Constantine II (a.d. 337-40), Magnentius (a.d. 350-3), Valens (?)
(a.d. 364-78). There was one plated denarius and a minimus. At a later date drawings of
objects found at Stonham were sent for exhibition to the British Archaeological Association.
These drawings showed various vessels ornamented with white slip, perhaps Durobrivian
pottery, two mortaria, one of red, the other of grey ware, with loop handles. Near the
former were found two flint pounders, also an object of lead resembling a key. These remains
lay amongst ashes, together with coins of Constantine I (a.d. 307-37), bones, and cut horns of
deer. Spindle-whorls, and upper and lower stones of querns of pudding stone, of Andernach
lava, and of other stones, and flue tiles, were shown on the drawings [ibid, xxvii, 385-6]. In
the restoration of Earl Stonham Church a conical muller of jasper was found, with fragments
of Roman pottery, in the south transept [ibid, xxxi, 216]. The drawings mentioned, with
others by Mr. Watling, representing objects from the same site, are in the collection of Miss
Nina Layard. The pottery represented is of the character usually found on Roman sites, and
includes specimens of red, black, and buff or stone-coloured ware, with a very small proportion
of so-called Samian fragments. On one of these is a potter's mark, severim. One fragment
is shown of New Forest ware. Portions of flue tiles are also figured. The objects of iron
are of the usual character — keys, knives, shears, &c. Amongst those in bronze may be noted
three diminutive wide-mouthed pots, each with one handle, joined together in a group. Of
lead there are two or three articles, and of Kimmeridge shale one, a simple ring bracelet. Some
flat ovate jet beads were found in the gravel at Stonham, over an earlier deposit of bones, coarse
pottery, &c. [Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc, xxxvi, 357]. On a chart with these drawings is given
a plan of the site of the discoveries. The remains appear to have been found for the most
part in the glebe land south-west of the rectory of Earl Stonham, and in the fields west of
this land, divided from it by a small stream. Other finds occurred in a field north of the
rectory, and a line of them extended from the church of Earl Stonham to that of Stonham
Aspall. There is a drawing of shears from this site, found in 1867, in SufF. Illus.
(Fitch Coll.) xiv [Arch. Journ. xxvi, 401 ; Proc. Suff. Arch. Inst, v, 117; O.S. 6-in. Ivii,
NW.].
Stow, West. — Potters* kilns were found on a slight ridge on the heath, in the spring of 1879. The
first was circular in form, 3 ft. 6 in. in internal diameter, with a furnace chamber, also
circular, attached to the east side. The walls were i ft. 6 in. high and 4 in. thick, and were
of puddled clay with a large admixture of chalk pebbles. Nothing of the upper floor of the
kiln remained, but in one place half-way up the wall a triangular brick pierced in the centre
remained. It was vitrified on the surface, and was the only indication left of the baking floor.
Other perforated tiles, however, were found in the rubbish. A second kiln, 8 ft. south of the
first, was only 3 ft. in diameter. The furnace was formed by walls with an outward splay.
Bricks i ft. i in. long by 8 in. wide and 3 in. thick, each perforated with two holes 2^ in. in
diameter, lay in the kiln, no doubt the remains of the baking floor ; and a number of circular
bricks 6^ in. in diameter and 3-4 in. thick were with them, evidently fragments of the pilae
supporting this floor. The method of construction of the kilns was clear. The earth had
been dug out in a circle to the depth of 4 ft., the bottom of the excavation filled with clay well
trodden down, and then the walls to a height of some 18 in. or 20 in. were formed against

317

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

the side of the excavation, and the baking floor constructed. The pottery found about kiln
no. I consisted principally of pieces of globular vessels with one handle, the vessels capable of
holding from one pint to two quarts. They were rather fine ware, ruddy in hue. With
them were some remains of little bowls of light red ware with machine-made markings, and
some few other fragments. The pottery found about kiln no. 2, which had been used
occasionally as a smother-kiln, was somewhat more varied. Fragments of urns resembling
some kind of cinerary urns, some small jars of black ware ornamented with burnished lines as
a diaper, a fragment of a jar with broad bands of dots in slip, and also pieces of a ware showing
a micaceous glaze, lay about this kiln. On a spot about half a mile from the kilns to the
east, and near the river (Lark), were a series of basin-shaped pits. It is possible that these pits
were made by the potters in obtaining clay. Skeletons were discovered in digging for sand
in an elevation of the land dividing the heath of West Stow from meadows by the river not
far from the kilns described. By the right side of one of these, which lay north and south,
was a patera of black ware placed edgeways. It had a potter's mark in a label, apparently an
N between two dots, and from the disturbed soil near was turned up part of the rim of a
mortarium with the stamp abicof with the lettering reversed. The potter's works were
only half a mile from the supposed Roman station at Icklingham \^ourn. Brit. Arch. Assoc.
xxxvii, 152 et seq.]. More kilns were discovered on the same site on West Stow Heath in
and previous to 1S90. The fragments found about the fifth kiln consisted of portions of a
shallow bowl in fine grey pottery, bowls of buff and brown ware, the rims ornamented with
patterns in slip of various colours, parts of two smaller and deeper bowls of fine light red pottery
with circles and lines in darker slip upon them. Also ampullae of large size in buff-coloured
ware. In the kiln were found two coins, small brass of Constantius I (a.d. 305-6) [ibid. Ixvii,
94]. A vase of buff ware 5^ in. high, now in the Bury Museum, was found here, and also a
bronze brooch now in the British Museum.

Stowlangtoft. — In a field half a mile below the church 'was found in 1764 a pot full of Roman
coins of the Lower Empire ' said to number 12,420 [Camden, Brit. (ed. Gough), ii, 81 ; Royal
Soc. Letters and Papers, Decade iii, 294]. Roman coins were found near 'Barber's Lane'
[O.S. 6-in. xxxiv, SE.].

Stowmarket. — A coin of the Emperor Trajan (a.d. 98-117) was found here [Proc. Suff". Arch.
Inst, ii, 214].

Stratford St. Andrew. — A small urn was found here [Chart, Watling Coll., in possession of
Miss Nina Layard].

Stratford St. Mary. — In this parish in 1877 was found a ridge of hard ground, apparently
traces of a road, near which several cinerary urns were dug up. All were brjken.
Fragments of one are in the Colchester Museum [Arch. Joum. xxxv, 82]. Between Stratford
and Sproughton a wide-mouthed urn of brown ware was found [Chart, Watling Coll., in posses-
sion of Miss Nina Layard].

SuDBOURNE. — A small two-handled vase, between 2 in. and 3 in. high, of buff ware, now in the
British Museurti, was found here.

Sudbury. — Three vases were found in 1848 ; one of red ware with a very small spout (a tetina\
one globular with broad neck and one handle, of grey ware, and an olla of buff ware [Davy,
Suff. Coll. B.M. MSS. i, 19176 ; Suff. Illus. (Fitch Coll.), xxvi]. They are stated to have
formed part of the collection of Mr. E. Acton, Grundisburgh. Roman coins were found in
the neighbourhood [^Proc. Suff. Arch. Inst, i, 221 et seq.].

Sutton. — Labourers in digging for coprolites (in 1870 ?) found a vessel which is said to have
contained nearly a bushel of Roman coins, belonging to the period of Constantine I (a.d. 307—
37) and for the most part of ordinary types \_Arck. Journ. xxviii, 34 et seq.]. A further mention
of this discovery states that a hoard of coins, third brass, in a hand-made dark brown pot, now
in the Colchester Museum, was found here [Note on drawing in Chart, Watling Coll., in
possession of Miss Nina Layard]. The following probably also refers to this find : — Close to
Sutton Hall, ' Two urns containing Roman copper coins found 1870.' [O.S. 6-in. Ixxvii, SW.].

Tattingstone. — A globular urn of red ware covered with a buff slip and a smaller bottle-shaped
vessel of buff ware, now in the Ipswich Museum, came from this place.

Thorington. — In digging the foundations for a cart-shed to a new farm-house on Colonel Bence's
property in this parish in 1824-5, six or seven Roman urns, much broken, were found [Davy
Suff. Coll. B.M. MSS. vi, 19082, fol. 359].

Thurlow, Great. — In 1891 a Roman refuse pit was found, containing the usual pottery and
household debris. The pit was only remarkable for the quantity and variety of so-called
Samian ware found. It was not of the best class of paste, being somewhat soft and porous,
but the exterior was good and the ornamentation elaborate. The only potter's mark that could
be deciphered was of albi. There were also many large rusty nails, oyster shells, bones,

ROMANO-BRITISH SUFFOLK

pieces of Medermendig lava, a plain hrome fibula, bits of wire, a triangular embossed ornament
in bronze, a small figure carved in chalk, without the head, about 3 in. high, probably of
Mercury, and one small brass coin of Claudius Gothicus (a.d. 268-70) [Aniiq. xxiii, 224.
'Proc. of Camb. Antiq. Soc. 1891 ;' ibid, xxiv, 20, 'Quarterly Notes,' Haverfield]. A strigil
was found here later [Proc. Suff. Arch. Inst, viii, 218].

Trimley. — A large urn of greyish yellow ware, now in the Ipswich Museum, was found here.

Wainford. — Various fragments of Roman pottery, some pieces of so-called Samian ware, and
calcined bones were found here in 1856 [Proc. Bury and West Suff. Arch. Inst, iii, 413 et seq.].
N;ar the bridge over the Waveney were found in 1856 Roman coins and a flint arrow-head,
and in 1893 a coin of Philip the Arabian (a.d. 244-9) ^""^ o"^ of Antoninus Pius
(a.d. 138-61) [Raven, Hist, of Suff. 30].

Walton Castle. See Felixstowe.

Wangford. — (Near Brandon). A spindle-whorl of pottery and the ' head of a glass pin,' now in
the British Museum, were found here.

Welnetham, Great. — ' A few years since were found, in digging, abundance of Platters and Pot-
sherds of Roman earth, some of which had inscriptions upon them, as also Coals, Bones of Sheep
and Oxen, with many Horns, a Sacrificing Knife, Ashes and Urns, Evidences that some
Heathen Deity had an Altar here' [Lysons, Mag. Brit. 1730, v, 246]. This statement is
repeated, with the omission of the last few words respecting the pagan worship, in Camden
[^Brit. (ed. Gough), ii, 81]. In the adjoining hamlet of Sicklesmere two Roman refuse pits
were found, containing, among other miscellaneous traces of occupation, fragments of Roman
pottery of various kinds, including so-called Samian ware ; also building tiles, pieces of furnace
slag, remains of bones, odd pieces of metal, bronze and iron, bone bodkins, a fibula, a knife and
several coins, three in bronze of Faustina II (a.d. 147-76) and two silver denarii of Severus
Alexander (a.d. 222-35). It was thought at the time of the discovery, from the scarcity of
animal bones, that they were not the pits of a camp, but that, as they were evidently co-existent,
they belonged to two distinct dwellings. The presence of oyster-shells and so-called Samian
ware indicated prosperity and civilization. Three more refuse pits were found shortly after-
wards in digging for gravel, not far from the others, so that a settlement probably existed near
the spot. A quantity of pottery was found in a neighbouring field. The so-called Samian
pottery was identified by Dr. C. H. Read of the British Museum, as the work of potters of
Lezoux of the ist century, the marks being belinnici . m. aelianus m. and divixtus. It
has been suggested that this was the site of 'Villa Faustini,' Colchester being ' Colon ia '
[Antiq. xl, 292 (1904) ; ibid, xlii, 248-50 (1906)].

Westhall. — A space about 2 acres in extent of a field called Mill Post Field, bordered on the east
by a water-course, showed in every part, at a depth of i ft. 6 in., much burnt soil and a great
quantity of broken pottery. One piece only of so-called Samian ware was dug up, part of a
plain patera. Enamelled horse trappings of Celtic character were found about the centre of the
space at a depth of 2 ft. from the surface. They appeared to have been contained in a bronze
vessel of the same character, and with them were six hollow bronze cylinders if in. long, a
small blue glass bead, a bronze lamp with a crescent-shaped ornament over the handle, and a
brass coin, said to be of Faustina (a.d. 138-41) \_Arch. xxxvi, 454 et seq. ; Arch. Journ.
xii, 276].
Westleton. — In 1 845 on Scotts Hall Farm was dug up a coarse earthen pot \ in. thick and from
8 to 10 in. high, containing eighteen or twenty pieces of Roman coins, some iitvf silver and
the rest brass. The coins were too much decayed to be identified. Near this pot was a
smaller one, but empty [Davy, SufF. Coll. B.M. MSS. vii, 19083, fol. 132].
Wherstead. — Roman coins were found in 1810 south of Wherstead Park, and south-west of

Vicarage and Redgate lanes [O.S. 6-in. Ixxxii, NE.].
VVhitton. — In Castle Field, near Ipswich, in 1854, when the present house and buildings on the
site were erected, traces of a Roman villa were found. It was situated on the brow of a hill
overlooking Ipswich, which is to the south, and it lies behind the modern house of Mr. Orford,
which is between it and the high road. Nothing is to be seen but some fragments (in a newly
planted orchard) of a floor of coarse buff sandstone and red tesserae, probably that of one of the
corridors of the Roman house. No plan of the foundations that were found, or notes respecting
it, appear to have been made when the new farm-house was built, but all the Roman building
material dug up seems to have been used in the substructure of the modern building. Part of
the pavement of one of the principal chambers of the villa was, however, fortunately preserved
and is now in the entrance hall of the museum at Ipswich. It is the only specimen of Roman
mosaic existing in Suffolk. A drawing made shortly after its discovery shows a central square
surrounded by seven concentric bands of varying widths ornamented for the most part with
simple braids, or with straight or curved sided triangles, the bands being separated from each

319

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

other by broad or narrow lines. Right and left on either hand, a band over I ft. wide con-
taining a series of black scrolls on a white ground was added to the square composition, and
the whole was set in a field of coarse red tile tesserae. In the hall of the residence on the spot
are preserved three vases, one a small black cinerary urn, another a flower-pot-shaped vase
ornamented with two rows of flutings divided by a fillet, and a globular amphora with its
handles and neck removed. The cinerary urn when discovered was full of ashes and bones.
The amphora was found in 1 894, and all three vessels came from a gravel pit close to the site
of the villa. The amphora was emptied by the labourers who found it, and it is supposed that
it may have contained coins, but of this nothing certain could be ascertained. Three coins
were preserved with these vases, one of Rome, with the wolf and twins on the reverse, one of
Constantinople, and one of an emperor of the Constantine family [Gent. Mag. 1855, pt. i, 179;
and from personal observation (G.E.F.)]. With the fragment of the mosaic pavement in the
museum at Ipswich are photographs of the plain pavement mentioned, and a coloured print to
an inch scale of the more elaborate one, published by H. Davy, Globe Street, Ipswich, May
1855. This was from a drawing made on the spot when the pavement was first uncovered.
A tessellated pavement was found in 1870, and from time to time coins have been turned up,
some said to be of Vespasian (a.d. 69-79), others probably of the 4th century. In February
1897 another pavement was found, consisting of red and white tesserae of a less elaborate
pattern than those formerly found [Jntig. xxxiii, 104 (1897), Haverfield, ' Quarterly Notes'].

WiCKHAMBROOK. — A ^bu/a was ploughed up in a field called ' Four Acre Honeycomb ' on the
Lodge Farm, about i mile from the mediaeval entrenchments at Lidgate. The fibula was of
bronze gilt, oval in shape, and set with a stone like an amethyst, rising nearly to a point. Some
coins found with it were mostly of Constantine I. (a.d. 307-37), with some of Probus (a.d. 276-
81) and of Pertinax (a.d. 193). Also at the same time the bronze figure of a bird, an eagle
or hawk, perhaps part of the handle of some vessel, was discovered [Gent. Mag, 1788, pt. ii,
702]. A small bowl of figured so-called Samian ware, diameter at top 9^ in., depth 5^ in.,
ornamented with medallions, in one of which is a Cupid, and surrounded by an egg and
tassel band, was found in 1830 about I J miles from the church (of Lidgate ?) towards Bad-
mondisfield Hall [Davy, SufF. Coll. B.M. MSS. v, 19180, fol. 2]. A small bronze figure
possibly of Hercules and a handle of some object ornamented with four faces, and some
Roman coins (one of them of Constantine the Great [a.d. 307-37], third brass) were found
before 1859 '" draining the 'Honeycomb* Field before mentioned [Proc. Suff. Arch. Inst.
i, 151 ; ii, 98].

WiNGFiELD. — Silver coins and some objects of the same metal were found about 1836, the find
vouched for by Miss Heyman, sister of the then vicar of Fressingfiefd, Sir H. P. Heyman, who
saw some of the coins. Attached to the find is a story of buried treasure [Davy, SufF. Coll.
B.M. MSS. XV, 19092, fol. 379].

WixoE. — In Ainsford, near the Stour, many coins have been found, two noted, one of Nero
(a.d. 54-68), the other of Constans (a.d. 337-50) [Arch, xiv, 71].

WooDBRiDGE. — A small bronze globular vessel with two handles was found near this town [Proc.
Soc. Antiq. (Ser. 2), xi, I 74].

WooLPiT. — The large entrenchments on Warren Farm are supposed to be Roman [Lysons, Mag.
Brit, 1730, v, 249-50 ; Kirby, The Suff. Traveller, iv, 62 ; Camden, Brit. (ed. Gough), ii,
84]. Fragments of bronze horse furniture and two Roman coins were found within these
entrenchments [Proc. Suff. Arch. Inst, ii, 207 et seq.]. A spoon and spatula of bronze, and
two * amulets '(?) of bronze, annular, with loops for suspension, filled with fine clay, diameter
1 1 in., are in the museum, Bury St. Edmunds (Acton Coll.).

WoRLiNGWORTH. — Here were found in 1827, in making a road in front of the parsonage, some
bones, an urn, and four Roman coins, three of which were possibly of Allectus (a.d. 293-6)
[Davy, SuflF. Coll. B.M. MSS. xv, 19092, fol. 417].

Wratting, Great. — An amphora and a patera were ' found in a field called Nine Acres, upon
Monks Land, belonging to Sotterly Green Farm.' A great quantity of Roman pottery, coins,
urns, &c., was also found in this field [Gent, Mag. 1804, pt. ii, 1006].

320

ROMANO-BRITISH SUFFOLK
APPENDIX

Note on a Hoard of Bronze and Iron Objects found at Santon Downham

A discovery at Santon Downham hitherto unpublished throws some light on the chronology of
Early British antiquities, and by kind permission of Baron A. von Hiigel is here included under
Roman Remains, as the series must be dated by the latest specimen in it. It is a hoard of scrap
bronze together with a few iron tools, all found in a large bronze cauldron by a labourer, who
brought the whole to the Cambridge Museum of Archaeology in 1897, and was himself responsible
for the damage to the containing vessel. There can be no question that the miscellaneous collection
now placed on exhibition was made by a worker in metals for recasting ; and as there are no objects
obviously of another age, we may assume that the cauldron and its contents were practically con-
temporary. Some of the specimens had been worn out and subsequently repaired before being
scrapped ; others had been accidentally broken and were either unworthy or incapable of repair ;
but we cannot credit the itinerant tinker with a taste for antiquities, and must assign the deposit of
the hoard to the early years of Roman rule in Britain. It would be unwise to call this a period
of transition from the late Celtic to the Roman style, as there are indications that British art sur-
vived the Roman occupation and started on a new lease of life in the Anglo-Saxon period. In
south-east England, however, the native craftsmen could not hold out against Roman influence ;
and the Santon Downham hoard illustrates the Romanization of Britain at the expense of native
traditions and craftsmanship.

Attention may first be directed to the large vessel, made up of thin bronze plates, that would
generally be described as a cauldron, but cannot have been used for cooking, and may perhaps be
added to the list of water-clocks found in Britain. It closely resembles one from Baschurch, Shrop-
shire,' now in the British Museum, that has a small round hole in the base ; and comparison with
other vessels so perforated suggests that they were used by the ancient Britons to measure time, as
was done till quite recently in India and Ceylon. The vessel is comparatively light, and is placed
on the surface of water, which gradually percolates through the bottom and causes the vessel to sink
in a specified time. It is then raised and emptied by an attendant, who announces the hour or
other division of the day and replaces it on the surface, to repeat the process. The present example
has, however, no such perforation at the present time, as the centre of the base has been cut out and
a large circular patch of bronze added, just like a large example from Walthamstow in the national
collection.' The extreme thinness of the bronze can only have been attained by continual ham-
mering and firing, and suggests a delicate and important function for the vessel, which has a rim
and two ring-handles of iron, and consists of an upright collar and swelling body with rounded base,
the greatest diameter being 1 8^ in., the height 12^ in., and width of mouth 1 7 in.' At the
junction of the collar with the body is a band of what might be taken for rivets, but the small bosses
were produced by punching both thicknesses together from the inside at short intervals.

In this worn-out water-clock (if such it was) had been packed a curious collection of oddments
that may be roughly classified as of British and Roman work. The former are specially interesting
because of rarer occurrence, as well as of greater artistic value, and are for the most part well pre-
served. The best specimens are two open-work bronze plates, each with a pair of loops at the back
for attachment to leather straps. They belong to a well-known type, and doubtless served to
decorate chariot horses. The surface of both is adorned with sunk enamel (champlevd) that is now
somewhat discoloured, but was originally of a uniform red,* in graceful scrolls that are peculiar to
late Celtic art. In one can be seen delicate engraved scrollwork on the bronze ground between
the enamel patches, but the surface of the other is somewhat corroded. The edges are lobed, but
both are roughly 3 in. square, and formed of stout metal. There is another example of late Celtic
scrollwork on a thick bronze disk with tang, and there is a bronze joint for two straps with a sunk
rosette. Part of a horse's bridle-bit belongs to a recognized British type well represented in the
Polden Hill series at the British Museum ; and there are several moulded terminals of bronze, some
of which have had iron pins attached in the same way as the so-called linch-pins from Stanwick,
Yorkshire.

' Pnc. Soc. Jntiq. xxi, 324, fig. 5, where details of British and foreign examples are given.
' Ibid. 329, where others similarly patched are cited.

' Corresponding measurements of the Baschurch specimen are lyf in., 12 in., andiyfin.
* Some idea of the colour and design may be derived from the Guide to the Early Iron Age (Brit. Mus.),
fig. 3 on plate opposite p. 90 ; fig. i has an outline more liice those described above.

I 321 41

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Yorkshire also provides a parallel for the bronze nave-hoops included in the Santon Dow^nham
hoard. These were six in number, two of them being narrower but slightly larger in diameter and
fitting on to the broader ones, which had an outside diameter of about sl^in., and were 2| in. deep,
of fairly thick metal. Those found in a chariot-burial at Arras (British Museum) were over 5 in.
in diameter and I J in. wide, with a raised rib round the middle, but the metal was too thin to give
additional strength to the nave of the chariot wheel. The bronze band with incised lines found
folded up and in pieces in the bronze vessel may have originally served the same purpose.

Other fragments definitely of late Celtic work are a thin bronze band 8| in. by if in. em-
bossed with a repeating pattern, rivet-holes separating the units of the design. Very similar bands
are preserved in the national collection from Rodborough Common, near Stroud, Gloucester. There
is also a bronze plate, forming the segment of a circle, with the curved edge moulded and the base
measuring 6| in. In the middle is a large patch or cover over an oblong opening, attached by two
rivets with movable heads in the form of ducks, and engraved with a circular geometrical design
on a hatched ground. Similar rosettes are engraved on the plate itself in the angles. The
movable water-fowl may have had some religious significance.

There are several bronze ferrules, the use of which is uncertain, but one is in position at the
end of a cylindrical bone 5^ in. in length, slightly tapering towards the ferrule. Also a thin
bronze disk l^in. in diameter (perhaps the face of a brooch), embossed with a grotesque animal
much resembling one from Westhall, Suffolk.' A steelyard on the Roman principle io|in. long,
with well-made scale-pan 4 in. in diameter, may be mentioned here as having an open-work weight
with a triskele at the bottom, this being a favourite motive in the pre-Roman period.^

Late Celtic buckets of wood are not infrequently found, and the hoard included lengths of
thin bronze heavily tinned that probably belonged to a vessel or vessels of that kind. One edge is
cut straight to fit the top or bottom of the outside, while the other is deeply scalloped,** the distance
from point to point across each opening being about 3 j in. An arched handle, playing on two
rivets with broad round heads, is bent in two planes, the middle section being flat for convenience in
carrying ; and the diameter, as calculated from the span of the handle and two flat bands that may
also have belonged to it, is about 7 in. This agrees fairly well with the smaller of two from
Aylesford, Kent, which was covered outside with thin bronze plate.'

Another group is unmistakably Roman, either as being imports from some richer part of the
Empire or copies of Roman models more or less common on the Continent. The most striking
specimen is a finely-made bronze jug [oenochoe) with trefoil lip and ornate handle with a lion's
head at the point of junction with the lip. The lower end of the handle where it joins the body
is in the form of a claw, and the whole is of elegant design, but the base was damaged and clumsily
patched before being included in the hoard. The height of the jug itself is fjin., the handle
rising 2 in. higher, and an approximate date is afforded by similar finds at Pompeii, which must date
before the destruction of that town in a.d. 79.

There are also several hinges and drop-handles of various sizes and patterns, the former being
perhaps for use on armour, the latter for attachment to caskets or similar receptacles. Their staples
are still attached, and in one case show that the wood or other material through which they passed
was only |-in. thick.

Another bronze of artistic interest is the fluted handle, 45 in. long, of a bowl or skillet that
may have been used ceremonially with the jug already described. Only a fragment of the bowl
remains on the handle, and the other end represents the head of a dog or other animal.

Further evidence of date is afforded by nine brooches of various recognized forms, and all of the
1st or early and century. Three ranging between l^ and 2 in. consist of a rather massive bow
with solid catch-plate for the pin, and across the head a curved cover for the spring, which is
missing, but was originally caught in a hook or loop at the top of the bow. A fourth fragment,
consisting of the head and half the bow, retains part of the spirally-wound wire that gave tension
to the pin. Of the rest, two measuring 2f in. are furnished with cylindrical covers for the spring
and have a short broad bow connecting the head with a circular and lozenge plate respectively,
which form the ornamental part of the brooch. The foot' in both cases is grooved and slightly
spreading, while the catch-plate at the back is pierced, with a step-pattern bar across the opening.
Another brooch of kindred form has a pointed boss on the disk, and another somewhat smaller specimen
may once have had a boss of the same kind. The first four described agree in the main with those
included in the Polden Hill hoard,* while the rest are assigned on independent grounds to the first
half of the ist century.*

' Iron Age Guide (Brit. Mus.), 1 29, fig. no. ' Ibid. 102, with figs.

°* Compare Anderson, Scotland in Pagan Times : Iron Age, 129. ' Op. cit. 1 19, fig. 97.

' For the spring-cover, tension-hook, and catch-plate perforated with step-pattern, see the Polden Hill
brooch figured in Iron Age Guide (Brit. Mus.), 128, fig. 109.

' Koencn, Bonner J airbiicker, Ixxxvi, pi. iv, figs. 11, 18, p. 220 (Andernach).

ROMANO-BRITISH SUFFOLK

Two small fragments of coloured glass were included : one with blue veins and white cross-
lines on a green ground probably formed part of a finger-ring ; and the other, of bluish green
colour, rio doubt belonged to a bracelet. Examples of similarly coloured glass in these forms were
found in the Celtic stronghold of Stradonitz,'" Bohemia, which was destroyed about lO B.C.

It remains to mention several iron tools which were probably used by the artisan who collected
the scrap-metal for recasting. Rust has damaged these specimens, but two large pairs of tongs or
pincers survive, with a perforated pick-head, two tapering ferrules, and a broad-bladed knife of
the same metal. The iron sockets, which may have belonged to spear-butts, resemble some
recently found in Harborough Cave, Derbyshire, in association with remains of the same date as the
Santon Downham hoard, but in the latter hoard there were no spear or lance-heads to support
the hypothesis. As part of the working outfit may also be mentioned a lump of beeswax and
a piece of thin leather very well preserved. One or two objects may have been lost after the
discovery of the hoard, but there is reason to believe that the majority were recovered, in their
present condition ; and the importance of the series for purposes of chronology will be readily
conceded. The brooches cannot well be earlier than the Claudian conquest, and native art as
represented in metal and enamelling was at that time evidently in a flourishing condition. Further
discoveries of the kind may some day show how long the British craftsman withstood the pressure
of Roman civilization.

" Illustrated in colours by Pii, Le Hradischt tie SlraJomtz (trans. D6chelette), plates 5-7.

323

ANGLO-SAXON
REMAINS

THERE is abundant reason to expect more than a general resemblance
between the Anglo-Saxon antiquities of Suffolk and those of its
northern neighbour. Before the draining of the Fens, East
Anglia was cut off from Lincolnshire and Cambridgeshire ; and,
to judge by the name of Essex, the Stour constituted an effective tribal
frontier. That this isolation was not distasteful to the inhabitants, but rather
desired as a matter of policy, is shown by the elaborate fortifications erected
near Newmarket, against an advance from the interior.^ The principal of
these is the Devil's Dyke across the famous Heath, barring the way between
Reach in the Fens and the comparatively high ground near Wood Ditton,
where primeval woodland no doubt continued the defensive line. It is the
most easterly of the series, and consists of a rampart 1 8 ft. above the surface,
the crest being 12 ft. wide and 30 ft. above the bottom of the ditch which
lies on the west of it. Such a stupendous work over 7 miles in length will
hardly be assigned to the Anglian settlers without further proof, but it must
be remembered that the Bokerly Dyke was proved by the late General Pitt
Rivers to be of Roman or later date, and the Wansdyke that runs from the
Severn near Portishead to Andover is probably contemporary.'' Both these
remarkable earthworks were evidently intended to withstand invasion from
the Southern Midlands, as the ditch is on the northern side, and a limiting date
may some day be found in the same way for these ramparts of East Anglia.
Whether of post-Roman or prehistoric construction, they seem in any case
to have constituted a tribal frontier in the Anglo-Saxon period, as relics on
either side are for the most part quite distinct, though, as will be seen later,
there is considerable variety in the Suffolk series. This is perhaps due rather
to difference in date than to a conflict of races ; but the evidence at present
is insufficient to explain many of the discoveries now to be enumerated.

Of the accounts here summarized one was communicated by Rev. H. M.
Scarth to the Archaeological Institute' in 1863, and was itself based on
a report by Mr. Francis Francis to the Field newspaper ; another was given
to the Society of Antiquaries * by Mr. Septimus Davidson, from which the

' Described in 1883 by Professor Babington, Ancient Cambs. 95 (2nd. edition, Camb. Antiq. Soc. octavo
publications, no. xx).

' V.C.H. Somen, i, 374 ; Pitt Rivers, Excavations in Bokerly Dyke and Wansdyke (1892), iii, 25 ; see also
pp. xiii, 246.

' Arch. Journ. xx, 188 ; Field, 17 Jan. 1863, p. 61 ; 24 Jan. p. 75.

* Proc. Soc. Antij. (2nd. scr.), ii, 177 ; summary by G. H. Boehmer, Prehistoric Naval Architecture (Report
of U.S. National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, 1 891), p. 603, pi. Ixxvi, figs. 118, 119.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

illustrations are borrowed. The country traversed by the road from Snape to
Aldeburgh, a distance of about 5 miles, is mostly covered with whin and
bracken, and rises from the River Aide, which flows at the distance of half a mile
or a mile from the road. About midway, or rather nearer to Snape, it passes
between six large barrows, the highest being 5 J ft. from the ground level,
and three standing on either side in lines parallel to the road. Other mounds
are scattered irregularly over the common, and all seem to have been of
conical form 4 ft. to 5 ft. high and of various sizes, some being as much as
72 ft. in diameter, but others 6 ft. to 7 ft. The chief group had been
excavated about 1840 and again for the Ordnance Survey ; but, the result
being unknown except that a wagon-load of vases and other objects was
removed on the first occasion, operations were resumed by Mr. Davidson in
the autumn of 1862 on the north side of the road in a mound 4J ft. high
and 60 ft. to 70 ft. in diameter. They resulted in the discovery of a large

cinerary urn ' of the Anglo-Saxon period, con-
taining charred bones in a compact mass. The
ware was dark and lustrous, and the ornamen-
tation consisted of incised triangles and rectangles
alternately, which inclosed stamped patterns
compared to ermine spots. A few days later
the smallest of the group, at the east end, was
opened ; and as there were signs of previous
excavation at the centre of all three, the work
proceeded from the centre outwards.
Fig. I.— Cinerary Urn, Snape On removing the surfacc soil of peaty

sand, traces of large fires with layers of soft
unctuous matter were noticed, while in some places the earth was black
and caked, apparently where human bodies had been burnt. These
hard brick-like patches sometimes adjoined a cinerary urn, but occurred
irregularly in all parts of the mound. The larger barrow, towards the west,
had been cut into for the road, but contained a fine Anglo-Saxon urn, in
perfect condition, ornamented with incised lines, vertical bosses, and a
device that may have been a swastika.' It contained calcined bones and
resembled specimens found by Lord Braybrooke at Linton and Wilbraham,
in the adjoining county of Cambridge. Another vessel, entirely crushed, lay
near it, and large quantities of broken flint were found in and around these
barrows, though flint does not naturally occur in the locality. By driving
a wide trench through the centre of the principal mound, Mr. Davidson
found a cinerary urn of the Bronze Age (p. 267) empty and inverted, quite
unlike the Anglo-Saxon specimens ; and one or more iron spear-heads, found
in association with this and numerous fragments of other urns, may have been
contemporary, as a spear-head has been found within a Bronze-Age cinerary
urn at Colchester. No cremated bones were noticed on this occasion,
and so far there had been found only remains of different periods
deposited in all parts of the mound at depths varying between one foot
and three feet. The next proceeding was to reach the undisturbed soil
on which the mound had been raised. Below the black strata already

' Fig. I in the Fif/J account.

• Fig. 3 in the Fieii account shows a swastika on this urn. Cf. Redgrave urn, pi. IV.

326

ANGLO-SAXON REMAINS

mentioned was found bright yellow sand, which contained remains of wood-
work forming a kind of floor, much decayed but retaining the original shape
and fibre. Next fragments of pale green glass appeared, belonging to two
vessels, one being a goblet of well-known Anglo-Saxon form, ornamented
with bands of large hol-
low claws, like one found
at Reculver,^ and close by
was a mass of human hair
(apparently from one head,
though no skull was visi-
ble). It was of a dingy
red colour, and had evi-
dently been wrapped in a
coarse cloth (perhaps sail-
cloth), of which the texture was here and there discernible. About
four feet from it lay a smaller mass of hair, but no vestige of bones
could be detected. In clearing away the sand a fine gold finger-ring
(fig. 2) was thrown out, and serves to date the erection of the mound
within certain limits as the type is otherwise known. It was elaborately
decorated with filigree, and set with an onyx intaglio of a rude figure
holding ears of corn in one hand, and a bowl in the other and wearing a
fillet of corn round the head. Its late Roman origin is obvious, and the
nearest parallel in these islands is the gold ring found at New Grange, co.
Meath.* All were no doubt imported from Italy, and must be referred to
the end of the 4th or the 5th century.

The ring, hair, and broken vase, with some fragments described as jasper,
lay in the middle of the woodwork, and all round were noticed at equal

Fic. 2. — Gold Ring with Roman Intajlio (Front and Side
Views, with Impression), Boat-Burial, Snaps (i)

Fio. 3. — Longitudinal Section and Plan of Boat in Grave-mound, Snafe

' Akerman, Pagan Saxondom, pi. ii ; cf. F.C.H. Bucks, i, 203, fig. 2 on pi. (Taplow).

* Arch, m, pi. xii, fig. 5, p. 137 ; there is nothing similar in Deloche, Anneaux Stpllaires, but see
F. H. Marshall, Cat. of Finger-rings in Brit. Mus. nos. 868-9 ^^^ ^7° (Rome) ; Boulanger, Mobilier funlraire,
pi. 9, fig. 3 (Sissy, Aisne, 4th century).

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

distances small masses of iron encrusted with sand and entirely rusted. A
few days later these iron bolts were traced throughout the length of the
trench, and found to belong to a timber framing. On either side there were
six rows exactly corresponding, and indicating the ribs of a clinker-built boat
(fig. 3) that had fallen into decay, those at the side being horizontal, and four
or five rows at the bottom vertical, the boat being of the section shown in the
diagram (fig. 4). The two ends of the boat were distinctly traced, and its

original length, estimated at 46 ft. or 48 ft.,
the width amidships being about 10 ft. and
height about 4 ft. The woodwork at the
bottom, though quite rotten, showed clearly
the method of construction, and the outline
argued considerable skill and knowledge of
„ ' ^ " ^ ship-buildine. As the ring, hair, and glass

Fig. 4. — Lnois-sECTioN of boat in r o _ _ i -jji i- r

Grave-mound, Snape were found precisely in the middle hne of

the boat (according to one account at the
end), there can be little question as to the approximate period of its
construction and burial, though parallel instances, at least in this country,
are not easily found.

In July 1863 a further account of excavations on this site was furnished
to the Archaeological Institute ' by Mr. F. Francis, who was indebted to an
eye-witness for his facts and sketches. Stimulated by his success in 1862,
Mr. Davidson had directed his field adjoining the road to be trenched from
east to west i 2 yds. wide. By this means the whole circumference of the
largest tumulus was included, and more than forty vases were exhumed, mostly
in fragments. The majority of these were found in the level between the
two large mounds, much outside the extreme base of either ; and as this
wide interval, singularly bare of furze, was rather depressed than otherwise,
it is unlikely that earth had ever been heaped over them. No urn was
discovered at a greater distance north or south than about 10 yds., and
most were within a short distance of the hedge on the south. All were
found about i ft. below the surface, and in most instances were brought to
light on the removal of the first sod. The mould was, as elsewhere, black
and greasy, and in this many of the urns had altogether collapsed. An
examination of some of the bones showed that the process of cremation was
incomplete, and fragments were noticed that testified to more than ordinary
stature. No arrangement could be traced in the deposit of the urns, some
being at considerable intervals and others close together. They varied much
in profile and decoration, as well as in the quality and thickness of the ware,
but all contained incinerated bones. The only relics found were two small
pieces of what was considered ivory in a serrated metal mount, with remains of
a rivet in the centre ; part of a convex copper plate having the appearance
of part of a helmet ; an oblong copper ring, evidently part of a buckle ; an iron
spear-head 10 in. long, 'joined in the centre by a rivet'; a round bead of
bone, and fragments of fused glass. All these items were from the smaller
urns, the larger yielding nothing but bones. This then was doubtless the
urn-field or cemetery of a community living on the bank of the Aide, who
utilized a burying-place already a thousand years old, and raised a mound

' jircA. Joum. n, 373.
328

ANGLO-SAXON REMAINS

over a boat, thus anticipating the Vikings of Norway. The scanty finds
within the boat suggest that two persons were buried with it, the hair alone
being preserved (as sometimes occurs), and the glass, if not the gold finger-
ring, fixes the interment within certain limits of date. Glasses of this
peculiar form are fairly common in Kent (Reculver, Ashford, Gilton, Coombe,
Sarre), and occur occasionally in other counties (Surrey, Hants, Gloucs.,
Bucks., Cambs., Northants, and Durham), as well as in the north of France,
and on the Middle Rhine ; but their place of origin is as yet undetermined.
From associated objects it is, however, possible to assign them to the 6th
century in general, though some may belong to the late 5th or early 7th
century, and the ring seems, in the present instance, decisive for the earlier
date.

In that part of the Deben Valley, which approaches the higher ground
and runs parallel to the sea-shore at a distance of seven or eight miles, Anglo-
Saxon finds have been plentiful. In this group may be included Kesgrave,
where a fine cinerary urn has been found. It is now in Ipswich Museum,
and is 8 in. high with a diameter of 9 in., the neck and shoulders being
ornamented with stamps (cross in circle and triangle filled with dots) arranged
in a Vandyke pattern.'" Another urn, now in the national collection, was
found in Waldringfield churchyard," and is a typical specimen of Anglo-Saxon
pottery. It is smaller than the average cinerary urn, being 51 in. high, of
dark brown ware, hand-made, with a row of bosses divided by triple vertical
lines round the shoulder, and circular hollows round the neck between bands
of lines.

Higher up the river at UfFord a good specimen of the long brooch was
found in 18 19, and may have belonged to an unburnt burial, though no
further details are given." It was 5 in. long, and about i in. was missing
from the foot, which had a fan terminal and prominent ' nostrils ' on either
side of it. There were wings attached to the plate below the bow, and
extensions to the knobs on the head, all these features pointing to the latter
part of the 6th century or a little later.

In the British Museum is part of a jewelled buckle (frontispiece, fig. i)
from Melton, that has all the appearance of Kentish work." It was found in
1833, and is of triangular form, with a central plate of gold embossed with
pure (not animal) interlacing and a border of garnets in cells of cheveron
pattern. The hoop and tongue are missing, but the original appearance can
be readily inferred from extant specimens,'* such as that found by Faussett at
Gilton, Kent."

Another relic, apparently of Kentish manufacture, was found in the same
neighbourhood, at Sutton near Woodbridge. It is now in the Fitch Room
at Norwich Museum, and has been well published," but is not by any means
complete. Like the somewhat similar jewel from Ixworth, it is but the front
of a circular brooch (fig. 5), and even if the back and pin were lost before in-
terment, the finder cannot be pardoned for having thrown away all the settings

'" Coll. Antiq. ii, 233, pi. liv, fig. 4. " East Anglian N. and Q. i, 347.

" Joum. Brit. Arch. Assoc, xviii, 225, pi. xi, fig. 4.

" Arch. Joum. ix, 116 (fig.).

'* Douglas, 'Nenia Britannica, 53 ; Arch, xxx, pi. i, fig. 21.

" Inventorium Sepulchrale, pi. viii, fig. 8 ; cf. y.C.H. Kent, i, 373, pi. ii, fig. 7.

'* Arch. Album, 206 ; Fairholt, Costume in Engl. 465 ; Akerman, Arch. Index, pi. xvi, fig. 12.

I 329 42

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

before selling the gold cell-work. It was found about 1 8 3 5 by a ploughman who
stated that it had studs of precious stones or glass, red at the centre, and others
blue, while the small spaces [cloisons) were filled with green and other

colours. In the British Museum is a somewhat
larger brooch of gold from Faversham, Kent, that
has likewise lost all its settings ; and both are
good examples of an English (or perhaps Jutish)
industry that flourished between 550 and 650 of
our era and is best represented in the Kentish
graves of that period.

Another link with Kent or indication of

early foreign trade is a jewelled brooch, found

in Suffolk (frontispiece, fig. 3). It belongs to

the ' radiated ' type more commonly found on

Fig. J. — Gold Front of Jew- the Continent and assigned, on adequate grounds,

ELLED Brooch, Sutton, near to the 5th century. Derived ultimately from a

WooDBRiDGE (J) Gothlc model of the fourth century found in

South Russia,^'' it is a good specimen of the
jeweller's art, and is engraved with linear patterns that are not definitely
Teutonic, but survivals from classical art. The knots round the head are
set with garnets, and along the bow and foot runs a strip of silver orna-
mented with niello in minute triangles. Of fifteen found in England six are
from Kent and the Isle of Wight, while the rest have been found sporadically
as far north as th*e East Riding, but mostly on the eastern side of England.

For Anglian immigrants arriving by sea the Orwell was doubtless one
of the best approaches to the higher and drier ground of central Suffolk, and
Ipswich has recently produced a splendid series of their remains. During the
whole of 1906 burials were disturbed in the course of relief works for the
unemployed on land belonging to the corporation in the triangle formed by
the railway, Hadleigh Road, and London Road, on the western border of the
county-town. The slope on the south side of Hadleigh Road was removed,
and after four interments (possibly a larger number) had been destroyed by
the workmen, the task of supervision was undertaken by Miss Nina Layard,
who directed a gang of workmen a little in advance of the main body, and
thus discovered and examined about i6o burials in one or other part of
the ground. Full reports were prepared by Miss Layard for the Society
of Antiquaries of London " and the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and
Natural History " ; and the finds handed over to the town. The rich and
interesting collection, that might in other circumstances have been lost to
science, is now admirably exhibited in Christchurch Mansion, and throws
much light on the conditions prevailing in this part of the county in the 6th
century, for it is to that period that most of the objects recovered belong.

In an area measuring roughly 400 ft. by 150 ft. inhumations were
frequent and only a few cinerary urns were found, but in the later stages of
the work this area had to be abandoned for a smaller space a little to the

"* Arch. Journ. Ixv, 76.

" Arch. Ix, 325-52, with map, illustrations, and three coloured plates ; ,see also Proc. Soc. Antij. xxi,
241, and further notes pp. 24.2-7.

" Proceedings, xiii, J-19, including the s.ime coloured plates.

ANGLO-SAXON REMAINS

south " where cremations were numerous. Whether these areas were
continuous cannot now be determined, but the larger cemetery (or portion
if it) may be regarded as one of pure inhumation, the admixture of urns
being hardly noticeable till its limits were passed. The mixed cemetery is
not easy to explain, and there is nothing to prove whether the two rites
were practised together or one was superseded by the other. The orientation
is hardly conclusive, for nearly all the skeletons lay with their heads at the
south-west end of the grave ; and though this and the grave-furniture suffice
to show their pagan character, it is impossible in the present state of know-
ledge to decide whether inhumation in this direction served as a transition
from the essentially pagan practice of cremation to the Christian east-and-west
interments without grave-furniture. The mixed cemetery shows that those
who practised both rites were not debarred by religious or social laws from
using the same burying-ground, but as their relation to each other is not yet
clear, it will be advisable to draw conclusions mainly from the larger area
where a certain uniformity is observable.

The skeletons lay generally between 2 ft. and 4 ft. from the surface in
narrow graves, with the arms straight down the sides, the face upwards, and
the legs extended. In one case a coffin may possibly have been used, but
wood and nails are rarely found in Anglo-Saxon graves outside Kent, and the
body is generally unprotected from the filling of the grave, though sometimes
a heap of small stones is found or, in stone districts, slabs lining and covering
the grave. Many of the men were buried with their spears point up-
wards on either side of the head indiffisrently, and their shields over their
faces, the iron boss of which survived and was in this cemetery frequently
found beside the head. The complete absence of swords was remarkable
where so many warriors were interred and may be an ethnological feature.
A few single beads were found in the graves of males, but the abundance and
excellence of the women's necklaces may be appreciated from the coloured
plates already referred to, the materials employed being coloured glass-pastes,
crystal and, above all, amber. It was observed that most of the beads
occurred in pairs,"* which were apparently divided on either side of a large
central bead on the necklace, and one grave contained as many as 108 beads.
Ring-brooches were found one above the other on the breast, not as the
typical West Saxon brooches, one on each shoulder ; and another point of
interest is that at least one of the large square-headed brooches that enrich
this collection was worn foot upwards,'" as were the Roman cross-bow
brooches of the 4th century ; but it by no means follows that it was the
universal custom among the Anglo-Saxons to turn the square-head of their
brooches downwards. Several of this type still retain the silver discs applied
to the three extremities of the foot (pi. i, figs. 1-3), and the illustrations will
render a minute description unnecessary. There are in all eight large square-
headed specimens, all decorated by water-gilding and showing minor varia-
tions, of which some deserve special mention. The disc attached to the bow
of fig. 2 is a feature rarely found in England," but common in the following

" Far westward of the main area broken urns alone were found : Proc. Suff. Inst. Arch, xiii, 1 7.

"" Compare a necklace from Beeby, Leics. {y.C.H. Le'us. \, 237).

*" As at Bifrons, Canterbury ; and Brighthampton, Oxon.

" Pm. Soc. Antiq. xxi, 35-7 ; outside Suffolk, at Tuxford (Notts.), and Brooke (Norf.).

331

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

century in south Sweden. Besides pi. ii, fig. i, which retains a rivet on the
bow probably for the purpose of attaching a disc, two other specimens have
been found in the county, at Finningham and Mildenhall (fig. 13), and one
just over the Norfolk border at Brooke, midway between Norwich and
Bungay. A similar brooch from Bury St. Edmunds in Sir John Evans' col-
lection has a rivet hole in the bow, apparently for attaching a disc, now lost.

Another variety of the square-headed brooch (pi. ii, fig. i) shows
a curious blend of styles, which must be subsequent to the middle of the
6th century, for the wings below the bow do not seem to have been intro-
duced earlier. In outline it is a ' long ' brooch without the customary knobs,
but with circular extensions at the angles of the head and a spreading foot of
degenerate form ; but instead of the severe decoration characteristic of the
' long or cruciform ' brooch of Scandinavia, there appears on this specimen
the animal-ornament of the Anglo-Saxon craftsmen that is seen more
commonly on square-headed and saucer brooches.

The flat annular brooches of bronze had usually pins of iron (mostly
perished), but the brooch-types at Ipswich are strangely limited. There
were no long or cruciform specimens of the ordinary kind found in the
cemetery, none of the smaller kind with square or trefoil heads, nor any
bracelet-clasps'* so common in the west of the county. On the other hand,
there are two remarkable circular brooches (pi. ii, figs. 2, 3) that must be
of Kentish origin. They belong to what may be called the ' keystone '
type," but the garnet slabs do not exactly conform to the regulation pattern,
that of the centre stone of an arch. They were found in separate graves,
and both had central studs of some substance that is well preserved in one
case and has the appearance of ivory, like one from Little Wilbraham, Cam-
bridgeshire, published by the Hon. R. C. Neville.'*

Another remarkable find in the Ipswich cemetery was a bronze buckle
of Prankish manufacture (pi. ii, fig. 5), almost unexampled in this country,
but common in certain parts of France," where they are attributed, at the
earliest, to the 7th century. A similar specimen was found at Bellevue near
Lympne (Kent),'* and the three studs, now missing from the Ipswich speci-
men, are there seen in position. A collar of silver wire"' carrying a bead is
a novelty for England, but one has since been found at Desborough, Northants.

Glass from this cemetery is particularly good, one vase much resembling
that illustrated from Bungay, but having threads like stamens added to the
petals round the base. Examples of pale green and amber-coloured cups are
also given on the coloured plate (figs. 6, 7), the types being usual and well
represented in Kentish finds.

The peculiar iron adze, the strike-a-light, earrings, chatelaines or girdle-
hangers, and iron-hooped buckets from Ipswich all find parallels in the Little
Wilbraham cemetery, which lies between Newmarket and Cambridge, about
six miles from the Suffolk border, and other specimens common to the two

" These were closely connected with ' long ' brooches at Little Wilbraham, Cambs.
" y.C.H. Kent, i, pi. i, fig. 4 (opp. p. 342) ; for other specimens see de Baye, Industrial Arts of the
Anglo-Saxons, pi. x, figs. 3, 6, 7.

" Saxon Obsequies, pi. 3, grave 172.

" B. Flavy, Arts industriels de k Gaule, album, plates xlviii, xlii ; Bouhngei, Mobilierftneraire, text of pi. 42.

•* Roach Smith, Richborough, Recuher, and Lym-.e, 264.

•^ Suff. Inst. Arch. Proc. xiii, pi. iv, fig. 5, p. 6.

Bronze Sql'are-hfadfd Brooches from Ipswich (5)
PLATE I

Squarf.-headed an:) Circl'lar Brooches and Buckle from Ipswich (j)

PLA'l K II

ANGLO-SAXON REMAINS

sites have already been mentioned, but there are essential points of difference
between the Ipswich cemetery and others in East Angha that have yet to be
explained. The specimens present on one site and absent on another are,
however, generally of native manufacture, and point rather to isolation in
East Anglia than to immigration from different localities on the Continent.
This is an important point, for the general uniformity of East Anglian burial
grounds suggests a common origin for the population of the 6th century,
different from that of the Saxon occupants of Essex and the Thames valley,
though not far removed from that of the midland Angles.

The county town has also produced two jugs of blackish pottery that,
like some other antiquities in the county, seem to be of Prankish origin.
That found in Carr Street has a wide mouth with an insignificant spout and
diminutive handle, and is 6| in. high, while the Princes Street specimen is
more like an ordinary jug with larger handle and spout. They are both in
the museum at Christchurch Park, and may be compared with others from
Kent " in Maidstone and Liverpool Museums.

In the Gipping valley deposits showing occupation in the 6th century
have been discovered. A cinerary urn from Bramford, similar to that on
plate iii, fig. 3, and of somewhat unusual form, with a cheveron pattern filled
with stamps, is now in the Ipswich collection, as is also a fine pair of long
brooches (pi. v), 5Jin. long, evidently from a burial at Akenham Hall;
while at Norwich is another brooch of the same variety from Coddenham,
3 miles farther up the valley.

At Badley, near Needham Market, during the construction of the rail-
way, was found a bronze bowl that has unfortunately disappeared. According
to a drawing published in the Reliquary **' it had two escutcheons of beaten
form with rings for suspending chains and was furnished with a cover, while
an enamelled disc ornamented the inside at the bottom. It was associated
with another bronze bowl with open-work foot^' of a type common in Kent
and sometimes found on the Continent, obviously dating from the 6th or 7th
century. The Badley specimen in all probability served the same unknown
purpose as those with three escutcheons attached to the outside below the
moulded rim to hold the chains, and the type is well represented at Milden-
hall (p. 346).

Interments in the valley of the Waveney show that there were early
Anglo-Saxon settlements on what is now the boundary between Norfolk and
Suffolk. North of that line burials are recorded at Stockton, Broom, and
Earsham near Bungay, and on the Suffolk side urns (presumably cinerary)
have been found at Stow Park,'" and a perfect cup of pale green glass," also
in the neighbourhood of Bungay. The latter (frontispiece, fig. 5) is now in
the British Museum and doubtless came from a burial, as it is difficult to
conceive that so fragile a relic could have survived unless carefully deposited
and protected in the earth. It is 5 in. in height, and has a spiral thread
round the neck and applied threads springing from the base in the form of
petals, just as on the specimen found at Ipswich and presented to the museum

" One from Sarre is figured in V.C.H. Kent, i, 359.

" ReFijuary and Illustrated Archaeologist (1900), vi, 243 ; Arch. Ivi, 48.

" V.C.H. Kent, \, 372, fig. 19. '» A'or/ Arch, iv, 315.

" Figured in colour by Akerman, Pagan Saxondom, pi. xxv, fig. I.

333

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

there by Mr. H. G. Casley (p. 332). Such glasses are frequently found in
south-east England beside the head of a skeleton as part of the grave
furniture.

In the possession of Miss Betts, of Wortham Hall/" were formerly
some portions of an iron brooch (or brooches) of the long variety, inlaid w^ith
bronze and silver and with a panel of animal ornament in the centre of the
heads, pointing to the latest pagan period. There were also beads, part of a
clasp, and a diminutive bronze bell, all probably from a burial at Hoxne ;
and the iron brooch is of exceptional rarity. The next interment recorded
was at Redgrave,'' on the watershed between the Waveney and Little
Ouse or Brandon river. A fine cinerary urn, now in the Bury St. Edmunds
Museum, has swastikas impressed on the shoulder (pi. iv), and a small vase
from this locality is in Norwich Museum.

It is not easy to find an exact parallel for the gold pendant found at
Palgrave near Diss, and published by Rev. C. R. Manning in 1852." It is
formed of seven rings of corded gold wire soldered together and inclosing a
centre globe of the same metal. Ornaments in the same style are not un-
common in the richer finds of the Anglo-Saxon period, and one found on
Chartham Downs near Canterbury may be mentioned in particular, but here
the centre is a cross, and the loop, as in other cases, is simply attached to the
edge. The Palgrave example, however, has the strip that forms the loop
prolonged across the back and turned to form a hook on the opposite edge,
where it was broken off as if by accident. That the arrangement, as shown
in the illustration, is not a mere accident, is proved by the fact that the
narrow strip is soldered to the centre globe at the back ; and it is just
conceivable that it served for attachment to the ear. Its Anglo-Saxon origin
is not perfectly established, but it is included here as a reputed county find
of about the 7th century, and its republication may lead to the discovery of
closer parallels.

Both Finningham and Eye on the Dove, a tributary of the Waveney,
have yielded relics that have been inaccurately described. At the latter place
in 18 1 8 were found in the space of 120 square yds. about 150 cinerary urns
called British, but obviously of Anglo-Saxon date. Labourers working gravel
came upon them at depths varying from 4 in. to 2 ft., under a covering of fine
sand. They varied in size, shape, and ornamentation, and were from 5 in. to
9 in. in height, many being well preserved and containing calcined bones.
Most, however, were destroyed in uncovering, and only a few survive. One
was exhibited to the Bury and W. Suffolk Archaeological Society ^ in 1 848,
and Sir Edward Kerrison in 1855 exhibited to the Society of Antiquaries of
London " a set of bronze toilet implements (for the ears and teeth) strung
on a small bronze ring and found in one of the urns from Eye. Other relics
mentioned are small shears of iron, a fragment possibly of gold 2 in. long, and
two ivory buttons i in. in diameter, which from the description appear to be
draughtsmen with two holes in the flat side for the prong-centre cf the lathe.

"* Information from Mr. C. W. Low, of Stowmarket. " Bury and JV. Suff. Proc. ii, 89.

" jirch Jount. ix, 107 ; for similar see Akerman, Pagan Saxendom, pi. xi, fig. 3 (Chartham); Inventorium
Sepukhrak, pi. iv, fig. 23 (Gilton).

" Proceedings, li, 117; Gent. Mag. 1 8 1 8, ii, 1 3 1 ; the burial-ground found at Stoke Ash in 1851 evidently
belonged to the late Bronze Age (Bury and W. Suff. Proc. ii, loi).

'^ Proc. Sec. Antiq. (ist ser.), iii, 186, with fig.; for Kemble's opinion, see p 215.

334

Fk.. I.— Cinerary Urn, Fakfnham Heath
(7 IN. high) (Ipswich Museum)

Fig. 2. — CiNiRAKY Urn, Culford (9 in. high)
(Ipswich Museum)

Fig. 3. — Cinerary Ukn, Sufkolk (6 in. hk.h)
(Ipswich Museum)

Fig 4. — Cinerary Urn, Suffolk (S^ in. high)
(Ipswich Museum)

PLATE III— CINERARY URNS FOUND IN SUFFOLK

ANGLO-SAXON REMAINS

Such have frequently been found in the Anglian district." The urn and con-
tents now in the British Museum have been illustrated by Akerman," and
are of more than ordinary interest. The cinerary vessel is a typical one
about 9 in. high, with vertical ribs round the shoulder flanked by pairs of in-
cised lines ; and besides the calcined bones it contained a bone comb 3§ in.
long with triangular handle ornamented with concentric circles ; a pair of
shears, measuring 2| in., of an ordinary pattern, probably used by the housewife;
a pair of tweezers 2 in. long, such as are frequent in cinerary urns ; and a
curved iron knife with looped handle, 3i in. in total length, that cannot have
been very serviceable.

Some specimens have actually been found with blunt edges '' that have
obviously never been used for cutting, and it is permissible to see in these
articles the make-believe furniture supplied by undertakers of all periods.
They are smaller than those generally found with unburnt Anglo-Saxon burials,
and different in form,'* while their inclusion in the cinerary urn seems to be
exceptional. The comb and tweezers are, however, often found with the ashes
both here and in Germany, and Kemble has drawn attention to the similarity
of the funeral rites in the two areas.*"

What is described as a Roman urn was found with many others in 1849
during the construction of the Eastern Union Railway at Finningham ;" but
as spear-heads of iron and ' ornaments of brass ' (obviously bronze brooches)
were found at the same time, it is fairly evident that a mixed Anglo-Saxon
cemetery once existed here, the numerous urns pointing to cremation, and the
weapons and ornaments to unburnt burials. In 1858 the Rev. Greville
Chester exhibited in London *^ portions of Anglo-Saxon brooches from this
site : one was said to resemble that in the possession of Sir William Lawson
found near Catterick Bridge, N.R. Yorks; " and the other had a more elaborate
ornament, but is not further described.

Another prolific area in Suffolk is that situated between the valleys
of the Lark and Little Ouse, including a considerable proportion of fen. It
was not on the sandy high ground that the Anglo-Saxons settled, but as usual
in the river valleys, and there were evidently many settlements along the
Upper Ouse River which flows into the Little Ouse near Euston Park.

In the Ipswich Museum is a fine specimen of the Anglian cinerary urn
{pi. iii, fig. i), from Fakenham Heath. It is, as usual, made without the
potter's wheel, and is black above the shoulder and a yellowish-grey below.
The ware is of the ordinary quality, and the shoulder is ornamented with
vertical and sloping ribs, the latter fringed with impressions from a stamp
with a cross within a circle. It is 7 in. in height, and was evidently intended
to contain the ashes of the dead, while its well-formed foot distinguishes it
from the majority of Anglo-Saxon urns.

" f.C.H. Nor/, i, 335 ; they are sometimes called 'pulley-beads.'

"Pagan Saxondom, pi. xxii ; Kemble and Franks, Horae Ferales^ pi. xxx, fig. 14.

'* Near Lewes and at Kempston, Beds. ; another from an urn at Long Wittenham, Berks, is figured in
jlrch. xxxviii, 342.

"A large specimen of same type from Denm.irk ; S. Muller, Ordning afDanmarh Oldsager, ii (Jernllderen),
fg. 124.

*" Horae Feraies, 225, pi. xxx ; jlrch. xxxvi, 275.

" Bury and W. Suff. Proc. i, 60 ; ii, 1 18. "Arch. Journ. xv, 165.

"Arch. Joum. vi, 216, where two are figured, that from Thornbrough being the more likely parallel, as
it closely resembles some found at Ipswich (pi. ii, fig. 4).

335

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

A little distance up the river, at Bardwell, there was evidently an early
cemetery, as Anglo-Saxon weapons, including the boss of a shield, were found
there about 1846, though no further details are available." Ixworth, that
comes next in order, has yielded a large number of antiquities belonging to
various periods, but the best of the series date from the early days of the
English conquest. A rarity in England is a primitive long brooch, repre-
senting the evolution of the cruciform type in the 5th century. It was
exhibited to the Bury and West Suffolk Archaeological Institute in 1859,*'-
and its rarity is attested by the fact that only one other (probably from the
Eastern counties) is known in this country.''^' It has a comparatively high
bow, and the square plate above it is still very unobtrusive, and can hardly
have masked the spiral spring underneath, which originally had knobs at the
end like that attached to the top of the plate. It is the parent of the long or
cruciform brooches so often found in the Anglian districts of England and in
Scandinavia.

A fine pair, representing a later stage in the development of this type,

was found on the shoulders of a skeleton in a meadow near the Cross House

at Ixworth in 1868, and closely resemble another pair found in the county

(pi. v, fig. i). They are peculiar in having circular grooves filled with red

enamel (now much discoloured) in the centre of the panels above and below the

bow.** Brooches of this kind, at least till the last stages of their evolution,

were not decorated by any additions to the bronze, the varied mouldings being

held sufficient for the purpose, and it is all the more surprising to find enamel

added at a date when the side-knobs of the head were still separate from the

head-plate, and so particularly liable to be lost when the wire-spring perished.

These specimens cannot well be later than the middle of the 6th century, and

seem to point to a lingering use of the red enamel so

characteristic of the early British period. A bronze

brooch from Ixworth (fig. 6) is difficult to date precisely,

but may belong to the later Anglo-Saxon period, when

round brooches were in fashion. The trigram is rather

suggestive of late Celtic work, and should be compared

with a specimen from London in the British Museum,

likewise assigned to the pre-Norman period.

Yjc. 6 Two remarkable jewels" from Ixworth have been

Bronze Brooch, published morc than oncc, and were found about i860 by

Ixworth (i) labourers in what appeared to be a grave, together with

iron clamps and staples that may have belonged to a coffin.

The first is a pendent cross of gold i J in. square, of the same type as one from

Wilton, near Methwold, Norfolk, and had cell-work of garnets and turquoise

(probably blue glass) covering the front in a step pattern, the back being a

plain gold plate repaired by means of a patch, and having V-shaped ridges

below the barrel-loop.

The second jewel from this remarkable grave was a circular brooch, or
rather the front of a brooch that had lost its bronze base and pin, perhaps

" Warren collection ; drawings exhibited, Journ. Brit. /irch. Assoc, ii, 345.
" Proc. iii, 40Z, fig. I on plate. *^ Arch. Joum. Ixv, 67.

" Joum. Brit. Arch. Assoc, xxvii, pi. 12, fig. 2 ; the 'green enamel' mentioned is explained by the con-
tact of the bronze, and possibly by the oxidation of the copper in the enamel itself.
" Bui^ and W. Suff. Proc. iii, 296, figs. I, 2 ; Coll. Antiq. iv, 162, pi. xxxviii.

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ANGLO-SAXON REMAINS

before interment. It consists of a gold disc if in. across covered with bands
of filigree in S and C scrolls and having four hollow^ settings round a larger
setting, arranged in a manner characteristic of a Kentish type,*'" and similar
in all essentials to the brooch found near Woodbridge. The five bosses now
missing were perhaps of ivory, though the material of existing specimens is
generally described as pearl or shell.

Further discoveries made in 1871 showed that Mr. Rogers' meadow
was the site of a cemetery, for among the relics was an iron sword in three
pieces, which measured together about 2 ft. 2 in. (the normal length from
tip to pommel being 3 ft.), and bore traces of the wooden scabbard ; also a
spear-head, knife, and three shield-bosses of the usual form, two still retaining
their handles. These remains imply at least three unburnt burials on this
site, possibly somewhat earlier than the richly furnished grave described above
which should date from the early part of the 7th century, as the Wilton
cross-pendant contained a gold coin of Heraclius I (613-641).

In the same meadow was found a pleasing example of later Anglo-Saxon
art. It consists of a copper disc with slightly convex front, which is richly
gilt and engraved in four quadrants leaving a
plain cross between them.*"" In each of the
spaces is an animal form, suggestive of a horse,
with interlacings in the field ; and the rivet-
holes show that the disk was not the face of
a brooch, but the head of a pin like one found
in the Witham at Lincoln and now in the
British Museum.*^

At Pakenham, 2 miles south of Ixworth,
was found in i 843 a curious bronze prick-spur
that passed into the possession of Sir John Evans
and has been published." It seems to have
been an isolated find in a ploughed field, and,
though no close parallels are known, probably
belongs to the late Anglo-Saxon period. The animal-heads that ornament the
centre and the ends where the strap joined are evidently derived from models
in use during the pagan period, but cannot be more precisely dated. The eyes
of the three heads were filled with blue glass in a manner recalling the seal-
matrix found at Eye (p. 352), and a bronze fragment inscribed with runes
found in the Thames at Westminster.'" This is an obvious way of indicating
the eye, and is not by any means confined to one period or country. The
prick-spur was used by the Romans in Britain, but is seldom found, and
Anglo-Saxon specimens are still rarer. Farther up the valley, on land called
the Leys at Tostock, a discovery was made about 1843 that points to Kentish
influence in the 6th or early 7th century. It consists of a bronze buckle^"" with
an oblong plate, the latter filled with one large slab of garnet. A smaller slab
is shaped to fit the space at the base of the tongue, and the specimen is very

"' As Inventorium Sepulchrale, pi. ii, fig. 4 ; F.C.H. Kent, i, 354, pi. i, fig. 17.
*"' Journ. Bril. Arch. Assoc, xxvii, 259, fig. 3 (Mr. S. Fenton's collection).
'* Reliquary, 1904, p. 52, frontispiece. The date is probably ninth century.
'' Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc, iii, 119. '» F.C.H. London, \, 1 67.

"^ Figured in colours by Akcrman, Pagan Saxondom, pi. i, fig. 9 ; Proc. Soc. Antiq. xv, 268 ; for Gilton
buckle, see Arch, xxx, pi. ii, fig. 5 ; Arch. Index, pi. xvii, fig. 10.

Fig. 7. — Bronze-gilt Disc-head of
Pin, Ixworth (J)

337

43

Fig. 8. — Two Bronze Mounts of Sword-
scabbard (?), Suffolk (^)

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

like one in the British Museum that was found by Lord Londesborough at
Gilton, near Sandwich. The latter can be approximately dated by associated
finds, and it is possible that the Tostock buckle also came from a grave that
was overlooked.

In Bury St. Edmunds Museum (Cat. Ill, 6i8, 619) are two oblong
plates of bronze that probably belonged to a sword-scabbard (fig. 8). The
exact site of their discovery is unknown, but special mention must be made
of their elaborate ornamentation. The smaller piece has a doubled band

twisted on itself and ending in a ser-
pentine head and tail, recalling a more
intricate specimen on a beaker from
Farthing-down, Surrey^""; but closer
parallels are published from Italy and
Uppland, Sweden, and have been re-
ferred on stylistic grounds to the 7th
century.'^ Uppland has also produced
a plate ornamented in the same style
as the larger figure, with ribbon-like
bodies of animals covered with trans-
verse lines, and long jaws clasping the
body at intervals." The home of this kind of interlacing has not yet been
determined, but the two plates here illustrated were more probably made in
Sweden than in England, and were doubtless brought over by a Scandinavian
settler.

At Moyses Hall is also preserved a series of iron spear and lance-heads,
knives and strike-a-light, shield bosses of various patterns, glass beads, both
variegated and plain dark blue, and the rim of a bronze bowl, from Fornham
St. Martin, all having been deposited in graves with unburnt bodies about
I 8 in. from the surface. The discovery was made in 1888—9, ^""^ ^^^ anti-
quities presented to Bury by Mr. Walton Burrell."^ A short distance farther
down the Lark valley, a cinerary urn, now at Ipswich (pi. iii, fig. 2), was
found at Culford, and is peculiar as having a moulding below the lip, though
the round and oval protuberances on the shoulder are common at the period.

Two series of Anglo-Saxon weapons and ornaments from West Stow
Heath were exhibited by Mr. Gwilt and the Rev, S. Banks respectively,
to the Bury and West Suffolk Archaeological Institute in 1851, and were
described by the secretary Mr. Samuel Tymms, who in the following year
furnished the Institute with an illustrated report "*" of excavations on the site.
In the interval the Rev. E. R. Benyon, the proprietor of the heath, had
presented specimens to the Institute, which are now in the museum at
Bury St. Edmunds.

Stow Heath is a large tract of heath-land on the north side of the Lark
valley in the parish of West Stow and on the borders of Lackford and
Icklingham parishes. It consists of gravel or sand covered with a thin layer
of vegetable mould ; and the discoveries were made in removing the soil for

*"' r.C.H. Surrey, i, 266, fig. 6, 6a ; Proc. Soc. Antiq. (ist ser.), iv, 93 (Sundlake, Ojcon).

" Salin, Die Allgermamsche Tkierornametitik, figs. 690, 555.

" Salin, op. cit. fig. 549, also in style II (7th cent.).

"* Earlier finds at Fornham St, Genevieve are mentioned ; Bury and W. Suff. Proc. vi, 53.

'"' Proceedings, i, 304, 3 i 5, with eight plates.

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ballast. About two acres had been worked at that date, and a cemetery of
the Anglo-Saxons revealed." The graves were at intervals of 2 or 3 ft. to as
many yards, and were indicated by a dark streak in the gravel or sand. A
north-and-south trench disclosed about 100 skeletons laid with the heads to
the south-west and feet to the north-east, about 18 in. below the surface and
just within the gravel. Over an area of about 250 sq. ft. skeletons were
lying in all directions, and nothing was found here but one small knife ; but
with the others were urns, beads, brooches, spear-heads, and other articles,
and all were disinterred by the workmen without proper supervision, the
association of objects not being generally determined. It was, however,
clear that on the site bodies had been buried after cremation in cinerary
urns and others unburnt, either with or without coffins, but in either case
with the garments, weapons, or ornaments of the deceased. Cremation and
simple inhumation seemed to have been contemporary on this site, but it was
held that the small number of urns showed the former practice was on the
decline , and the small accessory vessels of pottery found with skeletons were
merely a survival from the days of incineration. This is, however, inconsis-
tent with the view that both methods of disposing of the dead were adopted
by contemporaries ; and the presence of small vessels, not used as cineraries,
was probably due to a radical change in the religious beliefs of the popula-
tion, possibly to a new wave of immigration.

Descriptive notes on the various classes of objects accompany the numer-
ous illustrations in Mr. Tymms' paper, and the most interesting points may
here be mentioned. Perhaps the greatest rarity is a coffin of Barnack stone,
5 ft. 8 in. long. It was without a lid, and lay about 15 in. below the
surface, containing a few bones of a young person, accompanied by one
half of a small bronze clasp and one or two pieces of iron. On the left side,
but possibly belonging to an adjacent burial, were found a shield-boss and
spear-head of iron. Besides the ordinary form of shield-boss with a stud on
the point, one of conical form was discovered that may have been the earlier
form,"* and only one sword is known to have come from the heath. This
was of the usual length (36 in.), retaining traces of a wooden scabbard, and
Willi 't in the grave were a shield-boss and spear-head, fragments of two
buckets, two long brooches, two clasps (probably at the wrists), two flat rings
(apparently annular brooches without their pins), and some beads (generally
confined to female interments).

Among the spear-heads may be noticed one with a long slender head and
a socketed ferrule for the butt-end, while two arrow-heads of iron are recorded
from this site. The bow does not appear to have formed part of the military
equipment in England during the pagan period, but a few other arrow-
heads have been collected from cemeteries of that period, as at Marston
St. Lawrence, Northants ; North Luffenham, Rutland ; Lowesby Hall, Lei-
cestershire ; and Chessel Down, Isle of Wight, where several together were

" Many objects found in 1849, '" ^^^ collections of Messrs. Warren and Gwilt, were illustrated by Roach
Smith, Co/l. Jntij. ii, 165, plates xxxix-xli, A and B. They include girdle-hangen, perforated coins and
beads, bracelet-clasps, brooches of various types, and a bucket-mount, the last being figured in Pag. Sax.
pi. XXXV, fig. 3, with part of girdle-hanger (fig. 2). See also pi. xxxix, I (buckle), and 2 (girdle- hanger). The
site is marked on the I -in. Ordnance Survey Map, sheet 189.

"" One of the early 5 th century from Vermand, Aisne, is figured by Eck, Deux Cimetiirei gallo-romaini,
pi. ii, fig. 1.

339

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

accompanied by a bow 5 ft. in length. Examples are fairly numerous in
Kentish graves, but there are generally indications that the graves containing
them were of children, and the weapon may have been regarded as a mere
toy, though it was an important arm in some continental areas. Small iron
knives appear to have been carried by old and young of both sexes for use at
meals, and appear regularly in the graves, though their wooden handles and
leather sheaths are seldom preserved. The two buckets found are of normal
appearance, though rather smaller than usual, being only 4 in. high ; and
girdle-hangers or chatelaines, tweezers, and hairpins need only be mentioned
as ordinary items of grave furniture. Beads were of amber, glass, pebble, and
jet, those described as terra-cotta being in all probability opaque glass of
various colours ; but special mention should be made of what are called
triplet beads, such as have been found also at Marston St. Lawrence,
Northants ; Bassett Down, Wiltshire ; and Driffield, E.R. Yorks.

Perforated Roman coins for use as pendants were found here, as in
several Anglo-Saxon cemeteries ; though in themselves useless for dating the
cemeteries, they are useful as showing that imperial coins had become scarce
and were looked upon as curiosities. They are generally all of the Constantine
period," and show signs of wear. Two silver disks were found, one with a
boss in the centre and a stamped design round the edge (as at N. Luffenham,
Rutland ; Sleaford, Lines. ; and again at Warren Hill and Ipswich), and the
other resembling a bracteate ; these were normally of gold. Both bracteate
and punched silver disk appeared in a woman's grave at Longbridge, War-
wick." Pairs of bronze clasps are frequently found in graves of the Anglian
district, and were probably for bracelets, as they have been noticed, some-
times with remains of leather, on the wrists of skeletons at Sleaford, Lines. ;
Barrington, Cambridgeshire ; Marston St. Lawrence, Northants ; and again
in Suffolk at Warren Hill. Buckles of iron and bronze occurred, and two
retained traces of the cloth that they originally fastened, or on which they lay in
the grave. Iron strike-a-lights for use with flint are by no means common,
but one was found at West Stow, and others similar are known from Ipswich.
It only remains to mention the brooches, which include broad annular
specimens of a common type, some having lost their pins, small square-
headed and trefoil- headed with spreading foot, a typical long brooch of the
late 6th century, and two remarkable specimens that must be described in
more detail.

Though possibly made within a few years of each other, they represent
two different stages in the evolution of the true cruciform brooch from the
long brooch of Scandinavia. The illustration of the earlier (pi. v, fig. 2)
shows that while the salient features of the long brooch were retained, the
square head was furnished with a border of ' spectacle ' and other patterns,
with circular perforations at intervals round the head-plate. In the other
specimen, from West Stow,"^ the three knobs projecting from the edges of the
head-plate are not only flattened out as before, but thrust outwards to form
the arms and upper limb of the ' cruciform ' type. The extravagant length

** Specimens of Valens (364.-78) and Gratian (367-83) are recorded from this site, both perforated ;
Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc, v, 360 (excavations of 184.9-50).

" F.C.H. fVarw. \, pp. 263-4, ^g^- 7. ' I. 0° coloured plate.
"' Bury and W. Suff. Arch. Soc. Proc. i, pi. xli A.

ANGLO-SAXON REMAINS

of this specimen (6 in.), and its debased ornament prepare us for the final
extinction of this type in the 7th century.

About two miles east of Mildenhall, and north of the high road to Bury,
lies Warren Hill, an eminence formed by chalk outliers overlaid by deposits
of sand, gravel, and clay. In 1866 one of several barrows on this link,
measuring about 70 ft. in diameter, and 9 or 10 ft. in height, was being dug for
gravel, and was found to contain a burial of the early Bronze Age, covered
with eighteen antlers of the red deer. In the surface of the barrow were also
found Saxon burials with the usual furniture, such as shield-bosses of iron,
spear-heads, knives, and toilet articles, but no advantage was taken of the
opportunity of examining these burials under proper supervision.'* In 188 1,
however, an Anglo-Saxon cemetery, distant only a few yards from the site of
the barrows, was explored and subsequently described by Mr. Henry Prigg,
an account of previous discoveries west of the road-cutting being contributed
by Mr. Simeon Fenton." The gravel pits had then been worked for many
years, and the workmen had brought Mr. Fenton a number of antiquities
before he himself began to watch the site in 1875. In November of that
year he excavated two graves, apparently of women, buried near a warrior,
whose shield and spear-head had previously been found. Tweezers, ' long '
brooches, and remains of cloth were recovered, and the teeth had been stained
by contact with a bronze cruciform brooch 5 J in. long, which had evidently
been worn at the shoulder. Next year a somewhat richer grave was found
containing a cruciform brooch 6 in. long, part of a circular brooch, and
remains of cloth as before, but there were also ten beads of rough amber, one
of glass-paste, four silver-wire rings J in. in diameter, and as many silver discs
with a star pattern round a central boss and a border of dots punched from
the back of the plate, closely resembling specimens from West Stow, Suffolk ;
and Market Overton, Rutland.

In the following year a burial was found that seems to settle the use of
the bronze clasps, so frequently found in this part of England. A pair sewn
to cloth lay on either side of the body where the arms had been, and no
doubt served to fasten the wristbands or bracelets. The grave contained
three small brooches and the inevitable knife. Another woman had been
buried near, two silver bracelets '* with overlapping ends and a pair of finger-
rings being found at her left side. A few yards north of these, and close to
the warrior mentioned above, was found the skeleton of a horse, as at Little
Wilbraham, Cambridgeshire ; '' and a similar discovery was made on the
outskirts of the well-known Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Marston St. Lawrence,
Northants,'" though no human burial was there found in close association
with it.

Mr. Prigg's own excavations on Warren Hill added a few points of
interest. The first grave was that of an old man, laid with the feet east-
south-east, and on his breast were found the remains of a shield, by his left
hip a wooden drinking cup turned on the lathe, and (probably) an iron spear-
head beside the skull. The shield had the handle still in position below the

" Bury andW. Suff. Proc. iv, 298, figs. 4-8 on plate. " Ibid, vi, 57-72.

" Cf. specimens from Long Wittenham, Berks. {Jrch. xxxviii, pi. xix, fig. 6) ; Malton, near Barrington,
Cambs. (Brit. Mus.).

" Neville, Saxon Obsequies, 9, grave 44.

"' Plan in Arch, xxxiii, pi. xi, p. 330 (Barrow Furlong).

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

boss, the latter being attached to the wooden framework by five circular
studs. There was no trace of a leather facing, and the ' war-board ' had
apparently been constructed of seven or more narrow strips, about | in. thick,
held together by a dozen slight iron cramps | in, long, six being found in
position. Another grave in the same direction, 12 ft. to the north-east,
contained a spear-head, and a third 21 ft. south-west proved to be that of a
woman, buried in the east and west position. This was carefully excavated
with interesting results. At the head was a large flint, and on the left of the
waist an iron knife and iron ' girdle-hanger ' in the form of a double hook,
just above these being a bronze clasp with remains of woollen fabric adhering.
On the breast a similar clasp, with more cloth and plentiful traces of wood,
which suggested the busks of a bodice. At the neck was a gilt bronze cruci-
form brooch 51 in, long, with remains of cloth of two qualities, and on
either side a penannular brooch, while under the chin was a necklace of
amber, glass-paste, and rock-crystal beads, arranged in threes separated by
single beads of large size. Another large brooch had stained the left ulna,
and the body had been protected by planks and coarse wheat straw. It was
further noticed that the large brooch at the neck was without a pin at the
back, and had been sewn on to a twill garment of open texture, the broken
wings of the head being thus kept in position. Further, the wings of the
head were not cast in one piece with the stem, but added, and kept in position
by an iron rod passing through a shank behind each, and by a third behind
the head of the brooch, much like a specimen found in Rutland."

Farther east, on the other side of the road, the graves of two children
were discovered, little remaining but two small urns of black hand-made
pottery (like those found by Mr. Fenton), half a gilt clasp, a few amber
beads, and three bronze ferrules (possibly worn on a necklace) , There were

no signs of cremation here, and the
pottery consisted merely of accessory
vessels placed in the grave possibly
to contain offerings to the dead.

A tinned bronze badge in the
form of a fish (fig. 9), the third

Fig. 9.— Bronze Badge (?) of Fish Form, Warren specimen in England, WaS found

Hill, Mildenhall {{) at Warren Hill, and is now in

Mr. Fenton's possession. One came
from Kenninghall, just beyond the northern border of the county,*' and
the other from Kempston, Bedford." All are from recognized Anglo-
Saxon burying-places, the Suffolk specimen having been found with half a
bracelet clasp, in what was doubtless an interment ; and all agree so closely
in shape and dimensions that there can be no question as to their common
origin and purpose. What the latter was is, however, not quite certain, but
the rivets point to their use as badges, perhaps on the front of the shield, and
it is just possible that this form was chosen in allusion to the Early Christian
use of the fish as a symbol of Christianity, the letters of the Greek word for
fish being the initials of a Christian confession of faith."

" Pro. Soc. An/if. xix, 196 ; KC.H. Rut. i, 102. «» F.C.H. Norf. i, 34,0.

" y.C.H. Beds, i, 183 (with fig.).

" O. M. Dalton, Guide to Early Christiai: ord Byzantine Antiq. (Brit. Mus.), 16.

342

Fig. 10

Gilt Bronze Buckie, Mitchili's
Hill, Icklingham (^)

ANGLO-SAXON REMAINS

There were evident traces of burials on Mitchell's Hill, Icklingham, and
possibly another case of horse-interment,'^ as at Warren Hill. The relics were
mostly in Sir John Evans' collection, and comprised a square-headed brooch set
with garnets in the Jutish style, two large and elaborate cruciform specimens,
two clasps with woollen fabric attached, a buckle that may be of Prankish
manufacture, a Roman spoon, girdle-hangers, tweezers, and among other
brooches a pair of ' horned ' specimens of local
type," with curved projections from the upper
angles of the square head-plate, and a circular
brooch with an embossed plate applied to the
front as at Kempston, Bedford.

In the Bury Museum a richly gilt buckle
(fig. lo) from the site deserves special mention,
as the pattern is of rare occurrence in England.
The edges of the loop are bevelled, and the
animal engraving executed not on the face of
the loop, but on the sloping sides, suggesting a
connexion with Sweden," where the same pecu-
liarity occurs on buckles of the 5th century.
Another gilt buckle, from Icklingham, is illus-
trated in colours (fig. 2 on frontispiece), and is now in the British Museum.
The panel is filled with deeply engraved animal pattern in the style character-
istic of the 6th century, when the principles of anatomy were disregarded in
order to fill a given space.

A perforated axe-head of iron found at Undley and now in Mr. Fen-
ton's possession has a Prankish appearance, and resembles one published from
Icklingham.*^ Two others, from Ipswich, are in the national collection, one

(fig. 11) belongs to a type fairly com-
mon in Prance, but also found in the
Thames, while the other is in poor
condition, and has no expansion of
the cutting edge. These weapons are
rarely found in England, but are known
from the Isle of Wight, London, and
Croydon, "" and by comparison with con-
tinental specimens may be assigned to
the sixth century.

Two iron spear-heads found in 1 8 1 3
in a barrow at Barrow Bottom," about
five miles due west of Bury, are sufficient
evidence of one or two Anglo-Saxon
burials here, whether the barrow was
raised at that time or (as is more prob-
able) had existed since the Bronze Age,
Fig. II.— Iron Axe-head, Ipswich (^) a thousand or more years before. At

" Bury and W. Suff. Pnc. vi, 7 1 .

" One from Farndish, figured in V.C.H. Bedi. i, 190 ; others from Soham and Barrington, Cambs., and
Kenninghall, Norfolk.

" Salin, Die altgermanische Thienrnamenlik, 164, fig. 390. " Akerman, Pagan Saxondom, pi. xxiii, fig. 3.

'^ y-C.H. Surr. i, 260. S9 Bury and W. Suff. Proc. ii, 207.

343

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Holywell Row, some eight or nine miles north-west, beyond Mildenhall,
another Anglo-Saxon burial was indicated by the discovery of a string of clay
(glass-paste) beads, a Saxon brooch, and a Roman coin,"^ the last being often
found in graves of the post-Roman period, pierced for suspension on a necklace.

In the valley of the Lark, a little above Icklingham, has been found a cup-
shaped urn (pi. iv, fig. A), that points to a burial after cremation at Lackford.
Farther west the finds at Tuddenham now in the Cambridge Museum include
a large square-headed brooch with crenellated head, in the style of the 6th
century, annular and other brooches of ordinary types ; bracelet clasps, spear-
heads, knives, a pot-hook, ferrule, and small urn with S stamps ; a small
axe-head of Prankish form, perhaps for the use of a child; and twelve
bone draughtsmen (burnt and evidently from a cinerary urn), with two
holes on the flat face where the prong-centre of the lathe was fixed.'''*
Of special interest is a small hollow pyramid of bronze set with garnets in
cell-work on the four faces and furnished with a cross-bar across the base.
The use of these jewels is still uncertain, but a fair number have been found
in this country,^"' and a plain example of bronze, now in private hands,
comes from Lackford.

The above relics must be mainly from graves, and Professor Ridgeway "
publishes a long brooch, without the two side knobs, found buried with a
warrior in association with another of nearly the same size, an iron shield-
boss, spear, sword, and knife, the ordinary grave-furniture of the period.

A pair of small square-headed brooches in the Cambridge Museum
from Preckenham are not only evidence of an unburnt burial there, but also
of intercourse with the Jutish area ; for the type is practically confined to
Kent and the Isle of Wight,"' where it occurs very frequently.

Exning, a village in the detached portion of Suffolk north of New-
market, is also well represented by finds of the pagan period in the Cambridge
Museum. Two silver finger-rings were found on a skeleton there in 1894 ;
and among other finds, no doubt from a burial ground of the 6th century,
are two pairs of ' horned ' brooches as from Lakenheath ; a long brooch with
wings and three knobs that has lost its foot, but otherwise so closely resembles
one from St. John's College in the same collection that they might have
come from the same mould. A gilt cruciform brooch with large expanding
foot illustrates the development of the long brooch, and resembles specimens
from Sleaford, Lincolnshire,'^*" while another brooch, of unusual form, has
circular projections from the upper angles of the head. A typical ' long ' brooch
also from Exning is in the Norwich Museum.

The numerous specimens from Lakenheath in the Cambridge Museum
of Archaeology are sufficient evidence of Anglo-Saxon burials there, though a
precise record is wanting. Besides glass and amber beads were found small
bronze cylinders, probably worn as a necklace; a spear-head 12 in. long of
unusual form, with unsplit socket, and a vase of Prankish character with rows
of stamped patterns round the shoulder. Among numerous brooches should
be mentioned a large and elaborate cruciform specimen with enamel round

**" Bury and W. Suff. Proc. i, 305. '" Compare specimens from Norfolk {F.C.H. Nor/, i, 336).

'"' Compare V.C.H. Essex, \, 321 (fig. B on coloured plate), where several references are given ; F.C.H.

ATM/, i, 357 (pi. i, fig. 7)-

" Early Age of Greece, 587, fig. 142.

"= V.C.H. Hants, i, 388 (fig. 2 on coloured plate). '"■ Arch. 50, pi. xxiv, fig. 2.

ANGLO-SAXON REMAINS

Fig. 12. — Lead Weight with
Bronze-gilt Top, wt. 38 IO
grains, mlldenhall (j)

the setting on the bow ; a pair of ' horned ' examples of a type apparently-
confined to the neighbourhood of the Fens ; and two ornate square-headed

brooches, one with silver disc attached to the
foot, and the other with a garnet-setting in the
middle of the head. A triangular bronze-gilt
mount as fig. 1 4 belongs to a pair of clasps ;
and a small buckle with three rivets in a row
and a garnet-setting on the plate may be com-
pared with one from East Boldon, Durham, in
Newcastle Museum.

Some beads of glass and amber and half a
clasp in the British Museum are perhaps suffi-
cient evidence of a pagan unburnt burial at
Wangford ; and a find at Eriswell, to the south
of Lakenheath, is published by Professor Ridge-
way," consisting of a small bronze brooch with
cruciform head, and a larger and a finer speci-
men that belonged to an unburnt burial. These
were generally interred with women in the
6th century, and call for no further remark.

A leaden weight (fig. 12) of 3810 grains
(247-4 grammes), in the possession of Mr. Fenton, was found at Mildenhall,
and is surmounted by a bronze-gilt disc engraved with a rosette, the spaces
between the points being filled with looped triangles^''' and (apparently)
birds' wings. It probably dates from
the 8th or 9th century, and is in-
teresting as being 30 grains short of
8 oz. Troy, for which it was prob-
ably intended. It is in good pre-
servation but slightly chipped, enough
to account for the 30 grains ; and
though Troy weight is known to be
of great antiquity, it is difficult to
account for the present weight being
2 oz. over the half-pound Troy
(6 oz.).

In the same collection is a
square-headed brooch (fig. 13) of the
6th century from Mildenhall, with
debased animal ornament and a stout
disc attached to the bow like several
already mentioned from this and other
counties (p. 332). Another interesting
piece, now at Bury, is here illustrated
(fig. 14), from Mildenhall, the deco-
ration showing the transition from
the style of the 6th to that of the

Fic. 13. — Bro: ze-gilt Brooch with Silver.
Mod ts, M.loenhall (|)

" Earhj Age of Greece, i, 586, fig. 141.

'*■ Cf. for example the Canterbury cross, V.CM. Kent, i, 382, fig. 26.

345

44

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Fig. 14
Part ok Bracelet-clasp,
Mildenhall (J)

7th century. It is of bronze gilt, and belongs to a bracelet-clasp now
missing ; a complete specimen from Harrington, in Cambridge Museum,
shows the exact relation to the two limbs of the clasp,
though the origin and utility of such an addition are
not apparent.

Special notice must also be taken of a brooch (fig. i 5),
in Mr. Fenton's collection, from Mildenhall. It is of
bronze that has been in contact with iron and received
a coating of iron rust, but is intact but for the pin and
the square enamel setting at the centre. Traces of the
red filling still remain, and birds' heads may still be
traced at the end of the swastika, which forms the body
of the brooch. Plain rectangular brooches of swastika
or fylfot form are not uncommon in the Roman pro-
vinces, and one has been found in Brough, Westmorland,
but the present specimen is a Teutonic version of the
Roman pattern, and is allied to large and richly orna-
mented specimens of silver (or with applied silver plates) generally found
in Denmark, but also occurring sporadically in Norway, South Sweden,
and Mecklenburg," always in the graves of women. The springs on these
to give tension to the pin are long spiral coils of wire, but this system had
evidently been simplified before the Mildenhall brooch was made, as the
two lugs for the hinge are quite close together. As the type lasted a
comparatively short time and some specimens
are known to belong to the latter part of the
3rd century, the Suffolk example may belong
to the 4th or possibly the early 5th century,
and is in any case one of the earliest Teutonic
antiquities in this country.

The most important find at Mildenhall
is undoubtedly the set of enamelled mounts
of a bowl in the Cambridge Archaeological
Museum. They consist of four escutcheons,
three having had hooks attached to their
frames and the fourth belonging to the bottom
of the bowl ; a bronze ring showing traces

of wear inside and evidently belonging to one of the chain hooks of the
bowl ; narrow strips of bronze with sunk red enamel (mostly wanting) in a
fret pattern ; and silver strips notched at their edges that apparently surrounded
the escutcheons within the frame of bronze. The bowl to which all these
enamelled mounts appertained is unfortunately wanting, but its size and charac-
ter are evident from similar discoveries in other parts of England. The best
parallel is the set from Barlaston, Staffordshire, found in a warrior's grave and
republished in this series.^* The strips with their slanting ends are practically
identical, and seem to have been fixed on the outside of a bowl (about 9 in. in
diameter) in the three spaces between the hook-escutcheons and just below the

" S. MuUer, Ordning af Danmarks Oldsager, Jern&lderen, no. 266 ; Almgren, Nordeurofdische Fibe/formen,
p. 104, figs. 232-5 ; Montelius, Den nordiske jemilderns Kronologi, p. 240 ; Memoires de la Socu:e des Anliquaires
du Nord, 1878, pp. 22, 29. " F.C.H. Staff,, i, 21 1.

346

Fig. 15. — Bronze Brooch, once
Enamelled, Mildenhall (J)

ANGLO-SAXON REMAINS

hollow moulding that is a constant feature of these bowls. Narrow bronze
strips, forming a flat circle and decorated with sunk red enamel {champ/eve),
have also been found with enamelled escutcheons in association with a bowl of
this kind at Old Park, Dover ; ''*' but no perfect specimen has yet come to light.
They were evidently suspended by three chains and meant to be sometimes
seen from below, as enamelled discs have been found in the ' kick,' outside
the base.

The body of the bowl is in nearly every case of extremely thin metal,
beaten out in a manner that must have necessitated many firings ; and the
result is that they are found, if at all, in fragments. The designs on the escut-
cheons, which are generally decorated with red enamel, are for the most part
varieties of the Celtic trumpet pattern, seen at its best in the early Irish
illuminated MSS.; but the Mildenhall specimens seem to be a barbaric version
of the classical inclosed palmette and, in this respect, stand quite alone.
Though many bowls or their fragments have been found in England, their
date is not definitely fixed : but the period 550-650 suggested by some
of the circumstances and associated objects may be provisionally accepted,
though it leaves unexplained the occurrence of Celtic enamel and scroll-
patterns which are generally supposed to have been abolished in Britain by
the Roman occupation and to have survived only in Ireland where the Roman
arms never penetrated. It may be added that one heart-shaped escutcheon
of plain bronze, with the ring worn thin, has been found at Icklingham
and probably belonged to a bowl of this kind, and a smaller lozenge-shaped
specimen from Lakenheath, with a movable ring in the hook above it, may
also be cited in illustration. Plain specimens like the former are known from
Sarre, Kent ; and Barton, Cambridgeshire, while the latter somewhat resembles
one from Faversham, Kent, in the British Museum.

The sites of discoveries on the coast were probably some distance
inland during the early Saxon period, and a valuable find at Bacton, in
Norfolk, was indirectly due to the encroachment of the sea. In Suffolk
the fate of Dunwich is at once recalled to the memory, but finds there are
almost exclusively mediaeval. At Pakefield, just south of Lowestoft, an
interesting discovery was made in 1758 on Bloodmore Hill, and recorded by
the worthy Douglas." In a barrow a skeleton was found buried with a coin
pendant of gold, and another, set with an onyx intaglio, strung on a necklet
of rough garnets. The coin mounted in a hoop was of Avitus, who was
declared Emperor in Gaul in 455, but resigned and became Bishop of
Placentia ; on the reverse was conob, as in the Bacton pendant,'^* but the
legend has yet to be explained by numismatists. The onyx intaglio
was of Roman workmanship and represented a warrior armed with a spear
beside a horse to right. Coins of the Lower Empire are also mentioned,
including one of Claudius II (268-70), evidently inscribed imp. clavdivs
p F AVG (oriental crown on head to right) and victoria avg (Victory flying to
right with wreath and branch) ; and Douglas illustrates a crystal engraved with

"* This and other examples not included in the late Mr. Romilly Allen's list (^Arch. Ivi, 49) are published
in Proc. Soc. Jntiq. xxii, with illustrations.

" Nenia Britannka, 8 n. and 82 (crystal, pi. xx, fig. 11); MS. Min. Soc. Antiq. viii, 318 (sketches) ;
/Irch. xxxii, 65 n.

" F.C.H. Norf. i, 341, figs. 2, za, on coloured plate. For conob see Wroth, Imperial Byzantine Coins
(Brit. Mus.), p. xcix.

347

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

a cross, found on the same occasion. It is of the size and shape sometimes
mounted in metal sockets, and used in the I2th and 13th centuries for
ornamenting the bindings of books, but quite distinct in character from
the earlier crystal spheres frequently found in Kent, Isle of Wight, and Nor-
mandy, as part of the grave-furniture."

At Aldeburgh, a Merovingian coin was found about 1846, set in a
finger-ring which had three pellets on either side of the bezel." This
arrangement of pellets in triangles is common on Merovingian finger-rings,
and was derived from a late Roman fashion, but the coin cannot be earlier
than the first half of the 7th century, as the cross standing on steps does
not occur on coins before the time of Tiberius Constantine.

The bone disk from Felixstowe, illustrated on the frontispiece (fig. 4),
is now in the British Museum with fragments of two bone combs and part
of the case that protected the teeth when not in use. The combs are of
ordinary patterns,"^ but the disc is unusual and may have been part of a
mirror-case, such as the Romans used. There are rivet-holes near the rim,
and the design shows no trace of Anglo-Saxon influence, but rather a survival
of Roman motives, such as occur on mosaic pavements in this country.
Another Felixstowe find is a ' long ' brooch of debased character with
' spectacle ' ornament, now in Norwich Museum.

Another coastal find was a bronze brooch (fig. 1 6) from Felixstowe," of a
type fairly common in later Anglo-Saxon times. It is i in. in diameter, and
rudely engraved with a lion passant to left, considerable
traces of red enamel remaining in the sunk field. Speci-
mens practically identical come from Icklingham, and
from SwafFham, Norfolk, while another of the same
character was found at Butley, Suffolk. The last two
are in the national collection and another is at Canterbury.
It is remarkable that specimens'" with a lion and a horse-
man (somewhat like one next to be described) were found
°oF Bronze*, Felix- ^" ^^^ Gokstad ship-burial in Norway, and attributed to
sTowE {{) the 9th century.

Another circular brooch, apparently of the iith cen-
tury, is published by Fairholt *^ from Otley, a few miles north of Ipswich.
It was found about 1834 in a barrow by Mr. Fitch, whose collection is now
at Norwich, but it is unlikely that it belonged to a burial, and had probably
been dropped during a search for treasure. It is ijin. in diameter, and
on both sides is a horseman with a drawn sword in his right hand, and a
•cross and star in the field. The front bears the letters sCs (for Sanctus)
and the back, which is provided with hinge and catch for the pin, has
"Ro . . . . s, the intervening letters defaced, but probably for Robertus or
Romanus. The shield and pointed helmet with nasal are both characteristic
of early Norman work.

A few other brooches remain to be considered, and of these the most
interesting is one in the form of a bee (fig. 1 7) found somewhere in the county,

" r.C.H. Kent, i, 342, 347, 359, 369 ; Hants, i, 388. " Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc, i, 257 (figs.).

"* Compare London specimens, V.C.H. London, i, 165, (with case).

" Proc. Soc. Antiq. xi, 14 ; now in Bury Museum.

*• Rygh, Norske OUsagcr, figs. 603 (lion), 602 (horseman).

" Journ. Brit. Arch. Assoc, ii, 314 (figs.).

348

ANGLO-SAXON REMAINS

and acquired by Sir John Evans." The most famous examples of this type
were found in the so-called tomb of Childeric, king of the Franks (d. 481),
near Tournai ; but several are known from localities extending from the
Caucasus to France. Many of these have been
published with the Suffolk specimen by Baron de
Baye,°*who connects them with the migrating Goihs
of the 5th and 6th centuries, but has no explana-
tion of the pattern, which seems in some cases to
represent a bee, but in most is strangely conven-
tionalized. The type may have been derived from
the Greek colonies, on the north coast of the Black
Sea, and various forms of garnet settings show that
it had a wide popularity amone the barbarians. ^ „ 'T'

r r ./ o . TT *^'°' '7' — Bronze Brooch tw

Such brooches are specially numerous m Hungary, Form of Bee, Suffolk (J)
and the bee is sometimes found applied to other

forms of jewellery, such as a circular filigree brooch supposed to have
been found in Kent, but clearly of continental workmanship.'*

Other Suffolk relics of which the precise locality is not recorded may
be mentioned briefly. In 1878 Mr, Henry Prigg (later Trigg) exhibited
to the British Archaeological Association '' a square-headed brooch 6 in. long
with silver plates at the angles of the head and on the terminal of the foot,
but the ' cable pattern ' and absence of ' grotesque masks ' are evidence of
a comparatively early, and not late, date as he supposed. The exhibition
included a richly gilt fragment of late Saxon work, ' either a girdle-clasp or
book-clasp, flowers of a simple form being prominent in the design ' ; and part
of a girdle-hanger more ornate than usual. A ring-brooch with cruciform
ring-and-dot pattern is also illustrated.'*

Finger-rings figure conspicuously in the list of Anglo-Saxon remains
from Suffolk, and the most interesting is doubtless one of silver now in the
Moyses Hall Museum at Bury St. Edmunds. It is of plain silver, somewhat
flat and broad like a modern wedding-ring, and is deeply engraved inside
and out with a legend purporting to connect it with King ^thelstan, but the
inscription does not inspire confidence.

Another specimen of silver,'"^ formerly in the collection of Sir John
Evans, is engraved round the outside, sigerie het mea gewircan, or,
in modern English, 'Sigerie ordered me to be made.' The formula is
familiar from its occurrence on the Alfred jewel," and as there is no objection
to connecting the latter with the great English king, this ring may be
referred to the same period (850-950).

Several finger-rings, apparently of late Saxon origin, were collected by
Mr. Joseph Warren from Ixworth and published from time to time, but not
fully illustrated. One of silver,'' found in a field there in 1852, is evidently

'* Proc. Sec. Anti<i. xi, 99.

^ Bulletin et Mimoires de la Societe nationale des Antiquaires de France, Ser. 6, vol. iv (1893), 137 (with
■coloured plate).

" F.C.H. Kent, \, 380, pi. i, fig. 11 (Canterbury Museum).

" Joum. Brit. Arch. Assoc, xxxiv, 132 ; brooch compared to one from grave 158, at Little Wilbraham,
Cambs. figured in Neville, Saxon Obsequies, pi. 10.

'« Bury and W. Suff. Proc. i, 223, fig. 2 on plate. ^ Bury and IV. Suff. Proc. i, 223, figs. 7, 8.

" f^.C.H. Som. i, 378, figs. A, B, c, D, on coloured plate.

^ Jeurn. Brit. Arch. Assoc, xi, 80, pi. 6, fig. 2 ; gold ring, fig. 3 ; cf. viii, 159.

93

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

a rough example of the type represented in the national collection by one
fromGarrick Street, London,'' and in the Ashmolean Museum by another from
Bossington, Hampshire.'" The bezel expands into an oval with its longer
axis at right angles to the hoop, and in the present case is rudely ornamented
with punched annulets, while the tapering ends are fastened by a slip-knot.
This feature is seen on a gold ring from Ixworth (1849), published at the
same time, but the hoop is of a different form of circular section, thickest at
the point opposite the slip-knot or twist of the terminals. A similar ring of
silver was found in a barrow on Breach Down, Kent," and another of gold
from Suffolk was exhibited by Mr. Whincopp in 1846.'^ This weighed
I2dwt. 14 gr. and was ' formed of silver round wires curiously twisted,
like a rope tapering towards the extremities, which were united and formed
a sort of loop to which a smaller ring or hook might be adjusted for suspen-
sion from the ear.'

In Ixworth churchyard were found ' a brass ring with the ends twisted
in a facet,' and a 'finger- ring of bronze wire with pretty openwork pattern
and the ends wound round the hoop,' both apparently of the Saxon period
Another, found in 18 19 near some coins of East Anglian kings in Laxfield
churchyard, had a cruciform pattern of concentric circles ; '* and Mr. Fenton
has a bronze ring with overlapping ends and S scrolls in openwork between
beaded borders, much like a gold specimen from Coggeshall in the neighbour-
ing county of Essex. ** It was found either at Icklingham or Lakenheath.

Four examples of the sword-knife, generally known as the scramasax,
and rare in this country, are known from Suffolk, but unfortunately there is
no record of any associated finds from which their precise date might be
deduced. The longest is now in the British Museum, and was found deep in
alluvial soil near the old ford at Little Bealings,"" between Woodbridge and
the county town. It measures 32 in. in length (including the tang), and is
well preserved, with a strip of damascening (in the true sense) down both
sides of the blade. Another was found at Hoxne," with a total length of
l4Jin., the hilt being 4 in. long, and as usual without its grip of bone or
wood. The blade was i in. wide, and two grooves ran parallel and near to
the back edge. A third specimen, § in. shorter, was found at Offton," with
circular bands of bronze at the junction of the blade and hilt (no doubt to
bind the grip). It is said to be in Ipswich Museum, but the only specimen
there (now in Christchurch Mansion) is 11 '3 in. long with a blade of 9 in.
It has no history, but was probably found in the county, and has one groove
at the back inlaid with silver and brass. London has yielded a fair number of
these weapons,'" which seem to date from the later Anglo-Saxon period, as
they are not found in pagan burials ; but on the Continent they were com-
monly carried, at a somewhat earlier period, by the Burgundians, Alemanni,
and Franks.

An exceptional relic of the later Anglo-Saxon period was found at
Blythburgh on the property of Mr. Seymour Lucas, R.A., who presented it

" r.C.H. Lend. 1, 157. " Joum. Brit. Arch. Assoc. \, 341. " Akerman, Arch. Index, pi. xviii, fig. 17.

"* Proc. Soc. Antif. (ist ser.), i, 117; also a silver ear-ring found near Bury St. Edmunds.

" Bury and W. Suff. Proc. ii, zl2 ; £. Angftan N. and Q. i (1864), 437.

" Arch. Joum. xiv, 177 ; E. Anglian N. and Q. i, 347.

'* f^.C.H Essex, i, 327, fig. 15 on coloured plate. ^ Proc. Soc.Antlg. x, 17.

»' Ibid, viii, 80. '« Coll. Aniij. ii, 243, pi. Iviii, fig. 4. '» F.C.H. Lond. i, 152.

350

Fig. 1 8.

cpwetoriwa'
-Whale's Bone Tablet for Writing, Blvthburgh (|)

ANGLO-SAXON REMAINS

to the British Museum in 1902. The site formerly belonged to the priory
of Black Canons, a cell to the abbey of St. Osyth, Essex, founded in the reign of
Henry I,''"but the writing-tablet here illustrated (fig. 18) is certainly of earlier
date. The two leaves
(one now missing) were
evidently fastened to-
gether by a cord or
thong passed through
both pairs of holes,
and the sunk panel or
panels filled with wax,
which was written
upon by means of a
style, a pointed instru-
ment of pen form made
of bone or metal. The
leaf itself is made of
whale's bone, and
though rubbed and
broken still bears an
interlaced design that

suffices to fix its date and origin. The use of such tabellae among the
Romans is well known, but the material employed was generally wood, and
only a few examples are preserved in this country, though styli are common ;
and the special interest of the Blythburgh tablet is that it was evidently made
and used at a time when parchment was in common use, and such a primitive
method of correspondence or note-taking might be supposed extinct. The
system did, however, survive into the Middle Ages, but this is the only Anglo-
Saxon specimen known ; the resemblance of its ornamentation to that of the
Book of Kells suggests an Irish origin, and throws light on its approximate
date. Though hardly two authorities agree precisely as to the date of that
famous Irish MS., most would assign this kind of interlacing to the 8th or
9th century ; and though St. Felix, who converted East Anglia, himself came
from Burgundy, it is quite probable, that during the supremacy of Northum-
bria, monks and missionaries introduced literary utensils from the north of
England, where the Irish (or Scotic) influence was strong. St. Columba not
only introduced the monastic rule into Scotland, but founded monasteries in
Burgundy, the home of St. Felix himself ; and the occupation of Lindisfarne
in 635 by Aidan, who made it his see, was the signal for a great missionary
movement in England. After the battle of the Winwaed in 655 East Anglia
passed under the influence of the Northumbrian king Oswiu, and the relics of
Irish monasticism might be expected in Suffolk after that date ; but in spite
of a large number of monuments displaying the interlaced patterns, it has not
yet been found possible to assign exact dates to much work of this description.
The bottom panel of the south face of the Bewcastle Cross has, however, a
close resemblance to that on the tablet, and there are good reasons for assign-
ing that well-known monument to the 7th century,"^ which is indeed indicated
by the inscription on it, and the interlacing motives are now generally held

"" Proc. Soc. Aiitlq. xif, 40. "" F.C.H. Cumb. i, 255-6.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

to be ultimately derived from Italy, but adapted and transformed by native
artists.

That the Blythburgh tablet served another purpose when no longer used
for writing on wax is deduced from the fact that the decorative panel was
pierced by seven (now six) bronze rivets placed symmetrically, and apparently
intended to hold a metal cross outside, as there are marks on the interlacing
that would agree with the equal-armed cross then in use among the Anglo-
Saxons.'"^ On this theory, however, there would be no use for the rivet at
the ano-le and the corresponding one (if it ever existed) on the corner broken

away.

A bone draughtsman now in the Bury Museum was found at Fin-
borough ; and may, like several found in London,"^^ date from the Viking
period, but contemporary finds are scarce in the county ; and special men-
tion may be made of a trefoil brooch ornamented with conventional foliage
in Carlovingian type found at Lakenheath Warren and now preserved at
Cambridge. It resembles one in the British Museum from Roskilde, Zea-
land, though the latter is ornamented in a different style, and its locality
explains the presence of this type in England during the Danish period.

Among Anglo-Saxon remains of the later period seals are perhaps the
rarest, and at the same time the most interesting from the historical point of
view. The series is very limited, but Suffolk is, as usual, represented. The
seal-matrix is of bronze, 2| in. in height, and in the form of a cone,
with two tiers of pierced arches, each containing an animal head, and at the
apex of the cone a terminal something like a fleur-de-lys. The eyes of the
animal heads were originally represented by garnets, of which only one
remains, and their loss is easily explained. After being dug up in a garden
by a labourer, about 200 yds. from the site of the monastery at Eye, the seal
was given as a plaything to a child, who threw it on the fire. The effect of
this treatment may still be seen on the bronze, which was luckily rescued by
the child's mother, and presented to the British Museum in 1822 by
Mr. Hudson Gurney."* The legend of the seal is : + sig. eoilwaldi ep. — ,
which shows that it belonged to Ethilwald, Bishop of Dunwich, in the
middle of the 9th century. This prelate addressed the Profession of Faith to
Ceolnoth, Archbishop of Canterbury (830-70), and cannot have resided at
Dunwich after 870, when the see, created by St. Felix in the 7th century,
was ravaged by the Danes. The East Anglian bishopric had been divided
about 673, and while Dunwich remained the see of Suffolk, that of Norfolk
was removed to Elmham. The monks of Eye possessed the site of the
bishopric at Dunwich till it was swallowed by the sea, and had a cell there
till the Dissolution, hence the discovery of the seal near the monastery is
easily explained. The lettering is an abbreviation of sigillvm ethilwaldi
EPiscoPi, and surrounds a star, of which four points have floral additions,
much in the style of the coinage.'"'^

In the abbey grounds at Bury an interesting relic was found more than
sixty years ago by a labourer, and subsequently passed into the collection of

"" Besides the jewelled crosses from Norfolk and Suffolk, compare the Gravesend and Canterbury examples
{F.C.H. Kent, i, 381, 382) and that found in the coffin of St. Cuthbert, who died 687 {KC.H. Dur. i, 254).
""' r.C.H. London, i, 166.

"* This account is published with illustrations and the text of the Profession in ^rch. xx, 479.
^"'^ Cat. Jngi'o-Saxon Coins (Brit. Mus.), ii, pi. viii, 16 (penny of Edward the Elder).

352

ANGLO-SAXON REMAINS

Lord Londesborough. It consists of a leaden tablet bearing an Anglo-Saxon
inscription with three holes along one edge, in one of which is a leaden loop
as if for binding several such leaves together. The title is in runes which
may represent ' The book of Alfred says,' and the remainder is in Anglo-Saxon
minuscules, as follows : Ic iElfric munc et maesse-preost wear}? asend on
iEj)ilredes dasge cyninges fram yElfeage biscope, iEjjelwolde asfter-gengan,
to sumum mynstre ]>z is Cernl'. ]?a beam me on mode, ic treowege J>urh
Godes gife, J»^t ic Jjas . . . This represents in modern English : ' I, ^Elfric,
monk and mass-priest, was sent in King iEthelred's time from Alfeah the
bishop, the successor of ^Ethelwold, to a certain minster (or monastery)
which is called Cernel. Then it came into my mind I would this . . .'
These are the opening lines of ^Ifric's preface to his first collection of
Anglo-Saxon homilies, and express his intention to translate the Latin text
into English. Thomas Wright, from whose account ^°* the above is taken,
considered it the front cover of a manuscript volume of the Homilies, the
English introduction being continued on the first vellum page, as the back of
this cover has no inscription. The runes were used at this date only excep-
tionally, as a piece of archaism, and from a comparison of the texts it is clear
that this is an abbreviated version. iEthelwold and Alfeah were successive
bishops of Winchester, and Mlinc (subsequently Archbishop of Canterbury)
was sent as abbot to the newly-founded abbey of Cerne in 988 or 989, where
he translated his first volume of homilies in 990.

Discoveries of isolated coins add little to our knowledge of this later
Saxon period, but may be noted as suggesting pre-Norman occupation of
their sites. A silver penny of Cuthred, King of Kent (797-805), was found
at Lavenham,'"^ bearing the name of the moneyer Sigeberht on the reverse ;
and a number of pennies of Edward the Confessor are recorded from Campsey
Ash.'*" Sir John Evans has described coins of ^thelred II (978-1016)
found at Ipswich,"^ where at the depth of about 5 ft. from the modern
surface is a continuous band of black earth about i ft. thick, in which
Roman and Saxon antiquities are found.™ Three coins of Canute have also
come to light in the churchyard at Rougham ; ^"^ and a number of ^thelred's
coins, now at Bury, were found fused together in Sir Henry Bunbury's
garden at Great Barton.

As might naturally be expected, a survey of the Anglo-Saxon remains
of Suffolk suggests the same conclusions as in Norfolk. In both counties
two distinct rites of burial were practised in what must be called the pagan
period, that is from the end of the Roman occupation to the time when
arms, ornaments, and utensils ceased to be buried with the dead. To explain
this duality in a sphere most congenial to conservatism is one of the main
problems of archaeology ; and the advent of Christianity does not fully
explain so radical a change as that from cremation to inhumation. The
former may be considered frankly pagan, the latter perhaps as a step towards
the Christian orientation of the grave, but unburnt burials in East Anglia
and elsewhere are by no means uniformly east and west ; nor, indeed, if they

'"* y4ni. xxxiv, 438, pi. xxxvi ; Proc. Soc. Jntiq. (ist Ser.), ii, 105 ; Miscellanea Graphica, 12.

"" Burj and W. Suff. Proc. ii, 211. '»« Akerman, Pagan Saxondom, 43.

"" Numis. Chnn. iv, 1864, p. 28 ; one from St. Matthew's churchyard. Bury and W. Suff. Proc. ii, 214.

"» Antij. iv (1881), 272. '<" E. Anglian N. and Q. i, 437.

I 353 45

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

were so orientated, would it be wise to conclude that all were Christian
burials, for that direction was often adopted purely with reference to sunrise
and sunset. Suffolk, on the whole, gives colour to the theory that cremation
was the earlier practice, for while no relics of late character are associated
with the cinerary urns, most of the grave-furniture in the other group
indicates the 6th or early 7th century, and it may reasonably be assumed
that the Anglians arrived on our eastern coast in some number between 450
and 550."° It is in Suffolk that some of the earliest Teutonic relics have
been found ; and a careful comparison of finds in East Anglia with those of
counties that were presumably conquered by the Anglo-Saxons after their
conversion to Christianity may eventually settle the stages of their advance
and lead to a final classification of their remains.

Signs of intercourse with Kent were noticed in Norfolk,"^ but are still
more evident in Suffolk, and are an interesting confirmation of the historical
records. When English history begins in the closing years of the 6th cen-
tury, Kent is the dominant kingdom, and the Bretwalda ^thelbert is over-
lord of East Anglia. In the year 616 this connexion was interrupted by the
death of the Kentish king after a reign of nearly fifty years, and Redwald of
East Anglia succeeded to the hegemony of Britain. His kingdom shortly
afterwards passed into the hands of the redoubtable champion of the old
faith, Penda of Mercia, whose fall at Winwaed in 655 inaugurated the period
of Northumbrian supremacy and led to the final evangelization of East
Anglia. The northern kingdom, however, was soon overshadowed by
Mercia, and the eastern Angles were ruled from the midlands till the foun-
dation of the English kingdom by Ecgberht in the second quarter of the
9th century.

It is evident therefore that most of the burials that can be identified as
Anglo-Saxon by their position or furniture must be referred to the period of
Kentish supremacy, and these, for obvious reasons, are inhumations. Those
who practised cremation in Early England did not, as a rule, place on the
pyre objects of metal or other material that might resist the flames, for if
combs survived (as at Eye), brooches and other such ornaments would also
have been spared. A corollary from this is that the numerous bronzes found
in the county without any notice of interments are probably from inhuma-
tions either perished or destroyed, and the probability becomes a practical
certainty when such articles are found in pairs or in groups, for objects
accidentally lost would be found, if at all, in isolation. On these grounds
some of the sites have been marked on the map as burials even where there
is no record of human remains either burnt or unburnt.

Though East Anglia was the first Danish kingdom in England, and
belonged to the Danelagh after the partition under Alfred, it has been
inferred from certain social indications that ' Guthrum's Danes did not, like
their northern kindred, drive out a portion of the earlier population and
establish themselves as a superior class above the remainder, but settled
among the original East Anglians on a footing of comparative equality.' '^^

"" Mr. Chadwick quotes Hisloria Briltonum, § 59, but thinks it unlikely that Wehha, the first King of
East Anglia and great-grandfather of Redwald, lived at the time of the invasion. {Oripn of the English
'Nation, 183.)

'" V.C.H. Norf. i, 345. '" Robertson, Scotland under her Early Kings, ii, 43;, 240.

354

ANGLO-SAXON REMAINS

The scarcity of Suffolk place-names with the Danish termination —by is
remarkable in view of their abundance beyond the Wash ; and there is,
moreover, physical evidence that the population is of English rather than of
Danish descent. According to Dr. Beddoe,"' ' the southern part of Cam-
bridgeshire is anthropologically more like Norfolk and Suffolk than the
northern, and East Anglia is more Anglian than either Danish or British.
The British element is perhaps stronger in Suffolk than in Norfolk. . . .
The people of Brandon, a small town where flint-working is thought to have
been carried on since prehistoric times, seem to be comparatively dark.'
Danish remains, which are so numerous in York and other centres appropri-
ated in the Viking period, are remarkably scarce in Suffolk and East Anglia
generally ; and a continuous coinage after the establishment of Guthrum's
kingdom points to a measure of peace and prosperity that was not commonly
enjoyed during the Danish wars. The whole question of the East Anglian
mints has been discussed by Daniel Haigh,"* who arrived at some interesting
ethnological results. The names of the moneyers (or persons responsible to
the king for the weight and purity of the coinage) show that in the Danish
hosts there must have been a large proportion not of pure Scandinavian
descent. In the lists are two varieties of un-English names, some apparently
Prankish and others certainly Scandinavian. Under Eadwig (955-9) the
former diminish in number, and almost disappear by the time of vEthelred II
(978—1016), while the Scandinavians naturally continue in large numbers.
Three alternative explanations are offered, which may be given in the words
of Messrs. Grueber and Keary"°: 'perhaps there were a great many Prankish
soldiers in that portion of the great army which, under Guthrum, settled in
East Anglia and Mercia ; or the army brought over a certain number of
Prankish thralls who, having some skill in metal work, were employed to
engrave dies and were authorized to place their names upon them ; or finally,
the coins were issued by traders, and the majority of these in East Anglia at
this time were men of Prankish descent.'

"' Races of Britain, 254. '" Numismatic Chronicle, iv (1841), 34, 195.

"' Cat. 0/ Engl. Coins (Brit. Mus.), ii, p. xliv ; see also p. ciii.

355

0

DoMUDAV Map «e Si

DOMESDAY SURVEY

THE Domesday Survey of Suffolk follows the Surveys of Essex and
Norfolk in ' Little Domesday,' the volume which is supposed to
have been compiled from the original returns of the jurors of the
hundreds, at an earlier date and on a more elaborate scale than the
less detailed and graphic, but also less bulky and cumbrous, ' Great Domes-
day.'' At the end of the Suffolk Survey, which concludes the volume,
stands in red capital letters the famous colophon : —

Anno millesimo octogesimo sexto ab Incarnatione Domini vigesimo uno regni Willelmi
facta est ista descriptio. Non solum per hos tres comitatus sed etiam per alios.

As Mr. Round has pointed out,* descriptio here probably refers to the
Survey, or Inquest, not to Domesday Book, which did not take its final shape
till much later.* A valuable subsidiary source for the study of the Suffolk
Survey is the Inquisitio Eliensis, which gives the lands held by the Abbot of
Ely in six counties, including the three counties of Little Domesday. From
the close correspondence between this document and the Ely returns in
Domesday Book, Mr. Round has argued that the Inquisitio was copied, where
Essex, Norfolk, and Suffolk are concerned, from the second volume of
Domesday Book, or Little Domesday.* As in Norfolk, so in Suffolk, a
minute comparison of the two records makes it appear more likely that both
were derived from the same original,^ and that in each case additions were
made and gaps filled up from special knowledge.

Domesday Suffolk is divided into hundreds, leets, a territorial unit
peculiar to East Anglia, vills {villae)^ terrae, and manors {maneria) with bere-
wicks {berewitae) . Superficial areas are measured by carucates, half-carucates,
and acres ; a virga or rood' appears exceptionally, and perches {perticae) ^ and
arpents of vineyard * are also mentioned. Lineal measurements are given in
leagues and furlongs or quarentines [quarentenae, quarantenae^ carantenae). That
the normal carucate contained 120 acres might be assumed from the frequent

' Round, Teud. Engl 140-6 ; Maitland, Dom. Bk. and Beyond, i, et seq. ; V.C.H. Nor/, ii, 2-4.

' Feud. Engl. 1 39-40.

' V.C.H. Norf. ii, 2. Breve in the sense of a return is only once used in the Suffolk Survey ; Dom. Bk.
fol. 379^, 'Plus terrae pertinet sed inbreviata in Norfolc'

' Feud. Engl. 137-46. ' F.C.H. Norf. ii, 4.

' Cf. Maitland, Dm. Bk. and Beyond, 384. It is, in the Suffolk instances, a rood or quarter acre, not a
virgate or quarter carucate, Dom. Bk. fol. 285 ; 2 acres of meadow, 'i virgam minus,* 342 ; four freemen with 1 2
acres and 'i virga prati,' 389 ; four freemen i carucate and 'i virg.' 423; 23 acres and ' i virga,' 433^ ; 4 acres
worth 1 6i/. ; 3 virgae worth 3./. Here the worth of the ' virga ' is just a quarter of the worth of the acre.

' Dom. Bk. fol. 2853, 287.

'Ibid. fol. 382^ (St. Aldreda), ' Berchingas, ii arpen vinae.' Ibid. 418 (A. de Vere),

' Lavenham, i arpentum vineae.' Ellis, Introd. to Dom. i, 117.

357

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

recurrence of units of 80, 60, 40, and 30 acres, and is proved by the
entry of Starlinc's estate in Glemham as '180 acres' in Domesday, and as
' I ^ carucates ' in the Inquisitio Eliensis.^ There is direct evidence to show
that 12 furlongs went to a league, for 16 qtiarentines in the Domesday Survey
are referred to as i league and 4 quarentines in the corresponding passage
of the Inquisitio Eliensis : —

Ratesdane . . . iiabet xvi quarentenas in Rattesdene . . . habet i leugam et iiii quar-

loneo et x in lato (Dom. Bk. ii, 381 A). cntenas in longo et x quarentenas in lato \lnq.

EL [Rec. Com.], 522*).

Another land division which is mentioned twice is the ferding or fer ting.
The Bishop of Thetford had soke and sac over the ferting of Elmham {super
ferting de Ahneham)}^ This, as we learn from later records," was equivalent
to a quarter of the hundred of Wangford, but when we read that ' St. Edmund
held six freemen in Ferdinga de ealdham' {Aldham)^' in Cosford Half-hundred,
we can only guess at the meaning of the term.

In the modern county of Suffolk there are twenty-one hundreds. In the
Domesday county there were twenty-four and a half hundreds, or twenty-four,
if the small hundred of Luding [Lothing) and the neighbouring half-hundred
of Ludingaland {Lothingland) be counted as one." The hundreds of the iith
century correspond very closely to those of the present day, and, as a com-
parison with the Hundred Roll of 1274 shows, the few differences can be
traced back to the 13th century. Thus the Domesday hundred of Claydon
or Claindune was partly replaced by Thredling Hundred and partly coupled
with Bosmere, while the hundred of Bradmere and the half-hundred of Par-
ham, irregular and disconnected even in Domesday,'* were altogether lost by
the reign of Edward I. Mutford, which forms one hundred with Lothing-
land, has taken the place of the older Lothing or Luding, and 'Bishop's'
Hundred has changed into the hundred of Hoxne, called after the episcopal
manor, Hoxa Episcopi^'" in which, in the time of Edward the Confessor, there
was ' a church, the seat [sedes") of the bishopric of Suffolk.' '* The double
hundred of Babergh was still double in 1274, and was represented by
twenty-four instead of twelve jurors in the inquest of that year. Cosford
still counted as a half-hundred, but the hundred and a half of Samford was
reckoned as a single hundred." The half-hundred of Thredling and that of
Exning, which appears as a half-hundred in the Hundred Roll,'* equalize the
lists of 1086 and 1274.

Of the twenty-four Domesday hundreds, seven, Lackford, Blackbourn,
Bradmere, Hartismere, Bishop's, Wangford, and Lothing with Lothingland,
lay along the northern or Norfolk border of the county. Seven — Risbridge,
the double hundred of Babergh, the hundred and a half of Samford with
the half-hundred of Cosford, Colneis, and Wilford — abutted on Essex' to the

' Dom. Bk. 430 ; Inq. El. 153. '" Dom. Bk. 379.

"/?«/. HaW. (Rec. Com.), ii, 191. ' Episcopus Norwic. tenet m.inerium de Suthelnih.im et qu.irtam
partem hundr. de Waynesford de done Re3um Anglorum antiquit.' Cf. Maitland, Dom. Bk. and Beyond, 93;
VinogradofF, Engl. Soc. in Eleventh Century, 151, note i.

" Dom. Bk. 369.

" Roy. Hilt. Soc. Trans, (new ser.), xiv, 226.

" Cf. Map. " Dom. Bk. 329, 438^.

'• Ibid. 379. " Rot. Hutid. (Rec. Com.), ii, 142, 151^, 176, 177^.

"Ibid. 197, 199.

DOMESDAY SURVEY

south, and the remaining ten were central. Their names, English rather
than Danish in form, date in all probability from the early days of the
Anglian occupation, and reflect the natural features of the country, the wide
shining expanses of the ' broads ' and ' meres,' the ' fords ' over those
riverways which have played so important a part in the history of tribal
settlement.'*

But, like the small Leicestershire hundreds,^" they often derive their
names from one of their vills,-* or, as is the case with Lackford and Wang-
ford, from a vill in another hundred. ^^ Thingoe and Stow, too, recall the
primitive assembly and court of justice, the Scandinavian thing, the Saxon
moot-stow,'^ and the existence of double and half-hundreds, with the artificial
character of their grouping, suggests that the Suffolk hundreds were deliber-
ately formed for administrative purposes, to supply the three chief needs of
the infant state : military defence, justice and police, and taxation. The
double hundred of Babergh in the south is balanced in the north by the
closely connected and intermixed hundreds of Blackbourn and Bradmere, a
double hundred in all but name.-* The southern hundred and a half of
Samford is similarly matched by the intersected Plomesgate Hundred and
Parham Half-hundred on the east,^' flanked on either side bv the half-
hundreds of Cosford and Ipswich."*

The area and population of the Suffolk hundreds at the time of the
Domesday Survey cannot be precisely ascertained, since exact measurements
are given for arable and meadow land alone, and even here the carucates are
probably ' geld-carucates,' and do not represent the ' real ' superficial area,
while not only is the record of the tenants in a vill constantly followed by
the phrases of uncertain interpretation, Alii ibi tenent : Plures tbi teiient^'^ but
it is often difficult to decide whether the returns represent the pre-Conquest
or the post-Conquest population. Still, a careful analysis gives results which
are useful for purposes of broad generalization, if they cannot be trusted for
minute accuracy of detail. The following table shows the number of vills
and the area of arable in each hundred, the relative proportions of free and
unfree householders, and the average population per carucate of 120 acres in
the three groups, northern, central, and southern, of the Suffolk hundreds.
In compiling these lists every individual freeman, sokeman, villein, bordar,

" Round, The Commune of Lond. : 'The Settlement of the South Saxons and East Saxons.'

"Like the Leicestershire hundreds, also, the Suffolk hundreds were 'strangely intermingled among
ihcmselves ' ; Round, feud. Engl. 80, 203.

" Loes, Parham, Wilford, Claydon.

" Lackford in Thingoe Hundred ; Wangford in Lackford Hundred.

" Stubbs, Const. Hist, i, 115 ; Maitland, Township and Boro. 39.

" Thus Blackbourn is assessed as a hundred and a half, Bradmere as a half hundred. In 1274 Black-
bourn was counted as a double hundred ; it had absorbed Bradmere altogether. Rot. Hund. (Rec. Com.), ii,
151^,' Blakeburn respondet pro duobus hundr.'

" It is just these intersected divisions, Bradmere and Parham, which in modern times have lost their
independent existence as hundreds or half-hundreds.

" The economic unity of the hundred is seen in the hundred of Colneis, where there was a pasture
common to all the men of the hundred ; Dom. Bk. 339^. Its jurisdictional unity is seen in the ' witness ' of
the hundred. Cf Vinogradoff, Growth of the Manor, 144-5, 249-50 ; Engl. Soc. in the Eleventh Century,
96-107.

" They may mean either, 'There are others (living in the vill) holding here,' or ' Others (external to the
vill) hold here.' Cf Maitland, Z)o«. Bk. and Beyond, 20, n. i. ' The words, " Alii ibi tenent" . . . mean, we
believe, not that there are in this vill other unenumerated tillers of the soil, but that the vill is divided
between several tenants in chief.' Ellis, Introd. ii, 491.

359

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

and serf has been counted as a householder. Freemen, sokemen, and priests
have been reckoned as free ; villeins, bordars and serfs as unfree.

TABLE I— POPULATION AND AREA

Hundred

Northern Hundreds

Lackford

Blackbour.i

Bradmere

Hartismer.-

Bishop's

Wangford

Lothing

Lothingland (half-hundred) .

Central Hundreds

Thingoe

Thedwastre

Stow

Bosmere

Claydon

Loes

Carlford

Ipswich " (half-hundred) . .
Parham (half-hundred) . .
Plomsgate [or Plomesgate]. .
Blything

Southern Hundreds

Risbridge

Babenberg [or Babergh] (dou-
ble hundred)
Samford (hundred and a half)
Cosford (half-hundred) . .

Colneis

Wilford

Free and

Area of Arable

No. of

Half-free

House-
holders

Totals

Vills, &c.

House-
holders

Carucates

Acres

17

7'

411

482

104

106

25

498 c.

230

728 c.

80

74

10

255

137

392

44

244

41

896 c.

501 c.

1,397 c.

122

4ii

27

246 c.

678 c.

924 c.

123

112

24

459c.

464

923 c.

73

i6i

12

.76

86

262

20

16

17

117

1 86 c.

303 c.

SO

"5

19

283

360

643

86

9ii

21

694 c.

434

1,128c.

113

18

18

341

341 c.

682 c.

82

no

32

639 c.

453

1,092 c.

94

92

25

429 c.

316

745 c.

64

48

29

508 c.

393 c.

901 c.

78

56I

39

451

379

830

94

118

2"

272

70

342

20

46

6

158

18

176

'4

62

28

340 c.

258

598 c.

60

62

54

842 c.'°

1,281 c.

2,123c.

201

96J

37

370

830

1,200

209

51

38

276

1,083

1,359

•97

21^

46

280

693

973

166

9'

22

240

4>3

653

99

51

31

340

173

513

29

67

33

749

126 c.

87s c.

112

4

Approximate

Average of

Households per

Carucate

to 5

9

9
1 1

7
12

•3

6

7

9 to 10

8

II

1 1

1 1

8 to 9

•7
1 1
9 to 10
loj

to 6
to 7

to 6
6i
<7
to 8

Rough as these statistics are, they bring out clearly the strong element of
freedom in the village population of Suffolk at the time of the Domesday
Survey. This element is most apparent, if Ipswich Half-hundred be omitted,
in the northern hundreds of Blackbourn, Bradmere, Hartismere, and Lothing ;
in the central hundreds of Thedwastre, Bosmere, Claydon, Loes and Carlford,
Parham and Plomesgate; and in the southern hundreds of Colneis and Wilford.
The unfree element is strikingly predominant in the hundreds of Blything,
Risbridge, and Babergh, all ' manorialized ' districts. In Babergh double
hundred, where the proportion of free to unfree householders is about one
to five, there are some thirty-eight manors to as many vills. In Colneis
Hundred there are only nine small manors in thirty-one vills, and the propor-
tion of free to unfree householders is about two to one.

In East Anglia, and in East Anglia alone, at the time of the Domesday
Inquest, the hundreds were divided, for fiscal purposes, into smaller units
called /eets. Two passages in the Norfolk Domesday refer to these divisions,"

" Two hundred and sixty-three burgesses counted among the freemen.

" Ipswich ' burgus ' and ' villa ' and Stoke. '" Three hundred and sixteen burgesses in Dunwich.

^' Dom. Bk. 119^. ' Hundredum de Grenehou de xiv. letis,' 2 1 23; ' Hundredum et dimidium de
ClakeWa de x leitis.' r.C.H. Nor/, ii, 5-6.

360

DOMESDAY SURVEY

and an entry in a i 2th-century survey of the hundred of Thingoe, made for
Abbot Sampson of St. Edmundsbury,'' gives the name of the twelve leets of
Thingoe Hundred, with their constituent vills. The peculiar feature of
the Norfolk and Suffolk Domesday Surveys is the existence of a system of
supplementary assessment for the geld, based on these leet divisions. In many
of the East Anglian entries a new term occurs, ' the formula which prescribes
how much geld the landholders of the vill must pay " when the hundred
pays 20J.," "' and, coupled always, or nearly always,'* with this formula, the
measurements of the vill expressed in leagues and furlongs or quarentines
{quarentenae).^^ By setting this Domesday assessment of the geld over against
the vills of the Thingoe leets, as given in the 1 2th-century survey, Mr. Round
has shown that the hundred in this case was divided into twelve blocks of
equal assessment, each paying 20^. when the hundred paid ^i sterling to
the geld, and called leets}^ It is worth noting that ^od. is the Danish ora^
at least in one of its forms, the twelfth part of a pound sterling, the eighth
part of a mark." This may point to a Scandinavian origin for the leet
system, which would be quite in keeping with the character of Suffolk, a
carucated county, which had formed part of ' Guthrum's Kingdom,' and was
settled as well as conquered by the Danes.'^ Following the clue offered by
the leet organization in Thingoe Hundred, it is possible to find much evidence
which implies the existence of an ordered system of assessment of the same
nature throughout the county. The total assessment of the twenty-four
hundreds at ^i a hundred would be £,1^. The actual assessment, as stated
in Domesday Book, is £^11 \\s. 5|^., distributed among the hundreds in the
following proportions : —

Name of Hundred ^ t, d. Name of Hundred ^ i. d,

• Thingoe 100^ Bishop's o

• Thedwastre i o i^ Bradmere o

• Risbridge i o i| Lothing O

Lf^l^ford 109^ Half Hundreds

■ Blackbourn 1 7 9t t 1 • 1 1

.Wilford o IQ 8i Loth'"g^*"'^ °

. Carlford o IQ 7f " ^^'^J""^, °

Stow o

0

0^

0

li

0

li

0

9i

7

9i

19

H

19

n

19

64

18

8

18

6

18

4

17

5

17

3

17

Hi

H

II

14

3

Cosford o

13

1\

1 1

I of

10

8

10

0

10

0

10

4l

0

4

T oi88" Ipswich [100 ' head-pennies '] . ."o

. Colneis 0186 Hundred and a Half

■ Claydon 0184. Samford 164^

. Plomesgate 0175 r, u u j j

- Bosmere 017 3 Double Hundred

• Blything O 17 iij' Babergh i 13 i|

■S'""g^°''' ° ''^ " Total . . . . 21 II 5l

• Hartismere o • ' ^

" Gage, Suff. Hund. oflh'mgoe, Introd. xii ; Select Pleas in Manorial Courts (Selden Soc), Introd. p. Ixxiii^
n. A ; Round, Feud. Engl. loi ; Chron. Joe. de Brakelonda (Camden Soc), 21.

" Maitland, Dom. Bk. and Beyond, 431, n. I ; Dom. Bk. 382^; ' Stoches,' assessed at '4</. in gelto de
20 solidis,' 372; St. Edmund's Bury, ' et quandoin hundreto solvitur adgeltum unam libram, tunc inde exeunt
6od. ad victum monachorum.'

" In one case [Dom. Bk. zb, ' Brumfort ' (Bramford)] the lineal measurements are given without the geld.

^ Dom. Bk. 304, ' Edwardestuna. Habet hoc manerium sex quarentenas in longo et sex in lato et de
gelto 10^.' " Feud. Engl. 98 et seq.

" It appears to have been variously worth i6d. and 2od. Liebermann, Gesetze der Angelsachsen : Glossary
'ora' ; cf. Chadwick, Anglo-Sax. Institutions; Index, 'ora' ; Dom. Bk. 312 ; Dunwich, 'forisfacti sunt de ii
oris' ; cf. Round, 'The Domesday Ora ' (Engl. Hist. Rev. xxiii, 283). For the whole question of the Suffolk
' ora ' cf. below, p. 409. "* Round, Feud. Engl. Ti.-i~.

" It is interesting to note that Ipswich half-hundred was almost exempt from geld, and that Bradmere was
practically assessed as a half-hundred. The ' head-pennies ' are not here included in the geld. Cf. below, p. 416.

I 361 46

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

The organization of the system is seen very clearly if the hundreds are
arranged in groups, each with a separate unit of leet assessment, but all
ultimately based on the lod. ora. The first is the ' ora or lod. unit group.'
It includes the hundreds of Thingoe, Lackford, Claydon, Plomesgate, and
Wangford, and the half-hundred of Parham certainly, and, with less certainty,
Babergh double hundred, Cosford half-hundred, and the hundreds of Bosmere,
Hartismere, Loes, and Colneis. To the second, ' ora and a half, or 30^. unit
group,' belong the hundreds of Blything, Bishop's, Carlford, Stow, Risbridge,
and the hundred and a half of Samford. The units of assessment are 30^'., 6o</.,
15^., and ']\d. In Blything Hundred no fewer than ten vills are assessed
at 7J^., a quarter of 30^/. The third group has I'j'kd. and 34^^. as units
of assessment — a survival, possibly, of a double ora or \od. unit. It contains
only the hundreds of Blackbourn and Bradmere. The fourth group is based
on a unit of \l\d. or 27^., which looks like a reduced ora and a half (30^'.);
it is composed of the hundred of Wilford, while "Thedwastre Hundred seems
to have two units of assessment, ^od. and 27^.*° Lastly, the half-hundred of
Lothingland is assessed as a whole at ioj., and in Lothing Hundred the unit
is apparently i6d'., possibly the ora of \bd. The reconstruction of this scheme
of assessment is extremely complicated and difficult, since the geld was often
distributed through the hundred in small fractions, and in combining these into
' leet ' units it has to be remembered that, to judge from the Thingoe instance,
neighbouring villages, as a rule, gelded together, and the leet, when it was
made up of more than one vill, was a territorially compact district. Enough,
however, may be done to show that the East Anglian leet system must at
one time have been regularly and elaborately organized."

In this system the vill appears as the gelding unit, but the tax falls on
the vill through the hundred. This is proved by the entry relating to Loth-
ingland,*^ where the lineal measurements and geld are given tor the whole
half-hundred, without distinction of vills. This may help to explain the fact
that only certain vills in each hundred were assessed to the geld. Thus in
the hundred of Claydon, out of twenty-five vills mentioned in the Survey, the
' geld ' falls on eleven ; in Wilford Hundred, out of thirty-three vills, eleven
geld ; in Blything twenty-nine of the fifty-six vills are assessed ; in Risbridge
twenty-one out of thirty-seven. Probably the hundred or half-hundred was
assessed as a whole, and the geld was then partitioned among the smaller fiscal
areas or leets, and through them again it would fall on the selected vills,
which may have been tax-centres for a district.*'

The problem of the relation between the geld assessment and the land
measurements which usually accompany it in the East Anglian Domesday
Inquest does not yet admit of a satisfactory solution. The normal entry
in the Norfolk and Suffolk Surveys gives the number of carucates or acres
held by the tenants, and the number of ploughs on the holding, but it omits
the formula terra est x carucis, the second term (b) of Professor Maitland's
' A B C of Domesday,' ** That is to say, in the East Anglian Survey we
have information about the ' geld carucates ' (a) and about the ' plough teams'
(c), but not about the ' team-lands ' (b), the ' potential arable ' of the counties.

" Round, Feud. Engl. 102. " See Table of Danegeld and Leet System. " Dom. Bk. 283^.

*' Cf. Maitland, Dom. Bk. and Beyond, 120-1 ; Round, Feud. Engl. 49 et seq.
" Dom. Bk. and Beyond, 399, 406, 413, 429.

362

DOMESDAY SURVEY

In this East Anglia is not singular. A similar omission is found in Gloucester-
shire, Worcestershire, and Herefordshire, and also in Essex, the third county
in Little Domesday.*^ What is really distinctively East Anglian is the
occurrence in Norfolk and Suffolk of the new term placed at the end of the
entry, which gives the lineal measurements of the vill or manor, and its
assessment to the geld, e.g. ' King Edward held Barrow for a manor and for
7 carucates of land . . . then the whole was worth [valuit) £io, now £zo
by weight {ad pensuni). It has one league in length and 8 furlongs {quaren-
tenas) in breadth and yd. for the geld.' *' There are here two sets of measure-
ments, and two valuations, and the connexion between the lineal measurements
and the ' leet ' system has long been a puzzle to students of Domesday. Three
suggestions have been made : (i) The hypothesis, which Professor Maitland
rejects, that these measurements represent geld carucates and that the carucates
in the East Anglian formula represent the ' team-lands,' the ' potential arable.'

(2) That the lineal measurements themselves represent the * real ' area or
'potential arable' and are the equivalent of the' team-lands 'of other counties.

(3) That they have no essential connexion with the geld, but are only one
item in a cadastre of which the geld also forms a part, placed with it at the
end of the ' villar ' entry, and hence, when the cadastre was, so to speak,
absorbed in a manorial terrier, clinging to the geld and repeated with it
whenever it occurs.*^ Professor Maitland inclines to think that the ' geld '
represents the contribution fixed for the vill as a whole, while the statement
of the number of carucates held by each tenant represents the apportionment
of this sum among the various landholders in the vill," and the lineal measure-
ments are a rough estimate of size, not intended for purposes of fiscal assess-
ment. ' If the jurors had superficial measures in their heads,' he writes,*'
' and were stating this by reference to two straight lines, they would make
the length of one of these lines a constant (e.g. one league or one furlong).
This is not done.' And then he refers to Norfolk instances. The same
argument applies to Suffolk, but here, as in Norfolk," there is a tendency to
make i league a constant in the lineal measurements, and moreover, the
same equation tends to recur, notably the equation of 6 carucates [i league
X I league = 720 acres] to a 20^. geld. Take for instance Lackford
Hundred, a very perfect example in every respect. If its lineal measurements
be reduced to superficial measurements, it contains 126§ carucates, and of the
sixteen ' villar ' measurements, thirteen have 1 2 furlongs or i league as their
line of length, one has 18 furlongs, or a league and a half, one has 6 furlongs or
half a league, and one has 10 furlongs. Of the lines of breadth, two are leagues,
one is a league and a half, seven are half leagues, three are 8 furlongs, one is
5 furlongs, and two are 4 furlongs. The measurement i league X J league
occurs seven times : six times in connexion with a 2od. geld, and once with a
\od. geld. Possibly in the original scheme the leets, like the small ' Danish
hundreds' of Lincolnshire, may have been 6-carucate or 12-carucate units."

" Dm. Bk. and Beyond, 429, 431, n. I. *' Dom. Bk. 289^. •' Cf. below p. 366, Table 11.

** Dom. Bk. and Beyond, 429-31. " Ibid. 371. " Ibid. 432.

" Round, Feud. Engl. 72 et seq. ; cf. 80, 196 et seq. for the 'small local hundreds ' of Leicestershire ; Roy.
Hist. Soc. Trans, (new sen), xiv, 213; Corbett, ' The Tribal Hidage.' Mr. Corbett suggests that the East Anglian
leets may represent small 'early hundreds.' These 12-carucate ' Danish hundreds ' and the East Anglian leets
maybe based on the 'tenmanland' or 'tenmanlot' of 120 acres which occurs exceptionally in Norfolk ;
VinogradofF, Engl. Soc. in the Eleventh Cent. 102-3, 280-1.

363

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In that case the lineal measurements may represent the ' communal ' or
' villar ' assessment of the geld, and the superficial measurement by caru-
cates may be ' tenurial,' and may show the incidence of the geld on particular
holdings and the share borne by the vills not directly included in the
' leet ' assessment." But both systems are so confused and indeterminate
that only a guess on the subject can be hazarded. A few instances, taken
from different parts of the county, will illustrate the difficulty of fitting the
Suffolk vills into neat groups of 5-hide or 6-carucate units, and of estab-
lishing an equation between the carucates and the geld pence, or between
the superficial and lineal measurements : —

HARTISMERE HUNDRED, NORTH
(Total arable area, 91 carucates I2f acres)

VilU

Wortham .
Palgrave
Bacton . .
Stoke Ash

Superficial Measurement

Carucates

Acres

74
18

62i

Lineal Measurement

In Furlongs

12 X 10
12 X 6
12X4.

10 X 6

In Carucates

10
6
+
5

Geld in
Pence

12

12

6

6

LOES HUNDRED, CENTRE
(Total arable area, 78 carucates 56^ acres)

vaii

Woodbridge
Martlesham
Dallinghoo
Birtley . .

Superficial Measurement

Carucates

Acres

no
54i

112

Lineal Measurement

In Furlongs

10 X s
12 X 6

12 X 3
6x4

In Carucates

4i
6

3

2

Geld in
Pence

II
II

7i

7i

SAMFORD HUNDRED AND A HALF, SOUTH
(Total arable area, 166 carucates 91 acres)

ViUs

Superficial Measurement

Lineal Measurement

Geld in

Carucates

Acres

In Furlongs

In Carucates

Pence

Freston

6

30

12 X 6

6

10

Dodnash

I

30

8 X 6

4

10

Bentley

2

80

12 X 3

3

5

Thorington

2

5°

6x4

2

5"

** Professor Vinogradoff regards the measurements by carucates as ' remnants of older computations which
had lost their value for some purposes,' and suggests that ' the carucate computation was kept up according to
townships, while the ostites were rated at so many pence in the pound ; ' Engl. Soc. in tie Eleventh Cent. 1 96-9,

n. I ; cf. 145.

" Cf. Table of Danegeld and Leet System for further instances ; cf. V.C.H. Nerf. li, 5-9, 204-1 1.

DOMESDAY SURVEY

Perhaps the very irregularity of these arrangements may be the result of
a liberty that tended to licence. It is significant that in Suffolk the carucates
break up, not into virgates or bovates, quarters and eighths, based on the
plough-team, but into many small fractions, groups of acres, based on the
individual freeholder. Suffolk does not know the virgatarius or the bovatarius,
but it is the stronghold of the small liber homo}^ The leet system was political
and administrative rather than agrarian. The leets, as parts of the hundred,
were concerned not only with taxation but with justice and police, and
possibly also with military service. The 1 2th-century survey of the abbey of
St. Edmund, which gives the names of the Thingoe leets," connects them
with ' suit [secta) of court,' and records of Sudbury that ' nullam sectam
facit in hundreto, nee de aliquo reddet, nisi tamen coram justiciis errantibus,
et tunc est coram illis pro quarta parte hundredi, scilicet pro tribus letis.
Sunt enim in hundredo cum ilia 12 lete.'" This jurisdictional function still
survives in the court leet, which again connects with the police institution of
frankpledge."

One point, at least, seems to stand out clearly in the midst of much that
is vague and uncertain. The vill or township, rather than the manor, appears
as the original gelding unit.^* The 12th-century survey notes that the leets
are made up of vills : ' In hundredo de Tinghowe sunt xx villae ex quibus
constituuntur ix lete,' '' and the lineal measurements are frequently given for
the whole vill, coupled with the geld. ' Canappetuna habet v quarentenas
in longitudine et ii in latitudine et 6\d. de gelto.' ' Totum Brantham habet
leugam in longo et dimidiam in lato & i^d. de gelto.'*" In one case, even,
the only mention of a vill, Chattisham (Cefessa), in Samford Hundred, is the
entry of its lineal measurements and geld pence. No agrarian or ' tenurial '
details are given." If the scattered fragments of the vills in the Domesday
Survey be joined together, the geld assessment and the lineal measurements
for the whole vill will be found attached sometimes to a manor, sometimes to
a non-manorial estate, to the holding of a single tenant, or to the farm
worked by a group of freemen. This diversity in the position of the geld
entry, which is illustrated in the following table, may indicate that the vill
was both measured and assessed as a whole, and that the responsibility for the
geld lay on the township, not on individual landholders, or manorial lords,
though the assessment is often connected with the largest holding in
the vill."

" VinogradofF, £wj/. Soc. in the Eleventh Cent. 36, 196 et seq.

" Above, p. 361. Gage, Suffolk, xii, et seq. From Liber de Consuetudinibus monasterii Sancti Edmundi.

" The curious position of Sudbury, as a quarter of the hundred, assessed at the heavy geld of 6od. will be
discussed later. In connexion with the above passage from the Liber de Consuetudinibus cf. the famous jingle in
the ' BecwoeS,' or Saxon law formula, ' ne gyrne ic pines, ne laeSes ne landes, ne sace ne socne,' which seems
to link the ' land or leet ' with jurisdiction ; Liebermann, Ger.. der Angelsachsen ; Glossary, ' laet ' cf Select
Pleas in Manorial Courts (Selden Soc), p. Ixxv. Prof Maitland and Mr. Round quote Skeat to show that the
Danish ' laegd ' is a division for military conscription, and Mr. Round points out the analogy with the East
Anglian leet, 'a division of the country for purposes of taxation ' ; Feud. Engl. 1 01.

" Vinogradoff, Engl. Soc. in the Eleventh Cent. 197, 214-17. " Ibid. 391.

" Gage, Suffolk, xii. ~ Dom. Bk. fol. 287^, 303.

" Ibid. 2873 ; 'Cetessa habet viii quarentenas in Ion. et vi in lat. et (s\d. de g(elto).'

" The substance of this and the preceding five paragraphs was originally read as a paper in Professor
VinogradofF's Seminar at Oxford.

36s

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

TABLE II— VILLS AND MANORS
Bramford. [Geld Assessment attached to Manor]

Dom. Bk.
fol.

Hundred

Tenant in
Chief

Mesne
Tenants

Tenants

Caru-
cates

Acres

Mea-
dow

Valet

Manors

Lineal Measure-
meats and Geld

28li .

Bosmere .

King . .

—

King
I church

72
0

0

80
1 Iree
land]

Acres

Tunc

Modo
£ '■ d.
15 0 0

\_hyweight~\

/

/ X 7 league
[geld not given']

289 n, t .

Samford

—

—

King
[Stigand
T.R.E.}

10

0

22

10 0 0

22 0 0

[_6y<weigAr'^

/

1 league x tOfitrhngt
13id. geld

1 church

3 soicemen
Brun, a
freeman

0

0
0

3°
[free
land]
9i

3°

—

—

050

I

) In the same pre-
k nam [or 'farm']

I

—

7

22

29i

22

37 5 0

3

I league x i league
I league x 10 fur-
longs
i3j'/-g'W

Benhall. [Geld Assessment attached to small non-manorial Holding]

Dom. Bk.

fol.

Hundred

Tenant in
Chief

Me-'ne
Tenants

Tenants

Caru-
cates

Acres

Mer.-
dow

Valet

Manors

Lineal Measure-
ments and Geld

297*.
298^

Plomesgate

Count
Alan

—

7 freemen

[commended]

0

44

Acres

Tunc

£ '■ </•

080

Modo

£ >■ </•

0 6 g

—

—

3084 .

—

Robert
Malet

—

6 freemen
[commended]

0

80

; 0 0

1 10 0

—

8x6 furlongs
9id. geld

309J .

—

—

Hubert

2 freemen

4 freemen

[commended]

0
0

20

8

[in de-

—-

—

050
0 I 4

—

—

Robert de
GlanviUe

1 freeman
[commended]

3 freemen
[commended]

0
0

mesne]

-4

•7
[in de-
mesne]

—

—

006
030

=

~~'

344* •

Roger
Bigot

[Willm. Malet]
Robert his son

Norman
[Ulnod a com-
mended free-
man held
T.R.E. for a

0

40

I

0 10 0

I

[W. Malet]
Robt. his son

manor]

Norman

[Brictmar a

commended

freeman]

0

16

•

—

028

—

U5* •

—

—

—

3 freemen

0

[in de-

—

—

020

—

—

Edric a free-

0

mesne]
8

_

020

man

[in de-
mesne]

3

3

28

I

"7j

2

—

3 3 2

I

8x6 furlongs
9JJ. geld

366

DOMESDAY SURVEY

TABLE II— VILLS AND MANORS {continued)
Elmham. [ViU containing many Manorsi

Dom. Bk.

fol.

Hundred

2980 . , Waogford

3Z7«

356a

380a

380 a, b.

liob

Tenant in
Chief

Count
Alan

Robert
Malet

Godric
the Steward
[Papifer]

Bishop of
Thctford

Mesne
Tenants

[William

Malet]

(On day of

death)

Tenants

Church of

Caru-
cates

Acres

Godric a
free man

[commended]

I church

J- church

2 freemen

[under Godric]

I freeman

[commended]

I church

3 freemen

under the

above freeman

[commended]

Alwin a

freeman

[commended]

10 freemen

[commended]

10 freemen

\_comrr.ended'\

Others hold

here

William
[Alwin a free-
man T.R.E.

(commended)]
I church

Bond

a freeman

[commended]

2 freemen
[under him]

1 freeman

(commended)
[Alwin a free-
man T.R.E.
(commended)]

2 freemen
(under Alwin)

25 freemen
(commended)

3 churches

40

Mea-
dow

Acres

Rumburgh [in pretio of church]

60 [counting
Alwin once]
7j churches

67J

•5

40

8
6

5 —

[same pretium^

40

40

66
34

2 20

o 40 -

["free land]
60

Valet

Tunc

060

Modo

026

100

[renders]

Manors

o 12 o

[ renders]

o 10 8

o 10 o o 14 o

[renders]

0 10 0

7 0 0

[renders^

•i

7i

30
3°

4
o

30

47

30

shillings

080

0 10 o

1 10 o

400

o 13 o

o 10 8

200

050

II 18 10

367

Lineal Measure-
ments and Geld

7 kagui X J leapu
20 J. geld

I league x J league
2od. geld

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

TABLE II— VILLS AND MANORS {continued)
Wadgate. [Vill containing no Manors]

Dom. Bk.
foL

Hundred

Tenant in
Chief

Mesne
Tenants

Tenants

Caru-
cates

Acres

Mea-
dow

Valet

Manors

Lineal Measure-
ments and Geld

340J .
J42< .

Coloeis

Roger
Bigot

Wihtmar

5 freemen
[cammended'\
(Leuric and
Moregrim and
Aldulf and
Goda and
Godwin)

8 freemen
[commended]

(Langfer,
Fegar, Brumar,
Goda, Edward,
Godric, Aldolf,

Osketel)

0
0

20
•5

Acres

I

3

Tunc.

Mode

£ '■ i-
0 4 0

030

—

2 furlongs X 2 fur-
longs
2d. geld

I

I

"3

0

35

i

—

070

—

2 furlongs X 1 fur-
longs
zd. geld

The phrase quicunque ibi teneat, which frequently follows the geld
entry, seems to imply that the assessment is not regarded as ' tenurial '
or manorial ; it lies on the land as a public obligation, independent of
accidents of changing tenure and special privileges. Still there was un-
doubtedly a tendency to shift public burdens on to the shoulders of the
greater landholders, and possibly to make the lords of the manors responsible
for the collection of the geld. Although in Suffolk, when the Domesday
Survey was taken, the vill had by no means lost its importance as a fiscal
unit, in a very large number of cases the geld and the manor were linked
together.^' In one instance, where manor and vill coincide, the lineal
measurements and geld are definitely related to the manor." In another, at
Thurlow, in Risbridge Hundred, both vill and manor are measured and
assessed.*^ It seems safe to conclude that in Suffolk, towards the close of
the iith century, the manorial organization of the county was not fully con-
solidated, though it was fast consolidating, and that the political and adminis-
trative duties of the vill or township were being gradually transferred to the
manor. Within the hundreds and leets two rival systems of local government
were striving for the mastery, the ' communal ' or ' villar ' system, and the
'feudal' or 'manorial' system. The result was cross-division, inter-connexion,
variety, and complexity, and final compromise. The 'manorial superstructure'
rested on the foundation of the vill or township. °'

Of the two systems, the older villar or ' communal ' organization has
left many traces. In the modern county of Suffolk there are 517 civil

" VinogradofF, Engl. Soc. in the Eleventh Cent. 199-200, 211, 218.

" Dom. Bk. 304. ' Edwardestuna. Habet hoc manerium vi quarentenas in longo et vi in lato et de
gelto loJ. quicunque ibi teneat.'

" Ibid. 286, 37 13, 397. These entries show (i) the minor and 5 freemen valued separately, but measured
and assessed as a whole ; (2) 9 freemen valued separately ; (3) 10 freemen and the church, valued together
and followed by the measurements and assessment of the whole (Jota) ; (4) 2 sokemen valued separately.

" VinogradofF, op. cit. 390-402.

368

DOMESDAY SURVEY

parishes, with parts of 7 others. In the Domesday Survey some 652 places,
vills, hamlets, and small settlements are mentioned by names which are still,
in the majority of cases, fairly easy to identify. Some point to early settle-
ment." Hams, tuns, and halls are common ; steads, wicks, worths, thorpes,
tofts, and stows occur occasionally ; by only twice, at Wilby in the north and
at Risby in the west of the county. Names derived from the natural features
of the country are frequently found : fields, leys, dens, dons, and holts, with the
fords, meres, brooks, wells, and eys (islands), characteristic of a flat and marshy
district. There are several instances of a cluster of two or more vills bearing
the same name, which seem to indicate emigration, ' village colonization ' and
the throwing off of swarms from the parent stock.®*

These vills varied greatly in size and character, from the single holding
or the tiny group of two or three households to the large village numbering
some hundreds of inhabitants. A good general idea of their relative impor-
tance and of the distribution of large and small settlements may be formed
by classifying the free, sokeman, and villein holdings on the lines adopted
by Professor VinogradofF for the vills of Essex.*' Table III gives the
summarized results of such a classification. It has seemed well to include
freemen as well as sokemen and villeins in the enumeration, since in Suffolk
the small freeholders played a most important part in the village economy.
It will be seen that large settlements of over twelve households make up more
than 50 per cent, of the whole number of households recorded ; small settle-
ments of from six to eleven households and hamlets of from two to five house-
holds are approximately equal in number, from 1 6 to 19 per cent, of the whole,
while the single holdings form about 7 per cent., and the vills without free-
men, sokemen, or villeins, with those in which no population is recorded,
about 3 per cent, of the total number tabulated.™ Suffolk, then, like Essex,
appears as a land of large villages, and the areas of the largest settlements
are in the north of the county, in Blackbourn, Bradmere, and Hartismere
Hundreds, and in the central hundreds of Blything and Loes.

Side by side with the ' villar ' system the ' manorial ' or ' feudal ' system
was, even before the Norman Conquest, spreading through the county of
Suffolk, and the manorial organization cut ruthlessly across the villar organi-
zation, as a Gothic arch might cut through a Norman arcade, obscuring but
not altogether obliterating the original design. The mediaeval builders of
fiefs and manors had as little regard for the work of their predecessors as the
builders of churches and castles. Everywhere, in the Suffolk Survey, manors
and their berewicks crowd the page, pre-Conquest manors and post-Conquest
manors, tiny manors and enormous manors, humble peasant holdings and
great aristocratic feudal estates. It is, however, the prevalence of small
manors, maneriola, that specially characterizes Suffolk among English counties.
Out of a total of 659 manors, 294, or nearly 45 per cent., are under i

" Cf. Round, Commune of Land. : 'The Settlement of the South and East Saxons.'

"* Thornham Magna and Thornham Parva in Hartismere Hundred. Whatfield and Other Whatfield
(alia Watefelda) in Cosford Half-hundred. Fornham and Fornham St. Genevieve in Thingoe and Thed-
wastre Hundreds. Cf. ' Bura ' (Bures St. Mary) in Suffolk and ' Bura ' (Mount Bures) in Essex, on opposite sides
of the River Stour, and the South Elmham and Ilketshall groups in Bishop's or Hoxne Hundred. South Elm-
ham : AU Saints, St. Nicholas, St. Michael, St. Peter, St. Margaret, St. Cross, St. James ; Ilketshall :
St. Lawrence, St. Margaret, St. John, St. Andrew. Cf Maitland, Dom. Bk. and Beyond, 14, 365, 367.

" VinogradofF, Engl. Soc. in Eleventh Cent. 264-73, App. v, vi.

'" Actually : 547 per cent. ; 1 9' I per cent. ; l6'l per cent. ; 6-9 per cent. ; 3 per cent. = 99*8.

I 369 47

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

carucate in size, and about the same proportion range from i to 5 caru-
cates. Only 70 of the 659 manors are 5 carucates or more in area. The
largest is an estate of 25 carucates 20 acres at Hundon, in Risbridge Hundred,
held under King Edward by a certain Wisgar, afterwards forming part of the
fief of Richard Fitz Gilbert. The smallest is a plot of 1 2 acres at Sutton in
Wilford Hundred," held, with a half freeman, half a bordar, half a plough-
team, and an acre of meadow, by Robert Malet, under the commendation of
' Saint Etheldreda.'

TABLE III— HOUSEHOLDS OF FREEMEN, SOKEMEN,

AND VILLEINS

Over 12

6-1 1

2-5

Single

Total Num-

Name of Hundred

Households

Households

Households

Households

ber of vm»

Northern Hundreds

Lackford

11

4

0

I

17

(i without free, sokeman, »r
villein households)

Blackbourn)

Bradmere j • • • •

27

6

I

I

35

Hartismere ....

29

4

2

4

41

(2 without recorded population)

Bishop's

16

6

4

0

27

(i without recorded population)

Wangford

12

2

10

0

24

Lothing

5

3

3

I

12

Lothingland ....

+

6

4

3

17

Central Hundreds

Thingoe

14

5

0

0

19

Thedwastre ....

20

0

0

I

21

Stow

14

0

2

I

18

(i without recorded population)

Bosmere

16

5

II

0

32

Claydon

IS

2

4

4

25

Loes

22

4

I

I

29

(l without recorded population)

Carlford

18

8

8

2

39

(3 without recorded population)

Ipswich

I
(Ipswich)

I
(Stoke)

0

0

2

Parham

4

0

I

I

6

Plomesgate ....

8

7

5

2

28

(6 without free, sokeman, or
villein households)

Blything

27

13

8

6

54

Southern Hundreds

Risbridge

20

7

S

4

37

(i without free, sokeman, or
villein households)

Babergh

•9

7

8

3

38

( I without recorded population)

Samford

15

II

12

4

45

(3 without recorded population)

Cosford .....

9

10

I

2

22

Colneis

13

9

8

I

3>

Wilford

18

S

7

3

33

357

125

105

45

652

(20 without free, sokeman, or
villein households, or with-
out recorded population)

As is seen by tabulating the results of a rough classification, manors of
less than a carucate in extent are not found at all in the hundreds of Ris-
bridge, Cosford, Thingoe, Thedwastre, Stow, Lackford, and Ipswich. They
are rare in Babergh, Blackbourn, Bradmere, and Bishop's Hundreds, numerous
in Claydon, Plomesgate, Hartismere, and Wangford Hundreds, and very

" Dom. Bk. 318, 387, entered under both R. Malet and St. Etheldreda. Inq. El. (Rec. Com.), 526*^.
But, a: Professor VinogradofF has reminded us, the acres in these cases are geld-acres, and probably correspond
to larger areas ; Engl. Soc. in Eleventh Cent. 337.

370

DOMESDAY SURVEY

numerous in the hundreds of Samford, Bosmere, and Blything. Large
manors of 5 carucates and more in area are also numerous in Babergh and
Bishop's Hundreds, while in Risbridge Hundred they occur frequently, and are
of exceptional size. Medium-sized manors, ranging from i to 5 carucates,
are more evenly distributed throughout the county, but are specially common
in the hundreds of Samford, Blything, and Babergh.

TABLE IV— DISTRIBUTION OF LARGE AND SMALL MANORS

Name of Hundred

Lackford

Blackboum

Bradmere .

Hartismere

Bishop's

Wangford .

Lothing

Lothingland

Thingoc .

Thedwastre

Stow . .

Bosmere

Claydon

Loes . .

Carlford

Ipswich

Parham

Plomesgate

Blything .

Risbridge .

Babergh

Samford

Cosford
Colneis .
Wilford .

Number of Manors
in Hundred

It

10
18

41
21

39

7

19

10

7
10

69
38

32
2
8
36
74
19
38
82

14

9

"9

659

Five Carucates and
over

3

o
I

3
7
3
o
I
5
3
2

3
I
I

o
I
o
I

4

9

1 1

S
+ I of 2 ' terrae '

4
o
I

70

One to Five
Carucates

9

9

16

17

12

8

3

9

5

4

8

20

IS

9

16

I

4

7

33

10

26

34

10

4
6

295

Under One
Carucate

O
I
I

21

2
28

4

9

o

o
o

46

22

IS
16

o
4

28

37
o
I

4*

o

S
12

294.

We would gladly know what was the precise territorial, economic, and
administrative unit to which the compilers of Domesday Book applied the
Norman term manerium, but the most patient investigation has hitherto failed
to induce the Survey to yield up its secret.^' One thing, at least, is certain.
Pre-Conquest England appeared to its Norman conquerors to be full of
maneria, which could be distinguished from vi7/ae and terrae, and non-manorial
holdings. In Suffolk, King Edward and his queen, the sons of Godwin,
Archbishop Stigand, the great religious houses, the king's thegns, and many
simple freemen, figure as lords of manors before the Conquest. In reality,
these seem to have been rather ' manors in the making ' than fully-developed
manorial organizations, and we may conclude, with Professor Vinogradoff,^'
that • the compilers of Domesday overstated their case when they currently

" This paragraph and the next owe much to the suggestions and criticism of Prof. Vinogradoff.
" Engl. Soc. in Eleventh Cent. 339, 340.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

spoke of manors as they existed T.R.E.,' though it is probable that they did
not use the term manerium at random, and that it carried with it some idea
of lordship, of landlordship, and of political responsibility. The Suffolk
manor of the Domesday Inquest is an economic unit, but an economic unit
which forms a link in an administrative system, organized on an aristocratic
basis. Sometimes, as Professor Vinogradoff has shown,^* it is the economic
unity on which stress is laid in the description of pre-Conquest estates, the
manor appears primarily as an agrarian centre ; or it is an administrative
centre, or a jurisdictional and political centre, while at the two extremes of
the manorial scale are the great royal manors, and the maneriola or small
peasant holdings, which are called ' manors ' in the returns. These small
manors are sufficiently distinctive of East Anglia to be discussed somewhat
more fully. Professor Maitland has asked what is the meaning of the ' petty
maneria ' of Suffolk, and has answered that they are ' holdings which geld
by themselves.'" In that case, at Elmham, in Wangford Hundred, there
would be six such holdings, six houses against which geld was charged, in a
vill of about seventy free and fifty-three unfree ' recorded ' inhabitants, with
a 'recorded' area of 8 carucates 15 acres, a va/et of jTio 12s. lod., and an
assessment to the geld of 2od. in the pound." Or again, at Helmingham, in
Claydon Hundred, where there were eight manors to a ' recorded ' population
of forty-one free and twenty-eight unfree persons in the days of King Edward,
and a ' recorded ' area of 6 carucates, 1 3I acres, there would be a tax-centre to
every eight or nine householders." It seems more probable that the term
manerium, when applied to these small holdings, is less narrowly technical than
Professor Maitland would make it." The little manors of the Suffolk freemen
and sokemen were often enough estates of 60 or 30 acres with no apparent
division between demesne and tenant land, cultivated by one team or half a
team, and by the labour of a bordar or two, or even, it may be, in some
cases, by the ' lord of the manor ' himself and his household." Thus at
Raydon, on the land of the Bishop of Bayeux, in the south of the county,
we have Edwi a freeman with a manor of i carucate in extent, one plough,
4 bordars, 5 acres of meadow and a mill, and in the same vill are two 30-acre
manors, held by freemen, each with half a team, one bordar tenant, and
2 acres of meadow, and a 60-acre manor with one team and a bordar.*" At
Tattingstone, in the same neighbourhood, no tenants at all are mentioned on
the 60-acre manor of the freeman Turgot, which had been worked by a
single plough before the Conquest," while at Thistleton, in Carlford Hundred,
an instance occurs of a manor of 60 acres held by Ulmar, a freeman com-
mended to the Abbot of Ely, with five freemen under him [sub se) and no
servile or customary tenants.** From the parallel passage in the Inquisitio

" Cf. his classification of manors, op. cit. 3 1 1 et seq.

" Dom. Bk. and Beyond, 125. " Dom. Bk. 327^, 379, 380.

" Ibid. 352*, 394*, 423.

"For a different theory of the meaning of the Suffolk 'maneria' cf. Ballard, The Dom. Inq. 55,

135. 136.

" Maitland, op. cit. 1 17-19 ; Vinogradoff, op. cit. 332-8.

*> Dom. Bk. 378. 'Reindune ;' cf. 394*, ' Scoteleia' (Celeolt), «Torp ' (Osbem).

" Ibid. 378*. 'Tatituna.'

" Ibid. 386 ; Maitland, op. cit. 1 19, n. 2 ; Ballard, op. cit. 136. Mr. Ballard explains this by interpreting
* sub se ' as ' commended,' and concluding that the five freemen were not Ulmar's tenants. But the Survey
specially records that two of them were commended to the ' antecessor ' of Geofirey de Mandeville.

DOMESDAY SURVEY

Eliensis we learn that the five freemen held 20 acres.*' In 1086 Ulmar with
his estate and his freemen were held by Hervey of Bourges of the Abbot of
Ely, while the small manors at Raydon and Tattingstone had passed into the
hands of Roger Bigot, who held them of the Bishop of Bayeux. The process
of the growth and development of manors from the days of King Edward
to the days of King William can be traced with some minuteness in Little
Domesday from the details of pre-Conquest society given in the returns for
the three eastern counties. It is a process of aggregation, of the combination
of many small units to form larger wholes, of absorption of insignificant
holdings by important fiefs, of stir and movement, and varying fortunes and
conditions. The changes effected in these conditions by the Norman Con-
quest, and, more particularly, the gradual absorption of the small estates by
their larger neighbours, may be illustrated by the history of a few typical
Suffolk manors, held by freemen in the days of King Edward. At Cransford,
in Plomesgate Hundred, two freemen held small manors. One, Olf, had 30
acres and one plough-team ; the other, Cus, who was commended to Edric
of Laxfield, had 90 acres, with nine bordars, two ploughs on the demesne
and one plough belonging to the bordars, 4 acres of meadow and a few pigs,
sheep, and goats. This manor came to Robert Malet, Edric of Laxfield's
successor, who granted it to Walter his tenant, while Olf's little estate, with
another small manor which he held at Chillesford [Cesefortda), passed into
the demesne of Count Alan." A good example of a large manor held by a
freeman before the Conquest is found at Bungay, in Wangford Hundred,''
where Aluric had a manor of 5 carucates with twenty-two villeins, twenty-
two bordars, three serfs, two demesne ploughs, six villein ploughs, woodland,
meadow, a mill, and stock. This manor was granted to Earl Hugh, and after the
Conquest a certain William held it, and also two little 40-acre manors in the
same vill, which two small freemen, Ulchetel and Somerlet, had held in the
days of King Edward. Here three manors had been gathered up into one
hand, and William had stepped into the shoes of three English or Danish
pre-Conquest freemen.

Professor VinogradofF has shown that in Norfolk there was, shortly
before the Conquest, ' a policy tending to form estates called manors of the
size of some 4 or 5 carucates.' ' A normal manor,' he tells us, ' in Norfolk,
and perhaps in the east of England, ought,' according to this view, ' to
consist of about 4 or 5 carucates, and to give roughly ^10 income.'
Although, in Suffolk and elsewhere, ' actual manors,' as Professor Vinogradoff
notes, ' do not often conform to these averages,' there is certainly a tendency
to combine many tiny manors in larger groups, and this is done in various
ways, before and after the Conquest. In the first place, freemen could be
* added ' to manors, with their land. At Saxmundham, in Plomesgate Hundred,
the king's thegn Algar held 2 carucates and 40 acres for a manor, and
two berewicks in another hundred, one of 80 acres and one of 60 acres.
Seven freemen with 48 acres, who had been commended to Algar, were
afterwards added to this manor. This brought up the area of the manor

** /»y. £/. (Rec. Com.), 5»7<». Dom. Bk. gives the stock on Ulmar's manor, and the value 'tunc' and
' modo.' The Injuisitio omits the stock, does not call the estate a manor, and only gives the present value.

" Dom. Bk. 296^, 297, 298. Olf, probably the same man, held a third manor at Bruisyard [Buresiart],
which also fell to Count Alan.

" Ibid. 300. " Engl. Soc. in tie Ekventh Cent. 308-1 1.

373

86

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

to 3 carucates and io8 acres, without counting 24 acres which were held
by two churches. The value of the whole amounted to ^7 ioj., but the
manor was farmed for £() ioj. The aggregate, then, conforms very closely
to what Professor VinogradofF regards as the normal standard of the typical
manor, Edric of Laxfield, again, held 40 acres as a manor in Parham
Hundred at ' Brutge ' valued at I4J-. 8d'. Five freemen with 20 acres valued
at 4J. were 'added by commendation' {additi commendatione), bringing the whole
area up to half a carucate and the value to i Sj. 8^. After the Conquest Walter
de Risboil held manor and freemen of Robert Malet. At Nettlestead, in
Bosmere Hundred, Earl Ralph, before his forfeiture, added thirty-four
freemen with 2 J carucates to a manor of 5 carucates. In this case the addition
raised the value of the manor from £^j ioj. to exactly >Cio-"

Sometimes the ' addition ' of freemen seems to have been an act of pure
aggression, as at Freckenham, where Earl Ralph added four freemen whom he
appropriated, or ' invaded ' [quos invasit), with 8 acres of land and half a plough
team, to the large manor which had belonged to Orthi, Harold's thegn.*' Some-
times the processes of ' delivery ' and ' addition ' led to disputes, in which
the hundred was called upon to decide the respective claims of rival land
lords.*' Sometimes the men who had been ' commended ' to the Norman
lord's English antecessor appear to be ' added ' to his manor as a matter of
course. At Yoxford, in Blything Hundred, for instance, the thegn Norman
had 100 acres for a manor and the commendation over five freemen with
14 acres. His successor, Hugh de Corbun, who held under Roger Bigot,
had the five freemen ' added ' to his manor, and also two other freemen with
7 acres, possibly to bring the area of the manor up to a carucate."* Once it
is even stated that Roger Bigot received 40 acres of land and 5 acres of
meadow at Buxhall, in Stow Hundred, ad perficiendum belham in alio hundreto.
Turning to Beleham, or Baylham, in Bosmere Hundred, we find four small
manors and thirty freemen holding 140 J acres, in all 4 carucates 2oi acres,
worth 137J. before the Conquest, 142J. after it. The addition of the
40 acres at Buxhall, which after the Conquest were worth ioj., would just
bring the arable area up to 4 J carucates (4 carucates 60 J acres), and raise the
value to a little over ^^7 ioj. i^^j i2j.). Or, since one of the Baylham
freemen ' lay ' in Stonham, and was valued there, it may be that the Buxhall
land was taken into the valuation of Baylham as compensation. Similarly, in
Bures, in Babergh Hundred, before the Conquest Uluric son of Brictric held
2 carucates under King Edward, Tosti a freeman held i carucate under King
Edward, and two freemen of Harold, who could sell their land, held 60 acres.
After the Conquest the whole came into the hands of John Fitz Waleran,
and Harold's two freemen were delivered ad perficiendum manerium. Their
60 acres would bring it up to exactly 3^ carucates, and would raise its value
to 65J." The king and the great Norman tenants in chief seem to have
dealt very arbitrarily both with English ' manors ' and English freemen,

" Dom. Bk. 3383, 306*, 294^. »« Ibid. 381^; cf. 3383.

" 381, cf. 449 ; VinogradofF, op. cit. 425-8 ; Below, p. 379 et seq.

^ Dom. Bk. 333 ; cf. 331, 3313. 'Blything. Hinetuna,' 50 acres added with freemen to a manor of 50
acres: value increased from 8/. to \^s. ; ' Bringas,' 60 acres with freemen added to a manor of l-| carucates ;
' Brantuna,' 100 acres with freemen added to a manor of 2 carucates.

" Dom. Bk. 3363, 33/3, 338, 435^. The hundred had seen 'neither writ nor livery' ('nee breve nee
liberatorem '), conveying the 40 acres in Buxhall to Roger Bigot. On 'making up' ('perficiendum') a manor,
cf. VinogradofF, op. cit. 309 et seq.

374

DOMESDAY SURVEY

granting them out at will, moving freemen from one manorial jurisdiction to
another, making new combinations or severing old connexions in wholesale
fashion. ' Ralph the Staller,' Earl Ralph's father, joined Earl Gurth's estate
in Bentley to the manor of Bergholt as a berewick. King William himself
gave back three manors to Norman, their pre-Conquest lord, but granted
away others ; Phin, who held his honour under both King Edward and King
William, added eight freemen and a sokeman to one of his small manors after
the Conquest ; Geoffrey de Mandeville received 2 carucates as a manor ' by
the King's gift ' {ex dam Regis), which a freeman of the Abbot of Ely had
held ' by mere commendation ' [commendatione tantum) in the time of King
Edward. At Buxhall twenty-five freemen who held 3 J carucates in the soke
of the king {in soca regis) were ' delivered ' [liberati) to Frodo, the brother of
the Abbot, for a manor of 3J carucates of land. At Brandeston, in Loes
Hundred, William ' de Arcis ' held one manor, where in King Edward's time
there had been two, one of 60 acres, held by a married priest, the other of
80 acres, created by King Edward, and added to the smaller estate."

It has seemed worth while to devote a considerable space to the manorial
system in Suffolk, since the East Anglian manors are distinctive in character,
and illustrate peculiarly well the social and economic changes which followed
the Norman Conquest."' The remaining divisions of the land, the terrae,
bereivicks, honours, and sokes, may be more summarily dismissed. The term
terra is used more vaguely and generally than manerium for a tract of land,
which may or may not correspond to a manor. At Halesworth, in Blything
Hundred, two manors and an estate of 60 acres held by four freemen are
spoken of as tres terras ; at Henstead, in the same district, a berewick of i caru-
cate and 30 acres held by two freemen are called duas terras. In both these
cases the freemen with their land had been ' added ' to one of the manors.'*
At Stutton, in Samford Hundred, where the king's thegn Fribern held two
terrae for a manor before the Conquest, we are left to guess the size of the
estates which were joined together to form a manor. At ' Wica,' in Brad-
mere Hundred, eight commended freemen with i carucate of land and
eleven bordars were held de liberatione et pro terra. At Acton, in Babergh
Hundred, Ralph Peverel received four freemen pro terra with 50 acres, and
at Assington, also on the Peverel estates, a freeman was ' delivered ' pro terra
who did not belong to the manor." Of berewicks we hear more, and the
term is used more definitely for an estate, often of considerable size, which,
from the administrative point of view, is an outlying member of a manor.
The berewick may lie in one hundred and the manor to which it belongs in
another, as at Woolpit and at Fornham St. Genevieve," where two berewicks
of St. Edmund's Abbey in Thedwastre Hundred ' belonged to halls' in another
hundred. The most striking instance of a berewick lying far from its manor
is Harold's holding of 5 carucates at Harkstead, near the estuary of the
River Stour, which was a berewick [bervita) of his lo-hide manor of Bright-
lingsea {Bride see seid), on the estuary of the River Colne, in Essex. Bright-
lingsea and Harkstead together rendered two nights' farm to the king, but

»' Dom. Bk. 287, 338*, 330^, 331, 393^, 394, 411, 355/5, 431^.

'' Cf. VinogradofF, op. cit. 305-7 ; Dom. Bk. 299, 399^ ; cf. 400.

" Dom. Bk. 299, 399^.

" Ibid. 41 \b, 421, 416^ ; ' Asetona, i liber homo liberatus pro terra, sed non pertinet manerio.'

•* Ibid. 362, 362^.

375

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Harkstead was separately assessed to the geld, on the East Anglian system."
Similarly, 60 acres were held before the Conquest at Saxtead in Bishop's
Hundred as a berewick. of Framlingham in Loes Hundred, while Edric of
Laxfield held 94 acres at Framlingham as a berewick of the neighbouring
vill of Dennington {Dinghetuna). 'Kodenham,' or 'Kodeham' (Coddenham), a
berewick of Cavendish, in Babergh Hundred, was, like Harkstead, assessed
separately, while the berewick of Fenstead, in the same hundred, was included in
the assessment of its manor, Houghton.^' A berewick might be larger and more
populous than its manor, as at ' Coclesworda,' where a berewick of 8 carucates
with a peasant population of thirty householders was attached to a manor of
6 carucates with twenty-six ' recorded ' peasant occupiers. Berewicks had
demesne and home farms, unfree tenants, meadow, woodland, and stock.
They could be both valued and assessed independently of their manors, and
sometimes their lineal measurements are given separately." They could even
be held by separate lords, though of one manorial over-lord. Edric of Laxfield's
manor of Hollesley, with the sokemen and freemen attached to it, came, after
the Conquest, to Robert Malet ; but its two berewicks, ' Culeslea ' and Bawd-
sey, were held from Robert Malet, one by his mother and the other by
Robert de Glanville.'°° A berewick, like a manor, could be created out of
another holding. Uthtret or Huhtradus, who held Houghton for a manor
under Harold, and Fenstead ' for one carucate,' was succeeded by Ralph de
Limesi, who held Fenstead ' for a berewick ' {pro berewita) in Houghton. Ot
Earl Gurth's two manors in Samford Hundred, Bentley was afterwards joined
to the manor of Bergholt 'as a berewick' {pro bervita), and Shotley bore
apparently much the same relation to the larger estate, a relation which in
this case is primarily financial, for the two manors are said to be ' added to
the farm' {ijue huicjirme addita sunt) of Bergholt. They, in common with
Shelley, the pre-Conquest berewick of Bergholt, are assessed separately to
the geld."'

Of the honour, or great fief, the feudum, including many manors and
smaller territorial units, several instances are found in the Suffolk Survey,
notably the Saxon honour of Phin, the nucleus of the later honour of Clare.'"*
The early honours and ' fiefs ' seem to have borne the personal names or titles
of their original holders, tht feudum Fedrici, the honor Jint {Phin), ihc feudum
Phin, the feudum JVisgari, xhe. feudum Thederici or Tedrici {T'heoderic, brother of
Walter the Deacon), iht feudum Reginae, the feudum Episcopi de Tefort, which
seems to be distinguished from his terrae, though elsewhere terra and
feudum appear as equivalent terms. Thus in Essex we hear of the feudum
Baignardi, and in Suffolk of the Terrae Radulfi Baignardi ; while the terrae of
Frodo, the abbot's brother, and hi% feudum are apparently identical in the

" Dom. Bk. 2863 ; 6, (Essex) ; Maitland, Dom. Bk. and Beyond, 114, 333.

" Dom. Bk. 299, 3253, 428^ ; VinogradofF, op. cit. 365-8.

" Dom. Bk. 4023, 403, 288^, 289 ; Mildenhall, ' Et supradicta berewita habet ii leu. et dim. in longo,
et tantundem in lato, et de gelto xkd. et i ferdingum,' 3 1 "jb.

""Ibid. 3193. Cf. ' Benga,' berewick of Staverton, 31 9^ ; Falkenham, berewick of Walton, 339^ ;
Cavenham (Canavatham), 391^; Famham, 316^; Mendlesham, 285^; Lowestoft, Lund, Belton, Elga,
2833.

'" Ibid. 428, 305, where Robert Malet's mother held a carucate of land at Debenham, in Claydon
Hundred, which Britmar a freeman had held T.R.E. as a berewick of Kenton, in Loes Hundred ; cf. 326,
' Kenetuna' ; 3 8/3, Baldereseia berewita et enumerata.

'" VinogradofF op. cit. 348-50.

DOMESDAY SURVEY

record of his Suffolk estates.'"' The honours with local names, Clare and
Haughley and Eye, are of later growth. Lastly, the soke as a great terri-
torial aggregate, comprising many scattered fragments, and uniting them all
by the ties of jurisdiction and revenue, has a typical representative in Suffolk
in the royal manor and soke of Bergholt. To this manor belonged the
jurisdiction over the whole hundred and a half of Samford, and ' with that
which belonged to it, and with the soke of the hundred and a half, it rendered
in the time of King Edward twenty-four pounds.' "*

There were various forces working for the feudalization and manorializa-
tion of I ith-century Suffolk. The three bonds, personal, tenurial, and juris-
dictional, which held society together in feudal days, commendation, tenure,
and soke, were all present in varying combinations. East Anglia, indeed,
with its numerous commended freemen, offers a specially fruitful field for the
study of commendation, the personal tie between lord and man."*' The
Survey records of many, though by no means of all of the Suffolk freemen,
half-freemen, and sokemen, that they are ' under' a lord ' by commendation,'
or 'commended to' a lord, or that a lord 'has their commendation'
{de quo or ex quo habet commendationem). Sometimes the lord had ' only the
commendation,' or ' mere commendation,' and this was the slightest tie be-
tween lord and man."" More frequently the same lord had soke as well as
commendation, or customs [consuetudines) and service {servitium) were com-
bined with commendation and soke.'" A man might be commended to
more than one lord,'"* or one lord might have the commendation and another
the soke.'"' Commendation over men came to be regarded as a kind of pro-
perty, which could be inherited, alienated, and divided. Hence it was
possible for Alwin the priest to be commended to one lord for a sixth of his
commendation, and to another for the remaining five-sixths."" At Wyver-
stone, in the hundred of Hartismere, three brothers and their mother held
30 acres for a manor. One brother, Aluric, was commended to the ante-
cessor of Robert Malet for one-sixth of his holding, and to the antecessor of
Robert Blund for five-sixths.'" Ulsin (W/sin), the antecessor of Roger Bigot,
had one-third of the commendation of the freeman Godric, and Ulsin's two
brothers had the other two-thirds.'" In this last instance Professor Maitland
sees a case of descent to three co-heirs.'" At Cotton, again, on the king's
land, the Abbot of St. Edmunds had half the commendation,"* and at

"" Dom. Bk. 39815, 393*, ' de honore fint (Phin) ' ; 394, ' ad feudura phin ' ; 393^, ' Wisgar ' ; 426^, 427,
'Thedericus,' 'Teodericus' ; 310^, 321,'Regina' ; 379^, Bishop of Thetford ; 55*,Essex, Baignard ; 413^,
R.Baignard; 354/5, 'Terre Frodonis'; 355,*Frodoreclamat ad feudumsuum ' ; 41 1, ' feudum Ansgari ' ; 447,
Isteda.

'°* Ibid. 287^ et seq. ; VinogradofF, op. cit. 379-80, 128 et seq., 320-3 ; Maitland, Dom. Bk. and
BeyonJ, 90.

"•' Vinogradoff, op. cit. 348.

'" Dom. Bk. 429 ; 'Qui fuit sub antecessore Roberti Malet comraendatione tantura,' 432^, Cratinga.

'"Ibid. 356^, Risby, 'Super hos homines habuit Sanctus Edmundus sacam et socam et commenda-
tionem et omnem consuetudinem. Nee poterant dare et vendere terram sine concessu Abbatis ' ; ibid. Huepe-
stede [Whepstead], ' Hi poterant dare et vendere terram. Sad saca et soca commendatio remanebant
sancto et servitium.'

""Ibid. 380^, 381, Barsham. Ten freemen : Aluric and Gurth had the commendation of eight and
a half. Bishop Ethelmaer of the remainder ; cf. 322^, Cotton.

"" Ibid. 398, 'Helvedana ' [Elveden]. A freeman, of whom St. Etheldreda has the commendation
and St. Edmund the soke.

""Ibid. 376*. '" Ibid 309. '"Ibid. 333<5.

'" Dom. Bk. and Beyond, 74. '" Dom. Bk. 285^.

I 377 48

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Wyverstone he had three-quarters of the commendation of a freeman."'
There was sub-commendation, too, whereby a commended man could in
turn have others commended to him, and a sort of feudal chain could be
formed, with personal rather than tenurial links. Thus Edric held of Robert
Malet two freemen who had been commended to Robert's antecessor^ Edric
of Laxfield,"' and a freeman was commended to one who was himself com-
mended to Edric of Laxfield."^ But though the bond created by commenda-
tion was essentially personal, it constantly, perhaps usually, involved a tenurial
relation. If the commended man were the lord's homo^^^ he was also often
his tenant. Here, too, the tie might be loose or close. It is carefully put
on record that a man is or is not free to give or sell his land. The phrases,
' poterant dare et vendere terram,' ' non poterant dare et vendere terram sine
licencia,' recur frequently, especially in connexion with the great religious
houses. Sometimes freemen could give and sell their land, but the sac and
soke and commendation remained to the former lord, with service and
custom. There was a change of occupiers, but no change in the conditions
of occupation. Of three freemen at Saxham, in Thingoe Hundred, two
could give and sell, and the third had to obtain leave from the Abbot
of St. Edmunds. Two of St. Edmund's sokemen at Long Melford could
only give and sell with the full consent {pleno concessu) of the abbot. At
Bradfield, in Thedwastre Hundred, there were freemen who could p.ve and
sell, but the soke and the service remained to the Saint, whoever should
buy the land."'

At Whatfield, in Cosford Half-hundred, Roger Bigot had become the
overlord of a freeman over whom in King Edward's day St. Edmund had
commendation and the whole soke {totam socam). At Herringswell, in Lack-
ford Hundred, a sokeman had half his land, with the soke, under Wisgar, and
the other half, with the soke, under St. Edmund. In one case a man and his
wife were free to give and sell their lands, but the sake and soke and com-
mendation over the woman remained to St. Edmund ; in another, the
hundred was called on to bear witness that one of ten freemen could only
give and sell his land with the full consent {pleno consensu) of the Abbot of
St. Edmunds, while the other nine could give and sell at will.^^"

After the Norman Conquest all land in Suffolk was held by strict feudal
tenure, by derivation from {de) a lord. The older, less stringent relation,
the method of holding under [sub) a lord, and the old freedom in the choice
of lords and the alienation of land, gradually became things of the past.^^^ Here,

"»Dom. Bk. 321^.

"• Ibid. 3133 ; Dom. Bk. and Beyond, 74 ; cf. Dom. Bk. 305^, ' Winestuna : Duo liberi homines com-
mendati cuidam commendato Edrici.'

"' Ibid. 3463 ; cf. 309^, ' Wivertestuna ' : A man half commended to the abbot and half sub-com-
mended to R. Malet's ' antecessor ' ; A free woman sub-commended (' sub-commendata ') to R. Malet's
'antecessor' ; 3201J, Thornham Parva ; 376, Helmingham ; 377, Winston.

"' Ibid. 3423 ; ' In Kirketuna, i liber homo Godricus presbyter commendatus Edrici tempore regis
Edwardi antequam se utlagavit et postquam se utlagavit fuit homo Normanni.'

'" Ibid. 3563 et seq. St. Edmund ; ibid. 359, 362 ; Maitland, Dom. Bk. and Beyond, 46 et seq., 66
et seq.

'" Dom. Bk. 330^, 392, 3633, Liuennera ; 368, Bedingefelda.

'" Maitland, Dom. Bk. and Beyond, 46 ; Pollock and Maitland, Hist, of Engl. Law, '\, 2 10 et seq ; Vinogra-
doiF, op. cit. 219 et seq. ; cf. Dom. Bk. 333, 'Sub eo tenuit i libera feroina '; 428,428(5, ' Hoketona ten[uit]
Huthtradus sub Heroldo T.R.E. . ; . Kanavadisc ten[uit] Normannus cum soca et saca sub rege E.
. . . Neuuetona ten[uit] idem Uthret sub Heroldo.' But cf. 41 13, W. de Boevilla holds sub G. de
Mandeville.

DOMESDAY SURVEY

as throughout England, the theory was that the land had, on one pretext or
another, fallen into the Conqueror's hands, and had by him been granted out
afresh, it might be to the previous holders, it might be to new tenants. An
agreement is even dated from the time 'when the English redeemed their
lands,' ^'' and King William is said to have ' restored ' {reddidit) three manors
to their pre-Conquest lord.*'' Royal grant was thus the chief title to land
after 1066, but the king's confirmation of possession might be conveyed in
various ways, by gift, by ' writ and seal,' or by ' livery and seisin.' A dis-
pute arose over an estate at ' Wineberga ' in Bishop's Hundred, which
Roger Bigot claimed by the king's gift [hoc reclamat de dono regis), but the
Abbot of Ely questioned his right, and apparently the affair was compromised
by Roger consenting to hold of the abbot, ' by respite ' {per respectum) }^*
The outward sign of the gift might be a royal writ (breve) under the king's
seal, a charter, or the record of a formal act of ' livery and seisin.' The
writ occurs less often in Suffolk than livery, but it is found sufficiently often
to prove that by it rights could be given over land, men, and soke. Roger
Bigot had received a freeman with a small estate, but the hundred had seen
neither writ nor ' liberator,' and evidently doubted the validity of the
transfer. The Abbot of St. Edmunds had sac and soke and commendation
in the days of King Edward over a number of freemen in the hundred of
Stow, as writs and seal {brevia et sigillum) showed. King William had recog-
nized the gift {Postea concessit Willelmus Rex). But the king's reeve had
received payment for the soke of one of these men, and the case came up
before the hundred, which testified that it did not know if St. Edmund had
been disseised after King Edward's grant. In this interesting case King
Edward's writ had been confirmed by King William ; but elsewhere we find
the hundred testifying that Abbot Baldwin of St. Edmunds had a writ of
King Edward giving him sac and soke over the Saint's lands and men, and
this right he apparently claimed as still valid in 1086, without further con-
firmation. At Poslingford, too, on Ralph Baynard's fee, St. Edmund had
the commendation of a freeman in King Edward's time, and ' the king
granted him the land,' and the hundred-jurors had seen the writ. At Clare,
on the contrary. King William is seen disregarding the grants of his prede-
cessors. Aluric son of Wisgar had given this important manor to St. John,
and had committed it by charter {carta) to the guardianship of Levestan the
abbot and of his own son Wisgar, with the provision that the clerks should
not give or forfeit it away from St. John. But after King William came he
took it into his own hands, and at the time of the Survey it was held by
Richard Fitz Gilbert.*" A writ could be issued to the sheriff to order him

'" Dom. Bk. 3603, ' Hanc terrain habuit Abbas in vadimonio . . . concessu Engelrici quando re-
dimebant anglid terras suas.' The word ' redimere * in itself implies forfeiture ; cf. Inquisitio Eliensis (Rec.
Com.), 520 ; four freemen forfeited (' foris fecerunt') their land to the abbot ; later the hundred did not see
that they redeemed it (' postea non vidit hundredus ut earn redimerent ').

'"Dom. Bk. 338^, Saxmondeham. Cf Vinogradoff, op. cit. 219-20; Ballard, op. cit. 5 ; Freeman,
fiorman Conquesty iv, 723 ; Angl.-Sax. Chron. sub anno 1066 ; 'And menn guidon him [King William] gyld,
and gislas sealdon, and sySSan heora land bohtan.'

'" Inq. El. (Rec. Com.), 523/^, 524, ' Et mode Rogerus bigot tenet per respectum de Abbate' ; Dom.
Bk. 3851J; cf ibid. Sahara [Soham] : R. Malet held of the king a freeman with I carucate ; the Abbot
claimed and Robert now held of him ; ibid. 411 : G. de Mandeville holds a manor 'ex dono regis' ; ibid.
447 : Juchel or Juichell the priest ' reclamat de dono regis.'

*" Dom. Bk. 3^6. 360^, 379, 41 3*, ' Rex concessit ei terram : ex hoc vidimus brevem'; 389^.

379

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

to put a lord in seisin of lands and men,*'* and such a writ, or a public act of
' delivery ' or ' livery ' w^ould be accepted as evidence of title in a court of
\zw. Roger de Candos held a carucate of land from Hugh de Montfort at
Thorney, w^hich in the time of King Edward had formed part of the royal
manor {fuk de dominio manerio soca regis). The ' hundred ' had 'heard tell ' that
Ralph the Staller had held this plot in pledge or mortgage {in vadimonid) from
the sheriff Toli, but they had not seen the writs or the ' liberator ' {sed non
viderunt breves neque liber atoreni) . Ralph the Staller, however, had held on
the day of King Edward's death, and after him Ralph his son. This evi-
dence does not appear to have been sufficient to invalidate Hugh de Mont-
fort's title, as the carucate in question is entered among his lands in Domesday
Book.'" The actual ' delivery ' of lands or men, the liberatio or deliberation
whereby seisin was given, was, of course, constantly appealed to as evidence
of title, and the ' liberator ' could be called upon to ' warrant ' a transfer.
A dispute arose in the borough of Ipswich over the church of St. Lawrence,
which Turchil and Edric held, with 1 2 acres, apparently as the successors of
a freewoman of the days of King Edward. Count Alan claimed this church
as belonging to the fee of Earl Ralph, and called in Ivo Tailebosc as his
liberator [revocat Ivonem 'Tailebosc ad liberatorem) . But Turchil and Edric
vouched Roger the sheriff to warranty {revocant Rogerum vicecomitem ad gar ant') ,
saying that they had the church from him, and ' Roger was to them such a
warrantor as any sheriff might justly be for the time of King Edward.' *''
Again, Roger de Ramis claimed the land and freemen of Wicolf, Roger
Bigot's antecessor, at Coddenham and Hemingstone, in Bosmere Hundred,
for he said that they had been delivered to him before Roger Bigot. The
jurors of the hundred could not give a verdict, because the tenant, Warenger,
held of both lords. But Warenger himself claimed to belong to Bigot's fee
{revocat ad feudum Rogeri Bigot). Roger de Ramis denied this ' by all kinds
of law' {hoc contradicit omnibus legibus).^^^ Of the issue of this plea we are
left in doubt ; but in another case, where Roger de Ramis claimed ' by first
livery ' a freeman with his land whom Roger of Poitou held, the hundred
gave judgement in his favour, because the livery had been made to him first
{et hundretus testatur quod sibi prius liberatum fuit.) *^° At Chilton and at
'Torstuna,' in Stow Hundred, Hugh de Montfort held in demesne, 'by livery,
as he says,' sixteen sokemen with a carucate of land and seven bordars, but
here the hundred testified that these men had belonged ' with all custom ' to
King Edward's manor of Thorney."* Elsewhere the hundred was called on to
witness that land was held without livery ; in these cases the tenant generally
fell back on a second kind of title, the claim to succeed to all the rights of
the previous holder, or antecessor, a claim which might even be pleaded against

"* Dom. Bk. 377 ; ' Et Normannus dicit quod rex misit ei unum brevem ut saisiret Radulfum de Savigni
ex omnibus liberis hominibus ex quibus Hubertus de portu saisierat episcopum ' (i.e. the Bishop of Bayeux) ;
Vinogradoff, op. cit. 220-3, 427~8 ; Prof. VinogradofF cites the cases of the Abbot of St. Edmunds,
Dom. Bk. 360^, and of Norman and R. de Savigny.

'" Dom. Bk. 409^. On the power of the Domesday Commissioners to settle questions of title, cf.
Vinogradoff, op. cit. 228 and n. i ; Round, Dom. Studies, ii, 541.

'" Dom. Bk. 2903. ' Rogerus est illis talis guarant qualis aliquis vicecomes esset juste T.R.E.'

'" Ibid; 3383 ; Vinogradoff, op. cit. 233-4.

"" Dom. Bk. 352 ; cf. ibid. 355^ ; ' Bakessalla ': freemen and land 'liberati ' to Frodo for a manor; 374,
'Cratinga': freemen liberati ' with a manor ; 438^, ' Horan ': 'quos reclamat de liberatione.'

'" Ibid. 4093.

380

DOMESDAY SURVEY

a royal gift or grant. Hugh de Montfort, whose path of aggression seems
to have been beset with difficulties, met the witness of the hundred by
calling on his own men to prove his title.^" So, too, Walter the Deacon
held land in Stow Hundred which his antecessor, his brother Theoderic, had
* without a liberator' {sine liber atore)}^^ Delivery to an antecessor is recorded
in Thedwastre Hundred, where Robert of Mortain had succeeded to the
estates of Count Brien of Brittany.*'*

At Combs (Camias), in Stow Hundred, also in the Mortain fief, Hugh
de Montfort claimed livery of half a mill, as belonging to his antecessor's fee,
{reclamat liberatorem ad feudum antecessoris), but the hundred disallowed the
claim."' In a similar dispute over a freeman in the same vill, where Frodo
had been in seisin and claimed by right of livery, the hundred knew nothing
of the matter. In Blything Hundred^ also, Robert Malet is found claiming
land because the tenant Aluric had been the man {homo) of Edric of Laxfield,
the antecessor of Robert's father, William Malet,"' In cases of ' invasion ' or
encroachment upon rights of possession or property, the antecessor s seisin could
be pleaded as conferring a legal title. In Babergh Hundred, where Roger
de Orbec held land which he had ' invaded ' or seized under {sub) Richard
Fitz Gilbert, Richard's men ' vouched to the fee ' {revocant ad feudum) of
Richard's antecessor Wisgar, though apparently the land in question had never
belonged to his estates."'

Recognition of a lord as a means of proving title "* is only twice men-
tioned in the Suffolk. Survey. At Lakenheath and at Brandon, in Lackford
Hundred, six sokemen had been ' delivered ' {liberati) to ' Lisia,' the antecessor
of Eudo ' Dapifer,' for 2 carucates of land. Lisia afterwards ' recognized '
St. Etheldreda. Although in 1086 these six men were held, with soke and
sac, land and ploughs and bordars, by Eudo Dapifer, the Inquisitio Eliensis
records the claim of the abbey, based on Lisia's ' recognition ' {post recognovit
Lysia de Sancta Mdeldreda), and adds regretfully, for the estate had risen in
value from 30J. to 70X., ' but now Eudo the Steward holds.' "' At Thorpe,
too, in Bradmere Hundred, among the liberi homines ' in the king's hand,' one
freeman with 36 acres was held by Robert Blund, who supposed that he
belonged to the fief of St. Edmund, as he himself asserted. The Abbot,
however, would not be his ' warrantor ' {ex hoc non est sibi ivarant). Now at
length Robert ' recognized ' that he was not of the Abbot's fee, and gave him
into the king's hand {dimisit eum in manu regis) }^

Land might, further, be acquired by exchange or by purchase, and it
could be held on lease, or under the terms of a specific agreement. In
Suffolk, as in Norfolk, we hear of the * Lewes Exchange,' by which William

"' Dom. Bk. 4073. The hundred witnessed that Walter de Doai (Douai) was seised on the day of his
forfeiture, then Hugh the Earl, and that Hugh de Montfort now held, but not ' per liberationem.' The
'homines Hugonis de mut.' (Monteforti) say that W(alter) held of Hugh (de Montfort). The
forfeiture, therefore, of Walter would not have affected de Montfort's seisin ; cf. Vinogradoff, op. cit.
220, 223, et seq.

'» Dom. Bk. 427.

"* Ibid. 291, 291 ^. 'Hoc totum fuit liberatum comiti Brieno antec. Rotberti com. pro ii. caret xl.
ac. terrae.' Freeman, T^orm. Conq. iv, 243, n. 3.

'" Dom. Bk. 291. 'Teste hundreto nunquam pertinuit.'

"• Ibid. 291. ' Sed hundredus nescit.' "^ Ibid. 447*. ' Grotena'; cf. 448.

"• Vinogradoff, op. cit. 242-4 ; Dom. Bk. ii, 1763.

'" Dom. Bk. 403 ; /»f. El. (Rec. Com.), 517^. 'Lisia' is Lisois de Moustiers; Round, /"mi/. Engl. 32.

"• Dom. Bk. 447.

381

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

de Warenne held estates in the hundreds of Thedwastre, Lackford, and
Stow."^ These lands, poor and insignificant when compared with his exten-
sive holdings de escangio Lewes or pro escangio Lewes in the county of Norfolk,^*-
had probably been granted to him as compensation for encroachments on his
Lewes honour in Sussex.^*^ They consisted of small plots, one of loo acres,
one of 60 acres, and one of 80 acres, which had formerly been held under
the abbeys of Ely and Bury St. Edmunds, and were now transferred, with
the freemen holding them and their bordar tenants, to the Warenne fief.
Ralph Baynard or Bainard {Baignard) also held a large part of his Suffolk
^&i pro escangio, with some portion of his estates in Norfolk and Essex.^**
From the Norfolk record we learn that this exchange was effected during
the lifetime of Archbishop Stigand, presumably before his deposition in
1070."' Humphrey Fitz Aubrey {HumfrUus Filius Alberici) seems to have
obtained lands in Suffolk in exchange for estates in Normandy, de escangio
normannie}^'' and elsewhere Hugh de Montfort appears to have been making
bargains with the King. At Dagworth a carucate and a half, which had
belonged to a freeman who fell at the battle of Hastings, was ' delivered ' to
Hugh for a half-carucate ' in exchange ' {de escangio). At Newton he held
a freeman and half a carucate ' by exchange ' (^ro escangio), and two freemen
' whose soke was in the hundred,' with 27 acres, ' by livery and by exchange '
{ex liberatione et pro escangio), while on the royal manor of Thorney he held
two freemen and their land in the same way {de escangio)}" At Battisford
{Betesfort), in the hundred of Bosmere, land had been exchanged between
Hugh de Montfort and his Kentish neighbour and fellow tenant-in-chief, the
great Canterbury abbey of St. Augustine.^*' Robert Grenon also claimed a
manor in Samford Hundred by virtue of an exchange with Hugh de Mont-
fort,"' and in Bishop's Hundred Roger Bigot had apparently received a small
estate in exchange for land ceded to Isaac, the Suifolk tenant-in-chief."" In
one isolated instance we find Beorn, a pre-Conquest freeman, buying 50 acres
for a manor from the Abbot of Ely on the understanding {conventio) that after
his death his purchase should revert to the Abbey. "^ In the Inquisitio Eliensis
Beorn is entered as having held 50 acres from St. Etheldreda which he could
not sell. But as the manor in question was held at the time of the Survey
by Roger Bigot as a tenant of the Bishop of Bayeux, the Abbot of Ely seems
to have failed to make good his claim, in spite of the witness of the hundred
to its justice.^^^ Agreements of this nature are not uncommon. At Pakenham

»• Dom. Bk. 398.

'*' Ibid. 172 ; (Lewes) ; 163, 163^ ; (Laves, Lawes) ; 157^, 158, 159, 164, 165^, 169 ; (Laq's, Laquis).

'" V.C:H. Norf. ii, IS, 18.

'" Dom. Bk. 4133, 414, 415 ; 249, 251, 252^, 253* ; (Norfolk), 70, 7 13 ; (Essex).

'" Ibid. 252^. ' Vivente Stigando liberatum est Baignardo pro escangio.'

'" Ibid. 436 ; cf. 262^ (Norfolk). Cf. VinogradofF, op. cit. 226.

"' Dom. Bk. 409^, 410^. 'Thedwastre. A freeman of Edith "dives" and his land held by Hugh de
Montfort " pro escangio." '

"' Ibid. 410. ' Hoc est pro escangio de terra Sancti Augustini.'

'*• Dom. Bk. 420. ' Hoc revocat Rob. pro escangio de terra Hugonis de Monteforti.*

'" Ibid. 331. ' Pro escangio de terra Isac ' ; cf. 179. The king had enfeoffed Isaac with some of Earl
Ralph's forfeited lands, and had given Roger Bigot lands in Norfolk by way of compensation ; V.C.H.
Norf. ii, 19. For Isaac cf. Dom. Bk. 43 7^, 438. The Suffolk estate mentioned in the text had belonged
to Stigand and had been held by Bishop Ailmar or Ethelmaer of Thetford after the Conquest.

'" Dom. Bk. 373. ' Hanc emit ipse Beorn liber homo ab abbate, ec conventione quod post mortem
snam rediret ad aecclesiam sanctae jEldredae testante hundred©.'

'" Inq. El. (Rec. Com.), 521.

382

DOMESDAY SURVEY

in Thedwastre Hundred and at Gislingham in Hartismere Hundred the Abbot
of St. Edmunds had made arrangements of the kind called on the Continent
free aria remuneratoria, a lease of Church lands, with the reversion of the land
granted and of additional estates from the property of the grantee. At
Pakenham a freeman had procured a lease from the Abbot of half a carucate
(impetravit ab abbdte praestari sibi dimidiam carucatam terrae), * by such
an agreement {conventio) that all his land, wherever it might be, should
remain to the Saint after his death.' St. Edmund's Abbey was in possession of
this land in 1 086, but at Gislingham a Norman tenant-in-chief of the Crown had
encroached on the rights of the Church. Here Leofstan, or Levestan, Abbot
of St. Edmunds in the lifetime of King Edward, had granted one of his
demesne manors to a freeman called Alsi and his wife on condition that when
they died the Abbot should have back his own manor and also Alsi's manor
of Euston. If, as we may assume, this was 'Evestuna,' in Blackbourn Hundred,
St. Edmund's Abbey held it at the date of the Survey, but the Gislingham
manor had fallen into the hands of Gilbert 'Balastarius.'"* In other instances
the agreement would seem to have been more one-sided. Edith, a free-
woman, held a manor from the Abbot of St. Edmunds for her life."*
Edmund the Priest gave the land which he took with his wife, with her
consent, to the church of St. Etheldreda, ' by such an agreement {conventio)
that he could not sell or give away from the church.'"^ From Topesfield, in
Cosford Half-hundred, comes the record of an arrangement made with the
Church before the Conquest, which was carried into effect in the time of
King William. Leveva, a freewoman, undertook to give half a carucate to
Holy Trinity, Canterbury, when she died, in return for another half-carucate
which she held from the Archbishop during her life. This agreement was
made under King Edward, but Leveva lived on into the reign of the Con-
queror, and continued to hold the land. It then apparently passed to John,
the nephew of Waleran, who claimed it in 1086, but it is entered in the
Survey among the estates which Archbishop Lanfranc had devoted to ' the
feeding of the monks {ad vie turn monachorum.y^^ At Badley, too, in Bosmere
Hundred, Richard Fitz Gilbert held certain freemen as belonging to his
manor who had been added in the time of his antecessor Phin by agreement
{accomodation with the sheriff, ' as the sheriff himself says.' "^ The com-
plexities of a system of divided commendation and the intricacies of tenurial
relations could also sometimes be simplified by mutual arrangement. At
Blaxhall, in Parham Half-hundred, a freeman who had been sub-commended,
half to the antecessor of Robert Malet and half to the Abbot of St. Edmunds,
came to an agreement with the Abbot concerning his claim,"* while at the
neighbouring villages of ' Brutge ' and Beversham Hervey of Bourges had

'" VinogradofF, op. cit. 229-32; Dom. Bk. 3613, • Pachenham ; ' 444^, * Gislincham.' Cf. 367^,
' Evestuna.'

"* Ibid. 286. In this case the land was in the hands of the moneyer, ' monetarius,' when King Edward
died, and in 1086 King William was in possession of it.

'"Ibid. 431*. 'Cloptuna. Brantestuna. Terrain quam cepit cum uxore ejus . . . misit in ecclesia
concedente muliere.' Here, too, a Norman tenant-in-chief, William ' de Arcis ' and his tenant are found in
possession in 1086, but the fact of the priest's gift is recorded in the Inqutiitio ERensis ; Inj. El. (Rec. Com.),
521.

"« Dom. Bk. 372*. Cf. ibid. 406^, 'Nachetuna.'

'"Ibid. 393. ' Et ipse Phin tenebat eos per accomodationem vicecomitis ut ipse vicecomes dicit';
VinogradofF, op. cit. 393.

'" Dom. Bk. 307. ' Ex hac medietate est conciliatus Abbati.'

383

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

taken over two estates which had similarly been held, as a whole or in part,
by St. Edmund's Abbey."' It was in cases of this kind, and in questions
of disputed title, that the Domesday Commissioners were called on to adjudi-
cate. The Suffolk Survey throws considerable light on these quasi-judicial
decisions, and on the functions of the ' King's barons ' who were sent into
the counties to inquire and describe.^'" Not only are the invasiones or en-
croachments on royal rights gathered together at the end of the record and
followed by a group of ' claims ' or calumniae. Other encroachments and
claims which gave rise to interesting judicial disputes are found scattered
through the text. We learn how Englishmen were not ashamed to turn
their country's humiliation to their own profit ; how, after the coming of
King William, Wisgar ' invaded ' or usurped two freemen with their land,
who had formerly been bound by commendation alone. It is with some
satisfaction that we read in the next entry how Wisgar himself ' made
forfeiture' {se forisfecit) , and how his land in turn was seized by the Norman
Richard Fitz Gilbert."^ We see how the chances of battle and rebellion left
vacant spaces in the ranks of the Saxon landholders, which their conquerors
were not slow to fill. Edric the Deacon fell with Harold at Hastings (in
hello), and the freeman whom he had held was ' delivered ' to Bainard, then
' added ' by Etgar to the manor of Cavendish, and finally held by Ralph de
Limesi in the demesne of his hall."'

The forfeiture and disgrace of Earl Ralph were stepping-stones to for-
tune for many an ambitious adventurer. Robert de Curcun had seized
{invasit) one of the earl's freemen at Wissett, but had been obliged to give
security [vadem) }''^ At Somersham the king's reeve {praepositus) Ulmar had
given security and had found a warrantor (fidejussor) for his appropriation
\invasio) of another of Earl Ralph's freemen with his holding of 12 acres, but
here the estate in question had been taken into the king's hand."* The pro-
cedure in disputes of this nature is worthy of careful attention, and of com-
parison with the later proceedings before the itinerant justices, as recorded in
the Eyre Rolls, the Assize Rolls, and the Hundred Rolls. The parties to a
suit would bring either written evidence, charters, or royal writs (brevia), or
personal witnesses to back their respective claims. As a rule, the jurors who
had been chosen to swear for the whole hundred "' were appealed to by one
of the claimants, and the witness of the ' hundred ' was opposed by that of the
homines or feudal tenants of the plaintiff or defendant, or by the testimony of
the ' vill ' or township."' There was ' vouching to warranty,' and in one

'" Dom. Bk. 441. ' Brutge. De dimidio nujus terrae Herveus conciliatus Abbati ; et postea de Rege
tenuit.' ' Beversham. Ipse est conciliatus Abbati et hoc supradicto modo.'

'** Dugdale, Mon. \, 6oi et seq. ; Ellis, Introd. to Dom. i, 120. For the subject of the judicial powen
of the Domesday Commissioners, cf Round in Dom. Studies, ii, 539 et seq. ; VinogradofF, op. cit. 228.

'" Dom. Bk. 448. Wisgar ' invaded' the two fi-eemen and their land after the coming of King William,
but ' ante conventionem Ricardi (R. Fitz Gilbert), qui modo tenet.'

'" Ibid. 449. ' Fuit liberata Bainardo pro terra. Etgarus addidit in Kanavadisc postquam Bainardus
perdidit, modo tenet Radulfus de Limesi in dominio halle.'

'» Ibid. 449. '" Ibid. 448^.

'" Round, Feud. Engl. 1 1 8 et seq. For the different kinds of witness, written and verbal, cf. above,
p. 379 et seq.

'" Dom. Bk. 4473. * Homines Ricardi (Fitz Gilbert) revocant ad feudum Wisgari antecessoris sui. Sed
sicut hund. testatur nunquam pertinuit ;' ibid. 285^. ' Hund. testatur quod vere rex et comes habuit socam
et sacam T.R.E. sed homines illius ville (Melnessa) testantur quod Burchardus similiter habuit socam de liberis
hominibus sicuti de suis villanis.' For writs cf. ibid. 336, 379, 409^. ; cf. 360^. Anhus.

384

DOMESDAY SURVEY

instance the warrantor is called by the somewhat unusual name of tutor}" In
the last resort there was an appeal to the customary methods of proof, battle,
ordeal, or compurgation. The men of the vill of Mendlesham had no other
witness than their own to the fact that Burchard had soke over both freemen
and villeins, yet they were willing to prove their contention in any way.^'*
The hundred testified that Stanwin, a freeman, had been commended to
Harold in the time of King Edward, but he himself asserted that he had been
the ' man ' of Edric, the antecessor of Robert Malet, and he ' offered proof *
{juditium), probably by battle."' A 'man' of Godric Dapifer was willing to
prove his claim and the truth of his words ' against the whole hundred, by
every kind of law.'"" In a dispute with Roger Bigot, Roger de Ramis
contradicted the testimony against him ' by all kinds of law.' ^" In the half-
hundred of Ipswich Roger the Sheriff claimed i oo acres, 5 villeins, and a
mill which were in the possession of the church of St. Peter, as belonging to
the king's manor of Bramford. A regular trial followed. Five villeins from
the Bramford manor bore witness for Roger, and offered ' such law as should
be adjudged to them' {legem qualem quis judicaverit). But the half-hundred of
Ipswich witnessed that the property in dispute had belonged to the church
{jacebat ad ecclesiam) in the time of King Edward, and that it was held by
Wisgar, who held the church also, and this they offered to prove by process
of law {pfferunt derationare) }''^ Unfortunately, of the further proceedings we
hear nothing, but enough has been recorded to show that formal ' pleading,'
leading to legal 'proof by ordeal or other customary methods, could take
place before the Domesday Commissioners. This is borne out by the em-
ployment of technical judicial phrases, respondere, in misericordia regis, placitum,
and by the use of essoins or excuses for non-appearance in court. Thus Hugh
de Hosdenc could neither answer a charge against him, nor reply when he
was vouched to warranty, because he was a prisoner in the king's hands [in
captione regis)^"^^ and Berenger could not 'come to the plea' because he was
' infirm.' "* Sometimes, no doubt, the Commissioners actually gave de-
cisions,"' but in Suffolk they seem rather to have confirmed decisions already
given. At Ashfield, on the lands of the Bishop of Bayeux, Suarinus, a priest
and freeman, of whom Walter of Dol was seised when he forfeited his land,
was afterwards held, as the hundred witnessed, by Earl Hugh."' A certain

"' Dom. Bk. 388. 'Sed dominum suum G. de Magnavilla revocat ad tutorem;' VinogradofF, op.
cit. 224.

'" Dom. Bk. 285^. 'Non habent aliquid testimonium praeter se, et tamen volunt probare omni modo.'

"' Ibid. 332. 'Ipse solus ofFert juditium, dicens se fuisse hominem Edrici.'

"" Ibid. 371. ' Et hoc vult probare contra totum hundredum, omnibus legibus.*

'"Ibid. 3383. 'Hoc contradicit omnibus legibus;' VinogradofF, op. cit. 233. Cf. the striking
case, Dom. Bk. 287^, quoted by Professor VinogradofF, op. cit. 379, where the sherifF Aluric quarrels
with his predecessor Roger Bigot over the 'farm' of Bergholt, and Roger wishes to make proof ('vult
probare') by the men who had been present at his agreements (' conventiones '), while Aluric vouches the
king to warranty.

"' Dom. Bk. 392^, 393. The use of the present tense may be noted.

"' Ibid. 4^5. 'Ideo non potuit dare responsum ; ' 448^. ' Revocat Hugonem de Hosdenc ad warant, sed
ipse est in cap lone regis, et non potest respondere.' Both passages refer to the same case. For Hugh de
Hosdenc cf. Dom. Bk. 284, 337^ ; V.C.H. Essex, i, 356. For 'essoins,' cf. Pollock and Maitland, Hist. Engl.
Law, ii, 560-66.

"* Dom. Bk. 449 ; cf. 424, where the men of the hundred give judgement, and one of the parties objects
that he was not summoned to the plea ; cf Round in Dom. Studies, ii, 549.

"' Cf VinogradofF, op. cit. 228. A case of disseisin 'per barones Regis' in Devonshire ; cf Round in
Dom. Studies, ii, 547-9-

"' Dom. Bk. 377. This case is quoted at length by Professor VinogradofF, op. cit. 427-8.

I 38s 49

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

* Norman,' probably the sheriff of that name,"^ stated that the king had sent
him a writ bidding him put Ralph de Savigny in seisin of all the freemen of
whom Hubert de Port had seised the Bishop of Bayeux. He accordingly put
Ralph in seisin of the priest Suarinus, though he owned that he did not know
whether the bishop had previously been seised of him by Hubert. When
the king's barons came into the county they found this arrangement holding
good as between Roger Bigot, who represented the bishop and the claim
through Ralph de Savigny, and Earl Hugh, who represented the claim
through Walter of Dol. ' And so,' the entry concludes, ' let it remain in
peace until the case be decided' [donee sit derationatus) , Here the ' king's
barons ' ratify the status quo ante, pending a final legal decision, while an appeal
is made to two earlier acts of seisin, one by the king's sheriff and the other
by Hubert de Port. Of Hubert we are told in a later entry "* that he adjudged
(deracionavit) one of the Malet estates in Hartismere Hundred to be free land,
and seised the Bishop of Bayeux of it ' because freemen held it.' But the
mother of Robert Malet had been in possession [saisita), as the hundred
testified, ' on the day when Ralph the Earl made forfeiture, and up to the
plea [placitum) of Hodiham.' Now, the land was ' in the King's peace,' as
the king decreed {j)recepit), between the bishop and Robert's mother."' Are
we here on the track of one of those special inquests which the ' king's
barons ' held from time to time even before the Great Survey ? ^'° The Suffolk
Domesday gives us welcome, if fitful, glimpses of several such inquests, and of
the pleas which the royal judges heard. There is evidence that Hugh de
Montfort, Roger Bigot, Richard Fitz Gilbert, Thorold the Sheriff of Lincoln-
shire, and others were 'holding pleas' at St. Edmundsbury in 1076—9, shortly
after the revolt of the earls, Ralph of East Anglia and Roger of Hereford.^" An-
other eyre or commission of earlier date, which has left traces on the Suffolk
Survey, is assigned by Professor Freeman to the year 1068,^*^ and connected with
the entry which refers to ' the redemption of the lands' of the English after the
Conquest. We are told of a small estate on the lands of St. Edmund's Abbey
that the abbot pledged [invadiavit) this land to (contra) the king's barons,
namely, W. the bishop, Engelric, and Ralph the Staller (Sta/ra) for looj.^*'
Elsewhere, the Abbot of St. Edmunds held an estate in pledge or mortgage
(in vadimonio) by the grant [concessu) of Engelric, ' when the English redeemed
their lands.' ^" The suit before Geoffrey of Coutances, when the abbey of
Ely claimed its alienated lands, seems to be referred to in two other entries,
where Roger Bigot is said to hold of the abbot ' by the decree [precepto) of
the Bishop of St. L6,' ^" or ' because the abbot proved his right {derationavit)

'"Dom. Bk. 438.

'" Ibid. 450. Hubert de Port was a tenant-in-chief of the Crown in Hampshire ; Dom. Bk. i, \6b.
Hugh de Port, who held land in Hampshire, Berkshire, Dorset, and Cambridgeshire, was a tenant of the
Bishop of Bayeux in Hampshire ; ibid, i, 44^, 45, 51, 651^, 83. Ralph de Savigny is found in 1086 holding
a number of freemen of Roger Bigot, who held of the Bishop of Bayeux ; ibid, ii, 373—8.

'" Odiham was a royal manor in Hampshire. There was also Odiham Hundred in Hampshire and
Odeham in Essex ; Dom. Bk. i, 38, 49^ ; ii, 73.

'* Round, Dom. Studies, ii, 547-9. '" Round, Feud. Engl. 329.

"* Freeman, Norm. Conj. iv, 25-6, 723-4 ; Round, Feud. Engl. 428-9 ; Com. of Land. 28-36 ; Vino-
gradoff, op. cit. 220, n. i ; V.C.H. Essex, i, 355. '" Dom. Bk. 3671}.

"* Ibid. 3603 ; Professor Freeman sees here, apparently, a commission for the 'general redemption' of
the lands of the English ' as a body.' For redemption after forfeiture cf. ibid. 443^.

'" Ibid. 383; St. L6 was the earlier seat of the bishopric of Coutances. The parallel passage in the
InquisiAo Eliensis has ' coram episcopo Constantiensi ' ; Inj. El. (Rec. Com.), 5 243.

386

DOMESDAY SURVEY

against him before the Bishop of St. L6.'"' The famous Suffolk plea in
which Brungar, a freeman commended to Robert Wimarc's son, was tried for
having stolen horses in his house,"^ brings us to another thread in the
' labyrinthine web of legal relationships,' '*' the tie of * sac and soke,' for
while Brungar was ' commended ' to Robert Wimarc's son, the Abbot of
St. Edmunds had the sac and soke over him, and these conflicting claims
led to litigation which was only ended by a compromise. The subject of
sac and soke, too vast to be more than touched on here, is well illustrated by
the Suffolk Domesday. Soke over persons and land was distinct from com-
mendation, and could be held and granted separately."' It could even be
divided, as at Thornham, where the Abbot of St. Edmunds had three-quarters
of the soke and the king had the fourth quarter."" From Suffolk Professor
Maitland takes two cases to prove that the lord had not always soke over his
villeins."^ To these may be added the case at Mendlesham and Cotton,
where the hundred bore witness that the king and the earl had soke and sac
in King Edward's time over the freemen in Cotton, who had been added to
the Mendlesham manor, and the men of the vill testified that Burchard, the
lord of the manor, had soke alike over freemen and villeins."' In Suffolk,
too, are found admirable examples of territorial soke, and of private soke, and
hundredal soke, annexed to a royal manor, or granted to an important
religious house or to a great magnate. The soke of the hundred and a half
of Samford belonged to the king's manor of Bergholt."' The Confessor had
granted the soke over eight and a half hundreds to St. Edmund's Abbey."*
St. Etheldreda of Ely had the soke over five and a half hundreds,"" and the
Bishop of Thetford had soke and sac over the ferting of Elmham, or a
quarter of the hundred of Wangford, with the exception of the men of
Stigand and of the land and men of St. Edmund, whom Abbot Baldwin
claimed."' There are curious instances of local soke at Burstall, where the
' sac ' over the small manor of the freeman Godwin was in Bergholt,
' except for his house and for three acres ' "' at Stoke, where St. Etheldreda
had ' half the soke which is beyond the bridge ' ; "' at Buxhall, in Stow Hun-
dred, where Lewin Croc had soke and sac over ' the hall and the bordars,*
but the soke of the commended freemen was in the hundred ; "' and on Roger
Bigot's land in Colneis Hundred, where the Abbey of Ely had the soke

•* Dom. Bk. 4043 ; the Ely suit probably belongs to the years 1072-5 ; Round, Teud. Engl. 459 et seq.

'" Dom. Bk. 4011J ; Maitland, Dom. Bk. and Beyond, 104 ; Freeman, op. cit. iv, 735.

"* Maitland, op. cit. 1 04.

"* Dom. Bk. 360^ ; 'Abbas revocat socam de dono regis,' 313 ; VinogradofF, op. cit. 121, n. 5.

'" Dom. Bk. 4373 ; cf. 440 ; Vinogradoff, op. cit. 125.

"' Dom. Bk. 4083, 4253 ; Dom. Bk. and Beyond, 90, 91.

"* Dom. Bk. 285^^ ; above, p. 385.

"• Maitland, Dom. Bk. and Beyond, 90-2 ; Vinogradoff, op. cit. 128 et seq. ; Dom. Bk. 287^.

'•* These were the hundreds of Risbridge, Lackford, Thingoe, Thedwastre, Blackbourn, and Bradmere,.
with the double hundred of Babergh and the half-hundired of Cosford ; Rot. Hund. (Rec. Com.), ii, 151^,
where the names of the hundreds are given ; Chron. Joe. de Brokehnda (Camd. Soc), 42, n. 132 ; Gage,.
&uff. i, Introd. ii.

'" Dom. Bk. 3853. ; Rot. Hund. (Rec. Com.), ii, I97<?, where they are named as Carlford, Colneis,
Plomesgate, Loes, Wilford, and the half-hundred of Thredling. Thredling Half-hundred, however, is of later
date. The abbot's Domesday half-hundred seems to have been Parham ; cf. Maitland, op. cit. 93. For
encroachments on these liberties cf. the Ely suit of 1072-5 ; Injuhitio Com. Camb. (ed. Hamilton), 194.

"» Dom. Bk. 379. '»' Ibid. 377. "« Ibid. 382^.

'" Ibid. 3 50, 3 50^ ; cf. 3493 ; Brockley. Two freemen who could only sell ' in the soke of St. Edmund ' ;,
Vinogradoff, op. cit. 131.

387

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

* except over the hall of Walton, and villeins.' ^'"' At Haughley, Gutmund the
brother of the Abbot of Ely held a manor under King Edw^ard before the
Conquest with soke and sac 'over the hall demesne only,' w^hile the soke of
the six sokemen on the demesne was in the hundred.^" In the borough of
Sudbury the soke is said to be in villa}^^ The freemen of those hundreds
which had not been granted out to the great religious houses seem to have
been normally under the soke of the public authorities, ' the King and the
Earl ' in the hundred court.^"' A good illustration of this is found in
Blything Hundred, in the case of those freemen of Roger Bigot who have a
special heading of the Suffolk Survey to themselves.-"* Even here, however.
Bigot and Robert Malet were beginning to encroach on the royal jurisdic-
tion,"" and the disputes over rights of sac and soke, which occur not
infrequently in the Survey, show that in Suffolk, as in other parts of England,
the Norman lords were 'assuming a soke which their antecessores did not
enjoy.' ^'"' At Combs and at Onehouse, on the fief of Robert of Mortain, ' no
custom was rendered in the hundred after Count Brien, Robert's antecessor,
had the land.' ^" Closely connected with these grants or assumptions of soke
is the extension of seignorial jurisdiction, and in particular, in Suffolk, the
surrender to St. Edmund's Abbey of the reserved pleas of the Crown, ' the
six forfeitures of St. Edmund.' ■"'

If now we turn from franchises to those who exercised them, and look
at the list of Suffolk tenants-in-chief of the Crown at the date of the
Domesday Survey, we are at once struck by that ' unity of East Anglia,*"'
which was typified, both before and after the Conquest, not only by the
common earldom and the common bishopric of Norfolk and Suffolk, but by
the large number of territorial magnates, Norman feudatories and their
antecessores, who held land in both counties. Suffolk, indeed, was a sort of
half-way house, a meeting-place for the landholders of Norfolk on the one
hand, and of Essex on the other. Out of 71 Suffolk tenants-in-chief,
21 held directly of the Crown in both Norfolk and Essex, 17 held in
Norfolk and not in Essex, and 1 3 in Essex and not in Norfolk, while only
20 had a leading place in Little Domesday in Suffolk alone of the three
eastern counties. ^^^ It follows that much has already been written on these
holders of land in the articles on Essex and Norfolk, though something still
remains to be said of them, and one famous house at least, that of Richard
Fitz Gilbert of Clare, among the lay feudatories, with one great ecclesiastical
foundation, the abbey of St. Edmund, belong primarily to the history of
Suffolk.

•^ Dom. Bk. 343*.

*" Ibid. 408^. For other instances of freemen and sokemen whose soke was ' in the hundred,' cf. 285,
■• Fineberga,' ' Staham,' 336, 350, 350^, ' Buckeshala.'

»• Ibid. 286^.

*" Vinogradoff, op. cit. 120 ; Maitland, op. cit. 95 ; F.C.H. Norf. ii, 32-4.

*" Dom. Bk. 333* et seq.

"' Ibid. 333^, 334 ; Thorpe. R. Bigot soke, R. Malet soke over 2 acres. * Cnotesheale.' R. Malet soke,
cf. 291^, 292^, 295, 305, 309, 313, 313^, for the soke of the 'King and the Earl.'

"* Maitland. op. cit. 94, n. i.

"' Dom. Bk. 291 ; cf 285^, 319^, 320 ; ' Eiam.' 360^, 'Anhus' ; here the king's reeve had 4/. for the
soke (' propter socam ') of a freeman.

'"'Ibid. 349, 373, 3843, 391, 397, 3971}, 4133, 414*; 'Rexet Comes vi forisfacturas ' ; Maitland,
op. cit. 88 ; Vinogradoff, op. cit. 1 1 1, et seq.

«« y.C.H. Norf. ii, 5.

"° Of course many of these held also in Cambridgeshire and elsewhere.

388

DOMESDAY SURVEY

First on the list of Suffolk landholders stands the name of King William
himself, Willielmus) Rex ang/orum, a style which only occurs here and in the
list of landholders prefixed to the Essex Survey.'" The description of the
Terra Regis fills a much smaller relative space of the Survey in Suffolk than
in Norfolk/^* and is somewhat differently arranged. The first section treats
of the king's demesne, c/e regione^^^ then come the forfeited estates of ' Ralph
the Earl,' then Harold's Harkstead estate, a berewick of Brightlingsea in
Essex, then the borough of Sudbury with other lands of ' the mother of
Morcar the Earl,' Harold's manor and ' soke ' of Bergholt, and the forfeited
estates of Archbishop Stigand. These are followed by two more demesne
manors, under the heading of terrae regis de regno, and at the end of all stands
the account of the borough of Ipswich. This borough, with the mass of
the king's demesne lands, had been placed in the charge of Roger Bigot,
and each of the other sections had its special keeper or custos^^* It seems
probable that Roger Bigot was Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk at the time of
the Survey,"" and even that he was in his second term of office. This may
be gathered from a passage in the Suffolk Domesday, which distinctly
implies that Robert Malet held the shrievalty after Roger Bigot,**'' and from
a number of references to ' Rogerus vicecomes,' which suggest that he was
actually sheriff in 1086.^" The king's demesne lands {de regione), which
Roger ' kept,' "° were in the centre and north of the county, and included
King Edward's manors of Thorney, Bramford, and Blythburgh, with Earl
Gurth's manors and commended freemen in the hundred of Lothing
and the half-hundred of Lothingland. The Confessor's Norfolk manor
of Diss is for some reason surveyed here, under the hundred of Hartis-
mere, with Gillingham, in Norfolk, where a small estate of 30 acres was
appurtenant to Gurth's manor of Gorleston in the half-hundred of
Lothingland, to which also belonged twenty-four Yarmouth fishermen."'
Some incidental light is thrown on the sheriffs and reeves and their doings
by this section of the Survey. We see Roger Bigot removing the sokemen
from Thorney Manor, and distributing them among the tenants-in-chief.
We see Thorney rising in value, and Blythburgh deteriorating under his
charge.'^" We hear of villeins added to Blythburgh Manor ' in Robert
Malet's time,' that is, probably, during his shrievalty, and we find ' Aluric

*" Dom. Bk. ii, 1 ; ' W. Rex anglorum,' cf. 1 09, Norf. ' Willelmus Rex.'

•" V.C.H. Norf. ii, 9-14.

"' Mr. Round, in Feud. Engl. 140, treats the use of the word ' regie ' as a blunder, and would substitute
* regno.' But it occurs elsewhere; in Norfolk (Dom. Bk. 144) and in Suffolk (ibid. 408^), and Professor
Maitland thinks that it may well stand for 'kingship' ; Dom. Bk. and Beyond, 167, n. 2, cf. Ballard, The
Dom. Inf. 88 ; Vinogradoff, op. cit. 326 et seq. ; Maitland, op. cit. 213.

"* On the technical distinction between ' vicecomites ' and ' custodes ' cf. Round, Geoffrey de MandeviUe,
107-8, App. i, 297.

'" Dom. Bk. 179, 179*, 185^ ; V.C.H. Norf. ii, 19, 37.

"* Dom. Bk. 2873. ' Quando Rogerus Bigot prius habuit vicecomitatum statuerunt ministri sui quod
redderent xv lib. per annum. . . . Et quando Robertus Malet habuit vicecomitatum, sui ministri creverunt
«os ad XX lib. Et quando Rogerus Bigot eos rehabuit dederunt similiter xx lib.' Does ' rehabuit ' refer to
Roger's second tenure of the shrievalty? The freemen in question were under Aluric Wanz in 1086, but
he is always called reeve, ' praepositus,' not sheriff; cf Vinogradoff, op. cit. 379. 'Rogerus vicecomes' is
mentioned in connexion with Suffolk in the Ely 'placitum' of 1072-5 ; Inq. Com. Camb. (ed. Hamilton), 194.

'" Dom. Bk. 179, 1793, 185^; (Norfolk), 282, 290^ (twice), 445^, 'Vicecomes Rogerus habuit de patre
suo herretum,' 446 (twice). The second case, ' Haminghelanda,' refers to the same incident as 282.

"' ' Servat.' Of Ipswich the phrase 'custodit ... in manu regis' is used ; Dom. Bk. 28 li, 290.

"» Dom. Bk. 282, 283, 283^ ; V.C.H. Norf. ii, 5.

"» Dom. Bk. 2813, 282.

389

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

the reeve' {praeposkus), in whom we may, perhaps, recognize Aluric Wanz,
appointing new customs for the freemen of the hundreds of Wangford and
Lothing, and increasing the king's farm ' in the time of Roger Bigot,' and
apparently under his direction, while we have a hint that Hugh de Hosdenc,
who in 1086 was a prisoner in the king's hands, had at one time held office,
either as sheriff or as reeve on the royal demesne."^ The demesne manors
{de regno) of Barrow, which had belonged to King Edward and Badmondis-
field, which had been held by Algar, were entrusted to the care of Picot,^^*
in all likelihood, if this be Picot the Sheriff of Cambridgeshire,^-' because
they are on the western side of the county.

The forfeiture of Earl Ralph of East Anglia overshadows Suffolk as well
as Norfolk, and has set its mark deeply on the Suffolk Survey. The father
of Earl Ralph, Ralph the Staller (Sta/ra), seems to have been earl in East
Anglia,^^* and to have acted with William, Bishop of London, and Engelric
the priest as a royal commissioner in Suffolk shortly after the Conquest.^"
As earl (comes) we find him apparently succeeding Gurth, and adding his
estate of Bentley to the royal manor of Bergholt as a berewick, in the time
of King William.^-' We also come upon traces of him in the hundreds of
Blything, Claydon, and Plomesgate, where his land, commended freemen, and
rights of sac and soke passed to Count Alan and to Earl Hugh, and in the
manor of Thorney, where he held a carucate of land in pledge from the
sheriff Toli, on the day when King Edward was alive and dead, which his
son Ralph held after him."" To the ' Godwine, uncle [avunculus) of Earl
Ralph,' who is mentioned in the Norfolk Domesday, may be added Hardwin,
the brother of Earl Ralph and Alsi, Earl Ralph's nephew, whose names
occur in the Suffolk Survey.""* The day when the younger Ralph ' made
forfeiture ' became an epoch to date from throughout East Anglia.'"*
After the unsuccessful revolt of Ralph Earl of East Anglia and Roger Earl
of Hereford in 1075, and the consequent flight and forfeiture of Ralph,
' Guader ' or ' de Waer,' the king kept the bulk of his Suffolk estates in his
own hands, and appointed the Englishman 'Godric Dapifer' his custos or bailiff.
It would appear that Ralph had acquired some of these lands from Edith
the ' Fair ' or ' Rich,' who has been sometimes identified with ' Edith of the
Swan Neck,' whose land at Great Sampford, Essex, passed in like manner to
the East Anglian earl and then to the king, who entrusted it to the care of
Godric Dapifer."'" Three of Ralph's manors, in Carlford Hundred, had been
granted to Odo of Bayeux, who had taken an active share in the suppression
of the revolt of 1075."" The Harkstead Manor was, naturally enough,
farmed by Peter of Valognes, the Sheriff of Essex,"'" and the land of Alveva,

"' Dom. Bk. 282, 2823, 283, 284 : 'tempore H. de Hosdena ' ; cf. above, p. 385.

"' Dom. Bk. 2893. »» Ibid, i, 193;^ ; Round, Feud. Engl. Index, 'Picot.'

"' F.C.H. Norf. ii, 10, II ; cf. Mr. Round's account of 'the two Ralfs ' ; ibid. 10-12 ; Freeman^
Norm. Cenj. vi. Index, ' Ralph the Staller ; Ralph of Wader.' Cf. the writ addressed by the Conqueror
to ' Raulf Eorl, '.(Ethelmaer, Bishop of Thetford, and Nordman, Sheriff of Suffolk ; Round, FeuJ. Engl. 427
et seq. ; y.C.H. Norf. ii, 11. "' Above, p. 386.

"" Dom. Bk. 287. •" Ibid. 293, 294^, 295, 297^, 299^, 409^.

»' Ibid. 322, 324, 338, 3503 ; cf. y.C.H. Norf. ii, II.

'" Dom. Bk. 294, 294*, 450 ; cf 301^.

"° Ibid. 73 ; y.C.H. Essex, i, 350, n. 2 ; Freeman, Norm. Conq. iii, App. Note R. R. A freewomaa
called Edith also appears on 286.

"' Dom. Bk. 373. One of these manors was claimed by the abbey of Ely. Above, p. 382.

"* Dom. Bk. 2 863 ; y.C.H. Essex, i, 349.

390

DOMESDAY SURVEY

mother of Earl Morcar and widow of Earl iElfgar, was ' kept ' by William
the Chamberlain, and by that Otto the Goldsmith who also farmed the
Crown estates, which had belonged to iElfgar in Essex.''^ The royal manor
of Bergholt with its members was in the charge of Aluric ' Wanz,' an
Englishman whose estates in Essex had come into the hands of ' Eudo
Dapifer.'*'* The lands which fell to the king when Archbishop Stigand
was deposed in 1070 were, like his forfeited estates in Norfolk, farmed by
William de Noyers. They were both extensive and important, and included
three manors in Bungay, in Wangford Hundred, the Samford manor of
Bramford,*" and the manor of Mildenhall, which King Edward had given
to St. Edmund on his first visit to the abbey in 1044.^'* Stigand held
Mildenhall of St. Edmund's Abbey during the lifetime of King Edward,
and it passed to the Crown in 1070, and was only recovered by Abbot
Samson in 1189, at the cost of 1,000 marks.'" Robert Malet, Roger Bigot,
and Roger of Poitou had also profited by the archbishop's fall.*''

The description of the fiefs of eleven lay tenants-in-chief intervenes
between the account of the Terra Regis and that of the estates of the
Church in Suffolk. ' The land of St. Edmund ' heads the list of the fiefs
of the ecclesiastical magnates, and occupies considerably more space in the
Survey than the Crown lands. The great abbey, a tenant-in-chief in six
counties,"' had vast possessions in Suffolk. Its estates extended into almost
every hundred of the county,"" but the chief seat of its power was in the
hundreds of Thingoe, Thedwastre, and Blackbourn. The abbot at the time
of the Conquest was a Frenchman, Baldwin,'" and in spite of the loss of the
manor of Mildenhall, and of occasional encroachments on its rights,'" the
abbey seems to have flourished under the Conqueror. On his first visit to
St. Edmundsbury King William had granted the Norfolk estate of Brooke
to the monks,'" and in Suffolk he gave a freeman and his land at Preston,
' and soke and all customs ' to St. Edmund and Abbot Baldwin, and also land
at Somerton, while he confirmed King Edward's grant of sac and soke and
commendation over the freemen of Wetherden, Harleston, and Onehouse, in
the hundred of Stow.'" The abbot's jurisdictional privileges, the ' six for-
feitures of St. Edmund,' and the grant of soke over eight and a half hundreds,
have already been mentioned, and the anxious insistence on these privileges
in the Suffolk Domesday, especially in connexion with the rights of William,
Bishop of Thetford, recalls the earlier rivalry between Abbot Baldwin and
William's predecessor Herfast.'" The fiscal privileges of the abbey were

"' Dom. Bk. 286^ ; r.C.H. Essex, \, 350-1. For William the Chamberlain, cf. F.C.H. Beds, i, 197.

"* F.C.H. Essex, I, 355. Mr. Round sees in this 'a suggestive case of an Englishman whose lands had
been taken from him actually employed by the Crown in a position of trust.*

"' Dom. Bk. 288, 289.

"« Ibid. 2883 ; Dugdale, Mm. iii, 100, 138 ; V.C.H. Suff. ii, 58.

*" Chrm. Joe. de Brakehnda (Camd. Soc), 33, 34, 123, 124.

"" Dom. Bk. 313. ' Sibbetuna,' where a woman is called ' homo Stigandi episcopi'; 321^, 'Soches';
322^, 3233, 3303, 'Delham'; 349^, ' Resebi.'

"' Suffolk, Norfolk, Essex, Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire, Bedfordshire.

"" The exceptions are Lothing and Lothingland in the north-east, Samford and Colneis in the south,
and the half-hundreds of Parham and Ipswich. "' V.C.H.Suff. ii, 58.

'"Dom. Bk. 2843. 'Ex istis habuit sanctus E. commendationem cum omni consuetudine super iiii.
integros et iiii. dimidios . . . sed comes R. tenuit eos quando se forisfecit;' cf. 360^. 'Anhus.*
'Mulcefel' ; F.C.H. Norf. ii, 16.

'" Dom. Bk. 210 ; V.C.H. Norf. ii, 13. '" Dom. Bk. 359^, 360, 360*.

"' Ibid. 379 ; Freeman, Norm. Conj. iv (2nd ed.), 407, 408 ; (ist ed.), 411.

391

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

also exceptional. When Danegeld was levied in the hundred, St. Edmunds-
bury paid 25 per cent., or 5J. in the pound, which was appropriated to the
use of the monks, while a corresponding sum was apparently laid upon
Sudbury, to make up the tax due to the king.'*' Although in 1086 the
later ' borough ' of St. Edmund still only ranked as a 'vill ' {villa) the descrip-
tion of it in the Domesday Survey is peculiarly interesting, as an illustration
of the way in which a town might spring up round a great monastic centre.
The ' mensal ' land immediately surrounding the abbey, which was charged
with the provision of the monks' food {ad victum monachorum),^*'' was occupied
in the days of King Edward by 118 tenants {homines) who could give and
sell their land, with fifty-two bordars under them, and by freemen and alms-
men {ekmosinarii), also with bordars dependent on them. At the date of the
Survey the abbey precincts had extended over land which had been arable
before the Conquest, and the terse entry in the Survey is yet full enough to
bring up before us a picture of the community, a little world in itself, where
the abbot and the brethren formed the nucleus round which gathered a
population of clerks, nuns, and poor bedesmen, servants and artisans, bailiffs
and soldiers {milites) }*^ The thirteen reeves or praepositi Vfho had houses in
the ' vill ' and were set over the land, may have administered the outlying
estates of the abbey as well as the demesne.'*' We hear of Orger, the abbot's
' reeve,' who held two freemen at Wickham whom Aluric his predecessor
had appropriated,"" of the freeman ' Coding the reeve,' who held 90 acres at
Oakley and was commended to the Abbot of St. Edmunds, and of ' Bristric,
St. Edmund's reeve.''" At South wold, on the east coast, the abbey held a
manor which, like St. Edmundsbury, had to provide food for the monks, in
particular, apparently, for their fast-days, since it paid a rent of herrings,
which had risen from 20,000 under King Edward to 25,000 in 1086.'" In
connexion with this manor occurs the solitary mention in Domesday Book
of a heia maris or sea-weir.

The only estates held by Archbishop Lanfranc in Suffolk were also
' mensal ' or ' board ' lands for the Canterbury monks. Three out of his four
manors had been granted to Stigand or to ' Holy Trinity,' Canterbury, before
the Conquest, and the fourth had come to the archbishop through an agree-
ment {conventio) with the freewoman Leveva.'"

Four bishops held in chief of the Crown in Suffolk, the king's half-
brother, Odo of Bayeux, William Bishop of Thetford, Gundulf of Rochester,
and Gilbert of Evreux.

The Suffolk fief of Odo, Bishop of Bayeux and Earl of Kent,"* is
almost entirely composed of the lands of freemen who before the Conquest
had been bound to their over-lords by sac and soke and commendation or
by commendation alone. Part of these estates had been held by William

*" Dom. Bk. 372 ; ' Quando in hundreto solvitur ad geltum i. libra tunc inde exeunt Ix. denarii ad
victum monachorum' ; Maitland, Dom. Bk. and Beyond, 55, 240 ; RoMndi, Feud. Engl. loi, n. 187 ; Sudbury
paid 5/. in the pound and was assessed as 3 leets, or a quarter of a hundred ; above, p. 365.

'" Dom. Bk. 372 ; Ellis, Introd. to Dom. ii, 488, seems to have misunderstood this passage.

'*" r.C.H. Suf.ii, II.

"' Cf. Chaucer's monk, who was an ' out-rydere.' ffWii 0/ Geoffrey Chaucer (ed. Skeat), iv, 6 ; v, 19, 20.

""Dom. Bk. 371.

'" Ibid. 170b, 437^ ; cf. 275^ ; a steward {dap'tfer) of the abbot in Norfolk. "' Ibid. 371^.

"' Ibid. 372^, 373 ; cf. above p. 383.

'" Cf. V.C.H. Essex, i, 342 ; V.C.H. Norf. ii, 17 ; Dom. Bk. 373, et seq.

392

DOMESDAY SURVEY

Malet and by his son Robert after him,'" and three manors had belonged to
Earl Ralph,*" but most of them seem to have come straight to the bishop, and
to have been granted out by him to Roger Bigot,'" who retained some of
them in his own hands and enfeoffed Ralph de Savigny with others,'"
Warenger, a tenant of Roger Bigot on his own fief,'" here also held some of
the bishop's freemen under him, while Tehel de Herion, Ralph de Curbespine,
and William de Boeville held directly of Odo himself" The whole process
shows very clearly the sweeping up of the commended freemen of many
lords into a compact tenurial group.

The lands of the Bishop of Thetford are divided, as is also the case in
Norfolk,'" into the Terrae Episcopi, the ancient estates of the see in Bishop's
Hundred and in the hundred of Wangford, and the Feudum Episcopi^ the estates
acquired since the Conquest, by Bishop Mihclrnxv or Aylmer, who shared
his brother Stigand's disgrace in 1070, and was succeeded by Herfast or
Arfast. William, who was bishop at the time of the Survey, was only conse-
crated in 1086.'" The manor of Hoxne, Hoxa Episcopi, where there was 'a
church which was the seat [sedes) of the bishopric of Suffolk in the time of
King Edward,' '°* was kept by Aylmer in his own hands, and here he held a
weekly market on Saturdays, until William Malet established a rival Saturday
market in his new castle at Eye, and forced the bishop to change his market
day to Friday.'" In Wangford Hundred the bishop held the manor of
Homersfield, with soke and sac over the ferting of Elmham.'" The lands
of the ' Fee ' {Feudum) consisted of the estates of freemen who had been
commended as a rule to Aylmer or to Stigand. Of one carucate in Mendham
we are told that ' Ulf the thegn ' held it in the days of King Edward, ' after-
wards Aylmer and Arfast.' These lands, which, with the exception of
20 acres at Framlingham, were in the hundreds of Hartismere, Bishop's, and
Wangford, were held from the bishop by William de Noyers, the ' farmer ' of
Archbishop Stigand's forfeited estates.'"

The manor of Freckenham, which had been formerly held by one of
Harold's thegns, had been awarded to the bishopric of Rochester by Lanfranc
'by the king's command' {jussu regis). Earl Ralph had 'added' four free-
men whom he had appropriated [quos invasit) to this manor, and though the
bishop had the soke over the manor, the Abbot of St. Edmunds kept the soke
over these freemen.'"

The Bishop of Evreux, who here makes his only appearance as a tenant-
in-chief of the English Crown, held two manors and a few freemen in the

»" Dom. Bk. mb ; ' Cerresfella,' 374^ ; ' Stanham,' 376^ ; ' Ulvestuna.' '" Ibid. 373.

"' Ibid. 373, 373-5, 374, 374^, 375*, 376^, 377, 377^, 378, 378*.

"* Ibid. 377 ; ' Asfelda.' Here we see the freemen of whom Hubert de Port had seised Bishop Odo,
who were afterwards under Ralph de Savigny ; above, p. 386.

"'Ibid. 374, Z7\b, 375, 377^, 338, 338^. For the dispute between Roger Bigod and Roger 'de
Ramis,' in which Warenger was involved, cf. VinogradofF, op. cit. 233 ; above, p. 385.

'®' Dom. Bic. 373, 373^, 374. Ralph de Curbespine held the freemen and manor of ' Brantestona,'
which the mother of Earl Morcar had held T.R.E.

»' F.C.H. Norf. ii, 13, 17 ; V.C.H. Essex, \, 339.

*" F.C.H. Norf. ii, 14, n. 8. Mr. Round points out that ' the fact that William was bishop at the time
of the Survey gives us an important note of date.'

•^ Dom. Bk. 379, above p. 358. This statement is interesting, both on account of the controversy about
the seat of the ancient bishopric of Elmham or of the East Angles (cf. F.C.H. Suff. ii, 4, n. 8) and from the
peculiar territorial title given to the bishopric. *" Dom. Bk. 379. "* Above, pp. 358, 387.

•^ Dom. Bk. 3803. Stigand was bishop of the East Angles before Aylmer; c£ Dom Bk. 380.
•Stigandi episcopi.' "' Ibid. 381.

I 393 50

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

hundred of Wilford. Campsey, one of these manors, was claimed by the
Abbot of Ely, and is entered in the Inquisitio Eliensis as demesne land.''''^
Next in importance to St. Edmund's Abbey, among the great ecclesiastical
landholders in Suffolk, is St. Etheldreda's Abbey of Ely. The Domesday
record of its estates can be compared both with the Inquisitio Eliensis and
with the Ely placitum of 1072-5.°^^ Some of the alienated estates which were
claimed in the suit before Geoffrey of Coutances had apparently been
recovered,"" but, as the Inquisitio shows, the bulk of them remained in the
hands of the ' aggressors,' among whom the Bishop of Bayeux, Roger Bigot,
Robert Malet, and Roger of Poitou seem to have been the chief offenders."^
The abbot, however, successfully asserted his right of soke over five and a
half hundreds, which had been encroached upon by Earl Ralph, Roger Bigot,
Robert Malet, Ralph Peverel, and many smaller men."^ The abbey had
lands in every hundred of the county except Blackbourn, Bradmere, Wang-
ford, Lothing, and Lothingland in the north, with Samford in the south.
The abbot's chief under-tenants in Suffolk were Roger Bigot, Robert Malet,
and Hervey of Bourges.

The Huntingdonshire Abbey of St. Benedict of Ramsey held a single
manor in Suffolk, at Lawshall, in Babergh Hundred, and the account of
the church fiefs is closed by the description of the small holdings of the
Norman Abbey of Bernai and of the Cambridgeshire nunnery of Chatteris."*

The names of four great lay feudatories immediately follow the descrip-
tion of the king's land in Suffolk, Count Robert of Mortain, Count Alan
of Brittany, Earl Hugh, and Count Eustace of Boulogne.

Robert of Mortain, the Conqueror's half-brother, succeeded Count Brien
of Brittany "* in his Suffolk fief, which had been largely built up from the
lands of the freemen of the Abbot of Ely, Bishop Aylmer, King Edward, and
Harold. The depression of the free English tenantry by their Norman lords
is seen in the manor of Combs {Cambas), where the rent had nearly doubled,
and the freemen ' could not endure it without ruin {confusio).^ We see, also,
Count Brien assuming rights of private jurisdiction,*" and Nigel, a sergeant
(serviens) of Count Robert, adding church lands to Stow Manor, and trans-
ferring the Stow parishioners to the church of Combs. But Robert could
give as well as take. The next two entries tell of land which he had granted
to the Norman Abbey of St. Mary of Grestein."'

Count Alan of Brittany or Penthievre, the chief landowner in Norfolk,'"
had considerable estates in Suffolk also. Much of his land had been held by
Earl Ralph, or by Ralph the Staller, or by freemen under Ralph's commenda-

"^ Dom. Bk. 388^ ; Inf. El. (Rec. Com.), 519a.

*^ Dom. Bk. 381^ et seq.; Inq. El. (Rec. Com.), 517, et seq. ; Inq. Co. Camb. (ed. Hamilton), 192-5 ;
Round, Feud. Engl. 459 ; V.C.H. Norf. ii, 16.

'" Dom. Bk. 383,'Dermodesduna,"Horswalda ;' 38315, ' Bercham,' ' Escarletuna,' 'Westrefelda ;'' 385,
•Wineberga,' an undecided case, 'Staham ;' 385^, Tremlega, Waletuna, ' Kenebroc ;' 388, ' Hou ;' cf. Inj.
Co. Camb. (ed. Hamilton), 193-5 ; above, p. 386.

"' Inq. EL (Rec. Com.), 517-22.

'" Inq. Co. Camb. (ed. Hamilton), 194 ; Inq. El. (Rec. Com.), 5l7et seq.; Dom. Bk. 385^ ; above, p. 387.

"' Dom. Bk. 378^, 389. The Abbot of Bernai had, like the Abbot of Ely, profited by the forfeiture of
Hardwin ; cf. Dom. Bk. 383, ' Berchingas ;' Round, Feud. Engl. 23.

'" Freeman, Norm. Conq. iii, 230, 231, 315 ; iv, 243 ; Dom. Bk. 291.

'" Ibid. 291, 291* ; above, p. 388. For 'Cambas,' cf. Vinogradoff, op. cit. 298, 434.

•" Dom. Bk. 39li ; cf. ibid, i, 222* ; F.C.H. Northants, i, 286.

'" l^.C.H. Norf. ii, 17 ; V.C.H. Essex, i, 350.

394

DOMESDAY SURVEY

tion or soke,"* but much of it came from the thegns and freemen of Earl
Gurth, from Edric Grim, Edric of Laxfield, and Edith the Fair,*" and from
the abbeys of St. Edmund and Ely, In Ipswich, Alan seems to have
acquired Gurth's comital rights, the third penny of the borough, and part
of the profits arising from the pleas of the shire.*'"

The fief of Hugh of Chester was also composed of the estates of
English or Danish thegns and freemen,'" and here, as in Norfolk, Roger
Bigot seems to have held some of the forfeited lands of Walter of Dol
of the earl.*'*

The antecessor of Count Eustace of Boulogne in the hundreds of Lackford
and Stow was Ingelric or Engelric, the priest and ' commissioner of lands.' *''
In Risbridge and Samford Hundreds he succeeded Leuric the thegn, two
freemen, and a freewoman, while at Rattlesden, in the hundred of Thed-
wastre, he had encroached on the lands of the abbey of Ely.*'*

Although Robert Malet, whose fief is surveyed immediately after that
of Count Eustace, was not of comital rank, he was one of the most
powerful of the Suffolk magnates. His father, William Malet, is repeatedly
mentioned in the Domesday Survey as a Suffolk landholder and the successor
of the Saxon Edric of Laxfield.*" He held an important position in the
county early in the reign of William the Conqueror, and was the founder
of the great honour of Eye,*" In the manor of Eye, which had belonged
to Edric of Laxfield under King Edward, he built a castle and established
the market which brought him into competition with Bishop Aylmer.*"
He was dead at the date of the Survey, but the manner of his death is
uncertain. He may have fallen, as the Suffolk Domesday distinctly asserts,
' on the king's service,' *" or he may have found a more peaceful end as a
monk of Bee,"" though this seems hardly compatible with the fact that he
was seised of lands and men ' on the day of his death,' **** His widow
survived him, and held estates in the hundreds of Bosmere, Claydon, Wil-
ford, Hartismere, Loes, and Bishop's, including the lands of ' the queen's fee'
in the hundreds of Bishop's and Hartismere,*" and loo acres of Robert's
demesne at Eye, the caput of his barony, in which we are tempted to see
her dower farm. 'The claims in dispute between the Bishop of Bayeux

'" Dom. Bk. 29z3, 293, 294^, 295, 297, 297^.

*" She was also his 'antecessor' in Herts, and Cambs.; F.C.H. Essex, i, 350 ; Dom. Bk. i, 193^, et seq.;
1363, et seq.

'*" Ibid. 294, 294.^, ' Cum tercio denarlo de duobus hundretis.' "' Ibid. 298^, et seq.

'" Ibid. 152, 153, 299(5, izib, 322. Mr. Round thinks it probable that Walter of Dol was a Breton
who lost his lands at the time of the revolt of the earls. F.C.H. Nor/, ii, 10.

"' Dom. Bk. 303 ; above p. 386 ; V.C.H. Essex, i, 343, et seq.

'" Dom. Bk. 303 ; Ini^. El. (Rec. Com.), ^ija.

»" Dom. Bk. 148^, 305, 3123, 313, 3323, 373*, 3763, 379, 4403, 441, 442^, 4433, 444.

"^ Round, Feud. Engl. 429, 430. From the fact that a writ of William I relating to Suffolk is addressed
to Bishop ./Ethelmasr, Abbot Baldwin, and W. Malet, Mr. Round has argued that William ' held a position
in Suffolk . . . analogous to that of sheriff,' and has suggested that ' he may have succeeded Northman in
that office.' Robert Malet was sheriff in Suffolk at a later date ; above, p. 389. '" Above, p. 393.

*" Dom. Bk. 332^, ' Quando ivit in servitium regis, ubi mortuus est' ; cf. 133^, 189, 276^, 294, 373^,
376^, 380*, 407, 4403, 4423, 443^, 444.

"' V.C.H. Norf. ii, 17 ; Freeman, Norm. Conj. iii (2nd ed.), n. PP ; iv (2nd ed.), n. W ; v (ist. ed.), 39,
Round, op. cit. 329, 331, 429, 430 ; Academy, 26 Apr. 1884. The mention of the monk William Malet
is in Lanfranc, 0pp. (ed. Giles), i, 341.

"^ Dom. Bk. 2761J, 440^, 442^, 443^, 444.

"' Apparently land with which the queen had enfeoffed Robert ; cf. Dom. Bk. 155, where Robert Malet'i
mother held land at Borston which Robert had received ' ex done regine.'

395

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

and Robert Malet's mother' have a section to themselves at the end of the
Suffolk. Survey."- Robert Malet's fief wras of great extent, though some of
his father's possessions had passed into other hands, and he was not the
sole successor of Edric of Laxfield."* He had estates in seventeen and a half
hundreds, and held the boroughs of Eye and Dunwich,"* with the lands of
many an English thegn and freeman. Among the under-tenants to whom
Robert had granted out these estates were Walter Fitz Aubrey, himself a
tenant-in-chief of the Crown, Robert de Glanville, William Gulafra, and
Walter of Caen.=«

A Norman under-tenant might, like Robert de Glanville, hold lands in
various parts of the county, as the representative of many free English land-
holders,^'* or the lands of a wealthy Englishman might be divided up among
several Normans, as with the estates of Godwin Alfer's son, a tenant of the
king in Babergh Hundred and of the queen in Carlford Hundred, who
was succeeded by Hubert, Walter Fitz Aubrey, and Humphrey son of Robert.-"
Sometimes the change of lords made for simplification, as at Wyverstone,
where Hubert took the place of a freeman commended to Edric of Lax-
field, with a wife commended to the Abbot of St. Edmunds, and of a group
of three freemen and their mother, also commended to two overlords.'"
But in the majority of cases a fresh link was inserted in the feudal chain,
and the English freeman, if he remained on his holding at all, remained as
the tenant of a Norman under-tenant. Where Godwin ' Alsies sone,' Queen
Edith's thegn, had held, presumably of the Crown, before the Conquest,
Hubert now held of Robert Malet, who held of the king, and where Cus,
a freeman commended to Edric of Laxfield, held 90 acres as a manor, Walter
held of Malet and two freemen with 14 acres had been added to the estate."'
The succession to Edric of Laxfield, who had been outlawed by the Confessor
and then pardoned and restored to his lands, led to disputes which are inter-
esting from the light which they throw on the position of English freemen
before the Conquest and on post-Conquest judicial procedure,^"" and before
leaving Robert Malet it may be noted that among his under-tenants was
Walter son of ' Grip,' a name which recurs frequently in Domesday
Book.'"

The fief of Roger Bigot, the founder of the second house of East
Anglian earls, is surveyed immediately after the lands of Robert Malet.""
Its distinctive characteristic in Suffolk, as in Norfolk, is the large number of
freemen who held under the earl. They have a special section of the Survey
to themselves,'*" and it is possible that, as many of them had previously been
under William and Robert Malet, or commended to the sheriffs Toll and

»• Dom. Bk. 450.

*" Ibid. 349*, 432*, 433, 435, 437i, 438, 439, 440*, 441, ^li, 442*, 443, 443^, 444.

"* Below, p. 410, 411.

"'Dom. Bk. 304, 3043, 305, 306, 3063, 310, 311, 312*, 313, 313*, 314, 317, 318, 319, 319*, 320,
324*, 325*, 327, 329*. William de Arcis, the Crown tenant-in-chief, was also a tenant of R. Malet. For
Walter of Caen and his connexion with the Stuarts and the Chesneys, cf. F.C.H. Nor/, ii, 21, n. II.

** Dom. Bk. 304, 304*, 308*, 309, 315*, 317*, 319, 327, 329.

"'Ibid. 304, 314*. "* Ibid. 309.

*" Ibid. 306, 3073, 308.

*" Ibid. 3io3, 313, 332, 342* ; cf. 179*. Freeman, Norm. Coiij. v (ist ed.), 799.

"' Dom. Bk. 329, 329* ; i, 78, 83* ; cf. ' Wilgrip,' i, 249*, 254, 258* ; ii, 404*, and ' Guillegrip ' one
of Henry I's ' Novi Homines ' ; Ord. Vit. Ecd. Hist, xi, chap. 2.

*" Dom. Bk. 3303 ; KC.H. Nor,, ii, 19. «» Dom. Bk. 333*, 344.

DOMESDAY SURVEY

Norman, or held by a ' Norman,' who may be the ex-sheriff,'"* Roger may
have acquired the lordship over them in connexion with the East Anglian
shrievalty.

Among Roger Bigot's predecessors by commendation or tenure are
found Edric of Laxfield, the two Malets, Toli and Norman, the Englishmen
Burchard and Lewin, and many other English or Danish freemen, among
them one who had been reeve of Ipswich/"^ His under-tenants included
Stannard, probably the tenant-in-chief of that name,"" Hugh de Hosdenc,
Robert and Hugh de Curcun, Godric Dapifer, Robert de Vallibus, Norman,
Warenger, and Aitard,'"^ At Bulcamp he held a manor ' of the king's gift,'
which had formed part of the forfeited estates of Earl Ralph. '"^

After Roger Bigot comes Roger of Poitou,"" with large and widely-
scattered estates. He seems to have encroached considerably on the rights
of the Abbot of Ely, and to have gathered many of St. Etheldreda's freemen
into his fief. His freemen had been commended also to King Edward, to
Harold, to Gurth, to Earl Algar [Mlfgar)^ to Stigand, and to Edric of Lax-
field. He held, too, woodland which had come to him from that ' Raymond
Giralt ' by whose aggressions he had benefited in Essex.""

William de Scoies, Hermer de Ferrieres, and Ralph de Bella Fago
held in both the East Anglian counties.'" William's antecessores in Suffolk
were Aluric a thegn, Aluric a freeman, and Wluric a freeman — possibly
all the same person. Huard de Vernon and Robert de Vallibus held of
William. Hermer de Ferrieres had succeeded to the manor of Osmund a
freeman at Barningham, in Blackbourn Hundred, and Ralph de Bella Fago held
the lands of a number of commended freemen in the hundreds of Wilford
and Hartismere. Frodo brother of Baldwin, Abbot of St. Edmunds, who
held also in Essex, had a composite fief. Algar, a tenant of Siward or
Seward of Maldon, a great Essex thegn, was among his antecessores, and his
Lavenham manor came from St. Edmund, and could not be sold without
the Abbot's leave.'^' Godric Dapifer, who farmed the forfeited estates of
Earl Ralph, held a small fief in his own right, composed of the lands of free-
men, of whom one, Godric, had formerly held under Ralph the Staller.
Perhaps the ' Edwin freeman ' whom he succeeded at Blyford is Edwin,
King Edward's thegn, who is also called Edivinus liber homo, who was Godric's
antecessor in Norfolk.'^'

After the description of the Church lands comes the account of the fief
of one of the most noteworthy of Suffolk magnates, Richard Fitz Gilbert, or,
as the Suffolk Domesday once calls him, ' Richard de Clare,' "* the founder
of the great family of De Clare. He was the son of Count Gilbert of
Brionne, and came to England with the Conqueror. He received some
hundred and seventy English lordships as his share of the spoils of conquest,

'" Dom. Bk. 3333 et seq. On 333 'Norman the thegn' is mentioned; cf. ibid. Ailward the
king's reeve.

""Ibid. 3373. Belham.

^ Ibid. 330*. Alwi or Allwin of Thetford had held this land T.R.E.

*" Ibid. 331 et seq. Aitard had held of Stigand. '*' Ibid. 333.

»°' Ibid. 3453 et seq.

"° Ibid. 3503 ; V.C.H. Essex, i, 354 ; Round, The Ancestor, i, 127.

»" Dom. Bk. 353 et seq. ; F.C.H. Norf. ii, 19, 20. '" Dom. Bk. 354^.

'" Ibid. 3553 ; V.C.H. Norf. ii, 19 ; Dom. Bk. 175*, 202^, 203, 203^.

"* Ibid. 3893 et seq. 448. Ricardus de Clara.

397

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

of which ninety-five, with the castle of Clare, the caput of the later honour,
were in Suffolk,'^' He was chief justiciar in 1075, and was active in the
suppression of the revolt of the earls, but he does not seem to have received
any of Earl Ralph's estates. He held lands in the hundreds of Risbridge,
Babergh, Cosford, and Samford, on the Essex border, and also in the hun-
dreds of Thingoe, Thedwastre, Lackford, Blackbourn, Hartismere, Bosmere,
Claydon, Stow, and Wilford, and in the borough of Ipswich. He had estates
in Essex also, but the centre of his influence was in Risbridge Hundred,
where, just on the Suffolk side of the line which divides the county from
Essex, still lies the market town of Clare, with the moated mound of the
castle.''^ Richard Fitz Gilbert's two chief antecessores were Wisgar or
Withgar, son of iElfric or Aluric, and ' Phin the Dane.' ^Ifric, the father
of Wisgar, and himself the son of an older Wisgar, was an Essex thegn and
lord of the manor of Clare, which he gave to ' St. John,' placing a priest
Ledmar over the religious house which he founded, and committing it by
charter to the care of his son Wisgar and of Leustan or Leofstan, Abbot of
St. Edmunds."' When King William came he took the foundation into his
own hands and granted the whole property to his favourite, Richard Fitz
Gilbert. ' Phin the Dane ' had held an ' honour ' in Suffolk, and, like
Wisgar, he continued in power after the Conquest, and, as Mr. Round has
pointed out, 'even in 1086 his widow was holding in Essex 2 manors, of
which one at least had previously been held by her husband.' '" In Suffolk
he had 80 acres at Wattisham in Cosford Hundred and a small estate at
Shelland in Stow Hundred, thirteen burgesses in Ipswich, who belonged to
his ' honour,' and a manor at Badley in Bosmere Hundred, where he held
twenty-six freemen, who had been added to the manor under King William
' by arrangement with the sheriff, as the sheriff himself says.' At Ringsett also,
and at Ash (Bocking), in the same hundred, he had added freemen and a soke-
man to his manors, and we hear of his 'fee' [feudum). At Helmingham in
Claydon Hundred and at Erwarton in Samford Hundred, Turi, a thegn of
King Edward, had held two manors 'of Phin's land' which in 1086 were
held of Fitz Gilbert by Walter of Caen and Roger ; at Boyton a com-
mended freeman of Phin is mentioned, while at Higham and at Burstall
Richard claimed freemen and lands as part of the ' honour ' or ' terra ' of
Phin."' Of Fitz Gilbert's under-tenants it is worth noting William Peche
[Peccatum), who held also in Norfolk,^^" Walter the Deacon, and Osbern de
Wancy; while Roger ' de Ramis' and Ralph Peverel disputed Richard's title
to his estate at Bricett in the hundred of Bosmere.'" The survey of his fief
concludes with a list of the freemen in the hundreds of Risbridge and Cosford

'" Dom. Bk. 3893 et seq. Diet. Nat. Biog. articles 'Clare, De, Family of,' 'Clare, Richard De';
Freeman, Norm. Conq. iv (ist ed.), 580 ; v (ist ed.), 430. He is often called Richard de Bienfaite.

"« F.C.H. Essex, i, 348.

'" Dom. Bk. 389^; F'.C.H. Essex, i, 348; freeman, op. cit. v (ist ed.), 753. The alternation of
names in this family is worth noting. Grandfather and grandson bear the same name, as is also the case with
the 'lawmen' of Lincoln, a Danish district ; Dom. Bk. i, 336.

'" y.C.H. Essex, i, 348 ; Dom. Bk. 98, 98^, 'Terra Ulveve uxoris Phin.'

'" Dom. Bk. 391, 392^, 393, 393*, 394, 394*, 395, 395^, ' Hecham, Burghestala,' 'ad honorem phin ;'
'ad terram fin.'

"" Ibid. 39o3 ; y.C.H. Norf. ii, 21. He was ' the forefather of an East Anglian house.' The name occurs
in Suffolk in the 13th century ; Rot. Hund. ii, I 5 la, 173a.

"' Dom. Bk. 391, 393^, 394. Esgar the Staller is also mentioned as the former lord of one of Richard's
freemen; ibid. 395.

398

DOMESDAY SURVEY

who had been under the commendation and soke of Wisgar in the time of
King Edward.*''^

WilHam de Warenne, a great landowner in Norfolk and in Sussex,'^'
takes a less prominent place in the Suffolk Domesday, where, however, the
same distinction is made as in the Norfolk Survey between the land which
he held of the fee of his brother Frederic and that which he had acquired by
* the Lewes exchange.''^* His Suffolk fief was composed of the lands of
English thegns and freemen, of whom one, the thegn Toka, was Frederic's
antecessor in both Norfolk and Suffolk. '^^ Among his under-tenants may be
noted Robert de Glanville and Robert and Godfrey de Petro-ponte, whose
name survives at Hurstpierpoint in Sussex. William de Warenne had also
succeeded to some of the estates of Edric of Laxfield and William Malet,
which were claimed by Robert Malet. '^* Suane of Essex, his father Robert,
and his grandmother Wimarc, belong to the history of Essex, where both
Robert and Suane held the office of sheriff. Nearly all Suane's Suffolk estates
had been held by his father. They were chiefly in the south of the county,
but he held a few acres in Thingoe Hundred. Of his father's forty-one
Ipswich burgesses fifteen were dead, and even over these Suane had lost the
commendation, though he retained the soke and sac.'" Eudo the Steward
{Dapifer), the son-in-law of Richard Fitz Gilbert, was a tenant-in-chief of
the Crown in the three eastern counties,'^* and in all three he succeeded Lisois
de Moustiers,'*" whom we find encroaching on the rights of Ely Abbey at
Lakenheath and at Brandon. ''" He succeeded also Godwin, a thegn of
King Edward, Canut, Earl Algar's freeman, Edric of Laxfield and William
Malet, and Aluric Campa, who was the antecessor of Eudo in Essex and
Cambridgeshire as well as in Suffolk.''^ The brothers Roger and William of
Otburville, or Oburville, held composite fiefs built up from the estates of
thegns, sokemen, and freemen.''^ One of Roger's predecessors, the thegn
Gutmund, brother of Uluric or Wulfric, Abbot of Ely, was also the antecessor
of a more important Suffolk landowner, Hugh de Montfort, who succeeded
him at Nacton, Livermere, Occold, Dagworth, and in the manor of Haughley
(Haga/a),^^^ the caput oi the later honour of Haganet or Haughley, the Honor
Constabularie. This honour was connected with the constableship of Dover
Castle, where in the attack of 1067 Hugh de Montfort was in command.
The office passed to Robert de Vere, the son-in-law of Hugh de Montfort,
and then to Henry of Essex, son of Suane of Essex and grandson of Robert
Fitz Wimarc.''* Hugh de Montfort's chief under-tenant was Roger de
Candos ; Burchard, Gurth, ' Edith the rich,' Edric of Laxfield, and WiUiam
Malet are mentioned among the former lords of the numerous freemen who

'" Dom. Bk. 395^ et seq. »" Ibid. 398 et seq.; cf. V.C.H. Norf. ii ; l^.C.H. Suss. i.

"« Dora. Bk. 398, 398^ ; above, pp. 381-2. '" Ibid. 399, 399^, 400 ; r.C.H. Norf. ii, 18.

'" Dom. Bk. 399^.

'" Ibid. 401 etseq.; V.C.H. Essex,\, 345 ; Viom^, Feud. Engl. 168; Freeman, A^om. Cw^^. iv (isted.), 736.

"' Dom. Bk. 402* et seq.; F.C.H. Essex, i, 347-8 ; V.C.H. Norf. ii, 20.

'" Round, Feud. Engl. 460 ; Freeman, Norm. Conq. iv (ist ed.), 286 ; v (ist ed.), 30. Lisois was 'the
hero of the passage of the Aire.' He had lands in Cambridgeshire and Bedfordshire, where he was also
succeeded by Eudo ' Dapifer.'

"" Dom. Bk. 403 ; Inq. El. (Rec. Com.), 517^ ; Round, op. cit. 32.

"' Dom. Bk. 402*, 403, 403* ; V.C.H. Essex, i, i$i. "* Dom. Bk. 403^ et seq.

"' Ibid. 4053 et seq.; V.C.H. Essex, i, 346 ; V.C.H. Norf ii, 20.

'" Round, Commune of Land. 278-82 ; Geoffrey de Mandeville, 326-7, 388-96 ; Freeman, Norm. Conq.
iv (2nd ed.), 73, 114-16 ; cf. Dom. Bk. 301^, where 'W. Cunestabla ' is mentioned.

399

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

had been gathered into his fief, and he held much land in demesne. At
Rushmere Walter of Douai, who ' made forfeiture,' seems to have been a
tenant of Montfort ; '" at Thorney there was a dispute over a small estate
of crown land mortgaged by Toli the Sheriff to Ralph the Staller, which had
come to Hugh after Earl Ralph's forfeiture, and had been granted by him to
Roger de Candos.'^^ At Dagworth Hugh had received by exchange an estate
which had belonged to Breme, a freeman who was killed at the battle of
Hastings {in hello hastingensi) .^^''

Geoffrey de Mandeville belongs specially to Essex, where his descendants
ruled as earls. His antecessor in Suffolk, as in Essex, was Ansgar or Esgar
the Staller,^'' whom he succeeded at Holton and Raydon ; he held also the
lands of Witgar, Haldein, and other Englishmen, thegns and freemen of the
Abbot of Ely, King Edward, Stigand, Ralph the Staller, and Edric of
Laxfield. William son of Sahala de Bouville was his principal under-tenant.

Ralph Baignard or Baynard, Sheriff of Essex, succeeded Ailad or Ailith,
a Saxon freewoman, in the important manors of Kedington and Shimpling.
She was also his predecessor in Essex and Norfolk. His other antecessores in
Suffolk were Godwin the Thegn and Toret or Tored, with the freeman
Alwin and the freewoman Elflet.^^^ Ralph was connected with London
through 'Baynard's Castle,' to which, under his 13th-century representatives,
the Fitz Walters, his Suffolk manors of Shimpling and Poslingworth seem
to have rendered castle-ward.^*" The mention in the Ely placitum of Rotbertus
homo Bainardi in Ralph's holding of Reydon makes it probable that ' Bainard'
was the Christian name of the father of the Domesday tenant in chief.'"

Ranulf Peverel was the successor in Suffolk and in Essex of Siward or
Seward of Maldon, a great thegn, and in Suffolk, Essex, and Norfolk of Ketel,
a thegn of King Edward, while ' Saxo ' is frequently referred to as his ante-
cessor in Suffolk ; Garin, or Warin, his under-tenant at Glemsford, held land
from him in Norfolk, which in the 14th century was still in the Peverel
family.'*^

Of those tenants-in-chief who held estates in all the three eastern
counties, we may also notice Robert Grenon, the successor of Harold's
thegn and house-carl Scapi or Scalpi, Peter of Valognes, Sheriff of Essex
and of Hertfordshire, who married the sister of Eudo Dapifer,'** and
in Suffolk succeeded Alestan the thegn and Alti and Ketel, liberi homines
teigni, and Roger ' de Ramis ' or ' de Raimes,' whose fief included lands held
before the Conquest by freemen commended to Earl Algar, Edric of Laxfield,
Gurth, Stigand, and Ranulf Peverel's predecessor Saxo.'" The story of the
division of the lands of the Englishman ' Brictmar,' a thegn, as we learn from
the Essex Survey, and the antecessor of Ranulf brother of Ilger and of Ralph

»" Dom. Bk. 408^.; Freeman, Norm. Conq. v (ist ed.), 800 ; V.C.H. Essex, i, 350.

"• Dom. Bk. 4093 ; cf. above, p. 382. "' Ibid. 409^.

"^ Ibid. 41 1 et seq.; V.C.H. Essex, \, 343. 'The Honour of Ansgar' is mentioned in Dom. Bk. 4123.

"' Dom. Bk. 4133 et seq.; V.C.H. Essex, \, 346, 347 ; V.C.H. Norf. ii, 20.

"" Rot. Hund. (Rec. Com.), ii, 142-6 ; ' baronia Castelli Baynard,' 150^, ijia ; ' honor Castri Baynard,'
171^, I73'»> '74^; 'feodum Bainnard.' Some of Ralph's Essex manors subsequently owed castle-ward to
Baynard's Castle ; V.C.H. Essex, \, 346, 347.

"' Round, Feud. Engl. 461 ; Inq. Co. Camb. (ed. Hamilton), 195.

'" Dom. Bk. 4153 et seq ; V.C.H. Norf. ii, 20 ; V.C.H. Essex, i, 346.

'^» Dom. Bk. 4193 et seq. ; V.C.H. Essex, i, 347, 349, 352 ; V.C.H. Norf. ii, 21.

*" Round, Geoffrey de Mandeville, 399 ; cf. Dom. Bk. 337^.

400

DOMESDAY SURVEY

Pinel, has enabled Mr. Round to ' throw light on the devolution of an Essex
thegn's estates,' to ' identify a thegn as a landowner in Essex and Suffolk,' and
to ' obtain a good instance of an Englishman having not one but several aliens
as his successors.' '" Brictmar's estates were divided into three portions, of
which one, in Suffolk, fell to Ranulf Ilger's brother ; one, in Suffolk and
Essex, was granted to Ralph Pinel ; and the third, in Essex, was given by
the king to Ingelric, and was in the possession of Ingelric's successor. Count
Eustace, in 1086. In ' Lewin of Bagatona ' (Bacton), King Edward's thegn,
the predecessor of Walter the Deacon in Suffolk, Mr. Round sees not only
the 'Leofwine Cilt' whom Walter succeeded in Essex, but the Lewinus cilt liber
homo whose estates at Ulverston in Claydon Hundred were held by Roger
Bigot of the Bishop of Bayeux.^" In Essex and Suffolk alike Walter the
Deacon had succeeded his brother Thierri or Theoderic.'*^ Robert '■Jilius
Corbutionis^ zn6. Tehel de Herion the Breton were of more importance in
Essex than in Suffolk, and Ralph de Limesi, who held estates in ten counties,
had only six manors and two berewicks in Suffolk, with the land of a few
commended freemen.'*' The Norfolk tenants-in-chief, Dreux de Beuvrieres
and Robert de Verli, held a single manor each in Suffolk,'*' and Eudo son of
Spiruic succeeded Henfrid of St. Omer in both Norfolk and Suffolk."" Among
the remaining tenants-in-chief may be noticed Isaac,'" Juichell the Priest,
and the king's two crossbowmen, Gilbert and Ralph, all of whom were
Norfolk landholders,'" Norman the Sheriff, with his two burgesses in
Ipswich '" and the small estate which he held of Robert Malet at Ash in
Loes Hundred, the Breton Rainold, who held of the king ' in alms,' the
Englishmen Gondwin the Chamberlain and Stannard son of Alwi, who also
held land in Essex, and Ulmar, possibly the ' Ulmar praepositus ' of a later entry,
from whose father Roger the Sheriff had received a heriot.'" The list closes
with the land of the vavasours, of whom it may be noted that they all bear
English or Danish names, the land of ' the freemen of Suffolk who remain
in the king's hand,' the encroachments {invasiones) on the king' territorial
rights and a record of the claims in dispute between the Bishop of Bayeux
and the mother of Robert Malet.'"

With the king's vavasours and freemen we pass from the tenants-in-chief
to the lesser men, the mesne tenants, thegns and milites, clergy, burgesses,
freemen, sokemen, and the unfree peasantry, villeins, bordars, and serfs.
Of the smaller military tenants we hear but little. Some thirty-four
thegns are mentioned by name in the Suffolk Domesday, They held before
the Conquest of King Edward, of Queen Edith, and of Harold, and their
lands had been absorbed by 1086 in the great Norman fiefs, but it is worth
noting that the same man may be called teinus in one passage and simply liber
homo in another, and we even find the combination of liberi homines teigni^^^

*" Dom. Bk. 4233 et seq., 437 ; V.C.H. Essex, i, 352, 353.

'" Dom. Bk. 426^, 427, 376^, 377 ; V.C.H. Essex, i, 351, 352,

"' Dom. Bk. 426* ; V.C.H. Essex, \, 354.

"' Dom. Bk. 4253, 4273 et seq. ; V.C.H. Essex, \, 350.

"' Dom. Bk. 432, 437 ; V.C.H. Norf. n, 20, 21. "" Dom. Bk. 158*5, 246, 433^ ; V.C.H. Nor/, ii, 21..

»" Dom. Bk. 179, 437^ ; V.C.H. Norf. ii, 2.

"' Dom. Bk. 109, 438, 444, 445 ; V.C.H. Norf. ii, 19.

•" Dom. Bk. 327, 438 ; cf. iiib,* Ubbeston' ; Round, Feud. Engl. 427, 428, 430.

•" Dom. Bk. 436*, 445, 445^ ; 97^, 98/^ (Essex).

•" Ibid. 446, 4463, 447, 447^, 450. "° Ibid. 42 i ; VinogradofF, op. cit. 80..

I 401 51

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

while we learn from the Essex Survey that Scalpi, Harold's thegn, was a
' house-carl,' '" The house-carls, Aschil and Ingulf, appear as the lords of
commended freemen in Carlford Hundred,''* but the thegn and the house-carl
were giving way before the knight, the miles, and the new Latin term is
found in Suffolk applied to the thirty-four milites, French and English, of
St. Edmund at St. Edmundsbury,'^' who had twenty-two bordars under
them, to the two fnilites who held freemen and their land at Ashfield,""
and to the miles with the Danish name of Ulfin who held Ingham as a
manor under St. Edmund in the days of King Edward.'" The tniles,
like the teinus, is sometimes described by other terms : Humphrey son of
Roderic, who is called the man [homo) of William of Warenne in Domesday
Book, is entered in the record of the Ely placitum as Humfridus miles de Will,
de Warenna?^^ We hear also of Nigel, a serviens of the Count of Mortain,'*'
of Berner the crossbowman of St. Etheldreda, and of Walter the crossbow-
man, as well as of the king's crossbowmen, Gilbert and Ralph.'"

Of the Suffolk clergy, with their churches and glebe land, we learn a good
deal from Domesday, but the passages relating to them are somewhat vague and
fragmentary. The area of the glebe is usually given, and sometimes the tenants
and plough-teams are added, but though the worth of the church and its land
is frequently stated, it is also often included in the general valuation of the
manor.'" There can be little doubt that the churches enumerated in the
Survey fall short of the total number in the county, but the occurrence of
such uncertain entries as pars ecclesiae, quedam aecclesia, quaedam pars trium
ecclesiarum^^^ with the subdivision of the ownership of churches, makes it
impossible to reckon up precisely even those which are actually mentioned.'"
A good example of the division of churches among several lords is seen at
Debenham, in the hundred of Claydon, where Robert Malet had to ' defend '
or answer for two parts of the church of St. Mary with its land and a quarter
of the church of St. Andrew, while the remaining portions, held before the
Conquest by the freeman Godwi, and Saxo, the lord to whom he was com-
mended, had passed in 1086 into the hands of the Bishop of Bayeux and
Ralph Peverel.^^' At Ringsfield, in Wangford Hundred, the king had part of
a church with 20 acres, and others shared it with him.'*' The phrase,
' Several persons have shares therein ' [plures ibi participantur ; plures habent
partem) occurs fairly often,'^" and we read of a church which had 1 5 acres ' out
of four demesnes ' \dominationibus) F^ The church may, however, be identified
with the vill or with the parish. In Thedwastre Hundred Barton and
Pakenham and Fornham and Rougham and Bradfield all had their ' village

"' Dom. Bk. 4193, 420 ; V.C.H. Essex, i, 352. »*' Dom. Bk. 441^, 442. «' Ibid. 372.

'" Ibid. 439. Had these mifttes taken the place of Achi and Ketel, 'liberi homines teigni ' \ ' Achi*
and ' Chetel,' ' liber homo,' had held manors in Ashfield T.R.E.

"' Ibid. 364 ; VinogradofF, op. cit. 74 et seq.; Maitland, Dom. Bk.and Beyond, 161 et seq.

"• Dom. Bk. 3813, 'Ratesdane' ; 398, ' Ratesdana ' ; In^. Co. Camb. (ed. Hamilton), 194, ' Ratlesdene.

^ Dom. Bk. 291*. ^ Ibid. 324, 382*, 444, 445.

*" Ibid. ; 3743, 'Stanham' ; 375, ' Burgestala.' ' Codeham,' a church with 3 acres worth 6d.; a church
with I acre worth zd. ; 375^, ' Uledana.' 'Stanham,' cf. 339, 340, &c.; 328, 'Totum valet xvi sol.' ; cf.
V.C.H. Norf.W, 21.

'" Dom. Bk. 3953, 417, 4363.

"' Ellis makes 364 churches in Suffolk ; Introd. to Dom. i, 286-7. Dr. Cox brings the total number up
to 398 with two chapels ; V.C.H. Suff. ii, 9, 10.

^^ Dom. Bk. 3053, 3763, 4173. R. Peverel had a share in St. Mary's only.

^ Ibid. 2823. "» Ibid. 326, 3883, 4003. '" Ibid. 4173.

402

DOMESDAY SURVEY

churches ' {ecclesiae 'villae),^''^ while at Combs the ' parishioners ' [parrochiani) of
the church of Stow had been transferred to Combs Church."' The rights of
the parish church and the growth of daughter churches or chapels to meet
the needs of increasing population are well illustrated on the royal manor of
Thorney, Here four brothers, freemen, had built a chapel on their own land
near the cemetery of the mother church {mater ecclesia), and had made an
arrangement about fees, which is carefully recorded in the Survey."* Another
chapel, which had been built at Wissett, in Blything Hundred, was under the
parish church, which was served by twelve monks [monachi).^''^ Of the way
in which the Church acquired land there are several interesting examples in
the Suffolk Survey. At Stonham 20 acres had been given to the Church by
nine freemen ' for their souls.' "' St. Edmund's Abbey held land which
Gernon de Peiz gave back when he became a monk.'" The married priest
Edmund gave the land which he received with his wife to the abbey of
Ely."^ Most of the land held by the Church was ' free land ' [libera terra), the
' freedom ' probably here referring to exemption from the geld or from
military services,"* and of a large number of Church estates it is expressly
stated that they were held 'in alms' {pro elemosina, in elemosina).^^ Occa-
sionally, as at ' Lundale ' in Lackford Hundred, a church without land {sine
terra) is recorded. The clergy could, of course, hold of lay lords and by lay
tenure. In Suffolk, in addition to the tenants-in-chief, Juichell the Priest
and Walter the Deacon, we may note the freeman, Godric the Priest, com-
mended first to the outlawed Edric, and then the ' man ' {homo) of Norman ;
Godwin the Priest, the ' man * of Harold ; Warin {Guarinus), a priest of whom
Walter of Dol was seised when he made forfeiture ; Aluric the Deacon, a
commended freeman ; Algar, priest and freeman ; Edwin, priest and soke-
man ; and the ' half-priest ' who was ' added ' to William of Warenne's
manor of Middleton. Among the freemen of Roger Bigod we also find
Liuric the Deacon, a ' half-freeman,' and Ansketil the Priest, Roger Bigot's
chaplain {capellanus), who held a carucate of land which had belonged to
seven freemen, one of them a deacon, and two other small estates.'*^

Something has already been said of what may be called the official class,
but we may note in passing that a ' beadle ' {bedel) with the English name of
Brictmar held a freeman on the ' land of the vavasours,' for whom he had
given pledge,"'^ while at Hemingstone, in Bosmere Hundred, Almar ' the king's
reeve' {praepositus regis), also, presumably, an Englishman, had stepped into
the shoes of the freeman Lewin.'*'

Into the difficult and technical question of the exact meaning of ' free-
dom ' in the i ith century this is not the place to enter.'** It will be enough
to notice the relatively large number oi liberi homines in Suffolk,''' and to point

'" Dom. Bk. 361^, 362. '" Ibid. 291^ ; VinogradofF, op. cit. 434.

'" Dom. Bk. 28 13. '" Ibid. 293. "° Ibid. 438, ' pro animabus suis.'

»" Ibid. 363/J. '" Ibid. 4313 ; Inq. El. (Rec. Com.), 521^, 522a.

'" Dom. Bk. 3S7. 357^» 360;^, &c. ; VinogradofF, op. cit. 255, 413 ; cf. Dom. Bk. 316, 12 acres of free
land in lay hands. '*" Dom. Bk. 36 13, 362^^, &c.

"' Ibid. 334, 334^, 3423, 343, 3523, 353, 377, 400, 423^. Cf. 283, Weston : a church and 20 acres
held by ' the King's freemen.'

•"Ibid. 446. '«' Ibid. 352.

•** Cf. Maitland, Dom. Bk. and Beyond ; VinogradofF, Growth of the Manor ; Engl. Soc. in the Eleventh Cent.

'^ Ellis, Introd. to Dom. ii, 489, 490. As many of the freemen are named, and the same names recur
frequently, some of them may have been counted more than once, but there is great difficulty in identifying
these small men.

403

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

out that the same man may be styled teinus in one entry and liber homo in
another, or both liber homo and sochemannus in the same passage.'" Thus
' Alsi, a freeman,' who, as we learn from Domesday Book, was ' added ' with
his 30-acre manor to the Abbot of Ely's manor of Winston, and who was
in the abbot's ' soke and commendation,' is described in the corresponding
entry of the Inquisitio Eliensis as ' freeman ' and ' sokeman in the commenda-
tion of St. Etheldreda.' '" No doubt the Suffolk freemen varied greatly in
wealth and social standing. Some were large landholders, others were mere
peasant occupiers.'** There were degrees of freedom, too, even within the
class of freemen. Some, hke St. Edmund's free tenants at Downham, Groton,
Rickinghall, and Hepworth, were at liberty to give and sell their land, though
they were, as a rule, under the abbot's soke and commendation, and owed
service sometimes in manors at some distance from their homes.'*' Or again,
they might be less free, in that they could not alienate their land without
leave from their lord, as on St. Edmund's estates at Bradfield, Saxham, and
Brockley, where some freemen could sell and some could not, and at Little
Fakenham."" At Brockley there were two freemen, commended to the king,
who might only sell in St. Edmund's soke. At Barton, Fornham, and Roug-
ham the free tenants were subjected, in addition to commendation and
customary dues {comuetudines) , to the peculiarly irksome duty of ' fold-soke,'
or bringing their sheep to the abbot's fold, an obligation which is generally
regarded as a distinct mark of inferiority.''^ On the other hand, free tenants
enjoyed a considerable amount of independence, especially before the Con-
quest. They were lords of manors and had tenants, free and unfree, under
them, and we gather from a case which occurred in connexion with the out-
lawry of Edric of Laxfield that they might be at liberty to choose their own
lords. When Edric of Laxfield was reconciled to King Edward, he restored
to him his land, and ' gave him writ and seal that whosoever of his commended
freemen should wish to return to him they might return.' There was, how-
ever, evidently, no compulsion, and it was doubtful whether Edric the free-
man had returned to his lord or remained ' in the king's hand.' "^ Appar-
ently the freemen who had no other lord were regarded as directly under the
king,'" and both before and after the Conquest the king used his authority to
make grants of freemen and the royal rights over them to private individuals."*
From these grants, from the definite oppression of sheriffs and reeves, and
from the encroachments and greed of great men, it came about that the
smaller freemen were gradually absorbed into the large fiefs, but the frequent

"• Ante, p. 401 ; F.C.H. Nor/, ii, 28-9.

"^ Dom. Bk. 383^ ; Inf. El. (Rec. Com.), 525^. Cf. Dom. Bk. 353, 'Nordberia,' where a sokemin
appears to be reckoned as a freeman.

•^ Vinogradoff, Engl. Soc. in the Eleventh Cent. 414 et seq. Cf. Dom. Bk. 344. Small freemen holding
under Roger Bigot.

**' Dom. Bk. 359, 359^, 362, 364^, 365, 365^, 395^. ' Isti sunt liberi homines qui T.R.E. poterant
terras suas vendere et donare; ' Vinogradoff, op. cit. 422 ; cf Dom. Bk. 364; Stow ; Service in Lackford ; 365^,
Hepworth ; Service in Stanton and Coney Weston ; Hopton, Barningham ; Service in Coney Weston.

»» Ibid. 3 5 7^ 358, 362, 3674 370^. 37 >•

"' Ibid. 349^, 3613, 362 ; Vinogradoff, op. cit. 424 ; cf. Dom. Bk. 3io3, 'In Alrincham i. liber homo
commendatione et soca falde et alia servitia xx. acras.'

"' Ibid. 3103. Here the freeman Edric, commended to Edric of Laxfield, himself had freemen com-
mended to him. Cf Stanwin's case, 313, 318^ ; cf 394, ' Assia,' 397^. A freeman of whom the hundred
knew not if he could sell T.R.E. , but witness that they saw him swear that he could not.

'" Ibid. 447. Cf 283, Weston ; 44^*, Thurlston.

'" Ibid. 282^. On this subject cf Vinogradoff, op. cit. 426 et seq. ; Dom. Bk. 420^ ; 'Torp,' 4463.

404

DOMESDAY SURVEY

mention in the Suffolk Survey of the ' addition ' or ' attachment ' of freemen
to manors, and the loose way in which this connexion was frequently effected,
show that the process was far from being complete in 1086/'' The freemen
and their land were often valued separately from the rest of the manor to
which they had been joined, as at Kelsale, where the separate values of manor
and freemen in the days of King Edward are followed by a statement of the
present total value of the manor with the freemen ; '" at Thorington, where
the values of manor and freemen's land are given separately, but the whole is
assessed to the geld as one estate {terra) ; '" or at Freckenham, where the
freemen added by Earl Ralph seem to stand even outside the geld assessment,
as if they had been arbitrarily forced into an already matured organization."*
But the bond would soon become closer, the system would consolidate, and
the general effect of the Conquest would be to depress the freemen and to
force them down to the level of the unfree peasantry/" Finally, we may
call attention to the occasional mention in the Survey of women as land-
holders,**" and to the references to ' half free ' men, and even to a ' quarter
of a freeman,' phrases in which Professor Vinogradoff sees an allusion to
the division of commendation, soke, and customary dues.*"^

The precise difference between the liberi homines and the sochemanni, who
are found in considerable numbers in Suffolk, has never been satisfactorily
defined. The two terms are sometimes, as we have seen, interchangeable,*"^ and
a sokeman might have freemen under him.*"' Still, the sokeman is generally
described as a less independent man than the liber homo, more restricted in his
power of giving and selling his land, more intimately associated in the
manorial economy, and more heavily burdened with services and customary
obligations.*"* If we look through the list of St. Edmund's manors in the Suffolk
Survey, we see that the men who could not alienate their land without licence,
who ' belonged to the Saint's fold,' and who were subject to ' commendation and
soke and all customs,' were more often sochemanni than liberi homines.*^^ Of one
we are specially told that he was ' entirely ' [omnino) the sokeman of the Abbot
of Ely, while at Elmswell five sokemen were entirely [omnino) under the saint,
and could not give or sell without the abbot's licence. Professor Vinogra-
doff is inclined to emphasize this inability to alienate land, and to regard the

'" Dom. Bk. 282^, Ringsfield ; 307^, Chilton ; 308, Cransford ; 312, Westleton. Vinogradoff, op. cit.
212, et seq. 331, 423, 430.

^^ Dom. Bk. 330^, 331 ; cf. 350, Boxted. Freemen set to farm. Now manor and freemen together
worth £6.

'" Ibid. 41 2* ; cf. 384^, Wetheringsett.

"' Ibid. 381. That the relative positions of the entries concerning the ' added ' freemen and the geld are
significant appears in the passages referring to the Ely manor of Rattlesden in Domesday Book and in the Injuiiitio
Eliensis. In both the freeman is added after the geld entry, and this correspondence points to a careful
copying of the exact order of the original return. Dom. Bk. 381. Inq. El. (Rec. Com.), 522^.

*" Cf. Vinogradoff, op. cit. 210-18, 410, 424, et seq. 472, 473. Maitland, Dom. Bk. and Beyond, 60,
et seq. For cases of definite oppression of Suffolk freemen, cf Dom. Bk. 282^, Ringsfield ; 284^, Herring-
fleet ; 287.5, Bergholt ; cf 301, Ilketshall.

*" Dom. Bk. 3473, Kettleburgh ; 354^, Wortham ; cf. 299^, Middleton. ' Esmoda tota femina Toll
vicecomitis.'

*" Ibid. 288^, ' Burghea '; 297, Glemham ; 299^, Middleton ; 387, Bredfield. Vinogradoff, op. cit. 423.

"" Ante, p. 404. A freeman in Dom. Bk. entered as a sokeman in the Inq. El.

*" Dom. Bk. 371, Stoke Ash, Wickham.

*" On this whole subject cf Vinogradoff, op. cit. 431 et seq. ; Maitland, op. cit. ; Index, ' Sochemanni ' ;
Round, Feud. Engl. 18-19, ^^' 24-26, 28-34 ! f^-C.H. Herts, i, 265 et seq.

*'' Dom. Bk. 356^, 357, Risby, Horringer, Whepstead, Nowton, &c. ; 364, Ingham ; 364^, Stanton ;
368^, Mendham, &c.

405

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

sokeman as primarily a free peasant tied to the soil and unable to ' recede
with his land,' though he also reminds us that ' ultimately the central notion
in the socman's position is his subjection to soke.'**" Thus a man could be
indifferently described as a ' sokeman ' and as ' in the soke ' of the Abbot of
Ely.*" Reference is made to the services performed by Suffolk sokemen
in the record of the famous Ely placitum.^^ Here we read of the
sokemen {socamans) of St. Etheldreda at Melton, in Carlford Hundred, that
' they belonged so fully {ita proprie) to the Abbot ' that they had to go forth
{ire) whenever the reeve of the monastery commanded, and pay fines for all
offences {pmnem rei emendationem per solvere) , and if one of them wished to sell
any of his possessions, he had first to get permission from the reeve. At
Brandon, Lisois de Moustiers held six socamans, of whom we are told ' arabunt
et c'terent (sic) messes ejusdem loci quotienscunque abbas precepit,' while
others again ploughed, weeded (purgabunt) , and reaped {colligent segetes), carried
the monks' food to the monastery, provided horses for the abbot when he
needed them, and paid fines to him for their own offences and those of their
subordinates (' de omnibus illis qui in terris eorum deliquerint ').*"'

In conclusion, if we glance at the distribution of sokemen in Suffolk we
see that they are most numerous in the hundreds of Blackbourn and Stow,
where there are about 152 and 98 respectively; from 30 to 40 are found in
each of the hundreds of Thingoe, Lackford, Risbridge, Babergli, Hartismere,
Bishop's, Wangford, and Bradmere ; between 20 and 30 in Bosmere Hundred,
under 20 but over 10 in the hundreds of Loes, Samford, and Wilford, and in
Cosford Half-hundred, 10 in Carlford Hundred, and under 10 in the hundreds
of Blything, Plomesgate, Claydon, and Thedwastre, while they are altogether
absent from Colneis Hundred, where there were many freemen, and from the
half-hundreds of Parham, Lothingland, and Ipswich. The sokemen, like the
freemen, were depressed by the Conquest, and we see Roger the Sheriff
treating them in a very high-handed fashion on the king's manor of Thorney,
removing them, and granting them out to new lords, while at Hintlesham,
Suart, Stigand's sokeman, had been replaced by the Frenchman, Ralph ; at
Framlingham, Walter of Caen had succeeded the sokewoman leva ; and on
the manor of Bergholt the number of sokemen had fallen from 210 to 1 19.*^"
For the unfree peasantry in Suffolk a few words will suffice, as they present
no specially distinctive features. They include villani and dimidii villani, who
are closely bound up with the cultivation of the arable, and with the village
economy ; bordarii, dimidii bordarii, and homines bordarii, cottagers or crofters,
often serving under freemen on the small Suffolk manors ; and servi, who
form less than a twentieth of the recorded population.*" Four bovarii are also
mentioned, and four smiths, who, however, are counted as freemen, with

"" Dom. Bk. 282, Stonham ; ' Iste socmannus non poterat recedere' ; 353, 'Nordberia' ; 364^, ' Elmes-
wella.' VinogradofF, op. cit. 433-5,et seq. Cf. the Suffolk cases cited in the notes. Ci. M.z\t\3-ad, Dom, Bk,
and Beyond ; Index, * FreizUgigkeit ' ; cf. Round, Feud. Engl, 28 et seq.

"' Ante, n. 387.

"" Ing. Co. Camb. (ed. Hamilton), 193, 194. Round, op. cit. 32, 33 ; Maitland, op. cit. 77.

"' Ing. Co. Camb. (ed. Hamilton;, 193-5. Cf. ' Suthburna,' ' Kycestuna ' (Kingston), ' Berham,' ' Kars-
flet ' ; ' 4 homines qui tantum debent servire abbati cum propriis equis in omnibus necessitatibus suis.' Cf.
Maitland, op. cit. 77. 'We observe that the sokemen of the east like the radmen of the west have horses.'
Cf ' Drincestune '; Inq. Co. Camb. 194, ' 15 socamans ... 6 homines de soca.'

*"" Dom. Bk. lilb, 287, 295^, 296, 3251J, 425, Boulge; where a villein's name is given ; VinogradofF,
op. cit. 442 et seq.

'" Ellis, Introd. to Domesday, ii, 488 et seq.

406

DOMESDAY SURVEY

twenty-four fishermen {piscatores) at Yarmouth.*" Suffolk was mainly an
agricultural county, and the peasants, free and unfree, were chiefly occupied
in the cultivation of the arable. The manorial estates were usually divided
into the lord's demesne and the land of the tenants, to which corresponded
the demesne ploughs and the men's ploughs, though this distinction is not
always apparent. The centre of the manor, the outward visible sign of the
lord's authority, was the hall or manor-house, the aula, halla, mansio, or, as it
is once called, the caput manerii. The Suffolk Survey has not very much to
tell us about the manorial halls, but its occasional references to them are not
without interest. We hear of horses ' in the hall 'or ' in the demesne of the
hall;' of berewicks 'belonging' {pertinens) to a hall in another hundred, and
of soke which extended only over the demesne of the hall, or over the hall
and the bordars ; of a freeman and his land held ' in the hall demesne ' ; *" of
a caput manerii worth looj.,"* and of two manors which are described as
mansiones^^^

In Suffolk, as in Norfolk and Essex, the stock on the manorial farms is
recorded : — the ploughs and plough-oxen [boves), the ' beasts ' {animalid) and
animalia otiosa, or cattle used for other purposes than ploughing, the rounceys
[runcini) and horses {equi), the sheep and goats, the pigs and the bees.*"
Cows (vaccae) are only occasionally mentioned, but they may sometimes have
been included in the animalia on a manor.*"

Sheep-farming seems to have been more evenly distributed throughout
the county in Suffolk than in Norfolk.*" Flocks of loo sheep or more are
found in every hundred except Loes and the half-hundreds of Parham and
Ipswich. The largest flocks were in the northern hundreds of Lackford and
Bradmere and the half-hundred of Lothing. On the royal manor of Milden-
hall in Lackford Hundred there were i,ooo sheep, with 500 in the
dependent berewick of Icklingham, while at Downham, in the same hundred,
a manor which had passed from St. Edmund's Abbey to Frodo, the abbot's
brother, there were 900 sheep ; at Eriswell, Godwin, King Edward's thegn,
had kept a flock of 900 before the Conquest, which had been reduced
to 800 in 1086.*" Goats are also entered in considerable numbers, especially
in the hundreds of Blything and Bishop's, where as many as sixty are found
in one herd. Of horses we hear frequently, but they are not very numerous
and are more often rounceys or farm-horses than equi, which are generally
connected with the hall, and may have been riding horses or horses used for
breeding purposes, though the different terms were probably not applied with
any great precision.*'** ' Forest mares ' {equae silvaticae), or mares turned

"' Dom. Bk. 283, 314^, • Edwinus faber'; 334*, ' Bunda faber ' ; 339^, 'Godricus faber'; 435^,
' Faber ' ; cf. 314^, ' Aluricus filius fabri.' For the whole subject of the unfree peasantry cf. Vinogradoff,
op. cit. sec. iii, chap, ii ; Maitland, op. cit.

♦" Dom. Bk. 286*, 304, 350^, 355, 355*5, 362, 362^, 374, 3813, 382, 382^, 401^, 402*, 403, 408^,
411, 416, 4163, 418, 449 ; cf. 343^ : St. Etheldreda had soke over all the land except Walton Hall and
villeins ; Vinogradoff, op. cit. 3S3 et seq.

*" Dom. Bk. 2933. "« Ibid. 415, Cratfield.

*" For the meaning of the entries relating to the plough-teams and ' boves,' cf. Vinogradoff, op. cit. 153
et seq.

*" Dom. Bk. 3763, 3973, 398^, 400, Middleton ; cf Thorington {animalia otiosa) ; cf F.C.H. Notf.u, 23.

"» F.C.H. Norf. ii, 23-4. "» Dom. Bk. 2883, 359, 4023.

*" Where Domesday Book has ' equi ' the Inquisitio Eliemis usually has ' runcini.' For horses in
Domesday cf Maitland, Dom. Bk. and Beyond ; Index, 'Horses.' The horses which the Suffolk sokemen had
to supply to the Abbot of Ely, which were presumably riding-horses, are called ' equi.'

407

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

loose in the forest, occur twice, at Barnham and at Fakenham, in Bradmere
Hundred, and two asses {asini) are entered at Brandon on the land of the
Abbot of Ely.*" The meadows which provided hay for the winter feed of
the farm-stock were appended to the manorial holdings and valued with
them. Of pasture land little is said, but the Suffolk Survey contains one
famous reference to the ' pasture common to all the men of the hundred ' of
Colneis, which illustrates the practice of several vills ' intercommoning,' or
sharing pasture rights on the commons.*^' Pigs, and the woodland in which
they fed, play a prominent part in the Suffolk Domesday. The extent of the
woodland is, indeed, usually estimated by the number of pigs for which it
could provide pannage, and the pigs actually kept on an estate often fell far
below this number.*-' The most thickly wooded districts seem to have been
in the hundreds of Blything, Bishop's, and Loes,*** where we find compara-
tively few sheep and a fair proportion of pigs and goats. It might happen,
however, as in Lackford Hundred, that there were a good many pigs on the
manors and yet no woodland is recorded. In connexion with the forest land
may be noticed also the bays or hedges, which are twice mentioned, once in
relation to the manor of Blythburgh, to which was paid ' the fourth penny of
the rent of the hay [heia) of Riseburc,' and once under Southwold, where
St. Edmund's Abbey held five-eighths of a sea-hay or weir {beta maris).*-'
Twice land is entered as ' w^aste' {guasta terra), and in one case the whole stock
of a farm had perished or had been removed.*" Salt-pans {salinae) appear in
the hundreds of Blything and Samford, and in the half-hundred of Lothing-
land.*" Fisheries and fish-ponds [piscariae, piscinae, vivariae) are of frequent
occurrence, and we hear of four fisheries in Ely connected with Richard
Fitz Gilbert's estate at Lakenheath, and of a fishing-boat.*'' Rents were
often paid in herrings,**' and the references to the Yarmouth fishermen, to
the ' seaport ' at Frostenden, and to the encroachments of the sea on the east
coast, where a carucate of land had been washed away at Dunwich,*'" remind
us that we are in a maritime county. Of mills we also hear constantly, and,
like the churches, they are divided up among many owners, so that we read
of thirds, fourths, and sixths of mills.*^^ ' Winter mills ' {molinum hyemale) are
entered at Edwardstone, at Pakenham, and at Rickinghall,*'' and mill-dams or
sluices [exclusae) at Greeting and at Barking.*'^ Parks are mentioned several
times,*'* and vineyards, measured by arpents, three times.*'^ Bee-keeping was
carried on in most parts of the county, and a distinction is possibly made between

"' Dom. Bk. 33o3, 420^, 381^ (asses).

*" Ibid. 339* ; Vinogradoff, op. cit. 288-9 '■> Maitland, op. cit. ; Index, 'Coleness' ; V.C.H. Essix, i,
336, 369-74-

*" Dom. Bk. 287 (Bergholt), woodland for 1,000 swine and only twenty-nine on the farm ; cf. 438,
'Redles,' woodland measured by acres ; cf. 294^, land ' inter silva et planum.'

*" Cf. also Blackbourn Hundred.

"' Dom. Bk. 282, 3711J ; VinogradofF, op. cit. 289-304.

*" Dom. Bk. 300 (Cretinghara) ; 425, ' Kingeslanda ' ; 444^, Easton.

"'Ibid. 283, 2843, 289, 2953, 296, 2993, 3133, 317, 342,402,411^,4143,419^,425,444,445.

•" Ibid. 372, 392, &c.

*" Ibid. 282, 370, 37 13, 406, 40-?, 4073.

*'° Ibid. 283, 311^, Dunwich ; 414^, ' Froxedena.' Professor Vinogradoff (op. cit. 201) cites the
Dunwich instance to show the reality and actuality of hides and carucates in many cases.

"' Dom. Bk. 3363, 337, 337^ (' quedam pars'); 404^, ' Langhedana ; in tercio anno quarta pars mol,' &c.

"» Ibid. 304, 3613, 365. '» Ibid. 304/5, 3823.

"* Ibid. 287, Bentley, half a park ; 328, Newton ; 438^, Irworth, &c.

*" Ibid. 3820, Barking ; 389*, Clare ; 438^, Ixworth.

408

DOMESDAY SURVEY

the vasa apurn or beehives, and the ruscae, the ancestors of the straw ' skep ' of
modern days.*^ The value set on honey is seen by the fact that the ' King's
farm ' was partly paid in it, as at Diss and at Blythburgh, while at Ipswich we
see the old payment in kind in the process of commutation into a ' custom
of honey.' *^' Payment in kind still lingered on in the form of herring rents,
but as a rule the worth of estates was reckoned in cash, and the recurrence of
the rate of zd. an acre in the values of arable land is worth noting.*'* Manors
were often farmed out for a fixed sum, and the ' farmer ' seems not infre-
quently to have been the loser by the contract. Thus St. Etheldreda's estate
at Drinkstone, which had risen in value from 40J. to 60s. by 1086, was let to
farm at looj., but 'could not render so much.' At Desning {Deselinga)
Wisgar, the antecessor of Fitz Gilbert, had a manor of 20 carucates, which
was worth £^0 in the time of King Edward, and afterwards rose in value to
^40. ' Yet he gave it to a steward to farm for ^C^S- But the manor could
not bear it.' At Ringsett, Geoffrey de Mandeville only received 6oj. for an
estate which he had let to farm for 70J., while at Higham the manor was
farmed for 30J., its value before the Conquest, though in 1086 it was only
worth 20J. At Pettaugh we hear of five commended freemen who were
ruined {confust) by their 18 acres of land, valued at 45J., having been farmed
out at 75^.,*^' and ruin seems also to have overtaken the farmers of William
de Scoies' manor of Blakenham."" On the other hand there are instances
of a manor being farmed for what it was really worth, or even at less than its
actual value.*" In one case the ' men of the hundred ' appraised land at 48/.,
which had formerly rendered, and was rendering, as much as £6-**^

The Suffolk Domesday has nothing new to tell of the currency in which
these dues were paid, or of the system of weights and measures used in the
county. Payments were made and values were estimated by weight [ad pensum)
or by tale {ad numerum), in blanch money which had been assayed, or in un-
assayed coin, and an extra customary sum was occasionally exacted as gersuma
{degersuma).**^ Marks of silver and of gold occur, nummos or pence, an ' ounce
of gold,'*** and oras, the Danish unit of account. As Mr. Round has shown,
from a Suffolk case of later date than the Survey, and from other instances, the
ora in customary use was probably equal to i6d. This, it may be pointed
out, would, at Hacheston, where a church with 1 6 acres was valued at 2 oras,
agree well with the land value of 2d. an acre, and it may also be noted that
32^^'., or 2 oras of i6d'., was very commonly the payment for merchet, the
marriage fine for the daughter of an unfree man. The ora of 2od. may,
however, have been used, as has been already suggested, in royal taxation as

*^ ijom. Bk. 328, Newton ('Vasa') ; 385, 'Wineberga ' ; 443*, Campsey ('Ruse*').

"' Ibid. 282, Diss, half a day's honey ; Blythburgh, one day's honey ; 290^, six sextars of honey and 4/.
towards the custom of honey.

'" Cf. Dom. Bk. 300, Cretingham : 8 acres of waste land worth l6d. ; 366, Bardwell : 30 acres and a
plough, 5/. ; half a carucate and a plough, 10/. ; 425, Boulge ; 425^, Wenham : 30 acres worth 5^., &c.

"'Ibid. 381^, 390, 393*, 436*, 440^, 441 ; cf. 284*, Herringfleet ; 285, ' Essa ' ; 303, Ousden
(farmed for double its value) ; 3-35^, Weston ; 376, Helmingham ; 377^, Raydon.

"° Ibid. 353, 3531J.

"'Ibid. 288, 288^, Bungay: land of the freemen; the manor had tripled in value; ' Burghea,' cf.
3133, Westleton. "' Ibid. 343.

"• V.C.H. Norf. ii, 3 5 ; For gersuma cf. VinogradofF, op. cit. 1 43, 390 ; Maitland, op. cit. ; Dom. Bk. 281^,
Thorney, Bramford ; 282, Diss, Blythburgh ; 285, Parham ; 285^, 286, Mendlesham, Norton, Thurlow ;
2863, Harkstead ; 287, Groton ; ^%■]b, Bergholt ; 288^, 289, Bramford, Barrow ; 353, 353^, Blakenham.

*" Ibid. 287;^, Bergholt ; 3091J, Cotton ; 353*, Blakenham ; \\zb, Thorington.

I 409 551

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

the unit of assessment for the geld.*" A similar use of two systems of reckoning
side by side is found in the present day in the 1 6-oz. pound avoirdupois and
the 20-0Z. pound Troy.

The primitive trade of the i ith century w^as carried on to a great extent
at markets and fairs. In Suffolk there were markets at Thorney, Kelsale,
Beccles, Hoxne, Eye, Clare, and Haverhill, and at Aspall, in Hartismere Hun-
dred, there was ' the third part of a fair.'"* If we only see boroughs where
we find burgesses, we cannot allow the title to more than six Suffolk towns,
Ipswich, Dunwich, Eye, Beccles, Clare, and Sudbury, though St. Edmundsbury
was rapidly qualifying for burghal rank. Of these, Ipswich,**^ which gave its
name to a half-hundred, was the most important, though it had apparently
suffered greatly since the Conquest : where under King Edward there had
been 538 burgesses rendering customary dues, there were iio in 1086,
with 100 'poor burgesses,' too impoverished to pay more than their ' head-
pennies ' to the king's geld. There were also 328 waste houses (mansiones)
within the borough which were unable to contribute to the geld. It was
doubtless owing to this depression that Roger the Sheriff was forced to remit
j(^3 of the ^\o farm of the town. The mint at Ipswich and the numerous
churches and the comparatively dense population may have given it something
of an urban character, but here and in the other Suffolk towns the rural
element was still very strong, and there was a ' smack of the farmyard ' even
about the burgus.**^ This is specially seen at Ipswich in the two ' granges '
with their land and tenants, which had belonged to Queen Edith and to Earl
Gurth before the Conquest, and were apparently connected with the frma
burgi of which the queen had two-thirds and Gurth one-third, the ' Earl's
third penny.' After the Conquest the queen's share came to King William,
and Gurth's third penny, with the third penny of two hundreds, the grange
and its farm, were granted to Count Alan.**^ Without discussing the question
of ' contributory ' tenements and the garrison service of burgesses, we may
indicate the connexion between the towns and the great country estates, and
the claims made by the county magnates to burgesses, churches, land, and
homesteads {mansuras) in the borough.*^" At Dunwich, which had been held
by Edric of Laxfield before the Conquest, and had passed to his successor
Robert Malet, the burgesses had increased from 120 to 2 3 6, and there were 24
franci rendering customs, and 178 ' poor men ' ; but it is spoken of as a manor,
and the ' exchanger ' [cambitor) seems to have been established at Blythburgh,
where also corporal punishment was inflicted on the thief who had been
caught and tried at Dunwich. The property of such thieves went to the lord
of Dunwich, but the king had the fines, paid in oras, of the selected men who
refused to attend the hundred court after due warning.*" At Eye, in like

*" Dom. Bk. zidb, Hacheston ; 312, Dunwich ; cf. 360, Cornard ; 290^, Ipswich (mint) ; V.C.H. Norf.
ii, 35. Round in Engl. Hist. Rev. Apr. 1908 ; VinogradofF, Fill, in Engl. 441 (merchet) ; cf. ante, p. 361.

"'Dom. Bk. 281^, 330^, 369^, 370, 379, 389^, 418, 428, Haverhill ; the third part of a market
worth 13;. 4a'. "' Ibid. 290, z()ob.

*" Cf. Maitland, Dom. Bk. and Beyond, 172 et seq. ; Township and Bon. 68-9, Index, 'Boroughs';
VinogradofF, op. cit. 393, 398, 402 ; Ballard, Dom. Boro.

"' Dom. Bk. 290, 2C)ob, 294, 2943 ; VinogradofF, op. cit. 364 et seq.

"° Maitland, Dom. Bk. and Beyond, 179 et seq. ; Ballard, Dom. Boro. ; Vinogradoff, op. cit. 401 ; Dom.
Bk. 3043, Ipswich; 314^, Playford ; 392^, 393, Ipswich (burgesses dwelling on land of *heir own and
rendering customs within the borough) ; 41 lb, \zib, 425, 427, 438 (Ipswich).

*" Dom. Bk. 311*, 312, 312^, Dunwich ; 313*, 'Bringas'; 333^, Thorpe; 385^, ' Alnet'ne' ; Mait-
land, Dom. Bk. and Beyond, Index, ' Dunwich.'

410

DOMESDAY SURVEY

manner, Robert Malet had succeeded Edric of Laxfield. Here, though the
manor is clearly seen, with its tenants and all its appurtenances, including
a fishery, a mill, and a park, the urban element appears distinctly in the market
with twenty-five burgesses living in or around it.*" Beccles was held by the
Abbot of St. Edmunds before and after 1066, but the king had a fourth part
of the market. It was a small place with twenty-six burgesses and a manor
of 2 carucates.*" Clare, Richard Fitz Gilbert's manor, was much larger,
with forty-three burgesses, five sokemen, and a considerable population
of unfree peasants. Here, too, there was a market, but the urban element is
somewhat obscured by the rural details entered in the Survey: — the woodland
and mill, the vineyard, the farm-stock, and ploughs.*" At Sudbury, where
King William had taken over the land of the mother of Earl Morcar, there
were sixty-three burgesses attached to the hall, fifty-five burgesses on the
demesne holding arable land and meadow, a market, and a mint {moneyers) .*^^
Of Bury St. Edmunds we have already spoken. It had a great history before
it, but in 1086 it was still merely the vill {villa) ' where rests enshrined Saint
Edmund King and Martyr of glorious memory.' *"

We close the volume of ' Little Domesday ' and leave the Suffolk Survey
with the consciousness that its secrets are still unrevealed, and that years of
labour must be spent if the text is to be fully analysed, and if the many
problems which arise from it are to be solved. But in all investigations we
shall be wise to treat Great and Little Domesday as one whole, and, in the
words of the colophon which closes the description of Essex, Norfolk, and
Suffolk, to extend our studies * non solum per hos tres comitatus sed etiam
per alios.'

*" Dom. Bk. 3193, 320, 321 ; Thrandeston, 445^. *" Ibid. 369^, 370.

•" Ibid. 389^, 390. •" Ibid. 286^. «• Ibid. 372.

4"

THE DANEGELD AND THE LEET
SYSTEM IN SUFFOLK^

PREFATORY NOTE

In the following Table an attempt has been made to ' reconstruct ' the SufFolk leets in accordance
with the theory suggested in the text. Although in many hundreds this ' reconstruction ' can
only be regarded as hypothetical, in several, notably in the hundreds of Lackford, Claydon,
Plomesgate, Wangford, and Wilford and the half-hundred of Parham, the system can still be
traced with an approach to certainty. In each case the model hundred, Thingoe, has been taken
as a guide, and the fiscal groups have, as far as possible, been made to correspond with contiguous
territorial areas.

Thingoe Honored [12 ' Ora ' or 2od. Leets]

Hartismere Honored [8J ■ Ora ' Leets + li.]

9

10, II, 12

VUls

Barrow .
Flempton
Lackford
Risby .
Westley
Saxham (i)
Saxham (2)
Hengrave .
Fornbam .
Ickworth .
Chevington
Hargrave .
Brockley .
Rede . .
MeQStoa .

Whepstead
Hawstead .
Nowton
Hornings-

beath
Sudbury .

20

[Saxbam = 2]

Geld in Penes

}■'

10
10

7i
6J

7
7
7
6

20
20

60

£1 OS. oji.

« a o
IP

S3

12 X 8

6x4

12 X 10

gx 8

7x
12 X

8x

6x

8x

8x
10 X

8x

8x

8x

3x2i

gx 8

8x 6

10 X 6

9x 8

4" 3

rt 4) w

IS

li<3

8

2
10

6

2H

5
3i
3
3i
4

6|
3i
3J
2i
2§
75 acres
6
4
5
6

Car. 86
A. 25

Lackford Hundred [i2j 'Ora' Leets — Ji.]

I

Brandon . .

20

I2X 6

6

2

Lakenbeath .

20

I2X 6

6

3

Santon Down-
bam

20

I2X 8

8

4

Elveden . .

20

12 X 12

12

5

Cavenham

20

12 X 4

4

0

Tuddenham .

20

I2X 6

6

7

Herringswell .

20

12 X 6

6

8

Freckenbara .

20

12 X 6

6

9

Worlington .

20

10 X 8

6|

10

Barton Mills .

20

12x6

6

II

Eriswell . .

10

12 X 6

6

Wangford . .

6

20

12 X 5

5

Livermere . .

4

6x4

2

12J

Mildenball .

iij

29i

12 X 12

12

Icklingbam .

II:;

•|=1o

18x18

27

Coclesworda

7

' -i]

12 X 8

8

12i

16

/lo

■9id-

Car. 126
A. 80

I

2

3. 4

5. 6

7. 8
8i

8i
[ = 12
-3i]

VUls

Redgrave .
Wortbam .
Palgrave .
Tbrandeston
Eye . . .
Redlingfield
Brome . .
Thornham
Occold . .
Rishangles
Braiseworth
Stoke Ash .
Wetberingsett
Burgate
Gislingbam
Finningbam
Bacton . .
Wyverstone
Caldtcoli
Diss [Nor/olk]

Geld in Pence

42

M2

141- 3d-

■si"

c 2 g
S a

I2X 6

12 X 10

12 X 6

8x 7

30 X 18

7" 7

5x 4

8x 8

10 X 8

14 X 10

6x 5

10 X 6

18 X 12

12x7

12 X

6x

12 X
12 X

gx

I2X

7
6

4
Ah
2
6

'*' HI

si

6
10

6

4l
45

4A

18

5i

6f
ii«

24

5
18

7

7

3

4

44

14

6

Car. 159
A. 70

BosMBRE Honored [10 'Ora' Lebts -f 7^.]

I

2

3. 4

5. 6

Coddenham
Barking
Stonbam .
Estena . .

Creeling

Newton

Olden .

Ringsball

Badley .

Battisford

Bricett .

Willisham

Oflfton .

Flowton

Burstall

Nettlestead

Blakenbam

Car. for'd .

35
6

20
20

1"

IS )

,0 I
10 )

64)

64

6* J

64

2

64

5

7

40

194

204

15J. id.

12 X 8
16 X 8
12 X
12 X
12 X
6x

12 X

6x
12 X
12 X
10 X
10 X

12 X
12 X
12 X

6x

8x

12 X

5x

8

64

3

5

14

3

6

4i
4h
6

4
S
2

I
6

Car. 87
A. 10

• Names of places which have not been identified are printed in italics

412

THE DANEGELD IN SUFFOLK

BOSMERE HnNDRBD [lO ' OrA ' LbETS + jd.] —tOHt.

Wangford HnNDRBD [9 ' Ora ' Leeis]

-Jl

1-

-Jl

■«a§

0 S 8

IP

|es

Leets

VUls

Geld In Pence

Bil

^ 3 d

Leets

vais

Geld In Pence

Hi

is

=1"

Car. 87

Brt. forw'd .

15s. Id.

A. 10

I. 2. 3

Bungay . .

60

24 X 20

40

10

Tunstall . .

5 \

12 X 5

5

4

Flixton . . .

so

12x6

6

Hemingstone.

8

6x 6

3

5

Homersfield .

20

I2X 6

6

Ash Becking .

6 (26

6x2

I

6

Elmham . .

20

12X 6

6

[^sjia]

1

7

Beccles . . .

'l\-

I2X 8

8

Ringsett . .

5 J

8x 3

2

Sotterley . .

12 X 9

9

Mickfield . .

2

12 X 8

8

8.9

Barsham . .
Willingham .
Shadingfield .

30 )
5 [40
5 )

18 X 6

12 X 12
12 X 6

9

12

10

22

17s. 3^.

Car. 106

6

[ = 12

[Stonham and
Eslena = i]

A. 10

-2]

9

9

14s. iid. [ =

Car. 102

(

-LAVDON HONDRED [ll " ORA

' Leets]

[=12

£1—3 'orae '

t

Westerfield .

20

8x 4

2?

-3]

= 6od. + Id.}

2

Akenham . .

20

I2X 7

7

3

Barham . .

20

12 X 7i

7i

4

Henley . . .

20

12 X 6

6

5

Swilland . .

20

6x4

2

6

7

Helmingham .
Tburlston . .

20
20

12 X 7
10 X 6

7
S

Parham Half-Hundred [6 'Ora' Leets]

8

Winston . .

20

I2X 7

7

9, 10

Winston . .

ii|^°

12x3

3

1. 2

Parham . .

40

II X 6

54

Ulverston

12x7

7

3. 4

Wantisden .

40

8x 6

4

(Hall)

5.6

Burgh . . .

40

8x 6

4

[Ulvesiuma]

[Brucge]

II

Pettaugh . .
Framsden . .

;n-

I2X 3
12 X 8

3
8

6

3

lOJ.

Car. 13
A. 60

II

II

i8s. 4i. l=£i

Car. 65

[ = 12

— 1 ■ ora ' =

A. 20

-I]

20i.]

L

OES HtJNDRED [ll * ORA ' Le

ETS + 4i.]

I

2

Framlingham
Rendlesham .

20

14 X 12
I2X 6

14
6

CoLNBis Hundred [ii 'Ora' Leets— 2ii.]

Campsey Ash

6x 4

2

3

Charsfield

"}-

8x 6

4

I

Buregata . .

20

6x 4

2

Monewden .

12 X 48

18

2

Bucklesham .

'2 \

8x 4

2|

4

Kettleburgh .

" )

12 X 6

6

Hemley . .

4 )2

4x 3

I

Brandeston .

5i f20

12x3

3

Kirton . . .

2

2 X 2

oj

Hoo ....

3j)

8x4

2|

Nacton . . .

2 J

18 X 12

i8.i

5

Cretingham .

"j['9i

12 X 2

2

3. 4. S

Falkenham

29J,

3x 3

\f\

Soham . . .

I2X 6

6

6 X 4

6, 7

Martley . .

11 •>

I2X 6

6

Trimley. . .

4

3x 3

of

IMartiU]
GleveringHall

Kembrook . .

10

6x 3

14

22 .40J

12X 6

6

Moston Hall .

8 Usj

5x 2

\°'\

[GIntvinges]

[M othcituna'^

([=60

6x 2

Dallinghoo

74.

12 X 3

3

Candlets

-ij]

8

Marlesford .

V-^

12 X 4

4

Farm

7

6x 2

I

Butley . . .

6x 4

2

{Candelmta)

/

9, 10

Woodbridge .

" )

10 X 5

4|

6

Walton . . .

12 '

6x 4

2

Staverton . .

^^}-i)"*

18 X 6

ill

Gulper Hall .

3 20

2X2

0*

12X 2

[Gulpilea]

II

Kenton . . .

iM-

12 X 6

6

Thorpe . . .

5 '

4x 2

oi

Potts/orda . .

12X 6

6

7

Levington . .

10 '

6x 3

[Lcvestuna]

4x 2

II

19

i8s. 8d.

Car. Ill

[19

[=12

A. too

Stratton Hall .

7 [ = 20

6x 4

2

-I]

Culvertestuna .

2 ) -I]

3x 2

' ojl

/ 04 )

I

3x2

Plom

ESGATE Hundred [loj 'Ora

■ Leets — li.]

8. 9

Burch . . .

22 \

6x2

I

Sudbourne

20

12X 6

6

Struustuna . .

64

5x 2

o«

a. 3

Snape . . .

40

36 X 4

12

Guthfstuna . .

3 Uoi

2X2

ok

4

Glemham (i) .

20

I2X 6j

6i

Alteston . .

7 1

6x2

I

5

Glemham 2) .
Glemham 3) .

20

12 X 6

6

Mycelgata . .

2 )

3x 2

04

6

20

12x6

6

10

Ttirslanestuna .

4 )

2X2

oJ

7

Carlton . .

20

9x 4

3

Nortuna . .

12 I20

6x 2

I

8

Rendham

20

12 X 7

7

Langestuna

4 1

4x 2

0!

9

Swelling (i) .

20

12 X 6J

6J

11

Brihtolvestuna .

10 ■

6x 2

I

lO

Swefling (2) .

,?(■"

8x 6

4

Oxelanda . .

4 20

3X 2

04

Bruisyard . .

8x 6

4

Plugeard . .

4 '"

2x2

oi

loi

Chilton . .

31 '«

9x 4

3

Wadgate . .

2 /

2X2

oJ

Farnham . ,

3X 5

li

11

i8j. 6d.

loi

9

I7S-5'i[=;fl

Car. 65

Car

[ = 12

— ij 'ora ' =

A. 30

[ = 12

A. 10

-!«

3od. + id.

-1]

413

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

CosFORD Half-Hondrbd [6

+ 4i = i "re]

' Ora ' Lbbts

3. 4

5
6

6J

6J circ.

VUls

Thorpe Mori

eux
Brettenham
Hitcham
Bildeston
NedgiDg
Semer .
Chelsworth
Lindsey
Kersey .
Hadleigh
Whatfield

Elmsett
Aldham

Layham

Manton
Ash Street

Geld In Pence

^9*

?J^*

i6

loj. 4Jii.

ih

-33

I2X 8

12 X 6
l6 X 12

12 X 6

12 X

gx
7x
6x
8x

12 X

6x
6x

10 X

w 3 (3

2-

8

6

i6

6

3

5}
34
2i
4
7

2H

6i

[Measured with
Whatfield]

8x
8x
6x
6x
6x
6x

Car. 88
I A. 10

Babergh Dodble Hundred [igj 'Ora' Lbets

I

Stoke by Nay-

20

8x 4

2§

land

2

Withermarsh

20

8x 4

2§

3

Polstead . .

20

8x 4

2i

4

Long Melford

20}

l8x 12

18

5

Shimpling . .

'5)20

12 X 6

12 X 6

I <5 1
) 6

6

Brent Eleigh-j

3i)

6x4

1 2 \

Monks I

3i 21

12 X 6

6 .

Eleighj

14 J

12 X 5

J 5

7

Great Wald-\

6 ^

4x 4

^ 'h

ingfield 1

I'U

6x 6

I 3 l

Little Wald- f

12x3

1 3 f

ingfield )

I J

—

)- )

8

Newton . .

6i>

6x 4

4j

20J

6x 3

Edwardstone .

10 J

6x 6

3

9. 10

Great s

24 \

8x 4

2i

Cornard

3i)

6x 6

3

Little 1

'°i Li

6.3 fcr. X

2j

Cornard [

1

4.24per

(nVc.)

Aveley

3

6x 3

Ii

[Hall]''

/

II, 12

BuresSt.Mary

24 )

I2X 6

6

Assiagton . .

7 43

12 X 8

8

Eiiania . . .

12

6x 2

I

[Waylands ?]

13

Groton . . .

7 >

7x 4

2i

Milden . . .

7 U„

6x 4

2

Brandeston

6 h°

12 X 3

3

[Hall]

J

14, 15, i6

Soraerton . .

3 \

6x 4

2

Fenstead End

4

8x4

2f

[Finistida]

10 3.M

Hartest . .

I2X 6

6

Boxted . . .

7

12 X 5

5

Stanstead . .

7i ' yso

12 X 4

4

Glemsford . .

's" 1

I2X 8

8

Cavendish

10 liSJ

6x 4

2

Coddenham .

3j J /

6x 3

Ii

Car. 127

Car. for'd . .

£^

7S. 2ii

A. 90

Babergh Double Hundred [19 J
+ 7id.]—cont.

Ora' Lebis

Letts

VUls

Brt. for'd .
I7,i8,i9j Preston

Lavenham

Acton .
Chilton .
Loose .
Chadacre
Lawshall
Cockfield

i9i+7i'i.
[ = 20

-2j]

33

Geld In Pence

£1 13s. lid.

111

12 X 6
6x4

12 X 6
12 X 12

4X 3
6x4
4x2
12 X 6
13x12

Ip

lis

Car. 127

A. 90
6

111

12
I
2

of
6

13

Car. 176
A. 50

Blvthing Hundred [6 'Ora and a HALF'=30<i. Leets
-f- I Leet of 22^d = 6J circ.']

5. 6

68

6| circ.

Wrentham
Easton . .
Reydon

Frostenden

Wangford
Uggeshall
Stickland
Chediston

Blyford .

Sotherton

Bulcamp

Thorin^ton

Walpole

Cook ley

Halesworth

Linstead

Leiston .

Westleton

Middleton

Yoxford

Bringas .

Mells .

Sibton .

Bramfield

Heveningh;

Ubbeston

Cratfield

27

^31

30

3x2

12 X 6
18 X

12.3 fer.
I2|jx

13 X 9
18 X 12
12 X 5
10 X 10
12 X 5
12 X 12
12x6
12 X 6
18x18
12 X II

14 X 7
12 X 12
12 X 9
36 X 24
26 X 24

8x 7
10 X 7

gx 7
10 X 7
18 X 12
12 X 12

6x4

7x 4
8x 5

Bishop's Hundred

17s. iiji.

[6 ' Ora and a Half '

0}

6

18
(circ.)

10
{circ.)

9i
18

12

6

6
27
II

Si
12

9

72

52
4f
51
5i
5t

18

12
2

2i

3i

Car. 354
A. no

Leets

I

Chepenhall .

[Frissingfieli]

15 )

^30

18x12

18

Mendham . .

15

21 X 12

21

2

Syleham . .

4.3°

12X 8

8

Home . , .

12 X 8

8

3

Denham . .

7i^

6x 3

1}

Southolt . .

^iUo

Qx 5

3l

Worlingworth

10 p°

I2X 5

5

Taniungton .

10 )

15 X 12

15

4.4i

Bedingfield .

'5 'I

I2X 6

6

Soham . . .

10 46J

7x6

3i

Newton . .

10 [45 +

14 X 6

7

IViniberga . .

"i-" 'i]

14 X 4

i

5i.6

Kelsale . .

42 145 - 3}

18 X 5

7i

6

13

13s. 7id.

Car. 108
A no

414

THE DANEGELD IN SUFFOLK

Carlford Hundred [8 ' Ora and a Half ' Leeis

Sahford Hundred and a Half [ioJ 'Ora and a
Half" Leets + ijd.] — cont.

Leets

VUls

Geld in Pence

ill
a h ^

Sc
S"

u E 3

Leets

VUls

Geld In Pence

ill

Q ?; u

s

Superficial

Measurements

in Carucates

Gar. 49

I

Otley . . .

1 ^"

10 X 6

5

Brt. for'd . .

4S. \l\d.

A. 40

Burgh . . .

gx 7

5i

3

Raydon . .

30

12 X 8

8

2

Grundisburgh

13 1 Isoi

lox 6

1 5
J 6

4

Wenham . .

32

6 X 3

) '4)

,,

I2X 6

12 X 6

6 .

Kalleluna . .

2i >

6x2

I

6 X 24

li

3> 4

Witnesham .

5 \

8x 4

23

5

Holton . . .

7 )

6x4

2

Tuddenham .

15

10 X 6

5

Higham . .

12 U8

8x6

4

Rushmere . .

i6

8x 7

4f

Stratford . .

9 1

7 X 5

2li

Little Dealings

7i >6i

6x 5

2^

6.7

Stutton . .

4 \

6 X 4

2

Hasketon . .

4

6x4

2

Scotuna . . .

4

6 X 4

2

Playford . .

9

12 X 6

6

Harkstead .

14 \(,2

124 X 12

) '?*)

Kesgrave . .

4i /

6x 4

3

12x6

r ^

[Grassegrava']

Dodnash . .

10 1

8x6

> 4 i

5.6

Waldringfield

'M

6x 3

8

Shotley . .

30

ijjx 12

124

6x 3

9

Belstead . .

18 \

6x4

\ 2 '

Brightwell

ij

lox 6

5

5x3

ij •

Newbourn

7i

6x 5

2i

MO J

12 X 3

) 3 '

Kingeslanda.

5

eij

4X 3

I

Freston . .

10

12 X 6

6

Aluridestiina .

10

6x 4

2

Woolverstone

2i;

8 X 3

2

Grenewic . ,

5

6x 4

2

10

Beria . . .

5 \

8x6

4

Alnesbourn .

5

6x 2

I

Kirkton . .

4

6 X 5

24

Thorp . . .
Seckford . .

15 ^

8x 6

4

Boyton . . .

14 ^311

7 X 6

34

7.8

7i X

6x 6

3

Pannington .

4i|

5x4

If

Martlesham .

6

I2X 5

5

Churchford .

4 )

6x2

I

Necchemara .

4i

3X 2j

0^

lOj

Manesfort . .

3j)

6 X 3

•4

Ingolvestuna .

7i

6x 5

2i

Thorington .

5 [i3i

6x4

2

Finisforda . .

10

>52j

10 X 3

2j

Gusford .

5 )

8 X 3

2

Kingston
Banhestuna .

3
3

4x 3
6x 4

I
2

PresMuna . .

6

6x 3

Ij

lOj

29

£i 6s. 44^.

Gar. 156

Haspley . .

5 ^

6x 3

li

l+iid-l

A. no

8

28

igs. 7ii.

Gar. 87

l-4ii.]

1

A. 25

RisBRiDGB Hundred {8 ' Ora and a Half '

Leets + iji.]

Stow H

UNORED [8 ' Ol

?A AND A Half ' Leets — sjd.]

I

Poslingford .
Hundon . .

15
15

30

13 X 12
26 X 12

13
26

I

Greeting . .

30

12 X 6

6

2

Glare . . .
Wixoe . . .

1

30

24 X 12
6x 34

24

2

Dagworth

3°

ox 18

—

Kedington

12 J

12 X 6

6

3.4

Gombs . . .

llW^

24 X 12

24

3. 4

Haverhill . .

6 ■

I2X 6

6

Finborough .

12 X 8

8

Great Wratt-

5
6.7

Buxhall . .
Onehouse . .
Wetherden .

25

12 X 8

5x 3

I2X 6

8
6

ing & Little

Wratting .

Withersfield .

12
6

12X 6

12 X 6

6
6

Haughley . .

^l 6o

12 X 6

6

Great Thur-

^ 12

12 X I

I

Chilton . .

8 ""

4x 3

I

low & Little

614

8

Ervtstuna . .
Thorney . .

10

1 1^3

10 X 6

12 X 12

5
12

Thurlow
Great Brad-

J 7

12 X 7j

i 7i ■

l-7d.]

Thorpe . .

5x 3

ij

ley & Little

Bradley . .
Gowlinge . .

6

12 X 7
I2X 8

7
8

I2j

8

12

igs. 6J(<.

Gar. 78

5

Lidgate . .

i3i\

I2X 8

8

l-5id.-\

A. 60

Badmondis-

field . . .

i3i

I2X 8

8

[Badmondis-

■294

field Hall in

Wickham-

Samfo

RD Hundred a

ND A Half [ioJ "Ora and a

brook.]

Half-

Leets + iji.]

Denston . .

24''

12 X 3

3

6.7

Moulton . .

134 \

12 X 7

7

I

Bergholt . .

8 \

14 X 12

14

Daelinga . .

37

30x12

30

Bentley . .

5

12 X 3

3

[Desning Hall

\51

Canaffetuna .

64 >i°

5x2

of

in Gazeley.]

[=60

Ghattisham .

8x6

4

Ousden . .

64-' -3]

8x 5

3l

Shelley . .

?j

8 X 3

2

8

Ghedburgh .

6x 3

li

2

Bramford . .

i3i^

12 X 10

10

Depden . .

^iV^

I2X 8

8

Hintlesham .

13 29J

14 X 12

14

Stansfield . .

12 X 6

6

Ahildestuna .

2 .

6 X 3

Ij

Hawkedon .

X3iJ[=30

12 X 6

6

Cut. ford . .

4^. ii^d.

Gar. 4g

i

8

21

£1 OS. ifd.

Gar. 192

A. 40

A. 100

4IS

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

WiLFORD Honored [g Lbets or

27d. - 6id.]

BLACKBonRN AND BrADMKRE HoNDRBD [13J LSETS
OF liid. + II(j.] — COHl.

Lcets

l-eld.]

VUls

Sutton . . .
Capel St. An-
drew .
Melton .
Loudham

Charsfield
Bredfield
Wilford
Bawdsey
Culeslea .
HoUesley
Peyton .
[Peyton Hall
in Ramsholt]

Geld In Pence

27
27

27
27
I3i
I3i
I3i
I3i
27
27
7

27
27

[20J

igs. 8Jj.

So
2

12 X 8
12 X 6

12 X
12 X

7x

12 X
18 X
12 X
12 X
12 X
12 X
I2X

^ s =

» 3 S

8
6

9j

2!)

5
9
6
5

6

7
4

Car. 74
A. 100

Thbdwasire' Hundred [12 Leets, in Units of 2od.
AND 27li. + ijii.]

I

Rongham . .

20

16 X 12

16

2

Rattlesden .

20

16 X 10

13J

3

Gedding . .

3

3x 2

oj

Felsham . .

■i

8x 6

4

Bradfield . .

5

5(

12 X 4

4

10 X 5

2i

4. 5

Hessett . .

18 '

8x 7

4l

Driukstone .

II

40

8x 7

4i

Woolpit . .

II J

9x 6

4i

6.7

Great Barton

27 1

40i

14 X 12

14

Pakenbam

16 X 12

16

8

Great Liver-

■

msre . . .

12

19

10 X 8

6|

Ampton . .

7 J

6x4

2

9. 10, II,

Timworth . .

14 1

\

8x 6

4

12

Fornham St.

►28i

[iH units

Genevieve .

8

gx 4

3

o/iyd.}

Fornham . .

6iJ

gx 7

5i

Rushbrooke .

7 ) )-S2

7X 4

2i

Welnetham .

10 1 27

12X 6

6

Stanningfield

10

8x 4

2§

Thurston . .

lk\^'i>

10 X 6

5

Tostock . .

7x 6

3i

12

20

£1 OS. i^d.

Car. 124

A. 70

Blackbodrn and Bradmerb Hundred [i3i Leets
OF 34 Ji. + iiii.]

12X 6 6

I2X 6 6

24 X 6 12

6x 3 ij

10 X 5 4i

12 X 6 6

I

Bardwell . .

34i

2

Stanton . .

34i

3.4. 5

Ixworth . .

III f 34

[=34i

=<3

Sapiston . .

I7J\

+ id.]

Ixworth

9

Thorpe

h6J^l04i

[Torp]

Langham . .

10 )

Stowlangtoft .

^7 ,,1

Norton . .

I7i 3^*J

Car. for'd . .

i4i-5^

t-i-

7=<
gx

12 X 8

3i
5i
8

Car. 52

A. 50

12
13

I3i

VUls

Brt. for'd .

Badwell Ash

Great Ash
field.

Hunston .

Elmswell .

Walsham .

Rickinghall

Hinderclay

Wattisfield

Hepworth

Thelnetham

Hopton

Market Wes
ton . .
[Wtsluna]

Barningham

Coney Weston

[Cunegesluna]

Knettishall .

Euston . . .

Barnham . .

Fakenham

Honington .

Troston . .

Little Liver-
mere . . .

Ingham . .

Culford . .

Wordwell .

West Stow .

I3i

33

Geld in Pence

11 X II

10 X 5
8x 7

12 X 10

24 X 6
12 X
12 X

£1 19s. 7id.

7"

10 X

6x

7x 5

12 X
I2X

12 X 10
I2X 5

8x 3

12 X 8

6x 4

10 X 5

I2X 4

16 X 8

12 X 5

I2X 4

12 X 8

lei

Car. 52
A. 50

lOjlj

4i
4l

12
12

3
6

3j

m

6
6

10

5

2
8
2
4l

4
lo§

5
4
8

Car. 193
A. 20

LOTHING AND LOTRINGLAND HaLF-BDNDRED [8 LbBTS

OF i6d. + 6 Leets of 204.]

I. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

7.8

1.2.3,4.

5,6

14

Carlton . .
Mutford . .
Kessingland .
Lothingland
half-hundred

-f hjilf a hun-
dred

48

8x22

Mi

48

24 X 9

18

32

12 X 12

12

120

72x34 1 204

£1 OS.

8d.

Car. 248
A. 80

Ipswich Half-hundred

Stoke . . .

Ipswich bo-
rough . .

4 [m a geld 0/

201.]
100 [head-pen-

n>«]

8s. id.

6x 6

4" 4
8x 8

I 5fl

Car. 9
A. 80

' Cf. Round, Fiud. Engl. p. 100 et seq. The arrangement here adopted gives contiguous areas of assessment

416

NOTE

The reader should bear in mind throughout that the date of the Domes-
day Survey is 1086; that 'the time of King Edward,' to which it
refers, normally means the date of his death (5 Jan. 1066), and that
the intermediate date, which is sometimes spoken of as 'afterwards' and
sometimes as ' when received,' is that at which the estate passed into the
hands of the new holder. When the word 'semper' is used it means
that the figures were the same in 1086 as 1066. The Domesday
' plough-land ' or ' carucate ' is not divided in SufFolk, as in other counties,
into eight ' bovates,' but smaller holdings are expressed either in acres (ot
which 120 went to the 'carucate') or as fractions of the 'carucate.'
' Demesne,' in the Survey, is used in two senses : manors held < in demesne '
were those which the tenant-in-chief (who held directly of the Crown)
retained in his own hands, instead of enfeoffing under-tenants therein ;
but when ' the demesne ' of a manor is spoken of, the term denotes that
portion which the holder (whether a tenant-in-chief or only an under-
tenant) worked as a home farm with the help of labour due from the
peasants who held the rest from him. Of the peasantry the three classes
are styled, in descending order, villeins, bordars, and serfs ; above them
were the 'freemen' and sokemen, survivals from before the Conquest,
who are discussed in the Introduction. The essential element of the
plough (< caruca ') was its team of oxen, always reckoned in Domesday as
eight in number. Apart from the plough-oxen the live stock on the lord's
demesne is generally, though not regularly, entered in the Suffolk survey,
a feature which adds greatly to its length, and is peculiar to the three
eastern counties. It comprises horses (usually 'rounceys'), asses, and
' beasts ' (i.e. cattle), sheep, swine, goats, and hives of bees.

It must be remembered that when Domesday speaks of a place as
held by a certain tenant, it does not follow that the whole of it is meant.
It may have comprised other manors, which form the subject of separate
entries.

The assessment of geld in East Anglia is expressed in terms of pence
per pound. For every pound of geld assessed on the hundred each 'vill'
pays a definite number of pence, as is explained in the Introduction. It
should be remembered that the measurements given are very rough, and
that no calculation of acreage can safely be based upon them.

A translation of the portion of Domesday relating to SufFolk was
published by the late Lord John Hervey in 1888-91. This, adapted to
uniformity with the other Domesday translations in the Victoria County
Histories, formed the basis of the present translation. The latter has,
however, been collated throughout with the photographic facsimile of the
text, and the identifications have also been made independently of Lord
John Hervey's work. The text of the Inquisitio E/iensis, quoted in the
footnotes, is that printed by Mr. N. E. Hamilton in his edition of the
Inquisitio Cemitatus Cantabrigiensis.

417 53

SUDFOLC

[HOLDERS OF LANDS]

I William, King of the English
II The Count of Mortain

XXXIX Ralph, brother of Ilger
XL Robert, son of Corbutio

III Count Alan

xLi Walter the Deacon

IV Earl Hugh

XLii Tihell de Herion

V Count Eustace
VI Robert Malet

XLiii Ralph de Limesey

xLiv Robert de Toeni {Todeneio)

VII Roger Bigot
VIII Roger of Poitou

XLV Walter Gifart
xLvi Countess of Albemarle

IX William de Scoies

XLVii William de Arcis

X Hermer de Ferreris

XLViii Drew de Beureria

XI Ralph de Bella fago
XII Frodo, the Abbot's Brother

xLix Hugo de Grentemesnil
L Ralph de Felgeris

XIII Godric the Stevi^ard [dapifer)

XIV Abbot of St. Edmunds

LI Walter de St. Valery
Lii Humphrey the Chamberlain

XV Lanfranc the Archbishop

Liii Eudo, son of Spiruic

XVI Bishop of Bayeux

Liv Walter de Watevil

xvii Abbot of Ramsey

Lv John son of Waleram

XVIII Bishop of Thetford

Lvi Humphrey son of Aubrey

XIX The Fee of the same Bishop

Lvii Hubert de Monchensey {monte

XX Bishop of Rochester

canesio)

XXI Abbot of Ely

LViii Gondwin

XXII Bishop of Evreux

Lix Saisselin

XXIII Abbot of Bernai

Lx Robert de Verli

XXIV Abbot of Chatteris {Ceterith)

Lxi Ralph Pinel

XXV Richard, son of Count Gil-

Lxii Isaac

bert

Lxiii Norman

XXVI William de Warenne

Lxiv Juhichell the Priest

XXVII Suen of Essex

Lxv Gerald the Marshal

XXVIII Eudo Dapifer

Lxvi Robert Blund

XXIX Roger de Otburvil
XXX William his brother

Lxvii Hervey de Bourges (bituri-
censis)

XXXI Hugh de Montfort

Lxviii Gilbert the Crossbowman

XXXII Geoffrey de Mandeville {magna
villa)

Lxix Ralph the Crossbowman
Lxx Rainold the Breton

XXXIII Ralph Baignard

XXXIV Ranulph Peverell {piperellus)
XXXV Aubrey de Vere

Lxxi Robert de Stratford
Lxxii Stannard
Lxxiii Ulmar

XXXVI Robert Grenon

Lxxiv The Vavassors

XXXVII Peter de Valoines

Lxxv The King's Free Men

Yxxviii Roger de Raniis

Lxxvi Encroachments on the King

418

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

I. LANDS OF THE KING IN THE

ROYAL DEMESNE {de regione) WHICH
ROGER BIGOT KEEPS IN SUFFOLK

HUNDRET OF StOU [StOW]

ToRNAi [Thorney ^] King William holds,
which King Edward held as a manor, and as 5
carucates of land. Then as now 36 villeins and
18 bordars. Then 6 serfs, afterwards i, now
none. Then and afterwards i plough on the
demesne, now none ; but T.R.E. there could
have been 2 besides that i. Then and after-
wards 45 ploughs belonging to the men, now
19. Then wood(land) for 30 swine, now for

6. Then 14 acres of meadow, afterwards and
now 12. Then 2 mills, afterwards and now
I. There is also a market. There was T.R.E.
a church with i carucate of free land. But
Hugh de Montford has 23 acres of that carucate
and claims it as belonging to a certain chapel
which 4 brothers, freemen under Hugh, built on
land of their own hard by the cemetery of the
mother church. And they were inhabitants
[manentes) of the parish of the mother church
(and built this chapel), because it could not take
in the whole of the parish. The mother church
had always a moiety of the burial fees, and
had by purchase the fourth part of other alms
which might be made. And whether or not
this chapel were consecrated the Hundred doth
not know. In this carucate of the church there
were 5 bordars and i villein. Then as now 2
ploughs. In this manor T.R.E. 40 sokemen
owing every kind of custom. After Roger
received (his office) they were all removed but

7. These had then as now 58 acres, and half a
plough. But T.R.E. there was a plough among
four. And the reeve of this manor held 26
acres in the King's soke T.R.E. When this
manor was undivided its annual value was 15//.
by tale, when Roger took it over 35//., now 40//'.
blanch. Tornei [Thorney] is i league long and
I broad. And (pays) \^d. in geld whoso may
be tenant there. Of this manor Hugh de Mont-
fort has 20 sokemen, and Count Robert 6.
Roger de Otburville 4. Frodo has 2. Roger
of Poitou 3.

HuNDRET OF BoSEMERA [BoSMERE]

King Edward held Brunfort [Bramford] as
1 2 carucates of land and a$ a manor. Then as
now 40 villeins, and 8 bordars, and i serf.
Then and afterwards i plough on the demesne,
now half. Then as now 18 ploughs belonging
to the men. 30 acres of meadow. And then
as now I mill. A church with 80 acres of
free land and i plough. Then 10 swine, now
12. Then as now 30 sheep. Then it was
worth . . . //'., and now 15//. by weight. It is
I league long, and i league broad.

' In Stowmarket.

In Blacham [Blakenham] (are) 9 sokemen
with half a carucate of land in the King's soke.
Then as now 3 ploughs. Then it was worth
lOi., now 20/.

In SuMERSHAM [Somersham] (are) 4 sokemen
with 30 acres. Then as now i plough. Then
it was worth 51., now lOj.

In Uledana [Olden''] (are) i^ sokemen with
10 acres and half a plough. Worth 2od.

fol. 282.

In Stanham [Stonham] (was) a sokeman with
12 acres T.R.E., (over) whom the Bishop of
Bayeux now holds. And Roger Bigot holds of
him. This sokeman could not withdraw from
(his holdings).

HuNDRET OF ClAINDONE [ClAYDON]

In Haminghelanda [? Hemingstone] (-.vas) a
free(man) under commendation to Gurth, with
30 acres. Then half a plough. Worth $s.
Ulmar the reeve joined this freeman on to the
King's farm at Brunfort [Bramford], and Roger
the sheriff is his warrantor. And (the freeman)
renders each year 5^. The King and the Earl
have the soke.

HuNDRET OF HeRTISMERA [HaRTISMERE]

(At) Dice [Diss^] King Edward held T.R.E.

4 carucates of land as a manor T.R.E. {sic).
Then as now 14 villeins, and 24 bordars, and 2
serfs. And i plough on the demesne. And 1 8
ploughs belonging to the men. And 10 acres
of meadow. And a church with 24 acres and
half a plough. Then as now 7 beasts. Then 5
swine. Then 9 sheep, now 11. Then as now

5 goats. Then worth 15//. with the soke over
one hundred and a half, and half a day's (provi-
sion) of honey with the customs, now (worth)
30//'. by weight. It is i league long and half (a
league) broad. And (pays) j^d, in geld.

(At) Brom [Brome] Anand held T.R.E. 60
acres as a manor. Then as now 4 bordars.
Then i serf. Then as now on the demesne
half a plough. And half a plough belonging to
the men. Four acres of meadow. Worth i oj.
And 3^ freemen under commendation to Anand
(held) 1 4 acres and a plough ; and were worth
2s. and 2d.

In EsTUNA [Easton Bavents (?)'] 2 villeins,
whom Earl Ralph held, (had) a carucate of land ;

'In 1650 there was ' a leet in Coddenham called
Olden ' ; Pari. Surv. SufF. no. 3. The name is
now apparently lost.

'' Now in Norfolk.

' Easton Bavents is near Blythburgh, but is not in
Hartismere Hundred.

419

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

and afterwards Fulchred added them to the manor
of Blideburo [Blythburgh] in Robert Malet's
time.

In GisLiNGAHAM [Gislingham] Leverich a
freeman (had) 3 acres, worth bd.

In the same (vill) were 7 acres which W.
de Burnoville holds at Dice [Diss].

HUNDRET OF BlIDINGA [BlYTHING]

BuDEBURC [Blythburgh] King Edward held
as a manor 5 carucates and 15 acres of land.
Then as now 8 villeins, and 39 bordars, and i
serf. Then i plough on the demesne. Land
(enough) for 5 ploughs on the demesne. But
Roger received (only) 3 oxen, and now there are
the like number. Then as now 21 ploughs
belonging to the men. Wood(land) for 40 swine.
6 acres of meadow. And 7 sokemen (subject
to) all customs (held) 3 carucates and 84 acres of
land. Then as now 1 6 bordars. And 9 ploughs.
And a market. Wood(land) for 30 swine. And
2 acres of meadow. To this manor belongs the
fourth penny of the rent [censu) of the haye {heia)
of RisEBURC [ ] between the King

and the Earl. All this T.R.E. rendered 30//. by
tale and one day's (provision) of honey with all
customs ; when Roger received it 50//. by
weight, now 23//. by weight. A church with 2
carucates of land. Then as now 9 villeins and
4 bordars. Then 1 plough on the demesne,
now half a plough. Then 4 ploughs belonging
to the men, now i plough. Wood(land) for 20
swine. And halfan acre of meadow. Then it ren-
dered ten thousand herrings, now 50J. and three
thousand herrings. This Osbern Masculus holds
in alms of the King ; to this church belong two
others without land.

fol. 282^.

In Dersham [Darsham] Alwin the priest
held T.R.E. 30 acres of land as a manor, and i
bordar, and i freeman with 2 acres, half a
church with 6 acres worth i2d. Then as now
I plough, I acre of meadow. Worth i os.

And in Stickingalanda [Stickingland*] the
said Alwin held T.R.E. i carucate of land and
40 acres as a manor. Then as now 2 villeins.
Then 4 bordars, now 11. Then as now on the
demesne I plough. Then l plough belonging
to the men, now 2^ ploughs. 3 acres of mea-
dow. And I rouncey, 4 beasts, I swine, and 16
sheep. Then it was worth 251., now 30J.
Over this the predecessor of Robert Malet had
commendation T.R.E.

HuNDRET OF CaRLEFORD [CaRLFORd]

now half a plough. Then it was worth 51.,
now 3^.

HuNDRET OF WaNNEFORDA [WaNGFORD]

In Ringesfella [Ringsfield] a freeman under
King Edward (held) i^ carucates as a manor.
Then as now i villein, and 5 bordars. On the
demesne I plough, and belonging to the men I
plough. 2 acres of meadow. Woo3(land) for
20 swine. Haifa mill. A church with 15 acres,
worth 2;. and 8rf. Then as now 2 ploughs.
And 2 beasts, 5 swine, 30 sheep, and 16 goats.
Then worth 20f., now i6j.

In the same (vill) 1 1 freemen under Ulsi's
commendation T.R.E. (held) a carucate of land.
Then 4 ploughs, now i^ ploughs. 2 acres
of meadow. 83 freemen out of this Hundred
were added to Montford's manor in King
William's time, among whom are the afore-
said 12, who rendered no custom at all to this
manor aforesaid T.R.E. ; but now they render
1 5 A'. ; and this custom Aluric the reeve appointed
for them in Roger Bigot's time.

In Westuna [Weston] a freeman Hacun, a
freeman under King Edward, (held) 40 acres as
a manor. Then as now i villein, and 2 bordars.
Half a plough on the demesne, and his men
have half a plough. Wood(land) for lo swine.

In the same (vill) a fi-eeman Ailric under Gurth's
commendation (held) 40 acres as a manor.
Then as now i bordar. Then as now half a
plough. Wood(land) for 4 swine. I acre
of meadow. All these T.R.E. rendered 6j.
and ^d.

In the same (vill) a freeman Sprottulf under
the same (Gurth's) commendation (held) 30 acres
as a manor. Then as now 2 bordars. Then i
plough, now half a plough. And 2 oxen be-
longing to the men. Half an acre of meadow.

In Werlingaham [Worlingham] a freeman
Vlf under Gurth's commendation (held) 40 acres
as a manor. Then as now 2 bordars. And i
plough. 2 acres of meadow.

In the same (vill) a freeman Adestan under
Ulsi's commendation (held) 40 acres as a manor.
Then as now i plough. 2 acres of meadow.

In the same (vill) a freeman iEthesi under
Gurth's commendation (held) 30 acres as a manor.
Then as now i plough. Half an acre of
meadow.

In the same (vill) a freeman Godric under
Ulsi's commendation (held) 30 acres and I
bordar and i plough and i acre of meadow.

And 64 other freemen hold 5 carucates of land,
and they always ploughed with 7 ploughs. 4
acres of meadow.

In Riscemara [Rushmere (St. Andrew)] (were) j^ Ringesfella [Ringsfield] the King has part

9 freemen with 31 acres of land, i plough, „f ^ .^urch with 20 acres, and others have part
• In Yoxford ; see Cal. Chart, in B.M. therein, and it is worth 3^.

420

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

fol. 283.

In Westuna [Weston](is) i church which
the King's freemen hold, with 20 acres ; it is
worth 3J.

In Werlingaham [Worlingham] 2 churches
with 40 acres, worth 6s. Others have part there-
in. Of one of these churches R. de Vallibus
holds the half part with 30 acres and i bordar.

HuNDRET OF LuDiNGA [nmv Mutford]

MuTFORDA [Mutford] Earl Gurth, and under
him Ulsi, held T.R.E. 3^ carucates of land as a
manor. Thenasnow 18 villeins, and 6 bordars.
Then 16 serfs, now 10. Then on the demesne
4 ploughs, now 3. Then as now belonging to
the men 3 ploughs. Wood(Iand) for 60 swine.
6 acres of meadow. Then 3 rounceys, now 2.
Then as now 7 beasts, 30 swine, 160 sheep,
50 goats, and 2 hives of bees. Then worth
60J., now the like. It is 2 leagues long, and 9
furlongs broad. And in geld (pays) 41.

In the same (vill) 12 freemen under Gurth's
commendation (held) T.R.E. 3 carucates of land.
Then as now 2 villeins, and 4 bordars. Then
among them (were) 9 ploughs, now 7. 8 acres
of meadow. Wood(land) for 16 swine. Two
churches with 43 acres. Four of these 1 2 (free-
men) dwell in Mutford and 2 in Riscemara
[Rushmere] and in Gisleham [Gisleham] 2 and
in Paggefella [Pakefield] 3 and in Kirkelea
[Kirkley] 2.

And (there were) 26 others in Mutford [Mut-
ford] with 2 carucates of land. Then as now 4
ploughs.

And in Kislea [ ] 20 freemen with i

carucate and 10 acres of land. Then as now 2
ploughs.

And in Riscemara [Rushmere (St. Michael)]
4 freemen with 33 acres. Then i plough, now
half a plough.

And in Pagafella [Pakefield] 6 freemen with
30 acres and i plough.

And in Kirkelea [Kirkley) 6 freemen with
30 acres and 1 plough.

And in Bechetuna [ ] 5 free-

men with I carucate of land. Then 3 ploughs,
now 2.

And in Barnebei [Barnby] 8 freemen with 80
acres. Then 3 ploughs, now 2.

All these rendered T.R.E. 13J. and 6d., but
now they render 30//. And this custom Aluric
imposed {misit) upon them in King William's
time under Roger Bigot.

In Kessingelanda [Kessingland] a freeman
Osfert under commendation to Edric of Laxestalla

[Laxfield] (held) 15 acres and i bordar. Half an
acre of meadow. Worth 2s.

Half Hundred of Ludingalanda
[Lothingland]

In GoRLESTUNA [Gorleston '] Guert held
T.R.E. 5 carucates of land as a manor. Then
20 villeins, now 12. Then as now 5 bordars.
Then 5 serfs, now 4. Then on the demesne
2 ploughs, now I. Then belonging to the men
5 ploughs, now 3. Wood(iand) for 5 swine.
10 acres of meadow. Three salt-pans. Then
2 rounceys, now none. Then 5 beasts, now
none. Then as now 300 sheep.

In Gernemutha [Yarmouth] 24 fishermen
belong to this manor.

fol. 283^.

And in Lothuwistoft [Lowestoft], a bere-
wick, (are) 4 carucates of land less 30 acres.
Then 5 villeins, now 3. Then as now 10
bordars. Then 5 serfs, now 3. Then as now
on the demesne 2 ploughs. Then belonging
to the men 5 ploughs, now 3. Wood(land)
for 8 swine. 5 acres of meadow. Then 14
beasts, now 8. Then as now 1 1 swine. And
160 sheep.

Guert held a berewick, Lunda [Lound], as
2 carucates of land. Then as now 4 bordars.
And 2 serfs. Then as now i plough. Then
belonging to the men I plough, now half a
plough. Wood(land) for 50 swine. And 1
rouncey.

In Beletuna [Belton], a berewick, (was)
I carucate of land. Then as now i villein, 4
bordars, and i serf. On the demesne i plough.
Then i plough, now half a plough. Then i
rouncey. Then as now 160 sheep.

In Gabbetuna [Gapton '] Ulsi held 2 caru-
cates of land as a manor. Then 3 villeins, now
2. Then 3 bordars, now 2. Then on the
demesne 2 ploughs. Then belonging to the
men 2 ploughs, now I. Two acres of meadow.
Then as now worth 60/.

In Wanneforda [Wangford] Hundred (is)
a berewick ; in Elga [Ellough ^] and in Wil-
lingaham [Willingham] (there are) 60 acres.
And 3 villeins. And i plough. Wood(land)
for 40 swine.

And in NoRFULC [Norfolk] in Gillingaham
[Gillingham] are 30 acres and I villein and half
a plough.

' Now in Norfolk.
Gapton Hall, a manor in Belton and Bradwell.

' In Willingham.

421

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

And in Becles [Beccles] (are) 82 acres and
5 villeins and i plough.

And of Becles [Beccles] market the King
has the fourth part and (so) of all customs.

All this, except the 2 carucates, was worth
T.R.E. 10//., now it renders 27//.

This (half hundred) is 6 leagues long and 2^
leagues and 2 furlongs broad. And in geld
(pays) I ox.

Moreover in Sumerledetuna [Somerleyton]
(are) 90 acres and these belong to Gorlestuna
[Gorleston].

And there arc 20 freemen in Gorlestuna
[Gorleston] with 90 acres belonging as to all
customs to the manor, and (included) in the
value of the manor. Then 7 ploughs, now 5.

And Abecles [at Beccles] (are) 12 freemen
with 48 acres and i plough. And these (belong)
in like manner.

All this is within the valuation of the manor.

In LuNDA [Lound] Alric a freeman under
Gurth held i^ carucates of land as a manor.
Then as now 2 villeins, and 3 bordars. Then
and now I plough. And belonging to the men

1 plough. Wood(land) for 30 swine. 3 acres
of meadow. 2 rounceys, 5 beasts, 12 swine,
and 50 sheep. Then worth los., now 20s.
And under him were 4 freemen with i carucate
of land. Then 2 ploughs, now i^ ploughs.
Wood(land) for 10 swine. Then as now
worth lOJ.

Moreover in Karetuna [Corton] the same
freeman Alric under Gurth's commendation (lield)

2 carucates of land. Then as now 5 bordars.
On the demesne 2 ploughs, and belonging to
the men i plough. Then 2 rounceys, 5 beasts,
12 swine, and 50 sheep. Then and now worth
20s. And under him 15 freemen (held) 80
acres. Then 4 ploughs, now 3. Wood(land)
for 3 swine. Then and now worth 105.

In LuNDA [Lound] a freeman Ulsi under the
same Gurth's commendation (held) I carucate of
land as a manor and 3 bordars. Then as now
on the demesne i plough, and belonging to
the men i plough. Wood(land) for 12 swine.
And 2 rounceys, 5 beasts, 15 swine, 60 sheep,
and 2 hives of bees. Then worth i ox., now the
like. And under him 3 freemen (held) 40 acres
of land. Then i plough, now half a plough.
Worth 5*.

In Flixtuna [Flixton] a freeman Hacun
fol. 284.
under Gurth's commendation (held) T.R.E.

3 carucates of land as a manor. Then and now
2 villeins, 14 bordars, and 4 serfs. Then on the

demesne 3 ploughs, now 3. Then belonging
to the men 3 ploughs, now 2. Wood(Iand) for
10 swine. 3 acres of meadow. And 2
rounceys, 6 beasts, 15 swine, 160 sheep, and
20 goats. Then as now worth 30J, And
under him 21 freemen (held) 3 carucates of land
and 6 bordars. Then 10 ploughs, now 8.
Wood(land) for 10 swine. 4 acres of meadow.
Then as now worth 40J.

In Sumerledetuna [Somerleyton] a freeman
Ulf under the said Gurth's commendation (held)
2 carucates of land as a manor. Then as now
4 villeins and 4 bordars. Then and now 2
ploughs. Then as now belonging to the men
half a plough. Wood(land) for 1 5 swine. One
acre of meadow. And 2 rounceys, 6 swine, and
80 sheep. Then as now worth 20J. And 5
freemen under him (held) 40 acres. Then as
now I plough. Wood(land) for 4 swine.
Worth 31.

In Fridetuna [Fritton] a freeman Godwin
under the said Gurth's commendation (held)
2 carucates of land as a manor. Then as now
2 villeins, 2 bordars, and 3 serfs. On the
demesne 2 ploughs, and belonging to the men

1 plough. Wood(land) for 20 swine. And

2 rounceys, 8 beasts, 16 swine, 160 sheep, 3
goats, and 3 hives of bees. Then as now worth
20s. And under him 2 freemen (held) 60 acres.
Then as now i plough. Then as now worth

In Flixtuna [Flixton] a freeman Edric (held)
2 carucates of land as a manor. Then as now
2 villeins. And 6 bordars. Then as now on
the demesne 2 ploughs. Then belonging to the
men 2 ploughs, now i^ ploughs. Wood(land)
for 6 swine. 2 acres of meadow. And 6 swine
and 40 sheep. Then as now worth 30J.

In the same (vill were) 2 freemen under Edric
with 5 acres, worth lod.

In the HoTUNA [Hopton] a freeman Turgar
under Gurth's commendation (held) 80 acres as
a manor T.R.E. Then as now I bordar.
Then as now on the demesne i plough. Wood-
(land) for 10 swine. 3 acres of meadow. And
I rouncey, 5 beasts, 8 swine, 60 sheep, and 3
hives of bees. Then as now worth 5^-

In the same (vill) a freeman Siric under the
said Gurth's commendation (held) 60 acres as
a manor and i bordar and I serf and i plough.
Wood(land) for lO swine. I J acres of meadow.
And I rouncey, 4 beasts, 8 swine, and 69 sheep.
Then as now worth $5.

And under Turgar and Siric 8 freemen (held)
80 acres. Then 3 ploughs, now 2 ploughs.
Two acres of meadow. Then as now worth

lOS.

In Sumerledetuna [Somerleyton] a freeman,
Wihtred the priest, (held) 40 acres as a manor.

422

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

Then l bordar, now 2. Then as now i

plough. Wood(land) for lO swine. And I

rouncey, 4 beasts, 5 swine, 33 sheep. Worth
5i. A church with 20 acres, worth 3^.

In Brockestuna [Broceston'] a freeman
Ulketel (held) 40 acres as a manor. Then as
now half a plough. Wood(land) for 10 swine.
And I rouncey, 2 beasts, 7 swine, 30 sheep, and
3 goats. Worth 5^. And under him i free-
man (held) 30 acres, worth 21.

In the same (vill) a freeman Broder (held)
60 acres as a manor. Then as now 2 bordars.
Then as now on the demesne i plough. And
belonging to the men half a plough. And
I rouncey, 2 beasts, 7 swine, and 40 sheep.
Then as now worth 51.

Moreover in the same (vill) a freeman Godwin
(held) 30 acres and a half a plough. Worth 31.

In the same (vill) 2 freemen (held) 80 acres
of land and I bordar. Then as now i^

fol. 284*.

ploughs. Then as now worth 6s.

In GoRLESTUNA [Gorleston] 4 freemen (held)
1 carucate of land. Then 2^ ploughs, now 2.
Then worth 20;., now 16s.

In Gabbatuna [Gapton] a freeman Ulf (held)
60 acres as a manor, and i bordar. Then as
now I plough. Half an acre of meadow. And
I rouncey, 3 beasts, 6 swine, and 80 sheep.
Worth 5i.

In the same (vill) a freeman Achestan (held)
60 acres as a manor. Then as now half a
plough. One acre of meadow. And 4 beasts,
3 swine, and 30 sheep. Worth 41.

Moreover in the same (vill) a freeman Spottulf
(held) 40 acres and I bordar. Then as now i
plough. Wood(land) for 3 swine. One acre
•of meadow. Worth 45.

In the same (vill) a freeman Ulnoth (held)
30 acres. Worth 51.

In Aketorp [Akethorp'] a freeman, Ailmar
the priest, (held) 80 acres as a manor. Then as
now 3 bordars. On the demesne i plough.
And belonging to the men half a plough.
Wood(lan 1) for 5 swine. One acre of meadow.
And 3 swine, and 48 sheep. Worth los.

In Neutuna [Newton ^"J a freeman (held)
30 acres and half a plough. Worth 31.

In Fridetuna [Fritton] 2 freemen (held)
80 acres. Then 2 villeins. Now i bordar.
Then 2 ploughs, now i. Then i salt-pan.
Then as now worth 10;.

• Broceston or Browston, a hamlet in Belton.

• In Lowestoft ; Copinger, Suf. Rec.

'" Nevyton formerly stood eastward of Gorton. It
lias been destroyed by sea.

In the same (vill) a freeman Leuric (held)
30 acres. Then half a plough, now none.
Worth 3f.

In Beletuna [Belton] 3 freemen (held)
90 acres. Then 3 ploughs, now 1. Then as
now worth 10;.

In Herlingaflet [Herringfleet] a fi-eeman
Ulsi (held) I carucate of land as a manor. Then
as now 2 villeins. And I bordar. And then
on the demesne I plough, now none. Then
belonging to the men half a plough, now none.
Wood(land) for 12 swine. Then as now worth
4J.

All these men rendered T.R.E. 20s. to the
farm (of the manor) and afterwards in Roger
Bigot's time Aluric the reeve increased (crescebat)
(the sum) to loos. and in the time of H[ugh] de
Hosdena to 50//., as the men say.

LANDS OF EARL RALPH WHICH

GODRIC THE STEWARD KEEPS IN

SUFFOLK IN THE KING'S HAND

Hundret of Thewardestreu [Thedwastre]

In ToTESTOc [Tostock] the King has 36 free-
men, under commendation to Edith the Rich
T.R.E., belonging to Nortuna [Norton]. Among
the men i carucate of land. And then as now
5 ploughs. And 2 acres of meadow. Then as
now worth 13s. and ^d.

In ToRSTUNA [Thurston] (are) 14 freemen.
Out of them Saint Edmund had commendation
with all customs over 4 full men {integros) and
4 half men belonging to Nortuna [Norton].
But Earl Ralph held them when he made for-
feiture. Among them all half a carucate of land
and under them 3 bordars. I acre of meadow.
Then as now 2 ploughs. Then as now worth
bs. and id.

fol. 285.

HuNDRET OF TiNGOHOU [ThiNGOE]

In Saxam [Saxham "] (were) 6 freemen under
Edith the Rich by commendation T.R.E. , and
the soke was in Nortuna [Norton]. i carucate
of land, and 2 bordars, and 2 ploughs. Wood-
(land) for 2 swine. Then as now worth los.

Hundret of Stou [Stow]

In Fineburga [Finborough] 2 freemen under
commendation to Edith held 25 acres. They
are within the soke of the Hundred, and belong
to Nortune [Norton]. Then as now half a
plough. And the value is included in that of
Nortune [Norton].

" In Old Newton.

423

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In MenlessAM [Mendlesham] a freeman with
3 acres belonging to Tornei [Thorney]. And
(this) is worth 6<f. The soke and sac are in
the Hundred.

BOSEMERA [BoSMERE] HuNDRET

In Staham [Stonham] (are) 5 sokemen with
18 acres — and the soke (is) in the hundred of
BosEMERA [Bosmere] belonging to Melnesham
[Mendlesham]. Then as now I plough. Half
an acre of meadow. It is worth 4.S. To the
same have been added 3 freemen (with) 1 2 acres
w'lo now belong to Melnesham [Mendlesham],
I plough. Half an acre of meadow. It is
worth 31.

In Blacham [Blakenham] (were) 5 freemen
in the soke and commendation of Edith the Fair
{faire) with 60 acres. And they have been
dded (to the manor) in Norturna [Norton].
Then as now 2 ploughs. And 2 acres of mea-
low less I rood {virga). Then it was worth
1 25. and 4^., now 1 6s. and ^d.

In Langhedena [ ] (were)

3 freemen with 72 acres and ij ploughs and
3 acres of meadow. It was worth 1 2s. and ^.d.

In Offetuna [Offton] (were) 2 freemen and
50 acres. Then as now i plough. And then
it was worth 20s., now iii. and 4</. In the
church, however, (there are) 16 acres.

In Badelea [Badley] (is) a freeman with
30 acres. Then as now i plough. And 2^ acres
of meadow. Worth js. and 8d. And i soke-
man with 20 acres. Worth 45.

In Dermodesduna [Darmsden] (is) a freeman
with 60 acres as a manor. Then i plough.
3^- acres of meadow. Then i mill, and now.
Then it was worth i6j., now <)s. and ^.d.

In ScARVERSTONA [? Sharpstone "] (is) a free-
man with 2 acres. Worth 2d,

In EssA [Ashbocking] Alma, a freeman (held)
93 acres and 20 acres of pasture as a manor.
Then 3 bordars, now 6. Then as now i
plough. 3 acres of meadow. And half a
church with 16 acres. Then it was worth
30X., now 20s. and 6d. A church with
3 acres, worth 6d. Over all these Edith the
Fair had soke and commendation T.R.E. And
they render 4//. to the farm of Nortuna [Nor-
ton], and they were added in the time of Earl
Ralph.

Claindune [Claydon] Hundret

In Codenham [Coddenham] Almar a freeman
held 8 acres. Worth i6d. The soke is the
Kind's and the Earl's.

" In Barham ; see below, n. 140.

Perreham [Parham] Half Hundret

(At) Perreham [Parham] Thurmot held
2 carucates of land as a manor. Then as now
4 bordars. Then 2 serfs, afterwards and now i.
Then as now 2 ploughs on the demesne. And
I plough belonging to the men. 8 acres of
meadow. Then wood(land) for 20 swine, now
for 10. And then 50 swine, now 30. Then
as now 5 beasts. Then 24 sheep, now 38.
Then 50 goats, now 58. Then it was worth
lOOi., afterwards 7//., now io(//.) blanch money

fol. 285*.

and 201. by tale as a fine {de gersumma).

In the same (vill) 6 freemen (held) 24 acres.
Then as now half a plough. They are included
in the above valuation. Over the manor Thur-
mot had soke and over 3 freemen, and the Abbot
of Ely, over 3. It is 11 furlongs long and 6
broad. And (pays) 40^. in geld.

Hertasmera [Hartismere] Hundret

(At) Melnessam [Mendlesham] Burchart held
7 carucates and 42 acres of land as a manor.
Then 33 villeins afterwards 27, now 24. Then
as now 19 bordars. Then 3 ploughs on the
demesne, afterwards and now 2. Then
15^ ploughs belonging to the men, afterwards
and now 1 3. And 1 2 acres of meadow. Wood-
(land) for 1,000 swine, afterwards and now 800.
And 2 rounceys, 11 beasts, 90 swine, and 35
goats. And there was a berewick of 26 acres
and I bordar and i plough. A church with
40 acres and i plough. Then worth 25//.,
when Godric took it over 20A., now it renders
25//. blanch by tale (and) 40;. as a fine {de ger-
summa). It is I league and 6 furlongs long, and
I league broad. And (pays) Sd. in geld. Bur-
chard (had) the soke.

In CoTTUNA [Cotton] i8 freemen — over one,
Alwin by name, with 10 acres the Abbot had
half commendation ; — (they were) added to this
manor, (with) I carucate and 15 acres of land.
Then as now 3 ploughs. And i acre of meadow.
They were then worth ioj., now 6s. and Sd.y
and they are included in the above valuation.
The King and the Earl have the soke. It is
6 furlongs and 8 perches long, and 6 (furlongs)
broad. And (pays) I2d. in geld.

And the Hundred bears witness that in truth
the King and the Earl had soke and sac T.R.E. ;
but the men of that vill bear witness that Bur-
chard had soke in like manner over the freemen
as over his own villeins ; and they, have not any
testimony except themselves ; and yet they are
willing to prove it by any means [volunt probare
omni modo).

In WicCHAM [Wickham (Skeith)] 8 bordars
(have) 18 acres of the Melnessam [Mendlesham]
demesne and i plough. And 2 half freemen

4^24

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

and 2 whole (freemen) (have) 8 acres. And
this is included in the valuation of Melnessam
[Mendlesham].

In the same (vill) 6 freemen (have) 37^ acres.
Then as now i^ ploughs. They were then
worth 20s., now 12. And they are included in
the above valuation. The King and the Earl
have the soke.

In CoTTUNA [Cotton] a half freeman (has)
10 acres and half a plough. Wood(land) for
2 swine. And he is worth 201/., and is included
in the valuation of Meldesham [Mendlesham].

In Weringheseta [Wetheringsett] 2 half
freemen (held) 12 acres and half a plough, and
are worth 2j. (included) in the same valuation.

In the same (vill) 4 freemen (held) 33 acres
and I plough and 5 bordars, and render ^od. (in-
cluded) in the same valuation.

In Torn HAM [Thorn ham] a freeman (holds)
2 acres, worth ^.d.

In AcoLT [Occold] a freeman (holds) 33 acres
as a manor, and i plough and 2 bordars ; and a
freeman (holds) I acre. Wood(land) for 4 swine.
Then worth loi., now 15^. ; and he renders
51., (included) in the above valuation.

In WiuERTHESTUNA [Wyverstone] a freeman
under Burchard's commendation (held) 8 acres,
worth i6d.

In CoTTUNA [Cotton] 2 freewomen under
the same (Burchard's) commendation (held)
5 acres, worth 1 2d.

In the same (vill) a bordar under the same
(Burchard's) commendation (held) ij acres,
worth 3^.

In WiCHAM [Wickham (Skeith)], a berewick
which belongs to the demesne of Mundlesham
[Mendlesham], (are) 61 acres, and i acre of
meadow.

In Stoches [Stoke (Ash)] 4 freemen under
Burchard's commendation (held) 8 acres, (and)
half an acre of meadow. Worth 2s. ^d.

In GisLiNGHAM [Gislingham] a freeman
(holds) an acre, worth 2d.

All this is included in the valuation of Mun-
lesham [Mendlesham].

Blackbruna [Blackbourn] Hundret

At NocTURNA [Norton] Edith a certain free-
woman held T.R.E. as a manor 4 carucates of
land. Then as now 9 villeins, and 2 1 bordars and
serfs. And 2 ploughs on the demesne. And 5
ploughs belonging to the men. Wood(land) for
150 swine. 8 acres of meadow. Then as now
2 rounceys, 10 beasts, 50 swine, 100 sheep, and
I

30 goats. And 34 sokemen (held) 2 carucates
of land. Then as now 10 ploughs. And
2 acres of meadow. Then worth io/«., after-
wards I5(//.) and lOi., now 16//. blanch.
A church with 30 acres. It is I league long
and 8 furlongs broad. And (pays) i^^d. in
geld.

This manor belonged to the demesne of the
Abbot of Saint Edmund ; and Edith held it by
an arrangement {accommodationem) with the Abbot,
the agreement being such that after her death
the Abbot was to have it back, and so (? she) held
the manor on the day on which King Edward
died.

(At) HuNTERSTUNA [Hunston], 7 freemen — of
these Edith had commendation T.R.E. (They
held) half a carucate of land. Then as now

1 plough. Worth 6f.

RiSEBRUGE [RiSBRIDGE] HuNDRET

In Tritlawa [Thurlovir "] the same (Edith)
held T.R.E. 7 carucates of land. Then as now
16 villeins. Then 6 bordars, now 9. And

2 serfs. Then as now 3 ploughs on the demesne,
and 7 ploughs belonging to the men. 1 8 acres
of meadow. Wood(land) for 80 swine. Then
as now 10 beasts, 36 swine, 46 sheep and
33 goats. A church with 32 acres of free land
and half a plough. And 5 freemen (held)
I carucate of land. And 2 bordars. And

3 ploughs. And 3 acres of meadow. Then
the manor was worth 9//., now 16//. And the
freemen 20s. and 20x. as a fine {de gersuma) by
tale. It is I league long, and 7 furlongs and
10 perches broad. And (pays) (3d. in geld.

In CiLEBURNA [Chilbourne "] a sokeman (held)
30 acres. And i bordar. And i plough. And
6 acres of meadow. Then worth ioj., now 20s.

Bissopes [Bishop's] Hundret

In Weibrada [Wey bread] (are) i^ bordars with
•J\ acres of land and half an acre of meadow.
Wood(land) for 6 swine. And half a plough.
And this is included in the valuation of Raden-
hala [Redenhall"]. The soke is in Hoxa
[Hoxne].

LosA [LoEs] Hundret

In Marlesforda [Marlesford] 6 freemen
under commendation to Turmod of Perham
[Parham] (held) 25 acres cf land. Then as now
half a plough.

fol. 286Z..

And in Hecestuna [Hacheston] 3 freemen
under the said Turmod's commendation (held)

" Formerly « Thrillowe '
" In Barnardiston.

425

Feud. Aids, V, 45.
" In Norfolk.

54

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

19} acres and half a plough and 1^ acresof mea-
dow ; and they are included in the valuation
of Perham [Parham] ; and in Merlesforda
[Marlesford] (there are) 35 acres on the demesne.
A church with 16 acres, worth 2 ores. It is i
league long, and 4 furlongs broad. And in geld
(pays) 15^.

In CoDETUNA [Cotton] 3 freemen under
Burchard's commendation T.R.E. (held) 8 acres.
Then as now half a plough. Wood(land) for
2 swine. Half an acre of meadow. And they
are worth 2s. The King and the Earl have
the soke. A church (with) 1 1 acres, worth 2s.

LAND OF THE KING WHICH PETER
DE VALOIGNES HAS IN CHARGE

Sanfort [Samford] Hundret and a Half

(At) Herchesteda [Harkstead] Harold held
T.R.E. 5 carucates of land, as a berewick of
Brictesceseia [Brightlingsea], in the county of
Essex. Then 21 villeins, afterwards and now
8. Then as now 1 3 bordars. Then 4 serfs,
then as now 2 ploughs on the demesne. Then
8 ploughs of the men, afterwards 2, now I ; and
4 acres of meadow. A church. Then as now
I rouncey, 3 beasts, 7 swine, and 12 sheep. Then
and afterwards it was worth 6/;. by tale, now
6//'. by weight and 30J. by tale. It is 12J fur-
longs in length and 12 in breadth, and (pays)
3oi. in geld.

LAND OF THE MOTHER OF EARL
MORCHAR WHICH WILLIAM THE
CHAMBERLAIN AND OTHO THE
GOLDSMITH KEEP IN THE KING'S
HAND

TiNGOHU [Thingoe] Hundret

(At) Sutberie [Sudbury] Earl Morchar's
mother held T.R.E., now King William holds in
demesne, 3 carucates of land. Then i villein,
now 2. And 63 burgesses attached to the hall
{ha/le manentes). Then 6 serfs, now 2. Then
as now 3 ploughs on the demesne, and 55 bur-
gesses on the demesne, and 2 carucates of land.
Among them all (were) 4 ploughs. (There is)
a Church of St. Gregory with {de) 50 acres of
free land, as the Hundred witnesses. And 25 acres
of meadow. And i mill. And 2 horses on the
demesne of the hall. And 17 beasts, 24 swine,
and 1 00 sheep. And 9 acres of meadow belong-
ing to the burgesses. And i market. And
therein are moneyers. Then worth 18//.,
afterwards and now 28(//.) by tale. It is 4 fur-
longs long, and 3 broad. And pays 5^. in geld.
The soke is in the same vill.

Babenberga [Babergh] Two Hundrets

Cornierda [Cornard] the mother of Earl
Morchar held T.R.E. as a manor, 3 carucates
of land. Then 8 villeins, now 10. Then 9
bordars, now 25. Then 8 serfs, now 9.
Then and afterwards 3 ploughs on the
demesne, now i . Then 8 ploughs belonging to
the men, afterwards and now 10. One mill and
14 acres of meadow. Wood(Iand) for 10 swine.
A church without land. Then as now 4 horses
at the hall, and 1 8 beasts, and 80 swine. Then
as now 363 sheep.

fol. 287.

In Grotena [Groton] 4 sokemen belonging
to this manor (of Cornard held) 100 acres of
land and 3 bordars. Among them all (was)
I plough. The whole then was worth lo/i.,
afterwards and now 261. and id. by tale. It is
6 furlongs and 3 perches long, and 4J furlongs
and 4 perches broad. And (pays) 10^^. in geld.
The soke (is) in the same vill.

LAND OF THE KING WHICH ALURIC
WANZ HATH IN CHARGE

Sanfort [Samford] Hundret and a Half

(At) Bercolt [Bergholt] Harold held T.R.E.
13 carucates of land as a manor. Then 42 vil-
leins, now 43. Then 5 bordars, now 22. Then
6 serfs, now 4. Then and afterwards 3
ploughs on the demesne, now 2. Then 20
ploughs of the men, afterwards and now 10.
12 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 1,000
swine. Then as now i mill. Then as now
I horse, 10 beasts, 29 swine, 85 sheep, and 26
goats. To this manor belongs i berewick,
Sceueleia [Shelley] (having) 2 carucates of
land T.R.E. Then 10 villeins, afterwards and
now 6. Then 7 bordars. Then 4 serfs, now
2. Then 2 ploughs on the demesne, afterwards
and now i . Then 8 ploughs of the men, after-
wards and now 4 ; 16 acres of meadow, and
I mill, then as now I rouncey, 4 beasts, 7 swine,
and 23 sheep.

Benteleia [Bentley] Earl Guert held T.R.E.
Afterwards Earl Ralph the Staller [Stalra) joined
it to this manor in King William's time as a
berewick with 2 carucates of land. Then 19 vil-
leins, now 13. Then as now 3 bordars. Then
4 serfs. Then 2 ploughs on the demesne, after-
wards and now i. Then 8 ploughs of the men,
afterwards and now i ; and 8 (more) ploughs
might be furnished [restaurart), taking demesne
and villeins together. 8 acres of meadow. Wood-
(land) for 12 swine. And 8 beasts, 7 swine,
42 sheep, and half a park (dimidius parens). It is
worth td.

4.26

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

(At) ScoTELEiA [Shotley] Earl Guert held
2^ carucates of land, and i acre, worth 2 J.
as a manor T.R.E. Then I2 villeins, now 6 ;
and then as now 2 bordars ; and then 4 serfs,
now I . Then 2 ploughs on the demesne, after-
wards and now i. Then 4 ploughs of the men,
afterwards and now i ; and 4 ploughs (more)
might be furnished, and 4 acres of meadow, and
I rouncey and 40 sheep.

To this manor belonged T.R.E. 210 soke-
men. Now there are but 119, and they have
22^ carucates of land less 30 acres, and 42 bor-
dars. Then 29 ploughs, now 27. And 24^ acres
of meadow. Two churches with 62 acres. Of
the men who have remained upon this manor,
Harold had not even commendation T.R.E. ex-
cept of four — Ulnod, Estmunt, Aluric, Wistric
— and Guert, Harold's brother, had commenda-
tion of two — Man and Alviet. All the others
were in commendation to other barons T.R.E.

fol. 287^.

Of I Malet's predecessor had commendation,
and Robert, son of Wimarc, of 4. But Harold
always had soke over the aforesaid manor of
Bercolt [Bergholt], to wit, with that which be-
longed to it, and with soke of the Hundred and
a half (of Samford). It rendered T.R.E. 24//",
And Guert's 2 manors aforesaid, which were
added to this farm, then rendered 9//. And when
Robert Malet had it the whole together rendered
60//. by weight, and 8//'. by tale as a fine [de ger-
summa) and the same amount the manor rendered
to Roger Bigot as the reeve himself says.
But Roger says that it rendered 40J. more
by tale and one mark of gold. But Alu-
ric the reeve contradicts (him) and Roger is
willing to prove (his saying) by those men who
were present at his agreements. The said
Aluric now renders 60//. by weight, and he
so holds of the King by such agreement that
he is bound to make the King (payment of)
60//. out of the profit, and of this he vouches
the King to warrant. So he says himself ; and
he says too that this does not hold good {non re-
manet) in that he does not make that profit.

Bercolt [Bergholt] in all is i league and
2 furlongs in length and i league in breadth, and
(pays) id. in geld. And Sceueleia [Shelley] 8
furlongs in length and 3 in breadth, and (pays)
415^. in geld. And Benetleia [Bentley] i league
in length and 3 furlongs in breadth, and (pays)
Sd. in geld. And Scoteleia [Shotley] 12\ fur-
longs in length and 12 in breadth, and (pays)
30^. in geld.

Aubrey de Vere holds i sokeman of Bergholt,
having 4 acres, and worth i2d. ; and he holds
him as of Aldeham [Aldham].

Those freemen who T.R.E. belonged to the
soke of Bercolt [Bergholt] each gave freely

{gratis) to the reeve annually a gratuity of 4</.
only, and rendered soke as the law required [fere-
bat), and when Roger Bigot first had the shriev-
alty his ministers ordered that they should
render 15//". annually, which they did not do
T.R.E. And when Robert Malet had the
shrievalty his ministers increased them to 2o//.
And when Roger Bigot had them again in like
manner they gave 20//., and now Aluric Wansi
holds them by the like custom as T.R.E.

Canappetuna [ ] is 5 furlongs

in length and 2 in breadth and pays 6^</. in geld.
And Cetessam [Chattisham] is 8^ furlongs in
length and 6 in breadth, and (pays) bi^d. in geld.

fol. 288.

LANDS OF STIGAND WHICH WIL-
LIAM DE NOERS KEEPS IN THE
KING'S HAND

Blidinga [Blything] Hundret

In Bramtuna [Brampton] a freeman Thurs-
tan held T.R.E. 20 acres under commendation
to Stigand. Then as now 2 bordars. Then
I plough, now half a plough. And half an acre
of meadow. Wood(land) for 3 swine and 1
rouncey, 2 swine, and 12 sheep. Then as
now it was worth 45. (There was) besides
I freeman under him with 2 acres of land,
worth bd.

In NoRTHALS [North Hales]^' (were) 2 freemen
under Stigand with 32 acres. Then as now
I plough. It was worth 4;.

This all belongs to Bongeia [Bungay], The
soke (belonged) to Stigand.

(Half) Hundret of Cosforda [Cosford]

In Lafham [Layham] a sokeman (held) 4
acres. Worth i2d.

Wanneforda [Wangford] Hundret

At Bongeia [Bungay] Stigand held T.R.E.
9 carucates of land as a manor. Then as now
20 villeins, and 1 6 bordars. Then 6 serfs, now
3. Then on the demesne 3 ploughs, now 2.
Then as now belonging to the men 12^ ploughs.
29 acres of meadow. 2^ mills. Wood(land)
for 100 swine. Then as now 2 rounceys, 4
beasts, 3 swine, 9 sheep, and 60 goats, i church
with 5 acres. Then worth 100^., now it renders
12//.

In the same (vill) a freeman Ulmar under
Stigand's commendation (held) i carucate of
land as a manor. Then as now 3 villeins.
And 6 bordars. Then as now on the demesne

'• Covehithe.

427

A HISTORY OF' SUFFOLK

1 plough. And belonging to the men I plough.
Wood(land) for 20 swine. 2 acres of meadow.
And 4 rounceys, 3 beasts, 6 swine, 20 sheep, and
16 goats. And under him a freeman (held) I
acre. Then as now worth 20s., but it renders
13X. as farm [ad firmam).

Moreover in the same (vill) a freeman Al-
win under the same (Stigand's) commendation
(held) I carucate of land as a manor T.R.E. ; 6
villeins, and 8 bordars. And l plough on the
demesne. And 2 ploughs belonging to the men.
Wood(land) for 10 swine. 4 acres of meadow.
4 rounceys, 1 5 swine, and 1 3 sheep. Then worth
20s. And 6 freemen (held) 14 acres and i
plough. Then worth 4/. And since [postquam)
King William came into this country 2 brothers
have shared {habent partiti) (this land). One of
them Ulsi is in hand under the King ; Uluric
is in the hands of Earl Hugh ; and this Ulsi
has 60 acres and 2 villeins and 4 bordars. And
4^ freemen (have) 10 acres, I plough in demesne,
and to the men belongs i plough. And (there
are) 2 acres of meadow. And wood(land) for 6
swine. Now this, the King's part, is worth 18;.
and 8(^., but it renders 1 41. and \d.

In BuRGHEA [Bungay] Godric a freeman
(held) 30 acres as a manor ; and i bordar and I
plough and 2 acres of meadow. Then worth 8i.,
now I OS. ; and it renders Si. worth of farm.

fol. 288A.

In the same (vill) Pat a freeman held T.R.E.
60 acres as a manor. Now 2 freemen Houart
and Ulsi hold it. Then as now 8 villeins.
Then 8 bordars, now 4. Then 4 serfs, now 2.
Then as now 2 ploughs on the demesne. And

2 ploughs belonging to the men. Wood(land)
for 12 swine. And 2 acres of meadow. Then
as now 4 rounceys. Then 6 beasts, now 8.
And 12 swine. Then 30 sheep, now 100.
Then worth 20f., now 30X. ; and they render of
farm i6j. A church with 12 acres, worth 2s.
To this manor belong 2 half freemen and one
whole freeman with 1 6 acres. Then as now 1
plough. Worth 3J.

In the same (vill) Alfger a freeman (held) 30
acres as a manor T.R.E., now Edric holds (it).
Then as now 2 villeins, and 2 bordars, and 2
serfs. And I plough on the demesne. And I
plough belonging to the men. And wood(land)
for 1 6 swine. And 2 acres of meadow. Worth
8f. and renders as much of farm.

Furthermore in the same (vill) 2 freemen
held 7 acres worth i2d. A church with 8 acres
worth \2d. In the same (vill) 15 freemen
under Stigand's commendation (held) 80 acres,
and 3 bordars. Then and now 4 ploughs. 3
acres of meadow. Then worth 1 31., now they
render 20;. A church with 30 acres, worth y.
It is 2 leagues long, and I (league) and 8 furlongs
broad. And (pays) $s. in geld.

In ScADENAFELLA [Shadingfield] a freeman
under the same (Stigand's) commendation (held)
30 acres as a manor and 4 bordars. Then as
now I plough. And the bordars (have) half a
plough. Wood(land) for 6 swine. I acre of
meadow. Then worth I Ox., the like now.

In Westuna [Weston] 2\ freemen under
Stigand's commendation (held) 12 acres and i
plough. Worth 2s. A church with 20 acres
worth 35.

BissoPEs [Bishop's] Hundret

In Deham [ Denham] a freeman under com-
mendation (held) 30 acres, and I bordar. Then
as now I plough. And half an acre of meadow.
Wood(land) for 3 swine. Worth bs. The soke
is in Hoxa [Hoxne].

Lacforde [Lackford] Hundret

King Edward gave Mitdenehalla [Milden-
hall] to Saint Edmund, and afterwards Stigand
held under Saint Edmund in the lifetime of King
Edward 1 2 carucates of land as a manor. Then
and afterwards 30 villeins, now 33. Then 8
bordars, afterwards and now 15. Then as now
1 6 serfs. Then as now 6 ploughs on the demesne.
And 8 ploughs belonging to the men. And 20
acres of meadow. A church with 40 acres.
And I mill. And 3^ fisheries. 3 1 forest mares
{eque silvatice), 37 beasts, and 60 swine, and 1,000
sheep. And 8 sokemen with 30 acres. Then
as now half a plough. To this (manor) belongs
one berewick Ecclingaham [Icklingham] with 6
carucates of land. Then 6 villeins, now 4.
Then 7 bordars, now 5, Then as now 8 serfs.
And then as now 3 ploughs on the demesne.
Then 4 ploughs belonging to the men, after-

fol. 289.

wards and now 2. And i mill. A church with
24 acres. 2 rounceys, 3 beasts, 4 swine, 500
sheep. And therein was I sokeman with 30
acres. Then as now i plough. Then and
afterwards the whole was worth 40//'., now 70/;.
by tale. This vill is i league long, and i league
broad. And (pays) ii\d. in geld. And several
persons hold (land) therein. And the aforesaid
berewick is 2^ leagues long, and as much broad.
And in geld (pays) ii^i^.

Half Hundret of Gipeswid [Ipswich]

In the borough of Gipeuuid [Ipswich] Stigand
had 2 burgesses T.R.E. with soke and sac. And
the King used to have the customs. Now they
are dead. And the King has the customs and
soke and sac.

Claindune [Claydon] Hundret

In AcREHAM [Akenham] i sokeman under
Stigand (held) 30 acres Then i plough, now

428

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

half a plough. And i bordar. And I acre of
meadow. Worth 51.

Sanfort [Samford] Hundret

HiNTLESHAM [Hintlesham] Stigand held
T.R.E. as a manor, and for 10 carucates and 40
acres of land. Then as now 25 villeins and 17
bordars and 2 ploughs on the demesne. Then
1 6 ploughs belonging to the men, afterwards and
now 12. 10 acres of meadow. Wood(land)
for 30 swine. Then as now I mill and i^
churches with 35 acres of free land. Then 2
rounceys, now i, 8 beasts, 30 swine, 200 sheep.
Then worth 10//'., now 22(/;.) by weight. It is
I league and 2 furlongs in length, and I league
in breadth, and (pays) i^z^- in geld.

In the same (vill are) 8 sokemen, with i caru-
cate and 70 acres of land. Then as now i
villein, and 3 bordars and 4 ploughs. 3 acres of
meadow and i salt-pan. The whole is included
in the above price. Stigand had soke and
sac,

Stigand held Branfort [Bramford] T.R.E,
as a manor and as 10 carucatesof land. Then as
now 28 villeins and 7 bordars. Then 4 serfs,
now 2. Then as now 3 ploughs in demesne.

fol. 289A.

Then 13 ploughs belonging to the men. After-
wards and now 10, 22 acres of meadow. I
mill. A church (having) 30 acres of free land.
6 rounceys, 24 beasts, 20 swine, 90 sheep. Then
worth 10//., now 22//. by weight. It is I league
in length and 10 furlongs in breadth, and (pays)
I3^(/. in geld.

In the same (vill) 3 sokemen (hold) 9^ acres.
Then I plough, now 2 oxen. This is included
in the same valuation. Stigand (had) soke and
sac.

In the same (vill) Brun a freeman (held) by
commendation 30 acres for a manor, now 2
villeins and 2 bordars. Then i plough, now
half a plough. And it is worth 51. included in
the same valuation. Harold had soke in Bergholt,
and this was added in the time of Bishop
Arfast.

LANDS OF THE KING BELONGING

TO THE KINGDOM OF WHICH

PICOT HAS CHARGE

TiNCHOu [Thingoe] Hundret

King Edward held Baro [Barrow] as a manor
and as 7 carucates of land. Then 6 villeins, now
15. Then 4 bordars, now 10. Then 2 serfs,
now I. Then 2 ploughs on the demesne, now
3. Then 5 ploughs belonging to the men, now
14. Wood(land) for 8 swine. 3 acres of mea-
dow, I mill. A church with 1 7 acres of free

land. Then 16 swine, now 40, Now too
sheep, and 60 goats. And i sokeman with 30
acres. Then as now i plough. The whole was
then worth 10//'., now 20(/:'.) by weight. It is I
league lorig, and 8 furlongs broad. And pays jd.
geld.

RiSEBRUGB [RiSBRIDGE] HuNDRET

Algar held Bademondesfelda [Badmondis-
field in Wickhambrook] T.R.E. as a manor and
as 10 carucates of land. Then and afterwards
18 villeins, now 14. Then as now 14 bordars,
and 4 serfs. And 5 ploughs on the demesne.
And 10 ploughs belonging to the men. 7 acres
of meadow. Wood (land) for 60 swine. 2
rounceys, 7 beasts, 88 swine, 24 sheep, and 25
goats. A church with lojf acres of free land.
And there were 12 freemen with 2 J carucates of
land. Algar (had) the soke and commendation ;
and they did not render payment (««ittOT) T.R.E.
Then and afterwards 3^ ploughs, now 2^
ploughs. Nine acres of meadow. The manor
was then worth 7//'., now 10//. And the freemen
render 4.0s. It is 12 furlongs long, and 8 broad.
And pays 13^^. in geld.

fol. 290.

OF THIS ROGER BIGOT HAS CHARGE
IN THE KING'S HAND

From the half hundred and from the borough
of Gepeswiz [Ipswich] T.R.E. Queen Edith
had two-thirds and Earl Gurth one-third. The
Queen also had in her demesne a grange to
which T.R.E. belonged 4 carucates of land, and
the like now. Of this land 12 freemen dwelling
upon other land of their own now as then hold
80 acres (bound) to (do) service and (render) cus-
tom to the King. And there are 10 other men,
bordars, who have not land of their own, but
dwell upon 86 acres of the aforesaid land.
Furthermore to the demesne of the aforesaid
grange belong 2 burgesses who render to the
King 6d. by way of custom. And (there were)
then 2 ploughs on the demesne, and the like
afterwards, now I. Then 3 beasts, now 8.
Then 2 rounceys, now I . Then 1 4 goats, now
7. Then 40 sheep, now 13. And the villeins
now as then have 6 ploughs. This land is
8 furlongs in length, and the like in breadth.
And it renders nothingto the King's geld.

In the borough there were T.R.E. 538 bur-
gesses rendering custom to the King, and they
had 40 acres of land. But now there are no
burgesses who render custom, and 100 poor
burgesses who cannot render to the King's geld
but one penny a head {de suis capitibus). And
among the whole of them in like manner they
have 40 acres of land. And 328 burgages
{mansiones) within the borough lie waste, which

429

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

T.R.E. used to pay scot towards the King's
geld.

In the same borough Alnulf the priest has a
church, Holy Trinity, to which belong 26 acres

fol. 290*.

in alms. And one Culling a burgess has a
church, St. Mary's, with 26 acres. Tumbi
a church, St. Mary's, with 2 acres. Lestan
the priest a church, St. Augustine's, with II
acres. Ulwin the priest a church, St. Michael's,
with 8 acres. In Turuestuna [Thurlston] in
Claindune [Claydon] Hundred, Godric (has) a
church, St. Botulf's, with i acre. Turchil and
Edric have held {tenent) a church, St. Lawrence's,
with 12 acres, half a year last St. John's Day
[ad festum Set. Johis. fuit dlmidius annus). One
Lefflett a freewoman held this church T.R.E.,
which Count Alan claims as having belonged to
the fee of Earl Ralph, and vouches Ivo Taille-
bois as having made the livery. But Turchil
and Edric vouch to warrant Roger the Sheriff
saying that through him they had this church,
and Roger stands to them as such warrant as any
sheriff could rightfully be T.R.E. Ascer i
church, St. Peter's, with i acre. Godric a
church, St. Stephen's, with I acre.

All this rendered T.R.E. 15//. and 6sextars of
honey, and 4$. towards the custom of honey, and
8j. to the prebendaries. And Roger the Sheriff
gave the whole to farm for 40//. (payable) at the
feast of St. Michael. Afterwards he could not
have (this) rent, and of it he excused [condonavit)
60s. It now renders 37//. And the moneyers
used to render annually T.R.E. 4//. for the
mint. Now they ought to render 20//'. But
for four years they have rendered only 27//. And
the Earl now as then has the third part.

fol. 291.

II. LANDS OF ROBERT COUNT OF
MORTAIN IN SUFFOLK

Thewardestreu [Thedwastre] Hundret

In Rengestuna " [Drinkstone] a freeman
under Saint Etheldreda by commendation, in Saint
Edmund's soke (held) i carucate of land. And
8 bordars. Then 2 serfs, now i. Then as
now i^ ploughs. And 4 acres of meadow.
Worth 16s.

In Rachestdena" [Rattlesden] a freeman
under commendation to and in the soke of Saint
Etheldreda (held) i carucate of land. And i bor-
dar. And then as now i plough. Worth los.

In Bradefella [Bradfield] a freeman under
commendation to Bishop Aylmer, in Saint Ed-

" ' Drincestona ' ; Inj. El. I42.
" ' Ratesdena ' ; ibid.

mund's soke (held) 20 acres of land. Then half
a plough, now i ox. Worth 2s.

In Telueteham [Welnetham] a freeman
under commendation to Bishop Aylmer in Saint
Edmund's soke (held) 40 acres of land. Then
I plough, now 2 oxen. Then worth los.y
now 20J.

In Stanfella [Stanningfield] a freeman under
commendation to Bishop Aylmer in Saint Ed-
mund's soke (held) 60 acres of land. Then

1 plough, now half a plough. Then worth
lOi., now 30;. ; but it scarcely returns (so much).
All this was delivered to Count Brien, predecessor
of Count Robert as 2 carucates and 40 acres of
land.

Stou [Stow] Hundret

Cambas [Combs] Ulnoth, a freeman, held
under King Edward as 2 carucates of land.
Then and afterwards as now 12 villeins 8 bor-
dars. Then and afterwards 6 serfs, now 2.
Then as now 3 ploughs on the demesne. Then
5, afterwards 3 ploughs belonging to the men, now
I. Then and now 2 mills. Wood(land) for
16 swine. And 12 acres of meadow. Then
as now 2 horses. Then as now 24 beasts and
1 6 swine. Then as now 121 sheep and 60 goats.
Therein are 50 freemen of the same Ulnoth,
and they have i mill, afterwards under Brien
predecessor of Count Robert as to commendation
only, (and) in the King's soke. And under
them are 7 bordars, and they have among them
all 8 carucates of land. Then 16 ploughs,
and afterwards and now 8. But T.R.E.
there were 62 freemen. Then and afterwards
the manor of Cambas [Combs] was worth i oU. ;
now it renders 16/;'., but can scarce yield that
rent. And these 50 freemen were worth then
and afterwards 16//., now 31//'. But they can-
not endure it {suff'erri) without ruin [confusioni).
After Count Brien the predecessor of Robert
acquired this manor, it rendered no customary
dues in the Hundred. Cambas [Combs] is

2 leagues long and I broad. And (pays) 37|</.
in geld. Hugh de Montfort holds half a mill.
And it belonged to a freeman (holding) of this
manor in Brien's time. And he (Hugh) claims
(it by) livery (liberatorem) as to the fee of his pre-
decessor. But by the witness of the Hundred it
never (so) belonged.

Anuhus [Onehouse] Withmer held it under
King Edward as i carucate of land. Then

3 bordars, afterwards and now 6. Then and
afterwards 2 serfs, now none. Then as now
I plough on the demesne. And 4 acres of mea-
dow. And 2 sokemen with 3 acres of land.
But they could sell (their land) without licence.
In the same (vill) a freeman held 9 acres,
whom Nigel held under Count Robert, but
Frodo was seised before him, and claims livery

430

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

{Itbtratorem), but the Hundred knows not (the
rights of it). The entire holding was then and
now worth 20*. And it was in the King's soke.
After Brien acquired it, it rendered no customary
dues in the Hundred.

fol. 29 li.

One Nigel, a sergeant of Count Robert, seized
(invasit) 1 1 acres of land belonging to Stou [Stow]
Church and added them to the manor of Cambas
[Combs]. But he is dead, and there is none to
make answer thereupon. And the Hundred
testifies that they were alms lands belonging to
the Church. And 12 sokemen in Cambas
[Combs] used to be parishioners in Stou [Stow]
Church, but now they are in Cambas [Combs]
Church. The same Nigel took them from
Stow.

In Cratingh [Creeting (St, Peter ?)] Ulnoht
a freeman under King Edward, Brien's prede-
cessor, held I carucate of land. Then as now
2 villeins. Then as now i plough on the
demesne, and half a plough belonging to the
men. And 4 acres of meadow. And 7 beasts
and 12 swine. Worth then as now 20s. This
land St. Mary of Grestein holds of Count Robert
with soke and sac.

BOSEMERA [BoSMERE] HuNDRET

At Cratingas [Creeting (St. Olave)] Ulnod a
freeman T.R.E. held 2 carucates of land as a
manor T.R.E. and the Count gave them to Saint
Mary (of Grestein). Then as now 6 villeins and
5 bordars and 4 serfs. And i plough on the de-
mesne. Then 3 ploughs belonging to the men,
now i^ ploughs. 7 acres of meadow. Wood-
(land) for 24 swine. And 5 beasts, and 1 6 swine.
Then as now it was worth 60s. And 12^ free-
men have been added in King William's time
with 58 acres. Then 4 ploughs, now 2^,
Worth II*. and ^d. And (it is) i league
long and half (a league) broad. And (pays) 10^.
in geld. Others have holdings therein. The
King and the Earl have the soke. To this
manor belongs half a mill which Hardwin the
Count's brother took away from it in King Wil-
liam's time.

In RiNGHESEHLA [Ringshall] the Count holds
in demesne a manor of 30 acres which Ulmar
a freeman held. Then 2 bordars. 2 acres of
meadow. The 12th part of a church in
BoTESFORT [Battisford]. Then i plough and
the like now. Worth 10*.

In the same (vill) a freeman Boti (held) 4 acres.
Worth nod. The King and the Earl (have)
the soke.

Claindune [Claydon] Hundret

In Helmingheham [Helmingham] the Count
holds in demesne a manor of 30 acres. Anant

(holds it). Worth I2f. In the same were
3 freemen, with 3 acres. To the church (be-
longed) I acre. Included in the above valuation.
Anant, a freeman, held this manor. The King
and the Earl (have) the soke.

Half Hundret of Cosfort [Cosford]

Bretham [Brettenham] the Count holds in
demesne as a manor and as 4 carucates of land,
and Ulnod held it T.R.E. Then as now 4 vil-
leins and 9 bordars. Then 4 serfs, now 2.
Then 2 ploughs on the demesne, and 2 ploughs
belonging to the men, and 5 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 4 swine. A church with 24
acres. Then as now i rouncey, and 3 beasts,
and now 4 swine. Then it was worth 60*.,
now 1 00*.

In the same (vill were) 5 freemen with 32
acres whom Brien added (to it). Then as now
half a plough and half an acre of meadow. Worth
5*. and 4^. It is 12 furlongs long, and 6 broad.
And (pays) lod. in geld.

fol. 292.

AscE [Ash (Street) ^*] the Count holds in de-
mesne as a manor and as i|- carucates of land, and
a freewoman held it T.R.E. And 5 bordars.
Then 2 ploughs, and 6 acres of meadow,
and I mill. Worth 40*. It is half a league
long, and 3 furlongs broad. And (pays) i^d. in
geld.

In GowATEFELDA [Whatfield] a freeman (held)
15 acres, worth 40^. Saint Edmund (has)
the soke.

Hundret of Colenesse [Colneis]

In BuKELESHAM [Bucklesham] 30 freemen
under commendation to Harold T.R.E. held

carucates of land. Then as now 2 bordars.
And then among them 5 ploughs, now 4.
2 acres of meadow. A church with 8 acres and
2 bordars. (There were) moreover 2 freemen
under commendation to Saint Etheldreda T.R.E.,
Edric and Uluric, with 18 acres ^' and half a
plough. Then it was worth 60*., now 4//.
And this Eudo son of Nigel holds of the
Earl. It is 8 furlongs long, and 4 broad. And
(pays) 1 2d. in geld. Others hold (lands) therein.

In Morestuna [Morston *] there were 5 free-
men, Godwin the man of Aluric the priest,
and Wlfere and Brihtric, the men of Roger
Bigot's predecessor, and Ulwin the man of Robert
Malet's predecessor, and Godric the man of
Godeman the predecessor of Roger Bigot, with
50 acres. Then i^ ploughs. Now i^ acres of
meadow. Then it was worth 10;., now 17*.

" In Whatfield.
~ In Trimley.

*• ' 14 acres' ; /»f. £/. 144.

431

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In ToRP [Thoqje"''] a freeman Bnimer,
Robert Malet's predecessor, had by commenda-
tion 10 acres. Then as now half a plough.
Then it was worth 2s. and id., now 40^.

In Alteinestuna [Alteston ^'] were a free-
man under commendation to Harold T.R.E.
and moreover 2 fireemen in the same (vill)
Leveston and Goodwin under commendation to
Norman T.R.E. with 48 acres of land. Then
i^ ploughs, now I.
now 15J.

And then it was worth 8i.,

In Grimestuna [Grimston HalP""] were
2 freemen, Aluric under commendation to
Harold and Brithnoth under commendation to
Robert Malet's predecessor, with 14 acres of
land. Then as now half a plough. Then it
was worth 40^., now 51. less ^d. Saint Etheldreda
(has) the soke. The said Eudo holds all this.

fol. 292^.

m. LANDS OF COUNT ALAN

RiSEBRUGE [RiSBRIDGE] HuNDRET

The thegn Manni the Swarthy [Mannius
Suart) held Culinge [Cowlinge] T.R.E. as a
manor, and as 9 carucates of land. The Count
now holds it in demesne. Then as now 19 vil-
leins and 16 bordars. Then 6 serfs, now 3.
Then 2^ ploughs on the demesne, now 3. Then
9 ploughs belonging to the men, afterwards and
now 6. 60 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for
60 swine. A church with 50 acres and half a
plough. Then as now 7 beasts, and 40 swine,
and 40 sheep, and 40 goats. Then worth 9//'.,
now 20//. It is I league long, and 8 furlongs
broad. " And (pays) I2^d. in geld.

In the same (vill) a freeman under King Ed-
ward (held) 140 acres and i bordar, and I plough.
Worth I ox. All this Earl Ralph held.

In the same Hundred were 9 acres and I vil-
lein. Included in the valuation of Westuna
(a manor) of Grentebruge [Weston in Cam-
bridgeshire].

Brademere [Bradmere] Hundret

In Ston [Stone (Street) "] are 60 acres. And
3 bordars. Then i plough, now half a plough.
And (this) is included in the valuation of Ra[m]-
burc [Rumburgh]. Saint Edmund (has) the
soke.

Blidinga [BlythingJ Hundret

Manni the Swarthy held Bu[m]felda [Bram-
field] T.R.E. as a manor and as 7 carucates

"" In Trimley.

" Alteston parish was united with Trimley in
1362 ; Copinger, Suff. Rec.
" In Rumburgh.

of land — now the Count holds it in demesne.
Then 24 villeins, afterwards and now 35. Then
5 bordars, afterwards and now 7. Then 4 serfs,
afterwards I, now none. Then 4 ploughs, after-
wards 3, now 4. Then as now 10 ploughs
belonging to the men. Wood(land) for 300
swine. 7 acres of meadow. Then I rouncey.
Then as now 8 beasts, and 24 swine, and 30 goats.
Then it was worth 8//. The King and the Earl
(have) the soke. Afterwards (worth) 16//'., now
15//. and 135. and i^d. It is I league long, and
another broad. And (pays) 3f^. in geld. A
church with 28 acres of free land and half a
plough, worth 35.

In Walepola [Walpole] (were) 7 freemen
T.R.E. by commendation and soke and sac.
Now 17. And they have 4 carucates of land
and 90 acres. Then 1 1 villeins, afterwards and
now 6. Then 6 bordars, afterwards and now 5.
Then 10 ploughs belonging to the men, after-
wards and now 6. And 6 acres of meadow.
Wood(Iand) for 30 swine. (It is) 12 furlongs
long, and 1 1 broad. And (pays) J^d. in geld.
Others have holdings therein. This is included
in the valuation of Brunfelda [Bramfield]. The
King and the Earl (have) the soke. A church with
1 6 acres, and half an acre of meadow, worth 1 2d.

In Torentuna [Thorington] and in Wena-
destuna [Wenhaston] 6 freemen (hold) 2^ caru-
cates of land. Then as now 3 villeins, and 16
bordars. And 5 ploughs. And 4 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 16 swine. Then as now i mill.
A church with 10 acres of free land and half an
acre of meadow.

In MiDELTUNA [Middleton] a freeman (holds)
1 2 acres and 2 oxen.

In Dersam [Darsham] a freeman (holds) 8
acres and 2 oxen. Included in the above valuation.
The King and the Earl (have) the soke.

In ToRP [Thorpe *'] livery was made of i free-
man as an estate [pro terra) of 69 acres. And
3 bordars. And 2 acres of meadow. Wood-
(land) for 20 swine. Then it was worth 55. ,
now 10. The King and the Earl (have) the soke.

In SiBETUNA [Sibton] a freeman Alwin (held)
t carucate of land and 20 acres as a manor.
Then as now 4 villeins. And 10 bordars. And
2 serfs. Then and afterwards i plough on the
demesne, now 2. Then as now 2 ploughs be-

fol. 293.

longing to the men. 6 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 60 swine. Then as now it was
worth 40i. And i rouncey on the demesne.
And 8 beasts. Tnen i swine, now 30. And
then 2 sheep, now 30. And 5 hives of bees.

" Near Heveningham.

432

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

Maynard (now) holds. The King and the Earl
have the soke.

Ralph the Staller held Wisseta [Wissett]
T.R.E. as a manor and as 4 carucates of land.
Now the Count holds it in demesne. Then as
now 10 villeins. And 10 bordars. Then 2
serfs. Then as now 2 ploughs on the demesne.
And 5 ploughs belonging to the men. Wood-
(land) for 300 swine. And 4 acres of meadow.
And 4 rounceys, 20 beasts, 60 swine, 63 sheep,
and 51 goats. Then it was worth 8//., after-
wards 15A., now 20/i.

In the same (vill) 14 freemen under com-
mendation (held) 4 carucates of land, and 15
bordars. Then as now 8 ploughs. And 2 acres
of meadow. Wood(land) then for 300 swine,
now for 60.

In Halesuuorda [Halesworth] 5 freemen
(held) I carucate of land and 2 bordars. Then
as now 3 ploughs. And i acre of meadow.
Then wood(land) for 60 swine, now for 20.

In CouA [Cove] 6 freemen (held) half a
carucate of land and 4 bordars, and 2 ploughs.

In Sedestana [Chediston] (were) 2 freemen
T.R.E., now 3. And they have 80 acres and
3 bordars. And 2^ ploughs. And 2 acres of
meadow. Wood(land) for 60 swine. It is all
included in the valuation of the manor. The
Earl has sac and soke. It is 10 furlongs long,
and 10 broad. And (pays) J^d. in geld.

In the same (vill of) Wisseta [Wissett] (is)
a church with 2 carucates of free land. Then
as now 12 villeins, and 16 bordars. And
6 ploughs. Wood(land) for 130 swine. And
3 acres of meadow. There belong {adjacent) to
this church 5 villeins with 52 acres, and J^.^
ploughs, and I acre of meadow. In this
church are 12 monks, and under it a chapel.
The whole is included in the above valuation of
20//.

In Wrabetuna [ ]** which Ralph the

Staller held T.R.E. (is) a villein with 15 acres.
It was worth 15^. This Hamo de Vellenis
now holds.

In Norhhala [North Hales]*' (were) 4
freemen with 16 acres. Then as now half a
plough. And they are included in the valuation
of Uuitsede [Wissett], and on the Earl's
demesne.

HUNDRET OF CaRLEFORDA [CaRLFORD]

In BiscHELEA [Bixley*"'] (was) i sokeman with
5 acres, and worth izd. In the same (vill) i free-

" Occurs as ' Warabetona ' in a charter of Henry II;
Ca/. Chart. R. ii, 95.

" Covehithe. "» In Rushmere.

man under commendation to Ralph the Staller
T.R.E. (held) 20 acres and i plough ; i acre of
meadow. Then as now it was worth 4J. More-
over the same freeman held 20 acres in RiscE-
MARA [Rushmere] and they are included in the
same value.

In TuDENHAM [Tuddenham (St. Martin)]
(was) I freeman (under) Ralph the Staller with
4 acres, worth 8t/.

In Ryscemara [Rushmere (St. Andrew)] 1 1
freemen under commendation to Gurth T.R.E.
(held) 31 acres. Then as now I plough. It was
worth 5j. Moreover in the same (vill) were 6
acres, worth \2d. i church with 20 acres,
worth \6d.

In BuRC [Burgh] is one villein with 1 1 acres ;
and he is included in the valuation of Saham
[Soham],

WiLFORD HuNDRET

In Capeles [Capel (St. Andrew) ] *° 6 freemen
under commendation of Edric Grim T.R.E.
(held) 41 acres and i bordar. Then as now

1 plough.

In SuTTUNA [Sutton] 3 freemen under com-
mendation of the same (Edric Grim held) 34
acres. Then as now 2 ploughs.

In Bromeswella [Bromeswell] i^ freemen
under Edric Grim's commendation (held) 4
acres.

In Meltuna [Melton] 6 freemen under
Edric's commendation (held) 43 acres. Then

2 ploughs, now I. Two acres of meadow.

fol. 293^.

In LuDHAM*^ [Loudham] a freeman under
Edric (held) 9 acres. And in Ceresfella
[Charsfield] (he held) 9 acres. Then as now
half a plough. One acre of meadow.

In the same (vill) a freeman under Edric's
commendation held 1 8 acres. Then as now half
a plough. Half an acre of meadow.

In Bradefella [Bredfield] (were) 5 freeman
under Edric's commendation, except i (who)
was under commendation to Saint Etheldreda,
and (they had) 26 acres. Then as now half a
plough.

In Parva Ceresfella [Little Charsfield] (were)
9 freemen under Edric Grim's commendation,
except I who was under commendation to
Robert Malet's predecessor, with 16 acres.
Then half a plough.

^ This is said to be ' In Campeseia [Campsey
Ash]' ; Inq. EL 147, 195.

" ' Ludenham,' ' Ludeham ' ; ibid.

433 55

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In WiKHAM [Wickham (Market)] a freeman
under Edric's commendation (held) 12 acres.

In Depebek [Debach] were 7^ acres.

(At) Bradefella [Bredfield] Athelwold the
priest, under commendation to Saint Etheldreda,
held as a manor T.R.E. 50 acres. Then i
plough. And under him (were) 9 freemen
with 41 acres. Then I plough, now half a
plough.

All this is included in the valuation of
Ketlebere [Kettleburgh].

And in Holapala^ [Harpole in Wickham
Market] a freeman under Anand's commenda-
tion (held) 12 acres.

And in Bulges [Boulge] " 2 freemen under
the said (Anand's) commendation (held) 29 acres.
Then as now half a plough.

And they are included in the valuation of
Saham [Soham].

Hundret of Losa [Loes]

Edric Grim held Chettlebiriga [Kettle-
burgh] as a manor and as 4 carucates of land by
commendation half to Saint Etheldreda T.R.E.
and half to Edric of Laxafella [Laxfield].
Now the Count holds (this) in demesne. Then
as now 10 villeins, and 5 bordars. Then
4 serfs, now 2. Then on the demesne 4 ploughs,
now 3, but (another) might be furnished. Then
as now 5 ploughs belonging to the men.
Wood(land) for 8 swine. 10 acres of meadow.
Then and now 2 rounceys, 6 beasts, 30 swine,
and 32 sheep. The ' caput ' of the manor was
then worth iooj. A church with 16 acres,
worth 3J. It is l league long, and half (a
league) broad. And in geld (pays) iiaf.

In the same (vill) (were) 6 sokemen^" with
36 acres. Then as now 2 ploughs.

And in the same (vill) 2 freemen under
Saint Etheldreda's commendation (held) I caru-
cate of land. Then as now i plough. Then
2 villeins, now I.

And in Martelaia [Martley ''] 12^ freemen
under Edric Grim's commendation T.R.E. (held)
1 carucatc of land and 2 bordars. Then as
now 4 ploughs.

'"Horepol'; Inq. El. 1 47.

" This is said to be ' In Belinges [Bealings] ' ; ibid.
Here the commendation in this and the preceding
entry isascribed to St. Etheldreda, these tvi'o estates
being included under Kettleburgh instead of under
Soham.

'"'Under commendation to Edric Grim': ibid.
146.

" In Easton.

And in Ceresfella [Charsfield] 16 freemen ;
12 of these were under commendation to Edric
Grim, and I under the Saint (Etheldreda), and
over three others (the Saint) had half com-
mendation. (They held) I carucate of land.
Then 5 ploughs, now 4. And i acre of mea-
dow.

And in Hacestuna [Hacheston] 10 freemen
and 2 half freemen under commendation to Edric
Grim (held) 80 acres of land. Then 3 ploughs,
now 2. 3 acres of meadow.

In Campsea [Campsey (Ash)] 3 whole and
3 half freemen under commendation to Edric
Grim (held) 32 acres of land, i^ acres of
meadow. Then as now i plough.

In Rendlesham " [Rendlesham] 5 ** whole
and 7 half freemen under commendation to Edric
Grim (held) 50 acres and I bordar. Then
2 ploughs, now I. 2 acres of meadow.

In the same (vill) a freeman under commenda-
tion half to Edric of Laxfield — thereof was Wil-
liam Malet seised on the day on which he died

fol. 294.

— and half to Edric Grim. (He held) 34 ** acres
as a manor, and 2 bordars. I acre of meadow.
Then as now i plough.

In BuTELAi [Butley] 7J freemen under com-
mendation to Edric Grim (held) 34 acres.'*
Then l plough, now half a plough. Of these
was William Malet seised when he died ; and
Earl Ralph when he made forfeiture.

In Brodertuna [ ] 7 free-

men by half commendation to Edric Grim and
half commendation to Edric of Laxfield (held)
56 acres. Then 2 ploughs, now i^. 2 acres
of meadow. And of the moiety of this land
was Robert Malet seised on the day on which
Earl Ralph made forfeiture ; but Count Alan
has it by livery of seisin {liberationem).

In Dalingehou [Dallinghoo] a freeman by
commendation to Edric Grim (held) 4^ acres.''

And in Merlesforda [Marlesford] a half
freeman (held) 13 acres and half a plough.

In HoREPOLA [Harpole] (are) 8 acres on the
demesne.

Now the whole of this manor {i.e., Kettle-
burgh) is worth 23//. and lis. with the whole
soke.

In Udebryge [Woodbridge] 3 freemen by
commendation to Edric (held) 1 1 acres. And
they are included in the above valuation.

" ' Ramesham '
" ' 6 ' : ibid.

Inq. El. 147, 185.

:'ibid.

• 30 acres,' ibid. 147; '4 acres,' ibid. 185.
■ 3 acres' ; ibid. 147, 185.

434

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

At Saham [Soham] Anand a freeman by
commendation under Saint Edmund T.R.E.
held 4 carucates of land as a manor ; now the
Count holds it in demesne. Then as now
15 villeins. Then 8 bordars, now 21. Then
2 serfs, now i. Then as now on the demesne
2 ploughs. Then 6 ploughs belonging to the
men, now 5. Wood(land) for loO swine.
1 2 acres of meadow. Then as now 2 rounceys,
4 beasts, 30 swine, 42 sheep, and 60 goats.
Then it was worth lo//. and afterwards 16//.,
now 18//. and 131. and ^d. It is i league long,
and half (a league) broad. And in geld (pays)
8K

In Gretingaham [Cretingham] 5 freemen
under commendation to Anand (held) 24 acres.
Then as now i plough. 2 acres of meadow.

In Dallingahou [Dallinghoo] a half free-
man under the said Anand's commendation
(holds) I acre. All these are included in the
valuation of Saham [Soham].

A church with 29 acres and 2 acres of mea-
dow.

In Gatagrava [Gedgrave] 2 villeins and
8 bordars '' (held) 50 acres and \\ ploughs. And
they are included in the valuation of Carletuna
[Carlton].

In BuTELEA [Butley] 2 freemen under com-
mendation of Edric Grim (held) 8 acres. And
they are included in the said valuation.

In Gategrava [Gedgrave] 3 freemen under
commendation of Edric Grim (held) 15 acres
and half a plough.

In Mertlega [Martley] a church with 12
acres, worth 2s.

In the same (vill) 2 freemen under com-
mendation to Edric Grim (held) 2 acres.

Moreover 5 freemen under the same (Edric's)
commendation (held) 45 acres. Then as now
I plough.

All this is included in the valuation of
Cetelbirig [Kettleburgh].

In Brumfella [? Bromeswell] a freeman
under Uluric's commendation (held) 2 acres
included in the same valuation.

Half Hundret of Ludingalanda [Loth-
ingland]

In DuNSTUNA [? Blundeston] a freeman Tored
held 15 acres, worth 30^^.

Half Hundret of Gepeswiz [Ipswich]

In the town of Gepeswiz [Ipswich] Earl
Gurth {Gurei) T.R.E. held a grange to which

" ' Under commendation of Edric Grim ' ; Inj. El.
148.

belong 2 carucates of land. (There were) then
as now 7 bordars. Then and afterwards i

fol. 294^.

plough, now none. Then as now 3 ploughs
belonging to the men. 4 acres of meadow.
The third part of a mill. This land is 4 fur-
longs long and 4 broad. Then it was worth
100/. with the third penny of the borough, and
it was delivered {liberatum) as (of the value of)
20//. with the third penny of the borough, and
with the third penny of the two hundreds ; now,
however, it renders but 15//.

Bosemera [Bosmere] Hundret

At Netlesteda [Nettlestead] Gouti a freeman
held T.R.E. 5 carucates of land as a manor.
Now Halanalt holds of the Count. Then as now
7 villeins, and 6 bordars, and 4 serfs. Then 5
ploughs on the demesne, afterwards half a plough,
now I. Then as now 2 ploughs belonging to
the men. 8 acres of meadow. And i mill.
Now I rouncey, 27 swine, and 36 sheep. A
church with 8 acres. And Earl Ralph added
34 freemen : over 26 only had his predecessor
the commendation only T.R.E. and they have
2^ carucates of land. Then 8 ploughs, now 6.
And 3 acres of meadow.^ A church with 70^
acres. The manor was. then as now worth 7/;.
and lOi. ; and the freemen 505. It is i league
long, and half a league broad. And pays ^d. in
geld.

In the same (vill) a freeman (held) 60 acres as
a manor, which Humphrey holds of the Count.
Then as now i bordar. And i plough. And
5 acres of meadow. Then it was worth loj.,
now 20s.

In Dermodesduna [Darmsden] Kenric a free-
man held 30 acres as a manor. Now Nardred
holds of the Count. Then i bordar, now 3.
Then as now i plough. 3 acres of meadow.
It was worth lOj. The Abbot of Ely has the
soke.^" From this land Roger Bigot took 5 acres
of demesne which William holds of him : he
was, however, seised thereof when Ralph made
forfeiture.

In Hamingestuna [Hemingstone] the Count
has in demesne a sokeman with 15 acres.
Then as now i plough. It was worth 2f. and
dd.

In Stanham [(PEarl) Stonham] Ulmar holds
of the Count 5 freemen with 48 acres, and they
hold 1 2 acres belonging to the Count's demesne.
Then as now 2 ploughs. Wood(land) for 6
swine. An acre of meadow. It was worth 1 2f.
To the aforesaid land which Humphrey holds be-
longed on the demesne 28 acres, part woodland
and part clear land {inter silvam et planum), which

" ' Sac and soke and commendation ' ; ibid. 143.

435

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Godmar held T.R.E. : now Roger Bigot holds
it, and Garenger of him ; and he held it in like
manner when Ralph made forfeiture.

In the same (viU are) 2 acres of land, I free-
man, and I J acres of wood(land). Worth
Id.

In CoDEHAM [Coddenham] 3 freemen with 4
acres. Worth M. The King and the Earl
(have) the soke.

Claindone [Claydon] Hundret

(At) Westrefelda [Westerfield] Bar, a free-
man under commendation to Ralph the Staller,
held I carucate of land as a manor. Now Nor-
man holds it of the Count. Then as now 2 vil-
leins. Now 2 bordars. Then on the demesne i
plough, now 2. Then as now I plough belong-
ing to the men. 2 acres of meadow. Now i
rouncey, 4 beasts, 20 swine, and 100 sheep.
Then it was worth los., now 20f. The Earl
(has) the soke.

fol. 295.

In the same (vill) the same (Norman) holds 6
freemen with 24 acres (who were) under com-
mendation to Ralph the Staller T.R.E. Then
as now I plough. And it was worth 45. The
soke (is) the Earl's. *

In the same (vill) Stanuin, a freeman, held 14
acres. Now Osbert (holds). And (this) is
worth 2J. and ^d. It is 8 furlongs long, and 4
broad. And (pays) 2od. in geld. The soke (is)
the Earl's.

In ScARUESTUNA [? Sharpstone "] 3 freemen
under commendation to the Abbot of Ely (held)
12 acres. Then as now 2 oxen. Two of these
men Harlenat holds. And this is included in
the valuation of Nedesteda [Nettlestead ;]
and the third is on the Earl's demesne, and
included in the valuation of Hamigestun [Hem-
ingstone]. The soke is the Abbot's.

In Westrefelda [Westerfield] 6 freemen
T.R.E. (held) 20 acres. Then as now i plough.
And they are included in the valuation of Gipes-
wiz [Ipswich]. The Count holds (this) in
demesne. The King and the Earl (have) the
soke.

In Turuestuna [Thurlston] a freeman (held)
2 acres, and in Westrefelda [Westerfield] 2 free-
men (held) 3 acres. Worth lod. Aluric the
priest holds of the Count.

In the same (vill) Uluric a freeman (held)
6 acres. Worth \2d. The King and the
Earl (have) the soke.

In Assefelda [Ashfield] 4 freemen (held) 27
acres. Then I plough, now half a plough.
Worth 3i.

" See below, n. 1 40.

In the same (vill) Brictmar a freeman (held)
24 acres as a manor T.R.E. Then I plough.
Worth 5j.

In Turoluestuna [Thurlston] Aluric a free-
man held 16 acres of land T.R.E. And he
was worth 32^.

In the same (vill) a freeman (held) 7 acres.
Worth lifd.

In the same (vill) (was) a freeman with 12
acres. Worth 2s. The King and the Earl have
the soke.

Sanfort [Samford] Hundret

Ansgot held Wenham [Wenham] under
commendation to Edith the Fair ; I carucate of
land as a manor. Now Ermiot (?) holds it of
the Count. Then as now 3 villeins and 3
bordars and 2 serfs. And 2 ploughs on the
demesne, and 2 ploughs belonging to the men.
And 4 acres of meadow. And part of a church.
And 8 beasts, 35 swine, and 71 sheep. Then
worth 60J., now 40J. Edith (had) the soke. It
is 6 furlongs in length and 3 in breadth, and
(pays) \d. in geld.

Godman held Holebroc [Holbrook] under
commendation to Edith ; I carucate of land as
a manor. Now Oddo holds it of the Count.
Then as now 2 villeins and 2 bordars. Then I
plough on the demesne, afterwards none, and
now I, and then as now I plough belonging to
the men. Then worth 20j., now 1 51. The
soke (is) in Bercolt [Bergholt].

Edith held Beria [ ] '" T.R.E. ;

2 carucates of land as a manor. Now Humfrid
holds it of the Count. I bordar. Then 2 ploughs
on the demesne, now I and I acre of meadow.
Then i mill. Then 2 rounceys, now I, then 4
beasts, now I. Then 20 swine, now 40. Then
as now 100 sheep and 12 goats. Worth 40^.
It is 8 furlongs in length and 6 in breadth, and
(pays) sd. in geld. Others have holdings there.
Edith (had) the soke.

fol. 295^.

Edmund, a freeman of Robert son of Wimarc,
held Wervesteda [Wherstead] T.R.E. as a
manor and I carucate of land. Now Furic holds
it of the Count. Then as now 2 villeins and 2
bordars. Then I plough on the demesne, after-
wards none, now half a plough. Then I
plough of the men and 3 acres of meadow.
Worth 20X. The soke (is) in Bercolt [Berg-
holt].

In Benetleia [Bentley] the same Edmund
held 40 acres for a manor T.R.E. and it was
worth lOJ. Edith (had) soke. The same Furic
holds of the Count.

" Copinger {Suff. Rec.) identifies ' Beria ' with
Bourne, i.e. Bournethall in Wherstead.

436

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

Edwin held Todenes [Dodnash "] in commen-
dation to Edith, and in her soke ; I carucate of
land as a manor T.R.E. Then as now I villein
and 6 bordars. Then 3 serfs. Then as now
I J ploughs on the demesne, and i plough be-
longing to the men. 4 acres of meadow,
Wood(land) for 30 swine, and 1 mill. A
church (having) 30 acres of free land. Then
worth 155., now 20s. It is 8 furlongs long, and
6 broad, and pays lod. in geld. Others have
holdings there.

The same Edwin held Brantestuna [? Brant-
ham] in Edith's soke, I carucate of land as
a manor T.R.E. Then as now 4 villeins, and
5 bordars, and I plough on the demesne, and 2
ploughs belonging to the men, and i acre of
meadow. Then worth 1 35., now i6y. Godinc
holds these two (manors) of the Count.

Tostin held Uluerestuna [Woolverstone] in
Edith's soke and commendation ; 1 carucate of
land as a manor. Then as now 5 villeins and 2
bordars. Then i^ ploughs on the demesne, now
2, and half a plough belonging to the men. 2
acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 1 5 swine. A
church (having) 10 acres. Then 5 rounceys, now
7. Then 8 beasts, now 12. Then 20 swine,
now 30. Then 60 sheep, now 100, and 36
goats. Then worth 201., now 30J. 8 furlongs
long and 3 broad, and (pays) 2^d. in geld.
Aluric the Priest holds (it) of the Count.

In Benetleia [Bentley] the same Tostin held
by the same tenure {eodem modo) 40 acres for a
manor T.R.E. Then i bordar, now 2. Then
half a plough, now i, and then worth 5^. and 4^.,
now 6j. The same Aluric holds of the same
(Count).

The same Tostin held Painetuna [Panning-
ton] T.R.E. ; 60 acres for a manor. Then as
now 2 villeins, and i plough, and 2 acres of
meadow and worth 8^. Edith (had) the soke.
The same Aluric (holds it).

In Wervesteda [Wherstead] the same (Tos-
tin) held T.R.E. for a manor 40 acres. Then
I plough, now half a plough, and I salt-pan.
Worth 55. Edith (had) the soke. The same
Aluric (holds it).

The same Tostin held Calvwetuna [

] *^ T.R.E. for a manor 40 acres.
Then as now i bordar and half a plough.
Worth 5^. and \d. The soke (held) in the same
way. Aluric holds it of the Count.

Suart, a sokeman of Stigand, held Hinclesham
[Hintlesham], I carucate of land, for a manor
T.R.E. Now Ralph holds it of the Count.

fol. 296,

Then as now 3 villeins, and 3 bordars, and 2
ploughs on the demesne, and i plough belonging
to the men, and 4 acres of meadow. Worth
40i. Stigand (had) the soke.

In Canapetuna [ ] the same

Suwart, a freeman, held 30 acres for a manor
T.R.E. (It is) in the soke of Bercolt [BergholtJ.
This is included in the above valuation.

Ulestan, a freeman of Edith's, (held) Boituna
[Boyton "] ; 50 acres for a manor T.R.E. The
soke (is) in Bercolt [Bergholt]. Now Ulestan
holds it of the Count. Then as now 2 bordars.
Then half a plough, now i, and 2 acres of mea-
dow. Worth 8j.

InBRANTHAM [Brantham] Godwin, a freeman,
(held) 35 acres for a manor T.R.E. and Godwin
holds of the Count. Then as now 2 bordars,
and half a plough, and i acre of meadow, and
worth 4i. In the same (vill) 8 freemen (held) I
carucate and 1 1 acres of land. Then as now 2
ploughs, 4 acres of meadow, and i salt-pan, and
worth 22J. and ^d. Now the Count holds it in
demesne. The soke (is) in Bercolt [Berg-
holt].

Edwin, a freeman, held Stottuna [Stutton] ;
60 acres for a manor. Then as now half a
plough, and 3 bordars, and i acre of meadow.
Included in the same valuation.

In Wenham [Wenham] Ansgot held 15
acres, and i acre of meadow. Worth zs. and
td. Edith (had) the soke.

Brantham [Brantham] altogether is i league
long and half a league broad, and pays i Si. in
geld.

Perreham [Parham] Half Hundret
In the Abbot of Ely's soke.

In Wanttesdena [Wantisden] 16 freemen,
half under commendation to Malet's predecessor
and half under commendation to the Abbot
of Ely, and all in his (the Abbot's) soke, (held)
60 acres. Then as now 2 ploughs. Worth
lOJ. Now the Count holds in demesne.

In the same (vill) Edwin a freeman (held) 14
acres. Then as now half a plough. Worth 2f.
and ^d. The Count holds in demesne.

In Blachessala [Blaxhall] a freeman (held) 2
acres, worth \d. Hamo de Valenis (now
holds).

(At) Perreham [Parham] Aluric the King's
thegn held T.R.E. i carucate of land as a manor.

" In Bentley.

" 'Kalewetun' in Kirton ; Add. Chart. 10177.

" In Bergholt and Bentley; Copinger, ^uff. Rec.

437

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

fol. 296*.

Now Hamo holds of the Count. Then as now
8 bordars, and i serf. And 2 ploughs on the
demesne. Then half a plough (belonging to the
men). And 4 acres of meadow. Now 8
swine, and 20 sheep. Then it was worth 20;.,
now 40X.

In Blachessala [Blaxhall] Brotho a freeman
held 12 acres. Worth 2s. The Count (holds)
(this) in demesne. The soke (is) the Abbot's.

In the same (vill) Edric Grim a freeman half
under commendation to Malet's predecessor and
half to the Abbot of Ely (held) 20 acres.
Worth 4.od. Hamo holds of the Count.

In Perreham [Parham] 3 freemen (held) 16
acres. Worth 32^/.

In Wantesden [Wantisden] Oslac a freeman
held 3 acres. Worth 6d.

In the same (vill) Edilt a freeman (held) 8
acres. Worth i6d. Now the Count holds in
demesne.

In Blachessala [Blaxhall] Uluric a freeman
(held) 4 acres. Worth 8^. (Now the Count
holds) in demesne. The soke (is) the Abbot's.

Plumesgate [Plomesgate] Hundret

Cesefortda [Chillesford **] the Count holds in
demesne. Olf a freeman under soke and com-
mendation of the Abbot of Ely T.R.E. (held) as
a manor 80 acres. Then as now I villein, and
4 bordars. Then and afterwards li ploughs on
the demesne, now I. Then and afterwards l^
ploughs belonging to the men, now I. A church
with 5 acres of free land. Worth 13^. and 4^.
And 3 freemen (held) 20 acres. Then as now i
plough. Worth 40;/.

(At) Carletuna [Carlton] Hamo holds of
the Count I carucate of land as a manor. Edric
Grim under commendation half to the Abbot
of Ely and half to Robert Malet's predecessor
(held it) ; and William Malet was seised thereof.
Then as now I villein, and 3 bordars, and I serf.
And 2 ploughs on the demesne. And half a
plough belonging to the men. And half a
fishery. And 2 acres of meadow. Worth
60J. In demesne then as now i rouncey. And
100 sheep, now 170. And a freeman under
commendation (held) 2 acres. Included in the
same valuation. It is 9 furlongs long, and 4 in
breadth, and (pays) 2od. in geld. And on the
demesne (were) 8 freemen with 60 acres. (Of
them) Stain and Aluric (were) under sub-commen-
dation to Malet's predecessor,^ and William

" Formerly 'Chesilford' ; FeuJ. Jids, v, 85.
" ' Edric Grim ' ; Inj. El. 149.

fol. 297.

Malet was seised thereof, and the others (were)
under commendation to the Abbot of Ely.
Then as now 2 ploughs. Worth \2s. and ^d.
The soke over the whole (belongs) to the Abbot
of Ely.

At Gliemham" [Glemham] the aforesaid
Edric (held) in demesne 20 acres, and this be-
longs to Chetelberia [Kettleburgh] and it is
worth ^od. The soke is the Abbot's.

In the same (vill) Sparhavoc a freeman held
60 acres as a manor under commendation to
Edric Robert Malet's predecessor ; and William
Malet was seised thereof. Then as now i
bordar. And i plough. Half a church with
10 acres and half a plough. Worth lo^

In the same (vill were) 8 freemen with 60
acres. Leuric, Edric, Ulmar, Hunepot a half
(freeman), Godric, Almar, Leuric, Ulmar. All
these (were) under sub-commendation to Malet's
predecessor. Then 4 ploughs, afterwards and
now 3. Worth los.

In the same (vill) a freeman (held) 4 acres.
Worth id. It (i.e. Glemham) is i league long,
and half a league broad. And renders 20d. in
geld.

In Thieue Gliemham [(? Little) Glemham]
Ustred a freeman under commendation to Bishop
Ailmar T.R.E. (held) 20 acres. Then half a
plough, now I plough. And I \ acres of meadow.
And 2 freemen under commendation (held) 5
acres. Then it was worth 6;., now 51.

In Sternesfelda [Sternfield] Osbern a free-
man T.R.E. (held) 24 acres. Then as now
half a plough. Worth 4;. The Count now
(holds) in demesne.

In the same (vill) 2 freemen (have been)
added with 8^ acres. Worth i?>d. (The Count
now holds) in demesne. The soke is the
Abbot's.

In BuREsiART*' [Bruisyard] Olf held 85 acres
as a manor. Then as now 3 villeins, and 7 bor-
dars. Then 2 ploughs on the demesne, after-
wards and now I plough. Then as now 2
ploughs belonging to the men. And 2 acres of
meadow. Wood(land) for 10 swine, 2 rounceys
and 17 beasts. Then 9 swine, now 15. Then
40 sheep, now 6, and 1 5 goats. In the same
(vill) Edric a freeman held 91 acres as a manor.
Then and afterwards 2 ploughs, now I. And
I bordar. 2 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for lO
swine. Then and afterwards it was worth 60J.,
and now 60/. Hamo holds of the Count. Ralph
the Staller (had) the soke T.R.E.

In the same (vill) Starling^' a freeman under
commendation half to the predecessor of Malet,

*' ' Glamessam,' ' Gelemesham ' ; ibid. 149, 186.
" ' Burusgert,' ' Burchierth ' ; ibid.
" ' Sterdincg ' ; ibid.

438

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

whose father was seised thereof, and half under
commendation to the Abbot, (held) 60 acres as a

fol. 297*.

manor. Then as now 7 bordars. Then and
afterwards i plough on the demesne, now half a
plough. Then as now I plough belonging to
the men. And 3 acres of meadow. Worth lOx.
Hamo holds (this). It is 8 furlongs long, and 6
broad. And (pays) lOi/. in geld. The soke (is)
the Abbot's.

In RiNCHAM [Rendham] Ostula a freeman
(held) 40 acres as a manor under commendation
to the predecessor of Malet, whose father William
was seised thereof. Then as now i villein, 2
bordars. And i plough on the demesne. And
half a plough belonging to the men. Worth "js.
The soke (is) the Abbot's.

In the same (vill) Hune a freeman under com-
mendation to Ralph the Staller (held) 30 acres as
a manor. Then as now half a plough. And
I acre of meadow. Worth 5^

In the same (vill) 9 freemen (held) 91 acres
as a manor. Then as now 2 bordars. And 4^
ploughs. And 4 acres of meadow. Then it
was worth 20s., now 27^. These men were
under commendation to the predecessor of Malet,
and his father William was seised of them. The
soke (is) the Abbot's.

In SuESTLiNGAN [Swelling] Osmtmd a free-
man under commendation to Malet's predeces-
sor (held) 30 acres as a manor in the Abbot's
soke. Then as now 3 bordars. And i plough.
And 2 acres of meadow. Worth 5x. And
William Malet was seised thereof. The soke
(is) the Abbot's.

In the same (vill) 5 freemen held 54 acres.
Two of these were under sub-commendation to
Malet's predecessor with 10 acres, Aluric and
Dot. And one, Buric by name, was under
commendation and soke of Ralph the Staller with
24 acres.*' Then as now 2 ploughs. And 4
acres of meadow. Worth loi. The soke (is)
the Abbot's.

In the same (vill) 14 freemen (held) 94 acres,
and 3 bordars. Over 3^ Malet's predecessor
had commendation and (over) a half the sub-com-
mendation. And William Malet was seised
thereof. Then as now 4 ploughs. And 6 acres
of meadow. Then it was worth 30J., now 25/.
and ^d. The soke (is) the Abbot's. It is i league
long, and 6^ furlongs broad. And (pays) 2od.
in geld. Others hold land therein.

In Benehalla [Benhall] 7 freeman held
44 acres. And 4 of these were under com-
mendation to the predecessor of Malet, and

" The other two freemen, with zo acres, were in
the commendation of St. Etheldreda ; Irtq. El. 149.

fol. 298.

his father was seised (thereof), Edric, Brictmar,
Tutflet, Magna. Then i^ ploughs, now i plough.
Then it was worth 8j., now 6x. and ?,d. The
soke (is) the Abbot's.

In GuEMHAM [Glemham] 2 freemen, Wacra
under sub-commendation to Malet's predecessor
and Ulveva under commendation to Malet's pre-
decessor, (held) 20 acres. Then as now i plough.
Worth "js.

All this Hamo holds of the Count. The soke
(is) the Abbot's.

In Craneforda [Cransford] Olf a freeman
held 30 acres as a manor. Now the Count holds
in demesne. Then as now i plough. Worth
5^. The soke (is) the Abbot's.

In the same (vill) 2 freemen (held) 4 acres,
worth %d.

In Sueflinga [Swefling] 3 freemen (held) 41
acres and i bordar and i plough and an acre of
meadow. Then it was worth ds. and 8^^., now

5^. lod.

Waineforda [Wangford] Hundret

In Almaham [Elmham] (are) 40 acres, and
they belong to the church of Romburc [Rum-
burgh]. And 6 bordars. And i plough. And
wood(land) for 6 swine. And they are included
in the valuation of the same (church ?).

fol. 298/-.

IIII. LANDS OF EARL HUGH

Claindune [Claydon] Hundret

(At) Framesdena [Framsden] Adestan, the
thegn, held T.R.E. 6 carucates and 40 acres of
land as a manor. Then 25 villeins, now 29.
And then as now 23 bordars. Then 4 ploughs
on the demesne, now 3. Then 20 ploughs be-
longing to the men, now 16. 16 acres of
meadow. Then wood(land) for 80 swine, now
for 40. Then as now l mill. Then 2 rounceys,
now 3. Then 6 beasts, now 1 3. Then 20
swine, now 31. Then 50 sheep, now 100.
Then 7 goats, now 31. A church with 30 acres
of free land T.R.E. , with now i plough. Then
it was worth 16//., now 20//'. ; and it was set to
farm for 25//. It is I league long, and 8 furlongs
broad. It renders lod. in geld. The soke (is)
the Abbot's.

In Manuuic [ ] Godric a freeman

under commendation to the Earl's predecessor
held 42 acres as a manor. Then as now i bordar.
Then i plough, afterwards half a plough, now
none, i acre of meadow. This was then worth
20f., now 13J. and \d.

439

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In the same (vill) a freeman under the like
commendation held 27 acres,"* 7 bordars, I
plough, and i acre of meadow. Worth 105.

In Manuuic [ ] Wailolf a freeman

under commendation to the Abbot of Ely held
60 acres and 2 bordars. Then i^ ploughs, now
2 ploughs. And a freeman (held) I acre. 2
acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 6 swine.
Worth 20s. Half the soke (is) the Abbot's and
half the Earl's.

In the same (vill) a freeman under commenda-
tion (held) iji acres. Then 2 oxen. Worth
4.S. and 8d. The soke (belongs) in the same
way.

In WiNESTUNA [Winston] Iric a freeman under
commendation (held) 30 acres. In the same (vill)
Grimolf (and) Edward freemen (held) 30 acres.
And (there were) 4 bordars. Then 2 ploughs,
now I. 4 acres of meadow. They were then
worth 20s., now 155. Of two of them the
Abbot has half the soke, and of the third the
whole. And the Earl has the rest of the soke.

In WiNESTUNA [Winston] half a freeman
under commendation (holds) 7^ acres. Worth

In ToRP [Thorpe] and in Asfelda [Ashfield]
21 freemen (held) I carucate and 14 acres of
land under commendation to his (Earl Hugh's)
predecessor T.R.E. A church with 12 acres.
Then 3 ploughs, now 2. And 3 acres of
meadow. Wood(Iand) for 12 swine. They
were then worth 405., now 301. The soke (is)

fol. 299.

half the Abbot's and half the Earl's. Assafelda
[Ashfield] is I league long and 7 furlongs
broad. And pays 2od. in geld. Others have
holdings therein. All this Hugh, son of
Norman, holds of the Earl.

In ToRP [Thorpe] Oslac a freeman under
commendation held 10 acres. Worth 2s.

In Helmingheham [Helmingham] a freeman
(held) 8 acres. Worth 1 6^. The soke (belongs)
in manner aforesaid.

Perreham [Parham] Half Hundret

In Perreham [Parham] 4 freemen under
commendation to his (Earl Hugh's) predecessor
(held) 20 acres. Worth 4J. Roger Bigot holds
of the Earl.

Brademera [Bradmere] HuNrRET'

Bernham [Barnham] Scula, King Edward's
thegn, held as a manor, 2 carucates of land.

" ' In Monauuic a freeman Wudebrunde with
27 acres' : Inj. EL 145. 'In Munchewich ' ; ibid.
188. Cf. below, n. 54.

Then as now I bordar, and 2 serfs. And 2
ploughs on the demesne. I acre of meadow.
And I mill. Now 3 beasts. Then 25 swine,
now 14. Then 10 sheep, now 120. Then as
now it was worth 30^. Saint Edmund (has) the
soke.

Watesfelda [Wattisfield] Aluric the thegn
held as a manor T.R.E., i carucate of land.
Then as now i villein. Then 2 ploughs. Then
it was worth 25^., now 17^.

BiscoPEs [Bishop's] Hundret

Saxteda [Saxtead] T.R.E. Burchard held as
a berewick of {In) Framincham [Framlingham],
60 acres. Then as now 1 1 villeins, and 5
bordars. Then as now 9 ploughs. And 4 acres
of meadow. Wood(land) for 200 swine. This
is included in the valuation of Framincham
[Framlingham].

BUDINGA [BlYTHING] HuNDRET

Healesuurda [Halesworth] Aluric heldT.R.E.
as a manor, 2 carucates of land. Then 4 villeins,
now 5. Then 7 bordars, now lO. Then as
now 2 serfs. Then as now 2 ploughs on the
demesne. Then 3 ploughs belonging to the men,
now 2. Then wood(land) for 300 swine, now
for 100. Then as now 4 acres of meadow.
A mill. I rouncey. Then as now 6 beasts.
Now 10 swine. 18 sheep. Then it was worth
30 (shillings), now 405.

In the same (vill) Ulf the priest held 40 acres
of land as a manor. 2 bordars. I plough on the
demesne. Wood(land) for 6 swine. 4 acres of
meadow. 14 sheep, and 2 goats. Worth
5^. And to this manor are conjoined 4 freemen
with 60 acres of land. 2 bordars. 2 ploughs on
the desmesne. Worth \os. And Bigot de
Loges holds these 3 estates under Earl Hugh. It

fol. 299^.

is I league in length, and another in breadth.
And it renders i\d. in geld. And Count Alan
claims the land of the aforesaid priest and these
4 men as of his predecessor's fee, and by seisin
made to him. And the Hundred is his witness.

Uggiceheala [Uggeshall] Osketel a freeman
held T.R.E. as a manor, 2 carucates of land.
Then as now 5 bordars. I serf. Then 3
ploughs, now 2. And then as now I plo- gh
belonging to the men. 2\ acres of meadow.
Then i mill, now none. And i salt-pan. 24
swine. And i church. Then it was worth 40J.,
now 30J. This R. de Curcun holds of Earl
Hugh. Attached [jacet) to this manor is i man
with (part of) the said land and included in the
said valuation. It is ij leagues long, and i
(league) broad. And it renders bd. in geld.
Over this land, and over all the other lands which

440

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

Osketcl the priest had, Ralph the Staller had
soke and sac.

MiLDELTUNA [Middleton] Munulf held
T.R.E., now R. Bigot holds under Earl Hugh.
Over this tenement [ex hoc) Earl Hugh's pre-
decessor had half commendation T.R.E. and
Robert Malet's predecessor the other moiety of the
commendation. And he had 80 acres as a
manor. Then as now 2 villeins, and 2 bordars.
And I plough on the demesne. And i plough
belonging to the men. And 2 acres of meadow.
Then it was worth loi., now 201.

In the same (vill were) 6 freemen. Brun-
win was wholly Munulf 's man T.R.E. Alfac
half. And Lefric half. Esmoda was wholly
the woman of Toli the Sheriff. And Brihtmar
her son was the man of Brihtmar Robert Malet's
reeve, and (he was so) in respect of {cuni) the
sixth part of the land. Kenric was the man of
Edric son of Ingold, and Grim of the same.
And they have 50 acres of land, and i^ ploughs.

1 acre of meadow. Worth 8j. The King
and the Earl have the soke. Grim and Kenric
were under commendation to Edric the predeces-
sor of Robert Malet ; and he (Robert) granted
the profit of them to Walter de Caen after
Walter de Dol made forfeiture. Now R. Bigot
holds (them) as of Earl Hugh's fee,

fol. 300.

HUNDRET OF CaLLEFORDA [CaRLFORd]

In Grundesburh [Grundisburgh] a freeman of
Harold's by commendation T.R.E., and his wife
under commendation to Haldein, (held) 60 acres
as a manor, now 4 freemen hold it. Then as
now I villein and 2 bordars, and i plough, and

2 acres of meadow. Then it was worth lOi.,
now the like.

In BuRH [Burgh] i freeman under commen-
dation to Countess Edgiva (held) 5 acres. Half
an acre of meadow. Worth i id.

HONDRET OF LoSA [LoES]

In Gretingaham [Cretingham] Edric a
freeman by commendation half under Edric and
half under Athestan held I carucate of land.
Then as now 7 bordars, and i serf. Then as
now belonging to the men i^ ploughs. And on
the demesne the like. Wood(land) for 12 swine.
8 acres of meadow. And i rouncey, 4 beasts,
16 swine, 24 sheep, and 7 goats. A church
with 1 8 acres, worth 35. Then it was worth
40J., now a like amount.

In the same (vill) 3 freemen under the same
(Edric's Y) commendation (held) (i\ acres. Half
a plough. Included in the same valuation.

Moreover in the same (vill) 4 freemen under
Athestan's commendation T.R.E. (held) 58 acres

of land and 4 bordars. Then i plough, now 2.
4 acres of meadow. Then it was worth 15/.,
now 20J. And (there are) 8 acres of waste land.
Worth i6i.

Wenefort [Wangford] Hundrkt

At Bunghea [Bungay] Aluric a freemen held
T.R.E. 5 carucates of land as a manor. Now
William holds (it) of the Earl. Then as now 22
villeins, and 22 bordars, and 3 serfs. And 2
ploughs on the demesne. Then 6 ploughs
belonging to the men, afterwards 2, now 3 ; and
the others might be restocked. A church with
20 acres and 2 acres of meadow worth 40*/.
Wood(land) for 30 swine. And 14 acres of
meadow. Then as now i mill ; and three (fourth)

fol. 300^.

parts of another. Then as now 3 beasts. Then
22 swine, now 12. Then 32 sheep, now 100.
Then worth 6ox., now looj.

In the same (vill) a freeman Ulchetel (held) 40
acres as a manor T.R.E. Now the said William
(holds it). Now 4 bordars. Then as now i
plough on the demesne. And i plough belonging
to the men. And i acre of meadow. And i
mill. Then as now 2 rounceys, and 2 beasts.
Now 5 swine. Then 20 sheep, now 80,
Worth 13J. and \d.

In the same (vill) Sumerlet a freeman (held)
40 acres T.R.E., now the said William (holds it)
as a manor. Then as now i villein, and 3 bor-
dars, and I .erf. Then as now on the demesne
I plough. And belonging to the men i plough,
Wood(land) for 6 swine, i\ acres of meadow.
The fourth part of a mill. Then and now
worth 13J. and 4^.

In r' e same (vill) 27 freemen tmder Aluric's

com* -ndation T.R.E. (held) i carucate of land

ar 10 acres and I bordar. Then 3 ploughs,

jw 2. 4 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 3

swine. Then as now worth 401.

In Ilcheteleshala [Ilketshall] Warin (now)
holds. A freeman Ulsi under Gurth's commen-
dation (held) 2 carucates of land as a manor.
Then as now 5 villeins, and 13 bordars. Then
6 serfs. Then on the demesne 3 ploughs, now
I. Then 2 ploughs belonging to the men, now
I \ ploughs. 4 acres of meadow. Wood(land)
for 10 swine. Half a mill. Now 5 swine.
Then 30 sheep, now 40. Now 16 goats.
Then as now worth 40X. This Warin son of
Burn[win] (holds) of him.

In Metingaham [Mettingham] a freeman
Aluric under Ulsi's commendation (held) 60 acres
as a manor. Then as now 3 bordars. Then as
now on the demesne i plough. Then belonging
to the men i plough, now half a plough. Wood-
(land) for 2 swine. 3 acres of meadow. Then
worth 8x., now lOi. And under him 8 freemen

441

56

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

under commendation to the same (Ulsi) (held)
20 acres. Then i plough, now half a plough,
and worth 51. A church with 20 acres, worth
3^. The same Warin now holds.

In Ilcheteshala [Ilketshall] a freeman Alwin
under Ulsi's commendation (held) 60 acres as a

fol. 301.

manor. Then as now lobordars. And i serf.
And on the demesne i plough. And belonging
to the men i plough. 2 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 10 swine. Then worth I Of.,
and now the like.

Furthermore in Ilcheteshala [Ilketshall] and
in Metingaham [Mettingham] and in Scipmedu
[Shipmeadow] dwell 7 freemen under the same
(Ulsi's) commendation with 80 acres and i bor-
dar. Then 3 ploughs, now 2. 2 acres of
meadow. Then as now worth lOi.

In Ilcheteshala [Ilketshall] a freeman Bur-
chard held 2 carucates of land as a manor. Then
as now 5 villeins, and 7 bordars. Then 5 serfs.
Then on the demesne 3 ploughs, now i ; but
there might be (2 more). Then 3 ploughs be-
longing to the men, now 2 ; but they might be
restocked. Wood(land) for 30 swine. 4 acres
of meadow. Then 2 rounceys ; now I. Now
2 beasts, and 60 sheep. Then worth 30J., now
40f.

In BoNGEiA [Bungay] there are 60 acres, and
they belong to a manor which the King holds.
Worth 10;. To this land (belong) i^ freemen
with 5 J acres. Worth 2s.

In Elcheteshala [Ilketshall] a freewoman
under Burchard's commendation (held) 20 acres.
Then as now 5 bordars. And on the demesne
I plough. And belonging to the men i plough.
Wood(land) for 10 swine, i^ acres of meadow.
Then as now worth 5J. A church with 20
acres, worth 2s.

In Scipmedu [Shipmeadow] 3 freemen (held)
15 acres. Then i plough, now half a plough.
Worth 3x.

In Ilcheteshala [Ilketshall] 3 freemen under
Burchard's commendation (held) 30 acres.
Then as now i plough. Worth 51.

In RiNGESFELDA [Ringsfield] 2 freemen under
Burchard's commendation (held) 12 acres and

1 bordar and half a plough. Wood (land) for

2 swine. Worth 31. and 6d. All this Warin
son of Burnwin holds of him.

SoTERLEGA [Sotterley] Mundret holds, and
Burchard held it T.R.E. ; 1^ carucates of land
as a manor. Then 4 villeins, now 3. A
church with 7 acres. Then 3 bordars now 16.

And 2 serfs. Then 2 ploughs on the demesne,
fol. 30ii.

now 3 and 3 oxen. Wood(land) for 100 swine.
4 acres of meadow. Then as now i rouncey,
14 beasts, 31 swine, 120 sheep, and 30 goats.
Then as now worth 53/. and ^d.

In Croscroft [ ] a freeman, Bur-

chard, held i^ carucates of land. Then as now
3 villeins, and 5 bordars. Then 2 ploughs, now
none. But 2 could be made up. And 2
ploughs belonging to the men. Then 1 rouncey,
and 5 beasts, now none. 3 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 10 swine. Worth 26s. and $d.
Soterlega [Sotterley] is I league long and 9 fur-
longs broad. And in geld (pays) 2^. This
Mundret holds of Hugh.

In Ilcheteshala [Ilketshall] a freeman (held)
12 acres, whom Ralph, a man of W. the
Constable [cunestahla), appropriated (invasit) ;
and of him Earl Ralph was seised on the day on
which he made forfeiture.

Furthermore in the same (vill) a freeman
(held) 10 acres which Roger Bigot held ; and
Burnwin appropriated this holding against his
right {super eum).

In Hetheburgafella [ ]

3 freemen under Burchard's commendation
(held) 22 acres and i plough, worth \s.

In Werlingaham [Worlingham] a freeman
under Gurth's commendation (held) 6 acres,
worth i2d.

HUNDRET OF LuDINGA [LoTHINGLAND]

At Kessingalanda [Kessingland] Burchard
held T.R.E. 2 carucates of land as a
manor ; now Hugh son of Norman holds it.
Then as now 2 villeins and 6 bordars, and
2 serfs. Then as now on the demesne
2 ploughs. And belonging to the men i
plough. One acre of meadow. And i mill.
Then as now I beast, 23 swine, and 40 sheep.
Then worth 30J., now 4OX. It is i league long,
and I (league) broad. And (pays) 2'^d. in geld.

In the same (vill were) 40 freemen ; of these
1 1 were under Gurth's commendation and the
others under Burchard's commendation ; and
among them (they held) 3 carucates of land.

fol. 302.

Then 8 ploughs, now 5. One acre of meadow.

Then worth 4//'., now 100s.

In Rodenhala [ ] a freeman

under commendation to Tored, R. Bainard s
predecessor, (held) 30 acres as a manor. 5 bor-
dars. Then as now I plough. And belonging
to the men half a plough. Wood(land) for
4 swine, ij acres of meadow. Then worth
8j., now it renders I2J.

442

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

In GisLEHAM [Gisleham] a freeman under
Gurth's commendation (held) 15 acres. Then
I plough, now half a plough. And 2 villeins.
And half an acre of meadow. Then worth
8j., now the like.

In Karletun [Carlton (Colville)] Burchard
held T.R.E. 2 carucates of land as a manor.
Then 8 villeins, now 4. Then 6 bordars,
now 4. Then as now 4 serfs. And on the
demesne 2 ploughs. Then belonging to the
men 2 ploughs, now i. Wood(land) for 30
swine. 4 acres of meadow. Then as now
I rouncey, 8 beasts, 23 swine, and 1 00 sheep.
Then worth 30J., now 40X. It is i league and
8 furlongs long, and 10 furlongs broad. And
in geld (pays) 45.

In the same (vill) 30 freemen under Bur-
chard's commendation (held) 2 carucates of land.
Then 8 p ougis, now 4. 6 acres of meadow.
Then worth 4A'., now bos.

In Barneby [Barnby] 5 freemen under
Burchard's commendation (held) 44 acres.
Then as now i plough. Half an acre of
meadow. Then and now worth 6s. The
King and the Earl (have) the soke over the
freemen. A church with 80 acres, worth 2s.

All this Hugh son of Norman holds of (Earl)
Hugh.

At Ryscemara [Rushmere (St. Michael)]
Aluric a freeman under Gurth held T.R.E.
I carucate of land as a manor. Then as now
3 bordars. And on the demesne I plough.
And belonging to the men half a plough.
Wood(land) for 10 swine. Then worth 5/.,
now los.

fol. 302*.

In Paggefella [Pakefield] a freeman under
the same (Gurth's) commendation (held) 16
acres. And half a plough. And half a church
with 16 J acres. Worth 5^.

Hundret of Losa [Loes]

Framelingham [Framlingham] Ailmar the
thegn held, now Roger Bigot holds (it) ; 9
carucates of land as a manor. Then 24 villeins,
now 32. Then 16 bordars, now 28. Then
5 ploughs on the demesne, now 3. Then
20 ploughs belonging to the men, now 16.
Wood(land) for 100 swine. 16 acres of mea-
dow. Then 2 rounceys, now 3. Then 4
beasts, now 7. Then 40 swine, now 10.
Then 20 sheep, now 40. Then as now
60 goats. Now 3 hives of bees. Then it was
worth 16//., now 36//.

In the same (vill) Monulf held by commenda-
tion half to Ailmar and half to Malet's predecessor
I carucate and 40 acres of land as a manor.
Then as now 4 villeins, and 12 bordars. And

2 ploughs on the demesne. And 2^ ploughs
belonging to the men. Wood(land) for 100
swine. 6 acres of meadow. And 8 beasts,
20 swine, 60 sheep, 40 goats, and 4 hives of
bees. Then as now worth 40J. William
Malet was seised.

And under him 6 whole freemen and 4 half
(freemen) with 30 acres of land. Then as now
I plough. An acre of meadow. And they are
included in the 4.0s. valuation.

In the same (vill) a freeman under commenda-
tion (held) 40 acres and a villein dwelling in
Ethereg [ ] and 3 bordars and i acre

of meadow and i plough. Wood(land) for
4 swine. Worth 81.

In the same (vill) 3 freemen under commen-
dation (held) 56 acres. Then as now 3 ploughs.
And 2 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for
4 swine. Worth lys. And a church with
60 acres and i villein and 4 bordars and 2
ploughs. Worth 15J. It is 14 furlongs long,
and 12 broad. And (pays) lod. in geld. Saint
Etheldreda has the soke ; but Hugh's predecessor
had it of her.

fol. 303.
V. LANDS OF COUNT EUSTACE

RlSEBRUGE [RisBRIDGE] HuNDRET

At UuESDANA [Ousden] Leuric the thegn
held 6 carucates as a manor T.R.E. Then
22 villeins, afterwards and now 15. Then and
afterwards 2 bordars, now 9. Then 8 serfs,
now 2. Then and afterwards 4 ploughs on the
demesne, now 2. Then 10 ploughs belonging
to the men, afterwards 8, now 6. And 6^
acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 20 swine.
Then 4 rounceys. Then 15 beasts, now 5.
Then 22 swine, now 30. Then 164 sheep,
now 88. A church with 30 acres of free land,
and half a plough. Then worth 6//'., now j/i.
But it has been put [datum fuit) to farm for 14//.
It is 8 furlongs long, and 5 broad. And (pays)
(>\d. in geld. Others hold (lands) therein.

Thewardestree [Thedwastre] Hundret

In Ratesdana [Rattlesden] a freeman under
Saint Etheldreda by commendation and soke
held T.R.E. 60 acres of land and this he could
not sell. And now Heltret holds under Count
Eustace, who appropriated [invasii) 7 acres of
Saint Etheldreda's demesne in the same vill,
(as belonging) to the fee of Count Eustace.
Then as now i plough. And 4 acres of mea-
dow. Worth lOs,

Lacforda [Lackford] Hundret

In Heluedona [Elveden] Alsi held, and after-
wards Ingelric, now Eustace (holds) two carucates

443

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

of land as a manor. Then as now 3 villeins,
and 3 bordars, and 2 serfs. Then and after-
wards 2 ploughs on the demesne, now I. And
I plough belonging to the men. And the
fourth part of a fishery. A church with 15
acres of land. And 4 swine, and 150 sheep.
Then it was worth 30J., now 40J.

Stou (Stow) Hundret

In FiNEBURGA [(Little) Finborough "] Ingelric
the predecessor of Count Eustace held T.R.E.
2^ carucates of land in the soke of the King
and the Earl. 9 bordars then as now. Then
and afterwards 6 serfs, now none. Then and
afterwards 3 ploughs on the demesne, now 2.
And 1 8 acres of meadow. Then i beast, now

fol. 303^.

2, and 8 swine. Then and afterwards (worth)

50;., now 100;.

In the same (vill) 7 freemen under the said
Ingelric by commendation held 30 acres of land
in the- King's soke. Then and afterwards

1 plough. Their value is included in the lOOs.
above.

In BuKESALLA [Buxhall] Ingelric held i^
carucates of land. Then as now 7 bordars.
Then as now 2 ploughs on the demesne. And

2 sokemen with 4 acres. And 8 acres of mea-
dow. And 1 beast. Then 30 sheep, now
40. Now . 1 1 goats. Then and afterwards
worth 40J., now worth 4/;'.

Sanfort [Samford] Hundret

Heihham [Higham] Ledmar a freeman held
I carucate of land for a manor T.R.E. Then
as now 2 bordars and I plough on the demesne,
and 6 acres of meadow. The fifth part of a
church with 4 acres, and 24 . . . Then worth
lOs., now 20s. Ralph de Marci holds it of
the Count. The soke is in Bercolt [Bergholt].

Stanfelda [ ] Aluric a freeman

held I carucate and 15 acres of land for a manor.
Now Hato holds it of the Count. Now 4 bor-
dars, and I villein. Then as now I plough on
the demesne, and I plough belonging to the
men, and l^ acres of meadow. Then worth
20s., now 40J. The soke is in Bercolt [Berg-
holt].

In Reinduna [Raydon] Ulueru(n), a free-
women, held 12 acres T.R.E. Then half a
plough. Included in the same valuation. The
soke is in Bercolt [Bergholt].

" The Finborough which descended with Buxhall
was Little Finborough, FeuJ. Jidj, v, 64.

fol. 304.

VI. LANDS OF ROBERT MALET
IN SUFFOLK

Babenberga [Babergh] Hundret

Eduardestuna [Edwardstone] Hubert holds
of Robert Malet, and Godwin, Alfer's son, held
it T.R.E. under the King with the soke as a
manor ; 4 carucates of land. A church with
30 acres of free land. Then 10 villeins, after-
wards 9, now 6. Then and afterwards 7
bordars, now 13. Then and afterwards 6 serfs,
now 4. Then and afterwards 3 ploughs on the
demesne, now 2. Then and afterwards 6 ploughs
belonging to the men, now 3. And 8 acres of
meadow. Wood(land) for 10 swine. A winter
{hyemaU) mill. Then 2 horses at the hall, now i .
Then 17 beasts, now ii. Then 60 swine, now
37. Then 80 sheep, now 22. Then and
afterwards it was worth 100s., now 7//.

In the same (vill) 9 sokemen (held) half a
carucate of land. Then and afterwards i plough,
now half a plough. Valued above. This
manor is 6 furlongs long, and 6 broad. And
(pays) lod. in geld whoever be the tenant
thereof.

Ciltona [Chilton] Walter son of Aubrey
holds of the Earl {sic) and the said Godwin held
it with the soke T.R.E. ; 2 carucates of land
as a manor. A church with 5 acres of free
land. Then as now i villein and 5 bordars.
Then 4 serfs, now i. Then as now 2 ploughs
on the demesne, and among the men. And 5
acres of meadow. Now 3 swine. Then 80
sheep, now 40.

And 3 freemen under the same Godwin,
Robert's predecessor, by commendation and soke
(held) 40 acres of land. Then as now I plough
among them all. And i acre of meadow. The
freemen were then worth i2s., now 7;. The
manor was then worth 20J., now 40/. It is
4 furlongs long, and 3 broad. And (pays) ^d.
in geld, whoever be holder thereof.

Hundret of Stou [Stow]

Cratinga [Creeting (St. Peter)] Robert de
Glanville holds of Robert Malet, and Lewin a

fol. 304A.

freeman under Edric the predecessor of Robert
Malet held it by commendation only ; I caru-
cate of land in the soke of the King and the Earl.
Then as now 6 bordars. And then i^ ploughs,
afterwards half a plough, now 2 plouglis on the
demesne. Then half a plough belonging to the
men. 3 acres of meadow. And a fourth share
of a mill. Then 2 horses, now none. Now
4 beasts. Now 14 swine. Now 43 sheep.
And (there were) 6 freemen under the said
Lewin by commendation only with 12^ acres.

444

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

Then as now half a plough among them all.
And in the same (vill) was i sokeman under
Edric with 20 acres. Then as now half a
plough. Then and afterwards the entire holding
was worth 20s., now worth 30^.

Half Hundred of Gepeswiz [Ipswich]

In the borough Robert has i burgess whom
his predecessor had by commendation T.R.E.
The king has the customs.

BOSEMERA [BoSMERK] HuNDRET

In Cratingis [Greeting] a freeman under
Edric by commendation (held) T.R.E. 20 acres
and 2 bordars. And then half a plough, now
I ox. And an acre of meadow. Worth 31. and
4.d. Walter de Caen holds (it).

In the same (vill was) a freeman with l^
acres who was (by commendation) the man of
one (himself) under commendation to Edric.
Worth 2s. And Robert de Glanville (now)
holds (it).

In the same (vill) a freeman under Edric (held)
8 acres. And (there was) one part of a weir
(fxc/use). Worth 2s. Now Robert Malet holds
(this) in demesne.

In CoDENHAM [Coddenham] a freeman by
commendation under Edric T.R.E. (held) 10
acres. It was worth 20^. The said (Robert)
(holds) in demesne.

In Uledana [Olden "] Walter de Caen (now)
holds of Robert ; a freeman under commenda-
tion (held) 6 acres. Worth 32;^.

In the same (vill) a freeman under commen-
dation (held) 5 acres. Worth lod. This
Robert holds in demesne. The King and the
Earl (have) the soke over the whole.

In Hamingestuna [Hemingstone] a freeman
Etmar Leuric, predecessor of Robert Malet's

fol. 305.

mother, had by commendation T.R.E. 4 acres.
Worth 8d. The King and the Earl (have) the
soke. Robert's mother (now) holds.

In Stanham [Stonham] (was) a freeman
Ailmar T.R.E. with 3 acres. Worth 6d.

HuNDRET OF ClAINDUNE [ClAYDON]

In Bercham [Barham] Brictuold a freeman
under commendation to Edric (held) 40 acres
as a manor T.R.E. Worth 6j. and 8(/. William
GulafFra now holds (this). The King and the
Earl (have) soke.

In Depbenham [Debenham] Edric a freeman
under commendation to Malet's predecessor held

I carucate of land as a manor in the Abbot's
soke. Then as now 16 bordars. And 2 ploughs
on the demesne. Then 3 ploughs belonging to
the men, now i ^ ploughs. 4 acres of meadow.
Then wood(land) for 60 swine, now 40. Then
as now I rouncey. Then 4 beasts, now 6.
Then 40 swine, now 20. Then 30 sheep, now
45. Then 40 goats, now 28. And there are
30 acres of demesne which are in another
Hundred. Then it was worth 60s., now 50J.
This William Gulafra holds. The soke is the
Abbot's.

In the same (vill) 6 freemen under com-
mendation to the aforesaid Edric (held) 36 acres.
Then 2 ploughs, now i^ ploughs. And I
acre of meadow. They were then worth ioj.,
now 6s. The soke is the Abbot's. The said
William holds (them).

In the same (vill is) I carucate of land which
Robert's mother holds of Robert Malet. Britmar
a freeman held it as a berewick of {in) Chenetuna
[Kenton] T.R.E. Then as now i villein.
And 9 bordars. And 2 ploughs on the demesne.
Then 3 ploughs belonging to the men, now 2.
And 4 acres of meadow. Then wood(land) for
100 swine, now for 40. This is included in
the valuation of Chenetuna [Kenton].

In the same (vill) 1 1 J freemen under com-
mendation to Brictmar (held) 60 acres less one.
Then 3 ploughs, now 2. And 2 acres of
meadovi^. They were then worth 30J., now
205. The soke is the Abbot's.

In the same (vill) Saxo the predecessor of
Ranulph Peverel {piperellus) held 6 acres T.R.E.
Now Robert's mother (holds them). And

fol. 305^.

William Malet was seised thereof. And his
predecessor in King William's time. Worth
I2d.

In the same (vill) are 2 acres. The whole
(held) in the same manner. Worth 4^. The
soke is the Abbot's.

In ToRP [Thorpe *'] Godwin a freeman under
commendation held 16 acres T.R.E. ; now
Walter holds of Robert Malet. (This) was then
worth 32<^., now 31. This land is in
Batingefelda [Bedingfield] Manor. The soke
is the Abbot's.

In Westrefelda [Westerfield] Ulviet a free-
man under commendation to Gurth held 60
acres of land and they belong to [jacent in)
Rissemera [Rushmere (St. Andrew)]. Now
Humfrey holds of Robert Malet. Then i bor-
dar. Worth ioj.

In the same (vill) 2 freemen under commen-
dation to Ulviet (held) 6^ acres. Worth 2s.
The same Humfrey (now holds). The soke is
the Abbot's.

" See n. 2.

" In Ashfield..

445

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In WiNESTUNA [Winston] 2 freemen iinder
commendation to one (who was himself) under
commendation to Edric (held) 19 acres T.R.E.
Then i plough, now half a plough. And an
acre of meadow. And 2 bordars. Worth \s.
William Gulafra (now holds). The soke is the
Abbot's.

In Depbenham [Debenham] Ulviet a freeman
under commendation to Edric held 10 acres.
Then as now half a plough. Worth 2s. The
same William (now holds). The soke is the
Abbot's.

In Depbenhan [Debenham] half a freeman
under commendation to one (himself) under
commendation to Edric (held) 2 acres. Worth

In Henleia [Henley) a freeman under com-
mendation to Stanwin held 3 acres under Harold.
Worth 8</. Humfrey now holds. The soke
is the Abbot's.

In Depbenham [Debenham] Robert has two
parts of the church of St. Mary with 20 acres
to answer for {ad defendendum\ and the fourth
part of the church of St. Andrew, and the fourth
part of (its) land.

In Manwic [ ] Sistric held 27

acres and could not sell his land. Then as now
I plough. Worth 265. and 8^. Goscelin" now
holds of Robert Malet. The Abbot (has) half
the soke, and Earl Hugh the other moiety.

In the same (vill) a freeman under commen-
dation (held) 13^ acres. Worth 5;. Gilbert
now (holds).

fol. 306.

In Assefelda [Ashfield] 3 freemen under
commendation (held) 15 acres. Then as now
half a plough. It was worth 5^. The same
Gilbert (now holds). The Abbot and Earl
Hugh (have) the soke.

In ToRP [Thorpe] a freeman imder commen-
dation (held) 3 acres. Worth lod. The soke
(is held) in the same way. The same Gilbert
(now holds).

In Assefelda [Ashfield] Turbern held 20
acres, and could not sell them. And this is
included in the valuation of Saham [Soham].
The soke (is held) in the same way.

In ToRP [Thorpe] a freeman under sub-
commendation (held) 5 acres. Then half a
plough, now 2 oxen. Worth \6d. The
Abbot of Ely has the soke. Tiger (now) holds.

" *In Maneuuic tenet Gotselmus dominium ab-
batis;' Inq. EL 194. Cf. n. 50.

In Westrefelda [Westerfield] a freeman
under commendation (holds) 10 acres. Worth
2s. The King and the Earl (have) the soke.

In ToRP [Thorpe] a freeman under sub-
commendation (held) 10 acres. Worth 2od,
William Gulafra (now) holds. The Abbot (has)
the soke.

Sanfort [Samford] Hundret and a Half

Godwin Alsies Sone, Queen Edith's thegn,
held Belesteda [Belstead] ; 2 carucates of land
for a manor. Then as now 8 villeins, and 3
bordars. Then 2 ploughs on the demesne, now
I. Then as now 4 ploughs belonging to the
men. 10 acres of meadow. Then i mill.
Then 2 rounceys, now i,and n swine. Then
100 sheep, now 30. Then worth 4//., now
lOOJ. The same Godwin (had) the soke. It
is half a league long, and 4 furlongs broad, and
pays 4^<i. in geld.

The same Godwin held Brantham [Bran-
tham] ; I carucate and 20 acres of land for a
manor, 3 bordars. Then 2 ploughs on the
demesne, afterwards and now i. 2 acres of
meadow. Worth 20s. The same Godwin
(had) soke. Hubert holds it of Malet.

Perreham [Parham] Half Hundret

At Brutge [ ] Edric of Laxfield

held 40 acres as a manor T.R.E. Then as
now I plough. And 3 acres of meadow. The
fourth part of a church with 6 acres. Now 6
beasts, 14 swine, 20 sheep, and 8 goats. Then
worth 14J. and ^d. and the like now. Walter
de Risboil holds of Robert. The soke (belongs)
to the Abbot of Ely.

fol. 306^.

In the same (vill) 5 freemen (were) added
(thereto) by commendation, in the Abbot's soke,
(they held) 20 acres. The wife of one was
under commendation to Norman. Worth 41.
The same Walter (de Risboil) holds.

In Blachessala [Blaxhall] 6 freemen by
commendation (held) 6i acres; (they are) in
the Abbot's soke. Then as now 2 ploughs.
Worth I ox. Gilbert holds.

In the same (vill) 3 freemen under commen-
dation (held) 30 acres. Then i plough. 2
acres of meadow. Worth 5^. The soke (is)
the Abbot's.

In Wantesdana [Wantisden] (are) 22 free-
men under commendation ; (they are) in the
Abbot's soke. (There is) half a church with
20 acres of free land. (There are) 121 acres.
Then and afterwards 10 ploughs, now 5. And
I serf. Then as now worth 30;. Of them

446

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

Hubert holds 5^ and Gilbert 4^ and Gilbert de
Wiscant 7 and William de Malavilla 5. It is
8 furlongs long and 6 broad. And (pays) 4.od.
in geld.

In the same (vill are) 16 acres of the demesne
of Stauerstuna [Staverton] and (included) in
the same valuation.

In Perreham [Parham] (are) 40 acres of the
demesne of Nuietuna [Newton ?] and they are
worth 6s. and 8^.

In the same (vill) 2 freemen under commen-
dation, in the Abbot's soke, (held) 12 acres.
Worth 2s.

In the same (vill) Alnod a freeman under com-
mendation to Edric (held) a carucate of land as a
manor T.R.E. Then 4 villeins, now 2. Then
and afterwards i (plough) on the demesne, now
none. Then and afterwards i plough belonging
to the men, now half a plough. 3 acres of
meadow. To the church (belong) 24 acres of
free land. Then as now worth 30J. Walter
son of Aubrey (holds) of Robert.

In the same (vill) Blacchesune a freeman
under commendation (held) 40 acres as a manor
T.R.E. Then as now half a plough. Then
worth 6s. and Sd., now js. The same Walter
holds.

In the same (vill) Ernulf a freeman under
commendation held 40 (acres) as a manor. Then
as now half a plough. An acre of meadow.
Worth Js.

In the same (vill) Alnot a freeman under
commendation held 30 acres. Then as now
half a plough. And i acre of meadow. Worth

In the same (vill) 2 freemen under commen-
dation (held) 40 acres. Then as now i plough.
And I acre of meadow. Worth js. The said
Walter (holds) of Robert. The soke is the
Abbot of Ely's.

fol. 307.

In Blaccheshala [Blaxhall] 2 freemen (held)
14 acres. One was entirely and one was half
under sub-commendation (unus et dimtdius fuit
sub-commendatus) to the Abbot of Ely and half
under sub-commendation to Malet's predecessor.
Then as now half a plough. Worth 28^.
William de Smalavilla holds of Robert.

In the same (vill) a freeman (held) 3 acres
under sub-commendation to Edric. Worth 6d.
The same William (holds). The soke is the
Abbot's.

In Blacchessala [Blaxhall] a freeman under
sub-commendation to Edric (held) 10 acres.
Worth IS. Gilbert (holds) of Malet. The soke
is the Abbot's.

In the same (vill is) a freeman under sub-
commendation half to his (Malet's) predecessor
and half to the Abbot, and as to {ex) this moiety
he came to an agreement {est conciliatus) with the

Abbot ; and he has 1 2 acres. Then as now half
a plough. Worth 2s. The same Gilbert
(holds).

In the same (vill) a freeman by commendation
(holds) I acre. Worth 2d.

In the same (vill) 2 freemen one (wholly) and
(the other) half under sub-commendation to
Edric and half under the Abbot held 8 acres.
Worth i6d. The same Gilbert (holds).

In Perreham [Parham] a freeman by com-
mendation (held) 12 acres. Worth 2s. The
same Gilbert (holds). The soke is the Abbot's.

In TuNESTAL [Tunstall] Godric a freeman
held by commendation half to Edric and half to
the Abbot 4 acres. Worth id. The same
Gilbert (holds).

In Blachessala [Blaxhall] Gilbert holds of
Robert Malet 3 freemen (formerly) under sub-
commendation to Edric (with) 6 acres. Worth
I2d. The soke is the Abbot's.

In Wantesdana [Wantisden] 2 freemen,
Alwin and Alflet, unier sub-commendation to
Malet's predecessor (held) 7 acres. Worth i^d.
The fourth part of a church with i o acres.

In Blachessala [Blaxhall] Hune a freeman
(held) tmder sub-commendation to Malet's pre-
decessor 12 acres. Worth 2 J. Ranulf holds of
Malet. The soke belongs to the Abbot of
Ely.

In Wantesdana [Wantisden] Aluric a free-
man held 4 acres. Worth id. Gilbert
holds.

fol. 307 i.

In Blachessala [Blaxhall] (arc) 16 acres of
the demesne of Cheletuna [ ]." Worth

25^. The soke is the Abbot's.

Plusmesgata [Plomesgate] Hundret

(At) Chiletuna [ ]" Edric held

T.R.E. 4 carucates of land and 20 acres as a
manor. Then as now 10 villeins, and 10
bordars. Then 3 serfs. Then and afterwards
3 ploughs on the demesne, now 2. Then and
afterwards 5 ploughs belonging to the men, now
4. And 10 acres of meadow. Then as now
I mill. Then 12 beasts, now 2. Then 30
swine, now 14. Then 100 sheep, now 50.
And I sokeman (with) 80 acres and 2 bordars.
Then and afterwards 2 ploughs, now 1 1- ploughs.
Then it was worth 8//'., now 9/;'. and 10s.

" This is presumably the same as the ' Chiletuna '
of the next entry and the ' Keletuna ' mentioned on
fol. 327. Copinger {Suff. Rec.) gives a ' Kelton,'
apparently near Harpole, as a member of the honour
of Eye.

" See last note.

447

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In the same (vill were) i6J freemen by
commendation only, and these have been added
to this manor with 153 acres. Then and after-
wards 8 ploughs, now 3^ ploughs. Then it
was worth 301., now 20s. It is 9 furlongs long,
and 4 broad. And pays 2^d. in geld. Robert
(holds this) in demesne.

In RiMDHAM [Rendham] are I carucate and
69 acres of land as a berewick to this manor.
Then as now 3 villeins, and 2 bordars. Then
and afterwards 2 serfs, now I. Then as now 2
ploughs on the demesne. And then i^ ploughs
belonging to the men, now I plough. And 6
acres of meadow. Then wood(land) for 40
swine, now for 30. And I rouncey, 24 swine,
18 sheep, and 30 goats. Worth 3//. and ioj.

A church with 24 acres and i plough.

To this manor have been added 13 freemen
with 80 acres. Then 2 ploughs, now I. And
3 acres of meadow. It is worth 20f.

This Robert holds of Malet.

It is I league long, and 7 furlongs broad.
And (pays) 2od. in a geld. The soke (is) the
Abbot's.

In Cranefort [Cransford] Cus a freeman
under commendation to Edric T.R.E. (held) 90
acres as a manor. Then as now 9 bordars.

fol. 308.

Then and afterwards 2 ploughs on the demesne,
now I plough. Then as now I plough belong-
ing to the men. And 4 acres of meadow. Now
16 swine. Then 13 sheep, now 30. Then 16
goats. Then it was worth 20f., now 2$s.
Walter holds of Malet.

To this manor have been added 2 freemen
with 1 4 acres and half a plough, worth 3;. The
same Walter holds. The soke (is) the Abbot's.

In Gliemham [Glemham] a freeman, Hune,
half under sub-commendation to the Abbot of Ely
and half to his (Malet's) predecessor (held) 30
acres as a manor. Then I plough, afterwards
and now half a plough. Worth yj. The said
Walter holds. The soke (is) the Abbot's.

In the same (vill) Sparhavoc a freeman under
commendation to Edric held 60 acres as a manor
T.R.E. and 2 bordars. Then and afterwards i^
ploughs, now I plough. Worth los. The
said Walter holds. The soke (is) the Abbot's.

In the same (vill) 2 freemen (hold) 3 acres,
worth Zd. The same Walter holds.

In SuEFUNGA [Swefling] a freeman, Osbern,
under commendation to Edric (held) 60 acres as
a manor T.R.E. Then 2 ploughs, afterwards
and now i^ ploughs. Then it was worth 201.
and now 20s.

Robert de Claville holds of Robert.

In the same (vill) a freeman Brictnot by com-
mendation held 5 acres, worth lod, Robertson
of Fulchered holds.

In the same (vill) Ailwi under commendation
to (Robert's) predecessor (held) 60 acres as a
manor T.R.E. Then i plough. And 4 acres
of meadow. Then it was worth 10;., now 5^.
The said Robert holds. The soke (is) the
Abbot's.

In the same (vill) 1 1 freemen (held) 90 acres^
and they were under commendation to Malet's
predecessor except one who was under commen-
dation to Roger Bigot's predecessor, Harvin by

fol. 308-^.

name. Then and afterwards 3 ploughs, now i|
ploughs. And 4 acres of meadow. A church
with 15 acres. Then it was worth ioj., now
6f. The same Robert (holds). The soke (is)
the Abbot's.

In Benenhala [Benhall] 6 freemen (held) 80
acres under commendation to Malet's predecessor.
Then and afterwards 3 ploughs, now 2. The
same Robert (holds). The soke (is) the Abbot's.
Then it was worth 20s., now 30J. It is 8 fur-
longs long, and 6 broad. And (pays) ^\d. in
geld.

In Straffort [Stratford (St. Andrew)] Hune
a freeman under commendation to Edric held 80
acres as a manor. Then as now I plough.
And 5 bordars. And half a plough belonging to
the men. And 4 acres of meadow. Then i
rouncey. Now 2 beasts. Then 12 swine, now
15. Then 16 sheep, now 30, and 27 goats.
Then it was worth 20s., now 25J. The same
Robert (holds).

In the same (vill) i^ freemen, Alwin (f), (held)
14 acres. Then as now half a plough. It was
worth 3^. and 4<f. The same Robert (holds).
The soke (is) the Abbot's.

In Gliemham [Glemham] Ulmar a freeman
under commendation to Malet's predecessor
(held) 100 acres. And 5 bordars. Then as
now I plough on the demesne. And i plough
belonging to the men. A church with 10 acres,
and I acre of meadow. Then i rouncey. Then
it was worth 20s., and now (the same). The
same Robert (holds) in like manner.

In the same (vill) 2 freemen under commen-
dation to Leuric (held) 41 acres as a manor
T.R.E. Then and afterwards i plough, now i
ox. And I acre of meadow. Worth ioj.
The same Robert (holds).

In the same (vill) 2 freemen (held) i^ acres.
Worth 2i)d. The soke (is) the Abbot's. The
same Robert (holds).

In the same (vill) a freeman (held) 5 acres.
Worth lod. The soke (is) the Abbot's. The
same Robert (holds).

In Faraham [Farnham] 2 freemen under
commendation (held) 40 acres, and in Gliemham
[Glemham] 2 freemen (held) 26 acres and i^

448

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

ploughs. And 6 acres of meadow. And 2
bordars. Worth 2 li. Robert holds of Malet.

In Gliemham [Glemham] Alwen a freeman
(held) 15 acres worth 2s. Robert de Glanville
holds. The soke (is) the Abbot's.

fol. 309.

In Crenefort [Cransford] a freeman by com-
mendation (held) 15 acres, and half a plough.
It was worth 2s. Gilbert holds (this). The soke
(is) the Abbot's.

In Benhalla [Benhall] 2 freemen (hold) 20
acres and i plough. Worth 5;. Hubert (holds)
of Malet. The soke (is) the Abbot's.

In Benhala [Benhall] 4 freemen under com-
mendation (held) 8 acres. Worth i6d. (This
is) in demesne. The soke (is) the Abbot's.

In the same (vill) a freeman under commen-
dation (held) i^ acres. Worth 6d. Robert de
Glanville (holds). The soke (is) the Abbot's.

In the same (vill) 3 freemen under commen-
dation (held) 17 acres and half a plough. Worth
26d. (This is) in demesne.

In Craneforda [Cransford] (are) 30 acres of
the demesne land of Hadincham [? Badingham].
Worth 5f. Robert (holds) of Malet. The soke
(is) the Abbot's.

In Gliemham [Glemham] a freeman under
commendation (held) 6 acres, worth 1 2d. (This
is) in demesne. The soke (is) the Abbot's.

HUNDRET OF HkRTESMERA [HaRTISMERE]

(At) Wiuertestuna [Wyverstone] Alwin a
freeman under commendation to Edric — and his
wife was under commen3ation to the Abbot of
St. Edmund's — held T.R.E. 100 acres as a
manor, now Hubert holds it of Robert. Then
as now 2 bordars. Then i serf. Then 2
ploughs, afterwards i, now i^. And 3 acres of
meadow. Then as now wood(land) for 20
swine. Now i rouncey. Then 2 beasts, now
3. Then 15 swine, now 10. And 24 goats.
Worth 201. The King and the Earl have the
soke.

In the same (vill certain) freemen, viz., three
brothers and their mother, held 30 acres as a
manor. One of them, Aluric, for the sixth part of
his holding was under commendation to Malet's
predecessor, and Achi, predecessor of Robert
Blund, had five parts of the commendation over
him. On this land was then and afterwards half
a plough, now none. Worth 5*. The King
and the Earl (have) the soke. Hubert (holds) of
Malet.

mendation to the Abbot and half under sub-com-
mendation to Malet's predecessor (held) 16 acres
of land. Then as now half a plough. Worth
31. The same Hubert (holds). The King and
the Earl (have) the soke.

In the same (vill) a freewoman Alfiet under
sub-commendation to Malet's predecessor (had)
3 acres. Worth 6d. The said Hubert holds.

In the same (vill) a freeman under sub-com-
mendation (held) 3 acres. Worth 6d.

(At) Westorp [Westhorpe] — Hubert holds of
Robert Malet — a freeman Leuric under com-
mendation to Edric of Laxafella [Laxfield] (held)
42 acres T.R.E. Then as now 3 bordars.
And I plough. Wood(land) for 8 swine, i^
acres of meadow. Then worth los., now 30J.
And under him 4 freemen (held) 12 acres.
Then as now half a plough. And they are
included in the same valuation.

In FiNNiNGAHAM [Finningham] a freeman
(held) 3 acres, and he could not sell his land ;
and (there was) another half freeman with 5
acres and i bordar. And they are included in
the same valuation. The King and the Earl
have the soke.

Moreover in Westor [Westhorpe] 4 freemen
under commendation to Edric (held) 28 acres.
Then as now i plough, i acre of meadow.
Then worth 4/., now 55.

In the same (vill) a freeman under commenda-
tion to the same (Edric) (held) 7 acres. Worth
l^d. He could not sell his land.

In Codetuna [Cotton] a freeman under com-
mendation to Edric (held) 20 acres. Then as
now I plough. Wood(Iand) for 4 swine. Half
an acre of meadow. Then worth ^.od., now
5f. And under him 3 freemen (held) 5 acres.
Worth 10^. (nummoi).

In the same (vill) a freeman under the said
(Edric's) commendation (held) 7 acres and half
a plough. Wood(land) for 2 swine. Worth
i/^d.

All this is worth 21s.

In RiKiNGAHALA [Rickinghall] Britfleda a
freewoman under Edric of Laxafella [Laxfield]
held a carucate of land and 30 acres T.R.E.
Then as now i villein, and 4 bordars, and i serf.
On the demesne 2 ploughs. And half a plough
belonging to the men. Wood(land) for 8 swine.
2 acres of meadow. And 4 rounceys, 6 beasts,
20 swine, 60 sheep, and 16 goats. Then
worth 20;., now bos. The King and the Earl
(have) the soke.

In the same (vill) 2 freemen under commenda-
tion to Saint Edmund (hold) 5^ acres, worth

fol. 3093. fol. 310.

In the same (vill) a freeman half under com- i2d. This Hubert holds of Robert Malet.
I 449 57

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In Brom [Brome] (are) 6 acres. Worth 1 2d.

In the same (vill) 3 half freemen (held) 7 acres.
Worth i^d. This William Scutet holds of
Robert Malet.

In Brom [Brome] Warin {Guarinus) holds of
Robert Malet 30 acres (which) a freeman
Ulmar under commendation to Edric (held).
Then as now I plough, i^ acres of meadow.
Then as now worth 5;. And 5 freemen under
Edric's commendation (held) 14 acres, and were
worth 2s. This the same Warin holds of Robert.

In AcLE [Oakley] William Gulafra holds of
Robert Malet 30 acres (which) a freeman
Godman under the said Edric's commendation
(held), and (there were) 2 freemen with half an
acre. Then as now half a plough
meadow, i mill. Then as now worth ioj,

i^ acres of

And in Thraudestuna [Thrandeston] the
same Godman holds 16 acres, worth 2s. This
William Gulafra holds of Robert Malet. A
church with 6 acres worth I2(^.

In Strandestuna [Thrandeston] William de
Caen holds of Robert Malet 5 acres (which) a
freeman under commendation to Edric T.R.E.
(held), worth 1 2d. The King and the Earl (have)
the soke.

In the same (vill) Hugh holds of Robert Malet
9 acres, worth I2d.

BiscoPES [Bishop's] Hundret

In Badingafelda [Bedingfield] a freeman
under Edric by commendation (had) 20 acres and
3 bordars and half a plough. Wood(land) for 10
swine. Worth 51.

In Carletuna [Carlton] Edric held 80 acres
as a manor. One villein, and 5 bordars. And
I plough. And i acre of meadow.

In the same (vill) 10 freemen (had) 160 acres
of land less 2, and 3 ploughs. The whole is
(included) in the valuation of Leistuna [Leiston],
The soke (is) in Keleshala [Kelsale] Roger
Bigot's manor.

In Alrincham [Aldringham] (are) 7 villeins
and I bordar. (Included) in the valuation of
Leestuna [Leiston]. And they have 90 acres.
The soke (is) the Bishop's in Hoxa [Hoxne].

In Denham (Denham] (is) i sokeman with all
customs with 50 acres of demesne land. (This
is included) in the valuation of Heia [Eye]. Then
as now I bordar. And 1 plough. And i acre
of meadow.

fol. 310^.

In the same (vill are) 4 freemen under com-
mendation (having) 30 acres and half a plough.
Worth 5f. The soke (is) the Bishop's.

In Menham [Mendham] (is) I sokeman (having)
10 acres and half an acre of meadow. Worth
24.d. The soke (is) the Bishop's.

In Kereshalla [Kelsale] (is) i freeman under
commendation, and he has 30 acres and I bordar.
Then i plough, now half a plough. Worth 55.
Roger Bigot (has) the soke.

In Alrincham [Aldringham] l freeman by
commendation and by fold-soke and other
services (held) 20 acres and half a plough.
Worth 4.od.

In Badingafelda [Bedingfield] 6 freeme
under commendation (had) 80 acres. Then r.
now 2 ploughs. Then worth 10;., now 15 .
The fourth part of a church with 6 acres.

LAND OF ROBERT MALET'S

MOTHER HELD OF THE QUEEN'S

FEE

In Badingafelda [Bedingfield] (were) 3 free-
men under commendation to Stigand (having)
44 acres and I bordar. Wood(land) for 20 swine.
And I acre of meadow. Worth 5;. The
Bishop (has) the soke.

In the same (vill) in Badingafelda [Bedingfield]
were 2 freemen under commendation to Stigand
(having) 26 acres of land. Wood(land) for 6
swine. Then as now i plough. Worth 4s.
The soke (is) the Bishop's.

Blidinga [Blything] Hundret

In Dersam [Darsham] Edric a freeman held
T.R.E. 94 acres as a manor. Then as now 4
bordars. Then 2 ploughs, now i|. And 2
acres of meadow. Worth I2s. and 8d. And
under him 6 freemen under commendation (held)
36 acres. Then as now i plough. Worth 6s.

In Forlea [Fordley "] the said Edric held 60
acres and 3 bordars and i^ ploughs and 4 acres
of meadow and a mill. Worth I oj. And under
him 6 freemen under commendation (held) 26
acres and i plough. Worth 4f.

This Edric was under commendation to Edric
of Laxfield, Robert Malet's predecessor, before
King Edward died. Afterwards Edric became
a.n outlaw {udlagavit); King Edward seized all his
land ; afterwards he was reconciled to King
Edward ; and he granted him back his land. He
gave him, too, a sealed charter {breve /t sigillum)
that whosoever of his freemen under commen-
dation might choose to return to him, by his grant
they might return ; ths Edric King Edward
seized into his hand ; afterwards the Hundred
saw no sign that he returned to Edric his lord ;

" In Middleton.

450

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

but he himself says, and offers proof by ordeal
{Judicium) that he did return : and he holds the
freemen whom he has by commendation under
him, and as to them [ex eis) he vouches Robert
to warrant.

HuNTiNGAFELDA [Huntingfield] Edric of
Laxfield T.R.E. held, and now Walter, son of
Aubrey, holds, under Robert Malet. Then as
now 6 carucates of land. And then and after-
wards 1 8 villeins, now I2. Then as now 28
bordars. Then I serf. Then as now 4 ploughs
on the demesne. Then as now 18 ploughs be-
longing to the men. Then wood(land) for 1 50
swine, now for 100. And 15 acres of meadow.
Then as now 2 rounceys. And lo non-working
{otiosa) beasts, 30 swine, 100 sheep, 60 goats,
and 6 hives of bees. Then it was worth 8//.,
and now 7//. A church with 14 acres worth 2s.

In LiNESTEDE [Linstead] as a manor Wluric
a freeman T.R.E. held 60 acres of land (which)
now Walter holds under Robert Malet. 6 bordars.

2 ploughs on the demesne. And i plough belong-
ing to the men. Then wood(land) for 30 swine,
now for 20. 2 acres of meadow. And I
rouncey, 4 beasts, 20 swine, 30 sheep, 20 goats.
T.R.E. it was worth 20i., now 30J. And
moreover to this manor of Huntingafelde
[Huntingfield] are now attached 200 acres of
land, which 21 freemen held T.R.E. Then as
now 10 ploughs. And under them 2 bordars.
Wood(land) for 20 swine. 2 acres of meadow.
Then as now it was worth 40;. And this land is i
league long and 9 furlongs broad. And renders
"j^d. in the King's geld. And moreover to this
manor arc attached in Huntingafelda [Hunt-
ingfield] 40 acres of land which 4 freemen held.
Then 2 ploughs, now I . And they have i bor-
dar. Worth 8f.

And over all this land of the freemen the sac
and soke belongs to {jacet in) Blideburh [Blyth-
burgh] to the use of the King and the Earl.
And over all these men Edric, Robert Malet's
predecessor, had commendation.

Edric of Lessafelda [Laxfield] held Lehtuna
[Leiston] as a manor and as 12 carucates of land.

fol. 311^.

Then as now 25 villeins, and 27 bordars. Then

3 serfs, now 7. Then on the demesne 1 1
ploughs, and now 7 . Then 6 ploughs belonging
to the men, and now 3^. Then wood(land) for
500 (swine), afterwards (and) now for 200.
Then as now a mill. 5 acres of meadow. And

4 rounceys, 5 beasts, 72 swine, ii2 sheep, 7
hives of bees, and i pig. And 3 churches with
100 acres of free land. T.R.E. worth 16//'. and
afterwards worth 28//., and the like now. It is
3 leagues long, and 2 leagues and i furlong
broad. And renders 31. and 3 half-pence in the
King's geld.

And in the same vill is a freeman with 40
acres, and he holds them as a manor. It is worth
6x. ; but they are part of the 28//. aforesaid.

And moreover to this manor are attached [jacent)
47 freemen with 7 carucates of land. Then 8
ploughs, now 6^ ploughs. Then as now it was
worth 4//.

In the same vill Gilbert holds 7 score acres
under Robert Malet, which Edric held as a manor.
Then 4 bordars, and 2 villeins. Then as now 2
ploughs on the demesne. And half a plough
belonging to the men. Now i rouncey, and 2
beasts. Then as now it was worth 2 Ox.

In the same vill (are) 8 freemen with ij
carucates of land. Then 3 ploughs on the
demesne, now 2. And i acre of meadow.
Then as now it was worth 30X. This land
Fulchred holds of Robert Malet,

Edric of Laxfield held Duneuuic [Dunwich]
T.R.E. as a manor, and now Robert Malet
holds it. Then 2 carucates of land, now i.
The sea carried away the other. Then as now
I plough on the demesne. Then 12 bordars,
now 2. And 24 Frenchmen [franci] with 40
acres of land, and they render all customs to this
manor. And then 120 burgesses, and now 236.
And 180 poor men less 2, Then i church,
now 3 ; and they render 4//. and lOs. And
altogether it is worth 50//,, and 60,000 herrings

fol. 312.

by way of gift. And T,R.E. it rendered 10//.

And moreover Robert de Vallibus holds i acre
of land, worth %d. And Norman holds i acre,
worth 2J. and M. And Godric i acre, worth
%d. And this they hold of Robert Malet.
And Gilbert Blund holds of the same Robert
four score men, (who) render 4//. and 8,000
herrings.

At Westlentuna [Westleton] Aki a freeman
held as a manor 4 carucates of land. Then as
now 13 villeins. Then as now 14 bordars.
Then 4 serfs, now 2. Then 3 ploughs on the
demesne, now none. Then 10 ploughs belong-
ing to the men, now 5. Wood(land) for 7 swine.
3 acres of meadow. 3 beasts, 20 swine, 60
sheep. Then as now 24 goats. 2 hives of bees.
Then worth loos., now the like. And i church
with 20 acres, worth 40^. To this manor are
attached 14J freemen with 103J acres. Then
6 ploughs, now 3. Then as now worth 20;.
It is 2 leagues and 2 furlongs long, and 2 leagues
broad. It (pays) "j^d. in geld. This Gilbert
Blund holds of Robert Malet.

In MiDDELTUNA [Middleton] 2 freemen held
four score acres, now Gilbert Blund holds of
Robert Malet, Then as now i bordar. Now
half a plough. 2 acres of meadow. Then as
now worth i6j.

451

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In Stikingalandk [Stickingland"] Edric a
freeman held 40 acres. Then as now I bordar.
Then i plough, now none. It was worth 6s.
and 8d. This Gilbert Blund holds of Robert
Malet.

In FoRLB [Fordley] 2 freemen held 24 acres
T.R.E. ; now the said Gilbert (holds) of Robert
Malet. Then on the demesne half a plough, now
none. Then worth lOx., now 4^.

The King has in Duneuuic [Dunwich] the
custom following, that two or three shall go to
the Hundred (court) if they shall have been duly
warned. And if they do not do this they shall
make forfeiture of 2 ores. And if a thief be
there caught, there he shall be brought to trial,
and he shall suffer corporal punishment in Blieburc
[Blythburgh], and his property (pecunia) shall re-
main to the lord of Duneuuic [Dunwich]. And

fol. 312^.

T.R.E. there was no exchanger {cambitor) there-
in, but at Blideburh [Blythburgh].

In SiBBETUNA [Sibton] a freeman held 25 acres
T.R.E. as a manor. Now Walter de Caen holds
of Robert Malet. Then as now i bordar.
Then as now half a plough on the demesne, i
acre of meadow. Then as now it was worth 41.
And I church.

In the same vill a freeman held i carucate
and 20 acres of land as a manor. Then as
now 4 villeins and 10 bordars. Then as now 2
ploughs on the demesne. And 2 ploughs belong-
ing to the men. Wood(land) for 60 swine. 4
acres of meadow. Then as now 2 rounceys, and
7 beasts. Then 30 swine, now 26. Then 50
goats. Now 50 sheep. Then it was worth 20f.,
now 40J. This Walter de Caen holds of Robert
Malet.

In the same vill a freeman held 25 acres T.R.E.
as a manor. Then as now 3 bordars. Then as
now half a plough, i acre of meadow. Then
as now I rouncey. Then 6 swine, now none.
Then as now it was worth 41. And this Walter
de Caen holds of Malet.

In the same vill Edric held 16 acres of land.
Then as now i bordar. Wood(land) for 12
swine. 2 acres of meadow. Worth 3^.

In the same vill Aluric held 60 acres T.R.E.
as a manor. Then as now 2 bordars. Then
as now 2 ploughs on the demesne. i acre
of meadow. Then i rouncey, now none. 3
score and 1 3 sheep. And 6 goats. Then it was
worth 10/., now i6j. This Walter de Caen
holds of Malet.

In the same vill 3J freemen held 72 acres.
I bordar. Then as now i plough on the de-
mesne. I acre of meadow. Then as now worth
los. It is i^ leagues long, and i league broad.

And renders in geld "j^d. Two churches with
18 acres and 3 acres of meadow.

In UuRABRETUNA [ ] " T.R.E. Amod

a frcewoman held 30 acres of land over which
Norman the Sheriffhad commendation. 2 bordars.
2 acres of meadow. Worth 45. And now
Robert Malet holds this. And Roger Bigot
claims it.

In PisEHALLA [Peasenhall] T.R.E. Leofti a
freeman held 40 acres of land as a manor. Now
Fulchred holds of Malet. Then as now 4 bor-
dars. Wood(land) for 10 swine. And i plough.

fol. 313.

And I acre of meadow. Worth 8;. The King
and the Earl have the soke.

In the same (vill) a freeman Stanwin T.R.E.
(held) I carucate of land as a manor. Now Ful-
chred holds. This Stanwin was under commend-
ation to Edric Robert's predecessor before he be-
came an outlaw ; afterwards he was Harold's man
on the day on which King Edward was alive and
dead ; so the Hundred says. Only Stanwin says
that he was Edric's man by Harold's grant on
the day on which King Edward died ; and offers
proof by ordeal [judicium). There are 2 bordars.
Then as now i plough on the demesne. And

1 plough belonging to the men. And I acre of
meadow. Wood(land) for 20 swine. And 2
beasts. And then 6 swine now 12. Now 26
sheep. Then it was worth I2J., now 22/.
Harold had the soke, and Stanwin (had it) of him.
And in King William's time Stanwin added

2 freemen under commendation with 8 acres,
worth idd. The same Stanwin had the soke of
Harold.

In the same (vill was) a freeman Ailmar under
commendation to Edric with 12 acres and half a
plough. Worth 2s. The King and the Earl
have the soke. Gilbert holds of Malet.

In SiBBETUNA [Sibton] Blakeman, a freeman,
held T.R.E. 50 acres as a manor. Then as now
2 bordars. Then as now i plough on the de-
mesne. I acre of meadow, i rouncey. 16
sheep. Then as now it was worth lOs. And
Blaceman was Edric's man : and he had com-
mendation over him : and the King (had) the
soke : but the wife of this man was Bishop Stigand's
' man ' : and he had commendation over the wo-
man : and William Malet held this land.

In the same vill 2 freemen held 32 acres of
land. Then as now i bordar. Then as now
I plough on the demesne. Half an acre of
meadow. Woi'th 4J. This Walter de Caen
holds of Robert Malet.

In Dersam [Darsham] a freeman, Blacheman,
under commendation to Edric T.R.E. (held) 30

" In Yoxford ; see Cal. 0/ Chart, in B.M.

" See n. 24.

452

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

acres as a manor. Now Walter son of Richer
(holds it). Then as now I bordar. Then I
plough, now half a plough. And 2 acres of

fol. 313^.

meadow. It was worth lOi. To this manor
was added I freeman with 22 acres, over
whom that same Blacheman had commendation
T.R.E. Then as now half a plough. Worth 4.S.
and 4.d. The King and the Earl have the
soke.

In Dersam [Darsham] Edric held 60 acres as
a manor T.R.E. Now Fulchred (holds it).
Then i plough. And 2 acres of meadow.
Then it was worth 8x., now lOi. The King and
the Earl have the soke.

In Wesletuna [Westleton] a freeman under
commendation (held) 30 acres as a manor. Now
the same Fulchred (holds it). A church with
3 acres. Then and afterwards i plough, now
none. And i acre of meadow. Then it was
worth 8j., and when Robert received it it was at
farm for 20s., now it renders Ss. The King and
the Earl have the soke.

In CouA [Cove] Edric holds of Robert Malet
2 freemen under commendation to Edric, who
was under commendation to Edric, Robert
Malet's predecessor. And they have 16 acres.
Then as now half a plough. Worth 31.

(At) Stichinghelanda [Stickingland] *• the
same aforesaid Stanwin held 80 acres as a manor
T.R.E. Now Walter de Caen (holds it). Then
as now 2 bordars. Then I plough, now half a
plough. And i acre of meadow. Then it was
worth lOJ., now 8s. The King and the Earl
(have) the soke.

In the same (vill was) a half freeman under
commendation with 8 acres. Worth i2<^.

In the same (vill) Talcha a freeman under
commendation T.R.E. (held) 10 acres. Worth
20ci.

In Warabetuna [ ] " 2 freemen under

commendation (had) 9 acres, worth i8d. All
this Walter de Caen (now) holds. The King
and the Earl (have) the soke.

In HopPETUNA [ ] °' a freeman under

commendation (? to) Alnot (held) 42 acres as a
manor T.R.E. Now Gilbert holds it. Then
as now 2 bordars. Then I plough, and now the
like. And 2 acres of meadow. Then it was
worth lOJ., and (the same) now.

In the same (vill) 2 freeman under commenda-
tion (had) 18 acres. Worth 3*. The King and
the Earl (have) the soke.

" In Yoxford. " See n. 24.

" Occurs below, fol. 333^, as 'Opituna.'

fol. 314.

In Dersam [Darsham] a freeman under com-
mendation (had) 4 acres. Worth Sd. This is
(now) in demesne.

In Holetuna [Holton] Edric held 20 acres
as a manor. Now Robert (holds it) in demesne.
Worth 3J. and ^. The King and the Earl
(have) the soke.

In Pesehala [Peasenhall] a freeman under
commendation (had) 6 acres. Worth Sd. Wal-
ter de Caen (now holds).

In LiNESTEDA [Linstead] are 8 acres, which
are attached to Weresdel [Withersdale] (in
Bishop's Hundred) and (included) in its valua-
tion.

In Westetuna [Westleton] (is) a villein (with)
6 acres. Gilbert Blund holds (this). (This) has
been valued (above).

In FoRLEA [Fordley] (were) 3^ freemen.
Swarting and Algar and Herewold, and Osfert
the half, and they were under commendation to
Edric. Osfert was wholly Toll's man. And
they have 27 acres of land. Then as now I
plough. 2 acres of meadow. Included in the
valuation of Ledestuna [Leiston]. The King
and the Earl (have) the soke.

In Mensemara [Minsmer] (are) 12 acres of
free land. Worth I2d. The King and the
Earl (have) the soke.

In the same (vill are) 2 freemen with 8 acres,
worth I2d.

In the same (vill) moreover (are) 12 acres
which Leuric Coc holds, worth I2d. Over all
(these holdings) the King and the Earl (have) the
soke.

In Wrabbatuna [ ] Godric son of

Herebold holds 8 acres, worth I2d. The King
and the Earl (have) the soke.

In Thewardetuna [Theberton] a freeman
Suarthoga held T.R.E. from Ulf son of Mannig-
suart as a manor 60 acres. Then i plough, now
none. 2 acres of meadow. It was worth T.R.E.
20;., now los. This Hubert holds of Robert
Malet.

Hundret of Colenesse [COLNEIS]

In Strattuna [Stratton °'] Wlmar a free-
man T.R.E. under Edric of Laxfield held
a carucate of land as a manor. Then
4 villeins, now 2. Then as now 3 bordars.
Then as now on the demesne I plough. Then
belonging to the men i plough, now half a
plough. Wood(land) for 6 swine. 10 acres of

' In Levington.

453

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

fol. 314^.

meadow. And 1 2 swine, and 8 sheep. Then it
was worth 20s., now 30^. To this manor have
been added 1 2 freemen in King William's time.
LeuricofHeImelea[Hemley]andBrumanofBurch
[Burgh], and Goda of Struostuna [ ]

and Leostan of Faltenham [Falkenham], and
Gleman of Leuetuna [Levington], and Wih-
tric of Carlewuda [ ], and Edwin

the smith in the same (vill), Aluric of Hopewella
[ ], and Thuri of Kylvertestuna

[ ], Aluric the smith's son in Carle-

wuda [ ], Orgar in Kylvertestuna

[ ], and Modgeva of Colacar [Col-

carr], all under commendation to the same (Edric)
T.R.E. with 87^ acres and 2 bordars, and 2^
ploughs, 2 acres of meadow (and) a mill. Then
it was worth 60s., it now renders 50J. All this
Bernard of London {Lundonie) holds of Robert
Malet.

In the said Strattuna [Stratton] a freeman
Lewin son of Brun under commendation to
Edric (held) 24 acres of land. Then as now
half a plough. Half an acre of meadow. Worth
4;, And there was half a freeman Aluric under
commendation to the said (Edric) with i acre.
Worth $d. This R. de Claville holds of Robert
Malet.

In Mycelegata [ ] a freeman

Levestan under commendation to Edric (held)
4 acres. Worth I2d.

HUNDRET OF CaRLEFORD [CaRLFORD]

Plegeforda [Playford] Humfrey son of
Robert holds of Robert Malet, and Godwin son
of Alfer held as under the Queen T.R.E.; 3 caru-
cates of land as a manor. Then 8 villeins, now
4. Then 3 bordars, now 23 and i burgess of
Gipeswic [Ipswich]. Then 6 serfs, now i.
Then on the demesne 3 ploughs, now 2. Then
8 ploughs belonging to the men, now 4. Wood-
(land) for 20 swine, 20 acres of meadow, and i
mill. Then 3 rounceys. Then 1 5 beasts, now
I. Then 69 swine, now 25. Then 160 sheep,
now 26. Then 6 hivesof bees, now i. Then
it was worth 8//'., now lOO^. i church (having)
10 acres ; worth 20d.

And in the same (vill) 12 freemen under com-
mendation to the said Godwin, — except 2,

fol. 315.

^theric and Blacheman, whose commendation
Halden the predecessor of Geoffrey de Magna-
ville had, — (held) 100 acres of land. Then 3
ploughs, now 2, and 2^ acres of meadow.
Worth 20J. Robert has the sac and soke and
custom. It is I league long and half a league
broad, and (pays) ()d. in geld.

win T.R.E. with 28 acres. Then 2 ploughs,
now none, worth 2s. Robert Malet has the
soke and sac as in the case of the aforesaid (hold-
ings). It is 3 furlongs long and 2^ broad, and
pays ^^d. in geld. Others have holdings there.

In Gressegrava [Kesgrave (?)] 3 freemen
under commendation to Godwin (held) 20 acres
of land and I plough. Worth 3;. and ^d.
Robert has soke and sac.

Moreover in the same (vill) a freeman, Oslac,
under commendation to Edric of Laxfield T.R.E.
held 10 acres. Then i plough, now none.
Worth I dd. Half a church with 2 acres. Soke
and sac (belong to) Saint Etheldreda. It is half
a league long, and 4 furlongs broad, and (pays)
4^^, in geld.

In Minima Waldringafelda [Lesser Wal-
dringfield] a sokeman imder Edric (held) 22
acres of land. I bordar and i plough. Worth
2s.

In Ryscemara [Rushmere (St. Andrew)] 2
sokemen under Godwin (held) 30 acres. Then
I plough, now half a plough, i acre of meadow.
Worth 5 J.

In the same (vill) 3 freemen, under commenda-
tion to Edric, — Leuric and Turchil and Aluric, —
held 44 acres, i bordar. Then 2 ploughs,
now I plough. 2 acres of meadow. Worth 10s,
Saint Etheldreda has soke and sac.

In HoPESTUNA [ ] a freeman under

Edric held 25 acres of land. Then i plough,
now none, i bordar. Then it was worth 2s,
and 8^., now 4^ Saint Etheldreda has the
soke.

In Haschetuna [Hasketon] a freeman, Lust-
win by name, under commendation to Edric,
and his wife under commendation to Halden,
T.R.E. (held) 40 acres and half a plough.
Worth 81. Saint Etheldreda has the soke.

fol. 3 1 5*.

Moreover, in the same (vill) 2 freemen under
commendation to Edric held 17 acres, but their
dwelling is in another hundred. Worth 3;.

In Burch [Burgh] 2 freemen under com-
mendation to Edric (held) 16 acres and half a
plough, and i acre of meadow. Then it was-
worth 4J., now 3^,

In TuDENHAM [Tuddenham] a freeman under
commendation to Edric T.R.E. (held) 12 acres.
Then i plough, now none. Half an acre of
meadow. Worth 2s. i church (with) 15
acres in this hundred. And another freeman
under commendation to Godwin (held) 4 acres.
Worth id.

In Necchemara [ ] (were) 4 In Belinges [Bealings] (is) a sokeman, Ulnot

fireemen under commendation to the said God- by name, with 14 acres. Then i plough, now

454

I'HE HOLDERS OF LANDS

none, half an acre of meadow. Then it was
worth 2s., now aSi/.

In Grundesburh [Grundisburgh] 2 sokemen,
under commendation to Edric (held) 5 acres and
half a plough ; worth 1 2d. All this Humfrey
son of Robert holds of Robert Malet.

In BuRCH [Burgh] a freeman Adelwold under
commendation to Edric (held) 16 acres of land.
Then half a plough, now 2 oxen. Worth 2s,
Robert Malet holds it in demesne.

In BuRCH [Burgh] R. de Glanville holds a
freeman Ulwin the priest, (who was) under com-
mendation to Edric T.R.E. with 6 acres worth
12^., and II acres of free land worth i id.

In Ryscemara [Rushmere] Ulviet a freeman
under Gurth T.R.E. held 60 acres as a manor,
and Humfrey holds (this) in demesne. Then i
plough, now 5 acres of meadow. Worth 20s.

In the same (vill) 2 freemen under him (held)
4 acres. Worth i6d. This Humfrey holds of
Robert Malet.

In Hascetuna [Hasketon] a freeman under
Edric held 5 acres. Worth 12^.

In Clopetuna [Clopton] 2 freemen under
commendation to Edric (held) 40 acres of land
and half a plough. Worth Js. and 4J. Tiger
holds one of them, and Gilbert dc Colville the
other of Robert Malet.

fol. 316.

HUNDRET OF PlUSMESGATA [PlOMESGATE]

(At) Cranesforda [Cransford] Godric the
priest under commendation of Edric of Laxfield
held 40 acres. Then as now i plough. And
I acre of meadow. Then as now it was worth
los. This Durand holds of Robert Malet.

Snapes [Snape] Walter holds of Robert Malet,
which Edric of Laxfield held as a manor, viz.

4 carucates of land T.R.E. Then as now 8
villeins, and 16 bordars. Then on the demesne

5 ploughs, now none ; but there might be. Then
8 ploughs belonging to the men, now 4. Wood-
(land) for 6 swine. 6 acres of meadow, i mill.
Then 2 rounceys. Then 6 beasts, now 2.
Then 24 swine. Then 160 sheep. Then as
now it was worth 6/i. It is 3 leagues long, and
4 furlongs broad. And (pays) in geld ^.od.
Robert Malet (has) the soke.

Moreover in the same vill (were) 25 freemen
under commendation of Edric of Laxfield with
108 acres. Then among them (were) 6 ploughs,
now 4. Then it was worth 2 35., now 20s.

3 bordars. Then 2 ploughs, now X. 2 acres
of meadow. 5 swine. And 20 sheep. Then
as now it was worth 20s. 2 churches with 60
acres, worth ioj.

In the same (vill) are 12 acres of free land.
Worth 2s.

In the same (vill) a freeman Archil under
commendation of Edric (held) 30 acres. Then
as now I plough, i acre of meadow. Worth

In Sternesfella [Sternfield] (is) a sokeman
with 30 acres. And 1 acre of meadow.
Worth 5j.

In BoHTUNA [Boyton **] was a freeman under
commendation of Edric with 24 acres and i
plough. Worth ^s.

In the same vill (are) 30 acres of demesne land
and half a plough, worth 55.

All this Walter son of Grip holds.

In Snapes [Snape] Gilbert Blund holds oi
Robert Malet 21 freemen under Edric's com-
mendation (with) I carucate of land (and) 30
acres. Then 6 ploughs, now 3. Then it was
worth 20 J., now 40^. A church with 8 acres,
worth i6d.

In Bohtuna [Boyton] (were) 8 freemen
under Edric's commendation with 20 acres.
Then 2 ploughs, now i. Worth 51. This
Gilbert holds of Robert Malet.

fol. 316*.

Farnham [Farnham] Norman holds of Robert
Malet, which Edric of Laxfield held as a bere-
wick, viz. half a carucate of land. 10 acres of
meadow and 3 bordars. I plough on the de-
mesne. And I mill. Then it was worth 20/.,
and now a like sum.

In the same (vill) (were) 9 freemen under
Edric's commendation with 28 acres and I
plough and i acre of meadow. Then it was
worth 5^., and now a like sum. It is 8 furlongs
long and 5 broad. And in geld pays j^d. This
Norman holds.

In Tor? [Thorpe] (were) 4 freemen under
Edric's commendation (with) 24 acres and i
plough and 3 bordars and 6 acres. All these
are (included) in the valuation of Ledestuna
[Leiston].

In Cranesfod [Cransford] (were) 5 freemen
under commendation of Edric with 35 acres.
Then i plough, now half a plough. Their
value is included in the valuation of Dinguie-
t[una] [Dennington].

This (Robert Malet) holds in demesne.

In Aldeburc [Aldeburgh] Uluric a sokeman
under Edric T.R.E. held 80 acres as a manor.

" Said to be in Kettleburgh and Parham ; Copinger,
Suf. Rec.

455

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In BoHTUNA [Boyton] William Gulafa holds
of Robert Malet 12 freemen (formerly) under
Edric's commendation with 6o acres. Then
4 ploughs, now 3. Half an acre of meadow.
Worth i6x. 2 churches with 30 acres,
worth 5^.

In RiscEMARA [Rushmerc (?)] 8 freemen
under Edric's commmendation (held) 52 acres of
land. Then 3 ploughs, now 2. Worth
71., but it renders 17/. The same William
holds it.

In BoHTUNA [Boyton] a freeman under
Edric's commendation (held) 24 acres, worth \s.
The same William (holds this).

In Sternefella [Sternfield] 1 5 freemen under
Edric's commendation (held) 100 acres, i acre
of meadow. Then 5 ploughs, now 4. i acre
of meadow. Then it was worth 20*., now 44*.
The same William (holds this).

In Cle'pham [
ot demesne land, worth 2s.

] (are) 10 acres

In SuTBURNA [Sudbourne] Gilbert de Wis-
cand [Wishant] holds of Robert Malet 1 2 free-
men (formerly) imder the said Edric's commenda-
tion with 60 acres. Then 3 ploughs, now 2.
Worth 20J. To one of these freemen be-
longed (fuit) a manor with 20 acres, i beast,
30 swine, 40 sheep. I plough might be made
up. I mill. Worth 10*. A church with i6
acres, worth 2S,

fol. 317.

In the same (vill) Walter de Caen holds of
Robert Malet a freeman (formerly) under Edric's
commendation with 30 acres and 1 bordar.
Then as now i plough, i fish pond {piscina).
I acre of meadow, i salt-pan. Worth 1 2s.

In Burgesgata [
worth 3</.

] (is) I acre,

In Burgh [Burgh (?)] a freeman under Edric's
commendation T.R.E. (held) 6 acres. Worth
I2d.

In Ingoluestuna [
acres, worth \2d.

] (are) 6

In Prestetuna [ ] (is) I bordar

with 3 acres of land and half (an acre) of mea-
dow, worth bd.

HUNDRET OF WiLEFORDA [WilFORd]

In HoLESLEA [Hollesley] Edric of Laxfield
T.R.E. held 6 carucates of land as a manor.
Then 18 villeins, now 13. Then 4 bordars,
now 12. Then on the demesne 4 ploughs, now
2 ; and there could be 2 others. Then 8 ploughs

belonging to the men, now 5. 30 acres of mea-
dow. And I fishery. And 2 rounceys, 8 beasts,
30 swine, I CO sheep. Robert (holds) the soke
and sac of the King. To this manor belong 5
sokemen with 56 acres. Then 2 ploughs, now
I. 4 acres of meadow. These 5 could not sell
their land, nor give it to anyone. Then worth
looj., now 13//'. It is I league long, and half
a league broad. And (pays) "jd. in geld. A
church with 14 acres, worth 25. Saint Ethel-
dreda has soke throughout the entire Hundred.

In SuTHTUNA [Sutton] (were) 22 freemen, 20
under Edric's commendation and 2 under Saint
Etheldreda, with 80 acres of land. Then 6
ploughs, now 5. 4 acres of meadow. And
they are (included) in the valuation of Holeslea
[Hollesley]. It is i league long, and 8 furlongs
broad. And (pays) 27^. in geld.

In Capeles [Capel (St. Andrew)] (were) 2
freemen under Edric's commendation T.R.E.
with 3 acres of land.

And in Laneburh [ ] a free-

man under Edric's commendation with i acre of
land.

In Aletuna [Alderton] a freeman tinder
Edric with i acre of land.

And in Turstanestuna [ ]

3 freemen imder Edric's commendation with
4^ acres.

And in Baldeseia [Bawdsey] 2 freemen
under Edric's commendation with 13 acres.

And they are all included in the valuation of
Holeslea [Hollesley].

fol. 317*.

In SuTTUNA [Sutton] Leofetan a freeman
under Edric held T.R.E. 60 acres of land as a
manor. Then I plough, now half a plough.
2 acres of meadow. Then as now worth 3*.
And 2 half freemen under him (held) 4 acres
(included) in the said valuation.

(At) CuLESLEA [ ], a berewick of

Holeslea [Hollesley], Robert Malet's mother
holds of him l carucate and 80 acres of land.
Then as now i villein, and 13 bordars. Then
on the demesne 4 ploughs, now 2. Then as
now belonging to the men 3 ploughs. 6 acres
of meadow. Then worth 6of., now the like.
It is I league long, and 6 fixrlongs broad. And
(pays) 27<^. in geld.

In the same vill 2 freemen under Edric's
commendation T.R.E. (held) 8 acres, worth ltd.

(At) Baldeseia [Bawdsey], a berewick of
Holeslea [Hollesley] which Robert de Glanville
holds of Robert Malet, (is) I carucate of land.

456

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

Then as now 3 bordars. Then ij ploughs,
now 2. Then it was worth 2$!., now 40/.
And it is i league in length and 5 furlongs in
breadth. And pays in geld 2jd.

In the same (vill) 17 freemen under Edric's
commendation T.R.E. (held) 60 acres of land.
Then 3 ploughs, now i^ ploughs. 4 acres of
meadow. Then worth lOs., now 12s.

In Hou [? Hoo] (is) a freeman with the fourth
part of an acre worth 2d.

In Alretuna [Alderton] were 31 freemen
T.R.E. , now there are 34, (they were) under
Edric's commendation. Over 2^ of these Godric
the predecessor of Suene used to have commenda-
tion, but William Malet was seised of them, i
carucate of land and 80 acres and ij bordars.
Then 6 ploughs, now 5. 20 acres of meadow.
Then worth 40J., now lOOs. One church with
24 acres and i acre of meadow. Worth 31.

In HoLESLEA [HoUesley] i mill worth 12s.
All this Robert de Glanville holds of Robert
Malet.

In Baldeseia [Bawdsey] 12^ freemen under
commendation to Edric T.R.E. (held) 72 acres.
Then as now 2 ploughs. One acre of meadow.
Then worth 12s., now 30J. A church with 20
acres, worth 31.

This Robert Malet's mother holds of him.

fol. 318.

In Alretuna [Alderton] 2 freemen under
commendation to Edric (held) 32 acres. Then
as now I plough. Half an acre of meadow.
Then worth 4J., now lo^. This W(alter) de
Caen holds of Robert Malet.

In LiTELCROS [ ] (are) 7 villeins

with 40 acres. Then 2 ploughs, now 1. 3
acres of meadow. Then worth 5^., now lOs.
Robert holds the soke of the King.

In Alretuna [Alderton] (was) a freeman
with 12 acres*" under commendation to Edric,
worth 2s.

In SuTTUNA [Sutton] W(alter) de Caen holds
of Robert Malet half a freeman, Godwin by
name, (who was formerly) under commendation
to Edric'* with 12 acres as a manor. Half a
bordar. Then half a plough, now the like.
One acre of meadow. And 3 beasts. 60 sheep.
Then worth 2s., now $s.

In the same (vill) 9 freemen under him (P God-
win) and I freeman under commendation to

"'12 acres of the demejne (of St. Etheldreda) ' ;
Inf. EL 162.

" The other half of his conunendation apparently
belonged to Ely ; ibid.

Halden •» T.R.E. (held) 40 acres of land. Then
I plough, now I. Half an acre of meadow.
Then worth 4^., now "js.

In Capbles [Capel (St. Andrew)] 3 " freemen
under commendation of Godwin (held) 15 acres
of land. Then i plough, now a half. Then it
was worth 21., now 41. It is i league long, and
half (a league) broad. And (f)ays) 2']d. in geld.
Others hold (land) therein.

In ScoTESHAM** [Shottisham] i\ freemen
under commendation to the same (Godwin) (held)

7 acres, worth i2d.

In Brameswella [Bromeswell] i^ freemen
under commendation to the same (Godwin) (held)

8 acres. Half a plough. Worth idd.

This the same Walter (de Caen) holds of
Robert Malet.

In Bredefelda [Bredfield] the same W(alter
de Caen) holds of Robert Malet 3 whole freemen
and 3 half freemen and I quarter freeman with
24 acres. Then 2 ploughs, now half a plough,
and they are worth 6x. and 2dP And as to this
Godwin of Sutton, Menard makes claim that
Earl Ralph was seised of him one year before
he made forfeiture ; and the Hundred bears wit-
ness that Robert Malet was seised thereof.

In SuTTUNA [Sutton] the same Walter (de
Caen) holds of Robert Malet 2 freemen (for-
merly) under commendation to Edric (with) 61
acres, and under one of them (were) 5 freemen.
Then as now 2 ploughs, i^ acres of meadow.
Then worth -js., now i$s. A church with 20
acres. (Included in) the valuation above.

fol. 318*.

In Wileford [Wilford] Robert Malet holds
in demesne i sokeman jEdi (formerly) under
Edric's commendation with 60 acres. Then as
now 2 bordars. And then i plough, now none.
4 acres of meadow. Then worth i6j., now
loj. It is I league long, and half (a league)
broad. And (pays) in geld I3^<^.

BoiTUNA [Boyton] Humfrey son of Robert
holds of Robert Malet, which Stanwin under
commendation to Edric held T.R.E., viz. 2
carucates of land as a manor. Then 3 villeins,
now none. Then 18 bordars, now 15. Then
on the demesne 2 ploughs, now i. Then 4
ploughs belonging to the men, now i ; but there
might be (3 more). 10 acres of meadow. Then
2 rounceys, now none. Then 9 beasts, now i.

* All these ten freemen had been in the soke and
commendation of St. Etheldreda ; Inj. El. 162.
"'3i';ibid.

" ' Eissestesham,' ' Escestesham ' ; ibid. 162, 178.
'•'Worth -JS. zd.' ; ibid. 162.

457

58

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Then 24 swine, now 17. Then 300 sheep,
now 70. Then i mill. Then worth 60s.,
now 60X. A church with 8 acres, worth izd.

In the same (vill) were 8 freemen under Stan-
win's commendation with 63 acres. Then 2
ploughs, now i^. Then worth 24*., now 221.

In Laneburc [ ] Bricmar under

commendation to Edric (held) 5 acres. Worth
I2d, Walter holds.

In Laneburc [ ] 3 freemen under

Edric's commendation (held) 30 acres and i bor-
dar. Then i^ ploughs, now half a plough.
Then worth ioj., now 12s.

In Meltuna [Melton] (were) 2 freemen
under Edric's commendation with 64 acres, and

1 freeman under him with i acre. Then as
now i^ ploughs. Then worth 15;., now 101.

This Humfrey holds of Robert Malet.

Halgestou [ ] Malet's mother holds,

which Godric, Edric's sokeman, held — he could
not sell nor give it T.R.E. ; i carucate of land
and 20 acres and i villein and i bordar. Then

2 ploughs, now I. And 2 acres of meadow.
And I mill. Then as now worth ijs. and ^d.

Rammesholt [Ramsholt] Ralph holds of
Robert Malet, and 3^ freemen under com-
mendation to Godric. Suen's predecessor held it
T.R.E. ; 29 acres. Then i plough, now 2.
Then worth ioj., now 51.

In the same (vill) 5 freemen under Edric's
commendation — i was half under commendation
fol. 319.

to Roger Bigot's predecessor — held 16 acres.
Then i plough, now half a plough. Worth 2s.
Moreover in the same (vill are) 80 acres belong-
ing to Malet's demesne. Then worth $s.,
now js.

In SuTTONA [Sutton] (was) a freeman under
Edric's commendation T.R.E., now his 3 sons
dwell there, (with) 25 acres ; and a freeman under
him with i acre. Then as now half a plough.
Worth then 41., now 5/.

In the same (vill was) a freeman under the
same (Edric's) commendation with 10 acres and
I plough. One acre of meadow. Worth 2s.
and Sd. This Ralph holds of Robert Malet.

In Caresfelda [Charsfield] Robert de Glan-
ville holds of Robert Malet 24 freemen under
Edric's commendation T.R.E. with 2 carucates
of land and 5 bordars. Then 7 ploughs, now 4.
And 4 acres of meadow. Then worth 30^.,
now 4.0s. It is I league long, and 5 furlongs
broad. And in geld (pays) i^^d. To the
church (belong) 36 acres, worth 31.

In Brammeswella [Bromeswell] Gilbert de
Colville holds of Robert Malet 4^ freemen (for-

merly) under Edric's commendation with 26
acres of land and i^ acres of meadow. Then
as now half a plough. Worth 41.

In Bulges [Boulge] Robert de Glanville holds
of Robert Malet a priest Wlfwin, a church with
25 acres and 3 bordars and i acre of meadow,
worth 3f. and 2d. And a church in Bredefeld
[Bredfield] with 36 acres, worth 31.

In Capeles [Capel (St. Andrew)] Walter son
of Aubrey holds of Robert Malet 24 freemen
(formerly) under commendation to Edric with
I carucate and 6 1 acres of land and 4 acres of
meadow. Then 6 ploughs, now 3. Then
worth 60J., now a like amount. A church with
12 acres, worth 21.

In SuTTUNA [Sutton] a freeman under Edric's
commendation (held) 80 acres as a manor. Then
as now I plough. 3 acres of meadow. Then
worth 20J., now a like amount.

In the same (vill) 8 freemen under Lustwin's
commendation T.R.E. (held) 40 acres. 2 acres
of meadow. Then 2 ploughs, now I. Then
worth 41., now ys.

In Brammeswella [Bromeswell] (are) 6 acres,
worth i2d.

In ScoTESHAM [Shottisham] a freeman Siric
under King Edward's commendation (held) 12
acres, and half an acre of meadow. Then
worth 2j., now 4^.

In the same (vill) 4 freemen, 2 under Godric's
commendation and the other 2 under Osmund's

fol. 319^.

commendation T.R.E., (held) 32^ acres. Then
I plough, now half a plough. Then worth 4;.,
now 6s.

In Benga [Byng''] a berewick of Staure-
TUNA [Staverton"] Edric held ij carucates.
Then i villein and now (the same). Then
I bordar, now 2. Then and now i serf. Then
I plough, now 2. 2 acres of meadow. One
rouncey, 4 beasts, 16 swine, and 80 sheep.
Then worth 20J., now 40^.

In the same (vill were) 20 freemen, and in
LuDHAM [Loudham] lo whole and 2 half (free-
men) with I carucate of land under Edric's com-
mendation T.R.E. Then 6 ploughs, now 3.
And 4 acres of meadow. Then worth 30J., now
40/.

In LuDHAM [Loudham] (were) 2 freemen
under the said Edric's commendation with 24
acres and 4^ acres of meadow. Then I plough.
Now I mill. Now half a plough. Then worth
201., now a like amount.

" In Pettistree.

" In Butley.

458

THE HOLDERS OE LANDS

This Walter son of Aubrey holds of Robert
Malet.

In Brumeswella [Bromeswell] Hubert de
Monchensey [Monte Canesitu) holds of Robert
Malet 1 6 freemen (formerly) under Edric's com-
mendation with 60 acres and i bordar. Then
2 ploughs, now I ^. 4 acres of meadow. Then
worth 16;., now 20s.

HUNDRET OF HeRTESMERA [HaRTISMERE]

(At) EiA [Eye] Edric held 12 carucatcs of
land T.R.E. Now Robert holds them in de-
mesne ; and his mother holds 1 00 acres and i
villein and 3 bordars and 9 sokemen with 16
acres, then 2 ploughs, now i, worth 20s. Then
39 villeins, now 20. Then and afterwards 9
bordars, now 16. Then 12 serfs, now none.
Then and afterwards 8 ploughs on the demesne,
now 5. Then and afterwards 15 ploughs be-
longing to the men, now 6. And the other
ploughs might be made up again [restaurari).
And (there are) 50 acres of meadow. Then
wood(land) for 120 swine, now for 60. Then
as now a mill. And a fishery. Then 7 roun-
ceys, nowi. Then 24 beasts, now none. Then
50 swine, now 17. Then 80 sheep, now 90.
And now i market. And a park. And in
the market 25 burgesses have their dwellings
{mantnt). To this manor belong 48 sokemen
with 121 acres of land. Of these sokemen 37
(are) on the demesne ; and Herbert holds 9 with
20 acres ; and Walter i with 5 acres ; and

fol. 320.

Walter the crossbowman (arbalistarius) I with
16 acres. The whole is worth 9*. Then 4
ploughs, now 3. And 1 acre of meadow. Then
worth 15//., now 2i/». Edric had soke and sac
of the bishopric which the Bishop ought to have.
To this manor also belong 9 freemen with no
acres of land (who were) in Edric's soke and
commendation T.R.E. Then 4^ ploughs, now
4. And 3 acres of meadow. Then wood(Iand)
for 16 swine, now »or 6. Worth 20i. These
9 were called Alestan, Uluric, Godwin, Lewin,
Edric, Alfsi, Aluric, Godric, Dynechaie.

In the same (vill) a freeman Uluric under
commendation to Edric (held) 30 acres as a
manor T.R.E. Now Walter de Caen holds of
Robert. Then as now 2 bordars. Then i
plough, now half a plough. Worth 20s.

In the same (vill is) a church, Saint Peter's, to
which belong 2 carucates of free land and 7 bor-
dars. Then I plough on the demesne, now 3.
Then l plough belonging to the men. And 3
acres of meadow. And a mill. Worth 40X.

In the same (vill) a freeman Suartric under
Harold's commendation and in his soke held 1 20
acres as a manor T.R.E. Now Robert holds
in demesne. Then as now 4 bordars. And I
plough on the demesne. And 4 acres of mea-

dow. Wood(land) for 3 swine. Worth 20s.
It is 2^ leagues long, and \\ leagues broad. And
(pays) 25. in geld.

In Radinghefelda [Redlingfield] a freeman
Aluric under commendation to Edric (held) 3
carucates of land as a manor T.R.E. Then as
now 1 1 villeins, and 4 bordars. Then 2 serfs.
Then 2 ploughs on the demesne, now 3. Then
as now 2 ploughs belonging to the men. Then
wood(Iand) for 100 swine, now for 50. And 6
acres of meadow. And a church with 12 acres.
Now 1 rouncey. Then as now 12 swine, and
24 sheep, and 34 goats. Then worth 60f., now
lOOJ. William de Archis holds of Robert Malet.
The King and the Earl (have) the soke. (It is)
7 furlongs broad and 7 long. And (pays) td.
in geld.

fol. 320A.

In AcoLT [Occold] 5 freemen under com-
mendation to Edric and in his soke (held) 46 acres,
Smert, Raven, Pinstan, Godric, Lefsi, Alveva.
Then 2 ploughs, now i^. Wood(land) for 6
swine. And i acre of meadow. Worth lOf.
Robert's mother holds.

In GissiLiNCHAM [Gislingham] 2 freemen,
Stannard and Stubbard, under commendation to
Edric (held) 30 acres in the soke of the King
and the Earl. Then as now 2 bordars. Then
(and) afterwards l^ ploughs, now i plough.
And i^ acres of meadow. Wood(land) for
5 swine. Then worth 41., now 51. Robert's
mother holds.

In Mellels [Mellis] a free(man) Fulchard,
half under commendation to Edric, (held) 27
acres and I bordar and I plough and I acre of
meadow and half a church with 8 acres. Worth
lOj. The King and the Earl (have) the soke.
Robert's mother holds.

In Iacheleia [Yaxley] Alnod a freeman, half
under commendation to Edric, (held) 8^ acres,
worth i2d. The King and the Earl have the
soke. Hubert holds.

In Wordham [Wortham] a freeman Algar
under commendation to Edric (held) 4 acres,
worth id. The King and the Earl (have) the
soke.

In Briseworde [Braiseworth] 4 freemen (held)
38 acres of land under commendation to Edric.
Then i^ ploughs, now i plough. Worth 7^.
and td. The King and the Earl (have) the
soke.

In little {parvo) Thornham [Thornham
Parva] 2 freemen under Edric's sub-commen-
dation (held) 7 acres, worth i bd. And Robert's
mother holds.

459

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In Marthorham [Thornham Magna] a free-
man Stanhart under commendation to Edric (held)
4 acres, worth i2ti. The King and the Earl
have the soke. Robert's mother holds.

In EsPALA [Aspall] Brictmar a freeman under
commendation to Edric (held) 30 acres as a
manor T.R.E. Then as now i plough. And
I acre of meadow. And 24 sheep. Worth ioj.
The King and the Earl (have) the soke. Robert's
mother (holds).

In Thrundestuna [Thrandeston] Awart {sic)
a freeman under commendation to Edric (held)
36 acres as a manor T.R.E. Then and after-
wards I plough, now 2 oxen. And i acre of

fol. 321.

meadow. Worth 5/. The same Alwart holds

of Malet. The King and the Earl (have) the

soke.

In the same (vill) 2 freemen under commenda-
tion to Edric (held) 15 acres, in the soke of the
King and the Earl, Godric and Lestan. Half a
plough. Worth 26d. Walter holds of Robert.

In Brum [Brome] 2 freemen under commen-
dation to Edric (held) 4 acres in the King's soke,
worth 8</. The same Walter (holds).

In Strandestona [Thrandeston] the same
Walter holds 2 villeins with 24 acres of the de-
mesne of Eia [Eye]. Worth 45.

In Brisewrda [Braiseworth] 3 freemen under
Edric's commendation (held) 1 7 acres and half a
plough. Worth 3/.

In EsPALA [Aspall] a freeman under com-
mendation (held) 3 acres, worth 6d. William
Gulafra holds. The King and the Earl have
the soke.

In the same (vill) Robert has 2 parts of a
church.

In Fessbfelda [Fressingfield (?)] Alwin a soke-
man held 6 acres, worth i2d.

In Ghenetessala [Knettishall (?)] a freeman
under commendation (held) 3 acres, worth 6d.
The King and the Earl have the soke.

Hundret of Hertesmara [Hartismere]

In Finingaham [Finningham] Robert Malet's
mother holds of Robert Malet and of the Queen's
fief 18 freemen with i^ carucates of land. One
of these had the name of Almar, over whose
wife Saint Edmund had commendation, and 2 of
them were under Lewin's commendation, Lewin
and Brihtmar. The others were all under Lev-
eric's commendation and Ulveva's T.R.E. ; and
under them (were) 3 freemen with 5 acres and
I bordar. Then 3^ ploughs, now the like num-

ber. Wood(land) for 16 swine. 5 acres of
meadow. They were then worth 30J., now 50J.
It is half a league long, and half (a league) broad.
And in geld (pays) 8d. The King and the Earl
(have) the soke.

In Westurp [Westhorpe] 3^ freemen (held)
30 acres. Then as now i plough. 1 acre of
meadow. Then worth $od., now 55. The
King and the Earl (have) the soke. Of these
three the Abbot of Saint Edmund's claims i,
Ordric, with 10 acres; and the others were
under commendation of Uluric the predecessor
of Eudo son of Spiriuit.

fol. 32 1 i.

In Wiverthestuna [Wyvcrstone] (were) 4
freemen Ulmar, Alfleda and Ulwin, and Alwin
and Alflet, and Alwin under commendation to
Malet's predecessor. Over Ulwin the Abbot of
Saint Edmund's had three parts of commendation.
Altogether they have 67 acres. Then i plough,
now half a plough. Wood(land) for 4 swine.
They were then worth 6s. and Sd., and now the
like sum. The King and the Earl (have) the
soke except over the one who was under the
Abbot's commendation so far as relates to three
parts of the commendation.

In Caldecota [ ] 6 freemen under

commendation to Lewin of Bachetuna [Bacton]
(held) 74 acres ; and (there were) 7 freemen
under them by commendation with 6^ acres.
Then as now i bordar. And i^ ploughs. And
I acre of meadow. Worth lis. and lod. The
King and the Earl (have) the soke except over
one, that is over Ulveva and her son. Walter
de Dol was seised hereof on the day on which he
made forfeiture.

At Soches [Stoke (Ash)] Ulveva under com-
mendation to Stigand held I carucate of land
and 40 acres as a manor. Then 4 bordars, now
8. Then as now 2 serfs. And 3 ploughs
on the demesne. And 4 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 8 swine. A church with 1 5 acres.
Then i plough, now half a plough. And then
I rouncey, now 2. And 6 beasts. Then 12
swine, now 6. And 20 goats. Then as now
worth looj. And 5 freemen under commenda-
tion (held) 32 acres. Then i plough, now half
a plough. And I acre of meadow. Worth $s.
and 4.d. It is 10 furlongs long and 6 broad.
And (pays) 6d. in geld. Ulveva has soke, and
over the freemen the King and the Earl (have)
the soke.

In Martonham [Thornham Magna] 24 free-
men (held) I carucate of land and 12 acres.
Then and afterwards 6 ploughs, now 4 (ploughs)
and 2 oxen. 4 acres of meadow. Then as now
worth 23J. Over all these Ulveva had commenda-
tion except over one who was half under commen-

460

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

dation to the Abbot of Saint Edmund's, Ulric
by name. The King and the Earl (have) the
«oke.

fol. 322.

In Thornham [Thornham] Brictmar under
commendation to Ulveva held 26 acres and half
a plough. Then worth 5;., now "]>. The King
and the Earl (have) the soke.

In the same (vill are) 4 freemen, of one half
freeman, Brungart by name, Walter de Del was
seised when he made forfeiture. 108 acres. Over
2^ Ulveva had commendation, and over the half
(freeman) the Abbot of Saint Edmund had
commendation, and over the fourth Burchard had
commendation. Then 4 ploughs, now 2. And
i^ acres of meadow. And i rouncey, i beast,
25 swine, 16 sheep, and 27 goats. Then as now
worth 20s. The King and the Earl (have) the
soke.

In GisLiNGHEHAM [Gislingham] 3 freemen.
Over two Alveva had commendation. 7 acres and
half a plough. Worth i(>d.

In the same (vill) 2 freemen (held) 26 acres.
One, Coleman by name, under commendation to
Ulveva with 6 acres. Then half a plough, now
none. Worth 41.

In the same (vill) Alviet a freeman under
commendation to Alsi nephew of Earl Ralph
(held) 30 acres as a manor T.R.E. Then i
plough, now none. And i acre of meadow.

In the same (vill) 6 freemen under commen-
dation to Alviet (held) 13 acres. Then as now
half a plough. Then worth 20J., now I2i.

In the same (vill) Ringulf a freeman (held) 30
acres as a manor under commendation to Alsi
Earl Ralph's nephew. Then i plough, now
none. Of this land Lewin son of Ringulf holds
3 acres and the fourth part of the wood(land).

In the same (vill) 4 freemen under commen-
dation to Ringulf (held) 10 acres. Haifa plough.
And 4 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 10
swine. Then worth 20s., now los.

In the same (vill) Beso a freeman (held) 16
acres under commendation to Alsi. Then and
afterwards I plough, now none. Worth 6j. and
id. Of this land Aubrey de Vere's predecessor
held 5 acres. The King and the Earl (have) the
soke over all this.

In the same (vill) a freeman Sorches (held) 6
acres under commendation to Ulveva, worth izd.

fol. 322^.

In the same (vill) Chipinc a freeman under
commendation to Ulwin, Aubrey de Vere's
predecessor, and in his soke (held) 12 acres, and
moreover he held an acre of land of Ulwin's
demesne, and the fourth part of another (acre) ;
and now Robert's mother holds all this. Worth
2s. The King and the Earl (have) the soke
over all the rest [de toto alio).

In CoTETUNA [Cotton] Ansger a freeman
under commendation to Lewin of Bachetuna
[Bacton] held 30 acres as a manor T.R.E.
Then 1 plough, now half a plough. And i
acre of meadow. Wood(land) for 6 swine. And
3 freemen under commendation (held) 60 acres
and half a plough. Worth 10s. The King and
the Earl (have) the soke.

In the same (vill) Teit, half under com-
mendation to Edric the King's reeve and half
under commendation to Malet's predecessor, (held)
8 acres. Then as now half a plough. Worth
41. The soke is the King's and the Earl's.

In Parvo Thornham [Thornham Parva] 8
freemen (held) 28 acres under commendation to
Ulveva. Then 2 ploughs, now i^. Worth 5^.

In the same (vill) 2 freemen (held) 15 acres.
One of them was under commendation to Ulveva,
and the other half under sub-commendation to
Malet's predecessor. Then as now i plough.
Then worth ^od., now 5/.

In the same (vill) a freeman Siric under com-
mendation to Ulveva (held) 14 acres, and then i
plough, now half a plough. Then worth 3^.,
now 45.

In the same (vill) three parts of a church with
10 acres and half a plough.

The King and the Earl (have) the soke over all
this.

In WoRTHAM [Wortham] Siric a freeman
under commendation to Stigand (held) 20 acres.
Then as now 2 bordars. And half a plough.
And an acre of meadow. Wood(land) then for 6
swine, now for 2. And (there were) 3 freemen
under him with 6 acres. Worth 5^. Stigand
(had) the soke.

In Stoches [Stoke (Ash)] the same Siric held
20 acres and 2 bordars. Then i plough on the
desmesne, now half a plough. And 2 acres of
meadow. Worth fj. Stigand (had) the soke.

fol. 323.

In AsPALLE [Aspall] the same Siric held 30
acres as a manor. Then as now 3 bordars. And

I plough. And 4 acres of meadow. Wood(land)
for 60 swine. And 13 beasts. Then worth

10/., now ly. Stigand (had) the soke.

In RisANGRA [Rishangles] Ulveva under
commendation to Stigand held 220 acres as a
manor T.R.E. Then as now 3 villeins, and 7
bordars. Then 3 serfs, now 2. Then as now
3 ploughs on the demesne. And 2 ploughs
belonging to the men. And 4 acres of meadow.
Then wood(Iand) for 240 swine, now for 120.
A church with 20 acres and \ plough. Then
as now 2 rounceys, and 7 beasts. And now 7
swine, and 30 goats. Then worth 50J., now
6of. Ulveva (had) the soke of Stigand.

461

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In the same (vill) 4 freemen (held) 40 acres
under commendation to Ulveva. Then as now
2 ploughs. And i acre of meadow. Wood-
(land) for 6 swine. It was worth 6s. and Sd.
The King and the Earl (have) the soke. It is
4 furlongs long and 10 broad. And (pays) gd.
in geld.

(At) ToRENTUNA [Thorndon] Ulveva held
under Stigand 3 carucates of land and 40 acres as
a manor T.R.E. Then as now 4 villeins, and
16 bordars. Then 4 serfs, now 2. Then as
now 4 ploughs on the demesne. And 3 ploughs
belonging to the men. And 6 acres of meadow.
Wood(Iand) for 200 swine, now for 120. Now
I mill. A church with 50 acres of free land and

1 plough and i acre of meadow. Then as now

2 rounceys, and i 5 beasts. Then 40 swine, now
31. Then 60 sheep, now 24. Then worth
5//., now 8//. Ulveva (had) the soke under
Stigand.

In the same (vill) Turchetel a freeman under
commendation to Ulveva (held) 30 acres as a
manor. Then as now 2 bordars. And i^
ploughs. I acre of meadow. Worth loj.
The King and the Earl (have) the soke.

In the same vill 7 freemen held 88 acres.
Then as now 2 ploughs and 2 acres of meadow.
Worth 20s. The King and the Earl (have)
the soke.

In AcoLT [Occold] 7 freemen (held) 50 acres
under commendation to Ulveva. Then 2 ploughs,

fol. 323*.

now I J ploughs. And i acre of meadow.
Worth 9*. The soke is the King's and the Earl's.

(At) Briseuolda [Braiseworth] Ulveva held as
a manor 60 acres and i villein and i plough and

4 acres of meadow and i mill. Half a church
with 1 7 acres and half a plough. And 4 beasts,
and 8 swine. Worth 151. Ulveva (had) the
soke under Stigand.

In the same (vill) a freeman (held) 3 acres,
included in the same valuation.

In the same (vill) 15 freemen (held) 140 acres
and I bordar. Then 4 ploughs, now 3. And
I acre of meadow. Haifa church with 15 acres
and half a plough. Worth 30^. The King and
the Earl (have) the soke. It is 6 furlongs long
and 5 broad. And (pays) ()d. in geld.

In Brisewrda [Braiseworth] 8 freemen (held)

5 acres, worth izd. The King and the Earl
(have) the soke.

In the same (vill) Brichtmar Bubba a freeman
under Harold held 20 acres. Then half a
plough, now none. Worth 51. The King and
the Earl (have) the soke.

(held) 15 acres. Then and afterwards half a
plough, now 2 oxen. Then worth 20s. , now
10s. Ulwin the predecessor of Aubrey de
Vere (had) half the commendation and half th e
soke, and Ulveva (had) half the commendation,,
and the King (had) half the soke.

In Brisewrda [Braiseworth] Alestan a free-
man under commendation to Ulveva (held) 30
acres as a manor. Then as now I plough.
And I acre of meadow. Worth 5^. The King
and the Earl (have) the soke.

In Iachelea [Yaxley] Hagris under com-
mendation to Ulveva held 15 acres. Then as
now half a plough. Worth ^j. The King
and the Earl (have) the soke. AH this Robert
Malet's mother holds of him as of the Queen's
fee.

In WiCHAM [Wickham Skeith] 2 freemen
under commendation to Ulveva (held) i6 acres
and half a plough. Worth 3;. The King and
the Earl (have) the soke. Robert's mother holds
as of the same fee.

In Felincham [Finningham (?)] " a freeman
under commendation (held) 2 acres. Worth ^d.

In Badinghefelda [Bedingfield] a freeman by
sub-commendation under Ulveva (held) half an

fol. 324.

acre. Worth 2d. Robert's mother holds (over
him). The King and the Earl (have) the
soke.

In GiLDiNCHAM [Gislingham (?)] a freeman
under commendation to Alsi nephew of Earl
Ralph (held) 3 acres, worth i2d. The King
and the Earl (have) the soke.

In Weringheseta [Wetheringsett] a freeman
Godric (held) 7 acres. Worth 4^.

WiLEFORDA [WiLFORd] HuNDRET

In Brumeswella [Bromeswell] Hubert holds
of Robert Malet 44 acres of land and 6 acres of
meadow. And this is in the demesne of
Stauretuna [Staverton].

In Stokerlanda [Stokerland '*] Gilbert de
Colville holds of Robert Malet 2 freemen (form-
erly) under Edric's commendation with 30 acres.
Then as now half a plough. Half an acre of
meadow. Then worth 20d., now 51.

In the same (vill was) a sokeman with 30
acres, and he could not sell nor give. Then as
now I plough. 2 acres of meadow. Then
worth 51., now Ss.

In Metles [Mellis] Lewric held 60 acres as " Copinger {Suf Rec.) gives ' Felmingham ' as an

a manor. Then and afterwards i plough, now early form of Finningham.
none. And 3 freemen under commendation " In Sutton.

462

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

In LuDHAM [Loudham] a freeman under the
said Edric's commendation (held) 8 acres, worth
l6</.

ScoTESHAM [Shottisham] Walter the cross-
bowman {arbalastarlui) holds of Robert Malet,
which Osmund a freeman under Edric's com-
mendation held T.R.E., viz. 44 acres as a
manor, and i bordar. Then i plough, now
half a plough. 2 acres of meadow. Then
worth 20s., now \os. It is 7 furlongs long, and
4 broad. And in geld (pays) i^^d. A church
with 13 acres, worth 32^.

In the same (vill) 12 freemen under Edric's
commendation and 3 under the commendation
of Godric of Peyton (held) 80 acres. Then
3 ploughs, now i^ ploughs. And i acre of
meadow. Then worth i6f., now 20s. This
Walter the crossbowman holds of Robert Malet.

Uffeworda [UfFord] Gilbert de Witsthant
[Wishant] holds of Robert Malet, which Almar
a freeman held as a manor T.R.E. under com-
mendation half of Edric and half of Saint Ethel-
dreda, viz. 60 acres. Then 4 bordars, now 2.
Then i^ ploughs, now half a plough. 4 acres
of meadow. And i mill. Then as now worth
101.

In the same (vill) 9 freemen under the said
(Edric's) commendation except 2 who were them-
selves under Saint Etheldreda's commendation
(held) 25 acres and 2 acres of meadow. Then

fol. 324^1.

as now I plough. Then worth, as afterwards

and now, 41.

In Alretuna [Alderton] a freeman under
Edric's commendation (held) 8 acres, worth 16a'.

In WiKHAM [Wickham (Market)] 4 freemen
under the said (Edric's) commendation T.R.E.
(held) 16 acres, worth i2d.

In SuGGENHOU [Sigenhoe in UflFord] a free-
man under Edric's commendation (held) 20 acres.
Half an acre of meadow. Worth ibd.

In Uffeworda [Ufford] a freeman under
Edric's commendation (held) 6 acres, worth i2d.

In Bulges [Boulge] i^ freemen under Edric's
commendation (held) 3^ acres, worth bd.
This Gilbert holds of Robert Malet.

In Benges [Byng] Walter de Caen holds of
Robert Malet a freeman Godric (formerly) under
commendation to Edric with 40 acres and 1
bordar. Then as now I plough. Then as now
worth 7J. And (there were) 2 freemen under
him with 12 acres and half a plough, worth 2s,

In Berdefelda [Bredfield] (were) 2 freemen
under Edric's commendation with 27 acres.
Then half a plough, now none. Worth 31.
and ^d.

In LuDHAM [Loudham] a freeman Morewin
held as a manor 40 acres, half under Saint Ethel-
dreda's commendation, and half under Edric's,
and I bordar. Then as now i plough. And
under him (were) 14 freemen" with 40 acres and
5 acres of meadow. Then 2 ploughs, now i.
Then as now worth 20s. This Walter de Caen
holds of Robert Malet. It is i league long, and
7 furlongs broad. And in geld (pays) 2jd.

In SuTTUNA [Sutton] a freeman under Edric's
commendation (held) 13 acres of land. Then
half a plough, now 2 oxen. Worth ibd. This
Hubert holds of Robert Malet.

In Bromeswella [Bromeswell] a freeman
under Edric's commendation (held) 16 acres,
worth iGd. A church with 6 acres, worth bd.
This Hubert holds of Robert Malet.

In HuNDESTHosT [ ] William holds

of Robert Malet 2 freemen under commendation
with 22 acres. Worth 2s. and 4^.

Horepola [Harpole] Robert Malet's mother
holds, which Huna a freeman under Edric held
T.R.E. as a manor, viz. 100 acres and 4
bordars. Then i^ ploughs, now i plough. 5
acres of meadow. 8 swine, 30 sheep. Then
and always worth 201.

Ill the same (vill were) 10 freemen under
Edric's commendation. And 4 in Wikham
[Wickham (Market)]. Over 2 Saint Ethel-
dreda had half the commendation and Robert

fol. 325.

Malet's predecessor half. 29 acres. Then i
plough, now half a plough. Then as now
worth ^od.

In Suttuna [Sutton] Robert Malet holds in
demesne a freeman under Edric's commendation
with 16 acres and half a plough. Worth 41.

In Horepola [Harpole] a freeman Bond
under half commendation to Edric (held) 15 acres
and half a plough (and) i J acres of meadow.
Worth 5i. This Robert Malet's mother holds.

In Stituna [(?) Sutton] 3 freemen under
Edric's commendation (held) 44 acres. Then 2
ploughs, now half a plough. One acre of mea-
dow. Then worth 51., now 41. This Gilbert
Blund holds of Robert Malet.

In Ufforda [UfFord] a freeman under Edric's
commendation (held) 8 acres and I acre of mea-
dow. This is included in the valuation of
Dingifetuna [Bennington].

" The freemen appear to have been divided be-
tween Edric and St. Etheldreda, as the notice of this
holding in the Inq. El. (p. 163) runs, 'And 7 free-
men under him with 20 acres and 5 acres of meadow.
Then i plough, now a half. Worth loi.'

463

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In WiLEFORDA [Wilford] a freeman under
Edric's commendation (held) 2 acres, worth \d.

In the same (vill are) 30 acres, and they belong
to Holeslea [Hollesley] and (are included) in its
valuation.

In LuDHAM [Loudham] a freeman under
Edric (held) 8 acres. (This is included) in the
valuation of Dingifetuna [Dennington].

In Bredefella [Bredfield] a freeman under
Saint Etheldreda's commendation (held) 6 acres,
worth I2d. And Norman holds of Robert
Malet.

In HoREPOLA [Harpole] a freeman holds 3
acres, worth "jd.

HUNDRBT OF LOSA [LOEs]

Stauertuna [Staverton "] Hubert holds of
Robert Malet, which Edric of Laxfield held as a
manor, viz. 4 carucates T.R.E. Then 14
villeins, now 9. Then 6 bordars, now 15.
Then 4 serfe. Then on the demesne 4 ploughs,
now 2 ; and 2 might be made up again. Then
as now 2 ploughs belonging to the men. 8 acres
of meadow. Wood(land) for 30 swine, i mill.
And 2 beasts, I2 swine, 80 sheep, 20 goats, and
4 hives of bees. Then it was worth bit., now
4//. A church with 10 acres, worth 2od. It
is i^ leagues long and half a league broad, and
(pays) 22d. in geld.

In the same (vill) (were) 13 freemen under
commendation of Edric of Laxfield with 57
acres, and 3 acres of meadow. Then 2 ploughs,
now I J. Then it was worth lox., now a like
sum. This Hubert de Monchensey (Monte
Canesei) holds of Robert Malet.

In Ketelbiria [Kettleburgh] Humphrey holds
of Robert Malet a freeman (formerly) under
Edric's commendation T.R.E. with lOO acres of
land as a manor, and 3 bordars. Then and now
I plough. 3^ acres of meadow. 4 beasts, 7
swine, and 30 sheep. Then it was worth 10s.,
now 15/.

fol. 325*.

In Munegadena [Monewden] a freeman
held as a manor 1 carucate of land T.R.E. under
commendation of the same Edric. Then 2
bordars, now 3. Then 2 ploughs, now i.
And belonging to the men half a plough. 3
acres of meadow. Then 3 beasts, now none.
Now 6 goats. Then it was worth 40J., now
30J. The same Humphrey holds (this). And
(there is) a freeman under him with 5 acres,
worth lod. It is I league long, and 4 (furlongs)
broad. And (pays) gd. in geld.

" In Butley.

In Wudebryge [Woodbridge] a freeman under
commendation to Robert Malet's predecessor
(held) 20J acres and half a plough. It was
worth $s. and 8d. This the same Humphrey
holds.

(At) Framalingaham [Framlingham] Edric
of Laxfield held T.R.E. 4 score and 14 acres as
a berewick. Then as now 2 villeins, and 4
bordars. Then as now on the demesne 2
ploughs. And belonging to the men i (plough).
Wood(land) for 4 swine. 2 acres of meadow.
Then as now i rouncey, 4 beasts, 4 swine, and
5 hives of bees. And it is included in the valu-
ation of Dingiuetuna [Dennington].

And a half freeman under Edric's commenda-
tion (held) 4 acres included in the valuation (of
Dennington) above.

And in the same (vill was) a half freeman-
Brihtnoth under the same (Edric's) commendation
with 2 acres ; and (this) Robert Malet hold&
in demesne.

In the same (vill) Walter de Caen holds of
Robert Malet (the land) which a sokewoman
leva under Edric's commendation (held) T.R.E.>
viz. 80 acres as a manor. Then as now i vil-
lein, and 4 bordars. And i plough on the
demesne. And belonging to the men i plough.
Wood(land) for 4 swine. 4 acres of meadow.
Then it was worth 131. and ^.d., now a like
sum.

And a freeman Turchetel under the said
(Edric's) commendation (held) 4 acres, worth 2s.
This the same Walter de Caen holds.

In Dalingahou [Dallinghoo] a freeman half
under Edric's commendation and half under
Saint Etheldreda's (held) 13 acres, and half a
bordar, and half an acre of meadow. Worth
2s, and 8d. And the same William holds.

In Framelingaham [Framlingham]. a freeman
under Edric's commendation (held) 2 acres,
worth 8d. It belongs to {in) Dingiuetuna
[Dennington]; and (Robert Malet) holds (this) in
demesne.

fol. 326.

In Haetcetuna [Hacheston] 12 whole free-
men and 9 half (freemen) under Edric's commen-
dation T.R.E. (held) 60 acres and 28 (sic) and 6
bordars. Then 2 ploughs, now i^ ploughs. 2
acres of meadow. And they are included in the
valuation of Dingiuetona [Dennington]. And
(this Robert Malet) holds in demesne.

In Rennesham [Rendlesham] 4 freemen under
Edric's commendation (held) 33 acres, and i
bordar. Then i plough, now half a plough.
Half an acre of meadow. And 2 freemen under
them with 2 acres ; and they are included in the
valuation of Dingiuetuna [Dennington].

464

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

In Ketdesbirig [Kettleburgh] a sokeman
under Edric's commendation (held) 9 acres
included in the valuation of Dingiuetuna
[Bennington].

In Renlesham [Rendlesham] (was) a freeman,
and in Estuna [Easton] another under Edric's
commendation with 1 5 acres and they are (in-
cluded) in the same valuation.

Kenetuna [Kenton] Malet's mother holds
of Robert Malet, which Brihtmar held under
Edric's commendation T.R.E. viz., 82 acres
as a manor. Then as now i villein, and 5
bordars, and i serf. Then as now i plough on
the demesne. And belonging to the men 2
ploughs. Wood(land) for 1 2 swine. 2 acres of
meadow. And I rouncey, 16 beasts, 40 swine,
and 3 hives of bees. Then as now worth 20s,
And 2 freemen i under Brihtwold's commen-
dation and the other under Brihtmar's commen-
dation (held) 30 acres and 3 freemen with 4 acres
under Edric's commendation. Then as now i
plough. Worth 7(5.). Robert Malet's mother
(holds this) of him.

And in the same (vill) Huna a freeman under
Edric's commendation (held) 30 acres which
Tiger (now) holds. Then as now half a plough.
And I bordar. Worth ys.

In the same (vill) W(illiam) Gulafra holds a
freeman Udebrun (formerly) under Edric's com-
mendation having 30 acres as a manor. Then i
plough. Half an acre of meadow. Worth 10s.
It is I league long, and half (a league) broad.
And in geld (pays) <)d. A church with 30
acres, worth 5;. Several persons have shares
therein [participantur).

Remlesham [Rendlesham] Gilbert de Col-
ville holds of Robert Malet, which Ulchetel held
T.R.E. under commendation of Edric of Laxfield,
viz. 1 carucate of land as a manor. Then as now
7 villeins, and 3 bordars. Then as now on the
demesne 2 ploughs. Then i plough belonging
to the men, now half a plough. 4 acres of
meadow, i mill. Then 2 rounceys, now i.
Now 2 beasts. Then 26 swine, now 8. Then
36 sheep, now 10. Then and now worth 40J.

fol. 326^.

In the same (vill) (wrere) 9 freemen under com-
mendation of the said (Edric) with 30 acres of
land. Then 2 ploughs, now i. 2 acres of
meadow. Worth 51.

In Stauertuna [Staverton] a freeman under
commendation of Edric of Laxfield (held) 30 acres.
Then i bordar. Then as now i plough, i^
acres of meadow. Worth ioj.

In Clachestorp [ ] 6 w^hole

freemen and 2 half (freemen) under commen-
dation of Ulchetel (held) 42 acres. Then 2
ploughs, now I. Worth 7s.

In Gategraua [Gedgrave] (were) 5 bordars
under the said Ulchetel's commendation with 30
acres. Then i plough. Worth 51. It is a
league long, and 2 furlongs broad. And (pays)
yy. in geld.

In Merlesforda [Marlesford] a treeman under
Edric's commendation (held) 36 acres as a manor.
Then i plough, now half a plough. i acre of
meadow. Then ioj., now 51. And (there
were) 6 freemen under the said Edric's commen-
dation with 21 acres. Theii half a plough.
Worth 2s. and 8d.

In PossEFELLA [ ] 2 freemen under

Edric's commendation (held) 30 acres and i
bordar. Then i plough, now half a plough. 3
acres of meadow. Then as now worth 10s.

In Brodertuna [ ] a freewoman

under the said (Edric's) commendation (held) 4
acres, worth 8ii. ; and in Campeseia [Campsey]
4 acres, worth Sd. This Gilbert holds of Robert
Malet.

In Stauertuna [Staverton] Hubert holds of
Robert Malet 2 freemen (formerly) under Edric's
commendation with 14 acres. Then as now
half a plough. Worth 2s. and ^.d.

In Remlesham [Rendlesham] a freeman under
Edric's commendation (held) 30 acres and i
villein and I bordar and I plough. Worth 55.
A church with 20 acres worth 4.od. And (this)
Gilbert de Wishant holds of Robert Malet.

In the same (vill) a freeman un^-er the said
(Edric's) commendation (held) 12 acres and half
a plough, worth 2s.

In Esce [Ash] 12 freemen under Edric's
commendation T.R.E. (held) a carucate of land.
Then 2^ ploughs, now 1^ ploughs. Then as
now it was worth 20/.

In Hecetuna [Hacheston] (was) a sokeman
with 30 acres under Edric's commendation and
I bordar. Then, and now, i plough. 2 acres
of meadow. Then it was worth 5;., now 8j.

fol. 327.

In the same (vill) a freeman under Edric's
commendation (held) 6 acres, worth i2d.

In the same (vill) 4 freemen under Edric's
commendation (held) 40 acres. Then i plough,
now I. 2 acres of meadow. Then it was
worth js., now 6s.

Moreover in the same (vill) 7 freemen under
Edric's commendation (held) 24 acres. Then i^
ploughs, now half a plough, i acre of meadow.
Worth 4$.

This Gilbert holds of Robert Malet.

In Clachestorp [
Risbou holds of Robert Malet

465

] Walter de
3^ freemen

59

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

(formerly) under Edric's commendation with 22
acres. Then as now half a plough. Half an
acre of meadow. Worth 3^.

And in Saham [Soham] a sokeman under
Edric's commendation (held) 8 acres, worth 2s.
The said Walter de Risbou (holds this) of Robert

Malet.

In Gategraua [Gedgrave] Gilbert de Wis-
sand [Wishant] holds a freeman (formerly) under
Edric's commendation with 30 acres and 4 bordars
and I plough. Worth 5J.

In WuDEBRiGE [Woodbridge] (were) 2 free-
men with 43 acres, and I sokeman with 8 acres.
All were under Edric's commendation. Then
as now I plough. And i acre of meadow. It
was worth 8i. It is 10 furlongs long and 5
broad. And in geld (pays) 1 1^. A church with
19 acres, worth 2j.

The said Gilbert holds (this).

In Campeseia [Campsey] a freeman under
Edric's commendation (held) 10 acres, and they
are (included) in the valuation of Keletuna

And in Framlingaham [Framlingham] a
freeman Herewold under Edric's commendation
(held) 2 acres, and they are (included) in the
valuation of Dingiuetuna [Dennington].

In the same (vill) Fulchered holds of Robert
Malet a freeman (formerly) under Edric's com-
mendation with I o acres, worth 2s.

In EscE [Ash] a freeman under Edric's com-
mendation (held) 17 acres and 3 bordars and half
a plough, worth 31. This Norman the Sheriff
holds of Robert Malet.

In Dalingehou [Dallinghoo] Robert de
Glanville holds of Robert Malet 4 freemen
(formerly) under Edric's commendation with 80
acres and 1 7 {sic) and i bordar. Then as now

fol. 32 7*.

2 ploughs. 2 acres of meadow. Wood(land)
for 4 swine. Then as now it was worth 21J.

In BuTELEA [Butley] Walter son of Aubrey
holds of Robert Malet 3^ freemen (formerly)
under Edric's commendation with 38 acres.
Then i^ ploughs, now i plough. Then as now
it was worth 55. It is 6 furlongs long and 4
broad. And in geld (pays) "j^d.

In Mertlega [Martley] (was) a freeman
under Edric's commendation with 20 acres and
half an acre of meadow and 5 bordars and half
a plough. Worth is. And William Gulafra
holds (this) of Robert Malet.

In Wiebrige [Woodbridge] are 2 acres
belonging to the demesne of Holeslea [Hollcsley],

HUNDRET OF WaINEFORDA [WaNGFORD]

In Thiccheerom [ ] '* Humfrey

holds of Robert Malet a freeman (formerly) under
Edric of Laxfield's commendation, with 16 acres
of land. Worth 2s.

In the same (vill) a freeman under the said
(Edric's) commendation (held) 16 acres and i
bordar with half an acre. Valued in another
Hundred.

In Barsham [Barsham] Warin son of Burn-
win holds of Robert Malet a freeman, Alwin,
formerly under Edric's commendation, with 10
acres. Then as now half a plough. Worth jx.

] a freeman (held)

" See above, n. 55.

In ICHEBURNA [

8 acres, worth ltd.

In Elmeham [Elmham] (are) 15 acres,
worth 30^.

HuNDRET OF BlACBRUNE [BlACKBOURN]

In Walsam [Walsham] Hubert holds of
Robert Malet a freeman with 60 acres over
whom his (Malet's) predecessor had commendation
T.R.E. Then as now i plough. And 2 acres
of meadow. Wood(land) for 4 swine. Then
as now worth 10s. Saint Edmund (has) the soke
and sac.

In Thelueteham [Thelnetham] (were) 2 men
with all customs ; but Saint Edmund had the soke;
and they have 20 acres, and half a plough and an
acre of meadow. Worth 5^. and ^d. And
Robert Malet holds (them) in demesne.

In Stantuna [Stanton] Walter de Caen holds
of Robert Malet a freeman over whom his
(Malet's) predecessor had half commendation, and
Saint Edmund (had) half commendation and soke

fol. 328.

and sac. And he has 90 acres, and 3 bordars,
and 4 acres of meadow. Then as now i plough.
And under him a freeman with 10 acres, whom
the said Walter holds. A church with 4 acres.
The whole worth ids.

In Rikinchala [Rickinghall] Hubert holds of
Robert Malet a freeman with 30 acres. His
(Malet's) predecessor had the commendation, and
Saint Edmund the soke. Worth 55.

BissoPEs [Bishop's] Hundret

In Binneuetuna [Dennington]'' Edric of Laxa-
fella [Laxfield] held T.R.E. as a manor 6 carucates

" ' Thickerbrone ' subsequently occurs as one of the
fees of the honour of Eye : Copinger, Suff. Rec. ii, 344.

" Formerly ' Dinnieueton ' ; see Cal. of Chart, in
B.M., 225.

466

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

19. Then as now 3
Then and afterwards
the men, now 8.

to

of land and 20 acres. Then and afterwards 12
villeins, now 16. Then and afterwards 16 bordars,
now 15. Then as naw 2 serfs. And 4 ploughs
on the demesne. Then and afterwards 12
ploughs belonging to the men, now 9. Wood-
(land) for 160 swine. And I park. 20 acres of
meadow. And then 2 rounceys, now I. And
20 beasts. Then 60 swine, now 40. Then 40
goats, now 30. Now 30 sheep. Then as now
5 hives of bees. A church with 40 acres of
free land and half a plough. Then worth 14//'.
and now the like. It is i league and 2 furlongs
long, and 6 (furlongs) broad. And (pays) lod. in
geld.

(At) Tatintuna [Tannington] the said
Edric held 8 carucates of land. Then and after-
wards 13 villeins, now 15. Then and after-
wards 17 bordars, now
ploughs on the demesne.
12 ploughs belonging
Wood(land) for 200 swine. 20 acres of meadow.
And II beasts. Then 16 swine, now 60.
Then 16 sheep, now 20, and 20 goats, and 3
hives of bees. A church with 30 acres and half
a plough. Then as^now worth 14//'. It is i
league and 3 furlongs long, and i league broad.
And (pays) lod. in geld. Richard holds of this
manor 30 acres, worth lOi., included in the
same valuation. Garin (holds) 24 acres, worth
5/., included in the same valuation.

fol. 328^.

(At) Laxefelda [Laxfield] Edric held 6
carucates of land and 80 acres. Then 14 vil-
leins, afterwards 8, now 3. Then and after-
wards 14 bordars, now 37. Then 4 ploughs on
the demesne, afterwards 3, now 2. Then and
afterwards 14 ploughs belonging to the men,
now II. Wood(land) for 260 swine. 27 acres
of meadow. And 5 beasts. Then 40 swine,
now 30, and 6 sheep, and 24 goats. A church
with 43 acres and half a plough. Then worth
15/:'., now 8/V. It is i^ leagues long, and i
league broad. And (pays) d^d. in geld. And
Walter holds of this manor 3 villeins with 50
acres, worth 20J., included in the same valuation.
Loernic (holds) 40 acres, worth los,, included in
the same valuation.

(At) Badincham [Badingham] the same Edric
held 9 carucates of land. Then 4 villeins, now
21. Then as now 26 bordars. Then and after-
wards 10 ploughs on the demesne, now 5. Then
7 ploughs belonging to the men, now 5. Wood-
(land) for 100 swine. 20 acres of meadow.
Then i rouncey. Then as now 15 beasts.
Then 40 swine, now 32, and 20 sheep, 60 goats,
and I hive of bees. A church with 60 acres
and I plough and I bordar and I acre of mea-
dow. Then worth 15//., now 10//'. It is I
league and 6 furlongs long, and i league broad.

And (pays) lod. in geld. Walter holds of this
manor 100 acres and 2 villeins and 6 bordars
and 2 ploughs, worth 30J., and included in the
valuation of lo/t. Loernic holds 40 acres
in the same valuation. Robert 40 acres in the
same valuation of I Of. {sic). And Edric has
[sic] soke and sac.

(At) Berdefelda [Bedfield] Godwin held
T.R.E. as a manor 4 carucates of land. Then
18 bordars, now 23. Then as now 2 ploughs
on the demesne. Then 8 ploughs belonging to
the men, now 9. Wood(Iand) for 200 swine.
9 acres of meadow. Then 2 rounceys, now i.
Then 9 beasts, now 20. Then 40 swine, now
60, and 83 sheep. Then
It is 6 furlongs long, and 5
3^^. in geld.

worth bit., now 7//.
broad. And (pays)

At Stetebroc [Stradbrokc *"] Edric held
T,R.E. 5^ carucates of land. Then and after-
wards 16 villeins, now n. Then 11 bordars,
now 30. Then 1 1 ploughs on the demesne, after-
wards 6, now 5. Then and afterwards 12 ploughs
belonging to the men, now 5. And 12 ploughs
might be restocked. And Wineberga [ ? Wing-
field *'] is a berewick included in the same
account and valuation. All together 20 acres of

fol. 329.

meadow, Wood(land) for 400 swine. Then
3 rounceys. Then 16 swine, now 30, And
30 sheep. Two churches with 40 acres and
half a plough. And 17 sokemen (with) i caru-
cate of land and 3 ploughs. Wood(land) for 40
swine. 5 acres of meadow. Over these soke-
men the sac and soke is in Hoxa [Hoxne] the
Bishop's manor ; and Edric held half of it of the
Bishop. Then worth 14//'., now 16//. And
Walter holds of this manor 2 sokemen with 40
acres worth 8i., included in the same valuation.
Robert de Glanville 4 with 20 acres, (worth) 51.,
in the same valuation. And Walter son of
Gripp I with 15 acres, (worth) 30<f., in the same
valuation. Loernic i with 20 acres worth 3^.^
in the same valuation. Edric (had) the soke and
sac. It is 2 leagues long, and i league broad.
And (pays) 14^^. in geld. Others have holdings
therein.

In Horam [Horham] a freeman, Aluric, (held)
by commendation I carucate of land. Then as
now 3 villeins, and 4 bordars. And 2 ploughs
on the demesne. And i plough belonging to
the men. And 4 acres of meadow. Wood(land)
for 30 swine. And 1 rouncey, 9 beasts, 9
swine, 40 sheep, 30 goats, and 2 hives of bees>
And 2 freemen (with) 1 7 acres by commenda-
tion and half a plough. Then worth 401., and

*' Afterwards held of the honour of Eye : Feud..
Aids, V. 62.

" Held with Stradbrokc in 1 3 1 6 : ibid. 3 7.

467

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

now the like. And Robert de Glanville holds
(this) of Robert Malct.

In WiLEBEY [Wilby] Loernic holds 20 acres,
which the said Aluric held. One bordar. And
it is included in the above valuation. It (i.e.
Horham) is 12 furlongs long, and 4 furlongs
broad. And (pays) lo^d. in geld.

In CiBBEHALA [Chepenhall *^] 9 freemen
(held) by commendation 2^ carucates of land.
Then as now 17 bordars. And 9 ploughs.
And 12 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for
300 swine. Then worth lOOj., now 6//. Half
a church with 20 acres and I plough. It is
2 leagues long, and 1 broad. And (pays)
i^d. in geld. The soke is in Hoxa [Hoxne]
the Bishop's (manor); but Edric used to hold
half of it of Bishop Ailmar. Of this manor
Walter holds 4 sokemen with I carucate of land,
(worth) 30i., and included in the valuation of
the 6//. Robert's mother (holds) 3 sokemen
with 80 acres, (worth) 455., included in the same
valuation. Humfrey i (sokeman) with 20 acres,

fol. 329^.

worth 5;., in the same valuation. Walter son
of Gripp I (sokeman) with 120 acres, worth 401.,
in the same valuation.

In Weibrada [Weybread] i freeman under
commendation held 2 carucates of land, which
Humfrey holds as a manor. 10 bordars. Then
as now 2 ploughs on the demesne. Then 2
ploughs belonging to the men, now ij. lO
acres of meadow. Wood(iand) for 60 swine.
And I mill. And i rouncey, 4 beasts, 30
swine, 30 sheep, and 4 hives of bees. And a
freeman (with) 20 acres and half a plough.
Then worth 30;., now 50J. This the said
Humfrey holds. The soke is in Hoxa [Hoxne].
Half a church with 8 acres (and) half a plough,
worth i6ii.

In the same (vill) the said Humfrey holds 3
freemen under commendation (having) 91-^ acres
and 1 7 bordars. Then 3 ploughs, afterwards
and now 2. And 6 acres of meadow. Then
as now I mill. And three (fourth) parts of
another. Worth 40;. The soke is in Hoxa
[Hoxne].

In Menham [Mendham] a freeman under com-
mendation (held) I csrucate of land and 5 bordars.
And I freeman under him (held) 3 acres. Then as
now I plough on the demesne. Then 2 ploughs,
now 2 oxen. 5 acres of meadow. Wood(land)
for 100 swine. A church with 8 acres, and the
eighth part of another with 5 acres.

In the same (vill) was a sokeman with 12
acres. Then worth 255., now 301. And the
said Humfrey holds (this). The soke is in Oxa
[Hoxne].

In Fretsingfield.

In Weibrada [Weybread] (were) 6 freemen,
and the said Humfrey holds 5, and Walter i;
worth 10;., 72 acres, and 5 bordars. Then 2
ploughs, now I. And 4^^ acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 14 swine. Then as now i mill.
Worth lys.

In Weibrada [Weybread] the said Humfrey
holds 3 sokemen with 90 acres and a bordars.
Then 2^ ploughs, and now i ox. 4 acres of
meadow. Wood(Iand) for 20 swine. And i
mill. Worth 15J., now 2$s. and 6d.

In HoRAM [Horham] Walter de Caen holds
of Robert Malet 3 freemen under commendation
with 60 acres and 2 bordars. Then as now i
plough. And 2 acres of meadow. Wood(land)
for 6 swine. Worth 125.

In HoRAM [Horham] Walter son of Grips
holds of Robert Malet 2 freemen with i carucate

fol. 330.

of land and 30 acres and 5 bordars. Then as

now 2^ ploughs. And 3 acres of meadow.

Wood(land) for 28 swine. Then as now worth
2 5 J. and ^d.

In CiTiRiNGA [Chickering in Wingfield] the
same (Walter holds) 3 freemen under commenda-
tion with 36 acres. Then I plough, now half
a plough. And I ^ acres of meadow. Worth 6j.

In the same (vill) the same (Walter holds) I
freeman under commendation with 60 acres.
Then i plough, now half a plough. And 2
acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 6 swine.
Then worth loj., and now (the same). Over
him his (? Malet's) predecessor had commendation,
and had the land in pledge [yadimonio) for 6oj.

In Badingefelda [Bedingfield] the said Hum-
frey holds of Robert Malet a freeman under
commendation with 84 acres and 8 bordars.
And a priest by sub-commendation (with) 6
acres. And 2 ploughs. And i acre of meadow.
Wood(land) for 10 swine. And under him 6
freemen with 25 acres and i plough. Worth
22;. and 8i.

fol. 330*.

VII. LANDS OF ROGER BIGOT

Hundret of Bradamera [Bradmere]

At Bernham [Barnham] Stannard holds of
Roger Bigot i carucate of land which Ailwin
of Thetford {de Tedforte) held as a manor T.R.E.
Then as now 6 bordars, and i serf. And 2
ploughs on the demesne. And half a plough
belonging to the men. 2 acres of meadow.
Then as now i mill. Then 2 rounceys, now i.
Then 3 beasts, now 6. Then as now 14 swine.
And 12 forest mares {eque silvatice). Then 1 60

468

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

sheep, now 300. And 5 freemen (with) 40
acres. Over these Roger's predecessor had
commendation T.R.E. And this the said Stan-
nard holds. Saint Edmund has soke and sac.
The manor was then worth 30J., now 40J. ; and
the freemen 35, It is 12 furlongs long, and 10
broad. And (pays) iif*;^. geld.

Half Hundret of Cosfort [Cosford]

In Watesfelda [Whatfield] (is) a freeman,
over whom Saint Edmund T.R.E. had {habet)
commendation and soke complete. And he has
15 acres. Worth 2s. and td. This (Hugh)
de Hosdene holds.

BiscopEs [Bishop's] Hundret

Carahalla [ ? Kelsale *'] Roger Bigot holds in
demesne, which Norman held T.R.E. ; 4 caru-
cates of land. Then and afterwards 10 villeins,
now 15. Then and afterwards 7 bordars, now
17. Then as now 3 ploughs on the demesne.
And 10 ploughs belonging to the men. And 5
acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 60 swine.
And now 3 rounceys, 2 beasts, and 30 swine.
Then 25 sheep, now 100. A church with 30
acres and i plough. Then worth lOOj.

In the same (vill) Ulveva held 2 carucates of
land as a manor, which Roger holds in demesne.
Then 5 villeins, now 7. Then 4 bordars, now
9. Then as now 2 ploughs on the demesne.
And 5 ploughs belonging to the men. And 3
acres of meadow. Then worth bos.

In this manor which Norman used to hold
are 35 freemen having power to sell and give
their lands, whom Roger holds in demesne by
soke and sac and all customs. And they have 3
carucates of land. Then as now 12 ploughs.
And I acre of meadow. And now a market of
the King's gift. The freemen were then worth

fol. 331.

4//'. The manor with the freemen is now worth
24//'., and the other manor 8//. The whole is
I J leagues long, and i league broad. And (pays)
42</. in geld. Roger Bigot (has) soke and sac.

Delham [Denham] Aitard holds of Roger
Bigot, which Stigand held ; i^ carucates of land.
Then as now 3 villeins. And 1 1 bordars. And
2 ploughs on the demesne. And 2 ploughs be-
longing to the men. And 2 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 30 swine. And 2 beasts, 10
swine, 30 sheep, and 20 goats. A church with
12 acres. And a sokeman belongs {pertinet) to
this estate [terrae), which the said Ettard holds,
and (his land) lies in Horam [Horham], with 40
acres and i bordar and i plough and 2 acres of
meadow. Wood(land) for 6 swine. Then worth
40J., now 50J.

" Kelsale was one of the Bigot fees in 1 3 1 6 ;
Feud. Aids, v, 37. It occurs below (fol. 339) as
^ Cheressala.'

In the same (vill is) i freeman of Stigand's
whom [quam) the same Ettard holds, with 30
acres, and 2 bordars, and i plough, and i acre
of meadow. Wood(land) for 4 swine. Worth
41. This is through the exchange with Isaac's
land. In length it is half a league and 3 furlongs
broad. And (pays) "j^d. in geld.

In the same (vill is) a freeman with 10 acres.
Stigand (had) commendation. Worth ^s. This
is through the same exchange. And the said
Ettard holds (it). The whole of this Bishop
Ailmar had after the King came.

In Budigga [Blything] HOndret

HiNETUNA [Hinton]''* iEgelward a freeman
held as a manor T.R.E. ; now Robert of Blide-
burh [Blythburgh] holds under Roger Bigot ;
50 acres of land. 2 bordars. Then as now
I plough on the demesne. And i rouncey, 4
beasts, 4 swine, 50 sheep. Worth 8/. And of
that land Robert of Blythburgh holds 12 acres
by way of alms from the King, to wit of the
church of Blythburgh, and this the Hundred
testifies. To this manor have been added 6
freemen over whom Roger's predecessor had
commendation. And they have 50 acres of land.
Then as now i plough, i acre of meadow.
Worth 4J.

(At)BRiNGAS [? Bridge"] Ulsi held T.R.E.
as a manor 1^ carucates of land. Then 2 vil-

fol. 331*.

leins. And 8 bordars, and now 10 bordars.
Then 4 serfs, now i. Then 4 ploughs on the
demesne, and now 2. And a third could be
made up. Then 2 ploughs belonging to the
men, now \\ ploughs. Wood(land) for 8 swine.
18 acres of meadow. 2 mills, i salt-pan. 11
swine, and 20 goats. Worth 30J., now 40J.
And 3 acres of land in Duneuuic [Dunwich]
belong to this manor. And the soke is Robert
Malet's. Worth 221^. To this manor have
been added 4 freemen with 60 acres of land.
Then 2 ploughs, now i. It was worth 8i.
And this Robert de Curcun holds of Roger
Bigot. It is 9 furlongs long, and 7 broad. And
renders \\d. in a King's geld. The soke is the
King's and the Earl's.

Brantuna [Brampton] Padda held T.R.E. as
a manor ; now Robert de Curcun holds of R.
Bigot ; 2 carucates of land. Then 4 villeins,
now 2. Then 4 bordars, now 6. Then as
now I serf. Then as now 2 ploughs on the de-
mesne. And 2 ploughs belonging to the men.
Wood(land) for 6 swine. 1 acre of meadow. 14
swine. Four score sheep. Then as now it
was worth 40J. And to this manor have been
attached 9 J freemen with 100 acres. Then 5

"* A hamlet of Blythburgh.
" Adjoining Dunwich.

469

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

ploughs on the demesne, now 3. Worth 12s.
The soke is the King's and the Earl's.

In Ulkesala [Uggeshall] Godric (held) as a
manor 2 carucates of land. Then as now 5 vil-
leins. Then as now 5 bordars. 3 ploughs be-
longing to the men, i acre of meadow. Then
as now it was worth 20x. And now R. de Cur-
cun holds this under Roger Bigot. And of this
land was William Malet seised.

In HoLETUNA [Holton] Godric a freeman
held 30 acres and 2 bordars. Worth 45. This
Godric the steward {dapifer) holds of Roger
Bigot.

(At) Pesenhala [Peasenhall] Norman held as
2 manors 2 carucates of land T.R.E. ; the same
Norman now holds. Then as now 8 villeins,
and 10 bordars, and 2 ser^. And 2 ploughs on

fol. 332.

the demesne. And 5 ploughs belonging to the
men. And 4 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for
200 swine. Then it was worth 60J., now 8of.

In the same (vill) 4 freemen under commen-
dation (had) 40 acres. Then as now i ^ ploughs.
Wood(land) for 8 swine. Worth 6f.

The said Norman (has) the soke of the manor
and of 2 of the freemen and the King and the
Earl of the other 2.

In Warabetuna [ ] ** (was) a free-

woman T.R.E. over whom Norman had com-
mendation, and she had 100 acres : of them
Robert Malet holds 30 acres : and Norman
holds the remainder of Roger Bigot as a manor.
Then as now 2 villeins, and 2 bordars, and i serf.
And 2 acres of meadow. Then it was worth
8x., now i2s. The King and the Earl (have)
the soke.

In Nordhalla [North Hales] Norman now
as then holds 6 acres. Valued in Pesehalla [Pea-
senhall].

In EvELiNCHAM [Heveningham] Stanwin a
freeman under commendation T.R.E. to Harold,
as the Hundred testifies, but he himself alone
offers proof by ordeal (Juditium), saying that he
was the man of Robert Malet's predecessor Edric,
held I carucate of land as a manor, now Ans-
kettle holds of Roger. Then as now 6 villeins,
and 4 bordars, and 2 serfs. Then 2 ploughs on
the demesne, now i. Then as now i^ ploughs
belonging to the men. 3 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 40 swine, i rouncey, 4 beasts,
and 10 swine. Then 16 sheep, now 22. Then
it was worth 40J., now 20s. It is half a league
long and 4 furlongs broad. And (pays) ^.^d. in
geld.

•• See n.

24.

In CiDESTANEs [Chediston] Godwin a freeman
under the Queen held 55 acres T.R.E. as a
manor. Now Robert de Vals (holds). Then as
now 2 villeins, and 2 bordars. And i plough
on the demesne. And i plough belonging to
the men. And I ^ acres of meadow. Wood(land)
for 30 swine. And 2 beasts, 12 swine, and
20 sheep. Worth 10s.

In CiDESTAN [Chediston] (was) a freeman Ulsi
with 13 acres over whom one who was himself

fol. 332/^.

under commendation to Robert Malet's prede-
cessor had half commendation, and the Queen
(had) the other half T.R.E.

In the same (vill was) a freeman, Anant by
name, with 1 3 acres in like manner, and another
freeman, Ulf, with 13 acres under commenda-
tion to the Queen T.R.E. ; among them they
had then i carucate, now (they have) half a caru-
cate, (and) I acre of meadow. Worth 4;. The
King and the Earl (have) the soke.

In the same (vill is) a freeman Edric, over
whom Robert Malet's predecessor had half com-
mendation, and the Abbot of Ely the other
moiety, T.R.E. ; and he has 100 acres as a
manor. Then as now 2 villeins, and 5 bordars.
Then as now i plough on the demesne. Then

2 ploughs belonging to the men, now i. And

3 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 60 swine.
And I beast, 4 swine, 22 sheep, and 7 goats.
And five parts of a church with 16 acres. Then
as now worth 30^. Of this was William Malet
seised when he went on the King's service (to
the place) where he died.

In the same (vill were) 2 freemen, Ledman
and Stavard. And they were under commenda-
tion to the King and Queen T.R.E., with 30
acres as a manor and i bordar. Then i plough.
Wood (land) for 20 swine, i acre of meadow.
Worth 5j.

In the same (vill) a freeman Leuric (held)
26 acres as a manor T.R.E., over whom Baign-
ard's predecessor had commendation. Then as-
now I villein, and 2 bordars. And I plough..
And 3 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 12
swine. And 2 beasts, 4 swine, and 20 sheep.
Worth 10s.

In the same (vill was) a freeman Couta with
1 5 acres, over whom Robert Malet's predecessor
had commendation. Then half a plough.
Worth 2s. William Malet was seised thereof.

In the same (vill was) a freeman, Lewin by
name, with 14 acres, over whom Robert Malet's
predecessor had commendation, and William.
(Malet) his father was seised. Then half a
plough. Worth 2s. and ^.d.

All this Robert de Vals holds. Over it all
the King and the Earl (have) the soke. It is
I league long, and 5 furlongs broad. And (pays),
Sy. in geld.

470

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

fol. 333-

In ToRP [Thorpe] (was) a freeman Ulmar
under Robert Malet's predecessor with 20 acres
as a manor. Then i plough. Wood(land) for

6 swine. Worth ^od. William Malet also his
father was seised.

In Haleurda [Halesworth] Gunner a freeman
under commendation to the predecessor of Robert
Malet, whose father was seised, (held) 15 acres
as a manor, and 2 bordars. Then as now half
a plough. And half an acre of meadow. Worth
3$. All this Robert de Vals holds. The King
and the Earl (have) the soke.

(At) loKESFORT [Yoxford] Norman the thegn
held T.R.E. as a manor 100 acres ; now Hugh
de Corbun holds. Then as now 4 villeins, and

7 bordars, and i serf. Then 3 ploughs on the
demesne, now 2. Then 3 ploughs belonging to
the men, now 2. And 5 acres of meadow.
Then 3 rounceys, now 2. Now 7 beasts, 5 swine,
and 12 sheep. Then as now worth 4OX.

In the same (vill) 5 freemen have been added
over whom the said Norman had commendation
T.R.E. with 14 acres and half a plough.
Worth 2s.

The said Norman had soke over it all.

There have also been added 2 freemen from
the King's soke, to wit Algar and Edwin, under
commendation to Ailward the King's reeve
T.R.E., with 7 acres and 2 oxen. Worth i^d.

In BuLECAMPE [Bulcamp*^] Ala a freeman
under commendation to Manni, predecessor of
Robert de Todeni, held T.R.E. 4 score and 10
acres as a manor. Then as now 2 villeins. 3^ bor-
dars. And I plough on the demesne. And i
plough belonging to the men. 3 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 100 swine and 12 swine ; 12
sheep, 40 goats. Worth 15$. This Robert de
Vals holds of Roger Bigot. It is i league long,
and half a league broad. And in geld (pays)
i\d. And this land Earl Ralph held on the day
on which he made forfeiture. Now Roger
Bigot holds it of the King's gift as he says ; and
Robert de Vals holds of him.

And in Pesehealle [Peasenhall] Ranulf son

fol. 333^'.

of Walter has 3 villeins and I bordar with 60 acres
of land. Then as now 2 ploughs belonging to
the men. Wood(land) for 40 swine. And this
land belongs to {jacet in) Sasmundeham [Sax-
mundham]. The King and the Earl (have) the
soke.

In Cnotesheala [Knoddishall] Ranulf son ot
Walter holds of Roger Bigot 4 score acres of
land, and it is a berewickof Sasmundesham [Sax-

mundham]. Then as now 3 bordars, and i vil-
lein. And they have among them 2 ploughs.
And Robert Malet (has) the soke.

In Stoune [Stoven] (were) 2 treemen, Lang-
abein and Goda, under commendation to God-
win son of Tuka T.R.E. with 14 acres of land,
and 2 bordars and half a plough. Worth 2J.
The King and the Earl (have) the soke.

FREEMEN UNDER ROGER BIGOT

In Blidinga [Blything] Hundret

In HoLETUNA [Holton] Alwin a freeman
held I carucate of land, over whom Edric of
Laxfield had commendation. Then as now
I villein, and 3 bordars. And i plough.
Wood(land) for 3 swine. Worth 12s. The
King and the Earl (have) the soke. And this
Robert de Curcun holds of Roger Bigot.

In Cokelei [Cookley] Godric a freeman
held 30 acres ; and Wlsin Roger Bigot's pre-
decessor had the third part of the commendation,
and Wlsin's two brothers had two parts of the
commendation. Then as now 2 bordars. And
1 plough. 2 acres of meadow. Wood(Iand)
for 7 swine. Worth 4$. The King and the
Earl (have) the soke. And this Robert de Vals
holds of Roger Bigot.

In NoRHHALA [North Hales] a freeman by
name Harding held 20 acres under commenda-
tion to Ulketel, predecessor of William de
Warenne. Then as now half a plough. And
I bordar. Worth 3/. The King and the
Earl (have) the soke.

In Thorpe [Thorpe] Wlmer a freeman held
50 acres as a manor, over whom William Malet's
predecessor had commendation, and the said
William was himself seised. Then as now

1 plough on the demesne. And 4 bordars.
And half a plough belonging to the men.
Wood(land) for 12 swine. Half an acre of
meadow. It was worth lbs. Roger Bigot
(has) the soke. And to this manor belong

2 acres in Duneuuic [Dunwich] to (complete)
the said valuation. And Robert Malet has
soke over these 2 acres.

In Heueniggeham [Heveningham] Ulfketel
a freeman held 24 acres, over whom Ulf had
commendation. Then as now 2 bordars. And
I plough. Wood(land) for 8 swine. Half an
acre of meadow. And the fourth part of a
church with i| acres. It was worth 8;. The
King and the Earl (have) the soke.

In Uurabetuna [ ] *' Mansunu a free-

man held 12 acres, over whom Norman had

In Blythburgh.

" See above, n. 24.

471

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

commendation. Then as now half a plough.
And I bordar. And an acre of meadow. And
a church with 6 acres. It was worth ^od.
The King and the Earl (have) the soke.

In the same vill 4^ freemen held 40 acres.
Then as now i plough. 2 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 6 swine. Worth I2s. The
King and the Earl (have) the soke.

In Opituna [ j ^ Bond a freeman

held 60 acres as a manor, over whom Toli had
commendation. Then 3 bordars, now none.
Then i plough on the demesne. And half
a plough belonging to the men, now I plough.
And 2 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 2
swine. Then as now it was worth 16;. The
King and the Earl (have) the soke. And half
a church with 4 acres and half an acre (of
meadow), worth 3/^.

In FoRLEi [Fordley *»] 1 5 freemen held 1 1 5
acres of land. And of these 15 Norman had
commendation over 13. And over 2 the
predecessor of Robert Malet had half com-
mendation, and Norman half. Half a bordar.
Then as now 4^ ploughs. 2 acres of meadow.
Then as now it was worth 24.S. The King
and the Earl (have) the soke.

In MiDELTUNA [Middleton] Liuric the dea-
con, a half freeman, held 3 acres, over whom
Toli the Sheriff had a moiety of the commenda-
tion. Worth i2d. The King and the Earl
(have) the soke.

In MiLSEMERE [Minsmer] (were) 4 freemen
with 45 acres. But 3 were under commenda-
tion to Norman and the fourth under com-
mendation to one himself under commendation
to Norman. Then as now i plough. Worth
13J. and 4d. The King and the Earl (have)
the soke.

In Cnotesheale [Knoddishall] (was) a free-
man with 30 acres, Boti by name ; he was
King Edward's man ; then as now i plough.
Worth 8f. And Robert Malet has soke, and

fol. 334*.

William Malet was seised on the day of his
death.

In FoRLEi [Fordley] (are) 20 acres which
belong to Chylesheala [Kelsale] and are included
in the same valuation. And in SryKELANnK
[Stickland] "" (are) 9 acres which belong to the
same (vill).

In Diresham [Darsham] Ansketil the priest
holds I carucate of land which did belong (fuit)
to 7 freemen. Of these 7 men i was Toll's

" See above, n. 62. *' In Middleton.

" In Yoxford ; see Ca/. of Chart, in B.M.

man. Then 2 bordars, now 11. Then half a
plough on the demesne, now i plough. And
then as now 2 ploughs belonging to the men.
Leuric Cobbe, over whom Agelward the King's
reeve had a moiety of the commendation. And
Turketel, over whom the said Agelward had
half commendation. And Alnoth, Norman the
Sheriff's man. And Brumanbeard, half Norman's
and half Brimer's man. And Wluric the dea-
con, the man of Godwin son of Algar. And
Hosmund, Edric of Laxfield's man.

And (there are) 16 acres and i rood which
Alviva a freewoman held T.R.E. over whom
Norman had commendation. And 24 acres
less I rood which Blakeman held T.R.E.,
and the said Blakeman was Edric of Laxfield's
man ; and William Malet was seised on the day
of his death.

And all this Ansketil Roger Bigot's chaplain
holds. Worth 2 5 J. And of this land Robert
Malet claims 6 acres, which a certain man of
his gave with his daughter whom a man of
Roger Bigot's married in King William's time.
And Alnoth holds 24 acres in the manor of
Kireshala [Kelsale]. Worth 55., and they are
included in the same valuation. The King and
the Earl (have) the soke.

Stikelande [Stickland ""J Suartling a free-
man held T.R.E., now Cus and Akile Sufreint
2 freemen hold of Roger Bigot ; 80 acres as a
manor. Then as now i plough on the demesne.
And 6 bordars. And i plough belonging to the
men. 2 acres of meadow. 4 beasts, 8 swine,
24 goats. Then as now it was worth 16;.
And this land is i league long, and 5 furlongs
broad, whoever holds the land there. And (it
pays) "j^d. in geld. The King and the Earl
have) the soke.

In the same vill (are) 5 freemen who were
Ulf's men : Gode, Alfwin his brother, Aluric
son of Bund, Osketel, Bunde the smith. Those
5 hold 60 acres. Then as now i bordar.

fol. 335-

Then as now 2 ploughs. 2 acres of meadow.
And (there was) i freewoman in the same vill
over whom Norman had commendation, and
she held 20 acres. Then as now i bordar.
Then as now half a plough. One acre of
meadow. And (there was) a half freeman with
8 acres of land. And a church with 24 acres,
and I acre of meadow. And this was worth
19J. The King and the Earl (have) the soke.
Hugh de Curbun holds it of Roger Bigot.

In Tornintuna [Thorington] Norman holds
30 acres of Roger Bigot, and under him held
Alveva a freewoman. A moiety of the com-
mendation was Norman's and a moiety of the
commendation was Edric's. Then as now
I villein. And half a plough on the demesne.

472

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

Worth 4s.
soke.

The King and the Earl (have) the

In MiDDELTUNA [Middleton] the same
woman held of him i6 acres and it is under the
same commendation. Then as now i plough.
Worth 4J. The King and the Earl (have) the
soke.

Wanneforda [Wangford] Hundret

Bersham [Barsham] R. de Vals holds of
Roger Bigot, which Leustan the priest held
under Gurth's commendation T.R.E. ; 35 acres
as a manor. Then 2 bordars, now i . Then
as now I plough. Wood(land) for 20 swine.
2 acres of meadow. Then worth 51., now ioj.
It is i^ leagues long and half (a league) broad,
And in geld (pays) 30^. Half a church with
20 acres, worth 31.

In the same vill 12 freemen under the same
Gurth's commendation — except 2, and of these

1 was under Haldein's commendation and the
other was under Aluric's commendation — (held)
80 acres of land and 3 bordars. Then as now

2 ploughs. I acre of meadow. Wood(land)
for 4 swine. Then worth loi., now 20s.

In Ringesfella [Ringsfield] 8 freemen under
Leustan's commendation, except 2, of whom
one was under Ulchetil's commendation and the
other under commendation of Ulsi of Mutford,
held 76 acres. Then 2 ploughs, now i.
Wood(land) for 6 swine, i acre of meadow.
Then worth ioj., now ijs.

At Willingaham [Willingham] Gunnulf
held T.R.E. under commendation to Burchard
30 acres as a manor. Then i villein, and 3 bor-
dars, now the like. Then i plough, and now.
And I plough belonging to the men. Wood-
(land) for 10 swine, i^ acres of meadow.
Then as now 2 beasts, 8 swine, 20 sheep and
fol. 335i^.

20 goats. Then worth ioj., now 20s, It is
I league long, and I (league) broad. And
(pays) ^d, in geld.

In the same (vill) 5 freemen under the said
Burchard's commendation (held) 80 acres of land.
Then as now i villein. And i bordar. Then
as now 2 ploughs. Wood(land) for 10 swine.
I acre of meadow. Then worth ioj., now 20J.

In Westuna [Weston] 5 freemen under
Burchard's commendation T.R.E. (held) 18
acres of land. Then as now i plough. And
they are in the valuation of the 20J. above.

In Elga [Ellough] 2 freemen under the said
(Burchard's) commendation (held) 7 acres and
half a plough. Worth 36^^. Of all this Earl
Ralph was seised when he made forfeiture ; but
Roger Bigot holds it of the King's gift j now
R. de Vals holds it of him.

In Bersham [Barsham] 3 freemen under
commendation to the King (held) 32^ acres.
Then i plough, now i^ ploughs. 4 acres of
meadow. Half a mill. And i villein, and
5 bordars. And then as now a plough. Then
worth 5 J., now lox. And the said R. (de Vals)
holds it.

In Elga [Ellough] (is) i villein with 10 acres
and he belongs to Mutford [Mutford].

(At) Scadenafella [Shadingfield] Godwin son
of Tuka under Gurth's commendation T.R.E.
held and holds i carucate of land as a manor.
Then as now 5 bordars, and 3 serfs. Then
I plough on the demesne. Now i^ ploughs.
And belonging to the men then and now
I plough. Wood(land) for 12 swine, i acre
of meadow. And i rouncey, and 20 sheep.
Then worth ioj., now 20j. It is i league long
and half a league broad. And in geld (pays) S^.

In SciPMETDUA [Shipmeadow] i freeman
under Aluric's commendation T.R.E. (held)
10 acres and half a plough, i acre of meadow.
Then worth 31., now 41. This Godwin holds
of Roger Bigot.

In Westuna [Weston] 3 freemen, of whom
one, Ketel, was under Aluric's commendation,
(held) 30 acres. And the other two (had) 6
acres under him. Then as now i villein, and
5 bordars. Then as now i plough. Wood-
(land) for 6 swine, i acre of meadow. Then
worth I Of., and afterwards (this) was set to farm
at 40J., now it renders 30J. And R. de Vals.
holds.

fol. 336.

In Dersham [Darsham] a freeman under
Ulsi's commendation (held) 1 5 acres, worth 31.

In the same (vill) a freeman under Haldein's
commendation (held) 5 acres, worth I2d. This
R. de Vals holds of Roger Bigot.

In Redesham [Redisham] Robert de Curcun
holds of Roger Bigot a freeman Godwin under
Stigand's commendation with 60 acres as a
manor. Then as now 2 villeins, and 2 bordars.
Then as now on the demesne i plough. And
belonging to the men half a plough. Wood-
(land) for 4 swine. Then worth ioj., and
afterwards 40J., now 30J. And a freeman under
him (had) 4 acres, worth Sd.

In ScADENA [Shadingfield] a freeman under
Ulsi's commendation (held) 8 acres, and they
are valued with Briges [Bridge].**

Ludinga [L0THINGI.AND] Hundret

In WiMUNDAHALA [ ] arc

24 acres and they belong to Westuna [Weston],
" Adjoining Dunwich.

473 60

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Half Hundret of Ludingaland
[Lothingland]

(At) DuNESTUNA [ ] Ala under

commendation to Mannis (?) (held) 45 acres as a
manor, and half a bordar. Then as now half
a plough. Wood(land) for 4 swine. Half an
acre of meadow. Then worth ioj., now 31.
This R. de Vals holds of Roger Bigot.

Stou [Stow] Hundret

In BuKESSALLA [Buxhall] a freeman under
Saint Etheldreda T.R.E. by commendation only,
in the soke of the Hundred, held 40 acres of
land. Then and afterwards i plough, now
none. And 5 acres of meadow. Then and
afterwards worth 20s., now I Of. This (land)
Roger received to make up {ad perficiendum) (the
value of) Belham [Baylham] in another Hun-
dred. But the Hundred has seen neither writ
nor feoffor {breve nee liheratorem).

BOSEMERA [BosMERE] HuNDRET

(At) RiGHESHALA [Ringshall] Lewin a free-
man under commendation to the Abbot of Ely
held a carucate of land and 80 acres as a manor
T.R.E. Then and afterwards 2 villeins. Now
4 bordars. Then and afterwards i serf. Then

2 ploughs on the demesne, afterwards i, now 2.
Then i plough belonging to the men, afterwards
and now half a plough. And 4 acres of mea-
dow. Half a church with 15 acres. Then

3 rounceys, now 4. Then 4 beasts, now 18.
Then 20 swine, now 40. Then 40 sheep now
100. And now 30 goats. Then it was worth
301., now 50i.

fol. 336^.

In the same (vill) Grim a freeman held 100
acres as a manor under commendation to the
Abbot of Ely T.R.E. Then and afterwards i^
ploughs, now none. And 4 acres of meadow.
Then as now i rouncey, and 3 beasts. Then
it was worth 20J., afterwards and now 301.
These two manors William de Burnoville holds
of Roger. The King and the Earl (have) the
soke.

In the same (vill were) 4 freemen ; Lewin
Roger Bigot's predecessor had commendation
over two who were called Frodo and Leuric, and
the other two are called Lustuin and Edric, of
them he had not the commendation. And they
had 50 acres and I plough and i acre of meadow.
It was worth 12s. The King and the Earl
(have) the soke. The said William (de Burno-
ville) (now) holds. It is i league long, and half
(a league) broad. And (pays) i^d. in geld.
Others have holdings therein.

In Beteforda [Battisford] a freeman Godric
under Harold's commendation held 10 acres.

Then as now 2 oxen. And now i bordar. It
was worth 2od., now y. The same William
(now) holds. The King and the Earl (have) the
soke.

(At)BELEHAM [Baylham] Mundinga freeman
under commendation to the Abbot of Ely held
a carucate of land as a manor T.R.E. Now
the same William holds of Roger. Then as
now I plough. And 2 acres of meadow. And
the third part of a mill. And the third part of
another mill. And half a church with 12 acres.
Then i rouncey, now 2. Then 2 beasts, now
8. Then 20 swine, now 40. Then 20 sheep,
now 105. Then it was worth 30;., now 6oj.

In the same (vill) Manstan a freeman under
commendation to the Abbot of Ely held 60
acres of land as a manor T.R.E. ; now the said
William (holds). Then as now half a plough.
And I acre of meadow. And the sixth part of
a mill. Then and afterwards it was worth 20f.,
now lOi.

In the same (vill) Uluric a freeman under
commendation to Robert Malet's predecessor,
Edric to wit, held 60 acres as a manor T.R.E.
Now the same William (holds). Then and
afterwards half a plough, now none. And i
acre of meadow. And the sixth part of a mill.
Then and afterwards it was worth 20J., now 10;.
The King and the Earl (have) the soke.

In the same (vill were) 20 freemen with 92
acres. None of these were under commendation
to Roger's predecessor. Then and afterwards 4
ploughs, now 2. Then it was worth 40J., now
20s. It is I league long and 8 furlongs broad.
And (pays) 15^. in geld. All this William de
Burnolville holds. The King and the Earl (have)
the soke.

fol. 337-

In SuMERSAM [Somersham] a freeman, Lefsune,
under commendation to Leuric Hobbesune,
Bigot's predecessor, held 30 acres as a manor
T.R.E. Now the said William (holds it) of
Bigot as a manor. Then as now i villein.
Then and afterwards half a plough, now 2 oxen.
(There is) the fourth part of a church with 7^
acres. Worth 8f. The King and the Earl
(have) the soke.

(At) Offetuna [Ofiton] LefEcilt, a freeman
under commendation to Stigand, held 2 carucates
of land as a manor ; now Hugh de Hosdenc
(holds) of Bigot. Then and afterwards 2 villeins,
now I . Then as now 7 bordars, and 2 serfs.
Then 2 ploughs, afterwards i, now none, i
acre of meadow. Then half a plough, now i
plough. Then i rouncey, 2 beasts, 12 swine,
and 40 sheep, now none. Then as now it was
worth bos. A church with 1 6 acres, worth 33(/.
Stigand (had) the soke.

In the same (vill) the said Hugh (holds) of
Roger Bigot 10 freemen. Of these one and a

474

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

half, Blacsun wholly and Aldwin half, were
under commendation to Bigot's predecessor ;
from the others he had nothing ; and they used
to have I J acres of land ; and the others had i
carucate of land and 4 acres. Then 3 ploughs,
afterwards and now 2 ploughs. One of these,
Blacuin by name, had 40 acres of the same land.
Then it was worth 30J., now 20s. The King
and the Earl (have) the soke. It is i league long
and 5 furlongs broad. And (pays) 6^d. in geld.

In Belham [Baylham] Wistric, a freeman
under commendation to the Abbot of Ely, held
120 acres of land as a manor T.R.E. Now
Ulmar (holds) of Bigot. Then as now 7
bordars. And I plough on the demesne. And
I plough belonging to the men. 4 acres of
meadow. Now i mill. Then as now i
rouncey. Then 2 beasts, now 5- Then 7
sheep, now 30. Then it was worth 20s., now
355. The King and the Earl (have) the soke.

In the same (vill were) 6 freemen with 20
acres less half an acre. Over them Wistric had

fol. 337*.

only the commendation. Worth $s. The same
Ulmar holds. The King and the Earl (have)
the soke.

In Flochetuna [Flowton] (was) a freeman
Bruncart by name, (of whom) Lefcilt had the
commendation T.R.E., with 10 acres. Worth
2s. Hugh de Hosdenc (now) holds.

In Belham [Baylham] Warenger holds of
Roger Bigot a freeman, by name Brun, (who
was) reeve of Gypeswiz [Ipswich] and under
commendation to the Queen, and he has 17
acres. This belongs to {jacet in) Stanham [Ston-
ham] and is included in its valuation. The
King and the Earl (have) the soke.

At Staham [Stonham] the said Brun held as
a manor 60 acres T.R..E. Now Warengar
holds of Roger. Then 2 ploughs, afterwards i,
now 2. And 2 acres of meadow. Wood(land)
for 80 swine, now for 40. Now 8 beasts.
Then 10 swine, now 35, and 80 sheep, and 23
goats. A share {quedam pars) of a mill. Then
it was worth 20J., now 405.

In the same (vill) were 5 freemen with 16
acres, over whom the aforesaid Brun had com-
mendation. Then i plough, now half a plough.
Worth 3$. The King and the Earl (have) the
soke.

In the same (vill) 1 7 freemen have been added
to this manor in King William's time, from
whom Roger Bigot's predecessor had nothing.
These freemen Roger de Ramis claims to have
held as of his fee before Roger Bigot had received
lands in Suffolk. But the Hundred witnesses
that Roger Bigot received them first as of his fee.
And to this Roger de Ramis offers denial by

every kind of lawful procedure {contradictt omni
lege). And they have 69 acres. Of these 5
were under commendation to the predecessor of
Ranulf Peverel {piperelli), that is to say to Saxo.
Then and afterwards 6 ploughs, now 3. And

1 ^ acres of meadow. Worth i bs. The King
and the Earl (have) the soke.

In Belham [Baylham] (were) 3 freemen.
Over one who is called Ulbold Roger Bigot's
predecessor, that is, Brun, had commendation,
and over two, that is to say Lestan {sic) he had
nothing ; but the predecessor of Ranulf Peverel
had the commendation. All together they had

fol. 338.

1 2 acres. Worth 2s. Garengar holds of Roger.
The King and the Earl (have) the soke.

In Langhedena [ ] (was) a free-

man Aluric by name under commendation to
Brun, Bigot's predecessor, having lo acres, and

2 oxen. Worth 2s. The same (Garengar holds)
of Roger. The King and the Earl (have) the
soke.

CoDENHAM [Coddenham] the said Garengar
holds of Roger Bigot, which Wicolf a freeman
held, viz. 76 acres as a manor, (Wicolf was)
under commendation to Toli the Sheriff T.R.E.
Then as now I J villeins, and 3 bordars. Then
2 serfs. Then and afterwards 2 ploughs on the
demesne, now i. Then and afterwards 2 oxen
belonging to the men, now none. And 4 acres
of meadow. Then wood(Iand) for 30 swine,
now 10. Then half a mill, but Hardwin, Earl
Ralph's brother, took it away in King William's
time. Half a church with 25 acres of land.
Then as now it was worth 361. A church with
12 J acres (worth) 25^. Another church with 8
acres, worth ibd. The King and the Earl
(have) the soke.

In the same (vill was) a freeman Wailoff
under commendation to the Abbot of Ely having
36 acres as a manor T.R.E. And the same
Garengar holds (this). Then half a villein.
Then and afterwards I plough, now none. And
4 acres of meadow. Then wood(land) for 30
swine, now for 10. Then as now it was worth
15J. The King and the Earl (have) the soke.

In the same (vill are) 27 freemen with 75
acres. Of these i 2 were under commendation to
Wicolf, Roger Bigot's predecessor, T.R.E., and
from the others he had nothing. And the same
Garenger holds this. Then and afterwards 3
ploughs, now 2. I acre of meadow. Then it
was worth i6j., now 201. and bd.

In Hamingestuna [Hemingstone] (was) a
freeman with 5 acres, which the said Garenger
holds, Farman by name, under commendation to
Wicolf. Worth lod. The King and the Earl
(have) the soke. All WicolPs land and all these

475

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

freemen, whom Warenger holds of Roger
Bigot, Roger de Ramis claims, and he said that

fol. 338^.

livery thereof was made to him before Roger
Bigot ; and the Hundred cannot say the truth
of this ; because that Garenger held of each of
them : but however that Warenger vouches (the
holding to belong) to Roger Bigot's fee ; and
Roger de Ramis offers to deny this by all kinds
of lawful procedure {omnibus legibus).

CoDEHAM [Coddenham] is i league long, and
8 furlongs broad. And (pays) zod. in geld.

Plumesgatb [Plomesgate] Hundret

At Saxmondeham [Saxmundham] T.R.E.
Norman held 140 acres as a manor. Then
as now 2 villeins, and 3 bordars. And 2
ploughs on the demesne. And 2 ploughs belong-
ing to the men. And 3 acres of meadow.
A church with 15 acres. Worth 30J. The
said Norman has the soke, and holds this of
Roger. This (is) one manor of three which the
King gave back to Norman, and now he holds
it of Roger.

At Samundeham [Saxmundham] Algar King
Edward's thegn held as a manor T.R.E. 2 caru-
cates of land and 40 acres. Then as now 5 vil-
leins, and 10 bordars. Then 3 serfs, now i.
Then as now 3 ploughs on the demesne. Then
3 ploughs belonging to the men, afterwards and
now 2^ ploughs. 5 acres of meadow. 2
churches with 24 acres and half a plough.
Then as now 2 rounceys. Then 3 beasts.
Then 16 swine, now 30. Then as now 80
sheep. And (there is) a berewick Chenotessala
[Knoddishall] with 80 acres and it is in another
hundred. And (there is) another berewick
Pesehala [Peasenhall] with 60 acres in another
hundred. The whole was then worth 7//., and
it was set to farm for 9//. and i oj. ; now it is
valued at 7//. Ranulf holds (it) of Roger. The
soke (is) the Abbot's.

In the same (vill) 7 freemen (have been) added
to this manor (who were formerly) under com-
mendation to Algar, with 48 acres. One, Ulnod
by name, was under commendation of Malet's
predecessor. The same Ranulf now holds.
Then and afterwards 3 . . . now 2. And 4
acres of meadow. Then it was worth 101. and
4^., now lOJ. The soke (is) the Abbot's.

In Becclinga [ ] a sokeman (holds)

20 acres, and he belongs to Cheressala [Kel-

fol. 339.

sale] and is worth 2s. And Ranulf holds this in
demesne. The soke (is) the Abbot's.

At Buresiart [Bruisyard] Uluric under
commendation to Harold held 80 acres as a

manor T.R.E., and 4 bordars. Then and after-
wards i^ ploughs on the demesne, now i plough.
And half a plough belonging to the men. And

4 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 40 swine.
Then i rouncey. Then 3 beasts. Then 4
swine, now 20. And 24 sheep. Then 6 goats,
now 12. Then it was worth 20i., now 30J.
Ralph de Turlaville holds of Roger.

In Saxmondeham [Saxmundham] are 30
acres, and they belong to Cheresala [Kelsale]
demesne.

Hertesmera [Hartismere] Hundret

(At) Brom [Brome] Goda a freewoman held
T.R.E. under commendationtoStigand 2 carucates
of land as a manor, one in Brom [Brome] and the
other in Acle [Oakley]. Then as now i villein,
and 7 bordars. Then i serf. Then as now on the
demesne 2 ploughs. And half a plough belonging
to the men. 8 acres of meadow. And i roun-
cey, 10 swine, and 40 sheep. Then worth 30J.,
now 6n. And half a church with 14 acres
worth 2s.

In the same (vill) 25 freemen and 3 half
freemen under commendation of the said (Stigand)
(held) 4 score and 16 acres. And 2 acres of
meadow. Then 3 ploughs, now ij ploughs.
Then it was worth 30J., now 20s. This
William Scutet holds of Roger Bigot. And it is

5 furlongs long and 4 broad. And in geld
(pays) 3^

In the same (vill) Hugh holds of Roger Bigot

1 freeman Aluric under Gurth's commendation
T.R.E. with 60 acres as a manor. Then as now 3
bordars. Then as now on the demesne i plough.
Then and now half a plough belonging to the
men. 3 acres of meadow. Then as now it was
worth lOJ. And a freeman under commendation
to Aluric (held) 8 acres, worth ibd. The wife
of this freeman was under commendation to
Robert Malet's predecessor. This Hugh de
Corbun holds of Roger Bigot.

fol. 339*.

Hundret of Colenese [Colneis]

At Waletuna [Walton] Norman held T.R.E.
and now he holds under Roger 2 carucates of
land as a manor. Then 14 villeins, now 6.
Then 6 bordars, and now the like. Then on the
demesne 2 ploughs, and now 2^. Then as now

2 ploughs belonging to the men. 4 acres of
meadow. And now i mill. A church with 8
acres, worth ibd. Then a fishery, now none.
And 6 rounceys, 26 swine, and 140 sheep.

To this manor (belongs) Faltenham [Falken-
ham] as a berewick, i carucate of land. Then
as now 3 bordars. And i plough on the
demesne. And half a plough belonging to the
men. 2 acres of meadow. And i rouncey, and

476

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

'So sheep. The whole together was then as now
worth 6li. It is half a league long, and 4
furlongs broad. And (pays) I2d. in geld.

In the same (vill) were 15 freemen under
commendation, Godric the smith, and Edric, and
Ulnot, and Osulf, and Uluric, and Stanmar, and
Leviet, and Wihtric, and Blacheman, and
Mansuna, and Lewin, and Ulmar, and Ulfah
and another Ulfah, and Leofstan with 40 acres ;
and they have 2 ploughs. Worth loi.

Freemen. In Buregata [ J the

«ame Norman held T.R.E. 13 freemen. They
are freemen under Roger Bigot. Godric, and
Sereman, and Suan, and Leofric, and Morcar,
and Swetman, and Sprot, and Godric, and another
Godric, and Ulmar, and Aluric Stikcstac, and
Coleman, and Godric the tall {longus), and
Siwert, with 80 acres of land ; and under them
6 bordars. Then as now among them 3 ploughs.
One acre of meadow. Worth 30^. It is half a
league long, and 4 furlongs broad. And in geld
(pays) 2od, Of these i was half a freeman under
Edric, and he was called Aluric Stikestac.

In CoLENBS [Colneis] Hundred there is a
certain pasture common to all the men of
the Hundred.

In Maistana [ ] the same

Norman held T.R.E. 6 freemen under commen-
dation with 100 acres of land. Edric, Burchric,
and Wlbald, and Aluric, and Almar, and Wluric.

fol. 340.

And I villein with 4 acres. And 4 bordars.
Then as now among them 3 ploughs. 2 acres
of meadow. Worth 20s. And of these Alfah
father of Wlbald was a man half under Edric,
Robert Malet's predecessor. It is half a league
long, and 2 furlongs broad. And (pays) 4^. in
geld.

In BuRCH [ ] the same Norman held

T.R.E. 16 freemen under commendation Le-
veric, and Swetman, Godric, and Brihtric, and
Almar, and another Almar, and Brihtnoth, and
Leveric, and Thoka, and Godric, and another
Godrich, and Norman, and Goda, and Lunden,
and Aldolf, and Coleman, with I carucate of
land, and 6 bordars. They belong to Waletuna
[Walton]. And 4 ploughs among them. 2
acres of meadow. Worth 40J. It is half a
league long, and 2 furlongs broad. And (pays)
in geld 22^. A church with 12 acres. Worth 2s.

In GuLPELEA [Gulper"] (were) 5 freemen
under commendation to Norman T.R.E. with
40 acres of land, and 2 ploughs, i acre of
meadow. Worth 5;. It is 2 furlongs long, and
2 broad. And in geld (pays) -^d.

" Gulper Hall in Walton.

And in Wadgata [Wadgate"] (were) 5 free-
men under commendation to Norman ; Leuric,
and Moregrim, and Aldulf, and Goda, and
Godwin with 20 acres. Then as now i plough.
Half an acre of meadow. Worth 4;. It
is 2 furlongs long, and 2 broad. And (pays) 2d.
in geld.

In TuRSTANESTUNA [ ] (wcre)

3 freemen under commendation to Norman ;
Ernet, and Wihtric and Almar with 15 acres
and I plough, half an acre of meadow. Worth
31. It is 2 furlongs long, and 2 broad. And
in geld (pays) ^d.

In NoRTUNA [ ] were 4 freemen

under commendation to Norman ; Mansura, and
Wihtmar, and Durand, and Otti with 31 acres,
and I bordar, and I plough, and i acre of meadow.
Worth loj. It is 6 furlongs long, and 2 broad.
And (pays) I2d. in geld.

In Plugeard [ ] '* (were) 6 free-

men under commendation to Norman with 30
acres ; Osfert, and Alwin, and Ulmar, and Ednoth
and Godric, and Hardecnot, and under them

fol. 340*.

(were) 4 bordars. T.R.E. 2 ploughs, now 1.
Half an acre of meadow. Worth 41. It is 2
furlongs long and 2 broad. And in geld (pays) \d.

In Faltenham [Falkenham] (were) 4 freemen,
Leuric, Suneman, Manesuna, Leofstan, under
Norman by half their commendation, and the
other moiety belongs to Ralph de Turlaville,
(with) 30 acres, and I bordar and 2 ploughs,
(and) 1 acre of meadow. Worth 51. It is half
a league long, and 4 furlongs broad. And in
geld (pays) 22^^.

In Kirketuna [Kirton] (were) 3 freemen
under commendation to Norman ; Grim, and
Brihtric, and Stanmar (with) 20 acres, and a
bordar and a plough. Worth 3;. It is 2 fur-
longs long, and 2 broad. And in geld (pays) 2d.

In Struustuna [ ] (was) a free-

man under Norman, called Uluric, with 16 acres
and I bordar, and half a plough, (and) half an
acre of meadow. Worth 2s. It is 5 furlongs
long, and 2 broad. And in geld (pays) dl^d.

In GuTHESTUNA [ ] Were 6 free-

men under commendation to Norman ; Grim,
Moregrim, Goding, and Leofstan, Ulmar, Goding,
and 7 bordars, with 40 acres, 2 ploughs (and) i
acre of meadow. Worth 51. It is 2 furlongs
long, and 2 broad. And (pays) 3<f. in geld.

" In Felixstowe.

•* Called ' Plumgeard ' below (fol. 3 8 5*), and ' Plum-
gar* in Inq. El. 158. Occurs at a later date as
' Plomesyard ' ; Copinger, Suff. Rec.

477

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In MoTHESTUNA [Moston] '' (were) 3 free-
men under commendation to Norman ; GoJ-
man, Leofsuna, Goddua, (with) 50 acres, i villein
and 3 borders and i| ploughs, I acre of meadow.
Worth 8s, It is 5 furlongs long, and 2 broad.
And (pays) 4<f. in geld. Two were men half
under Edric.

In Helmelea [Hemley] (were) 2 freemen
under commendation, Osfert and Godric, (with)
20 acres, and 2 bordars, and half a plough, (and) I
acre of meadow. Worth 3^. and 4^. It is 4
furlongs in length and 3 in breadth. And (pays)
4^. in geld.

In Kenebroc [Kembrook] (were) 5 freemen
under Norman ; Siwold, and Wlwin, and Ordric,
and Godwin, and Spretman, with 30 acres, and
4 bordars and i^ ploughs (and) i acre of meadow.

fol. 341.

Worth 3J. It is half a league long, and 3

furlongs broad. And (pays)
Others hold land therein.

lod.

In Leofstanestuna [
2 freemen under Norman, Leofstan,

geld.

] " (were)
and Stan-

fled, with 6 acres,
long, and 3 broad.

Worth i2d. It is 3 furlongs
And (pays) 6 J. in geld.

In Leuetuna [Levington] (was) a freeman
under Norman, Leuric, with 4 acres. Worth
Sd. It is 4 furlongs long, and 2 broad. And
(pays) 4^. in geld.

In Candelenta [Candelent ''] (was) a free-
man Brihtric with 3 acres. Worth 6d. It is i
furlong long, and i furlong broad. And (pays)
2d. in geld.

*]

(were) 2
and Ulwin,

In Alteinestuna [Alteston
freemen with 1 1 acres, Turbin
Worth 22^. A church with 5 acres of free land ;
worth i6d. It is 6 furlongs long and 2 broad.
And (pays) jd. in geld. Others hold (land) in
these manors. These are all freemen under
Roger Bigot, and Norman holds them of him.

(At) Tremlega [Trimley] Godric under
commendation to Norman T.R.E. held 50 acres
of land as a manor. Now Thorold (holds) of
Roger Bigot. 3 bordars. And i plough. 2
acres of meadow. And a freeman Leuric under
him holds 4 acres. And (the manor) renders 35;.
A church with 20 acres worth ^od. It is 4
furlongs long and 3 broad. And (pays) 4J. in
geld, A church with 8 acres, worth 8d. Others
hold (land) therein.

" In Trimley St. Martin.

•* Occurs later as ' Lestaneston ' : CaJ. Chart. R.,

»> 331-

" Candlets Farm in Trimley St. Mary,

" See n. 21,

In Faltenham [Falkenham] Edric under
commendation to Norman T.R.E. held I carucate
of land as a manor, now Ralph de Turlaville
(holds) of Roger Bigot. Then as now 6 bordars,
and I serf. Then as now on the demesne 2
ploughs, 2 acres of meadow. Then 4 rounceys,
now 3, 10 swine, and 60 sheep. Worth 30X.
And (there were) ']^ freemen with 57acresunder
commendation to Norman. Then as now 3
ploughs. Brihtmar, and Wlmar, and Godwin,
and Ulward, and Godric, and Sweting, and of
this Sweting was R. seised, and Leuric Levesun.
And they have half an acre of meadow.
Worth los.

fol. 341^,

In Grimestuna [Grimston''] the same Ralph
(de Turlaville) holds a freeman (formerly) under
Norman with 40 acres, called Blakeman. And
under him (are) 7 bordars. One plough. 2
acres of meadow. Worth lOJ. And (there are) 3
men in the same vill under commendation to
Ralph, with 30 acres, Herman, and Kenric and
Wlfah. And they have i^ ploughs (and) half an
acre of meadow. Worth 55. It is 3 furlongs
long, and 3 broad. And in geld (pays) "jd.
Others hold land therein.

In Langestuna [? Langer ^^'\ (were) 2 J free-
men Wlfah and Turbern and Raven under half
commendation to Norman T.R.E. with 30 acres,
and i^ ploughs, (and) half an acre of meadow.
Worth lOj, It is 4 furlongs long and 2 broad.
And (pays) /^d. in geld. And the same Ralph
(de Turlaville) holds.

In Alteinestuna [Alteston] the same
Ralph holds 3 freemen, Leuric and Almar and
Raven, with 30 acres, (formerly) under com-
mendation to Norman. And 1 bordar. And
I plough. Half an acre of meadow. Worth 51,

In Langestuna [ ] (was) a freeman

Alnoth the man of Harold T.R.E., now (held
by) Bernard of Roger Bigot, (with) 40 acres,
I villein and 3 bordars. Then I plough, and
now (the same). I acre of meadow. Worth
lOJ. And a freeman under commendation to
Alnot, called Sewin, (with) 4 acres, worth 8d.

In Struestuna [ ] (was) a freewoman

Durilda under commendation to Norman T.R.E.,
with 55 acres of land. Now Hugh de Hosden
holds of Roger Bigot. 7 bordars. And i
plough, 2 acres of meadow. Worth 401.

In ToRPA [Thorpe "^] the said Hugh holds 5
freemen, Ulric, Almar, and another Ulric, Al-
ric, Ketelwa (formerly) under commendation to

" In Trimley St. Martin.

^ There is a Langer Common near Felixstowe ;
ex inf. Mr. C. D. Pridden.
'"» In Trimley St. Martin.

478

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

Norman with 72 acres, and 2 ploughs, (and) i to Norman, and Derstan under commendation

acre of meadow. Worth 20J. It is 4 furlongs to Wihtmar with 6 acres, and half a plough,

long, and 2 broad. And (pays) ^d. in geld. Worth izd. The said Wihtmar holds.

In Struestuna [ ] the said Hugh In Alteinestuna [Alteston] ^'^ the said

holds 3 freemen (formerly) under Norman, Wihtman holds I freeman (formerly) under

Husteman, Edric, and Goda, with 6
-worth i2d.

In Leofstanestuna [ ]*°^ (were)

2 freemen, Burric and Brihtric, under Norman's
commendation, with 20 acres, and i bordar,
and I plough, 2 acres of meadow, a mill, and a
salt pan. Worth los. This Wihtmar holds of
Roger Bigot.

In NoRTUNA [ ] the said Wihtmar

holds a freeman Aldolf, under Norman's com-
mendation, with 20 acres, and 3 bordars, and i
plough, (and) 2 acres of meadow. Worth 5;.

In BuREGATA [ ] (was) a freeman

Wihtmar under commendation to Godric, with
20 acres, and 4 bordars, (and) i acre of meadow.
Worth 5^. The same Wihtmar (now holds).

In the same (vill were) 9 freemen, Aldulf,
Aluric, Brihtric, Osgot, Goda, Wihtmar, Bru-
man, Wiking, Leuric, under Norman's com-
mendation, with 15 acres, and i plough. Worth

In Wadgata [Wadgate] the said Wihtmar
holds 8 freemen, Langfer, Fegar, Brumar, Goda,
Edward, Godric, Aldolf, Osketel, under com-
mendation to Wihtman, and Langfer and Aldolf,
under commendation to Norman T.R.E., with
15 acres. Then as now i plough. Worth 35.

In Mycelegata [ ] (were) 4

freemen T.R.E., Regifer and Goda under com-
mendation to Norman with 12 acres, and Leove-
stan and another Goda under commendation to
Wihtmar with 4 acres. Then as now among
them I plough. One rood {virga) of meadow.
Worth 3;. It is 3 furlongs long, and 2 broad.
And (pays) 2d. in geld. And the said Wihtmar
holds.

In Leofstantestuna [ ] (were)

4 freemen under Norman's commendation T.R.E.,
Blacheman, and Durand, and Sewin, and Wluric,
with 14 acres. Then as now half a plough.
Worth 2s.

In the same (vill) were 8 freemen under com-
mendation to a certain man of Norman's, Blache-

fol. 342^.

man, and Brumar, Edric, Leofric, and Alwin,
and Wlbald, and Theodric, (and) Leofleda, with
12 acres. Half a plough. Worth 21.

In Tremlega [Trimley] (were) 3 freemen,
Goda, Hildeuert, Derstan under commendation

acres, Norman, named Wluric, with 12 acres. Worth

2J.

In Kirketuna [Kirton] a freeman, Godric
the priest, under commendation T.R.E. to Edric
before he made himself an outlaw, and after he
made himself an outlaw (Godric) was Norman's
man, with 7 acres and i plough and i acre of
meadow. Worth 31.

In the same (vill) is a church with 6 acres,
worth i2d. All this Wihtmar holds of Roger
Bigot.

In MoTHESTUNA [Moston] (was) a freeman
Brihtmar under commendation to Norman
T.R.E. with 20 acres, and i bordar, and i
plough, and half an acre of meadow. Worth ds.
This William de Silva holds of Roger Bigot.

In ToRP [Thorpe] the same William holds
a bordar with 8 acres. Worth 21.

In Leuetuna [Levington] William de Burno-
ville holds of Roger Bigot 10 freemen under
commendation to Norman, Godeman, and
Leuric, and Brihtric, Gunnere, Wluric, Siwold,
Huna, Whita, Godric, with 32 acres. Then as
now 2 ploughs. 2 acres of meadow. Worth
lOJ. A church with 8 acres, worth \2d.

In KuLUERTESTUNA [ ] (were)

7 freemen under commendation to Norman
T.R.E., Dering, Godric, Leuric, Algar, WIvar,
Durand, Aluric, with 25 acres. Then as now i
plough. One acre of meadow. Two mills,
worth 5i. It is 2 furlongs long, and 2 broad.
And (pays) \d. in geld.

In Strattuna [Stratton] was a freeman
Wihtric, Harold's man T.R.E., with 32 acres as

fol. 343.

a manor. And 3 bordars. And i plough. One

acre of meadow. Worth 5/.

Moreover in the same (vill) were 2 freemen
under commendation to Norman, Ulketel and
. . . ., with 38 acres as a manor. 2 bordars.
Then as now i plough. One acre of meadow.
Worth 6i.

In the same (vill was) a freeman under com-
mendation to Norman, Godeman, with 10 acres,
and I bordar, and half a plough. Worth 2s.
A church with 10 acres, worth 2s. It is 6 fur-
longs long, and 4 furlongs broad. And (pays)
in geld jd. Others hold (land) therein.

AH this William de Burnoville holds.

'<" See n. 96.

See n. 21.

479

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In OxELANDA [ ] (were) 5 freemen

under commendation to Norman,' Blacheman,
Osbert, Wihtric, Godric, Brihnoth with 42 acres,
and 4 bordars, and 2 ploughs, and half an acre
of meadow. Worth 51. It is 3 furlongs long,
and 2 broad. And (pays) in geld ^d.

In KiNEBROH [Kembrook] (were) 14 free-
men (over whom) Norman had commendation,
Wihtgar, and Osbert, and Leofstan, Edric,
Freowin, Brihtmar, Blacheman, Wlward, Durand,
Godric, Siric, Wlvi, Aluric, Almar, Bond, with
73 acres, and 3 ploughs, (and) 3 acres of meadow,
and I ^ mills. Worth 1 5/. All this William de
Burnoville holds under R. Bigot.

The men of the Hundred hold this land to
be worth {hahent banc terram pretiata) 481. ; but
it formerly rendered, and they now render 6/«.

In NoRTUNA [ ] a freeman, Godwin the

priest, Harold's man T.R.E. (held) 50 acres as a
manor. Then as now 3 bordars. Then as
now on the demesne i plough. And half a
plough belonging to the men. Half an acre of
meadow. Worth 34J. And 3 freemen under
him with 3 acres, and half a plough. Worth

fol. 343A.

I2(/. This Thurstan son of Wido holds of
Roger Bigot.

Over all this land Saint Etheldreda has soke,
except over the hall {hallam) of VValetuna
[Walton] and the vill(eins).

HUNDRET OF WiLEFORDA [WiLFORD]

In LuDHAM [Loudham] a freeman, Turnold,
under Edric's commendation (held) 7 acres and
I acre of meadow. Worth \iid.

In HoRPOLA [Harpole] a freeman Algar (?)
under Stigand's commendation {liber homo comiT
Algari. Stigandi) (held) 10 acres, worth is.

And (them) Ranulf son of Walter holds.

In Debenbeis [Debach] Sturstan son of Widdo
holds i^ freemen (formerly) under Edric's com-
mendation with 8 acres, worth \bd.

In Capeles [Capel (St. Andrew)] a freeman
under Norman's commendation (held) 20 acres.
Then 1 plough, now half a plough. Half an
acre of meadow. Worth 4/. And Norman
holds.

In Offeworda [UfiFord] a freeman under the
said Norman's commendation (held) 3 acres, and
in LuDHAM [Loudham] 2 acres, worth lid.

In Wileforda [Wilford] a freeman under
Norman's commendation (held) 7 acres, and half
an acre of meadow. Worth i \d. This Norman
holds from Roger Bigot.

In Bredefella [Bredfield] a freeman under
Norman's commendation (held) 4J acres, worth
12^.

In WiKHAM [Wickham (Market)] a freeman
(held) i\ acres, worth t^d. This the same Nor-
man holds.

HuNDRET OF LOSA [LoEs]

In Renlesham [Rendlesham] (was) a freeman
under Edric's commendation with 18 acres of
land and I bordar, worth 2J. and %d. William
Malet was seised on the day on which he died.

In Gategraua [Gedgrave] a freeman under
Norman's commendation (held) lo acres ; and
this is included in the valuation of Keleshala
[Kelsale].

In Cerfella [Charsfield] Turstan son of
Witdo holds a freeman Brihtmar (who was)
under Saint Etheldreda's commendation T.R.E.
with 30 acres. Then as now i plough, i acre
of meadow. Then (this) rendered 30J. And
(there were) 5 freemen under the same com-
mendation, except that i was under commenda-

fol. 344.

tion to Earl Ralph, and he was seised thereof,
with 16 acres : and they are included in the
same valuation ; but they could not render (their
share). One of them was under Edric's commen-
dation, and William Malet was seised thereof.
Now it is worth 20;. This Thurstan holds of
Roger Bigot.

In Udebriga [Woodbridge] a freeman under
Aluric's commendation (held) 4 acres, worth %d.
And (this) William dc Nemore holds.

Plumesgata [Plomesgate] Hundrbt

In RiNDHAM [Rendham] (is) i bordar with
10 acres, worth lod.

FREEMEN UNDER ROGER BIGOT
Perreham [Parham] Half Hundret

In Blactheshala [Blaxhall] 8 freemen held
66 acres. Of them 5 were under commendation
to Norman and 2 to the Abbot of Ely, and i,
Alwin by name, to Malet's predecessor. Then
as now 2^ ploughs. And 4 acres of meadow.
Then worth 20/., now 25^.

In the same (vill) a half freeman (held) 3
acres, worth bd. The soke is the Abbot of
Ely's.

In the same (vill are) 2 acres. And i serf.
Worth 8rf. Norman holds.

In the same (vill) a freeman Ulf under com-
mendation to Norman (held) 10 acres and half

480

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

a plough. Worth 2s. Norman holds of Roger.
The soke is the Abbot's.

In Wantesdana [Wantisden] Aluric Brictric
Edilt, freeman under sub-commendation to the
predecessor of Bigot, (held) 1 1 acres. Worth 2s.
The same Norman holds. The soke is the
Abbot's.

In the same (vill) the said Norman holds the
fourth part of a church with lo acres, which
some one under his commendation held T.R.E.

Plumesgata [Plomesgate] Hundret

(At) Sternesfelda [Sternfield] Leuric under
commendation to Norman T.R.E. held 50 acres
as a manor. Then as now 3 bordars. And i ^
ploughs. And i acre of meadow.

And in the same (vill were) 2 freemen under
sub -commendation to Norman with 3 acres,
worth 20s. Norman holds of Roger. The
soke (is) the Abbot's.

fol. 344*.

This manor William Malet held on the day
of his death, and Robert his son (after him).

In Ferneham [Farnham] the same Leuric
T.R.E. (held) 20 acres and 3 bordars and half a
plough and 4 acres of meadow and i mill.
Worth 5j. This also William Malet held and
Robert Malet (after him). Now Norman holds
of Roger. The soke (is) the Abbot's.

At Benhala [Benhall] Ulnod a freeman
under commendation to Malet's predecessor held
40 acres as a manor T.R.E. Then as now 2
bordars. And i plough. And i acre of mea-
dow. Worth 10s. The same Norman (holds).
William Malet held and was seised (of this), and
Robert his son (after him). The soke is the
Abbot's.

In the same (vill was) a freeman Brictmar
under commendation to Malet's predecessor, and
William was seised thereof, and Robert in like
manner. 16 acres and I bordar. i acre of
meadow. Worth 22d. And (this) Norman
holds.

In RiNDEHAM [Rendham] Olf a freeman
under commendation to Norman (held) 30 acres
as a manor, i bordar and half a plough and
I acre of meadow. Worth 51. Norman holds
this of Roger. The soke (is) the Abbot's.

In Cranefort [Cransford] Edric a freeman
under commendation to Edric held 14 acres
T.R.E. Then as now half a plough. Worth
2(id. The said Norman (holds this). The soke
(is) the Abbot's.

In Sternesfelda [Sternfield] Edric a freeman
under Norman's commendation (held) 34 acres.
And William Malet was seised thereof, and
I 48

Robert in like manner. Then as now half a
plough. And 2 acres of meadow. Worth 10s,
and id. The soke (is) the Abbot's. Roger
(holds this) in demesne.

In the same (vill were) 16J freemen with
130 acres. Then as now 5 ploughs. Worth
30J. Norman had commendation over yi
T.R.E., the same Roger holds over these in

fol. 345.

demesne, and Robert Malet's predecessor (had
commendation) over 3^, Oschetel, Leuric, Osiet,
and Leuric Snipe the half (freeman). Of these
William Malet was seised, and Robert in like
manner. The soke (is) the Abbot's.

In Guemham [Glemham] (were) 5 freemen
with 54 acres. Then as now i^ ploughs.
Worth loj. And 4 of these were under com-
mendation to Malet's predecessor, and thereof
was Malet seised, and William his father (before
him). This same Roger (holds this) in demesne.
The soke (is) the Abbot's.

In Buresiart [Bruisyard] Brictmar a freeman
under commendation to Edric Malet's predecessor
(held) 30 acres as a manor T.R.E. Then i
plough, afterwards and now half a plough. And
i^ acres of meadow. And i|- freemen under
commendation (held) 2 acres, worth ^\s. Ralph
holds this of Roger. The soke (is) the Abbot's.

In RiNHAM [Rendham] Blacsune a freeman
under commendation to Edric, Malet's prede-
cessor, and William was seised thereof, held 66
acres as a manor T.R.E. Then as now i vil-
lein, and 3 bordars. And i^ ploughs. And 2
acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 4 swine.
Worth 1 2s. The said Ralph (now holds). The
soke (is) the Abbot's.

In SuESTLiNGUA [Swelling] Uluric a freeman
under Harold (held) 60 acres as a manor T.R.E.
Then as now 3 bordars. And i plough on the
demesne. And 3 freemen under commendation
(have been) added with 9 acres and i plough
and 2 acres of meadow. Then 1 rouncey.
Now 2 beasts, and 10 swine, and 15 sheep.
Worth 1 5J. The same Ralph (holds).

In RiNHAM [Rendham] 4^ freemen (held) 35
acres. Then as now i plough. Worth 5;. and
lod. Of these 3 were under commendation to
Malet's predecessor, Gadric and Godric and
Tulf; and William Malet was seised thereof.
The said Ralph (holds). The soke (is) the
Abbot's.

fol. 345*.

In DuNiwoRDA [Dunningworth] '<" (was) a
freeman with 8 acres, and in Benenhala [Ben-
hall] 3 freemen with 3 acres, worth 24/;/. Roger
(holds) in demesne.

"' In Blaxhall.

61

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In Benehala [Benhall] Edric a freeman held
8 acres worth 2s. This is in demesne.

In Gliemham [Glemham] a freeman under
commendation (held) 5 acres, worth 12 pence.
And (this) Norman holds of Roger. The soke
(is) the Abbot's.

fol. 346.
VIII.

LANDS OF ROGER OF
POICTOU

HUNDRET OF CaRLEFORDA [CaRLFORD]

In CuLFOLE [Culpho] Brihtric, a freeman
under St. Etheldreda, T.R.E. held 80 acres of
land as a manor. Then as now 10 bordars, and
then 4 serfs. Then on the demesne 2 ploughs,
now 3. Then 2 ploughs belonging to the men,
now I. 4 acres of meadow. Then 2 rounceys,
now I. Then 7 beasts, now 2. Then 36
swine, now 15. Then 100 sheep, now 60.
Then it was worth 20s., now 30^.

In Grundesburc [Grundisburgh] a freeman
under Saint Etheldreda Brihtnoth (held) 60
acres as a manor. Then as now 3 bordars.
Then i plough, now none, and half a plough
belonging to the men. I acre of meadow. Then
as now it was worth 15J.

In CoLFOL [Culpho] moreover Godric, a free-
man under Harold, T.R.E. held 40 acres of
land as a manor, and 3 bordars. Then i plough,
now none. 2 acres of meadow. Then as now
it was worth 10;.

In Tedenham [Tuddenham] Lihtwin, a
freeman under Halden, the predecessor of
Geoffrey de Magnavilla, held 30 acres and
2 bordars. Then i plough, now none, 3 acres
of meadow, worth 10;.

In the same (vill) Godere, a freeman under
Saint Etheldreda, T.R.E. held 68 acres '^ of land
as a manor. Then 3 bordars, now none. Then
2 ploughs, now half a plough. 4 acres of
meadow. Then as now it was worth 2$s.

Moreover in the same (vill) 12 freemen under
commendation to Saint Etheldreda T.R.E. held
50 acres of land and 2 bordars. Then 3 ploughs,
now 2. 4 acres of meadow. Then it was
worth 20J., now 15^.

In CuLFOLA [Culpho] 5 freemen'*" under
commendation to St. Etheldreda T.R.E. (held)
21 acres. Then I plough, now half a plough.
Half an acre of meadow. Then it was worth
js., now 51, I church (having) 10 acres, worth
20i.

In Grundesburch [Grundisburgh] 7 free-
men under commendation to Saint Etheldreda

'" '80 acres' ; Inf. EI. 149.
"" ' 4 freemen ' ; ibid.

T.R.E. (held) 20 acres i<* of land. Then 1
plough, now half a plough. Then it was worth
4J., now 5J.

In the same (vill) a freeman Siric, King
Edward's man, (held) i^ acres, and a freeman

fol. 346^.

under commendation to Brihtric (held) 4 acres
of land ; and 2 freemen, Aluric and Brihtman,
under commendation to Ailric de Burch, (held)
14 acres, and then among them i plough, now
none. Worth 10;.

In the same (vill) 2 freemen, i under com-
mendation to Saint Etheldreda, and the other
under commendation to Halden, (held) 60 acres
and 6 bordars. Then as now 2 ploughs. 2
acres of meadow. Then it was worth 12s.,
now los.

In the same (vill) Roger holds of Roger of
Poictou a freeman '"' (who was) under Saint
Etheldreda T.R.E. (with) 40 acres and i bordar.
Then i plough, 2 acres of meadow. Then it
was worth lo;., now 8s.

In Cloptuna [Clopton] a freeman Uluric,
under commendation to Harold, T.R.E. held
I carucate and 22 acres of land as a manor.
Then as now i villein, 6 bordars, and i serf,
and on the demesne 2 ploughs. 4 acres of
meadow. Then i plough, belonging to the
men, now none. Then I rouncey, and now
4 beasts and 80 sheep. Then it was worth 40J.,
now 2 IS. It is I league long and half a league
broad, and (pays) i^d. in geld. And this Roger
holds in demesne.

In the same (vill) a freeman under com-
mendation to the above Uluric T.R.E. held
l^ acres, worth ^d. Roger son of Ernald
holds this.

In Haschetuna [Hasketon] Alwin, a free-
man'"' under Saint Etheldreda, T.R.E. held 40
acres as a manor. Then and now i plough,
I acre of meadow. Then it was worth ioj.,
now 6s. This Alwin could not sell or give his
land away from the Church of Ely.

In the same (vill) 7 freemen under commenda-
tion to Saint Etheldreda (held) 16 acres. Then
as now half a plough. Worth 31.

Moreover in the same (vill were) 2 freemen
under half commendation to Edric, the prede-
cessor of Robert Malet, and i freeman under
commendation to one who was himself under
commendation to Edric, and i under commenda-
tion to Brun, with 12 acres, worth 21.""

In the same (vill) a freeman"" imder com-

"*' 30 acres ' ; Inj. El. 149.

'" ' A freeman Brixnod ' ; ibid.

"* 'A sokeman' ; ibid. 150.

^'^ Inq. El. (p. 150) enters: 'A freeman, Brun,
under commendation to St. Etheldreda with 6 acres,
worth I2</.'

"" ' A freeman Grimold ' ; ibid.

482

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

mendation {datus) to Saint Etheldreda (held)
T.R.E. 9^ acres. Half an acre of meadow.
Worth 25. It is 6 furlongs long and 4 broad, and
(pays) 4^. in geld. This Roger son of Ernolf holds.

fol. 347.

In Thisteldena [Thistleton] "' 8| freemen
under commendation to Saint Etheldreda T.R.E.
(were tenants) of 30 acres. Then 2 ploughs,
now I. Then it was worth 20J., now 8j.

In the same (vill) ij freemen under com-
mendation to jEldric of Burgh (held) 10 acres,
and half a plough, worth 2s.

Moreover in the same (vill) i^rnold holds of
Roger of Poictou a freeman"^ under commenda-
tion to Saint Etheldreda T.R.E. (having) 50
acres as a manor and 2 bordars. Then i plough.
I acre of meadow. Then it was worth 20J.,
now 1 1^

And in Burc [Burgh] a freeman under Saint
Etheldreda (held) 16 acres and 2 bordars. I acre
of meadow. Then half a plough, now none.
Then it was worth 5/., now "]$. This Ernolf
holds of Roger.

In Otelega [Otley] Andrew holds of Roger
de Poictou (the land) which ^Edwold, a freeman
under Harold, and his wife under commendation
to Edric, held T.R.E. ; 2 carucates of land as a
manor. Then as now 3 villeins and 10 bordars.
Then 3 serfs, now i. Then on the demesne
3 ploughs, now I, but more might be made.
Then 5 ploughs belonging to the men, now 3.
Wood(land) for 4 swine. 3 acres of meadow.
Then 3 rounceys, now none. Then 12 beasts,
now I. Then 30 swine, now 10. Then 60
sheep, now none. Then it was worth iooj.,
now 401. It is 10 furlongs long and 6 broad,
and (pays) i$d, in geld.

In Haschetuna [Hasketon] 2 freemen, i
under commendation to Saint Etheldreda '" and
the other under commendation to Lustwin,
T.R.E. (held) 13 acres, worth 2s.

In the same (vill) "j^ freemen under com-
mendation to jEdwold T.R.E.; i^ of these were
under commendation to Grimolf. 25 acres and
I bordar. Then as now i plough. Half an
acre of meadow. Then it was worth 5/., now

In Aloesbrunna [Alnesbourn] Albert holds
of Roger of Poictou (the land) which Saint
Andrew held T.R.E. I carucate of land as a
manor. Then as now 4 bordars. Then as now
I plough on the demesne. 6 acres of meadow
and 60 sheep. Then it was worth 30J., now

'" In Burgh.

■" 'A freeman yEdwi ' ; Inj. El. 150.
'" * A freeman, Alfuric, under commendation to
St. Etheldreda with 8 acres, worth 8-s'.' ; ibid.

los. It is 6 furlongs long and 2 broad, and
(pays) ^d. in geld.

In Grenewic [ ] 2 freemen, i under

commendation to King Edward, and the other
to Gurth, (held) 2 carucates of land as 2 manors.
Then as now 3 villeins, and 7 bordars. Then
4 ploughs on the demesne, now none. Then

fol. 347^.

6 ploughs belonging to the men, now none.
3 acres of meadow. Then it was worth 40;.,
now I ox. It is 6 furlongs long and 4 broad,
and (pays) ^d. in geld.

In Nebrunna [Newbourn] a freeman under
Gurth (held) 15 acres. Worth i6d. This
Albert ' Crematus ' holds of Roger of Poictou.

In RiscEMARA [Rushmere (St. Andrew)] are
6 acres, worth iid., and Hunebot holds them of
Roger of Poictou.

HUNDRET OF WiLEFORDA [WiLFORD]

In Meltuna [Melton] R. son of Arnold
{/Erloldi) holds of Roger de Poictou 7 freemen
(formerly) under commendation to Saint Ethel-
dreda, with 60 acres. Then as now I plough.
Then worth 8j.,'^* now a like amount.

In the same (vill was) a freeman "' under Saint
Etheldreda with 26 acres, worth 50^.

In Bulges [Boulge] are 6 acres, worth \2d.

In Depebes [Debach] (were) 2\ freemen
under Uluric's commendation with 15 acres and

1 acre of meadow. Worth 3^.

HuNDRET OF LoSA [LoES]

At Mangedena [Monewden] Ulmar a free-
man under Saint Etheldreda held T.R.E. as a
manor I carucate of land and 40 acres. Then

2 villeins, now none. Now 9 bordars. Then
2 ploughs on the demesne, now I . And be-
longing to the men then as now I plough. 3
acres of meadow, and 2 beasts. Then it was
worth 40J., now 30;.

At Kettleberga [Kettleburgh] the same
Ulmar held 80 acres of land as a manor. Then
as now 2 villeins, and 2 bordars. Then as now
on the demesne I plough. And belonging to
the men I plough. 3 acres of meadow. Then
as now it was worth 20J. To this manor a
freewoman under the same (Saint's) commen-
dation"° held 14 acres, i^ acres of meadow.
Worth 21. ifd.

""Worth 10/.'; Inq. El. 1 5 I.
"' ' A freeman Godric ' ; ibid.
"* ' A freewoman under him in commendation to
Saint Etheldreda' ; ibid. 152.

483

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In Mungedena"' [MonewdenJT.R.E. (were)
14J freemen, now (there are) 10, under the said
(Ulmar's) commendation with 4 score and 4
acres. Then 4 ploughs, now 2. Then it was
worth 20s., now 16s. The moiety of one of
these Humfrey the Chamberlain {cahararius)
held ; but Ertald took it away from him. A
church with 30 acres and i^ acres of meadow,
worth 51.

In EsTUNA [Easton] a freeman held 10 acres
under Wulmar's commendation, worth 2s.

fol. 348.

And in Ledringaham [Letheringham] a
freeman under the same (Wulmar's) commenda-
tion (held) I J acres, worth ^d.

In Butelea [Butley] (were) 5^ freemen —
Saint Etheldreda had commendation over 4,'"
and Edricovera. 32 acres. Then 1^ ploughs,
now I plough. And they are valued with
Sutburna [Sudbourne].

In Dalungahou [Dallinghoo] a half free-
man under commendation of Edric Grim (held)
6 acres of land, worth -^od.

In Wdebride [Woodbridge] 16 freemen
under Saint Etheldreda's commendation (held)

1 carucate of land and 2 acres, and 2 bordars.
Then 3 ploughs, now 2, Half an acre of
meadow. Then it was worth 24J., now 20J.
In the same (vill) are 10 acres in demesne.

In MuNGADENA [Monewden] (was) a free-
man with half an acre ; and one with half an
acre in Mertlega [Martley], worth 2d.

HUNDRET OF WaNNEFORDA [WaNGFORd]

In Catesfella [ ] 5 freemen, 2

were under commendation to Edric of Laxfield
and 3 under Uluric's commendation, (held) 30
acres. Then 2 ploughs, now i. Worth 51.

In Thrandestuna [Thrandeston] 3 half
freemen under Edric's commendation (held) 20
acres, worth 40^.

Hertesmara [Hartismere] Hundret

At WiKHAM [Wickham (Skeith)] Alfleda a
freewoman under commendation to Harold held

2 carucates of land as a manor. Then as now
21 bordars. Then 6 serfs. Then on the

'" In Inp El. (p. 152) the 14 {sic) freemen are
said to be ' in hoc manerio,' i.e. Kettleburgh. At
the end of the entry is added : 'And Brixtwok with
10 acres, worth 2/. (i.e. the ' Estuna ' entry of Dom.
Bk.). And Hedric with 15 acres, worth 30a'.'
(omitted by Dom. Bk.).

"» These 4 he;d 8 acres ; ibid.

demesne 3 ploughs, now i. Then 6 ploughs
belonging to the men, now 2. Wood(land) for
40 swine. 4 acres of meadow. Then 2 roun-
ceys. Then 1 8 beasts, now i . Then 40 swine,
now 14. Then 260 sheep, now 33. Then
60 goats. Then worth loos., now 40^.

In the same Wikam [Wickham] a freeman
and 3 half (freemen) under commendation to
the same (Harold) (held) 16 acres and half a
plough and i bordar (and) half an acre of
meadow. Worth 31. A church with 12 acres
worth 2s.

Bradesmera [Bradmere] Hundret

(At) Incham [Ingham] Lewin, King Edward's
thegn, held i carucate of land as a manor. Then
as now 2 bordars. Then 2 ploughs on the
demesne, afterwards (and) now half a plough.
4 acres of meadow. Then i rouncey. Then
it was worth 4//'., now 20s.

fol. 348*.

In the same (vill) were 10 freemen, over
whom his (Roger's) predecessor had commenda-
tion T.R.E. ; and they have 40 acres. Then
I plough, now half a plough. Then it was
worth 5^., now 3;. Saint Edmund (has) the
soke.

RiSEBRUGB [RiSBRIDGE] HuNDRET

(At) Thurstanestuna [Thurston "**] Et-
mar. Earl Algar's thegn, held as a manor
T.R.E. 2 carucates of land. Then as now 2
villeins. And 6 bordars. And 2 ploughs on
the demesne. Then half a plough belonging to
the men, 3 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for
6 swine. Then 2 beasts, now 5. Then 13
swine, now 20. Then 40 sheep, now 50.
And 6 hives of bees. Half a church with 15
acres of free land. Then as now worth 40J.

(At) Hauochenduna [Hawkedon] Olf held
as a manor T.R.E. 2 carucates of land. Then
as now 2 bordars, and 3 serfs. And 2 ploughs
on the demesne. And 3 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 4 swine. Then as now I roun-
cey, 2 beasts, 16 swine, 40 sheep, and I2 goats.
Haifa church with 15 acres of free land. Then
worth 30J., now 40X. It is I league long, and
half a league broad. And pays I3|</. in geld.
Others have land therein.

Half Hundret of Cosfort [Cosford]

In ToRP [Thorpe (Morieux)] a freeman (held)
4 carucates of land as a manor. Then 7 villeins,
now 3. Then as now I bordar and 2 serfs. Then
3 ploughs, now 2. Then I plough belonging
to the men, now 2 oxen. 7 acres of meadow.

'"* Thunton in Hawkedon.

484

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

Then 2 horses. Then y beasts, now I. Then
60 swine, now 9. Then 140 sheep. Then it
was worth 6//., afterwards (and) now 4/;'. To
this manor Norman son of Tan(c)red (Taured)
added 7 freemen with 25 acres. Thereof Saint
Edmund had soke and commendation. Then

1 plough. Worth 3;. A church (with) 50
acres, and 2 acres of meadow. Then i plough,
now 2 oxen, and 2 villeins. Worth 6j. It is i
league long, and 8 furlongs broad, and (pays) 5/f.
in geld.

In the same (vill) a freeman (held) i^ caru-
cates of land as a manor. Then 6 villeins, now

fol. 349.

7, and 2 bordars. Then 2 serfs, now i. Then

2 ploughs on the demesne, now 1. Then i
plough belonging to the men, now half a plough.

5 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 4 swine,
and 2 beasts. Then 26 swine, now 14. Then
30 sheep, now 13, and 13 goats. Then it was
worth 60J., now 40J. Thereof Richard's pre-
decessor, Wisgar to wit, had commendation and
soke. Saint Edmund had the six forfeitures.

BiscoPES [Bishop's] Hundret

(At) Wettingaham [Whittingham] Uluric
the thegn held T.R.E. i^ carucates of land as a
manor. Then 9 bordars, afterwards and now
14. Then as now 2 ploughs on the demesne.
Then 2 ploughs belonging to the men, after-
wards and now i. Wood(land) for 100 swine.
16 acres of meadow. And 4 acres of free land.
Then as now 5 beasts. Then 20 swine, now
18. Then 30 goats, now 40. And i hive of
bees. Then as now worth 6oj. The soke (is)
in Hoxa [Hoxne].

(At) Menham [Mendham] the same (Uluric)
held T.R.E. as a manor i carucate of land and
40 acres. Then as now I villein. Then 6
bordars, afterwards and now lo. Then as now
I plough on the demesne. Then 3 ploughs
belonging to the men, afterwards and now i^.
Wood(land) for 100 swine. 10 acres of meadow.
Then as now i mill. And 3 men with 20
acres of land. Then I plough, now half a
plough. And the fourth part of a church with
10 acres. Those men could not give and sell
their land. But yet the soke is in Hoxa [Hoxne].
Thereto belong 60 acres and they are part of
{jacent in) Weibrada [Weybread]. Then as
now 2 villeins, and 2 bordars. Wood(Iand) for

6 swine. 3 acres of meadow. Then as now
worth 4/;.

In Weibrada [Weybread] 4^ freemen under
commendation (held) 35^^ acres. Then 2
ploughs, afterwards i, and now half a plough.
Worth 10s.

In Statebroc [Stradbroke] 2 freemen under
commendation (held) 30 acres. Wood(land) for

8 swine. Then i plough, afterwards and now
half a plough. Worth 10s.

In CiKELiNGA [Chickering] a freeman under
commendation (held) 24 acres. Wood(land) for
4 swine. And half an acre of meadow. Then
and (afterwards ?) half a plough, now none.
Worth 4y.

In Weibrada [Weybread] (are) 4 acres of
demesne land.

fol. 349*.

In Menham [Mendham] 3 freemen with i
carucate of land. Of these William Malet was
seised. Two were under the commendation of
Robert Malet's predecessor and the third of
Bishop Ailmar with the fourth part of the land.
Then as now i villein. Then 6 bordars, now
9. Wood(land) for 60 swine, 5 acres of
meadow.

In the same (vill were) 2 men with 3 acres.
And then half a plough, now 2 oxen.

In the same (vill was) a freeman with 15
acres. Ulf his (Roger de Poictou's) predecessor
had the commendation T.R.E. Then half a
plough. The whole is worth 561. Over the
whole the soke is in Hoxa [Hoxne], the Bishop's
(manor).

COLENESSE [COLNEIS] HuNDRET

In Halmeleia [Hemley] (are) 10 acres
which belong to Cleopetona [Clopton]. 2 bor-
dars have 2 oxen. (This) is included in the
valuation of Clopton.

TiNGOHOu [Thingoe] Hundret

At Resebi [Risby] Ulmar the thegn held 2
carucates of land under Stigand. Then 6 bor-
dars, now 3. Then 4 serfs, now none. Then
2 ploughs, now I. And 2 acres of meadow.
And half a mill. Then worth bos., now 20J.

In Brocle [Brockley] (were) 3 freemen.
Saint Edmund had commendation and soke over
one ot these, and he could not sell ; over the
other 2 the King had commendation, but they
could sell in Saint Edmund's soke. Among
them all 60 acres of land. And i villein, and

I serf. Then as now I plough. And i^
acres of meadow. Then as now worth los.

Babenberga [Babergh] two Hundrets

Ulric, King Edward's thegn, held Boesteda
[Boxted] as 2 carucates of land. Then and
afterwards 2 villeins, now i. Then and now

I I bordars. Then 4 serfs, afterwards and now
3. Then 3 ploughs on the demesne, afterwards
and now 2. And half a plough belonging to
the men. And 15 acres of meadow. Wood-
(land) for 5 swine. Then 3 horses, when R[alph]

485

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

left {reliquii) 2, now none. Then 5 beasts,
now 4. Then 24 swine, now 15. Then
30 sheep, now 71.

In the same (vill were) 5 freemen under
Wisgar by commendation and soke with 2
carucates of land ; and they could sell. But the
King gave them to Norman son of Tancred
{Tanri).

And in the same (vill was) a freeman under
commendation to the said Ulric with 45 acres.
Of that land 30 acres are in the soke of Saint
Etheldreda and 15 in the soke of Norman, the

fol. 350.

predecessor of Ralph de Limesey, in Kanauadis
[Cavendish]. And under them were 3 bordars.
Then among them all 4 ploughs, afterwards and
now 2.

And in the same manor (was) half a carucate
of land under Saint Edmund, which (the
tenants) could not sell without licence of the
Abbot. But the King gave it to Norman, son
of Tancred [Tanre). And (thereon) I serf.
Then i plough, now none.

BoESTEDA [Boxted] was then worth 8//.,
afterwards 7//., now iooj. And the freemen
were set to farm at $2s. Now manor and
freemen together are worth 6li. It is 1 league
long, and 5 furlongs broad. And pays "jd. in
geld.

(At) Prestetona [Preston] Ulwar, a freeman
under Stigand T.R.E., held as a manor 2
carucates of land with soke. Then as now

4 villeins, and 4 bordars, and i serf. Then
3 ploughs on the demesne, afterwards and now
2. Then and now I plough belonging to the
men. And 9 acres of meadow. Then 5
beasts, now 4. Then 24 swine, now 3.
Then 40 sheep, now 36.

In the same (vill) were 3 freemen under
commendation to Wluard. Over 2 Saint
Edmund had soke and sac ; and over the third
Wisgar the predecessor of Richard (had them) ;
but earlier Norman son of Tancred ; now
Roger of Poitou has (soke and sac). And they
had 23 acres among them all, and half a plough.
Then and afterwards the whole was worth 4//'.,
now 3//.

In Walingafella [Waldingfield] Ulmer
the thegn held under Harold T.R.E. i carucate
of land with soke. Then as now I villein, and

5 bordars. Then i serf, now none. Then as
now 2 ploughs on the demesne. Wood(land)
for 3 swine. And 4 acres of meadow. Then
as now I horse. Then as now 2 beasts. Then
12 swine, now none. Then it was worth 305.,
afterwards and now it renders 40^. It is half a
league long, and half broad. And (pays) J^d,
in geld, whoever may be holders thereof. A
church with 30 acres.

Stou [Stow] Hundrkt

Buckeshala [Buxhall] Lewin Croc held
T.R.E. 2 carucates of land. Then as now 4 bor-
dars. Then 3 serfs, afterwards and now none.
Then as now 2 ploughs on the demesne. And
fol. 350*.

16 acres of meadow. Then half a mill. Then
2 rounceys. I beast. Then 53 swine, now
16. Then 28 sheep, now 30. A church with
30 acres, and half an acre of meadow. Then
as now worth bos. He (Lewin Croc) had soke
and sac over the hall and the bordars. And
there were 7^ freemen under the same (Lewin)
by commendation only T.R.E. The soke was
in the Hundred. And they have 37 acres.
Then 2 ploughs, afterwards and now half.
And I acre of meadow. Then as now worth
lOJ. And to this manor Norman son of
Tan(c)red added 3 freemen under the King by
commendation and soke with 24 acres. Then
and afterwards i plough, now 2 oxen. Worth
\od.

In Newetuna [(Old) Newton] T.R.E. 2 free-
men under Alsi nephew of Earl Ralph by com-
mendation only (held) 70 acres of land within
the soke and sac of the King and the Earl, and
2 bordars. Then i^ ploughs, afterwards and
now none. Then worth 301., afterwards and
now 20y.

In ToRNEi [Thorney] a freeman under King
Edward with soke and sac. And after King
William came he was in like manner, and
Norman received (the freeman) from this manor
without livery of seisin, and afterwards Gerald
held him, after Gerald Roger of Poictou. He
has 60 acres. Then i plough, and afterwards
half (a plough), now i ox. Then worth ioj.,
now it scarce renders 5;.

In Stanaham [Stonham] are 50 acres of
demesne land of the hall in Cratinga [Greeting].

In Gratinga [Creeting] (were) 7 freemen,
5 were under Alfleta T.R.E. by commendation
only, and 2 were under commendation to the
King, with soke and sac over all them in the
Hundred. 30 acres. Then as now 2 ploughs.
Worth 205. In the same (vill) I sokeman
(holds) 3 acres of forfeited land.

In ToRNiE [Thorney] are 24 acres and

1 bordar, and they belong to the hall of Stanham
[Stonham].

Bosemera [Bosmere] Hundret

(At) Stanham [Stonham] Uluric the thegn
held as a manor T.R.E. 2 carucates of land.
Now Roger holds in demesne. Then as now
8 villeins, and 3 bordars, and 4 serfs. And

2 ploughs on the demesne. Then and after-

486

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

wards 3 ploughs belonging to the men, now
2^ ploughs. 5 acres of meadow. Wood(land)
for 60 swine. The third part of this wood(land)
belonged to (Jacebat in) Tonestala [ ],

William de Warenne's manor T.R.E. Now
Roger de Poictou holds. And Raymond
Giralt formerly held it. The third part of a

fol. 351.

church with 5 acres. Then as now 2 rounceys.
And 30 swine. Then 5 beasts, now 9. Now
60 sheep. Then 30 goats, now 50. Then it
was worth lOOf., now bit. The King and the
Earl (have) the soke.

In the same (vill) Ulmar the thegn held

2 carucates of land as a manor T.R.E. under
commendation to Harold. Then as now 8
villeins, and 3 bordars, and 4 serfs. And 2
ploughs on the demesne. And a mill in Clain-
duna [Claydon]. Then and afterwards 3
ploughs belonging to the men, now 2^ ploughs.
5 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 60 swine.
The third part of a church with 4 acres.
Then as now 2 rounceys. Now 60 sheep.
Then it was worth iooj., now 6//. The King
and the Earl (have) the soke.

In the same (vill) Alflet under commendation
to Harold held 2 carucates of land as a manor
T.R.E. Then as now 8 villeins, and 3 bor-
dars, and 4 serfs. And 2 ploughs on the
demesne. Then as afterwards 3 ploughs be-
longing to the men, now 2j ploughs. 5 acres
of meadow. Wood(land) for 60 swine. The
third part of a church with 5 acres. Then as
now I rouncey. Now 60 sheep. Then it
was worth loos., now i>ii. The King and the
Earl (have) soke over the whole.

In the same (vill) Ulwin a freeman under
commendation to Ulmar the predecessor of
Roger de Poictou held 40 acres as a manor.
Now Roger holds in demesne. Then as now

3 bordars. Then i plough, now half a plough.
2 acres of meadow. (Included) in the above
valuation of Stalham [Stonham].

In the same (vill) a freeman Uluret under
commendation to Alflet Roger's predecessor
held 20 acres, and they are included in the said
valuation. It is i league long, and half (a
league) broad. And (pays) "j^d. in geld.

In the same (vill) a freeman Aluric held 12
acres ; over whom the Abbot of Saint Edmund's
had half the commendation ; and the other
moiety of the commendation (is attached) to the
King's manor of Meldeham [Mendlesham].
The Abbot held this moiety of the commenda-
tion and of the land until Artald seized it
{turn saisivit). And it is included in the above
valuation.

At WiLLALUESHAM [Willisham] Alflet a
freewoman under commendation to Harold

fol. 351^.

T.R.E. held 2 carucates of land as a manor.

Now Albert holds of Roger. Then as now

3 villeins, and 10 bordars. Then 3 serfs, now
I. And 2 ploughs on the demesne. Then
5 ploughs belonging to the men, now 3.
5 acres of meadow. A church with 32 acres.
Then it was worth 4//"., now 3//.

In the same (vill was) a freeman by name
Leuric with 20 acres. Worth 41.

In the same (vill) a freeman Guiolf (held)
40 acres as a manor T.R.E. Now the same
Albert (holds). Then half a plough. Worth
8s. The King and the Earl (have) the soke.

In the same (vill) a freeman Tedric held 80
acres as a manor T.R.E. Then as now 2
bordars. I plough on the demesne and half a
plough belonging to the men. 2 acres of mea-
dow. Worth i6s. The King and the Earl
have the soke.

And (there were) 2 freemen with 9 acres,
Leuric and Godman. This Godman was under
commendation to the Abbot of Ely. And he
had the soke T.R.E. Worth 3s. All this
Albert (now) holds. It is I league long, and

4 furlongs and 20 perches broad. And (pays)
6^d. in geld.

(At) Blacheham [Blakenham] Lestan under
commendation to the Abbot of Ely held i^
carucates as a manor. Now the same Albert
(holds). Then as now 4 bordars. Then i^
ploughs on the demesne, now none. 5 acres of
meadow. Then it was worth 40J., now 305.
The King and the Earl (have) the soke.

In the same (vill) (were) 3 freemen with
6| acres. Worth i2d. The King and the
Earl (have) the soke.

(At) Tonestala [Tunstall] Edred a free-
man under commendation to Wisgar held 60
acres, and 2 acres of meadow. Then as now
2 bordars. And (there was) a freeman Edwi
with 3 acres. And they were worth lOf.
The same Albert (now) holds. It is i league
long, and 5 furlongs broad. And (pays) S^- '"
geld.

In Hamingestuna [Hemingstone] (were) 20
freemen with 142 acres. One of these with
1 3 acres was under commendation to the Abbot
of Ely. And he had the soke. And 6 bordars.
Then as now 5 ploughs. And 2 acres of mea-
dow. And half a church with 15 acres, worth

fol. 352.

20d. 8 acres used to belong (thereto) which
Hervey de Bourges [Bituricensh) took away. To
the aforesaid church belong moreover 6 acres which
Phim, Richard's predecessor, took away. Then
it was worth 40J., now 30J. These (freemen)
Roger (holds) on the demesne. The King aivi
the Earl (have) the soke. It is 6 furlongs long,
and 6 broad. And (pays) id. in geld. A
church with 3 acres, worth td.

^87

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In Hamingestuna [Hemingstone] a freeman
Lewin held an acre of land and I bordar
T.R.E. Now Almar the King's reeve holds it.
Worth 2d. The King and the Earl (have) the
soke.

In Uledana [Olden "*] a freeman Almar
(held) 4 acres, and half a plough, and i bordar.
Worth 8^. The King and the Earl (have) the
soke.

In Langhedena [ ] Algar a

freeman (held) 3 acres. Worth 6d.

In Stanham [Stonham] a freeman Leuric
under commendation to the Abbot of Ely (held)
6 acres, and in Codenham [Coddenham]
3 acres. Worth \2id.

In the same (vill) Godwin a freeman (held)
10 acres and 2 oxen under commendation to
Wisgar the predecessor of Richard son of
Earl Gilbert. Worth 4J. Of this (freeman)
Raymond Giralt was seised. And Roger de
Poictou holds him. And Roger de Ramis (held)
by right of the first livery {de prima Uberatione),
And the Hundred witnesses that to him livery
was first made {prius liberatum fuit).

In Langedana [ ] Ghim a

freeman (held) i\ acres. Worth 7,d. The
King and the Earl (have) the soke.

In Hamingestuna [Hemingstone] a freeman
Adelwin held i^ acres. Worth T^d,

In the same (vill) a freeman Brictmar (held)
1^ acres. Worth 4^.

Claindune [Claydon] Hundret

In Bercham [Barham] Lustwin held 60
acres as a manor. Wisgar had half the com-
mendation and soke, and the Abbot of Ely the
other moiety and soke.^^ Then I plough. Then
as now 5 bordars. 3 acres of meadow. Worth
lOJ. The same Gosbert holds of Roger.

fol. 352*.

In the same (vill) were 7 freemen with 47
acres. Then 2 ploughs, now i. And 2 bor-
dars. Worth lOJ. The same Gosbert (holds).

In the same (vill) 4 freemen (held) 40 acres.
Then as now i plough. Then it was worth
8j., now 6j. id. Of three of them the Abbot
had half the soke and the whole of the com-
mendation. And of the fourth the King (had)
soke and commendation.

In Hamingestuna [Hemingstone] a freeman
(held) i^ acres. Then it was worth \d., now

"• See n. 2.

"° In^. El. (p. 145) reads : 'In Bercheham tenuit
S. jEdeldreda T.R.E. dimidiam commendationem, et
dimidium sochemannum de Lustuuino, Ix acras.'

2,d. Isaac (holds) of Roger. The King and
the Earl (have) the soke.

In AcHREAM [Akenham] Leuolt a freeman
(held) 20 acres in the King's soke and com-
mendation. Worth 4J.

In the same (vill) (was) a freeman Aluolt
with 6 acres in the Abbot's soke and commenda-
tion. Worth i2d.

In TuRLESTUNA [Thurlston] 5 freemen
(held) 26 acres in the King's soke. Then half
a plough. Worth 4J. Gosbert holds (this).
The soke (is) the King's and the Earl's.

In TuRLESTUNA [Thurlston] the same
Gosbert holds 18 freemen (with) 80 acres less 2.
Then 3 ploughs, now 2. And i acre of mea-
dow. Half a church with 5 acres. Then it
was worth 20J., now 135. and j^d. The soke
(is) the King's and the Earl's.

In AcREHAM [Akenham] 3 freemen (held)
16 acres and half a plough. And half a church
with 5 acres. Worth 32^. The soke (is) the
King's and the Earl's.

In Henleia [Henley] a freeman (held) 6
acres. Worth i2d. The soke (is) the King's.

In Westrefelda [Westerfield] (is) half a
church with 7^ acres.

In Helmingham [Helmingham] 3 freemen
(held) 9 acres. Worth 2s. The King and the
Earl (have) the soke.

In Turduestuna [Thurlston] Almar the
priest a freeman (held) 3 acres. Worth bd.

In Westrefelda [Westerfield) 2 freemen
held 2 acres. Worth iZd. The soke (is) the
King's and the Earl's.

In CoDEHAM [Coddenham] 2 freemen (held)
18 acres. T.R.E. i plough, now none.
Worth 4J.

In Bercham [Barham] a freeman (held) i
acre. Worth T^d.

fol. 353.

In HENtEiA [Henley] a freewoman (held)
half an acre. Worth id. The soke (is) the
King's and the Earl's.

Half Hundret of Perreham [Parham]
In the soke of the Abbot of Ely.

In Wantesdena [Wantisden] 14 freemen
(held) 40 acres in the soke and commendation of
the Abbot of Ely ; and in Blacheshala [Blax-
hall] I freeman (held) lo acres in the soke and

488

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

commendation of the Abbot of Ely. Then and
afterwards 2 ploughs, now i^ ploughs. And 2
acres of meadow. Worth 8j. Roger holds in
demesne.

Plumesgate [Plomesgate] Hundret

(At) NoRDBERiA [ ]'" Edwin the

priest, a sokeman under the Abbot, held 30 acres
as a manor T.R.E. Then as now i plough.
And 4 beasts, and 8 swine. Then 60 sheep,
now 40. Then and afterwards it was worth
20s., and now a like sum.

In the same (vill) 49 freemen (have been) added
to this manor with 26o|^ acres. Then as now
10 ploughs. And 2 acres of meadow. Wood-
(land) for 8 swine. Then and afterwards it was
worth 10//'., now 11 A". All these men were in
the Abbot's soke and commendation, and one
(was) wholly a sokeman, by name Godric.

In Gliemham [Glemham] (is) a freeman with
5 acres, worth i2d. (This is) in demesne.
The soke (is) the Abbot's.

IX. LAND OF WILLIAM DE SCOIES

BOSEMERA [BosMERE] HuNDRET

(At) Blacham [Blakenham] Aluric the thegn
held T.R.E. i carucate of land as a manor.
Then as now 6 bordars. And then i plough on
the demesne, now 2. And half a plough be-
longing to the men. 5 acres of meadow. Then

fol. 353A.

as now 2 mills.
now 4

And

7

A church with i acre, (worth)

I rouncey. Then 2 beasts,
swine, now 1 1. Then 12

Then
sheep, now 14.

2d. To this manor Hardwin added 28 freemen
with 171 acres and i bordar. Brunard holds
60 acres of this land and i plough. Worth 15*.
Then 6 ploughs, afterwards and now 2. Then
10 acres of meadow. And 2 (third) parts of a
mill. The manor was then as now worth 3//. ;
and the freemen 451. The King and the Earl
(have) soke over the whole. It is 5 furlongs
long, and 5 broad. And (pays) jd. in geld.
This manor (was set) to farm for three years at
i2/«. each year, and an ounce of gold for {in)
the three years together by way of fine {geriuma) ;
but the men who thus received it to farm have
all been ruined (confusi).

"' Inq. El. (p. 148) reads : 'In Norberia (are)
freemen belonging to Sudburne with 290^

50
acres,
whereof the abbot had sac and soke and commenda-
tion T.R.E. and two of these, Alfuric and ^dwin,
could not give or sell their land.' In the summary
of the lands taken from the abbey by Roger (p. 187)
these freemen are said to have belonged to ' Bercham.'

Blachebruna [Blackbourn] Hundret

Westuna [(Market) Weston] Huard de Ver-
non holds of William, which Aluric, a freeman,
held T.R.E. as a manor ; i carucate of land, and
8 acres in Torp [Thorpe]. Then 4 villeins,
now 2. Then as now i plough on the demesne.
And I plough belonging to the men. 2 acres of
meadow. Wood(land) for 10 swine. Now 2
rounceys. Then as now 10 swine. Then 15
sheep, now 80. A church with 4 acres.
Worth 20s. And 3 freemen (hold) i carucate
with 20 acres. Then 3 ploughs. 3 acres of
meadow. Worth 20J. Of this land Hugh,
William's man, appropriated [invasit) 25 acres
against the Abbot. They could give and sell
their land T.R.E., but commendation and soke
and sac remained in Saint Edmund's possession.

And in the same (vill were) losokemen under
Saint Edmund with all customs T.R.E., but
Hardwin held them in King William's time :
and they have 60 acres of land. Then 2 ploughs,
now half. Worth 41. It is 7 furlongs long,
and 5 broad. And pays <)d, in geld. Others
hold (land) therein.

[Blything]
manor of Cokeli
a freeman held it.

In the Hundret of Blidinga
William de Scoies has the
[Cookley], T.R.E. Wluric
fol. 354.

Then as now 6 carucates of land. Then 6
villeins, and now 2. Then 6 bordars, now 11.
Then as now i serf. Then as now 2 ploughs
on the demesne. Then as now 2 ploughs
belonging to the men. Then as now wood(laivd)
for 4 score swine. And 6 acres of meadow.
And I mill. Then 2 rounceys. And then as
now I cow, 8 swine, 7 sheep, 30 goats, and 2
hives of bees. And half a church with I acre.
And upon this manor Huard de Vernun and
Robert de Vals are enfeoffed (casati) ; and
Huard's share is worth 50J. and Robert's share
8s. It is 14 furlongs long, and 7 broad. And
it renders in the King's geld y^d.

Claindunk [Claydon] Hundret

In TuROLUESTUNA [Thurlston] (were) 2 free-
men (with) 5 (acres ?), and i bordar. Then
half a plough. Worth i^d.

X. LANDS OF HERMER DE FERRIERES

Blachrune [Blackbourn] Hundret

Osmund, a freeman, over whom Saint Edmund
had commendation T.R.E. and soke and sac,
held Bernincham [Barningham] as a manor.
Half a carucate of land. Then as now i villein,
and 2 bordars. And i plough on the demesne.
And half a plough (belonging to the men). And
2 acres of meadow. Worth I oj. Saint Edmund
(has) the soke.

489

62

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

XI. LANDS OF RALPH DE BELLA
FAGO

HuNDRET OF WiLESFORDA [WiLFORd]

In Baldeseia [Bawdsey] 14 freemen under
Godric's commendation T.R.E. (held) 62 acres
as a manor. I bordar. Then 3 ploughs, now 2.
2 acres of meadow. Worth 30J.

In Thurstanestuna [ ]

6 freemen under the said Godric's commendation

fol. 354*.

(held) 40 acres as a manor. Then 2 ploughs,

now I. Worth 20s.

In Ramesholt [Ramsholt] 6 freemen under
the said Godric's commendation (held) 20 acres.
Then I plough, now half a plough. Worth loj.

Hertesmara [Hartismere] Hundret

WoRTHAM [Wortham] Richard de St. Clair
{Sender) holds of Ralph, which Modgeva a free-
woman under commendation to Saint Edmund
T.R.E. held; i^ carucates of land as a manor.
Then as now 18 bordars, and 2 serfs. And on
the demesne 2 ploughs. And belonging to the
men 2 ploughs. Wood(land) for 10 swine. 2
acres of meadow. And I rouncey, 3 beasts, 20
swine. Now 20 goats. Then worth 40^., now
lOOs. This land (Modgeva) could not sell or
give away from the church. Saint Edmund has
the soke.

In the same (vill) a freewoman Godgeva under
the commendation and soke and sac of Saint
Edmund T.R.E. (held) 80 (acres) as a manor.
Then as now 6 bordars. Then I plough, now
none. Then and now belonging to the men
I plough. 4 acres of meadow. Then worth
20s., now a like sum. 2 churches with 40 acres,
worth 75.

And in the same (vill) 14 freemen under com-
mendation to the same (Saint Edmund) (held)
90 acres. Then as now 3 ploughs, I acre of
meadow. Then as now worth 135. This
Richard holds of Ralph.

In Brom [Brome] (is) i bordar with 8 acres,
and he belongs to Wortham [Wortham], and
is worth i2tJ.

Xn. LANDS OF FRODO, THE ABBOT'S
BROTHER

Blachrune [Blackbourn] Hundret

(At) Teluetteham [Thelnetham] Acolf the
thegn held 2 carucates of land as a manor T.R.E.
Then as now 8 bordars. Then 6 serfs, now 2.
Then as now 3 ploughs on the demesne. And
I plough belonging to the men. 4 acres of

meadow. Wood(land) for 30 swine. And then
as now I mill. Then i rouncey. Then as now
3 beasts. Then 50 swine, now 25. Then 2
sheep, now 35. And now 3 hives of bees.

fol. 355.

And 15 freemen under commendation (held) 40
acres. Then as now 2 ploughs. (The manor)
was then worth 3//., and now 50J. and
the freemen 60;. A church with 20 acres.
Saint Edmund has soke and sac. It is 10 furlongs
long and 4 broad. And pays g^d. in geld.

Thewardestreu [Thedwastre] Hundret

In Heteseta [Hessett] 6 freemen under com-
mendation to Saint Etheldreda in Saint Edmund's
soke (held) I carucate of land. And I bordar.
Then and afterwards 3 ploughs, now I. And I
acre of meadow. They were then worth 60s.,
now 20s.

Lacheforda [Lackford] Hundret

At Wirilintona [Worlington] Ormer held
T.R.E. 6 carucates of land. Then as now 16
villeins, and 6 bordars, and 2 serfs. And 2
ploughs on the demesne. And 4 ploughs be-
longing to the men. 12 acres of meadow. 2
fisheries. And i mill. A church without land.
Then as now I horse. Then 20 beasts, now 8.
Then 80 sheep, now lOO. Then and afterwards
it was worth 6/;., now 8//. It is 10 furlongs
long, and 8 broad. And in geld (pays) 20d.

In Todeham [Tuddenham] Leuric a freeman
under Earl Algar held i^ carucates of land.
Then as now 2 villeins, and 2 bordars, and 2
serfs. Then as now i plough on the demesne.
And half a plough belonging to the men. I^
acres of meadow. I mill. Now 6 swine.
Then 160 sheep, now 80 sheep. Then it was
worth 40J., now 60s. The soke and sac are
Saint Edmund's.

Babenberga [Babergh] two Hundrets

(At) Kanewella [Kentwell] Algar held freely
under Seward of Meldona [Maldon] T.R.E. as
a manor 2 carucates of land with soke. Then

7 villeins, afterwards and now 4. Then and
afterwards I bordar, now 3. Then and now
2 ploughs on the demesne. Then and afterwards
2 ploughs belonging to the men, now I. And

8 acres of meadow. Then and now I horse
at the hall. Then 5 beasts, now 8. Then 30
swine, now 40. Then 80 sheep, now 50.
Then and afterwards it was worth 40^., now 4//.

(At) Lauenham [Lavenham] Alwi held under
Saint Edmund with soke T.R.E. 2 carucates of
land as a manor. And this he could not sell
without licence of the Abbot, Now Frodo holds

490

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

(it) of King William, and claims it (as appertain-
ing) to his fee, saying that it was delivered to

fol. 355*.

him. Then as now 5 bordars, and i serf. Then
as now 2 ploughs on the demesne. And 2
ploughs belonging to the men. And 3 acres of
meadow. Now 2 horses at the hall. Now 1 2
beasts. Then 12 swine, now 4. Then 40
sheep, now 102. Then it was worth 4OJ., now
4//. It is half a league long, and 4 furlongs
broad. And pays l^d. in geld.

Stou [Stow] Hundret

In BuKEssALLA [Buxhall] 25 freemen held 3^
carucates of land in the King's soke, who (with
their lands) were delivered to Frodo as a manor
(containing) 3^ carucates of land. Then as now
5 1 bordars. And T.R.E. and afterwards 7
ploughs among them all, now 2 on the demesne,
and 3 belonging to the men. And 10 acres of
meadow. Then 2 rounceys, now i. Then as
now 6 beasts. Now 22 swine. Now 36 sheep.
Then and afterwards worth 60s., now lOOJ. It
is I league long and 8 furlongs broad. And
pays 25</. in geld whoever be tenant there.
The King and the Earl (have) the soke.

XIII. LAND OF GODRIC THE
STEWARD {Dapifer)

BiscoPEs [Bishop's] Hundret

In Mendham [Mendham] (is) I bordar with
4 acres. Worth izd.

Blidinga [Blything] Hundret

(At) Budeforda [Blyford] Edwin a freeman
held T.R.E. 2 carucates of land as a manor.
Now Godric holds it in demesne. Then as
now 5 villeins, and 3 bordars, and 2 serfs. And
2 ploughs on the demesne. And 3 ploughs
belonging to the men. And I acre of meadow.
Wood(land) for 160 swine. Now I mill. And
then as now i rouncey. Then 4 beasts, now 9,
and 17 swine, and 3 sheep. A church with
12 acres. Then as now it was worth 4.0s. It
is I league long and i league broad. And (pays)
3^^. in geld. The same Godric (has) the soke.

fol. 356.

In Holetuna [Holton] 3 freemen, Ulmar,
Ailmar, Odulf, (held) 33 acres (and) half an acre
of meadow. Then as now i plough on the
demesne. Worth 5/. Over all Holetuna
[Holton] Count Alan has the soke except over
Osbert's land.

In the same (vill) are 6 freemen with 27
acres and I plough. Worth I ox.

In Warle [ ] *" a freeman held 50

acres as a manor. 4 bordars. Then as now

1 plough. 4 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for
12 swine. Worth 71. The soke (is) in the
Hundred.

In BuLECAMPA [Bulcamp] Thored a freeman
held 30 acres of land as a manor. Then as now

2 villeins, and half a bordar. And I plough.
I acre of meadow. Wood(land) for 40 swine.
Worth 5j.

Waineforda [Wangford] Hundret

(At) Almaham [Elmham] Godric a freeman
under Ralph the Staller {Stalra) held 40 acres as
a manor. Then as now 2 villeins, and i bor-
dar, and I serf. And I plough on the demesne.
And belonging to the men half a plough.
Wood(land) for 4 swine. 2 acres of meadow.
The fifth part of a mill. A church with 8
acres, and the fifth part of a church with 6
acres, worth izd. Then worth 71., now it
renders 20J. And under him 2 freemen (had)
5 acres and half a plough, and are included in
the said valuation.

In Ilcheteshala [Ilketshall] a freeman Anand
under jEdwin's commendation (held) 30 acres,
and 5 bordars. Then as now i plough on the
demesne. And belonging to the men half a
plough. I acre of meadow. Then worth 8j.
and 4(f., now lOi,

fol. 356*

XIIII. SUFFOLK, SAINT EDMUND'S

LAND
!
Chinhoge [Thingoe] Hundret

(At) RisEBi [Risby] T.R.E. Saint Edmund
held as a manor 2 carucates of land. Then as
now 4 villeins, and 2 bordars. And then 2
ploughs on the demesne, now 4. Then as now
I plough belonging to the men. And then
3 serfs, now 1. And I acre of meadow. And
now 3 rounceys, 1 2 beasts, 30 swine, 90 sheep,
and 32 goats. And 7 sokemen with i^ caru-
cates of land, I bordar and I serf. Then as
now 3 ploughs. Over these men Saint Edmund
had sac and soke and commendation and all
customs. And they could not give or sell this
land without leave of the Abbot ; all (had to
bring their sheep) also to (the Abbot's) fold ex-
cept one who had a fold for himself

In the same (vill) i freeman with half a caru-
cate of land which Norman holds of the Abbot.
And 4 bordars. And i serf. Then i plough,
and now (the like). And I acre of meadow.
He could give and sell his land. But sac and

'"In 1275 W. de Monchensey held at ' Warsle '
in this hundred : Hun J. R. (Rec. Com ), ii, 147.

491

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

soke and commendation would remain in the
Saint's (possession). Then as now worth loj.
A church with 24 acres of free land. This
manor — the freeman not included — (was) then
worth 4//., now 6//. It is 9 furlongs long, and
8 broad. And pays 2oi. in geld. Others have
holdings therein.

(At) HoRNiNGEswoRDA [Horringer] Saint
Edmund held T.R.E. 4 carucates of land as a
manor. Then as now 3 villeins, and 15 bor-
dars. Then as now 4 ploughs on the demesne
and 5 ploughs belonging to the men. Then as
now 7 serfs. And 3 acres of meadow. Wood-
(land) for 5 swine. And now 5 rounceys.
And now 14 beasts, and 30 swine, and 45 sheep.
And 15 sokemen with 1 carucate of land, and
I bordar. Then as now 4 ploughs. These
men are under the Saint by sac and soke and
all customs ; and they could not give or sell the
land without the Abbot's licence. A church
with 6 acres of free land. Then (was) this
manor worth 6//., now 8//'. It is 9 furlongs
long, and 8 broad. And (pays) 20i. in geld.
Others have holdings therein.

(At) HuEPESTEDE [Whepstead] T.R.E. Saint
Edmund held 5 carucates of land as a manor.
Then as now 10 villeins, and i8 bordars. Then
as now 4 ploughs on the demesne. Then as
now 6 ploughs belonging to the men. Then
as now 9 serfe. And 10 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 40 swine. Now 5 rounceys, 1 8
beasts, 30 swine, and 100 sheep. And I soke-
man with 30 acres of land, 4 bordars and I serf.
Then as now i plough. And 2 acres of
meadow. Wood(land) for 5 swine. Over the
man the Saint has sac and soke and commenda-
tion and all customs. And without licence of
the Abbot he could not give and sell the land.

In the same (vill were) 6 freemen with i^
carucates of land, which Ralph holds except 30
acres, and 4 bordars. Then as now 3 ploughs.
And 3 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 3
swine. Worth 50J. These men could give and
sell the land. But sac and soke and commenda-

fol. 357.

tion and service would remain to the Saint.
Then as now worth 60s. A church with 30
acres of free land. This manor, the freemen
not included, was then worth 7//'., now 10//.
It is 9 furlongs long, and 8 broad. And (pays)
20ii. in geld.

(At) Neotuna [Nowton] T.R.E. Saint
Edmund held 4 carucates of land as a manor.
Then as now 10 villeins and 10 bordars. Then
as now 4 ploughs on the demesne. And then as
now 4 ploughs belonging to the men. And
then as now 4 serfs. And 4 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 5 swine. And I mill. And
now 4 rounceys, 18 beasts, 23 swine, 80 sheep,

and 3 hives of bees. And 10 sokemen with
half a carucate of land. Then as now 2
ploughs. And 4 acres of meadow. Over
these men (the Saint) then as now had sac and
soke and commendation and all customs. And
they could not give or sell the land without the
Abbot's licence. A church with 8 acres of free
land. Then this manor was worth 5//'., now
10//'. It is 10 furlongs long, and 6 broad.
And (pays) 6^d. in geld.

(At) Ceuentuna [Chevington] Saint Edmund
held 6 carucates of land as a manor. Then as
now 13 villeins and 9 bordars. Then as now
4 ploughs on the demesne. And then as now

4 ploughs belonging to the men. Then 6 serfs,
now 7. And 10 acres of meadow. WooJ-
(land) for 100 swine. Now 7 rounceys, 22
beasts, and 30 swine. And now 140 sheep, and
40 goats, and 3 hives of bees. And 1 sokeman
with 30 acres of land. 2 bordars. Then as
now I plough. And i acre of meadow. Wood-
(land) for 4 swine. Over him the Saint has sac
and soke and commendation and all customs.
And he could not give or sell the land without
licence. A church with 30 acres of free land.
This manor was then worth 6 /«., now 10//'.
It is 10 furlongs long, and 8 broad. And (pays)
6|^. in geld.

(At) Sexham [Saxham] "' Saint Edmund held

5 carucates of land as a manor. Then as now
12 villeins, and 6 bordars. Then as now 3
ploughs on the demesne. And then as now

6 ploughs belonging to the men. Then as now
4 serfs. And 5 acres of meadow. Wood(land)
for 80 swine. Now 4 rounceys, 15 beasts, 36
swine, and 1 00 sheep. Then worth 6//., now
io/«. It is I league long, and 5 furlongs broad.
And (pays) jd. in geld.

(At) Leacforda [Lackford] T.R.E. Saint
Edmund held 5 carucates of land as a manor.
Then as now 14 villeins and 7 bordars. Then
as now 3 ploughs on the derriesne. And then
as now 4 ploughs belonging to the men. And
then as now 4 serfs. And 30 acres of meadow.
And 2 mills. Now 2 rounceys, 9 beasts, 13
swine, and 160 sheep. And i sokeman with
8 acres of land. Then as now 2 oxen. Over
him the Saint has sac and soke and commenda-
tion. And he could not give or sell the land
without licence. A church with 20 acres of
free land. Then this manor was worth 6A.,
now 8//. It is I league long, and lo furlongs
broad. And (pays) 6d. in geld.

fol. 357*.

(At) Hemegretha [Hengrave] *** T.R.E.
Saint Edmund held 3 carcucates of land as a

'" Great and Little Saxham were both held by the
abbey : FeuJ. JiJs, v, 44.

'" Formerly ' Hemegrave ' : ibid.

492

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

manor. Then as now 2 villeins. And then
2 bordars, now 6. Then as now 2 ploughs on
the demesne. And then as now 3 ploughs
belonging to the men. Then as now 3 serfs.
And I acre of meadow. And I mill. Now
2 rounceys, 12 beasts, 20 swine, and 60 sheep.
And 8 sokemen with 60 acres of land. Then
as now I plough. Over them (the Saint) has
sac and soke and commendation as to all customs.
And they could not give or sell the land without
licence of the Abbot. A church with 30 acres
of free land. Thpn this manor was worth 50J.,
now 6oi. It is 6 furlongs long, and the like
6 broad. And (pays) 10^. in geld.

(At) FoRNHAM [Fornham (All Saints)] T.R.E.
Saint Edmund held I carucate of land as a manor.
Then as now 4 bordars. Then as now I plough
on the demesne. And then as now 1 plough
belonging to the men. Then as now 1 serf.
And 4 acres of meadow. And i mill. And
then as now 2 lounceys, 14 beasts, 30 swine,
and 60 sheep. And 3 sokemen with 30 acres
of land. Then as now half a plough. These
men hold under the Saint with sac and soke and
commendation and all customs. And then could
not give or sell the land without licence.

In the same (vill were) 2 freemen with
i^ carucates of land. i villein. 3 bordars.
Then as now 2 ploughs. These men could
give and sell the land. But the sac and soke
and commendation would remain under the
Saint. They were then as now worth 40J. A
church with 12 acres of free land. This manor,
the freemen not included, was then as now
worth 40i. It is 8 furlongs long, and 5 broad.
And (pays) lod. in geld.

Saint Edmund held Kkewortha [Ickworth]
T.R.E. as 3 carucates of land. Then as now
9 villeins, and 3 bordars. Then as now 2
ploughs on the demesne. Then as now 4
ploughs belonging to the men. Then as now

4 serfs. And 6 acres of meadow. Wood(land)
for 24 swine. I mill. And 2 rounceys, 16
beasts, 30 swine, and 80 sheep. A church with
half an acre of land. Then this manor was
worth 3//'., now 4//. It is 8 furlongs long, and

5 broad. And (pays) -j^d. in geld.

In Sexham [Saxliam] Albert and Fulcher
hold of the Abbot 3 freemen with 2^ carucates
of land. 8 bordars. Then as now 4 ploughs.
And 3 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 5
swine. And half a mill. Two of these men
could give and sell the land. But the sac and
soke and commendation would remain under the
Saint. And the third could not (sell) without
the Abbot's (licence). They were then as now
worth 8oi. Two (third) parts of a church with

6 acres of land. It is 8 furlongs long, and 5
broad. And pays "jd. in geld. Others have
holdings therein.

In Flemingtuna [Flempton] Ulward holds
of the Abbot 10 sokemen with I carucate of

fol. 358.

land. 6 bordars. Among them all then as
now 3 ploughs. And i acre of meadow. And

1 mill. These men are under the Saint by sac
and soke and commendation. And they owe
service at Riseby [Risby], and at Leacforda
[Lackford], and at Hemegretha [Hengrave].
And they could not give or sell the land with-
out the Abbot's licence. They were then as
now worth 40J. A church with 8 acres of free
land. It is 6 furlongs long, and 4 broad. And
(pays) bd. in geld.

In Haldsteda [Hawstead] (are) 28 freemen
with 4 carucates of land. And Odo holds I
carucate. And 2 clerics Albold and Peter

2 carucates. And Agenetus 20 acres. Then
as now 3 villeins and 2 1 bordars. Then as now
13 ploughs. And 2 serfs. And 16 acres of
meadow. Wood(land) for 3 swine. These
men could give and sell the land. 'But the sac
and soke and commendation would remain under
the Saint. They were then as now worth 4//.
A church with 30 acres of free land. It is
8 furlongs long, and 6 broad. And (pays) 135^.
in geld.

In Broclega [Brockley] Tebald and Robert
hold of the Abbot 3 freemen with 2 carucates
of land. 3 villeins, and 6 bordars, and 6 serfs.
Then as now among them 4 ploughs. And 5
acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 24 swine.
Two of these men could give and sell the land.
But the sac and soke and commendation would
remain under the Saint. The third cannot give
or sell land without the Abbot's licence. They
were then as now worth 4/;. A church with
6 acres of free land. It is 8 furlongs long, and
5 broad. And pays 7^. in geld. Others have
holdings therein.

In Manestuna [Menston] Garin has of the
Abbot I sokeman with 20 acres of land.
I bordar. Then as now half a plough. And
I acre of meadow. Wood(land) for 2 swine.
Over him the Saint has sac and soke and com-
mendation ; and he owes him (the Saint) service.
And he could not give or sell the lands without
the Abbot's licence. Then as now worth 4$.
It is 3 furlongs long, and 2^ furlongs broad.
And (pays) bd. in geld. Others have holdings
therein.

In Reoda [Rede] Henry has of the Abbot
I sokeman with half a carucate of land. 4 bor-
dars. And I serf. And then as now I plough.
And 3 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 3
swine. Over him the Saint has sac and soke
and commendation. And he could not give or
sell the land without the Abbot's licence. Then
worth 20J., now 40J.

493

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In the same (vill) Berard holds of the Abbot
7 freemen with half a carucate and 50 acres of
land. Then as now 2 ploughs. And 3 acres
of meadow. Wood (land) for 6 swine. These
men could give and sell lands. But the sac and
commendation and service would remain under

fol. 358A,

the Saint. They were then as now worth 30J.
It is 8 furlongs long, and 4 broad. And (pays)
•]d. in geld. Others have holdings therein.

In Westlea [Westley] (are) 1 1 freemen with
2 carucates of land. Peter holds I of the Abbot.
5 bordars. Then as now 3 ploughs. And I J
acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 3 swine.
These men could give and sell the lands. But
the sac and soke and commendation and service
would remain to the Saint. Then they were
worth 30J., now 40/. One third share in a
church, with 4 acres of land. It is 7 furlongs
long, and 5 broad. And pays (>y. in geld.
Others have holdings therein.

Leacforde [Lackford] Hundret

(At) Hyrningwella [Herringswell] T.R.E.
Saint Edmund held as a manor 4 carucates of
land. Then as now 7 villeins, and 6 bordars,
and 1 serf. Then as now 3 ploughs on the
demesne. Then as now 3 ploughs belonging to
the men. And 4 acres of meadow. Then
I mill, now 2. And i rouncey, 5 beasts, 12
swine, and 80 sheep. And 2 sokemen with
54 acres of land. Then as now i^ ploughs.
And I acre of meadow. Over them the Saint
then as now had sac and soke and commendation
with all customs. But they could give and sell
their lands without the Abbot's licence. A
church with 30 acres of free land. This manor
was then worth 6//., now 7//. It is i league
long, and 6 furlongs broad. And in geld (pays)
20d. Several persons hold (land) therein.

(At) Wamforda [Wangford] Saint Edmund
held as a manor 2 carucates of land. Now
Ulwart holds of the Abbot. Then as now
4 villeins, and 4 bordars, and 5 serfs. Then as
now 2 ploughs on the demesne. And then as
now I plough belonging to the men. And 8
acres of meadow. And now 5 rounceys, 18
beasts, 26 swine, 413 sheep, and now 2 hives
of bees. A church with 15 acres of free land.
Then it was worth 40^., now bos. It is I league
long, and 5 furlongs broad. And in geld (pays)
bd. Others hold (land) therein.

(At) Eluedena [Elveden] Saint Edmund held
T.R.E. as a manor 2 carucates of land. Then
as now 4 villeins, and 4 bordars, and i serf.
Then 2 ploughs on the demesne, now i. Then
as now I J ploughs belonging to the men. And
now 2 rounceys, 4 beasts, I2 swine, 260 sheep,

and 1 3 goats. And the fourth part of a fishery.
A church with 15 acres of free land. And
4^ freemen with I carucate of land, (and) 3
bordars. Then 3 ploughs, now 2. They
could give and sell their lands. But sac and
soke and commendation and the service remained
in the Saint's possession. They were then worth
lOj., now 15J. This manor, the freemen ex-
cepted, was then worth 30J., now 40/. It is I
league long, and likewise I league broad. And
in geld (pays) 20d. Several persons hold (land)
therein.

fol. 359.

(At) Dunham [Downham] Saint Edmund
held 3 carucates of land as a manor. Frodo "*
now holds it. Then as now i bordar. Then
5 serfs, now 3. Then as now 3 ploughs on the
demesne. And 5 acres of meadow. And I
fishery. And I ox, 21 swine, and 900 sheep.
And 9 free men with 2^ carucates and 60
acres of land and 3 bordars. Then 8 ploughs,
now 4|- among them all. And 4 acres of
meadow. These men could give and sell. But
sac and soke and commendation and all customs
remained in the Saint's possession. They were
then worth 351., and now the like. A church
with 20 acres of land. This manor, the free-
men excepted, (was) then (worth) 8//'., now 11//.
It is I league long, and 8 furlongs broad. And
(pays) in geld 2od. Others hold (land) therein.

In Liuelmera [Livermere] Fulcher holds of
the Abbot 2 freemen with 20 acres of land (and)

1 bordar. Then as now half a plough. And
half an acre of meadow. These men could
give and sell their lands. But sac and soke and
commendation remained in the Saint's possession.
They were then as now worth 3^.

Babenberga [Babergh] Two Hundrets

(At) Melaforda [Melford] T.R.E. Saint
Edmund held 12 carucates of land as a manor.
Forty acres of this land Walter holds of the
Abbot. Then as now 37 villeins. And then
25 bordars, and now 10. Then 8 ploughs on
the demesne, now 6. Then 20 ploughs belong-
ing to the men, now 13. Then as now 16
serfs. And 50 acres of meadow. Wood(land)
for 60 swine. And 2 mills. Now 3 rounceys.
Then as now 30 beasts. Now 300 sheep. Then
as now 140 swine. Now 12 hives (of bees).
And 40 forest mares {cqiiae, iilvatlcae) now. And

2 sokemen (there were) with 80 acres of land.
The same Walter held of the Abbot one with

'" Abbot Baldwin obtained from the Conqueror
' ad opus ecclesie et fratris sui ' the whole fee of
Brithus son of Leomar, namely the manors of Chenen-
tone, Saham, Dunham, Tostok, and Somerledeston,
and of them Frodo, the abbot's brother, was enfeoffed :
Add. MS. 14847, fol. 23 d.

494

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

40 acres. Then as now 2 ploughs. Over them
the Saint had commendation and sac and soke
and all customs, nor could they ever give or sell
their lands without full consent of the Abbot.
A church with 2 carucates of land, 4 villeins, 9
bordars. Then as now 2 ploughs belonging to
the church. Then as now 2 ploughs belonging
to the men. Then this manor was worth 20//.,
now 30//. It is 18 furlongs long, and I league
broad. And (pays) 20^(^. in geld, whoever may
be holder thereof.

(At) CoTHEFELDA [Cockfield] Saint Edmund
held T.R.E. 4^ carucates of land as a manor.
Then as now 14 villeins. And then 16 bordars,
now 22. Then 2 ploughs on the demesne, now
3. And then 12 ploughs belonging to the men,
now 6. Then as now 4 serfs. 8 acres of
meadow. A winter mill. Now 3 rounceys, 12
beasts, 37 swine, and 98 sheep. Now 12 hives
of bees. This manor was then worth 6//., now

In the same (vill are) 21 freemen with 5
carucates of land, which {quos) 4 men hold of

fol. 359*.

the Abbot — Berard 3 carucates, and James i,
and Coleman i. (There are) 13 bordars, and 3
serfs. Then among them all 8 ploughs, now 7.
And 16 acres of meadow. Wood(iand) for 6
swine. These (men) could all give and sell
their land. But by soke and commendation they
were under the same Saint, except i man over
whom (the Saint) had soke only. Then they
were worth 3//., now 4//. This vill is 13 fur-
longs long, and I league broad. And (piys) 23|</.
in geld. But others have holdings therein.

(At) Grotena [Groton] T.R.E. Saint
Edmund held i^ carucates of land as a manor.
Then as now 8 villeins, and 5 bordars. Then
as now I plough on the demesne. Then as now
2 ploughs belonging to the men. And i acre
of meadow. Wood(land) for 10 swine. A
winter mill. Then as now i rouncey, 6 beasts,
16 swine, and 30 sheep. And (there were) 2
freemen with half a carucate of land. And they
could give and sell their land. 6 bordars. Then
as now I plough. And i acre of meadow.
Then they were worth 30J., and now 40J. It
is 7 furlongs long, and 4 broad.

In the same (vill are) 12 freemen, and they
have I carucate. And this is worth 20s. All
these men could give and sell their land T.R.E.
Saint Edmund has soke, commendation, and ser-
vice. (This pays) "jd. in geld. But others have
holdings therein.

In Prestetune [Preston] T.R.E. Saint
Edmund held a freeman. Ernulf (now holds
him). And he could give and sell his land.
And he had 3 carucates of land on the demesne.
And then he used to plough with 3 ploughs.

now with 2. Theii and now 2 villeins, 4
bordars. And they used to plough (with)
half a plough, i serf. 3 acres of meadow.
(There were) 3 sokemen, and they had 2bk
acres of land, and half an acre of meadow. And
they could give and sell their land. And they
then were worth 4//., now 3//. It is 12 furlongs
long, and 6 broad. A church with 7 acres.
This man and his land King William gave to
Saint Edmund and to B[aldwin] the Abbot, and
soke and all customs. (This pays) zd. in geld.
But others have holdings therein.

In Lelega [(Brent) Eleigh] "* Saint Edmund
held 5 freemen whom the said Arnulf holds of the
Abbot. They then as now had 3^ carucates (of
land). 5 bordars. 3 acres of meadow. Wood(land)
for 2 swine. I serf. Then they used to plough
with 4 ploughs, and do now. And they could
give and sell their land. But soke and sac and
commendation were St. Edmund's, and custom.
Then they were worth 3//., now 4//'. It is 12
furlongs long, and 6 broad. (This pays) T^^d. in
geld. But others have holdings therein.

At SuMERLEDETUNA [Somerton] Saint
Edmund held in the same hundred I carucate of
land, Frodo (now holds) I villein, 5 bordars.
Then they used to plough with 3 ploughs, now
the like. And then it was worth 435. less 4^.,
and now (the same). And King William gave

fol. 360.

the land to Saint Edmund with soke and com-
mendation and all customs. It is 6 furlongs
long, and 4 broad. (And pays) '^d. in geld. But
others have holdings therein.

At CoRNERDA [(Great) Cornard] '" Saint
Edmund held 2 freemen, and they had 50 acres
of land. I acre of meadow. T.R.E. . . . {reg'
vaT vi bor\ and now (the same). And they
could give and sell their land. But to Saint
Edmund belonged soke and all customs.

At BuRA [Bures] Saint Edmund held 3 soke-
men, and they had 8 acres of land, and I of
meadow. And those 8 acres were worth \bd.
And these men could give (and) sell their land.
And by soke and all customs they were and are
under the Saint.

(At) Waldingefelda [Waldingfield) Saint
Edmund held 1 1 freemen ; and under them were
half a carucate of land, 3 bordars, 2 acres of
meadow. And they could give and sell their
land. But the soke was the Saint's and the
commendation and the service. They were
then worth I ox., and now (the same). (They
pay) \d. in geld,

'" The abbey held 3 carucates at Brent Eleigh at
the time of the Conquest, according to the list of
possessions in Harl. MS. 743.

'" ' Cornherthe magna ' ; ibid.

495

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Saint Edmund held Niwetuna [Newton] as a
manor T.R.E., and now Aelons holds it of the
Abbot. Therein were then as now 2 carucates
of land. Then as now 2 ploughs on the
demesne. And i^ ploughs belonging to the
men. Then 2 serfs, now none. Then 3
beasts, now 7. Then 40 swine, now 29. Then
97 sheep, now 102. Then as now 3 villeins.
Then 4 bordars, now 10. Now 14 goats, then
none. Then 16 hives of bees, now 9. Wood-
(iand) then for 8 swine, now 6. Then as now
2 acres of meadow. This manor is 6 furlongs
long, and 3 broad. Then it was worth 2//., now
2^/;. And (pays) 4J. less i farthing in geld.

In SoMERLEDETONA [Somerton] a freeman
under Saint Edmund (held) 30^ acres of land.
Now Frodo holds him of the Abbot. Worth 2s.

In Mellinga [Milden '**] a freeman (with) 15
acres of land, and 3 oxen. Worth 2s.

Stohu [Stow] Hundret

In Wederdena [Wetherden] 20 freemen under
Saint Edmund T.R.E. (held) 2 carucates of land.
Ralph holds half a carucate, and Ernulf 40 acres.
And (there are) 13 bordars. Then 5 ploughs,
now 7. And 8 acres of meadow. And half a
church with 15 acres and i acre of meadow.
Then worth 30/., now 40J.

In Heroluestuna [Harleston] were 2 free-
men under Saint Edmund T.R.E. with i caru-
cate and 20 acres of land. Now Aelons holds
of the Abbot, Peter holds 20 acres. Then as
now 2 villeins, and 1 1 bordars and 2 serfs.
Then and now among them i^ ploughs. And
Sk acres of meadow. And under them are II
freemen with 23 acres. Then 2 ploughs among
them, now half a plough. A church with 25

fol. 360*.

acres of free land. The entire holding then as
now was worth 26s.

In Anhus [Onehouse] a freeman under Saint
Edmund held half a carucate of land and 3
bordars. Then as now i plough and 4 acres of
meadow. And then and now worth 20s.
T.R.E. sac and soke and commendation over
all these men belonged to Saint Edmund of the
gift of King Edward as his writs and seals show,
which the Abbot has. Afterwards King William
allowed the gift (concessit). But the King's
reeve had 4;. on account of the soke of one of
them, whether it was rightly or wrongly, neither
the Abbot nor his ministers knowing. And the
Hundred testifies that they did not know Saint
Edmund to have been at a later time dis-
seised (of the soke) after King Edward gave it.

Formerly 'Mildinges' ; FeuJ. Aids, y, 43.

BOSEMERA [BoSMERB] HuNDRET

(At) Mulcelfel [Mickfield] Saint Edmund
held T.R.E. 60 acres as a manor. Then as
now 2 villeins, and 3 bordars, and i serf. And
I plough on the demesne. And i plough be-
longing to the men. And 3 acres of meadow.
And 5 beasts, 10 swine, 27 sheep, and 21 goats.
Then it was worth lox., now 151. The King
and the Earl (have) the soke.

In the same (vill) Ailric a freeman held 60
acres of land. Saint Edmund (had) commenda-
tion. And I villein, and I bordar. And i
plough. And 2 acres of meadow. A church
with 8 acres, and half a plough. Then it was
worth lOJ., now 1 51. This land the Abbot so
holds, because this Ailric T.R.E. took a wife
who held this land fi-eely in the King's soke ;
but the Abbot claims [revocat) the soke of the
King's gift. Berengar holds it of the Abbot.
It is I league long, and 8 furlongs broad. And
(pays) 2d. in geld.

(At) Stanham [Stonham] Ulwar a freeman
in the soke of the King and the Earl held 60
acres as a manor. And then as now 4 bordars.
And I plough on the demesne. And 1 acre of
meadow. Wood(Iand) for 5 swine. And I
rouncey, 2 beasts, and 16 sheep. Worth 10;.
Ailbold the priest holds this land. The Abbot
has it in pledge for the sum of two marks of gold
by the grant of Engelric when the Englishmen
redeemed (their lands).

Claindune [Claydon] Hundret

In ToRP [Thorpe] 2 freemen under com-
mendation held 6 acres of land. Worth i6d.
Saint Edmund (has) the soke over one, and Saint
Etheldreda over the other.

PlUMESGATK [PlOMESGATE] HtJNDRET

In Gliemham [Glemham] (was) a freeman,
Aluric, and 6J freemen under commendation,
with 21 acres and 2 acres of meadow. Then
as now I plough. Wor^h 5^. The soke (is)
the Abbot's. Norman holds of the Abbot.

Hertesmera [Hartismere] Hundret

(At) Reg[r]aua [Redgrave] Saint Edmund
held T.R.E. 6 carucates of land as a manor.
Then as now 10 villeins, and 19 bordars. Then
8 serfs, now 6. Then as now 4 ploughs on the
demesne. And 6 ploughs belonging to the
men. 8 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for
120 swine. A church with 30 acres of free

fol. 361.

land and half a plough. And 2 rounceys, 12
beast^, 30 swine, 60 sheep, and 30 goats. Then
as now worth 10//.

496

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

In the same (vill) 24 freemen (held) 80 acres
under soke and commendation of the Abbot.
Then as now 8 ploughs. Then as now worth
30*. It is I league long, and half (a league)
broad. And (pays) Sd. in geld. The Abbot
holds in demesne.

In WoRDHAM [Wortham] 2 sokemen (held)
60 acres as 2 manors T.R.E. Then as now
8 bordars. And 2| ploughs. And 4 acres of
meadow. Wood(land) for 14 swine. Worth

20 J.

In the same (vill) i sokeman (with) 14
acres. Half a plough. Worth 32^.

In the same (vill) Alfahc a freeman under
the Abbot's soke and commendation (held) 30
acres as a manor T.R.E., and 4 bordars and
I plough, and I acre of meadow. Worth los.

In the same (vill) Uluric a freeman held 30
acres under the Abbot's soke and commenda-
tion. And 6^ bordars. And i plough on
the demesne, and half a plough belonging to
the men. I acre of meadow. Worth ioj.

In the same (vill) 25 freemen (held) 3 caru-
cates of land. Then as now 6 ploughs. Worth
20s. The soke and commendation (are) the
Abbot's. It is I league long, and 10 furlongs
broad. And (pays) i2d. in geld.

In GisLiNGHEHAM [Gislingham] a sokeman
Aluric (held) 30 acres. Then as now i plough.
And I bordar. And i acre of meadow. Worth
I Of.

In the same (vill) 12 freemen and i sokeman
(held) 8 acres out of the 30 acres in the same
soke, land and commendation belonging to the
Abbot. Then 3 ploughs, now 2. And i acre
of meadow. Worth 1 ox.

(At) Palegrava [Palgrave] Saint Edmund
held T.R.E. 4 carucates of land as a manor.
Then as now 1 1 villeins and 1 7 bordars. Then
3 serfs, now i. Then as now i plough on the
demesne. And 4 ploughs belonging to the men.
And 6 acres of meadow. And 2 churches with
30 acres and half a plough. And 2 rounceys,
1 2 beasts, 6 swine, and 8 sheep. Then worth
6//., now 8/;. The soke is the Abbot's.

In the same (vill) 29 freemen (held) 2 caru-
cates of land less 12 acres. Then as now 8
ploughs. And 2 acres of meadow. Worth
40X. The soke and commendation (are) the
Abbot's. It is I league long, and half a (league)
broad. And (pays) i2d. in geld.

In RiCHiNGEHALA [Rickinghall] 14 freemen
under the Abbot's soke and commendation (held)
80 acres. Then as now 3 ploughs. And 2
acres of meadow. The fifth part of a church
with 5 acres. Worth 201.

(At) Brocfort [Brockford] Saint Edmund
held T.R.E. 3 carucates of land and 43 acres.

Then as now 14 bordars, and 3 serfs. And 2
ploughs on the demesne. And 2 ploughs belong-
ing to the men. And 4 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 40 swine. And 8 beasts, 6
swine, 20 sheep, and 20 goats. Then as now
worth loox.

fol. 361/^.

Theodwardestreo [Thedwastre] Hundret

(At) Bertuna [(Great) Barton] Saint Edmund
held T.R.E. as a manor 5 carucates of land.
Then as now 22 villeins, and 5 bordars. Then 4
ploughs on the demesne, now 3. Then as now
6 ploughs belonging to the men. Then 11
serfs, now 4. And 3 acres of meadow. Wood-
(land) for 4 swine. 4 rounceys, 18 beasts, 44
swine, and 402 sheep. And now 2 hives of
bees. And 70 freemen (held) 5 carucates of
land. And then as now among them all 1 8
ploughs. And 2 bordars. And i acre of
meadow. Over these men (the Saint) has and
always had sac and soke and all customs. And
they all belong to the (Saint's) fold except 3.
To the church of this vill 50 acres of free land
belong as alms. Then worth 16//., now 20//.
It is I league and 2 furlongs long, and I league
broad. And (pays) 27^^. to a geld.

(At) Pachenham [Pakcnham] T.R.E. Saint
Edmund held as a manor 7 carucates (of land).
Then as now 44 villeins, and 23 bordars.
Then 3 ploughs on the demesne, now 4. Then
as now 23 ploughs belonging to the men. Tlien
6 serfs, now 9. And 26 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for loo swine. Then 2 mills,
now I. And 3 rounceys, 48 beasts, 65 swine,
and 190 sheep. And now 8 hives of bees.
And 31 freemen and i bordar (held) 2 caru-
cates of land. Then as now among them
were u ploughs. And 3 acres of meadow.
These all have always belonged to the Saint
with sac and soke and all customs, and to the
(Saint's) fold.

In the same (vill were) 3 freemen with 30
acres of land. Then as now i plough. Wood-
(land) for 4 swine. They could give and sell
the land, but soke and sac and commendation
would remain in the Saint's possession.

In the same (vill) T.R.E. i freeman with I
carucate of land got the Abbot's consent to lease
him {impetiavit ah abbati prestari sihi) half a caru-
cate of land on condition that the whole of his
land, wheresoever it should be, should remain in
the Saint's possession after his death. And now
out of this (freeman's) land i carucate lies in
Pachenham [Pakenham] in demesne. And i
plough. And 5 bordars, and 2 serfs. And a
winter mill. And the Saint had always com-
mendation and sac and soke over him. To the
church of this township belong {jacent) 30 acres
of free land as alms. Then Pachenham [Paken-

497

63

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

ham] was worth lo//., now 25//. It is 16 fur-
longs long, and i league broad. And (pays) I3^</.
to a geld.

(At)
T.R.E.
cate of
bordars.

FoRNHAM [Fornham (St. Martin)'"]

Saint Edmund held as a manor I caru-

land. Then as now 3 villeins, and 4

Then i plough on the demesne, now 2.

fol, 362.

And then as now 2 ploughs belonging to the men.
Then 4 serfs, now 3. And 2 rounceys. And then
as now 4 beasts. And now 12 swine, and 80
sheep. And 10 freemen and 6 bordars (held)
30 acres of land. Then as now i plough.
They were (and) are wholly under the Saint as
to all customs, and as to the fold.

In the same (vill was) a freeman with 12
acres of land. He could give and sell the land,
so however that sac and soke and commendation
would remain in the Saint's possession. To the
church of this vill belong 16 acres of free land
in alms. This manor T.R.E. was worth 3//.,
now 4/;'. It is 9 furlongs long, 7 broad. And
(pays) 6Ji. to a geld.

At RuHHAM [Rougham] T.R.E. Saint Ed-
mund held as a manor 5 carucates of land. Then
as now 15 villeins, and 4 bordars. Then as now

3 ploughs on the demesne. And 2 ploughs be-
longing to the men. Then as now 6 serfs. And

4 acres of meadow. And 3 rounceys, 22 beasts,
25 swine, and 55 sheep. And (there are) 90
freemen, and 1 1 bordars, and i serf. And 5
carucates of land. Then as now 18 ploughs.
And 3 acres of meadow. These also always
were and are under the Saint by commendation
and all customs, and as to the fold. To the
church of this vill belong 40 acres of free land
in alms. Then worth 14//., now 16//'. It is
16 furlongs long, and I league broad. And
(pays) 2od. in geld.

(At) Bradefelda [Bradfield] T.R.E. Saint
Edmund held as a manor 3 carucates of land.
Then as now 15 villeins, and 18 bordars. Then

2 ploughs on the demesne, now 3. Then as
now 4 ploughs belonging to the men. Then I
serf, now 6. And 7 acres of meadow. And

3 rounceys, 10 beasts, 28 swine, and 99 sheep.
And now 80 goats. And (there were) 3 free-
men with 24 acres of land. And then as now
I plough. And i acre of meadow. Over them
the Saint had commendation, and sac and soke
as to all customs. And they could not give or
sell their land without the Abbot's I'cence.

In the same (vill were) 9 freemen with i
carucate of land. 2 bordars. Then as now
among them 3 ploughs. And 2 acres of meadow.
Worth 6s. They had power to give and sell
their lands. But the soke would remain in the

Saint's possession, and the service (also), whoevet
might buy the land. To the church of this vill
belong io|- acres of free land as alms. This
manor T.R.E. was worth 6//'., now 8//. It is i
league long, and 4 furlongs broad. And (pays)
5^. to a geld.

(At) Genonefae Forham [Fornham St.
Genevieve] T.R.E. St. Edmund held as a bere-
wick 2 carucates of land. Peter has of these 2
carucates 40 acres. He holds of the Abbot.

2 villeins (and) 2 bordars have I carucate of them.
And the hall to which they belong is in another
Hundred. Ralph holds from the Abbot 12 acres
of the 2 carucates. Then as now 8 villeins, and

3 bordars. Then as now 2 ploughs on the
demesne. And 3 ploughs belonging to the men.
Then as now 3 serfs. And 4 acres of meadow.
And then as now 3 mills. And I rouncey, and
100 sheep. And 6 freemen and i villein and 5

fol. 362*.

bordars have i carucate of land. And then as
now 3 ploughs. These men had power to give
or sell their lands ; but the soke would remain
in the Saint's possession over the land, and the
service. They are worth loj. There is a
church with 14 acres of free land for alms.
This berewick was then as now worth 4//. It is
9 furlongs long, and 4 broad. And (pays) 8d.
to a geld.

Then as now 8 ploughs.
Wood(land) for 3 swine.
Worth 40^. And the
They could give and

"• See list in HarL MS.

7+3-

(At) Thurstuna [Thurston] T.R.E. Saint
Edmund held as a manor i^ carucates of land.
Then 6 bordars, now 8. Then as now 2 ploughs.
And I plough belonging to the men. And now
I serf. And 5 acres of meadow. Wood(land)
for 8 swine. And now i rouncey. Then as
now 5 beasts, and 32 swine, and 52 sheep. And
(there were) 28 freemen with 2^ carucates of
land. Richard holds of the Abbot i carucate of
land. And he has 8 freemen and 12 bordars.
And 5 acres of meadow.
And . . . (medietafl oint).
Abbot's other men I2j.
sell their lands ; but the
soke over the land would remain in the Saint's
possession, and the service. Worth 2//. A
church with 30 acres of free land in alms. This
manor, these freemen excepted, was then and
now worth i^li. It is 10 furlongs long, and 6
broad. And (pays) i (>d. to a geld. But several
persons have holdings therein.

(At) Wlfpeta [Woolpit] Saint Edmund hcW
T.R.E. as a berewick 3 carucates of land. And
the hall to which it belongs is in another Hun-
dred. Then as now 17 villeins, and 3 bordars.
Then as now 3 ploughs belonging to the men.
In demesne 4 acres of meadow. Wood(lan<J)
for 20 swine. And (there were) 40 fireemen
with I carucate of land. Then as now 6 ploughs.
3 acres of meadow. And they all had power

498

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

T.R.E. to give and sell their lands, but the soke
ov6r the land would always remain in the Saint's
possession, and all services. To the (Saint's) fold
too they all belong. Worth I Of. and 8c/. To
the church (belong) 15 acres in alms. This
berewick was then and is now worth 3//. It is
9 furlongs long and 6 (broad). And (pays) i id.
in geld. But several persons have holdings
therein.

In Drencestuna [Drinkstone] (were) 1 1 free-
men with I carucate of land. And they had 6
bordars, and 3 ploughs, and 8 acres of meadow.
T.R.E. they could give and sell their lands. But
so that the soke over the land remained in the
Saint's possession. They were worth 10s. and 8d.

In Eteseta [Hessett] (were) 60 freemen with
5 1 carucates of land. And 6 bordars. Berard
holds half a carucate of land, and 2 bordars, and
I plough. He is charged {super eum) 20s. Among
them all then as now 6 ploughs. 5 acres of
meadow. They could sell and give their lands
T.R.E. But the soke remained in the Saint's
possession, and they owe all services in Ruhham
[Rougham]. To the (Saint's) fold too they all
belong except 6. Worth 40J. To the church
(belong) 12 acres. It is 8 furlongs long and 7
broad. And (pays) 18^. in geld whoever have
lands there.

In Fealsham [Felsham] (were) 25 freemen
with 3 carucates of land, i villein, and 5 bor-
dars. Adelelund (holds) i^ carucates of land.
And 8 freemen hold 4 carucates, and are worth
50*. Then as now among them 8 ploughs, and
5 acres of meadow. They (could) give and sell
their lands. . . . (The soke) would remain in
the Saint's possession. Then worth 305., now
6oi. A church with 10 acres of free land in
alms. It is 8 furlongs long and 6 broad. (And
pays) 5</. to a geld.

In Bradefelda [Bradfield] (were) 10 freemen
with 2^ carucates of land. Roric holds of the

fol. 363.

Abbot i^ carucates of land. And Falc half a
carucate. 4|^ ploughs. Under them 54 soke-
men {soF). And they have 12 bordars. Then
as now 6 ploughs. And 8 acres of meadow.
They could give and sell their lands, so how-
ever that the soke would remain in the Saint's
possession. Worth T.R.E. 2//., now 3/;. This
vill is 10 furlongs long, 3 broad. And (pays) $d.
in geld.

In Geldinga [Gedding] (were) 13 freemen
with 55 acres of land. Among them all half a
plough. They also could give and sell their land.
But the soke would remain in the Saint's posses-
sion. Then worth ibd., now 2s. A church
with 6 acres of free land in alms. It is 3 fur-

longs long and 2 broad. And (pays) 5^. in
geld. Others have holdings therein.

In Ratlesdena [Rattlesden] (was) a freeman
with half a carucate of land. And 4 bordars
then and now have I plough, and 2 acres of
meadow. And wood(land) for 4 swine. Then
worth loj., now 20s. Peter holds of the Abbot.
He (the freeman) had power to give or sell his
lands, so however that the soke would remain in
the Saint's possession.

In Huelfiham [Welnetham] were 41 free-
men with 6 carucates of land. Of these 6 caru-
cates Ernulf holds I carucate of land from the
Abbot. He is charged {super eum) 20s. And
Robert (holds) 20 acres. 12 bordars. Then as
now 16 ploughs among them all. And 13 acres
of meadow. And wood(land) for 10 swine.
They could all sell and give their land, so how-
ever that the soke would remain in the Saint's
possession. (Worth) T.R.E. 2//., now 3//. and
lOi. Two churches with 40 acres of free land
for alms. This vill is i league long, 6 furlongs
broad. And (pays) to a geld lod.

In TiMWRTHA [Timworth] (were) 29 free-
men with 3^ carucates of land. John holds of
the Abbot 6 freemen with i carucate of land and
2 ploughs. Worth 20J. On the Abbot's de-
mesne (were) 8 bordars and 5 ploughs, and 6
acres of meadow. They could all give or sell
their land ; so however that the soke would re-
main in the Saint's possession, and the service.
Then worth i//'. and loj., now 20J. A church
with 30 acres of free land in alms. It is 8 fur-
longs long and 6 broad. (Pays) 14*/. in geld.

In Hametuna [Ampton] (were) 22 freemen
with 2 carucates of land. Robert (holds) of the
Abbot half a carucate of land and i plough.
Worth 20J. On the Abbot's demesne (were)
then as now 5 ploughs. And 2 acres of meadow.
And these men could give and sell their land, so
however that the soke would remain in the
Saint's possession, and the service at Ingham.

fol. 363*.

Then worth 20J., now 30J. A church with 8
acres of free land as alms. It is 6 furlongs long,
4 broad. And (pays) yd. to a geld.

In ToTSTOCHA [Tostock] T.R.E. the Saint
held as a manor I carucate of land, now Frodo '^°
holds of the Saint. Then 2 bordars, now I.
Then as now i plough on the demesne. And
4 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 8 swine.
And I rouncey. Worth 20^ ij^ freemen
with I carucate of land. And they have 3 bor-
dars. Then 3 ploughs among them, now 2.
And 2 acres of meadow. And they could give

' See n. 125.

499

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

and sell their lands, so however that the soke

would remain in the Saint's possession, and the

service. And they were then worth lOs., now

lOJ. and 8d. A church with 12 acres of free

land in alms. It is 7 furlongs long, 6 broad.
And (pays) lo^d. to a geld. Others have hold-
ings thereon.

In Stanesfelda [Stanningfield] (were) 1 1
freemen with i^ carucates and 12 acres of land.
Gaurinc holds of the Abbot 80 acres, and i^
ploughs. Worth 20s. On the Abbot's demesne
(were) 5 bordars. Then as now 4 ploughs
among them. And 9 acres of meadow. They
could give and sell their land ; so however that
the soke would remam in the Saint's possession,
and the service. Then as now worth i2j. A
church with 16 acres of free land in alms. It is
8 furlongs long, and 4 broad. And (pays) I0</.
to a geld. But others have holdings therein.

In Ryscebroc [Rushbrooke] (were) 22 freemen
with 2 carucates of land, 4 bordars. Then as
now 4 ploughs among the men. And 2 acres
of meadow. They could give and sell their land;
so however that the soke would remain in the
Saint's possession, and the service in Ruhham
[Rougliam]. To the (Saint's) fold too all (be-
long) except 3. Then worth i6j., now 20s.
and 23^. It is 7 furlongs long and 4 broad. And
(pays) jd, to a geld.

In LivERMERA [Livermere] (were) i o freemen
with I carucate of land. And then as now 3
ploughs among them. And 2 acres of meadow.
They could give and sell the land, so however
that the soke would remain in the Saint's posses-
sion. Then as now worth ioj. and Sd.

In the same (vill) Frodo holds 12 freemen
with 2 carucates of land. And 5 ploughs.
Worth 60s.

In the same (vill) the said Frodo holds a free-
man (formerly) under. Edric of Laxfield with 2
carucates of land, and his wife (was) under Saint
Edmund. 2 villeins, 8 bordars, and 2 serfs.
Then as now 2 ploughs on the demesne. And
2 ploughs belonging to the men. And 4 acres
of meadow. They could give and sell the lands.
But sac and soke and commendation over the
woman only would remain in the Saint's posses-
sion. This man's lands the King received from
the Abbot, and gave to Gernon de Peiz. After-
wards by the King's licence, becoming a monk
[deveniem monac'), he gave back the land. Then
as now worth 401. A church with 1 2 acres of
land. It is 10 furlongs long, and 8 broad. And
(pays) I2d. in geld.

fol. 364.

Brademera [Bradmere] Hundret

Ingham [Ingham] T.R.E. one Wlfin, a knight
[miles) under Saint Edmund held of him as a
manor, now the Saint himself holds; 3 carucates

of land ; and a fourth carucate of land lies in
another Hundred. Then as now I villein, ajid
2 bordars. Then 3 ploughs on the demesne,
now 4. And then as now i plough belonging
to the men. Then 3 serfs, now 9. And 27
acres of meadow. And i mill. And now 4
rounceys. And now 19 beasts. And now 30
swine. And 520 sheep. And (there were) 21
sokemen with i carucate of land. Then as now
7 ploughs. And 2 acres of meadow. And these
are all under the Saint by sac and soke and all
customs : to the (Saint's) fold too (they belong).
Nor could they ever give or sell without the
Abbot's consent. A church with 24 acres of
free land in alms. This manor was then worth
4//., now 8//. It is 16 furlongs long, and 8
broad. And (pays) i6d. in geld. But the King
holds there.

(At) Culeforda [Culford] Saint Edmund
T.R.E. held as a manor i carucate of land.
Then as now 2 villeins, and 2 bordars. Then
as now I plough on the demesne. Then 1
plough belonging to the men, now half a plough.
And 8 acres of meadow. And i beast, 2 swine,
and 85 sheep. And (there are) 18 sokemen
with half a carucate of land. Then as now 2
ploughs. These also belong to the Saint by sac
and soke and all customs : nor could they ever
give or sell without the Abbot's leave. Then it
was worth 4//'., now 3//.

In the same (vill was) a freeman with I caru-
cate of land which Peter holds of the'Abbot. 7
bordars, and 2 serfs. Then as now 2 ploughs.
And 2 oxen belonging to the men. 6 acres of
meadow. Then it was worth 105., now 30J.
It is I league long and 5 furlongs broad. And
(pays) in geld y^d.

In Stowa [(West) Stow] (are) 2 1 freemen with
2 carucates of land. Then as now 6 ploughs
among them all. And 2 acres of meadow.
These are under the Saint by sac and soke an J
all customs and do their service in Lecforda
[Lackford]. Then as now it was worth 20s.

In the same (vill is) a freeman with half a
carucate of land. Then as now i plough. Then
as now it was worth 4$. A church with 12
acres of free land in alms, and it lies in another
hundred. It is 9 furlongs long, and 7 broad.
And in geld (pays) ijd.

Blachebrune [Blackbourn] Hundrkt

(At) Statuna [Stanton] Saint Edmund held
T.R.E. I carucate of land as a manor. Then

fol. 364^.

I plough on the demesne, now 2. Then 4 serfs,
now 3. And 2 acres of meadow. Wood(land)
for 8 swine. And now 2 rounceys, 3 beasts,
28 swine, 52 sheep, and 30 goats. And (there
were) 60 sokemen with 2 carucates of land.

500

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

Then as now 5 ploughs. And 4 acres of mea-
dow. These men are and were under the Saint
by commendation and sac and soke and all cus-
toms; and they could never give or sell their
land without licence of the Abbot ; and (they
belong) to (the Saint's) fold. This manor was
then worth bit., and now 6/1.

In the same (vill were) 7 freemen with i caru-
cate and 30 acres of land. Then as now
4 ploughs. And 4 acres of meadow. Wood-
(land) for 10 swine. They could give and sell
their land. But commendation and soke re-
mained in the Saint's possession, and the service,
A chi/rch with 28 acres, and the fourth part of
a church with 7 acres of land. Then worth ioj.,
now 13J. It is I league long and 6 furlongs
broad. And (pays) in geld 2s. and io\d,

(At) Elmeswella [Elmswell] Saint Edmund
held T.R.E. 2 carucates of land as a manor.
Then as now 16 villeins, and 14 bordars. Then
and now 2 ploughs on the demesne. Then as
now 4 ploughs belonging to the men. Then 4
serfs, now 5. And 8 acres of meadow. Wood-
(land) for 80 swine. Now 3 rounceys, 5 beasts,

1 5 swine, 1 8 sheep, and 48 goats. And 5 soke-
men with 40 acres of land. And then as now
2 ploughs. And I acre of meadow. These
men are entirely under the Saint ; nor could they
give or sell without the Abbot's licence. A
church with 20 acres of free land in alms.
This manor was then worth 5//'., now bit. It is

1 league long, and 10 furlongs broad. It (pays)
to a geld I i\d. Others hold (land) therein.

(At) HuDERCLEA [Hinderclay] T.R.E. Saint
Edmund held 4 carucates of land as a manor.
Then 6 villeins, now 8. And then 8 bordars,
now 1 2. Then 6 ploughs on the demesne, now
5. Then 10 serfs, now 8. Then as now

2 ploughs belonging to the men. And 8 acres
of meadow. Wood(land) for 60 swine. Now

3 rounceys, 8 beasts, 20 swine, and 60 sheep.
And (there were) 7 sokemen with 40 acres of
land. Then as now 2 ploughs. A church with
1 acre of free land in alms. This manor was
then as now worth 8//. It is i league long, and
6 furlongs broad. And pays in geld 5^^. Others
hold (land) there.

At RiCHiNGEHALLA [Rickinghall] T.R.E.
Saint Edmund held 2 carucates of land as a
manor. Then 4 villeins, now 2. And then as
now 6 bordars. Then as now 2 ploughs on the
demesne. And then i plough belonging to the

fol. 365.

men, now half. A winter mill. Then 4 serfs,
now 2. And 8 acres of meadow. Wood(land)
for 60 swine. And now 2 rounceys, 8 beasts,

16 swine, 24 sheep, and 30 goats. And (there
were) 22 sokemen with half a carucate of land.
Then as now among them 6 ploughs, and 6 acres

of meadow. These men hold under the Saint
by commendation and sac and all customs ; and
they could not ever give or sell their land without
licence. To the (Saint's) fold all (belong).
This manor was then worth with its appur-
tenances 5/;., now 7//.

In the same (vill) were 2 freemen with half a
carucate of land. i bordar. Then as now
2 ploughs. And 2 acres of meadow. Wood-
(land) for 8 swine. These men could give and
sell their land. But sac and commendation re-
mained in the Saint's possession, and the service.
And they were then as now worth 10s. A
church with 24 acres of free land in alms. It is
I league long, and 3 furlongs broad. And (pays)
in geld 1 2d. Others hold (land) there.

(At) CuNEGESTUNA [Coney Weston] T.R.E.
Saint Edmund held 2 carucates as a manor.
Then 2 villeins. Now and always 3 bordars.
Then as now 2 ploughs on the demesne. Then
as now half a plough belonging to the men.
Then as now i serf. And 2 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 4 swine. And now i rouncey,
10 beasts, 12 swine, 80 sheep, and 24 goats.
And (there were) 12 sokemen with half a caru-
cate and 30 acres of land. Then 6 ploughs,
now 4. And 2 acres of meadow. A church
with 8 acres of free land in alms. This manor
was then worth 5//., now bit. It is 1 league long,
and 6 furlongs broad. And (pays) in geld ij-^d.

In Stoua [Stow] Durand holds of the Abbot
4 carucates of land which 2 freemen held T.R.E.
Then as now 8 bordars. Then 4 ploughs on
the demesne, now 2. And a mill. Wood(land)
for 20 swine. And 30 sheep. And 8 acres of
meadow. Then it was worth bit., now bit.

In the same (vill were) 14 freemen with
half a carucate of land. Then as now 4 ploughs.
And 2 acres of meadow. These men could give
and sell their land. So however that the soke
and commendation would remain in the Saint's
possession and the service. To the (Saint's) fold
also all except one (belong). Then as now it
was worth bs. and id. A church with 40 acres
of free land. This vill is I league long, and
8 furlongs broad. And (pays) in geld lod.
Several persons hold (land) there.

fol. 365*.

In Hepworda [Hepworth] (are) 20 freemen
with 2\ carucates of land. And they have
3 villeins, and 4 serfs. Then as now 8 ploughs.
And 4 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for
6 swine. A church with 15 acres of free land
in alms. These men could all give and sell
their land. But by sac and soke and commen-
dation and all customs they would remain under
the Saint, and (would do) service in Stantuna
[Stanton] and Cunegestuna [Coney Weston].
They were then worth 20j., now 40J. Of this

501

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

land Fulcher holds of the Abbot i carucate. . . .
{dt omne medietai'). And Peter de Valoignes
{waleniii) 30 acres and 3 bordars. It is worth
32J. (and is included) in the same valuation. It
is 7 furlongs long, and 5 broad. And (pays)
l^\d. in geld. Others hold (land) there.

In Watlesfelda [Wattisfield] (were) 20
freemen with i^ carucates of land, i bordar,
and I serf. Then 8 ploughs, now 6. And
I acre of meadow. Wood(land) for 12 swine.
A church with 12 acres of free land in alms.
These men could give and sell their land. But
the sac and soke and commendation remained in
the Saint's possession, and the service at Richinge-
halla [Rickinghall]. Then it was worth 30;.,
now 40J. Of this land Roric holds I carucate,
and 3 ploughs. It is worth 30J. (and is included)
in the above valuation. It is 7 furlongs long,
and 5 broad. And (pays) \^\d. in geld. Others
hold (land) there.

In HoPETUNA [Hopton] (are) 23 freemen
with 2 carucates of land. 4 bordars. Then as
now 6 ploughs. And 4 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 2 swine. And i mill. A
church with 13 acres of free land in alms. These
men could give and sell their land. But sac and
soke and commendation remained in the Saint's
possession, and the service at Cunegestuna
[Coney Weston]. They were then worth 20s.,
now 30X. Of this land Fulcher holds half
a carucate. Worth 20J. (and included) in the
above valuation. It is 6 furlongs long, and 4
broad. And (pays) \(id. in geld. Others hold
(land) there.

In Barningham [Barningham] 19 freemen
(held) 2 carucates of land. 2 villeins and 2 bor-
dars. Then 9 ploughs, now 6. And 4 acres of
meadow. A church with 15 acres of free land

fol. 366.

in alms. These men could give and sell their
land. But sac and soke and commendation re-
mained in the Saint's possession, and the service
at Cunegestuna [Coney Weston]. They were
then worth 20/., now 401. Of these freemen
Bucard holds 3 freemen with i carucate of land,
and 2 ploughs. Worth 15$. (and included) in
the above valuation. And Peter de Valoignes
{■waF) (holds) 6 freemen with 3 carucates. Worth
20J. (and included) in the above valuation. It is
I league long, and 6 furlongs broad. And (pays)
i^jd. in geld. Others hold (land) there.

In Beordewella [Bardwell] (were) 8 free-
men with 2 carucates and 30 acres of land ;
which men Bucard holds. 4 bordars, and 2 serfs.
Then as now 4 ploughs. And 2 parts of a mill.
And 1 1 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 8
swine. A church with 8 acres of free land.
These men could give and sell their land. But

sac and soke and commendation remained in the
Saint's possession. Then it was worth 20s., now
bos. And under them (were) 20 sokemen, of
whom the Abbot holds 10 with 30 acres and
I plough ; and they are worth 5;. ; and Peter
de Valoignes holds 10 with half a carucate of
land and I plough. Worth lOi. It is a league
long, and 6 furlongs broad. And in geld (pays)
34;Jif. But several persons hold (land) there.

In Sapestuna [Sapiston] were 1 1 freemen
with i^ carucates of land. Then as now 2
ploughs. And 2 mills. And 6 acres of meadow.
These men could give and sell their land. So
however that by soke and sac and commendation
(the land) would remain in the Saint's possession.
Two thirds [partes) of a church with 6 acres of
free land in alms. They were then as now
worth 251. Of these freemen Peter de V^a-
loignes holds 4 freemen with 80 acres and
I serf and I plough. Worth ly. It is 10 fur-
longs long, and 5 broad. And pays i^^d. in
geld. Several persons hold (land) there.

In Westuna [Weston] (were) 3^ freemen
with I carucate of land, and 6 bordars. Then
as now 2 ploughs. And i acre of meadow.
Wood(land) for 4 swine. These men could all,
except I with 40 acres, sell and give their land.
But the soke and sac and commendation remained
in the Saint's possession, and the service at
Cunegestuna [Coney Weston]. They were
then as now worth \os.

In HuNGETUNA [Honington] (were) 16 free-
men with 2 carucates of land. 2 bordars. Then

fol. 366*.

as now 5 ploughs. And 8 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 2 swine. These men could give
and sell their land. But the soke and sac and
commendation would remain under the Saint.
Then as now it was worth 20s. A church with
20 acres of free(land). Of this land Peter holds
I carucate. It is 6 furlongs long, and 4 broad.
And (pays) \2\d. in geld. Others hold (land)
there.

In Trostuna [Troston] (were) 24 freemen
with 2|- carucates of land. Then as now
5 ploughs. These men could give and sell their
land. But by sac and soke and commendation
they would remain under the Saint. Then it
was worth 20J., now 30X. Of them Frodo holds
12 freemen with I carucate of land, and 2 ploughs.
Worth 20s. (included) in the above valuation.
It is 10 furlongs long, and 5 broad. And (pays)
11^^. in geld. Others hold (land) there.

In LiTLA LivERMERA [Little Livermere]
(were) 7 freemen with 2 carucates of land.
3 bordars. Then as now 4 ploughs. And half
an acre of meadow. These men could give and

502

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

sell their land. But the sac and soke and com-
mendation remained in the Saint's possession.
A church with 12 acres of free land. They
were then as now worth 30^. Of them Walter
holds 3 freemen with I carucate of land and
t plough. And they are worth i $s. (included)
in the above valuation. It is i league long, and
4 (furlongs) broad. And (pays) ^^d. in geld.

In Wridewella [Wordwell] (were) 1 1 free-
men with 2 carucates of land. 4 bordars, and 2
serfs. Then as now 5 ploughs. And 3 acres
of meadow. Now i mill. These men could
give and sell their land. But sac and soke and
commendation remained in the Saint's possession,
and the service at Culeforda [Culford]. They
were then as now worth 301. A church with
I acre of free land. It is 1 league long and
4 furlongs broad. And pays J^d. in geld.

In Bernham [Barnham] (were) 3 freemen
with I carucate of land. Then as now 2 ploughs.
And I mill. These men could give and sell
their land. But sac and soke and commendation
remained in the Saint's possession. Half a
church with 8 acres of land. They were then
as now worth 2$s. Of this land Fulcher holds
5o acres, and i plough. Worth 20s.

In Teolftham [Thelnetham] Fulcher holds
«f the Abbot 8 freemen with 1 carucate of land.
6 bordars, and i serf. Then as now 2^ ploughs.
And 3 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for

fol. 367.

30 swine. These men could give or sell their
land. But sac and soke and commendation would
remain in the Saint's possession. They were
then worth 20s., now 30;.

In ToRPA [Thorpe by Ixworth] (were) 2
freemen with 16 acres of land. Then as now
half a plough. And half an acre of meadow.
These men could give and sell their land. But
sac and soke and commendation remained in the
Saint's possession. They were then as now
worth I2</.

In Washam [Walsham] (were) 30 freemen
with 3 carucates of land. 2 bordars. Then
9 ploughs, now 6. And 8 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 30 swine. These men could
give and sell their land. But sac and soke and
commendation would remain in the Saint's pos-
session. They were then worth 301., now 451.
Of these freemen and of this land Robert Blund
holds 10 freemen with 2 carucates of land.
And 2 ploughs. And they are worth 40*. as
part of the above sum.

In Eascefelda [(Great) Ashfield'")] (were)
21 freemen with i^ carucates of land. And

'" ' Aisschfelde Magna ' in the list of abbey lands :
Harl. MS. 743.

I villein, and 4 bordars. Then as now 5
ploughs. And 12 acres of meadow. Wood-
(land) for 20 swine. These men could give and
sell their land. But sac and soke and commen-
dation would remain in the Saint's possession.
They were then as now worth 331. Of these
freemen and of this land Odar holds 17 free-
men with I carucate and 30 acres of land and
4 ploughs. And they were worth 30J. as part
of the above sum.

In the same (vill was) I sokeman with half a
carucate of land and 2 bordars. Then as now
I plough. And 4 acres of meadow. Wood-
(land) for 4 swine. Over this man the Saint
then as now had sac and soke and commenda-
tion, and without licence he could not give or
sell his land. He was then as now worth lor.
A church with 12 acres of free land. It is
10 furlongs long, and 5 broad. And (pays)
I i|d'. in geld. Others hold (land) there.

In Langham [Langham] (were) 7 freemen
with I carucate of land and I bordar. Then as
now 3 ploughs. And 6 acres of meadow. Wood-
(land) for 6 swine. These men could give and
sell their land. Sac and soke and commendation,
however, would remain in the Saint's possession.
They were then as now worth I Of. A church
with 20 acres of free land.

In Hunterstuna [Hunston] were 9 freemen
with 2 carucates of land. 4 bordars. Then as
now 4 ploughs. And lo acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 12 swine. These men could
give and sell their land. But sac and soke and
commendation remained in the Saint's possession.
Half a church with 1 5 acres of free land. Then
and now worth 4.0s. Of this land and of those
freemen Bucard holds 6 freemen with i^ caru-
cates of land and 3 ploughs. And they are
worth 35J. as part of the above sum. It is
8 furlongs long, and 7 broad. And (pays) ()^d.
in geld.

fol. 367*.

In Fachenham [Fakenham] Peter holds of
the Abbot 2 freemen with i carucate of land.
3 villeins, and 4 bordars. Then as now 1 plough
on the demesne. And half a plough belonging
to the men. And 4 acres of meadow. Wood-
(iand) for 4 swine. These men could give and
sell their land. But sac and soke and commen-
dation remained in the Saint's possession. Then
as now it was worth 20J.

In LiTLA Fachenham [Little Fakenham] the
same Peter holds of the Abbot a freeman with
60 acres of land. Then as now I plough. This
man is under the Saint with sac and soke and
commendation. And he could not give or sell
the land without the Abbot's licence. Then as
now worth 51.

507

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In j:,uestuna [Euston] Adelund holds 2 free-
men of the Abbot with i carucate of land.
4 villeins. Then as now 2 ploughs on the
demesne. And half a plough belonging to the
men. And 3 acres of meadow. And 2 mills.
These men could give and sell their land. But
sac and soke and commendation remained in the
Saint's possession. Then as now (it was worth)
30J. It is I league long, and 5 furlongs broad.
And (pys) n^^. in geld. Others hold land
there.

In Gnedeshalla [Knettishall] Fulcher holds
of the Abbot 4 freemen with I carucate and

30 acres of land and 6 bordars. Then as now
3 ploughs among them. And I mill. And

2 acres of meadow. These men could give and
sell rheir land. But sac and soke and commen-
dation would remain in the Saint's possession.
Then as now they were worth 20s. A church
with 12 acres of land. It is 8 furlongs long,
and 3 broad. And (pays) 1 1 ^^. in geld. Others
hold (land) there.

At IxEWORD [Ixworth] Robert Blund {Blon)
holds of the Abbot i carucate of land, and 5 men.

3 acres of meadow. Then as now 2 ploughs.
And they were then as now worth los. These
men could all give their land T.R.E. Saint
Edmund has sac and soke and commendation.

In ToRP [(Ixworth) Thorpe] the same Robert
Blund {Blon) holds 9 freemen of the Abbot with
I carucate of land. Then as now 2 bordars.
And 2 ploughs. And I acre of meadow. And
I mill. Worth 205. These men could give
and sell their land. But sac and soke remained
in the Saint's possession. And it is i league
long, and half a league broad. And (pays) ()d.
in geld.

In the same (vill) the same Robert holds of
the Abbot i freeman with 60 acres, and i bor-
dar. Then as now I plough. And 4 acres of
meadow. It was worth lOf. This land the
Abbot put in pledge to {invadiavit contra) the
King's Barons, viz. William the Bishop, Engelric
and Ralph the Staller for loos. This man could
sell and give his land. But soke and sac would
remain in the Saint's possession.

fol. 368.

BiscoPEs [Bishop's] Hundret

(At) Saham [Soham] Saint Edmund held
T.R.E. as a manor 4 carucates of land with its
soke. Then as now 8 villeins, and 1 1 bordars.
Then 2 serfs, now I. Then as now 2 ploughs
on the demesne. Then as now 6 ploughs be-
longing to the men. And 6 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 40 swine. Now I horse, 5 beasts,

31 swine, 31 sheep, and 21 goats. A church
with 50 acres of land. This manor was then
worth 4//., now 5/z'. (It is) 7 furlongs long, and

6 broad. In geld (it pays) lod. Others have
holdings therein.

( At ) Wyrlingwortha [ Worlingworth ]
T.R.E. Saint Edmund held as a manor 6 caru-
cates of land with its soke. Then as now 16
villeins, and 14 bordars, and i serf. Then as
now 2 ploughs on the demesne. Then as now
12 ploughs belonging to the men. And 16
acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 100 swine.
Then as now 2 horses, 8 beasts, 24 swine, 25
sheep, and 33 goats. And now 6 hives of bees.
And (there was) a sokeman with 20 acres. A
church with 10 acres of free land. This manor
was then worth 6//., now 8//'. It is i league
long, and 5 furlongs broad. And in geld (pays)
lod.

In Bedingefelda [Bedingfield] (were) 10
freemen with half a carucate of land. Then as
now 2 bordars. Then as now 2 ploughs among
them all. Wood(land) for 8 swine. One of
these with 30 acres of land never could give or
sell the land without the full consent of the
Abbot : and to this the Hundred bears witness :
and the 9 could give and sell their lands. The
whole was then worth 51., now 8;. It is i
league long, and 6 furlongs broad. And in geld
(pays) i$d. Others have holdings therein.

(At) Cybenhalla [Chepenhall] T.R.E. Saint
Edmund held as a manor I ^ carucates of land
with the soke. Then as now 6 villeins, and 12
bordars. Then I J ploughs on the demesne,
now 2 ploughs. Then 3 ploughs belonging to
the men, now 5. And 10 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) then for 160 swine, now for lOO.'"
Then as now I rouncey. Now 16 beasts, 16
swine, and 30 goats. Half a church with 20
acres. This manor was then worth 40X., now
60J. It is i^ leagues long, and I league broad.
And in geld (pays) i^d. Others have holdings
therein.

(At) Mendham [Mendham] Frodo holds of
the Abbot what Saint Edmund held as a manor,
2 carucates and 19 acres of land. Then as now
2 villeins. Then 1 8 bordars, and now 26. And

fol. 368*.

I serf. Then as now 2 ploughs on the demesne.
Then 6 ploughs belonging to the men, now 8.
And 18 acres of meadow. And I mill. Wood-
(land) then for 360 swine, now for 300. Then as
now I rouncey. And now 10 beasts, 41 swine,
40 sheep, and 36 goats. And (there were) 6
sokemen with half a carucate of land and then as

"' Mannig Sparc ngesone gave Chepenhall to the
abbey ; his son Ulf revoked the gift, but, being bitten
by a snake, offered the monks the choice of this
manor or Silham ; they chose Chepenhall, ' because
it abounded in woods' : Add MS. 14847, fol. 24.

504

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

now 3 ploughs and 2 acres of meadow. Wood-
(land) for 3 swine. And a freeman holds 3 acres,
worth i>d. These belong to the Saint with sac
and soke and commendation ; nor could they
ever give or sell their lands without the Abbot's
licence. A church with 20 acres. This manor
was then worth 4//. and ioj., and now 12//'. and
\s. It is I league and 9 furlongs long, and I
league broad. And (pays) in geld i$d. Others
hold land therein.

In Weibrade [Weybread] Saint Edmund has
30 acres. And 2 villeins. And i plough.
And 3 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for lO
swine. Worth los.

CORSFORDK [CoSFORd] HaLF HuNDRET

T.R.E. Saint Edmund held Seamera [Semer]
as a manor. Therein are 3J carucates of land,
and II acres of meadow. 6 villeins, 13 bordars,

1 serf. Then as now 3 ploughs on the demesne.
And 2 ploughs belonging to the men. i mill.

2 rounceys, 16 beasts, 24 swine, 97 sheep. Then
it was worth 5//., now 6//'. In the same (vill) is
a church with 30 acres of land, and i acre of
meadow. Then as now i plough belonging to
the church. This vill is 9 furlongs long, and 7
broad. And pays 2^d. in geld. But others
have holdings there.

Cerleswrda [Chelsworth] T.R.E. Saint Ed-
mund held as a manor, then as now 3^ carucates
of land. 8 villeins, 10 bordars, and 4 serfs.
Then 2 ploughs on the demesne, and 4 (ploughs)
belonging to the men, and now the like. 1 2 acres
of meadow. Then and now (and) then as now
I mill. Then as now 2 rounceys. Then 10
beasts, now 9. Then 16 swine, now 20. Then
30 sheep, now 60. This manor was then worth
4//., now 5//. It is 7 furlongs long, 6 broad.
A church with 30 acres of land and i acre of
meadow. And it pays 3f(/. in geld.

In Lafham [Layham] Saint Edmund T.R.E.
held 26 freemen, and they had 2 carucates of
land, and 6 acres of meadow. 2 bordars.
And then they ploughed with 6 ploughs, now
with 4. And they might give or sell their land.
But Saint Edmund had soke and sac and com-
mendation and all customs except in one case.
Then their land was worth 30J., now 40J. And
Berard holds half a carucate of land, and i plough.
Worth 22i. (included) in the same value. It is
6 furlongs long, 4 broad. And pays i^d. in
geld. But others have holdings there.

fol. 369.

In Watefelda [Whatfield] T.R.E. Saint
Edmund held 1 8 freemen and they had 2^ carucates
of land, 7 acres of meadow. 6 bordars. Then
they ploughed with 4 ploughs, and now (like-
wise). Then it was worth 40;., now 50J. And

of this land the said Berard holds I carucate of
land, and 3 freemen, and I plough. Worth 20y.
(included) in the same value. Saint Edmund
had commendation and soke and sac. It was
then 6 furlongs long, and 5 broad. And (paid)
5^, in geld. But others have holdings there.

In the ferding of Ealdham [Aldham] T.R.E.
Saint Edmund held 6 freemen and in the other
Watefelda [Whatfield] 10. And they had i^
carucates of land. They then as now ploughed
with 6 ploughs. 4 bordars. And 6 acres of
meadow. And they could give and sell their
land. But both soke and commendation and all
customs belonged to the Saint (Edmund). Their
land was worth 301. then, now 40J. And (pays)
5<f. in geld. And of this land Berard holds 40
acres. And i plough. Worth ioj. (included)
in the same value. These two vills are 6 fur-
longs long, and 3 broad, and pay bd. in geld.
But others have holdings there. In the same
(vill) is a church with 2 acres of land.

In Blalsega [Lindsey "'] T.R.E. Saint Ed-
mund held 20 freemen, and they had i^ caru-
cates of land, 16 bordars, and 2 serfs. They
then as now ploughed with 5 ploughs, and
T.R.E. they could give or sell their land, but
Saint Edmund had soke and commendation and
all customs. Then it was worth 20J., now 30J.
It is 6 furlongs long, and 5 broad, whoever may
be the tenant there. A church with 10 acres of
land. And (it pays] bd. in geld.

In Manetuna [Manton ''^J and in Kitel-
beornastuna [Kettlebaston] T.R.E. Saint Ed-
mund held 4 freemen and they had 2 carucates
of land, and 6 acres of meadow, and 8 bordars,
(and) 3 serfs. They then as now ploughed with
3 ploughs, and could give and sell their land.
Saint Edmund had soke and commendation and
all customs. Then as now it was worth 6oi.
Of this land Gamas (holds) I carucate of land, 2
ploughs on the demesne, and Humphrey i caru-
cate. Worth 40i. (included) in the same value.
Their land is 6 furlongs long, and 4 broad. And
(pays) 3^. in geld. But others have holdings
there.

In Bretenhama [Brettenham] and Rescebroc
[ ] and in Torpa [Thorp (Morieux)j

T.R.E. Saint Edmund held 14 freemen, and
they had then as now 2^ carucates (of land).
8 acres of meadow, 7 bordars. They then ploughed
with 5 ploughs, now with 2. Over them Saint
Edmund has soke and sac and commendation,

fol. 369*.

and all customs.
30J.

Then it was worth 501.,

now

'" Formerly ' Lelleseye ' ; see Cal. Chart. B.M.
"* Manton in Hitcham ; Copinger, Suffl Rec.

505

64

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Of this estate [Urra) Arnulf holds 7 freemen,
and I carucate, and 30 acres of land. Worth
15J. (included) in the above value.

In ToRP [Thorp (Morieux)] (Saint Edmund
held) 20 acres (and) i freeman. Worth 3^.
and 4</. Saint Edmund (has) commendation and
soke.

HUNDRET OF CaRLEFORDA [CaRLFORD]

In Waldringafelda [Waldringfield] T.R.E.
Quengeva held under Saint Edmund i^ caru-
cates of land. Now 8 bordars. Then as now
on the demesne 2 ploughs and i plough belong-
ing to the men. 2 acres of meadow. And I
rouncey, lO swine and 100 sheep. Then as
now it was worth 20s. It is 3 furlongs broad
and 6 long, and (pays) 5^. in geld.

In Neubrunna [Newbourn] (are) 3 freemen
and in Hespelea [Haspley"'] i under commen-
dation to the said Quengeva with 6 acres, worth
I2d. This Roger Bigot holds of the Abbot.

HuNDRET OF LoSA [LoEs]

(At) Merlesforda [Marlesford] Saint Edmund
held T.R.E. i carucate and 12 acres of land as
a manor. Then as now 5 bordars. And 2
ploughs on the demesne. And half a plough
belonging to the men. 5 acres of meadow. I
mill. And 2 rounceys, 4 beasts, 14 swine, 50
sheep, and 3 hives of bees. Then it was worth
30J., now 405. And (there were) 9 whole (free)-
men and 2 half freemen with 83 acres. Then
3 ploughs, now 2. I acre of meadow.

In Hecetona [Hacheston] 4 freemen, half
under the Saint's (?) commendation and half
under . . . (held) 21 acres. Then as now half
a plough. Worth 8/.

In Chenetuna [Kenton] Durand holds from
the Abbot 2 freemen with 80 acres. Then 2
villeins, now I. Now 3 bordars. Then as now
2 ploughs on the demesne. And belonging to
the men half a plough. Wood(land) for lO
swine. And i acre of meadow. And i rouncey.
And 3 beasts. And 16 swine. And 80 sheep.
And 25 goats. And 3 hives of bees. Then it
was worth 20s., now 30X. This Durand holds
of the Abbot. Saint Etheldreda (has) soke and
sac.

Wanneforda [Wangford] Hundret

(At) Becles [Beccles] Saint Edmund held
T.R.E. 2 carucates of land as a manor. Then
as now 2 villeins, and 26 bordars. Then 2 serfs.
Then as now on the demesne i plough. And

fol. 370.

belonging to the men . . . And 10 acres of mea-

"» In Hemley.

dow. Wood(Iand) for 8 swine. And i market.
And 26 burgesses. And the Abbot has three
parts of the market, and the King the fourth
part. And (there are) 2 rounceys.

In the same (vill) 30 sokemen owing all kinds
of custom (held) i^ carucates of land. And
under them (were) 20 bordars. Then 7 ploughs,
now 8. But they could sell their lands T.R.E.
A church with 24 acres. This manor then ren-
dered 30,000 herrings, now 60,000. It is I
league long and 8 furlongs broad. And in geld
(pays) i6(/.

In Linburna [Linburne ^"] Saint Edmund
held 30 acres of land . Then as now 5 bordars.
Then as now i plough. 2 acres of meadow.
The fifth part of a mill. Then and always
worth lOJ. Bishop William (has) soke and sake.

In Werlingaham [Worlingham] half a
church, with 5 acres, worth i2i^.

Hertesmara [HartismereJ Hundret

In Stotas [Stoke (Ash)] 7 freemen under the
Abbot's soke and commendation held 10 acres
and half a plough. Wood(land) for 2 swine.
Half an acre of meadow. Worth 31.

In WiUERTHESSTUNA [Wyverstone] Robert
Blond holds 19 acres of the Abbot, which Grim
a freeman held under the commendation and
soke of the Abbot. Wood(land) for 2 swine.
Half an acre of meadow. Worth 40^.

Saint Edmund's (Fee)

In Wederingaseta [Wetheringsett] 10 free-
men (held) 40 acres, and 2 borders. 2 ploughs.
And I acre of meadow. Wood(land) for 3
swine. Worth 6s. and 8d.

In Stota [Stoke (Ash)] (were) 1 4 freemen with
33^ acres. Then as now 2 ploughs. And i
acre of meadow. Worth 6s. The soke and
commendation (were) the Abbot's except over
one.

In WiCHAM [Wickham (Skeith)] 14 freemen
(held) 60 acres under the Abbot's soke and com-
mendation. Then as now 2 ploughs. And i
acre of meadow. Wood(land) for 4 swine.
Worth 1 01.

In ToRNHAM [Thornham] (were) 9 freemen
with 35 acres under the Abbot's soke and com-
mendation. And I J^ ploughs. And half an acre
of meadow. Worth 6s.

In Tornduna [Thorndon] Leuric a freeman
imder commendation to the Abbot held i caru-
cate of land and 6 bordars. And 2 ploughs on

"• In Homersfield.

?o6

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

the demesne, and half a plough belonging to the
men. And i acre of meadow. Wood(land)
for 8 swine. Worth 20*.

fol. 370*.

In AcLE [Oakley] (Part) of Hartismere Hun-
dred. In AcLE [Oakley] a freeman, Coding the
reeve, under commendation to Saint Edmund
T.R.E. (held) 90 acres of land. And he could
not sell nor give (the land). Then as now 5
bordars. And i plough on the uemesne. And
half a plough belonging to the men. Wood(Iand)
for 5 swine. 2 acres of meadow. And i mill.
And I rouncey, 2 beasts, and 5 sheep. Then
as now it was worth 20s. And under him 10
freemen (held) 30 acres. Then as now i^
ploughs. And 2 acres of meadow. Worth lOf.
Saint Edmund (had) soke and sac and commen-
dation. Two (third) parts of a church with 12
acres, worth i6d.

In ToRNHAM [Thornham] 5 freemen under
the Abbot's soke and commendation held 44^^
acres. Then as now 1 1 ploughs. 2 acres of
meadow. Wood(land) for 4 swine. Then as
now worth 8t.

In FiNiNGAHAM [Finningham] 11 freemen
under Saint Edmund's soke and commendation
(held) 68 acres. Then as now i J ploughs. And
2 bordars. 4 acres of meadow. Wood(land)
for 8 swine. Then as now worth 12s. A church
with 26 acres, worth 4;.

In West Torp [Westhorpe] 8 freemen under
the Abbot's soke and commendation (held) 60
acres. Then as now i^ ploughs. 2 acres of
meadow. Wood(land) for 4 swine. Then as
now worth 10s.

In the same (vill) a man (held) 7 acres, worth
I4<f. And he could not sell.

And in Finingaham [Finningham] a (free-
man) in like manner held 8 acres worth ltd.

In Wiuerthestuna [Wyverstone] 6 freemen
under the Abbot's soke and commendation (held)
75 acres, i villein and 2 bordars. Then as now
i^ ploughs. Wood(land) for 4 swine. 1 acre
of meadow. Then as now worth i 3;.

In KoDETUN [Cotton] l villein (held) 8 acres,
worth i6d. And (this) belongs to Escefella
[Ashfield].

In Kaldecotes [ ] a freeman (held)

6 acres under the Abbot's soke and commenda-
tion, worth I2</.

All these perform their customary duties
{fac'tunt consuetudines) at Rifcingahala [Ricking-
hall].

Moreover the Abbot has in Acle [Oakley]
and in Stutestuna [Stuston] 15 freemen under

soke and commendation with i carucate and 10
acres of land. Then as now 1 1 bordars. And
3 ploughs. Wood('and) for 2 swine. 6 acres
of meadow. A church with 24 acres, worth 4;.
And with half an acre of meadow. Then as
now worth 201.

In Acle [Oakley] Gotselin holds a freewoman
by name Leuseda (with) 30 acres, but (?she)

fol. 371.

could neither sell nor give (the land). And 3
bordars. Then as now half a plough. Wood-
(land) for 4 swine. 2 acres of meadow.
Worth 32fl'.

In Frandestuna [Thrandeston] Anselm
holds of the Abbot 2 carucates of land as a
manor. Then as now 6 bordars. And on the
demesne 2 ploughs. And belonging to the men
I plough. 8 acres of meadow. And 2 roun-
ceys, 2 beasts, 12 swine, and 55 sheep. And
1 2j freemen (held) 42 acres. But they could
sell. A church with 8 acres, worth idd. Then
as now 3 ploughs. Wood(iand) for 4 swine.
I acre of meadow. Then worth 40J., now 6oj.
The Saint had soke and commendation. It is
8 furlongs long, and 7 broad. And in geld
(pays) 8^.

In Melles [Mellis] a freeman under Saint
Edmund's commendation and soke (held) i^
acres, worth ()d.

In Brom [Brome] a freeman under (Saint)
Edmund (held) i acre, worth ^d.

In West Torp [Westhorpe] a freeman under
Saint Edmund held i acre, worth 2d.

In Torneduna [Thorndon] 6 freemen under
the Abbot's soke and commendation (held) 16
acres, worth 3/.

In AcoLT [Occold] (are) 3 acres on the
demesne.

In Cebbenhala [Chepenhall] (are) 12 acres,
worth 2s.

In Stoches [Stoke (Ash)] T.R.E. Buchard the
Abbot's sokeman held 14 acres, worth 3*. This
land Robert Fardenc, the man of Godric the
steward, claims as belonging to the King's
manor of Melinessam [Mendlesham] : and he
says that Walter de Dol held it when he made
forfeiture ; and this he will prove against the
whole hundred by all kinds of lawful procedure
{omnibus legibus).

In the same (vill) 8 freemen under commen-
dation and soke (held) 24 acres. Then as now
I plough. And 2 acres of meadow. Worth 51.

In Thornham [Thornham] a freeman by
soke and commendation (held) 2 acres, worth 4//.

507

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In CoTiTUNA [Cotton] 3 freemen in the
Abbot's soke and under his commendation (held)

3 acres.

In Caldecota [ ] Aluric a free-

man under sub-commendation (held) 4^ acres,
worth I2(^.

In Thrandestuna [Thrandeston] Uluric
by commendation (held) 3 acres, worth bd.

In WiuERDESTUNA [Wyverstone] 4 free-
(men) under commendation (held) 16^ acres,
worth y. Richard holds (them).

In WiCHAM [Wickham] 2 freemen under
commendation to Burcard of Melnessam [Men-
dlesham], Brunloc and Heruart, (held) 5| acres,
worth I od. The King and the Earl (have) the
soke. These (freemen) Orger the Abbot's reeve
holds. And Aluric, who was reeve before him,
appropriated [invaiit) them.

In Weringheseta [Wetheringsett] (are) 3
acres on the Abbot's demesne, worth bd. God-
win holds (them).

fol. 37 li.

Risebruge [Risbridge] Hundret

In Poslindewrda [Poslingford] (were) 12
freemen under Saint Edmund by commendation
and soke and sac T.R.E. And they had 60
acres and i bordar and 2 ploughs. Worth lOs.

In Stanesfelda [Stansfield] 7 freemen (held)
75 acres. Then as now 2 ploughs. Saint
Edmund (has) commendation and soke. Worth
1 1 s. and ■7,d.

In Thrillauura [Thurlow] 9 freemen held
95 acres. 5 bordars. And 4 ploughs. And

4 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 6 swine.
Worth 1 5J. Saint Edmund (has) soke and com-
mendation.

In Bradleia [Bradley] 8 freemen (held) 80
acres and I bordar. And 2 ploughs. And I
acre of meadow. And they were worth 11s.
and 3^.

In the same (vill) 4 freemen (held) 60 acres
and I bordar and 2 ploughs, and I acre of mea-
dow. Worth lOs. Saint Edmund (has) com-
mendation and soke and sac.

In KiDiTUNA [Kedington] a freeman (held) 5
acres. Worth \2d. Saint Edmund (has) com-
mendation and soke and sac.

In Waracatinge [Wratting] a freeman (held)
7 acres. Worth \2d.

In Haverhol [Haverhill] 2 freemen (held) 5
acres. Worth jd. Saint Edmund (has) soke
and commendation.

BiscoPEs [Bishop's] Hundret

In HoRANT [Horham] 4 freemen had 30 acres
and I plough. Worth 51. Saint Edmund (has)
commendation. The soke (is) in Hoxa [Hoxne].

SuDHOLDA [Southwold] ^^° is 9 furlongs long
and 5 broad. This division (extends) from the
sea as far as lersnesmua [Yarmouth]. And (it
pays) z\d. in geld.

Blidinga [Blything] Hundret

(At) SuDWOLDA [Southwold] Saint Edmund
held for the provision of [ad victum) the monks I
carucate of land as a manor. And 5 villeins,
and 4 bordars. And i plough on the demesne.
And 4 belonging to the men. And 4 acres of
meadow. And i rouncey, 4 beasts, 3 swine,
and 30 sheep. The moiety of a sea-weir {hela
maris). And the fourth part of the other moiety.
Then it rendered 20,000 herrings, now 25,000.
Saint Edmund (has) soke and sac.

Ugghecala [Uggeshall] Godwin held. The
soke [socam) (was) Saint Edmund's. I carucate
of land. Then as now 3 villeins, and 12 bor-
dars. And I plough on the demesne. And 3
ploughs belonging to the men. Wood(land) for
3 swine. And 2 acres of meadow. And 4
beasts, i pig, and 80 sheep. And i\ freemen
(held) 22^ acres of land by commendation. Then
as now I bordar. And i plough. And half an
acre of meadow. Saint Edmund (has) the soke.
The manor was then as now worth 6o^, and the
freemen 45. and ?id.

In Benagra [Benacre] a sokemen (held) 10
acres, worth \bd.

Hundret of Wildeforda [Wilford]

In Uffeforda [Ufibrd] a freeman under
Saint Edmund's commendation T.R.E. (held) 24
acres, and 2 acres of meadow. Then as now i
plough. Then and now worth 5*.

fol. 372.

(BURY SAINT EDMUNDS)

In the town where rests enshrined Saint Ed-
mund King and Martyr of glorious memory
Abbot B[aldwin] held, T.R.E., towards the pro-
vision of [ad victum) the monks 118 men ; and
they could give and sell their land ; and under
them 52 bordars from whom the Abbot can have
some little aid (a liquid adjutorii), 54 freemen
poor enough (jatis inopa), 43 almsmen ; each of
them has i bordar. Now (there are) 2 mills.
And 2 stews or fish ponds [vivaria vel piscinae).

'" This should come with the next entry, under
Blything Hundret.

508

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

This town was then worth lo/i., now 20//. It
is I ^ leagues in length, and as much in breadth.
And when a pound is levied on the hi nired for
geld {quango in hundreto sohiitur ad geltum j
Jiiram), then there go from the town 6oi. to-
wards the sustenance of the monks. But this
refers to {est de) the town as (it was) T.R.E. as
if (it was still) so ; for now the town is contained
in a greater circle, including [de) land which then
used to be ploughed and sown ; whereon there
are 30 priests, deacons, and clerks together [inter);
28 nuns and poor persons who daily utter prayers
for the King and for all Christian people : 80
less 5 bakers, ale brewers, tailors, washerwomen,
shoemakers, robe makers [parmentarii), cooks,
porters, agents {dispensa tores) together. And all
these daily wait upon the Saint, and the Abbot, and
the Brethren. Besides whom there are 13 reeves
over the land who have their houses in the said
town, and under them 5 bordars. Now 34
knights, French and English together, and
under them 22 bordars. Now altogether (there
are) 342 houses on the demesne on land of Saint
Edmund's which was under the plough T.R.E.

fol. 372*.
XV. LANDS OF ARCHBISHOP LAN-
FRANC FOR THE MONKS' FOOD

RiSEBRtJGE [RisBRIDGE] HuNDRET

(At) MuLETUNA [Moulton] Stigand held as a
manor T.R.E. 7 carucates of land. Then 32
villeins, now 22. Then 7 bordars, now 16.
Then 6 serfs, now 2. Then as now 3 ploughs
on the demesne. And 6 ploughs belonging to
the men. And 8 acres of meadow. Wood(land)
for 20 swine. And 2 rounceys, 2 beasts, 40
swine, 270 sheep, and 4 hives of bees. And then
worth 15//., now 12/i. It is I league long, and
7 furlongs broad. And (pays) I3|<^. in geld.
Stigand had soke and sac and all customs.

Half Hundret of Cosforda [Cosford]

(At) Hetlega [Hadleigh] Holy Trinity
T.R.E. held 5 carucates of land as a manor.
Then as now 22 villeins. Then 26 bordars,
now 19. Then as now 2 serfs, and 2 ploughs
on the demesne. Then 1 5 ploughs belonging to
the men, now 10. Then as now 2 mills, and
16 acres of meadow. Now 2 rounceys, 12
beasts, 120 sheep, and 20 swine. Then it was
worth 12/i., now 15//. A church with i caru-
cate of free land, and i plough, and i mill,
worth I2J. And (there was) a sokeman with
60 acres T.R.E. Now on the same land dwell
3 sokemen. Then as now they had i plough,
and I acre of meadow. And I freeman T.R.E.
(held) 60 acres under commendation and soke.
On the same land now dwell 3 freemen, and they
have I plough, and 2^ acres of meadow. Then

it was worth 8f., now ioj. The whole (vil!) is
I league long, and 7 furlongs broad. And pays
115^. in geld.

In ToPESFELDA [Topesfield] a certain free-
woman, Leveva by name, held 2 carucates ot
land as a manor. Then 2 bordars, now 5, and
I serf. And 2 ploughs. And 5 acres of meadow.
And I mill. Then 7 sheep, now 34, and 3
beasts and i rouncey. Then it was worth 40;.,
now 60J. Of this land this Leveva gave half a
carucate to Holy Trinity after her death in return
for another half carucate which she had of the
Archbishop in her lifetime. This agreement
was made T.R.E. and Leveva was living in King
William's time, and was seised thereof. This
land, John, nephew of Waleran, claims. And of
all this land Saint Edmund held soke and sac.

In ToPESFELDA [Topesfield] (was) a freeman
with 20 acres, over which Uluric, the predecessor
of the Abbot of Saint Edmund, had commenda-
tion T.R.E. and soke. Then as now half a
plough. Worth 31, and ^d.

fol. 373.

B'binberga [Babergh] Two Hundrets

(At) Illeleia [(Monks) Eleigh] Holy Trinity
held T.R.E. 5 carucates of land as a manor with
soke and sac. Then 21 villeins, now 13. Then
13 bordars, now 12. Then 4 serfs, now 3.
Then as now 2 ploughs on the demesne. Then
21 ploughs belonging to the men, now 13.
Then 12 acres of meadow. Then as now i mill.
Now 2 horses. Now 19 beasts. Now 20 swine.
Now 160 sheep. A church with 22 J acres.
Then it was worth 15//., now 20//'. It is I
league long, and 5 furlongs broad. And pays
14^. in geld.

XVL LANDS OF THE BISHOP OF
BAYEUX

Risebruge [Risbridge] Hundret

In Haverhella [Haverhill] a freeman
(holds) 24 acres and half a plough. And he is
worth 3^. Him Tihell holds of the Bishop.
His (the Bishop's) predecessor T.R.E. (had)
commendation. Saint Edmund (had) the six
forfeitures.

Hundret of Carleford [Carlford]

In Sekeforda [Seckford] Aluric son of
Ulviet, under commendation to Harold, held
T.R.E. 2 carucates of land as a manor. Then
as now 4 villeins. Then 13 bordars, now 15.
Then as now on the demesne 2 ploughs, a third
might be made up ; and 3 ploughs belonging to
the men. I o acres of meadow. I mill. Then
I rouncey, now none, and 4 beasts. Then 30

509

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

swine, now none. Then lOO sheep, now 36.
Then it was worth 4/1'., now 40;. It is 6 fur-
longs long and 6 broad, and (pays) J^d. in geld.
In the same (vill are) 4 freemen under com-
mendation to the said Aluric with 8 acres.
I acre of meadow. And half a plough. Worth
16^. This Roger Bigot holds of the Bishop.

In Parvo Belinges [Little Bealings] the same
Aluric held T.R.E. 50 acres as a manor. 2
bordars. Then i plough, now half a plough.
3 acres of meadow. Then I mill, now none.
Then it was worth 20s., now lOi.

In the same (vill) Beorn, a freeman, T.R.E.
held 50 acres as a manor, and 3 acres of meadow.
Then it was worth, as afterwards and now, 8j.
This land the freeman Beorn himself bought of
the Abbot with an agreement that after his death
it should revert to the Church of St. Etheldreda,
as the Hundred witnesses. This Roger Bigot
holds of the Bishop, and W. de More of him.
These three manors Earl Ralph held on the day
of his forfeiture ; and Hilary of him.

fol. 373*.

HuNDRET OF WiLEFORDA [WilFORD]

In WiKHAM [Wickham (Market)] Roger Bigot
held a freeman (formerly) under commendation
to Saint Etheldreda with 25 acres. And under
him (were) 4 freemen with 7 acres. Then I
plough, now half a plough. 2 acres of meadow.
Worth 51.

This Ralph de Savigny [Sauenie) holds of Roger
Bigot as of the Bishop's fee.

In Debeis [Debach] (are) 15 acres, and they
belong to Cerfella [Ciiarsfield].

In the same (vill is) a freeman with half an
acre.

Hundret of Losa [Loes]

In Cerresfella [Charsfield] 14 freemen (held)
I carucate of land, Roger Bigot holds this and
Ralph de Savigny [Saugno) (holds it) of him ;
and 13 acres. Then 5 ploughs, now 3. i acre
of meadow. 3^^ of those (freemen) were under
commendation of Saint Etheldreda and of Edric
of Lessefella [Laxfield]. William Malet was
seised (thereof) on the day of his death. And
the others were under commendation of the
Abbot only. Then it was worth 6oj., now a
like sum.

In the same (vill were) 2 sokemen under
Saint Etheldreda with 7 acres. They are in-
cluded in the said valuation.

In the same (vill was) a freeman, Marculf,
under commendation of Edric of Laxfield.
William Malet was seised (thereof) on the day
on which he died, i bordar. Then i plough.
1 acre of meadow. And under him (were) 4
freemen with 4 acres. Then it was worth lOf.,

now 5;. It is 8 furlongs long and 6 broad.
And (pays) lid, in geld. Others have holdings
therein.

In Gretingeham [Cretingham] (was) a free-
man Balchi, (whom) the same Ralph (de Savigny)
holds under commendation of Adestan, with 24
acres of land, (and) i acre of meadow. Then
half a plough, now the like. Worth 4;.

In the same (vill was) a freeman under the
same (Adestan's) commendation with 38^^ acres.
I bordar. 2 acres of meadow. I plough. Then
it was worth 12s., now a like sum.

In Kenetona [Kenton] (were) 5 freemen,
4 were under commendation to Saint Etheldreda,
and Sacxe the predecessor of Ralph de Savigny
{Savigno) (had commendation) over one. 30 acres
of land. Then as now 1 plough. Then it was
worth loj., now 6s. Now R.alph de Savigny
holds of Roger Bigot.

Banberga [Babergh] Two Hundrets

In Ilelega [Eleigh] (were) 3 freemen under
soke and commendation of Earl Algar, now
Tehel de Herion holds them of the Bishop.
And they had 30 acres. Then i plough, now
half a plough, and half an acre of meadow.
Worth 5J.

At Brantestona [Brandeston] ^" Alveva,
mother of Earl Morchar, held T.R.E. 3 carucates

fol. 374.

of land as a manor. And 5 villeins, 6 bordars,
and 5 serfs. Then as now 2 ploughs on the
demesne. Then and afterwards 2 ploughs be-
longing to the men, now i. And 4 acres of
meadow. Wood(land) for 10 swine. Then as
now 2 horses at the hall. Then 5 beasts, now
3. Then 20 swine, now 23. Then 100 sheep,
now 120.

In the same (vill) 3 freemen under Alveva by
commendation and soke and sac, who could sell
without licence, (held) 24 acres of land. They
were then as now worth 5//'. It is I league
long, and 3 furlongs broad. And (pays) 6d. in
geld. Ralph de Curbespine holds this manor of
the Bishop.

Stou [Stow] Hundret

In Cratinga [Greeting (St. Peter)] Aluric son
of Brune, a freeman under Wisgar by commenda-
tion only, T.R.E. held i carucate of land in the
King's soke. Now William de Boeville holds it of
the Bishop. Then as now 5 bordars and i serf.
Then as now i plough on the demesne, and half
a plough belonging to the men. And a third
share of a mill. And 4 acres of meadow. And
4 beasts, and 8 swine. Then 8 sheep, now

In Waldingfield.

510

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

20. Then as now worth zos. It is 1 league
long, and half a league broad. And pays T^od. in
geld. But several persons have holdings therein.
And therein were 5 freemen under the said
Aluric by commendation only with 1 8 acres
and half a plough. Ana they were delivered
with the manor, and were worth 2s. The King
and the Earl have soke and sac.

In Newetona [(Old) Newton] 2 freemen under
Alsi by commendation only held 80 .acres of
land in the soke of the King and the Earl. Now
Roger Bigot holds of the Bishop (and) under
Roger Wareng[er] (holds). Then 2 bordars,
afterwards and now I. Then i\ ploughs on
the demesne, afterwards none, now I plough.
And 3 acres of meadow. And now 2 beasts,
6 swine, and 40 sheep. A sixth share of a
church (having) 10 acres of free land. Then
worth 30;., afterwards 20s., now 40J.

In RoDEHAM [ ] a freeman under

Saxo (held) by commendation under St. Ethel-
dreda T.R.E. 10 acres within the soke of the
Hundred. Then as now half a plough. Roger
Bigot holds of the Bishop, and Ralph de Savigny
(Saviniaco) under him. Worth 2s.

BOSEMERA [BoSMERE] HuNDRET

In Crofelda [Crowfield] Wdebrun a freeman
under commendation to Edric, Robert Malet's
predecessor, held 20 acres as a manor. Then
and afterwards i plough, now none. And i acre
of meadow. Then and afterwards it was worth
51., now 3J. Roger Bigot holds of the Bishop.

fol. 374*.

In the same (vill) 5 freemen (held) 40 acres.
Then and afterwards 2 ploughs, now none, i
acre of meadow. This Roger Bigot holds. Then
it was worth 16s., now 20s,

In Stanham [Stonham] a freeman Lewin,
under commendation to Edric of Laxfield, (held)
20 acres as a manor T.R.E. and 2 bordars.
Then as now i plough. And 2 acres of meadow.
And 2 churches with 3 acres. Then it was
worth 5 J. and 4.d., now lOs. and Sd. And Roger
Bigot holds (this) of the Bishop. The King
and the Earl (have) the soke. Of this was
Robert Malet seised, and (so was) his father on
the day of his death.

In the same (vill) a freeman, Aluric, (held) 20
acres and 2 bordars and i acre of meadow. Then
it was worth 4.1., now Ss. He was under com-
mendation to the predecessor of Richard son of
Earl Gilbert. The King and (the Earl) have
the soke.

In the same (vill) 2 freemen (held) 2 acres,
worth 6d.

In the same (vill) Lewric, a freeman under

commendation to Lewin, (held) 10 acres. Then
half a plough. Then it was worth 31., now 2s.
In the same (vill were) 11 freemen with
52 acres. And 10 of these were under com-
mendation to Lewin, himself under commenda-
tion to Robert Malet's predecessor, and the
eleventh, Sperun by name, was under commenda-
tion to Burchard T.R.E. and had 8 acres of the
said land. Then 4 ploughs, afterwards and
now 2. And 2 acres of meadow. Then it was
worth 20s., now 301. It is I league long, and
6J furlongs broad. And (pays) 2od. in geld.
Others hold (land) therein. The King and the
Earl (have) the soke.

In Uledana [Olden '^'] a freeman Aluric
under commendation to Saxo (held) 16 acres.
Then as now i plough. Then i bordar, now
none. Roger de Ramis claims that he held
this Aluric in his fee before (the men) were
delivered to the Bishop. Then wood(land) for
24 swine, 8 swine, 22 sheep, and 3 goats. Then
it was worth ioj., now 8s.

In the same (vill were) 6 freemen with 52
acres. Over one and a half of these, to wit over
Lewin and Thurmer, the Abbot of Saint
Edmund's had commendation T.R.E. And
one Brictwolt byname was under commendation
to Edric, Malet's predecessor. Then among the
whole of them (were) 2^ ploughs, now 2. Then
and now it was worth 20s. Roger Bigot holds
of the Bishop. And Gar[enger] of him.

In Cratingis [Greetings] Osgot a freeman
held 30 acres T.R.E. as a manor. Then as
now I bordar. And I plough. 8 swine, and 9
sheep. And i acre of meadow. Then as
now it was worth 1 2s. And Roger Bigot holds

fol. 375.

of the Bishop. And Gar[enger] ot mm. The
King and the Earl (have) the soke.

In Burgestala [Burstall] a freeman T.R.E.,
Ailbern, held 14 acres. A church with 26
acres. Then as now i plough. And i acre of
meadow. Then it was worth 10^., now 85.
and 4^.

In the same (vill) Ailric, a freeman under
King Edward, (held) 14 acres and half a plough
and I acre of meadow. Then it was worth 5^.
and 4^/., now 4J.

In the same (vill) Ulin a freeman under the
King (held) 2 acres. Then it was worth ^d.,
now 6d, It is 8 furlongs long and i^ furlongs
broad. And (pays) 6^d. in geld. The King
and the Earl (have) the soke.

In Pachetuna [ ] 3 freemen

under King Edward (held) 24 acres. Then as

'" See n. 2.

5"

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

now I plough. And i acre of meadow. Then
it was worth Ss., and the like sum now.

In the same (vill) a freeman under King
Edward and a half (freeman) (held) 5^ acres.
Worth I2d.

In CoDEHAM [Coddenham] a freeman Almar
by name, under commendation to the Abbot of
Ely, (held) 60 acres of land as a manor. Then
2 ploughs, now i^ ploughs. And I bordar.
Then wood(land) for 10 swine, now 2. Then
as now it was worth 30J. A church with 3
acres, worth 6d.

In the same (vill) 2 freemen, Aluric and
Uluric, (held) 60 acres as 2 manors. And I
villein, and 2 bordars. And 2 ploughs. And
40 sheep, and 2 beasts. And 4 acres of meadow.
Then wood(land) for 30 swine, now 11. Then
it was worth 305., now 40J. The Abbot of
Ely had the commendation.

In the same (vill) 2 freemen Aluric and
Wistric (held) 2 acres, worth 1 2d. A church
with I acre, worth 2d. The King and the
Earl (have) the soke over the whole.

In the same (vill) Harold, a freeman in the
Abbot of Ely's soke and commendation, (held) 30
acres as a manor T.R.E. Then as now 2
bordars. And I plough. And 2 acres of mea-
dow. Wood(land) for 10 swine. Worth 10s.
To the church (belong) 2 acres, worth ^.d.

In the same (vill) 3 freemen (held) 7^^ acres.
Half a plough. Worth 2s. The King and the
Earl (have) the soke.

In the same (vill) a freewoman, Leveva, (held)
T.R.E. 10 acres. Half a plough. And 3
bordars. And I acre of meadow. Worth 4.5.

In the same (vill) 15 freemen (held) 80 acres
less I. Of these 6 were under commendation
to Saxo, the predecessor of Ranulph Peverel
(piperel/i). Then and afterwards 5 plough--,
now I. Wood(Iand) for lO swine. 2 acres of
meadow. Then and afterwards it was worth
20s., now 20s. The King and the Earl (have)
the soke.

fol. 375*.

In Uledana [Olden] 8 freemen (held) 40
acres. Of these 4 were under commendation
to Saxo, the predecessor of Ranulph Peverel,
having 25 acres. Then among the whole of
them (were) 2 ploughs, now 1. And i^ acres
of meadow. And I rouncey. Then 6 beasts,
now 7. Then 28 sheep, now 17 sheep. Now
20 goats. Then 5 swine, now 19. A church
with 7^ acres, worth 15^. They were then
worth 201., now 21s. The King and the Earl
(have) the soke.

In Stanham [Stonham] Uluric a freeman
held 60 acres as a manor in the Abbot of Ely's
commendation. Then 4 bordars, now 3. Then
2 ploughs on the demesne, now i. Then i

plough belonging to the men, now half a plough.
And 3 acres of meadow. A church with 7^
acres, worth 15^. Then it was worth 40^.,
now 20/.

In the same (vill) Aluol the priest and Godwi,
freemen under commendation to Saxo the pre-
decessor of Ralph Peverel, (held) 40 acres as 2
manors T.R.E. Then as now 3borda:s. Then
and afterwarJs 2 ploughs on the demesne. Then
as now half a plough belonging to the men.
And ik acres of meadow. A church with 2
acres, worth ^.d. Then it was worth 30J.,
now 12s.

In the same (vill were) 26 freemen under
commendation to Saxo, except one Wiching by
name, (with) 142 acres. Then 7 ploughs, now
5. And ij acres of meadow. Then it was
worth 4/;., now 40J. and ^.d.

In the same (vill was) a freeman with 3 acres,
w rth lod.

In Hamingestuna [Hemingstone] 2 freemen
under commendation to Saxo the predecessor of
Peverel (held) 10 acres. Worth 28d. All this
Ralph de Savigny holds from Roger Bigot, and
Roger from the Bishop. The King and the
Earl (have) the soke over it all.

In the same (vill) 2 freemen Brunwin and
Godric (held) 3 acres, worth 6d. The same
Roger holds (this). The King and the Earl
(have) the soke.

In Scaruestuna [? Sharpstone "'] 3 freemen
Lewin, Lewric, (and) Edric (held) 4 acres and
2 oxen, worth lod. Ralf de Savigny holds
from Roger.

Claindune [Claydon] Hundret

In Helmingheham [Helmingham] Burrant
a freeman under commendation to Edric of Lax-
field, Malet's predecessor, held 80 acres as a manor
T.R.E. Then as now i villein, and 2 bordars.
Then 2 ploughs on the demesne, afterwards I,
now none. Then as now I plough -belonging
to the men. And 2 acres of meadow. Then

fol. 376.

it was worth 30X., now 201.

In Hmingheham [Helmingham] Balchi under
commenJation to Aistan held 40 acres as a
manor. Then as now 4 bordars. And I
plough on the demesne. And i acre of meadow.
And I rouncey. Then 4 beasts, now 2. Then
30 swine, now 27. Then 40 sheep, now 24.
Worth los.

In the same (vill) a fi-eeman Wichinc under
commendation to Burchard (held) 30 acres as a
manor T.R.E. Then as now i plough. And
I acre of meadow. Wood(land) for 4 swine.
Then it was worth 6s., now 13^ and /yi.

'" See next note.

512

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

In the same (vill) a freeman Ailric under
King Edward (held) 25 acres and i bordar.
Then and afterwards i plough, now half a plough.
Then it was worth 50(/., and it was set to farm
for I Of., now it is worth 4^.

Tn the same (vill) a freeman Blacheman, half
under commendation to one himself under com-
mendation to Edric, Malet's predecessor, and half
under commendation to Saxo, (held) 24 acres as
a manor. Then as now i plough. Then it
was worth 55., and it was set to farm for 1 51.,
now it is worth 8s.

In the same (vill) Godric, a freeman half
under commendation to one himself under com-
mendation to Edric, Malet's predecessor, and half
under commendation to Saxo, (held) 20 acres as
a manor. And I bordar. And i plough. And
the fourth part of a church with i^ acres of free
land. Then it was worth 6s. and 4a'., and it
was set to farm for 14^., now it is worth loi.

In the same (vill) Levestan, a freeman under
commendation to one himself under commenda-
tion to Edric, (held) 20 acres as a manor. Then
as now I plough. And the fourth part of a
church (? with i ^ acres) of free land. Then it was
worth 6s., and it was set to farm for 1 41., now
worth lOs.

In the same (vill) 11 freemen (held) 71 acres.
Over 2^ of them the aforesaid Saxo predecessor
of Ranulph Peverel had commendation, and a
half (freeman) was under commendation to one
himself under commendation to Edric, Robert
Malet's predecessor. Among them they had
then 2 ploughs, now 3 ; and 2 acres of meadow.
And half a church with 3 acres. Then it was
worth 20s., now 20J. The King and the Earl
(have) soke over the whole.

In EscARUESTUNA [? Sharpstone '^] 27 freemen
under soke and commendation of the Abbot of
Ely (held) i carucate of land.'*' Then and after-
wards 4 ploughs and now 3. And 2 acres of
meadow. Then as now it was worth 40J.

fol. 376^.

In Depbeham [Debenham] Godwi a freeman
under commendation to Saxo (lield) 40 acres as
a manor. Then as now 2 bordars. And i
plough. And I acre of meadow. And the
fourth part of a church. Saint Mary's, with 10
acres. Worth 20J. Saint Etheldreda (has) the

'*• ' Scarvastona,' which occurs under Bosmere and
Claydon Hundreds (fol. 285, 295, 375^), is appa-
rently found at a later date as ' Scarfeston ' (Copin-
ger, Suf. Rec.) ; Sharpstone in Barham seems to be
the modern equivalent. Cf. n. 186.

'" Inq. El. enters these freemen as held of the
Bishop by Roger Bigot (p. 145). It also records
them amongst the ' invasiones ' in the list headed
' 'enura Haimoms de S. Clan' (p. 182), which is
repeated in the list of Roger Bigot's ' invasiones '
(p. 188).

soke. And three fourth parts of a church. Saint
Andrew's, with i^ acres : and the fourth part
of a church, Saint Mary's, with 10 acres.

In Uluestuna [Ulverston'^^j T.R.E. the
same Godwi (held) 15 acres, and in Asfelda
[Ashfield] 8 acres. Then as now 3 bordars.
And I plough.

In the same (vill) a freeman Goda, under
commendation to one himself under commenda-
tion to Edric, Robert Malet's predecessor, (held)
15 acres. Then i plough, now half a plough.
And I acre of meadow. These three (tenements)
make {sunt pro) one manor. Now 4 beasts on
the demesne, and 10 swine, 30 sheep, and 12
goats. Then as now it was worth 22j. The
soke (is) the Abbot's.

In ULUESTtJNA [Ulverston] Alwm the priest,
a freeman a sixth part of whose commendation
belonged to one himself under commendation to
Malet's predecessor and five sixths to Saxo pre-
decessor of Peverel, (held) 40 acres as a manor.
Then as now i villein, and I priest, and 2
bordars. And 2 acres of meadow. And i
plough on the demesne. Then and afterwards
it was worth 20j., now \os. The soke (is) the
Abbot's. Of the fourth part of this land was
William Malet seised, and of the priest who was
settled upon it, on the day of his death.

In the same (vill) Aluric the priest, a freeman,
held 30 acres as a manor in the Abbot's soke
and commendation. Then I plough. Then
it was worth ioj., now 51.

In the same (vill) 2 freemen under commen-
dation to Saxo, Edric and Alnod, (held) 40 acres
and I bordar. Then as now I plough. Now
2 cows, 12 swine, and 20 sheep. Worth 20f.

In the same (vill) Thure a freeman (held)
40 acres as a manor. And 2 bordars. And •
I plough. Then wood(land) for 8 swine, now
for 4. Worth 205. The soke and commenda-
tion (are) the Abbot's.

In the same (vill) Lewin Cilt a freeman (held)
T.R.E. in the Abbot's soke and commendation
40 acres as a manor, and 2 villeins in another
hundred. Then I plough. And I acre of
meadow. Wood(land) for 12 swine. Then
it wa^ worth 20;., now 15;. The whole of this
Roger Bigot holds of the Bishop, and Ralph de
Savigny of him.

In Depham [Debenham] a freeman Ailric
under commendation to Saxo in the Abbot's
soke (held) half an acre. Worth 4^.

fol. 377.

In Manewic [ ] Wdebrun a freeman

in the Abbot's soke and commendation (held)
27 acres. Then as now I plough. And 3
bordars. And half an acre of meadow. Then
it was worth 10;., now 6s.

"' In Debenham.

513

65

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In WiNESTUNA [Winston] 21 freemen (held)
I carucate of land. And 2 acres of this land
were T.R.E. on the demesne of Saxo, the prede-
cessor of Ranulph Peverel, in Depbenham [De-
benham]. One of them was under commenda-
tion to Saint Edmund with 13 acres; and (the
Saint) was seised thereof until Ralph made
forfeiture. Then as now 5 ploughs. And ^^
acres of meadow. Then it was worth 40J., now
45X. Of 8 Saxo had commendation, and the
Abbot of Ely had both soke and commendation
over the others, except two, namely Alwin and
Lewin, who were under commendation to one
himself under commendation to Edric, Malet's
predecessor.

In AsFELDA [Ashfield] Saurin the priest, a
freeman in the Abbot's soke and commendation,
(held) 30 acres. Then as now 2 bordars. And
I plough. Worth 10;. Of this priest Walter
de Dol was seised when he forfeited his land, and
Earl Hugh was seised afterwards as the Hundred
bears witness. And Norman says that the King
sent him a writ that he should deliver seisin to
Ralph de Savigny of all the freemen over whom
Hubert de Port had delivered seisin to the
Bishop ; and so Norman delivered seisin of this
priest to Ralph ; but still he does not know if
Hubert had formerly delivered seisin of him to
the Bishop. And the King's Barons when they
came into the county found him (held) peace-
ably {in pace) between Roger Bigot and Earl
Hugh, and so he shall remain undisturbed ((;;
pace), until his case be decided {donee sit deration-
atui).

Sanfort [Samford] Hundret and a Half

In BuRGHESTALA [Burstall] three freemen,
Godinc, Ulmar, Alviet, one in commendation to
Guert, another to Aluric, and the third to Scalpo,
(held) 37 acres. Then i plough, now half a
plough. And 4 acres of meadow. Worth 8i.
The soke is in Bercolt [Bergholt].

In the same (vill) Godwin, a freeman of Sti-
gand, (held) 30 acres for a manor. Then and
afterwards I plough and I mill, now half a mill.
Worth "]!. The sac, except for his house and
for 3 acres, is in Bercolt [Bergholt]. In the
same (vill) 3 freemen, Ulviet, Brungar, Blac-
sune, held 18 acres. Then as now half a plough.
Worth 4x. This Roger Bigot holds of the
Bishop, and Ralph de Savigny of him.

fol. 377*.
Sanfort [Samford] Hundret and a Half

In Wenham [Wenham] Algar a freeman
(held) 24 acres as a manor T.R.E. Worth 4/.
The soke was in Bercolt [Bergholt].

In the same (vill were) 4 freemen Brictuolt,
Osgot, Ledmer, Godric, having 50 acres and

6 bordars. Worth 10/. The soke (was) in
Bercolt [Bergholt].

In Reinduna [Raydon] Ednod, a freeman,
held I carucate and 100 acres of land as a manor.
Then as now 3 villeins and 6 bordars, and li
ploughs on the demesne. Then as now i plough
belonging to the men and 4 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 8 swine. The fifth part of a
church with 5 acres. Then worth 3//., now
4//. But it was (let) to farm for 6//. The soke
(is) in Bercolt [Bergholt]. This Roger Bigot
holds of the Bishop.

Claindune [Claydon] Hundret

In Uluestuna [Ulverston] 2 freemen Aluric
and Lewin, (of whom) the latter was under
commendation to one himself under commenda-
tion to Edric, Malet's predecessor, and Aluric
was under commendation to Wisgar, (held) 30
acres, and 2 bordars. Then 2 ploughs, after-
wards none, now half a plough. And 2 acres
of meadow. Then it was worth lOj., now 8f.
Roger holds of the Bishop, and Garenger of him.
The soke (is) the Abbot's.

In the same (vill) a half freeman (held) 2 acres;
and they are included in the above valuation.

In Petehaga [Pettaugh] Siward a freeman
T.R.E. (held) 5 acres. Worth 2s. The soke
(is) the Abbot's. The said Garenger holds (the
land).

Sanfort [Samford] Hundret and a Half

Tuneman King Edward's (thegn), Harold's
man by commendation, held Wenham [Wen-
ham] T.R.E., I carucate of land as a manor.
Then and (.''afterwards) 7 villeins, now 2.
Then 3 bordars, now 17. Then 2 serfs, now i.
And the fourth part of a church. Then as now
2 ploughs on the demesne. Then 5 ploughs
belonging to the men, afterwards and now 2.
6 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 8 swine.
6 acres of church(land). Then i rouncey, now
2. Then 4 beasts. Then 24 swine, now 40.
Then 60 sheep, now 70. Then worth 601., and
the like now. Roger Bigot holds it of the
Bishop. It is 6 furlongs long and 2^ furlongs
broad and (pays) ^d.

In the same (vill) Uiuric, a freeman, held 40

fol. 378.

acres as a manor T.R.E. Then i plough, then
worth 5i., now bs. Harold (had) the soke. The
same Roger holds of the Bishop.

(At) Reindune [Raydon] Edwi a freeman
T.R.E. held I carucate of land as a manor. Then
as now 4 bordars and i plough. 5 acres of meadow
and I mill. The fifth part of a church, with
5 acres. Then worth 30^., and the like now,

514

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

but it was (let) to farm for 6oj. It is i league
in length and 8 furlongs in breadth, and (pays)
TjOd. in geld. Others have holdings there. In
the same (vill) Alwin a freeman (held) 60 acres
as a manor. Then i bordar. Then as now

1 plough, and 4 acres of meadow. The fifth
part of a church with 5 acres. Now 4 beasts,
13 swine, and 36 sheep. Then worth 20j.,
now 151.

In the same (vill) Smeri a freeman (held) 30
acres as a manor T.R.E. by commendation to
Aluric Capin, the predecessor of Eudo Dapifer.
Then as now l bordar. Then half a plough.

2 acres of meadow. Worth 51. In the same
(vill) I freeman Ulwin (held) 30 acres. Then
as now I bordar. Then half a plough, now
2 oxen. And 2 acres of meadow. Worth 55.
In the same (vill) Aluric a freeman (held) 30
acres as a manor. Then as now half a plough,
and 2 acres of meadow. Then worth 5s., now
lox. The soke (is) in Bercolt [Bergholt].

In Reindune [Raydon] i freeman Aluric
(holds) 5 acres ; and (this) is (included) in the
valuation of Raydon.

In Belesteda [Belstead] Aluric a freeman
held 30 acres as a manor and 2 bordars. Then
1 plough. Worth 51.

In Brantham [Brantham] (were) 3 free-
men, Brun, Siric, Godestan ; and in Belenei
[ ] I freeman, Burcheric ; and in

Hecham [Higham] i freeman, Edric ; holding
fjjabentei) 60 acres and I bordar. Then 2 ploughs,
now I. Then worth lOi., now 141.

In Boituna [Boyton] Godwin a freeman held
T.R.E. 60 acres as a manor. 3 villeins. And
I plough on the demesne, and I plough belong-
ing to the men. Wood(land) for 10 swine.
The fourth part of a church (having) 6 acres.
Worth 20J.

(At) Alsildestuna [ ] Alnold, a

freeman, held T.R.E. 2 carucates of land as a
manor. Then i bordar, now 5. Then 2
ploughs on the demesne, now i, and i^ acres of

fol. 378*.

meadow. Then as now i mill. Worth 255.
It is 6 furlongs long and 3 broad, and pays 2}id.
in geld.

In Tatituna [Tattingstone] Turgot, a free-
man, held 60 acres as a manor. Then i plough,
and i^ acres of meadow. Then worth ioj.,
now 4^. All this Roger Bigot holds of the
Bishop, and of all the soke (is) in Bercolt [Berg-
holt].

In Gypeswiz [Ipswich] i house with half an
acre, and in Toft [Toft] Edwi a freeman, (with)

2^ acres. Worth dd. Roger Bigot (holds).
Tiie soke (is) in Bercolt [Bergholt].

Hertesmara [Hartismere] Hundret

In EsPALA [Aspall] Levcva, under commen-
dation to the Abbot of Ely and in his soke, held
20 acres, worth 41. This Roger Bigot holds,
and Ralph de Savigny under Roger.

In the same (vill) are 12 acres of the demesne
of Dephenham [Debenham] and 5 bordars.
(Included) in the same valuation.

XVII. LAND OF SAINT BENEDICT
OF RAMSEY

Two Hundrets of Babenberga [Babergh]

(At) Lawessela [Lawshall] T.R.E. Saint
Benedict held 8 carucates of land as a manor
with soke. Then 14 villeins, now 16. Then
12 bordars, now 10. Then 4 serfs, now 5. Then
2 ploughs on the demesne, now 3. Then as
now 10 ploughs belonging to the men. 8 acres
of meadow. Then as now i rouncey. Now
10 beasts and 30 swine, 100 sheep, and 12
goats. A church with 30 acres of free land.
Then it was worth 8//'. now i lit. It is I league
long, and half a league broad. And pays i <,d.
in geld.

fol. 379.

XVIII. LANDS OF WILLIAM BISHOP

OF THETFORD

BiscoPEs [Bishop's] Hundret

(At) HoxANA [Hoxne] Bishop Ailmar held
T.R.E. as a manor 9 carucates of land. Then
40 villeins, now 20. Then 15 bordars, now 51.
Then 4 serfs. Then as now 3 ploughs on the
demesne. Then 40 ploughs belonging to the
men, now 22^. And 40 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 250 swine. Then as now 2
mills. And 2 rounceys, 12 beasts, 80 swine,
17 sheep, and 40 goats. In this manor there
used to be a market T.R.E. and (it went on)
after King William came hither ; and it was set
up [sedebat) on Saturdays. And William Malet
made his castle at Eia [Eye], and on the same
day as the market used to be held on the Bishop's
manor William Malet made another market in
his castle and thereby the Bishop's market has
been so far spoilt that it is of little worth ;
and now it is set up on Fridays. But the
market at Heia [Eye] is set up on the Saturday.
Now Robert holds it by the King's gift. In
this manor there is a church, (which was) the
seat of the Bishopric of SuflFolk T.R.E. This
manor was then worth 28//., now 20//. ; but to
Arfast it rendered 30//. It is i league long, and
8 furlongs broad. And (pays) 22^d. in geld.

15

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In Weibrada [Weybread] (is) a sokeman with

2 acres, worth lod.

In WiLEBi [Wilby] (is) a sokeman with
40 acres and I bordar and I plough. 2 acres of
meadow. Wood(land) for 20 swine. Then
worth los., now 8j.

Waneforda [Wangford] Hundret

(At) HuMBRESFELDA [Homersfield] Elmer the
Bishop T.R.E. held a manor of 5 carucates of
land ; now Bishop William holds it. Then as
now 16' villeins. Then as now 12 bordars.
Then as now 4 serfs. Then 2 ploughs on
the demesne, now 3. Then 10 ploughs be-
longing to the men, now 5 ; and 5 might be
restocked there. 12 acres of meadow. Then
wood(land) for 600 swine, now for 200. I mill.
A church with 12 acres. And (there were)

3 horses when he took it over, and (are)
now. Then as now 6 beasts. Then as now
26 swine. 200 sheep. Then with the soke
worth 12//., now it renders (reddidit) 16/i.
Over the ferting of Almeham [Elmham] Bishop
William has soke and sac except over Bishop
Stigand's men ; and B[aldwin] the Abbot accord-
ing to the testimony of the Hundred had a writ
of King Edward (testifying) that he ought him-
self to have soke and sac over Saint Edmund's
land and over his men.

In Barsham [Barsham] (are) 16 acres and
2 bordars and half a plough. Worth 2s.

fol. 379*.

XVIIII. FEE OF THE BISHOP OF
THETFORD

Hertesmara [Hartismere] Hundret

In Iacheslea [Yaxley] and in Thrandestuna
fThrandeston] Bishop Aylmar held T.R.E. I
carucate of land as a manor. Then as now 5
bordars. And I plough. 2 acres of meadow.
Worth 20J. And (the manor) belongs to the
church of Hoxna [Hoxne].

In Seilanda [Syleham] a freeman under
Stigand (held) 2 carucates of land and 12 bor-
dars and 2 ploughs on the demesne. Then 4
ploughs belonging to the men, now 2. And 5
acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 60 swine.
And I mill. Then as now worth 6oj. This
Ailmar (and) Arfast held.

In Menneham [Mendham] Ulf the thegn
held T.R.E. i carucate of land, afterwards
Ailmar and Arfast (had it). Then as now i vil-
lein. And 10 bordars. And 1 plough on the
demesne. Then 3 ploughs, now I i. And 6
acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 60 swine.

And I mill. And 2 freemen (having) 1 1 acres
by commendation and half a plough. The eighth
part of a church with 40 acres and half a plough.
More land belongs to it but is accounted for [in
breviata) in Norfolc [Norfolk]."' Then worth
30^., now 60;.

In Denham [Denham] 5 freemen under
Aimer (held) 60 acres and I plough. Worth los.

In HoRAM [Horham] 7 freemen by commen-
dation (held) 42 acres. And then as now 1^
ploughs. Wood(land) for 16 swine.

In WiLEBi [Wilby] a freeman (held) 10 acres.
In CiCCHELiGA [Chickering] a freeman (held) 16
acres and 2 bordars. Then as now half a
plough. A church with 8 acres. The whole
is worth 20^

In HoRAM [Horham] 2 freemen by commen-
dation and soke (held) 1 9 acres and half a plough.
Worth 3J. and lod.

In WiLEBEY [Wilby] a freeman (held) 40 acres
by commendation and soke. Then as now I
bordar. And I plough. And 2 acres of mea-
dow. Wood(land) for 20 swine. Then worth
I Ox., now 8j.

In WiGHEFELDA [Wingfield] a freeman by
commendation and soke (held) 10 acres, worth
20^.

In CiccHELiNGA [Chickering] a freeman by
commendation held 28 acres and 3 bordars.
Then as now half a plough. Worth 5/.

In the same (vill) a freeman (held) 40 acres
and half a plough. Wood(land) for 12 swine.
Half an acre of meadow. Worth 6j. and id.

In the same (vill) a freewoman (held) 8 acres.
Robert Malet's predecessor had commendation
T.R.E. Worth ltd. Ailmar had soke and sac.

In Badingelelda [Bedingfield] 2 freemen
held 30 acres by commendation and I plough.
Then worth 6i., now ioj.

fol. 380.

Hundret of Losa [Loes]

In Framalingaham [Framlingham] a freeman
under commendation of Bishop Almar (held) 20
acres of land and half a plough. Worth 41.

Hertesmara [Hartismere] Hundret

In AcLE [Oakley] a freeman Algar by com-
mendation to Saint Edmund T.R.E. (held)
14 acres and half a plough, and half an acre of
meadow. Worth 2x. Drogo holds from the
Bishop.

>" See f .C.ff. iVfl// ii, 118.

:i6

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

Waneforda [Wangford] Hundret

(At) Humbresfelda [Homersfield] a freeman
under Elmar's commendation (held) 40 acres as
a manor. Then as now 2 bordars. Then 2
ploughs, now I. 2 acres of meadow. A church
with 30 acres. Then worth 6j. and Sd., now
gs. and 41^.

Furthermore in the same vill 23 freemen
(held) 80 acres. Then 6 ploughs, now 5. Then
worth 40J., now 30;. It is i league long and
half (a league) broad. And in geld (pays) 2od.

In Halmeham [Elmham] a freeman by com-
mendation and soke under Bishop Elmar (held)
as a manor 40 acres and 4 bordars. Then as
now I plough. And 2 acres of meadow. Wood-
(land) for 8 swine. A church with 6 acres.
And under him 3 free(men) under the same
(Bishop Elmar's) commendation (held) 6 acres
and half a plough. Then worth ioj., now it
renders I2s.

In the same vill a freeman Alwin by com-
mendation and soke under Elmar (held) 40 acres
as a manor and 2 bordars. Then i plough, now
half a plough. 2 acres of meadow. Then worth
6s., now worth ioj. and 8d.

Furthermore in the same (vill) 10 freemen by
commendation and soke under the same (Elmar)
(held) 66 acres. Then as now i plough. 2
acres of meadow. Then worth ioj., they now
render 141.

In the same (vill) 10 freemen by commenda-
tion and soke under the same (Elmar) (held) 34
acres. Then 3 ploughs, now 2. Then worth
lOJ., they now render 20i. It is I league long
and half (a league) broad. And in geld (pays)
20^. Others hold (land) there.

In Flixtuna [Flixton] a freeman Osketel by
commendation and soke under Bishop Stigand
(held) as a manor 30 acres and i bordar. Then
as now I plough. 2 acres of meadow. The
fifth part of a mill. Then worth 8j., he now
renders ioj. and 8d.

In the same (vill) 8 freemen by commenda-
tion and soke and sac under Bishop Almar
(held) 107 acres. Then 2 ploughs, now 1^
ploughs. Half a church with 12 acres. Then
"worth ioj., they now render 3IJ. and ^.d.

Almeham [Elmham] William holds of the
Bishop, which Alwin a freeman by commenda-

fol. 380*.

tion under Inwar the thegn held T.R.E. ; (viz.)
2 carucates of land and 20 acres. Then 10 vil-
leins, now 4. Then 1 1 bordars, now 20. Then
4 serfs. Then on the demesne 3 ploughs, now
half a plough, i rouncey, 7 beasts, 30 swine,
1 3 sheep, and 30 goats. Then belonging to the
men 6 ploughs, now 3J ploughs. And 1 1 acres
of meadow. Wood(land) for 30 swine. A

church with 40 acres of free land and half a
plough. Then worth [ ] shillings, now 4A'.

In the same (vill) a freeman Bond by com-
mendation under Bishop Ailmar (held) 60 acres
as a manor. And 2 villeins, and 2 bordars.
And I plough on the demesne. Then belonging
to the men I plough, now half a plough. 2 acres
of meadow. And under him were 2 freemen
with 7 acres. Then i plough, now half a
plough. Then worth ioj., now worth 13J.

Furthermore in the same (vill) a freeman by
commendation and soke and sac under Stigand
(held) 30 acres as a manor. Then as now 2
villeins. And i plough. And belonging to the
men i plough. 2 acres of meadow. Wood-
(land) for 8 swine. Then worth 8j., now worth
ioj. and 8^.

In the same (vill) a freeman Alwin by com-
mendation under Edric of Laxfield T.R.E. (held)
30 acres as a manor. Then 2 bordars, now 3.
Then as now half a plough, i acre of meadow.
Wood(land) for 8 swine. And under him 2
freemen (held) 4 acres and half a plough. Then
worth IOJ., now the like. William Malet was
seised the day on which he died.

In the same (vill) 25 freemen under commen-
dation to Bishop Almar (held) i ^ carucates of
land. Then 8 ploughs, now 6. And 6 acres of
meadow. Wood(land) for 16 swine. Then
worth 30J., now 40J. 3 churches with 30 acres
worth 5j.

In Flixtuna [Flixton] a freeman Brihtnoth
under commendation to Almar (held) 30 acres as
a manor, and 4 bordars. Then as now I plough.
And belonging to the men half a plough, and

2 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 4 swine.
Then worth 51. and ^d., now 20J.

Furthermore 3 freemen under commenda-
tion and soke and sac to Almar (held) 38 acres.
Then as now i i ploughs. Wood(land) for 4 swine,

3 acres of meadow. Then worth 6j., now
iij. and Sd.

All this William de Noers holds of the Bishop.

Moreover in the same vill a freeman by com-
mendation and soke under Stigand (held) 3oacres
as a manor. Then 2 bordars, now 8. Then i
plough, now 2. 2 acres of meadow. Wood-
(land) for 4 swine. And under him a freeman
(held) 16 acres. Then half a plough, now 2
oxen. Then worth ioj., and now the like.
The said William (de Noers) holds it.

In Barsham [Barsham] i o freemen, of whom
Aluric and Gurth had commendation over 8^

fol. 381.

and Bishop Almar over the others, (held) 60
acres. Then 2 ploughs, now i|^. 2 acres of
meadow. Then worth 8j., now ioj.

Hertesmara [Hartismere] Hundret

In Iachlesea [Yaxley] and in Thrandestuna
[Thrandeston] 40 freemen (held) i carucate and

517

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

19 acres of land. Then 3 ploughs, now 3^
ploughs. 2 acres of meadow. Then as now
worth 405. The Bishop (had) soke and sac.
This Othem holds of the Bishop.

In Brom [Brome] a freeman under commen-
dation to one himself under commendation to
Bishop Aylmar (held) 6 acres worth iiJ.

Half Hundret

In Flixtuna [Flixton] Saint Michael held in
alms T.R.E. i carucate of land. Then 13 bor-
dars, now 8. Then and now on the demesne
I plough. Then belonging to the men 3 ploughs,
now I. Wood(land) for 8 swine. 4 acres of
meadow. Half a mill. Then as now worth
20s. The soke (belonged to) Stigand.

XX. LANDS OF THE BISHOP OF
ROCHESTER

Lacforda [Lackford] Hundret

(At) Frakenaham [Freckenham] Orth,
Harold's thegn, held T.R.E. 10 carucatesof land
as a manor, and afterwards Lanfranc by the
King's command decided [derationatus est) that
they should belong to the bishopric of Rochester.
Then as now 16 villeins, and 8 bordars, and
6 serfs. And then as now 5 ploughs on the de-
mesne. And 6 ploughs belonging to the men,
but 8 might be stocked. And 20 acres of mea-
dow. And I mill. And 2 fisheries. A church
with 20 acres. And 3 horses, 13 beasts, 40
swine, 230 sheep, and 6 hives of bees. Then it
was worth 12//'., now 14//. It is i league long,
and half a league broad. And in geld (pays) 20^.
To this manor Earl Ralph added 4 freemen,
whom he appropriated [invasit), with 8 acres of
land. Then as now half a plough. Worth Sd.
The said Bishop had the soke of this manor, and
Saint Edmund has the soke of the freemen.

fol. 381*.

XXI. LANDS OF SAINT ETHELDREDA

Thewardestreu [Thedwastre] Hundret

Saint Etheldreda held Ratesdane [Rattlesden]
T.R.E. as 6 carucates of land. Then as now
18 villeins. Then 20 bordars, now 27. Then
6 serfs, now 4. Then as now 3 ploughs on the
demesne. Then 12 ploughs belonging to the
men, now 3.'" Wood(land) for 24 swine. And
1 6 acres of meadow. Then as now 5 rounceys.
Then and now 12 beasts, 90 sheep, 40 swine.
Now II goats.'" Then as now worth lo//.''"
I church (with) 24 acres. And 15 acres Hun-

'" 'now 6' ; Inf. EI. I 53.
'" ' 2 hives of bees ' ; ibid.
i« 'Then it was worth 8//., novv' 10//'.'; ibid.

frid, William de Warenne's man, holds, and
Goscelin, the Count of Moretaine's man, (holds)
2. It is 16 furlongs**' Iong> and 10 broad.
And (pays) 20(/. in geld. The soke is Saint
Etheldreda's.

In the same (vill) a freeman under Saint
Etheldreda by commendation and soke T.R.E.
held 3 acres. Worth 6d.

In Ratesdana [Rattlesden] a freeman under
Saint Etheldreda by soke and sac (held) 8 acres.
Worth 2s. Falco, Saint Edmund's man, had
these 8 acres while the Abbey of Saint Etheldreda
was in the King's hand, and has held them up
to this time ; but he denies that he withheld
the service.

At Drincestona [Drinkstone] Saint Ethel-
dreda held T.R.E. 2 carucates of land. A
church (with) 12 acres. Then 15 bordars, now
jia Then 6 serfs, now 4. Then as now 2
ploughs on the demesne. Then 3 ploughs be-
longing to the men, now i. Wood(land) for
100 swine. And 6 acres of meadow. Then as
now 2 horses at the hall,'*' 10 beasts, 32 swine,
30 sheep, 8 goats. Then worth 40J., now
60X. ; but it was (let) to farm at looj-., and
could not render (so much). It is 8 furlongs
long, and 7 broad. And (pays) iirf. in geld.

Thingohou [Thingoe] Hundret

In Reda [Rede] (are) 20 acres in demesne.
And 4 bordars. 2 acres of meadow. And half
a plough. The soke and sac (are) Saint Ethel-
dreda's. Worth 4J.

Lacforde [Lackford] Hundret

(At) Brandona [Brandon] Saint Etheldreda
held T.R.E., and now (holds) as a manor 5
carucates of land. Then as now 8 villeins, and
4 bordars,"" 7 serfs. Then as now 3 ploughs on
the demesne. Then 4 ploughs belonging to the
men, now 3. And 3 acres of meadow."* And
I fishery."' And 2 asses, 1 1 beasts, 200 sheep,

fol. 382.

and 20 swine. A church with 30 acres. Then
it was worth 6//., now 8/;'. It is I league long,
and half a league broad. And in geld (pays) 2od,

(At) Laringahetha [Lakenheath] Saint
Etheldreda held T.R.E. as a manor 3 carucates
of land. Then as now 6 villeins, and 5 bordars,'"
and 4 serfs. Then 3 ploughs on the demesne,

'" ' I league and 4 furlongs ' ; ibid.

'now 8 ' ; ibid.

154.

518

'" ' 2 rounceys ' ; ibid.

'«' ' and I in Wanforda [Wangford] ' ; ibid.

"' ' 4 acres of meadow. Half a mill ' ; ibid.

"" ' Then as now 2 rounceys ' ; ibid.

'" ' 4 bordars ' ; ibid.

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

now 2. Then as now 2 ploughs belonging to
the men. And 5 acres of meadow. And half
a mill.'" And 2 fisheries. And 2 i.orses at the
hall,'" and 5 beasts, 1 00 sheep, and 17 swine. A
church with 60 acres. Then it was worth 4//.,
now 6//. It is I league long, and half a league
broad. And in geld (pays) 2oi.'^°

(At) LuNDALE '" [Undley] Saint Etheldreda
held I carucate of land. And 3 bordars,*** and 4
serfs. Then as now 2 ploughs "' on the demesne.
And 13 acres of meadow. And 2 fisheries.
And I horse, 24 beasts,'^ and 62 sheep. Then
as now it was worth 20s. A church without
land. It is 2 furlongs long, and 2 broad. Its
geld is included in that of Laringeheta [Laken-
heath].

In Dunham [Downham] a half freeman with
his soke under Saint Etheldreda (held) half a
carucate of land, and 3 bordars, and I acre of
meadow. Then as now half a plough. Worth

In LiUERMERA [Livermere] "' 3 freeman under
Saint Etheldreda"' by commendation only, in
Saint Edmund's soke, (held) 29 acres of land.
Then as now half a plough. Worth 51.

Baberga [Babergh] Two Hundrets

(At) Clamesford "' [Glemsford] Saint Ethel-
dreda held 8 carucates of land T.R.E. as now as
a manor. Then as now 16 villeins, and 18 '**
bordars, and 5 serfs. Then as now 3 ploughs on
the demesne, and 7 "' ploughs belonging to the
men. And 12 acres of meadow. Wood(land)
for 5 swine. And i mill. Then as now 3 horses
at the hall,'** 8 beasts,"' and now 200 sheep,
and 32 swine. A church with 30 acres of free
land. And i sokeman with 8 acres."* Then it
was worth 10//., now 16/i. It is i league long,
and 8 furlongs broad. And (pays) i$d. in geld.

(At) Hertest [Hartest] T.R.E. Saint Ethel-
dreda held 5 carucates of land as a manor.
Then as now 12 villeins, and 14 bordars, and
4 serfs. Then as now 2 ploughs on the demesne.
Then 5 ploughs belonging to the men, now 6.
And 10 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 6

'" Omitted ; Inj. El. I 54.

'» ' rotinceys' ; ibid. '" ' lod.' ; ibid.

'" ' Undelai [Undley in Lakenheath] ' ; ibid.

la < "phen as now 5 bordars ' ; ibid.

•" ' I plough ' ; ibid.

"• ' Then as now I rouncey, 2 3 beasts ' ; ibid.

'«' ' and in Wanforda [Wangford] ' ; ibid.

'" ' T.R.E. and now ' ; ibid.

"^ ' Glammesforda ' ; ibid. 155.

'"' 16' ; ibid. ""8'; ibid.

"* ' rounceys ' ; ibid.

'"'18 beasts ' ; ibid.

'"'Worth 1 2d'.'; ibid.

fol. 3 8 24.

swine. Then as now 4 horses at the nail,"' 20
beasts, 25 swine, and 60 sheep. A church with
80 acres of free land. Then it was worth 6//.,
now ii/i. It is I league long, and half a league
broad. And (pays) \od. in geld.

In the same (vill were) 4 sokemen with 30
acres of land, and half a plough. Worth 55.

Moreover there is a sokeman with i carucate
of land. Then as now I plough. Worth 20s.
This Berner the crossbowman {balistarius) holds
of Saint Etheldreda.

Stohu [Stow] Hundret

In CiLTUNA [Chilton] Saint Etheldreda held
2 sokemen with 36 acres, but they had no power
to sell without licence of the Abbot. And I
bordar. Then I plough, now none. Half an
acre of meadow. Worth 5/.

In BuKEssALLA [Buxhall] (arc) I sokeman
with 10 acres of forfeited (Jorefacte) land,'™ and
I bordar with 5 acres. Worth \Qd.

In FiNEBERGA [Finborough] Roger de Obur-
ville holds of Saint Etheldreda 3 sokemen with
34 acres of land.'" Worth 4^. In the same (vill)
are 7 acres of the demesne in Berkinges [Barking].
The sac and soke (are) Saint Etheldreda's.

Half Hundred of Gepeswiz [Ipswich]

(At) Stoches [Stoke] Saint Etheldreda held 3
carucates of land as a manor T.R.E. (There
were) then as now 9 villeins. And then 5 bor-
dars, now 15. Then i serf.'" Then as now 2
ploughs on the demesne. And 6 ploughs belong-
ing to the men. And i church with 40 acres
of free land. And i mill. And 20 acres of
meadow. And 12 beasts, 20 swine, 24 sheep,
and 14 goats. Furthermore Saint Etheldreda
has a moiety of the soke which lies beyond the
bridge. Then it was worth 4//'., now iooj.
It is 6 furlongs long, and 6 broad. And (pays)
^d. in a geld of 20J.

Bosemera [Bosmere] Hundret

(At) Berchingas [Barking] Saint Etheldreda
held T.R.E. with soke and sac 7 carucates of
land as a manor. Then 27 villeins, now 25.
Then 24 bordars, now 30. Then 5 serfs, now
4. Then as now 3 ploughs on the demesne.
Then 24 ploughs belonging to the men, now 15.
A church with 83 acres of free land and 2
ploughs and 52 acres of meadow. Wood(land)

"* ' 4 rounceys ' ; ibid.

"" ' a sokeman with 10 acres who could not sell
his land' ; ibid. I 57.

'" ' which they could not sell. Half a plough ' ;
ibid. '" ' now none ' ; ibid. 158.

519

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

for 50 swine. Then as now i mill. And a weir
{exclusam) of another mill ; and in the weir of
the other mill Robert Malet has a share. And
2 arpents of vineyard."' On the demesne (are)
II rounceys, 23 beasts, 30 swine, 100 sheep,

fol. 383.

and 48 goats. And (there are) 4 freemen with
6 acres, and they have i plough. These men
were added to this manor in King William's
time. Worth 2 shillings. The King and the
Earl (have) soke. Hardwin had one and a half
of these when he made forfeiture ; now the
Abbot holds (them). The manor was then
worth idlL, and the Abbot gave it to farm for
20/;'. It is I league and 4 furlongs long, and
8 furlongs broad. And (pays) zod. in geld.

In Dermodesduna [Darmsden] 25 freemen
held I carucate of land, over whom Saint
Etheldreda had commendation and soke T.R.E.
Then 6 ploughs, now 2. And 3 acres of mea-
dow. Worth 201. Roger Bigot holds of the
Abbot because the Abbot proved his right to it
[derattonavlt) against him before the Bishop of
St. Lo {de Sancto Laudo) ; ''* but before that
however he held of the King.

In Berchingas [Barking] Roger holds 118
acres of the Abbot of his demesne. And a church
with 6 acres. Worth I Of.

In HoRSWALDA [Horswold] '" (was) a freeman
by commendation and soke T.R.E. with 22 i
acres. And half a plough. And half an acre
of meadow. Worth 3;. Roger de Otburville
held him of the King. And the Abbot proved
his right against him. Now he holds of the
Abbot.

In Badeleia [Badley] Saint Etheldreda held
30 acres in demesne T.R.E. This is included
in the valuation of Berchingis [Barking].

In Hamingestuna [Hemingstone] (was) asoke-
man under Saint Etheldreda, with 12 acres."'
William de Scoies holds of the Abbot and this is
included in the valuation of Blacham [Blaken-
ham].

In Hamingestuna [Hemingstone] Iric a free-
man under commendation to the Abbot and in
his soke (held) 15 acres and 2 bordars. Worth
2i. and 6(/.'"

'" Inq. El. adds, ' et una pars bosemaris,' and omits
'on the demesne ' ; ibid. 157.

'" ' before the Bishop of Coutances {Constan-
tieftse) ' ; ibid.

'" In Crowfield.

""Worth 8/.'; ibid. 158.

m ifhis belongs to {j'acet in) Bercham [Barham] ' ;
ibid.

In Uledana [Olden] "' Aluric, a freeman
by commendation only, (held) li acres. Worth
3^. The King and the Earl (have) the soke.''"
This is (held) in demesne.

In Codenham [Coddenham] are 16 acres of
demesne land : and they are included in the
valuation of Bercham [Barham].

In Hassa *"' [Ash (Bocking)] a freewoman,
Listeva, under the Abbot's commendation (held)

fol. 383^-

I acre. Worth 2d. The King and the Earl

(have) the soke.

In the same (vill) a freeman by commendation
only (held) half an acre. Worth id. The
King and Earl (have) the soke.

Claindune [Claydon] Hundret

(At) Bercham [Barham] Saint Etheldreda
held T.R.E. 4 carucates of land as a manor.'"
Then as now 24 villeins. Now 9 bordars.
Then 6 serfs, now 2. Then 3 ploughs on the
demesne, now i. Then 8 ploughs belonging
to the men, now 6. A church with i6 acres.'**
Then as now i mill. And 12 acres of mea-
dow. Then wood(land) for 1 00 swine, now
for 16. Now 9 swine, and 17 sheep.'" And
(there was) a sokeman with 30 acres. Then as
now I plough.'^'' Then it was worth 12//., now
lOOf. It is I league long, and 7^ furlongs
broad. And (pays) 20^. in geld.

In the same (vill) a freeman (held) 35 acres in
the Abbot's soke and commendation. Then i
plough, now half a plough. Then i bordar
now 2."' And 3 acres of meadow. And i mill.
Then it was worth lOi., now 20s. Roger de
Otburville used to hold of the King, now (he
holds) of the Abbot.

In Escarlestuna ^^ [? Sharpstone '"] 3 free-
men in the Abbot's soke and commendation
(held) 8 acres, and 2 oxen. Then it was worth
2od., now 2s. This William de Scoies held of
the King, now (he holds) of the Abbot.

At WiNESTUNA [Winston] Saint Etheldreda
held T.R.E. in demesne I carucate of land and
40 acres as a manor. Then as now 6 villeins,
and 4 bordars. Then 2 ploughs on the demesne,
now I. Then as now 3 ploughs belonging to the
men. 6 acres of meadow. Then wood(land)

'" In Coddenham, see n. 2.

'" ' In the King's soke ' ; Inj. EL 159.

•" ' Ai:sia ' ; ibid. •«' ' in demesne ' ; ibid.

"''of free land'; ibid.

""27 sheep' ; ibid.

'" ' and 2 acres of meadow ' ; ibid.

'" ' 3 bordars. Then as now i plough ' ; ibid.

'" ' In the same vill ' [i.e. Barham] ; ibid.

'" In Barham ; cf. n. 140.

520

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

for 100 swine, now for 60. A church with 8
acres. 2 rounceys, 4 beasts, 20 swine, and 50
sheep. Ther it was worth 4//., now 4//'. and
I ox. And Alsi, a freeman added to this nnanor,
(has) 30 acres as a manor in the Abbot's soke and
commendation. Then as now 2 bordars. And
I plough. Worth los. It is 1 league long and
3 furlongs broad. And (pays) 13^^. in geld.

In Westrefielda [Westerfield] Aseret a soke-
man under the Abbot held 25 acres.'** Then as
now I plough. And i acre of meadow. Worth
51. Hervey holds of the Abbot by the King's
command.

In the same (vill) Turchil a freeman under
commendation (held) 8 acres. Worth i6i/.
Hervey held of the King, and now (he holds) of
the Abbot, by the King's command as he says.
The soke is the King's.

fol. 384.

In Petehaga [Pettaugh] the said Turchil
under commendation, half to the Abbot T.R.E.
and half to Gurth, (held) 20 acres and i acre of
meadow and i villein and half a plough. Worth
5i. This also Hervey held of the King, and
now of the Abbot, by the King's command, as
he says. Half the soke was the Abbot's and (half
belonged) to Hugh's predecessor.'**

In Depleham "" [Debenham] a half freeman
by soke and commendation held 4 acres. Worth
8d. Him Robert Malet held of the King, now
(he holds) of the Abbot.

In AssEFELDA [Ashfield] a freeman by soke
and commendation (held) 3 acres. Worth 8</.

In Henlea [Henley] a freeman by commen-
dation and soke (held) half an acre. Worth id.

In ToRP [Thorpe] Alsi a freeman by soke and
commendation (held) 10 acres. Worth lod.

In ScARUETUNA [? Sharpstone '"] a freeman by
soke and commendation (held) 2 acres. Worth
4^. Walter '"• holds.

Pereham [Parham] Half Hundret

In Blachessala [Blaxhall] 5 freemen in the
soke and commendation of the Abbot (held) 26
acres. Then as now half a plough."^ Worth 4/.

In Wantesdena [Wantisden] (are) 12 acres
belonging to the demesne ofSutburne [Sudbourne],
worth 24</.

"■ ' and he could not sell his land ' ; I»f. El. 1 60.
'" ' Half the soke (is) the Abbot's and half the
Earl's ' ; ibid.

">' ' Debenham ' ; ibid. '" See n. 140.

'•" 'Walter the Deacon' ; Inq. EI. 161.
'" ' I plough' ; ibid. 1 65.

I 5

In the same (vill) Morwin a freeman held 2
acres, worth \d. The said Morwin holds of the
Abbot.

Plumesgata FPlomesgate] Hundret

(At) SuDBURNA [Sudbourne] Saint Ethel-
dreda held T.R.E. as a manor 6 carucates of land.
Then as now 1 4 villeins. Then 1 5 bordars, now
2 1 .'" Then 2 serfs."* Then 3 ploughs on the
demesne, now l. Then 12 ploughs belonging
to the men, now 6 ;'" and 6 might be re-stocked.
4 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 1 2 swine.
Then i rouncey, now 2. Then as now 7 beasts,
17 swine, and 120 sheep. Then as now it was
worth 7//."° A church with 8 acres. It is i
league long, and half (a league) broad. And
(pays) 20^. in geld.

fol. 384*.

Hertesmara [Hartismere] Hundret

At Weringheseta [Wetheringsett] Saint
Etheldreda held T.R.E. 4 carucates of land as a
manor, now Ralph de Savigny holds the fourth '"
of Ranulph Peverell. Then as now lo villeins.
And 9 bordars. Then 4 serfs, now 2. Then as
now 2 ploughs on the demesne. And 3 ploughs
belonging to the men. And 4 acres of meadow.
Then wood(land) for 500 swine, now for 400.
A church with 16 acres and half a plough.
And 2 rounceys,"* 8 beasts, 30 swine, 107 sheep,
and 1 8 goats. Then worth loA'., and the like
now.

In the same (vill) 4 freemen under commen-
dation, Gotwin, Brictmar, Osulf, Derolf, (held)
40 acres. Then as now 2 ploughs. Worth ioj.
Saint Etheldreda (had) the soke. It is i^
leagues long, and i league broad. And (pays)
9^. in geld. Others have holdings therein.

RiSEBRUGE [RiSBRIDGE] HuNDRET

(At) Cedeberia [Chedburgh] 2 freemen
T.R.E. held 2 carucates of land as 2 manors.
Then 2 bordars, now 5. Then as now 4 serfs.
Then 2 ploughs on the demesne, now 4. And
half a plough belonging to the men. 8 acres of
meadow. Wood(land) for I2 swine. This
Frodo holds of the Abbot. When he took it
over (there were) 4 rounceys, now none. Then
8 beasts, now 14. Then 20 sheep."' All this
land belonged to [jacebat in) the demesne of the

'"' ' now 22 ' ; ibid. "* ' now none ' ; ibid.

"* ' now 5 ' ; ibid. Here Dom. Bk. is evidently
the more accurate, as the loss of the 6 ploughs which
' might be restocked ' would leave 6.

196 < Then worth 6//., now 7/;.' ; ibid. Here the
advantage of accuracy would seem to lie with the Inj.

'" ' one of them ' ; ibid. 166.

'" ' 2 rounceys at the hall ' ; ibid.

'"'now none'; ibid. 155.

21 66

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

abbey T.R.E. with every kind of custom except
Saint Edmund's six forfeitures. Then worth 40^.,
now 60J. It is half a league long, and 3 fur-
longs broad. And (pays) i^. in geld. Others
hold land therein.

In CoPLETUNA '^ [Clopton] 3 freemen (held)
20 acres. Saint Etheldredahad soke and sac and
commendation. And they were worth 2s.
Saint Edmund (held) the 6 forfeitures.

Half Hundret of Cosforda [Cosford]

(At) Hecham [Hitcham] Saint Etheldreda
held T.R.E. 11 carucates of land. Then 30 vil-
leins, now 36. Then 1 8 bordars, now 26. Then
as now 8 serfs. Then 4 ploughs on the demesne,
now 3. Then 20 ploughs belonging to the men,
now 16, and 16 acres of meadow. Wood(land)

fol. 385.

for 20 swine. Then as now 1 1 rounceys, 30
beasts, 175 sheep, 60 swine, 42 goats, and 2 hives
of bees. A church with 2 acres. Then it was
worth 20//'.,*" now 40//. It is i league and 4
furlongs long, and i league broad. And (pays)
I $d. in geld. Others have holdings there.

(At) NiEDiNGA [Nedging] T.R.E. Saint Ethel-
dreda held 3 carucates of land. Then 8 villeins,
now 6. Then 6 bordars, now 9. Then 3 serfs,
now 1 . Then as now 3 ploughs on the demesne.
Then 2 ploughs belonging to the men, now i .
8 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 6 swine.
And 1 mill. And 2 rounceys, 14 beasts, 100
sheep, and 20 swine. A church with 7 ** acres.
And2sokemen with 14 acres. Then i plough,
now 2 oxen. Then it was worth 4/;'., now 8//.
It is I league long, and 3 furlongs broad. And
(pays) 2^d. in geld.

In Hecham [Hitcham] 5 sokemen (held) 60
acres. Then 2^ ploughs now i, and 3 acres of
meadow. Worth 10;. Roger Bigot holds (this).

In the same (vill are) 123 acres of demesne
land, and 3 bordars, and i plough, and i^ acres
of meadow. Worth los. In the same (vill)
I sokeman (held) 40 acres. Worth $5. This
Richard, son of Count Gilbert, holds.

BisscoPEs [Bishop's] Hundret

(At) Wineberga [? Wingfield ^^] a freeman
over whom Saint Etheldreda had commendation
T.R.E. held 2 carucates of land, and 7 bordars.""*
Then 2 ploughs on the demesne, now i . Then
as now 2 ploughs belonging to the men. 1 1
acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 140 swine.

Then 2 rounceys, now 1. And i beast. Then
60 swine, now 20. And 20 sheep. And 2 hives
(of bees). A church with 24 acres. Worth 4.S.
And 13 freemen with 80 acres. Over one
Robert Malet's predecessor had commendation.
Then 4 ploughs, now 3. Then worth 4//. and
1 3f. and 4.d., now 4//. This Roger Bigot claims
as of the King's gift : but the Abbot of Ely
proved his right against him: now Roger holds **"
on account of the respite of plea {per respectum).
The soke (is) in Hoxa [Hoxne]. It is i league
and 2 furlongs long, and 4 furlongs broad. And
(pays) ii\d. in geld. Others hold land therein.

In Saham [Soham] a freeman by commendation
(held) I carucate of land and 2 villeins and 3
bordars. Then as now 2 ploughs. And 5 acres
of meadow. Wood(land) for 10 swine. Then

**" Cloptuna ' ; Inj. El. 155.

"' 'Then v?orth iSR.' ; ibid. 156.

"^ ' 8 acres ' ; ibid.

«" '8 bordars'; /nf. El. 156.

•"Seen. 81.

fol. 385A.

worth 20;., now 25/. The soke is in Oxa
[Hoxne]. This Robert Malet held of the King:
the Abbot proved his right, and Robert holds it
of him.

In Blidinga [Blything] Hundret

Saint Etheldreda held at Alnet'ne *"' [ ]

as a manor T.R.E. 2 carucates of land. Then
9 villeins, now 7. Then as now 13 bordars.
Then as now i serf. Then as now 2 ploughs
on the demesne. And 3 ploughs belonging to
the men. And half a church with 2 acres.
Wood(land) for 6 swine. 2 acres of meadow.
And I rouncey, 8 beasts, 28 sheep, 8 swine, 16
goats. To this manor belong 80 burgesses in
Dunewic [Dunwich], and they dwell upon 14
acres. Then as now it was worth lOOs.

In the same (vill) *'' belong 3 freemen dwelling
in Besemera [ ] *"' with 1 4 acres and

I plough. Worth y. Saint Etheldreda (has)
soke and sac.

Hundret of Colenesse [Colneis]

In Morestuna [Moston *"*] (was) a freeman
Ulviet"" with 5 acres under commendation to
Saint Etheldreda T.R.E. Worth idd. Robert
Malet holds him of the Saint.

In Tremlega [Trimley] (was) a freeman
Lewric with 40 acres as a manor under the
Abbot's commendation T.R.E. Roger Bigot
holds him of the king. The Abbot proved his
right, and Roger (now) holds of him. And i
plough. And 3 bordars. One acre of meadow.
And a freeman under him with 4 acres. Worth
20y.

"» 'of the abbot' ; ibid.

*" ' Ernetune,' ' Ernetherne ' ; ibid.

*" ' To this manor ' ; ibid.

*" ' dwelling in Besmera ' omitted ; ibid.

"' In Trimley St. Martin.

'Wlfgiet'; Inq.El. 1 58.

522

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

In Waletuna [Walton] (was) a freewoman
Alveva"' with 16 acres under the Abbot's com-
mendation. And 2 bordars. And half a plough.
Worth 35. H[ervey] Beruarius ^^^ holds of the
Abbot ; and he held of the king, but the Abbot
proved his right.

And in Plugeard [ ] '" (was) a free-

man (under Saint) Etheldreda, Edwin, with 2
acres. Worth ^.d. And now the same H[ervey]
holds of the Abbot.

In Kenebroc [Kembrook] (was) a freeman
(under Saint) Etheldreda, Godric, with 7 acres.
And 2 oxen. Worth 2od. Roger Bigot held
him of the king, but the Abbot proved his right ;
and Roger Bigot holds of him.

Saint Etheldreda has the soke of the 5^
Hundreds. And it renders to her 1 1 /«'.*"

fol, 386.

HUNDRET OF CaRLEFORDA [CaRLFORD]

(At) Kyngestuna [Kingston] ^" Saint Ethel-
dreda T.R.E. held I carucate of land as a
manor. Then 8 villeins, now 5, now 8 bordars.'"
Then 2 serfs, now i. Then as now on the
demesne 2 ploughs, and 3 ploughs of the men,
and 8^ acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 5
swine. Then as- now i rouncey, 4 beasts, 30
sheep, and 12 swine. Then as now it was
worth 40s. It is 4 furlongs long and 3 broad,
and (pays) 3;/. in geld. Others have holdings
there.

(At) Brihtewella [Brightwell] the Saint
T.R.E. held as a manor 2 carucates of land.
Then 6 villeins, now 5. Then as now 3
bordars. Then 5 serfs, now 2. Then as now
on the demesne 2 ploughs. Then 4 ploughs
belonging to the men, now 3. And i church
without land. And 6 acres of meadow. And
2 mills. Then as now i rouncey, 40 sheep,
and 8 swine. And there is i sokeman with 12
acres, and he dwells in Neubrumna [Newbourn]
Then as now it was worth 40;. It is 10 fur-
longs long and 6 broad. And (pays) ^^d, in
geld. Others have holdings there.

In Grundesburc [Grundisburgh] Algar, a
freeman under Saint Etheldreda T.R.E. held i
carucate and 30 acres of land as a manor. Then
as now 2 villeins and 5 bordars. Then as now
on the demesne 2 ploughs and i plough belong-
ing to the men. 4 acres of meadow. Then as

•"'Alfgeve'; Inj. El. 158.

'" ' Bebruel ' ; ibid. '" See n. 94.

"* Inq. El. (p. 159) substitutes for this : 'Over the
whole hundred of Colneis St. Etheldreda has sac and
soke, and it is worth 40/.'

*" In Woodbridge.

"• ' now 7 bordars ' ; Inj. El. 1 60.

now 3 rounceys, 6 beasts, 16 swine, and 70
sheep, and 3 hives of bees. Then it was worth
20J., now 40J. This Hervey de Beruari' holds
of Saint Etheldreda, It is 10 furlongs long and
6 broad, and (pays) 1 5^. in geld.

In Grundesburgh [Grundisburgh] 3 men
under half commendation to Algar T.R.E.
(held) 7 acres, worth \2d.^"

In Haschetuna [Hasketon] are 22 acres,
worth 4J."*

In Thisteldena [Thistleton] Ulmar, a free-
man under commendation to Saint Etheldreda,
held 60 acres as a manor, and 5 freemen"' under
him. Of them 2 were under commendation
to the predecessor of Geoffrey de Magnaville.

fol. 386/!..

Then i^ ploughs, now I, and 3 acres of meadow.
Then it was worth i oj., now i 2j. When he *^
received it there was i rouncey, and there is
now. Then 5 beasts, and now 15 swine, and
50 sheep, and 12 goats, and 5 hives of bees.

In Parva Belinges [Little Bealings] are 2
freemen with 20 acres under commendation to
Saint Etheldreda, and half a plough, worth 3;.

In Foxehola [Foxhall] are 15 acres,"* worth

2S.

In Buclesham [Bucklesham] 5 acres, worth
8<^."«

In RiSHEMARA [Rushmere (St. Andrew)]
Turchil, a freeman T.R.E. under commenda-
tion half to Saint Etheldreda and half to Gurth,
held 80 acres of land as a manor. Then i
plough, now half a plough. 5 acres of meadow.
Then it was worth 20i., now lOs.

In the same (vill was) Edric, a freeman under
the same commendation as the other, with 20
acres.^*' Then 1 plough, now half a plough, and
half an acre of meadow. Then it was worth
lOi., now 6j.''*

Moreover in the same (vill) 5 freemen under
commendation to Turchil (held) 1 5 acres. Then
half a plough, now none. Then it was worth
30i/., now 3f.

"' ' In Grundesburch Hervey Breduel holds 3 half-
freemen under commendation to St. Etheldreda.
Worth 3/.' ; Inj. El. 163. This appears to be dupli-
cated below under the lands of Hervey de Bourges ;
see n. 361.

"•'worth 2/.'; 7»f. El 163.

"* 'with 20 acres' ; ibid.

*" Inq. El. makes Hervey the tenant ; ibid.

"' ' 20 acres ' ; ibid.

"* ' In Bucheshala 5 acres, worth \od.' ; ibid.

mi. — '

'25 acres' ; ibid.

•» • worth 5/.' ; ibid.

523

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In ToDENHAM [Tuddenham] Aluric, a free-
man "' under commendation to one under com-
mendation to Saint Etheldreda, worth 8d. All
this Hervey de Berruariu holds of Saint
Etheldreda.

In Kalletuna '-« [ ] Isaac holds 8

freemen ^^ under commendation to Saint Ethel-
dreda (with) I carucate of land, and 2 bordars.
Then 3 ploughs, now I. 4 acres of meadow.
Worth i6s. It is 6 furlongs long and 2 broad,
and (pays) 2^. in geld. Isaac holds of the
Abbot.

In Ingoluestuna [ ] (is) a free-

man with 16 acres, and half an acre of meadow,
and half a plough. Worth y. This Robert
Malet holds of the Abbot.

In Isleuestuna "' [? Isleton ^-'] a freewoman
under commendation to Saint Etheldreda holds
30 acres.^'" Then i plough now half a plough.
2 bordars, 4 acres of meadow, and a freeman
with 10 acres. Worth 45.

In BuRH [Burgh] (are) 6 acres, worth izd.

In Bischelea^' [Bixley] 4 acres, worth 8d.

In RisEMARA [Rushmere] Leuric a freeman
under commendation to Saint Etheldreda, held

fol. 387.

40 acres, and 7 bordars, and i ^ ploughs, i acre
of meadow. Worth lOs.-^^

In FiNESFORD [ ] ''' Leveva a free-

woman under commendation to Saint Ethel-
dreda (held) 40 acres and i plough, and 4 bordars.
Worth 6s.

HUNDRET OF WiLEFORDA [WilFORd]

In SuTTUNA [Sutton] Robert Malet (now)
holds a half freeman Godwin under Saint Ethel-
dreda's commendation with 12 acres as a manor.
Half a bordar. Then half a plough. And now
I acre of meadow. Then worth 2;., now 5;.

In the same (vill) were 9 freemen under him
(Godwin) and a freeman under Saint Ethel-
dreda's commendation with 40 acres. Then i
plough, now the like. Half an acre of meadow.
Then worth 4/., now Js.

*" ' with 4 acres ' ; Inj. El. 164..

*« ' Carletuna ' ; ibid. "' ' 7 freemen ' ; ibid.

"' ' Staleuestuna ' ; ibid. 1 63.

*" In Foxhall and Brightwe!! ; Copinger, Suf. Ree.

"" ' and a freeman under her with I acre ' ; Inj.
El. 163.

•" ' Isclei,' ' Esclei ' ; ibid.

"• ' This (i.e. the last four entries) St. Etheldreda
holds in demesne ' ; ibid.

"* Probably on the River Finn.

In Capeles [Capel (St. Andrew)] (were)" 3I
freemen under Saint Etheldreda's commendation
with 15 acres of land. Then i plough, now
half a plough." Then worth 2s., now 4;.

And in Scotesham ^'* [Shottisham] i^ free-
men under the said Saint Etheldreda's commen-
dation with 7 acres, worth I2d,

In Brameswella [Bromeswell] (were) i|
freemen under Saint Etheldreda's commendation
with 8 acres. Haifa plough. Worth 161^.

This Robert Malet holds of Saint Etheldreda.

In Bredefelda [Bredfield] (were) 3 whole
freemen and 3 half (freemen) and a quarter of a
freeman with 24 acres (?). Then 2 ploughs,
now half a plough. Worth 6x. and 2d.^^^ Robert
Malet (holds) of Saint Etheldreda.

And a freeman Farman (had) 1 2 acres in the
Abbot's soke and commendation, worth 2;.

In Baldeseia [Bawdsey] 2 freemen under
Saint Etheldreda's commendation (held) 7 acres,
worth i2d.

In Alretuna [Alderton] are 12 acres,*'*
worth 2J.

In Carsfelda [Charsfield] 2 freemen under
Saint Etheldreda's commendation (held) 33
acres "' and i plough and i acre of meadow.
Worth $s.

In Capeles [Capel (St. Andrew)] (was) a
freeman. And in Bradefelda [Bredfield]"'
another with 32 acres of land ; and the Abbot
of Ely (had) commendation. Then i plough,
now half a plough. Then as now worth 5;.
This Robert Malet holds of the Abbot of Ely.

(At) Meltuna [Melton] belonging to the
Abbot of Ely (were) 2 carucates of land as a
manor. Then 18 villeins, now 9. Then 6
bordars, now 13. Then 2 serfs, now none.
Then as now 2 ploughs on the demesne. Then
5 ploughs belonging to the men, now 3^. 17
acres of meadow. One rouncey.^" And i mill.

fol. 387^.

II swine, 37 sheep. And to this manor belongs
a berewick, Baldereseia [Bawdsey], and it is
so reckoned [enumerata)?^ And 4 sokemen with
32 acres of land. They could not give nor sell
the land. Then 2 ploughs, now i^. 2 acres
of meadow. Then as now worth 40;, It is

"* ' Eissestesham ' ; Inq. El. 162.
»« ' Worth JS. 2d: ; ibid.

' of demesne (land) '
3 7 acres '

ibid.

""-'—•■ ibid.

"« ' and in Baldresie [Bawdsey] ' ; ibid.

'and I beast'; ibid. 16 1.

' et numerata est in Meltuna ' ; ibid.

524

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

I league long, and 9 furlongs *** broad,
(pays) 7.']d. in geld.

In the same Baldereseia [Bawdsey] 5 free-
men '*^ (held) 19 acres of land. Then the Abbot
of Ely (had) commendation. Then as now
worth ^od.

In Hoi^*' [Hoo] (was) a freeman with 19
acres of land. Then as now half a plough. One
acre of meadow. Then as now worth 5^.

In HuNDESTUF *** [ ] (was) a freeman

with 6 acres of land. The Abbot of Ely (had)
commendation. Worth i2d.

In Brumesuelle [Bromeswell] (were) 2 free-
men with 10 acres of land. And the Abbot of
Ely (had) commendation. Worth i2d. In the
same (vill) a church with 16 acres, worth 2s.
And this is (upon) the Abbot's demesne.

And in the same vill Hervey holds 70 free-
men from whom the Abbot had commendation
soke and sac and all customs ; of these the pre-
decessor of Roger Bigot had commendation over

1 with 6 acres ; and now (there are) 45 (with)

2 carucates of land and 16 acres. Then 12
ploughs, now 6. And 3 acres of meadow.
They were then worth 40J., and now 6ox.

In the same (vill) 4 freemen under commenda-
tion to the Abbot (held) 76 acres of land. Then
4 ploughs, now 3. And 4 acres of meadow.
And 2 rounceys, 6 swine, 57 sheep. Then
worth 20J., and now a like amount.

In Berdesfella ^''^ [Bredfield] (were) 3 free-
men under commendation to the Abbot with 76
acres**" of land. Then 3 ploughs, now 2. And
under them (were) 3 freemen with 5 aCres.**'
Half an acre of meadow. Then worth 151.,
now 20s.

In Berdefelda [Bredfield] (are) 6 acres,
which Robert Malet's predecessor held ; now
Hervey de Berruarius (holds) of the Abbot,

All this Hervey holds of the Abbot.

Moreover in the same (vill is) a church with
3 1 acres of free land and 2 acres of meadow,
worth 5j.

In Bromeswella [Bromeswell] Hervey (now
holds) 2 freemen under Saint Etheldreda's com-
mendation with 22 acres. Then 2 ploughs,
now half a plough, i^ acres of meadow. Then
worth 4J., now $s.

"' ' 9I furlongs ' ; Ing, El. 161.
"' ' To the same manor belong 5 freemen who
dwell in Baldreseia ' ; ibid.
"' ' Hou ' ; ibid.

"« 'Hundtoft,' 'Hundestost' ; ibid.
•" ' Bradesfelda ' ; ibid.
""71 acres'; ibid.
'" ' and 2 bordars ' ; ibid.

And fol. 388.

In Bradefelda [Bredfield] Hervey holds 2
freemen under Saint Etheldreda's commendation
with 4. acres, worth izd.

In Brumeswella [Bromeswell] Robert Malet
(now) holds 3 freemen under Saint Etheldreda's
commendation with 4 acres, worth 2s.

In Scotesham [Shottisham] (is) i acre,**'
worth 2d.

In Ufforda [U£Ford] Almar a freeman
T.R.E. under commendation half of Edric and
half of Saint Etheldreda held as a manor 60
acres. Then 4 bordars, now 2. Then i^
ploughs, now half a plough. 4 acres of meadow.
And I mill. Then as now worth ioj.

In the same (vill were) 9 freemen *" under
commendation of the same (Almar) except 2, who
{ipsi) were under Saint Etheldreda's commenda-
tion, with 25 (acres of land) and 2 acres of
meadow. Then as now i plough. Then as now
worth \s.

In LuDHAM [Loudham] a half freeman
Morewin under Saint Etheldreda's commendation
(held) 20 acres, half a bordar. Half a plough.*"
And 7 freemen under him with 20 acres. 2^
acres *" of meadow. Then i plough, now half a
plough. Then as now worth ioj.

In HoRAPOLA [Harpole] (were) 2 half free-
men with 13 J acres,*" worth 2od.

In Meltuna [Melton] (was) a freeman under
Saint Etheldreda (with) 2 acres, worth /^d.

In HoREPOLO [Harpole] (was) a half freeman
under Saint Etheldreda (with) 15 acres. Then
half a plough, now none. Worth 3^.

HUNDRET OF LoSA [LoEs]

(At) Hou [Hoo] Saint Etheldreda held
T.R.E. as a manor 3 carucates of land. Then
18 villeins, now 10. Then i bordar, now 16,
Then 6 serfs, now 2. Then on the demesne
3 ploughs, now 2. Then 6 ploughs belonging
to the men, now 5. Wood(land) for 20 swine,
7 acres of meadow. I mill. And 7 beasts, 24
swine, 30 sheep, and 40 goats. Then it was
worth looj., now 4/;. And W. de Buville
took one of these carucates before its possession
was decided {derationata est) by the King's pre-
cept and seisin given to the church : but he
vouches his lord [dominum suum) Geoffrey de
Magnaville as guarantor {ad tutorem) ; and he

"' ' of demesne (land) ' ; ibid. 162.
"''II freemen ' ; ibid.

"" ' 60 acres, I bordar. Then as now I plough ' ;
ibid. 163.

'"' ' 5 acres ' ; ibid. "''12 acre) ' ; ibid.

525

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

has given security thereupon ; now the land is in
the King's hand. To this manor belong 4 free-
men under commendation to Saint Etheldrcda
with 6 acres of land, worth I2d. A church

fol. 388*.

with 8^ acres, worth i6ci.^'^ It is 8 furlongs

long and 4 broad. And in geld (pays) 3W.

In Brandestuna [Brandeston] Hervey de
Bituricensis (now) holds a freeman under Saint
Etheldreda with 8 acres, woith 4^.

In Letheringaham [Letheringham] (are) 3i
acres on the demesne, worth 6d.

In Gretingaham [Cretingham] (is) a villein
with 16 acres and half a plough, worth 31.

In Dalingahou [Dallinghoo] 4 freemen
under commendation of Saint Etheldreda (held)
half a carucate of land. Then 2 ploughs. Now
I acre of meadow. Then it was worth 8s., now
a like sum.

In Udebriga [Woodbridge] (were) 7 free-
men T.R.E. now (there are) 2 '" under com-
mendation to Saint Etheldreda with 40 acres.
Then i plough."' Then it was worth 6;.,
now 5i.-''

In the same (vill) Robert Malet (now holds) a
freeman with i6J^ acres*" and half a plough,
worth 5j.

In Dalingahou [Dallinghoo] (was) a
freeman with 16 acres, worth 2s. and 8d.

half

In Renslesham"* [Rendlesham] (was) a half
freeman with 6 acres, worth lid.

In Udebrige -" [Woodbridge] (were) 2 bor-
dars with 10 acres, worth 2s.

In Mungedena'*' [Monewden] (was) a free-
man and in Ceresfelda [Charsifield] another
with 18 acres, worth 31.

Plomgata [Plomesgate] Hundret

In Aldeburc [Aldeburgh] (are) 5 acres ; and
(this) is in demesne ; worth lod. Norman
(holds it).

" 'Worth 12/' ; Inj. El. 1 64.
'^ ' Now 2 ' omitted ; ibid. 165.
•^ ' Now none ' ; ibid.

'" ' This Hervej Bredruel holds of the abbot ' ;
ibid.

'" 'A half-freeman Almar with 15^ acres' ; ibid.
'" ' Reusesham ' altered into ' Reulesham ' ; ibid.

XXII. LAND OF GILBERT, BISHOP
OF EVREUX

WiLEFORT [WilFORD] HuNDRET

Turmod held Udeham [ ] as a

manor with 2 carucates of land. Then 2 vil-
leins, now 7. Then as now 2 ploughs on the
demesne. And I plough belonging to the men.
And 10 acres of meadow. One mill. One
rouncey, 7 beasts, 56 swine. Then worth 40J.,
now 1 2//.

(At) Capesia [Campsey] Brictmar a sokemaii
under Saint Etheldreda held 50 acres as a manor,
and he could not sell or give his land. Then as
now I villein, and 3 bordars. Then i plough.
2 acres of meadow. Then i mill. And he
renders 35;. (which are included) in the above
valuation.

In LuDHAM [Loudham] (were) 34 freemen
under commendation to Turmod; of these 15
were under Edric's commendation and one was
in St. Etheldreda's commendation with 20 acres.
Altogether they have i^ carucates of land. Then
6 ploughs, now 3. 6 acres of meadow. Worth
8//. And a church with 60 acres worth 51.
Several persons have shares therein (ibi parciuntur).

fol. 389.
XXIII.

LAND OF THE ABBOT OF
BERNAI

•"'Wudebume'; ibid.
' Monecgdena ' ; ibid.

Stou [Stow] Hundret

In Cratinga [Greeting (St. Peter)] (there is)
a freeman with 20 acres. Half a church witli
10 acres. And i villein and 2 bordars; Then
as now I plough among them all. And 2 acres
of meadow. Valued in Cratinga [Greeting (St.
Mary)] in another Hundred. In the same (vill)
is a freeman with 5 acres. He is valued (in like
manner). The King gave (this holding) out of
Hard win's fee.

Bosemara [Bosmere] Hundret

At Gratingas [Greeting (St. Mary)] Aluric a
freeman held i^ carucates of land as a manor.
Then as now 4 villeins, and 12 bordars, and 2
serfs. Then 2 ploughs on the demesne, now i.
Then 2 ploughs belonging to the men, now I.
And 4 acres of meadow. And 6 beasts, and 1 5
swine. Then 100 sheep, now 36. Then it
was worth loo^., now 6/;'.

(At) NrwETUNA [(Old) Newton] Aluric held
1 carucate of land as a manor T.R.E. Then as
now 3 villeins, and 12 bordars and i serf.
And I plough on the demesne. Then 2 ploughs
belonging to the men, now I, 5 acres of mea-
dow. Wood(land) for 6 swine. And 2 mills.
Worth 6or.

526

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

In Cratingas [Greeting] 24 freemen (held)
I carucate of land and i virgate. Then 3 ploughs,
now 1^ ploughs. Worth 20s. A church with
12 acres. Nieutuna [Newton] is 6 furlongs
long, and 3 broad. And (pays) $d. in geld.
The King and the Earl (have) soke over the
whole.

In Uledana [Olden ^'] Alwin (holds) 2 free-
men with 1 1 acres. Then half a plough, now
none ; (included) in the same valuation.

XXIIII. LANDS OF THE ABBEY OF
CHATERIS

Half Hundret of Cosfort [Cosford]

(At) Caresea [Kersey] Saint Mary T.R.E.
held 3 J carucates of land. Then as now 6 vil-
leins, and 18 bordars, and 1 serf. And 2 ploughs
on the demesne, and 4 ploughs belonging to the
men. And 4 acres of meadow. Wood(land)
for 60 swine. And i mill. And i rouncey,
10 beasts, 36 swine, 140 sheep, and 3 hives of
bees. A church with 3 acres. And i soke-
man with 2 acres, and i freeman with 20 acres,
and I plough, and i acre of meadow. Then
this manor was worth 4//., now 1 00s., and the
freemen 41. less ^.d. It is 8 furlongs long and 6
broad, and (pays) J^d. in geld.

fol. 389^.

XXV. LAND OF RICHARD SON OF
COUNT GILBERT

RiSEBRUGE [RiSBRIDGE] HuNDRET

(At) Clara [Clare] Aluric held as a manor
24 carucates of land T.R.E. Then 40 villeins,
afterwards 35, now 30. Then and afterwards
10 bordars, now 30. Then as now 20 serfs.
Then 12 ploughs on the demesne, afterwards 6,
now 7. Then 36 ploughs belonging to the men,
afterwards 30, now 24. 37 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 12 swine. Then as now I mill.
Now 5 arpents of vineyard. Then as now 6
rounceys. Then 10 beasts, now 14. Then 12
swine, now 60. Then 60 sheep, now 480.
And 12 hives of bees. Then as now a market.
Now 43 burgesses. Aluric son of Wisgar gave
this manor to Saint John T.R.E., his son con-
senting thereto, and put in [imposuit) Ledmar the
priest and others with him. Having also made
a charter he committed the church and the whole
place into the hands of Leustan the Abbot to
keep, and into the keeping of Wisgar his own
son.^*' But the clerks could neither give nor alien-

«' See n. 2.

' ' ' The celebrated Earl ^Ifric son of Wlgar gave
Melford to St. Edmund and built the church of St.
Jjhn the Baptist at Clare and appointed {collocavit)
clerb there and gave that manor to the church : and

ate [forts facere) this land away from Saint John.
However, after King William came he seized it
into his own hand. To this manor then as now
belonged 5 sokemen with all customs, (having)
i^ carucates of land. Then as now i^ ploughs.
6 acres of meadow. Then worth 40//'., and now
the like. It is 2 leagues long, and i broad. And
(pays) i$d. in geld.

(At) HuENENDANA [Hundon] T.R.E. Wisgar
(held) as a manor 25 carucates and 20 acres of
land. Then as afterwards 54 villeins, now 41,
Then as now 30 bordars, and 14 serfs. Then
9 ploughs on the demesne, afterwards 4, now 7.
Then 31 ploughs belonging to the men, after-
wards and now 23. And 45 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 160 swine. Then as now i mill.
A church with half a carucate of free land, and
another church with 4J acres ; then as now i
plough and 3 acres of meadow. Then 2 rounceys,
now 6. Then 14 beasts, now 31. Then 130
swine, now 160. Then 80 sheep, now 480.
Now 1 7 hives of bees. Then worth 30A'., after-
wards and now 40//'. and 45. It is 2 leagues and

fol. 390.

2 furlongs long, and i league broad. And (pays)
1 5^. in geld. Others hold (land) there.

(At) Deselinga [Desning] *°' Wisgar held
as a manor T.R.E. 20 carucates of land.
Then as now 28 villeins, and 91 bordars, and
20 serfs. And 10 plot g'ls on the demesne.
And 32 ploughs belonging to the men. And 15
acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 80 swine.
Then 5 mills, now 4. Two churches with ij
carucates of land, and i^ ploughs. Then 8
rounceys, now 5. Then 18 beasts, now 40.
Then 100 swine, now 80. Then 840 sheep,
now 960. And 9 hives of bees. Then worth
3oA'., afterwards and now 40//. But yet he gave
it to a certain steward to farm for 65//'. But the
manor could not bear it. It is 2^ leagues long,
and I league broad. And (pays) 37^/. in geld in
two hundreds."*

In Danerdestuna [Denston] (was)a sokeman
(Robert holds him) with 2 carucates of land and
I o acres as a manor. And 3 bordars, and 2 serfs.
Then 3 ploughs, now 2. And 2 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 10 swine. Now 2 rounceys,
13 beasts, 28 swine, 32 sheep, and 4 goats. Then
and afterwards worth 40s., now 50J.

In Cleptuna [Clopton] (were) 2 sokemen
(with) I carucate and 81^ acres of land. And
9 bordars, and 2 serfs. Then 2 ploughs on the

the son of ^Ifric dwelt in a certain tower (turrim ?),
where the hospital now is, by leave of Abbot Leofstan,
and gave the said Melford to the use of the sick.'
Add. MS. 14847, fol. 24.

'" In Gazeley.

*" Presumably Risbridge and Lackford, see below.

C27

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

demesne, now 3. And half a plough belonging
to the men. And 3 acres of meadow. Wood-
(land) for 4 swine. Then as now 2 rounceys.
Then 6 beasts, now 12. Now 30 swine. Then
40 sheep, now 80. And 3 hives of bees. They
were then worth 20s., now 40^.

Danardestuna [Denston] is i league long,
and 3 furlongs broad. And (pays) 6^d. in geld.

And Cloptuna [Clopton] is i league long,
and 3 furlongs broad. And (pays) 6^ti. in geld.

In Dalham [Dalham] (was) 1 sokeman with

2 carucates of land. And i villein, and 5 bordars,
and 2 serfs. And 2 ploughs on the demesne.
Then 2 ploughs belonging to the men, now i^.
And 2 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 60
swine. Then as now 2 rounceys. And 10
beasts, now 16. Then 24 swine, now 30.
Then 1 00 sheep, now 150. And 50 goats. Then
worth 40J. now 6of. A church with 40 acres

fol. 390A.

of free land and half a plough, worth 5/. William

Pecche {peccatum) holds this.

In Denham [Denham] (were) 2 sokemen with

3 carucates of land. Then as now 5 villeins,
and 1 3 bordars, and I serf. Then 4 ploughs on
the demesne, now 3. Then as now 4 ploughs
belonging to the men. 6 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 20 swine. A church without
land. W. Hurrant holds this. Then i horse,
now 2. Now 4 beasts. Then 15 swine, now
33, and 72 sheep, and 38 goats. They were
then worth 3//., now 4/;'. and lox.

In AuoKEDUNA [Hawkedon] (was) i sokeman
with I carucate of land then as now. And 2
villeins, and i serf. And i plough on the de-
mesne. And half a plough belonging to the
men. Worth 20^ This Gislebert holds.

In AuoKEDUNA [Hawkedon] (was) i sokeman
with I carucate of land. Now 3 bordars. And
I serf. Then as now 1 plough on the demesne.
And 4 acres of meadow. Then as now worth
20J. This Fulkered holds.

In Wratinga [(Little) Wratting] (was) i soke-
man with I carucate of land. Then as now i
villein, and 3 bordars, and I serf. And I plough
on the demesne. Then half a plough belonging
to the men, now 2 oxen. And 4 acres of mea-
dow. A church with 32 acres of free land.
Then as now worth 20s. Ulmar then as now
holds.

4 beasts, now 6. Then 7 swine, now 30
Then 40 sheep, now 80. Then worth 20s.

now 305.

In HuNEDANA [Hundon] (was) i sokeman
with I carucate of land. Then as now 2 bor-
dars. And I plough. Hamo holds (over him).
Then 30 sheep, now 50. Worth 20s.

In the same (vill were) 10 sokemen with i
carucate of land. Then as now I plough. And

2 acres of meadow. Worth 20s.

In Farleia [Farley] (was) i sokeman with
7 acres, worth 14^.

In Brochola [Brockley] was i sokeman with
half a carucate of land. Then as now i plough.
And 2 acres of meadow. Then worth 8/., now
16/.

In KiDiTUNA [Kedington] (was) i sokeman
with 30 acres and half a plough. Worth 5;.

In BoiTUNA [Boyton] (was) i sokeman with
60 acres. And 3 bordars. Then as now i
plough. And 2 acres of meadow. Worth 10s.

fol. 391.

In Stoches [Stoke-by-Clare] (was) i sokeman
with 37 acres. Then half a plough, now 2 oxen.
And 3 acres of meadow. Worth ds. and ^d.
T.R.E. Wisgar held these sokemen with all
customs except the six forfeitures of Saint
Edmund.

Risebruge [Risbridge] Hundret

In WiMUNDESTUNA [ ] (were)

3 sokemen with 65 acres and half a plough.
Worth I ox. From them his (Richard's) prede-
cessor had all customs.

Half Hundret of Cosfort [Cosford]

In Wetesham [Wattisham] Uluric a free-
man T.R.E. held 80 acres. This (holding) be-
longs to the fee of Phinc. Then as now 3
bordars, and i serf, and I plough on the demesne,
and I i^ acres of meadow. Then 3 rounceys,
now 5. Then 8 beasts, now 11. Then 3 swine,
now 25. Now 80 sheep. Worth 25J. Saint
Edmund (has) the soke.

In the same (vill) i freeman held 15 acres.
Worth 2s. and 6d. Wisgar (had) the soke. Saint
Edmund (has) the six forfeitures.

In Hetcham [Hitcham] 2 freemen held i

carucate of land, 4 bordars, and 2 serfs. Then

2 ploughs, now I, and 4 acres of meadow. Worth
20s. This Ailward son of Bell holds.

In Stanesfelda [Stansfield] (was) 1 sokeman
with I carucate of land. And 2 bordars. And
then as now i plough. And 3 acres of mea-
dow. Roger holds. When he received this
(there were) 3 rounceys and now the like. Then

Blakebrune [BlackbournJ Hundret

In Bardewella [Bard well] (was) a freeman
under commendation with 30 acres and I bordar.
Then half a plough. Worth 5;.

528

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

In Stou [Stow] (was) asokeman with 28 acres.
Then half a plough. Worth 31. This Robert
Blund holds. Saint Edmund (has) the soke.

WiLEFORD [WiLFORD] HuNDRET

In Bredefella [Bredfield] (are) 12 acres of
land. And i villein. Worth 2s. This Nor-
man holds of Richard.

Hertesmera [Hartismere] Hundret

In Cotetuna [Cotton] Fader held 7 acres,
worth i^-d, Walter the Deacon (now) holds.

Thewardestre [Thedwastre] Hundret

In Timeworda [Timworth] a freeman T.R.E.
under Wisgar, Richard's predecessor, by com-
mendation only (held) 60 acres. Then i plough.
Worth 10s. The soke was Saint Edmund's.

In Rastedena [Rattlesden] 2 sokemen (had;
7 acres. Worth i2ci.

Thingehou [Thingoe] Hundret

In Westlea [Westley] 3 freemen under Wis-
gar by commendation and soke, except Saint
Edmund's six forfeitures, (held) 80 acres. And i
bordar. Then as now 2 ploughs. And 2 acres
of meadow. A church with 8 acres. Wood-
(land) for 9 swine. And two thirds (partes) of a
mill. Worth 105.

In the same (vill) a freeman under Saint Ed-
mund by commendation and soke (held) half a
carucate of land. 3 acres of meadow. Then as
now I plough. Then as now worth lOJ.

In Saxham [Saxham] (was) a sokeman under
Wisgar with 15 acres. Then as now half a
plough. Worth 3^.

In Horningeserda [Horringer] a sokeman
under the same with 20 acres and 2 bordars.
Then as now i plough. Worth 41.

In Hersteda [Hawstead] 2 freemen under
Wisgar and in his soke, but they could sell with-
out licence, (held) 15 acres. Then as now half
a plough. Worth 31.

In Manestuna [Mansion] a freeman under
Wisgar and in his soke (held) half a carucate of
land T.R.E. Then 3 bordars, now i. Then
and afterwards I plough, now half a plough. And
2 acres of meadow. Then as now worth i os.

In Reda [Rede] 7 freemen under Wisgar with
soke and sac (held) i carucate of land. And 6
bordars. Then and afterwards 3 ploughs, now
i^ ploughs. And 4 acres of meadow. Wood-
(land) for 3 swine. Then and afterwards they

were worth 30J., now 40/. A church with 12
acres of free land.

Lacforda [Lackford] Hundret

In Bartona [Barton (Mills)] Godeva, a free-
woman under Wisgar, by commendation only,
in Saint Edmund's soke, held T.R.E. 60 acres of
land and 4 bordars, and i serf. Then as now
half a plough on the demesne. And i acre of
meadow. Worth 5;.

In the same (vill) a sokeman under Wisgar
(held) 60 acres and 4 bordars. Then as now half
a plough. And i acre of meadow. Worth 5;.
Wisgar (had) the soke.

(At) Haluedona [Elveden] Levett, a freeman
under Wisgar, by commendation only, in Saint
Edmund's soke, held T.R.E. 2 carucates of land
as a manor. Then 4 villeins, now 2. And then
as now 3 bordars. And I serf. Then 2 ploughs
belonging to the men. And a fourth part of a
fishery. Then as now i horse, and 12 swine,
and 150 sheep. Then it was worth 30J., and
afterwards and now the like. A church with 15
acres of free land.

Wisgar, Richard's predecessor, held Canaua-
tham [Cavenham] as 5 carucates of land with
the soke as a berewick to Deselinga [Desning]."*
Then as now 25 villeins. And 5 ploughs. A

fol. 392.

church with 60 acres of free land. And then 5
mills, now 4. And 3 acres of meadow. It is i
league long, and 4 furlongs broad. And in geld
(pays) 20^.

In Lakingahethe [Lakenheath] (is) i caru-
cate of land. And 8 villeins. Then i plough
on the demesne, now 1 J ploughs. And 4 fisheries
in Eli [Ely]. And i fishing boat. And i acre
of meadow. These 2 estates {terrae) are included
in the valuation of Desilinges [Desning].'*'

At Totenham [Tuddenham] the said pre-
decessor of Richard (held) i^ carucates of land
and 9 villeins. Then as now 2 ploughs. And
i-^ acres of meadow. And (this) renders 501.

In Bartona [Barton] (were) 30 acres of
land in Wisgar's demesne. And 2 oxen.
Worth 3^.

In Mudene Halla [Mildenhall (?)] (were)
2 sokemen with 60 acres and i bordar. And
then as now 2 ploughs. Worth 5/. And they
belong to Deselinga [Desning]. And they
might not sell (their land).

'''' In Gazeley.

"' In Risbridge Hundred, see n. 264.

529

67

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In Hernigawella [Herringswell] (were) 3
sokemen under Wisgar with 60 acres. Then
as now half a plough. The holding is valued at
Deselinga [Desning].

In the same (vill) (was) i sokeman with half
his land with the soke under Wisgar, as the
Hundred witnesses, and half his land with the
soke under Saint Edmund. And he has a caru-
cate of land and 5 bordars. Then as now

I plough among them all. Worth 1 5;.

In Wamforda [Wangford] (were) 4 soke-
men with the soke under the same (Wisgar)
with I carucate of land and i bordar. Then
as now 2 ploughs among them all. And 3 acres
of meadow. Worth ioj. And they belong to
Desilinges [DesningJ.

Baberga [Babergh] two Hundrets

In BuRE [Bures] Wisgar held [tenet) 18 free-
men by commendation and soke and sac T.R.E.
and they could sell their land T.R.E. without
his licence. And (there were) 4 sokemen who
could not sell. And the 18 (freemen) had

I I carucates of land. And the 3 sokemen (had)
1 \ carucates of land ; and these three had under
them I villein and 7 bordars, and 3 ploughs and

4 acres of meadow ; worth 30J. And these
18 freemen had under them 10 bordars. Then
as now 2 ploughs and 4 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for ^6 swine. And i mill. Worth
301.

BuRA [Bures] is i league long, and half a
league broad. And (pays) 2\d. in geld. But
others hold (land) therein. A church with 18
acres of free land.

In CoRNiERDA [Cornard] 7 freemen under
Wisgar by commendation and soke and sac

fol. 392^.

(held) 2 carucates of land T.R.E. and i bordar.
Then 3 ploughs, afterwards and now 2. And

5 acres of meadow. Worth 261. and ^d.

In CoRESFELLA [ ] 7 freemen

under the same (Wisgar) by commendation and
soke and sac (held) 3^ carucates of land, 25
acres, and 10 bordars. Then as now 3 ploughs
among them all. And 13 acres of meadow.
Worth 3//.

In Ilelega [Eleigh] 7 freemen under the
same by commendation and soke and sac held
60 acres of land. Then as now i plough
among them all, and i mill. Worth 10/.

In Waldingafella [(Little) Waldingfield ^'*']
3 freemen under the same by commendation and

"* ' Waldyngfeld Parva ' was held by the Earl of
Gloucester in 13OZ : Feud. Aids, v, 28.

soke and sac (held) i carucate and 45 acres of
land, and 9 bordars. Then 3 ploughs, after-
wards 2, now i. And 3 acres of meadow. And
I rouncey, 2 beasts, and 93 sheep. Wood(land)
for 3 swine. It was worth 5 Of. Now Elinant
holds them. The third part of a church with
10 acres of free land.

In Ranauadisc [Cavendish] 9 freemen under
the same by commendation and soke and sac
(held) 3 carucates of land, and 5 bordars, and I
serf. And 3 ploughs. And 14 acres of mea-
dow. And 4 beasts, i horse, now 15 swine,
and 46 sheep. Worth 3//. Roger de St. Ger-
mains holds them.

In Herterst [Hartest] (were) 2 freemen
under the same by commendation and soke and
sac with 2 carucates of land, and 3 bordars.
Then as now 2 ploughs and 8 acres of meadow.
Worth 2//.

In Walingafella [(Little) Waldingfield] 2
freemen, and 1 was under Robert son of Wimarc
by commendation, both under Wisgar by soke
and sac, and 2 carucates of land, and 9 acres of
meadow. And 2 ploughs. And 9 beasts, 37
swine, 69 sheep, and 1 1 goats'. Worth 50^. It
is 4 furlongs long, and 4 broad. And (pays) f)d.
in geld whoever be the holders thereof.

In Grotena [Groton] (was) a freeman by
commendation and sac and soke, and he had lo
acres of land. Worth 20d.

Stohu [Stow] Hundret

In Sellanda [Shelland] Find, the predecessor
of Richard, held 23 acres and 4 bordars. Then
as now half a plough and 2 oxen. Worth 5;.

Half Hundred of Gepeswiz [Ipswich]

In the borough of Gepeswiz [Ipswich]
Wisgar held T.R.E. a church, St. Peter's, to
which belonged then as now 6 carucates of
land as a manor. (There were) then and after-
wards 6 villeins, now 8. Then and afterwards
5 bordars, now 15. Then 4 serfs. Then as

fol. 393.

now 2 ploughs on the demesne. Then 3
ploughs (belonging to the men), now 4. Then
wood(land) for 8 swine, now for 4. Then as
now a mill. And 3 acres of meadow. Now
I rouncey, i beast, 9 swine, and 80 sheep.
Furthermore to this church belong 5 burgesses,
and 15 acres of free land within the borough,
and 6 vacant burgages [mansure). Out of the
aforesaid 6 carucates of land Roger the Sheriff
claims 1 00 acres and 5 villeins, and a mill (as
belonging to) the King's manor of Branfort
[Bramford]. And 5 villeins of the said manor

530

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

bear witness for him. And they offer trial of
law by any mode by which anyone may adjudi-
cate. But the Half Hundred of Ipswich bears
witness that this belonged to the church T.R.E.,
and Wisgar held it, and they offer to prove it.
Then it was worth looj., now 15//. with other
lands which belong to this church.

In the said borough Richard has 13 bur-
gesses, whom Phin held T.R.E. Over 4 of
them he had soke and sac and commendation.
One of them is a serf And over 1 2 he had
commendation only. But they dwelt on land
of their own, and rendered within the borough
the whole customs. And this is (part) of the
honour of Phin.

BOSEMARA [BoSMERE] HuNDRET

Aschil held T.R.E., and now Richard holds in
demesne, Badeleia [Badley] as 2 carucates and
20 acres of land as a manor. Then as now 4
villeins, and 4 bordars, and 5 serfs. And 2
ploughs on the demesne. And 2 ploughs be-
longing to the men. 8 acres of meadow. And
half a mill. And 2 rounceys, 26 beasts, 32
swine. Then 60 sheep, now 100. A church
with 14 acres. Then it was worth 6oj., now
4//. Of this land the Abbot claims half a caru-
cate, as witnesses the Hundred. The King and
the Earl (have) the soke. To this manor have
been added in King William's time 26 freemen
with 1 carucatc and 45 acres of land. All these
Richard holds as belonging to this manor which
Phin {Pint) held. And Phin himself held them
by arrangement with the Sheriff, as the Sheriff
himself says. Then and afterwards 5 ploughs,
now 2. Then it was worth 4-Os., now 47J.
The King and the Earl (have) the soke and sac.
It is 10 furlongs long, and 5 broad. And (pays)
lOi/. in geld.

In Stan HAM [Stonham] (are) 5 acres of land.
And wood(land) for 4 swine. This is included
in the valuation of the 15//'.

fol. 393Z..

Godman held Flochetuna [Flowton] T.R.E.
Wisgar had the commendation, and the King
and the Earl (had) the soke. This Germund
holds of Richard as a manor and as 2 carucates
of land. Then as now 4 bordars. And i serf.
And 2 ploughs on the demesne. And 9 acres
of meadow. Then I rouncey. Then 4 beasts,
now 8. Then 4 swine. Then 15 sheep, now
60. Then it was worth 4//., now 60s. It is
half a league long, and 4 furlongs broad. And
(pays) 2d. in geld. To this manor Germund
added 15 acres in King William's time ; which
a certain priest held freely T.R.E. in the soke
of the King and the Earl. Worth 2s. and 6d.

Bondo a freeman held Brieseta [Bricett]
T.R.E. And Queen Edith had commendation

only ; but Richard claims it as belonging to
Wisgar's fee ; and the King and the Earl (have)
the soke. Now Roger (holds it) as i carucate
of land and as a manor. Then as now i villein,
and I bordar. And i plough on the demesne.
And then i plough belonging to the men.
Then it was worth 20s., now 30J. This land
Roger de Ramis claims as of the King's gift and
he was seised thereof.

In the same (vill) the same Roger de Orbec
holds 2 freemen with 1 5 acres. Worth 30a'.
This also Roger de Ramis claims as above ; but
Richard claims it as belonging to Wisgar's fee.

In the same (vill) Ranulf Peverel holds 4 acres
which were attached to the aforesaid manor
T.R.E. This he claims as belonging to Phin's
fee.

In Rigneseta [Ringsett] Hardechin a free-
man held 100 acres as a manor T.R.E. ; now
Geoffrey holds. Then as now 2 villeins, and
4 bordars. And i plough on the demesne.
Then half a plough belonging to the men. 7
acres of meadow. Wood (land) then for 30
swine, now for 16. Then it was worth 20s.,
now 35^.

In the same (vill) Godric a freeman held
T.R.E. 60 acres as a manor. Then as now i
plough. Then it was worth ioj., now 20s.

In the same (vill) Codwi a freeman held 60
acres as a manor. Then I plough. Then it
was worth los., now 151.

All this Geoffrey holds, and he gave it to
farm for 70J. But he could have only
60s. To this manor Phin added in King Wil-
liam's time 3 freemen with 20 acres. Then

fol. 394.

I plough. This is included in the same valua-
tion. It is 8 furlongs long and 3 broad. And
(pays) $d. in geld. The King and the Earl
(have) the soke.

In Facheduna [ ] a freeman

under Earl Algar held 30 acres T.R.E. ; now
Ulmar (holds) of Richard. Then as now
I plough. Worth 5^. And the King and the
Earl (have) the soke.

(At) AssiA [Ash (Bocking)] Uluric a freeman
held 60 acres as a manor. Then as now 2 villeins.
And 2 sokemen with 7 acres. And 2 bordars.
And I plough on the demesne. And half a
plough belonging to the men. And 2 acres of
meadow. Then it was worth 20r., now 30J.
And the King and the Earl (have) the soke.

In the same (vill) Iric a freeman held 60 acres
as a manor and 2 bordars. And then as now i
plough. And i acre of meadow. Worth 30^.
The King and the Earl (have) the soke.

In the same (vill) Edric a freeman held
T.R.E. 40 acres as a manor. Then i plough.
And I acre of meadow. The King and the
Earl (have) the soke. Worth 20s.

53»

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

To this manor Phin added in King William's
time 8 freeman with 35 acres and a sokeman
with 12 acres, who could not take himself*"
out of the lordship of Saint Etheldreda, and
among them they had then 3 ploughs, now 2.
Then it was worth 15J., now 20s. Osbern de
Wancey holds the whole ; and Richard claims
it as belonging to Phin's fee. The King and
the Earl (have) the soke. Two of these freemen
Roger de Ramis claims as of his fee, and he was
seised thereof. The whole is 6 furlongs in
length, and 2 broad. And (pays) 6d. in geld.
Of all this Phin had nothing T.R.E.

Claindune [Claydon] Hundret

In ToROLUESTUNA [Thurlston] on the
demesne were 18 freemen. Of these 12^ were
under commendation to Aluric the priest, who
was himself under commendation to Wisgar.
Among them all they had 64 acres. And of
the others, that is to say of 5^, Richard's pre-
decessor had not commendation over Aluric,
Waldwin, Harold, Godwin, Ulmar, Aluric.
These latter had 24 acres T.R.E. These men

fol. 394*.

Richard so holds, because Bishop Vrfest held
them when Richard made good his claim to the
church of St. Peter at Ipswich against him ;
but now he did not know that they did not be-
long to his fee. Among them all they had
always 3 ploughs, and i acre of meadow. The
above 12 were then worth 6s. and 8d., and the
others 41. and id. The King and the Earl
have soke over the whole of them.

In Helmingheam [Helmingham], of Fin's
land, Turi King Edward's thegn held i caru-
cate of land as a manor. Then as now i plough.
And 2 ploughs belonging to the men. And
3 villeins, and 5 bordars. And 3 acres of mea-
dow. Then wood(Iand) for 20 swine, now for
10. And 2 rounceys. And 4 beasts, 24 swine,
40 sheep, and 2 hives of bees. Then it was
worth 16s., now 20s. It is I league long, and
7 furlongs broad. And (pays) 20if. in geld.
Others hold (land) therein. The King and the
Earl have the soke. Walter de Caen (holds
under Richard).

In TuROLUESTUNA [Thutlston] (were) 91
acres belonging to the church of St. Peter at
Ipswich. Worth i^s. And this is included in
the valuation of the aforesaid 15//. It is 10 fur-
longs long, and 6 broad. And (pays) 20^. in
geld. Others (hold) land therein.

"' ' qui non pota// recedere ' : the last three letters
of 'potuit' deleted in the MS. by a corrector who sup-
posed the phrase applied to all the men ; but it was
the sokeman and not the freemen who had been taken
away from St. Etheldreda ; Inf. El. 1 43 .

Sanfort [Samford] Hundret and a Half

(At) Alwartuna [Erwarton], of Phin's land,
Turi the king's thegn held i|^ carucates of
land as a manor. Then 8 villeins, now 3.
Then 4 bordars, now 7. Then as now i^
ploughs on the demesne. Then 4 ploughs on
the demesne (hV), now I . And 3 acres of mea-
dow. The third part of a fishery. Then
I rouncey, now 2. Then 6 beasts, now 8.
Then 20 swine, now 26. Then as now 80
sheep. Now 4 goats. Then worth 40^., now
30J. Roger holds (it) of Richard. The same
Turi (had) the soke.

In ScoTELEiA [Shotley] Celeolt held T.R.E.
by commendation to Aluric 60 acres as a manor.
Then as now i villein and i bordar, and half a
plough. Worth los. The same Roger (holds
it). The soke is in Bercolt [Bergholt].

In ToRP [ ] Osbern Aluric's free-

man held 100 acres as a manor T.R.E. Then
as now 3 bordars, and i plough, and 3 acres of
meadow, Worth 2 ox. The soke (is) in Berg-
holt. The same Osbern (holds) of Richard.

(At) PuRTE Pyt [ ] the same Osbern

T.R.E. held 60 acres as a manor. Then as
now 3 villeins, and 2 bordars, and 2 serfs.
Half a plough on the demesne, and 2 ploughs

fol. 395.

belonging to the men. Worth ioj. The same
Osbern (holds it). The soke (is) in Bercolt
[Bergholt].

In Cherchetuna [Kirkton '*'] Edmund a
freeman held 60 acres as a manor T.R.E. Then
as now half a plough and i acre of meadow.
Then worth 20;., now23J. a-nd2rf. In the same
(vill) Strangulf a freeman held 60 acres as a
manor T.R.E. Then as now half a plough.
Worth 41. In the same (vill) Turi, a freeman
of Guert's, (held) 60 acres as a manor T.R.E.
Then as now 4 bordars and half a plough.
Then worth lox., now lis. and 5^. In the
same (vill) 2 freemen, Huna and Godric, (held)
15 acres T.R.E. and 2 oxen. Then worth 5^.,
now 8j. The soke (is) in Bercolt [Bergholt].
It is 6 furlongs long and 5 broad, and (pays) \d.
in geld.

In Eurewardestuna [Erwarton], Ailbern, a
freeman, held 60 acres as a manor. Then as
now half a plough. Worth 8/.

In Eduinestuna [ ] Gosric, a

freeman, held 30 acres as a manor. Then as
now half a plough. Then worth 51., now y.
The soke (is) in Bercolt [Bergholt].

And in the Hundred Richard has 3 freemen,
Godric, Edwin, Leuric, (holding) 33 acres.

In Shotley.

532

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

Then as now half a plough. Then worth 51.,
now 6s. and 6d. The soke (is) in Bcrcolt [Berg-
holt].

In BuRGHESTALA [Bursfajl], Aluric Stari,
Guert's man by commendation, held 40 acres
as a manor T.R.E. Then as now 2 bordars.
Then i plough, now half a plough, 2 acres of
meadow. Worth Ss.

In BoiTUNA [Boyton ^*"J Leuestan, Fin's free-
man by commendation, held T.R.E. 50 acres.
Then as now 3 bordars. Then 1 plough, now
half a plough, and 3 acres of meadow. Then
worth lOJ., now iij. and 5^/. The soke (is) in
Bercolt [Bergholt].

In Toft [ ] Alwin, freeman under

commendation to Esgar Stalre, (held) 20 acres.
In the same (vill) Aluiet a freeman (held) 8 acres.
Then as now half a plough. Then worth 51.,
now gj. and /^^. The soke (is) in Bercolt [Berg-
holt].

In Reindune [Raydon] Leuric, a freeman,
held 30 acres as a manor. Then as now half a
plough, and 2 acres of meadow. Then worth
5J,, now I IS. and $d. All this Richard holds in
demesne.

fol. 395A.

And in Hecham [Higham *"'] Godric, a free-
man, held I carucate of land as a manor T.R.E.
Then as now i villein, '•Jid 2 bordars, and i
plough on the demesne, and 6 acres of meadow.
A church (with) 4 acres. Then worth 20s., now
25J. Osbern holds (it). Of all these freemen
Phin, the predecessor of Richard, had nothing
T.R.E. except of one alone by commendation
only. The soke of the whole is in Bercolt
[Bergholt], and Richard holds them (as belonging)
to the Honour of Phin.

(At) Fresetuna [Freston] Robert son of
Wimarc held T.R.E., and Roger de Arbernum
holds, 6 carucates of land as a manor. Then
as now 24 villeins, and 4 bordars. And 2
ploughs on the demesne. Then 8 ploughs
belonging to the men, now 6. 8 acres of
meadow, and I mill. A (quedam) church.
Then 1 1 beasts, now 3. Then 40 swine,
now 3. Then 140 sheep, now loi. Then
worth 8 //'., now 1 1 //'. and i oj. i league long,
and half a league broad, and it pays lod. in geld.
The same Robert (had) the soke.

In Burghestala [Burstall] Leuric, by com-
mendation to Earl Algar, T.R.E. (held) 17
acres. Worth 31. This Richard claims (as

"* In Bergholt and Bentley ; Copinger, Suff. Rec.
"' Formerly ' Hegham,' held of the Earl of Glou-
cester in 1346 ; Feud. Aids, v, 50,

belonging) to Fin's land. Ulmar holds it of
Richard. The soke (is) in Bercolt [Bergholt].

RiSEBRUGE [RiSBRIDGeI HuNDRET

These are the freemen who T.R.E. could sell
and give their land. Wisgar, Richard's prede-
cessor, had (over them) commendation and soke
and sac, except the 6 forfeitures of Saint
Edmund.

In Stanesfelda [Stansfield] Edric Spucla, a
freeman, held 2 carucates of land. And 2 bor-
dars, and 3 serfs. Then as now 2 ploughs.
And 2 acres of meadow. Now 14 beasts.
Then 4 sheep, now 80. And 25 swine. Then
worth 40;., now 60s. This Gilbert holds.

In the same (vill) Ulflet, a freeman, held i
carcuate of land. Then as now i plough. And
4 acres of meadow. Then worth 20x., now 30;.
Robert holds.

In the same (vill) Crawa, a freeman, (held) 60
acres of land. And i serf. Then as now
I plough. And 3I acres of meadow. Then as
now I mill. Then worth los., now 151. This

fol. 396.

Roger holds. A church with 15 acres of free
land. Stenesfelda [Stansfield] as a whole is
12 furlongs long, and 6 broad. And (pays)
13^^. in geld.

In Depdana [Depdcn] Brictric Blac, a free-
man, held 2 carucates of land. Then as now
7 bordars, and 1 serf. And 2 ploughs on the
demesne. Then half a plough belonging to the
men. And 3 acres of meadow. Now i roun-
cey. Then 7 beasts, now 14. Then 15
swine, now 30. Then 37 sheep, now 80.
Now I o goats. And 3 hives of bees. Then as
now worth 60s. Frodo the Abbot's brother
holds.

In the same (vill) 2 fi-eemen, Blacwin and
Godwin, (held) 2 carucates of land, and 3 bor-
dars. Then i^ ploughs, now 2. And 3 acres
of meadow. Then i rouncey. Then as now
6 beasts. Then 16 swine, now 26. Then 40
sheep. Then worth 30^,, now 50J. Osbern
holds.

In Cloptuna [Clopton '"] Leviet, a freeman,
holds i^ carucates of land, and i villein, and

1 bordar, and 3 serfs. Then t plough, now

2 ploughs. And 4 acres of meadow. Then as
now I rouncey, and 10 beasts. Now 34 swine,
and 83 sheep. Then worth 20J., now 301.
Roger holds (over him).

In Vratinga [W ratting] Goda, a freewoman,
held 2 carucates and 30 acres of land. Then
as now 9 bordars. And 2 ploughs on the
demesne. And half a plough belonging to the

"' In Wickhambrook.

533

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

men. 7 acres of meadow. And i mill. Then

1 rouncey, now 2. Then 4 beasts, now 10.
Then i swine, now 52. Then 80 sheep, now
100. Then 4 goats, now 40. Then worth
30;., now 40s. Pagan holds. The whole (vill)
is I league long, and half a league broad. And
(pays) I2i. in geld.

In Hauerhella [Haverhill] Fredebern a
freeman held 5 bordars. And they had 80
acres. And i plough on the demesne. And

2 oxen belonging to the men. And 2 acres of
meadow. Then worth 135. and 4</., now 15 J.
The said Pagan holds.

In Haningehet [Hanchett *'*] Alwine a free-
man held 100 acres and i bordar, and i plough,
and 2 acres of meadow. Then worth los.,
now I5»'

fol. 396A.

In Urdresfelda [Withersfield] Woolmar a
freeman held 5 1 acres and i bordar and half a
plough and an acre of meadow. Worth Ss.
The said Pagan holds.

In the same (vill) a freeman Leuiara (held)
1 00 acres and i bordar and i plough. Worth 20J.
Goddard holds.

In the same (vill) a freeman Alwin (held)

3 carucates of land, and 2 villeins and 1 1 bor-
dars and 3 serfs. And 3 ploughs on the demesne.
Then 1 plough belonging to the men, now half
a plough. And 2 acres of meadow. Wood-
(land) for 20 swine. Then 2 rounceys, now 3.
Then 22 beasts, now 20. Then 60 swine,
now 45. Then 60 sheep, now 123. Then
60 goats, now 57. Then as now worth 60s.
Wilard holds. The whole (vill) is i league
long, and half a league broad. And (pays) 6d.
in geld.

In Wratinga [Wratting] a freeman Albern
(held) 3 carucates of land. And 5 villeins, and
10 bordars. Then 3 ploughs on the demesne,
now 2. Then as now 1 plough belonging to
the men. And 1 2 acres of meadow. Wood(land)
for 8 swine. And i mill. Then 2 rounceys,
now 3. Then 9 beasts, now 13. Then 24
swine, now 48. Then 60 sheep, now 700.
And 6 hives of bees. And under him (were)
9 freemen with half a carucate of land. Then
half a plough. And i acre of meadow. A
church with 13 acres. Then worth 505., now
60J.

In Cileburna [Chilbourne '^'] Godwin a
freeman held 2 carucates of land, i villein, and

4 bordars. Then 2 ploughs, now i. And
6 acres of meadow. And 1 mill. Then as
now I rouncey. Then worth 40*., now 501.
Geoffrey son of Hamon holds.

In Poslingeorda [Poslingford] a freeman
Edric (held) 35 acres. And half a plough. And
2 acres of meadow. Worth Ss. Loher holds.

In BoiTUNA [Boyton "*] a freeman Ulgar (held)
8 acres. Worth ibd. Ralph holds.

In the other Boituna [Boyton] Almar a
freeman held 24 acres. Worth 4^. W. Peret
holds.

In Hauokeduna [Hawkedon] Alwin a free-
man (held) 40 acres. And half a plough. And
2 acres of meadow. Worth 6s. and 8</. Folk-
ered holds.

In Cloptuna [Clopton] (was) a freeman Roc
with 13 acres. Worth 2s. William Pecche
[Peccatum) holds.

In Bradeleia [Bradley] were then as now
2 freemen with 69 acres. And i acre of
meadow. Then as now 1 plough. Worth
171. and 6d.

fol. 397.

In Tridlauua [Thurlow] 10 freemen then
as now (held) i carucate of land. And i
plough. And i acre of meadow. A church
with 29 acres. Worth ioj. The whole (vill)
is I league long and i furlong broad. And
(pays) lid. in geld.

In KiDiTUNA [Kedington] lo freemen then
as now (held) i carucate of land. And 2
ploughs. Worth 20s.

In Hauerhella [Haverhill] 13 freemen then
as now (held) i carucate and 60 acres of land.
And 1 1 ploughs. Wood(land) for 7 swine.
And they were worth 3 Of.

In Wedresfelda [Withersfield] 9 freemen

(held) i^ carucates of land. Then as now

2^ ploughs. They were then worth 20x.,
now 3 Of.

In Stoches [Stoke-by-CIare] 21 freemen then
as now (held) i carucate (and) 68 acres of land.
Then i^ ploughs, now 2 ploughs. And 10 acres
of meadow. They were then worth 20;., now
3 1 J. and 4<f. A church with 60 acres, worth los.

In Poslingewrda [Poslingford] 6 freemen
then as now (held) 85 acres. And 3 bordars.
And 4 ploughs. Worth 141. and 3*/.

In Wicham [Wickhambrook] a freeman then
as now (held) 60 acres. And 2 bordars. And
I plough. And 4 acres of meadow. Worth i ox.

In Stratesella [Stradishall] 16 freemen then
as now (held) i carucate of land. Then as

"' In Withersfield.

*" In Bamardiston.

In Stoke-by-Claie.

534

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

now 3 ploughs. And 2 acres of meadow.
Worth 20s. A church with 30 acres, worth $s.

In Hauokeduna [Hawkedon] 8 freemen then
as now (held) 30 acres. And 2 bordars. And

1 plough. Worth 1 3*. and 4^.

In Haverha [Haverhill] 2 freemen (held) 26
acres. Worth 4^/.

These could all sell and give their lands.
But Wisgar had T.R.E. both soke and sac,
except the 6 forfeitures of Saint Edmund, as we
have said above.

In Bradeleia [Bradley] (are) 4 freemen,
Ulwin, Leuric and Lewin, and they have 15
acres. The fourth is Bundo and he has 1 caru-
cate of land. Then as now 2 ploughs. And

2 acres of meadow. Worth 22;. and 6d. Of
these Richard's predecessor had not commenda-
tion T.R.E. Saint Edmund had the entire
soke.

In Tridlauua [Thurlow] (were) 2 sokemen
under Edith with all customs, whom Ralph held
when he forfeited, and they have 25 acres. And
then as now half a plough. And they were
worth 4J. and 4^. This Widard holds.

fol. 397^.

In WiMUNDESTUNA [ ] (were)

6 freemen. Of the sixth, who is called Brictric,
the Hundred know not if he could sell his land
or not T.R.E. ; but bear witness that they saw
him swear that he could not give (or) sell his
land away from Richard's predecessor. And
they have 2 carucates and 1 1 acres of land.
Then as now 2 ploughs. 7 acres of meadow.
Now 2 rounceys. Then 2 cows, now 3. Then
6 swine, now 30. Then 16 sheep, now 62.
The whole is worth 40J. This Ceroid holds.

Half Hundret of Cosfort [Cosford]

In Hecham [Hitcham] 14 freemen (held) 60
acres. Then 2 ploughs, now i, and 2 acres of
meadow. Worth lox.

In Balesheia [Lindsey] "' 6 freemen (held)
I carucate of land, and 6 bordars. And 2
ploughs. And 2 acres of meadow. Worth 20x.

In Careseia [Kersey] 1 freeman (held) 5
acres. Worth i od. His (Richard's) predecessor
had soke and commendation

In Brettham [Brettenham] 8 freemen (held)
30 acres and i plough. Worth 5^,

In RiSEBROC [Rushbrooke] 2 freemen (held)
10 acres. Worth 20</.

In Watefelda [Whatfield] 3 freemen (held)
60 acres, and 3 bordars. Then i^ ploughs, now
2 ploughs. Worth loj. Over these his
(Richard's) predecessor had commendation
T.R.E. and soke and sac. Saint Edmund (has)
the six forfeitures.

In Stanestrada [Stone Street] a freeman
held 24 acres. Worth 41. (Richard's) prede-
cessor (had) half commendation, and the Abbot
of Ely the other (half). Half this land R. Pg vrel
claims, and livery was made of it to him in Losa
[Loes]. Saint Edmund (had) the soke.

fol. 398.

XXVI. LANDS OF WILLIAM DE

WARENNE

Thewardestreu [Thedwastre] Hundret

In Ratesdana [Rattlesden] 2 freemen held
under Saint Etheldreda with soke and sac. One
of them could sell (his) land, and the other could
not. He who could sell had 40 acres and 5
bordars. And the other, who could not, had 60
(acres). Then as now 2 bordars. Then as now
among them 2 ploughs ; and 2 acres of meadow.
Worth 20s. And this is of the Lewes exchange.*'*
This Humfrey son of Rodric holds.

In Gedinga [Gedding] 2 freemen under Saint
Edmund by commendation and soke (held) 60
acres of land and 3 bordars. Then i plough,
now none. And 5 acres of meadow. Worth
51. By the Lewes exchange.

Lacforda [Lackford] Hundret

In Heluedana [Elveden] a freeman under
Saint Etheldreda by commendation only, in Saint
Edmund's soke, held 2 carucates of land (which
William obtained) by virtue of the Lewes ex-
change, which Nicholas holds of William. Then
and afterwards 4 villeins, now 3. Then as now
2 bordars, and i serf. Then and afterwards 2
ploughs on the demesne, now i. Then as now
I plough belonging to the men. And the fourth
part of a fishery. And a church with 1 5 acres
of land. Then 4 swine, now 2. Then 200
sheep, now 300. Then 50 goats, now 100 less
6. Then and afterwards it was worth 301., now
50J.

In Herningawella [Herringswell] Roger
holds, — the reeve holds, — and it belonged to
Tohe a freeman, but he could not sell it ; i
carucate of land and 2 bordars. Then as now
I plough. And 60 sheep. Worth 1 6;. It be-
longs to Frederic's fee in Saint Edmund's soke.

Cf. above, n. 133.

535

' See above, p. 382, and r.CH. Nor/, ii, 18.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In the same (vill) a freeman under Frederic's
predecessor in Saint Edmund's soke held 40
acres, which Nicholas holds of William. Then
half a plough, now none. Worth ^od.

Stou [Stow] Hundret

In BuRESSAiXA [Buxhall] Humfrey (holds) ;
Monulf the priest, a man by commendation
under Saint Etheldreda, in the King's soke, held
half a carucatc of land and 30 acres. Now
William holds by reason of the Lewes exchange.
Then and afterwards 2 bordars, now 7. Then
and always i plough on the demesne. Then as
now 2 oxen belonging to the men. And 2 acres
of meadow. In the same vill 4 freemen under
the said Monulf by commendation held 2 acres.
Worth 12s.

fol. 398^.

BOSEMARA [BoSMERE] HuNDRET

ToNESTALA [Tunstall '"'] Nicholas holds ;
Lcofwin a freeman held i carucate of land and
20 acres as a manor T.R.E. Then as now i
villein. Then 2 ploughs on the demesne, after-
wards and now i. And 2 acres of meadow.
Now I rouncev, and i cow. Then 30 sheep,
now 60. Then it was worth 24;., now 2$$.
The King and the Earl (have) the soke.

In Gratingis [Greeting (All Saints)] Humfrid
holds of William a freeman with 38 acres. Then
as now I plough. Then it was worth 8;., now
10/.

Brademara [Bradmere] Hundret

Berham [Barnham] Hugh son of Gold ^*
holds, which Bos the thegn held T.R.E. ; half a
carucate of land as a manor. Then as now 3 bor-
dars, and 2 serfs. And I plough on the demesne.
Then half a plough belonging to the men, now

2 oxen. Then 2 rounceys, now i. Then 13
swine. Then 85 sheep, now 90. And (there
were) 3 freemen with 4 acres and half a plough.
Over them his (William's) predecessor had com-
mendation. Then it was worth 16s., now 20s.

Risebruge [Risbridge] Hundret
Of Frederic's Fee

Depdana [Depden] Hugh de Wancey holds,
which Toka the thegn held T.R.E. as a manor ;

3 carucates of land. Then as now 16 villeins,
and 7 bordars. Then 4 serfs. Then and after-
wards 2 ploughs on the demesne, now 4. Then
as now 4 ploughs belonging to the men. 12

'" Near Nettlestead ; Copinger, Suf. Rec.

"' Hugh son of Gold, who also held under William
in Sussex (V.C.H. Siiss. i, 435, n. 9), appears to have
been ancestor of the ' Plaiz ' or ' Plays ' family. Richard
de Plays held Barnham in 1346 ; Feud. Aids, v, 73.

acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 100 swine.
Then as now 2 rounceys. Then 22 beasts, now
17. Then 40 swine, now 72. Then 24 sheep,
now 112. Now 13 hives of bees. A church
with 24 acres of free land. Then worth 4/;'.,
now 6//. It is I league long, and 8 furlongs
broad. And (pays) ^\d, in geld.

Wedresfelda [Withersfield] Wimer holds,
which he himself held T.R.E. as a manor ; 2
carucates of land. Then as now 5 villeins, and
5 bordars. Then 3 serfe. Then 2 ploughs on
the demesne, now 3. Then as now i plough
belonging to the men. 2 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 20 swine. Then 2 rounceys,
now 3. Then 4 beasts, now 12. Then 20
swine, now 30. Then 80 sheep, now lOO.

fol. 399.

Then as now 16 goats. And 6 hives of bees.
Then worth 70^, now 4//.

In the same (vill) a freeman (held) 24 acres.
Then as now half a plough. Worth i.s.

In Cloptuna [Clopton '^'] Hugh holds (the
land) which the said Toka held, viz. i carucate
of land. Then as now i plough. And 2 acres
of meadow. Then as now worth 20J.

Hundret of Bledinga [Blything]

(At) Wretham [Wrentham] Edric a freeman
held T.R.E. 2 carucates of land as a manor.
Then as now 5 villeins. Then as now 1 1 bor-
dars. Then 6 serfs, now 3. Then i^ ploughs
on the demesne, now 2 ploughs. Then 3 ploughs
belonging to the men, now 2 ploughs. Then as
now wood(land) for 20 swine. Then as now 2
acres of meadow. Now 2 rounceys, 13 beasts,
12 swine, 113 sheep, 20 goats, and 5 hives of
bees. And a church with 40 acres. Then as
now it was worth 40J. And that manor Robert
de Petro-ponte holds of him.

In the same vill Turchil a freeman, T.R.E.
(and) then as now, held 2 carucates of land as a
manor. And then as now 5 villeins. And then
as now 1 1 bordars. 2 ploughs might be made
up {fieri) on the demesne. And (there was) I
when he (William) received it. 2 acres of
meadow. Wood(land) for 20 swine. Then as
now it was worth 40;. And this land R(obert
de Petro-ponte) himself holds.

In the same vill Wluric a freeman held 2
carucates of land as a manor. Then as now 5
villeins, and 1 1 bordars. I plough on the de-
mesne. And another might be made up. And
2 ploughs belonging to the men. 2 acres of
meadow. Wood(land) for 20 swine. Then ais
now it was worth 40J. And a church with 8
acres. And this the same Robert holds.

In the same vill dwelt 20 freemen with 360
acres and 2 bordars. And then as now 6 ploughs

"» In Wickhambrook.

536

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

on the demesne. Then as now worth 60s. Of

1 of those men Count Alan has half commenda-
tion and half the land and soke and sac. And
all this Robert has of William de Warenne.
Over all this land the soke and sac belong to
Blideburg [Bythburgh] Hundred.

fol. 399A.

Moreover William has in the same vill a
manor of 3 carucates of land which Halden a
freeman held. Then 6 villeins, and now 4.
Then 11 bordars, now 13. Then 3 serfs, now
I. Then as now 3 ploughs on the demesne.
Then and now 2 ploughs belonging to the men.

2 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 40 swine.
Now 7 beasts, 24 swine, 80 sheep, 30 goats. It
was viOTth T.R.E. 4//., and now 3//'. And this
William son of Rainald ^^^ holds of William de
Warenne.

In the same vill dwelt a freeman, and he held
half a carucate of land as a manor, which the
same (William) holds, and under him he had 2
freemen with 1 0 acres, and i bordar. Then as
now I plough on the demesne. And half a
plough belonging to the men. Wood(land) for
4 swine. And half an acre of meadow. 2
rounceys, 6 beasts, 10 swine, 30 sheep, 20 goats.
Then it was worth 10s., and the like now.

In the same vill Aluric of Sanford held 50 acres
as a manor. Then as now 2 bordars. Then
as now I plough on the demesne. I acre of
meadow. And i rouncey, 4 beasts, 8 swine, 60
sheep, 7 goats. Then as now it was worth lOs.

In the same (vill) dwell 8 freemen, and they
hold I ^ carucates and i o acres of land, and they
hold I bordar. Then as now 2 ploughs on the
demesne. Then as now it was worth i2j. And
all this William son of Rainald holds under
William de Warenne.

Henestede [Henstead], a berewick of Were-
TEHAM [Wrentham], i carucate of land. Then
as now 4 villeins. And then as now 9 bordars.
And then as now i plough on the demesne. And
then as now 2 ploughs belonging to the men.
And 6 beasts, 40 sheep, 12 swine, 20 goats.
Then as now it was worth 20s. And now 2
freemen have been added with 30 acres of land,
and they have i plough on the demesne and are
worth 3^. And these two lands Godfrey de
Petro-ponte holds under William de Warenne.
And all these estates {terrae) are 3 leagues long,
and 2 broad. And it renders 2s. in the King's

fol. 400.

geld. Throughout the whole of this land the
King has soke and sac except over the demesne
of Aldan [Halden]. And of this estate 6 acres
of land have been taken from Earl Alan, which

William's men took from him, as witnesses the
Hundred. And Thurkil of Wereteham [Wrent-
ham] was the man of Edric, Robert Malet's
predecessor.

MiDELTUNA [Middleton] Ranulf the nephew
{nepos) holds, which Aluric a freeman held as a
manor ; now William de Warenne holds in
demesne ; 2 carucates of land. Then as now
2 villeins. Then as now 8 bordars. Then
4 serfs, and now I . Then 2 ploughs on the de-
mesne. And now half a plough belonging to
the men. 6 acres of meadow. Then i rouncey,
and now 2. And now 2 cows, 20 swine, and
50 sheep. Then it was worth 401., and (the
like) now. And a church with 15 acres, worth
2J. And to this manor have been added 5 free-
men and half a priest, and they hold 55^ acres
and I ^ ploughs on the demesne, and 2 acres of
meadow. It was worth I Of. It is 8 furlong*
long and 7 broad, whoever have the land there.
And it renders 7^^. (in geld). And over these
6 men the King and the Earl have soke and sac.
And Aluric who held this manor was the man of
Edric, Robert's predecessor, and William Malet
and Robert were seised of this land.

ToRiNTUNA [Thorington] Aluric a freeman
heldas a manor T.R.E., now Godfrey de Petro-
ponte holds of William de Warenne ; then as
now 2 carucates of land. Then as now 5 vil-
leins, 1 1 bordars. Then 3 serfs, now 2. Then
2 ploughs, and now 3 on the demesne. And
then as now 4 ploughs belonging to the men.
Wood(land) for 6 swine. 2 acres of meadow.
And 6 non-working [otiosa) beasts, 40 swine,
120 sheep, and 4 hives of bees. It was worth
6oi. And this land Robert Malet claims like
the other. This witnesses the Hundred. And
the King and the Earl (have) soke and sac.

(At) Normals [North Hales] T.R.E. Edric
a freeman held as a manor 2 carucates of land.

fol. 400^-.

Then 5 bordars, now 6. Then i serf. Then
2 ploughs on the demesne, now i^ ploughs.
And half a plough belonging to the men. An
acre of meadow. Then i rouncey, and now i.
And 8 swine, and 105 sheep. Then it was
worth 40i., and now 20/. To this manor have
been added 100 acres of land which 14 freemen
held. Then 2 ploughs, now i. And i acre of
meadow. Worth ioj. And all this land Wil-
liam son of Rainald held of William de Warenne.
And 2 half (freemen) of those 14 men William's
men have seized against Earl Alan.

HUNDRET OF CaRLAFORDA [CaRLFORd]

«» Ancestor of the Poynings family, who afterwards I" BuRHC [Burgh] Ailric, a freeman, T.R.E.

{FeuJ. Aids, y, 59) held land in Wrentham and North held I carucate and 20 acres of land as a manor.
Hales ; cf. y.C.H. Sussex, \, 440. Then 2 bordars, now 7. Then i plough, now 2.

» 537 68

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Then half a plough belonging to the men,
now I plough. 4 acres of meadow, and i roun-
cey, and 7 beasts. Then 16 swine, now 12,
and 1 7 sheep. Then it was worth 20j., now 30X.
In the same (viU) (were) 11 full freemen,
and 3 half freemen under commendation to the
said Ailric, with 50 acres, and 2 bordars. Then
2 ploughs, now I. Half an acre of meadow.
Then it was worth los., now 8s. AH this
William received as i carucate of land, and R. de
Glanville (holds it) of him. And (there is) one
church with 8 acres, and several persons have
part (in it).

HUNDRET OF WiLEFORDA [WiLFORD]

In Bulges [Boulge] Robert (now) holds ; a
freeman under Ailric's commendation T.R.E.
(held) 13J acres, and half a plough. Worth 2s.

In Depebecs [Debach] a freeman under the
said Ailric's commendation (held) 4 acres, worth
Si.

In ToRSTANESTUNA [ ] (are)

6 acres, worth I2d. This R(obert) de Glanville
holds of William de Warenne.

In Berdefelda [Bredfield] Ailric a freeman
held 3 acres, worth 6d. The same Robert (de
Glanville now holds).

fol. 401.

XXVII. LANDS OF SUANE OF ESSEX
IN SUFFOLK

HuNDRET

TiNGOou [Thingoe]

In Riete
and I bordar,
of meadow,
the soke.

[Rede] a sokeman with 20 acres

And half a plough. And i acre

Worth 5^. Saint Edmund (has)

In Manestuna [Manston **^] a sokeman with
20 acres, and I bordar. And half a plough.
And I acre of meadow. Worth 51.

Baberga [Babebgh] Two Hundrets

At Stokes [Stoke(-by-Nayland)] Robert held
T.R.E. 4 carucates of land as a manor with
soke. Then 25 villeins, now 15. Then 32
bordars, now 23. Then 8 serfs, now 6. Then
2 ploughs on the demesne, now 3. Then 12
ploughs belonging to the men, now 7. Now 2
mills. And 25 acres of meadow. Wood(land)
for 60 swine. Now 3 horses, 8 beasts, 20 swine,
70 sheep, 4 goats. Then it was worth 10//.,
now 12//. A church with 60 acres of free land.

In the same (vill were) 1 1 freemen under
Robert by commendation and soke. Among
them all i carucate of land ; but these could

sell ; and I freeman with 1 2 acres under Robert
by commendation ; but sac and soke were Saint
Edmund's. Among them all i^ ploughs then,
now I plough. Worth 301. It is 8 furlongs
long, and 4 broad. And (pays) 20J. in geld.

(At) Withermers [Withermarsh] '**' Robert,
Suane's father, held T.R.E. 4 carucates of land
as a manor with soke. Then 27 villeins, now
24. Then 32 bordars, now 27. Then 2 serfs,
now I. Then 3 ploughs on the demesne, now
2. Then 13 ploughs belonging to the men,
now 8. Then as now i mill. And 30 acres of
meadow. Now 2 horses, 20 beasts, 24 swine,
and 15 forest mares. Now 80 sheep. Then it
was worth io/<., now 12//. It is 8 furlongs
long, and 4 broad. And (pays) 20<:/. in geld.

(At) Polesteda [Polstead] the same Robert,
father of Suanc, held T.R.E. 4 carucates of land

fol. 40 1 i.

as a manor with soke. Then 26 villeins, now
21. Then 36 bordars, now 30. Then as now
I serf. Then and always 2 ploughs on the
demesne. Then 15 ploughs belonging to the
men, now 9. Then as now i mill. Wood-
(land) for 80 swine. And 31 acres of meadow.
Now 8 horses at the hall, 28 beasts, 40 swine,
150 sheep. Then it was worth 10//'., now 12//'.
It is 8 furlongs long, and 4 broad. And (pays)
20i/. in geld whoever be the landholder therein.

(At) Eilanda [? Waylands **'] the same
Robert, father of Suane, held T.R.E. 2 carucates
of land as a manor with soke. Then as now 6
villeins. Then 20 bordars, now 17. Then
6 serft, now 2. Then as now i plough on
the demesne. Then 4 ploughs belonging to the
men, now 3. Then as now i mill. And lo
acres of meadow. Now 3 horses at the hall, 31
beasts, 45 swine, 80 sheep, 35 goats. Then it
was worth 6/»'., now 8/«. It is half a league long
and 2 furlongs broad. And pays I2(/. in geld.

At Aluenelega [? Aveley^^] Brungar a free-
man under Robert by commendation only T.R.E.
held I carucate of land as a manor with
soke. Then as now i villein, and 10 bordars.
Then as now 2 ploughs on the demesne. And
half a plough belonging to the men. Wood-
(land) for 6 swine. And 4 acres of meadow.
And I mill. And I horse at the hall. And
now 14 beasts, 49 swine, and 87 sheep. Then
it was worth 20J., afterwards and now 30J. It
is 6 furlongs long, and 3 broad. And (pays) 3</.
in geld. Over him Saint Edmund had soke and
sac T.R.E. and Robert, son of Wimarc and
father of Suane, had commendation only. In
the same (King's) time were stolen horses found
in the house of this Brungar, so that the Abbot

In Whepstead.

538

In Stoke-by-Nayland.
In Stoke-by-Nayland.

In Assington.

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

whose was the soke and sac, and Robert, who
had commendation over this man, came to the

fol. 402.

plea about this theft. And thus the Hundred
testifies. They went away on terms of friend-
ship without a verdict so far as the Hundred
could see.

Half Hundret of Gepeswiz [Ipswich]

In the borough Robert had T.R.E. 41 bur-
gesses with soke and sac and commendation ;
and the King had the other customs. Of them
15 are dead. (Suane) lost the commendation,
but has the soke and sac. And of the others in
like manner. And the King has the other
customs.

fol. 402^.

Hundret of Wileforda [Wilford]

At Peituna [Peyton ***] Godric under
Harold's commendation held T.R.E. as a
manor 3 carucates of land. Then 10 villeins,
now 8. Then 4 bordars, and now. Then i
serf. Then as now on the demesne 2 ploughs.
And 3 ploughs belonging to the men. 3 acres
of meadow. And i mill. Then 2 rounceys.
Then 4 beasts, now 2. Then i swine, now 6.
And 27 sheep. Then worth 6oj., now 40J. It
is I league long, and 4 furlongs broad. And in
geld (pays) 13!^.

In the same (vill) belong 20 freemen under
the same (Godric's) commendation with 80 acres
of land and 2 acres of meadow. Then as now
2 ploughs. Then worth 13^., now I5*.

Sanfort [Samford] Hundret

(At) Stratfort [Stratford (St. Mary)]
T.R.E. Robert held as a manor 3 carucates of
land. Then as now 20 villeins. Then 8 bor-
dars, now 10. Then 4 serfs. Then 2 ploughs
on the demesne, now i. Then 10 ploughs
belonging to the men, now 5, and 5 could be
restored. And 1 6 acres of meadow. Wood(land)
for 16 swine. Then as now i mill. A church
(having) 20 acres of free land, and half a plough.
I rouncey. And 6 beasts, 36 swine, and 50
sheep. Then as now worth 6//'. Robert (holds)
of him. Suane (has) the soke. It is 7 furlongs
long, and 5 broad, and pays gd. in geld.

(At) Painetuna [Pannington] "' Robert held
T.R.E. 2 carucates of land as a manor. Then
3 villeins. Then as now 3 bordars. Then 2
ploughs on the demesne, now i. Then 3
ploughs belonging to the men. And lo acres of
meadow. 3 acres of free land (belonging) to
the church. Now i salt-pan. And 8 beasts,
20 swine, 80 sheep, and 28 goats. Then worth
40J., now 301. It is 5 furlongs long, and 4
broad, and (pays) 4^^. in geld. Robert (has) the
soke. Algar (holds) of Suane.

(At) Wervesta [Wherstead] Toli, a freeman
under commendation to Robert, held i carucate
of land. And i bordar. And i plough. And
3 acres of meadow. And 5 swine, 30 sheep,
and 14 goats. Then worth 10s., and now the
like. Suane (holds it) in demesne.

In Frisetuna [Freston] T.R.E. Robert held
30 acres on the demesne. Then as now i
plough and I acre of meadow, and worth lox.
Ernulf (holds) of Suane. The same Robert (had)
the soke.

'" In Wherstead.

XXVIII. LANDS OF EUDO THE
STEWARD {Dapifer) IN SUFFOLK

Lacforda [Lackford] Hundret

(At) Hereswella [Eriswell] Godwin, King
Edward's thegn, held as a manor 6 carucates of
land. Then 11 villeins, afterwards 10, now 11.
And then as now 4 bordars. Then as now 1 1
serfs. Then and afterwards 5 ploughs on the
demesne, now 3. Then as now 5 ploughs be-
longing to the men. And 14 acres of meadow.
And 2^ mills. A church with 60 acres of land.
2 fisheries. Then as now 2 horses at the hall.
Then 20 beasts, now 13. Then 40 swine, now
20. Then 900 sheep, now 800. Then and
afterwards it was worth 10//'., now 16//'. It is a
league long, and 6 furlongs broad. And in geld
(pays) 10^.

To this (manor) belongs one berewick Cocles-
worda [ ] with 8 carucates of

land. A church with 60 acres. Then and
afterwards 1 5 villeins, now 1 1 . Then and after-
wards 4 bordars. Then and afterwards 1 1 serfs,
now 8. And 22 acres of meadow. Then and

fol. 403.

afterwards 5 ploughs on the demesne, now 4.
Then and afterwards 6 ploughs belonging to the
men, now 5. And 2 horses at the hall. Then
1200 sheep, now 900 less 20. Then and after-
wards it was worth 12//., now 24/1. It is i
league long, and 8 furlongs broad. And in geld
(pays) "](!. Saint Edmund (has) soke and sac.

In Lakingaheda [Lakenheath] and in Bran-
TONA [Brandon] 6 sokemen under (Saint) Ethel-
dreda and in her soke so that they could not sell.
They were delivered to Lisia ^' the predecessor

•* In Ramsholt.

"' Lisois de Moustiers ; see above, p. 381,

539

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

of Eudo as (having) 2 carucates of land ; but yet
he (Lisia ***) afterwards made recognizance (that
he held) under Saint Etheldreda {rtcognov de Sea.
Aldreda) ; and Eudo held **' them with soke and
sac. And 4 bordars. Then as now 3 ploughs.
And 3 acres of meadow. And 2 fisheries. Then
and afterwards they were worth 30J., now (this)
renders 70X.

(At) ToDENHAM [Tuddenham] Canut a free-
man under Earl Algar held as a manor 3 caru-
cates of land. Then 6 villeins, afterwards 4,
now 6. And then 4 serfs, now I. Then 3
ploughs on the demesne, afterwards half a plough,
now 2 ploughs. And i^ ploughs belonging to
the men. And 3 acres of meadow. And i mill.
There was i fishery, but now there is none. A
church with 30 acres. Now 10 horses at the
hall. And now 40 swine, and 1 1 beasts. Then
200 sheep, now 60. Then and afterwards it
was worth 4//., now 100;. And it is I league
long, and 6 furlongs broad. And in geld (pays)

20(/.

In Kanauaham [Cavenham] there was a free-
man under Canute by commendation only in
Saint Edmund's soke with 60 acres, and i bordar.
Then as now i plough. Then as now it was
worth 51.

Sanfort [Samford] Hundret and a Half

In RiENDUNA [Raydon] Suerting a freeman
held 17 acres, worth 31. Osbern holds of Eudo.
The soke (is) in Bercolt [Bergholt].

Plumestgata [Plomesgate] Hundrbt

(At) Glemham ^ [(Great) Glemham] Uluric,
under commendation half to the Abbot of Ely
and half to Malet's predecessor, held 2 carucates
of land as a manor T.R.E. And William Malet
was seised thereof. Then as now 7 bordars. And
2 ploughs on the demesne. And half a plough
belonging to the men. And 8 acres of meadow.

fol. 403A.

And I mill. And half a church with 10 acres.
Then 9 swine, now 16. Then 5 sheep, now
40. Then it was worth 405., now 50/.

In the same (vill) have been added 10 freemen
(formerly) under commendation to Uluric with
53 acres and \ plough. It was worth ioj. and
\od. Pirot holds this of Eudo. The soke
(belongs) to the Abbot of Ely. William Malet
was seised of the whole. It is 12 furlongs long,
and 6^ broad. And renders 20^. in geld.

"• Cf. Inq. El. 142. "" and holds ' ; ibid.

'*' ' In Nordglemmeham a freeman Wlfurlc Hugo
June under commendation to St. Etheldreda (held)
l^ carucates of land. This Eudo Dapifer holds' ;
ibid. 153.

Half Hundret of Cosfort [Cosford]

(At) Leiham [Layham] Aluric Campa T.R.E.
held 4 carucates of land as a manor. Then as
now 1 5 villeins, and 3 bordars, and I serf. Then
as now 2 ploughs on the demesne. Then 6
ploughs belonging to the men, afterwards and
now 3. 12 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for
10 swine. And i mill. A church with 40
acres, and i acre of meadow, and i plough.
Then as now i rouncey, 20 beasts, 36 swine,
180 sheep, and 23 goats. Then as now it was
worth 6li. It is 8 furlongs long, and 6 broad.
And pays "j^d. in geld.

XXIX. LAND OF ROGER DE
OBURVILLE

Sto [Stow] Hundret

In FiNEBERGA [Finborough] Leuesuna a free-
man under Gutmund, the predecessor of Hugh
de Montfort, by commendation only held 2 caru-
cates of land. Then 4 bordars, afterwards and
now 3. Then as now 2 ploughs on the demesne.
Wood(land) for 12 swine. And 16 acres of
meadow. And \ mill. A church with 30 acres
of free land and i acre of meadow. Then i

fol. 404.

rouncey, now none. Then as novy 8 beasts.
Then 20 swine, now 6. Then 30 sheep, now
100. Then worth 4//., afterwards 2//., now 60J.
It is I league long and 8 furlongs broad. And
(pays) 22^1^. in geld.

In the same manor 18 freemen under the said
Leuesune by commendation only held i carucate
of land within the soke of the King and the
Earl. Then and afterwards 3 ploughs, now i.
And 3 J acres of meadow. These (freemen)
Roger holds by exchange.

In the same (vill arc) 6 sokemen belonging to
Tornei [Thorney *°'], King Edward's manor,
with commendation and soke and sac and
summage, and they have 65 1- acres of land, and
I bordar. Then and afterwards 3 ploughs
among them all, now i. And 3 acres of
meadow. And these men Roger holds by ex-
change.

In the same (vill) 2 freemen under Gutmund,
the predecessor of Hugh, by commendation only
held 80 acres within the soke of the King and
Earl. Then i^ ploughs, afterwards and now
none. And these men (Roger) holds in like
manner.

Furthermore in the same (vill) a freeman by
commendation under the predecessor of Eustace
held 4 acres.

In the same (vill) a freeman under Leuestan dc
Losa by commendation (held) 4 acres.

"' In Stowmarket.

540

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

Yet again in the same (vill) a freeman under
the King by commendation, the soke and sac
(being) in the Hundred, held 20 acres. Then
half a plough and i acre of meadow.

In the same (vill) a freeman under Wisgar,
the predecessor of Richard, by commendation,
but the soke (was) in the Hundred, (held) 30
acres and i villein. Then i plough, afterwards
and now none. And 2 acres of meadow.

In the same (vill) 4 freemen, (whose) soke
(was) in the Hundred, held j6 acres. Then i^
ploughs, afterwards and now none. These men
(Roger) holds by exchange.

Then and afterwards all these freemen were
worth 4/;., now 40;.

BOSEMARA [BoSMERE] HuNDRET

(At) SuMERSHAM [Somersham] on the de-
mesne LefFchilt held i carucate of land as a
manor in (King) Edward's time. Then as now
I plough. And i acre of meadow. Worth 30J.

At PiLEBERGA [ ] Dot a freeman

held 60 acres as a manor T.R.E., now Roger
(holds) in demesne, i bordar. Then as now i
plough. And i acre of meadow. Worth 201.
The King and the Earl (have) the soke.

In the same (vill) 5 freemen (held) 30 acres.
Included in the above valuation. The King and
the Earl (have) the soke.

In Flochetuna [Flowton] on the demesne
a freeman Godman held 20 acres T.R.E., and

fol. 404*.

still holds them under Roger. Worth 40^/.

In the same (vill) on the demesne (were) 2
freemen Wilgrip and Edric, one with 40 acres
and the other with 10 acres. Then as now i
plough. And i acre of meadow. It was worth
i6j. The King and the Earl (have) the soke.

In Blacham [Blakenham] on the demesne
Ulwart, a freeman, held 30 acres. Then as
now half a plough. And i acre of meadow.
Worth 14;.

In Ella [ ] on the demesne a freeman,

Aluiet, held 12 acres and 2 oxen. Worth js.

In the same (vill) a freeman (held) 3 acres
and this is included in the valuation of Sumer-
sham [Somersham].

In Offetuna [Offion] (was) a freeman
Waldwin under commendation to Leuric Hob-
beson, and he had 20 acres and i bordar. Then
half a plough. Then it was worth 40(/., now 4J.
William holds of Roger.

In Brieseta [Bricett] (was) a freeman, Leuric,
under commendation to Godric of Ringeshala
[Ringshall] the predecessor of William de Otbur-

ville, and he had 10 acres. Then 2 oxen. Worth
2od. Gilbert holds of Roger. The King and
the Earl (have) the soke.

In Horswalda [Horswold] 2 freemen Hardinc
and Tovi under the commendation of the King
held 22^ acres. Now William holds of Roger.
Then as now half a plough. And half an acre
of meadow. Worth 51. and lOi/. The King
and the Earl (have) the soke. This land Roger
holds of the Abbot of Ely by the precept of the
Bishop of St. Lo as Roger himself says.

In Langhedana [ ] a freeman

Wlbolt (held) 24 acres as a manor. And ij-
acres of meadow. And in every third year the
fourth part (of the profits) of a mill. And it is
and was worth 51. and 8d.

Claindune [Claydon] Hundret

At Henleia [Henley] Tepechin a freeman
under commendation to Harold held T.R.E. 2
carucates of land as a manor, and 16 bordars.
Then 4 serfs. Then 3 ploughs on the demesne,
now 2. Then 4 ploughs belonging to the men,
now 3. 8 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for
6 swine. And 7 beasts, 14 swine, and 30 sheep.
To the church (belong) 2 acres. Then it was
worth 4//., now 3//. Eudo the Steward holds
(under Roger) on his demesne.

In the same (vill) 4 freemen added (to the
manor hold) 8 acres and 2 oxen. Worth 2s,
The King and the Earl (have) the soke.

fol. 405.

Half Hundret of Cosfort [Cosford]

(At) Elmeseta [Elmsett] Thou the thegn
T.R.E. held 6 carucates and 40 acres of land as a
manor. Then and afterwards 11 villeins, now 2.
Then as now 1 2 bordars. Then 4 serfs. Then
as now 2 ploughs on the demesne. Then and
afterwards 1 2 ploughs belong ng to the men,
now 4. A church with 15 acres, and half a
plough. Then 2 rounceys. Then 16 beasts,
now 4. Then 30 swine, now 20. Then 240
sheep, now 200. Then it was worth lo/i., now
7//'. It is 10 furlongs long, and 7 broad, and
(pays) i$d. in geld. Saint Edmund (has) half
the soke.

In Watefelda [Wattisfield] a freeman (held)
60 acres and 2 bordars. Then and after-
wards I plough, now half a plough and i acre
of meadow. Worth i os. Saint Edmund (has)
the commendation and soke.

Hundret of Carleford [Carlford]

In Finesford [ ] "* Tepekin (held)

24 acres and i acre of meadow. Then half

*" Cf. n. 233.

541

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

a plough, and (there was) a freewoman with half
an acre. Then as now it was worth 41.

XXX. LAND OF WILLIAM THE

BROTHER OF ROGER DE OTBUR-

VILLE

BOSEMARA [BoSMERE] HuNDRET

At RiNGESHALA [Rlngshall] Godwi a free-
man held I carucate of land and 40 acres as a
manor. Then i villein. Then 2 ploughs, now
half a plough. And 4 bordars. And 6 acres of
meadow. Wood(land) for 8 swine. Half a
church with 12 acres. Then 4 rounceys, now
I, and 13 swine, 60 sheep, and 32 goats. Worth
47J. Of this estate one under commendation to
the Abbot of St. Edmund's held 1 1 acres T.R.E.
Of this manor Hugh holds 40 acres. And they
were worth 5^., (which sum is included) in the
above valuation.

In the same (vill) a freeman Uluric held 80
acres as a manor. Then i plough. And 4
acres of meadow. Then it was worth 20J., now
8j. Fulcho holds of William. The King and
the Earl (have) the soke.

fol. 405*.

In the same (vill) Trumwin a freeman under
the King held 18 acres T.R.E. Now William
holds on the demesne. Then half a plough.
It was worth y.

In RiNGESHALA [Ringshall] Edric a freeman
imder commendation to William's predecessor
held 5 acres. Now William (holds) on the
demesne. Worth izd.

In Brieseta [Bricett] Fulcho holds of Wil-
liam ; Anschill a freeman under commendation
to Leuric Hobbeson held 60 acres, T.R.E., as
a manor. Of these William has 40 acres, but
it was all delivered to him together. On this
estate (terra) is i bordar. And then as now
I plough. Worth 10s. The King and the
Earl (have) the soke. Of the above 60 acres
Hugh de Hosdenc took away 20 acres as Wil-
liam says, and as the Hundred (says) ; but
Hugh is himself a prisoner in the King's hands
{est in captione regit) and so he could not give an
answer.

XXXI. LANDS OF HUGH DE MONT-
FORT

Brademara [Bradmere] Hundret

In Berham [Barnham] on the demesne (are)
9 freemen with 16 acres and half a plough.

In Watefelda [Wattisfield] on the demesne
(are) 9 freemen with 16 acres and half a plough.

Worth i5i. Saint Edmund (has) the soke.
Two of these were under Saint Edmund as to
their commendation T.R.E. and 7 under Earl
Hugh's predecessor.

BisscoPEs [Bishop's] Hundret

At Saham [Soham] Oslac the thegn held
T.R.E. as a manor i carucate of land. Roger
de Candos holds it. Then as now i villein, and
3 bordars, and I serf. And i plough on the
demesne. And half a plough belonging to the
men. And 4 acres of meadow. Wood(land)
for 10 swine. Then 10 swine, now 12. And

fol. 406.

5 beasts. Then 4 sheep, now 12. Then as
now worth 20J. The soke (is) the Bishop's.

In HoRANT [Horham] the same (Roger de
Candos) holds a freeman by commendation (with)
14 acres and half a plough, worth 3*.

InBADiNGAFELDA [Bedingfield] the same (holds)
5 freemen by commendation (with) 60 acres and
2 bordars and i J ploughs and 2 acres of meadow,
worth 10s. The Bishop (has) the soke.

In Badingafelda [Bedingfield] the same
(holds) 7 villeins (with) 60 acres and 1^ ploughs.
Wood(land) for 40 swine. This lies in Acolt
[Occold] and is included in its valuation. The
soke (is) the Bishop's.

In Blidinga [Blything] Hundret

In Stouone [Stoven] Hugh de Montfort holds
in demesne 50 acres of land which 4 freemen
held T.R.E., and now 3. Half an acre of mea-
dow. And 1 plough on the demesne. It was
worth then as now J^s., and 1 00 herrings.
And the King and the Earl had soke and sac
over these 4 men.

Hundret of Colonesse [Colneis]

In Nachetuna [Nacton] Gutmund held in
demesne T.R.E. 2 carucates of land as a
manor. Then as now 6 villeins. Then as
now on the demesne 2 ploughs. Then 3
ploughs belonging to the men, now 2. Wood-
(land) for 8 swine. 2 acres of meadow. Then
I mill, now none. Then 4 rounceys, now i,
and I beast. Then 8 swine, now none. Then
23 sheep, now 123. Then 30 goats, now none.
Then as now it was worth and is worth 70/.*"
It is I J leagues long, and i league broad. And
in geld (pays) 2d.

In BRiHTOtUESTUNA [ ] (were) 1 8

freemen under commendation to Guthmund with
I carucate of land and 20 acres. 4 bordars."*

"^ 'it is worth 4/S' ; Inj. El. 143.
"* ' 3 bordars ' ; ibid.

542

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

Then lo ploughs, now 5. 2 acres of meadow.
Wood{land) for 2 swine. A church with 6
acres. It is half a league long and 2 furlongs
broad. And (pays) lod. in geld.

In Leuentona [Levington] (were) 3 freemen
with 20 acres under commendation to the said
(Guthmund). Then 2 ploughs, now i.

In CuLUERDESTUNA [ ] (were)

5 freemen under commendation to the same with
21^ acres. Then 2 ploughs, now i. It is 3
furlongs long, and 2 broad. (Pays) 2d. in geld."'

In IsTEUERTONA *" [ ] were 4 freemen

under commendation to the same with 1 8 acres.
Then 2 ploughs, now i. And i acre of mea-
dow. Worth 4//. and i os,*"' Over all this land
Saint EthelJreda (has) the soke.

ibl. 406^.

In Waletuna [Walton] was a freeman Lure
by name under commendation to the said Nor-
man with 24 acres. Worth 4/. Norman holds
of Hugh. Saint Etheldreda (has) the soke.

And the aforesaid manor of Nachetuna
[Nacton] Gutmund held, on the day on which
King Edward died, of Saint Etheldreda so that
he could not sell or give it from the church by
the agreement that after his death it ought to
return to the church in demesne. And this the
Hundred "** testifies.

HuNDREr OF Carleforda [Carlford]

In BiscHELEA [Bixley] on the demesne 3 free-
men under commendation to Gudmund T.R.E.
(held) 29 acres, and i plough and i acre of mea-
dow, and they are (included) in the valuation of
Brithtoluestuna [ ].

In Burg [Burgh] (was) a freeman under com-
mendation T.R.E. half to Saint Etheldreda, and
half to the predecessor of Robert Malet. Now
(there are) 3 men (with) 20 acres of land.'"
Then i plough, now half a plough. 2 acres of
meadow. Then it was worth I Of., now 51.

In the same (vill was) a freeman under com-
mendation half to Saint Etheldreda, and half to
Edric Grim with 1 9 acres ** of land and i

'* Measures and geld omitted ; ibid. See n. 297.

"' ' Misdeuetona,' ' Isdeunetuna ' ; ibid. ' Isdeue-
tune' ; ibid. 1 86.

*" 'AH these freemen are worth 4//. 10/.' Then
are entered the measures and geld of ' Brixtewolde-
stona ' ; ibid. 143. ' Sdeuetona (Isdeuetona) ii 3
furlongs long and 2 broad. And (pays) zd. in geld ' ;
ibid. 144.

"" ' and the shire ' ; Inq. El. 144.

'•• ' a half-fireeman Stanhard under commendation
to St. Etheldreda (with) 20 acres ' ; ibid. I 50.

»«"l6 acres' ; ibid.

bordar. Then i plough, now half a plough, i
acre of meadow. Worth 4*. and g^.**

In Parva Belinges [Little Bealings] a free-
man under commendation half to Saint Ethel-
dreda and half to Edric (held) 4 J acres. Worth

8^.303

In Clopktuna [Clopton] 2 J freemen *" under
commendation like the others as above (held) 14
acres. Then half a plough, now none. Worth
2J. and "jd.^*

Hundret of Wileford [Wilford]

In Keresfelda [Charsfield] on the demesne
10 freemen, half under Edric's commendation
and half under Saint Etheldreda's,^' (held) 60
acres and i acre of meadow. Then 2 ploughs,
now 1. Then worth 24J., now 22s. and S^.*"*

Hundret of Losa [Loes]

In Ceresfelda [Charsfield] 2 freemen *" under
commendation of Saint Etheldreda, and over i
Hugh de Montfort's predecessor had half com-
mendation, (teld) 7 acres, worth ltd.

In Gretingaham [Cretingham] Roger de
Candorso (now) holds ; Aluric a freeman under
Harold held T.R.E. 2^ carucates of land and 15
acres. Then as now 6 villeins, and 21 bordars.
Then 2 serfs. And on the demesne 2 ploughs.
And 6 ploughs belonging to the men. And 8
acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 8 swine, i

fol. 407.

mill. Then i rouncey, 2 beasts, 20 sheep, and
20 swine. Then it was worth lOOf., now 8//.
and an ounce of gold. It is i league long, and
3 furlongs broad. And in geld (pays) \\d.
Others have holdings therein.

In the same (vill were) 10 freemen under
commendation of the same (Harold) with 46
acres. 9^ acres William de Arcis claims and 2
half (free)men. Then as now i plough. Worth
20s. One of these was under commendation of
Edric of Laxfield, and William Malet was seised
thereof on the day on which he died.

This R[oger de Candos] holds of Hugh.

Wanneforda [Wangford] Hundret

In WiLLiNGAHAM [Willingham] on the
demesne 15 freemen T.R.E. under Burcard's

»' ' Worth 4f.' ; ibid. •" ' Worth 6d: ; ibid.

"* ' 2 freemen ' ; ibid.

•"'Worth 2^/. '; ibid.

""'11 freemen, one wholly and the others half
under St. Etheldreda's commendation ' ; ibid. 151.

«» ' Worth 20/.' ; ibid.

•»' < 1 freeman half under commendation to St.
Etheldreda ' : ibid.

543

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

commendation (held) I J carucates of land and
1 8 acres. Then as now 2 villeins. Then 7
ploughs, now 6. Wood(Iand) for JO swine. I
acre of meadow. A church with 40 acres,
worth "js. Several persons have part thereof.
Then worth 6oj., now 30J. and 301/. and 3,000
herrings. The King and the Earl (have) the
soke.

In Westuna [Weston] a freeman under the
same (Burckard's) commendation, held 16 acres
and half a plough. Worth 5;. and 400 herrings.

In Wellingaham [Willingham] a freeman
under Burckard's commendation, who could not
sell nor give his land, (held) 3 acres of free land.
Worth 18^. and 100 herrings.

In Hatheburgfelda [ ] 6

freemen under commendation to Burcard (held)
60 acres. Then 2 ploughs, now i^. Then
worth lOJ., now I is. and id., and 900 herrings.

In Warlingaham [Worlingham] 5^ freemen
under commendation to Gurth (held) 60 acres.
Then as now 2 ploughs. And i bordar. 2
acres of meadow. Then as now worth ioj.
and bd. and 1,000 herrings.

LuDiNGA [Lothingland] Hundret

In Beketuna [ ] on the demesne

6 freemen under Burchard's commendation
(held) 50 acres of land. Then i plough, now
half a plough. Then worth 4J., now 2IJ. and
4(/. and 1,500 herrings.

In Kessingelanda [Kessingland] a freeman
under commendation to Edric of Laxfield (held)
30 acres of land as a manor. Then as now i
plough. And I acre of meadow. Then worth
5j., now is.

fol. 407A.

In the same (vill) 4 freemen, i under Edric's
commendation and 3 under Burckard's com-
mendation, (held) T.R.E. 90 acres, and 2
bordars. Then as now 2 ploughs. And i acre
of meadow. Then worth lox., now 22s. and
1,000 herrings.

In RoDENHALA [? Rotherhall •**] a freeman
Aslac under Burcard's commendation (held)
40 acres as a manor. Then as now 4 bordars.
Then as now on the demesne i plough. And
belonging to the men half a plough. Wood(land)
for 3 swine. And i^ acres of meadow. Then
worth 5i., now 91. and 600 herrings.

The whole (is held) in demesne.

In WiMUNDAHALA [ ] 2 free-

men under Burckard's commendation (held) 12

»" In Pakefield.

acres. Then as now half a plough. Then
worth 2i., now 1$. and half a thousand herrings.

In GiSLEHAM [Gisleham] 2 freemen under
the same (Burckard's) commendation (held) i \
acres. Worth 2s. and bd. and 200 herrings.

In the same (vill) a freeman under the same
(Burckard's) commendation (held) 16 acres and
half a plough. Worth ^s. and 300 herrings.

In HoRNES [ ] a freeman under Gurth's

commendation T.R.E. (held) 5 acres. Worth
3;. and 160 herrings.

In Carletuna [Carlton (Colville)] 2 freemen
under Burchard's commendation (held) 30 acres.
Then as now i plough. Worth 31. and 400
herrings.

In the same (vill) a freeman under the same
(Burchard's) commendation held 30 acres. Then
I plough, now none. Half an acre of meadow.
Then and now worth ^s, and 300 herrings.

In KiRKELEA [Kirkley] a freeman half under
Burchard's and half under Ulsi's commendation
(held) 12 acres. Then half a plough, now none.
Then worth 2s., now 35. and 200 herrings.

In RisCEMARA [Rushmere (St. Michael)] a
freeman under Gurth's commendation (held) 16
acres. Then 1 plough, now half a plough.
Worth 5i. and 300 herrings.1

All this Hugh holds in his demesne.

And (there is) the fourth part of a church
with I acres, worth \i>d. The King and the
Earl (have) the soke. (Of) four of the men afore-
said the Hundred witnesses that Walter de Douai
was seised on the day on which he made forfeiture,
and later Earl Hugh (was seised), now Hugh de
Montfort. But he does not hold by livery of
seisin [per liberationem), as witness the Hundred.
And Hugh de Montfort's men say that W(alter)
himself held of him.

fol. 408.

HERTtSMARA [HaRTISMERE] HuNDRET

In CoTiNTUNA [Cotton] a freeman Saxwin
under Burchard's commendation (held) 20 acres
T.R.E. Then i plough, now half a plough.
Half an acre of meadow. Wood(land) for 2
swine. And it is included in the valuation of
the demesne of Neutuna [(Old) Newton ].

In Wluerthbstuna [Wyverstone] Hcrvcy
holds 2 freemen (formerly) under commendation
to Burchard with 18 acres. Wood(land) for 2
swine. Worth 4J. and 5 (pence).

In Caldecoten [ ] (Hugh) holds

in demesne a freeman (with) 2^ acres, worth bd.

In Gislingaham [Gislingham] Gilbert holds
a freewoman (formerly) under commendation to

544

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

Gutmund with
Worth 2s.

15 acres and i acre of meadow.

In Caldecotan [
(are) 3^ acres worth 6d.

2 in demesne

Lacforda [Lackford] Hundret

LiUERMERA [Livermere] Hugh de Beuerda
holds of Hugh, which Gutmund held T.R.E.
under Saint Etheldreda, and he could not sell it;
2 carucates of land as a manor. Then as now
4 villeins, and 3 bordars. Then 3 serfs, now I.
Then as now 2 ploughs on the demesne. Then
and afterwards 2 ploughs belonging to the men,
now I. And 4 acres of meadow. And I fishery.
Then as now i horse. And 3 beasts. Then
10 swine, now 3. 160 sheep, now 100. Saint
Etheldreda has soke and sac. And the same
(Hugh) holds 3 freemen under Gutmund by
commendation and by soke and sac under Saint
Edmund (with) 80 acres of land, and half the
commendation of one (freeman) with the land
Saint Edmund had T.R.E. Among them all
were then as now 2 ploughs. And i acre of
meadow. The manor was worth 40J., and the
freemen 1 3^. It is 6 furlongs long, and 4 broad.
And in geld (pays) 4(^,

Baberga [Babergh] Two Hundrets

Stanesteda [Stanstead] Gutmund the thegn
held T.R.E., Hugh holds it in demesne; 5 caru-
cates of land as a manor with soke. Then 4
villeins, afterwards and now 3. And 10 bordars.
Then and afterwards 10 serfs, now 6. Then 4
ploughs on the demesne, afterwards and now 3.
Then as now 2 ploughs belonging to the men.
And 1 6 acres of meadow. And i mill. Wood-
(land) for 20 swine. Then 3 horses, now 4.

fol. 408A.

Then as now 16 beasts, 60 swine, and 100
sheep. Then and later it was worth 6//., now
it renders 12//'. It is I league long, and 4 fur-
longs broad. And (pays) y^d. in geld whoever
be the holder thereof. A church with 25 acies
of free land.

Stou [Stow] Hundret

Hagala [Haughley] Gutmund held under
King Edward as a manor 8 carucates of land
with soke and sac over the hall demesne only.
Then 32 villeins, afterwards and now 30. And
8 bordars. And then 10 serfs, afterwards 6,
now 3. Then as now 4 ploughs on the demesne.
Then and afterwards 24 ploughs belonging to
the men, now 8 ploughs. Wood(land) for 200
swine. And 42 acres of meadow. A church
with 31 acres of free land and half an acre of
meadow. Then as now 6 horses at the hall,
18 beasts, 80 swine, 146 sheep, and 80 goats.

I 545

And on the demesne 6 sokemen under the said
Gutmund, whose soke is in the Hundred, and
they had not power to sell their land, (held) then
and always half a carucate and 20 acres of land.
Then and afterwards 2 ploughs, now none.
Then the whole was worth 16//., afterwards
12//., now 20./. Of this manor Hervey holds I
carucate and 30 acres worth 635., and Ralph
(holds) 1 carucate worth 20J. Turold i caru-
cate worth 305. Pesserera half a carucate worth
lOJ. Robert 20 acres worth 51. Richard 30
acres at 5;. All this is (included) in the valua-
tion [pretio) of the manor. It is I league long,
and half a league broad. And (pays) i-]d. in
geld.

In Dagaworda [Dagworth ""] Hugh holds in
demesne 7 freemen whom Gutmund, predecessor
of Hugh, held by commendation only (having)
2 carucates of land within the soke of the King
and the Earl. And under tliem are 17 bordars.
Then and afterwards 5 ploughs among them all,
now 4. Wood(Iand) for 1 2 swine. And 8 acres
of meadow. Then and afterwards worth 45J.,
and now 451.

In the same Dagawarda [Dagworth] (Roger)
holds in demesne 6 sokemen belonging to
Tornei [Thorney""] the King's crown manor
[manerium regis de regione) with all customs. And
they have among them all I carucate of land
and 4 bordars. Then and afterwards 3 ploughs,
now 2. And 5 acres of meadow. Then and
afterwards worth 30s., now 20J. Haifa church
with 25 acres of free land. And these 6 soke-
men Hugh claims by livery of seisin {ex liberatlone).
Dagaworda [Dagworth] is I league (long), and

fol. 409.

half a league broad. And (pays) 301^. in geld,
whoever may be tenant therein.

In Watdena [Wetherden], (now held) in de-
mesne, were 1 7 freemen under Gutmund, the
predecessor of Hugh, by commendation only ; and
they had 2 carucates of land within the soke of
the King and the Earl. Then 10 bordars and
always. Then 5 ploughs, afterwards 4, now 5
among them all. Wood(land) for 4 swine. And
6 acres of meadow. Half a church with 15
acres of free land and I acre of meadow. Then
and afterwards worth 50;., now 40J. It is I
league long and half a league broad. And (pays)
25^. in geld, whoever may be the tenant therein.

In Eruestuna [ ] 10 freemen

under Gutmund, the predecessor of Hugh, by
commendation only (held) half a carucate of land
within the soke of the King and the Earl ; and
2 bordars. Then and afterwards 3 ploughs
among them all, now they have scarcely I plough.
And 4 acres of meadow. Then and afterwards

»'' In Haughley. "» In Stowmarket.

69

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

worth 20S., now los. A church with lo acres
of free land. It is lO furlongs long, and 6 broad.
And (pays) loi. in geld whoever may be the
tenant therein.

In ToRPE [Thorpe] i6 freemen under
(Hugh's) predecessor by commendation only
(held) I carucate of land within the soke of the
King and the Earl ; and 2 bordars under them.
Then and afterwards 3 ploughs among them all,
now I. And 3 acres of meadow. Then and
afterwards worth 30s. Now worth scarcely 10s.
It is 5 furlongs long and 3 broad. And (pays)
Sd. in geld whoever may be the tenant there.

In Ultuna [ ], (now held) in demesne,

3 freemen under the said Gutmund by commenda-
tion only (held) half a carucate of land within
the soke of the King and Earl and 13 acres.
Then and afterwards 3 bordars, now i . Then
as now I plough. And 4 acres of meadow.
And I mill. But the Count of Moretaine
claims half. And the Hundred testifies (in his
favour). Then and afterwards worth i2j., and
now a like amount.

In CiLTUNA [Chilton'"] and in Torstuna
[ ] Hugh holds in demesne, by livery

of seisin as he says, 16 sokemen who used to
belong to Tornei [Thorney] King Edward's
manor with every (sort of) custom, as the Hun-
dred testifies, and they have i carucate of land,
and 7 bordars. Then and afterwards 4 ploughs
among them all, now 3 ploughs, and 6 acres of
meadow. Then and afterwards worth 50J.,
now 30J. The whole is 4 furlongs long and
3 broad. And (pays) Sd. in geld. And all

fol. 409A.

these freemen with commendation and soke were
delivered, so all Hugh's men say, as 2 manors of
5 carucates of land.

In Dagaworda [Dagworth] Breme a free-
man under King Edward, who was killed at the
battle of Hastings, held, and he had I J carucates
of land, but (this land) was delivered to Hugh
as half a carucate by exchange. And the soke
(belonged) to the King and the Earl. Then as
now 1 1 bordars, and 3 serfs. Then and always
2 ploughs on the demesne. Then and after-
wards 2 ploughs belonging to the men, now I
plough. Wood(land) for 60 swine. And 9
acres of meadow. And I mill. I church with-
out land, and half a church with 30 acres of
land and i ^ acres of meadow. Then 1 3 beasts,
now 10, and 12 swine, 16 sheep, and 40 goats.
Then as now worth 601. In the same manor
(was) Bremere a freeman by commendation only,
and he had 11 J acres, and I bordar. Then and
afterwards half a plough, now none. Worth 31.

•" In Stowmarket.

William son of Gross holds this manor of Hugh

de Montfort.

In Newetuna [(Old) Newton], (now held) in
demesne, Alwin de Mellesam [Mendlesham] held

1 freeman with half a carucate of land, now Hugh
holds by exchange ; under him were 2 bordars.
Then as now i plough. And i^ acres of
meadow. And now 40 sheep, and 3 swine.
Then as now worth 40J.

In the same (vill) Hugh holds in demesne by
exchange by livery {ex liheratione) 2 freemen, of
whom the soke was in the Hundred, and they
have 27 acres. Then as now half n plough.
Worth 5/.

In Dagaworda [Dagworth] Hugh holds half
a freeman having 20 acres. Worth 3;.

In Torneia [Thorney] Roger de Candos
holds I carucate of land of Hugh, which was de-
mesne land in the King's manor and soke T.R.E.,
but it was delivered (to Hugh) as i carucate of land.
This land Ralph the Staller had in pawn {in
vadimonio) from Toli the Sheriff, as the Hundred
heard say ; but (the Court) neither saw the writs
nor the feoffor {Hberatorem) ; and Ralph (held) on
the day of King Edward's death ; and afterwards
Ralph his son. And he (Roger) had 4 villeins,
and 3 bordars, and 2 serfs. Then 2 ploughs on
the demesne, now i. Then as now 2 ploughs
belonging to the men. And 4 acres of meadow.

fol. 410.

And 1 mill. Wood(land) for 4 swine. Now

10 swine, and 30 sheep. Then as now worth

60J.

And in the same (vill) the same (Roger) holds

2 freemen having 20 acres. Then and after-
wards I plough, now half (a plough). Worth
\od. This is by exchange.

Thewardestreu [Thedwastre] Hundret

In Begatona [Bacton] a freeman under
Edith the Rich held 40 acres of land T.R.E.
Now Hugh de Montfort holds (them) through
exchange. Then as now half a plough. Worth

Half Hundred of Gepeswiz [Ipswich]

In the borough Hugh has in demesne i bur-
gage {mansura), and it belongs to Nechetuna
[Nacton]. The King has all the customs.

Bosemara [Bosmere] Hundret

At Betesfort [Battisford] Roger de Candos
holds of Hugh the land which Aluric a freeman
held T.R.E. as a manor, viz. i carucate of land.
Then as now 8 bordars. Then 2 ploughs on
the demesne, now I. And half a plough be-
longing to the men. 6 acres of meadow. Wood-

546

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

(land) for 20 swine. Half a church witli 20
acres. Now 1 rouncey, 4 beasts, 12 swine, 21
sheep, and 4 goats. Worth 30J. To this
manor Hugh added 5 freemen with i carucate
and 10 acres of land. 3 bordars. Then 3
ploughs, now i^ ploughs. 6 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 5 swine. Worth 20s. This is
on account of the exchange with St. Augustine's
land. Roger de Candos now holds. The King
and the Earl (have) the soke. It is 10 furlongs
long, and 5 broad. Others hold land therein.
And it (pays) io</. in geld.

In Dermodesduna [Darmsden] Uluric a free-
man under commendation (held) T.R.E. 18
acres and half a plough. Worth 2s. and jd.

C1.AINDUNE [Claydon] Hundret

In Westrefelda [Westerfield] Hugh holds
on the demesne a freeman with 8 acres whom
Ordric held. Worth i6</.

In Saham [Soham] (are) 2 acres of land on
the demesne. Worth 41^.

fol. 410^.

Hertesmere [Hariismere] Hundret

At AcoLT [Occold] Gutmund held from
Uluric his brother, Abbot of Ely, 1 carucate of
land and 40 acres as a manor. Now Roger de
Candos holds this of Hugh. Then as now 5
villeins, and 8 bordars. Then 2 serfs. Then
and afterwards 2 ploughs on the demesne, now
I. Then 2 ploughs belonging to the men,
afterwards and now 1^ ploughs. And 3 acres
of meadow. Wood(land) for 40 swine. A church
with S.acres and half a plough. Then as now i
rouncey. Then 8 beasts. Then 60 swine,
now 13. Then 40 sheep, now 28. And 21
goats. Then worth 60s., afterwards 4//'., now
lOOJ. And to this manor have been added 8
freemen with 40 acres. Then and afterwards
2 ploughs, now i^ ploughs. A church with 12
acres. Worth 10s. Gudmund (had) soke over
the whole.^'^ It is 10 furlongs long, and 8 broad.
And (pays) ^d. in geld.

fol. 411.

XXXII. LAND OF GEOFFREY DE
MAGNAVILLE

Stohu [Stow] Hundret

In Cratinga [Greeting] Witgar, a freeman
under the Abbot of Ely by commendation only,
lield T.R.E. 2 carucates of land within the soke
of the King and the Earl. Geoffrey has (it) as a

*" 'under the Abbot' ; Jnj. El. 153.

manor by the King's gift. And under him (holds)
William de Boeville, but (this land) did not
belong to the fee of Ansgar the predecessor of
Geoffrey. Then as now 6 bordars. Then as
now 2 ploughs on the demesne. Then and
afterwards half a plough belonging to the men,
now none at all. And 5 acres of meadow.
And a fourth share of a mill. And a half share
of another mill. Then as now 2 horses at the
hall, and 5 beasts, and 8 swine. Then 20
sheep, now 30. Then as now worth 40J.

And in the same (vill) 5 freemen under the
said Witgar by commendation only held 9 acres
of land within the soke of the King and the
Earl. And half a plough. Worth 2s.

In the same manor (was) a freeman under
Edric the predecessor of Robert Malet by com-
mendation only; now William de Boeville holds
under Geoffrey, and he has 16 acres and I bor-
dar, and half a plough ; and i acre of meadow.
Worth 36^/.

Claindune [Claydon] Hundret

In Westrefelda [Westerfield] Langfere a
freeman under commendation to Haldein held
14 acres. Worth 2s. The said William holds
(under Geoffrey). The King and the Earl
(have) the soke.

Sanfort [Samford] Hundret and a Half

(At) Holetuna [Holton (St. Mary] Ansgar
T.R.E. held 2 carucates of land as a manor. Then
as now 1 3 villeins and 2 bordars. Then 4 serfs,
now 3. Then as now 2 ploughs on the demesne.
Then 5 ploughs belonging to the men, now 3,
and 24 acres of meadow. A church. Then 2
rounceys, now I, and 2 beasts. Then 12 swine,
now 6. Then 60 sheep, now 74. Then worth
60J., now 40i. It is 6 furlongs long and 4 broad,
and pays "jd. in geld. The same Ansgar (had)
the soke.

(At) Reinduna [Raydon] Angar held 2 caru-
cates of land as a manor T.R.E. Then as now
8 villeins and 3 bordars and 3 serfs, and 2 ploughs
on the demesne. Then 7 ploughs belonging to the
men, now 4. 6 acres of meadow. Wood(land)

fol. 411*.

for 16 swine. Then 2 rounceys, now i. Then
as now 5 beasts and 12 swine. Then 30 sheep,
now 50. Then as now worth 8//'. (It is held)
in demesne. Of the same land Alured holds
I villein with 30 acres, worth 51. Angar (had)
the soke. Of the same land Gilbert, the priest,
holds I villein with 30 acres, and half a plough,
worth 5 J.

In Belesteda [Belstead] Olf, a freeman under
commendation to Ansgar, held T.R.E. and still
holds 80 acres. Then as now i villein and 2

547

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

bordars. Then i plough, now half a plough,
and 2 acres of meadow. Then I mill. The
fourth part of a church. Then worth lOJ., now
■js. The soke (is) in Bercolt [Bergholt].

ScoTTUNA [Stutton] Rainelm holds of
GeofFrey, which Fribern, the King's thegn, held
T.R.E. ; 2 (? carucates) of land as a manor.
Then as now 2 villeins, and lO bordars. Then
2 serfs, and now. Then as now I plough on
the demesne, and i plough belonging to the men,
and 4 acres of meadow. The third part of a
church with 15 acres. Now 7 beasts. Then
2 swine, now 13, and 60 sheep, and I salt-pan,
and 2 hives of bees. Worth 405. It is 6 fur-
longs long and 4 broad, and pays \d. in geld.
The same Friebern (had) the soke.

In GiPEWiz [Ipswich] I burgage (mansura)
and it belongs to {in) Mosa [ ].

In Reinduna [Raydon] Edwin and Brictmar,
freemen under commendation to Ansgar, T.R.E.
(held) 15 acres and half a plough, worth 5;. The
soke is in Bercolt [Bergholt].

HUNDRET OF WiLEFORDA [WiLFORD]

In Cerefelda [Charsfield] a freewoman Le-
veva under Haldein's commendation T.R.E.
(held) 30 acres and 2 bordars. Then as now i
plough. 2 acres of meadow. Then and always
worth I Ox.

In the same (vill) a freeman under the said
(Haldein's) commendation (held) 1 1 acres, worth

25.

In Depebek [Debach] a freeman under com-
mendation of one himself under commendation
of Ralph the Staller held 6 acres, worth I2d.

In Bulges [Boulge] a freeman under Haldein's
commendation (held) 16 acres. Then i plough,
now 2 oxen. Worth 2s.

fol. 412.

In the same (vill) a freeman under Haldein's
commendation and Uluric's (held) 6 acres, worth
12 J.

In WiKAM [Wickham (Market)] a freeman
under Haldein's commendation (held) 3 acres,
worth 6J.

In Meltuna [Melton] 2 freemen under Hal-
dein's commendation (held) 4 acres, worth Sd.

This W[illiam] son- of Sahuala holds of
Geofirey de Magnaville.

HuNDRET of LosA [LoEs]

At Ledringaham [Letheringham] Haldein
held T.R.E. under commendation of Harold 80

548

acres as a manor. Then 5 bordars, now lo. Then

1 serf, now 2. Then as now on the demesne

2 ploughs, and belonging to the men 2 ploughs.
Wood(land) for 4 swine. 6 acres of meadow.

1 mill. Then as now 2 rounceys, 6 beasts,
30 swine, 80 goats, and 5 hives of bees. A
church with 20 acres, worth 40^. Then it
was worth 20i., now a like sum.

In the same (vill) 13 freemen and 2 half free-
men under commendation of the same (Haldein),
except 6 (who) were under commendation of
Saint Etheldreda, (held) 60 acres. Then as now
4 ploughs. 2 acres of meadow. Then it was
worth 1 7;., now a like sum.

Moreover in the same (vill) a freeman "' under
commendation half of Saint Etheldreda and half
of Haldein (held) 60 acres as a manor ; and 2
bordars. And I plough."* 4 acres of meadow.
Then as now worth 20/.

In Udebrige [Woodbridge] (were) 2 freemen
under commendation of the said Haldein with
33 acres and half a plough and i bordar. Worth

This the same William [son of SahaU] holds
of GeofFrey de Magnaville,

Waineforda [Wangford] Hundret

(At) ScADENAFELLA [Shadingfield] Haldein a
freeman under Harold's commendation held i
carucate of land as a manor. Then as now i
villein, and 10 bordars. Then on the demesne

2 ploughs, now 2. Then as now belonging to
the men i plough. 4 acres of meadow. Wood-
land for 20 swine. And i rouncey, 1 1 swine,
80 sheep, and 2 hives of bees. Then worth 10s.,
now 20s.

In the same (vill) a freeman under Bishop
Stigand's commendation (held) i carucate of land
as a manor. Then I villein, now the like.
Then 5 bordars, now 4. Then on the demesne
I plough. TJien belonging to the men 2 ploughs,
now I. Then worth 20;., now the like. This
man was adjudged {derationatus) and seized to the
use of the King ; and later Waleram seized him ;
and gave security thereupon.

Moreover in the said (vill) 2 freemen under
commendation to Haldein (held) 32^ acres as a

fol. 412^.

manor. Then as now half a plough. Worth
5j. and id.

In Westuna [Weston]
acres, worth \6d.

In WiCHEDIS [

I acre, worth ^d.

a freeman (held) 5

] a freeman (held)

■Gelric' ; Inj. EI. 151.
' i^ ploughs ' ; ibid.

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

HUNDRET OF BuDIGGA [BlYTHING]

At TuRiNTUNA [Thorington] Haldein {Alden-
ui) held T.R.E. 3 carucates of land as a manor.
Then 8 bordars, now 13. Then as now 2 serfs.
Then 2 ploughs on the demesne, now 3. Then
as now 3 ploughs belonging to the men. Wood-
(land) for 20 swine. 7 acres of meadow. Then

1 rouncey, now 2. And now 14 swine. Then
72 sheep, now 92. And now 4 hives of bees.
And 15 goats. And a mill. And a church
with 8 acres. Then it was worth 405., now
6of. William de Boeville holds of Geoffrey de
Magnaville ; and (this estate) does not belong to
the Honour of Ansgar.

To this manor are attached 2 freemen with
120 acres of land. 2 bordars. 4 acres of mea-
dow. Then 2 ploughs on the demesne, now
none. Then it was worth i mark of silver, now
81. This estate {terra) is i^ leagues in length,
and 1} leagues in breadth. And renders T^d. in
geld.

In Normals [North Hales] (are) 20 acres of
land which a freeman held T.R.E. under Stigand.
Now W. de Boeville holds them of Geoffrey de
Magnaville. Then as now half a plough. Worth

HuNDRET OF CaRLEFORDA [CaRLFORD]

In ToRP [Thorpe (?)] "' Halden a freeman
T.R.E. held 3 carucates of land as a manor.
Then as now 4 villeins and 1 1 bordars. Then

2 serfs, now i. Then as now on the demesne
2 ploughs. Then 2 ploughs belonging to the
men, now I. 7 acres of meadow. And 2
rounceys, 7 beasts, 12 swine, and 100 sheep.
Then it was worth 20J., now 40J. It is 8 fur-
longs long, and 6 broad, and (pays) 151^. in geld.
Others have holdings there.

In BuRCG [Burgh] 8 freemen under commen-
dation to the said Halden (held) 54 acres. Then
as now 2 ploughs. 2 acres of meadow. Worth

lOJ.

In Grundesburg [Grundisburgh] (were) 4
freemen under commendation to Halden T.R.E.

fol. 413.

with 26 acres of land, and I plough. Half an

acre of meadow. Worth 41.

In the same (vill was) Almar, a freeman
under commendation to Eilric de Burgh with 8
acres, and half an acre of meadow. Worth idd.

In Hashetuna [Hasketon] (were) 3 half (free)-
men and 1 full (freeman) under commendation
to Halden T.R.E. with 22 acres of land, and i
plough and half an acre of meadow. Worth 3J.

In Neckemara [ ] (were) 2 free-

men under commendation to Halden with 20

In Dalllnghoo.

acres and half a plough. Half an acre of mea-
dow. Worth 2s.

In Ingoluestuna [ ] Godric, a

freeman, under commendation half to Halden
and half to Saint Etheldreda, (held) 20 acres of
land. 2 acres of meadow. Worth 2s.

In IsLEUESTUNA [ ] Halden a soke

man held 15 acres, and I bordar. Then I
plough, now I ox. I acre of meadow. Worth

25.

In Burg [Burgh] 3 freeman T.R.E. under
commendation to Halden (held) 50 acres of land.
Then 2 ploughs, now i. i^ acres of meadow.
Worth 10s.

In the same (vill) Brichtric, a freeman under
commendation to Alric de Burgh, (held) 10 acres.
Worth 20^.

Moreover in the same (vill) Brihtwold Mufle,
under commendation half to the predecessor
of Hervey de Beru' and half to the prede-
cessor of Robert Malet, (held) 24 acres.''*
Then i plough, now none, i acre of mea-
dow. Worth 5j. It is 9 furlongs long and
7 broad, and pays l^d. in geld. Others have
holdings there.

In CuLFOLA [Culpho] 3 freemen, 2 under
commendation to Halden and the third under
commendation to Saint Etheldreda,'" (held) 30
acres of land, and I bordar. Then 2 ploughs,
now none. 2 acres of meadow. Worth 5*.

In HoBBESTUNA '"* [ ] a freeman

under commendation to (Saint) E[theldreda (?)]
and his wife under commendation to Halden
T.R.E. (held) 30 acres. Then i plough, now
none. I acre of meadow. Then as now it
was worth 5;.

In the same (vill) Topi, a sokeman under
commendation to Saint Etheldreda,'" (held)
15 acres. Worth 3;.

In FiNLESFORDA [ ] "" Halden (held)

2 acres T.R.E. worth 4^. All this William, son
of Sahala de Bouville, holds of Geoffrey de Mag-
naville. Saint Etheldreda owns the whole soke
of this hundred.

"* ' In Burch Brixtewold a freeman half under com-
mendation and soke of St. Etheldreda with 40 acres ' ;
Inj. El. 145. This is preceded by the entry of
another holding in the same Hundred appropriated by
Geoffrey: 'In Guluesteham (Culuesteham, ibid. p. 1 86)
a half freewoman Mawa in the soke and commendation
of St. Etheldreda with 20 acres.'

'" ' a freeman Brixnodde in the soke and com-
mendation of St. Etheldreda (with) 16 acres';
ibid. 145.

"' ' Hopestuna ' ; ibid.

'" ' who could not sell his land ' ; ibid.

•"Cf. n. 233.

549

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

fol. 413*.

XXXIII. LANDS OF RALPH
BAIGNARD

RiSEBRUGE [RiSBRIEKJE] HuNDRET

(At) KiDiTUNA [Kedington] Ailad held T.R.E.
as a manor 5 carucates of land. Then and
afterwards 13 villeins, now II. Then and
afterwards 1 bordar, now 2. Then and after-
wards 9 serfs, now none. Then and afterwards
3 ploughs on the demesne, now 2. Then and
afterwards 8 ploughs belonging to the men, now
2^ ploughs. 20 acres of meadow. Then I
mill. Then 4 rounceys, now 3. Then 15
beasts, now 4. Then 27 swine, now 18. Then
52 sheep, now 150. Now 6 hives of bees.
Then worth 6/1., now 7//. and 5^.

In the same (vill) 25 freemen (held) 2 caru-
cates of land. And 5 bordars, and 2 serfs.
Then as now 1 1 ploughs. And 6 acres of
nealow. Worth 40J. His (Ralph Baignard's)
predecessor had commendation and soke and sac
except as to the six forfeitures of Saint Edmund.
And of one the predecessor of Richard son of
Count Gilbert had commendation. But Baig-
nard claims the whole by exchange. A church
with 40 acres of free land and i ^ acres of mea-
dow worth 6j. It is 12 furlongs long, and 6
broad. And (pays) i2d. in geld. Others hold
(land) therein.

In PosLiNGEWRDA [Poslingford] (were) 3 free-
men. Of two of these his (Baignard's) prede-
cessor had commendation T.R.E., and soke and
sac, except the six forfeitures belonging to Saint
Edmund, and the same Saint Edmund (had) com-
mendation over the third T.R.E. And the
King granted him the land. About this we
have seen the writ. And they have I carucate
and 20 acres of land. And 7 bordars. And i^
ploughs. Wood(land) for 5 swine. Then as
now worth 3IJ.

In the same (vill) a freeman (held) i^ caru-
cates of land. Then as now 6 bordars. Apd i
plough on the demesne. This Noriolt holds.
Then' 2 rounceys, and now the like, and 6 beasts,
16 swine, and 20 sheep. Then worth 20^., now
255.

In the same (vill) a freeman (held) i^ caru-
cates of land. And 3 bordars. And li ploughs.
And 4 acres of meadow. Now 2 rounceys, 4
beasts, 20 swine, and 29 sheep. This Walter
holds. Worth 30J.

In the same (vill) 2 freemen held 160 acres.
And 8 bordars. And i plough. Worth 26s.

fol. 414.

and Sd. This Richer holds. A church with
40 acres of free land, wort'i 6s. Saint Edmund
(has) the six forfeitures. Baignard (has) the soke.
It is 13 furlongs long, and 1 2 broad. And (pays)
i^d. in geld. Others hold (land) therein. This
is on account of the exchange.

(At) WiTESKEOU [Wixoe] Godwin the thegn
held as a manor 3 carucates and 15 acres of land
T.R.E. Then as now 6 villeins. Then 4
bordars, now 5. Then 6 serfs, now 4. Then
as afterwards 3 ploughs on the demesne, now 2.
Then as now 2^ ploughs belonging to the men.
Wood(land) for 10 swine. 12 acres of meadow.
Then as now i mill. Now 2 rounceys. Then

24 beasts, now 12. Then 40 swine, now 12.
Then 60 sheep, now 40. And 5 hives of bees.
A church with 5 acres. And 2 freemen (held)

25 acres, I plough and I acre of meadow. His
(Baignard's) predecessor (had) commendation and
soke. Saint Edmund (had) the six forfeitures.
Then and afterwards worth 831., and the like
now. It is half a league long, and 3^ furlongs
broad. And pays 3^. in geld. Others hold
(land) there.

BiDINGA [BlYTHING] HuNDRET

(At) Reinduna [Reydon] Toret held 5 caru-
cates of land. Then and afterwards 14 villeins,
now 5. Then and afterwards 16 bordars, now
20. Then 2 serfs, now i . Then and afterwards
3 ploughs on the demesne, now 2. Then and after-
wards 1 1 ploughs belonging to the men, now 7.
Wood(land) for 60 swine. Then 3 rounceys,
now I. Then 12 beasts, now 5. Then 40
swine, now 30. Then as now no sheep. Now

15 goats. Then it was worth 1005., now 7//.
and 10s.

In the same (vill) 30 freemen held 2 ciru-
cates of land and 5 acres and 2 bordars. Then
and afterwards 8 ploughs, now 6. It was worth
12/i. and loj. Over these his predecessor (had)
commendation and soke and sac T.R.E.

In the same (vill) 2 freemen by commenda-
tion (held) 16 acres and half a plough. It was
worth 10s. The King and the Earl (have) the
soke. This is by way of exchange. It is i
league and 6 furlongs long, and I league and 3
perches broad. And pays 6|^. in geld. 2 churches
with I carucate of land are worth lor.

In Brantuna [Brampton] 1 1 freemen by
commendation T.R.E., now 10, (held) 2 caru-

fol. 414^.

cates of land and 60 acres. Then 2 villeins, now
I. Then 8 bordars, now 17. Then 9 ploughs,
now 7. Wood(land) for 20 swine. And 2 acres
of meadow. Then it was worth 30J., now 4OJ.
The King and the Earl (have) the soke. (This
he holds) by way of exchange.

In the same (vill) a sokeman holds 2 carucates
of land. And 2 villeins, and 8 bordars. And
3 ploughs. Wood(land) for 3 swine. And 2
acres of meadow. Worth 30J. A church with

16 acres, worth 161J. The King and the Earl
(have) the soke.

At Froxedena [Frostenden] Toret held as a
manor 3 carucates of land T.R.E. Then as

550

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

now 10 villeins. Then 14 bordars, now 20.
Then 2 serfs. Then as now 2 ploughs on the
demesne. Then as now i seaport. Then and
afterwards 9 ploughs belonging to the men, now 7.
Wood(land) for 40 swine. Then 1 salt-pan,
now none. And 3 acres of meadow. Then 2
rounceys, now I. Then 10 beasts, now 6.
Then 60 swine, now 13, and 60 sheep, 24
goats, and 2 hives of bees. Then as now it was
worth 4//. The King and the Earl have the
six forfeitures.

In the same (vill) 8 freemen T.R.E., now 3,
(held) 113 acres. Then 3 ploughs, now i . And
half an acre of meadow. Then it was worth
I Of., now 14.S. (This he holds) byreason of the
exchange. The King and the Earl (have) the
soke.

(It is) I league arid 24 perches long and 10
furlongs and 7 perches broad. And pays 4^. in
geld. Ranulf holds it. 2 churches with 28 acres
(and) I plough, worth 3/.

(At) Wankeforda [Wangford] Toret held as
a manor T.R.E. 2 carucates of land. Then as
now 8 villeins. Then and afterwards 1 3 bor-
dars, now 21. Then 2 serfs. Then as now 2
ploughs on the demesne. Then 8 ploughs be-
longing to the men, now 7. Wood(land) for
60 swine. And 2 acres of meadow. Then as
now I mill. Then I salt-pan. Then 2 roun-
ceys. Then 24 beasts, now 17. Then 35
swine, now 17. Then 100 sheep, now 80.
And 8 goats. And 5 hives of bees. Albold
holds it. Then as now it was worth 4//. It is
I league and I furlong long, and 9 furlongs
broad. And pays jd. in geld. Others have
holdings therein. The King and the Earl (have)
the six forfeitures.

In Henham [Henham] a freeman Alwin held
by commendation I carucate of land as a manor.
Then as now 4 villeins. Then 1 1 bordars, now
14. Then 2 ploughs on the demesne, after-
wards I, now 2. Then and afterwards 5 ploughs
belonging to the men, now 3. Wood(land) for
40 swine. And half an acre of meadow. Then

fol. 415.

as now I mill. Now i rouncey, and 8 beasts.
Then 4 swine, now 14. Then 20 sheep, now
40. Then as now 16 goats. Now 4 hives of
bees. Then as now it was worth 40J. The
King and the Earl (have) the soke. This Robert
of Blideburc [Blythburgh] holds. This is by
reason of the exchange.

Blidinga [Blything] Hundret

(At) Upbestuna [Ubbeston] Tored held
T.R.E. as a manor 3 carucates of land. Then
15 villeins, afterwards 7, now 3. Then 4 bor-
dars, afterwards 5> now 20. Then 2 serfs, now
I . Then and afterwards 2 ploughs on the de-

mesne, now 3. Then and afterwards 9 ploughs
belonging to the men, now 10. Wood(land) for
160 swine. And 7 acres of meadow. Then i
rouncey, now 2. Then 16 beasts, now 19.
Then as now 30 swine. Then I2 sheep, now
92. Then as now it was worth 1005.

To this manor belong [jacent) 3 freemen with
42 acres and i bordarand i plough and wood(land)
for 16 swine and I acre of meadow. T.R.E.
they were worth 6j. and 8^., now is. And a
church with 3 acres, worth i^d. And all this
land is 7 furlongs long and 4 broad. And in
a King's geld renders 3</.

In Cratafelda [Cratfield] Tored held 3^
carucates of land as a manor. Then as now 5
villeins. Then and afterwards 9 bordars, and
now 31. Then as now i serf. Then as now
on the demesne 2 ploughs. Then 7 ploughs be-
longing to the men, now 10. Wood(land) for
250 swine. 3^ acres of meadow. Then and
now I rouncey. Then 8 beasts, now 14. Then
40 swine, now 47. Then 26 goats, now 32.
And a church with 6 acres, worth (>d. Then
as now (it was worth) 4//'. And to this manor
are attached 5 free [franci) men with 26 acres.
And then as now 2 ploughs. And wood(land)
for 6 swine. It was worth 6x. and id. And
those men render soke to this manor.

(There were) besides 2 men with 40 acres and
I plough. Worth 51. And the soke of those
two was in Bledeburc [Blythburgh]. And Wil-
liam Bainard holds these two manors [mansiones)
of Ralph his uncle.

In the same vill a certain freeman (Jrancus)
holds a manor of 40 acres, and 3 bordars. Then
as now I plough. Wood(land) for 6 swine, ij-
acres of meadow. T.R.E. it was worth los.,
now 20s. And this manor is in Ralph's demesne.

And all this land is 8 furlongs long and 5
broad. And renders towards the King's geld 3^^/.

fol. 415^.

Hundret of Wanneford [Wangford]

In Scadenafella [Shadingfield] a freeman
Toredi (held) 20 acres of land. Then i plough,
now none. Worth 31.

Thewardastreu [Thedwastre] Hundret

In Stanfella [Stanningfield] Elflet a free-
woman held under Saint Edmund T.R.E. i caru-
cate of land. Now Bainard holds it through ex-
change. Then i bordar, now 3. Then 2 serfs,
now I . Then 2 ploughs on the demesne, after-
wards half a plough, now I plough. And 5 acres
of meadow. Now I mill. Then worth 30J.,
now 4.0s. In the same (vill) 3 freemen under
the said Elflet by commendation (held) 30 acres
of land within Saint Edmund's soke. Then as
now I plough. And i acre of meadow. Then
as now worth 51.

551

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Babenberga [Babergh] Two Hundrets

At SiMPLiNGA [Shimpling] Ailith a freewoman
under King Edward of glorious memory held 6J
carucates of land as a manor. Then 9 villeins,
now 12. Then 12 bordars, now 16. Then 3
serfs, now none. Then and afterwards 4 ploughs
on the demesne, now 3. Then 7 ploughs be-
longing to the men, now 6. Wood(land) for
100 swine. And 17 acres of meadow. Then
4 horses, now 5. Then 7 beasts, now 5. Then
60 swine, now 33. Then 80 sheep, now lOO.
Then 16 goats, now 24. A church with 60
acres of free land, and I bordar, and I plough,
and half an acre of meadow. Then it was worth
10//., afterwards and now 12//. It is I league
long, and half a league broad. And (pays) i S'i-
in geld.

In the same (vill) a freeman under Ailith by
commendation in Saint Edmund's soke (held)
30 acres and I bordar. Then as now I plough
and l^ acres of meadow. Then as now it was
worth 10;. And this Bainard holds by reason
of the exchange.

fol. 416.

XXXIIII. LANDS OF RANULF
PEVERELL

Lacforda [Lackford] Hundret

In Ecclingaham [Icklingham] Seward of
Melduna [Maldon] held under King Edward,
but in Saint Edmund's soke and sac, 3 carucates
of land as a manor. Then as now 6 villeins.
Then 2 bordars, now I. Then and afterwards
4 serfs, now 3. Then as now 3 ploughs on the
demesne. And 2 ploughs belonging to the men.
And I mill. Then i horse, now none. And
then 3 beasts, now 2. Then 30 swine, now 21.
Then 250 sheep, now 350. Then and after-
wards it was worth 4//., now looj. Saint Ed-
mund (has) the soke.

Baberga [Babergh] Hundret

At Aketona [Acton] Seward of Meldona
[Maldon], the thegn, T.R.E. held 12 carucates
of land as a manor with soke and sac. Then as
now 23 villeins. Then as now 38 bordars.
Then as now 1 7 serfs. Then 8 ploughs on the
demesne, afterwards and now 6. Then 20 ploughs
belonging to the men, afterwards and now 14.
And 50 acres of meadow. Wood (land) for 40
swine. Then and afterwards 2 mills, now I.
Then 8 horses at the hall, now 11. Then 34
beasts, now 31. Then 200 swine, now 160.
Then 300 sheep, now 423 sheep. Then 9 hives
of bees, now 7. A church to which are attached
30 acres of free land. Then and afterwards it
was worth 2o/»., now 30//'.

In Aratona [Acton] (were) 4 freemen whom
Ranulf received as an estate {terra) of 50 acres.
In Walingafella [Waldingfield] 5 freemen
(with) 72 acres. In the other Walingafella
[Waldingfield] 3 with 50 acres. In Honilega
[ ] I with 50 acres. In Manetuna

[Manton] "* i freeman with 50 acres. Among
them all they had 7 bordars. Then and after-
wards 5 ploughs, now 4. These freemen then
and afterwards were worth 4//., now bos. Of
them all 1 1 could and 4 could not sell their
lands ; but of all of them Ranulfs predecessor
in title had commendation and soke, except of
one who is in Saint Edmund's soke. Ranulf
received them all as (one) estate [terra).

Achetuna [Acton] is one league long, and i
league broad. And (pays) lid. in geld.

At AsETONA [Assington] the same Seward,
fol. 4i6i.

Ranulfs predecessor, held 8 carucates of land
as amanor with soke and sac T.R.E. Then
and afterwards 14 villeins, now 5. Then and
afterwards 21 bordars, now 55. Then and after-
wards 14 serfs, now 12. Then and afterwards
7 ploughs on the demesne, now 6. Then and
afterwards 13 ploughs belonging to the men,
now 12. Wood(land) for 30 swine. And 15
acres of meadow. And I mill. Then 6 horses
at the hall, now 5. Then 24 beasts, now 23.
Then 1 00 swine, now 60. Then 210 sheep,
now 90. Then 14 hives of bees, now 6. Now
12 goat<;. A church with 30 acres of free land.
In the same (vill were) 5 freemen under the
same Seward by commendation and soke. But
they could not sell their lands, still remaining
however within the soke. And they had among
them all 30 acres of land and i acre of meadow.
Then as now i plough. Moreover in the same
(vill was) a freeman made over as an estate
(iiberatus pro terra), but he does not belong to the
manor of which Ranulfs predecessor had commen-
dation and soke. And he had 30 acres. Then
as now I plough. Then it was worth 10//.,
and afterwards 12//., now 20/;. But it could
not render within loOs. (of that amount). Of
these 20//., 20X. are (assessed) upon these freemen.
It is I league long, 8 furlongs broad. And
(pays) id. in geld.

In Clamesforda [Glemsford] Blacuin under
Siward's commendation held 30 acres as a manor
T.R.E. Worth 6j. Garin holds it. Saint
Etheldreda has the soke.

In LosAM [Loose'^^] Leustan holds (and) held
under King Edward of glorious memory i^
carucates of land. Ofi carucate the soke belonged

"' In Hitcham ; Copinger, Suff. Rec.
*" In Hitcham ; ibid.

552

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

to Holy Trinity in Canterbury. Then as now
6 bordars. Then 2 serfs. Then as now 2 ploughs
on the demesne, and none belonging tc the men.
And 6 acres of meadow. Then 2 horses, now
none. Then 10 beasts, now none. Then 30
swine, now none. Then 74 sheep, now none.
Then and afterwards it was worth 40J., and (the
like) now. It is half a league long, and 4 fur-
longs broad. And (pays) i^. in geld.

Stohu [Stow] Hundret

Anuhus [Onehouse] Ketel King Edward's
thegn held as i J carucates and 20 acres with the
soke. Then as now 8 bordars and 4 serfe. Then
and afterwards 3 ploughs on the demesne, now 2.

fol. 417,

And then as now I plough belonging to the men.
And 12 acres of meadow. Woodland for 6 swine.
And I rouncey, and 6 beasts. Then 16 swine,
now 30. Then 40 sheep, now 87, and 22 goats.
A church with 3 acres of free land. Then and
afterwards worth 401., now 501. It is 5 furlongs
long and 3 broad. And pays b^d. in geld.

To {in) Aneus [Onehouse] belonged T.R.E. 26
acres, and now Osbert Masculus holds (them as
belonging) to the church of Stou [Stow] ; and
he held them before Ranulf had the manor of
Anuhus [Onehouse].

BOSEMARA [BoSMERE] HuNDRET

BuRGHESTALA [Burstall] Ralph de Savigny
holds of Ranulph, which Turchill the thegn held
T.R.E. as a manor, viz. 28 acres. Now 2 bor-
dars. Then as now i plough on the demesne.
And 2 acres of meadow. Then as now 1
rouncey, and i beast. Now 9 swine. Then 14
sheep, now 30. Then it was worth $s. and 4^.,
now 8;.

In Brieseta [Bricett] Ralph son of Brian holds
what Lefstan held T.R.E., viz. 2 carucates of
land and 4 acres as a meadow. Then as now i
villein, and 10 bordars, and 2 serfs. And 3
ploughs on the demesne. And 6 acres of mea-
dow. Wood(land) for 10 swine. Then 2 ploughs
belonging to the men, now I. Of this land 54
acres which Ralph son of Brien now holds on his
demesne were attached to a certain church. Then
2 rounceys, now 5. Then 10 beasts, now 15.
Then 30 swine, now 50. Then 80 sheep, now
140.

In the same (vill were) 4 sokemen with 41 acres.
Then I J- ploughs, now 2 oxen. The King and
the Earl (have) the soke. Then it was worth
6os.y now lOOs.

CoDEHAM [Coddenham] Humphrey son of
Aubrey holds, he holds of Ranulf, which Leuric

I 5

a freeman held T.R.E., viz. 60 acres as a manor.
Then as now 3 bordars. And 2 ploughs. And
4 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 60 swine.
Some part of three churches. And i rouncey.
Then 8 beasts, now 6. And 14 swine, and 12
sheep. Then it was worth 20J., now 401. A
church with 3 acres, worth 6d.

In MucELFELDA [Mickfield] Ralph de Savigny
holds 12 acres, and 3 bordars. Half a church.
And 2 J acres (of meadow). And they are in-
cluded in the valuation of Oluestuna [Ulverston].
The King and the Earl (have) soke over the
whole.

In Stanham [Stonham] the fourth part of a
church with 7^ acres. Worth 15^.

fol. 41 7*.

Claindune [Claydon] Hundret

(At) Depheam [Debenham] Saxo held i caru-
cate of land as a manor''' and 22 acres. Of these
22 acres Robert Malet's predecessor T.R.E. had
8 acres in the Abbot's soke and commendation.
Then 4 villeins, now 2. Then as now 19 bor-
dars. Then i serf. Then as now 2 ploughs on
the demesne. The third part of St. Mary's
Church with 10 acres. Then as now 2 ploughs
on the demesne. Then and afterwards 3 ploughs
belonging to the men, now 2. And 4 acres of
meadow. Then wood(land) for 100 swine, now
for 40. Then i rouncey, and 4 beasts. 40
swine, now 28. And 27 goats. Then 40 sheep,
now 30. And 30 acres of demesne land in the
Hundred of Losa [Loes]. Then it was worth
60s., now 501. Ralph de Savigny holds (under
Ranulf).

At Uluestune [Ulverston] the same Saxo held
in like manner I carucate of land as a manor
T.R.E. Then and afterwards 3 villeins, now i.
Then and afterwards 9 bordars, now 14. Then
and afterwards 2 ploughs on the demesne, now i .
Then and afterwards 3 ploughs belonging to the
men, now 2. Then i rouncey. Then 14 beasts.
Then 60 swine, now 22. Then 22 sheep, now
30. Then and afterwards it was worth 40J.,
now 30J. To this manor belonged T.R.E. 8
acres on the demesne, which Robert Malet's
mother now holds. It is i league long, and 7
furlongs broad. And (pays) 26^^^. in geld. Others
hold (land) therein.

Half Hundret of Cosfort [Cosford]

In Watefelda [Wattisfield] Lestan held 20
acres, worth 2od. Saint Edmund had the soke.

"* ' In Debenham Saxo a freeman held T.R.E. I
carucate of land as a manor in the soke and commen-
dation of St. Etheldredra' ; Inf. El. 145,

53 70

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

HUNDRET OF CaRLEFORD [CaRLFORD]

In Clopetuna [Clopton] T.R.E. Edric Grim,
under commendation half to Saint Etheldreda
and half to the predecessor of Robert Malet, held

1 carucate and 42 acres of land.'^* Then as now

2 villeins, and 13 bordars. Then on the demesne

3 ploughs, now 2, but (the other) could be made
\x^ {sed potest fieri). Then 2 ploughs belonging
to the men, now i . 5 acres of meadow. Wood-
(land) for 10 swine, and i rouncey. Then 8
beasts, now 3, now 30 swine. Then 80 sheep,
now 20. Then it was worth bos., now 501.
This Thorold holds of Ralph, i church with
15 acres out of 4 demesnes {domlnat'tonibus)
worth 2s.

HuNDRET OF WiLEFORDA [WiLFORD]

In Depebes [Debach] (are) 15 acres and they
belong to Clopetuna [Clopton], and are worth y,

fol. 418.

Hertesmara [Hartismere] Hundret

In Tusemera [ ] (there is) i

carucate of land of the Abbot of Ely's demesne,
which Saxo held T.R.E. for his pension (?) [soH-
datis). Then and afterwards I plough, now none.
Then it was worth 2 ex., now los. Ralph de
Savigny holds it.

In AsPELLA [Aspall] (are) 1 6 acres of the de-
mesne and (they are included) in the valuation of
Uluestuna [Ulverston]. And 4 bordars. And
half a plough.

In the same (vill) is the third part of a church
and the third part of a fair.

XXXV. LANDS OF AUBREY DE
VERE

Babenberga [Babergh] Two Hundrets

(At) Lauenham [Lavenham] Ulwin King
Edward's thegn held 6 carucates of land as a
manor with sac and soke. Then and afterwards
II villeins, now 7. Then and afterwards 24
bordars, now 38. Then as now 6 serfs. Then
as now 4 ploughs on the demesne. Then and
afterwards 9 ploughs belonging to the men, now
7. And 10 acres of meadow. Wood (land) for
100 swine. Then 5 horses at the hall, now i.
Then 24 beasts, now 25. Then 160 swine,
now 65. Then and always 200 sheep. Then
60 goats, now 80. Then 5 hives of bees, now
6. One arpent of vineyard. And I sokeman,
who could not give nor sell, with l carucate of

•** ' R. Peverel holds a half freeman under com-
mendation to St. Etheldreda (with) I carucate and
30 acres, and 12 acres in Caisneid [ ]' ;

Inq. El, 150.

land, and 5 bordars. Then as now 2 ploughs.
Now I mill. And 3 acres of meadow. Then
and afterwards the whole was worth 10//., now
15//'. It is I league long, and half a league
broad. And (pays) "j^d. in geld.

fol. 4 1 Si.

At Walingafella [Waldingfield] the same
Ulwin, Aubrey's predecessor, held under King
Edward 2 carucates of land as a manor with soke
and sac. Then as now 4 villeins, and 10 bordars,
and 4 serfs. Then as now 2 ploughs on the
demesne, and 2 ploughs belonging to the men.
And 4 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 4
swine. Then as now I horse at the hall and 3
beasts and 16 swine. Then as now 100 sheep.
Then as now it was worth 5//'. It is 12 furlongs
long, and 3 broad. And (pays) bd. in geld.

Sanfort [Samford] Hundret

(At) Belesteda [Belstead] Tocha, a freeman,
held by commendation only 80 acres as a manor.
Then 2 villeins, now 2 bordars. Then as now
I plough and 2 acres of meadow. Then i mill.
Then worth i6j., afterwards and now 15^. Fer-
meus liolds it. The soke (is) in Bercolt [Berg-
holt.] In the same (vill) Turgis, a freeman, held
by commendation only 80 acres as a manor.
Then as now 2 villeins, and I bordar. Then and
afterwards i plough, now nothing, and 2 acres of
meadow. Then worth i6i., afterwards and now
155. The soke (was) in Bercolt [Bergholt]. It
is 5 furlongs long, and 3 broad, and pays b^d. in
geld. These two manors were taken by judge-
ment ((/^rfl//«n(7?fl j«n/) from Ralph Tailleboscand
Phin into the King's hand, and afterwards Aubrey
received them without livery of seisin {sine iihera-
tione) as the reeve and the Hundred say.

In Canapetuna [ ] Brunwin, a

sokeman of the King's manor of Bercolt [Berg-
holt], held 4 acres, worth I2d.

Hertesmera [Hartismere] Hundret

(At) Burgata [Burgate] Ulwin, a freeman,
held T.R.E. as a manor 5 carucates of land.
Then as now 22 villeins and 33 bordars. Then
4 serft. Then as now 3 ploughs on the demesne.
Then and afterwards 1 5 ploughs (belonging to
the men), now 10. And 3^ acres of meadow.
Then wood(land) for 100 swine, now for 40.
Churches {Aecclesiae) with 29 acres, and half a
plough. Then 7 beasts, now 12. Then 23
swine, now 80. Then 63 sheep, now 176.
Then 40 goats, now 57. And 9 sokemen (held)
142 acres, and 4 bordars. Then as now 5 ploughs.
And 3^ acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 6
swine. The fourth part of a church with I
acre. Then the whole was worth 16//'., now
19//'. and 41. It is i league in length and 7 fur-

554

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

fol. 419.

longs in breadth. And pays 5/f. in geld. Ulwin
had the soke. Adelalm holds the whole (of this)
of Aubrey.

Half Hundret of Cosfort [Cosford]

In Ialdham [Aldham] Ulwin held T.R.E.
5^ carucates' of land as a manor. Then 7 vil-
leins, now 4. Then 6 serfs, now 2. Then
4 ploughs on the demesne, now 3. Then 6
ploughs belonging to the men, now 4. 7 acres
of meadow. Wood(land) for 8 swine. Then
as now 2 mills and 3 rounceys. Then 10 beasts,
now 18. Then 80 swine, now 60. Then 140
sheep, now 60. A church with 7 acres. Then
it was worth 8//., now 15//.

In the same (vill) a freeman held 5 acres by
commendation only. Saint Edmund (had) the
soke. Worth lod. It is 8 furlongs long and
7 broad, and (pays) ^d. in geld.

Hertesmera [Hartismere] Hundret

In BuRGATA [Burgate] (there was) a free-
woman Milda, and in Wordam [Wortham]
(were) 9 freemen, Beso, Alwin, Godwin, Ulviet,
Boti, Ordric, Stanart, Godric.

In Strandestuna [Thrandeston] 2 freemen,
Fulcard, Alwin. In Metles [Mellis] 4J free-
men, Leuric, Godric, Ulward, Lewin benne
(and) Furcard the half (freeman). In Torham
[Thornham] i freeman, Ulmar. In Richinge-
hala [Rickinghall] i freeman, Brictmar. In
GiSLiNGEHAM [Gislingham] a freeman, Edric. In
WoRDHAM [Wortham] I freeman, Coleman.
In Metles [Mellis] i freewoman, Menleva, and
she had 14 acres of free land, and T.R.E. she
gave that land to Saint Edmund. Altogether
the others have 90 acres. Then as now
6^ ploughs. And i acre of meadow. Then as
now worth bos. Adelalm holds the whole under
Aubrey. Over these freemen Aubrey's pre-
decessor had soke and commendation T.R.E.

In Gislingeham [Gislingham] (were) 3 free-
men, Ulmar, Lestan, Lefquena with 23 acres
and I plough, worth 4.S. and 8d, The said
Adelalm holds under Aubrey.

fol. 419A.

XXXVI. LAND OF ROBERT GRENON

Sanfort [Samford] Hundret and a Half

(At) Cercesfort [Churchford] Scapi, Harold's
thegn, held as a manor I carucate of land T.R.E.
Now William de Alno holds it of Robert. Then
6 villeins, now 4. Then 4 bordars, now 3.
Then 2 serfs, now i. Then 2 ploughs on the
demesne, now 1. Then i^ ploughs belonging to

the men, now i. 7 acres of meadow, now

1 mill. Then 2 rounceys, 6 beasts, and 140
sheep, now nothing. Then and afterwards worth
60J., now 40J. It is 6 furlongs long, and 2
broad, and (pays) ^.d. in geld. Scapi had the soke
under Harold.

(At) Stotuna [Stutton] the same Scalpi held
T.R.E. 2 carucates of land as a manor. Then
8 villeins, now 5. Then 4 bordars, now 5.
Then 6 serfs, now 3. Then and afterwards

2 ploughs on the demesne, now I. Then as
now 2 ploughs belonging to the men. 5 acres
of meadow. Wood(land) for 16 swine. Then
as now 1 mill, and 2 salt-pans. Half a church
having 15 acres. Then 2 rounceys. Then 16
beasts, now 2. Then 40 swine, now 14. Then
190 sheep, now 35. Then and afterwards worth
6//., now 60J. It is 6 furlongs long, and 4 broad,
and (pays) 4a'. in geld. The same William (holds
it). The soke (was held) in the same way.

In Brantham [Brantham] i freeman, Mawa
(held) by commendation only 5|^ acres worth
i2d. The same William (holds it). Harold
(had) the soke.

Manesfort [ ] Saint Benet, of

Ramsey,'^' held in demesne T.R.E. Now the
same William holds as a manor I J carucates of
land. Then as now 2 villeins. Then 4 bordars,
now 5. Then and afterwards 2 ploughs on the
demesne, now I. Then as now I plough be-
longing to the men. 3 acres of meadow, and
I mill. Then 2 rounceys. Then 5 beasts,
now 3. Then 15 swine, now 5. Then as
now 30 sheep. Then and afterwards worth 40^.,
now 20J. It is 6 furlongs long, and 3 broad,
and (pays) 2^d. in geld. Saint Benet (had) the
soke.

fol. 420.

In Alsildestuna [ ] Alwin, a

freeman, (held) in commendation to Aluric,
Robert's predecessor, 30 acres of land as a manor
T.R.E. Then as now half a plough, worth
4J. Harold (had) the soke. The same William
(holds it).

(At) Turchetlestuna [ ]

Grim, a freeman, held in commendation to Guert
I carucate of land as a manor T.R.E. Then as
now 2 villeins and 2 bordars. Then and after-
wards I plough, now nothing. And 2 parts of
a fishery. Then as now i plough belonging to
the men. Then worth 40J., now 38^. The
same William (holds it). This Robert claims by
exchange with Hugh de Montfort's land. Harold
(had) the soke.

'" There is no mention of this manor in the
Chronicle or Cartulary of Ramsey (Rolls Ser.).

555

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

(At) Brantham [Brantham] the same Grim
held 60 acres as a manor T.R.E. Then as now
I bordar. Then and afterwards half a plough.
Now 2 oxen, i acre of meadow. Then and
afterwards worth ioj. and 8d. now 5^. The
same William (holds it). This also Robert
claims in the same way. Harold (had) the soke.

(At) HuLFERESTUNA [Woolvefstone] Aluret
held by commendation to Scalpi 80 acres as a
manor T.R.E. Now Robert holds it in demesne.
Then as now 3 bordars. Then and afterwards
I plough on the demesne, now half a plough, and

1 acre of meadow. Then worth 16^., now 105.

In Tatistuna [Tattingstone] Trumuin and
Ulsi, freemen, (held) by commendation 120 acres
as 2 manors T.R.E. Then as now i bordar.
Then and afterwards 2 ploughs, now I, and

2 acres of meadow. Then worth i os., now 8s.

In Stuttuna [Stutton] Eatnod, a freeman,
held in commendation 60 acres as a manor T.R.E.
Then and afterwards I plough, now half a plough
and 1 acre of meadow. Then it was worth 1 01.,
now 8s.

In Brantham [Brantham] Tela, a freewoman,
held in commendation 30 acres as a manor T.R.E.
Then as now l bordar and half a plough, and I
acre of meadow. Then and afterwards worth
5^., now 31. and 6^d.

In Tatistuna [Tattingstone] Aluric, a free-
man, held in commendation 30 acres as a manor,

fol. 420*.

and 2 bordars. Then and afterwards half a
plough, now 2 oxen. And I acre of meadow.
Then worth ^od., now 42</.

In Herchesteda [Harkstead] Aluric, a free-
man, held in commendation 30 acres as a manor
T.R.E. Then and afterwards half a plough,
now 2 oxen, and half an acre of meadow. Then
worth 5i., now 4.2d.

In Eduinestuna [ ] Spieta, a

freeman, held by commendation 30 acres as a
manor T.R.E. Then half a plough. Then
worth 5i., now i\.2d.

In this Hundred 7 freemen have on the
demesne by commendation to Robert 120 acres.
Then as now 3 ploughs. Then worth 20s.,
now 251. Harold (had) the soke.

CosFORT [Cosford] Hundret

In Latham [Layham] were 20 acres belong-
ing to Ciresfort [Church ford] demesne, which
Scapi held. Worth 31. William de Alno holds
(them).

In Colenes [Colneis] Hundred (was) a free-
man with 2 acres of free land. Worth 4//.
The said William de Alno holds.

XXXVII. LANDS OF PETER DE
VALOIGNES

Brademera [Bradmere] Hundret

(At) Fachenham [Fakenham] Alestan the
thegn held as a manor 5 carucates of land. Then
as now 14 villeins, and 7 bordars, and 10 serfs.
And then as now 5 ploughs on the demesne.
And 4 ploughs belonging to the men. 16 acres
of meadow. Wood(land) for 8 swine. Then as
now I mill. Then 4 rounceys, now 3. And
16 forest mares. Then as now 12 beasts.
Then 40 swine, now 20. Then as now 300
sheep. Two churches with 40 acres, and
I plough, and half an acre of meadow. To this
manor are attached 6^ sokemen with 30 acres.
Then as now i plough. Then as now (it was
worth) 13/1. It is I league long, and 8 furlongs
broad. And (pays) 2s. in geld.

In the same (vill) 20 freemen over whom
Alestan had commendation (held) 80 acres.
Then as now 2 ploughs. And 3 acres of mea-
dow. Worth 20s. This (Peter de Valoignes)
claims of the King's gift.

In ToRP [(Ixworth) Thorpe] a freeman,
Sparavoc, (held) 30 acres. He was Queen
Edith's man ; and she gave him to Peter ; after
her death the King granted him to him, as his
men say.

In Sapestuna [Sapiston] (are) 3 freemen with
13^ acres of land. Among them then as now
I plough, and I acre of meadow. This is of
the King's gift, and is worth fx.

In Barnicham [Barningham] Alestan held
I carucate of land as a manor. Then 5 villeins,
now 2, and I serf. Then as now I plough on
the demesne. Then half a plough belonging to
the men, now 2 oxen. And 2 acres of meadow.
And then as now I rouncey. Then 30 sheep.
Worth 20J. And 6 freemen by fold-soke and
commendation (held) 12 acres and half a plough.
Worth 5J.

In WiCAM [Wyken '«] Alan held T.R.E.
as a manor i carucate of land. Then as now
5 bordars. Then 2 serfs, now i. Then

1 plough on the demesne, now 2. And 3 acres
of meadow. Wood(land) for 8 swine. And

2 oxen belonging to the men. Now i rouncey.
Then 3 beasts, now 1 1 . Then 7 swine, now
13. Then 40 sheep, now 100. And (there
are) 2 sokemen with 10 acres. Then as now
2 oxen. Then it was worth 201., now 30*.

*" In Sunton.

556

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

In the same (vill) 8 freemen under commenda-
tion (hold) I carucate of land and 1 1 bordars.
Then as now 2 ploughs. And 3 acres of mea-
dow. Wood(land) for 2 swine. Then it was
worth los., now 20s. These he has by livery of
seisin (de liheratione) and as (one) estate {pro
terra).

(At) RisEURDA [Rushford] Alti (and) Ketel,
freemen (and) thanes, held T.R.E. 2 carucates
of land. Then 2 ploughs on the demesne. And
now 4 acres of meadow. Now i rouncey.
Then l beast, now 5. Then 1 1 sheep, now 80.
And 4 hives of bees. This land these men held
T.R.E. as two manors. Then as now it was
worth 30J.

In the same (vill) 8 freemen (have) i carucate
of land and 9 acres by commendation. Over 7
(he has) fold-soke, and commendation only over
one. Then and afterwards 2 ploughs, now i.
And 4 acres of meadow. Worth lOJ. It is
6 furlongs long, and 3 furlongs broad. And
(pays) I i\d. in geld.

Saint Edmund has soke over the whole hun-
dred.

fol. 421^.

Hertesmera [Hartismere] Hundret

In West Torp [Westhorpe] a freeman under
commendation, Alti, (held) 9 acres. Wood(land)
for 2 swine. Worth 18^.

XXXVIII. LAND OF ROGER DE RAMIS

Babenberga [Babergh] Two Hundrets

In BuRA [Bures] Earl Algar h;ld i carucate
of land, Roger now (holds it). And i villein,
and 3 bordars, and I serf. And I plough on
the demesne. And I plough be! 'nging to the
men. And 2 acres of meadow. Then half a
mill, now none. And then as now 1 horse, and
30 swine, and 100 sheep. Worth 20J.

In LiNHOU [ ] Uluric held under

Aluric Camp T.R.E., and they could sell,
30 acres, and 4 bordars, and 3 oxen. Worth
i8f. Saint Edmund (has) soke and sac.

Half Hundret of Gepeswiz [Ipswich]

In the town of Gepeswiz [Ipswich] Roger has
a church, St. George's, and 4 burgesses, and
6 burgages [mansuras) lying waste. One of these
(burgages) was adjudged to the use of the Abbot
of Ely, and he was seised thereof, as the hundred
bears witness. But Roger says that he holds of
the King. To the aforesaid church belongs
1 acre of land. The whole is worth loj. The
King has the customs.

Bosemera [Bosmere] Hundret

In Crofelda [Crowfield] Edric, a freeman,
held T.R.E. 20 acres. Then i plough and (the
like) now. Then 4 rounceys, now none. Then
2 beasts. Then 12 swine. And 5 sheep. Now
altogether nothing. Then as now worth 40^.

In the same (vill) Wicolf, a freeman, held
T.R.E. 35 acres which that same Edric held
with his land at the time when it was delivered
to Roger. Then as now 4 bordars. Wood(land)
for 10 swine. And 2 acres of meadow. Worth 8j.

fol. 422.

In Codeham [Coddenham] 3 freemen (held)
30 acres, and i bordar. Then and afterwards I
plough, now half a plough. And I^ acres of
meadow. Then it was worth 6i., now 51. And
the fourth part of a church and the fourth part
of that which belongs to the church. This land
Warenger held of Roger, but he disseised him.
The King and the Earl (have) soke over the
whole.

(At) Estena \) Stonham] a freeman Ail-
mar held under Edric, Robert Malet's prede-
cessor, by commendation only T.R.E. 60 acres
as a manor. Then as now i bordar. Then and
afterwards l plough, now none. And 2 acres
of meadow. Wood(land) for 30 swine. A church
with 14 acres. Then it was worth 20J., now
1 5 J.

In the same (vill) a freeman Alwin in the
King's soke (held) 90 acres as a manor. Then
as now I villein, and I bordar. And then 2
ploughs on the demesne, now i. And 4 acres
of meadow. Wood(land) for 20 swine. Then
it was worth 40X., now 25X. The King and
the Earl (have) the soke.

In the same (vill was) a freeman with 60
acres, and I bordar and i villein. Then and
afterwards i plough, now half a plough. Then
I plough belonging to the men, now half a
plough. Then i acre of meadow. Wood(land)
for 20 swine. Then it was worth 20J., now
15J. The King and the Earl (have) the soke.

In the same (vill was) a freeman with 30
acres, and i bordar. Then and afterwards I
plough, now half a plough. Wood(land) for 10
swine. Then it was worth los., now 5^. The
King and the Earl (have) the soke.

In the same (vill) 8 freemen (held) 30 acres.
Two of these were under commendation to a
certain man who was himself under commenda-
tion to Robert Malet's predecessor, and William
(Malet) his father had seisin thereof. All to-
gether they had I plough. Worth 55. All this
Milo holds of Roger ; and he took over 4 horses,
now I. Then 3 beasts, now 3. Then 1 4 swine,
now 36. Then 36 sheep, now none. It is half
a league long, and half (a league) broad. And
(pays) dd. in geld. Others hold land therein.
The King and the Earl (have) the soke.

557

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In the same (vill) of Estuna [? Stonham]
Roger has in demesne 1 2 freemen with 40 acres
in the soke of the King and the Earl. Then
and afterwards 2 ploughs, now i^ ploughs. And
I acre of meadow. Worth 1 5/.

fol. 422*.

In BRiESETA[Bricett] Anschetill holds of Roger

1 carucate of land as a manor in the soke of the
King and the Earl, which Godwin a freeman
held T.R.E. Then 2 bordars, now 5. A church
with 15 acres. Then as now i plough on the
demesne. Now 2 oxen belonging to the men.
And 2 acres of meadow. And 42 sheep, and 1 5
swine. Then it was worth 20s., now 25J. The
whole is I league long, and half (a league)
broad. And (pays) b^. in geld. Others hold
land therein.

In Langhedana [Langheden] Roger's daugh-
ter holds a freeman with 9 acres. Worth i8i/.

In CoDENHAM [Coddenham] a freeman Alwin
holds I acre. Worth 2d. And in the same (vill)
are 4 acres on the demesne, and they are valued
therewith.

Claindune [Claydon] Hundret

(At) AcHREHAM [Akenham] Godwin the
priest, a freeman, held T.R.E. i carucate of land
and 20 acres as a manor. Now Roger's daughter
holds it (under him). Then on the demesne 2
ploughs, now 3. And 4 acres of meadow. And

2 rounceys, 7 beasts, and 6 swine. Three fourth
parts of a church with 12 acres. Then it was
worth 24.S., and the like now.

In the same (vill) Godwin a freeman under
Gurth held 100 acres as a manor. Then 3 bor-
dars, and now. Then 1 plough, and now. And
2| acres of meadow. Then it was worth i6x.,
now igs. and 4.J.

In the same (vill) Aluric a freeman under
commendation to Saxo the predecessor of Peverel
(held) 40 acres. Then as now i plough. And
I acre of meadow. Then it was worth 6s. and
8^., now 10s.

In the same (vill) Sunwin a freeman held by
commendation to Gurth 36 acres as a manor
T.R.E. Then i plough. And ij acres of
meadow. Worth 6s.

In the same (vill) Turbern the priest, a free-
man, held 30 acres as a manor T.R.E. Then
I plough. Then i bordar. Then it was worth
51., now lOi. and lo;/. The King and the Earl
(have) the soke and commendation.

In the same (vill) 35 freemen (held) 203 J-
acres, and 2 acres of meadow. Then 7 ploughs,
now half a plough. Then it was worth 40J.,
now 5//'. and gs. The King and the Earl (have)
the soke. It is i league long, and 7 furlongs
broad. And pays 20<f. in geld.

In Westrefelda [Westerfield] 3 freemen
(held) 28 acres. Then and afterwards I plough,
now none. And i acre of meadow. Worth
lOJ. The King and the Earl (have) the soke.

fol. 423.

In ToDDENHAM [Tuddenham] (are) 20 acres
on the demesne of Tuddenham and (included) in
its valuation.

In Westrefelda [Westerfield] 5 freemen
(held) 23 acres and I rood. Then and after-
wards I plough, now none. Worth 4;. Girold
holds (them).

In the same (vill) i freeman (held) 16
acres. Then and afterwards half a plough, now
none. Worth 32^. The King and the Earl
(have) the soke. Ernald holds of him (Roger).

In this Hundred are 20 acres which belong to
the church of Totdenham [Tuddenham].

Niwetuna [Newton ^"1 Ernald holds of
Roger, which Brictmar a freeman held T.R.E.;
102 acres as a manor T.R.E. Then and
afterwards 2 villeins, and 2 bordars, now 4
bordars. Then as now I plough on the demesne.
Then and afterwards 2 ploughs belonging to the
men, now none. And 2 acres of meadow. And

1 rouncey. Then 20 swine, now 16. Then
20 sheep, now 12. Worth 20s.

In the same (vill) Levesun a freeman under
commendation to Stigand held 40 acres as a
manor T.R.E. Then and afterwards I plough,
now 2 oxen. And i acre of meadow. Then
it was worth 201., now loj. Ralph holds of
Roger. The King and the Earl (have) soke over
the whole.

In CoDEHAM [Coddenham] Roger holds on
the demesne 6 freemen with 26 acres in the soke
of the King and the Earl. Then and afterwards

2 ploughs, now I. And i acre of meadow.
Worth lis. less 2d.

In Helmincham [Helmingham] Leured a
freeman (held) 20 acres. Then and afterwards
I plough, now none. Worth 31. and id. The
King and the Earl (have) soke over the whole.

In Estuna [Easton (?)] (are) 15 acres of de-
mesne land and (they are included) in the valua-
tion. Milo holds of Roger.

In CoDEHAM [Coddenham] Aluric and Boti,
freemen under Boti, held 9J acres. Then half
a plough, now 2 oxen. Worth 3^. The same
Milo (holds of Roger).

Sanfort [Samford] Hundret and a Half

In Heiham [Higham] Siric, a, fceeman, held
30 acres as a manor T.R.E. Then as now half

»" In Swrilland.

558

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

a plough, and then worth 5*., now 8;. Garenger
holds it. Harold (had) the soke in Bercolt [Berg-
holt].

fol. 423*.

HUNDRET OF CaRLEFORDA [CaRXFORd]

In TuDENHAM [Tuddenham] Ceroid (holds)
Aluric the deacon, a freeman under commenda-
tion to Saxa, (who held) of the Abbot (of Ely)
T.R.E. 12 acres as a manor. 3 bordars. Then
as now I plough. 2 acres of meadow. Then
1 rouncey, and then as now 2 beasts, and 1 1
swine, and 40 sheep. Worth 31.

And in the same (vill) 2 freemen, i under
commendation to Saint Etheldreda ^^* and the
other under commendation to Harold, (held) 10
acres and half a plough. Worth 2s. This Gerold
holds of Roger.

In Grundesbur [Grundisburgh] Raulf holds
20 acres, and they belong to Neutune [Newton]
and to its valuation.

In Finlesford [ ] (are) 6 acres

and I acre of meadow, and they belong to
Newton in another Hundred. This Ralph holds.

In Oteleia [Otley] are 4 acres, and they
belong to Estuna [Enston] and to its valuation.
This Milo de Belefol holds.

Colenesse [Colneis] Hundret

In Kirketuna [Kirton] were 2 acres. Worth
4-^.

LosA [LoEs] Hundret

In Udebrige [Woodbridge] a freeman under
commendation of Alwin (held) 1 1 acres. Half
an acre of meadow. Worth 27^.

XXXVIIII. LANDS OF RANULF
BROTHER OF ILGER

Colenesse [Colneis] Hundret

In Burg [Burgh (?)] was a freeman Godric
under commendation to one himself under com-
mendation to Harold with 16 acres of land. 2
bordars. Half a plough. Half an acre of meadow.
Worth 3J.

And in Tremelaia [Trimley] (were) 2 acres.
Worth j^d.

In MoRESTONA [Moston '^'] (was) a freeman
under commendation to Brismer with 4 acres.
Worth izd.

^'^ ' a freeman ^dric under commendation to
St. Etheldreda (held) 8 acres. Worth 20<«'.' ; Itij. El.
151.

"' In Trimley St. Martin,

In Faltenham [Falkenham] the said Brismer
held 26 acres T.R.E. as a manor. Then i
plough. And i rouncey, 4 beasts, and 40 sheep.
Now nothing at all. Then worth ioj., now 5^.

This Brictmar had several estates {p/ures terras),

fol. 424.

and some part was delivered on the King's behalf
to Ingelric ; and other parts to Ranulf Ilger's
brother, and a third part to Ralph Pinel ; and
with (;'«) this third part was this aforesaid estate
delivered to Ralph as he himself says, and the
same appears (?) by the testimony of the Hun-
dred [idem pibSf t. testimoni') that he was seised
at the first ; but whether he was seised by the
King's action [ex parte regis) or not they do not
know ; and they say also that Ranulf claimed
this land against Ralph ; and Roger the Sheriff
named to them a set term, that they should
both be present, — Ranulf appearing, Ralph was
absent ; and thereupon the men of the Hun-
dred adjudged that Ranulf was seised, who now
holds. But Ralph Pinel denies that he was sum-
moned for that plea.

In MoTESTUNA [Moston] a freewoman Ul-
veva under commendation to Brictmar (held)
10 acres. Then half a plough, now none.
Worth 2s.

In Halmelega [Hemley] (was) a freeman
Brictmar, (of whom) Briht (had) half commenda-
tion and Saint Etheldreda the other half T.R.E. ;
now Ranulf holds of the King by livery as part
of his demesne. But the Abbot says he ought
to hold the half from him. 22 acres. Then I
plough, now none. And I bordar. One acre
of meadow. And i serf. Worth 4^.

In the same (vill) Ulward a freeman under
commendation to Godric T.R.E. held 20 acres
of land, and 2 bordars, and i plough, (and) half
an acre of meadow. Worth 41.

Moreover in the same (vill) a freeman Hard-
win ... to one himself under commendation
to N[orman], and half under Edric's commenda-
tion, T.R.E. (held) 5 acres of land and half a
plough, (and) half an acre of meadow. Worth
I2d.

In the same (vill) a freeman Brihtric, under
commendation half to Brihmar and half to Stan-
mar, T.R.E. (held) 9 acres, and half a plough,
(and) half an acre of meadow. Worth 31. A
church with 8 acres ; worth 2s.

All this Ranulf Ilger's brother holds by livery
of the King, and William de Nomore {sic) of
him. Saint Etheldreda (has) the soke.

Hundret of Carlaforda [Carlford]

In Merlesham [Martlesham] Eadwold T.R.E.
(held) 2^ carucates of land as a manor. Then
as now ID villeins and 10 bordars. Then 2

559

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

fol. 424^.

serfs. Then as now on the demesne 2 ploughs,
and then 5 ploughs belonging to the men, now
4. 12 acres of meadow, now I mill. Wood-
(land) for 16 swine. Then 3 rounceys, now 5.
Then 24 beasts, now 20. Then 40 swine, now
27. Then 300 sheep, now 212. Then 16
goats. Then 6 hives of bees, now 12. Then
it was worth 40J., now the like. It is 1 league
long, and 5 furlongs broad, and (pays) (>d. in geld.
In the same (vill is) i church with 36 acres.
Worth 3^. And a freeman, Godric by name,
held 16 acres and i bordar, and half a plough,
and I acre of meadow. Worth 2s,

In Waldingafelda [Waldringfield] Brihtmar,
a freeman, T.R.E. held i carucate of land as
a manor, and i bordar. Then 2 ploughs, now
I, And I mill. Then i rouncey. Then 100
sheep, now 27. Then it was worth 20x., now
los. It is 6 furlongs long and 3 broad and
(pays) 5</. in geld.

In the same (vill) 5 freemen under commen-
dation half to Brihmar and half to his mother
(held) 40 acres and i plough. Worth 41.

In Prestetuna [ ] 10 freemen

under commendation half to Brihmar and half
to Quengeva his mother, and one of them was
under half commendation to Saint Etheldreda, held
I carucate of land. Now (there are) 9 bordars
under them. Then 4 ploughs, now 2. i acre
of meadow. Then it was worth 20;., now 10s.
It is 6 furlongs long and 3 broad, and (pays) td.
in geld.

In Haspelega [Haspley] 5 freemen under
commendation, like the others, to the same
Brihmar, (held) I carucate of land, and 5 bordars,
and 3 ploughs. 2 acres of meadow. Then it
was worth 30J., now 20s. One of these was
half Edric's man and half Norman's man. Two
of them were under commendation to Quengeva
T.R.E. It is 6 furlongs long and 3 broad, and
(pays) $d. in geld.

In Nebrunna [Newbourn] (were) 1 6 freemen
under commendation to Brictmar and Quengeva
T.R.E. and 2 under half commendation to Saint
Etheldreda,''" with i carucate and 40 acres of
land, and under them 14 bordars. Then 4
ploughs, now 3. i^ acres of meadow. Then
it was worth 40^, now 20s. I church with 12

fol. 425.

acres, worth i td. ; and it was Norman's, witness
the Hundred. It is 6 furlongs long and 5 broad,
and (pays) "j^d. in geld.

In KiNGESLANDA [ ] ^^ (there is) i

carucate of land, waste land [guasta terra), worth

"" ' 2 halffreemen,Torketel and Goda'; /«^. El. 149.
"' There vyas- a Kingshall Manor in Clopton ;
Coping'er, Suffi Rec.

2s. It is 4 furlongs long and 3 broad, and pays
5«/. in geld. All this W. de Nemore holds of
Ranulf, Ilger's brother.

In Aluredestuna [ ] Durand,

a freeman, Robert Malet's predecessor, held
T.R.E. I carucate and 80 acres of land ; now
Ivo holds it of Ranulf, brother of Ilger, as a
manor. Then as now 7 villeins and 3 bordars.
Then on the demesne 2 ploughs, now I. Then
as now 3 ploughs belonging to the men. 4 acres
of meadow, and I mill, and 3 beasts, and 50
sheep. A church with 12 acres, worth I2d.
Then it was worth 4//., now 6oj. It is 6 fiir-
longs long, and 4 broad, and (pays) lod. in geld.

And in Gepeswiz [Ipswich] is i vacant bur-
gage [mansura) and another occupied, and it
renders 8(/.

In Haspelega [Haspley] (are) 7 acres and
they are (included) in the valuation of Almelega
[Almeley].

In Eduluestuna [ ] are 9 acres.

Worth 2s.

In Bulges [Boulge] Uluric a villein (holds) 4
acres. Worth 2)d.

Babenberga [Babergh] Two Hundrets

In Walingafella [Waldingfield] Uluric
King Edward's thegn held i carucate of land ;
now Ranulf holds it as a manor by gift of King
William, with soke and sac. Then as now i
villein, and 3 bordars. Then and afterwards i
plough, now 2 among them all. And 4 acres of
meadow. Then as now 2 beasts. Then 12
swine, now 16. Then 20 sheep, now 30. Then
and afterwards it was worth 30X., now 40^.

Sanfort [Samford] Hundret

(At) Branham [Brantham] Aluric de Wen-
hou held 2 carucates of land. Then and after-
wards 4 villeins, now 2. Then i bordar, now 8.
Then 2 serfs, now I. Then and afterwards 2
ploughs on the demesne, now I. Then as now
I plough belonging to the men. Wood(land)
for 1 2 swine. 5 acres of meadow, and i salt-
pan, and I mill. Then i rouncey. Then as
now 12 beasts, 24 swine, and 60 sheep. Worth
40J. Aluric (had) the soke under Harold. Roger
(holds) of Ranulf,

fol. 425^.

XL. LANDS OF ROBERT SON OF
CORBUZZO

TiNGOU [Thingoe] Hundret

Brocle [Brockley] Richard holds, which
Saiard a freeman under Saint Edmund T.R.E.

?6o

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

within the soke of Saint Edmund held, but could
not sell ; half a carucate of land. And i plough.
And i^ acres of meadow. Then worth loj.,
now 15J.

Babenberga [Babergh] Two Hundrets

SoMERLEDETUNA [Somerton] Roger holds,
which Stakker held under King Edward of
glorious memory ; I carucate of land as a manor
in King Edward's soke. Then as now 2 bordars.
Then 4 serfs, now I. Then and afterwards 2
ploughs on the demesne, now I. And 3^ acres
of meadow. Now 10 beasts. Then 15 swine,
now 8. Then 60 sheep, now 50. Now 5
goats. Then and afterwards it was worth 30^.,
now 4.0s.

SaNFORT [SaMFORDJ HuNDRET AND A HALF

(At) Wenham [Wenham] Auti the thegn
held T.R.E. as a manor 3 carucates of land.
Then 9 villeins. Afterwards and now 6. Then
and afterwards 4 bordars, now 1 4. Then as now
I serf. Then and afterwards 2 ploughs on the
demesne, now half a plough. Then 5 ploughs
belonging to the men, afterwards 4, now 3. 11
acres of meadow. Then wood(land) for 10
swine. Then as now i mill. A church with
20 acres of free land. Then as now half a
plough. Then 2 rounceys, 4 beasts, and 20
swine, now nothing except 23 sheep. Then
and afterwards worth 6//., now 1 005. Auti had
soke over his own demesne, and the soke of the
villeins was in Bercolt [Bergholt]. Girard holds
of this manor 30 acres, worth 51., and they are
(included) in the same valuation.

In Wenham [Wenham] Godwin a freeman
held 10 acres, and his holding has been added
to this manor, and is worth 2s. The soke was
in Bercolt [Bergholt]. It is I2 furlongs long,
and 6 broad, and (pays) 2s. in geld.

Hundret of Carleford [Carlford]

In Barchestuna [ ] ^^^ Depekin,

a freeman, under commendation to Harold held
I carucate of land as a manor. Then 6 bordars,
now 4. Then on the demesne I plough, now
none. Then 7 ploughs belonging to the men,
now none. 5 acres of meadow, and 6 sheep.

fol. 426.

Then it was worth 20J., now 12s. It is 6 fur-
longs long and 4 broad, and (pays) 3^. in geld.

Half Hundret of Cosfort [Cosford]

In Watefelda [Wattisfield] i sokeman of
Saint Edmund (held) 100 acres. Then i plough

83.

Occurs as ' Barkestone ' in 1 346 ; FeuJ. JiJs, v.

afterwards half a plough, now none. Worth lOx.
Berard the Abbot's man holds (this land) of the
Abbot,

Sanfort [Samford] Hundret

(At) ToRiNTUNA [Thorington] '" Alwin a
freeman of Stigand's T.R.E. (held) 2 carucates
of land as a manor. Then and afterwards 6
villeins, now 4. Then and afterwards 2 bordars,
now 5. Then 2 serfs, afterwards and now i.
Then as now 2 ploughs on the demesne. Then
and afterwards 3 ploughs belonging to the men,
now 2. 20 acres of meadow. Then as now I
mill. A church (having) 50 acres of free land.
Now 1 rouncey, and 6 beasts. Then 4 swine,
now 30, and 20 sheep, and 30 goats. Then as
now worth 50J. The same (man) had the soke
under Stigand. It is 6 furlongs long and 4 broad,
and (pays) ^d. in geld. Gifard holds of Robert.

XLI. LANDS OF WALTER THE
DEACON

Half Hundret of Cosfort [Cosford]

(At) Bilestuna [Bildeston] T.R.E. Queen
Edith held 6 carucates of land as a manor. Then
as now 14 villeins, and 6 bordars, and 8 serfs.
And 3 ploughs on the demesne, and 3 ploughs
belonging to the men. 20 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 10 swine. And 3 rounceys, 10
beasts, 40 swine, and 80 sheep. A church with
40 acres, and I plough, and i acre of meadow.
Then it was worth 8//., now 10//'., but it ren-
ders 12/i. It is I league long and half a league
broad. And pays 5</. in geld,

Claindune [Claydon] Hundret

(At) Sujnlanda [Swilland] Queen Edith
T.R.E. held 2 carucates and 40 acres of land as
a manor. Then as now 6 villeins, and 6 bor-
dars, and I serf. And 2 ploughs on the demesne.
And 3 ploughs belonging to the men. 4 acres
of meadow. Wood(land) for 6 swine. A church
with 5 acres. And i rouncey, 8 beasts, and 19
swine. Then 60 sheep, now 100. Then it

fol. 426^.

was worth 505., now yos. It is 6 fiirlongs long
and 4 broad. And (pays) 20i/. in geld. Walter
holds (this) in demesne. The Queen (had) the
soke.

In TuROLUESTUNA [Thurlston] a freeman
(held) 16 acres and 4 bordars. Then as now
half a plough. And i acre of meadow. Worth
2s. and 8d. Half a church with 5 acres.

In Westrefelda [Westerfield] Almar a free-
man held 30 acres and 4 bordars. Then as now

561

In Stoke-by-Nayland.

71

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

I plough. And 2 acres of meadow. Worth 85.
Turstin holds of Walter as of Tedric's fee. The
King and the Earl (have) the soke.

In AcREHAM [Akenham] 2 freemen, Suen
and Lewin, (held) 50 acres. Worth 51. Tur-
stin holds of Walter, and Bernard, as of the same
fee.

In Westrefelda [Westerfield] 3 freemen
(held) 28 acres. And then halfa plough. Worth
3613^. Bernard and Almar hold (of Walter).
The King and the Earl (have) the soke.

In the same (vill) a freeman (held) 6 acres.
Worth I2d. As of the same fee. Norman
holds (of Walter). The soke (is) the King's and
the Earl's.

Hertesmara [Hartismere] Hundret

(At) Bachetuna [Bacton], (now held) in de-
mesne, Lewin a freeman under Harold T.R.E.
(held) 3 carucates of land and 40 acres. Then
17 villeins, now 8. Then 3 bordars, now 12.
Then 2 serfs, now i. Then as now on the
demesne 2 ploughs. Then 3 ploughs belonging
to the men, now 2. 6 acres of meadow. Wood-
(land) for 100 swine. Then 9 rounceys, now 8.
Then as now 8 beasts. Then 60 swine, now
40. Then 16 sheep, now 100. Then 40
goats, now 36. A church with 24 acres, worth
3;. Then worth 8//., now 9/;'. and los. And
40 freemen under commendation to Lewin
T.R.E. (held) 80 acres and i bordar. Then 3
ploughs, now 2. I acre of meadow. Then
worth 20J., now 4//. and 10s. The King and
the Earl (have) the soke. It is i league long,
and 4 furlongs broad. And in geld (pays) 6d,

In Caldecota [ ] were 19 acres

of the demesne of Bachetuna [Bacton], worth 3^.
and T^d. It is 9 furlongs long, and 2 (furlongs)
and 5 perches broad. And in geld (pays) 6d.

In Westorp [Westhorpe] Brictric a freeman
under commendation (held) 6 acres, worth izd.

fol. 427.

Babenberga [Babergh] Two Hundrets

Mellinga [Milden'"] Walter holds in de-
mesne, which Lewin of Bagatona [Bacton], King
Edward's thegn, held, 2 carucates of land as a
manor. Now Walter holds it, and it belongs to
his brother Thederic's fee. Then as now 6
villeins, and 6 bordars, and 4 serfs. Then as
now 2 ploughs on the demesne. Then and
afterwards 3 ploughs belonging to the men, now
1. And 6 acres of meadow. Wood (land) for
6 swine. And i mill. Then as now 2 horses.
Then 6 beasts, now 7, and 22 swine. Then
40 sheep, now 50. Then 12 goats, now
16. Then and afterwards it was worth

Formerly Milding.

4//'., now 6//'. It is 6 furlongs long and
4 broad. And (pays) 7^. in geld. A church
with 15 acres of free land. Over 10 acres
which a freeman had, which he could sell. Saint
Edmund has soke and sac, and it is worth 2s.

Stou [Stow] Hundret

In Dagaworda [Dagworth] William a free-
man, of whom Teri the predecessor of Barthe-
tona [sic) had half commendation only, and
Gutmund the predecessor of Hugh de Montfort
(had) the other half. And he could without
their licence sell his land, and had 60 acres and

1 bordar. Then and afterwards i^ ploughs,
now 2 oxen. Wood(land) for 10 swine, and 3
acres of meadow.

In Weledana [ ] (were) 15 acres

of land belonging to the same freeman, and

2 acres of meadow. Then and afterwards the
whole was worth 20J., now 5^. This land
Theodric the predecessor of Walter the Deacon
had without livery of seisin {sine Uberatore), as the
Hundred testifies. The King and the Earl
(have) soke and sac.

In Watdena [Wetherden] a freeman within
the soke of the Hundred has 5 acres. Worth
I2d.

Half Hundret of Gepeswiz [Ipswich]

In the borough Walter has 5 houses, and 3
vacant burgages {mansuras\ which the Queen
held T.R.E. And they render customs. And
are worth 20d.

Claindune [Claydon] Hundret

(At) Henleie [Henley] Uluric a freeman held

1 carucate of land and 70 acres as a manor
T.R.E. Then 2 bordars, now 6. Then and
afterwards 2 ploughs on the demesne, now i.
Then as now i plough belonging to the men.

fol. 42 7*.

4 acres of meadow. Then 3 rounceys. Then

2 beasts, now 3. Then lo swine, now 2.
Then 40 sheep, now 44. A church with 8
acres. Then it was worth 40J., and now 48;.
Roger holds of Walter. The King and the
Earl (have) the soke.

In the same commendation 6 freemen (held)
36 acres. Then and afterwards i J ploughs, now
I plough. Then it was worth 6j. and id., now
7^. The same Roger (holds of Walter). The
King and the Earl (have) the soke.

In the same (vill) a freeman Suen by name
held 40 acres as a manor T.R.E. Then as now
I plough. And 1 bordar. Then it was worth
loj., now i8x. Walter holds in demesne. It is
I league long, and half a league broad. And

562

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

(pays) zod. in geld. The King and the Earl
(have) the soke.

In Bruntuna [ ] Lewin the thegn

T.R.E. held i carucate of land and 40 acres as
a manor. Then as now 9 bordars, and 2 serfs.
Then and afterwards 2 ploughs, now I. Then
and afterwards 2 ploughs belonging to the men,
now I. 5 acres of meadow. Then i rouncey.
Then 20 swine, now 10. Then 20 sheep, now
16. Then it was worth 40J., now 30J. Robert
holds of Walter. The King and the Earl (have)
the soke.

In AcHEHAM [Akenham] (were) 4 freemen
with 32 acres of land. Then I plough. Worth
5^. Roger holds of Walter. The King and
the Earl (have) the soke.

HUNDRET OF CaRLEFORDA [CaRLFORd]

In Wittlesham [Witnesham] Lewin, a free-
man, T.R.E. held 3 carucates of land. Then as
now 10 villeins, and 4 bordars, and 6 serfs, now 5.
Then as now 3 ploughs on the demesne, and 4
ploughs belonging to the men. 10 acres of
meadow. And 3 rounceys, 8 beasts, 68 swine,
1 80 sheep, 30 goats, and 7 hives of bees. Then
it was worth 60J., now 12//. It is 8 furlongs
long, and 4 broad, and (pays) $d. in geld.

In Finesforda [ ],"' (now held) in

demesne, 26 freemen under commendation to the
predecessor of Walter held I carucate of land.
Saint Etheldreda had the soke. Then among
them (were) 3 ploughs, now 2. 4 acres of mea-
dow. Worth 40J. It is 10 furlongs long, and
3 broad, and (pays) 10^. in geld.

In Otelega [Otley] on the demesne are 6
acres. Worth \2d.

XLII. LANDS OF TEHELL DE
HERION

Babenberga [Babergh] Two Hundrets

(At) Ilelega [(Brent) Eleigh] Ulward a free-
man under Stigand T.R.E. held 3 carucates of
land as a manor. Then as now 5 bordars, and
2 serfs. Then as now 2 ploughs on the demesne.
And 3 acres of meadow. And I mill. And
2 horses at the hall, 6 beasts, 20 swine, and 100
sheep. Then it was worth 40^., afterwards and
now 80J. It is half a league long, and 4 furlongs
broad. And (pays) ■^^d. in geld.

fol. 428.

RiSEBRUGE [RiSBRIDGE] HuNDRET

At Hauerhella [Haverhill] Clarebold held
7.\ carucates of land as a manor T.R.E. Then

and afterwards 6 villeins, now I. Then and
afterwards 4 bordars, now 10. Then as now
10 serfs. Then and afterwards and always 2
ploughs on the demesne. Then as afterwards t
plough belonging to the men, now half a plough.
Wood(land) for 20 swine. 6 acres of meadow.
The third part of a market ; in it lO bordars.
To the church (belong) 5 acres. The manor is
worth \os., and the market 13$. and ^d. It is
I league long, and half a league broad. And
pays 6d. in geld. Others hold (land) therein.

XLin. LANDS OF RALPH DE
LIMESI

Babenberga [Babergh] Two Hundrets

(At) HoKETONA [Houghton "'] Huthtrad held
under Harold T.R.E. as a manor 2 carucates of
land with soke. Then as now I villein, and 2
bordars, and 5 serfs. Then 3 ploughs on the
demesne, afterwards and now 4. Then as now
half a plough belonging to the men. Wood-
(land) for 20 swine. And 10 acres of meadow.
Then as now I horse at the hall. Then 3
beasts, now none.

FiNESTEDA [Fenstead '"] the same Uthtret
T.R.E. held as i carucate of land. Now Ralph
holds (this, land) as a berewick of Hoketona
[Houghton] from Edgar his predecessor. Then
as now I plough on the demesne.

HoKETONA [Houghton] was then worth 4//.,
now lOOs. And Finesteda [Fenstead] then and
afterwards was worth 205., now 30/. But it is
included in the lOOf. The whole is 8 furlongs
long, and 4 broad. And pays ^d. in geld.

(At) Kanavadisc [Cavendish] Norman held
with soke and sac under King Edward as a manor

2 carucates of land. A church with 30 acres of
free land. Then as now 5 villeins, and 8 bor-
dars, and 7 serfs. Then 2 ploughs on the
demesne, afterwards and now 4. Then as now

fol. 42 8i.

3 ploughs belonging to the men. And i mill.
And 10 acres of meadow. Then 3 beasts, now
24. Then 40 sheep, now no. Then 30
swine, now 50. To this manor belongs Koden-
HAM [Coddenham-''], a berewick with 2 caru-
cates of land. Then 5 villeins, and afterwards
and now 3. Then 4 bordars, and afterwards and
now 13. Then and afterwards 2 serfs, now I.
Then 2 ploughs on the demesne, and afterwards
and now i. And i^ ploughs belonging to the
men. Then half a mill, afterwards and now
none. A church with 20 acres of free land.
Then and afterwards the whole was worth loox.,
now 10//.

Presumably on the River Finn.

»» In Cavendish. »' Ibid. ™ In Boxford.

563

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Kanavadis [Cavendish] is half a league long,
and 4 furlongs broad. And (pays) loa'. in geld.

KoDEHAM [Coddenham] is 6 furlongs long,
and 3 broad. And (pays) ^^d. in geld.

(At) Neuuetona [Newton] the same Uthtret
held under Harold with soke and sac 2 carucates
of land as a manor. Then as now 3 villeins.
Then 7 bordars, and afterwards and now 20.
Then 4 serfs, afterwards and now 1. Then as
now 2 ploughs on the demesne. Then and
afterwards 2 ploughs belonging to the men, now
2^ ploughs. Wood(land) for 6 swine. And 4
acres of meadow. A church with 30 acres of
free land. Then I horse, now none. Then 3
beasts, now 8. Then 17 swine, now 20.
Then 60 sheep, now 103. Then 17 goats,
now 35. Half a church with 8 acres of free
land.

In the same (vill was) a freeman half under
Uthtred and half under Saint Edmund by com-
mendation, but wholly in the soke of Saint
Edmund. And he could sell without licence.
And he had 20 acres. The whole was then
worth 40J., afterwards and now 6oi. It is half
a league long, and 4 furlongs broad. And (pays)
6hd. in geld.

In CoRNiERDA [Cornard] (was) a freeman
under Wisgar by commendation only and soke
with I carucate of land. Then as now 5 bor-
dars. Then as now I plough on the demesne,
and 6 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 4
swine. Then as now 5 beasts. Then 10 swine,
now 20. Then 30 sheep, now 60. Then as
now it was worth 20s. It is half a league long,
and half a league broad. And (pays) 3^;/. in
geld.

BiscoPEs [Bishops] Hundret

(At) Bedingafelda [Bedingfield] Aluric a
freeman under Harold held as a manor T.R.E.
92 acres. Then 2 bordars, now 4. Then as
now I plough on the demesne. And i plough

fol. 429.

belonging to the men. Wood(land) for 10
swine. And I acre of meadow. Then as now
12 swine, and 20 sheep. The fourth part of a
church with 6 acres. Then worth 30/., now
16s. and 8d.

In the same (vill were) 6 freemen. Over all
Aluric (had) commendation except over half (a
freeman) who was under Robert Malet's prede-
cessor by commendation only ; and they had 35
acres and I acre of meadow (and) then as now
I plough, and were worth 40c/.

Hundret of Losa [Loes]

(At) Framelingaham [Framlingham] Brict-
mar a freeman under Harold held T.R.E. 50

acres of land as a manor. Then as now 3

bordars, and I serf. And on the demesne 1

plough. And belonging to the men half a
plough. Then and always it was worth 151.

Hertesmera [Hartismere] Hundbet

(At) Cranlea [Cranley] Aluric a freeman
held 100 acres of land as a manor T.R.E.
Then as now 10 bordars. And I plough on the
demesne. And I plough belonging to the men.
Wood(land) for 6 swine. Worth 20;. Aluric
had half the soke, and the King the other
moiety.

In Hastelea [Hestley] 2 freemen under com-
mendation (held) 10 acres worth 20(^.

In AcoLT [Occold] a freeman under com-
mendation (held) 8 acres worth i6(/. Ralph
holds the whole in demesne. The King and
the Earl (have) the soke.

In the same (vill) a freeman under commen-
dation to the Abbot of St. Edmunds (held) 2
acres, worth 4^. The King and the Earl (have)
the soke.

XLIIII. LAND OF ROBERT DE
TODENI

RiSEBRUGE [RiSBRIDGE] HuNDRET

(At) Bradeleia [Bradley] Olf the thegn held
as a manor T.R.E., now Roger holds in de-
mesne, 7 carucates of land. Then as now 14
villeins, and 12 bordars, and 6 serfs. And 3
ploughs on the demesne. And 7 ploughs be-
longing to the men. And 13 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 500 swine. Then as now i
rouncey. Then 12 beasts, now 18. Then 60

fol. 4291!'.

swine, now 53. Then 20 sheep, now 63. And

7 goats. And I hive of bees. A church with
15 acres of free land. Then worth 6//., now 8//.
It is I league long, and 7 furlongs broad. And
(pays) 6d. in geld.

BiscoPEs [Bishop's] Hundret

At Seilam [Syleham] Olf held with the soke
T.R.E. as a manor 2k carucates of land. Then

8 villeins, now 3. Then 12 bordars, now 13.
Now I serf. Then as now 3 ploughs on the
demesne. Then and afterwards 12 ploughs be-
longing to the men, now 4. Wood(land) for
150 swine. 8 acres of meadow. Then as now
I mill. Then 2 rounceys, now I. Then 8
beasts, now 2. Then 80 swine, now 44. Now
7 sheep, and 3 goats, and I hive of bees. Then
worth 100/., and the like now.

In the same (vill) 5 freemen (of whom R. de
Todeni's) predecessor had commendation held

564

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

30 acres. Then i plough, now half a plough.
And I acre of meadow. Worth ^s. A church
with 16 acres, worth 2s. It is i league long and
8 furlongs broad. And (pays) y^d. in geld.
The soke is in Hex [Hoxne] the Bishop's
manor.

BUDIGGA [BlYTHING] HuNDRET

(At) Meaila [Mells "'] Manning a freeman
held as a manor", and now Robert has in de-
mesne, 3 carucates of land. Then as now 8
villeins. Then as now 12 bordars. Then as
now 3 serfs. Then as now 2 ploughs on the
demesne. 3 ploughs belonging to the men.
Wood(land) for 100 swine. 5 acres of meadow.
Then i mill, now none. Then as now 2 roun-
ceys, 7 beasts, 30 swine, 16 sheep. Then it
was worth 50J., now 60s. It is 10 furlongs
long, and 7 broad. And renders 2d. in geld.

(At) GoKESFORD [Yoxford] Manning (held) as
a manor, now Robert holds in demesne, 5 caru-
cates of land. Then 12 villeins, now 9. Then

2 bordars, now none. Then as now I serf.
Then as now 2 ploughs on the demesne. And

3 belonging to the men. Wood(land) for 30
swine. 20 acres of meadow. Then as now I
rouncey, 7 beasts, 30 swine. And then it was
worth 40J., now bos. It is 10 furlongs long,
and 7 broad. (And pays) 3^. in geld.

fol. 430.
XLV. LAND OF WALTER GIFART

Perreham [Parham] Half Hxjndret

In Blachessala [Blaxhali] a free(man) Cod-
ric,^^" half under commendation to the prede-
cessor of Malet and half to the Abbot of Ely,
(held) 10 acres, worth 20<^. Ralph de Langhetot
holds. The soke is the Abbot's.

Plumesgata [Plomesgate] Hundret

(At) GuEMHAM [Glemham] Starlinc held 180
acres '^' as a manor T.R.E. under commendation
half to the Abbot of Ely and half to William
Malet, and he (Malet) was seised thereof. Then
as now 1 1 bordars. And 2 ploughs on the de-
mesne. And I plough belonging to the men.
And I acre of meadow. Then as now 2 roun-
ceys. Then 16 swine, now 26. Then 30
sheep, now 50. Then it was worth 405., now
60J. And there have been added 24 freemen
under commendation with 100 acres. Then as
now 3 ploughs. Worth 40J. It is i league long,

"' In Wenhaston.
""'Godric'; Itif. £/. 151.

•*' 'l^ carucates of land'; Itij. El. 153. This
<hows that the carucate contained 1 20 acres.

and half (a league) broad. And pays lod. in
geld.

In Straffort ^^ [Stratford (St. Andrew)] the
same Starlinc held 1 carucate of land as a manor
T.R.E. Then as now 5 bordars. And i
plough on the demesne. Half a plough belong-
ing to the men. And 4 acres of meadow. And
1 mill. Worth 40J.

In the same (vill) 13^ freemen under com-
mendation then as now (held) 64 acres, and i^
ploughs. Worth fs. Ralph de Langhetot holds
the whole. The soke (belongs to) the Abbot of
Ely.

fol. 430A.

XLVL LANDS OF THE COUNTESS
OF ALBAMARLE

Babenberga [Babergh] Two Hundrets

In SiMPLiNGA [Shimpling] Uluric, King Ed-
ward's thegn, held 5 carucates of land as a manor.
Now the Countess of Albamarle holds it. Then
5 villeins, now 3. Then and afterwards 4 bor-
dars, now 10. Then as now 6 serfs. Then and
afterwards 3 ploughs on the demesne, now 2.
Then as now 3 ploughs belonging to the men.
Wood(land) for 8 swine. And 10 acres of mea-
dow. Then as now i horse. Then 14 beasts,
now 6. Then 40 swine, now 24. Then 120
sheep, now 100. A church with 30 acres. In
the same (vill) 5 freemen under Uluric by com-
mendation— and Saint Edmund had soke and sac
T.R.E., now the Countess has them — (held) i
carucate of land, and I bordar, and I serf. Then
as now 2 ploughs. And 2 acres of meadow.
Then and afterwards it was worth 9//. It is I
league long, and half a league broad. And (pays)
5</. in geld.

At Scerdacra [Chadacre^^] the same Uluric
T.R.E. held i carucate of land as a manor. Then
as now I villein, and 3 bordars, and 2 serfs.
Then 2 ploughs on the demesne, now none.
Then as now i plough belonging to the men.
And 3 acres of meadow. Then as now it was
worth 6oi. It is 4 furlongs long and 2 broad.
And (pays) 7.\d. in geld.

Sanfort [Samford] Hundret and a Half

(At) Belesteda [Belstead] Aluric de Weinhou
held 3 carucates and 40 acres of land as a manor.
Then as now 12 villeins and 3 bordars. Then
5 serfs, now i. Then 2 ploughs on the demesne,
now I. Then 8 ploughs. Afterwards and now
5, and 6 acres of meadow. Then wood(land) for
30 swine, now 20. A church with 34 acres of
free land. Now 27 swine, and 35 sheep. Then

"' ' Strattuna ' ; ibid.

In Shimpling.

565

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

worth 8//'., now 6//. The same Aluric (had) the
soke. It is I league long, and 3 furlongs broad,
and (pays) 7(/. in geld.

(At) Herchesteda [Harkstead] Edith the Fair
held 7 carucates of land as a manor T.R.E.
Then as now 1 7 villeins, and 8 bordars. Then
I serf. Then 3 ploughs on the demesne. After-
wards and now 2. Then as now 5 ploughs be-
longing to the men, 8 acres of meadow. Wood-
(land) for 30 swine. And I mill. A church

fol. 431.

having 24. acres. And 4 beasts, 24 swine, 40
sheep, and 27 goats. Then worth 10//., now
14//. It is I league long, and half a league broad,
and (pays) 1 4;/. in geld.

(At) GuTTHULUESFORDA [Gusford '"] Edith
held T.R.E. 2 carucates of land as a manor.
Then as now i villein and 6 bordars. Then 2
ploughs belonging to the men, now i, and 3
ploughs could be restored. 8 acres of meadow.
Then wood(land) for 20 swine. Then i mill.
The third part of a church (having) 8 acres.
Worth 3//. It is 8 furlongs long and 3 broad,
and (pays) ^d. in geld. Edith (had) the soke.

HUNDRET OF CoLENESSE [CoLNEIs]

In Helmelea [Hemley] i villein with 9 acres;
worth 2od. And he belongs to Cloptuna
[Clopton].

HuNDRET OF CaRLEFORDA [CaRLFORD]

In Clopetuna [Clopton] Burric, a freeman,
under Ralph the Staller T.R.E. held i carucate
and 20 acres of land as a manor. Then as now
1 1 bordars, and on the demesne 2 ploughs. Then
2 ploughs belonging to the men, now i. 4 acres
of meadow, and 10 swine, and 35 sheep. Then
as now it was worth 40J.

In the same (vill) are 6 acres which Ulwin
the priest keeps (servat) and holds. Worth I2</.

In Burg [Burgh] (were) 2 freemen, i under
commendation to Saint Etheldreda,'*' and the
other under commendation to Ralph the Earl,
with 36 acres, and 2 bordars. Then 2 ploughs,
now half a plough. 2 acres of meadow, worth 6s.

In Clopetuna [Cloptor] 12^ freemen under
commendation to Burric T.R.E. (held) 92 acres,
and 2 bordars. Then 3 ploughs, now 2. I acre
of meadow. Worth 1 6s. and 4^.

"* In Belstead.

"* * a freeman under commendation to St. Ethel-
dreda (with) 16 acres, 2 bordars and l acre of
meadow. Worth 3212'.' ; Inj. El. 150.

HuNDRET OF WlLEFORD [WiLFORD]

In Depebes [Debach] were 3 freemen under
commendation to Edric Grim with 20 acres.'**
I acre of meadow. Then i plough. Worth 3;.
A church with 8 acres, worth i6d.

In Bulges [Boulge] a freeman (holds) half an
acre, worth 2d.

HuNDRET OF LoSA [LoEs]

In MuNGADENA [Monewden] (are) 5 acres
and in Caresfella [Charsfield] 3 acres, worth i id.

fol. 431*.

XLVII. LANDS OF WILLIAM DE
ARCIS

HUNDRBT OF CoLENESSK [CoLNEIs]

In Helmele [Hemley] i bordar with 5 acres.
And they belong to Cloptuna [Clopton], and (are
included) in its valuation.

HuNDRET OF CaRLEFORD [CaRLFORD]

In Cloptuna [Clopton] Edmund the priest,
a freeman under Saint Etheldreda T.R.E., held
I carucate and 22 acres of land as a manor.'*'^
And I villein, and 7 bordars. Then on the
demesne 3 ploughs, now i. Then i plough be-
longing to the men, now half a plough.'''* 4 acres
of meadow, now I rouncey. Then 4 beasts.
Then 40 swine. Then 30 sheep. Now of the
whole (stock) nothing (remains). Then it was
worth 30J., now 10s. This Bernard de Sancto
Audoeno holds of William.

HuNDRET OF LoSA [LoEs]

Brantestuna [Brandeston] Edmund the priest,
under commendation of Saint Etheldreda, T.R.E.
held ; and the land which he received with his
wife in Brandeston and in Cloptuna [Clopton]
he granted to the church with the lady's consent
by such agreement that he could not sell nor
give away from the church. 60 acres as a manor.
And 5 bordars, and 2 serfs. And on the demesne
I plough. And belonging to the men i plough.
5 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 6 swine.'**

^^ ' 3 freemen under commendation to St. Ethel-
dreda (with) 20 acres. Of these the Countess of
Albemarle has one ' ; ibid. 148. In the summary of
encroachments (ibid. 189) this entry is summarized
as ' I acre of meadow in Depepache.'

'" 'held I carucate and 10 acres of land, which he
could not give or sell, and a villein held 1 2 acres * \.
ibid. 150.^

"* ' Then 2 ploughs belonging to the men, now
I ' ; ibid.

""Woith 20/.' ; ibid. 152.

566

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

To this manor were added 80 acres of land as a
manor T.R.E. Then 4 bordars, now 12 bordars.
Now among them i plough. Wood(land) for 8
swine. And 4 acres of meadow. And i mill.
Now 1 rouncey, 20 swine, 16 sheep, 30 goats, and
3 hives of bees. Then all together it was worth
lOOJ., now 60s.

This William has as i manor, but T.R.E.
there were 2. A church with 12 acres, worth
2s. It is I league long, and 3 furlongs broad.
And in geld (pays) 5^^.

fol. 432^.

and 4 bordars. Then on the demesne 2 ploughs,
now I. Then as now I plough belonging to
the men. 6 acres of meadow. Then 2 beasts,
now I. Then 5 swine. Then worth 60/.,
now 40J.

And 3 freemen under Ulsi's commendation
(held) 12 acres, worth 2s. The King and the
Earl (have) the soke.

In Frondestuna [Thrandeston] (are) 6 acres,
worth I2d.

fol.

432-
XLVIII.

LANDS OF DROGO DE
BEURERIA

HUNJRET OF BlIDINGA [BlYTHING]

(At) SuDRETUNA [Sotherton] Rada a freeman
held under Harold 2 carucates of land as a manor.
Now Franc holds it of Drogo. Then and after-
wards 16 bordars, now 19. Then as now 2
serfs. Then and afterwards I plough on the
demesne, now 2. Then as now 3 ploughs be-
longing to the men. And 2 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 100 swine. A church with 5
acres. And 1 rouncey. And now i beast.
Then 12 swine, now 24, and 25 sheep. Then
as now it was worth /^.os. It is i league long and
half a league broad. And (pays) i\d. in geld.
Rada, Drogo's predecessor, had soke and sac. To
this manor Humphrey de Sancto Bertino added
I freeman with 12 acres, over whom his prede-
cessor had commendation T.R.E. Then as now
1 bordar. And half a plough. Worth 2s.

XLVIIII. LANDS OF HUGH
GRENTEMESNIL

DE

Half Hundret of Crosfort [Cosford]

(At) Leiham [Layham] T.R.E. Alfnod held
of Harold 3 carucates of land as a manor. Then
as now 4 villeins, and 7 bordars. Then 5 serfs,
now 6. Then as now 2 ploughs on the demesne,
and 2 ploughs belonging to the men. And 1 1
acres of meadow. And i rouncey, 15 beasts, 15
swine, 100 sheep, and 19 goats. Then it was
worth JOS., now lOOj. It is half a league long,
and half (a league) broad. And (pays) 4^^. in
geld. Saint Edmund had the soke.

L. LANDS OF RALPH DE FELGERIS

(Hartismere Hundret)

(At) Estutestuna [Stuston] Ulsi a freeman
under Gurth's commendation held 2 carucates of
land as a manor T.R.E. Then as now 4 villeins,

LL LANDS OF WALTER DE SANCTO
WALERICO

Stou [Stow] Hundret

In Cratinga [Greeting (St. Peter)] Aluric a
freeman T.R.E., under Edric the predecessor of
Robert Malet by commendation only, held — and
Robert held but was afterwards disseised — 1^
carucates of land. And 2 villeins, and 9 bordars.
Then as now 2^ ploughs on the demesne. Then
I plough belonging to the men, afterwards and
now half a plough. Then wood(land) for 40
swine, now for none. And I mill. And 6 acres
of meadow. And half a church with 10 acres
of free land. And 5 beasts, 9 sheep, and 12
swine. Worth loos.

In the same (vill) Walter a freeman under
Tholi by commendation held 10^ acres. Then
and afterwards and now half a plough. Worth 3/.

BOSEMERA [BoSMERE] HuNDRET

In Cratinga [Creeling (All Saints)] a free-
man (held) 60 acres T.R.E. under commenda-
tion to Robert Malet's predecessor, and his father
was seised thereof. Then as now 4 villeins.
And half a plough. This is attached to Cratingis
[Greeting (St. Peter)] in the Hundret of Stou
[Stow] and is included in its valuation.

In the same (vill) 4 freemen by commenda-
tion (hold) 7 acres.

In Uledana [Olden '^*'] a freeman under
commendation (held) 4 acres. Worth 2s. The
King and the Earl (have) the soke.

fol. 433.
LIL LANDS OF HUMPHREY THE
CHAMBERLAIN

Hundret of Carleforda [Carlford]

In Oteleia [Otley] Lefleda, a freewoman
under commendation to Edric the predecessor of
Robert Malet, held i ^ carucates of land. Then

"" In Coddenham. See n. 2.

567

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

as now 3 villeins, and lo bordars. Then on the
demesne 2 ploughs, and now i^. Then 3 ploughs
belonging to the men, now 2. Wood(land) for
20 swine. 2 acres of meadow. Then as now 2
rounceys. Then 5 beasts. Then 40 swine, and
now the like. Then as now 100 sheep, and 25
goats, and 6 hives of bees. Then it was worth
loox., now 6//. William Malet was seised on
the day of his death, and afterwards Robert,
witness the Hundred.

In the same (vill) Lustwin, under commenda-
tion to Edric T.R.E., held i carucate of land as
a manor. Then as now i villein and 4 bordars.
Then i plough, now i^ on the demesne. Then
as now I plough belonging to the men. 2 acres
of meadow. Wood(land) for 5 swine. Then it
was worth 20s., now 30X.

In the same (vill) 16 J freemen under com-
mendation to Lefleda (held) 69 acres. Then 3
ploughs, and now. Then it was worth 2 ox.,
now 30X. I church with 20 acres, worth 4.S.
Of all this was William Malet seised on the day
of his death, and Robert afterwards, and the
King and the Earl (have) the soke.

In the same (vill) Amund holds ; Brithwold, a
freeman under commendation to Queen Edith,
(held) 30 acres, and I villein, and 4 bordars.
Then I plough, now ij. I acre of meadow.
Wood(larid) for 10 swine. Then it was worth

In Cloptuna [Clopton] are 20 acres and i
bordar. Worth 5X. This Amund holds of
Humfrey {TVmfrido).

In Oteleia [Otley] 6 freemen under com-
mendation to Brihtwold (held) 27 acres of land.
Then 2 ploughs, now I, Then it was worth
I ox., and now the like.

In Burg [Burgh] a freeman, under com-
mendation half to the same (Brihtwold) and
half to Saint Etheldreda, (held) 24 acres, and
half a plough, and half an acre of meadow,
worth I ox.

HUNDRET OF LoSA [LoEs]

(At) Gretingaham [Cretingham], (which)
Amund (now) holds, Brihtmar, under commen-
dation of the Queen, held 83 acres as a manor.

fol. 433*.

Then and now i villein, and i bordar, and i
serf. And on the demesne I plough. And be-
longing to the men half a plough. 4 acres of
meadow. A church with 8 acres, worth ibd.
Then as now 3 rounceys, 3 beasts, 24 swine, 40
sheep, 25 goats, and 4 hives of bees. Then it
was worth 20x., now 30X.

In the same (vill) 8 whole freemen and 4 half
(freemen) under commendation to the same
(Queen) (held) 66 acres of land. Then 2 ploughs.

now I \ ploughs. And i acre of meadow. Then
it was worth 20x., now 3IX.

HuNDRET OF BoSEMERA [BosMERE]

In AssA [Ash] Alwin a freeman held 4 acres.
Then it was worth i bd., now ?)d.

In Oteleia [Otley] Humfrey holds in de-
mesne a freeman (with) 3 virgates, worth 3</.

In the same (vill was) a freewoman, Listeva,
with I acre, worth 2d.

In Brictices Haga [ ] is

wood(land) in which i6 swine could be pastured
T.R.E., now 4. And Amund holds it of Hum-
frey. And it is attached to [jacet in) Gratinge-
ham [Cretingham].

Claindune [Claydon] Hundret

(At) Elmingheham [Helmingham] Grimolf,
a freemen under commendation to the Queen,
held 120 acres of land ; and it belongs to [jacet
in) the demesne of Oteleia [Otley]. Then as
now I villein, and 5 bordars. And i plough
belonging to the men. 3 acres of meadow.
Wood(Iand) for 50 swine. And this is (included)
in the valuation of Oteleia [Otley].

In the same (vill) on the demesne (were) 1 1
freemen under commendation to (Humfrey's)
predecessor, except two who were under com-
mendation to Brictuold T.R.E., with 68 acres
T.R.E. Then as now 2 ploughs. Worth 20x.

In the same (vill) Brictuold a freeman held
40 acres T.R.E. Then as now 2 villeins,
and 3 bordars. Then as now 2 ploughs. 3
acres of meadow. Worth 20x. Amund holds
of Humfrey. The King and the Earl (have)
the soke.

fol. 434.

In Assefelda [Ashfield] were 2 freemen with
4 acres. Worth 2id, The soke (is) the Abbot's.

In Bermesdena [ ]'" Anant held

2 freemen . . . having 60 acres T.R.E. Then
as now I bordar. Then i plough. 2 acres of
meadow. Then it was worth 20x., now 30X.
Humfrey holds in demesne. The King and the
Earl (have) the soke. And a freeman added (to
the estate) holds 4 acres. Worth 2x.

LIII. LANDS OF EUDO SON OF
SPIRUIC

Lacforda [Lackford] Hundret

In EccuNGAHAM [Icklingham] Moruant
holds of Eudo (the land) which Anant a free-

"' Occurs in 15th century as ' Bermoundesdeit ; '
Copinger, Suff. Rec.

568

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

man under Saint Etheldreda T.R.E. held, viz.,
2 carucates of land as a manor, but he could not
sell it ; now Eudo son of Spiruic holds from
Henfrid his predecessor ; but the soke and sac
are Saint Edmund's. Then and afterwards
7 villeins, now 6, and 6 bordars, and i serf.
Then as now 2 ploughs on the demesne. And
I plough belonging to the men. And 5 acres
of meadow. And I mill. Now 84 sheep.
Then it was worth 4//., now 601.

BOSEMERA [BosMERE] HuNDRET

(At) Wledana [Olden '"] Siric a freeman
T.R.E. held as a manor 70 acres, now William
(holds). Then as now 2 bordars. Then 2
ploughs, now i^ ploughs. And 2 acres of
meadow. Then 2 rounceys. Now 16 swine.
And 28 sheep. Worth 20s.

In the same (vill) 13 freemen, over 2
Roger's predecessor had commendation, (held)
40 acres and I plough. Worth los. The
King and the Earl (have) the soke. It is I
league long, and 3 furlongs broad. And (pays)
1 od. in geld. Others hold land therein.

fol. 434*.

At Betesfort [Battisford] Jarnagot holds,
which Kerinc a freeman T.R.E. held ; viz.,

1 carucate of land and 20 acres as a manor.
Now Jarnagot holds it. And (there were) then
as now 5 bordars, and I serf. Then 2 ploughs
on the demesne, now I. And half a plough
belonging to the men. 6 acres of meadow.
Then wood(land) for 60 swine, now 10. Then

2 rounceys. Now 20 swine, 1 1 sheep, and
12 goats. Half a church with 20 acres.
Worth 25J.

In the same (vill were) 3 freemen with
20 acres. Over two his predecessor had com-
mendation. Then as now half a plough.
Worth 55. The King and the Earl (have) the
soke.

In Codenham [Coddenham] Siric a freeman
(held) on the demesne 5 acres, worth i od. The
soke (is) the King's.

HuNDRET OF WaNNEFORDA [WaNGFORD]

FuxTUNA [Flixton] Geoffrey holds, which
Oflfa, a freeman under commendation to Stigand,
held T.R.E. ; 2 carucates of land as a manor.
Then 16 villeins, now 10. Then 11 bor-
dars, now 14. Then as now 2 serfs.
And on the demesne 2 ploughs. Then
belonging to the men 13 J ploughs, now 9^.
Then as now I rouncey, 2 beasts, 6 swine, and
26 sheep. 12 acres of meadow. Wood (land)
for 20 swine. Haifa mill. Then worth 40J.,

In Coddenham ; see n. 2.

now 60s. Half a church with lo acres,
worth 161^.

In the same (vill) 2 freemen under the same
(Stigand's) commendation (held) 30 acres.
Then as now 3^ bordars. And 2^ ploughs.
Wood(land) for 2 swine. 32- acres of meadow.
Then worth js., now 10s. and 8d. It is i
league long, and half (a league) broad. And in
geld (pays) 20^.

Hertesmara [Hartismere] Hundret

At West Torp [Westhorpe] the said
Geoffrey now holds ; Ulric Hagana held i caru-
cate of land as a manor T.R.E. Then as now

1 bordar, and i serf. And on the demesne i^
ploughs. Wood(land) for 12 swine. 6 acres of
meadow. And 3 rounceys, 2 beasts, 31 swine,
50 sheep, 15 goats, and 5 hives of bees. Then
worth 20J., now 30J. And 15 freemen under
Ulric's commendation (held) 33 acres. Then
as now I plough. Wood(land) for 2 swine.

2 acres of meadow. Worth ioj. Over this

fol. 435.

manor Saint Edmund had T.R.E. soke and sac
and commendation ; and (Ulric) could not sell
or give it away from the church ; and over the
15 freemen and over Ulnoht {sic) Robert Malet's
predecessor had commendation, witness the
Hundred, and (Ulric) could not sell or give his
land away from him.

Half Hundret of Cosfort [Cosford]

In Wecesham [Wattisham] a freeman over
whom the Abbot of Ely had commendation and
soke T.R.E. (held) i carucate of land, and 3
bordars, and I plough, and 3 acres of meadow.
Worth 20s. Saint Edmund had the six for-
feitures. Jarnacot holds (this land).

LIIII. LANDS OF WILLIAM DE
WATEVILLE

RiSEBRUGE [RiSBRIDGE] HuNDRET

(At) Litgata [Lidgate] Stori held as a
manor T.R.E. 4 carucates and 60 acres of land.
Then as now 9 villeins, and 12 bordars, and
I serf. And 2 ploughs on the demesne. Then
3 ploughs belonging to the men, now 2. 10
acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 1 5 swine.
Then i rouncey, and 5 beasts, and 25 swine.
Then 33 sheep, now 140. And 13 goats.
Then worth 80J., and now the like. It is I
league long and 8 furlongs broad. And pays
I3|(/. in geld. Others hold (land) therein.

TiNGOHO [Thingoe] Hundret
(At) Haragrava [Hargrave] Alviet a free-

woman held T.R.E. under Saint Edmund, and

569

72

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

could not sell, 4 carucates of land. Then and
afterwards 6 villeins, now 8. Then and after-
wards 4 bordars, now 7. Then 4 serfs, now 2.
Then and afterwards 2 ploughs on the demesne.
Then and afterwards 4 ploughs belonging to the
men, now 3. Then i horse, now none. Then 2
beasts, now 8. Then 5 swine, now 40. Now
100 sheep. And 4 acres of meadow. Wood-
(land) for 16 swine. A church with 12 acres

fol. 435*.

of free land. Then and always worth 4//. It
is 8 furlongs long, and 5 broad. And (pays)
"jd. in geld.

Lacheforda [Lackford] Hundret

(At) Bertunna [Barton (Mills)] Alued a
freeman held 5 carucates of land ; and this
land William held from the Queen ; now
Alveve holds from the King. Then 10 vil-
leins, now 7. Now 5 bordars. Then 9 serfs.
Then 4 ploughs on the demesne, now i. Then
as now 3 ploughs belonging to the men, 2
fisheries. 2 acres of meadow. Then i roun-
cey. And now 2 horses. Then 10 beasts,
now 5. Then 200 sheep, now 3. Then
40 swine, now 3. Then it was worth 8//., and
afterwards 6//., now 30X. And it is i league
long, and half a league broad. And in geld
(pays) 2od. Saint Edmund (has) soke and sac.

LV. LAND OF JOHN SON OF
WALERAN

Babenberga [Babergh] Two Hundrets

In BuRA [Bures] Uluric son of Brictric
T.R.E. held 2 carucates of land under King
Edward. Then 7 serfs. And i smith. Now
4 serfs. And now 2 bordars. Then as now
2 ploughs on the demesne. Wood(land) for
40 swine. And 4 acres of meadow. Now
I mill. Now 2 horses, and 2 beasts. Then
60 sheep, now 140. Then 40 swine, now 20.
Now 35 goats. Then it was worth 6oj.,
now 40 J.

In the same (vill) Tosti a freeman under King
Edward held I carucate of land. Then i vil-
lein, now none. And now 2 bordars, and i
«erf. Then as now 1 plough. Wood(land)
for I o swine. And 2 acres of meadow. Then
40 swine, now 20. And 20 sheep. Now
15 goats. Worth 20;.

In the same (vill were) 2 freemen under
Harold. And they could sell. And they had
60 acres, and i plough. Worth 51. And
they were assigned {literati) to make up the
manor.

fol. 436.

LVI. LAND OF HUMPHREY SON OF
AUBREY

Stou [Stow] Hundret

By reason of the Normandy exchange

In Anehus [Onehouse] 10 freemen under
Ketel by commendation only (held) 60 acres of
land and I bordar. Then 2 ploughs, afterwards
and now i. And 3 acres of meadow. Worth
loj. The King and the Earl (have) the soke.

BOSEMERA [BosMERE] HuNDRET

In CoDENHAM [Coddenham] (were) 1 1 free-
men with 80 acres less 2. Then 2 ploughs,
now I ^ ploughs. And 2 acres of meadow. In
Uledana [Olden] (were) 5 freemen with
20 acres. Then as now half a plough. In
Hauungestuna [Hemingstone] (were) 3 free-
men with 9 acres. And the whole is worth
30J. The King and the Earl (have) the soke.

In Cadenham [Coddenham] Aluric a free-
man (held) 8 acres T.R.E. (included) in the
same valuation.

Claindune [Claydon] Hundret

In CoDENHAM [Coddenham] was a freeman
with 4 acres. Worth Sd. The soke (is) the
King's and the Earl's.

From Belingesfort [Billingford'"] mill Js.
and 4.d. In Eusfort Hundret [Eynsford Hun-
dred] in Norfolk.

LVII. LAND OF HUBERT DE MONTE

CANESIO

Hertesmera [Hartismere] Hundret

(At) Wiuertestuna [Wyverstone] Lewin
the Bald held T.R.E. i carucate of land as a
manor. Then 4 bordars, now 3. Then 2
ploughs on the demesne, afterwards I, now i^.
And half a plough belonging to the men. And
3 acres of meadow. Then wood(land) for 40
swine, now for 20. A church with 16 acres of
land and half a plough. Then as now i rouncey,
3 beasts, 1 2 goats, and I o swine. Then as now
worth 301.

In the same (vill) 6 freemen under Lewin's
commendation (held) 37 acres. Then as now

fol. 436*.

I plough. Worth ioj. All this Richard holds

'^ Billingford in Norfolk was held by Humphrey
{Dom. Bi. ii, 262^ • F.C.H. Norf. ii, 184).

570

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

of Hubert. The King and the Earl (have) the
soke. It is I league long, and 4^ furlongs
broad. And (pays) ^d. in geld.

LVIII. LAND OF GONDWIN THE
CHAMBERLAIN

Sanfort [Samford] Hundret and a Half

(At) Hecham [Higham] Asseman a freeman
in commendation to Robert son of Wimarc held
as a manor 1 carucate of land. Then as now
I villein, and then 3 bordars. Afterwards and
now 2. Then 2 ploughs on the demesne.
Afterwards nothing, now I plough. Then I
plough belonging to the men. Afterwards and
now half a plough. 7 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for lo swine. Then and now i
mill. Part of a church with 2 acres. Now
3 beasts, 8 swine, 6 sheep, and 8 goats. Then
worth 30J., now 20J., but it was (let) to farm
for 30J. It is 8 furlongs long and 6 broad, and
(pays) izd. in geld. Others had holdings
there. The soke (was) in Bercolt [Bergholt].

LIX. LANDS OF SAISSELIN

Brademera [Bradmere] Hundret

(At) ToRP [(Ixworth) Thorpe] T.R.E. Acolf
the thegn held as a manor i carucate of land.
Then as now 2 bordars. Then and afterwards
2 ploughs on the demesne, now i. And half
a plough belonging to the men. 6 acres of
meadow. Then as now I mill. Then as now 2
beasts. Then 10 swine, now 16. Then as now
30 sheep. And (there are) 4 freemen, over whom
his (Saisselin's) predecessor had commendation
T.R.E. and they have 13 acres and half a
plough. Worth 20s.

At Sapestuna [Sapiston] Godman the thegn
held T.R.E. half a carucate of land. Then as

fol. 437.

now 2 bordars. And i plough on the demesne.
5 acres of meadow. Then as now a mill.
And 2 beasts. Then 3 swine, now 5. Then
20 sheep, now 33. Then as now it was
worth 15J.

In the same (vill) 8 freemen under com-
mendation (held) 24 acres. Worth 35. Saint
Edmund has soke and sac over them and over
the whole Hundred,

LX. LANDS OF ROBERT DE VERLI

Blackebrune [Blackbourn] Hundret

In Westuna [Weston] Alsi a freeman held
T.R.E. I carucate of land as a manor. And

I bordar, and 2 serfs. Then 2 ploughs on the
demesne, afterwards none, now I. Then as
now half a plough belonging to the men. 3
acres of meadow. Then as now i mill. Now
I rouncey, 2 beasts, 8 swine, and 50 sheep.
And 6 freemen under commendation (held) 103
acres. Then 2 ploughs, now I. And l acre
of meadow. A church with 12 acres and half a
plough. This manor was then as now worth
25J., and the freemen 5^.

LXI. LAND OF RALPH PINEL

In Reinduna [Raydon] 2 freemen Erniet
and Alwort held 40 acres. Then as now half
a plough and i bordar. Worth ioj. This land
Ralph held by the King's gift, but from it
Geoffrey de Magnaville (received) service. The
soke (is) in Bercolt [Bergholt].

Half Hundret of Cosfort [Cosford]

(At) Lafham [Layham] Bricthmar T.R.E.
held 40 acres. Then as now i bordar and i
serf, and I plough. Worth \os. Saint Edmund
(has) the soke.

fol. 437-i'.

LXII. LAND OF ISAAC

Bosemera [Bosmere] Hundret

(At) Offetuna [OfFton] Siric a freeman held
T.R.E. 100 acres as a manor. Then as now
2 bordars. And then I plough, now half a
plough. A church with 7^ acres. Then it was
worth 20X., now 30J. The King and the Earl
(have) the soke.

In Sumersham [Somersham] Ulwin a free-
man held 60 acres of land as a manor T.R.E.
Then i plough. Then it was worth 20J., now
20.>. The King and the Earl (have) the soke.

In the same (vill) a freeman, Coleman, (held)
5 acres. Worth 20d. The King and the Earl
(have) the soke.

In Hamingestuna [Hemingstone] (are) 4
acres on the demesne, worth 8^.

In the same (vill) a freeman (held) half an
acre. Worth id. The King and the Earl
(have) the soke,

Claindune [Claydon] Hundret

(At) Hamingestuna [Hemingstone] Leuric a
freeman held T.R.E. i carucate of land as a
manor. Then as now 2 bordars. Then 2
ploughs, now I. And 4 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 2 swine. Then as now i
rouncey. Then 2 beasts, now I. .Then 11
sheep, now 20, Then 13 swine, now 20.

57'

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Then 7 goats. Then it was worth 20s., now
251. less id.

In the same (vill) were 3 freemen with 24
acres. Then and afterwards I plough, now half
a plough. Worth $s. The King and the Earl
(have) the soke.

Hertesmera [Hartismere] Hundret

(At) Thorham [Thornham] Leuric, under
commendation to Bristric Saint Edmund's reeve,
T.R.E. held i carucate of land as a manor.
Then as now 2 bordars. Then 2 ploughs, after-
wards half a plough, now i plough. 2 acres of
meadow. Then wood(land) for 30 swine, now
for 20. Then as now 2 rounceys. And the
fourth part of a church with 3J acres. Then
worth 30J., now 20s. Over this land the Abbot
had three parts of the soke and the King the
fourth part.

In the same (vill) 3 freemen (held) 4^ acres
worth 8(/. It is 8 furlongs long, and 8 broad.
And (pays) 8^^. in geld.

fol. 438.

Hundret of Claindune [Claydon]

In Henlbie [Henley] (are) 16 acres of free
land belonging to Hamingestuna [Hemingstone]
and (included) in its valuation.

HUNDRBT OF CoSFORT [CosFORD]

In Redles [ ] a sokeman held half a

carucate of land from Stigand. Then and
afterwards 1 plough, now none, and I acre of
meadow. Worth i8f. To this estate belonged
{in hac terra jacehant) 14 acres of wood(land)
which William de Burnolville took therefrom
and now holds.

LXIII. LAND OF NORMAN THE
SHERIFF

Half Hundret of Gepeswiz [Ipswich]

In the borough Norman has 2 burgesses, one
in pledge to him (in vadimonio contra eundem\
and the other on account of a debt. But the
King has his customs.

LXIIII. LAND OF JUICHEL THE
PRIEST

BOSEMERA [BoSMERE] HuNDRET

In Stanham [Stonham] Aluric, a freeman
under Edric, Robert Malet's predecessor, held
90 acres as a manor : and Robert was seised
thereof. Then as now 6 bordars, and i serf.
And i^ ploughs on the demesne. And half a
plough belonging to the men. And 2 acres of

57

meadow. Wood(land) for 10 swine. And 7
beasts. Then i swine, now 15. Then 8
sheep, now 40. And (there were) 5 freemen
with 24 acres and half a plough. A church
with 16 acres and half a plough. Then it was
worth 20/., now 35^. In the same (vill) a free-
man (held) 24 acres. Then i plough. Worth
fi. The King and the Earl (have) the soke.
It is 1 league and 3 furlongs broad. Others
hold (land) therein. And (it pays) "J^d. in geld.

In Stanham [Stonham] (is) a church with
20 acres which 9 freemen gave thereto for their
souls.

BisoPEs [Bishop's] Hundret

In Horam [Horham] Algar, a freeman under
Stigand, and 2 others, I (free)man under Bishop
Ailmar and the other a (free)man under Edric
of Laxfield, held i carucate of land T.R.E.

fol. 43 8i.

Then as now 7 bordars, and \ serf. And 1
plough on the demesne. Wood(land) for 24
swine. And 2 acres of meadow. And 1 plough
belonging to the men. Then 2 rounceys. Then
8 beasts. Then as now 24 swine. Then 24
sheep. And i hive of bees. And 4 freemen
(hold) 24 acres, whom he (Juichel) claims by
livery of seisin. Then half a plough, now 2
oxen. A church with 22 acres worth 22^.
Then as now worth 20;. The soke is in Hoxa
[Hoxne], the bishop's (manor).

LXV. LANDS OF GIROLD THE
MARSHAL

RiSEBRUGE [RiSBRIDGE] HuNDRET

(At) Damardestuna [Denston] T.R.E. Earl
Algar held as a berewick of Bademundsfelda
[Badmondisfield] 2 carucates of land. Then as
now 4 villeins, and i bordar, and 3 serfs. And
2 ploughs on the demesne. Then worth bos.,
now "JOS. Then as now i rouncey. Then 2
beasts, now 15. And 24 swine, and 44 sheep.

LXVI. LANDS OF ROBERT BLUND
Brademera [Bradmere] Hundret

(At) Giswortha [Ixworth] Achi held as a
manor T.R.E. 3 carucates of land. Then as
now 2 bordars. Then 5 serfs, now 2. Then
as now 3 ploughs on the demesne. And i mill.
And 20 acres of meadow. Then 2 rounceys,
now I. Then as now 5 beasts. Then 40
swine, now 22. Then 8 sheep, now 92. And
3 arpents of vineyard. And i park. Then it
was worth 8of., now 6//".

In the same (vill) 25 freemen under com-
mendation (had) 2\ carucates of land. Then 5

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

ploughs, now 3^ ploughs. And 4 acres of
meadow. Then as now it was worth 20s.
Over the whole hundred Saint Edmund (has) sac
and soke.

In the same (vill) 5 freemen under com-
mendation (had) I carucate and 80 acres of
land. Then 5 ploughs, now 2. And 3 acres
of meadow. Then it was worth 301., now 20s.
A church with 80 acres of free land and i plough
and 1 acre of meadow. Worth 51. The whole

fol. 439.

is 2 leagues long, and 6 furlongs broad. And

pays 22f(/. in geld.

(At) Walsam [Walsham] T.R.E. Achi held
as a manor 2 carucates of land. Then as now 4
bordars. Then 2 ploughs on the demesne, now
3. And half a plough belonging to the men.
And 5 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 20
swine. Then as now i rouncey. Then 3
beasts, now I. Then 40 swine, now 29. Then
5 sheep, now 30. Then it was worth 40J.,
now 60J.

In the same (vill) 20 freemen under com-
mendation (had) I carucate of land. Then as
now 2 ploughs. And 2 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 10 swine. Then it was worth
I Of., now 20s.

In the same (vill) 3 J freemen (had) i carucate
of land. Then and afterwards 3^ ploughs, now
2. And 2^ acres of meadow. Wood(land) for
4 swine. Then as now it was worth 20s. Half
a church with 10 acres, and an acre of meadow,
worth 8ci. It is 2 leagues long, and 6 furlongs
broad. And (pays) ijd. in geld. Others have
holdings therein.

(At) Eascefelda [Ashfield '"] Achi held as a
manor T.R.E. 3 carucates of land. Then as
now 9 bordars. Then 4 ploughs on the demesne,
now 3. And 12 acres of meadow. Wood-
(land) for 60 swine. Then as now 2 rounceys,
and 2 beasts. Then 60 swine, now 15. Then
25 sheep, now 10. And 10 hives of bees.
Then as now it was worth 601.

In the same (vill) were 14 freemen under
commendation with 80 acres. Then as now

1 plough. And 4 acres of meadow. Wood-
(land) for 4 swine. Worth 8j.

In the same (vill) Ketel a freeman (had) i
carucate of land as a manor. Then as now 2
bordars, and 2 serfs. And 2 ploughs on the
demesne. And 4 acres of meadow. Wood-
(land) for 20 swine. And 3 freemen under him
(had) 22 acres and half a plough. Then as now

2 rounceys. Then 4 beasts. Then 24 swine,
now 23. Then 32 sheep, now 100. Then

'" Fees at both Great and Little Ashfield were
held in I 346 by William Criketot, who held also at
Ixworth, Walsham, and Langham ; Feui/. Aids, v,
71, 72.

40 goats, now 12. Then as now it was worth
30J. Over him Robert's predecessor had com-
mendation. William holds (him) of Robert.

In the same (vill) 3 freemen under com-
mendation (had) I carucate of land and 60 acres,
and I bordar. Then as now 3 ploughs, and 4
acres of meadow. Wood (land) for 4 swine.

fol. 439*.

Then as now it was worth 30^. These men
2 knights {mi/ites) hold. A church with 9
acres. It is 1 1 furlongs long, and 1 1 broad.
And (pays) S^d. in geld. Others have holdings
therein.

(At) "Wicam [Wyken] Aki held T.R.E. as a
manor i carucate of land. Then 3 bordars.
Then 3 serfs, now 2. Then as now 2 ploughs
on the demesne. And 3 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 10 swine. Then I rouncey,
now 2. Then as now 1 beast. Then 12
swine, now 23. Then 25 sheep, now 38.
Then as now it was worth 30^.

And 5 J freemen under commendation (had)

1 carucate of land. Then as now 2 bordars.
And under them (were) 2 freemen with 4 acres.
Then as now 2 ploughs. And 6 acres of mea-
dow. And the fourth part of a mill. Then it
was worth 20s., now 13^.

In Sapestuna [Sapiston] 2 freemen under
King Edward (held) 1 8 acres. Worth 3^.

(At) Langham [Langham] Haret a freeman
over whom Saint Edmund had commendation
T.R.E. held 3 carucates of land. Then i vil-
lein. Then as now 3 bordars, and 3 serfs.
Then and afterwards 3 ploughs on the demesne,
now 2. Then half a plough belonging to the
men. 12. acres of meadow. Wood (land) for 6
swine. Then 7 rounceys, now i. Then 8
beasts, now 2. Then 30 swine, now 16. Then
140 sheep, now 12. Then it was worth 8oj.,
now 60s.

In the same (vill) 2 freemen under commenda-
tion (had) 20 acres. Then half a plough, now

2 oxen. Worth 31. It is 7 furlongs long, and
6 broad. And (pays) lod, in geld.

In Hepworda [Hep worth] a half freeman
(had) 40 acres, and i bordar. Then as now
half a plough. And half an acre of meadow.
Worth I ox.

In WicA [Wyken] a freeman under com-
mendation (had) 60 acres, and I bordar. Then
as now I plough. Worth ioj.

In IcsEWRDA [Ixworth] a freeman (had) 40
acres. Then as now i plough. Worth 51.

As to his holding over all these freemen he
vouches the King to warrant.

Saint Edmund has soke and sac over the whole
of them.

573

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

fol. 440.

In IcsEWRDA [Ixworth] Ketel a freeman held
200 acres as a manor. Then as now 2 bordars,
and 2 serfs. And 2 ploughs on the demesne
and 6 acres of meadow and I mill and under
him 6 freemen with 29 acres. Then 2 ploughs,
now I. Then as now it was worth bos. Over
him Angar the Staller had commendation T.R.E.
Ralph, Robert's brother, was seised when he
died, and Robert received (the holding) from the
King.

Half Hundret of Cosfort [Cosford]

In Watefella [Whatfield] were 5 freemen.
Over one Saint Edmund had commendation, and
over all the soke. The predecessor of Robert
had neither commendation (nor soke). And
they had 60 acres. Then 2 ploughs, now I.
Then as now it was worth 6j., now 20s.

In the same (vill) 4 freemen held 63 acres.
Then 2 ploughs, now half a plough. Worth
los. and id.

Blidinga [Blything] Hundret

In West Ledestuna [Westleton] Brunar the
priest held 27^ acres T.R.E. Then as now
half a plough. Worth 45. By reason of
exchange.

Hertesmera [Hartismere] Hundret

In Gisilincham [Gislingham] (are) 30 acres
of the demesne land of Walesam [Walsham]
which Achi held, and i acre of meadow, worth
6;. and ^d.

In the same (vill) 3 freemen under Achi's
commendation, Algar, Godric, Godwin, (held)
53 acres, and a freeman under them (held) I acre.
Then and afterwards 2 ploughs, now half a
plough. And i acre of meadow. Wood(land)
for 24 swine. Worth i6j. Over 2 wives
{feminas) of those men the Abbot of Saint
Edmunds had half the commendation and half
the soke.

Hertesmera [Hartismere] Hundret

In West Torp [Westhorpe] 4 freemen under
Achi's commendation T.R.E. (held) 4J acres,
worth i6d.

In Finingaham [Finningham] (are) 2 acres
of demesne land of Walsam [Walsham].

In Wiuerthestuna [Wyverstone] 2 freemen
under Achi's commendation T.R.E. (held) 30
acres. Then half a plough. Wood(Iand) for
2 swine. Half an acre of meadow. Worth ^s.
This R. Ovethel holds of Robert Blond.

Stou [Stow] Hundret

In EscEFELLA [Ashfield] belongs (jacet) i
bordar with 3 acres ; and he renders I2d.

fol. 440^.

LXVII. LAND OF HERVEY
DE BOURGES {BITURICENSIS)

In ToRNEi [Thorney'"] Euen holds of
Hervey I carucate of land which Brictric Blac
held under Witgar the predecessor of Richard de
Clare, and he might not sell without his licence.
Now Hervey holds (it) by the King's gift.
Then 6 bordars, afterwards and now 3. Then
2 ploughs, afterwards none, and now I plough.
And 4 acres of meadow. Then 2 ploughs be-
longing to the men, afterwards and now none.
Then worth 305., now 47J. The King and the
Earl (have) the soke.

BOSEMERA [BoSMERE] HuwDRET

Hamingestuna [Hemingstone] Rainald holds
of Hervey, which Ulmar a freeman held by com-
mendation only under Edric, Robert Malet's
predecessor, T.R.E. ; 100 acres of land as a
manor. Then as now 6 bordars. And i plough
on the demesne. Then I plough belonging to
the men, now half a plough. And 2 acres of
meadow. And (there was) a freeman with 4
acres. The whole is worth 20J. The King
and the Earl (have) the soke. Of this land was
William Malet seised on the day on which he
died, and afterwards Robert Malet his son.

Claindune [Claydon] Hundret

(At) Pettehaga [Pettaugh] Brictuolt held on
the demesne i carucate of land and 30 acres as
a manor T.R.E. Robert Malet's predecessor had
the commendation. Then as now 5 bordars.
Then 2 ploughs on the demesne, afterwards and
now I. 3 acres of meadow. Then as now i
rouncey. Then 3 beasts, now I. Then 14
swine, now 8. Then 32 sheep, now 20. Then
it was worth 60s., now 40J.

In the same (vill) 5 freemen under commenda-
tion (held) 18 acres. Then 2 ploughs, now i.
A church with 2^ acres. Worth 5;. This was
set to farm for 3//'. and 1 51. : but the men
were thereby ruined {confusi) ; and now it is
appraised at 451. It is i league long, and 3 fur-

fol. 441.

longs broad. And (pays) 10^. iri geld. The
Abbot of Ely (had) half the soke, and Earl
Hugh's predecessor half.

In AssEFELDA [Ashfield] Godman, a freeman
under commendation T.R.E. to Robert Malet's

"* In Stowmarket.

574

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

(predecessor), (held) 30 acres as a manor, and I
bordar. And then I plough, afterwards none,
now half a plough. A church with 4 acres.
Worth los. Ranulf holds (pf Hervey). The
soke belonged to the Abbot and to Hugh's pre-
decessor. Of these two manors was William
Malet seised on the day of his death.

In the same (vill) a freeman held 2 acres.
Worth 4^. The soke (is) the Abbot's.

Perreham [Parham] Half Hundret

(At) Brutge [ ] Edric, under commen-

dation to Edric, Robert Malet's predecessor, (held)
1 20 acres as a manor. Then 2 ploughs, after-
wards I, now half. And 4 acres of meadow.
Then as now a mill. And the fourth part of
a church with 6 acres. 8 swine. Then worth
405., now 20J. The Abbot of Ely (has) the
soke. And Garner holds of Hervey.

In the same (vill) 8 freemen, added (thereto),
{held) 20 acres. Then i plough, afterwards
half, now none. Worth 40^. Concerning half
of this land Hervey came to an agreement with
the Abbot ; and afterwards he held of the King.
It is 8 furlongs long and 6 broad. And (pays)
40<5?. in geld.

In Beuresham [Beversham] ''° Aluric, a free-
man in the soke and commendation of the Abbot
of Ely, held 60 acres as a manor. Then i
plough. 3 acres of meadow. Then worth 20;.,
afterwards and now 51.

In the same (vill) 2 freemen under commen-
dation to the aforesaid Aluric (held) 10 acres.
Then half a plough, afterwards and now none.
Worth 25. The same Garner holds of Hervey,
and (Hervey) himself came to an agreement with
the Abbot concerning this manor aforesaid.

BiscoPES [Bishop's] Hundret

In CiPBENHALA [Chepenhall '"] on the demesne
a freeman under Harold (had) 60 acres T.R.E.
And then as now 2 villeins. And 2 ploughs.
And 2 acres of meadow. Wood(land) for 30
swine. Then worth ioj., now 20f. This W,
son of Gorham held.

In CoLESTUNA [Colston '"] a freeman under
commendation to Edric held 30 acres, and 3 bor-

fol. 441^.

dars, and half a plough. Then worth 10s., now
20s. And he belongs to Cranesforda [Crans-
ford]. This Warner holds of Hervey.

"* The road from Blaxhall to Stratford St. Andrew
crosses the Ore at Beversham Bridge.
"' In Fressingfield.
^' In Badingham.

Hundret of Colnesse [Colneis]

In Kelebroc '*' [Kembrook] Kenold holds of
Hervey a freeman, Ulurich, under commendation
to Saint Etheldreda, with 14 acres, half a plough,
half a mill, I acre of meadow, and 2 bordars.
Then worth 55., now 91.^'"

Hundret of Carleforda [Carlford]

In Grundesburg [Grundisburgh] Godric, a
freeman T.R.E. under Harold, held I carucate
of land as a manor. Then as now I villein and
4 bordars. Then as now I plough on the de-
mesne, and I plough belonging to the men. 3
acres of meadow. Then it was worth 16s., now
the like.

In the same (vill) 3 half freemen, Godwin,
Ulwin, Leuric, under commendation to the same
(Harold), (held) 7 acres of land.'"' Then half a
plough, now none. Then it was worth 2s.,
now 1 2d.

Moreover in the same (vill) on the demesne
2 freemen, Burric and Ailric, under commenda-
tion to Aschil the house-carl, T.R.E. (held) 5
acres. Then half a plough, now none. Worth

lOi^.

In the same (vill) on the demesne Brun, a
freeman under commendation to Edric, prede-
cessor of Robert Malet, (held) 20 acres, and these
20 acres he held of Edric. Then I plough,
now half a plough. 2 J acres of meadow. Then
it was worth 51., now 41.

In Belinges [Bealings] on the demesne (were)
ID freemen, Blakeman, Alwin, Stanard, Ana,
Uluric, Turbert, Edric, Godwin, Alestan, Anund
the priest, and of this (last) Halden had com-
mendation, and of the others Saint Etheldreda,
with 84 acres. Then 4 ploughs, now 2 ploughs.
8 acres of meadow. Then it was worth 20s.,
now the like.

In the same (vill) was Ulmar, a freeman, under
Halden, the predecessor of Geoffrey de Magna-
ville, with 100 acres of land on the demesne as
a manor, and Ulmar himself has under him 3
villeins. Then on the demesne 2 ploughs, now
1, and I plough belonging to the men, and 3
acres of meadow. Then 2 rounceys, now 4.
Then 4 beasts, now 3. Then 16 swine, now
12. Then 80 sheep, now 60. Then it was

fol. 442.

worth 201., now 40s. i church with 20 (?) acres,

worth 4.od. Saint Etheldreda (has) the soke.

In Parva Belinges [Little Bealings] Geoffrey
holds ; (there were) 2 sokemen, Gladman and
Brihtric, over them Godwin had soke and sac
and custom, and i Leofsi, of whom Edric had

»» ' Kenebroch ' ; Inf. El 144.

»" ' Worth ID/. ' ; ibid. «' See n. 217.

575

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

commendation. These 2 sokemenhad 28 acres.
Then I plough, now none. I acre of meadow.
Worth 2s. And Leofsi held on the demesne 20
acres. Then i plough, now none. 3 acres of
meadow. I mill. Worth 31.

In the same (vill) on the demesne Leuric and
Brihtric, 2 freemen under commendation to Saint
Etheldreda T.R.E., (held) 10 acres. Then as
now half a plough. Half an acre of meadow.
Worth 2s.

Moreover in the same (vill) on the demesne
Ulmar and Bond, 2 freemen under commenda-
tion to the same Etheldreda T.R.E., (held) 4
acres. Worth 8d.

And in the same (vill) on the demesne Hardekin,
a freeman under commendation half to Durand,
Edric's man, and half to Harold, (held) 3 acres.
Worth 6d. It is 6 furlongs long and 5 broad,
and (pays) J^d. in geld.

In Nechemara [ ] on the de-

mesne a freeman, Ulfwin, under commendation
to Ingulf the house-carl (held) 3 acres. Worth
6d.

In RiscEMARA [Rushmere] on the demesne a
freeman, Brunwin, under commendation to
Gurth (held) 30 acres. Then as now I plough.
I acre of meadow. Then as now it was worth
los. It is 8 furlongs long and 7 broad and
(pays) i6d. in geld.

In TuDEHAM [Tuddenham] on the demesne
are 4 acres, and they lie {sunt) in Belinges
[Bealings]. Worth 8^.

In the same (vill) a freewoman, Aldeda, under
commendation to Edric of Laxfield (held) 6
acres. Worth 12a'.

In the same (vill) Bernard de Alencun holds
80 acres which Brihtmar, a freeman T.R.E.
under commendation to Edric of Laxfield, held
as a manor. Then as now 6 bordars and I serf.
And 2 ploughs on the demesne. And 4 acres
of meadow. Then 2 rounceys, now none.
Then 3 swine, now 5. Then 15 sheep, now
10. Then 6 goats, now none. Then it was

fol. 442^.

worth 20J., now the like. And of this manor
was Edric, predecessor of Robert Malet, seised
T.R.E. and William Malet at the time when he
died ; and he could not give his land or sell it
to anyone. And 5 freemen under commenda-
tion to the said Brihtmar (held) 14 acres. Then
half a plough, now none. Then it was worth
4J., now 31.

In the same (vill) 2 freemen, one under com-
mendation to the predecessor of Ranulph brother
of Ilger, and the other under commendation to
one himself under commendation to Saint Ethel-
dreda (held) 7 acres. Then half a plough, now
none. Worth i6d. It is 10 furlongs long, and

6 broad, and pays 15^^. in geld. All this Bernard
de Belencun holds of Hervey.

(At) Thisteldena [Thistleton] a freeman,
Frana, under commendation to Edric T.R.E.,
(held) 30 acres of land. Then as now 2 bordars,
and I plough. 2 acres of meadow. Worth Ss.
This Reynold holds of Hervey. But William
Malet was seised thereof on the day of his death.

In Derneford [ ] 1 1 freemen

under commendation to Durand, (who was) half
Edric's man T.R.E. and half Harold's, (held) 80
acres and 3 bordars. Then 4 ploughs, now 3,
and 2 acres of meadow. Then it was worth
405., now 151,

In Ingoluestuna [ ] ^3 freemen

T.R.E., now 6, under commendation to the
same Durand, (held) i carucate and 4 acres of
land. Then 5 ploughs, now i. 5 acres of
meadow. Worth 10s.

In the same (vill) i freeman under commen-
dation to the said Durand (held) 12 acres and
half a plough. Worth 40c/. It is 6 furlongs
long and 5 broad. And pays "J^d. in geld. This
Peter de Paludel holds of Hervey.

HUNDRET OF WiLEFORDA [WiLFORD]

(At) Berdefelda [Bredfield] Suarting, under
commendation to the predecessor of Robert
Malet, held T.R.E. 80 acres and i bordar.
Then 1^ ploughs, now i plough. Then 2
rounceys, now 2, and i beast, and 27 sheep.
Then worth 2oy., now 3 ox. It is i league and
half a furlong long, and 6 furlongs broad. And
in geld (pays) 13^^/.

In the same (vill were) 21 freemen under
Swarting's commendation T.R.E. with i caru-

fol. 443.

cate and 22 acres of land. Then 4 ploughs,
now 3. Half an acre of meadow. Then worth
305., now a like amount.

Moreover in the same (vill) a freeman under
commendation to one himself under commenda-
tion to Robert Malet's predecessor (held) 12
acres. Then as now half a plough. Worth 25'.
Of this was William Malet seised on the day on
which he died.

In Wikham [Wickham (Market)] Ranulph
now holds, a freeman Atser under Edric's com-
mendation T.R.E. held, 33 acres as a manor,
and I bordar. 3 acres of meadow. Then i
plough, now none. And 2 freemen under him
(held) 8 acres. Then half a plough. Then
worth 10^., now 6s. And of this in like manner
(was William Malet seised).

In SuTTUNA [Sutton] Arcenbald (now holds),,
the same Atser held T.R.E,, 60 acres as a manor.

576

THE HOLDERS OF i.ANDS

Then as now 2 bordars. Then and afterwards
I plough, now half a plough. Half an acre of
meadow. Then worth ioj., now a like
amount.

In the same (vill) the said Arcebald holds a
freeman (formerly) under Edric's commendation,
with 6 acres. Then as now 2 oxen. Then
worth 2y., now a like amount. Of this (Wil-
liam Malet was seised) in like manner.

In HoRAPOLA [Harpole] Odo holds a free-
man"^ (formerly) under commendation half to
Saint Etheldreda and half to Edric with i6 acres.
Worth 3j.

In Bredefelda [Bredfield] Peter now holds
a freeman (formerly) under comrhendation of
Durand of OfFetuna [OfFton] with 12 acres. 3
oxen, and 23 sheep. Worth 2s.

In the same (vill) a freeman under commenda-
tion of Ailric of Burc [Burgh] (held) 4 acres,
worth Sd.

In LuDEHAM [Loudham] a half freeman under
Swarting's commendation T.R.E. (held) 1 5 acres,
worth 2s.

In Bulges [Boulge] (is) a freeman under com-
mendation of Edric Grim with 5 perches of land,
worth 4(/.

In HoREPOLO [Harpole] a freeman under
Edric's commendation (held) 5 acres, and half
an acre of meadow. Worth 1 2cl.

HUNDRET OF LoSA [LoEs]

(At) Martele [Martley] Brihtmar, under
Harold's commendation, T.R.E. held as a manor
80 acres. Then as now 5 bordars. And on
the demesne 2 ploughs. 9 acres of meadow.
And I rouncey, 1 beast, 9 swine, 17 sheep, and
30 goats. Then it was worth 405., now 30J.
And lo freemen and 2 half (freemen) under
commendation of the same (Brihtmar) (held) 60

fol. 443*.

acres. Then as now 2 ploughs. 1^ acres of
meadow. Worth 10s. Robert Malet claims
one of these. It is i league long, and half a
league broad. And in geld (pays) I id.

(At) Campeseia [Campsey] 2 freemen,
Swarting and Edric, under commendation of
Edric of Laxfield held 60 acres of land as a
manor. Then as now 3 villeins. Then as now
2 ploughs. And half a plough belonging to
the men. 8 acres of meadow, i mill. And 2
rounceys, 8 swine, 20 sheep, and 3 hives of
bees. Then it was worth 20s., now 30J. And
12 freemen under commendation of the same
(Edric) (held) 38 acres of land. Then 2 ploughs,
now I. Then it was worth 8s.. now 10s. It

is 6 furlongs long, and 4 broad. And in geld
pays yd. William Malet was seised (of it) on
the day on which he died.

(At) Renlesham [Rendlesham] Godgeva, a
freewoman under commendation half of Saint
Etheldreda and half of Edric of Laxfleld, held
60 acres as a manor. Then 2 ploughs^ now I
plough. 2 acres of meadow. And- i\'illein.
Then as now worth 20s. And i^ freemen
(held) 10 acres under commendation of the same
(Godgeva ?). And half a plough. (Included) in
the same valuation. This Bernard de Alencun
holds of Hervey. William (Malet) was seised
on the day on which he died. It is I league
long, and half a (league) broad. And in geld
(pays) I4</.

(At) PoTESFORDA '" [ ] Odon holds as

a manor 80 acres, which Wenning held as a
manor under commendation half to Saint Ethel-
dreda and half to Edric. Then as now 2
villeins, and 2 bordars. And 6 acres of meadow.
Then 2 ploughs, now I. I rouncey, 4 beasts,
and 10 goats. Then as now it was worth 20s.

And in the same (vill) 8 freemen,'** of whom
3 forfeited their land to (contra) the Abbot, and
the Hundred has not since seen (evidence) that
they have redeemed it, and the fourth was the
Abbot's man, and the other 4 were under
Wenning's commendation, (held) 30 acres.
These all (had) half a plough, i^ acres of meadow.
Then as now it was worth 105. It is i league
long, and half (a league) broad. And in geld

fol. 444.

(pays) lid. William (Malet) was seised of it on
the day on which he died.

(At) Glereuinges [Glevering'*'] Brihtmar
held under commendation to Edric T.R.E. as a
manor 40 acres. And I bordar. And I plough.
3 acres of meadow. 1 mill. And 20 sheep.
Then it was worth 8j., now ioj.

In the same (vill) 17! freemen under the said
Brihtmar's commendation (held) 60 acres. Then
2 ploughs, now I. I acre of meadow. Then
it was worth 17;., now 15J. William Malet
was seised of it on the day on which he died.
It is I league long and half (a league) broad.
And in geld pays 22^. This Odo holds of
Hervey.

In Delingahou [Dallinghoo] (are) 40 acres,,
which 3 fieemen held, worth 6s.

In the same (vill) 2 freemen under com-
mendation half of Swarting and half of Bruman
(held) 20 acres. Then half a plough. Worth
35. It is I league long, and 3 furlongs broad.
And in geld pays J^d.

'Wcneling' ; Inj. El 146.

«' 'Potesfort,' 'Pitlesford,' 'Pitesford,' and 'Witles-
ford' ; ibid. 148, 180.

'" ' 8^ freemen ' ; ibid. ^" In Hacheston.

577 73

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In the same (vill) 2 half (freemen) under
Edric's commendation (held) 5 acres, worth izd.

Plumesgate [Plomesgate] Hundret

(At) Cranesforda [Cransford] Atsur under
commendation of Edric of Laxfield held 80 acres
of land as a manor. Then as now i bordar.
Then 2 ploughs, now i. i acre of meadow.
Then 3 rounceys. Then 24 swine, now i.
And 16 sheep. Then 40 goats. Then it was
worth 20s., now 13/. and ^d.

LXVIII. LANDS OF GILBERT THE
CROSSBOWMAN

BiDINGA [BlYTHING] HuNDRET

In EsTUNA [Easton] Elric son of Wlviat,
under commendation to Earl Harold, held, and
now Gilbert holds of the King as a manor, 2
carucates of land. Then 5 villeins, now 3.
Then as now 5 bordars, and I serf. Then i^
ploughs on the demesne, now none. Then as
now 3 ploughs belonging to the men. Wood-
(land) for 8 swine, 3 acres of meadow. Then i
salt-pan, now none. Then i rouncey, 3 beasts,

fol. 444^.

and 2 swine, and 80 sheep. Now no stock [nkhil).
Then it was worth 405., now 20s. The King
and the Earl (have) the soke. Moreover in
Uggecehala [Uggeshall] (there is) i villein,
Uluric, with 20 acres and half a plough, and in
Cedestan [Chediston] i villein, Osketel, with
20 acres and half a plough, and they are (in-
cluded) in the valuation of Estuna [Easton].

The said Gilbert holds in Cedestan [Chedis-
ton] a freeman Godric (formerly) under com-
mendation to the same (Harold) with 20 acres,
and 2 bordars. Half a plough. Half an acre
of meadow. Wood(land) for 6 swine. Worth 4;.

And in Estuna [Easton] (were) 2 freemen,
Godric and Osketel, under commendation to the
said (Harold) with 20 acres of land. Then as
now I plough. Worth 4;. The King and the
Earl (have) the soke. Estuna [Easton] is i
league long, and half a league broad. And in
geld (pays) bd. Others hold land therein,

Hertesmara [Hartismere] Hundret

(At) GisLiNCHAM [Gislingham] Alsi a free-
men held 2 carucates of land as a manor, and 2
bordars. Then and afterwards 2 ploughs on the
demesne, now i. And 2 acres of meadow.
Wood(land) for 4 swine. Worth 40J. This
manor belonged in the lifetime of King Edward
to the demesne of Abbot Lefstan of Saint
Edmund's, and Abbot Lefstan leased it to Alsi
and his wife by such an agreement that after

their deaths the Abbot should have back his
manor and another manor of Alsi's, Eustuna
[Euston] by name. The King and the Earl
(have) the soke.

In the same (vill) 8 freemen under com-
mendation to Alsi (held) 16 acres. Then I
plough, now half a plough. And they are (in-
cluded) in the above valuation.

In the same (vill) 3 freemen under com-
mendation to the predecessor of Aubrey de
Vere (held) 6 acres, worth I2d. The King
and the Earl (have) the soke. It is I league
long and 7 furlongs broad. And (pays) i od. in
geld.

fol. 445.

LXVIIII. LANDS OF RALPH THE
CROSSBOWMAN

Half Hundret of Ludingaland
[Lothingland]

(At) Burch [Burgh (Castle)] Bishop Stigand
held T.R.E. with the soke 4 carucates of land
as a manor. Then as now 10 villeins, and 5
bordars. Then 2 serfs, now none. Then on
the demesne 3 ploughs, now 2, Then belong-
ing to the men 4 ploughs, now 3, 10 acres of
meadow. 3 salt-pans. Then as now 3 roun-
ceys, 6 beasts, 17 swine, and 160 sheep. One
church with 10 acres, and I acre of meadow.
Then worth loox., now io6j.

(At) Caldecotan [Caldecot '^^] Bund under
Gurth's commendation held T.R.E. i carucate
of land as a manor. Then I bordar, now 3.
Then i plough, now half a plough. Then
worth lOJ., now 8j.

In Earetuna [ ] a free-

man Kettle under Ulf's commendation T.R.E.
held 40 acres. Then i bordar, now none.
Then as now half a plough. Then as now
worth 4J.

In SuMERLEDESTUNA [Somerleyton] a free-
man Alwold under Gurth's commendation (held)
30 acres. Then half a plough, now none.
Wood(land) for 5 swine. Worth 2s.

LXX, LAND OF RAINALD THE
BRETON =>«'

Which he Claims of the King in Alms

RiSEBRUGE [RiSBRIDGE] HuNDRET

In Litgata [Lidgate] 3 freemen held as (a
manor) 4 carucates of land. Then 9 villeins,

«* In Fritton.

"' Lidgate was given to St. Edmund's by Reynold
Stanceberd (?), ' who was called " denasez," because
he had lost his nose in battle with the elder William ' ;
Add. MS. 14847, fol. 24.

578

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

afterwards 7, now 3. Then l bordar, after-
wards 4, now 6. Then 3 serfs, afterwards I,
now none. Then and afterwards 3 ploughs,
now I. Then and afterwards 7 ploughs be-
longing to the men, now 2. Wood(land) for
10 swine. 10 acres of meadow. Then 2
swine, now 30. Then as now 7 sheep. They
were then worth 8oj., now 60s. This land
Wateville's men claim as belonging to his fee.

fol. 445*.

LXXI. LAND OF ROBERT DE
STRATFORD

Sanfort [Samford] Hundret

(At) BoiTUNA [Boyton ^^] Suain Suart held
T.R.E. I carucate of land as a manor. Then
2 bordars, now 6. Then 2 ploughs on the
demesne. Then as now i plough belonging
to the men. 5 acres of meadow. Then worth
40J., now 30X. The soke (is) in Bercolt [Berg-
holt.]

In the same (vill) Brixi, a freeman, held 1
carucate of land as a manor T.R.E. Then i
bordar, now 2. Then as now i plough on the
demesne. Now i rouncey and 6 sheep. Worth
20s. It is 7 furlongs long, and 6 broad, and
pays 14^/. in geld. Others have holdings there.
The soke (is) in Bercolt [Bergholt].

In Belesteda [Belstead] Turi held 80 acres
as a manor. Then as now 3 villeins and 2
bordars. Then i plough on the demesne.
Then as now i plough belonging to the men,
and 2 acres of meadow, and the fourth part of
a church. Worth 23J. The soke (is) in
Bercolt [Bergholt].

LXXII. LAND OF STANARD SON
OF ALWI

RiSEBRUGE [RisBRIDGE] HuNDRET

In UuESDANA [Ousden] Wisgar held 30
acres T.R.E. Then as now i bordar. And
I plough. And 2 acres of meadow. Worth 201.

LXXIII. LAND OF WLMAR

RiSEBRUGE [RisBRIDGE] HuNDRET

In Lafham [ ] (are) 24 acres, and

half a plough. Worth 4^. Saint Edmund (has)
the soke.

In the same (vill) the said Ulmar holds 9 acres
which he took in pledge {invadavit) in King
William's time from the predecessor of Ralph
Pinel for 21s. Worth \2d. Roger the SherifT
had heriot [herrei) from his father.

fol, 446.

LXXIIIL LAND OF THE VAVASSORS

Bosmera [Bosmere] Hundret

In Hamingestuna [Hemingstone] (was) a free-
man with 20 acres in the King's soke, and 5
bordars. Then as now I plough. Worth 55.

In Facheduna [ ] 3 freemen in

the King's soke (held) 30 acres. Then as now
I plough. Worth 5J.

In the same Hundred. In Betesfort [Battis-
ford] a freeman Durand held 30 acres T.R.E.
Now Siward holds it, in the King's soke. Then
half a plough, now 2 oxen. And 2 acres (of
meadow).

In Uledana [Olden '"] 4 freemen, Rabboda,
Leuric, Edric, Uluric, (held) 8 acres. Worth
\6d. These were added to the farm in King
William's time, and Roger is warrant thereof to
Ulmar the reeve, who added them, and Roger
did not know that they were so added, and they
used not to belong to any farm.

In the same (vill) a freeman Ulmar (had) the
fourth part of an acre. Worth 2d. Brictmar
the bedel held over him ; and he gave security.
Ulmar the reeve is surety (fidejussor) (for him).

In the same (vill) a freeman Lewin (held)
2^ acres. Worth id.

In Hamigestuna [Hemingstone] a freeman
Brictoult (held) 4 acres, worth id.

In Cratingis [Greeting] a freewoman, Aldith,
(held) half an acre, worth id.

Hundret of Claindune [Claydon]

In Haminghelanda [Hemingstone (?)] a free-
man Alwin under commendation to Gurth (held)
30 acres. Then half a plough. Worth 5^.
Ulmar the reeve conjoined this freeman to the
King's farm of Brumfor [Bramford], and Roger
the Sheriff is warrant to him for so doing, and
he renders every year fj. And the King and
the Earl (have) the soke.

In Turolwestuna [Thurlston] Rolf held
T.R.E., now Aluric his son, a burgess of Gipes-
wiz [Ipswich] (holds) 1 2 acres. Worth 2s. The
King and the Earl (have) the soke. And of this
was Earl Ralph seised when he made forfeiture.
The said Aluric holds the church of St. Julian in

fol. 4461^.

the borough of Ipswich with 20 acres of land,
worth 4oi. Of this church Earl Ralph was
seised.

In Claindune [Claydon] Alric a freeman held
6J acres T.R.E. ; now the same Aluric holds.

In Bergholt and Bentley ; Copinger, Suff. Rec.

In Coddenham ; n. 2.

579

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Worth l^d. The King and the Earl (have) half
the soke, and Saint Etheldreda the other moiety.
This Aluric held this land in pawn {in vadimonio),
and thereof has no warrant.

The above are in the King's hand.

In Westrefelda [Westerfield] 6 freemen,
Alwin, Flint, Alwin, Edric, Uleric,Alestan, (held)
among them 15 acres and I plough. Worth
2od. One of them, Flint by name, gave a
pledge for that he said that they gave farm in
Gipeswiz [Ipswich] ; and the Sheriff proved that
he lied ; and the same Sheriff is surety {fidejussor).
The King and the Earl (have) the soke.

In TuROLUESTUNA [Thurlston] a freeman
Godwin under commendation to Stigand (held)
10 acres. Worth 2od.

In this Hundred the King has 30 freemen with
147^ acres,and a church inWiDiTUNA [Whitton]
with 10 acres. Then as now 3 ploughs. And i
acre of meadow. Worth 40J. and /^d. These
are their names : Aistan, Godric, Godwin, OfFa,
Rictan, Gadinc, Aluric, Estrat, Aluric, Touilt,
Lewin, Aluric, Gunequata, Uluric, Turchetel,
Godric, Edied, Dirsi, Brictmar, Leveva, Aluric,
Uluric, Norman, Lewric, Saxlef, Alwin, Ulwin,
Edric, Sigar. These men the Sheriff holds in
hand for the King. The King and the Earl (have)
the soke.

In Westrefelda [Westerfield) Aluric the
priest held then as now 12 acres, and 2 acres
of meadow. Worth y. The King and the
Earl (have) the soke.

In TuRUESTUNA [Thurlston] 2 freemen,
Uluric and Ormar, (held) 6 acres. Worth izd.
The soke is the King's. The Sheriff keeps (them)
in hand for the King.

fol. 447.

In CoDENHAM [Coddenham] Friebern, a priest,
(holds) half an acre in alms. Worth id.

LXXV. THESE ARE THE FREEMEN

OF SUFFOLK WHO REMAIN IN

THE KING'S HAND

Brademera [Bradmere] Hundret

In ToRP [(Ixworth) Thorpe] a freeman (had)
30 acres T.R.E. Then and afterwards half a
plough, now 2 oxen. Worth 2s. and bd. Him
Robert Blund held, supposing him to belong to
the Abbot's fee, and the same man gave assurance
to Robert that he belonged to the Abbot's fee.
But the Abbot is not his warrant for this. Now
at length Robert has made recognizance that he
does not belong to the Abbot's fee, he has remitted
him into the King's hand, and has given security
thereupon.

In IcsEWRDA [Ixworth] a freeman (had) 1 2
acres worth 2s. Saint Edmund had half the
commendation T.R.E. , and soke and sac, and
the predecessor of Peter de Valoignes had half the
commendation. Over him Richard the man of
Robert Blund held, and gave security. Robert
is not his warrant.

Hundret of Biscopes [Bishop's]

In HoRAN [Horham] a freeman held 6 acres
worth i2d. Him Herbert Blacun held in hand
for the King by order of Bishop Arfast, but
Juchel the priest claims him of the King's gift,
and thereof was he seised. And his predecessor
had the commendation T.R.E. The soke (is) in
Hoxa [Hoxne].

In Isteda [Instead""] (is) a freeman, over
whom Bishop Ailmer had commendation, with
10^ acres. And the fourth part of a mill. And
I bordar. And then half a plough, now 2 oxen.
Worth 2s. This William Malet held, (as did)
afterwards Robert his son, supposing it to belong
to his father's fee.

fol. 44 7^.

In Badingafelda [Bedingfield] (are) 2 free-
men who remain in the King's hand through
respite of the plea between the Bishop of Bayeux
and Robert Malet's mother. One was under
commendation to Stigand and the other, half
under Leuric, Robert Malet's predecessor, and
the other moiety (belonged to) Saxo ; and they
have 40 acres and 3 bordars. Then as now I
plough. Wood(land) for 20 swine. Worth lOi.
The soke is in Hoxa [Hoxne].

LXXVI. ENCROACHMENTS
{INFJSIONES) UPON THE KING

RiSEBRUGE [RisBRIDGE] HuNDRET

Richard son of Count Gislebert.

In Bradeleia [Bradley] (were) 4 freemen, Ul-
win, Leuric, Ulwin. And they have 15 acres.
And the fourth was Bundo ; And he has i carucate
of land. Then as now 2 ploughs. And 5 acres
of meadow. Worth 2 2 J. and 6d. From them
his (Richard's) predecessor never had commenda-
tion. Malvoisin {ma/us vicinus) holds the carucate.
Saint Edmund (has) the entire soke.

Babenberga [Babergh] Two Hundrets

In Grotena [Groton] Richard son of
Gilbert holds a freeman (formerly) under
Robert son of Wimarc, by commendation only,
with 60 acres of land. Then 4 bordars, now I.
T'.ien and afterwards i plough, now none. And

In Weybread.

580

THE HOLDERS OF LANDS

1 acre of meadow. Then and afterwards worth
IDS., now iSs. On this land Roger de Orbec
encroached, and holds it under Richard son of
Gilbert. And Richard's men claim it as belong-
ing to the fee of Wisgar his predecessor. But
according to the testimony of the Hundred it
never belonged (to that fee) either by commen-
dation or by soke.

In Kavanadisc [Cavendish] Aluric, brother of
the aforesaid Edric and Witgar's man, encroached
upon half his brother's land (viz.) 60 acres.

fol. 448.

Now Roger de Saint Germain holds it as of
Richard's fee. But it never belonged to the fee
by commendation or soke. Then as now there
was there 1 villein and i bordar and i acre of
meadow.

In CoRNlERDA [Cornard] Aluric Campo held

2 freemen under commendation only, in Saint
Edmund's soke, T.R.E. But after King
William came Wisgar encroached (thereon) before
the agreement with Richard, who now holds.
And (the freemen) had 2 carucates of land and
40 acres. Then and afterwards 4 bordars, now
1 1. Then 5 serfs, now 4. Then 3 ploughs on
the demesne, now 3 between him and the men.
Wood(land) for 30 swine. And 8 acres of
meadow. Then 3 liorses. Now 4 beasts.
Now 30 swine. Now iio sheep. A church
with 15 acres of free land. Then and afterwards
it was worth 20s., now it renders 6/;. It is 8
furlongs long, and 4 broad. And (pays) 24^. in
geld, whoever holds therein.

In Saibamus [ ]

freeman (formerly) under Robert
by commendation, and in Saint
and sac. But Wisgar held him
forfeiture. Now Richard his
him. And he had i carucate
bordars and 2 serfs. Then as
And 7 acres of meadow. Now
swine. Worth 20s.

Richard holds a
son of Wimarc
Edmund's soke
when he made
successor holds
of land, and 3
now 1 plough.
50 sheep, and 7

In Kavanadis [Cavendish] Alwold (held) a
freeman under Harold by commendation, soke
and sac, T.R.E. and after King William came.
Now Richard has encroached. And (the free-
man) had 1 carucate of land. Then as now i^
ploughs. And 2 acres of meadow. Worth 20s.

In the same (vill) Richard of Clare encroached
upon a freeman (formerly) under King Edward.
But his predecessor had no interest whatever
{n'tchil omnino) in him. And the (freeman) had
I carucate of land. Then 4 villeins, afterwards
and now 2, and 7 bordars. And then and
afterwards 2 ploughs, now 1. And 1 plough
belonging to the men. And 4 acres of meadow.
And now I mill. Wood(land) for 10 swine.
Worth 20s.

fol. 448^.

HUNDRET OF BlACBRUNA [BlACKBOURN]

In Stantuna [Stanton] a freewoman under
commendation to Saint Edmund held 30 acres
T.R.E. Worth 5^.

In Gnodassala [Knettishall] Saint Edmund
held 30 acres T.R.E. and half a mill. Worth

In Beordewella [Bardwell] (were) the houses
{mansiones) of a certain freeman under Saint
Edmund.

In the same (vill) half a freeman under Saint
Edmund (held) 8 acres. Worth idd.

In the same (vill were) 10 acres in the hold-
ing of a certain freewoman under Saint Ed-
mund. Worth 2od,

And in all this W. de Partenai encroached
upon the Abbot's right. And he holds the com-
mendation of one freeman.

HuNDRET OF BoSEMERA [BoSMERE]

In Sumersam [Somersham] (was) a freeman
Uluric by name with 12 acres. Worth 4;. Of
him was Ralph the Earl seised when he forfeited:
and his predecessor had the commendation in
Nedesteda [Nettlestead]. On this Ulmar the
King's reeve encroached, and he gave security.
Roger Bigot is his surety. And (the freeman) is
in the King's hands. The King and the Earl
(have) the soke.

In Brieseta [Bricett] are 20 acres which are
attached [jacent) to William de Othoburville's
manor, which Anschill held T.R.E. Now a
certain woman, (called) Botilt, holds them, and
calls Hugh de Hosdenc to warrant. But he is
under arrest by the King, and cannot respond.
Now these acres are in the King's hand, and
Ulmar the reeve has charge of them. Worth 51.

In Belham [Baylham] Queen Edith held
T.R.E. and as long as she lived half a church
with 12 acres. Afterwards William de Burnol-
ville held it. Now it is in the King's hand.
Worth 2s. Of this he (? Ulmar) gave security.
Turstin son of Guy is his surety [fide jussor).

Hundret of Stou [Stow]

In Fineberga [Finborough] (is) a freeman of
whom the predecessor of Roger had half com-
mendation. Eustace (had) the other half of
the commendation, and afterwards the Count of
Moretain held over him. But Roger held him
when he left the land, and Robert the crossbow-
man {arbalistarius) under him. Now Roger Bigot

fol. 449.

holds him in hand for the King, until proof of
right be made. And he has 1 5 acres of land.
Then half a plough, now none. Worth y.

581

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

HUNDRET OF BuDINGA [BlYTHING]

In WisETA [Wissett], Count Alan's manor,
belonged a freeman with 4 acres which are
attached to Northala [North Hales], worth 8d.
This Robert de Curcun encroached upon.
This (freeman) Earl Ralph held when he made
forfeiture. Of this he gave security.

In the same (vill) was a freeman worth i6(/.
over whom the predecessor of William de
Warenne had commendation T.R.E. And he
has it as part of his land by reason of the
exchange. These two Robert encroached upon
with the 4 acres aforesaid.

In Wggessala [Uggeshall] were 2 freemen,
Norman and Ketel, with 18 acres and half a
plough, worth 3^. This Berengar, Saint
Edmund's man, encroached upon ; and he is in
the King's mercy. He was sick. He could
not come to the plea. Now (the lands) are in
the Sherififs custody.

(Baeergh Two Hundrets)

In Kanauadisc [Cavendish] Ralph de Limesi
holds a freeman (formerly) under Harold (with
land) which Edric the deacon, who died with
him (i.e. Harold) in the battle, held. And (the
freeman) was delivered to Baynard as an estate.
Edgar added this to Cavendish after Baynard
lost it. Now Ralph de Limesi holds it in the
hall demesne.

In Lauen [Lavenham (?)] Aubrey de Vere
holds 3 freemen (formerly) under Ulwin, Aubrey
de Vere's predecessor, by commendation only,
in the soke of Saint Edmund, and (the free-
men) have 50 acres. Then among them all
were 2 ploughs, now i. Then as now it was
worth 6s.

In KoDENHAM [Coddenham '"] Walter de
Saint Valery's predecessor held by commendation

fol. 449*.

only 2 freemen. Now Roger de Ramis holds
(them). But the Hundred knows not by what
title. Nor was there anyone on his behalf who
could say by what title. And (the freemen)
have 20 acres of land. Then and afterwards it
was worth loi., now nothing.

Hertesmera [Hartismere] Hundret

In EiAM [Eye] Robert Malet held i freeman
Swartric by name, (who was formerly) under
commendation to Harold and in his soke, with
1 20 acres as a manor. Then as now 4 bordars.
And I plough on the demesne. And 4 acres of
meadow. Wood(land) for 13 swine. Worth
2 Of.

•" In Boxford.

fol. 450.

CONCERNING THE CLAIMS IN DIS-
PUTE BETWEEN THE BISHOP
OF BAYEUX AND ROBERT
MALET'S MOTHER

Hertesmera [Hartismere] Hundret

In AcoLT [Occold] Brictere a freeman under
Stigand held 20 acres. Then as now i bordar.
Worth 40^. This land Stigand gave to Robert
Malet's mother ; and she afterwards held it of
the Queen. Now the bishop holds it {m°. e.).

In the same (vill) Cheric a freeman, half
under sub-commendation to the predecessor of
Robert Malet and half under commendation to
Saxo the predecessor of Ranulph Peverel, held
20 acres and 2 bordars and 1 plough. Worth
40i.

BiscoPEs [Bishop's] Hundret

In Badingefelda [Bedingfield] the aforesaid
Brictere and Cheric (held) 40 acres in manner
aforesaid. Then i plough, now half a plough.
Wood(land) for 40 swine. And a freeman
under commendation to Brictred (held) 5 acres.
The whole was worth lis.

Hertesmara [Hartismere] Hundret

In Aspala [Aspall] 4 freemen, Derulf under
commendation to the Abbot of Ely, and Thurs-
tan under commendation to Saxo, and Marculf
under commendation to Edric, Robert Malet's
predecessor, and Grunulf under sub-commenda-
tion to Robert Malet's predecessor, (held) 86
acres and 7 bordars. Then as now 3 ploughs.
2 acres of meadow. They were then as now
worth 40f. Of this land William Malet was
seised, so the Hundred witnesses, before the
Bishop of Bayeux ; and afterwards came Hubert
de Port and adjudged the land free and seised
the Bishop of this land because the freemen used
to hold it ; and on the day on which Earl
Ralph made forfeiture Robert Malet's mother
was seised thereof, so witnessas the Hundred,
and up to the date of the plea (held) at Hodiham
[Odiham] ; now it is held, as the King ordered,
in pace Regis between the Bishop and Robert's
mother.

IN the year one thousand and

eighty-six

from the incarnation of the lord,

and the

twentieth of the reign of WILLIAM,

WAS THIS

SURVEY {Deicriptio) MADE, NOT ONLY

THROUGHOUT THESE THREE COUNTIES,

BUT ALSO THROUGHOUT THE OTHERS.

582

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

The gently undulating contours of Suffolk provide no such heights as
were chosen for the sites of hill fortresses by a primitive people, and conse-
quently no such strongholds are found in the county. The reason for the
paucity of earthworks capable of identification w^ith a very early people must
be found in the adaptability of the soil for agriculture ; the greater part of
the county is under tillage, and it is one of the finest corn-growing districts in
England. To the plough, then, may be ascribed the destructive influence
that has spared so few of those unrecorded landmarks. Some, indeed, may
unknowingly be extant, incorporated into later moated sites. Possibly this
may be the case with the works at Chevington and Wattisham, but it can
only be suggested by a study of the entrenchments, and in no wise proven.

Similar forces have wrought havoc with the military works raised during
the Roman occupation, for excepting the camp on Clare Common we look in
vain for any definite earthwork that may be included under Class C. Burgh,
Dunwich, and Walton were strongholds for the defence of the Saxon shore ;
the last two have been swallowed by the sea, and Burgh Castle, in the
northern extremity of the county, is a well-defined Roman work, but only a
very small part of its earthen defences remains. Suffolk, however, is not
entirely denuded of signs of Roman entrenchments, and it is marvellous that
after centuries of cultivation five camps of rectangular plan may with care be
traced. At Stowlangtoft and Burgh (near Woodbridge) are double entrench-
ments ; at Ashbocking, Bredfield, and Brettenham are traces of single en-
trenchments ; the valla have disappeared, having been ploughed into the
fosses, which are abnormally widened and almost filled to the surface in the
process, but on these sites are found tesserae, pottery, and oyster-shells.

It is interesting to observe how ancient ramparts have been utilized
wherein to build early churches, as may be seen at Burgh St. Peter, South
Elmham St. Cross, where it is called the ' Minster Yard,' and Stowlangtoft
St. George.

When this district became part of the province of East Anglia the
Suthfolc were severely disciplined by foes both at home and from abroad.
Their struggles against absorption by the kingdom of Mercia in the 7th
century may have led to the construction of those stupendous dykes, the
principal of which was known as ' Devil's Dyke ' and ' St. Edmund's Dyke,'
and although it is beyond our limits — being in Cambridgeshire — it may be
suggested that, with the great fosse to the west of the huge vallum, it was
made for the protection of the people resident in the country under our
consideration against an inland foe.

583

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

As a maritime county Suffolk, was exposed to the inroads of the Norse-
men, and the opposing ramparts of these two peoples were doubtless
numerous ; but again the arable nature of the ground must be held responsible
for the lack of their militant handiwork.

When peace was attained by King Alfred East Anglia was included in
that portion of territory allotted to the Danes. To the presence of these
settlers may be traced the ship-barrow in the parish of Snape, a great earthen
monument which has recently been destroyed.

One class only of early fortified positions is adequately represented, that
is the mount and bailey, which perhaps provided the most stupendous arti-
ficial works in Suffolk, and thus has better escaped the levelling process.
Of this type Haughley is the best preserved and a good example, while Clare
is the most stupendous.

Advancing to a later period of the Middle Ages we find a few examples
of a defended residence which represent a transitional type, between the feudal
castle and the simple moated inclosure. Rushbrooke, Wingfield, and Helm-
ingham may be cited, inasmuch as the last two retain mementos of an
ancient custom in the preservation and utilization of their drawbridges.

As in most low-lying districts simple moated areas abound, and in this
respect Suffolk is especially remarkable with over five hundred examples. A
noteworthy feature is that in West Suffolk the moats generally surround the
houses of great families, as of the Drurys of Hawstead; the Tollemaches of
Helmingham and Fakenham ; the De la Poles of Wingfield, and many
others; while those of East Suffolk protected the more modest halls and farm-
steads.

Many sites have remains of extensive grouping of moats, as at Braiseworth
Hall, Tannington, and Kenton Hall. Others have double moats, one withjn
the other, the smaller around the house and the larger including the sur-
rounding grounds, of which Gisleham is a perfect example.

Within the confines of this county churches have been cinctured by
moats, Gedding, South Elmham All Saints, and Wattisham. Religious
houses have also been protected by similar defences from marauders ;
the moat around the great abbey of St. Edmund at Bury has been filled^
but fragments of moats may yet be traced at the monastic establishments at
Wingfield, Hoxne, Bricett, Bruisyard, Flixton, Redlingfield, and Rumburgh.
Among the miscellaneous works the purpose of one has as yet baffled
all antiquaries. The ' Warbanks ' have been attributed to various races, and
among the different theories expressed are those suggesting them to be the
site of a Roman camp and a disused water-course ; the latter may at once
be dismissed, but whatever their object it is evident that these trenches pro-
vided a defence for a large irregular area.

Tumuli are numerous, yet again, considering the nature of the ground
on which they were raised, they are probably but a small fraction of those
formerly existing, and these are fast being levelled. Barrows distinctive of
each of the four earlier nationalities inhabiting the county have been ex-
plored and destroyed. A feature in the East Anglian barrows is the number
that were known to be used for the holding of ' Things,' as Hills of Judicature,
and in the retention of the name of that on which the people of Bury
assembled in the Hundred of Thingoe.

584

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

The scheme for the classification of these earthworks may be enumerated
in full, although no examples of Classes A, B, and H exist in Suffolk ; it may
in part explain those types which are lacking : —

Class A. — Fortresses partly inaccessible, by reason of precipices, cliffs, or water, additionally

defended by artificial works, usually known as promontory fortresses.
Class B. — Fortresses on hill-tops with artificial defences, fol/owing the natural line ef the hill ;

or, though usually on high ground, less dependent on natural slopes for protection.
Class C. — Rectangular or other simple inclosures, including forts and towns of the

Romano-British period.
Class D. — Forts consisting only or a mound with encircling ditch or fosse.
Class £. — Fortified mounds, either artificial or partly natural, with traces of an attached

court or bailey, or of two or more such courts.
Class F. — Homestead moats, such as abound in some lowland districts, consisting of simple

inclosures formed into artificial islands by water moats.
Class G. — Inclosures, mostly rectangular, partaking of the form of F, but protected by

stronger defensive works, ramparted and fosscd, and in some instances provided with

outworks.
Class H. — Ancient village sites protected by walls, ramparts or fosses.
Class X. — Defensive works which fall under none of these headings.
Class T. — ^Tumuli.

In Class C are seventeen examples, for the most part difHcult to trace.
It is probable that many others have been utilized for the making of moats
at a later period, but if that is the case they have passed beyond recognition
in this division.

Of the eight examples in Class D, no one iis particularly noteworthy
except Orford, and this most probably would have been classified under
Class E, but that every vestigcof a bailey has been destroyed. The mount at
Offton is square, and is evidently of a later date than the type which this
division was designed to include.

The eleven examples of Class E are the most interesting earthworks in
the county, and include some that are quite typical. At Clare is the largest
mount, and a feature is the northern courtyard, which was indubitably an
earlier stronghold adapted to the requirements of the mount castle. The
destruction of the southern bailey by the railway and station yard is to be
regretted. The works at Haughley are in an exceptionally good state, and
at Framlingham the scheme of multiplying the courts and increasing the
defences exhibits an interesting development.

The Homestead Moats of Class F number five hundred and five. In
some of them it would appear that many earlier works are incorporated,
especially those of circular or elliptical plan, as in the case of the inner moat
at Wattisham Hall.

In Class G the most noteworthy among the eleven examples is at Barrow
Hall, where a heavy rampart has lined both the inner and outer sides of a
broad moat.

Class H cannot be said to be represented ; possibly the Warbanks sur-
rounded a village site, but further discoveries must be made before it can be
determined. Again, at Icklingham, there is said to be the site of an Anglo-
Saxon village ; both here and on Cavenham Heath are signs of habitation, but
no area can be traced as the borders of a settlement.

Among the eighteen miscellaneous works in Class X is nothing of
moment ; the origin and intention of ' Oliver's Ditches ' is still enveloped in
I 585 74

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

mystery, which the name — usually assigned to Cromwell — does not tend to

solve.

Fish-ponds, so strongly in evidence in some of the midland counties, are
found to a very limited extent in Suffolk, the most extensive being at Redlingfield.

The tumuli at Rougham, the ship-barrow at Snape, and the use of
tumuli as judicial seats deserve special attention.

All the works are classified under the name of the parish in which they
are situated, and the Roman numerals following represent the sheet of the
25-in. map of the Ordnance Survey whereon they are marked.

SIMPLE INCLOSURES
(Class C)

AsHBOCKiNG (Ixvi, 4). — North-west of the village, 7 J miles north-west
from Woodbridge, is the supposed site of a camp. Faint traces of a rect-
angular fosse are discernible and indications of Roman occupation have been
found.

Bramfield (xxxix, 6). — 'Castle Yard,' close to Castle Farm and east of
Bramfield Park, 3 miles south-south-east from Halesworth, is a circular fosse
270 ft. in diameter, now containing water, with the entrance to the interior
on the west.

Bredfield (Ixvii, 8). — Four miles north from Woodbridge is a rect-
angular site surrounded by a fosse, which continuous ploughing has failed
to obliterate although now worn wide and shallow. Many fragments of tiles
and pottery and a bronze hair-pin found within the circumvallation tend to
identify the work as being in use in the Roman period. The camp is sur-
rounded at some distance by a fosse of oval shape known as ' Oliver's Ditches,'
a decidedly later work which indicates the adaptation of the early camp to
more modern defence.

Brettenham (Ixiv, 3). — In a field south-west of the church, 5 miles
north-east from Lavenham, are traces of a rectangular fosse. The ground is
under the plough, which has greatly levelled it in recent years, but the out-
line can be distinctly traced. Roman coins and oyster-shells are found here.

Bungay (viii, 1 1). — On the north side of the railway are three parts of
a rectangular inclosure ; the longest part extant is about 200 ft. running
north-east to south-west, the other sides are at the south-west and the south-
east, with a short bank 1 2 ft. long turning at right angles towards the south-
east. The greatest height of the rampart is now 2 ft., but it is greatly
trodden down, and being situated on common land and golf links it is con-
stantly subjected to further mutilation. Flint flakes and arrow-heads have
been found on the site.

Burgh (Ixvii, 10). — In ' Castle Field,' to the north of St, Botolph's
Church, 5 J miles north-east from Ipswich, is a rectangular outline of double
vallum and intermediate fosse ; it is faint from constant ploughing, yet dis-
tinct. It covers a piece of undulating ground, the lowest part passing through
the camp is occupied by Drabs Lane. The long axis north-west to south-
east is 900 ft., and the short axis 675 ft. ; on the south-western side a scarp
alone remains towards the west of the church. Within the northern angle of

586

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

the inner vallum are the traces of a circular mount and fosse, almost levelled,
but enough to suggest that the people of a later age availed themselves of the
defences of a Roman camp wherein to erect their mount stronghold and their
church. Within this area Roman pottery, tesserae and tiles, with the con-
stantly recurring oyster-shells, are frequently found.

Burgh Castle (ii, 5). — Burgh Castle, 3J miles south-west-by-west from
Yarmouth, is situated on high ground upon the eastern bank of the River
Waveney. It is one of the best remaining Roman fortified camps in the
country, but so far as its earthworks are to be considered it is included in this

Castle Field, Burgh (near Woodbridge)

class. The area is 640 ft. long by 413 ft. broad, and the ground within the
walls is 4 ft. 8 in. above that outside. The terrier of Burgh St. Peter — by
which name it was anciently known — for the year 161 1 mentions the Castle
Ditch ; this would be the fosse around the outside of the Roman stronghold,
which has disappeared on the eastern side under the action of the plough.
From the middle of both the northern and southern sides the fosse is seen,
gradually deepening until it reaches the level of the marsh by the river. All
that is left on the western side is an irregular escarpment 32 ft. at its highest
point at the north-west. A mound is said to have been discovered inside the
south-west corner of the inclosure which has led to two opposing theories as

587

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

to whether it was of the Roman period or the mount of a Saxon stronghold
within the older lines.

Chevington (xliii, i6). — Chevington Hall Farm, north of the church,
4J miles south-west from Bury, Around this farm-house are the remains of
an exceedingly strong camp of irregular plan, the western side being angular
and the eastern semicircular. The northern side consists of a fosse 60 ft.
wide and 14 ft. deep, gradually increasing in magnitude towards the north-
west. At a distance of 250 ft. from that angle is the commencement of a
heavy vallum, rising 9 ft. high from the interior, with a summit 26 ft. broad ;
from this point is an escarpment of 28 ft. into a fosse 104 ft. wide, and having
a counterscarp of 1 4 ft. On the western side is a continuation of the vallum
of the same height, but of narrower dimensions, with the same scarp and
counterscarp throughout, except at the south-west corner, where the escarp-
ment is 32 ft. The normal measurements of vallum and fosse are continued
along the south to the margin of a large pond, where they have been destroyed.
To the cast of the pond the original line of the vallum may yet be traced in
a broad semicircular bank 3 ft. high ; but the fosse has been filled up and a
roadway occupies part of its site. This stronghold was afterwards utilized
for the protection of a country house of the abbots of Bury which was built
within it.

Clare (Ixxi, 3). — On the north-east of Clare Common, 6 miles east from
Haverhill, are extensive remains of a camp, irregularly quadrangular in plan,

Camp at Clau

588

Burgh Castls

^^^^mtfwtijm

I le^"'"'""!?^ ^

/|-t-^~-B

N

SCALE Of fE£T ■''//, ^
O 100 200 300 "

Chevington Hall Farm

589

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

of double vallum and double fosse, occupying an eminence overlooking the
country and the town. Lying so near to the town the growth of buildings
and the common rights of pasturage have combined towards its mutilation.
One fairly perfect length, at the south-west, has the rampart rising 4 ft. 10 in.
with a scarp of 12 ft. The counterscarp is 6 ft. high, and the scarp of the
outer vallum is 3 ft., while its counterscarp of 2 ft. 10 in. descends into
another shallow fosse ; beyond this is a small piece of an outwork. From this
corner the rampart is trodden within 2 ft. of the ground and the fosse is just
visible at 9 in. deep, but due west it is in a slightly better condition, where
5 ft. 4 in. is the greatest height, and a causeway connecting the two ramparts
may be traced. The northern side is the most complete, where there are
strong double works, the ramparts rising 9 ft. with the counterscarps 1 2 ft.
and 14 ft. respectively; a cart track now occupies the base of the outer fosse.
On the eastern and south-eastern sides the inner rampart alone remains,
buildings having caused the destruction of the outer works. Two entrances
only can be definitely seen, at the northern side near the east and in the
eastern side near the south, both of which show a broadened vallum at one
side of the entry.

Fakenham Magna (xxiii, 9). — In Burnthall Plantation, south of
Fakenham, 7J miles north-north-cast from Bury St. Edmunds, is a circular
stronghold of rampart and fosse. The entrance is on the west, where the
northern end of the rampart broadens for the better defence against the ingress
of an enemy.

FiNNiNGHAM (xxxv, 7). — By Stoland Abbey, south of All wood Green,
7 miles west-by-south from Eye, is a small circular entrenchment, perfect in
shape, consisting of a bold rampart and fosse, with the entrance apparently on
the north-west.

Haverhill (Ixx, 2). — The site of Haverhill Castle, north-west of
Haverhill, in the extreme south-western corner of the county, was on high
ground commanding an extensive stretch of country. Its south-eastern scarp
and fosse were preserved until recently, but now the rectangular site can only
be traced by the fencing of the ground, a ditch, and part of the fosse, 1 2 ft.
deep, containing water. This bleak position is now occupied by Castle
Farm.

IcKLiNGHAM (xxi, 1 5). — On the western side of the Icknield Way, 4^
miles south-east from Mildenhall, in a field called Camp Close, is a slightly
raised plateau with a scarp of 3 ft., representing the site of a camp denuded
of its defences. Numerous evidences of early occupation abound in its
neighbourhood.

North Cove (x, 9). — The site of Wathe, or Wade Hall, north-west of
Barnby, 3 miles east from Beccles, was upon a circular entrenched position
in the midst of marshes. The rampart rises from 2 ft. to 4 ft. in height,
and the escarpment attains 10 ft. in some places. On the northern side the
rampart has perished and the counterscarp of the fosse — which is 16 ft. wide
— varies from 3 ft. to 4 ft. 6 in. ; on the southern side are the remains of a
revetment, but the whole work is trodden down by cattle.

South Elmham St. Cross (xvii, 14). — West of St. Nicholas village and
31 miles south-east-by-east from Harleston, is a square camp inclosing about
2i acres, within which stand the ruins of the ancient minster. The rampart

590

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

and fosse are now of no great strength, and a great portion of the latter
contains water. The escarpment varies from 4 ft, on the north-west to 6 ft.
on the south-west, but the rampart has largely been absorbed in gardening
operations.

Stowlangtoft (xxxiv, 15). — The Church of St. George — 7 miles east-
by-north from Bury St. Edmunds — is situated within the entrenchments of
an oblong camp. The circumvallation consisted of a double vallum and
fosse. The works are most clearly defined on the eastern and northern sides
of the churchyard ; on the east the inner fosse is 3 ft. deep and 15 ft.
wide, the outer one is the same depth, but only 10 ft. broad ; the depth is
retained on the north, but the fosse narrows to 8 ft. The road from
Pakenham to Stowlangtoft borders, and has destroyed, the southern side
of the camp, leaving a scarp only, 6 ft. deep. A spear-head and coins
have been found here.

Sutton (Ixxvii, 10). — In Bussack Wood, 4 miles south-east from
Woodbridge, a small circular camp may be traced, of slight elevation with
an indication of a fosse on the south-eastern side, which is also just visible on
the north.

MOUNTS

(Class D)

Burgh (Ixvii, 10). — In ' Castle Field,' north of the church, 3J miles
north-west-by-west from Woodbridge, faint indications of a mount and fosse
are discernible within an angle of a Roman camp ; an example of the utiliza-
tion of early entrenchments by a later people. The whole area being under
cultivation the plough has nearly obliterated the works. The description of
the earlier entrenchments will be found in Class C.

Combs (Ivi, 10). — In 'Jack's Grove' plantation, north-west of the
village. If miles south-west from Stowmarket, is a small circular mount. A
shallow fosse and outer bank remain around the northern half.

Great Ashfield (xxxiv, 16). — 'Castle Hill,' in Parker's Wood, south-
east of Hunston, 8 miles north-east-
by east from Bury St. Edmunds,
is a very rotund mount. It is
1 30 ft. in diameter at the base
and rises to a height of 24 ft.
An irregular circle in plan, it has
an ovalsummit slightly depressed —
or saucer-shaped — in the middle.
A fosse, 18 ft. wide and 7 ft.
deep at its highest part, com-
pletely surrounds it.

G R o T o N (Ixxiii, 1 5) . —
' Pytches Mount ' is situated in
Groton Park, 5J miles east from
Sudbury. The mount, nearly
200 ft. in diameter at the base.

Castli Hill, Great Ashfield

591

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

rises 20 ft. in height, but is mutilated by an excavation through the top. It
was formerly surrounded by a fosse, the greater part of which has either been
filled in or destroyed by digging for gravel ; it is most in evidence on the
north, where the counterscarp is 4 ft. 9 in.

HuNSTON (xxxiv, 16). — South-east of the village, 8^ miles north-east-by-
east from Bury St. Edmunds, is a small mount surrounded by a fosse. The
form of the mount has been destroyed by an indiscreet attempt at exploration,
and the fosse now contains water.

Offton (Ixv, 15). — Site of OfFton Castle, 4 miles south from Needham
Market. A square area with an abrupt escarpment 1 4 ft. above the water,
is surrounded by a moat 35 ft. in breadth ; to the east of the entrance on the
north the moat narrows to 28 ft., apparently by the subsidence and conse-
quent spreading of the mount at this point. The counterscarp of the
moat is 6 ft. On the south side of the exterior of the moat are evidences
of another embanked field inclosure. These works are situated on high
ground which rapidly declines on the north and east, allowing of extensive
observation of the surrounding country. It has the appearance of an early
befossed mount adapted to later mediaeval defence.

Orford (Ixix, 14). — Orford Castle, at the west end of the town, 9 miles
east from Woodbridge, occupies a commanding position on the sea coast, on

the western bank of the
River Ore, protecting the
adjacent harbour — now
choked and useless — which
provided a haven for Fle-
mish mariners when the
families of Glanville and
Valoines successively held
this stronghold. The
mount, retaining the poly-
// gonal keep, is very irregular
'^\ // in outline, and was sur-
'v^ / rounded by a double fosse,
which sand digging and
other encroachments have
more or less destroyed, and

\ whatever outer works may
p. ,^„..,, -, ^ , have defended a bailey are

SCALE or FBET "°^ beyond recognition,

O 100 aoo 300 ^^^ no plan of a base-court

* ' can be traced. The steepest

Orfcrd Castu part of the escarpment of

the mount is on the west,
where it is 34 ft. with a counterscarp of 23 ft., the fosse at this point is 15 ft.
wide at the base and 70 ft. wide from edge to edge. The entrance is on the
south, where a causeway, of which some supporting masonry remains, curves
between one end of the fosse abutting upon the concave termination of the
other end, by which the approach to the keep was completely covered. A
causeway crosses the fosse on the north, and in the north-western depths of

592

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

the latter rises an intermediate agger. The outer fosse has lost its continuity
for reasons stated above, but that it was another strong defence is evident
from the remains.^

Redisham (xviii, lo), — ' Mill Mount,' south-west of the village,
4 miles south by west from Beccles, is a small circular mount 9 ft. in
height, with a slight depression in the middle of the summit. It is sur-
rounded by a fosse with a counterscarp now measuring 4 ft. at its highest
point, and a breadth of 10 ft. at its broadest part ; but both height and width
have been badly trodden by cattle.

MOUNTS WITH ONE OR MORE ATTACHED COURTS

(Class E)

Bungay (viii, 6). — The castle of Bungay, on the northern border of the
county, 5 1 miles west from Beccles, was situated in a commanding position

Bungay Castlr

• Compare Pipe R. of 1 9 Hen. II. ' Et in operatione magni fossati circa Castellum de Oreford cum Hericia
et Brestachia, et in Operatione Pontis lapidii de eodum Castello Iviii libros ii solidos et viii denarios.'

I 593 75

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

on the isthmus of a small peninsula formed by the windings of the River
Waveney, and covered the ford at this point. The later mediaeval adapta-
tions for the I 3th-century castle of Roger Bigod greatly altered the original
features of the artificial earthen mount. The latter is supported all around
by a perpendicular w^all of flint which, on the east, is 20 ft. high ; this is
reduced by the rising of the ground to 18 ft. on the north and 9 ft. 6 in. on
the west, with the greater height of i 2 ft. on the south, increasing towards the
east. Between the two flanking towers of the entrance the height is 6 ft.

The middle of the mount sustains the ruins of a shell keep within
which is a well ; around the edge of the flint-built mount another shell
surrounded the first, and between the two are two shafts descending into a
subterranean chamber 14 ft. square and 14 ft. high. On the south and south-
west of the mount are the massive remains of the vallum formerly surrounding

SCALC OF reCT

O 100 ZOO 300
i I I I

Clare Castli

594

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

the two baileys, which were situated on the southern side of the mount. In
its present debased state this vallum rises from loft. to 1 8 ft. from the base
court, and has an escarpment of nearly 30 ft.

Clare (Ixxi, 7). — Clare Castle, 6 miles east from Haverhill, is situated
in the angle formed by the junction of the Rivers Stour and Chilton, on the
northern bank of the former, the course of which has been diverted from its
original bed, which passed slightly more to the south. The plan of the
earthworks was a mount, and two baileys side by side ; the former is intact,
but the latter have been mutilated by the buildings of the town, a road,
and the railway.

The mount is a truncated cone 850 ft. in circumference at the base and
1 00 ft. in height, with a level summit 63 ft. in diameter, upon which are the
remains of the shell keep of the Clares. The fosse of the mount — excepting
a small piece containing water at the south-east — has been partially filled up
for cottage gardens, but the houses are built to a circuit preserving the
course of the original cincture ; at the south-east it is quite obliterated by
the railway-station yard. The original lines of the northern bailey apparently
swept around in a wide curve from the north of the mount to the eastern
side, whence it returned westwards to the mount ; the southern base-court is
bounded by a vallum running easterly from the mount ; bending to the south
for over 600 ft. it returned westwards and curved in a northerly direction
on to the fosse of the mount, forming a court approximating to an oblong
plan. In the northern court there remains the eastern quadrant of a heavy
vallum, rising 12 ft. from the interior with an escarpment of 14 ft., increasing
to 19 ft. at the north. On the oouth an inlet is cut resembling a false
entrance in a prehistoric work, which is emphasized by the presence of an
adjoining mound with a scarp of 14 ft. into a fosse 8 ft. deep. It is not
improbable that the defences of this court were earlier fortifications preceding
the mount type and incorporated into a later work. The southern court is
certainly of a later period than that already described, and by the remaining
fragments of masonry it is evident that the vallum was surmounted by a
strong wall which descended the mount and surrounded the whole bailey.
This vallum, beginning at the mount, is very broad and 20 ft. high, rising
to over 22 ft. with a very steep scarp ; it is separated from the northern
bailey by a very broad and shallow fosse — or sunken road — with a counter-
scarp of 6 ft. South of the north-east right angle the vallum is destroyed
by the railway, but on the southern side of the line it may again be followed,
though in a mutilated state, 9 ft. wide at the top with a scarp of 18 ft. ; the
south side is a scarp with indications of a rampart, 10 ft. to the river bank.
Without the eastern side of these works are other embankments to keep the
land from inundation by the rivers, possibly for the accommodation of horse;
these broad banks are 3 ft. and 5 ft. in height, and in the midst of the
shallow trench which yielded the earth for the banks, a low plateau has
been left.

A portion of another vallum lies to the south of the present river ; this
was possibly raised for the protection of the Priory of Austin Friars,
founded here in 1248.

Eye (xxxvi, 3). — Eye Castle, 1 1 J miles north-north-east from Stowmar-
ket. Despite the violent usage meted out to this strong fortification its original

595

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

lines may yet be traced. The conical mount with a base diameter of i6oft.
is over 40 ft. in height on the western side towards the bailey, and higher by
10 ft. on the eastern side by reason of the decline of the land. The base-
court, situated to the west of the mount, is bluntly elliptical, 400 ft. long on
the east-to-west axis and 250 ft. wide from north to south, and its boundaries

SCALE OF FEET
O 100 ZOO 900

En Castlb

abutted on the north-west and south-west of the mount ; the junction is now
invisible owing to the filling in of the fosse of the latter, buildings and
gardens covering its site. The vallum and fosse of the bailey have also been
obliterated, leaving a scarp only, 14 ft. in height. Within the base-court
is a well.

Framlingham (xlix, 9 and 13). — Framlingham Castle, 9 miles north
from Woodbridge, is traditionally said to have been a stronghold of the
East Anglian kings, and to have received the assaults of the Danes, although
no history of it is known until it was owned by the Bigods subsequent to
the Conquest. The horse-shoe bailey is certainly of an earlier date than the
supplementary earthworks to be seen towards the north-west, and although
its boundaries have been mutilated on the south-east they can yet be distinctly
traced. The mount with its broad, flat, but irregularly outlined summit,
surmounted by the walls and towers which formed the shell of the former
castle, containing an inner court and a well, varies in height from the
unequal base of the fosse; the steepest escarpment is 68ft. on the north.
At the north-east the scarp is 38 ft. and the counterscarp 25 ft., and the
height is gradually reduced towards the south-east to 18 ft., again increasing
as it passes the bridge towards the west, at which point the later alterations
have destroyed the original plan. On the north-west the counterscarp of
the fosse has been removed and a low-level base-court excavated 44 ft.

596

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

beneath the summit of the mount. This court — containing two ponds — is
quadrangular, and is inclosed by a vallum which, branching westerly at
right angles to the mount, has a scarp of 38 ft. towards the sbuth, and
supports foundations of masonry. Turning northwards it gradually decreases
in height from 28 ft. to 20 ft. ; at the northern angle this vallum is cut through,
and portions of the masonry of a gateway remain. Again turning to the
south-west this circumvallation, with a scarp of nearly 40 ft., returns to
the site of the original fosse of the mount, and is linked to the latter by a
causeway. The external base of this bailey boundary is bordered by a stream
on the north and west, the waters of which were utilized for swamping the
fosse ; beyond these bounds ' a mere ' or marsh afforded an excellent natural
defence. This notice of the later work has necessarily been interpolated
whilst following the course of the fosse of the mount. The original
formation of the fosse of the horse-shoe bailey has also had its earlier
features changed at this point, for whereas it formerly joined the fosse of
the mount, it was diverted and made to flank the north-eastern side of the
later work.

Mere

Mer9

rootbr,

l-«.3

Framlincham CASTir
597

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

From the north, eastwards, the fosse of the bailey is a huge excavation,
with a scarp of 38 ft. and a counterscarp of 25 ft., but where the outer
fosse branches from that of the mount the base rises and the two sides are
brought to a level at the east, where they are nearly twenty feet above the
base of the fosse. On the east the fosse has been blocked with earth, and
forms a cart track. South of this modern causeway the fosse continues as
a large pond for a length of 340 ft., beneath a scarp of 18 ft., after which it
has been filled in and the gardens of cottages cover it beneath a scarp of
14 ft. Another portion of the fosse is seen in the village pond, and yet
farther west — on the south side — it is covered by an inn, behind which it is
again in evidence with a scarp of 1 8 ft. and a counterscarp of 7 ft. The
scarp turns north and gradually rises to 48 ft. at a point round which it
originally amalgamated with the fosse of the mount ; now it runs into the
branch fosse protecting the southern side of the later quadrangular court.
To the west of the bailey is another small angular area with an outer fosse

6 ft. deep, access to
i-"'i""i'iiii"- which from the in-

terior could only
have been gained by
a bridge. At the
north and north-east
of these works is a
third fosse 18 ft.
wide and 5 ft. deep,
apparently of a
much later period.

Gazeley (xliii,
10). — Denham
Castle, 'Castle
Holes,' is 6 miles
south-west by west
from Bury St. Ed-
munds. The mount of this castle, 10 ft. in height, with a concave sum-
mit, lies within the north-eastern side of the circuit of an oval bailey,
the fosse at that point being common to both the keep and the court.
The whole work is greatly worn, and the fosse surrounding the mount
is now but 4 ft. 6 in. deep. One noteworthy feature is the very wide
and low bank around the western half of the bailey ; it rises 4 ft. from
the interior, and is 30 ft. broad, forming a wide platform whereon the
warriors could take their stand behind a palisade. The scarp of this varies ;
on the north it is 14 ft. into a fosse of 9 ft. deep ; towards the west
both the scarp and counterscarp of the fosse are 9 ft., which are reduced
to 5 ft. at the south-west, where the fosse is 42 ft. wide. The entrance
is on the south, and on its eastern side the vallum, or platform, has been
dug away, and the site of it, together with the fosse, now provides a pond
100 ft. broad. A slightly raised bank running through the centre of the
court has probably been an agricultural division in a post-mediaeval age.

H AUGHLEY (xlvi, 1 4) . — Haughley, or Hagenet, Castle, 2I miles north-north-
west from Stowmarket, is the most perfect earthwork of this type in the county.

598

Denham Castle

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

The stupendous artificial conical mount, 210 ft. in diameter at the base,
is Soft, in height, with a flat summit Soft, in diameter. The summit,
however, is not concentric with the base, but considerably to the north,
whereby the escarpment on that side is more abrupt and inaccessible, a feature
to be considered as strengthening that side, which lies unprotected by the
bailey. Beneath the soil of the top are the foundations of the shell keep of
Hugh de Montfort, or one of the succeeding families in the Honour of
Hagenet. The fosse surrounding the mount is very deep, and water has
been conducted into it from the west, thus turning it into a water moat ;

Haughley Castlb

this is 12 ft. wide at the north and 26 ft. on the south and west. The
height of the counterscarp is 6 ft. on the north-west, increasing to 12 ft.
at point A, the junction with the fosse of the bailey. On the southern side
— dividing the mount from the court — the counterscarp is 20 ft. at point B
just within the bailey, decreasing with the fall in the ground to 4 ft. at the
south-west, but at this point it is worn far below the original height by
farmyard use. At the extreme west, between the fosse of the bailey and
the cutting for the water supply, the counterscarp is 9 ft.

The bailey lies due south, with the mount forming part of its circuit
and with nearly half the circumference being within the base-court. The
latter is nearly quadrangular, 390ft. wide by 300ft. from north to south;

599

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

it is surrounded by a heavy vallum and deep fosse, the latter entering the
fosse of the mount just below its east-to-west axis. The vallum of the bailey
rises i6ft. from the interior, and has a scarp of 23ft. to the water level;
this is at its highest and most perfect part. The counterscarp, 14 ft. on the
east, declines to 8 ft. on the south-east, and is but 4 ft. above the water at the
west ; this is partly on account of the ground sloping down towards the west
— as seen in all the above measurements — and partly because the farm traffic
has required a lower road level. The width of the bailey fosse averages
24 ft. and the width of the vallum 20 ft. The cutting for water to the fosse
on the west is 9 ft. deep, and a ditch on the north of the mount for the
overflow of the water, now largely filled up, exhibits no such work as is
represented on the Ordnance Survey. On the west of the bailey an oblong
area appears to have been moated at a later period.

Ilketshall St. John (xvii, 4). — The ' Mount,' north-east of the
village, 2 J miles south-east from Bungay. The circular mount — situated near
the ancient road known as Stone Street — is 23 ft. in height ; it is surrounded

by a fosse 8 ft. 6 in. deep,
increasing to 1 1 ft. on the
north, and attains great
breadth on the west. This
is situated on the north-
western part of the circuit
of a small horse-shoe
bailey, the fosse of which
enters that of the mount
at the south-west, but the
eastern junction has been
levelled for farm-yard re-
quirements. No rampart
tdingS remains to the bailey, but
around the southern curve
and south-eastern side a
low revetment surmounts
the counterscarp of the
fosse, rising from 5 ft. on
the south-east to 8 ft. on
the south-west. The land
declines from the north-west to the south-east, and the higher side shows
no trace of the outer bank. The fosse, represented as containing water in
the Ordnance Survey, only presents this appearance after a heavy rainfall.

LiDGATE (liii, 5). — Lidgate, or Lydgate, Castle, 8 1 miles south-west by
west from Bury St. Edmunds, is a mount and bailey fortification differing
considerably from the general features of this type. The mount is quad-
rangular, with a fragment of its rampart 3 ft. high remaining on the eastern
side and south-eastern corner, and another mound covering foundations. The
fosse surrounding it, except at the south where the entrance is situated, is of
great strength. The mount has an escarpment of 1 2 ft. at the western angle,
20ft. at the northern angle, and 35ft. on the east; the counterscarp is
generally 16 ft. From the western angle the fosse of the bailey branches,

600

Thb Mount, Ilkitshall St. John

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

taking a south-westerly course paat the west end of the church built within
the protection of the court ; this has a scarp of 24 ft. and a counterscarp of
8 ft. The whole of the southern side of the bailey has been destroyed,
though possibly the site is marked by the cottages built here in a similar
manner to the southern half of the eastern side, where cottage gardens occupy
the ancient fosse, which, however, still retains a scarp of 1 2 ft. This side of
the bailey fosse turns into that of the mount at the eastern angle ; but it has
also been extended in a northerly direction, inclosing another elongated

k ••>«/,

LiDGATE CaSTLB

oblong area, apparently of a later period. Outside the western side and
northern angle of the fosse is a broad revetment 10 ft. high, which expands
into two curved platforms 6 ft. in height. On the eastern side of these
works a portion of another fosse appears to indicate the inclosure of another
court ; but this may belong to a later age, for these entrenchments point to
a stronghold of the mount and bailey type, which were afterwards altered to
manorial requirements.

LiNDSEY (Ixxiii, 12). — The 'Mounts,' on the site of Lindsey Castle,
4 miles north-west by north from Hadleigh. The mount, 1 2 ft. in height,
I 601 76

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

is situated on the southern cincture of the original bailey ; this latter is
oblong in plan, to which a stream was a natural limit and defence to the

eastern side. The strength of this

fortification was obviously greatly
augmented by a series of
fosses and ramparts at some
subsequent period ; thus,
east of the stream, and 8 ft.
above its level, is another
irregularly shaped court,
on the eastern border of
which is a rampart 8 ft.
high with an escarpment
of 1 2 ft.; towards the north
this rampart rises into a
small mound 27 ft. above
the stream. On the north,
and beyond the curve of
the rivulet, is a strong
agger rising 12 ft. above
the water, and with a scarp
of 6 ft. A fosse divides a
small triangular area from
the south of the latter
court, and this is also ram-
parted. To the south of
the mount another portion
of the outworks is seen in
a platform for the defenders
5 ft. above the ground level,
with a rampart 4 ft. high
and a scarp of 9 ft. into a
4 ft. fosse.
MiLDEN (Ixxiii, 6). — Milden Castle, known as ' Foxburrow Hill,' lies
to the south-west of the village, 6 miles north-west from Sudbury. It is
situated on ground no higher than the surrounding land except on the south-
east, from which side it declines. The works here are so thoroughly mutilated
that it is difficult to trace their original extent. The circular mount is
situated within the southern part of a small base-court, and by a gentle
acclivity reaches a height of 12ft. at the apex; this apparently was originally
surrounded by a fosse and revetment, with the vallum and fosse surrounding
them. The fosse of the mount remains only on the eastern side, and a
fragment of the revetment on the north-east. Of the bailey cincture the
rise of the vallum alone is left on the east, the escarpment of the same, about
7 ft. deep, at the north-west, and a portion of the fosse on the west. Digging
for gravel has almost obliterated any definite formation.

Otley (Ixvii, i). — 'The Mount,' called Otley Barrow, 7 miles north-
east by north from Ipswich. The circular mount, 20 ft. in height, has a
flat summit, and is surrounded by a fosse nearly three feet deep ; this has
been almost levelled on the west, though easily to be traced by the depression

602

LiMDSBY CaSTLS

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

in the ground ; and at the south-west the fosse has been destroyed by a
broad clearance, which would appear to have been made for obtaining the
supplementary soil required for the formation of the mount, the excavation
of the fosse yielding an in-
sufficient amount for that
purpose.

Indications of a bailey
appear on the northern side
of the mount, the fosse having
sprung from that of the
mount on the eastern and
western extremities of the
axis, and the ' Gull,' the bed
of a winding stream, being
utilized for the same purpose
on the north and the north-
east. Another fosse branches
from that of the mount on
the south side, and evidently

formed a large inclosure with the stream as the eastern boundary. This is
of a later date, and within the area various mediaeval implements, horse
furniture, and jewellery have been found.

MlLDEN CaSTLB

9

•

•"^^"u"/'%

SCALE or FEET

o lOo zoo soo

found here

Site or Castle, Otlet

5o^

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

HOMESTEAD MOATS

(Class F)

Acton (Ixiii, i6). — Balesden Hall, ij miles
south-west from Lavenham, has a narrow moat in-
closing a large quadrangular site, partially divided
by an intermediate branch extending 300 fr. in-
wards from the south-western side. That part
surrounding the grounds adjacent to the Hall
would appear to have been the original moat —
containing fish-ponds — and the extension towards
the north-west a later addition. On the north-
east another square moat surrounds a plot of land
in the centre of which is another piece of water.

Acton (Ixxii, 3). At Acton Hall, 2 miles
east from Melford, north of All Saints' Church, a
portion of an elliptical moat remains in the form
of a horse-shoe.

Alderton (Ixxxiv, 3). — At Alderton Hall,
5 miles north-east from Felixstowe, is the greater
part of an oblong moat, with an extension
branching from the south-western angle in a
westerly direction.

AsHBOCKiNG (Ixvi, 4). — Ashbocking Hall, 5
miles east from Needham Market, retains but a
small portion of its once extensive moat. The
east side remains, and it may be traced to a cer-
tain extent on the south and west.

Ashbocking (Ixvi, 4) — ' FeofFee Moat,' north-
east of Ashbocking Green, is a remnant of an
irregular oblong defence. It is, however, partly
filled up, and various cuttings projecting from its
main trench disfigure its original plan.

AsPAix (xlvii, 8). — At Aspall Hall, ij miles
north from Debenham, is a strong oval moat.

Athelington (xxxvii, 9). — At Athelington
Hall, west of the village and 4 miles south-east
from Eye, are two moats in close proximity one
to the other. The greater part of a square one —
the south-western corner having gone — opens
into a small pond at the north-western angle ;
Otherwise it is regularly formed with an entrance
on the north. The other moat, to the south-west
of the first, is rectangular on the west and circular
on the east, with spreading ponds on the north.

Athelington (xxxvii, 10). — The greater part
of a small oblong moat is situated to the east of
the village.

Bacton (xlvi, 2). — At Redhouse Farm, Earls
Green, 5 miles north from Stowmarket, is a very
perfect quadrangular moat.

West of the last-mentioned are the remains of
a narrow moat at Bacton Old Hall with exten-
sions which probably surroimded other tracts of
land.

Bacton (xlvi, 3). — Manor House Farm retains
three sides of a quadrangular moat, the south side
having been filled up.

At Pulham's Farm, ^ of a mile south of Bacton

Church, a moat — rectangular on the western
side but almost circular on the eastern — is still
perfect.

One mile south-west of St. Mary's Church
another moat, quadrangular in plan with an
excrescence surrounding an islet at the western
angle, surrounds the site of the ancient rectory.

Bacton (xlvi, 6). — At Bacton Hall, west of
Bacton Green, y^- miles north-east from Need-
ham Market, is a narrow moat of many angles
irregularly surrounding the ancient hall and its
grounds.

Bacton (xlvi, 7). — At Kerry's Farm, Cow
Green, are pieces of two adjacent rectangular
moats.

Also Russell's Hill Moat, south of Cow Green,
an oblong moat, clearly traced on the north of a
narrow stream by which it was formerly fed with
water.

Badingham (xxxviii, 14). — Badingham Hall
moat, 5 miles north-east from Framlingham, is
an imperfect oblong.

Badingham (xlix, 9). — At Moat Farm, north-
east of Brabling Green, is an extensive irregular
oblong moat. The south-eastern side is almost
destroyed by a roadway.

Badwell Ash (xxxv, 9). — A fragment of a
very broad moat is at Green Farm, Badwell
Green, 4^ miles north-west by north from
Haughley.

Badwell Ash (xxxv, 13). — At Cutchey's
Farm, half a mile east from Great Ashfield, is an
oblong moat widening into a pond on the west.

Bardwell (xxxiv, 2). — To the west of the
church of SS. Peter and Paul, 6^ miles north-
east from Bury St. Edmunds, is the greater part
of a quadrangular moat.

Barham (Ixvi, 10). — One side only of a broad
moat remains at Barham Hall Farm, 4 miles
south-east from Needham Market.

Barking (Ixv, 7). — Barking Farm Moat,
south-west of Barking Tye, 2 J miles south-west
from Needham Market, has more than half
perished ; the remaining portion consists of one
side and its two angles.

Barnardiston (Ixii, 5). — Two sides of a
narrow moat remain at Barnardiston Hall, 5 miles
north-west from Clare.

Barnardiston (Ixii, 9). — A small moat sur-
rounded the old rectory, north-east of the church,
of which three sides remain.

Barningham (xxiii, 8). — In *Moat Planta-
tion,' 8 miles north-east from Bury St. Edmunds,
is a cutting which appears to have formed part of
a moat, from the northern angle of which a
channel connected it with ponds at the Old Hall.

604

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

Barsham (ix, lo). — The remains of a moat
at Barsham Hall comprise about half of the
original. It is situated by the side of a stream
from which the water was obtained ; it is nearly
2 miles west of Beccles.

Barton Mills (xxi, 13). — Three parts of a
narrow moat are extant at Barton Hall, nearly

1 mile south-east from Mildenhall.
Battisford (Ixv, 3). — A large moat is at St.

John's Manor House, 2^ miles west by south
from Needham Market.

Baylham (Ixv, 8). — Baylham Hall Moat,

2 miles south from Needham Market, appears to
have inclosed two lateral sites with ponds on the
eastern side, but it is now levelled to a great extent.

Half a mile west of the latter is the double
moat of Taston Hall ; a small strong moat is
surrounded by a narrow outer one except on the
south-eastern side, where the earlier moat is in-
corporated with the larger.

Beccles (ix, 10). — Roos Hall, the 16th-cen-
tury manor-house of the Roos family, surrounded
by a moat of moderate width, is situated to the
west of the town.

Bedfield (xlviii, 7). — At Bedfield House,
Bedfield Little Green, 3^ miles north-west from
Framlingham, are three parts of a quadrangular
moat.

One mile south of Bedfield, at Pipe's Farm,
are the remains of the house-moat and another
of minor strength which formerly surrounded
the grounds.

Bedfield (xlviii, 6). — At Bedfield Hall is a
small moat ; extending to the west it forms another
moat originally inclosing a larger area.

Bedingfield (xxxvi, 12). 'Moated Yards,'

3 miles south-east from Eye, is an oblong area
covered by wood and surrounded by a well-
formed moat.

Bedingfield (xlvii, 4). — At Bedingfield House,
I mile south by west from the village, three parts
of an irregular moat remain.

Bedingfield (xlviii, i). — Bedingfield Hall,
1^ miles east from the latter, has a strong and
well-defined moat inclosing a large area. Except
for its eastern side, which curves outwards, it would
be oblong in plan. Another rectangular piece
of water within the area, called a fish-pond, is
probably a portion of an inner moat.

Another moat in this parish is at Flemings
Hall, ^ of a mile north-west of the last-men-
tioned. It is an extensive oblong moat divided
into two square areas by a traverse of water.

Ben HALL (lix, 8). — Manor Farm has a fairly
perfect quadrangular moat of varying width, the
northern side being 20 ft. wide, while at the
south-west it is 40 ft. The inlet is at the north-
east angle.

Beyton (xlv, 10). — At Brook Farm, 5 miles
cast by south from Bury St. Edmunds, is a per-
fect oblong moat of considerable width, the inner
side of which is of brick masonry.

Blundeston (iv, 10). — At Blundeston Hall,
3 miles north-west from Lowestoft, is a quad-
rangular moat with a cutting at the north-eastern
angle connecting it with a stream.

BoxTED (Ixiii, 5). — A moat, irregular both in
plan and width, is at Moat Farm, Fenstead End,
7 miles north-west from Sudbury.

BoxTED (Ixiii, 9). — Boxted Hall is surrounded
by a strong moat of great breadth ; the inner site
is oblong, but the external bank assumes an oval
form. From the southern side a cutting, 50 ft.
wide, extends some 300 ft. in a south-easterly
direction to a large pond containing two islets.

Bradfield Combust (liv, 12). — This parish
is also known as Bradfield-Manger. The plan
of a strong square moat which formerly sur-
rounded a grange of the Abbot of Bury may yet
be traced in Bradfield Park, 5 miles south-east
from Bury.

Bradfield Combust (Iv, 9). — At Sutton Hall,
south-east of the village, is a quadrangular moat,
the south side of which is in the neighbouring
parish of Cockfield.

Bradfield St. Clare (Iv, 5). — On the east
of St. Clare's Church, i^ miles east of Bradfield
Combust, is a curiously irregular moat ; the
eastern side is straight and narrow, but the
southern and western sides broaden in places to
30 ft. and 60 ft.

Another moat of quadrangular form, but
mutilated on the western side, is at St. Clare's
Hall, half a mile east from the last named.

Brampton (xviii, 14). — South-east of Bramp-
ton station, 4^ miles south from Beccles, three
moats are at Brampton Hall. The farm-house
representative of the old hall stands within a
rectangular moat, with banks 4 ft. above the
water, and the entrance on the west. The over-
flow of water finds an exit at the south-east
angle and flows into a ditch which, to a certain
degree, formed a protection to the orchard.

To the west of this moat a large irregular piece
of water, in an artificial excavation, surrounds a
small island, standing 6 ft. above the water, with
the connecting causeway on the north.

Still further westwards a circular moat 8 ft.
wide cinctures a plot of land 90 ft. in diameter,
and 9 ft. above the water level.

Brampton (xviii, 15). — At Potash Farm,
i^ miles north-west from the village, are three
sides of a narrow moat.

Half a mile to the south-east of the latter, at
Old Potash Farm, the four corners of a quad-
rangular moat remain ; otherwise it has been
destroyed.

At the rectory, east of the last named, are
fragments of another moat.

Bredfield (Ixvii, 8). — Three miles north of
Woodbridge is an angular cutting containing
water at Moat Farm, and only from the name
may this be recognized as the fragment of a
moat.

605

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

The greater part of another moat may be traced
to the north of Bredfield, and south-west of
Dallinghoo Hall.

Brent Eleigh (Ixxiii, 2). — Wells Hall, 2
miles south-east from Lavenham, has a wide and
almost complete square moat. The south-eastern
part is in Milden parish.

Brettenham (Iv, 15). — At Water Hill, 5
miles north-east from Lavenham, is a small moat.
It has been square, but a road made through
the inclosure has destroyed its original symmetry.

Brettenham (Ixiv, 3). — At Rose's Farm, west
of the village, are three sides of a long oblong
moat.

The north and west sides of a moat 20 ft.
wide, originally surrounding the rectory of
Brettenham, remain in good condition ; the other
sides, which have been filled up, may yet be traced.

Brettenham (Ixiv, 7). — At Popple Farm,
west of Brettenham Park, is a fragment of a
small moat.

Brockley (liv, 9 and 13). Brockley Hall,
4^ miles south by west from Bury St. Edmunds,
is situated within an oblong moat — almost square
— with the entrance on the north. Close to the
north-east is a smaller but stronger moat, fed by
an adjacent stream ; and further to the west of
these are the remains of a third moat, the
northern side straight, and the eastern forming
an arc.

Brockley (liv, 10). — At Gulling Green, east
of the rectory, is the fi-agment of a moat.

Brockley (liv, 13). — Two fragments of a
moat are at Glasshouse Farm, Brockley Green.

Bromb (xxv, ii). — South-east of Brome
Church, 1 1 miles north of Eye, is an oval moat,
now dry, and close by the south-western side is
another of oblong formation with sundry irregu-
larities where the waters broaden.

Bruisyard (xlix, 7). — On the site of the con-
vent of Franciscan nuns of St. Clare, 3^^ miles
north-east from Framlingham, are the remains of
an extensive moat. It is difficult to trace its
original plan, but it must have inclosed a large
area.

Brundish (xxxvii, 12). — At St. Edmund's
Farm, Brundish Street, 5 miles north by west
from Framlingham, are portions of moats for-
merly inclosing three square sites, one side of
each being common with one of another.

One and a half miles south-west by west from
the latter another very perfect oblong moat, with
entrance on the north, is at Brundish Lodge.

Brundish (xxxvii, 15). — North-east of Tan-
nington is the greater part of a strong moat.
The north and east sides are 50 ft. wide, the
south is weak and imperfect, and the west side
has been destroyed.

In a field just north of the last, called ' Potash
Yard," is an irregular quadrangular moat. The
bridge is on the eastern side, and water is obtained
from a stream to the north.

Brundish (xxxvii, 16). — At Yewtrce Farm,
west of the village, are three parts of two adjoin-
ing moats, with extensions on the west and east.

Half of another — almost square — moat lies to
the south of Brundish Church. On its eastern
side are some fish-stews.

BuREs St. Mary (Ixxx, 13). — South-east of
Bures Green, 5 miles south-east from Sudbury,
two sides of a narrow moat are at Moat Farm.

BuRGATE (xxiv, 16). — At Stubbings Entry, 5
miles west from Eye, is a large irregular moat
with an extension towards the east, forming three
sides to another moat.

Three sides of a moat remain at Burgate Hall,
and to the south-west is a fragment of an adja-
cent one.

Burgh (Ixvii, 6). — Three miles north-west
from Woodbridge, at Thistleton Hall, is a com-
plicated triple moat. The smallest surrounds
but a limited area, and lies within the eastern
side of a large oblong moat, which contains a
pond within its south-western angle ; the northern
side is mutilated and spreads into a large pond.
Outside the eastern arm of the large moat, and
opposite the smaller inner one, is another of
medium size, fed by k channel on the south and
a pond for the overflow on the east.

Burgh (Ixvii, 7). — Half a mile west from
Boulge Park are portions of two moats. That on
the north is small and has evidently been square,
but a long piece has been levelled. South of this,
and close to Moat Farm, are three sides of an
oblong moat, the western side having been
obliterated.

BuxHALL (Iv, 12). — At Cockerell's Hall, 4
miles south-west by west from Stowmarket, there
was a quadrangular moat. Its original course is
now marked by a series of ponds, formed by the
filling up of the former cutting at various points.

BuxHALL (Ivi, 5). — At Fenn Hall, J a mile
north-west from the village, is an oblong moat.

BuxHALL (Ivi, 9). — South-west of Buxhall, at
Fasbourn Hall, the north and south sides of a
quadrangular moat remain. Within the north-
eastern angle is a small hillock, probably formed
by the clearings from the moat and for no
defensive purpose.

Carlton Colville (x, 14). — South of the
village is a small but wide moat, square in plan.

Cavendish (Lxii, 1 2). — A square moat, now
drained, lies south-east of Houghton Grove,
north-cast of Clare.

Cavendish (Ixxi, 4). — Houghton Hall, i mile
west from Cavendish, has the southern and
eastern sides, with the south-west angle, of a
quadrangular moat remaining.

The fragment of another moat may be traced
at Over Hall, near the rectory.

Cavendish (Ixxii, i). — Blacklands Hall moat,
north of Cavendish station, is but a long curved
channel, graduating from 20 ft. wide at the north-
eastern end to 60 ft. wide at the south-west

606

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

Charsfield (Iviii, 15). — Portions of a square
moat are at Park Farm, 2f miles west from
Wickham Market.

A large part of another moat of irregular plan
is at Redhouse Farm, f of a mile north-west
from Charsfield.

Chediston (xxvii, 11). — Two small oblong
moats, now drained, lie in a field called ' The
Grove,' 2^ miles west by north from Hales-
worth ; the larger, at the north-west, measures
200 ft. by 150 ft., the smaller is 135 ft. by
104 ft.

Chediston (xxvii, 12). — Chediston Grange,
f of a mile south of the village, is a strong
moat, almost square, with two entrances.

Chevington (Hi, 4). — The north-western
half of a square moat remains at the rectory, 4^^
miles south-west from Bury St. Edmunds.

Chevington (liv, i). — A very small length of
a moat may be seen at Moat Farm, south of
Ickworth Park.

Chilton (Ixxii, 16). — Chilton Hall, i mile
north-east from Sudbury, has a perfect moat
over 40 ft. wide.

Claydon (Ixvi, 14). — At Claydon Hall, 3
miles north by west from Ipswich, are portions of
a moat which, in past ages, must have been a
strong barrier against aggressors. The south and
east sides only remain, the north-eastern angle
being of considerable width.

Cockfield (liv, 12). — At Oldhall Green, 4
miles north from Lavenham, is a perfect rhom-
boid moat.

Cockfield (Iv, 13). — An oblong moat is at
Palmer's Farm, i mile east of the village.

CoDDENHAM (Ivii, 1 4). — Dial Farm, 2^ miles
east from Needham Market, has an imperfect
oblong moat.

A quarter of a mile north-west from the
latter, at Birch Farm, are parts of a moat, but it
is difficult to determine its original plan.

Combs (Ivi, lo). — At Boy ton Hall, i^ miles
south-west from Stowmarket, is a moat bulging
out towards the south-west, in plan resembling
the shape of a pear. The western part is in
the parish of Great Finborough.

Combs (Ivi, 14). — At Ebbs Farm, | of a mile
south-west from the Tannery, are three separate
portions of a once extensive moat, which is now
divided by a road.

Kimberley Hall, Moats Tye, i mile south from
Combs village, has two sides of a narrow moat.

Cotton (xlvi, 4). — North-east of the village,
6 miles north by east from Stowmarket, a good
rhombic moat remains at Hempnalls Old Hall.

At Potter's Farm, south-east of Cotton, is a
narrow moat of oblong form, complete but for
the south-west corner.

A right angle of a moat may be seen at the
rectory in this parish.

One side of a small moat is in a field south-
east of the village.

Cotton (xlvi, 8).-
at Cotton Lodge, i

-A strong square moat is
mile south-east from the

village.

Cotton Hall Moats, ij miles south-west from
the village, are a series of three moats and frag-
ments of another. The largest — to the south —
of wide span, is of oblong form but for the south-
east corner, which is rounded. To the north-
west is the northern side and pieces of the
western and eastern sides of another. On the
north-east of the first is a small square and perfect
moat ; and the fragments of another inclosurc
are due north of the first.

CoWLiNGE (liii, 9). — At Shardelows Farm, 7
miles north by west from Clare, are three sides
of a rectangular moat, with an extension towards
the south-east.

CowLiNGE (liii, 13). — Fairstead Farm, east of
the village, has a well-defined moat.

A small but perfect oblong moat lies in a field
south-west of Briggs Farm.

At Dowel's Farm, in Beeton's Plantation,
west of the village, is a narrow moat nearly
square in plan.

In a field at Pound Green, south of Cowlinge,
there are portions of a small quadrangular moat.

CowLiNGE (Ixi, 4). — At Hobbles Green are
three sides of an irregular moat.

Cowlinge (Ixii, i ). — A good moat remains at
Cowlinge Hall, south-west of Farley Green,
quadrangular in form, with the north-eastern side
longer than the south-western. It has two
entrances on the north-eastern side.

Cratfield (xxvii, 13). — At Moat Farm,
Swan Green, 6 miles west by south from Hales-
worth, the moat is rectangular on the north and
west, but from the north-west it makes a sweep-
ing arc, and extends far beyond the southern
angle.

Creeting St. Mary (Ivii, 9). — At Broadgates
Farm, north-east of the village and 2 miles north-
east from Needham Market, is a fragment of a
moat.

A small portion of another moat is near the
schoolhouse.

Two sides of a square moat are at Fox's Farm,
1 mile east from the village.

Another moat, just east of the last, at Vale
Farm, of wide dimensions, surrounds a small
area, and extends some 300 ft. towards the south.

Creeting St. Peter (Ivi, 8). — Roydon Hall,
West Creeting Green, 2 miles north from Need-
ham Market, retains a portion of a very wide
moat. The north-eastern side with its two angles
alone remains ; a pond to the west may possibly
have formed part of the original moat.

Cretingham (Iviii, 2). — At Moat Farm, f of
a mile north-east from the village, 3 miles west
by south from Framlingham, a moat with an
irregular outer bank surrounds a square area, the
entrance being on the north.

Crowfield (Ivii, 10). — Crowfield Hall, 3^

607

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

miles east-north-east from Needham Market, was
taken down in 1829, but the site is still partially
surrounded by portions of the rectangular moat.
Another oblong moat is in CrowfielJ Park, to
the north of the last named, and close to All
Saints' Church.

CuLPHO (Ixvii, 13). — A quadrangular moat
marks the site of the Abbey Farm, 4^ miles west
from Woodbridge.

Dallinghoo (Ixvii, 4). — Moat Farm, | of a
mile south-east from the village, 3 miles north
from Woodbridge, is a quadrangular moat with
the entrance on the west.

Darsham (xxxix, 14). — North-east of Dar-
sham station, 4^ miles north by east from Sax-
mundham, is the greater part of a small rect-
angular moat.

Debenham (xlvii, 1 1). — At Ulverston Hall, to
the west of Debenham, 12 miles north-west
from Woodbridge, are three portions of a quad-
rangular moat.

Debenham (xlvii, 1 5). — One mile west from
Debenham the western side of ' Esther's Moat '
is extant.

Debenham (xlvii, 12). — Two opposite frag-
ments remain of a moat at Blood Hall, north-
east of the town.

Close by the latter, at Hill Farm, is part of a
moat and an artificial cutting containing water,
which probably formed part of a defensive work.

Debenham (xlviii, 13). — One mile east of
Debenham is a series of artificial works around
Crowe's Hall, a name derived from the family
who obtained possession in 1300. The walls of
the Hall rise from the waters of a strong square
moat attaining a breadth of 90 ft. at its widest
part. The entrance is on the west, before which
is a fragment of another moat which has been
destroyed too far to trace its original plan. At
the north-east of the first are three sides of a
narrow moat, and indications of another may be
seen to the north of the first.

Denham (xxxvi, 4). — Two miles east by south
from Eye, at Denham Hall, is an oblong moat of
considerable width, a narrow channel connecting
it with another of small dimensions on the south.

Denham (xliii, 11). — At Denham Hall, in
another parish of the same name as the last, 7^
miles west by south from Bury St. Edmunds, is
a large oblong moat, from the south-western angle
of which extends a pond.

Dennington (xxxvii, 12). — Red House, 5
miles north from Framlingham, has the greater
part of a narrow moat, square in plan, surround-
ing a large area. Towards the south of the
eastern side cuttings from the moat project both
externally and internally. The latter, which
apparently inclosed a small area in former times,
is probably of an earlier date than the present moat.

Dennington (xxxvii, 16). — A moat with
adjacent fish-pond at Moat Farm lies to the east
of Brandish village.

Dennington (xxxviii, 13). — Around the site
of Dennington Hall is a perfect square moat, with
a pond projecting on the south side.

Dennington (xlviii, 3). — At Moat House,
south-east of Tannington, 3 miles north-west
from Framlingham, are the remains of a rect-
angular moat.

Dennington (xlviii, 4). — At Pound Farm, J of
a mile north-west from the village, is a small
square moat with an extension from the north-
west corner.

At Red House, ^ a mile west from Denning-
ton, are two sides of a small moat.

Immediately to the west of the latter are frag-
ments of another moat.

Dennington (xlviii, 8). — Glebe Farm has a
square moat, somewhat irregular, with a wide
pond at the northern side.

At Dennington Place, i^ miles west from the
village, is the greater part of a quadrangular
moat, fed by a channel on the south.

Between the last two is a well-proportioned
oblong moat at Whitehouse Farm.

Dennington (xlix, 5). — Elm Hall, i mile
south-east from the village, has a small oblong
moat.

Depden (liii, li). — Three sides of a moat re-
main at Depden Hall, 6J miles south-west from
Bury St. Edmunds.

Drinkstone (Iv, 3). — Round the site of
Drinkstone Hall, 5^ miles west from Stow-
market, is an oblong moat.

Drinkstone (xlv, 15). — West of Drinkstone
Village, 6 miles west by south from Bury St.
Edmunds, is an oblong moat.

Earl Soham (xlviii, 10). — Three miles west
from Framlingham, at Earl Soham Lodge, is a
strong circular moat, which increases in width
from 30 ft. on the west to 70 ft. on the south.

Earl Stonham (xlvii, 13). — At Moat Farm,
south-west of Westwood Hall, 4J miles north-
east from Stowmarket, is a large oblong moat.
The southern side has for the most part been
destroyed.

East Bergholt (Ixxxvii, 8). — Near Gibbons-
gate Farm, 2 miles north-west from Manning-
tree, a small oblong moat lies close by the River
Stour, from which the water is obtained through
a short channel.

Easton (Iviii, 8). — At Martley Hall, north of
Easton, and 2^ miles south from Framlingham,
is an irregular hexagonal moat.

Easton (lix, 5). — Bentries Farm, to the cast
of Easton Park, has a moat rhombic in plan.

Edwardstone (Ixxiii, 14). — At Moat Farm,
Mill Green, north-east of the village and 4
miles east by north from Sudbury, is the northern
side of a small moat.

Elmsett (Ixxiv, 3). — A very small piece of a
moat is left at Elmsett Hall, 4^ miles north-east
from Hadleigh.

The moat at Elmsett Rectory is half of an

608

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

ellipse. The northern side is straight, and is in
the place of the short axis.

Elmsett (Ixxiv, 7). — The 'Moated House,'
south of the village, has but a very small frag-
ment of the moat remaining.

Elmswell (xlv, 8). — At Elmswell Old Hall,
west of the village, 5 miles north-west from
Stowmarket, is an oblong moat. To the east of
it are portions of the northern and eastern sides
of a large water-girt area.

Eye (xxxvi, 4). — An irregular oblong moat is
at Low Farm, south-west of Denham Hall,
nearly 2 miles south-east by east from Eye. The
general width is 22 ft., but the northern side
widens to 75 ft. A pond extends from the
south-east angle.

Another moat, of oblong form, mutilated at
the north-east, is at Kiln Farm, south of Cran-
ley.

Eye (xxxvi, 8). — At King's Farm, south-east
of Cranley, 2 miles south-east from Eye, are
three sides of a quadrangular moat.

Felsham (Iv, 10). — At Felsham Hall, on the
site of the old hall, 5 miles north by east from
Lavenham, is a quadrangular moat, the south-
eastern corner being somewhat curved.

At the Grange, south-west of the village, is a
very perfect moat.

Capel Farm, ij miles south-west from Fel-
sham, has a double moat, each of them oblong in
plan, one of the short sides being common to
both moats. The stronger and more perfect is
towards the north-east.

Felsham (Iv, i i). — A good oblong moat lies
south of Lower Green.

At Brook Hall is a fragment of another.

Two pieces of a moat, the original form being
lost, are at Valley Farm.

Felsham (Iv, 15). — Castle Farm, built on the
remains of the old castle, to the west of High-
town Green, is partly surrounded by a moat.

A very long oblong moat, in good condition,
lies to the south-west of the last.

FiNNiNGHAM (xxxv, ii). — At Finningham
Hall, 5^ miles south-west from Eye, is one per-
fect side of a moat and other fragments.

FLixtON (xvii, 6). — At Boys Hall, east of
Flixton Park, 2^ miles south-west from Bungay,
is a curiously-formed moat ; the southern side is
straight, and 50 ft. wide, but the sides branch-
ing northwards converge until they meet at a
rounded angle on the north ; a curved channel
passes from the west to the north-east within the
area, thus separating the inclosure into two
unequal parts.

Around the site of a house of Austin Nuns,
now known as Abbey Farm, south-east of Flixton,
is the greater part of a moat. The height of the
banks above the water averages 4 ft. 6 in. high,
and the moat is from 16 ft. to 22 ft. broad. A
fish-pond is within the southern side of the
inclosure.

Flixton (xvii, 7). — At Starknaked Farm are
portions of an irregular moat.

FornhamAll Saints (xxxiii, 14). — One and
a half miles north-west from Bury St. Edmunds,
near Aldridge Cottages, is an irregular oblong
moat.

Framsden (Iviii, 5). — At Framsden Hall, 5^
miles west by south from Framlingham, is the
north-eastern part of along oblong moat; a piece
of the south-western end also remains.

Framsden (Iviii, 6). — In a field i^ miles south-
east from Framsden is a small moat approaching
an oblong in plan.

Fragments of another are at Moat Farm, north-
east of the last.

Framsden (Iviii, 9). — In a field to the south of
Bastings Hall is a well-formed square moat.

Fressingfield (xxvi, 7). — The greater part of
a large moat, with a pond, is at Vales Hall,
7 miles north-east from Eye.

Fressingfield (xxvi, 8). — Fressingfield Lodge
has a moat, in form oblong with one angle
flattened, and a pond joining the northern side.

Another moat to the west of the last appar-
ently had a traverse separating the area inclosed
into two portions.

At Hill House, south-west of Fressingfield
Lodge, are two pieces of a quadrangular moat.

Fressingfield (xxvi, 12). — At Tithe Farm,
south-east of the village, a little more than two
sides remain of an oblong moat.

Fressingfield (xxvi, 12). — At the Hall,
7^ miles north-east by north from Eye, are
numerous fragments of moats ; but the plan of
the lands which they formerly surrounded is past
recognition.

Fressingfield (xxvi, 16). — Portions of moats
inclosing both a small and a large area, contigu-
ous the one to the other, are at Lambert's Farm,
2 miles south-east from the village.

Fressingfield (xxvii, 5). — On the north side
of Whittingham Hall, north of Whittingham
Green, is a large square moat, and a portion of
another which apparently inclosed a small area
along the southern side of the first.

Fressingfield (xxvii, 9). — The greater part of
an oblong moat is at Moore's Farm, north-east
of Whittingham Green.

Gazeley (xliii, 6). — South-east of the village,
at Desning Hall, is a fairly perfect moat, and to
the west of it is another very broad water-filled
trench which may have formed one side of a
similar inclosure.

Gedding (Iv, 7). — The walls of Gedding Hall,
the old mansion of the Buckenhams, 7 miles
south-east from Bury St. Edmunds, rise out of
the broad moat with which it was once cinctured ;
portions, however, are now filled up.

Gedding (Iv, 7). — The greater part ofa moat
may be traced around Gedding Church ; on the
north-west it has an escarpment of 9 ft. and is
16 ft. wide, and is continued in a westerly

609

77

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

direction in an adjacent field. On the north it
is 27 ft. wide, and along the eastern side it is
partially filled and turned into a vegetable
garden. The southern side is obliterated.

GisLEHAM (xix, 2).— On the site of Gisleham
Hall, 5^ miles east by south from Becdes, is one
side of the original moat.

On the opposite side of the road to the last is
situated the site of the manor house — erroneously
called the Hall in the Ordnance Survey — w^ithin a
very perfect double moat, the smaller placed almost
in the centre of the larger water-girt area ; both of
them being nearly square. The inner moat
averages 24 ft. wide, and its banks rise 4 ft. above
the water. The outer one, measuring 500 ft.

SCALE. OF FEET

too ZOO 300

Moat Round Site of Gisleham Manor Housk

by 520 ft., averages I2 ft, wide, the banks being
about 3 ft. 6 in. high.

GisLiNGHAM (xxxv, 5). — One angle and a
piece of the southern side of a moat remain at
Swattersfield Hall, 4 miles west by south from
Eye.

GosBECK (Ivii, 15). — Two parallel sides of a
narrow moat, formerly inclosing a large area, are
near Wood House, north-west of St. Mary's
Church, 3J miles east by north from Needham
Market.

Great Ashfield (xxxv, i 3). — At Hall Farm,
south-east of the village, 9 miles east by north
from Bury St. Edmunds, is a square moat ;
another moat, branching from the two northern
corners, surrounded an area with a sweeping
curve, and although most of this has been filled
in the original course may be easily traced.

South of Great Ashfield an oblong moat lies
in a field.

Great Ashfield (xlvi, i). — Over a mile to

the south of the village, and east of Button
Haugh Green, is an oblong moat with an inter-
mediate channel dividing the area into two
square divisions. The northern side of the
western division has gone, and the water is con-
ducted into the moat at its south-western angle.
Great Barton (xxxiii, 16). — At Conyer's
Green, Leeds Wood, north-east of Necton Hall,
a large part of a moat remains. The eastern
and part of the southern sides have been levelled.
Great Bradley (Ixi, 3). — At the Hall south
of the church, 5 miles north from Haverhill, are
two sides of a large moat.

Great BRicETT(or Brisett) (Ixv, 10). — Four
miles south-west from Needham Market.

Around the site of an
alien priory of Augus-
tine Canons, a cell to
Nobiliac, are twin cir-
cular moats adjoining
one another, yet so ir-
regular in outline that
the one towards the
south-east approaches
the figure of a pent-
agon.

Great Cornard
(Ixxix, 4). — At
Wrong's Farm, south-
east of the village,
i^ miles east from
Sudbury, is an irre-
gular quadrangular
moat.

Great Finborough
(Ivi, 13). — Three sides
of a moat are at
Boarded Barn Farm,
High Street Green,
3 miles south-west
from Stowmarket.
Great Glemham (xlix, 10). — At Fiddler's
Hall, 2 miles north-west from Framlingham, are
various pieces of moats that would appear to
have formed two inclosures, while to the south
of them a circular plot of
moat.

Great Thurlow (Ixi,
Green, 4 miles north-north-east from Haverhill,
is a square moat, partly drained.

Great Thurlow (Ixi, 11). — A quadrangular
moat is at Glebe Farm, south-west of the village,
near the vicarage.

Great Waldingfield (Ixxiii, 1). — The re-

land

to
has

Its own

8).— At Sowley

mams of a moat, spread into ponds until its
original form is lost except on the southern side,
is at Brandeston Hall, i^ miles south from
Lavenham.

Great Waldingfield (Ixxiii, 9). — At Dyer's
Green Farm, south-west of Hoi brook Park, are
three sides of an oblong moat.

Great Welnetham (liv, 4). — The Hall,

610

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

3 miles south-east from Bury St. Edmunds, has
extensive water-trenches which are now widely
disconnected. The largest remaining portion
somewhat resembles the letter S 'n plan, the
more northerly part is the most perfect cincture ;
but from the southern curve it takes a straight
north-westerly direction, growing narrower as it
proceeds. Two other lengths, at right angles
but with the angle levelled, lie to the north.

Great Wratting (Ixi, la). — At Ganwick
Farm, north-east of the village, 2 miles north-
east by north from Haverhill, is a small quadran-
gular moat of greatly varied width.

Groton (bcxiii, ii). — At Moat Farm, Parlia-
ment Heath, 5^ miles east by north from Sud-
bury, are traces of three sides of a quadrangular
moat.

Hacheston (lix, 13). — At Glevering Hall,
half a mile north from Wickham Market, is
the greater part of a broad moat.

Hargrave (liii, 3). — At Moat Farm, Har-
grave Green, 6 miles south-west from Bury St.
Edmunds, are the disconnected fragments of a
moat.

Hasketon (Ixvii, 15). — The manor house,
south-east of the village, I mile north-west from
Woodbridge, has a wide moat surrounding a very
small area.

Another moat of square plan is at the rectory.

Haughley (xlvi, 10). — A quadrangular moat,
partially subdivided by a branch from the southern
trench penetrating the inner area, is at Newbell's
Farm, 3^ miles north-west from Stowmarket.

A portion of another rectangular plan is at
Wassick's Farm, to the east of the latter.

Haverhill (Ixx, 7). — At Haverhill Hall,
south of the village, is a square moat, of which
the eastern side has but a small part remaining.
The southern side has spread far beyond its
original bounds.

Hawkedon (Ixii, 8). — Thurston Hall, 9 miles
south-south-west from Bury St. Edmunds, has the
south-eastern side of a large moat.

Hawstead (liv, 2). — At Hawstead Lodge,
north-east of Hawstead Place, 2 J miles south
from Bury St. Edmunds, is a narrow moat, widen-
ing into a pond at the south-western angle.

Hengrave (xxxiii, 10). — At Hengrave Hall,
3 miles north-west from Bury St. Edmunds, is
the south-eastern portion of a large and wide
oval moat.

Henham (xxviii, 8). — In Moatyard Covert,
north of Henham Park, 4 miles east by north
from Halesworth, is an oval moat of great width
close to the southern bank of a stream. From
its western side it branches out for 200 ft., then
turns in a northerly direction until it joins the
stream. On the south-west of the oval moat is
another length of wide entrenchment, also sup-
ported by the stream on the north-east. It is
possible that this was an early entrenched position
afterwards adapted to manorial moats.

6i

Herringfleet (iv, 9). — At Herringfleet Hall,
5 miles north-west frorri Lowestoft, certain water
trenches all but surround a small oblong area.

Hessett(x1v, 14). — At Spring Farm, 3^ miles
south-east from Bury St. Edmunds, is an oblong
moat.

In a field north of the latter is a wide oblong
moat, not a far departure from a square plan.

The moat at Hessett Hall is a well-formed
square plan. The entrance to the old hall is on
the south.

Heveningham (xxxviii, 1 1). — At Moat Farm,
south of the village, and 5 miles south-west from
Halesworth, is a well-defined oblong moat ; traces
of a subdivision are seen within the north-east
part, and ponds are situated on the north-west.

HiNTLESHAM (Ixxxi, 4). — In an angle made
by two roads south-west of the village, ^^ miles
west by south from Ipswich, is an irregularly
formed moat.

HiTCHAM (Ixiv, 4). — The moat at Stanstead
Hall is north of Cook's Green, and 5 miles
north-east from Lavenham.

HiTCHAM (Ixiv, 11). — Around the site of
Wetherden Hall, north-east of Kettlebaston, 8^
miles north-east from Sudbury, is a strong square
moat. This has evidently been surrounded by
another of minor strength, of which one side and
a portion of another forming the southern angle
are extant.

Hoo (Iviii, 11). — On the site of Goodwin's
Place, 3 J miles south-west from Framlingham,
are three sides of an oblong moat.

Another to the north-west of the last, at Hoo
Green, is of quadrangular plan ; part of the eastern
side has been filled, and an extension branches
to the north.

HoRHAM (xxxvii, 5). — Circular towards the
north, and angular towards the south, a curiously-
planned moat lies south-west of the village, 4
miles south-east by east from Eye.

HoRHAM (xxxvii, 6). — East of St. Mary's
Church are extensive remains of an elongated
moat. The southern portion is destroyed.

HORNINGSHEATH (or HoRRINGEr) (xliv, 9).

At the site of Little Horringer Hall, 2^ miles
south-west from Bury St. Edmunds, are two sides
of a strong rectangular moat.

Hoxne (xxv, 12). — An almost complete ob-
long moat surrounds the vicarage, except where
the south-eastern angle has been levelled. This
is 3 miles north-east from Eye.

Hoxne (xxvi, 9). — The western side of a
small moat is at Chickering Corner Farm, south-
east of the village, close to the road to Stradbroke.

Hoxne (xxvi, 13). — Large pieces of a very
irregular moated area are at Park Farm.

College Farm, in the same parish, has a quad-
rangular moat, outside which is a portion of
another defending the western side.

A mile south of Hoxne, at Cross Street, a
moat surrounded a religious house, a cell to the

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Benedictine priory at Norwich Cathedral. The
eastern and the greater part of the northern sides
of this moat remain. Another length branches
from the north, where also is a broad moat sur-
rounding a very small islet.

HoxNE (xxxvii, 2). — At Thorpe Hall, i mile
west from Stradbroke, is a perfect quadrangular
moat.

HuNDON (Ixii, 14). — Pinhoe Hall, south of
the village, and nearly 3 miles north-west from
Clare, has an elongated oblong moat.

HuNSTON (xxxiv, 16). — South-west of the
village, yi miles north-east by east from Bury
St. Edmunds, the site of Hunston Hall appears
to have been surrounded by a moat which is,
however, so mutilated that its plan cannot be
traced. One angle of another moat, originally
iiiclosing a large area of ground, remains ; this is
12 ft. wide, with banks 5|^ft. deep.

Ilketshall St. Andrew (xviii, 5). — At
Grove Farm, nearly 4 miles south-east from
Bungay, and south of the village, are three sides
of a small square moat.

About f of a mile north-east from the last, a
nearly complete, but small square moat, is at
Corner Farm.

Ilketshall St. Margaret (xvii, 12). — South-
east of the village, 3 miles south by cast from
Bungay, at Brookhouse Farm is an oblong moat.

Ilketshall St. Margaret (xvii, 16). — The
greater part of a small moat of parallelogram plan
lies 2 miles south-east from the village.

Ilketshall St. Margaret (xvii, 16). — At
Rookery Farm, north-west of Rumburgh Street
village, 4^ miles south from Bungay, are portions
of a moat of parallelogram plan.

Ilketshall St. Margaret (xviii, 9). — South-
east of St. Lawrence Green, and south-west of
Back's Green, are the fragments of a moat.

IxwoRTH (xxxiv, 6). — Disconnected lengths
of a moat remain about the ruins of a priory of
Austin Canons at Ixworth, 6 miles north-east
from Bury St. Edmunds.

Ixworth Thorpe (xxxiv, i). — Six miles
north-enst from Bury is an irregular oblong moat.

Kedington (Ixi, 16). — At Kedington Hall,
2 miles north-east from Haverhill, the position
of the moat may be traced.

Kelsale (1, 9). — Two sides of an oblong
moat are at Church Farm, north of the church,
i^ miles north from Saxmundham.

Kenton (xlvii, 8). — At Moat Farm, west of
the village, 5^ miles south-east from Eye, a cir-
cular moat surrounds the house, and another
one — approaching an oblong in plan — incloses
the first and a larger area of land.

Kenton (xlviii, 5). — Suddon Hall, south-east
of the village, has two sides of a square moat.

At Kenton Hall, i^ miles north-east from
Debenham, is a series of moated areas. Two,
small and nearly square, are side by side, and
these stand within a wide embracing moat, of

which the south-western side includes that side of
one of the smaller inclosures.

One side of a moat, with its two angles, may
be traced at Kenton Vicarage.

Kettlebaston (Ixiv, 11). — An almost com-
plete moat is at Kettlebaston Hall, 8 miles north-
east from Sudbury ; its width greatly varies, and
the north-western side is extended at both ends.

Kettleburgh (Iviii, 4). — A perfect oblong
moat (nearly square) is at the site of Kettleburgh
Hall, 3^ miles north-west from Wickham Market.

Langham (xxxiv, 12). — In Duffles plantation,
to the east of the church, 8^ miles east by north
from Bury St. Edmunds, is the so-called site of
a camp. No signs of a military work now
remain, neither are there any signs of earthworks
in an adjoining field, called 'Castle Ditches';
but that the first site was used for manorial
defence is evident by the presence of a moat ;
this, however, is very unequal in strength. To-
wards the south is a water ditch 8 ft. wide, but
the other sides around an oblong area are far
broader, the east attaining 24 ft.

Lavenham (Ixiv, 9). — The site of the manor-
house moat may be traced in a field north-west
of the village, 6 miles north-east from Sudbury.

Lawshall (liv, 10). — At Rowney Farm, south
of Butler's Hall, 5^^ miles south from Bury St.
Edmunds, are the remains of a large moat, but
greatly mutilated.

Lawshall (liv, 1 5). — South-west of the rec-
tory is a perfect square moat ; the southern side
extends eastwards, and turns at right angles
towards the north, apparently part of a more
extensive moat.

Two sides of a small square moat arc at
Cooper's Farm, south-east of the last.

Barford's Farm, north of Hart's Green, nearly
a mile north-east from Lawshall, has an oblong
moat, and traces of another are towards the south.

Lawshaix (Ixiii, 3). — The greater part of a
small square moat is at Newhouse Farm, north
of Shimpling Street village, 7^ miles south from
Bury St. Edmunds.

Lawshall (Ixiii, 4). — Irregular fragments of
a moat are at Trees Farm, Lawshall Green.

Laxfield (xxxvii, 4). — A moat, almost trian-
gular in plan, is situated east of Ashfield Green,
6^ miles south-south-east from Harleston.

Laxfield (xxxvii, 8). — Three sides of a
rectangular moat are at Wells Corner, 8 miles
south-east by east from Eye.

Another small moat, north-west of the last, is at
Hall's Farm.

Laxfield (xxxviii, 5). — An angular fragment
of a moat is at Laurel Farm — until recently
called Moat Farm — north-east of the village.

Another may be traced at Yewtree Farm,
^ a mile north-east from Laxfield.

Laxfield (xxxviii, 10). — At Boats Hall, west
of Ubbeston White House, 6^ miles south-west
from Halesworth, is a nearly square moat.

612

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

Layham (Ixxxi, 5). — Fragments of one side
of a moat lie to the south-west of the village, 2 J
miles south from Hadleigh.

Letheringham (Iviii, 12). — A strong quad-
rangular moat, fed by the River Deben flowing
close to its western side, is on the site of Lether-
ingham Hall, 2 miles north-west from Wickham
Market.

A wide moat surrounding a very small oblong
area lies to the south of the village.

LiNSTEAD Magna (xxvii, 14). — A complicated
system of moating may be seen at Linstead
Hall, 4 miles south-west by west from Hales-
worth. An oblong moat has been equally
divided, and the traverse in part remains ; ponds
are on the north and the east, and near the
south-eastern angle another moat of smaller
size has a pond at one corner.

Little Bradley (Ixi, 4). — An oblong moat
with one corner convex and another concave is
at Norley Moat Farm, south of Hobbles Green,
5 miles north-east from Haverhill.

Little Finborough (Ivi, 13). — At Moat
Farm, 4 miles south-west from Stowmarket, is a
moat of rhombic plan, perfect but for a small
mutilation on the north-eastern side.

Little Glemham (lix, 11). — West of the
village, and 2J miles south-west from Wickham
Market, the right angle of a broad moat remains
at Moat Farm.

Little Saxham (xliv, 9.) — The moat at
Dairy Farm — 4 miles south-west by west from
Bury St. Edmunds — is of elaborate plan. The
old hall appears to have stood between two areas,
each of them are three parts surrounded by
water ; the eastern side, which would have
determined whether the two moats here mingled
in one, or whether a third moat defended this side,
has gone. In the obtuse angle formed by the
joining of the two moats on the western side,
the waters spread into a lake and contain a small
island. Bishop Hervey suggested that these
were Saxon entrenchments as opposed to the
Danes at Den ham Castle.

Little Stonham (xlvii, 13). — At Westwood
Hall, 4 miles north-east from Stowmarket, the
eight fragments of moats indicate four separate
inclosures.

Little Thurlow (Ixi, 7). — ' The Island '
is a small square tract of land surrounded by a
moat, north-west of the village 3^ miles north
from Haverhill.

Little Waldingfield (Ixxiii, i and 2). —
At Nether Hall, north-west of Humble Grove,
4^ miles north-east from Sudbury, is a portion
of a square moat.

Little Welnetham (liv, 4). — Opposite sides
of a small moat lie south of Parsonage Lane,
3^ miles south-east from Bury St. Edmunds.

Little Wratting (Ixx, 4). — At Great
Wilsey's Farm, i mile north-east from Haverhill,
is a quadrangular moat.

Long Melford (Ixiii, 15). — Kentwell Hall,
an ideal example of an Elizabethan house,
4 miles north from Sudbury, stands within a
large oblong moat with deeply cut banks. On
the north is another long stretch of moat which
formerly inclosed a very large area, and between
the two is a fish-pond.

Long Melford (Ixiii, 16). — At Ford Hall,
Bridge Street, is a mutilated square moat.

Long Melford (Ixxii, 2). — At Parsonage
Farm, west of Cranmore Hills, an oblong moat
lies close to the eastern bank of the River Glem,
from which one narrow channel supplies the
moat with water at the northern angle, while
another carries the overflow back to the river
from the western angle.

Market Weston (xxiv, 5). — Near the site
of Weston Hall, south-east of the village, 11^
miles north-east from Bury St. Edmunds, are two
sides of a rectangular moat.

Mellis (xxv, 13). — At Mellis Hall, 3 miles
west from Eye, are extensive divisional moats.
The most perfect is of oblong plan, from which
stretching in a north-easterly direction are various
fragments which would seem to have inclosed
three distinct areas, one continuous water-trench
on the south-east running the whole length of
the various works.

Another large quadrangular moat surrounds
the rectory.

Mellis (xxxv, 4). — In Moatyard Plantation
south-west of the village, 4^ miles west from
Eye, is a square moat with a stream on the western
side connecting it with the fragment of another.

Mendham (xvii, 13). — At Oakfield Farm,
west of Weston House, 2^ miles south-east by
east from Harleston, are three parts of an oblong
moat.

South-east of the last are the remains of a
rectangular moat with an extension towards the
north.

Mendlesham (xlvi, 4). — A fragment of an
irregular moat is at Potter's Farm, 6 miles south-
west from Eye, and south-east of another of the
same name in the adjoining parish.

Mendlesham (xlvii, i), — About half of a
rectangular moat and other water-trenches are at
Mendlesham Lodge, 5 miles north-east from
Stowmarket.

Portions of two adjoining square moats at
Poplar Farm are in the same parish.

Mendlesham (xlvii, 5). — The site of the old
hall is almost surrounded by an oblong moat,
the short north side having been levelled.

Another large rectangular moat is immedi-
ately to the east of St. Mary's Church.

Metfield (xvii, 13). — On each side of the
vicarage — 3 miles south-east from Harleston —
are fragments of a moat. That on the west is
a right angle and portions of two sides ; that on
the east is the greater part of one of irregular
plan.

»i3

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Metfield (xxvii, i). — Withersdale Hall,
north-west of Metfield, has a moat in plan like a
quadrant.

Metfield (xxvii, 5). — Around the site of the
old hall, south-west of Metfield Common, 4^
miles south-east from Harleston, is a strong
oblong moat, the north-western corner being
exceptionally broad.

Mettingham (viii, 12). — At The Hall, north-
east of Mettingham Castle, i^ miles east from
Bungay, is a T-shaped fragment of a moat.

MiCKFiELD (xlvii, 11). — A small square moat
is at Greenwood's Farm, 2 miles west from
Debenham.

MicKFiELD (xlvii, 14). — At Mickfield Hall,
north of the village, 5| miles north-east by east
from Stowmarket, is a moat approaching a circu-
lar form.

At Read's Farm, to the west of the latter, are
two sides of a rectangular moat.

MiLDEN (Ixxiii, 3). — An irregular rectangular
moat is at Moat Farm, 6 miles north-east from
Sudbury.

Part of a dry moat remains at the rectory.

MiLDENHALL (xxi, 5). — Three sides of a
parallelogram remain of a moat at Aspall Hall,
2 miles north by west from Mildenhall.

MoNEWDEN (Iviii, 6). — At Folly Farm, north-
west of the village, 5 miles north-west from
Wickham Market, is a quadrangular moat with
rounded corners.

Monks Eleigh (Ixiv, 15). — Manor Farm
Moat, j^ miles north-east from Sudbury, consists
of two sides of an oblong, another water-trench
extending 300 ft. towards the east, and a pond
south of its eastern end.

Monk Soham (xlviii, 5). — At Hill Farm,
Monk Soham Green, 2^ miles north-east from
Debenham, are three moated areas adjoining one
another ; the divisional moats being common
many parts of them have been filled up.

Monk Soham (xlviii, 6). — ' The Firs,' north
of the village, has a moat of oblong plan, to the
south of which are the remains of other moats
partly inclosing two rectangular areas.

Naughton (Ixv, 13 and 14). — An oblong
moat of varied width surrounds Naughton Hall,
5^ miles south-west from Needham Market.

A right angle of another lies on two sides of
Naughton Rectory.

It is but a small piece of the moat that is left
at Pigeon Hall, south-east of Naughton.

Nayland with Wissington (Ixxxvi, 3). —
A large curved moat makes a complete circuit
of the high ground known as Court Knoll,
6 miles south-west from Hadleigh. This pos-
sibly marks the fosse of an ancient camp.

Nayland with Wissington (Ixxxvi, 6). —
The moat at Wissington, 7 miles south-west
from Hadleigh, covers a large area ; it appears to
have formerly been an oblong in plan with a
smaller moated square inclosure.

Nayland with Wissington (Ixxxvi, 5). —
At Smallbridge, on the northern bank of the
River Stour, there remain two sides of a moat,
and a wide channel cut from the river supplied
the water and at the same time doubled the
defence on the western side.

Nedging (Ixv, 13). — At Fidget's Farm,
south-west of Naughton, 5^ miles south-west
from Needham Market, is a rectangular moat.

Norton (xlv, 4). — Three parts of a moat
remain at Norton Hall, east of the village, 7^
miles east from Bury St. Edmunds.

Nowton (xliv, 15). — The moat at Nowton
Hall, 2^ miles south from Bury, inclosed two
adjacent tracts of land ; the cincture of one is
nearly complete, the other is almost obliterated.

OccoLD (xxxvi, 11). — To the north of
Occold Hall, 2 miles south from Eye, a quad-
rangular moat surrounds a plantation.

Occold (xxxvi, 12). — At High House,
near the Framlingham road, are three sides of
a small square moat, fed by a stream from the
west.

Another strong quadrangular moat and long
extension on the west is at Benningham Hall.

Offton (Ixv, 14). — A portion of a moat is at
Maskeli's Hall, north-west of the village, 8
miles east from Lavenham.

Old Newfon (xlvi, 11). — At Rookery Farm,
north of the village, 2f miles north from Stow-
market, are the remains of two adjoining moated
inclosures ; the southern and larger has lost its
north-eastern angle, and the northern one has
its eastern side obliterated. A stream supplies
the water from the west.

A fragment of a moat remains at Newton
Hall, south-east of the village.

Three fourths of another lie to the south-east
of the last, at Pooley's Farm.

Onehouse (Ivi, 5). — Three
moat are round the site of Onehouse
2 miles west from Stowmarket.

Otley (Iviii, 13). — A portion of a broad
square moat partly surrounds the site of Otley
Hall, north-east of the village, 5 J miles west from
Wickham Market. The front portion, with the
gatehouse and drawbridge, has been destroyed.

To the west of the latter was a small double
moat. The inner one is of oblong plan, and
the remains of the outer now cover its northern
and western sides at a distance of 25 ft.

A moated inclosure adjoining the churchyard
of Otley on the north-north-east side, with the
entrance near the church, is surrounded by a
trench averaging 8 ft. deep.

Otley (Iviii, 13). — At Wood Farm, west of
the village, 6 miles west from Wickham Market,,
is a very complete narrow moat.

At Moat Hall to the east of Otley are ex-
tensive fragments of moats, so disconnected
that it is difficult to trace their original course.

Pakefield (x, 15). — At Pakefield Hall, 2|

fragments

of a

Hall,

)i4

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

miles south-south-west from Lowestoft, is a
large portion of an oblong moat.

Pakenham (xxxiv, 9). — At Redcastle Farm,
4 miles north-east from Bury St. Edmunds, is a
square moat, the western side of which is for
the most part levelled ; a channel from the east
conveys the water, and a pond is on the north.

Pakenham (xxxiv, 14). — At Maulkin's Hall,
north-east of Pakenham Street village, is a
rhombic-shaped moat, complete but for part of
its southern side.

Parham (lix, 6). — The ruined walls of Par-
ham Hall, north-east of Hachtston, 2| miles
south-east from Framlingham, stand within the
northern angle of a moated area. The moat is
deep and wide, especially on the south-west,
where it attains the proportions of a lake.

Pettaugh (Ivii, 7). — Grove Farm, west of
the village, 2;^- miles south-south-west from
Debenham, had a moat which is now so mutilated
that no definite form is seen.

Pettaugh (Ivii, 8). — Laffitt's Hall, east of
the village, has three sides of an oblong moat.

South of the last, at Abbot's Hall, are fragments
of an oblong moat.

Pettistree (Ixviii, i). — Pettistree Lodge,
nearly a mile south from Wickham Market,
stands within the remaining half of an oval moat.
To the south of it are various lengths of other
moats which appear to have formed a square and
to have been prolonged eastwards for additional
strength to the principal site.

Playford (Ixxvi, i). — Around the site of old
Playford Hall, the home of the Felbrigges, 3^
miles north-east from Ipswich, is a strong moat,
nearly square, with the entrance on the south.

Polstead (Ixxx, 4). — At Bower House, south-
west of Hadleigh Heath, 3 miles south-west by
west from Hadleigh, is a very small piece of a
moat.

Preston (Ixiv, 10). — One side of a moat,
700 ft. long, is at Priory Farm, 6^ miles north-
east from Sudbury.

Two curved sides of another moat at Manor
Farm lie to the west of Preston.

Rattlesden (Iv, 8). — At Wood Hall, east of
the village, 3J miles west from Stowmarket, is
the greater portion of an oblong moat.

Rede (liv, 5). — At Rede Hall, north of the
village, 5 miles south-west from Bury St. Ed-
munds, moats surrounded two adjacent tracts of
land. The northernmost is complete but for
part of its western side, and of the southern about
half remains.

Redlingfield (xxxvi, I2 ; and xxxvii, 9). —
Redlingfield Hall, 3 miles south-east from Eye,
now a farm-house, contains remains of the house
of Benedictine nuns founded herein 11 20. To
this religious house may be ascribed the works
remaining upon the site. Extensive moated
inclosures may here be traced : two sides of a large
moat of rectangular plan, while another area sur-

rounded by water branches from the principal
moat ; within this inclosure are three large fish-
ponds, called ' The Leys,' connected with the
waters of the first moat.

Rendham (xlix, 12). — A small fragment of a
moat lies to the east of the village, 2 miles
north-west from Saxmundham.

RiCKiNGHALL SUPERIOR (xxxv, 3). — At Facon
Hall, north of Allwood Green, 6 miles west
from Eye, has been a large moated area which is
now mutilated.

RiNGSHALL (Ixv, 5). — At Burnthouse Farm,
north-east of Wattisham, 4 miles south-west
from Needham Market, are three parts of a
narrow square moat.

South-west of the latter is a portion of another
moat of rectangular plan.

RiNGSHALL (Ixv, 6). — At Ringshall Rectory,
3 miles south-west from Needham Market, a
square moat, in a perfect state, appears to have
stood within a larger one of which two fragments
remain. ' The Mount,' on the eastern side, is
probably formed from the cleansing of the
moat.

RiNGSHALL (Ixv, 7). — A Very irregular-shaped
moat is at Chapel Farm, south-west of Barking
Tye.

RisHANGLES (xxxvi, 16). — An oblong moat
at Woodhouse Farm is to the north of the village,

3 miles south-south-east from Eye.
RisHANGLEs (xlvii, 4). — Three parts of a

square moat, and portions of another inclosure to
the south, are situated at Barnaby's Farm, north
of Aspall, 4 miles south-south-east from Eye.
RouGHAM (xlv, id). — At Rougham Place,

4 miles east from Bury, is a square moat of
considerable width.

Rougham (xlv, 13). — Moat Place, Rougham
Green, has a narrow quadrangular moat.

A fragment of another moat remains at the
Rectory, Rougham Green.

RuMBURGH (xvii, 15). — A large oblong moat,
3 J miles south from Bungay, surrounds the site
of the Benedictine priory of SS. Michael and
John, a cell to St. Mary's Abbey, York, now
occupied by St. Michael's Church and a farm-
house.

RuMBURGH (xxvii, 4). — At Brookhall Farm,
east of Rumburgh Common, 2^ miles north-
north-west from Halesworth, is the greater part
of an oblong moat divided into two unequal parts
by a branch of the moat. Two of the angles
expand outwardly into ponds.

RuMBURGH (xxvii, 4). — Moat Farm, east of
Rumburgh Common, 3 miles north-west from
Halesworth, has the northern side and a fragment
of the southern side of a moat.

RusHBROOKE (xliv, 1 6). — The walls of Rush-
brooke Hall — 3 miles south-east from Bury St.
Edmunds — rise from the waters of a moat which
averages 35 ft. broad. It is a deep cutting, the
level of the water being 8 ft. below the ground

615

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

sides are in places lined with
-At Westend Farm,

miles south from

level ; and the
dressed stone.

Shadingfield (xviii, 7).
north-west of the village, 3
Beccles, is an oblong moat.

To the east of the last are three parts of a
larger quadrangular moat, and close to its external
bank on the north-east another small one incloses
an island, in the midst of which is a square
pond.

Shelland (Ivi, i). — At New Farm, east of the
village, 2^ miles north-west from Stowmarket, is
a portion of an elliptical moat.

Rockylls Hall, north-west of Shelland, has
three sides remaining of a large rectangular moat.
Near the western angle a branch from the moat
penetrates the interior, partly inclosing a pond.

Shelley (Ixxxi, 10). — At Shelley Hall, 2^
miles south from Hadleigh, a square moat sur-
rounds the fine old Tudor building.

Shimpling (Ixiii, 4). — Greentree Farm, east
of Shimpling village, 6 miles north from Sudbury,
has an oblong moat with a pond at the south-
west angle.

Shimpling (Ixiii, 7). — ^Three parts of a moat
are at the rectory, to the east of the village.

Shimpling (Ixiii, 8). — The quadrangular
' Hunts' Moat' lies in a field i^ miles east from
the village.

Shotley (Ixxxix, 2). — The site of the old hall
at Shotley, 2^ miles north-west from Harwich,
shows traces of having once been surrounded by
an oblong moat.

SiBTON (xxxviii, 16). — North Grange Moat,
north of Sibton Abbey, 5 miles south-south-
west from Halesworth, consists of two sides of a
right angle.

South Elmham All Saints (xvii, 15). — A
network of moats spread around the north, west,
and east of the church, 4 miles south-south-west
from Bungay. Towards the north-east a large
oblong moat is almost complete ; from the middle
of one side a branch, 300 ft. long, takes a
southerly course on the north-west of the church,
and apparently formed a common side to two
moats, one of which possibly surrounded the
church. The western end of the branch from
the large moat enters the side of a smaller oblong
moat, complete but for the eastern angle, and in
this area is a pond.

To the south of these, at Meen's Farm, are
pieces of six water trenches, which are apparently
portions of another group of moats.

At Blackburn's Farm, east of the last, are
three sides of a small rectangular moat.

Another, to the south-west of the latter, con-
sists of three-fourths of a quadrangle.

South Elmham St. Cross (xvii, 9). — Three-
fourths of a rectangular moat remain at the
rectory.

Two sides of another, describing a right angle,
are at College Farm, north of the village.

6

South Elmham St. Margaret (xvii, 10). —
A large quadrangular moat surrounds what is
supposed to be the site of the bishop's palace of
the ancient East Anglian see ; it lies south-west
of the village.

The greater portion of another moat is to the
east of St. Margaret's Rectory. The waters lie
in a broad curved channel of great strength.

South Elmham St. Michael (xvii, 1 1). —
A portion of a weak angular moat lies to the
west of the church.

South Elmham St. Nicholas (xvii, 14). —
Three parts of a small square moat are situated
on the west of the church.

South Elmham St. Peter (xvii, 7). — At
St. Peter's Hall, south of the church, 3 j miles
south from Bungay, are two sides of a square
moat with ponds protruding from the two
remaining angles.

Southolt (xxxvii, 9). — At Southolt Hall,
north-east of the village, 4J miles south-east from
Eye, is a long oblong moat which has spread
inwards, forming a pond by the ancient entrance.

Southolt (xxxvii, 13). — At Paradise Farm
are three sides of a square moat.

Spexhall (xxviii, i). — Spexhall Hall moat,
north of the village, fully 2 miles north-north-
west from Halesworth, retains three parts of its
former circuit.

Sproughton (Ixxv, 10). — Boss Hall moat,
north-east of the village, i^ miles west from
Ipswich, lies close to the northern bank of the
River Gipping ; it is square in plan and the area
is divided into two portions.

Stanningfield (liv, 16). — At Great Saxes
Farm, south-west of Cross Green, 6 miles south-
south-east from Bury St. Edmunds, is a quad-
rangular moat.

Stansfield (Ixii, 4). — At Purton Hall, 8^
miles north-east from Haverhill, is the southern
side, with its two angles, of a rectangular moat.

Stoke Ash (xxxvi, 9). — At Wood Hall, 3^
miles south-west from Eye, is a perfect quadrangu-
lar moat.

Stoke Ash (xxxvi, 13). — At Colsey Wood,
east of Wickham Skeith village, 3^^ miles south-
west from Eye, is a rectangular or nearly square
moat.

Stonham Aspall (Ivii, 6). — Broughton Hall,
3^ miles south-west from Debenham, has a
curved moat.

Stonham Aspall (Ivii, 7). — At Morgan's
Farm, East End, are three sides of a quadrangu-
lar moat, supplied by a channel at the north-
east.

To the east of Stonham Aspall there remains-
a part of an irregularly shaped moat at Lewis
Farm.

Stoven (xviii, 16). — At Church Farm, south-
west of Middle Green, 5 miles north-east from
Halesworth, there remains the greater part of a.
rectangular moat.
16

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

Stowlangtoft (xxxiv, 15). — Seven miles east
by north from Bury St. Edmunds, immediately
to the north of St. George's Churchyard, a small
area is inclosed by a moat, the latter averages
10 ft. wide except on the west, where it attains
a breadth of 30 ft.

Another moat of quadrangular plan is to the
south-east of the church.

Stowupland (Ivi, 4). — Columbine Hall, north-
east of Thorney Green, if miles north-east
from Stowmarket, has a large moat of diamond-
shaped plan, with two adjacent ponds.

Stradbroke (xxvi, 14). — At ' The Rookery,'
Battersea Green, 4^ miles east by north from
Eye, is a straight and wide trench, 900 ft. long,
in the southern end of which is an islet ; from
this branch various arms of water towards the
east, and other fragments are on the west, the
whole area appears to have formerly had a num-
ber of moated inclosures.

To the east of the latter, at Hill Farm, there
is one square moat and a portion of another
adjoining.

Stradbroke (xxvi, 16). — At Red House,
south of Ebden's Corner, 7^ miles east by north
from Eye, is one side and an angle of a
rectangular moat.

Stradbroke (xxxvii, 2). — At Stradbroke
Hall, 5 miles east from Eye, is a large oblong
moat, nearly perfect, with an arm of the moat
penetrating the interior area from the north.

Stradbroke (xxxvii, 3). — South of the church
is the southern portion of a quadrangular moat.

Fragments of another of curious and numerous
branches lie at Boyton Trust Farm, south-east
of the village.

Stradbroke (xxxvii, 4). — A small but strong
quadrangular moat is at Whitbread'sTarm, north-
east of Ashfield Green.

Stradbroke (xxxvii, 6). — At Wootten Green,
south-west of Ivy Lodge, are the remains of a
square moat.

Stradishall (bcii, 2). — At Moat Farm, Far-
ley Green, 6^ miles north-east from Haverhill, is
a four-sided moat with two of its corners
rounded.

Stuston (xxv, 7). — Around the site of the
Old Hall, 2^ miles north by west from Eye, are
the remains of a broad moat ; and to the south,
severed by a road, are the fragments of a double
oblong moat.

Sudbury (Ixxii, 11). — One mile north from
Sudbury, at Wood Hall, is the greater part of an
oblong moat.

Tannington (xxxvii, 15). — At the remains
of the old hall, Tannington Green, 7^ miles
south-east from Eye, are the opposite sides and
two angles of an oblong moat. Outside the
south-western angle the moat turns at right
angles inclosing a small square island.

North of the last is another oblong moat
inclosing * The Hoplands.'

I 6

Tannington (xlviii, 3). — At 'The Chest-
nuts,' north-east of the village, is the nortkern
portion of a small moat.

To the east of Tannington, at Tannington
Lodge, is a heavy oblong moat with a long
channel extending in a southerly direction.

Tattingstone (Ixxxii, 10). — In Tattingstone
Park, 4^ miles south-south-west from Ipswich,
is an irregular quadrangular moat.

Thorndon (xxxvi, 15). — Fragments of two
irregular moats are at Hill House, east of the
village, 3 miles south from Eye.

Three sides of an oblong moat are near
Thorndon Rectory.

At Hestley Hall, south of Thorndon, are
three moated areas. One has three sides of a
broad square moat ; and the other two appear to
have been inclosed in one extended oblong cinc-
ture divided in the middle by a water trench.
To the east of these a small island — called ' The
Mount,' and containing a central pond — is sur-
rounded by a moat.

A mile eastward from the last are the remains
of a double moat, close to Rishangles Lodge.
The inner one, square and of considerable width,
is closely surrounded on three sides by another
and narrower moat which at its northern and
southern extremities turns outwards at right
angles.

Three parts of a square moat in the same
parish remain at Rishangles Lodge.

Thorndon (xlvii, 3). — At Lampits, west of
Hestley Green, a large tract of land is moated in
an intricate manner. An irregular circular moat
has portions of other numerous inclosures to-
wards the south and the west ; they are very
disconnected, but appear to have provided pro-
tection to at least four areas.

South-east of the last are three parts of a
small square moat, to the south of which arc
portions of another inclosure approaching an
oblong form, greatly mutilated and spread into
irregular ponds.

Thorndon (xlvii, 4). — Buck's Hall moat,
extending over the border into the parish of
Rishangles, is but a fragment consisting of one
side and one angle of a rectangular moat.

Thornham Parva (xxxvi, 5). — In Moat-
house Wood, north-west of Thornham Park,
3^ miles west by south from Eye, is a pentagonal
moat with a cutting extending from the northern
side.

Thorpe Morieux (Ixiv, 2). — Detached frag-
ments of a square moat remain at Moat Farm,
8^ miles north-east from Sudbury.

At Water Hall, north-west of the last, is a
portion of a quadrangular moat.

Thorpe Morieux (Ixiv, 6). — South-west of
the village a piece of a curved moat remains at
Thorpe Farm.

Close by the latter, at Manor Farm, the whole
of a moat may be traced, the southern and
17 78

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

western sides are straight, but the others form
one curve.

Thrandeston (xxv, lo). — At Malting Farm,
east of the village, 2 miles north-north-west from
Eye, is a portion of a moat, so mutilated as to
obscure its former plan.

Thrandeston (xxv, 14). — A small quad-
rangular moat remains at Goswold Hall, north
of Yaxley.

Thwaite (xxxvi, 13). — A quadrangular moat
remains in good condition around the site of the
old hall, west of the village, 4^ miles south-west
from Eye.

Thwaite (xxxvi, 14). — To the west of
Willow Farm is a small square moat.

Thwaite (xlvii, 2). — At Brockford Hall,
north-west of Brockford Street hamlet, is a long
cutting with a broadened part which once formed
a side of a moat.

Ufford (Ixviii, 5). — UfFord Castle, 3 miles
north-east from Woodbridge, is an oblong moated
site, divided into two unequal portions by a ditch.

Walsham le Willows (xxxv, 6). — The
greater part of a quadrangular moat is at High
Hall, north-east of Cranmer Green, 7^ miles
west by south from Eye.

Walsham le Willows (xxxv, 9). — At Crow-
land Hall is another, of square plan.

Wantisden (Ixviii, 4). — Old Yards, 6 miles
north-east from Woodbridge, the site of the old
hall and its grounds, is surrounded by a moat
6 ft. deep, and the area is divided into two parts
by a branch of the same ; the southern part is
rectangular in plan and the northern is semi-
circular.

Washbrook (Ixxxi, 4). — The moat at Birch
House, south of Chattisham, 5 miles south-west
from Ipswich, is a small quadrangle, spreading
into a i>ond on the western side, and another
pond to the south for receiving the overflow.

Washbrook (Ixxxii, i). — At, Washbrook
Green, west of Copdock, are three sides of an
elongated rectangular moat.

Wattisham (Ixv, i). — Three disconnected
fragments of a moat are at Loose Hall, north-
west of the village, 5^ miles south-west by west
from Needham Market.

Wbnham, Great (Ixxxi, 3). — A circular
moat at Vauxhall lies to the west of Birch
House, 5^ miles south-west from Ipswich.

Westhall (xviii, 13). — A fragment of an
oblong moat lies to the west of Cox Common,
5^ miles south-south-west from Beccles.

Westhall (xviii, 14). — At Rookery Farm,
south-east of Cox Common, are three sides of a
rectangular moat.

Westhall (xxviii, 2). — Moat Yards, Mill
Common, are so called from a double moat, one
within the other. The innermost is an oblong,
nearly square ; and the outer, also rectangular,
inclosing a larger area, has but two sides left.

Westhorpe (xxxv, 11). — At Moathill Barn,

north-west of the village, 7 miles north from
Stowmarket, a square moat may be traced, south
of which are two water trenches, which may
possibly have been another inclosure.

Half a mile to the north of the latter, on the
site of the old Westhorpe Hall, is the greater
part of a quadrangular moat, fed by a stream
from the east, and to the south is another irregu-
lar inclosure.

Westleton (xxxix, 10). — Lyen ball's Farm,
north-east of Darsham, 5 miles south-south-east
from Halesworth, has the remains of a double
moat, one within the other. The inner moat,
a parallelogram, is perfect ; but of the outer one
only the northern and western sides are extant,
at which sides only 50 ft. divide them, but it is
evident that at the eastern side a considerably
larger tract of land has been inclosed.

Wetherden (xlvi, 5). — One side and an
angle of a small moat arc at Upper Lodge, south
of Wetherden Upper Town, 7^ miles north-west
from Needham Market.

Wetherden (xlvi, 9). — Detached fragments
of a moat are at Mutton Hall, north of the
village.

Around the site of the old Wetherden Hall,
north-east of the village, is an oblong moat.

Wetheringsett cum Brockford (xlvii, 2).
— At Brames Hall, east of the village, 4J miles
south from Eye, are two-thirds of a large curved
moat.

A fragment of another is at Blacksmith's
Green.

Wetheringsett cum Brockford (xlvii, 10).
— At Green Farm, west of Park Green, is a
square moat.

Weybread (xxvi, 3). — A square moat with
its two northern corners rounded surrounds the
site of Weybread Hall, 7 miles north-east from
Eye.

Weybread (xxvi, 7). — At Church Farm,
north-west of Vales Hall, 7 miles north-east
from Eye, are the remains of an oblong moat,
the interior area being partially divided by a
water trench.

Weybread (xxvi, 8). — The moat at Rookery
Farm is now represented by two ponds only.

Whatfield (Ixxiv, 2). — Whitehouse Farm
Moat, east of the village, 3 miles north from
Hadleigh, consists of two sides which once
formed part of a quadrangular moat.

Whatfield (Ixxiv, 5). — At Whatfield Rec-
tory is a very complete and strong oblong moat,
with one corner curved.

To the south of the village, another rectangu-
lar moat is at Barrard's Hall.

Whepstead (liv, i). — At Doveden Hall,
4 miles south-west from Bury St. Edmunds, is a
square moat.

Whepstead (liv, 10). — North-east of Gulling
Green, at Manston Hall, three-fourths of a
quadrangular moat are extant.

618

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

To the east of Brockley is a large moat for-
merly containing a smaller and stronger one, of
which two sides remain.

South-west of the last is a small square moat.

Fragments of another are at Gulling Green
Farm.

WicKHAMBROOK (Hii, 6). — At Badmondisfield
Hall, Genesis Green, 8 miles south-west from
Bury St. Edmunds, is a strong rhombic-shaped
moat; a channel forming part of another inclo-
sure lies to the north.

WicKHAMBRooK (liii, lo). — An irregularly-
shaped and extensive moat remains at ' The
Gesyns,' Boyden End.

WicKHAMBROOK (liii, 1 5). — Giflfard's Hall,
south of Clopton Green, has an oblong moat ;
a mound outside its north-eastern angle is
modern.

To the south-west of the last is a large,
irregular, circular moat, now dry, in Moat Plan-
tation.

WicKHAM Market (Iviii, i6). — One mile
west of the town are the remains of moated
inclosures which were formerly connected with
Thorpe Hall and its grounds. A small piece of
a moat is by the site of the hall ; to the north-
east is an angle of another ; and to the south, at
the end of a connecting channel, is a quadrangular
moat.

WiLBY (xxxvii, 7). — South-east of the village,
6^ miles south-east by east from Eye, the moat
at the rectory remains in a perfect condition.
It is oblong in plan with a branch of the moat
separating the area into two unequal divisions.

At Church Farm, close to the church, are the
remains of a circular moat, and immediately on
its eastern arc is part of another rectangular
inclosure.

WiLBY (xxxvii, 8). — Wilby Hall, east of the
village, has the remains of a double rectangular
moat, or of two oblongs side by side, the southern
of smaller area than the northern.

At Moat Farm, south of Wilby Hall, is one
angle of a moat and one side of another.

Wilby (xxxvii, lo). — At Rookery Farm,
north-west of Wilby Green, about half of a
square moat is left.

WiLLiNGHAM (xviii, 7). — At Moat Farm,
3 miles south from Beccles, an oblong moat may
be traced.

WiLLisHAM (Ixv, 11). — Willisham Hall, 3
miles south-south-west from Needham Market,
has a fragment of a moat.

WiNGFiELD (xxvi, 7). — South-west of Green-
gate Farm, 6 miles north-east from Eye, is a
large portion of an oblong moat.

WiNGFiELD (xxvi, lo). — The remains of a
moat at Chickering Hall, 4i miles north-east
of Eye, have been so greatly mutilated that no
form is left in it.

WiNGFiELD (xxvi, 11). — At Abbey Farm, on
the site of an ancient religious house, north-east
of Wingfield, is an irregular moat and six frag-
ments of other undoubted moated inclosures.

Winston (Ivii, 4). — At Park Farm, Winston
Green^ if miles south from Debenham, is the
greater part of a strong moat inclosing an oval
site.

WissETT (xxvii, 8). — Bleach Farm Moat, east
of the village, 2 miles north-north-west from
Halesworth, is a complete quadrangle.

WiTHERSFiELD (Ixi, 1 4). — To the west of
Charity Farm, 2 J miles north-west from Haver-
hill, is a small oblong moat.

The remains of another moat at Hall Farm
consist only of one long channel.

WiTNESHAM (Ixvi, 8). — A strong square moat
surrounds the site of old Berghursh House,
5 miles north from Ipswich.

WiTNESHAM (Ixvi, 12). — South-wcst of the
church is a curved side of a once strong moat.

WooLPiT (xlv, 1 2). — * Lady Well ' is the
name given to a moat in a field north-east of the
rectory of Woolpit, 7 J miles east by south from
Bury St. Edmunds.

WoRLiNGTON (xx, 1 6). — South-east of the
Bell Inn, ii^ miles south-east from Bury St.
Edmunds, is a large five-sided moat.

WoRLiNGWORTH (xxxvii, lo). — At ' Honey-
pots,' north of Fincle Street village, 5 miles
south-east from Eye, is a moat almost inclosing
two tracts of land — saving the west side — the
junction of the three sides forming a pond at the
south-west corner.

WoRLiNGWORTH (xxxvii, ii). — At Stanway
Green are the remains of two moats ; that to
the west is small and externally square, but the
varying width detracts from the regularity of the
interior area.

The other moat, to the east, was apparently
also square in plan, but only one side with its
two angles is left entire.

WoRTHAM (xxv, 5). — An irregular piece of
the moat of Wortham Hall is situated to the
north of the village, 5 miles north-west from
Eye.

Wrentham (xviii, 16). — At Moat Farm,
West End, 5 miles south-south-east from Beccles,
are portions of a very weak moat.

Wyverstone (xxxv, 15). — At Hill Barn, on
the site of the old hall, 5^ miles north from
Stowmarket, are curved portions of a moat.

Wyverstone (xlvi, 2). — At Moat Hall,
Wyverstone Green, is a small square moat,

Yaxley (xxxvi, 2). — Portions of three con-
tiguous moats lie to the north of the village,
2 miles west by north from Yaxley.

Yoxford (xxxix, 1 3). — One right angle of a
moat remains at Cockfield Hall, 5 J miles south
from Halesworth.

6ig

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

MOATED INCLOSURES WITH STRONGER
DEFENSIVE WORKS

(Class G)

Barrow (xliii, 7). — Barrow Hall, north of the village, 6 miles west from
Bury St. Edmunds, has extensive remains of strong entrenchments. There is
one perfect, large, square moat, with the western side extended northwards,
which is evidently part of the enclosure of another area. These moats have
been strengthened by inner and outer banks ; that within the square moat is
a great rampart 20 ft. broad, rising 5 ft. from the interior with an escarpment
of 1 6 ft. to the water. The bank on the outside of the moat is preserved
only at the south-west corner and the southern side ; this is of the same height,
but of less width, than the inner one. Without the northern side another
piece is left ; but the greater part was destroyed forty years ago. On the
western side of the extension the bank is 6 ft. high. When in a complete
state this must have been one of the strongest homestead defences in the
county.

Chevington (xliii, 16). — Although the work around the country house
of the abbots of Bury — the site of which is now occupied by Chevington
Hall Farm — served the purposes of a moat; it is in fact a very strongly forti-
fied position of an early date, and as such will be found under Class C.

Great Barton (xxxiii, 16). — The site of Necton Old Hall, north-west
of the village, 2J miles north-east from Bury St. Edmunds, is surrounded by
a square moat, now somewhat dilapidated on the north. Outside the
southern part of the eastern side is a portion of an agger over 100 ft. long,
indicating the former defensive additions to the moat.

Great Thurlow (Ixi, 8). — At Wadgell's Farm, north of Sawley Green
and east of Little Thurlow, 4 miles north-north-east from Haverhill, are
fragments of a once large and strongly fortified moat. Outside the eastern
part of the moat are the remains of an earthen bank which gradually decreases
towards the north until it is totally lost.

Hawstead (liv, 2). — Hawstead Place, north-west of the village,
2i miles south from Bury, is a strongly defended manor house of a type
between a castle and a homestead. The inner quadrangular site is built from
the moat to a height of from 5 ft. to 8 ft. The moat averages 40 ft. wide,
except on the west, where it is slightly narrower. The outer side of the moat
rises 3 ft. above the water, and leaving a path around its margin there rises a
strong bank surrounding three of its sides 7 ft. above the path, making a total
height of I oft. above the water. This agger on the north and east is 14 ft.
broad and 4 ft. 6 in. above the outside ground level.

Helmingham (Ivii, 12). — In Helmingham Park, 3^ miles south by west
from Debenham, the Tudor mansion of the ToUemache family is surrounded
by a very wide square moat, crossed by two drawbridges. Along the exterior
edge of the north-west side a strong vallum provided additional defence. The
custom of raising the drawbridge is still observed. Parallel to the south-west
side is another moat of oblong plan inclosing a large area of land.

620

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

Long Melford (Ixxii, 3).— Melford Hall, 3 miles north from Sudbury,
occupies the site of a former residence of the abbots of Bury within a very
large quadrangular moat ; the latter is imperfect, but on the northern side,
within the moat, is an earthen bank of considerable width.

Mettingham (viii, 16). — Mettingham Castle and College, south-east
of Anne's Hill, 1 1 miles south-east from Bungay, were protected by a series
of moats covering nearly six acres. The smallest and widest moat appears
also to be the oldest, and probably surrounded the earliest castle, but in the
14th century the castle occupied a site to the north. These ruins are sur-
rounded by a moat of which the northern trench of the smaller forms a
part. In 1394 a college of secular canons was moved from Norton Sub-

Mettingham Castle

course and established on the site within the small moat mentioned above.
Another quadrangular court to the south, containing the earliest moat in
the north-east corner, appears to be of still later date ; this is from 1 2 ft. to
1 5 ft. wide, the banks rising 6 ft. above the water. On the east side, above
the inner side of the moat, is a defensive bank 2 ft. high, terminating at the
south in a mound 12 ft. in height ; at the south-west corner is a similar
mound, but whether an ancient work or the dredgings from the moat can-
not be ascertained. Around the greater part of a large area, including the
three courts, a tract of land at the eastern and western sides, is a water ditch ;
this has been nominated an outer moat, but it would rather appear to have
served for the drainage of the land and the overflow from the moats.

621

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Tannington (xlviii, 3). — Braiseworth Hall, 3 J miles north-west from
Framlingham, has a series of moats contained within one large oblong moat, the
latter being strengthened by a rampart upon its iimer margin ; this bank still
remains round one third of the whole cincture.

Wattisham (Ixv, 5). — Wattisham Hall, 5 miles south-west from
Needham Market, has a double moat. A broad oval fosse 44 ft. wide
surrounds an area 9 ft. above the water, upon which stands the manor house.
This is evidently an ancient fortified site long antedating the mediaeval works.
A manorial moat was at some later period cut around a large irregular quad-
rangular area, inclosing the more ancient oval site. This averages 1 2 ft. wide,^
with banks 3 ft. high, and taking an inward curve on the south-east it enters
the fosse of the first work ; it is probable that at the time the moat was
constructed the oval fosse was converted into a moat by the inlet of water.
The church and churchyard are situated within the north-west corner of the
manorial moat. Vestiges of banks without the western side may have
inclosed an orchard, and by the north side of this embankment are the
remains of a fish-pond.

WiNGFiELD (xxvi, lo). — Wingfield Castle, 5 miles north-east from Eye,
is an ideal example of that type of residence transitional from the feudal castle
to the moated manor-house. The walls of the castle and courtyard rise

OF FEET
100 200 300

WiHGFIELD CaSTLB

immediately from the waters of the moat, which is from 24 ft. to 40 ft. broad,
and nearly square in plan. The principal entrance is now by a stone bridge,
but a drawbridge still spans the eastern side of the moat. Outside the
northern margin of the moat is a wide vallum 8 ft. 4 in. in height. Indica-
tions of other water-girt areas are situated on the east.

622

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

MISCELLANEOUS EARTHWORKS

[Class X]

Bredfield (Ixvii, 8). — 'Oliver's Ditches,' 4 miles north from Wood-
bridge, are artificial trenches 8 ft. deep ; they describe an ellipse around a
large area in which is situated the site of a rectangular camp dealt with in
Class C ; they also extend to the south, taking a serpentine course, and pro-
tecting another area. These were evidently excavated for defensive purposes,
but their origin is unknown.

Bury St. Edmunds (xliv, 11), — In a district called Haberdon, to the
south-east of the town and east of Southgate Street, the only remaining
earthwork defences of Bury lie in a field. An escarpment facing south-east
by south is 14 ft. in depth, v/ith a fosse having a counterscarp of 6 ft. ; the
outer scarp is 5 ft. 8 in., and is a very gentle slope. Branching from the fosse
and facing due south is another entrenchment with a scarp of 2 ft. 4 in., and a
counterscarp of i ft. 6 in., with an outer bank i ft. high. Towards the east
it has been mutilated by field drainage, and to the north by digging for
gravel.

Cavenham (xxxii, 3). — 'Black Ditches,' a series of banks and trenches,
commence on the northern edge of Cavenham Heath, about ^ a mile south-
west of Icklingham, and extend for i of a mile towards the south-east.
Traces of these Ditches again appear on the west side of Long Plantation, and
finally terminate on Risby Poor's Heath. Signs of primitive habitations
abound here, and tumuli lie to the north.

CocKFiELD (Ixiii, 4). — 'The Warbanks ' ; see Lawshall.

CoDDENHAM (Ixvi, 2). — On the road from Ipswich to Eye, east of
Needham Market, is 'Stonewalls,' a bank inclosing about lo acres, and at
the north-east corner, close to the road, is a high wooded hill known as
' Beacon Hill.'

Cratfield (xxxviii, 2). — In a field to the south of the village are broad
banks forming three sides of a square.

Eye (xxxvi, 3). — North-east of Eye Castle, and west of the River Dove,
is a series of fish-ponds of the Benedictine priory founded here by Robert
Malet.

Great Welnetham (liv, 12). — To the east of the hamlet of Sickles-
mere, 2i miles south by east from Bury St. Edmunds, the base of a rounded
slope is scarped to a depth of 8 ft., upon which a fragment of a rampart 3 ft.
high remains. This looks towards the south across the site of the ancient
mere — formed by the waters of the River Lark — and confronts another site
which has yielded abundant relics of Roman occupation.

Around the north and west sides of the area from which Roman relics
have been excavated, and extending far towards the south-west, is a manorial
bank.

Havergate Island (Ixxviii, 6). — Within the widened waters of the
River Ore is a tract of land surrounded by a bank which has been called an
ancient ' mud sheep fold,' but the work is preserved to keep the island from
inundation.

623

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

IcKXiNGHAM (xxi, 1 5 and 16). — The ancient road known as the Icknield
Way crossed Icklingham Heath ; here the flint relics, the indications of a
camp, and the presence of tumuli point to an early occupation of this spot.
Many banks and ditches intersecting the ground have suggested it as the
defences of a prehistoric village ; but the earthworks rather have the appear-
ance of mediaeval land boundaries.

The Warbanks, Lawshall

Langham (xxxiv, 12). — 'Castle Ditches' is the name given to a field
east of the church and north of a moated area, which local tradition asserts
to be the site of a village, but all traces of earthworks have been obliterated
during the last fifty years.

Lawshall (Ixiii, 4). — 'The Warbanks,' also extending into the adjacent
parishes of Cockfield and Shimpling. These entrenchments are now in three
distinct parts, but they doubtless formed part of one extensive defence.
The most northerly portion, north-east of the Greyhound Inn and on the
eastern side of the high road between Sudbury and Bury St. Edmunds,

624

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

consists of a rampart 4 ft. high, with an escarpment of 8 ft. at the south-west,
increasing to 14 ft. towards the north-east of this 500 ft. of entrenchment.
The fosse, 4 ft. deep, is towards the north-west. The most perfect part by
the roadside was levelled in 1880. Another portion lying on the west of the
road would, if extended, join the first length at right angles ; this consists of
two lengths of fosse ; that at the north-east is 500 ft. long, the other branching
from it at an obtuse angle and taking a south-westerly course is 600 ft., and
finally takes a short curve to the west ; in this case the rampart has quite
gone, and the ground being under the plough the fosse is only just traceable.
The third portion is in a straight line from north-east to south-west, 1,800 ft.
long, when it turns to the south for a distance of 600 ft. The southern
portion of this is now a fosse only, with an escarpment of 20 ft. at its most
perfect part, it was placed to the south-east of the rampart, but the latter has
been levelled. The middle portion is a scarp only, and the most northerly
part is a rampart.

LiNDSEY (Ixxiii, 12). — A portion of one straight side of a manorial bank
is behind the ancient chapel on Chapel Farm.

Redisham (xviii, 10). — A manorial quadrangular bank lies to the
south-west of Redisham Church, close to the south side of the road.

Shimpling (Ixiii, 4). — 'The Warbanks ' ; see Lawshall.

Sutton (Ixxvi, 4). — To the north of the tumuli at Sutton Haugh, near
Woodbridge, is a long entrenchment of bank and fosse, the former 2 ft. high
on the north with a scarp 4 ft. 6 in. into the ditch on the south ; this runs
east and west ; at the east end it curves to the north, but has here been
destroyed. At its western end another bank curves from the first at an acute
angle in a northerly direction, with its ditch on the south-eastern side.
Local rumours endow it with venerable antiquity ; but it was possibly a fold
inclosure.

Close to the same spot another low bank starts from the west of the
northernmost barrow, and follows a southerly direction with its fosse on the
east. These are doubtless land boundaries of a far later period than the
tumuli between which it takes its course.

Wangford (xii, 7). — On high chalk land are twenty-five bowl-like pits
of oval form, of which the largest is 18 ft. in diameter and 5 ft. deep.

Woodbridge (Ixvii, 16). — On the east of the town, alongside the north
of the road, a length of bank indicates the ancient road before it was diverted
to its present track.

TUMULI

AsHFiELD (xlviii, 13). — Near Thorpe Hall is Mill Mount, a flat-topped
tumulus with a ditch around its base.

Aldringham with Thorpe (Ix, 4 and 7). — Tumuli are situated on Aldring-
ham Green, south of the vicarage. Another is on ' The Walks,' Aldringham
Common, to the west of the railway line.

Bardwell (xxiii, 11). — A large tumulus is in a field to the north of
Bowbeck.

Barton Mills (xxxii, i). — A tumulus is on Chalk Hill north of Chalk
Hill Farm.

I 625 79

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Belton (ii, 13). — 'Mill Hiir is a large tumulus south-west of
Belton.

Blaxhall (lix, 16). — On the west of Tunstall Heath, south-east of
Blaxhall, is a tumulus in which Roman remains were found.

BucKLESHAM (Ixxxiii, 2). — Tumuli are on Bucklesham Heath adjoining
Knight's Heath in the next parish, where others are to be seen.

Bury St. Edmunds (xliv, 7). — The 'Thing Houe.' Outside the North
Gate of Bury, on the west side of the road to Fornham, and formerly partially
isolated by the Teyfen Mere and the marshes of the River Lark, is a tumulus
on which the ancient court of judicature of the people of Bury assembled.
In charters and documents it is variously spelt ' Dinghowe,' ' Thinghoe,' and
' Thinghowe.' It is possibly a monument to the Danish influence in East
Anglia ; and as the Dinghowe of St. Edmunds it is mentioned in four Saxon
charters.' The name is retained in the ' Thingoe Hundred.' In the latter
part of the 19th century excavations proved it to be a tumulus of three inter-
ments. The centre, however, was not reached nor the primary burial dis-
covered. The East Anglian School now occupies the reduced summit.

Chillesford (Ixviii, 8). — A tumulus is on the eastern border of Wantis-
den Heath ; and (Ixix, 5) another west of Barness Carr.

Clare (Ixxi, 3). — The site of a tumulus is in a field to the north of the
White Hart Inn.

CuLFORD (xxxiii, 6). — The ' Hill of Health ' is a tumulus near the road
north-east of Brockley.

Debenham (xlvii, 16). — A tumulus lies near Brice's Farm.

DuNwicH (xl, 13). — A tumulus is in Greyfriars' Wood, close to the
clifl's.

Fakenham Magna (xxiii, 9). — On the southern end of Larkhall Heath
and south-west of the village is a tumulus.

Flempton (xxxii, 12). — Two tumuli are at the north-east corner of Risby
Poor's Heath.

Fornham St. Geneveve (xxxiii, 15). — Situated on 'John's Hill,' as
locally known, are a large number of tumuli which have been so dug over in
the transplanting of trees that their original form is lost and it is now impos-
sible to number them.

Fritton (ii, 13). — 'Bell Hill,' a long tumulus close to the railway.
The summit has been excavated, leaving two minor hills upon it.

Gazeley (xxxii, 13). — One tumulus is in a field north of Pin Farm, and
two lie in a field east of Kentford.

Gazeley (xxxii, 14). — A tumulus on the west of Desning Lodge is to
the south of the Icknield Way.

Great Barton (xliv, 8). — ' Catteshill,' a tumulus used for the judicial
assembly of Bury after the Thinghowe had been obtained by the convent of
St. Edmund's Abbey.

Great Finborough (Ivi, 5). — ' Devil's Hill,' a tumulus on the west of
Finborough Hall.

Hadleigh (Ixxiv, 14). — The ' Herst,' long known as Gallows Hill.

Halesworth (xxvii, 12). — A tumulus lies near the road to Bungay.

•Kemble, Codex Diplomaticus ^vi Saxonid, nos. 832, 915, 134*, 1346.

626

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

Helmingham (Ivii, 12). — A tumulus with a flat top and surrounded by
a ditch is near the village, and other tumuli that have been destroyed near the
church have yielded numerous British relics.

Herringswell (xxxii, 5). — A tumulus is on the heath to the west of
the village.

HoNiNGTON (xxiii, 13). — 'Troston Mount,' a tumulus on the eastern
side of Broad Mere, west of the village.

IcKLiNGHAM (xxi, 7 and 16). — 'Howe Hill,' a tumulus south of Rake
Heath, close to the Thetford road ; another lies to the west of Lackford Road
Heath and south-east of Bernersfield Farm. On Mitchell's Hill are the remains
of a cemetery, and many remains of interments are in the northern part of
the parish.

Iken (Ixix, i). — A tumulus is on Iken Heath, west of Oak Covert.

Kentford (xxxii, 13). — A tumulus lies to the east of Cock and Bull
Farm and north-east of Kentford.

Knettishall (xiv, 15). — Tumuli are on Knettishall Heath.

Lackford (xxxii, 12). — In Long Belt Wood, between Hall Heath and
Intercommon Heath, is a tumulus.

Levington (Ixxxiii, 6 and 7). — Tumuli are situated on Levington
Heath.

Martlesham (Ixxvi, 6, 7, 10, and 12). — Many tumuli are scattered over
Martlesham Heath, and others to the south on Brightwell Heath. Another
is on Waldringfield Heath.

Mildenhall (xxi, 6). — On Warren Hill, north of the road to Bury,
is a group of bowl-shaped barrows called the ' Three Hills,' 70 ft. in diameter
and 9 ft. high ; formerly — according to Salmon — these were surrounded by
ditches. They were opened in 1875 and the interments were found to be
inhumation, and orientated ; many implements of iron were unearthed.

Nacton (Ixxxiii, 2). — The 'Seven Hills' were a group of tumuli on
Knight's Heath ; all but three have been levelled, and of those, one situated
immediately behind the Police Station is in course of demolition. In the course
of taking the sandy soil, of which it is composed, for garden purposes, a quantity
of black pottery has been found, but, considered as rubbish, the potsherds have
been yet further broken to make a garden path. This tumulus has been of
bowl-form, g ft. high at the apex. Another, in a plantation, covers a large
area and is 6 ft. high ; and the third, in an adjacent coppice, is of smaller pro-
portions. One of the latter is said to have been explored, but no results were
obtained.

Norton (xlv, 3). — A tumulus is in the grounds of Little Haugh Hall, the
name of which is suggestive.

RisBY (xxxii, 16; and xliii, 3). — Tumuli are upon Risby Poor's Heath and
also to the east of it. The remains of another lie near the Newmarket road,^
north of Barrow Bottom and of the railway.

Rough AM (xlv, 9 and 13). — Two Roman tumuli have here been ex-
plored. The smaller of them was opened by Prof. Henslow in 1844, and the
contents — as near as possible arranged as when found — are now in the museum
at Bury. ' East Low Hill ' is a large tumulus 25 ft. high, its longer axis lying
north and south. A tunnel was pierced from the northern side and 50 ft. from
the outer edge the tomb was discovered ; raised on a platform and covered by a

627

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

rounded vault of Roman bricks was a leaden coffin ; this with its contents was
deposited in the Fitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge. Two other tumuli near
the same spot have been destroyed.

Snape (Ix, 9). — Tumuli abound by the side of the Roman road from
Aldeburgh, through Snape ; this is especially noticeable on Church Common.
Several large barrows formerly stood near Snape Priory, but they have been
levelled, among them a most interesting ship-barrow, wherein the position
of the iron bolts gave the dimensions and form of the original vessel ; relics of
gold, of glass, and of onyx, of the Norse burial were found; above them the
cinerary urn and articles of an early British interment had been placed.
These relics are now in the possession of Mr, A. J. Swinburne of Snape
Priory.

Sutton (Ixxvi, 4). — ' Sutton Haugh' is a name now generally applied to
a group of twelve tumuli situated high above the left bank of the River Deben,
opposite the town of Woodbridge. These are bowl-shaped barrows ; the most
northern is over 40 ft. in diameter at the base and rises to 8 ft.; the next one
to it is small, being only 4 ft. 10 in, in height ; another, with a diameter of
78 ft. and a height of 7 ft. 4 in,, has been cut through. One of oval form
80 ft. long by 50 ft, broad attains a false height of 18 ft. by the throwing up
of the earth in an unsystematic exploration.

Troston (xxii, 16). — Three tumuli are on Troston Heath, one of them
being called 'Black Hill.'

Walberswick (xxxix, 4), — A tumulus is on 'Tinker's Walks,' a heath
south of the railway,

Wangford (xii, 7). — On Wangford Warren are tumuli of the Bronze
Age.

Westleton (xxxix, 8). — A tumulus lies to the west of Fen Covert, south
of Newdelights Walks,

Westley (xliv, 6). — On Shire House Heath, between the roads from
Risby Gate and North Gate of Bury, is a tumulus called Henhowe, which was
made the Hill of Judicature when the local court was transferred from Cattes-
hill in 1305. Other tumuli in the northern part of the parish have been
explored ; one opened in 1883 was of the Neolithic Age, another opened in
1884 contained a large Celtic cinerary urn, and another at Westley Bottom
contained Roman remains.

Wordwell (xxii, 14). — A tumulus lies in a field to the south of Chalk
Lane, west of Culford Heath hamlet.

WoRLiNGTON (xxxi, 4). — A tumulus is in the midst of a clump of fir
trees on the west of the road, north-east of Redlodge Warren.

628

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

INDEX

OF THE

Parishes in which Earthworks ark situated, with the Letter of the
Class to which they Belong

Parish Class

Acton 3 F

Alderton F

Aldringham with Thorpe . . 2 T

Ashbocking C, 2 F

Ashfield 2 T

Aspall F

Athelington 3 F

Bacton 8 F

Badingham 2 F

Badwell Ash 2 F

Bardwcll F, T

Barham F

Barking F

Barnardiston 2 F

Barningham F

Barrow G

Barsham F

Barton Mills F, T

Battisford F

Baylham 2 F

Beccles F

Hedfield 3 F

Bedingfield 4 F

Belton T

Benhall F

Beyton F

Blaxhall T

Blundeston F

Boxted 2 F

Bradfield Combust 2 F

Bradfield St. Clare 2 F

Bramfield C

Brampton 6 F

Bredfield C, 2 F, X

Brent Eleigh F

Brettenham C, 4 F

Brcckley 5 F

Brome 2 F

Bruisyard F

Brundish 6F

Bucklesham T

Bungay C, E

Bures St. Mary F

Burgate 2 F

Burgh (near Woodbridge) . . C, D, 5 F

Burgh Castle (near Yarmouth) . C

Bury St. Edmunds X, T

Buxhall 3 F

Carlton Colville F

Cavendish 4 F

Parish Clut

Cavenham X

Charsfield 2 F

Chediston 3 F

Chevington C, 2 F, G

ChiUesford 2 T

Chilton F

Clare C, E, T

Claydon F

Cockfield 2 F, X

Coddenham 2 F, X

Combs D, 3 F

Cotton 6 F

Cowlinge 7 F

Cratfield F, X

Creeting St. Mary 4 F

Creeting St. Peter F

Cretingham F

Crowfield 2 F

Culford T

Culpho F

Dallinghoo
Darsham .
Debenham
Denham .
Dennington
Depden .
Drinkstone
Dunwich

Earl Soham .
Earl Stonham
East Bergholt
Easton
Edwardstone
Elmsett . .
Elmswell
Eye . . .

F

F

7F,T

2 F

II F

F
2 F

T

F
F

F

2F

F

3F
F

3F,>

E,

Fakenham Magna C, T

Felsham 8 F

Finningham C, F

Flempton T

Flixton 3 F

Fornham All Saints .... F

Fornham St. Geneveve ... T

Framlingham E

Framsden 4 F

Fressingfield 9 F

Fritton T

629

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

INDEX {(tntinued)

Panth

Gazeley . . . .

Gedding . . . .
Gisleham

Gislingham . . .

Gosbeck . . . .

Great Ashfield . .

Great Barton . .

Great Bradley . .

Great Bricett . .
Great Cornard .

Great Finborough .
Great Glemham

Great Thurlow . .
Great Waldingficld

Great Welnetham .
Great Wenham
Great Wratting

Groton . . . .

F
T

Hacheston .
Hadleigh . . .
Halesworth .
Hargrave . .
Hasketon
Haughley
Havergate Island
Haverhill
Hawkedon .
Hawstead
Helmingham
Hengrave
Henham .
Herringfleet .
Herringswell
Hessett . . .
Heveningham .
Hintlesham .
Hitcham .
Honington .
Hoo . . . .
Horham . . .
Horningsheath .
Hoxne
Hundon .
Hunston . .

Icklingham . . . .

Iken

Ilketshall St. Andrew .
Ilketshall St. John . .
Ilketshall St. Margaret

Ixworth

Ixworth Thorpe . .

Kedington .
Kelsale . .
Kentford
Kenton .
Kettlebaston

Class

E, F, 4 T

2F
2F

F
F

D, 3
F,G,

F

F

F

F, T

F
2F, G

2F

F,X

F

F
D,F

F
T
T
F

2F

E, 2F
X

C,F

F
F, G
G,T

F

F

F

T
3F

F

F
2 F

T

2F
2 F

F
6F

F
D,F

C,X,2

T

2 F

E

4F
F
F

F
F
T

4F
F

Pariih

Kettleburgh
Knettishall

Class

F
T

Lackford

Langham

Lavenham

Lawshall

Laxfield

Layham

Letheringham

Levington

Lidgate

Lindscy

Linstead Magna ....

Little Bradley

Little Finborough ....
Little Glemham ....

Little Saxham

Little Stonham

Little Thurlow

Little Waldingficld . . .
Little Welnetham ....
Little Wratting ....
Long Melford 3 F, G

T
F, X

F

6F, X

6 F

F
2 F

T

E
E, X

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

F

Market Weston
Martlesham .
Mellis . . .
Mendham
Mendlesham
Metfield . . .
Mettingham .
Mickfield . .
Milden . . .
Mildenhall . .
Monewden .
Monks Eleigh .
Monk Soham

Nacton

Naughton

Nayland with Wissington

Nedging

North Cove

Norton

Nowton

Occold . .
Offton . .
Old Newton
Onehouse
Orford . .

Otley

Pakefield .
Pakenham
Parham .

F

T

3F

2 F

5F

3F

F,G

3F

E, 2 F

F, T

F

F

2F

T
3F
3F

F

C
F, T

F

3F

D, F

3F

F

D

E, 5F

F

2 F
F

630

ANCIENT EARTHWORKS

INDEX {continued)

Pettaugh .
Pettistree
Playford .
Polstead ,
Preston .

Parilh

Claw

3F

F

F

F
2 F

Rattlesden F

Rede F

Redisham D, X

Redlingfield F

Rendham F

Rickinghall Superior .... F

Ringshall 4 F

Risby 2 T

Rishangles 2 F

Rougham 3 F, 2 T

Rumburgh 3 F

Rushbrooke F

Shadingfield

Shetland

Shelley

Shimpling

Shotley

Sibton

Snape

South Elmham All Saints
South Elmham St. Cross .
South Elmham St. Margaret ,
South Elmham St. Michael ,
South Elmham St. Nicholas ,
South Elmham St. Peter .

Southolt

Spexhall

Sproughton

Stanningfield ....

Stansfield

Stoke Ash

Stonham Aspall ....

Stoven

Stowlangtoft ....

Stowupland

Stradbroke

Stradishall

Stuston

Sudbury

2F

2 F
F
3F,X
F
F
T

4F
C, 2 F

2 F
F
F
F

2 F
F
F
F
F

2 F

3F
F

C, 2 F
F

8 F

F

F

F

Sutton C, X, T

Pariih

Tannington .
Tattingstone
Thorndon
Thorn ham Parva
Thorp Morieux
Thrandeston
Thwaite . . .
Troston .

Ufford

Walberswick

Walsham le Willows . . .

Wangford

Wantisden

Washbrook

Wattisham

Westhall

Westhorpe

Westleton

Westley

Wetherden

VVetheringsett cum Brockford

Weybread

Whatfield

Whepstead

Wickhambrook

Wickham Market ....

Wilby

Willingham

Willisham

Wingfield

Winston

Wissett

Withersfield

Witnesham

Woodbridge

Woolpit

Wordwell

Worlington

Worlingworth

Wortham

Wrentham

Wyverstone

CUsi

4F,G
F

8 F

F

4F
2 F
3F

T

T
2 F

T,X

F

2 F

F, G
3F
2 F

F, T

T

3F

Yaxley
Yoxford

F
5F

F

F
?F,G

F

F

2 F
2 F

X

F

T

F, T

3F

F

F

2F

F

631

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC

HISTORY

Part I

jA T the time of the Conquest Suffolk was perhaps (excluding Middlesex)
/% the most densely populated county in England. The persons of

/ % all classes mentioned in its Domesday Survey number 20,491.
Larger numbers are recorded in the case of Lincoln and Norfolk,
but the acreage of these counties is more than proportionately greater. The
population was moreover as remarkable for its quality as for its quantity.
Of the 12,423 freemen recorded in Domesday,^ 7,460, or more than
half, were in Suffolk. Of socmen, whose status differed from that of freemen
mainly in their inability to sell their land without the lord's permission,
Suffolk had 1,060. These two classes taken together constituted about the
same proportion to the rest of the population in Norfolk as in Suffolk, and
the same is true of the disappearing class of serfs who numbered 995 in
Norfolk, and 909 in Suffolk. There were, however, about four thousand
more villeins and cottars in Norfolk than in Suffolk, where the villeins only
numbered 2,814, and the cottars (bordarii) 6,226, making together con-
siderably less than half of the whole. Throughout England as a whole, and
in most of the separate counties, the villeins and cottars were more than two-
thirds of the recorded population. Both the larger numbers and the superior
status of the men of Suffolk, Norfolk, and Lincolnshire, must be mainly attributed
to the accident of geographical position. The successive waves of invasion
naturally left a richer deposit of settlers along the eastern coast, and the
defeated race left a smaller remnant in that region to swell the ranks of
serfdom.

It may be inferred from what has been said that the typical holder of
land in Suffolk was the freeman of small estate. The larger manors of
several hundred acres, cultivated with the assistance of a score of villeins and
of one or two serfs, were to be found indeed in all parts of the county, and
accounted for the greater part of the soil, but they by no means dominated
every township as in most parts of England, nor did they contain the majority
of the cultivators of the soil. There were many small manors which had
none of the economic characteristics associated with the name, containing, as
they did quite commonly, only 30 acres, the usual size of a villein holding

' F. W. Maitland, Dom. Bk. and Beyond, 19-20 ; Ellis, Introd. to Dom. ji, 469-70, 488-90, 51 1-14 ;
A. Ballard, The Dom. Surv. 114, 264.

I 633 80

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

on a large manor, and being cultivated by the labour of the lord of the manor
himself, with the help at most of a single cottar.* Apart from these, the
holdings of freemen and socmen were of every size from one acre to a
hundred or more, but the average holdings were very small, quite as small
as, and probably smaller than, the average villein holding, though no details
are given of the latter. We may take a rough example from Thingoe
Hundred, where the villeins and serfs were more numerous than usual. An
average of eleven manors gives about four carucates to the manor, with
8 villeins, 7 cottars, and 4 serfs to cultivate it. On these eleven manors the
villeins numbered 92, the bordars 80, and the serfs 45. In the same district
there were 149 freemen and socmen holding land, the acreage of which was
a little more than two-thirds of that of the eleven manors. One of these
held two carucates, another one, but the average holding was only about
twenty-three acres. To assist in the cultivation of their land they had
8 villeins, 84 bordars, and 13 serfs.'

The relations of the freemen and socmen with small holdings to their
superior lords presented a great many varieties. Even before the great
change effected by the Conquest they had been exhibiting an increasing
degree of dependence, and this tendency was now accentuated. Let us talce
a single township in the midst of a district largely inhabited by freemen :
the hundred of Hertesmere. There were no less than five tenants-in-chief
interested in Gislingham, and under them forty-one freemen had holdings
which varied in size from one acre up to thirty. Before the Conquest
seven of the smaller holders had been driven by the insecurity of the times
to place themselves under the protection of Ulwin, the lord of the neigh-
bouring manor of Burgate and of much other land in Suffolk. A group of
three freemen, who owned 53 acres, and had a freeman under them with
I acre, had commended themselves to another neighbouring Saxon lord.
Two other groups of six and four, possessing 13 and 10 acres respectively,
had commended themselves severally to two freemen of their own township
who held 30 acres apiece as manors. But the Conquest had borne heavily
upon these small lords of manors. They had lost all their plough-cattle, and
were themselves in need of protection. There was a manor of the larger
kind in Gislingham. It had 240 acres as against 295 held by the freemen,
but it had only two bordars to assist in its cultivation. It was natural that
the lord of this manor and the freemen seeking protection should be drawn
together. The two small manors and presumably the two groups of dependent
freemen commended themselves to the larger manor, and another group of
eight freemen owning 16 acres did the same.*

The depression in the status of freemen and of socmen which had begun
before the Conquest but was accentuated by that great change was not always
due to voluntary commendation. In the new distribution of lordship the rights
of small holders were often ignored. Bracton tells us at a later date that at
the time of the Conquest freemen who were ejected by stronger people came
back and received the same lands to be held in villeinage, and by villein

' Maitland, Dom. Bk. and Beyor.d, 117-18.

• Suffolk Dom. Thingoe Hundred. The Latin text extended and translated. By John H. The calcu-
lations are my own — G. U.

* Dom. Bk. ii, fol. jzzj^ b, 4404, 444^.

634

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

services which were specified and certain.' And in the Domesday record
itself we find many freemen added to manors, and some paying custom
to a lord's bailiff where none was paid before. At that time or in the century
that followed we find them losing the right to sell or give their land. In
spite of all this, the class of freemen remained a very large one in Suffolk.
In nearly every village in the county men of free status were living along
with men of villein status, with little in their manner of life or the amount
of land they held to distinguish them from each other, and this was a factor
of the greatest importance in the social development we are about to trace.^

In that development the towns naturally led the way. Suffolk had not,
and never acquired, any town of the first rank, but 738 burgesses and 178
poor men are enumerated in six centres of trade and industry exclusive of
Bury. At the time of the Conquest Dunwich with its 440 householders
was the most flourishing of these, in spite of the fact that the incursions of
the sea, which were to prove its destruction, had already begun. Its prosperity,
which was maintained for another century, was mainly due to the herring
fishery, which was carried on all along the coast from Dunwich to Gorleston
and Beccles. The Abbot of Bury had a ' sea-hedge ' at Southwold, and
derived a rent of 25,000 herrings from his manor there. The herring rents
of Beccles and Dunwich were each 60,000, and many villages several miles
inland had to provide a quota of one or two thousand yearly for their lord's
use. It was here that industrial influences were first brought to bear on the
social life of Suffolk. Ipswich at the time of the Confessor had had 538
burgesses, but it had suffered terribly during the Conquest, and in 1087 it
had only 210, of whom 100 were too poor to pay more than a penny of
taxation. Of the markets recorded in Domesday an exceptionally large
number were in Suffolk. They are mentioned at Eye, Hoxne, Sudbury
(where there was also a mint), Beccles, Clare, Haverhill, and Caramhall^
besides a fair at Aspall.*

Nowhere is the process of transition from serfdom to freedom more
clearly displayed than in the early history of Bury St. Edmunds as preserved
for us by the admirable Jocelyn de Brakelonde.' Originally the townsmen
of Bury held their houses and their land from the abbot on servile conditions.
They were obliged to plough a rood of their lord's land for every acre they
occupied themselves. At harvest time they must give their services in
reaping his crops, and assist along with their oxen in carrying them to the
barn. At night they must drive their sheep and cattle into the lord's fold in
order that his lands might be enriched with the manure. Once a year each
householder must make a journey of 14 miles to Lakenheath, and spend a
day catching eels for the cellarer. Before the end of the i 2th century most
of these services were redeemed by a bargain profitable to both parties for a
money payment. Instead of the eel-catching, which might easily prove
unprofitable if the sportsmen were as unwilling as the eels, each holder of
30 acres was to pay a penny (the price of a day's work) and remain at home.

' VinogradofF, Villainage in England, 121.

• Dom. Bk. ii, 331, 33 li^, 404^, \loa, b ; Maitland, Dom. Bk. and Beyond, 62.

' W. J. Corbett and T. T. Methold, ' Rise and devolution of Manors in Repworth,' $uff. Arch. Inst. vol. x.
' Dom. Bk. ii, 319^, 379, 2861J, 369^, 389, 428, 330^, 418.

' Mem. of St. Edmund's Abbey (Rolls Ser.), i, 299-305 ; The Chron. of Jocelin of Brakehnd (ed. Sir E.
Clarke), (1903), 1 50-161.

63s

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In the same way the service of reaping was commuted for an annual penny
called rep-silver, the carrying service for a tax of zd. on each 30 acres called
' aver-peni,' whilst the obligation for bringing cattle to the lord's fold was met
by a payment of a penny for every cow per year called ' sor-peni.' But as
Bury became a busy and populous town and the holdings changed hands,
were divided, or sublet, the assignment and collection of these dues became
increasingly difficult. In the uncertainty as to who was liable, it was easy
for the richer burgesses to evade payment, and the abbey official found
himself reduced to levying the tax on the poorer householders by dis-
training such of their movables as lay to his hand. This method of
collection led to disturbances and bad feeling in the town, and cannot have
yielded much profit to the abbey. When therefore the townspeople offered
to compound for rep-silver by the payment of a fixed sum every year, the
abbot, ' considering the undignified way in which the cellarer used to take
distresses in the houses of the poor, and how the old women came out with
their distaffs threatening and abusing the cellarer and his men, ordered that
20J-. should be given every year to the cellarer at the next portmanmoot
before August ' by the burgesses through the hands of the bailiff in discharge
of rep-silver. A quittance was also given for the payment of sor-peni in
consideration of 4/. payable at the same term, which was a pure gain to the
abbey as the burgesses had for some time successfully repelled the attempts
of the cellarer to seize the dunghills before their doors, and each householder
had acquired a prescriptive right to use or sell his own.

There was indeed no practical object to be gained by enforcing agricul-
tural service on a body of townsmen, but the comparative ease with which
the men of Bury got rid of this element of villeinage was due to their
possessing an organization capable of bargaining with the abbot and of
standing to the bargain when made. The question was how far should this
new organization be allowed to carry its claims to an independent existence.
The rights of the town as a borough had been in some sort recognized by
previous abbots since the beginning of the 1 2th century, and more explicitly
by the charter of Abbot Anselm," but for the most part they were being
acquired by the steady encroachments of custom. From the monks' point of
view the burgess tenants in Bury were still to be distinguished from the
villeins of the abbey only by the few privileges mentioned in the charter, and
the new sources of revenue opened up by the growth of the town were
entirely at the disposal of their lord. They might be tallaged or their
merchandise taxed at his pleasure. The rents of their stalls and shops might
be made a rack-rent. Their numbers might be increased by the admission
of the abbey's suburban tenants to share all the advantages of the town's
trade without bearing any of its burdens. Their markets were to be regarded
as in the first place a source of supply to the abbey, which was to have the
right of first purchase at a lower price than others. And finally, their
municipal officers were to be considered as servants of the abbey."

Such claims involved a complete negation of the rights which the free
towns of Western Europe were at this time winning for themselves, and the
men of Bury found it impossible to acquiesce in them. Their town was fast

" Published by J. H. Round in American Hist. Rev. ii, 688.
" Mem. of St. Edmund's Abbey (Rolls Ser.), i, 279-80, 304.
636

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

becoming, if it had not already become, the wealthiest and most populous in
the county. The cloth industry, which was destined to transform the social
life of the county, was already established there, and a little later Bury was
to supply London with its leading cloth manufacturer." The yearly fair of
Bury was much frequented by the merchants of London," who could buy in
its Skinners Row and its Vicus Francorum the costly wares of Flanders and
Italy. ^* When Henry III wished to replenish his wardrobe and the ward-
robe of his sister Isabella with a set of furred robes of scarlet and black
burnet, and with tunics, over-tunics, and mantles wrought in the looms of
Ghent and of Ypres, he issued his mandate to William the royal tailor to go
in his proper person and bargain for them in Bury Fair.^' The enterprise
of such a centre of trade could not flourish if the management of its affairs
were to be controlled from the chapter-house and if every extra shilling of
profit were to be held on sufferance at the will of the abbot.

In point of fact the burgesses had practically established themselves in a
certain degree of independence. They chose their own bailiffs, though they
might go through the form of presenting them at the abbey, and when the
bailiffs had paid a fixed farm of £,^0 they considered themselves entitled to
let the shops and stalls in the market-place to the best advantage of the town.
They would not allow the abbot's servants to be free of toll in the market
unless they were selling his produce or buying for his use. If they dealt for
their own profit they must belong to their merchant gild. They had,
moreover, their borough court or portmanmoot, presided over by those who
were nominally the abbot's servants, but who were really their own elected
magistrates, and the wardship of minors went not to the lord of the borough,
but to the next of kin." Such was the situation in the time of Abbot Sampson
(i 1 82-1 21 1), who was statesman enough to perceive the futility of trying to
enforce on a vigorously growing community the letter of a legal arrange-
ment that was becoming obsolete. For the sake of pacifying the monks he
insisted on the bailiffs receiving the horn of office from the prior, but he left
them in unfettered exercise of the office, was ready to meet the townsmen
in their attempts to get rid of feudal obligations, and even promoted a
compromise by which those tenants of the cellarer who lived outside the
town gates might share in one of the chief privileges of the borough. The
monks had no sympathy with these concessions. They thought the farm of
the town should' be raised. When rep-silver and sor-peni were commuted,
the convent took it in ill part, and Benedict the sub-prior, answering for all
in the chapter, said, 'That man, Abbot Ording, who lies there would not
have done such a thing for five hundred marks of silver.'"

The rights and privileges which in the case of Bury were only conceded
partially, impUcitly, and with reservations that boded a future of stubborn
conflict, were at the same time in the towns that had no lord except the
king being achieved much more fully and explicitly by the grant of a
royal charter. In the reign of John — a great epoch of municipal enfranchise-
ment— and both in the same year of 1200, Ipswich and Dunwich received

" Fulk de St. Edmund, to whom there are many references in Letter Bk. A of the London records.

" Mem. (Roll Ser.), i, 278. " Harl. MS. 27.

» Cel. Close, 1231-4, p. 4. " Mem. (Rolls Ser.), i, 277, 281.

" Ibid, i, 300.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

charters as free boroughs with the right of farming their own revenues, of
self-government through their own elected magistrates, of independent
jurisdiction in their own courts in accordance with their own customs,
and finally of exercising the powers of a merchant gild. The story of the
manner in which the men of Ipswich, with a methodical solemnity which
marked their sense of the greatness of the occasion, set about the creation of
their new institutions, has often been told:^' the choice of two baihffs, four
coroners, and twelve chief portmen ; the assembling of all the townsmen in
the churchyard of St. Mary at Tower to swear allegiance to the new
constitution ; the separate choice of an alderman and four assistants to govern
the merchant gild ; the making and authorization of a common seal, and the
codification of the customs of the borough in the 'Domesday of Ipswich.'
What we are here concerned with — the social and economic aspects of this
new development — find their chief expression in the constitution of the
merchant gild as a separate organ of municipal government with officers'
records and accounts of its own, of which every full burgess was to be a
member, but every member of which need not be a full or resident burgess.

Nothing, indeed, could be more significant of the great change which
had been brought about by the recognition of the borough as a free self-
governing community than the terms upon which the most powerful of these
foreign burgesses were admitted to a share in its privileges. Foremost in
the roll comes Lord Roger le Bigod, Earl of Norfolk and Marshal of
England, who was installed as a burgess in the hall of the prior of St. Peter
soon after the charter was granted.

He gives to the merchant gild an ox and a bull, two quarters of wheat and two
quarters of malt, in order that he and his villeins may be free of toll in the town, viz., on
all corn and other things produced on his own estates and on all things bought for the use of
his own household and not otherwise. And he shall pay annually for ever at the feast of
St. Michael iiiii/. for his quay at Ipswich towards the farm of the town, but nevertheless if
his villeins are merchants they shall pay to the farm of our lord the king their right and due
custom . . . and the same day Robert de Vaux knight of the said earl was made a burgess
and he gives to the hanse of the gild a quarter of wheat, and in order that he and all the
villeins whom he has at Wenham and elsewhere may be free of toll at Ipswich in the
manner aforesaid he agrees to give every year . . . iiiij. and two bushels of wheat."

And about the same time the question having arisen how far certain
religious houses having lands and tenements in the town ought to be free of
toll, a jury declared that the Archbishop and Prior of Canterbury, the Bishop
and Prior of Norwich, the Bishop and Prior of Ely, the Abbot of Colchester,
and the Abbot of Coggeshall were free to sell their produce or buy for their
own use. If their villeins were merchants they must pay toll. The issue
involved in this settlement was of vital importance. It was one of the main
positions round which the struggle for municipal freedom was then being
carried on in many continental towns, and at Bury it remained for more than
two centuries one of the bitterest subjects of contention between the abbot
and his town.'"

Having thus made themselves masters in their own house, the burgesses
of Ipswich could afford to welcome the outsider into their market, and might

" Gross, GiU Merchant, i, 23-6 ; Pollock and Maitland, Hist, of Engl. Law, i, 658, 66^ ; Mrs. Green,
Town Life, ii, 224-5.

" Hist. MSS. Cam. Rep. \x, App. i, 240 ; Gross, Gild Merchant, ii, 113.
" F. Keutgen, Jemter und Ziinfie, 60-3.

638

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

offer favourable terms to the lords of neighbouring manors who wished to
become foreign burgesses, or even accept them as full burgesses if they were
willing to be ' at scot and lot ' with the townsmen. The contribution levied
annually upon foreign burgesses varied a little, but was generally 4^. and two
bushels of wheat for the larger proprietors, and id. and one bushel for a
smaller proprietor. Those who desired to be ' at scot and lot ' paid an
entrance fee of four or five shillings to the town, and one or two shillings to
the bailiff. In this way the town not only absorbed into its life as a free
community the originally alien elements within its own walls, but also became
the centre of a territory comprising most of the four surrounding hundreds of
Bosmere and Claydon, Sampford, Carleford, and Colneis, which owed it a
kind of allegiance. The Priors of Holy Trinity and St. Peter, who had
estates both in town and country, became full burgesses in 1 244, and their
successors took a leading part in organizing the religious activities of the
merchant gild, whilst during the latter half of the 13th century at least a
score of the lords of the landed gentry within a ten-mile radius had attached
themselves to Ipswich as out-burgesses, and promised to give aid and counsel
in its affairs." In order to appreciate the civilizing mission of the town we
have only to turn our attention to the feudal anarchy by which it was
surrounded. In the Hundred Rolls of 1274 we find ourselves treading every-
where the live embers of recent strife. At Bentley, for instance, the homage
of Sir Hugh ToUemache and the homage of Holy Trinity of Ipswich present
a verdict that the death of Jordan of Copdock was hastened by the assault of
Robert of Copdock and of John of Copdock, and the homage of Sir Hugh
ToUemache in Copdock agree in this verdict. On the other hand the juries
of Sproughton, Belstead, Albemarle, Hintlesham, Capel, Raydon, Brantham,
and Parva Belstead, and John le Barun and his homage in Copdock itself,
declare that Jordan died a natural death and not from the assault of Robert,'^
All the townships here mentioned lie in the hundred of Samford within a
few miles of Ipswich, and at the very moment when local feeling was running
high over this family affair, Sir Hugh ToUemache, John le Barun, and Robert
de Copdock paid their first contributions as foreign burgesses of the town.

The earliest detailed accounts of manorial organization in Suffolk belong
to the end of the I 3th century, but though many changes were in process of
realization, the essential framework of the rural economy was sufficiently
stable from the iith to the 14th century to justify our using these accounts
as a starting point for our study of the period. The chief economic features
of the manorial system were the communal methods of cultivation and the
labour rents rendered by the villein to his lord. All the arable land of the
village was divided into several portions (generally three), each of which lay
fallow in turn, was sown with two different crops in rotation and then left
fallow again. The holdings of each tenant, and generally of the lord's
demesne also, consisted of acre or half-acre strips scattered about these open
fields, no two of them together, and each divided from a neighbour's strip by
a narrow balk. No separate access was possible. The whole had to be
ploughed, sown and reaped at the same time, and after harvest it was turned
into a common pasture. Sometimes there was meadowland, distributed in

" The Great Domesday Book in Ipswich Town Hall ; Hist. MSS. Com. Rep. ix, App. i, 240.
" Hund. R. (Rec. Com.), ii, 175-6-

639

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

lots before the hay-harvest and afterwards thrown open, and generally there
were pasture and wood in which lord and tenants had common rights. The
demesne, or portion directly under the lord's management, was originally
cultivated almost entirely by the labour due from his villein tenants. During
the busiest portion of the year, each holder of a villein tenement had to
devote several days a week to ploughing, sowing, and reaping his lord's land,
and to carrying the crops. During autumn he was liable to be called upon
for the additional service of ' boon-days ' or precariae. Free tenants and
socmen sometimes rendered services of this kind, but they are exceptional and
small in proportion to the money rent which represented the bulk of their
obligation. The molman occupied an intermediate position. He was a
villein who had been freed from the greater part of his services in considera-
tion of a money rent.

These conditions were common to the whole of England. What was
peculiar to the eastern counties, and especially to Suffolk, was the large
number of small freemen who, though they tended to be subordinated to the
manorial system, could not be completely absorbed by it, and who by their
semi-independent status reacted strongly upon it so as to loosen its structure
at a comparatively early date. As the free holdings, never very large, grew
smaller by subdivision, the tenants would furnish an easily available source of
labour, and thus make the lord more inclined to allow the services of his
villeins to be commuted for money. In this way the villein, who very
frequently held more land than the free tenant, tended to become assimilated
to him in personal status.

It will be well to examine the normal working of the manorial organi-
zation in a few typical cases before following the gradual process of its
dissolution. The manor of Hadleigh, held by the Prior of Christchurch,
Canterbury, of which we have a full account in 1304, seems to have under-
gone surprisingly little change since Domesday. About a hundred acres were
held in small holdings by a number of free tenants, about a third of the rest
was held by the lord in demesne, and two-thirds was parcelled out among the
villein tenants in what had originally been 27 uniform holdings, probably of
24 or 30 acres apiece. The farmhouse of the demesne stood between the
high road and the river, surrounded by 4 acres of curtilage, herbage, and a
garden in which apples, pears, and grapes were grown. There was a wind-
mill and a water-mill, one for milling cloth, the other for corn, which
together brought in annually ^Tg 8j-. 8^., a dove-house, and a small quantity
of separate pasture, meadow, and wood.

The lord had the right to let out four score sheep on the common
pasture, and to fish the common fishery. The arable land of this demesne in
various fields amounted to 327 acres valued at 8^. an acre. ' And each acre
of suitable land can be sown with 2^ bushels of corn, with i\ bushels of
siliga, with 2 bushels of peas and beans, and with 4 bushels of oats, and
4 bushels of barley. And each plough ought to be yoked with 4 oxen and
4 heifers, and the plough can commonly plough one acre of land at the least
[a day].'

Each tenant of a full villein holding at Hadleigh had to plough 6 acres
a year for his lord, 3 in winter for corn, and 3 at Lent for oats and barley.
Five of the 6 acres were called ' gafolearth,' and had to be sowed and

640

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

harrowed as well as ploughed, the other acre, called ' benearth,' was supposed
to be thrown in out of the tenant's goodwill. The tenant also owed seven days
work between Michaelmas and Pentecost, in which seven days the lord might
expect him to thresh 2 quarters of corn or 4 of barley. During the busy
summer months he must provide five days' labour a week. The villein ten-
ants amongst them must reap 175 acres. They must spread, lift, and toss
the dung on the lord's meadow when cut, and each must do four days' carting.
For the harvesters food was found. Two men had 2 loaves (32 loaves to the
quarter of wheat), 6 herrings, a quantity of ' morterell,' ' potage,' and cheese.
On the first day they had water to drink, and beer or cider on the second.*'

The size of these holdings is not given in the Survey. The ordinary
virgate of 30 acres is found in Suffolk, but a virgate of 24 would seem to
have also been common. In many places some of these full holdings were
split up by the lord into half or quarter holdings. This, as we shall see later,
was the case at Hadleigh. At Hawstead there were customary holdings of
30, 15, and 7 J acres ; '* at Elmswell of 24, 12, and 6 ; and at Soham of 24,
1 2, 6, and 3, each with a proportionate set of customs." There were also
full yardlands of 16 acres each at Lidgate."

An extent taken of twelve Suffolk manors of the Abbot of Bury " about
the year 1 300 shows that the customary services differed very widely from one
manor to another even under the same lord. The amount directly assessed
in money varied from nothing to a quarter of the yearly value. The number
of acres to be ploughed by the holder of 24 acres varied from 2 to 10, and
the ploughing of an acre was generally valued at 4^. Reaping also was
valued at 4^., but it was more generally merged in the sum of works
demanded. If each of these works represented a day, the tenant would have
had no time to till his own acres. At Melford, for example, each tenant of
a virgate owed 312 works a year, but as these were only valued at 3 a penny,
they cannot have represented more than a few hours' labour apiece. The
more usual price of a work was a halfpenny, and of a full autumn day's work
a penny. Reducing the works to full days at a penny, we find the number
of days required from the holder of 24 acres in four different manors was 104,
69, 38, and 30. Sometimes the work is specified in quantity, as the threshing
of so many quarters of oats or barley. A couple of hens at Christmas and a
dozen eggs at Easter are almost invariably demanded. It seems likely that a
great part of these services were being commuted. Their estimated value
added to the money payment generally brings up the total rent of the land to
something between 4^. and 6d. an acre, and this was the value set on the
demesne land.

The services so far mentioned were villein services. Freemen seem as a
rule to have rendered an exclusively money rent. But 48 free tenants at Red-
grave rendered amongst them in addition to £c^ \%s. in money, 8 J quarters of
oats (8/. 6d'.), 8 hens (8^.), i duck (2§^.), 2 capons (3^2'.), 53 eggs (ij^.), 6
ploughings (ij. 6d.), 20 works {lod.), 6 weedings (3^.), reapings (12^.), and
5 plough-shares {is. T^d.). At Rickinghall 14 molmen owed besides a money

" An extent of the manor of Hadleigh in Suff. Arch. Inst, xi, pt. i .
" Copy of an extent of Hawstead in 1358, kindly lent me by Mr. E. Powell.
" Add. MSS. 13849. " See post, p. 663.

" Reg. Thomas Aljbatis, Harl. MSS. 230. The manors are Melford, Chevington, Hargrave, Saxham,
Fornham, Elmswell, Brockford, Worlingworth, Redgrave, Soham, Rickinghall, and Culford.

I 641 81

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

rent 33J quarters of oats at \od. a quarter, 79 hens, 340 eggs, 89 days' carry-
ing, and 80 mornings' work ; while another 40 molmen at the same place had
each to do three ploughings, receiving from the lord 4 loaves, 8 herrings,
and 24 eggs as food, and also to do among them 140 weeding works. At
Fornham 10 cottagers who held an acre apiece rendered \od. for each acre as
bedrep-silver and had to weed 30 acres of corn {^\d. an acre) and reap 30 acres
(at yl. an acre), which works out at the extraordinary rate of \s. %d. an acre.

The average value which is assigned to the arable land in the demesne of
these twelve manors is 4^/. an acre. Meadow is commonly valued at \s. 6d.
and pasture at is. Of the wood a portion varying from a seventh to a fif-
teenth is allowed to be cut each year, and this is valued at from is. bd. to 2j.
an acre. It appears to be implied in the language of the ' extent ' that the
demesne in several cases was actually rented out at these prices. This would
seem to have been a necessity when the demesne comprised, as in several
cases, more than half the land of the manor. Even if all the services due
from the villeins had been exacted they would not have sufficed. Such
renting out of the demesne must have played a large part in the break-up of
the manorial system. Wind and water-mills contributed a not inconsiderable
amount to the manorial receipts. The mill of Saxham was worth ioj., that
of Fornham 20J., that of Rickinghall 30J., and that of Redgrave ^6 13;-.
The market of Botesdale, which was attached to Redgrave, brought in £^\,
and that of Bungay was valued in 1 270 at ^d i y. A^d.^ and its two fairs at
j^4 1 3J. 4^." The annual value of pleas and perquisites was on the average
about loj., but at Melford it was 40j-., and at Redgrave 6oj.

A striking example of the action of the economic forces which were
gradually remoulding the status of the population as exhibited in the condi-
tions of land tenure is furnished in the account which the Hundred Rolls
give of the manor of Gorleston, which was included in the half-hundred of
Lothingland, and was reckoned as ' ancient demesne.' In Edward the Con-
fessor's time, when the Earl Gurth held it, there were twenty villeins
attached to the manor, but when the Domesday Survey was made these had
been reduced to twelve." The manor remained in the King's hands from
the Conquest till the reign of Henry III, by which time the villeins had
again increased to twenty. The total amount of land held by them was 258
acres, and it would seem to have been originally divided into lots of 1 2 acres,
since fifteen of the holdings were still of this size, while one was of 24 acres,
another of 35, two others of 8j and 4I, and one of 6 acres. The King's
bailiff received 29J. 3d', as annual rent from these ' bondmen,' but this hardly
represented half the value of the land to the King. The villeins also paid
2 2 J. 4^'. every year in place of the customary services which they owed on
the royal demesne.'" Before the middle of the 13th century they had ceased
to perform these services, and were giving their whole attention to their own
land, much as if they were freemen. What still marked them as villeins was
the equality of their holdings, which passed undivided from father to son or
to whatever successor the lord might appoint. There can be no doubt that
the holdings were divided into strips, probably of half an acre each, dis-
tributed over several large open fields which were cultivated according to a
course common to the whole village. But each holding of 1 2 acres, though

» Suckling, Hist. o/Suff. i, 120. » Dom. Bk. ii, 283. * Hund. R. (Rec. Com.), ii, 161.

642

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

it might be physically cut up into as many as 24 scattered bits, was legally
one, and had usually one holder. The natural tendency to subdivision of
holdings with an increase of population, which would have found a wider
expression in case of free tenure, had led to two of the holdings being repre-
sented by groups of partners, and apparently to the actual subdivision of a third.

During the reign of Henry III this situation underwent an entire
revolution. Each of the former holdings is now represented by a number of
tenants, several by three or four, others by eight, ten, or a dozen, one by a
score. The successors of the original holders have generally retained one or
two acres of each holding, and assumed the right of letting out the rest.
Many of the new tenants hold only a cottage, a rod of land, or one or two
half-acres. The population of Gorleston as a prosperous fishing village has
obviously increased, much more than doubled, and at first sight it looks as if
small holdings had become universal.

On closer examination of the list, however, a new and still more inter-
esting fact emerges. The strips thus sub-let in any one holding are taken
generally each by a separate tenant, but a number of these tenants have also
taken strips in other holdings. Sometimes half a dozen of these new tenancies
are under the same name, and the name is generally that of a descendant of
one of the original holders of 1 2 acres. A single instance will serve to
illustrate the process that has been going on. A certain John Bond was one
of the villeins holding 12 acres in the time of Henry III. His son has let
2 acres to Matilda Bond, i acre to Thomas le Palmer and Alicia his wife,
and 2l acres to Margaret, widow of Roger Ruffi. He has let small plots of
land for building purposes to eight persons, who now hold five messuages and
four cottages upon them. In John Bond's own occupation there can hardly
be left more than five or six of his original i 2 acres. But while he has been
letting to others he has been entering upon new tenancies himself. He has
three half-acre strips from the holdings of three different neighbours, 3 rods
from a fourth, i acre from a fifth, two lots of i J acres each from a sixth and
a seventh, and another piece of unspecified size from an eighth, of the
original holdings.''^ The amount of land in his occupation is therefore
almost exactly the same as at first. But why should he have abandoned his
compact ancestral holding to replace it by this multifarious tenancy of frag-
ments } There seems but one answer possible. The compactness of the
ancestral holding was on paper only ; the land itself was scattered about the
village in probably as many as twenty-four pieces. He has abandoned half
of these in order that he might build up a more compact estate round the
other half by adding to them the strips of his neighbours that lay on either
side of his own in the open fields. And several of his neighbours have been
doing the same. So that in place of a few holdings of uniform size held on
servile conditions and cultivated on uneconomical principles, we have a great
increase of small holdings, the growth of compact holdings affording more
scope for enterprise and capital, and in both cases the servile conditions have
all but disappeared.

Yet so great is the power of custom that more than three centuries later
the framework of the original system is still clearly discernible behind all the
changes of tenure and subdivisions of property. In the reign of Elizabeth

" Hund. R. (Rec. Com.), ii, 167-8.
643

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

there still assembled at the Court of Ancient Demesne held annually at
Gorleston eighteen ' Chievers ' who represented the original tenants of the
1 2-acre holdings, and who were responsible for the collection of the same
sum of 4 1 J. for rent and in commutation of service which the king's bailiff
had demanded in the 13th century; and what is more remarkable still is that
in one case, and probably in most, the identity of the original holding, now a
mere legal figment, is preserved under the name of the last tenant who held
it undivided three centuries before."

The accident of being ' ancient demesne ' secured to Gorleston a
freer play of economic forces which were nevertheless everywhere at work,
as will be seen if we take a case where the conditions were entirely different."
What the herring fisheries were to Gorleston, the woollen industry was to be
to Hadleigh. In another century it would be a flourishing town. In 1305
this development was only in its beginnings, but already the population was
rapidly growing, and there was a brisk demand for land. The economic ten-
dency towards the break-up of uniform holdings was the same as it had been
half a century earlier at Gorleston. Indeed one of the Hadleigh villeins
ventured to dispose of his holding in the same manner as John Bond and the
rest had done. He let out a fifth of his land to another, and even sold two
plots for messuages. The lord's bailiff" acquiesced in this, but when the lord
heard of it, he pointed out that the villein had gone beyond his rights and
that any disposal of the land required the lord's consent.

At Hadleigh in 1305 the 27 villeins of Domesday were represented by
26J holdings, four of which had been converted into a special class of eight
half holdings called ' Monday lands,' which were held by those who acted as
the lord's overseers and answered for his outgoings. The Monday lands were
so called from the day on which labour was required, and they had a special
set of services. Of the 22! ordinary holdings 3 J had been at an early date
split into ' half lands,' and one into ' quarter lands ' ; so that apart from the
eight Monday lands there were 29 villein estates, if we may so call them,
in Hadleigh in 1305. With a few exceptions a uniform set of rents and
services was required from each full holding, and half of these from a half
land. Each of these ' estates ' — whether a whole land, a half land, a quarter
land, or a Monday land — bore a name generally derived from a family who had
occupied it for generations, and on the side of its obligations to the lord it
had a strict legal unity. This, as we have just seen, was insisted upon by the
lord for the excellent reason that he might, if this unity of responsibility
were broken up, lose the services to which he was entitled. But on the side
of possession and use this unity and uniformity had entirely disappeared.
Only one of the holdings, a ' half land,' was occupied by a single tenant.
Generally there were five or six, sometimes nine or ten, and in one case as
many as twenty tenants to a single holding. In many cases — it is almost the
rule — several of the co-tenants bear the same family name, and in about a
third of the holdings there are among the tenants some who bear the same

»• Suckling, Hut. ofSuff. i, 362.

° From the Subsidy return of 1327 it would appear that both Hadleigh and Gorleston were in the
second rank of Suffolk towns. The number of taxpayers (probably about one-tenth of the population), which
was 210 at Ipswich and 155 at Bury, 204 at Beccles and 169 at Sudbury, was 73 at Hadleigh and 76 at
Gorleston, 74 at Kessingland, and 69 at Orfbrd. It was only 48 at Stowmarket, and 43 at Woodbridge, and
33 at Aldeburgh. 'Sufiblk in 1327,' Suff. Green Bk. no. a, vol. ii.

644

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

name as the land. To some extent therefore the subdivision has been a
matter of inheritance and family arrangement. But the obvious outsiders are
far too numerous for this explanation to be adequate to the whole situation.
Moreover the tendency tow^ards subdivision is not the only influence at work.
The tendency towards aggregation is also observable. As at Gorleston, a
great many have tenancies in more than one of the original holdings, some
in three or four. It is highly improbable, therefore, that the original uni-
form holding, which was the legal unit, remained also the economic unit,
i.e. that the co-tenants cultivated the original holding in common. Their
partnership was only a sharing of a common obligation to the lord. Each
occupied separate strips belonging to one of the original sets of strips which
made up a villein's holding, and as he prospered he acquired the adjacent
strips belonging to another set." The hypothesis at any rate is a tempting
one, and it is strengthened by what we learn of the rest of the prior's land at
Hadleigh. Besides his villein tenants he had free tenants, a few of whom
owed services, but the great majority of whom paid a purely money rent.
Here there is no uniformity in the holdings, but there is much subdivision
and aggregation going on, and there are many co-tenancies arising often out
of partible inheritance. But the striking thing is that the men whose names
appear most often as partners in villein holdings are tenants or co-tenants of
the largest amount of free land.

The fact that many freemen were occupying land on a villein tenure
seems to show that the special economic conditions originally associated with
villein tenure were on the point of passing away. But the prior had still
another kind of land at his disposal, i.e. the 300 acres of arable in his
demesne, and out of this he was creating new tenancies, some of which
suggest further economic developments. Richard the Smith, who is already
one of ten co-tenants in one villein holding, one of eight in another, and one
of four in a free co-tenancy, builds a forge on the demesne for which he
renders a plough-share worth 6d. every Christmas, and pays a rent of \od.
for a ' certain way ' next to his messuage. Vincent the Fuller, who occupies
a third of a former freeman's holding in arable land, pays a rent of i zd. for
a messuage and 6d. for a dye house on a demesne. He also takes a small
piece of land, eight perches by two, for which he pays i Sd'., and which is
very likely a drying ground for his cloth ; and there are two men with
foreign names living in cottages of which he is a co-tenant and has probably
had built for them. There are three other fullers occupying land in
Hadleigh, and a fourth who is co-tenant in cottages."

One more example may be taken, where the circumstances were entirely
different from either of the foregoing cases. The village of Hawstead had
remained, what it still is, an entirely agricultural community, and at the time
of the Conquest its landholders had been mainly freemen, of whom there were
thirty occupying some 500 acres among them. They could give and sell
their land, but were commended to the abbot and under his jurisdiction.
There were also two large estates of two carucates and one carucate respec-
tively and three villeins and twenty-one bordars who helped to cultivate them.

" It is probable, however, thjf the common course of cultivation was still preserved, and that each tenant
had access to his strips for the purpose of ploughing, reaping only at fixed times along with all the other tenants.
" ' An Extent of the Manor of Hadleigh,' Suff. Arch. Inst, xi, pt. j.

645

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In 1289 these two holdings were manors in the hands of Thomas Fitz Eustace
and William Talmache, except that 80 acres of one of them were inherited
by Philip Noel. But what in the meantime has become of the thirty free-
men whose holdings on the average were about 17 acres apiece ? There is
one freeman holding 20 acres, there are two holding 18, three 15, and nine
others who hold from 3 to 9 acres. These fifteen hold about 1 50 acres
among them. There are a dozen with only one or two acres, and another
dozen who hold messuages without other land. The rest of the 500 acres
is in the hands of four men : William de Cramaville, Richard de Saxham,
Robert de Ros, and John le Beylham, and the way in which they are held
reveals something of the process of their accumulation. John le Beylham
holds 30 acres of arable besides wood and pasture from the abbot direct, and
perhaps we may assume that this was his original holding. He has taken
over the entire holdings of three freemen, amounting to 1 2 acres, 5 acres, and
2 acres of arable respectively ; and then, no doubt because he found them
intermixed with his own acquisitions, he has rented 3 acres from the large
manorial holding of William Talmache, Robert de Ros has increased the
40 acres he held from the manor of Thomas Fitz Eustace by 12 acres taken
over from Edward de Welnetham and 5 acres from Robert de Beylham ;
but he has let out 9 acres to William de Cramaville, as well as small
plots to others. William de Cramaville holds i 1 5 acres from the abbot
directly, and 7 acres from the inherited estates of Philip Noel, and, besides
the 9 acres rented from Robert de Ros, he has acquired a freeman's entire
holding of 16 acres. On the other hand he has let out 20 acres to the
fourth of our group of accumulators, Robert de Saxham. Robert de Saxham
holds 27 from the abbot directly and besides the additional 20 acres rented
from William he has taken 15 of Edward de Welnetham's acres and 9 J of
Robert de Beylham's as well as small lots belonging to six other freemen
amounting to 21 acres, making a total of 93 acres.

This method of building up an estate must not be thought peculiar to
the larger holders. A free tenant of 1 5 acres holds land from five different
sources ; others of 1 5 and of 9 acres hold land from four sources. In short
the evidence points to a universal breaking up and reconstruction of the free
holdings, and it cannot be doubted that the resulting distribution of land
amongst the freemen exhibited much more inequality than had existed before.
The freemen are considerably more numerous than those recorded in Domes-
day, but four of them hold two-thirds of the land. Another change must be
noted. The number of villein holdings has increased. Domesday records
three villeins, twenty-one bordars, and two serfs. But in 1289 there were at
least a dozen villein tenancies comprising 180 acres on one of the two manors
and 32 acres on the other."

The researches of Mr. Edgar Powell" and of Mr. Redstone," taken
together with the Domesday Book of Ipswich,'' make it possible to form a

'° Harl. MSS. 743, printed with some omissions in Cullum's Hist, of Hatested, 84-8. The account
thus given of Hawstead is derived &oti an Itinerary, a sort of later and lesser Domesday made of the lands of
the Abbey of Bury by Solomon de RofFand his colleagues, in the reign of Edward I. Even a brief examina-
tion of this important document, which gives details only of free holdings, shows that in many respects Haw-
stead is a representative case. The numbers of free tenants are ever^Tvhere increasing, but the size of most of
the holdings is exceedingly small. The round numbers given by this sur -y are of doubtful accuracy.

" The taxation of Ipswich for the Welsh War in 1282 in Proc Huff. Arch. Inst. vol. xii, pt. ii.

" The ' Chaucer Malyn Family, Ipswich,' in Proc. Suff. Arch. l^t. xii. " Black Bk. of Admiralty (Rolls Ser.).

646

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

fairly complete picture of the condition of the town at the beginning of the
14th century. At that time the population must at least have numbered
1,500, and was probably greater. The subsidy roll of 1282 contains the
names of some 280 householders, and in 1377, in spite of the intervening
Black Death, the poll tax returns give the number of persons over fourteen
years of age as 1,507. Although the life of the place centred round the quay
and the markets, the agricultural basis of the community had by no means
disappeared from view. Live stock and grain were the largest and most
widely distributed components in the wealth of the inhabitants. More than
a score of the burgesses owned horses, one having as many as eight, others
four, and the rest one or two, whilst most of these had also carts or carriages.
Some of the more well-to-do had yokes of oxen, a great number had cows,
and many even of the poorest kept a pig or two, poultry being rather less
common. Wheat, barley, oats, and malt were naturally the most universal
form of property. In most cases no doubt they constituted merely a house-
hold provision, but the large quantities held in store by the leading burgesses
must have been for the purposes of trade, and it is to be noted that several
of them possessed a large stock of millstones. But the relations of the town
to the agriculture of the district were far closer than is indicated by any list
of its inhabitants. The lords of the neighbouring manors had, as we have
already seen, received from the first a certain share in its privileges as foreign
burgesses. Within a radius often miles more than a score of villages sent in
their produce free of extra toll to be sold in the town's market. The leading
inhabitant, Philip Harneys, supplied a kind of link between the town and this
outlying part of its economy, being lord of the manor of Ashe in Bosmere.
The inventory of his town movables admirably illustrates the transitional
character of urban economic activity at this time.*" Of the total of £1^7
about jTzo were represented by his furniture, plate, and linen, the contents of
his wardrobe, larder, and cellar ; ^(^30 were invested in white and grey mill-
stones and other stones and in handmills ; the rest of his capital was pretty
equally divided into three portions, one consisting of farm produce and live
stock, another of ships and boats and of the materials for their repair, and the
third of merchandise imported for the purpose of trade, such as iron and steel,
Scotch hides, timber, and wine. This mingling of interests was common to
most of the wealthier burgesses. Less than half a dozen of them had movables
to the value of over ^^^50, and these together with about a score of others
whose goods were valued at ^C^o and upwards constituted no doubt the ruling
class in the borough."

Nearly thirty burgesses had capital invested in ships and boats, the
largest amount being £2 5 ^"^ the smallest 5J. The boats were valued at

*" He possessed in corn and malt 20 marks ; in timber and building materials I 5 marks ; in oxen and
swine 5 marks ; in horses 3^ marks ; in white and grey millstones and other stones 40 marks ; in salt 8/. ;
in iron 50/. ; in steel 20/. ; in pitch zos. ; in boards 40/. ; in cups and plate (jocalibus) 10 marks ; in
woollen and linen cloth 10 marks; in earthenware 20/. ; in fish and herring lO(. ; in ships and boats 20
marks ; in household utensils 40/. ; in soap and candles zos. ; in cowhides from Scotland 50/. ; in wool zos. ;
in hand mills 4 marks ; in wine 20 marks ; in canvas 40/. ; in wine 22/. ; in fleahmeat i mark ; total £llj.
The Ta.x. of Ipswich, II.

" A fairly exact idea of the relative wealth of Suffolk towns about this time can be obtained from the
Subsidy Roll for 1327, which has recently been published by Mr. Hervey in one of his Suffolk Green Books.
The taxation of the whole county {^) amounts to ^^1,082 Ijs. ; that of Ipswich to £29 5/. ^J. ; that of
Bury to j^23 i<)s. zd. ; that of Sudbury to ^^15 os. %d. ; that of Beccles to [^\z y. ^d. ; that of Mildenhall
to 2 8 5'- S-J". ; that of Gorleston to [^-j 6s. lod. ; that of Hadleigh to £6 p. 8d.

647

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

from 5 J. to ^i, whilst a ship might be worth anything from ^4 to £10, or
in a few cases more. Even if we multiply these sums by fifteen to get some-
where nearer to modern values, it is clear that most of the Ipswich vessels
can only have been small coasting craft. The kind of vessel that may have
been owned by the largest capitalist is shown by an account of a barge built
in 1294 at Ipswich for the king's use. This cost ^23 7/., about £j of
which was spent in timber and boards ; ^^3 6s. ^d. in carpenters' wages ;
;^3 1 1 J. ()d. in iron, 1,000 small nails and the wages of smiths ; and about
;^9 in pitch, sails, sheets, steadings, coverings, thirty oars and a rudder. A
much larger ship built as a man-of-war at the same time cost ^^195, and
took over twenty-one weeks in building.** This suggests the possibility that
as some of the poorer burgesses are stated to have shared the ownership of a
small boat, some of the wealthier ones may have been partners in a larger
vessel than any that is represented in a single inventory. A little later we
certainly find Ipswich shipowners supplying means of transport for the wool
of English merchants to Flanders, and Ipswich merchants trading with
German goods between Flemish and French ports.

At this time, however, most of the trade of Ipswich with the Continent
was carried on in Dutch and Flemish ships, and the prosperity of the town
was felt to depend on the presence of the foreign merchant. This is shown
by the various provisions of the Domesday code which aim at securing just
dealings and speedy settlements in all bargains made between burgesses and
strangers. Cases dealt with in the town court under the ' law merchant ' in
which strangers were involved were not to be adjourned like local cases for a
fortnight, but pleaded ' from day to day and from hour to hour as well fore-
noon as after,' and the bailiffs were armed with special powers of distraint
against an Ipswich merchant who proved a defaulter in regard to a bargain
made with a foreigner. The preamble of this last ordinance forcibly expresses
the sense which the good men of the town had ' of the wickedness and the
folly of such buyers men insufficient and of evil feith who be envyous covetise
or by defaut of goode advysement . . . haven embrased bargaynes and
bought goodys and merchaundysys comyng into the forseid town . . , and
wykkydly agens law and good faith in esclandre of the . . . good men therin
dwellyng han delayed merchaundes of ther payment, wherefore straunge
merchaunts oftentyme withdrawen . . . and that to the grievous damage of
the town and of all the cuntre aboutyn.' **

The trade both inward and outward was very largely in food and drink and
raw material. The grain and wool, the butter, cheese, and beer exported were
balanced by wine, almonds, figs and raisins, fish of all kinds both cured and
fresh, woad, ashes, copperas and alum, oil, tallow, pitch and salt, the leather
and iron of Spain, the timber of Ireland and Norway, and the wines and salt
of France. But a trade in -manufactured goods was not wanting. The cloth
made in the neighbouring towns of Coggeshall, Maldon, Colchester, and
Sudbury, as well as that brought from Beverley, Lincoln, and London, was
exchanged for the more costly fabrics of Flanders, the silks of Italy, the
cutlery of France and Germany.**

" Hist. MSS. Cm. Rep. ix, App. {,258.

** Dom. of Ipswich. The translation here given was made in the 1 5th centniy.

" Ipsuiicb Dom. Bk. 18 1-5.

648

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

Amongst the Ipswich burgesses who engaged in this foreign trade the
tendency to specialize in one or other branch of commerce had not proceeded
very far ; and indeed it was never destined to go as far in Ipswich as in
larger centres of trade. The merchant was a combination of grocer, vintner,
draper, and ironmonger, and varied his investments according to his opportu-
nities. There were, however, about a dozen traders the bulk of whose
capital was invested in mercery, about half a dozen who had a considerable
stock of skins, and Thomas le Spicer had spices to the value of lo marks.**
Many burgesses held a quantity of cloth which was evidently in excess of their
household requirements, but Hugo Golding, the wealthiest burgess after
Philip Harneys, was the draper par excellence, having ^66 of a total of ^Tga
invested in cloth of various kinds." Richard Topy must also be reckoned
as a draper, since £^zo out of jC^/ was in his case represented by cloth;
whilst in Roger le Neve with ^^xi invested in cloth and ^6 in mercery we
have the type of merchant in whose hands lay most of the English cloth
trade at this period." William Strik** and William Smith possessed stocks
of iron of the value of jTj and £^\ respectively, Bernard the dyer *' had
imported woad and ashes to the value of ^^7 loj., and an alewife held 300 lb.
of salt worth ^6 i 5J.

There is little sign in the Subsidy Roll of 1282 of the development of
handicraft at Ipswich, with a single exception, that of the tanning industry.
About a dozen tanners are mentioned with capital varying from loj. to ^7
(besides the skinners already referred to), four or five shoemakers, a parch-
ment maker, and a glover. There are also enumerated six blacksmiths, one
goldsmith, a carpenter, a capper and a maker of catapults. At first sight the
cloth industry seems to be very inadequately represented, though the fact
that four dyers are named and only two weavers suggests the probability that
cloth woven in the country districts was brought to be finished in the town.
But it is extremely likely that many of the richer burgesses who are
mentioned as having stocks of cloth and wool and fuller's earth gave out
materials to the poorer inhabitants who had too little property to find a place
on a subsidy roll. This supposition is rendered almost a certainty by the
evidence of an ordinance in the Ipswich Domesday Book which forbids any
burgess to take as gage of a money debt, or as a pledge for victuals, any cloth
or combed wool white or dyed, or flax or hemp or woollen or linen thread
from poor weavers, women wool combers or spinners, tailors, tailoresses or
laundresses or other poor ' catyvys,' when there is a reasonable suspicion that
the goods so offered are the property of some other person.'"

For the most part, however, Ipswich in the 14th century was less
a centre of industry than a combination of market, town, and port, where
half a dozen different currents of trade found a focus. The grain and dairy
produce of Suffolk came week by week to Cornhill and Butter Market, on the
spot where the old names still survive, and its live-stock and butchers' meat
to the Flesh Market or Cowerie, on the site of which Tavern Street grew up,
and to the Hen Market or Poultry which ran at right angles to the Flesh
Market in the direction of the Tower Ramparts. The wool and skins of
many counties came to the Wool Market. In the Fish Market were found

" Ibid. 9.

" Dom. Bk. of Ipswich, 133.
82

" The Tax. of Ipswich, 10.
" Ibid. 10.

"Ibid 6.
"Ibid. 12.

I

649

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

the salmon of Suffolk rivers, the shell-fish of its estuaries, the herrings of its
coasts, and the cod and mackerel, sturgeon and whale brought by the men
of Dunwich or of Gorleston from the North Sea or from Iceland. In the
Cloth Market, the Timber Market, and in Mercery Row the foreign
merchant met not merely the Ipswich trader, but many others who came
from inland towns to bargain with him there."

The main business of the town was thus to act as a broker between
foreigners and upland men, and between these two sets of outsiders and the
burgesses. But this function was far too profitable to be effectively
retained, as the law required, in pubHc hands. The town's prosperity
brought into existence a class of middlemen, and it was from this class that
the bailiffs and other town officials were largely drawn. Hence complaints
of private brokerage are mingled with denunciations of the abuse of official
power. At Ipswich, as at Dunwich,^^ the conflict between the ruling clique
and the rank and file of burgesses led to a temporary suspension of the
constitution under Edward I. An Ipswich ordinance of 1319 forbids the
dealings of those who act as hosts to merchants and make private sale of
their commodities, keeping a fourth part to themselves, and in the same year
a number of safeguards were erected against the tyranny of the bailiffs.
They were to be openly and annually elected, and to receive a fixed fee.
Two sufficient persons of the inferior sort of people were to be elected
chamberlains and to check the bailiffs accounts, and four men were to be
elected to keep the keys of the Common Hutch where the Common Seal
was kept."

While Ipswich was struggling for reform. Bury was still fighting for
freedom. After two severe contests in 1264 and 1293 ^^^ abbot and his
town confronted each other in a drawn battle. The burgesses held the
gates, exercised the power of gild merchants and elected their alderman, but
the power of taxation and the control of the town courts remained in the
hands of the abbot. In 1304 the men of Bury struck another blow for
freedom. They held the town by force, compelled all traders to join their
gild, levied taxation and convened the courts under the presidency of their
alderman. The abbot, however, soon proved too strong for them. The
king's judges set aside all their claims. The gild merchant was no longer to
levy its fines, and the alderman elected by the town must swear on the high
altar of the abbey to preserve all the rights of St. Edmund. The town had
to submit, but treasured its grievance against another day of reckoning."

The events of the rising of 1327 were part of a national crisis, and the
same immediate cause to which the troubles at Bury must be referred — the
paralysis of the central government in the last days of Edward II — produced
almost exactly the same situation at St. Albans, where the abbot's villeins
secured by intimidation a charter which remained in force five years." At
Bury the revolution had not run its full course till the new king had been
nearly two and a half years upon the throne, and the first victorious phase
lasted almost exactly twelve months. On 14 January 1327 a body of several

" V. B. Redstone, ' The Chaucer MsItii Family ' in Suff. Arch. Inst. vol. xii.
"Ca/. Pat. 1272-81, pp. 2, 4, 89. " N. Bacon, Ann. of Ipswich, 54-6.

" Mrs. Green, Town Life in tit l^th Cent, i, 296-7 ; Hist. MSS. Com. Rep. xiv, App. viii, 125-8.
" J. A. Froude, ' Annals of an English Abbey,' in Short Studies on Great Subjects, iii ; cf. also situation at
Canterbury : Rogers, Six Cents, of Work and Wages.

650

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

thousand townsmen and their sympathizers gathered at the sound of the toll-
house bell, attacked and plundered the abbey, imprisoned the prior, elected an
alderman and assumed full authority over the town and neighbourhood, even
setting up, it was said, a block and axe in the market-place.

A fortnight later, the abbot hurrying down from London, where he had
been sitting in Parliament, was compelled to sign a charter which conferred
on Bury all the rights for which the burgesses were contending. Soon
afterwards he escaped again to London and tried to get his grant annulled.
This led to a further outbreak of violence in May, and another in October,
during which many of the abbey buildings were destroyed and a score of its
manor-houses burnt and plundered. It was not till December that the
sheriff, backed by the military forces of the Crown, contrived to overpower the
townsmen and their allies, three cart-loads of whom were sent to Norwich
for trial. A number were hanged, others were imprisoned, and over 200 were
outlawed. But these proceedings were far from making an end of the
matter. Many of the outlaws were still at large, and a body of them entered
the town at midnight on 28 August 1328, were feasted in Moyses Hall, and
did not depart till they had routed with slaughter some of the abbot's
servants who were sent to capture them. Another body, headed by the two
leaders of the revolt, who had contrived to escape from prison, actually
succeeded in kidnapping the abbot at Chevington, and after keeping him
several days in London by the connivance of the Lord Mayor carried him
over to Brabant, whence he did not escape till the following April. ^'

The demands of the townsmen as embodied in the extorted charter had
nothing very extravagant about them. The grant of a perpetual commune
and a common seal, the free election of their alderman, the full exercise of
the powers of a gild merchant, the exemption from tolls, the farm of
tallage, the removal of the taint of villeinage from the holdings, the
power of admitting new burgesses, the control of the town courts," — these
rights and privileges if permanently secured would certainly have almost
entirely emancipated the town from the abbot's authority, but they would
not have conferred more freedom upon Bury than royal charters had long ago
bestowed on Ipswich and Dunwich. What is worthy of special note, how-
ever, is the large measure of support which the burgesses received from other
classes : from the clergy, the local gentry, and the peasantry on the abbey's
estates. It is this which accounts for the determined character of the struggle,
and which lends it its real social significance. No less than thirty-two of
the clergy were convicted of taking part in the revolution. These were
drawn not only from the secular priests of the parish churches, but also from
the friars of Babwell, who had an old grudge against the abbey.

The two sections were not free from jealousy of each other. The friars
would gladly have secured a foothold in the town, while the secular clergy
were anxious to keep it as much as possible to themselves. But they joined
in giving the sanction of the Church to the claims of the burgesses and in
saving them from the consequences of excommunication. In full array of
vestments and banners they took the place of the monks in the processions of
Rogation Day. They even seem to have conferred on the movement the

" Mem. of St. Edmunds (Rolls Sen), ii, 327 et seq. ; see also V.C.H. Suff. ii, 62-3.
" Mem. of St. Edmunds (Rolls Scr.), iii, App. A.

651

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

character of a sacred crusade. When the abbot appealed to Rome, the
parish clergy sent a counter embassy which asked for and claimed to have
obtained a grant which rendered the two chief churches of the town inde-
pendent of the abbey. After the rising was suppressed, the friars sheltered
the outlaws at Babwell, and assisted their escape." A number of local gentry
lent important military aid to the townsmen. Some of their names appear
as those of witnesses to the charter, and one of them took a leading part in
kidnapping the abbot." But most significant of all, perhaps, was the share
of the neighbouring peasantry in this short-lived revolution. According to
the monk who chronicles these events, more than twenty thousand men from
the countrv round about thronged into the town to lend their aid in a con-
test which they conceived to be waged as much on their behalf as on behalf
of the liberties of Bury. 'The townsmen promised,' says the chronicler,
' that all those from the country whether villeins or freemen who were willing
to support their cause should be free of all toll and of all service throughout
all England by virtue of charters which they had in their possession.'*" No
doubt there is some exaggeration in these numbers, but the fact that a score
of the manors belonging to the abbey were plundered sufficiently proves
that town and country were alike imbued with the revolutionary spirit.

To the student of social history the rising of 138 1 is apt to seem an
extraordinary event, which must have been produced by extraordinary
causes. To a certain extent this view is justified. The disturbance of the
labour market by the Black Death, the struggle between economic forces
and legal rights in the matter of land tenure, the evil effects of the Hundred
Years' War, culminating in the repetition of the hateful poll-tax, are no
doubt the larger and more general causes to which we must look for the
explanation of so widespread an insurrection of the people. But these
causes are not to be pressed to the same extent as they must be if the
troubles of 1381 were phenomena of an entirely new kind suddenly emerg-
ing in a time of profound social peace and universal respect for law and
order. The truth is, as we have already seen, that during the twenty or
thirty years preceding the Black Death, England was already very largely in
a state of social anarchy, and if we examine in detail the local events which
determine the substance of social history, we find the seeds of 1381 being
sown half a century before. The trouble did not spring solely, perhaps not
even mainly, from class dissensions of one particular kind — the struggle
between peasant and landlord. Fierce family feuds, the faction fights of local
parties, the unbridled jealousies of neighbouring ports, the violence and
rapacity of swashbucklers and freebooters home from the wars, combined to
render law and order the exception rather than the rule. Gorleston and
Yarmouth are in a constant state of civil war." A fleet of privateers from
Harwich lays siege to Ipswich for ten weeks, sinking, burning, and pillag-
ing.'* Walberswick, aided by a convulsion of nature, captures the river and
port of Dunwich, and puts to the sword its protesting customs officerSi**
The Inquest Rolls of Ipswich between 1330 and 1340 reveal seventeen cases

" Mem. of St. Edmunds (Rolls Ser.), ii, 335-6, 349.

" Ibid, iii, App. A ; ii, 351. ^ Ibid, ii, 334.

^ Suckling, Hist, of Suff. i, 364 ; Cal. Pat. 1343-5, p. 323 ; F.C.H. Stiff, ii, 204.
" Cal. Pat. 1334-8, pp. 213, 218.

^ T. Gardiner, Hist. Account of Dunwich, 39-40 ; Pari. R. ii, 44 ; F.C.H. Suff. ii, 203-4.

652

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

of murder and manslaughter perpetrated in the neighbourhood of the town."
The knights of the shire carry war into each others' manors. One of them
hurls a justice from his bench at Ipswich. Seven other free-lances entrenched
in the parish church defy the law at Stowmarket." The justices are fined
heavily for extortion, but make terms with the Exchequer." The Abbot of
Bury, besieged by his Suffolk tenants, cannot collect his rents in Northampton-
shire. His bailiffs, when they attempt to exalt the alewives of Mildenhall in
the tumbril, have to fly for their lives. Between the regular and secular
clergy there is constant and bitter feud." The monks are accused of ' con-
sorting with notorious criminals, and of committing rape, adultery, highway
robbery, perjury, simony, and usury.''*

The social discontent of the peasant and artisan class finding expression
for the first time through widespread organization in a simultaneous rising
in support of a common programme — it is this no doubt that gives the
events of 1381 their permanent historical interest. But that this had little
relation to the flood of violence let loose by the rising will be evident to any-
one who studies the narrative given by Mr. Powell of what happened in
East Anglia.®' If we subtract from the total of local disturbances in Suffolk
all those that were due to a desire to pay off old scores and family feuds, all
those that originated in the action of knights, esquires, and well-to-do gentry
(like Thomas Sampson, whom we shall hear of later) ; if we allow for the ill-
feeling generated in the recent dispute about the appointment of a new abbot,
and in the long-drawn contest between the abbey and the town of Bury; and
finally, if we take account of the natural indignation aroused against the
ministers of state and their local officials by the exaction of the poll-tax —
there will remain very little lawlessness to be laid to the charge of the strictly
agrarian movement.

That movement itself was not the fruit of any sudden fit of perversity
on the part either of lords or of peasants, but was due to more gradual and
general causes. For more than two centuries the wealth and population ™ of
the country, in spite of war and pestilence, had been steadily increasing. The
soil produced more, and the growth of an industrial population raised the
value both of food and of raw material. Under this stimulus to improved
methods of rural economy the old communal arrangements were gradually
abandoned in practice, though the legal form associated with them long sur-
vived. Status was giving way to contract. A social stability resting on a
wasteful uniformity of custom was being displaced by the irregularities and
uncertainties which inevitably accompany enterprise and competition. The
typical mediaeval holding of from fifteen to thirty acres was being absorbed
into larger farms or broken into smaller holdings. The number of labourers
with two or three acres had greatly increased. The condition of the labourer

" Hist. MSS. Com. Ref>. ix, App. i, 226 ; Suff. Arch. Inst, xii, 192-3-
« Cal. Pat. 1338-40, p. 273 ; l34°-3, P- 313-

«Ibid. 1340-3, p. 316; 1343-5, p. 156; 1340-3, pp. 207-8. , ,„ „ c V - ^

=' Ibid. 1334-8, pp. 35, 44, 207. " Mem. of St. Edmunds (Rolls Ser.), ui, 65.

^' E. Powell, The Rising in East Jnglia, 9-25, 103.

" This would seem an inevitable inference from all the local evidence. The poU-tox of 1377 was levied
on 2,445 persons in Bury, 1,507 in Ipswich, and on 58,610 in the rest of Suffolk. If we multiply these
figures by 2, and compare them with those of Domesday multiplied by ; (a very rough method of comparison),
the increase indicated is only 25 per cent. It is possible some of the persons enumerated in Domesday
appear twice.

653

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

had no doubt improved, but this could not satisfy the sons and grandsons of
independent cultivators. On the other hand the vi^ealth drawn by the lord
from the soil was much greater. The income of Bury Abbey doubled during
the 14th century, and it was mainly derived from rent.'"

A couple of illustrations, one drawn from the history of a manor, and
the other from that of an individual, will give point to these generaliza-
tions. The manor of Hawstead had on it, as we have seen, in 1280, a dozen
villeins with about two hundred acres among them. In 1358 there were
146 acres held by eleven villeins, of whom only one had a full holding of
30 acres, while four had half holdings, six had quarter holdings, and all of
them were paying the full value of their land in money rent of 8d'. or (^d. an
acre. They owed, it is true, between them forty-two days of mowing and
sixty days of reaping, but these works were reckoned of no value by the
lord's bailiff, because they need not be done unless an equivalent was given
in money and produce, which included all the milk of the manor for one
day. In 1388 the villein tenants have almost disappeared. Two-thirds of
their holdings have fallen back into the lord's hands. The harvesting is done
by hired labour at ^d. and A^d. a day with food, the head reaper getting 6j. 8d'.
for the season. The total rent paid has increased nearly fifty per cent, since
1358. The dairy produce brings in nearly as much as the crops. The old
communal arrangements linger somewhere in the background no doubt, but
the bailiffs accounts show little sign of them. The Hawstead of 1388 is
already in essentials a modern village."

A chance glimpse into the affairs of a typical individual reveals no less
vividly the progress of change. Whatever may have been the grievance or
the ambition of Thomas Sampson of Harkstead who led the rising in south-
east Suffolk, he was no mediaeval peasant confined within the manor that
reared him and obliged to till the soil of his lord on servile conditions.
When his property fell into the hands of the king he was found to be
farming land which is almost unmistakably an aggregate of half a dozen
peasant holdings of 30 acres each. One of these was at Freston, two at
Kersey, and four at Harkstead where he lived. The crops of corn, peas,
oats, and barley standing on these holdings at the time of his death were
such as would have been sown in the common course of cultivation by the
original customary tenant, and part of the stock in each case was such as
the ordinary peasant holder would possess ; the teams of two, four, and
six oxen respectively, each ox worth loj., the cart-horses worth 5J. apiece,
the tumble-down cart worth zs. 6d., the plough worth is., the half-dozen
pigs at IS. apiece, a stack of hay, and a couple of quarters of wheat and
malt. No doubt Thomas Sampson had managed to free the tillage of these
holdings from some of the old communal restrictions, but in any case tillage
was becoming a secondary part of his farming. At Freston he had a herd of
fifteen cows, with a bull grazing, and a hundred hogs fattening. At Hark-
stead a fine flock of 300 sheep worth £1 ^ was producing wool for the
neighbouring clothiers. Nor was this the full extent of Sampson's enter-
prise. When he had sold his wool and produce at Ipswich market he did

" y.C.H. Suff. ii, 68-9.

" These particulars are obtained from a transcript of an Extent of Hawstead for 1358, and a Compotu*
Roll kindly lent me by Mr. Edgar Powell.

654

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

not bring the money home to hoard, but invested 53/. \d. (about the value
of 24 acres of corn) in the purchase of an eighth share of a Harwich vessel.
His domestic possessions, if not luxurious, were much above those of a
peasant. The movables in his house were worth ^t. Usually he dined off
pewter, but he had a silver dish, six silver cups, and some fine earthenware,
and linen for festive occasions." As a grazier and a woolgrower and a com-
mercial shareholder, Thomas Sampson was a man of the future. Perhaps
that was why he was discontented. For he had his roots apparently in the
manorial acres of the peasant bondman.

The steady progress of this economic development might be illustrated
at great length from the rentals of the abbey. Of these invaluable sources of
social history far too many are extant to allow of any detailed account here,
but a comparison of two or three of them of different date will be the most
instructive way of carrying on our account of land tenure in Suffolk into the
middle of the 15th century. The rental of Elmswell in 1357, which is one
of a number drawn up in the same district at the same time, has a great
many features in common with the survey of Hadleigh taken half a century
earlier. The original uniformity of the customary holdings is carefully pre-
served. There are six of 24 acres each, eleven of 12 acres, and eight of
6 acres, and each class of holdings of the same size has a uniform set of ser-
vices and payments in kind or money rents. The tenant of 24 acres renders
twenty eggs yearly, the tenant of 12 acres ten eggs, the tenant of 6 acres five
eggs, and so on. These uniform holdings, each with the name of an original
holder attached to it, are the legal personalities upon which, in the thought
of the surveyor, if not in actual law, the obligations of tenancy are laid. In
some cases the actual tenant of whole or part of the holding is a descendant
of the original holder. But a single tenant of the entire original holding is
exceptional. In most cases it is split up as far as occupation and cultivation
are concerned into quite irregular portions, each occupied by a different
tenant, who holds at the same time similar portions of some of the other
original holdings. The amount of land cultivated by the individual tenant
might vary from half an acre to 40 acres, and the rents and services that had
to be rendered would vary in proportion from tenant to tenant. The spirit
of individualism, with the natural accompaniment of wide diversities of
economic condition, has already made considerable encroachment upon the
uniformities of a semi-communal tenure in Elmswell and elsewhere by the
year 1357, but the rental still sticks to the old uniformities as the basis of its
survey. Thus of one of the original uniform holdings we are told John Jake-
man held formerly 24 acres. Of these, W. Warde now holds 12, W. Jake-
man, sen., 5 a. i r., W. Jakeman, jun., 5 a. i r., T. de Lane 3 roods, and so
on ; and the rents and services to be rendered for the whole 24 acres by the
eight tenants are stated in the mass as being practically identical with those
demanded from each of the other lots of 24 acres. How the tenants are to
apportion the burden among them is not stated.''*

If we turn from this set of rentals to one drawn up for Rickinghall in
1387 we find a very significant change. The tradition of a number of

" E. Powell, The Riling in East Anglia, 143.

'• B.M. Add. MSS. 14849. The extents in this MSS. are those of Elmswell, Culford, Fornham, Red-
grave, Wortham, Burgate, Palgrave, Westhorpe, Rickinghall, Worlingworth, and Soham.

65s

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

uniform customary holdings is still clearly preserved, and the names of the
original holders still attach to their land, i.e. to their sets of half-acre strips
scattered about the large fields of the manor which were once, and to some
extent no doubt still continue to be, cultivated in common. But the place
of the original uniform holding as the formal unit of tenancy is taken by the
actual holding of each individual tenant. Thus Reginald Aylmer is said to
hold 4 a. 3r. 1 2 p. of the original 'Aylmer' holding, i a. 3r. of the Gorchold
holding, and similar fragments of eleven other holdings distinguished by
family names, making up a total of about 22 acres. And what is perhaps
even more significant of an entire change in the point of view taken by the
lord of the manor is that Reginald Aylmer (and each of the other tenants)
has a set of rents and services which has been calculated to fit his particular
case, though no doubt the original uniform set of rents and services has been
used as a basis of the calculation. Money rents are nominally still the lesser
part of the tenant's obligations, but the various payments in kind and services
demanded are generally valued in money, and seem to be open to com-
mutation.^'

We are specially fortunate in being able to compare this rental with
another taken at Rickinghall in 1433 which marks a further stage in the
development we have been tracing. Services and payments in kind seem to
have largely disappeared. The bounds of each portion of land held by a
tenant are carefully defined, and it seems to be becoming the custom to assess
each separately at a money rent. Still more interesting is the evidence
afforded of the tendency of the strips held by each tenant to draw together
into large fields for the obvious purpose of realizing in some way a more
individualized cultivation. Hitherto we have been led to assume this process
to have been going on because it afforded the only rational explanation of the
facts. And here we have actual proof that the assumption was justified. In
some cases as many as half a dozen different portions of land held by one
tenant are bracketed together in the rental as ' one piece ' ; and in a great
many other cases where the bracketing has not been done by the surveyor we
can do it for ourselves with the help of the exact boundaries given in the
survey. Thus a certain John Chapman holds twenty-nine separately specified
pieces of customary land, many of which are less than half an acre in extent,
so that the whole is only 25 acres. But these pieces are not isolated each
from the others. Fifteen of them are found grouped together in twos and
threes, making up six fields of from 2 acres to 4 acres apiece, and these larger
plots represent more than two-thirds of the total holding. We may be quite
sure that this aggregation means in some way or other a partial withdrawal
from the old common course of cultivation to which the system of half or
quarter acre strips was adapted."

In these examples, which may perhaps be taken as representing the
more rural districts, the process under observation is comparatively slow.
Where the industrial population gathered it was much more rapid. Milden-
hall was the most productive manor possessed by the abbey. It was on
Mildenhall Heath that the Prior of Bury was beheaded in 138 1. It so
happens that the extant bailiff's accounts for the manor begin in that very
year, and the one striking feature in them is the system' of leases which

" B.M. Add. MSS. 14849. " Ibid. 14850.

656

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

appears to have gradually displaced other kinds of tenure since the time of
the pestilence. A few are for forty years, but most are for ten or six years,
and it is noteworthy that the six-year leases are those last granted. The land
so leased is not mainly demesne land. It belongs largely to villein tenements
that have fallen into the lord's hands, and the process of consolidation already
described had taken place even earlier at Mildenhall. The land held by
John Kelsynd on a ten years' lease includes for example ' 3 acres of Frere's,
Hayward's, and Willway's tenements in Bradinhawfield, i acre of Holmes'
tenement in Suttonfield, 5 acres of Zabulo's tenement in one piece at Lamb-
wash,' and the rent of the whole 22J acres is 31J. id., or nearly is. 5^'. an
acre, an extremely high rent for land not stated to be meadow or pasture."

The lord's power to insist on this new economic rent must have been a
more serious grievance than his persistence in claiming the old servile rents,
but the real social danger arose from the juxtaposition of the two situations
which made either seem more intolerable. The revolutionary doctrine
looked both ways. It repudiated the labour rents, and fixed a maximum for
money rents. Four years after the rising the fifteen villeins on the manor of
Littlehaw in Thurston were still acting up to these principles with the sup-
port of the clergy in their parish, who had helped them to form an association
for the purpose, the collections for which amounted to the large sum of ^6 a
year. In the strength of this actual support they had persisted in withdraw-
ing their services, claiming to be free from all except the rent of 4^. an acre.
The services due from a holder of 24 acres included three hens, fifteen eggs,
two days' ploughing, four half-days' mowing, two half-days' hoeing, six days'
reaping, and one day's carrying. He must pay a fine on entry, on the mar-
riage of son or daughter, and a heriot was claimed on his death. In spite of
citations from Domesday the villeins lost their case, and were fined jCs-^'

This exceedingly interesting case naturally prompts the inquiry as to
how far the rising of 1381 was due to deliberate propaganda or based on pre-
concerted plans. The references of some of those who took part in it to a
' Great Society,' implies an attempt at some large form of organization, and
though this was probably of a vague and temporary character arising out of
the stress of the crisis and not outlasting it, it could scarcely have come into
existence at all unless some foothold had been supplied here and there by
local organization. And in view of the part in the rising taken by the
clergy, it is difficult to reject the idea that in some cases such a local foot-
hold was furnished by the parish gilds.

The history of the gild goes, of course, much further back than the
beginning of the 14th century, but at that period it enters on an entirely
new phase, and more especially after the middle of the century gilds began
to multiply at a rapid rate both in town and country. By the middle of the
1 5th century there can have been few populous parishes in Suffolk with-
out one.

The returns made to the royal inquiry of 1389 have been very im-
perfectly preserved, but those relating to Suffolk are exceptionally numerous,

" Add. Rolls. 531 16.

" Powell, The Rising in East Angfia, 64.-5 5 '^^- ^" article on ' The Sandling' in Suff. Arch. Inst, x, 61-2,
by Mr. Redstone, who gives several interesting cases of the exaction of merchet and heriot in the 15th cent.
In 29 Hen. IV Matilda Bond is charged with destroying two plates, one kettle, and other utensils which the
bailiff had seized for non-performance of service of ploughing.

I 657 83

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

there being thirty-eight for the whole county, of which nineteen belong to Bury.
Many of the Bury gilds undoubtedly owed their origin to the religious character
of the town as a place of pilgrimage. Two at least were distinctly clerical in
composition, and one of these — the Gild of the Clerks of Glemsford — was a
survival from an earlier period of gild creation, the other — the Gild of
St. Nicholas — having ordinances dated 1282. Of the rest, two claimed an
origin in time whereof there was no memory ; and five had no date assigned
to them. The dates of the remaining ten are spread over the 14th century
two claiming 80 years of existence, one 70, one 60, two 40, and one 30,
whilst the other three were of recent origin. The local distribution of the
score of gilds recorded as existing in 1389 outside Bury is very remarkable.
No less than eleven of them were to be found in the hundred of Lackford,
where some of the most terrible scenes of the rising were enacted, and all
the rest except the two gilds of Beccles belonged to the south-western district,
of which Bury is the centre. All of them had come into existence during
the thirty years which intervened between the coming of the pestilence and
the insurrection.'^'

Whether the rapid spread of this ostensibly religious institution had (as
the government undoubtedly feared) any direct and conscious connexion with
the social and political aspirations of the peasants or not remains uncertain,
but it is quite clear that it furnishes an unmistakable indication of social
development and of comparative economic prosperity. The gild has been very
aptly called a co-operative chantry, and the multiplication of gilds represents
one of the main elements of social progress — the advance made by the
associative principle, not so much in displacing as in supplementing the
narrower ties of the family. This influence is naturally most active in
towns and in such industrial districts as West Suffolk was coming to be
at the end of the 14th century. But in the century that followed, gilds,
and even in many cases gildhalls, sprang up all over rural Suffolk. A list
of some 120, taken by Mr. Redstone from wills and from the returns of
the Royal Commission at the time of the suppression, represents practi-
cally every part of the county. The primary objects of these fraternities
were in all cases religious. The performance of due obsequies for the de-
parted and the continual care for the welfare of their souls came first, and
with these objects were closely associated the provision of religious con-
solations for the living, the enlargement and adornment of churches, the
endowment of altar lights and services. But wherever fuller ordinances have
come down to us, we almost invariably find some form of charitable provision
for the sick, the disabled and the poor of the fraternity. The fund for these
purposes was provided only in part by the regular contributions of members
which were not large (there was a halfpenny fraternity at Beccles), and was
supplemented largely by the bequests of the more well to do — gifts of land
or corn or cattle as well as of money. The score of Suffolk gilds reported on
at the Reformation as possessing property, held it mostly in the form of
ready money, amounting to ^9 or ;^io in some cases. But it is not
unlikely that the gilds had been selling their property in view of spoliation.
The administration of real estate thus held in joint ownership was not only a
valuable educational experience for the villagers, but afforded them the oppor-

" V. B. Redstone, ' Chapels, Chantries, and Gilds in Suffolk/ in Froc. c/Suff. Arch. Inst. xii.

6^8

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

tunity, if they were so disposed, of lending capital to poorer members. The
accounts belonging to the opening of the i6th century of the gild at Bard-
well illustrate the operation of loans of live stock. The gild let out in one
year eight cows, and 4 neats at 19^. each, also four wethers. It may be
added that this gild had at the time 134 members, nearly half of whom were
women, there being thirty-three married couples, and that its officers included
an alderman, a chaplain, a cook, a minstrel, and a guardian of lights.'"

Another aspect of gild activity that cannot be overlooked was the pro-
vision of annual pageants. These were usually the work of the Corpus
Christi gilds. In 1325 we find the priors of Holy Trinity and of St. Peter's,
Ipswich, assisting the town authorities to organize a series of Corpus Christi
celebrations which were to represent the merchant gild on its religious side,
and which culminated in the ceremonial washing of the feet of thirteen poor
men. In the 15th century some forty trades took part in the procession,
marshalled in a dozen groups under the banners of as many patron saints."
A similar annual procession took place at Bury. The ordinances of the
Weavers' Gild for 1477, which constitute the only definite and detailed account
we possess of a Suffolk craft guild before the Reformation, provide that half
the fines are to go to the maintenance of the pageant of the Ascension of our
Lord God and of the gifts of the Holy Ghost . . . among other pageants in
the feast of Corpus Christi.*'

Bungay too, had its Corpus Christi celebrations. In 15 15 five men of
Bungay were brought before the Star Chamber for having riotously broken
down five pageants — heaven pageant, the pageant of all the world, paradise
pageant, Bethlehem pageant, and hell pageant. The motive for this assault
was not an outburst of iconoclastic zeal. The malcontents considered the
pageants to be worn out, and were anxious to bear their part in renewing the
symbols of eternity.

The multiplication of gilds had not the effect of checking bequests by
individuals for the endowment of chantries, obits, and lights, which had
probably never been so numerous as they were in the last half of the 15th
century. The ' briefe certyficatt ' drawn up in 1548 enumerates over three
hundred [of these] endowments, varying in value from 2d. yearly for a light
to ^5 or £6 for a chantry and three or four hundred pounds for a college of
clergy.'' The College of St. John the Baptist, founded by Edmund, Earl of
March, and Ulton, Lord of Wigmore and Clare, at Stoke by Clare, in 141 9,
consisted of i dean, 6 canons, 8 vicars, 4 clerks, i verger, i porter, 3 choristers,
and 2 priests, was worth yearly >C383 i4-f. 8^. and had a free school attached
to it."

But if the gilds did not displace the chantries they absorbed a certain
number of them. Their immortal character as corporations seemed to offer
security for the perpetual performance of religious services desired by pious
testators. Thus all members of the gild of the Purification of Our Lady at
Bury were required to swear on entry to fulfil the wills of John Smith and
Margaret Odham, which were read at the annual dinner, and after the dinner
all members were to kneel and say the De Profundis ... for the souls of

" A ' Pre-Reformation Village Gild,' Proc. Suff. Arch. Inst. xi. " V. B. Redstone, op. cit. 8.

** Hist. MSS. Com Rep. xiv, App. viii, 134. " V. B. Redstone, op. cit. 74 ; V.C.H. Suff. ii, 29.

" V. B. Redstone, op. cit. 48 ; V.C.H. Suff. ii, 145.

659

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

these founders. A similar trust was reposed in municipal corporations.'' By
a will made in i 509 William Godell, merchant of Southwold, provided for
a priest to go to Rome to sing for him in five different churches for a whole
year. His wife was to have a Requiem Mass sung in Southwold Church for
thirty days, giving alms each day to twelve poor men or women. His
executors were to keep his yearday for twenty years at the cost of 20J. per
year, and finally after his wife's death the bailiffs and commonalty of South-
wold were to find a priest for sixteen years next following to sing for his soul
and the souls of his friends.** At Eye in 1479 and 1488 there were two
legacies left to the townspeople on condition of their carrying out certain
religious observances, one of which was that the sacristan or some other
honest man should perambulate the streets of the borough with the little bell
known as the ' sowlebelL' At the same time a bequest was made to St. Peter's
Gild at Eye to endow a chantry priest on condition of the gild buying land
for a similar purpose, and the parish priest has left a pleasant account of how he
urged his congregation from the pulpit to complete the bargain he had nego-
tiated on the instalment system : ' How saye now saide I unto them if
I have bought a ground for you so that ye maye stonde in the church yard and
see it, . . . if it be a bargaine because it for the comon wele speake all Una
Voce and seye ye this was a godly hearinge every man, woman and childe
saide yea yea, dyverse men gave x marke a peice women fower marke xx'-
and xK- xK so that I gathered on Candlemas daye above xx^- ' "

The important part played by Suffolk men at the time of the Reforma-
tion was no accident. Nowhere in England were the forces of economic
and social progress more active. If the future development of English in-
dustry and commerce had been revealed in general terms to one of the
numerous political speculators of those times, and the local details left to his
imagination, he would very probably have placed Manchester at Lavenham
or Hadleigh and Liverpool at Ipswich. As far as Ipswich was concerned,
this forecast was indeed frequently made in the days of Elizabeth. But the
development of the textile manufacture of Suffolk which has been traced in
detail elsewhere had already almost attained its highest point, and the eco-
nomic future of the county down to our own day was to depend increasingly
on the favourable conditions under which its agriculture was carried on.
Those conditions were no new or sudden achievement. The germs of them,
as we have seen, are to be found in the Domesday Survey, and their steady
growth can be followed through the intervening centuries. The story that
is to follow of the development of high farming in modern Suffolk derives all
its meaning from its continuity with the past.

Part II

When Tusser in 1557 published his Five Hundred Points of Good Hus-
bandry,'^^ the forwardness of the county in agricultural improvements was
already noteworthy, and the progressive movement had well begun which
was to lead Young in 1794 to place Suffolk in the forefront of scientific
farming. Tusser wrote his poem during his residence at Brantham in

" Gasquet, Parish Life, 269. " Gardner, Hist. Account ofDunwich, 248.

" Hut. MSS. Com. Rep. x, App. iv, 528. " Engl. Dial. Soc. Publ. 1878, p. 14.0.

660

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

Suffolk, and drew from his experience there and in his native county of
Essex material for his praise of inclosures. The effect of inclosure upon the
condition of the labourer and the improvement of husbandry struck him as
extremely favourable, and he urged other counties to take example in the
matter by Suffolk and Essex : —

Mast, covert, close pasture, and wood,
And other things needful as good,
All these do enclosure bring.
Experience teacheth no less.

More plenty of mutton and beef,
Corn, butter, and cheese of the best,
More wealth anywhere (to be brief),
More people more handsome and great,
Where find ye ? (go search any coast)
Than there where enclosure is most.

The surveys hereinafter quoted bear ample testimony to the truth of this
poetic statement, both as to the large amount of inclosed land, and the fact
that inclosure was going on steadily all through the i6th and 17th centuries.
During the latter period the Privy Council issued frequent orders for pressing
on the draining of land on the north-west, and the reclaiming of sea-lands on
the eastern coasts ; the numerous Inclosure Acts at the beginning of the
19th century dealt chiefly with the commons and wastes.

CuUum points out in his History of Hawsted*^ that during the reign of
James I land-rents in Suffolk became almost double what they had been at the
close of Elizabeth's reign, yet during the latter the foundations of advance
were laid ; the progress of agriculture in Suffolk was but a wave of the same
tide of prosperity which swept over the whole country.

' Yet will the farmer think his gains very small,' wrote Harrison,'" 'if he
has not six or seven years' rent lying by him, therewith to purchase a new
lease ; besides a fair garnish of pewter on his cupboard, three or four feather-
beds, so many coverlets and carpets of tapestry, a silver salt, a bowl for wine
(if not a whole nest), a dozen of spoons to furnish up the suit.'

The prosperity of the cloth-making population during the i6th century
may be regarded as the primary reason for the prosperity of the agricultural
population, to whom they looked for their food supply. ' This country hath
evermore had sufficient to feed the populous number of their own inhabi-
tants.' " A certain amount of corn was carried to foreign markets, but the
trade in dairy produce with London had scarcely begun.

Another factor to be considered in the advance in agricultural prosperity
is the setting free of large areas of soil by the dissolution of the monastic
establishments and the sale or re-grant of their lands ; church property in
Suffolk was very extensive, and the Dissolution came at the right moment for
the introduction of a more individual and progressive system of cultivation
than was possible under semi-feudal arrangements. Where property continued
to be held under the Church, or by collegiate bodies, the i8th century (as in
the case of Framlingham, presently to be considered) found the land still
making totally inadequate returns to its owners. At the end of the reign of

'" Op. cit. 212. '*' Ibid. 213 ; Harrison, Descr. of Britain, 189.

" Reyce, Breviary ofSuff. (ed. Hervey), 29.

661

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Elizabeth the eastern parts of the county, ' High Suffolk,' consisted chiefly of
pasture and meadow lands, with enough tillage only to supply local require-
ments. Central Suffolk was the great corn-growing district ; Western Suf-
folk, with its poorer soil, almost entirely given up to sheep farming." The
condition of the manor of Mettingham in the extreme north-east of the
county may be taken as a typical example. A survey was made in 1562 °*
for Sir Nicholas Bacon, keeper of the Great Seal, who in 1571 became bailiff
of Bury (his native place) under grant of Queen Elizabeth.-"* Sir Nicholas
purchased the estate from Sir Anthony Denny, to whom it had been granted
on the abolition of the College of Priests in 1541."' The Dennys do not,
however, appear to have exercised their rights as lords of the manor. The
soil of the estate was good, and proximity to the River Waveney made the
timber especially valuable, as it could so easily be conveyed to London in
large keels or barges." The customary tenants upon the land had originally
held by inheritance, and the fines, arbitrable between them and their lord
according to the quantity and quality of their lands, had stood at tj for every
acre ; but this had of late been altered, apparently on the initiative of the
tenants during the interregnum. They also asserted an unsupported right to
crop and shred the trees growing in the hedgerows, and to take timber with-
out assignment from their grounds for the necessary repair of their buildings.
The old manorial perquisites of weyves, estreyes, and the goods of felons
and fugitives had so diminished as ' scarce to countervail the charge of the
court.' "^ The free tenants held by * service of suit to the lord's court, yielding
of releases after the death of their ancestors and payment of rents.'

It appears from the survey that the demesne consisted of 365 acres in
the lord's hands, i.e. 277 of pasture, 64 of arable, and 24 of meadow, of a
total annual value of ;ir5o 15/. 2d. In the main the property is composed
of ' closes * of meadow, pasture, and arable, but a certain amount still lies in
the open fields of the place (e.g. 'there are lying in divers pieces in the
campus called Mettingham field 23 acres of arable land').""" The meadow is
held at rents of 6j. and 6j. 8</. an acre, the 30 acres called The Dairy Park,
attached to the farm called ' Le Darye,' and included with the house, garden,
and apple orchard, at Sj. an acre. The pasture is worth 2.s. Sd., 3/. 3d'., and
4J. an acre, the arable uniformly 2s. an acre when inclosed, is. \d. when lying in
pieces in the open fields. The tenants' holdings fall into two groups of large
(over 30 acres) and small. The largest farm contains 215 acres of pasture,
30 of arable, and 15 of meadow, on a lease of twenty-one years, and at a rent
of j(^i4 6j. 'id. There are six others holding 130, 1 13, 104, 88, 51, and 32
acres respectively, all on the same twenty-one years' lease.

Amongst the small tenants we find John Wyard's holding to consist in
all of 20 acres, including nine pieces of arable land lying in the common
fields, four pieces lying in the East field containing 6 acres and some roods,
and five pieces lying in the West field containing 5 acres and some roods, in
all 12 acres of i6j. total value ; this, with the addition of a close of arable
containing 8 acres at zs. per acre, is rented to him on a twenty-one years'
lease."

" Reyce, Breviary *fSuff. (ed. Hervey), 29. •• Add. MS, 14850.

•* Hist. MSS. Com. Rep. xiv, App. viii, 139. •» Suckling, Hut. ofSuff. i, 168.

•• B.M. Add. MSS. 14850, fol. 151. ^ Ibid. fol. 152. "«> Ibid. fol. 154. " Ibid. fol. 158.

662

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

Only one of the smaller tenants holds on a yearly tenancy. John
Berye's holding is described as ' a close of pasture in five different pieces ' at
3J. an acre, and it is rented with an acre of fen at 2s. SJ. (the usual price of
fen land) under a forty years' lease dating from Henry VIII, at the rent of
40J. and two capons."*

The surveyor comments on the bad repair of the tenements and farms,
although the tenants are bound to keep them in good and sufficient repara-
tion, at their own charges, in all things except timber. Speaking generally,
an examination of the component parts of the various farms and holdings
shows them to be in the main compactly and conveniently arranged, made
up of various adjacent inclosures, and in most cases including a dwelling-
house. Traces of the older system are few, and in course of disappearing, as
is clear from a reference to ' various bits of arable land newly inclosed,' which
form part of one holding.

As might be expected from the comparative poverty of the soil, and the
prevalence of sheep-farming, as well as from the greater distance from con-
venient waterways, and proximity to the fen-country with its poverty-
stricken population dependent entirely upon fishing and fowling, agri-
cultural progress in the western part of the county is less marked than in
the east. A survey of an estate at Lidgate,'* at a date of twenty years after
the Mettingham survey, shows the existence of a much more primitive con-
dition of things. The manor is divided for the most part into full yard-lands
of 16 acres, held by copy of court roll and heritable at a rent of ioj. (in a
few cases js. to 8s., or 13J. with a dwelling). It will be remembered that
arable in Mettingham, even in the open field, was worth is. ^d. an acre.
Each tenement bears the name of some previous owner ; the names of its
holders for two or three generations back are also given, so that a process of
consolidation which is in progress is clearly of very recent date. For many
of the holdings are no longer confined to a single person. For example,
Edmond Halles holds six separate parcels of land : —

1. A copyhold tenement heritable, called Gyll's with 16 acres of ground,

late William Cator's and sometime William Gyll's, and before
Adam Gyll's ; rent 1 3J-.

2. A full yard of copyhold land heritable, called Griggs', sometime knit

with the tenement Griggs', late William Cator's, and sometime
William Griggs' ; rent ioj.

3. A copyhold cottage with a garden adjoining, containing by estimation

half a rood, and one piece of land in Oakefield ' at . . . gappe,'
containing one acre and a half late in the tenure of Steven Halles ;
rent is. \d.

4. A copyhold pightell of pasture called Morryes pightell containing

2 roods, late Steven Halles' ; rent td.

5. A full yard of copyhold land called CoUers Knights, containing

16 acres, late in the tenure of John Webbe ; rent 8j.

6. One tenement and a half yard of copyhold land called Fletcher's, with a

cottage called a three-acre-ling thereto annexed, containing together
1 1 acres, and one piece of land called a way, long 6 poles, broad
1 1 poles, late William Aimer's, before John Fuller's ; rent 9/.

"* B.M. Add. MSS. 14850, fol. 159. " Ibid. 22058, fol. 32.

663

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Before him these parcels were in the hands of four different owners ;
two only, judging by the evidence of names, came to him in the ordinary
course of inheritance.

Another owner, William Aimer, holds twelve separate parcels, of which
five are full yard-lands of i6 acres ; evidently in his case the accumulation of
property had begun in the preceding generation, for of his parcels five had
been taken over by his father from other men and passed on to him ; the
other seven he has himself acquired.

The survey does not describe the constituent parts of the full yard-lands ;
of the remaining holdings two are small closes of 3 acres, rented one at jd.
and the other at \7.d. and a capon, the inclosure dating from 1547 at latest ;
another is described as ' 3 acres of the demesne, lying in the field in two
pieces.' Rents in kind are frequently mentioned ; a yard-land of the usual
extent pays 3J. \d., I lb. of pepper, and an arrow tipped with iron. By a survey
of the demesne of the same manor taken seven years later,'*^ it is clear that the
larger copyhold tenants of the earlier survey are in many cases also leasehold
tenants of the demesne on six-year leases ; their total holdings must thus
often have been of considerable size ; e.g. one George Taylor holds by copy
four full yards of 16 acres each, and also leases 37 acres of the demesne.
These last are made up of three closes of pasture, containing 10, 7, and
3 acres respectively, rented at \s. the acre ; a piece of meadow also rented at
4J-. the acre, and various pieces of arable in the field, i.e. a piece of 3 acres in
Bishopshall field at \s. 8^. the acre, and another piece of 5 acres in the same
field ; this description suggests that while the accumulation of J-acre strips
had in course of years resulted in pieces of 3 and 5 acres, these two pieces were
not contiguous, and would in time no doubt become two separate inclosures.
A comparison of land-rents at the close of the century between east and west
shows the rent of pasture uniformly 4;-., arable in the open field \s. %d.
in Lidgate, is. /\J. in Mettingham, meadow in Mettingham 6/. and 6/. Bd'.,
in Lidgate 4J. an acre.

Cullum's account of land values in the manor of Hawstead, near Bury
and in the corn-growing district, is valuable, as covering a larger number of
years than the surveys already quoted. In 1500," when the lands of the
manor were measured, none were let for more than is. td. an acre, pasture
and arable not distinguished in value. In 1536 arable was is. an acre,
meadow-land is. ^d. Fifty years later 40 acres of meadow and pasture were
worth 5J-. an acre, wheat was at 8j. a comb, barley at 6j-. 8^., rye 5J. The
increase still continued to be rapid. In 1603 ^°" Hawstead Hall, with 1 26 acres
of land, was let for ^^40 and 10 combs of wheat ; whereas in i 589 it had been
let for >C20 and 20 combs of wheat, 10 of oats, and 3 loads of wheat-straw.
In 1615,^°^ the houses, barns, and lands called Hawstead Park were let for
twelve years at the following rents : every acre of pasture not ploughed 9J.,
every acre of meadow ijs., every acre of arable half the corn that should grow
on the same (after the first two years, 70 acres). In 1633 ^'" the rent of
pasture had risen to 13J. 8^/. an acre on a twenty-one years' lease. Various
clauses in the leases on this manor, cited by CuUum, throw an interesting
light on economic development.^*"

"^ B.M. Add. MSS. 22058, fol. 42. " Cullum, Hut. o/Hawsted, 197. >* Ibid. 207.

"' Ibid. 209. '" Ibid. 214. "» Ibid. 198.

664

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

The leases of date 1572 show a special care for the timber on the estate,
the tenants being permitted to crop, and lop and shred only such trees
as had been used to these processes, and none other ; they are allowed as they
will or not to improve the ground by clearing it of bushes and briars, and they
may break up and put in tillage any pasture ground except the wooded
borders.

The conditions as to clearing the ground of thorns gradually became
more stringent, though a very large amount of ' terra et pastura dumosa et
boscalis ' must have remained unimproved through many successive tenancies.*"*
In these earlier leases it is noticeable that the condition of the tillage is that
chiefly looked to.

From 1593 "° onwards another clause is to be noted ; the breaking up
of pasture for tillage is penalized more or less severely, sometimes with a
money fine, sometimes with the forfeiture of the whole or some large part
of the crop.

Whenever the import of grain to foreign markets had raised corn to a
high price, the farmer might have been tempted to break up pastures and to
sacrifice the certain profits of grass for the precarious ones of tillage, which
would probably cease when foreign demands grew less.*"*

About 1620*" the clauses about the clearing of thorns and briars drop
out as self-evident, now that the price of land is so high, and in their place
appears a provision for manuring and improving its condition, ' the great
cattle to be foddered in winter with hay on the pasture.'

The leases show a distinct advance in conditions favourable to the liberty
of action of the tenant ; a clause providing that the landlord might re-enter
and re-possess upon twenty days' (later extended to forty days') default of pay-
ment, only after a legal demand of the rent, first appears in Hawstead in
Elizabeth's reign."' In a lease of 1682 the allowance of ' carte-boote and
plough-boote ' to the tenant is made for the last time."'

Reyce (1618) "" graphically describes the course of husbandry in the mid-
Suffolk district, where ' in the heaviest grounds scarce six horses of good
strength can furnish one plough ' ; and the husbandmen who ' in the latter
end of March beginning to break up their lands to fallow, do never cease until
by twy-fallowing, try-fallowing, compossing and sometimes four-fallowing,
they have sown their rye, mislin and wheat, or else have laid up their land
for barley which in March or April following they sow in those lands thus
summer-tilled.' "^ He goes on to condemn the practice of the farmer who,
being almost at the end of his lease, and ' having respect only for his own
profit, taketh a second and a third crop.' "' As the custom of granting long
leases extended itself, while the old methods of cultivation requiring frequent
fallow years were still pursued, the clauses of the leases referring to the last few
years of occupation were necessarily stringent ; the tenant is required to leave
the arable land to pasture one whole year before the end of the lease, or in
other cases to give his successor access to a stipulated quantity of the fallow in
the ploughing season previous to the expiration of his own term."'

'" Cullum, Hist. ofHawsted, 203. '"' Ibid. 204. "• Ibid. 205.

'"Ibid. 210. '"Ibid. 215. '"Ibid. 216.

"° Reyce, op. cit. 30. '" Ibid.

'" Ibid. »» Cf. Lease of Lavenham HaU, 1637, Harl. MS. 98, fol. 42.

I 665 84

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

But it was impossible for the old personal relation between the lord of
the manor and the customary tenant to give place to the impersonal relation
involved in the payment of fixed money rents to pass away entirely, without
even at this late date some difficulties arising. Even as late as 1597, on the
sale of the manor of Monk Soham,"* an item of ' 14 days' divers works to be
done upon the demesne in harvest at i id. a day,' figures as one of the assets
of the property, 'which at 10 years' purchase amounteth to ^Ti 4' ; also i y. 9^.
of palfrey silver and lbs. %d. of knowledge money due to every lord at his first
entrance into the manor, and amounting at five years' purchase to £b ly. \d.
The barter of ancient rights could not always be effected with such an
exact computation of their value. A curious and typical case is exemplified
in the history of the same manor."' Upon the surrender of some portion of
the land about 1595, a dispute arose about the fine, whether or not it
were certain, i.e. ' \s. the acre for Molland and is. the acre for Workland
according to the pretended prescription.' "' The Court Rolls showed, it was
alleged, that fines had been taken at several rates, sometimes \s., sometimes
3J-. 4^/., sometimes is. an acre ; there was, therefore, no prescribed fine, and
further, ' it is not known at this day which land is molland and which is
workland,' in the copies land being taken up by the names of so many acres
of molland and workland generally, without specifying how much of each
sort. ' Of late time,' the statement concludes, ' since about primo Elizabeth,
no fine is set down in the Court Rolls, but the steward left the copyholder to
compound with the lord himself.'"^ But from the close of the century the
most striking feature of the agrarian records is the eagerness for the acquisition
of landed property, by advantageous purchase or by less questionable methods.
Rcycc (16 1 8) complains"' that in this latter age, 'through the immoderate
desire of the next bordering lords,' the very highways are ' straitened and
narrowed in many places.' In the same year a commission was appointed to
adjust the boundaries of the freehold and copyhold lands of one John Haughfen,
lying at Slaughden End in Sudbourne.

The defendant held certain copyhold lands under the manors of Sud-
bourne, Dunningworth, and Staverton-cum-Bromeswell, and was accused
of having defaced the ancient abuttalls and boundaries of these freeholds,
and under colour of certain deeds of feoffment claimed the same as his own
freehold property, and refused to the lord of the manor, Sir John Stanhope,
his due of rent."'

The extraordinarily complicated condition of Haughfen's property may
perhaps be urged in extenuation, if not as an excuse, for his attempt to enrich
himself at his neighbour's expense. By a survey of 1577 brought forward
in evidence, he owned partly in bond, partly as freehold, thirty-five pieces of
land (farmed jointly by two tenants), thirty-four of which are between i acre
1 rood and \ a rood in size, while one is 2 acres 2 roods.

The surveyor of the manor of Ixworth in 1616^'"' complains to the
lord that ' the revenue of the manor is much diminished by late encroach-
ments made by the lord of Wyken, and by inclosures and intrusions upon

'" Add. MS. 23959, fol- 3+- '" Ibid. fol. 40.

"' ' Molland,' land in villeinage with largely commuted services ; ' workland ' with services uncomffluted.

"' Add MS. 23959, fol. 41. "» Breviary, 53.

"' B.M. Add. MS. 21054. '" Harl. MS. 98, fol. 28.

666

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

your land and profit as is conceived made by the lord of Stowlangtoft. . . .
Besides it is confessed by the foreman of the homage and others that many
hold lands within your manor for which they have no evidence to show.' A
survey of the same manor in 1627 concludes its summary of property with
the words,^" ' Land intruded upon & concealed 316 acres.' To meet the
difficulties which arose from the conflict of ancient custom with modern
conditions much readjustment was necessary. In a survey of Mendlesham
(undated) ^" a contrast is drawn between the ' ancient free rents of assize
yearly — whereby ariseth yearly divers reliefs,' and the ' new free rents '
reserved by the lord of the manor and yearly payable for lands and tenements
by him sold free, namely, some to the tenants and their heirs for ever, some
leased for a thousand years.

The sale of portions of the demesne land of Monk Soham"' in 1599
gave the steward an opportunity of breaking it up afresh into such con-
venient properties as would find a ready market. The lords of Framlingham
abandoned the ancient method by which the revenues of their manor were
collected, as part of their service, by the Coliar-holders (who paid a uniform
rent of z^d. an acre), and employed a bailiff in their stead."* Lords of the
manor began to take stock of their properties with a view to ' reasonable im-
provements ' to be effected when the leases fell in. The survey of the
Ixworth property {circa 1625) "' gives an insight into the direction in which
improvement was expected. All the farms which consist of stocking grounds
and inclosures of meadow and pasture are to have their rents raised (^^40—
>C5°» >C28— 40, &c.). On the rents of farms consisting largely of arable no
advance could be made (i.e. a large farm of 180 acres of arable inclosed and
340 acres in the open field, and 23 acres of meadow to pay as before
^221 IS. 4^/.) A lease of 1 1 acres for ninety-nine years, dating from
23 Henry VIII, will be worth on renewal a rental of ^6 5/. instead of 5J.
as heretofore. The value of timber is so high that on one wood alone an in-
creased profit of £j per annum (a yield of 6d. per pole on coppice of seven
years' growth) is anticipated. The benefit of fairs and markets at Ixworth
has doubled in value, and is to be rented at ^5 instead of ^2 ioj. per annum.
The popularity with the gentry of fishing (as also of hawking, hunting,
fowling, and keeping swans) * which this manor as doth the whole county
affordeth most plentifully ' has made it worth while to preserve the fisheries
on the river and in the moats and ponds, hitherto neglected, and to ask for
them a rent of ^6 6s. Sd. a year.

Finally (although at this date the anticipation seems unwarrantable) the
profits upon weyves, estreyes, and felons' goods, copyholders and the perquisite
of court, estimated at jC^oo, but bringing in nothing, may be made to yield
^50 per annum. The farmers of the forest sheepwalks are alleged to be
making undue profits. The farmers sell 150 full grown wethers fornix,
jri2, and >ri3 a score, and buy in so many ' tegge' for half the money,
which in three or four years will again yield double the price paid for them ;
the profit on such sales amounting to j^50 or ^60 a year. The wethers
produce 3 lb. of wool apiece, above yy tod in all, at ;^28 the tod, and besides

"■ Harl. MS. 98, fol. 368. '" Ibid. 2296, fol. 132.

"» Add. MS. 23959, fol. 47. "* MS. Hist, of Framlingham (Add. MS. 33247), fol. 388-91.

'" Harl. MS. 98, fol. 118. Date from internal evidence.

667

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

this the profits from the ewe-flock and lambs are very considerable. Yet for
all this they pay but £2'^ ^ year rent.

The intermission of manorial courts from 1643 to 1650 during the Civil
War and the unsettled state of the lordship of the manors led to great con-
fusion in many cases about the ownership of the land. The Act of Charles II
which converted all tenures into free and socage had considerable effects in
those parts of Suffolk where the ancient services remained intact, and many
manors were lost to their former owners."* The historian of Framlingham,
while lamenting this effect of the ' sacred laws of liberty,' holds out the
warning that even the rights remaining are threatened by the extravagant
demands of lords of manors and stewards for fines and fees on the admission
of copyhold tenants."^

With regard to the personnel of the farmers under these prosperous
conditions Reyce's statement may well be believed : ' Whilst many of the
better sort, as having passed their uttermost period do suffer an utter declina-
tion, these only (the yeomanry of the county) do arise and do lay such strong
sure and deep foundations that from thence in time are derived many noble
and worthy families.' "' Of the position of the agricultural labourer in the
middle of the 17th century, interesting evidence is afforded by agreements
between Paul D'Ewes (father of Simonds D'Ewes the diarist) and a shepherd,
a ploughman, and a labourer employed on his estate in 1628—9."' John
Tillot, the shepherd, is bound over to keep his master's flocks well and safely,
to make good any that are missing, and if any die to bring him the skins.
He is also to make amends for any corn bitten or spoiled by the sheep, and
to bring any stray sheep to Stowlangtoft pound.

If any man do sow any ground, and the stiffs of the field are broken, and may not be
duly taken and fed as heretofore they have been used, then the said Tillot to feed ofif the
said corn and to drive his sheep upon that part of the ploughed land. And to forbid any
particular man to sow his ground or any part thereof whereby the sheep-walk may be hindered.

He is also to keep the ' conies ' from destroying the corn and to stop their
runs, but to kill none upon the warren ; and to mend gaps in the hedges
when need arises.

In consideration of these services Paul D'Ewes agrees to give pasture
for fifty ewes yearly, in money for wages 50J. yearly, in corn 7 combs, and
2 bushels of rye, and 7 combs and 2 bushels of barley, part of the corn
grown on the estate ; also a fleece at every shearing and a sucking lamb.

To the ploughman,"" one Bartholomew Peirson, D'Ewes lets the house
called Dutchman's House at the rent of ^2 loj. per annum, the yards and a
close of pasture belonging to it at ^^4 additional ; Chandler's meadow, con-
taining 1 1 acres, and certain fields lately divided at £% i os. in all ; with all
the profits derived therefrom, as part and parcel of his wages ; with the sum
of ^5 in money paid half-yearly, to make a total of >C20. Peirson for his
part agrees to serve Paul D'Ewes as his ploughman and servant for one year,
and to do no other work for any man whatsoever. He is also bound to main-
tain and keep at his own charges one other able and sufficient ploughman or
husbandman, as his servant, to be used solely in D'Ewes' interest. Both men
are to be ' careful, diligent, and painful ' in the work which their master

'" MS. Hist, of Framlingham (Add. MS. 33247), fol. 391. ■" Ibid. fol. 399.

"» Reyce, Breviary o/Suff, 58. '" Harl. "MS. 98, fol. 31. "° Ibid. fol. 32.

668

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

or his bailiff may assign to them, and to make good any loss or wilful default
due to mishandling or neglect of the cattle. Peirson is obliged to buy all his
rye, barley, or malt from his master, at the price obtaining in Bury market,
and to accept it in part payment of his wages.

The agreement with the husbandman,"' Thomas Palfrey, closely resembles
the foregoing, except that Palfrey and his hired man (whose maintenance is
to be wholly at Palfrey's expense) are to occupy themselves ' in and about
the folding and manuring of the ground and all other their master's works
of husbandry and labour whatsoever.' Palfrey's remuneration is to stand at
jTS 3J. 4^. in money, and ^ii^ i6s. in house and land rent. He is to have
4 combs of rye at 8^. a comb, and 5 combs of barley at 6s. 8d. a comb at
the next harvest. His wife is to malt as much rye as her master requires
of her for his own use, ' she having for her pains a comb of rye, the said
Paul D'Ewes to find straw and carriage.'

The wages of servants and labourers appointed by the justices of peace
at Bury Quarter Sessions in 1682 stand at the following rates : — "^

£
6

s.
O

o

10

10

2

18

d.
O
O

O
O
O
O

A bailifif in husbandry ......

A chief husbandman or carter .....

A second hind or husbandman or common servant above
eighteen years .......

A fourth under eighteen years .....

The best hired servants with meat and drink for harvest
An ordinary harvest man ......

For Day Labourers

A man hay-maker with meat and drink
A woman hay-maker ....
Man reaper in harvest ....
A woman reaper .....
A common labourer at other times ; in summer

„ „ „ „ in winter

Women and such persons ; weeders .

Without meat and drink these wages were doubled.

per annum

£

o

o
o
o
o
o
o

d.
5

3

10
6
6
5
3

At Friston in the south-east of the county in 1684 the payment for
such rural labours as setting a hedge was 2d. a rod, for a staked hedge id', a
rod."' In 1694 the gardener at the Hall received £^2 a. year. The wages of
the men employed in that typically East Anglian labour of cutting sluices
and mending forelands and sea-walls were is. 6 J. per day, reed-cutting (for
thatch) in the rivers also is. bd. a day."* In 1752"° carpenter's work was
paid at is. lod. a day, a bricklayer and his labourer received together 3^. 4^.
a day ; a bricklayer and his boy 3/. a day."*

The rent of land at Friston at the close of the 17th century stood
according to the rotation of crops at

Rye ground ......... 3^. 4<^. per acre

Pasture and barley ........ los. „

Pasture and rye
Pasture and wheat
Barley, wheat, pasture
Pasture, hemp, or corn .
Turnips ....

5^-

»

13^-

4^.

»

1 01.

»

lOJ.

»

lOJ.

»

'" Harl. MS. 98, fol. 30.
'"Ibid. fol. 152.

1J7

'" CuUum, op. cit. 215. •» Add. MS. 22249, fo'- 158-

»» Ibid. fol. 264. '" Ibid. fol. 266. '" Ibid. fol. 144.

669

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

A turnip crop first occurs in the Friston records in 1 694 : ^'* CuUum "'
mentions their cultivation at Hawstead in 1700, some thirty years before
it was to become general all over England. ^*° With these signs of enter-
prise may be compared the condition of property in Framlingham,^" w^here
under the lordship of Pembroke College the ' coliar holders ' are found in 1712
paying rents of 2ld. per acre and where the customs ' having no foundation
in reason, conscience or law ' include the payment of tithe in kind or by
compounds of totally inadequate value. The tenth and seventh lamb or 4J. ; if
under seven, each y. The tenth or seventh pig or zs. ; if under seven, each Id.
Or as at Saxtead, for ' every gast or grazing beast zd., for every skep of

bees y: "'

During the 1 6th century agriculture in Suffolk was but the handmaiden
of the dominant industry of cloth-making, but with the slow decay of the
cloth-trade throughout the succeeding century it began itself to take the fore-
most place : the export of cloth to the foreign market gradually yielded in
importance to the export of dairy produce for consumption in London.
The Privy Council answered the petitions of distressed cloth workers with
futile attempts to coerce the dying trade into activity by well-directed
legislation ; the Suffolk landowners were more concerned to press forward
Acts for the draining of the fens and the reclamation of sea-board,^" and so
to increase the grazing capacity of their properties.^**

The hearth tax returns^*' at this period (1662-8) show Suffolk to have
had a population of approximately 142,000, which by 1700 increased to
172,1 10. But East Bergholt, Hadleigh, Halesworth, Woodbridge, with their
long lists of empty houses bear witness to decaying trade no less than do
Aldeburgh, Dunwich, Gorleston, Southwold, and Walberswick to encroaching
seas and dwindling fisheries.

The Civil War may for a time have hampered agricultural activities : so
rich a source of supply as Suffolk was not likely to be overlooked where troops
were to be fed : the direct exaction of ship-money, which in the last reign
had pressed very heavily upon the small farmer,"* was replaced by the seizure
for the use of the Parliamentary army of ' billingers of barley ' and the
commandeering of hundreds of tons of cheese."^ But in 1722 when Defoe
made his tour "' High Suffolk was full of rich feeding grounds and large
farms, employed in making the best butter and (in his opinion) the worst
cheese in England, and in fattening great quantities of beef and mutton,
turkeys, fowls and geese for the London market."'

From the middle of the i8th century with the wider introduction of
turnips and clover crops, and the consequent avoidance of the necessity of
leaving the fields to fallow, the cultivation of the arable entered on a fresh
stage.

CuUum"" notices the provision in leases from 1732 onwards for the im-
provement of the soil by the use of manures, e.g. the tenant of Pinford End

'"Add. MS. 22249, ^'- '44- '• ^' <^te of entry cf. fol. 13, 147. "Cullum, op. cit. 218.

'" Cf. Defoe, Tour in Eastern Counties, 1 20.

"'MS. Hist, of Framlingham (Add. MS. 33247), fol. 452.

'"Ibid. fol. 377. '" Cal. S.P. Dom. 1631-3, p. 115 ; 1638-9, p. 326.

^"Suff. Green Books, no. xi, vol. 13, p. 29. '"Suckling, Introd. 27.

"*C<j/. S.P. Dom. 1648-9, p. 382. '"Ibid. 1650, p. 590.

'" Tour in the Eastern Counties, 1 10. '" Ibid. 1 20 et seq. "* Op. cit. 2 1 6.

670

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

Farm is to be allowed 2s. for every wagon-load of dung or cinder-ash which
he should bring from Bury to lay on the lands. This allowance was, however,
only once claimed in 2 1 years, and in other cases the tenant was more pru-
dently given no option in the matter. This period of agriculture in Suffolk is
marked by a further considerable rise in the value of land.

The largest estate in the county, [writes Arthur Young in 1794,] is supposed not to
exceed j^8,ooo, or j^8,500 a year .... there are three or four other estates which rise
above ;^5,000 a year, and about 30 others which are about ^^3,000 a year and upwards.
Under this are numbers of all sizes, but the most interesting circumstance is of a different
complexion. I mean the rich yeomanry as they were once called being numerous, farmers
occupying their own lands of a value rising from ;f lOO to ;^400 a year : a most valuable
set of men who havmg the means and the most powerful inducements to good husbandry
carry agriculture to a high degree of perfection."*

The farms of largest size were to be found in the south-east sand district,
one of the best cultivated in England and a most profitable one to farm in.
The light soils were best understood : in the district of strong wet loam farms
were smaller and the fortunes made upon them ' comparatively inconsider-
able.'^'^

The gentry, like Arthur Young himself, took a leading part in the cul-
tivation of experimental crops and the improvement of grass lands.

Land rents in Young's day were as follows : —

I. </.
Strong or wet loam, per acre . . . . . , . .130

Rich loam . . . . . . . . . . .140

Maritime sand district . . . . . . . . .100

Western » » .........50

Fen 26

In some districts were tracts letting at 20s. to 25J. per acre, and at even
higher rents, meadow land being highest of all."' In few counties had the
value of long leases been more conclusively proved ; the tenant-farmer,
secure in the investment of his money, had been active in the conversion of
warren and sheep walks into cultivated inclosures. In 1798, 100,000"*
acres of uninclosed waste still remained. A further obstacle to agricultural
progress also existed in some districts ; the greater part of the county was
freehold, but copyholds were still numerous and extensive, and often included
peculiar rights of commonage and pasture."* Young quotes an instance at
Troston on the borders of the western sand district, where open field lands, on
which the course consisted of one crop to two fallows, were left to weeds for
the flock of one farmer, he being by prescription the only person able to keep
sheep, and having even the right of sheep-feeding in many inclosed pastures
and meadows after the hay harvest."' Numerous Inclosure Acts at the close
of the 1 8th and early in the 19th century to a great extent obviated these
difficulties. For example, the parish of Coney Weston was inclosed by
Act of Parliament in 1777, and the land-rents immediately doubled."^ The
drainage of the fens was also pressed forward, and 14,000 acres in Burnt
Fen alone brought under cultivation."'

"' Ge». View of Agric. of County ofSuff. (1794), Sect, iv, p. 14.

"•Young, op. cit. 15. '" Ibid. 17. "* Ibid. 19.

■"Ibid. 14. '"Ibid. 15.

'"Ibid. 54. '"Ibid. 13.

671

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

The woods of Suffolk alone show any appreciable decrease in 1798 on
the valuation of former surveys^": there was no longer any scarcity of timber
as in the preceding century,and the ship-building industry had declined.

There is some direct evidence that improved agriculture brought about
a shifting of population. Between 1770 and 1783 the population of
Hawstead increased by one-fifth, the farmers employed double the num-
ber of hands, and bestowed on the land double the former amount of
cultivation.""

If the agrarian history of Suffolk shows it in the i6th century in the
forefront of the agricultural counties of England owing to the numbers of its
inclosures, in the 17th century through its growing trade with London in
corn and dairy-produce, in the i8th for the practice of scientific farming,
to the 1 9th belongs characteristically the growth of its most important modern
industry, the manufacture of agricultural implements and milling machinery.

Already in Arthur Young's day much fertility in inventions of this kind
had been shown : he mentions numerous experimental drills and ploughs
which had been employed in various parts of the county, and a machine
called the Bear for cleansing river-bottoms.'" The detailed history of the
growth of the industry belongs elsewhere."''

The reigns of Elizabeth and James I, with their comparative security and
growing prosperity, probably represent the golden age as regards the life of
the Suffolk gentry : the evil days of the Civil War had not yet fallen on
them : the attractions of London had not given rise to the complaint of a
later date that Suffolk reaped no benefit of the revenues drawn from her
soil."'

Reyce writes of the great hospitality and neighbourliness, of the 'frequent
interlacing in marriage ' of the county families, ' a practice much used at
this day,' also of their improvidence and lack of foresight."* ' The multi-
plicity of curious buildings ' strikes him, a great contrast to the low houses,
thick stoiie walls, small windows, and round hearth with a hole in the roof to
carry off the smoke, which the insecurity of life and property had formerly
rendered necessary. The Suffolk houses of his day, three or four stories high,
had thin walls of brick, stone, or timber, large light windows, square lofty
rooms, many small chimneys, roofs ' square and so slender that they are
enforced often to repair'"" — houses many of which at the present time are
in the occupation of tenant-farmers."'

The scarcity of timber"^ (in part owing to the custom which now prevailed
of using nothing but oak in house-building "') obliged them to be ' spare of
stuff,' and ' that workman that can do his work with most beauty and least
charge (albeit not so strong) he is most required.' "' People began to set
store by the nature of the soil, the healthiness of the situation, the beauty of
the prospect : all these things have a definite market value in the many
descriptions of property in Suffolk which belong to this period. Many rich

"' Young, op. cit. 47. "* CuUum, op. cit. 168. '" Young, op. cit. 31.

"' See V.C.H. Suff. ii, 281 et seq.

'" Young, jlpf. to Gen. Surv. of Agric. (1794), 85. "* Breviary, 60.

'« Ibid. 50. "• Cf. Suckling, Hist, of Suff. ii, 222.

'" Reyce, Breviary, 33.

"° Harrison, Descr. of Engl. (ed. Withington), 197.

"* Rejrce, Breviary, 50.

67a

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

merchants who had made their money in the cloth-fairs of Antwerp or the
markets of the Levant bought land in Suffolk and settled down to found a
family. Such, for example, was Sir Thomas Kytson, ' the merchant,' citizen
and mercer of London, who bought the manor of Hengrave in 1521 from the
Duke of Buckingham, and on the dissolution of Bury Abbey added to his
already extensive estates the manors of Risby, Westley, Chevington, Har-
grave, and the Fornhams, for which he paid £i,jio is. 8^'."° Between 1525
and 1538 Kytson built Hengrave Hall, with its gateway, one of the most
beautiful specimens of the architecture of the period.'" John Eldred, citizen
of London, bought the manor of Great Saxham in 1597 ; '" Hakluyt gives
the record of his voyages to Tripoli and Babylon. Thomas Spring, known as
the rich clothier, who died in 15 10, owned large estates in Lavenham."*
Fuller estimates the former prosperity of the cloth trade by the * many marbles
richly inlaid with brass to the memory of clothiers in foregoing ages,' which
he observed in the churches of Suffolk, adding (168 i), 'and not one in these
later seasons.'"* In 161 3 Sir John Suckling, father of the poet, bought the
manor and advowson of Barsham for ^^4,000, ' confident that ere long lands
will have a better and a higher price.' "'

In some cases the fine monastic buildings were taken over and adapted
for private use. An interesting example is Mettingham Castle, which, from
1393 till the Dissolution, had been occupied by the master and priests of
Raveningham College, Norfolk."' When Sir Nicholas Bacon came into pos-
session of the property by purchase in 1562, the dwelling house had fallen
into complete disrepair owing to thefts of lead from the roof. The parlour,
a room 25 ft. by 18 ft., which possessed a large bay window, glazed, opening
into a little court, is described as ' very fair, sealed with wainscot, carved with
knops fair gilt hanging down, and with two fair benches of wainscot and the
floor boarded with oak. And the arms of the last master of the college round
about the same parlour, fair gilt.' "^ A few ruins and a freestone chimney
also remained of an earlier feudal castle. The orchards, divided into sundry
parts with quickset hedges and set with divers fruit trees, pears, apples, and
warden plums, are carefully detailed, as well as the ' friday ponds,' and the
river well replenished with pike, perch, roach, tench, and other kinds of fish,
where the monks had been accustomed to boat and fish at their pleasure.
Sir Nicholas succeeded also to their swannery (the birds marked in the bill
with M for Mettingham), and the woods abounding in all kinds of wild
fowl and very commodious for hawking, pheasants, and partridges ; besides
which, the warren of conies, black and grey, only needed careful preserving
to afford him good sport. This passion for sport is thoroughly typical of the
social life of the period, and there is ample evidence to show that the gentry
of Suffolk appreciated to the full the peculiar advantages of their county in this
respect.

Although Suffolk was never a battle-ground during the Civil War, the
houses of the gentry suffered considerably at the hands of the soldiery
who were arbitrarily quartered upon them. Some idea of their conduct may

"• Gage, Thingoe Hun J. 182.
'" Kirby, Suff. Traveller, 225.
'" Suckling, Hist, of Suff. i, 37.
'" Add. MS. 14850, fol. 151.

I

"' Ibid. 213.

'" Fuller, IVorthies, 159,

'" Ibid. 175.

m

673

Ibid. 107.

8S

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

be gathered from the Wentworth Papers."* Somerleyton House was more
than once occupied by the Parliamentary troops.

Upon the 14th day of March, 1642, being Tuesday, Colonel Cromwell's troop and
Captain Fountain with his troop and divers others to the number of 140, came to Somer-
leyton Hall in the morning, and there they quartered that night and a great part of
them all Wednesday and Thursday till afternoon.

I 5. d.
Valuing the quartering of 100 men — because some of them went away in the

morning — for two days as abovesaid, at id. the man, comes to . . 368

Item, their horses eat in that time — as by good proof is made manifest —

35 comb of oats : the price of them 5^. the comb, comes to. . . 8150

Item, their horses eat and stroyed off the chamber and out of the barns at least

4 comb of wheat besides rye : the price of such wheat then, at least ids.

the comb, comes to .........340

Item, their horses eat and stroyed at least 3 loads of grey peas in the straw, all

which were very well worth . . . . . . . . 4 O O

Item, they shot out of the sacks and gave to their horses 9 bushels of barley :

then being 2s, the bushel comes to . . . . . . . 0180

Sum of this free quarter .......... ;{^20 3 8

Besides at least 5 loads of good hard-land hay, eaten and stroyed, worth ^^5 at least. For
goods, horses and arms seized or taken thus we inform and account : —

The 15th day of March 1642 Colonel Cromwell's quarter-master took away from Somerley-
ton Hall, the house of Sir John Wentworth, Knight, six muskets worth 20x. the
musket, which comes to £b ; and their bandeliers and two rests valued at 6j. 8(/. ; and
one fowling-piece well worth 22J., and 12 head-pieces valued at 91. the piece, comes
to ^5 8x.

So the total of these arms comes to ;f 12 i6f. %d.

More, at the same time, from the same place, was taken, but by whom we know not ; in
gold ;^i6o.

Suffolk was assessed for the maintenance of the army at ^1,250, Soldiers
were quartered freely upon the townships, where they pillaged the shops of
their stock-in-trade, and gave no recompense."' The inhabitants of Somer-
leyton were compelled to maintain eight foot soldiers at a payment of 5J. a
week for each. The volunteer soldiers of the trained bands were called
up weekly for exercise, providing their own arms, matches, powder, and
bullets.^'"

At the close of the century the records of social life in Suffolk regain
once more their peaceful character. From the Friston Papers may be
gathered interesting glimpses of the almost paternal relations existing between
the large landowners and the townspeople, who are their tenants. Sir Henry
Johnson and his son-in-law and successor in the estate, Lord Strafford, are
consulted on every imaginable subject, from the supply of ordnance for the
defence of Aldeburgh,'*^ to the troubles of an aged fisherwoman almost
seventy years old ; '*' or the disposal of brandy casks blown ashore after being
sunk by smugglers with bags of stones ; "' they appoint a new school-
master at a salary of j/^14 a year to succeed another whose wife has an
alehouse 20 miles distant from Aldeburgh, and who is in consequence too
often absent from his post ; ^^ they lend the newspapers for perusal at the
same ' White Lion,' on condition that they are kept clean and returned every

178

Suckling, op. cit. ii, 48. '"• Ibid, ii, 67. '*' Ibid, ii, 50.

"• Add. MSS. 22249, fol- 45- '" Ibid. fol. 106. '^ Ibid. fol. 97.

'" Ibid. fol. 69.

674

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

Monday morning (1738);"^ they give permission for the erection of posts
and rails at either end of the Market Place, where wagons and carts break up
the pavement, on the understanding that a passage is left open for the Friston
coach, or those of any other gentlemen coming to town.^'^

During the i8th century the interest of social life centres mainly about
the towns. The Dutch wars had for a time checked the prosperity of the
shipping industry. Defoe"^ points out how Ipswich in particular had suffered
by the diminution of the collier fleets plying between Newcastle and London,
which its harbour had once entertained, and which had often been built in its
yards. Dutch ' fly-boats,' taken in the war, thrust themselves into the coal-
trade, and Ipswich men dropped gradually out of it.''' The thinness of the
population, owing to this, and, according to another witness,"' also to the
passing of the cloth trade to the north and west of England, became a by-
word : ' Ipswich a town without people.' But already in Defoe's day things
had begun to mend : large quantities of corn grown in the surrounding dis-
trict were continually shipped from its quays to London, and also to Holland. ''"
If the wealthy manufacturers had deserted it never to return, people of another
class ' scrambled ' for houses in the town."'

There *''' is a great deal of very good company in this town and though there are not
so many of the gentry here as at Bury, yet there are more here than in any other town in the
county : the company you meet with are generally persons well-informed on the world and
who have something very solid and entertaining in their society. This may happen by their
frequent conversing with those who have been abroad, and by their having a remnant of
gentlemen and masters of ships among them who have seen more of the world than the
people of an inland town are likely to have seen.

Living in Ipswich was particularly cheap, and access to London easy,
the coach going through in one day. Woodbridge also was ' full of corn-
factors and butter-factors,' some of them very considerable merchants.

Bungay about 1700 was the subject of an unsuccessful experiment :
Mr. King, an apothecary of the town, tried to bring it forward as a spa,
pointing out that the chalybeate spring in the old castle possessed valuable
properties: he built a bath-house at Earsham (just across the Norfolk border),
planted a vineyard, and made walks ; but though the Suffolk gentry for many
years resorted to the bath-house, little came of the enterprise."'

Reyce in his Breviary had written a century earlier of the condition of
the Suffolk cottage : —

' The mean person and the poor cottager thinks he doth very well if he
can compass in his manner of building to raise his frame low, cover it with
thatch, and to fill his wide panels (after they are well splinted and bound)
with clay or culme enough well-tempered . . . over which to bestow a cast
of hair, lime, and sand made into mortar and laid thereon rough or smooth.'"*
In Arthur Young's day the Suffolk cottage was still built of lath and plaster,
or wattle and clay, and was, he adds, deficient in warmth and every conveni-
ence of life."' Crabbe's unflinching pen has left a picture of the conditions
of life in the lowest stratum of society, as he saw it in his native town of

■" Add. MSS. 22249, fol. 113. "• Ibid. fol. loi. '" Tour in the Eastern Counties, 83.

"» Ibid. 84. '«' Kirby, Suff. Traveller (ed. 1784), 51.

"° Defoe, op. cit. 94. "' Kirby, op. cit. 51. '" Defoe, op. cit. 95.

"' Suckling, op. cit. i, 128. '" Breviary, 51. ■" Young, op. cit. (ed. 1797), 11.

675

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

Aldeburgh — a description of an old warehouse let out as a shelter to beggars
and vagabonds : "*

Where'er the floor allows an even space,
Chalking and marks of various games have place ;
Boys, without foresight, pleased in halters swing —
On a fix'd hook men cast a flying ring ;
While gin and snuff their female neighbours share,
And the black beverage in the fractured ware.

But some few of the Suffolk landlords, intent on improvement, turned
their attention to the condition of their tenants' dwellings ; '" and the i8th
century saw the introduction of a new system of Poor Law, which endeavoured
to deal more effectually than the old with the vagabond population, and to
control the education of pauper children.

Suffolk, as an industrial county, had from an early date experience of
the problem of poor relief. Between 15 14 and 1569 the town councils
throughout England were active in forwarding measures for the relief of the
poor. The lead which London had given was closely followed by Ipswich.
In 1551 two persons were nominated by the bailiffs ' to inquire into the poor
of every parish and thereof to make certificate.' '^^ In 1556 eight burgesses
were appointed to frame measures for the ordering and maintenance of poor
and impotent people, for providing them with work, and for suppressing
vagrants and idle persons : licensed beggars were supplied with badges.
Compulsory taxation for the benefit of the poor was adopted, and the rate
levied according to the value of house-property — punishments being inflicted
for non-payment. In 1569 Christ's Hospital, the counterpart of Bridewell —
a house of correction, an asylum for the aged, and a training-school for the
young — was erected. Bury also possessed a house of correction ; the regu-
lations for food compare favourably with the workhouse dietary of a later
date : the inmates were supplied with two principal meals a day, dinner and
supper, and on days when meat was eaten everyone was to have eight ounces
of rye bread, a pint of porridge, a quarter of a pound of meat, and a pint of
beer : on fast days one-third of a pound of cheese, and one or two herrings
instead of meat. All were to rise at four in the summer, and five in winter,
and to work till seven with intervals for morning and evening prayer.

The Bury Articles of 157 1-5"' reflect the prevalent opinion that idle
persons were a menace to the prosperity of town life. ' Item that every
artificer and labourer suspected of loitering do weekly declare to one of the
constables of the ward every Sunday in the morning where he wrought every
day in the said week, and the said constable to inquire immediately the truth
thereof.

' If any labourer shall not be provided of work on the Sunday for the
week following, then the curate or constable to move the parish for work.'

No poor persons were allowed to keep their children at home when they
were of an age for service.

The history of the Poor Law in Suffolk during the i6th and 17th
centuries is closely bound up with the history of the cloth industry.

'" Borough (ed. 1834), 296. '" Young, loc. cit.

^^ Cf. Bacon, Ann. oflpsmch, 126—235, quoted E. M. Leonard, Early Hist, of Engl. Poor Reftef, 42.

'" Hist. MSS. Com. Rep. xiv, App. viii, 139.

676

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

Those who, under the newly inaugurated system of poor relief, had to
provide work for the unemployed naturally turned their attention to spinning,
and an industry already carried on by the women and children in cottages
all over the county was represented in the cloth centres by a considerable
amount of semi-pauperized labour.^™ The children of Christ's Hospital,
Ipswich, were taught to card and spin wool at an early age : under an order
of 1590 every clothier was compelled to have at least half his wool carded,
spun, woven, and shorn by the poor of the town ; for the other half he
might procure labour outside if he wished.'"' The Bury Articles""' already
quoted ensure that the work thus compulsorily provided should be properly
carried out. Every spinner was, if possible, to be provided with 6 lb. of
wool every week, and to bring home the same every Saturday night. If the
task was not completed the clothier had liberty to inform the constable, that
punishment might be inflicted.

The spinners, probably owing to the fact that the industry was to such
a great extent carried on in scattered homes, never seem to have been
organized, and were peculiarly liable to oppression, ' not only through low
wages, but also through payment in kind and the exaction of arbitrary
fines.'*"" Throughout the 17th century the regulation of the spinners'
wages was one of the problems of poor-law administration. When the
cloth sales began to fail, and the looms to stand idle, they were the first to
suffer. In vain the Privy Council instructed the justices of Suffolk to urge
upon the clothiers the necessity of finding work for the poor. With
exhausted capital and cloth to the value of thousands of pounds returned
upon their hands, they were compelled to reduce the numbers of their
workpeople. In 1629 the Privy Council replied to a question of the
Suffolk justices that a tax might permissibly be levied on the inhabitants
of a parish for their lands per acre ' to employ the poor.' '"* In East Berg-
holt, one of the chief clothing towns, the sum raised for poor relief had to
be doubled.'"^ In 1630 malting was prohibited in the county in order to
increase the supply of barley for the poor.^°* The Orders in Council for the
sale of corn under cost price are too numerous to be detailed here. To the
growing depression of the cloth trade must be added such minor causes of
distress as the frequency of disastrous fires (hardly a town in Suffolk appears
to have escaped) and of epidemics of plague and small pox. The long
struggle of the coast towns (where fire was but too apt to follow in the
wake of tempest) against the invading sea was drawing to a close in defeat.
Southwold, Blythburgh, Walberswick, Dunwich, in particular, were in a
pitiable condition of poverty, while the decay of the fisheries followed
inevitably upon the shifting and silting of their havens. A petition of the
inhabitants in 1652'"^ speaks of 'our poor town of Walberswick, now one of
the poorest towns in England, not being able to repair our Church or
Meeting place, which at the first was reared up by the Inhabitants at their
only Cost and Charge, and the many poor widows and fatherless and mother-
less children and at this present not above one man living in the town that
has £^ per year of his own.'

^ r.C.H. Suff. ii, 258. »' Ibid. »" Hist. MSS. Com. Ref. x\r, App. viii, 139.

«» r.C.H. Suff. ii, 258. •»' E. M. Leonard, Early Engl. Poor Relief, p. 178. "» F.C.H. Suff. ii, 266.
"* E. M. Leonard, Early Engl. Poor Relief, p. 179. "' Gardner, Hist, of Dunwich, 176.

677

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

In 1637 the Assizes were ordered to be held at Ipswich instead of
Bury, on account of the plague, and Ipswich Fair on St. James's Day was
discontinued lest the influx of pedlars and people might infect the town.'"*
In 1665 the Corporation of Bury, 'conceiving it very necessary in these
dangerous times of God's visitation timely to provide a pest-house,' set apart
for the purpose the great barn called Almoners' Barn, as they had no other
use for it that year.'"*

In the latter part of the reign of Charles II Suffolk stood twelfth among
the counties of England in the average amount of its poor rate."" CuUum '"
gives some details of the sums of money expended on the relief of the poor
in Hawstead over a term of years :

Raised by Collection

I u d. £ i. d,

1671 3 18 o 1676 822

1672 470 i68o ID 15 8

1672-4 13 19 3 1681 13 8 6

1675 16 3 8

Under the latter year occurs the account for a pauper's funeral."*

z. d.

Laid out for woollen and bread for Edward Goodwin's burial ... 76

For a cheese for the funeral ........13

For beer at the funeral ......... 2 6

Beside this may be placed the provision of clothing for another pauper,

'Mother Codnam,' in 1701."*

I. d.

For a gowne ...........4^

More for a pair of bodies ......... 2 2

For a shift 20

For a petticoat . . . . • . • • . • iio

For a pair of stockings .........18

For a mantle ........... I 8

For a hat ........... 10

For a pair of shoes .......... 2 4

The expenditure upon poor relief in Hawstead continued very small till
well on in the i8th century. For some years after 1724 it did not exceed
^10 a year; till 1735, £zo. By 1767 it had reached £100, and by 1774

In Glemsford, a parish of 2,400 population, the poor rates rose from
^678 in 1772 to yri,ioo in 1792, and ^z^\zc) in 1796.""

The feeling appears to have been general that the reorganization of
poor relief which took place all over Suffolk about this time led to an
increase of dependence on parochial support."' But at the same time this
very reorganization had been rendered necessary by the working of economic
causes. Suffolk a second time had passed through the severe trial of the
decay of a staple industry, though one less acutely felt than at the first owing
to her advance in agricultural prosperity. The making of the new draperies,
' bays, says and calimancoes,' introduced into Suffolk by Dutch refugees in

"" Cal. S.P. Dom. 1637, pp. 282-3.

"• Min. Bks. of Corp. of Bury, Hist. MSS. Com. Ref. xiv, App. viii, 145.

'" Rogers, Hist. ofJgric. and Prices, iv, 122. "' Op. cit. 158.

'" Cullum, op. cit. 162. '" Suckling, Hist. ofSuff. i, 358. '" Cullum, op. cit. 186.

"' Young, op. cit. (ed. 1797), 18. "' Cullum, op. cit. 168.

678

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

the reign of Elizabeth,"^ at first subservient to, had gradually replaced the
older industry. Side by side, as a dependent industry, must be placed the
production of yarn, the new draperies requiring long wool which had to be
combed before it was spun, instead of short carded wool. This combing and
spinning employed many poor persons, who fed the Norwich and London
markets as well, producing more than could be made up in Suffolk. It was
said that while 84 lb. of wool, the amount required for a cloth of the old
stout texture, gave employment to but fourteen people, forty or fifty were
engaged upon working up the same quantity into the flimsier materials.

But the period of revival was but a brief one, for towards the close of
the 17th century the fabrics brought in by the East India Company came into
serious competition with the new draperies,^'' and as time went on they
followed the old to the manufacturing towns of the north and west of
England. In 1722 Defoe"' comments on the poverty of Sudbury, the centre
of the revived industry : ' They have a great manufacture of says and per-
petuanas, and multitudes of poor people are employed in working them ; but
the number of the poor is almost ready to eat up the rich.'

But while the weaving industry steadily declined, a very large quantity
of yarn continued to be spun for weavers without the county, especially in
Norwich. The earnings were extremely low, from 3^. to 4^. a day,*^° and
the trade subject to frequent depression.^" The spinners could not live upon
their pittances, and the deficiency had to be made up out of the rates.
Arthur Young estimates their number, women and children, at about
36,000.'"

Enough has been said to show that the undoubted increase of poverty
in certain parts of Suffolk was due to well-defined economic causes. To-
wards the middle of the century several districts within the county applied
to Parliament for the ' power of incorporating themselves and of regulating
the employment and maintenance of the poor by certain rules not authorized
by existing poor laws.' '"

Several Acts of Parliament were passed, and between 1756 and 178 1"''
the hundred of Colneis and Carlford ; Blything, Mutford, and Lothingland;
Wangford; Loes and Wilford; Samford; Bosmere and Claydon; Cosford (with
the parish of Polsted) ; Hartismere, Hoxne and Thredling ; and Stow were
incorporated. They were permitted under the Act to borrow funds to a
limited amount for the purpose of building Houses of Industry,"* and these
were erected (in all but the Hartismere district, where smaller local houses in
several parishes took the place of a central house) at Nacton (1757),'^^ Bul-
camp (1765),''' Oulton (1767),'" Shipmeadow (1766),"* Melton (1765),-''
Tattingstone (1766),''" Barham (1766),-" Semer (1780),''' Onehouse (1781)."'
The erection of the workhouses led to rioting and the attempted destruction
of the buildings by the classes they were intended to benefit."* In other
ranks of society the movement found supporters among those who considered
the spirit of the French Revolution not altogether absent from the English

'" y.C.H. Suff. ii, 267. "« Ibid. 269. "' Tour in the Eastern Counties (ed. Cassell), 100.

"° F.C.H. Suff. ii, 270. "' Young, Gen. View of Agric. (1794), 50.

'" Ibid. (180+), 232. •" Young, App. to Gen. Fiete of Agric. (1794), 75.

»'^ Ibid. 76 et seq. "* Ibid. 76. "* Ibid. »« Ibid. 77.

»" Ibid. 78. "* Ibid. " Ibid. 79. ~ Ibid. 80.

"' Ibid. 81. "' Ibid. 82. •» Ibid. 83. »" Ibid. 92.

679

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

poor, and needing the chastening influence of restraint and enforced industry ;
many people, however, not least the poet Crabbe, regarded the innovation
with horror and were in full sympathy with his denunciation ''*" of the

' Pauper palace, which they hate to see, . . .
A prison with a milder name
Which few inhabit without dread or shame.'

Both points of view appear to have been justified to a certain extent by
immediate consequences.

An inquiry into the state of the workhouse at Melton in 1791 *" dis-
closed fearful conditions of neglect and inhumanity, especially in the treat-
ment of the sick. On the other hand the general report of the Suffolk
workhouses appended to Arthur Young's treatise and published in 1793 (by
which time Melton had a new governor) speaks of the improvement in
morality and the superior good order noticeable in the incorporated as com-
pared with the other districts, ' less of drivers riding on their waggons,
tippling in alehouses, and smaller immoralities and improprieties ; the poor
respectful and civil to their superiors, the children less prone to steal wood
and turnips.' '"

It is significant that the spinning (especially hemp-spinning for coarser
textiles, which was more remunerative than yarn-spinning, being paid at the
rate of dd. a day ^'^) was found to be the most productive employment for the
workhouse inmates. An attempt to employ them in agriculture met with
little result — a few ' let out for husbandry ' earned bd. a day by weeding."*
The inmates of Oulton workhouse made nets for the Lowestoft herring
fisheries, the merchants furnishing twine to be braided by the yard.

The workhouses are described as clean and, airy, and, by implication, the
cottage homes of the poor as filthy, airless, and slovenly ; the food, ' good
brown bread,' cheese of the county, ' excellent small-beer home-brewed from
the best malt,' "' was at least so far more plentiful than the ordinary diet of
the class to wh'ch the inmates belonged that at Semer a large number of
deaths occurred among them owing to too much meat having been allowed
to those who came in after suffering extreme poverty."" Yet the death-
rate in these first years owing to epidemics of ' putrid fever ' and smallpox
was enormous ; in 178 1 130 inmates of the Bulcamp workhouse, where the
average number of inmates was 203, died of a 'putrid fever,' which also
carried off one-third of the inhabitants of Blythburgh.'" The administration
of out-relief appears to have been so indiscriminate as to lead to abuses as
great as those which existed under the old system.^*^

According to the evidence taken before the Poor Law Commission of
1 83 1, Suffolk, with a population by the last census (1821) of 270,542, had
an average poor rate of \js. lo\d. per head."' ^

' Borough (ed. 1834), 287. "* Rep. of Com. of Enquiry, 791.

jipp. to Gen. View, 86. "' Gen. View (1794), 50. *" App. to Gen. Fietc, 78.

Ibid. 85. "» Ibid. 82. •" Ibid. 78.

Ibid. 79. "' Rep. Sets. 1831, Lords, viii, 248.

680

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

TABLE OF POPULATION, 1801 to 1901

Introductory Notes

Area

The county taken in this table is that existing subsequently to 7 & 8 Vict., chap. 6i (1844).
By this Act detached parts of counties, which had already for parliamentary purposes been amalga-
mated with the county by which they were surrounded or with which the detached part had the
longest common boundary (2 & 3 Will. IV, chap. 64 — 1832), were annexed to the same county for
all purposes ; some exceptions were, however, permitted.

By the same Act (7 & 8 Vict., chap. 61) the detached parts of counties, transferred to other
counties, were also annexed to the hundred, ward, wapentake, &c. by which they were wholly or
mostly surrounded, or to which they next adjoined, in the counties to which they were transferred.
The hundreds, &c. in this table also are given as existing subsequently to this Act.

As is well known, the famous statute of Queen Elizabeth for the relief of the poor took the then-
existing ecclesiastical parish as the unit for Poor Law relief. This continued for some centuries
with but few modifications ; notably by an Act passed in the thirteenth year of the reign of Charles II
which permitted townships and villages to maintain their own poor. This permission was necessary
owing to the large size of some of the parishes, especially in the north of England.

In 1 80 1 the parish for rating purposes (now known as the civil parish, i.e. *an area for
which a separate poor rate is or can be made, or for which a separate overseer is or can be
appointed ') was in most cases co-extensive with the ecclesiastical parish of the same name ; but
already there were numerous townships and villages rated separately for the relief of the poor,
and also there were many places scattered up and down the country, known as extra-parochial
places, which paid no rates at all. Further, many parishes had detached parts entirely surrounded
by another parish or parishes.

Parliament first turned its attention to extra-parochial places, and by an Act (20 Vict.,
chap. 19 — 1857) it was laid down {a) that all extra-parochial places entered separately in the
1 85 1 census returns are to be deemed civil parishes, (1^) that in any other place being, or being
reputed to be, extra-parochial, overseers of the poor may be appointed, and (c) that where, how-
ever, owners and occupiers of two-thirds in value of the land of any such place desire its
annexation to an adjoining civil parish, it may be so added with the consent of the said parish.
This Act was not found entirely to fulfil its object, so by a further Act (31 & 32 Vict., chap. 122 —
1868) it was enacted that every such place remaining on 25 December 1868, should be added
to the parish with which it had the longest common boundary.

The next thing to be dealt with was the question of detached parts of civil parishes, which was
done by the Divided Parishes Acts of 1876, 1879, and 1882. The last, which amended the one of
1876, provides that every detached part of an entirely extra-metropolitan parish which is entirely
surrounded by another parish becomes transferred to this latter for civil purposes, or if the population
exceeds 300 persons it may be made a separate parish. These Acts also gave power to add detached
parts surrounded by more than one parish to one or more of the surrounding parishes, and also to
amalgamate entire parishes with one or more parishes. Under the 1879 Act it was not necessary
for the area dealt with to be entirely detached. These Acts also declared that every part added to
a parish in another county becomes part of that county.

Then came the Local Government Act, 1 888, which permits the alteration of civil parish boun-
daries and the amalgamation of civil parishes by Local Government Board orders. It also created the
administrative counties. The Local Government Act of 1 894 enacts that where a civil parish is partly
in a rural district and partly in an urban district each part shall become a separate civil parish ; and
also that where a civil parish is situated in more than one urban district each part shall become a
separate civil parish, unless the county council otherwise direct.

Meanwhile, the ecclesiastical parishes had been altered and new ones created under entirely
different Acts, which cannot be entered into here, as the table treats of the ancient parishes in
their civil aspect.

Population

The first census of England was taken in 1801, and was very little more than a counting
of the population in each parish (or place), excluding all persons, such as soldiers, sailors, &c., w!io
formed no part of its ordinary population. It was the Je facto population (i.e. the population

I 681 86

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

actually resident at a particular time) and not the de jure (i.e. the population really belonging
to any particular place at a particular time). This principle has been sustained throughout

the censuses.

The Army at home (including militia), the men of the Royal Navy ashore, and the registered
seamen ashore were not included in the population of the places where they happened to be,
at the time of the census, until 1 84 1. The men of the Royal Navy and other persons on board
vessels (naval or mercantile) in home ports were first included in the population of those places
in 185 1. Others temporarily present, such as gipsies, persons in barges, &c. were included in
1 841 and perhaps earlier.

General

Up to and including 1831 the returns were mainly made by the overseers of the poor,
and more than one day was allowed for the enumeration, but the 1841-1901 returns were
made under the superintendence of the registration officers and the enumeration was to be
completed in one day. The Householder's Schedule was first used in 1841. The exact date^
of the censuses are as follows : —

10 March, 1801 30 May, 1831 8 April, 1861 6 April, 1891

27 May, 1 8n 7 June, 1 841 3 April, 1871 I April, 1901

28 May, 1821 31 March, 1851 4 April, 1881

Notes Explanatory of the Table

This table gives the population of the ancient county and arranges the parishes, &c. under the
hundred or other subdivision to which they belong, but there is no doubt that the constitution of
hundreds, &c. was in some cases doubtful.

In the main the table follows the arrangement in the 1841 census volume.

The table gives the population and area of each parish, &c. as it existed in 1801, as far
as possible.

The areas are those supplied by the Ordnance Survey Department, except in the case of those
marked * e,' which were calculated by other authorities. The area includes inland water (if any),
but not tidal water or foreshore.

t after the name of a civil parish indicates that the parish was affected by the operation
of the Divided Parishes Acts, but the Registrar-General failed to obtain particulars of every
such change. The changes which escaped notification were, however, probably small in area
and with little, if any, population. Considerable difficulty was experienced both in 1891 and
1 90 1 in tracing the results of changes effected in civil parishes under the provisions of these
Acts ; by the Registrar-General's courtesy, however, reference has been permitted to certain
records of formerly detached parts of parishes, which has made it possible approximately to
ascertain the population in 1901 of parishes as constituted prior to such alterations, though the
figures in many instances must be regarded as partly estimates.

• after the name of a parish (or place) indicates that such parish (or place) contains a union
workhouse which was in use in (or before) 1851 and was still in use in 1901.

X after the name of a parish (or place) indicates that the ecclesiastical parish of the same name
at the 1 90 1 census was co-extensive with such parish (or place).

§ after the name of a parish (or place) indicates that the civil parish of tiif. same name at the
1901 census was co-extensive with such parish (or place).

o in the table indicates that there is no population on the area in question.

— in the table indicates that no population can be ascertained.

The word 'chapelry ' seems often to have been used as an equivalent for 'township* in 1841,
which census volume has been adopted as the standard for names and descriptions of areas.

The figures in italics in the table relate to the area and population of such subdivisions of
ancient parishes as chapelries, townships, and hamlets.

682

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

Table of population

1801 — 1901

Ancient or Geographical
County '

Acre-
age

952,710

1 801

214,404

1811

233.875

1831

1841

270,542296,317315,073

1851 1861

337.235 336.29o!348.i 18'

1871

1881

1891

1901

356,128369,150381,752

Parish

Babergh Hundred

Acton 1 1 . .
Alpheton %% .
Assingtont • • ■
Boxford (part

Boxted t . . . .
Brent Eleigh % § ,
Bures St. Mary

(part of) t '
Cavendish t . .

Chiltontr- • •
Cockfield : 5 . .
Comard,

Great t X *
Comard, Little \ J
Edwardstone t X ■
Glemsford i X • •
Groton 1 1 • • •
Hartestt . . .
Lavenham J § . .
Lawshall J § . .
Melford, Long t X •
Milden t § . . .
Monks Eleigh X § •
Nayland t J . .
Newton near

Sudbury 1 1
Polsteadt . . .
Preston t t . . •
Shimpling ft- •
Somerton 1 1 • •
Stanstead ft- •
Stoke by

Nayland t
Waldingfield,

Great t t *
Waldingfield,

Little t X
Wiston, or

Wissington t X

Acre-
age

2,81 1"
1,222
2,986*
'■325"

',367*

1,684

2,516

3.354'

979'

3,626

1,567'

1,657*

1,87

2,295'

1,571'

1,964'

2,898

2,930
5,<85'
1,343
2,099

941'
2,197'

3,402-

1,931

2,698'

1,040*

1,162'

5,277"

2,423'

J,574'

1,485'

1801

461
204
471
636

171

243
702

1,042

1,074

79

—

739

829

535

510

279

239

362

374

1,215

1,148

516

545

646

705

1,776

1,711

554

717

2,204

2,068

130

141

542

560

881

933

354

310

655

699

309

272

441

393

117

187

258

284

1,041

1,242

564

577

338

347

220

218

1811

1821

470

555

208

264

478

533

702

743

'73

196

255

298

710

837

1831

1,215

97
897
656

297
416

•,275
597
740

1,898

837

2,288

167

713
1,019

343

900
320
450
156
341
I>393

711

386
246

565
309
641
874

239
290
996

1,214
108

1,023
819

345

503

1,470

577
761

2,107
885

2,514
177
733

1,047
432

960
321
496
141
353
1.447

679

403

249

1841

555
321

778

200
289
984

1,353

98

951

938

396
495

1 ,366
624
812

1,871
925

2,597
186
732

1,114
443

989
406

517

143

387

1.362

676

420

252

1851

539
370
776

201

260

1,144

1.394
151
988

857

380

479
1,626

589
832

1,811
908

2,587
165
722

1,153
499

943
386
470
136
412
1,406

659

404

256

i86i

558
298
747
806

192

228

1,036

1,301
149
992
904

404
462

1,932
554
744

1,823

903
2,870

159

678

1,061

529

922
348
500

153

382

1,275

622
412
254

1871

548
290
746
743

194
219
910

1,388
260
980
877

429

473

2,251

506

720

1,886

870

3.046

170

720

980

477

853
354
584
168
399
1.174

585

391

222

1881

579
249

735
659

181
229
868

1,149
284
931
803

385
438

2,490
467
6i6

1,838
799

3,293
179
577
901
442

820
300
491
116

369
1,150

587

415

191

1891

607

234
588

659

1 901

1,045
297
926
866

330
420

2,458
463
609

1,908
770

3,253
160

547
882

427

749
305
464

125

368
1,084

569

406

127

591
244
560
581

163 187
221 182
906 810

902
271

854
863

282
416

2,016
394
537

2,018
664

3,080
152
553
792

334

672
284
410
103
326
948

462

340
153

1 Ancitnt County. — There were no changes in the area of this County under the provisions of the Act 7 & 8 Vict,
cap. 61. Unfortunately the parts of Thetford St. Mary and Thetford St. Cuthbert in Suffolk were not distinguished
at the earlier Censuses, neither was the part of Brandon in Norfolk ; consequently Brandon is shown in the Table as
entirely in Suffolk and the parts of Thetford St. Mary and Thetford St Cuthbert are ignored in this Table. In the
1891 Census Volume a part of Gorleston Ancient Parish is said to be in Norfolk Ancient County and a part of Great
Yarmouth Ancient Parish in Suffolk Ancient County. The figures given for Gorleston Parish are exclusive of
those for the part in Norfolk Ancient County, which was first shown in 1891 ; the part in Norfolk is known to have
been enumerated in Runham Parish in 1881. None of Great Yarmouth is shown in this Table.

The area is taken from the igoi Census Volume, and necessarily does not exactly correspond with the population.
The population given in the Table for 1821 excludes gqg Militia, who could not be distributed to the places to
which they belonged. (See also notes to Rushford, Mendham.)

' Boxford is situated partly in Babergh Hundred and partly in Cosford Hundred.

» Bme% St. Mary Ancitnt Parish. — The remainder is in Essex (Hinckford Hundred).

« Chilton. — A portion of Chilton is supposed to have been included in Great Comard in 1841. The 1811 volume
states that the population of Chilton is included with that of Great Waldingfield in that year.

683

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

TABLE OF POPULATION, 1801—1901 (continued)

Parish

Blackbourn

Hundred

Ashfield, Great t§

Badwell Ash J §

Bardwell X § .

Barnham § . .

Barningham § .

Coney Weston 6

Culford . . .

Elmswell % % .

Huston t • • •

Fakenham

Magna f

Hepworth J § .

Hinderclay J § .

Honington J § .

Hopton J § . .

Hunston J § . .

Ingham § . .

Ixworth X% . .

Knettishall § .

Langham % § .

Livermere Parva §

Norton J § . . .

RickinghsJl

Inferior t§

Rushford (part of)'

Rymer, Extra

Par. t

Sapiston J § . . .

Stanton, All Saints,
with St. John the
Baptist United
Parishes % §

Stowlangtoft J § .

Stow, West § . .

Chimney Mills

Extra Par.

Thelnetham t J

Thorpe by

Ixworth §

Troston J § . . .

Walsham le

Willows X §

Wattisfield J § . .

Weston,

Market t t

Wordwell§ . . .

Blything

Hundred

Aldringham J §
Benacre § . .
Blythburgh * J §
Blythford t X ■
Bramfield X § •
Brampton J § .
Chediston t . .
Cookley § . .
Cove, South X $
Cratfield ft- .
Darshara J §
Dunwich J §
Easton Bavents §
Frostenden J § .
Halesworth t .
Henstead (part of)'

Acre-
age

2,3 JO

1.725
2,560
4,325

947*
2,601
2,074
2,378'
1,727
1,212
2,085*
1,594
I, '93

323
1,322

1,445*
1,959

1 801

1,548

270

1,858

348

3,'83

556

S,2QI

303

1,620

316

i>35i

198

2,221

244

2,089

451

3,659*

198

2,'55*

'S7

1,693

449

1,488

.335

1,201

176

1,397

433

960

143

1,830

160

2,304

827

1,059

49

970

207

1437

89

2,460

533

1,981

427

1,250

—

121'

—

1,282

207

3,3«9

728

1,478

162

2,941

168

8

—

1,773*

444

1,065

122

1,779

247

2,817

993

1,530

520

1,083-

273

40

221

178

886
163
552
236
368
264
131

551
421
184

17

266

1,676

227

1811

294
360

553
325
349
221

239
478
160
177

443
334
209
441
165

155
846
60
214
142
565
400

258
816

163
170

445
107

293
948

521
270

45

264
201

774
163

552
251

345
268

135
651

387

208

18

324
1,810

233

1821

345

427
687

369
424
261
291
628
164
214

523
403
250

524
178
18s
952
70
268
187
691
428

243
939

173

179

512
148

371
1,081

596

332

48

3>5

224

1,048

163
630

255
427
274
186
717
487
200

24

390

2,166

268

1831

408
490
799
384
514
255
327
694
202
204

542
405
248
581
185
226
1,061

67
264
185
802
465

234
1,03s

204

i 266

553
128

399
1,167

592
312

69

362
208
983
•97
667
289
409
287

183
692

5'3

232

16

373

2,473

269

184 1

396
458
826
412
508
244
352
671

255
213

582
387
273
623
162
208
1,064
79
293
172

879
432

34
•5

255
1,029

183

r 273

{ '

561
142

409
1,265

601
330

66

401
194

837
223
746
322
433
324
194
720
528

237
II

428

2,662

280

1851

455
478
893
445
499
266
348

779
242
229

582
394
331
674
142

233

1,189

80

281

174
927
460

54
14

255
1,082

186

308

7

136

427
1,297

603
3>7

S6

467
223
1,118
194
740
281
434
275
194

673
462

294

3

456

2,662

279

I86I

1871

1881

1891

408

459

398

362

527

520

445

454

882

806

756

734

475

434

459

454

489

446

421

403

254

209

198

178

346

298

299

364

759

754

761

781

225

221

234

219

196

176

190

182

594

614

527

439

388

324

306

3>2

363

315

308

259

643

604

555

474

172

158

'34

130

236

242

284

292

1,074

1,057

1,004

95'

84

83

76

69

242

200

204

'75

167

179

166

145

948

886

746

762

437

388

367

362

36

20

26

58

19

32

25

23

255

222

263

233

1,045

918

842

791

204

196

178

177

238

217

i88

'93

10

6

8

8

516

421

384

35'

"39

135

145

'3'

322

354

309

268

1,290

1,277

I,l8l

1,033

615

562

481

434

303

285

294

237

6S

60

44

45

471

485

524

577

212

196

207

204

832

861

821

746

193

189

195

166

649

653

628

535

310

280

298

308

418

401

362

363

252

249

212

205

187

170

157

'37

604

564

495

467

409

472

434

365

227

234

250

213

7

6

«3

18

409

431

386

417

2,521

2437

2498

2,324

534

552

537

488

Z90I

375
356
668
382

399
230

309
858
211
161

392
261
236
488
127
252
856
59
154
140
742
381

46
7

211

778

158

'93

4

3'5
"5

235
1,038

408
246

4a

573
216
646
140

535
274
283
185
158
392
379
'57
16
405
2,266

455

' Rush/ord. — The remainder is in Norfolk (Guiltcross Hundred), where the entire population is shown, 1801-1831.
' Henstead is situated partly in Blything Hundred and partly in Wangford Hundred. The entire area and
population (1861-1901) are shown in Blything Hundred.

684

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

TABLE OF POPULATION, 1801— 1901 (.continued)

Parish

Acre-
age

1 801

1811

1821

1831

1841

1851

1861

1871

1881

1891

1901

Dlything Hundred

(cont.)

Heveningham J § .

1,669

305

322

411

423

417

422

354

35'

3'6

312

291

Holtbn 1 1 . . .

1,130'

328

399

399

435

541

516

470

429

441

490

506

Huntingfield § . .

2,146

373

403

386

400

397

4"

369

361

357

378

306

Knoddishall J § .

1,850

286

309

316

315

397

432

442

442

448

441

479

Leiston cum

4,987

823

867

954

1,070

',177

1,580

2,227

2,252

2,439

2,616

3,259

Sizewell J §

Linstead Magna § .

J,32S

93

•34

103

no

92

100

"5

"3

123

9'

96

Linstead Parva t •

554'

•34

132

164

186

205

200

227

165

'59

125

120

Middleton with

2,041

488

564

564

580

599

620

589

526

503

520

497

Fordley J §

North Hales, or

1,458

180

169

169

182

186

195

192

182

'73

162

189

Covehithe §

Peasenhall \\ . .

1,995*

532

633

746

773

845

820

875

930

863

781

698

Reydon § . . .

2,729

3>7

278

325

338

433

337

294

275

307

352

^53

Rumburgh § . .

',538

358

409

445

421

435

432

405

39'

346

378

316

Sibton \\ . . .

2,86i'

421

503

569

498

564

501

489

509

483

495

435

Sotherton § . . .

',095

168

164

178

196

222

252

'87

157

180

'59

177

Southwold J § . .

612

1,054

1,369

1,676

1,875

2, 1 86

2,109

2,032

2,'55

2,107

2.3"

2,800

SpexhaU ft...

1,484'

140

J 30

172

197

215

.96

181

203

204

191

'75

Steven Xk . . .

806

125

"7

116

112

127

172

161

187

'3'

"S

116

Theberton t § . .

2,001

430

440

557

537

580

591

54'

526

593

54'

490

Thorington J § ' .

1,448

125

143

158

'59

'57

161

123

'33

104

104

9?

Ubbeston t t • •

1,212*

177

192

181

'99

243

208

206

202

189

165

146

Uggeshall § . . .

',494

335

328

308

303

295

293

272

235

250

235

228

Walberswick t § •

1,985

229

244

263

279

339

357

3'5

303

289

270

304

Walpole J § . . :

1.675

494

492

605

658

615

563

540

426

394

393

348

Wangford : —

2,700

593

622

746

792

818

814

862

789

757

727

716

Wangford § . .

897

477

502

615

636

690

713

701

647

606

565

576

HenhamHamlet§

1,803

116

120

131

156

128

101

161

142

151

162

140

Wenhaston § . .

2,401

578

710

887

1,070

1,094

1,004

9j?

914

877

832

792

Westhall J § . .

2,318

373

441

440

442

412

496

468

474

13'

391

413

Westleton J § ■ •

6,122

661

713

788

884

897

993

940

899

835

807

755

Wisset t t • . ■

2,259*

349

374

435

419

470

490

427

413

394

376

327

Wrentham J § . .

2,334

822

750

995

1,022

1,020

1,026

1,051

1,019

980

1,018

1,019

Yoxford J § . . .

2,730

851

1,007

1.073

1,149

1,251

1,272

I, III

1,148

1,060

1,047

988

Bosmere and Clay-

don Hundred

Akenham § . . .

1,017

105

117

120

"9

117

131

94

84

"1

116

104

Ashbocking \ §

1,413

186

237

248

234

321

3'4

324

320

316

289

289

Badley J § . . .

1,078

82

81

84

82

83

74

70

84

77

83

77

Barham • H ' • •

1,802

352

539

845

825

576

776

568

509

47^

458

449

Barking ft- • •

3.164'

1,900

1,685

1,761

',957

1,879

',856

1,850

1,842

1,841

',730

1,657

Battisford t § . .

1,581

290

320

421

436

520

496

504

495

435

399

390

Baylham J § . .

1,357

232

224

237

238

275

310

327

275

256

288

255

Blakenham,

875

120

127

162

192

180

244

291

236

300

276

305

Great J §

Blakenham,

1,070

"5

102

120

102

119

'39

146

144

173

159

156

Little §

Bramford (part of) '

3,140

762

784

855

874

833

953

982

1,165

',163

1,140

1,200

Bricett, Great X § .

926

224

224

290

284

214

236

207

257

243

245

202

Claydon § . . .

975

305

3>6

328

402

418

540

5°I

563

530

562

549

Coddenham J : —

4,464

903

993

1,192

',273

',309

1,457

1,256

',237

1,171

1,094

1,016

Coddenham § .

2,733

653

725

847

913

924

1,047

903

835

575

801

705

Crowfield Par.

1,731

250

268

345

360

385

410

353

402

356

293

311

Chap. §

Greeting All

1

( 279

V 122
36

244

271

294

286

301

333

317

300

321

301

Saints t

Greeting St. Mary t

>3,"S'

165

167

129

196

224

202

203

237

308

3'4

Greeting St.

26

35

44

30

50

4'

38

45

47

21

Olave t

.

Flowton J § . . .

492

121

118

150

'85

'79

178

'5'

156

168

150

129

Gosbeck J § . .

1,475

284

266

308

319

316

3"

301

290

302

288

203

Helmingham J § .

2,454

235

267

325

286

284

287

320

290

339

353

332

Hemingstone J § .

1,449

253

26s

322

342

38'

388

395

342

298

279

239

7 Thorington includes N

0-where

House,

formerly

Extra 1

'arochia

1.

s Barham. — The workh

ouse con

tained 4

29 perso

ns in 18

31 and 0

nly 183

n 1841.

» Bramford is si

tuated f

artly in

Bosmer

B and CI

lydon I-

undred

and par

ly in Ip>

iwich B

orough.

Thepc

pulation

is entirely shown in Bosmere and Claydon Hundred, 1801-1831.

685

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

TABLE OF POPULATION, 1801— 1901 (continued)

Parish

Acre-
age

1801

181 1

1821

1831

1841

1831

x86l

1871

1881

i8gi

1901

Bosmereand Clay-

don Hundred

(cont.)

Henley t§ • • .

1.235

250

248

241

305

329

326

293

287

248

220

208

Mickfield:§ . .

1,274

173

219

246

257

263

256

259

243

255

224

199

Nettlestead t • •

1,028*

87

97

85

74

98

8i

105

114

99

62

74

Oflfton with Little

1,561*

264

283

328

399

417

410

394

376

348

357

326

Bricett t X

Ringshall t § . .

2,135

257

290

304

337

356

371

359

304

331

286

243

Somersham 1 1

1,027*

298

337

377

446

485

422

366

372

403

354

362

StonhamAspallt§

2,474

578

619

633

6l2

772

814

694

701

725

720

647

Stonham, Earl % §

2,55°

575

620

677

757

878

860

752

685

633

6l2

574

Stonham Parva % §

1,202

257

258

3"

329

368

402

391

336

309

346

310

Swilland J § . .

956

184

237

195

272

270

267

243

259

213

214

190

Westerfield (part

of)"
WhittoncumThurl-

466

59

74

55

49

64

69

59

83

63

497

-_

_

112

124

159

128

'54

143

182

ston (part of)"

Willisham t t ■ •

927*

154

159

173

224

217

213

186

204

199

144

12s

Car If ord Hundred

Beatings, Great J §

1,036

218

279

339

367

377

377

338

341

287

337

291

Bealings, Little, % \

798

277

269

262

272

322

3'5

278

245

236

225

23 »

Brightwell§" . .

1,114

46

53

73

86

81

73

81

67

68

60

81

Burgh :§ . . ,

1,242

222

248

250

252

266

296

271

271

256

220

211

Clopton J § . . .

2,098

389

377

413

468

389

390

407

382

382

358

317

Culpho § . . . .

726

73

55

55

64

70

63

56

5'

60

67

71

Foxhall§ . . .

1,850

150

158

217

190

200

176

190

213

251

2'3

19+

Grundisburgh % § •

1,909

641

734

815

835

874

801

836

824

813

822

715

Hasketon 1 § . .

1,680

360

493

530

517

508

S°3

483

438

484

414

461

Kesgrave f ■ • •

900

73

64

102

lOI

88

86

93

88

98

90

74

Martleshiim J §

2,631

269

317

413

440

510

477

465

454

498

472

459

Newboum t § '"

909

142

153

181

176

163

221

168

161

141

129

114

Otley J § ... .

2,168

415

507

629

616

647

616

615

625

630

525

53t>

Playfordt • • •

1,296

216

189

264

299

253

260

275

258

239

241

238

Rushmere (part

of)»
Tuddenham J §

1,523

287

360

437

568

341

424

438

375

401

416

427

1,274

205

301

308

369

423

425

394

390

358

374

356

Waldringfield : § .

902

118

132

163

166

174

169

205

228

270

284

27&

Witnesham J § . .

2,046

387

448

51S

562

543

575

634

534

515

488

461

Colneis Hundred

Bucklesham J § .

1,826

186

221

269

274

255

318

362

321

321

289

26j

Falkenham J § . .

1,751

219

239

285

297

290

271

270

272

274

258

244

Felixstowe § . .

1,932

259

348

385

363

552

691

673

760

864

1,584

2,720

HemleyJ§ . . .

740

66

66

80

69

71

63

63

76

97

94

68

Kirton t § . . .

1,854

376

455

578

624

607

546

541

6.5

627

541

5'5

Levington § . . .

1,026

165

191

205

228

214

241

228

169

167

175

160

Nacton". . . .

3,438

461

756

769

712

76s

810

660

676

604

599

528

Stratton Hall

505

—

—

10

6

22

19

24

16

47

Extra Par. §

Trimley St Mar-

2,154

256

319

436

514

486

574

582

588

611

597

641

tin ft

TrimleyStMarytJ

1,925

330

346

379

401

430

394

38s

411

418

499

644

Walton §. . . .

2,021

628

643

783

887

907

897

988

1,016

1,272

1,923

3,09s

Cosford Hundred

Aldhamtt • • •

1,744'

197

251

292

318

293

307

267

234

238

233

242

Bildeston or

1,420"

744

762

814

836

857

818

788

808

782

744

792

Bilston t X

>• Westerfield is situated partly in Bosmere and Claydon Hundred and partly in Ipswich Borough. The population
is entirely shown in Ipswich Borongh in 1811 and 1821.

" fVhitlon cum Thurlston is situated partly in Bosmere and Claydon Hundred and partly in Ipswich Borough. The
population is entirely shown in Ipswich Borough, 1801-1831.

'' The populations of Brightwell and Newboum for 1801 are estimated.

" Rushmere Ancient Parish is situated partly in Carlford Hundred and partly in Ipswich Borough. The population
is entirely shown in Carlford Hundred, 1801-1831.

1* NactoH includes Alnesbourn Priory and Purdis Farm. These two places became separate Civil Parishes under
the Act 20 Vict. cap. 19, having been previously Extra Parochial.

686

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

TABLE OF

POPULATION

f, 1801-

-1901

'continued)

Parish

Acre-
age

1801

1811

1821

1831

1841

1831

1861

1871

188 1

1891

1901

Cosford Hundred

(cont.)

Boxford (part

of)":—
Hadleigh

427

'54

186

301

214

232

204

180

198

205

191

183

Hamlet §

Brettenham 1 1

1.558*

228

292

280

366

367

401

426

406

316

354

294

Chelsworth J § • •

877

234

269

3"

346

284

255

273

276

245

227

199

ElmsetttJ . . .

'.973*

324

345

371

437

446

433

459

425

432

434

361

Hadleigh tt . .

4,288*

2,332

2,592

2,929

3.425

3.679

3.716

3,606

3.575

3.237

3.224

3.241

Hitchamt . . •

4.1 17*

746

96s

1,022

1,065

1.037

991

974

897

856

711

Kersey t§ . , .

1.5 10

5>3

616

621

700

787

7'4

604

S70

495

482

482

Kettlebaston t X •

1,063'

'45

186

190

20a

203

189

198

174

164

•33

133

Layham ft. . .

2,488*

471

493

595

552

549

577

534

542

537

521

442

Lindsey ft. . .

1,246*

170

212

232

250

290

326

316

270

224

253

221

Naughton 1 1 • •

854*

120

125

'55

187

137

«34

^SS

149

159

143

145

Nedging ft • •

837-

143

181

203

214

195

183

171

177

173

188

159

Semer * 1 1 . . .

1,248*

203

395

43 «

429

370

558

429

414

356

344

292

Thorpe Morieuxtt

2,457"

271

305

369

413

418

414

447

449

416

3^5

370

Wattisham t • •

1,298*

154

167

193

203

240

220

220

210

184

183

177

Whatfieldtt . .

1, 5 70*

23s

268

326

377

394

380

340

339

322

326

299

Hartismere

Hundred

AspaUt§ . . .

843

87

94

109

126

132

'43

156

150

15'

139

116

Bacton ft...

2,204-

585

610

715

758

800

901

733

659

642

639

580

Braiseworth J § .

730

105

126

170

.56

151

171

164

160

159

119

113

Brome § . . . .

908

278

287

324

377

328

314

291

296

261

274

297

Burgate | § . . .

2,067

296

303

344

343

369

350

359

299

287

273

229

Cotton t * . . .

1,921*

441

435

527

585

545

571

542

536

506

479

422

EyeH'*- . . .

4.410

1,734

1.893

1,882

2,313

2,493

2,587

2,430

2,396

2,296

2,064

2,004

Finningham f X •

1,242*

373

383

435

497

480

571

542

431

420

4'4

353

Gislingham J §

2,271

473

5>9

620

660

669

696

623

595

552

494

438

Mellist§ . . .

1.365

371

422

447

513

532

610

598

490

471

413

451

Mendlesham J § .

3.960

1,051

1.093

1,250

1.233

1.340

1,442

i.3>6

1.243

1,126

'.'38

961

Oakley § . , . ,

1,304

298

324

403

365

355

336

332

300

276

260

228

Occold t § . . .

'.508

397

433

461

518

578

620

570

558

522

514

435

Pal grave I § . .

1,504

580

601

654

760

730

740

739

695

748

776

726

Redgrave X ■ —

3,392

1,095

1,321

1,297

1.367

1,352

1,382

1,266

1. 157

1,109

958

900

Redgrave § . .

2,123

530

646

713

712

719

756

686

578

557

503

501

Botesdale

1,269

565

575

584

655

633

626

580

579

552

455

399

Hamlet §

Redlingfield J § .

1,060

212

214

222

235

240

251

203

189

'87

'7|

165

Rickinghall

1,414

565

568

705

774

768

734

742

656

570

498

485

Superior X §

Rishangles J § . .

721

192

176

208

242

261

279

229

'99

190

152

'55

Stoke Ash t§ . .

1,215

275

294

330

392

423

392

371

334

310

228

231

Stuston t § . . .

802

180

192

208

212

252

241

232

213

190

194

216

Thomdon t § . .

2,723

526

580

638

696

732

725

674

701

639

618

550

Thomham

1,368

295

300

342

380

374

322

282

273

28s

275

198

Magna §

Thomham Parva §

685

123

122

139

206

203

155

124

144

134

136

116

Thrandeston X § •

1,386

305

306

330

358

373

397

364

310

282

285

271

Thwaite J § . . .

833

129

116

112

175

176

179

147

'5'

146

122

105

Westhorpe t § . .

1.337

199

230

234

263

264

240

227

212

213

216

191

Wetheringsett X § ■

3,812

851

854

937

1,001

1,065

1,101

1,072

1,063

1,034

967

812

VVickhamSkeitht§

1,782

442

5.6

523

556

574

613

564

555

505

439

413

Wortham t § . .

2,740

784

832

935

1, 01 6

1,116

1,086

961

1,015

948

852

776

Wyverstone J § .

1,558

243

227

260

3<6

348

329

302

300

261

245

238

Yaxley X% • • •

1.257

382

394

425

478

507

550

510

462

371

335

339

Hoxne Hundred

Athelington J § .

494

70

83

100

129

III

117

"S

129

118

106

87

Badingham J § .

3,209

607

667

816

866

864

794

749

707

672

598

558

Bedfieldt§ . . .

1,270

295

336

319

323

358

372

415

451

375

357

317

Bedingfield t § . .

1,805

252

252

318

332

336

312

321

353

332

299

298

Brundish § . . .

2,126

330

384

427

478

525

S'o

45'

426

368

377

326

>* See note a, anU.

687

u See note 20, post.

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

TABLE OF

POPULATION, 1801

— 1901

[continued)

Parish

Acre-
age

1801

1811

1821

1831

1841

1851

1861

1871

z88i

1891

I 901

Home Hundred

(cont)

Carlton t • • •

543'

108

121

126

130

133

128

116

118

94

146

tiS

Denham J § . .

1,282

219

247

259

276

3'3

318

282

259

300

272

192

Dennington J §

3)267

726

818

938

1,000

979

1.047

895

885

789

718

652

Fressingfield § . .

4,618

1,044

1,064

1,231

',352

'.456

1,491

1.325

i,3'9

1,147

1,086

1,005

Horham J § . . .

1,456

394

426

423

464

442

436

396

398

339

328

287

Hoxnett • • •

4,185

972

948

1,066

1,243

1.333

1,262

1,218

1,090

1,000

938

838

Kelsalet" • . .

3.047*

988

1,021

1,060

1,103

1,126

1,157

1,084

1,017

973

892

842

Laxfield J § . . .

3.719

1,008

1,003

1,158

1,158

1,172

i,'47

1,031

1,018

886

905

827

Mendham

2.155

541

546

835

55'

566

586

558

544

500

450

397

(part of) t"

Metfield t t " . •

2,162*

558

611

682

733

702

651

663

670

584

500

413

Monk Soham X § .

1,619

329

325

388

433

404

448

442

470

400

315

244

Saxtead § . . .

1,209

391

390

453

505

447

441

448

383

338

352

270

Southolt§ . . .

821

211

192

203

'93

211

209

193

165

'34

152

126

Stradbroke t § " •

3.796

1,215

1,277

1,400

1,527

',637

1,822

1.537

i,5'3

1,202

1,069

1,016

Syleham t § . .

1,615

257

285

360

391

399

374

357

337

280

234

24'

Tannington § . .

1,638

202

214

209

264

252

243

246

240

206

167

146

Weybreadt§ . .

2,501

662

680

680

708

771

745

7'3

670

647

638

571

Wilbytt . . .

1,844*

443

378

576

649

623

620

560

568

469

396

33'

WingfieldH . .

2,495

521

555

578

668

668

654

593

581

463

466

387

Withersdale t . .

880'

"5

170

168

194

184

199

225

220

158

164

140

Worlingworth § .

2,473

653

595

685

729

786

811

740

761

643

574

552

LackfordHundred

Barton Mills % § .

1,888

305

376

523

591

640

642

531

536

468

407

444

Brandon § . . .

6,783

1,148

1,360

1,770

2,065

2,002

2,215

2,218

2,248

2,309

2,334

2,327

Cavenham t § • ■

2.352

190

230

261

261

277

283

229

210

186

185

147

Elveden, or

5,508

'34

174

277

248

240

238

193

285

310

233

459

Elden X §

Eriswell t § . . .

6,658

295

295

346

403

501

524

473

407

441

402

352

Exning * § ^' . .

4,987

566

590

695

917

1,259

'.556

1,348

1.528

',79'

2,757

3,814

Freckenham X%'^ .

2,610

256

307

366

427

495

477

476

421

37'

341

320

Herringswell j § .

2,242

126

153

2'5

239

219

225

203

173

193

200

178

Icklingham — All '

Saints, and St.
James United (

6,762

33S

364

424

473

525

652

625

529

425

375

339

Parishes J § J

Lakenheath § . .

'•,331

745

844

1,042

1,209

1,579

1,864

1.797

1,880

1,877

1,825 ■

1.637

Mildenhall St.

Andrew * §
Newmarket St.

Mary §
Santon Down-

16,767

2,283

2,493

2,974

3,267

3.731

4,374

4,046

3.862

3.764

3,732

3.567

234

1,307

1,43'

1,810

2.134

2,143

2,298

2,002

2,368

2.730

2,543

2,825

3.921

57

78

79

66

68

70

81

84

lOI

68

93

ham X §

Tuddenham J § .

2,664

268

276

316

388

428

479

4'3

400

377

329

335

\Vangford§ . . .

3,285

43

33

63

53

46

33

50

54

56

50

38

Worlington J §

2,003

326

340

360

368

351

391

349

374

293

248

249

Lots Hundred

Brandeston f X

1,224'

287

415

458

569

555

508

469

420

401

413

347

Butley § . . . .

1,978

250

262

321

356

364

375

38s

369

383

337

270

Campsey Ash \ § .

1,825

327

326

342

392

374

371

379

374

383

340

345

Charsfield X §

1.358

411

465

549

558

55'

5"

484

457

430

4"

412

Cretingham X §

1.649

246

349

375

387

411

423

343

328

303

298

256

Earl Soham X \ •

'.977

563

574

641

762

741

729

745

683

607

572

551

Easton J § . . .

1,484

304

354

37'

362

415

404

400

366

415

418

378

Eyke:§. . . .

2,784

308

337

396

48s

502

529

486

46s

380

489

418

M The population of Kehale for 1801 is estimated.
" Mendham.— Tho remainder is in Norfolk (Earsham Himdred).
in 1821.

The entire population is shown in Suffolk

" The population of Metfitid for 1801 is estimated.

*> Stradbroke. — Tho decrease in the population in 1881 is mainly dne to the closing of the workhouse and the
removal of the paupers to Eye workhouse.

" Exning- — The increase in population in 1901 is partly due to large sewerage and other works in progress at the
date of the Census.

*" Freckenham. — The decrease of population in 1871 is ascribed to migration — principally to Durham.

688

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

TABLE OF POPULATION, 1801— 1901 {fontinued)

Parish

Lots Hundred

(con'.)

Framlingliam § *
Hacheston §
Hoo§ . . .
Kenton J § . .
Kettleburgh % §
Letheringham §
Marlesford % § .
Monewdenft .
Rendlesham % §
Woodbridge § "

Mutford and

Lothingland

Hundred

Ashby§ . . .
Bamby § . . ,

Belton t § • •
lUundeston § .
Bradwell t § .
Burgh Castle % §
Carlton Colville t
Corton X § .
Flixton § . .
Fritton J § .
Gisleham J §
Gorleston
Gunton J . .
Herringfleet J §
Hopton J § . .
Kessingland % §
Kirkleytt .
Lound \ §
Lowestoft t •
Mutford §
Oulton * t § .
Pakefield % §
Rushmere X §
Somerleyton §

Plomesgate
Hundred

Aldeburgh § .
Benhallt§ .
Blaxhall X § •
Bruisyard X §
Chillesford X §
Cransford J § "
Famham J §
FristoH § . .
Glemham, Great §
Glemham, Little §
Havergate Island

Extra Par. §
Hazlewood § . .
lkent§ . . . .
Orford§ . . . .
Gedgrave Extra

Par.§
Parham § . . .
Rendham J § . .

Acre-
age

4,688

1,779

1,217

',229

1,446

1,153

1,30'

i,o88"

2,036

I, too

1,105

1,093
2,057

',583
2,340
1,496
2,828
1,178

604
1,483
1,341
2,175*

825

1,305
1,291

1,679

539*

1,263

1,485*
1,597
1,861
688
761
1,372

1801

1,854
543
124
243
272
138
3'5
'57
216

3,020

42
188
350
386
199
189

497
242

41

174
198

1,728
36
160
202
475
"77
332

2,332
290
522
282

127
240

1,629

804

2,i6s

533

2,018

373

1,138

225

1,852

154

1,202

2IO

',199

216

1,737

299

1,918

384

1,285

319

264

1,740

93

2,662

282

2,702

751

1,809

71

2,215

399

1,736

367

I8II

1,965

468
148
237
275

129

381

180

225

4,332

39

235
389
355
225
217
527
294
37
178
201

2,471
89
200
225
529
305
375

3>'89
330

475
328
122
277

1,066
481

429
223

137
234
186

374
353
299

I to

298

737

389
429

1821

2,327
534
174
252
360

•75
436
188

249
4,060

34
262

385
448
272
239
7«4
375

34

'74

222

2,967

87
168
274
579
337
416

3,675
387
704

349
114

349

1,212
710

474
269
140
294
213
452

413
349

99

363

1,119

448
452

1831

2445
549
186
261
388
174
433
207
261

4.769

42
303
424

S'7
257
270

745
410

39

170

262

3,420

63
183
260
666
374
425
4,238
373
809
472
114
419

1,341
668
525
292
179
323
216
466

399
361

90
382

1,302

502
449

1841

2,523
518
211

287

355
164
424
220
325
4,954

S3
296
465
592
270

327
785
442
23
223

254
3,779

n

197
251
658

433
412

4,647
415
660

495
J 34
504

108

342

■1,028

69

514
412

1851

2450
510

195
301

348
206
428
220

359
S,i6l

50
294

489
663

341
344
845
559
33
215
310

3,999
77
179
331
777
799
439

6,781

435
742
718
116
627

1,557

1,627

749

713

576

577

296

258

220

203

303

309

186

195

455

500

370

349

333

318

12

8

102
321

1,045

53

532

453

1861

2,252
526
182
308

359
208
412
223

359
4,5<3

70
270
516
664
387
458
946
530

37

209

267

4,472

73
210

297
872

1,129
466

9,534
386
747
768
121
621

1,721
678

589
222
214
284
184
432
354
325
6

91
336
948

60

470
384

1871

2,569
476
181
289
3'2
173
410
226
345

4,525

95

285
582
716

389
409
990
594
52
221
284

6,653

76

230

309

958

1,626
422

3,620

379
864
875
136
599

1,990
644
546
261
221
226
172
400
320
268
4

88

290

1, 022

57

477
368

1881

2,518

435
164

254
290
202

334
220

354
4,544

no

260
624

7«4
540
518

1,309

562

60

253
301

9,008

88

224

320

1,229

2,941
440

'6,755
394
1,202
884
'45
597

2,106
623
5'3
239

233
184
185
385
344
271
6

85

324

1,147

66

446
367

1891

2,525
436
182

258
284
207

375
203

355
4,480

88
3'3
752
74'
542
469
1,826
577

97
297

287
11,589

59
187
304

',275
4,223

403

19,116

420

1,314
1,010

'54
569

2,159
588

567
252
241
172
185

459

282

281

4

141

316

987

67

477
336

1901

2,526
442
158
242
262
160

354

152

283

4,640

89
3"
836

737

534

527

2,375

618

76

270

306

13,586

90

257

293
1420
6468

377

23,372

409

1,860

',425

147

54'

2,405
536
536
220

2l6

181
136
431

3'2

243

4

107

279
885

58

375
284

» Framlingham. — The increased population in 1871 is mainly due to the opening of the Albert Middle<lass College
since 1861.

>* Woodbridge includes the Manor of Kingston. The decline in population in 1821 la attributed to the disuse of
the barracks.

« Cransford. — The increased population in 1821 is explained in the Census Volume for that year as being due to
the low wages paid to single men and the absolnte want of employment, which is said to produce early marriages,
parochial relief being thereby procured.

I 689 87

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

TABLE OF POPULATION

, 1801-

-1901 {continued)

Parish

Acre-
ago

1801

1811

1821

1831

1841

1851

1861

1871

1881

1891

1901

Plomesgate

Hundred (cont)

Saxmundham \ § .

1,107

8S5

957

989

1,048

1,097

1,180

1,222

1,292

1,318

i,37«

1,452

Snape§ . . . .

1,981

402

456

518

514

542

576

554

546

508

546

529

Sternfield J § . .

1,108

170

167

180

203

•93

188

208

197

232

212

182

Stratford Su

800

203

200

213

200

201

200

181

205

192

202

179

Andrew J §

Sudboume § . .

4,906

441

436

561

631

623

601

525

532

578

568

S18

Swefling t § . . .

1,136

333

363

367

336

308

333

318

279

290

282

271

Tunstall J § . . .

2,852

586

609

653

733

658

676

701

708

615

638

632

Wantisden J § . .

2. "33

79

100

128

125

no

107

106

78

no

88

79

Risbridge

Hundred

Barnardiston J § .

1,123

142

148

164

1

r 207

251

280

288

212

181

165

Monks Risbridge

129

7

8

11

■ 206

10

8

7

0

0

0

0

Extra Par. §

Bradley, Great X §

2,340

395

406

487

527

544

542

460

455

359

317

264

Bradley, Little % § .

972

48

44

31

22

33

35

28

63

95

75

68

Chedburgh X% . .

S7I

179

201

240

295

284

343

325

314

257

255

191

Claret:* . • .

2,228*

',033

1,170

1,487

1,619

1,700

1,769

1,657

1,887

1,704

1,651

1,577

Cowlinge J § . .

3-071

570

659

790

845

882

879

842

781

678

592

487

Dalham t § . . .

2,098

428

402

498

538

598

583

539

492

419

364

346

Denardiston, or

1,200

277

299

327

341

339

303

277

28s

266

242

206

Denston J §

Denham J § . . .

1,310

141

147

166

191

182

218

200

182

143

164

167

Depden J § . . .

1,596

240

282

319

329

345

279

265

267

227

224

192

Gazeley : —

5,918

523

567

644

737

860

900

884

883

835

883

828

Gazeley § . . .

3,16i

374

374

426

490

557

477

511

500

49S

508

Higham Street

2.754

193

270

311

370

343

407

372

335

38S

320

Hamlet §"

HaverhiU

I>9I5

1,104

1,216

1,421

1,758

2,152

2,278

2,173

2,674

3.308

4,104

4,490

(part of) t "^

Hawkedon J § . .

1,480

237

268

329

328

339

359

321

306

278

255

206

Hundon f t . . .

4,461*

824

833

956

1,121

1,095

1,218

1,132

1,116

885

838

741

Kedington, or

«>633

467

441

5'3

542

628

668

881

862

835

747

72s

Kitton(partof)''

Kentford§ . . .

800

120

95

109

173

152

172

210

192

196

232

225

Lidgate:§ . . .

2,034

323

335

389

442

450

494

443

433

417

390

372

Moulton J § . . .

3, '69

249

282

312

366

379

486

518

512

505

509

527

Ousdentt • . .

1,200'

274

289

331

328

340

384

346

345

307

285

288

Poslingford f t . .

2,438*

253

215

295

3.6

343

371

350

398

356

332

276

Stansfield 1 1 . •

1,989*

376

380

45 •

470

510

506

549

543

415

419

344

Stoke by Clare 1 1

2,361*

687

665

746

792

868

911

863

867

734

658

602

Stradishall t § . .

1,404

460

404

433

393

379

430

425

425

382

362

299

Thurlow, Great % §

2,055

299

342

462

425

43«

431

423

412

387

383

346

Thurlow, Little J §

1,413

348

342

436

464

422

449

369

375

338

379

289

Wixoett • • •

6oo*

130

125

147

146

164

168

145

170

118

109

97

Wickhambrook % §

4,337

1,002

1,160

1,295

1,400

1,623

1,597

1,452

1,503

1,318

1,218

964

Withersfield t X .

2,509*

424

433

484

545

640

642

624

670

575

634

604

Wratting, Great § .

1,348

260

259

263

344

355

391

423

446

391

362

^'^l

Wratting, Little t .

936*

107

141

183

212

239

212

193

217

267

247

178

Samford Hundred

Bentley t § • • •

2,875

337

346

366

363

419

434

453

433

398

414

45«

Belstead J " . .

1,032

212

237

25s

248

261

308

292

343

3>8

254

239

Bergholt, East + §

3, '40

970

1,151

1,246

1,360

1,461

1,467

1,397

1,320

1,191

1,316

«,397

Brantham J § " .

1,882

300

323

385

367

404

413

445

440

405

695

843

Burstall § .

768

'51

166

203

199

223

243

222

233

206

215

227

Capel St. Mary § .

1,917

401

506

561

628

608

649

669

593

567

605

526

Chaltisham t § .

724

161

171

231

241

215

234

192

194

221

206

i6i

Chelmondis-

1,289

268

323

366

480

564

796

949

888

861

845

86J

ton t § "

•• The population of Clan for 1801 Is estimated.

" Higham Strut may be in Lackford Hundred.

M Havnhill. — The remainder is in Essex (Hinckford Hundred).

*• Kedingtoit. — The remainder is in Essex (Hinckford Hundred).

"> Belstead. — A small part is in Ipswich Borough ; none shown there.

" The populations of Brantham, Chilmondision, and Harkstead for 1801 are estimated.

690

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

TABLE OF POPULATION, 1801— 1901 {continuect)

Parisb

Acre-
age

180X

181X

1821

183X

1841

1851

1861

1871

1881

1891

1901

Samford

Hundred (cont)

Copdockt . . .

954*

23S

388

378

310

299

349

341

341

321

322

340

Erwarton § . . .

1,306

195

'55

157

179

199

247

243

187

'74

183

200

Freston t § • • •

1,460

142

148

189

183

224

250

256

263

274

265

254

Harlcsteadt§»" .

1,740

214

240

301

329

338

34 J

380

372

360

37'

388

Higham t § . . .

900

203

237

262

260

259

292

229

219

'76

'94

177

Hintlesham t X

2,828'

419

510

562

578

583

584

613

543

569

575

569

Holbrook t § . .

2,054

447

477

641

762

747

857

903

821

779

774

720

Holton St

848

190

196

213

194

187

192

167

167

169

176

'44

Maryt§"

Raydon %% . . .

2,374

367

422

SOI

559

592

"1

561

558

524

541

505

Shelley t t • • •

928'

137

136

130

142

•39

138

142

130

121

112

125

Shotleyt§ . . .

2,041

284

3'9

339

410

464

505

582

628

622

S8o

750

Sproughton (part

of)"
Stratford St.

2,l8l

353

442

506

524

569

565

583

589

587

525

637

1,503

502

S73

614

630

647

673

655

658

506

522

510

Maryt§

Stuttont§ . . .

2,299

406

420

475

475

492

455

531

53'

528

542

522

Tattingstone * t §

1,671

620

519

665

666

628

597

626

585

535

5'5

55&

Washbrookt . .

J, 443*

278

289

377

418

506

514

45'

421

346

326

282

Wenham.Great t §

I, '33

170

156

205

181

198

269

260

282

234

228

184

Wenham, Little §"

940

64

69

90

88

87

72

95

"5

65

56

65

Wherstead J § . .

2,142

237

223

242

233

238

238

245

255

264

3"5

287

Woolverstone §

960

241

263

269

235

246

241

239

245

243

309

349

Stow Hundred

Buxhall X% . , .

2,560

385

415

457

466

533

S6o

536

488

476

424

402

Combs t t . . .

2,745'

662

723

736

950

1,064

1,148

1,243

',278

','74

1,169

1,188

Greeting St. Peter,

1,358

106

123

169

166

213

255

348

224

239

248

231

or West

Greeting § ^

Finborough,

1,631-

325

333

392

421

467

436

419

406

4'3

462

412

Great t t

Finborough,

367-

64

68

70

73

64

64

62

72

66

59

57

Little 1 1 "

Harleston § . . .

612

87

97

94

89

90

80

65

43

76

78

64

Haughley t § • ■

2,566

592

700

854

908

916

971

987

947

881

859

789

Newton, Old J § .

2,372

451

5"

577

679

712

792

718

762

685

672

619

Onehouse * § . .

926

180

356

420

358

303

432

336

336

336

3'8

3'4

Shelland t § . •

55«

90

109

104

126

109

9'

99

97

94

90

89

Stowmar ket : —

2,158

1,881

2,113

2,359

2,759

3,136

3,404

3,639

4,146

4,106

4,384

4,201

Stowmarket

999

1,761

2,006

2,252

2,672

3,043

3,306

3,563

4,097

4,052

4,339

4,162

Township §

Gipping

1,159

120

107

107

87

93

9S

76

49

54

45

39

Hamlet §

Stowupland § . .

2,886

709

720

836

826

903

966

986

1,097

1,170

1,240

1,326

Wetherden J § . .

1,856

346

382

468

487

S'5

541

479

445

489

453

400

Thedwestry

Hundred

Ampton t § . . .

736

75

71

117

no

147

131

131

120

0^7

136

I2t

Barton, Great % § .

3,764

523

569

702

778

774

855

848

878

819

766

645

Beyton J § . . .

644

231

248

238

330

384

394

360

363

342

338

35'

Bradfield Cora-

8i8*

125

137

146

154

192

203

173

166

'55

130

123

bust t X

Bradfield

1,427

13'

•s«

201

226

240

214

233

233

250

216

16s

St. Clare \ %

Bradfield

1,984*

354

370

409

489

479

486

427

493

443

388

417

St. George t X

Drinkstone J § . .

2,196

369

344

456

469

505

543

496

492

463

396

382

Felsham ft- • •

1,630*

301

295

389

401

398

402

394

358

331

374

360

Fornham

688

116

III

144

73

70

57

64

89

95

too

92

St. Geneveve §

»•» See note 31, ante. " The populations of Holton St. Mary and Little Wenham for 1801 are estimated.

" Sproughton is situated partly in Samford Hundred and partly in Ipswich Borough. The population is entirely
shown in Samford Hundred, 1801-1831.
" See note 32, ante.
« Creeling St. Peter and LiltU Finborough.— The populations for 1801 are estimated.

691

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

TABLE OF POPULATION, 1801— 1901 {continued)

Parish

Acre-
age

1801

I8IX

1821

1831

1841

1831

1861

1871

1881

X891

1901

Thedwtiiry

Hundred {cotA.)

Fomham

1,294

160

174

223

276

294

323

350

328

310

280

282

St Martin §

GcddingtJ . .

521-

108

"3

144

'47

173

'63

150

150

102

93

100

Hessetttt • • •

1,568'

323

343

393

428

4'7

487

454

437

428

353

381

Livennere Magna §

'.555

259

239

251

336

320

301

290

295

275

224

211

Pakenham t § . .

3>7'i

681

793

928

979

1,102

','34

1,130

'.033

959

945

886

RattJesden J § . .

3.299

814

849

1,032

I, "3

1,141

1,201

1,117

1,104

1,040

980

894

Rougham t § . .

3,977

607

626

778

868

969

1,079

988

884

816

835

849

Rushbrooke § . .

1,063

122

148

194

177

'75

184

185

139

135

'36

'34

Stanningfield f X ■

i>455'

248

263

290

306

327

320

351

337

268

301

258

Thurston J J . .

2,223

354

360

377

462

599

759

740

67'

695

644

600

Tim worth § . . .

1.375

•49

166

210

216

212

241

222

182

179

186

146

Tostock t § . . .

952

220

252

281

283

367

348

382

362

354

298

286

Welnetham,

M93'

222

266

399

422

5'4

552

504

523

440

362

35 7

Great 1 1

Welnetham, Littie§

599

142

127

176

180

206

178

194

204

156

174

138

Woolpit t § . . .

1,881

62s

669

801

880

942

1,071

1,008

995

1,034

1,018

863

Thingoe

Hundred

Barrow J § . . .

2,677

614

645

755

856

995

1,120

1,030

940

910

952

967

Brockley ft . .

>,565'

253

261

276

3'9

380

378

340

347

3'6

279

243

Chevington J J

2,445

445

490

590

573

624

600

621

636

556

545

457

Flempton § . . .

947

99

128

129

18S

210

247

190

176

178

187

162

Fomham

1.705

236

282

305

310

336

358

381

375

424

395

333

AU Saints §

Hardwick

114

—

—

—

—

19

36

25

25

'9

19

25

Extra Par. §

Hargrave t . . .

1, 108*

324

313

360

394

457

489

520

480

420

370

326

Hawstead § . . .

2,304

392

409

404

414

457

520

446

427

321

325

297

Hengrave § . . .

897

196

178

168

238

228

240

219

200

'99

189

222

Homingsheath § .

2,212

543

523

539

586

597

670

670

691

662

599

525

Ickworth § . . .

1,258

67

68

82

43

62

7'

65

"5

95

92

100

Lackford t § . .

2,338

162

128

163

193

193

216

197

181

'75

193

178

Nowton t § . . .

1,165

170

167

171

137

171

187

186

'78

180

234

201

Rede J $ . . . .

1,239

161

202

239

23'

241

247

245

231

224

204

182

Risby J § ...

2,818

266

277

293

332

360

431

427

423

441

400

35'

Saxham, Great J §

1,450

226

276

260

260

271

293

270

247

239

189

199

Saxham, Little J §

1,320

194

192

202

198

230

191

171

'83

173

'59

159

Westley § . . .

1,240

88

99

124

132

144

118

140

172

160

158

152

Whepstead t t • •

2,670-

546

63s

664

618

681

652

677

648

62s

502

472

Thredling

Hundred

Ashfield with

1,580

253

348

309

375

343

327

306

322

227

'94

214

Thorpe X §

Debenham \% . .

3,322

1,215

1,224

1,535

1,629

'.667

1.653

1,488

',349

','79

1,219

1,182

Framsden t § . .

2,862

684

573

702

642

829

828

811

797

785

734

585

Pettaugh t § . .

807

204

216

254

284

266

288

275

240

196

221

201

Winston J § • ■ •

1.509

261

298

366

398

399

392

352

299

297

285

289

Wangford

Hundred

Barsham ft . .

1,871'

162

173

192

182

250

207

239

217

305

299

251

Beccles I § . . .

2,017

2,788

2.979

3493

3.862

4,086

4.398

4,266

4,844

5,721

6,669

6,898

Bungay Holy

Trinity \ %
Bungay St.

Maryt:

1.332"

903

1,098

1,313

1,663

1,861

1,861

1,809

',957

1,863

1,872

1,698

758"

1,446

1.730

1.977

3,071

2,248

1,980

1,996

1,875

1.729

1,709

1,636

Cove, North J § .

1,242

178

193

219

2r8

219

200

200

238

230

234

240

EUough J § . . .

1,109

157

147

'55

146

'55

133

126

127

'53

140

127

Flixton t § . . .
Henstead (part

1,774

219

'99

209

206

192

210

165

217

176

168

'93

of) " :—

Hulverstreet

Hamlet

138

176

241

297

293

280

"~-

—

—'

—

" See note 6, anit.
692

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

TABLE OF

POPULATION, 1801

— 1901

{continu

ed)

Parish

Acre-
age

1801

1811

1821

1831

1841

1851

1861

1871

1881

1891

1901

Wangford

Hundred (cont.)

Honiersfield § .

1,005

147

•53

201

233

291

248

208

178

144

160

139

llketshall St.

1,718

368

404

472

512

548

565

S'S

46s

472

484

373

Andrew + §

IlketshaU St.

755

S'

62

66

72

71

72

77

87

73

93

72

John§

IlketshaU St.

1,073'

"3

174

255

242

221

203

202

244

205

226

188

Lawrence 1

IlketshaU St.

2,097

295

289

269

309

31S

306

326

29s

286

268

250

Margaret J §

Mettingham J §

1,392

270

293

349

406

409

382

387

348

366

325

318

Redisham§ . .

737

138

'45

156

179

165

152

182

165

181

169

117

Ringsfield t \ ■

1,666*

194

226

280

315

311

287

324

338

285

309

32'

Shadingfield \ §

1,403

'57

150

189

198

'77

214

209

201

164

'59

'55

Shipmeadow * j §

823

442

387

339

383

265

515

334

287

214

223

245

Sotterley § . .

1,597

254

255

287

243

223

227

23J

219

268

246

221

South Elraham

1,641

192

181

239

239

224

232

'97

190

216

241

233

AU Saints '

South Elmhain, St

1,310

203

214

233

234

258

253

238

234

216

222

189

Cross or Sand

croft §

South Elmham

',315

243

264

35'

263

289

269

294

268

232

201

'87

St James % §

South Elmham

595

186

191

181

169

181

182

152

143

'45

123

121

St. Margaret !

South Elmham

827

107

1 12

128

147

143

150

156

139

127

116

84

St. Michael §

South Elmham

—

93

97

91

lOI

90

94

103

80

—

—

—

St. Nicholas =

1

South Elmham

570

129

131

139

122

9'

97

88

76

77

79

93

St. Peter ?

Weston t§ . .

1,567

170

'5'

179

233

211

243

261

250

265

253

217

Willingham § .

• 1,027

136

153

170

158

156

160

142

'55

159

115

138

Worlingham J §

■ 1,672

16S

177

221

202

208

'74

192

200

184

198

181

Wilford Hnndrtc

i

Alderton J § . .

2,575

425

494

566

575

620

630

634

557

533

527

469

Bawdsey J §

1,636

344

409

414

454

468

478

426

402

432

461

400

Boulge§ . .

545

39

35

44

55

45

39

39

42

64

48

^l

Bovton X § .

■ ',530

201

218

208

247

239

320

254

270

271

223

198

Bred field § .

1,107

334

407

402

466

468

462

454

429

432

375

345

Bromeswell \ §

1,787

143

143

185

178

200

226

210

219

210

236

214

Capel St. Andrew {

2,330

162

158

157

190

222

202

23'

209

190

183

164

Dallinghoo^ .

• 1,574

246

280

303

354

346

385

370

332

30'

260

239

Debach 6 .

. 464

117

114

113

133

121

104

'44

138

121

140

140

HoUesley \ §

. 3.987

461

489

575

604

590

578

603

602

5"

607

55'

Melton § . .

• 1,417

501

788

861

863

980

1,039

1,084

1,237

1,400

1,510

1,640

Pettistree § ''

• 1,779

241

267

260

276

303

297

290

277

275

250

262

Ramsholt X %

. 1,804

152

132

174

215

192

203

186

163

138

'57

105

Shottisham J §

. 1,134

161

196

235

280

283

372

317

329

277

257

209

Sutton X § •

• 5,448

425

440

577

680

707

732

618

600

567

500

495

Ufirord§*° .

■ 1,163

450

541

629

661

673

725

656

570

554

532

545

Wickham

1,186

896

906

1,015

1,202

1,400

1,697

',57'

1,54'

1,469

1,537

1417

Market * : !

s

Dury St. Ed-

munds Boroug)

I

St James . .

■ 1,331

3,565

3,780

4,769

5,942

6,269

6,668

6,714

7,885

9441

9,968

9,979

St. Mary * X ■

. 1,616

4,090

4,206

5,230

5494

6,269

7,232

6,604

7,043

6,670

6,662

6,276

'" The area and the population (1881-1901) of South Elmham St. Nicholas are Included with those of S^utk
Elmham All Saints.

'^ DaUinghoo is said to be partly in Loes Hundred, but is whoUy entered in Wilford Hundred. It includes
Dallinghoo Wield, formerly Extra Parochial, but now (1901) a Civil Parish, containing no population.

" Ptitistrte includes the Manor of Bing.

^o Ufford includes the Manor of Sogenhoe.

^93

Parish

Ipswich Borough

Bramford

(part of )^
St Clement § ** .
Warren Houses

Extra Par. §
St Helen J § « .
St Lawrence t § •
St Margaret ** . .
Cold Dunghills

Extra Par."
Globe Lane, or
George Street
Extra Par."
St Mary at the

Elmst:
St Mary at the

Quay § <'
Shire Hall Yard

Extra Par. §
St Mary Stoke X .
St Mary at the

Tower % §
St Matthew" . .
St Nicholas 1 1 •
St Peter %% . .
Rushmere (part
of)" :—
Wicks Ufford

Hamlet
Sprougbton (part

oO""
St Stephen " . ,
Felaws Houses

Extra Par,
Westerfield

(part of) "
Whitton cum
Thurlston (part
of)"

Sudbury Borough

All Saints" . .
St Gregory t "
St Bartholomew

Extra Par. t
St Peter" . . .

Acre-
age

139

M34
69

223

7

1,314

II*

17

3

16

657

167

662

257

}■'

630
982

'1,093*

A HISTORY OF SUFFOLK

TABLE OF POPULATION, 1801— 1901 {continues^

1851

tSoi

2424

327
469

1,923
35

447
810

385
688

1,206
758
986

I 42;

422

187
210

181I

3-3OS
848

494
2,70s

441
573

568
810

1,353

832

1,12s

800
1,041

1442

416
248

200

1821

4424

781

503
3,214

634

773

752
914

1,722
1,086
1,567

958
998

1,515

S6i
289
25s

1831

1,129
1,160

1,661

4,779

961

565
4,300

778
1.039

789
951

2,204
1,313
1,646

530

253
346

1841

1,151
1,710

1,816

48

5,945
28

1,352
570

4,539
66

17

851

988

94

992
967

3458
1,698
2,420

223
16

503
30

269
310

1,262

1,893

4

1,926

44

7,025
25

2,593

590

5,892

57

13

1,051

1,045
171

2,055

995

5, 086

1,941
2,868

254
IS

522
31

275
352

1,251

2,030

3

1,941

1861

37

7,061
26

2,748

502

8,108

44

29

1,178

1,017

305

2,518
984

6,2x6
1,912
3,639

240
IS

679

25

261

406

1,350

2,781

7

1,880

1871

35

7,632
20

3,662

424

9,537
29

69

I,20S

1,013

294

3,080
930

7424
1,913
4,121

238
28

610

20
245
414

1,235
3.069

9

1.825

I88I

176
8,976

12

4,207

480
12,027

I, III

948
294

3,306
787

9,912

1,947
4,754

229
34

\ 611
258
477

1,071

4,779

5

1891

268

1901

756

10,063 12,537
22 ! 17

4,335

432
13,596

952

913

266

4,099
656

12482
1,848
5,776

252
58

594

284

537

6,323
5

4,703

261

16,75 •

862

249

5,417
484

14,168.

1,887
5,584

601
5»

556
283

565

6414
7

*> See note 9, antt. " See note 45, /os/.

" Ipswick SI. Margaret includes the SnffoUc county gaol, which, however, is partly in St. Helen and St. Stefhew
Parishes.

** See notes 43, 45, and 46.

** Cold Dunghills was returned (1811-1831) partly in St. Clemtnt and partly in St. Margaret Parishes. It was added
to St. Margaret prior to the 1881 Census, in the area of which Parish its acreage is included.

" Globe Laiu (or George Strut) includes High Street in 1861 and 1871. Prior to the 1881 Census George Street was
added to St. Matthew Parish and High Street to St. Margaret. The area of George Street is included in that of
St. Matthew and that of High Street in St. Margaret's.

'' St. Maryat-the-Quay includes, in 1831, 170 persons in Extra Parochial houses. These bouses were not included
in 1811 and 1821.

" See note 46, ante. " See note 13. ante. « See note 33, ante. " See note 43, ante.

" See note 10, ante. " See note 11, ante.

" The population of Sudl>^lrJ St. Peter included with that of 5(. Gregory, 1881-1901 ; and that of Sudbury AU
Saints with that of 5/. Gregory in 1891 and 1901.

694

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY

General Notes

1, The Parishes in the Hundreds of Blything, Bosmere and Claydon, Carlford, Colneis, Loes,
Mutford and Lothingland, Samford, Thingoe, Wangford, and Wilford were united by Act in or
about 1764 for the purpose of collecting the poor in each hundred in a single workhouse. Loes
and Wilford Hundreds maintained their poor together prior to i8ll.

2. The following Municipal Boroughs and Urban Districts were co-extensive at the 1901
Census with one (or more) places mentioned in the Table : —

Municipal Borough, or Urban District Place

Aldeburgh M.B.

Beccles M.B. .

Bury St. Edmunds M.B. .

Eye M.B.

Felixstowe and Walton U.D.

Leiston cum Sizewell U.D.

Saxmundham U.D. .

Southwojd M.B.

Stowmarket U.D.

Aldeburgh Parish (Plomesgate Hundred).

Beccles Parish (Wangford Hundred).

Bury St. Edmunds : St. James and St. Mary Parishes.

Eye Parish (Hartismere Hundred).

Felixstowe and Walton Parishes (Colneis Hundred).

Leiston cum Sizewell Parish (Blything Hundred).

Saxmundham Parish (Plomesgate Hundred).

Southwold Parish (Blything Hundred).

Stowmarket Township (Stow Hundred).

Woodbridge U.D. .... Woodbridge Parish (Loes Hundred).

695

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