^iJBRARY 0J£«
^BBNEWyORKBOTANICALGABDJ

V O V A G

T O

E LIBRARY
YORK

CHINA AND THE EAST INDIES,

By PETER OSBECK,

Rector of HasLoef and Woxtorp,

Member of the Academy df Stockholm, and of the

Societt of Upjai.

Together with A VOYAGE TO SLtRATTE,
By O L O F T O R E E N,

Chaplain of the Gothic Lion East Indiaman.

An Account of the CHINESE HUSBANDRY,
By Captain CHARLES GUSTAVUS EpKEBERG.

Translated from the German,
ByJOHNREINHOLDFORSTER, F.A.S.

To which are addsd,

A Faunula and Flora Sinensis.
vol. n.

LONDON,-

Printed for BENJAMIN WHITE,

at Horace's Head, in Fleet-ftreet.

M DCC LXXI.

[ « 3

PETER OSBECK'S

VOYAGE to CHINA.

Oclober 24th.

TO-DAY I had another opportunity of
gathering plants near the watering-
place :

Utricularia bifida [Tab. iii. fig. 2. a. b.]
is a plant which looks very like our Swedijb
Utricularia 'vulgaris, but is fomewhat lefs. It
grew in a valley in low fwampy ground, which
however was not under water. As this plant
had never been found before, I immediately
drew up the following delcription : the calyx
is diphyllous : the foliola are oval, excavated,
perfiftent : the corolla is ringent : the upper"

Vol.. II. B lip

2 OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

lip is without incifions, oval, with reflected
Ikies : the lower-lip is bifid, with defle&ed
fides : the month is elevated : the neclarium
conical : the capfule is egg-fhaped, and is de-
hifcent on the fides : xht feeds are numerous :
the plant in length is an hand's breadth : the root
is fibrous and ramofe: the brafleazrevery fmall,
oval, alternate : the peduncles grow alternately,
and are compreffed : the flower s are fmall and
yellow. It grows in wet places.

Phyllanthus Niuri. The corolla is mono-
petalous, fexdentated, and white: the capfule
is fixlocular : the root is fibrous : the Jlem is
erected, undivided.

Hypericum Chinenfe differs from the Hypericum
quadrangulum in the following particulars :
Hypericum Chinenfe is much lefs, and lies on
the ground. The fegments of the calyx have
five veins, and are fomewhat longer than the
flowers: the petals are narrow, lanceolated,
excavated, erect, and of the length of the
calyx : the 1 3 filaments are filiform : the an-
them globofe and very fmall : the germen is
eo-g-fiiaped, and with three filiform Jlyli : the
fligma is obtufe ; and the capfule egg-fhaped :
the feeds are numerous, oblong, and fmall :
the leaves are oval, coming out of the filem
from the angles : the peduncles bear but one

flower

CHIN A. i75r. 3

flower each, and grow at the top of the Jlalk.
It is found on fteep hills.

Scutellaria Indlca grew in ihady places, on
an earthen wall, and was a great rarity. I
have never found it any where elfe. On a
curfory view it looks very like the Glecoma he*
deracea. Ground-ivy, which in our apotheca-
ries fhops is fold by the name of Hedera terref-
tris. This plant not yet being delcribed by
any botanift, I have here drawn up an accurate
defcription of it :

The calyx is divided into two equal fegments,
very fliort ; it has behind an elevated, fpoon-
like, (harp-pointed fcale, whofe margins are
bent down, and clofe after the flower is wither-
ed: the corolla is ringent : the tube is cylin-
drical, or almoft quadrangular : the upper-lip
is trifid : the middlemoft lacinia is emargina-
ted, and inflated : the lacinia on the fides bend
towards each other, and cover the Jlamina with
their fides which are bent inwards : the lower-
lip is divided into four lacinia, expanded, ex-
cavated, and the lacinia on the fides dotted :
the four Jlamina are covered by the upper- lip :
two of them are fhorter, and are the length of
the Jlylus : the anther a are round and fliort :
the germen is divided into four parts : the Jlylus
B 2 is

4 OSBECrS VOYAGE.

is filiform, and the ftigma is entire : the four
feeds are uncovered, fmall, and round. The
plant lies on the ground, and has the appear-
ance of ground-ivy {Qlecoma hederaced): the
root is fibrous : ihzflalk is quadrangular, fome-
what rough, ramofe : the branches are com-
pofite, and fland at the top : ihefiowers grow
on fhort peduncles, commonly by pairs : the
braclaz are fmall, lanceolated, oval : the leaves
are oppoilte, cordated, oval, crenated, petio-
lated, pilofe, except the fmall leaves coming
from the corners of the greater ones, which
are kidney-fhaped. I found in a fliady place
no more than two fmgle plants of this kind.
The Chinefe call it 'Tim-gam-fa*

Hedyotis berbacea? the calyx is quadrifid,
fhort, with pointed, refle&ed fegments : the
corolla is monopetalous : the tube is cylindrical,
very fhort : the limbus is quinquefid, cylindri-
cal below, bearded in the infide, with equal
reflected Iacinice : the toux filaments are fhorter
than the corolla, bearded, and reft on the in-
cifions between the Iacinice : the anthcra are
of equal breadth, of the length of the fila-
ments > erect, firaple: the germ'en is almoft
round, and below the corolla : the filylus is fili-
form, bearded, longer than xhccorolla ; the fig-

ma

C H I N A. 1751. 5

ma is double, club-fhaped, trigonal. It grows
on dry places.

Croton febifcrum. A little tree, which the
Chinefe call O-ka-o, and at firft fight looks like
an afp or a/pin {Popidus tremitla). The male
flower. The calyx is very fmall, bidentated:
the corolla is wanting: the filaments are nume-
rous, very ihort : the antbera are double, al-
moft round, erected : the female flowers fit be-
low the male ones, fix, feven, or more toge-
ther, on common peduncles : the calyx is tri-
fid, with pointed, erected fegments : the germeti
is oval : the three fly li are fomewhat reflected.
The tree is very branchy, and as high as a
man: the branches are round, fmooth, with
buds of leaves : the leaves are alternate, fmooth,
and like thofe of the Black Poplar-tree (Popu-
Ins nigra) : on the inferior fide they are fome-
what woolly, and have long, filiform, foftly
ftriazed pctioti, or foot-ftalks. The leaves have
about twelve veins, which on the lower fide
are ftronger: the flowers are yellow, fland at
the top ; the male and female in a corymbuj.
This tree is to be met with on the fhores and
ditches, though but feldom. Du Halde fays,
the fruit of the Candle-tree is covered with an
hard, lignous, fmooth, triangular ihell ; thefe
Shells contain three little feeds of the fize of
B 3 peafe,

d OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

peafe, each of which is furrounded with a
white tallow-like fkin. When the fruit is ripe,
the fhell opens into three parts. For my part,
I have never feen the fruit of the Croton,
and therefore cannot be fure whether it is the
fame tree of which the Lappt-yacks candles are
faid to be made, as I have been told.

Chryfanthe?mtm Indicum grew here and there,
both on the mountains and on the walls of
Canton, and likewife before the rooms of the
Chinefe in flower-pots. The flowers not only
ferve as an ornament, but are ufed inftead of
tea. The Chinefe call it Kock-fa.

Lattfa is the Chinefe name of a little tree
which here grew on a high field, and looked
like the Yew-tree ; but the leaves were orna-
mented on the inferior fide with white itripes,
running length-ways as in Pi?ius balfamea, or
ihtPhalarispicJa, known among us. It feem-
ed to be Taxus nucifera Fi, vulgo Kajo. Kcsmph.
Amccn. 814.

Briza ' elegans ? fpicis oblongis, valvulis cari-
natis, an exceeding fine grafs, which grew near
the highcft plantations.

Daphne Indica. The calyx is wanting : the

tor alia is quadrifid : the laciv.ia are all of an

7 equal

CHINA. 1751. ?

equal breadth : the eight filiform Jlamina are
as long as the corolla, or the pijiilhnn: the
anthera are fmall, almoft round, and (land on
the fides: the ger??ie?i h oval and rough: the
Jiylus pointed : the Jiigma entire : the branches
are round and axillar : the leaves are oppofite,
petiolated, oblong-oval, fmooth, without inci-
fion. The plant is of a fpan's length. It
grows in high places.

Oclober the 25th.

This day I took a journey to the watering-
place, after the fermon, and from thence pro-
ceeded to the European burying-place, on the
DanifJj IJland. 1 obferved the following na-
tural curiofities :

Celofia argentea grew as a weed on the pota-
toe fields.

I found tendrils lying every where in the
low grounds hereabouts ; they were like the
Hydrccotyle Afiatica, but had no parts of fruc-
tification.

Adianlwn JlabelMatum. The ftalk (Jlipcs)

is triquetrous, and ftriated on one fide : the

^.ranches are alternate : the leaves are unequal,

8 4 ancj

8 OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

and form femicircles, quadrants, or pc"togons.
The Chinefe call it Stag mao quang.

Sambucus nigra looked like a fhrub, and
was wreathed with the Caffytha.

A fort of tnofs, which was like our Lichen
parietarius, lay dry on the hills by the fide of
the plantations, but without the parts of fruc-'
tificatipn.

A climbing plant with white berries was
found on the Chinefe Pine-trees and ft ones.

Hedyfarwn maculatum on the hills.

He dy far urn (ftyraeifolium) folds fimpiicibus
eordato orbicularis, retufis, fupra glabris.

Holcus (Jatifolius) glumis tr if oris, flofculo
primo inenni, duabus margine acideatis, foliis
fubovatis. The flalk is fmooth, and fcarce a
foot high : the leaves are very broad, and al-
moft oval, with broad ftriped vagina: the
panicula confifts of fimple branches like rods :
Xhefowcrs (land ahernate, fmgle, on hair-like
peduncles : each flower is oblong and oval :
the calyx js fhorrer than the flower, and confifts
pf two fkins, and contains three flowers ; of
thefc the fir ft is fmooth, but the fecond and

third

CHINA. 1751. 9

third are armed on the upper margin with
crooked fpines.

Ko-fu, or Tarn ko-fua, is the name which the
Chinefe gave to the great trees which grew near
the plantations.

. Valamm is the name of the leaves with which
-wiey covered their fruit baikets.

Paidinia Afiatica was planted round the wall
of a little fpot of ground. If this lhrub
would grow in our country, it would make the
beil hedges about our gardens, &c. for in cafe
any one fhould attempt to pafs through it, he
would fcarce efcape without marks in his hands
and cloaths from the fliarp-pointed hamated
thorns of this plant.

Olom-fw was the name given to a certain
great tree, Its leaves were pinnated, fmooth,
with oppofite/0/M/. A rofin came out of the
tree, very much like the Gum arabick,

T oh podium vanum.

Trichomanes Chincnfe.

Smilax China. This little fhrub grew but
fparingly on this ifland. Its root is univerfally
Jvjjown among ft us by the name of Radix

Chin&t

io OSBECK'S VOYAGE,

China 9 and is annually brought from thence to
Sweden in great quantities.

Stnilax Sqfaparilla.

Saccharimi Chinenfe grows in the river like
reeds. The Chinefe call it Mao,

The 29 th of October,

Quong-fong, or Chinefe vj&fys (bees), often
tormented us in great numbers, both in town
and on board the fhip. It is Apis lavisftavo
fulvoque varia, abdomine, linels iranfverjis un-
datis nigris.

I took another journey to Canton to-day.
Near the hrfl cuftom-houfe grew Hibifcus mu~
tabilis, which began to bloffom in the begin-
ning of this month, and flill continued to do
fo. Enquiring for the name of this tree, I
was anfwered, that it was called Fa, which
feemed a much too general denomination, for
Fa denotes a flower. It is poffible that the
Chinefe have impoied upon me on this and
many other occafions; but it is indifferent
which is the true Chinefe name of a plant,
fince we can do better with the Latin name.

The

CHINA. 1751. ir

The calyx is like the head of a hat fqueezed
together. On the entrance towards the houfe
a fine Pomegranate-tree was planted, which
was then in fruit. Both this and Rofa Indica,
together with Rubus pawifolius, are tokens of
the tafte this nation has for all forts of plants
to adorn their habitations. You will fcarce
meet with a family either in town or in the
boats without fome herbs or trees in flower-
pots, if not for ufe, yet for the fake of plea-
fure.

Koiu-fonn is the Chinefe name of white long
roots, of the thicknefs of Parfneps, the ex-
tremes of which had been cut off, and with
which a fampane that pafled by was quite
filled. They were tied into bunches with their
enfiform leaves, and were offered to fale.

The Feajl of Lanthorns began this day, and
was to be celebrated for three fucceffive nights,
in honour of the god of fire, Fa-kongy which
is done in the following manner : Many hun-
dred lanthorns made of fkins were fo hung up,
that they together made a fort of arches over
the flreet ; and befides theic, many chande-
liers in form of trees were made ufe of. Be-
fore the houfes on the outfide they had placed

12 OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

great paper-men, and horfes; commonly all
the rooms in the houfes were flung open, and
were every where illuminated. The muficians
were in the rooms towards the ftreet, and played
on inftruments which I had never before heard.
I was met by three facrificing priefts, who
walked about in the houfe facrificing and burn-
ing incenfe. They were cloathed in long, wide,
red robes, and wore high caps. The Chinefe
{aid that they thus annually prayed for fecurity
aeainfl fire.

The goth of QElobcr.

Basella rubra, which is here called Tand-
foyy climbed up the walls of the factory of
the merchant Soyon-quas. It had flowers and
fruits at prefent. The fpots which the berries
make in white linen are very hard to be got out.

November 2d.

*Sitta (Ch'mcnfii) palpcbrd inferior c pur-
purea. (Diff. Chin. Lager fir. 6.) The Chinefe
call it Kow-kay-konn. This bird was fomewhat

a This bird is not in the Syft. Nat. Edit. 12.

longer

CHINA. 1751. I3

longer than a gold-finch. It fometimes fung
a little, and was beautifully marked. A couple
of thefe were fold here at half a piaftre. Its
defcription is as follows : the back from head to.
tail is dark, ferrugineous, with bluifh downs :
the breaji and the belly are white ; but toward
the throat it is black : the bill and head are
black :. the crejl confifts of black feathers, and
is longer than the bill : near the eyes is aa
oblong, fmall, fcarlet fpot, and clofe to this
a large one as white as fnow : from the temples
to the throat runs a black line : the chin {men-
turn) and the throat itfelf are white, but this
white isencompaffed with black, except a white
line in the middle of the breaft, which joins
the white of the throat with the fnowy breaft :
the uropygium is yellow at the top : the nine-
teen quill-feathers have ferrugineous dark co-
verts: the twelve blackiih tail-feathers have
white tops : the feet have four toes : the hind-
toe is the length of the toes on the fides : of
the fore-toes the middlemofl is the longeft.

This bird is kept in China more for the fake
of its beauty, than for its fine fong. It is fed
with boiled rice.

The

i4 OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

The 3d of November.

We dined to-day with the merchant Tantin-
quat at whofe houfe tea was packing up for
us. Here again the high value which the Chi-
nefe fet upon flowers planted for ornament was
obfervable. Before the dining-room was a fine
garden, laid out with ftones, and in it was :

Sguaifa, a tree about fix yards high, with
fmall, white, fweet-fcented flowers, whereof
three or four were in one Involucrnm. The
tree belongs to the Tetrandria clafs.

Laan-fa, a tree with yellow, corymbofc
flowers, and pinnated leaves.

Drac<zna ferrea, the iron-tree b, which in
the Chinefe language is called Tat-Jio, was
higher than the preceding ; and for this reafon
I could not reach the flowers, which were at
the top in bunches. The branches were fup-

b {Dracana ferrea, Linn. Syjl. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 246.)
D. S. remarks that it is called Jfparagus terminalis, in Spe-
cies Plantar, and Terminalis alba by Rumph. Am. vol. iv.
p. 79. tab. 34, but Linnaus, in his new fyftem, page afore-
mentioned, calls that fpecies of Afparagus, Dracaena termina-
lis. F.

ported

CHINA. 1751. 15

ported by Bamboo flicks. What follows is its
defcription : the calyx is monophyllous, bi-
dentated : the corolla is monopetalous : its
tube filiform, fhorter than the limbus ; which
is fexfid, with oblong lacirim, of which the
exterior ones are fomewhat larger, and include
the filaments ; which are fhorter than the corol-
la, and faflened at the bafe of the limbus :
the anthers are oblong, narrow, erected : the
fijlillum is longer than the filaments : the ger-
men is oval, and refts on the tube of the co-
rolla : the fiylus runs into a point : the Jligma
is entire, and inflected. The tree is more than
twice the height of a man. Thefle?n is very
ramofe, uncovered, rough: the branches are
bent, naked, and have bunches of leaves at
their ends : the leaves are lanceolated, fword-
fhaped, only grow at the top, are numerous,
reddifh, with floated foot-ftalks, or with re-
voluted margins : the flowers grow at the top,
in form of Corymbi; each of them is fmall
and red.

Epidendron enfifolium was planted in flower-
pots. Its flowers had an exceeding fine fcent,
efpecially after fun-fet.

Chryfanthemum Indicum. About 30 plants
of this fpecies were put into each flower-pot.

They

16 OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

They were difpofed in circles one about ano-
ther, and each had a little Bamboo flick to fup-
port it. The flowers were as large as thofe
of the Tagetcs patula, commonly called Flos
Africanus, white, double, or full, and each
by itfelf, as well as all together, like a round
brulh.

In the corner of the garden was fomething
which refembled an altar, compofed of peb-
bles ; on it was placed a little vafe, in which
fome fmall flones and fome rubbifh lay, which
were all as wet as if they were continually im-
merfed in water. I did not learn its ufe ; but
perhaps it ferved to water the Bamboo-tree,
which flood between the flones and the wall.

The 7 th of November,

I went by water to Sto-namm, but was
forced to take the interpreter, or comprador ,
with me ; who greatly circumfcribed my plea-
fure by being in fuch hafle to return. I found
no new things, except

Nyclantbes birfuta,

Lycium barbarum, a fhrub on the road.

Juffiaa

CHINA. 1751- 17

JuJJiaa repens, in a ditch, with a Lemna.
Carpejium abrotanoides, in a fhady place.

The 9th of November,

Camellia Japcnica, (its Chinefe name is
Fo-kai), a tree which was carried about and
expofed to fale in the ftreets. I bought one of
a blind man in the ftreet, which had fine double
white and red flowers. But by further ob-
ferving it in my room, I found that the flowers
were taken from another tree, and one ealyx
was fo neatly fixed in the other with nails of
Bamboo, that I fhould fcarce have found it
out, if the flowers had not begun to wither.
The tree itfelf had only buds, but no open
flowers. I learned from this inftance, that who-
ever will deal with the Chinefe, muft make ufe
of his utmoft chcumfpe&ion ; and even then
muft run the riik of being cheated.

I had a mind to fee the fituation of the
environs of the fuburbs, in that part where I
had not yet been ; and was forced to go by
myfelf for want of company. As foon as I
had pafled the ufual trading ftreets, the boys

Vol. II. G gather-

18 OS BECK'S VOYAGE.

gathered about me in thoufands, throwing
fand, Hones, and dirt at rae, and ihouted all
together Akia, aque ya, quailo ; and with this
mufic they followed me through the whole
town. At the end of the fuburbs begins a
plantation with Sagittaria bulbis oblongis clofe
to the houfes. A large, low, clayey field was
employed in the culture of this plant. And
as I flopped here, and only gathered now and
then a plant, my difagreeable company flopped
their noife, especially when I turned to them.
Here was no road which carried direclly into
the country, nor did I venture any farther ;
but returned whence I came. However, in
the afternoon, I went out of town in a palan-
kin, by this means avoiding my difagreeable
forenoon companions. Returning again, I
went on foot about the wall of Ganton, on the
iide from the country, and there found Chry-
fanihemum Inditum, Urtka nhra, little clumps
of Fern ; and other plants between the Hones,
but they were out of my reach.

When we came to the firfl: city-gate, to-
wards the fide of the European burying-place,
a mandarin, with a whip in his hand, joined
us to accompany us about the city. Near this
gate was a Chinefe inn, where brandy and .tea

were

CHINA. 1751. t9

Were fold. The people flood by the fide of
the round-houfe on the wall, and flared at us;
however, we got by without hurt, though not
without fear, becaufe we remembered that a
perfon was fome time before pelted with (tones
from this very place. When we approached
nearer to the fuburbs, we every where, and
almofl clofe up to the wall, found houfes;
they were all full of men, and efpecially chil-
dren and youths, who fang their old fong, of
which they were put in mind by the grown oeo-
ple, if they did not begiii it themfelves. Yet we
likewife found an old reverend man who had
more fenfe than the others, and made his chil-
dren or grandchildren greet uscivilly. The per-
fons of rank in this country teach their children
from their earliefl: years the di&ates of virtue
and honefty, and fpare no expences towards a
good education : but the common fort of peo-
ple train their children up with their dogs ;
for which reafon neither of them can bear
ftrangers. We afterwards pafied by many
gates, and over a little canal into a lane alone-
the fide of the wall, in which China-orange*,
I'laintains, China-olives, or Fackia, and many
other fruits, were fold. An intolerable flench,
and the noife and ciamour of the populace, ob-
liged us to make hade to the Swedijh factory.
C 2 The

OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

The 17 th of November,

To-day I went to the fhip, and afterward*
to the Danijh Iflandy on which ibme Clnncfe
oyfter-mells had been thrown.

Of thefe fliells I have feen an entire wall of
a garden made, on the other fide of the river
near Canton. The (hells were in fubflance
like ours ; but larger, longer, and narrower
at one end. The Chinefe call them 0-a, or
O-ba.

The 2 1 It of November.

Cloudy fky, and drizzling rain.

On account of the fands which are in the
river, the European fhips are obliged to go
fomewhat lower towards the mouth of the
river, before they take in their full cargoe ;
which we did to-day, after we had taken a pi-
lot on board. We now anchored at South-
Haven.

The

CHINA. 1751. 21

The 2 2d of November.

In the fore-noon we went on further againft
the tide, as far as the firft bank, or bear, as
our failors call the fands. In the afternoon we
had an agreeable country, with villages and
woods, on our left ; but along the river fide a
narrow rice-field, and in the river two fmall
iflands. We failed very near the moil out-
ward of the two, by means of the fampanes
keeping always at an equal diftance : but we
afterwards fleered off from it, as if we were
going full upon a little houfe on the right,
furrounded with trees: but before we had
quite reached the middle of the river, we went
flrait on again, and were faid to have paiTed
the firil: fand. Somewhat nearer the Lion-
fower, (which we faw on our right) we ap-
proached the fliore on the left hand, in ex-
pectation of another fand. We lay at anchor
all night.

The 23d of November.

In the morning we paffed the Lion-tower.

We kept near the fhore on the left, to efcape

C i the

22 OSBECK'S VO TAG E.

the third bank, which is faid to be 1500 fathoms
in circumference. Having got pail the river
■which goes to Little Canton, by. the help of
16 fampanes (whence the water for the voyage
homeward is fetched with more conveniency
than from Bocca Tiger, where the water-tubs
muft be roiled a good way in deep clay), we
anchored not far from the great rice-field on
the left ; where already two French, a Danijh,
two Dutch, and two Ehglijh fhips, were at an-
chor.

The people brought an unpalatable fruit
from the watering-place, which was almoft
round, larger than an apple, and contained
great dry rhomboid al feeds, which grew nar-
rower towards the bottom.

The 24th of November,

V/e lay in a very bad birth here, and were
expofed to ftorms and to the cold air of the
fea. Here we learnt that though the Chinefe
winter is but juft cold enough to produce an
ice in the night, which is melted away in the
day-time ; vet the air about this feafon is very
foarp and piercing.

We

CHINA.

1751- 23

We were now almofr. as far again from
Canton as in our firfl ftation, at lead we
were forced to pay a double price in order
to go thither. It was not pofiible to go on
ftiore, on account of the great rice-fields,
which occupied both fides of the river. In
thefe rice-fields we every day faw ducks, and
great long-legged white birds, but they were
too far off for us to know their £^w/. I vifit-
ed the Danifi ihip, which was full laden, and
had a far greater number of men than curs :
the cabbin of the chaplain, Lawrence Hercks,
was one of the fined and largeft in the fhip.
This perfon told me, that the Danijb fea chap-
lains had, befides their fettled income, a con-
fiderable contribution from the {hip's com-
pany ; and that accordingly their income was
reckoned treble to that of the Swedifi chap-
lains. But they are fufEciently rewarded in
our country if they can gain the love of their
audience.

Chinese turtle-doves were bought for our
return, and we kept them alive a good while
aboard the fhip. Their characters are thefe :
the bill i3 red : the upper jaw is the longeft,
and has a protuberance like a nail : the
C 4, tongue

2-4 • OS BECK'S VOYAGE.

tongue is triangular : the body and the itiiftgs
below are ferrugineous : the bend and the neck
are darker at the top : the back is marked near
the wings with reddifti yellow fpots* but a
little farther on it is red, verging towards
black, where likewife two black lines run over
the edges of the feathers: they have twenty-
two quill-feathers whofe coverts change from
greep to gold ; and eleven feathers in the tail.

The 27 th of November.

To-day the Danijh fliip failed for Europe,
The Danes haften their departure, but lofe
more time in the refreshments they take on
their voyage. On their going to the Indies
they choofe an agreeable port which ourfhips
pafs by ; for they Hop at the Cape of Good
Hope, where they can purchafe the fin eft wines
at low prices, befides the pleafure of viliting a
people who adorn their bodies with what would
turn our ftoraachs but to hear of : I mean the
Hottentot girls, who twill raw guts about their
legs to fhew that they are beauties ; and have
vnany other flrange cuiioms> as travellers relate.

For want of ether diverfion, I defcribed th*
following filhes, which were caught here :

Clupea

CHINA. 1751. 25

Chtpea Myjlus : the membrana branchiojlega
has ten rays : the dcrfal-jin is oblong, dire&ly
oppofite to the ventral -fins, and has thirteen
rays, of which the firfl is the fhortefl : the
pecloral-fins have feventeen rays, of which the
feven upper ones are divided, and of fuch a
length as to reach beyond the anus : the ven-
tral-fins are oval, and have feven rays: the
anal-fn has eighty-fix linear rays, and reaches
from above the middle of the fifh to the tail :
the tail is fharpened, and has thirteen or four-
teen rays : on the belly are 43 little teeth (den-
ticul'i): the body is narrow, comprefTed, the
hind-part decreafes very much : the upper jaw
is the longefl, and ends in a prominent, fer-
rated beak, fhaped like a fword : the mouth is
in the form of a rhombus, and large. The
fifh is of a fpan's length, and white.

Perca Chinenfis. The dorfal-fn reaches from
the head almofl to the tail, is lower in the
middle, and has thirty-fix rays, of which the
ten firfl are fpinofe, and the ninth is the ftiort-
eft, and unarmed : the pefforalfins have
eighteen rays : the ventral-fins have fix unarm-
ed rays : the anal-fin has ten rays, of which
the two firfl are fpinofe : the tail is oval, and
has feventeen rays : the mouth is oblong, the

teeth

26* OS BECK'S VOYAGE.

teeth are in the branchioficga. The fifn |$s
the outward appearance of the .Terca jirciati*
lis, but is lefs. The line a lateralis is bent.
The fifti is pale yellow : the lower jazv is fhori-
er than the upper.

Clupea cThri(Jd. The membrana branchioficga
has feven rays : the hng\c dorfal-fin takes up
the middle, and has 16 rays, of which the laft
is double the length of the reft: : the pectoral-
fins have fourteen rays : the ventral-fins have
feven rays, and are very fmall : the anal-fin
has twenty-four rays ; it does not begin quite
in the middle, and reaches to the tail : the tail
is furcated, and has 24 rays: the mouth is
large, oblong : the lower-jaw is the longeft,
and dotted with black towards the top : the
body is narrow, white: the denticuli on the
belly are thirty in number.

The Mandarin fiJJ.i, Spar us v chilis. The
membrana branchiojlega has three rays : thefirft
dorfal-finhzsfom, and the other nine rays:
the perioral fins have fixteen rays : the ventral-
fins have fix rays : the anal fin has twelve, and
the tail twenty-four rays. The length of the
fifti is hardly a foot : the body is narrow, the
fMks are white*: the head is eg£-fliaped, and

round :

CHINA. 175T. 27

round: the mouth fmall, globofe : the upper-
jaw is the longeft : the eyes are fmall, near
the upper margin of the mouth : the opercula
branchiojlega confift of three bones.

Snow-white Dolphins (Dclphinus Chinen-
fts) tumbled about the fhip ; but at a diftance
they feemed in nothing different from the
common fpecies, except in the white colour.

The next day I again went to Canton.

The 1 1 th of December.

Thts day, which is the fixth in the eleven
month of the Chinefe, or Shienghio, is very re-
markable among them ; if it is clear, it fore-
tells a good year ro come ; but when beginning
with rain, they expect a flerility of crop. They
bring facrifices to their idols, in order to be pre-
ferred from the dearth. It was fine weather
all the day along, whence they prophecied a
plentiful year.

The 17 th of December.

In the forenoon I buried the Purfer Hubm,
who died yefterday of the dyfentery. He was

born

■2S OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

born in France, and brought up to the Roman
Catholic religion : he afterwards embraced the
Lutheran religion at Gothenburgh, and poflerTed
great knowledge in both religions. He kept
his good-humour on to a great age ; and indeed
it never forfook him to his death. In the
afternoon I gave him the facrament, and imme-
diately after he departed peaceably. To bury
him, we paffed the river to a peninfula, and
afterwards through a great canal, over which
many bridges were made, till we at lad arrived
at the burying-place, which had been bought
for him in an inclofed place on the left. The
Chincfe took fix tale for the grave. Near the
burying-place was a number of coffins above
the ground, as I have already remarked elfe-
where.

The mob was very riotous, and we made
hafte to fmi(h the fervice. Afterwards we went
to the aforementioned pagode> which lies on
the other fide of the canal, in Honang. In
the fields hereabouts were little holes here and
there,' in which feeds were put and cover-
ed over with allies. A fpot, on which accord-
ing to the account of the Chincfe a medicinal
herb was planted, was covered with mats,
which were expanded a yard high above the

ground.

CHINA. 1751. 29

ground. This plant was as yet fo fmall, that
I could not tell whether it was or was not the
Amaranthns trijlis. I was (hewn, bu: at a
great diftance, how the high fields about Boc~
ca Tiger were green with a plant out of whofe
feeds the Cbinefe prefs their oil, which they
call loam. It is faid they have a trick of boil-
ing the feed before they fell it. It is mod
probably Sefamum. We vifited their fail-cloth
manufacture of bambou fplints on which bambou.
leaves are laid. They call it Tiock-yee. The
ropes are likeWife made of bambou threads.
Here alfo was a place where both great and
fmall boats were built ; and rudders, and feve-
ral mills to grind rice, &c. were made. On
the fields the Poa Malabarica was growing ;
and near the pales and enclofures a fort of
reed, which the Cbinefe call Luta, and looks
like Arundo donax. I at laft got for a piaftre
twenty-five kinds of pot-herbs.

The 2 1 ft of December. m

I again returned to the fhip, and met the
(hip chaplain Toreen in the bancftial ; he had
buried a failor on the French IJland, who died
of a pain in his fide aboard our fhip.

SCOLQPENDRA

OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

Scolopendra pcdibus utrinque viginti was
here found near the bancfhal.

The fhips prepared for their voyage home,
except the Dutch commodore fhip, which was
to ftay till March, and bring the ihips accounts
into order.

The 25 th of December,

Clear, calm weather.

Oysters, which the Chinefe called Hao,
were fold quite frefli to us. It was a different
fpecies from thofe whofe fhells have been afore-
mentioned ; they were rounder, five or fix, or
more of tliem grew together, and are ex-
tremely difficult to open : for the purpofe of
opening, the Chinefe always have a proper
piece of iron about them when they fell
Oyjier^ Some of them were fattened to great
Hones, and on them the Sertularia conferva
formis was fattened. It was plainly vifible that
they came out of a clayey bottom. They were
very like our oyfters, but larger, in particular
the animal in them ; which the Chinefe take

out,

CHINA. 1751. 31

out, put into water, and thus fell them to
their countrymen without the fhell.

Spar us Chinenfis, or the Little mandarin
fifty, which is like the Sarfe (Cyprinus Ery-
throphtahnus) were here caught in plenty, and
by the Chinefe called Kya-yo. The following
is its defcription : the membrana branchiofiega
has five rays : the firft dorfalfin has four fim-
ple rays, of which the hindmofl is quite foft;
this fin has a lanceolated appendage on each fide:
the fecond dorfalfin is not armed, has eleven
divided rays, and is of the length of the for-
mer: the petlor&l-fins have 14 rays: the ven-
tral-fins have fix rays, they have on both fides
and in the middle a foft appendage : the anal-
fin has twelve rays : the tail is furcated, and
has fixteen and more rays : the head is narrow,
flat ; the mouth is fmall ; it has no teeth : the
eyes are near the mouth : the irides are white :
the body is narrow, and lanceolated : the linea
lateralis does not appear : the back is blue,
and the reft white : the opercula branchWftega
confifl of two entire leaves. The length of
the fifh is fcarccly a fpan. The ficales are
white rhombs.

Gobius

3a OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

Gobiits Eleotris, by the Chinefe called Sum-
has, is a greenifh, almofl round fifli, which is
fomewhat lefs than the preceding. The mem-
brana branchiojiega has five rays : the dorfal-
fins have from fix to eleven rays : the pectoral-
fins have eighteen rays : the ventral-fins have
eight rays, and are joined together into one in-
fundibuliform fin : the entire tail has twelve
rays : the body is almoft round, covered with
little rhomboidal green fcales : the lower-jaw
is the, longed : the teeth are fixed in four rows
in the mouth, are fmall and very fharp : the
eyes are in the upper part of the head.

The 27 th of December,

In the afternoon I went in the floop along
the fhore, and palled by the Lion-tower. Here
Was a great mountain on the fhore where a
reddifh fand-ftone appears, which is here
fquared, and afterwards fent to Canton and other
places hereabouts for coffins, flags, ftone-
dykes, walls, &c. The workmen had erected
a number of little houfes in the quarry, which
made the mountain on the fide towards the fea
look like a little town. The mountain was

covered

CHINA. 1751, 33

covered with Cbinefe (as an ant-hill is with
ants) from the top to the bottom. At the
fummit was a little redoubt, and paved roads
led towards the more. On the fields where
rice had been growing, fome fhallow furrows
were made to keep the fifhes back in them
when the water ran off. I would have landed
with the floop, but it was out of my power.
One might have made a pretty collection of
foilils here. We were altonimed to fee that
the Cbinefe, who had put their nets into the
water, (hot continually without aiming at any-
thing : but upon enquiry we were told that
they were forced to watch their fifheries con-
tinually, and to frighten away the ducks, who
would elfe empty the nets fooner than men
could. I never faw fuch fearlefs and nume-
rous flights of ducks as here : one flight after
another came, notwithstanding the noife that
was made on all fides, and endeavoured to
fettle near the nets ; but were always hinder-
ed in the above manner: thefe wild ducks
were not quite like ours, as will appear from
the following defcription :

Anas (Chinenjis) reglone ocuhrum marls -vU
ridi. The male: the wings have about twen-
ty-eight quill-feathers, of which the firft ten

Vol. II. D are

34 OS BECK'S VOYAGE.

are the longeft, and afh-coloured ; their upper
margin is black, and the ground grey : the
four or live next are afh-coloured, with green
upper margins and white bordered tops : the
four hindmoft ones are longer than thofe in
the middle, and afh-coloured : the greater co-
verts are white on the margins of the upper
fide ; the reft are afh-coloured : the eleven
tail-feathers go tapering, have white borders,
and are grey at the bottom : the bill is of a
blackifh grey, and foft: the upper mandible covers
the lower: the teeth in the margin of the lower
mandible are lamellated : the head is brown
like the chin : a white line pafles below the
eyes : all about the eyes is green : the neck
and the fore part of the back are covered with
white feathers, fpotted with black : the hind-
mofl part of the back and the uropygium are
afh-coloured : the feathers which cover the
upper part of the neck are white, with black
fpots : the black feathers covering the uropy-
gmm have white borders : the breajl and the
belly are white, and fpotted with black back-
wards : the feet and legs are afh-coloured : the
three fore-toes are joined; the hind-toe is free :
the membranes have crenated edges : the female
is covered at the top with black feathers, but
at the extremities with reddifh white ones; it

is

CHINA. 1751. y

rs white below, with black fpots : the chin is
white : the head and all about the eyes is of a
whitifli grey : the quill and tail-feathers are
almoft the fame as in the male. The Chinefe
call this fort of ducks Hina-a. There is another
fort of ducks to be met with at Canton, which
is called Kong*ap9 but this I have not feen.

The bird which the Chinefe make ufe of for
fifhing is reprefented in feveral voyages, and
is here called Lou-foo a ; but no author hae
given a full defcription of it : I offered a rea-
fonable reward to any one who would procure
me fuch a bird for a mort time ; but in vain,
though this way of fifhing is faid to be ufed
in Macao. According to the reprefentations
of this bird in the books of travellers, it mud
be very like the Man of Vuir (Pelccanus aqui*
lus). They defcribe the filhery to be perform-
ed in the following manner ; the fifherman
fallens an iron ring about the bird's neck, fo
that it may not fwallow any fifhes : on the ring
is a rope with which the bird is held : As foon
as a fifh is obferved about the boat, the fifher-
man toffes the bird into the water* who imme-

• In the AmbafTade de la C. O. des Provinces nnies,
p. 172. t. 173. it is called Lcwva.

D 2 diately

3<5 OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

diately does its duty, and then is pulled up
with the fifli in its bill. This method of nfh-
ing is very expenfive. Its price is fettled, and
is faid to amount very often to fifty tale. Be-
fides this, the fifhcrman pays a certain fum of
money as an annual contribution.

l752;

The ill of January.

Having taken in our cargoe in porceliane,
tea, fiik, &c. according to the following ac-
count, and provided ourfelves with water for
our return as far as Java, we yet took in this
day fome Chinefe potatoes, turneps, yams,
carrots, leeks, cabbages, and other garden
fluff.

hill of Lading,

Teas.

1,030,642 pounds of Bohea-tca, in 2885
cheils.
96,5891b. Congo-tea, in 1071 large, and
288 letter chefls.

67,383

CHINA. 1752. 37

67,388 lb. Soatchoun-teay in 573 large and

1367 letter chefts.
17,2051b. Pecko-tea, in 323 chefts.
6,67olb. Bing-tea, in 119 chefts.
7,930 lb. of H\fon-Ski?in-tea, in 140 chefts.
2,206 lb. of Hyfon-tea, in 31 tubs.
3,557 lb. of feveral forts of tea, in 1720
canifters.

Silk Stuffs.

961 Pieces of poifies damaflc.
67 Pieces of ditto, of two colours.
143 Pieces of damafk for furniture.
673 Pieces of fattin.

15 Pieces of fattin, of two colours.

16 Pieces of ditto, coloured flowers.
68 1 Pieces of paduafcy.

192 Pieces of gorgoron.
1,291 Pieces of taffety.

16 Pieces of lampaffes.
5,319 Pieces of yellow cotton Na?ikin fluffs.
5,047 lb. of rawfilk, in 33 chefts.

Sundries.

35,314 lb. of Galanga roots.
6,3591b. of China roots.
2,165 lb. of mother of pearl.

D ; 6,325

3S OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

6,325 lb. of thin canes for hoops.
^0,709 lb. of fagoe.
4,171 lb. of rhubarb, in 24 chefts.
0,3141b. of painted paper.
1,250 Pieces of flowers, &c.
3,400 round jettoons of mother of pearl,
140 in each fet.
62 ditto, 10 in each fet.
j 08 japaned play-boxes, with mother of
pearl jettoons.
18 japaned tablets, or boxes for a toi-
let.
10 japaned tablets.
6 tons of arrack.

Porcellane.

222 chefts, 70 tubs, 52 letter chefts, and
919 packs.

The fhip was twenty-one feet ten inches
behind, and twenty feet five inches before, in
the water.

The 4th of January,

After a ftay of four months and ten days
in China, our ihip and the other Swedifi Ihip

began

OFF CHINA. 1752. 39

began their voyage home. Every one leaped
for joy, and my Tea-Jhrub, which flood in a
pot, fell upon the deck during the firing of
the canons, and was thrown over-board with-
out my knowledge, after I had nurfed and
taken care of it a long while on board the fhip.
Thus I faw my hopes of bringing a growing
tea-tree to my countrymen at an end; a plea-
fure which no one in Europe has been able as
yet to feel, notwithstanding all poflible care
and expences. Some have brought tea-nuts
as they get them from the Chinefe ; but in cafe
they could get them frefh (which I very much
doubt), they are fpoiled on the voyage : others
have bought tea-fhrubs in pots, which they
commonly get in flower juft before their de-
parture from China, but they withered about
the Cape of Good Hope.

If the Europeans were themfelves allowed
to go into the tea -woods, and to gather there
fuch feeds as are neither too dry nor unripe,
nor boiled, they might be kept in any thing;
but without this they can only get fhrubs (in
the factories) in little flower pots, with too lit-
tle earth, or with fuch as is not fit for their
tender roots. The tea-fhrub would doubtlefs
habituate itfelf to our climate; but if we want
D 4 to

4o OS BECK'S VOYAG E.

to receive the benefit of it, we mould firft learn
to prepare tea, which may turn out more diffi-
cult than we have hitherto imagined ; for fome
prepare tea fo ill even in China, that it does
not tafte fo well as one of our Swedifi teas.
But, fuppofing we knew the beft method of
drying it, we could never fell a pound of home-
made tea fo cheap as the Chinefe tea, while
Sweden has not proportionably the fame num-
ber of induftrious inhabitants as China b.

After we had failed a good way, we faw
a great mouth of the river opening into the
fea on the right ; but we failed to Bocca Tiger,
whofe caflles were htuated on the naked hills
of two iflands, about which only fome trees
were planted. They were exactly oppofite to
each other. That which is neareft to the con-
tinent is the higheft,

In the evening we cafl our anchor along with
a French fhip bound for Macao*

h Dr. Linneeu: has had fince (the 3d of OSolcr, 1763,}
a fine tea-fhrub brought him from China, by Captain Carl.
Qujlav. Eckeberg, w hich is, as far as we know, the only

The

OFF CHINA. 1752. 41

The 5 th of January,

In the morning we weighed our anchor,
and foon after palled the fands at Bocca Tiger,
where we found ground at four fathoms depth,
jn high water,

The 6th of January,

Cloudy /ky. Frefh gale.

The pilot left us. We directed our courfe
from the great Ladrone I/land, to the Englijh
Sand, and afterwards to the ifland of Zapata,
which the Portuguese call a Loft on account of

its form.

The Monfoons are conftant winds which blow
for half a year together in the Eaji Indian fea,
and they were now N. E. and fometimes van-
ned a degree or fo on either fide. They con-
tinue N. H. all November, December, January,
February, and March, with dry weather. In
April and September they turn about, and at
that time the molt frightful florins blow from
all fides. The word of all is that which the

Chlnefs

42 OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

Chinefe call Taifun ; for (as I have been told
by a Swede who had been in the Eajl Indies)
it continues often for twenty-four hours toge-
ther with fuch violence, that nobody is able
to walk up and down, but is as it were confined
to his place. At lead it is always reckoned
the worft hurricane which can poffibly happen
on a voyage to the Eajl Indies. In May, June,
July, and Augujl, the wind is always fouthern
hereabouts, and generally attended with rain.

The 8th of January, 150. 45'. N. L.

The Englifh Sand had thirty-fix fathoms of
water. The ground was red fand, mixed
with corals.

The 10th of January, io°. 38'. N. L.

Changeable weather, fometimes clear,
fometimes cloudy. The wind blew hard, and
the fea was very boifterous. About four
o'clock in the afternoon we had the ifland of
Zapata weft.

Sterna nigra, fronte albicante, caudd cunei-
formi, (Chin. Lagerjlr. 9.) was here caught. It

had

OFF CHINA. 1752. 43

had twenty-feven quill-feathers and eleven tail-
feathers, and was of the fize of a jack-daw.

The 1 ith of January, 8°. 1 1'. N. L.

Generally clear fky. Frefh gale.

We thought we paffed Polo Sandor in the
morning dawn, at leaft we did not fee it this
time. (Polo is the Indian name of an illand.)

The 15 th of January,

Cloudy, changeable, rainy weather, which
was looked upon as very uncommon in this la-
titude.

The IJle of Lingen (which is exactly under
the equator) we paffed the night before.
Though this place is very hot, yet it is not
fufficient to produce men without parents, as
a Pagan writer from the ifland of Wack-ivack
relates. See Bayeri Comment, de Orig. Sin.
278. Polo 'Toy a was on our right in the fore-
noon. At noon we had the feven iflands on
our left, two of which are higher than the
reft, Near the firit high illand there feemed

to

44 O S B E C K'S VOYAGE.

to be another fmall one : but perhaps it is
jiot feparated from the other.

The 1 6th of January.

Generally rain)' and inconftant weather.

The laft night we anchored in the Straits
ef Banka, near the mores of Sumatra, where
the river Palimbanka difcharges itfelf in the
fea, after we had, the night before, pafled by
Mcnopin, or the laft high mountain on the
jfland of Banka, oppolite Sumatra.

¥ REDE-RiCK-Henry, a rock hidden under the
water, (which has formerly been the ruin of
many mips) was palled very happily.

About noon we faw the third (but count-
ing from Canton the firft) Cape on Sumatra,
covered with the fined and fcarceft trees, fo
that it looked as if the whole country confided
of a cut garden-hedge. The moil: outward
were probably Indian canes, and the reft fomp
kinds of Palm trees. The country appeared
finer at this diftance than I am able to defcribe.
The people were tfefcribed to me as affaiTuis ;

and

OFF CHINA. 1752. 4|

and it was believed that in every bufh were
crocodiles and other hurtful animals : but if
I fhould have met lions and tigers, I mud
neverthelefs have wifhed myfelf on more, had
it been but for an hour. But we fleered to-
wards Safari, a mountain on Banka. And
after we had likewife patted the fecond neck
of land, we cafl anchors at night.

The 17 th of January >

To-day, excepting the morning, wc had
fine clear weather, but little wind. We began
to fail very early, as did the other {hips, which
we left near China, but joined here again.
At noon we patted the ifle of Lucipara: the
pattage for great (hips between Sumatra and
this ifland is very inconvenient, becaufe there
is but three and a half fathom of water on the
fand bank ; but as foon as you are got by, and
have Lucipara (I fpeak as coming from China)
N. E. you are then out of danger.

The 1 8th of January.

After eight o'clock in the morning we bad
the Two Brothers on the left, quite near us*

This

46 OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

This is the name of two iflands covered with
trees, between which the water is fa id to be to
low, that not even a little boat can pafs.

We here obferved considerable breakers.

About four o'clock in the afternoon we
had Toppers Hat and the high woody more of
Bantam on the left ; but fomewhat farther on,
about fix o'clock, we had the Hat of Brabant,
a little woody rock, on the fame hand : and
directly oppofite to it, on our right, a long,
narrow ifiand, which is called Acrofs the Way.

The 19th of January.

After a fortnight's voyage from the La-
drones, we anchored about noon in the New-
Bay, the ufual harbour ; and we took as much
water from Java as would fuffice for the whole
voyage. In the afternoon I went in a boat on
more near the place whence we took in water.
It is difficult to reach the more, becaufe the
ground is fo full of corals (MUJepora Java-
ncnfis), that we were obliged to leave the boat
a good way behind us, and the people got
out and waded up to their breads in water,
and with difficulty carried me to the fliore on

their

JAVA. 1752. 47

their fhoulders. The country here is very
hi di, and the water which comes hither from
the fens in the wood runs roaring into the fea.
The failors fix a leathern fpout which reaches
to the boat, and thus fill their tubs. The w*a-
ter itfelf was pretty good, and in my opinion
the belt I ever drank on my voyage. The foil
on the ftiore confifls of a fine whitifti grey
fand, in which all forts of corals, fuch as Ma-
drepora organwn. and Star-Jiones (Millepora),
and likewife Cowries (Cyprad) and other {hells,
were to be met with. But I left all thefe and
went into the foreft with the carpenter, who
looked for feme timber for his purpofes. We
kept clofe together, becaufe we were in danger
of not meeting again in cafe we had feparated.
The foreft was fo clofe, that we paiTed through
with great difficulty ; and the cries of birds,
and lizards, and other noifes, wrould not permit
us to call to each other. In fome places it was
fo wet, that I followed my companion with re-
luctance, for it rained about this time every
night and forenoon, and fometimes even all
the day long. The exceflive high but {lender
trees make the foreft dark ; and a quantity of
Palm trees of fix yards high, whofe leaves
were prickly, tore our cloaths, nay even the
2 Jkin

4& OS BECK'S VOYAGE,

fkin off our hands and faces. This little Pahit
tree is

Caryota (urcns Linn. c) frondibus blpinnails\
aculcatis, foliolis cuneiformibus, rotundato pra-
morfis. I did not fee the parts of fructifica-
tion, and therefore am not quite certain of the
genus. Thtfrondes are, as in the Caryota, bi-
pinnated and whitifh below : the leaves are
oppofite, almoft oval, plicated ; the upper
margin as it Were lacerated : the petioli are co-
vered with many oppofite, hamated fpines, not
only at the beginning of the foliola, but even
at the fecond and third pair of them.

Another fort of little Palm treesd {Calamus
Rotang Linn.) was likewife in our road. The
Jlem was without branches,, had a crown at
top, and was every where befet with ftraight
fpines. This is the true Indian cane, which
was not vifible on the outfide ; but the bark
being taken off, difcovered the fmooth flick,
which has no marks of fpines on the bark,
and is exactly like thofe which the Dutch fell
to us, keeping this matter very fecret, left
travellers going by mould take as many canes
as they want out of thefe woods. Sumatra is
faid to be the place where mod of thefe flicks

c Javanica. Ofbeck. d Palma Bacillus. Ofteck.

grow.

JAVA. 1752. 49

grow. I took two to try them, but left them
behind during my voyage. Such plants ought
to be chofen as are of a proper growth be-
tween two joints, fuitable to the fafhionable
length of canes as they are then worn : but
fuch are fcarce. I do not know that any one
before has given an account of the Indian
canes while they are growing.

After we had got a good way in this foreft,
Which is reckoned fo dangerous on account of
tigers and other beads of prey, my honefl
carpenter, having tried feveral forts of wood,
at lad met with a long naked ftem, which he
felled. The timber of the tree was of a fine
yellow colour, at leaft while it was newly cut.
I looked for the parts of fructification in this
felled tree ; but thefe not appearing, I coulcj
not afcertain it. On its bark grew,

Hypnum Javanenfe,

Lichen pulverulentus viridis et alius > and

Afplenium Nidus ; this formed a for: of cup
in the angles between the branches, in which
the birds made their nefts.

Calamus Rotang (yarietas) is a little (lender

tret without branches or twigs, winding about

Vol. II. E the

5o OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

the high trees near it, even to their tops,
and tying them as it were together. I faW
here a tree with eight branches, each of which
(being of the thi< 1 nefs of a finger) bent down
and formed roots, by a natural direction, un-
afTified by art. Thefe branches were befe!
with enfiform leaves; but I found neither flower
nor fruit on the tree.

The Sio-lock-tao of the Chlnefe was twift.ee}
roi nd the trees. On an unknown tree, which
had no flowers at that time, I faw a fruit both
in colour and fnape like Hips,

Little Palm trees, whofe fruit was like
the Nux vomica, with green or brown
{hells, grew not far from the more. In the
fame place I found a plant refembling the Ah
plri'ia racemofa, together with many other un-
common trees and herbs, which I could not
afcertain, becaufe I could find no parts of fruc-
tification.

Epi d en d rum amabite grew on the branches
of trees on the lhore. This plant hath great
white odoriferous flowers, fuch as I never
obferved before. I had this plant lying in my
room for fome days together; but the Sowers

did

JAVA. 1752. 51

did not wither, and filled it with the mod
agreeable fmell. On the IJle of Temaie none
but princeflfes are allowed to wear this precious
flower, which is but too fcarcc a. The fhape
of it is as follows :

The corolla is pentapetalous : the three ex-
terior petals are oblong : the two interior ones
are roundifn oval, expanded ; the upper lip
of the neclarium is fhorter and inflefted ; the
lower is pinnatifid and inflected ; it has four
laclnia, of which the two greater ones are
obtufe at the bottom, but the two others are
very fmall and ftiarp : the gland at the bottom
of. the neclarium is bifid, yellow, with little
red dots : the point of the lower-Up has two
filiform appendages : the roots are numerous,
foft, flat, and flick to the barks of trees. It
has only three leaves, which (land at the root,
are undivided, and without nerves, almofl
falcated : the Jialk is undivided : the flowers
are alternate at the top.

Pavetta Indica, a little tree, which was
not far off the watering-place.

Jasminum azoreum grew below the high

trees.

• R.tmpb, Herb. Amb. Angnecura alb. majus.

E 2 Hibiscus

52 OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

Hibiscus popuhieus, a tree with fine great
flowers, flood below the aforementioned plant.
Its leaves were fomewhat foft beneath, and had
Jlalks which were reflected : the braclece are
round : the outward calyx is ftiort, divided
into eleven parts ; the inner is quinquefid, fi^c
times longer than the outer : its leaves are
lanceolated,

The fhore was almoft every where covered
with corals, efpecially Madrepores and Coral-
organs ; befides thefe, petrified fpunges (with-
out ftalks) and (hells were to be met with.
But the trees (which in moll places hung over
the water) did not afford us a free paffage.

The Hermit crab, or Cancer Eremita Java-
nicay was found in a fhell. Its left claw was
larger than the right, but it is however a dif-
ferent fpecies from our common Cancer bern-
hardtts.

Lichen marinas, Clttf. Hjft. p. ccl. was in
plenty on the Ihore.

Night obliged me to break off this agree-
able employment fooner than I could have

vifhed :

JAVA. 1752. 53

whhed : and having feen the trees with many
branches, from which a number of roots hung
down perpendicularly, near the watering-
place, I was forced to go on board again with
the boat. Here I found two fcarCe Mies,
which a friend of mine had got for me, that
I might put them into fpirits. They were :

Chattodon faxatilis? a yelloWifh flounder-
like fifh, with broad black tranfverfal fafcia :
the fingle dorfal-jin is loW, and reaches to the
tail : its thirteen foremojl rays are prickly, the
remaining twenty-fix are longer, have a black
ftripe below, and likewife black tops : the
pecloralfins have fixteen rays: the ventral-
fins have fix rays : the three firlt rays of the
anal-Jin are prickly, but the other twenty have
black fpots, which taken together make a
narrow (tripe : the tail is entire, and has twen-
ty rays : the body is broad and compreffedj
with quadrangular fcales ; the opercula bran*
chlojl. are fcaly.

Sparus Spinas was like a fort of dried fifli
which we bought at Canton for our voyage.
The dorfal-jin reaches from the head to the
tail, and has twenty-four rays, of which the
thirteen foremoU are prickly and fhorter : the
pettoralfins have fifteen rays : the ventral-fins
E 3 have

54 OS BECK'S VOYAGE.

have five rays, of which the two extreme ones
are prickly : the anal-fin begins at the middle
of the fiih, and goes to the tail, and has fifteen
rays, of which the firil: feven are prickly : the
tail is bifid, and has eighteen rays : the fides
are grey, except towards the belly, and have a
bent lateral line : the belly is white : the lips are
foft : the length of the body is a fpan.

The Ja-vanefe brought the following things
to fell on board our {hip : apes, fhells, Turki/b
corn, and

Java deer (Cervus favanieus). The upper
■primary teeth are wanting : of the inferior
eight lower the two middle ones are three times
broader at the ends than the reft : the three
cutting teeth on the fides are pointed : the
upper-jaiv has a {harp canine tooth on each
fide, which is of the length of the cutting
teeth; therefore this animal is not Capra per-
pufilla, Muf Reg. Suec.-p. 12. I have feen
the buck and the doe, neither of which had
horns, though our failors affured me they
have feen them with horns. Of the nine
grinders the fix inner ones are double, and the
three exterior ones are laciniated (Jobati b). This

b The feet of this fpecies of deer are fometimes fet in
filver, and ufed as tobacco-Hoppers.

6 fpecies

JAVA. 1752. S5

fpecies of deer equals a new-born lamb in fize.
The colour is a reddifh brown. The buck
(whofe head I have now been defcribing) is
larger than the doe, and has white itripes on
his fides which run longitudinally. They
lived upon frefh blades of rice, which we fow-
ed in pots for that purpofe*

It has been faid that Parrot Jifies were to
be found hereabouts, but I never was fo hap-
py as to get one.

The 20th of January *

A heavy rain kept me from going on Chore
in the forenoon ; but in the afternoon I went
to the little uninhabited ifland called New
JJlandy (fee vol. i. p. 131.) which was a good
way off our (hip, and near Java. We landed
at a little brook, in which our people warned
their linen. Formerly, as the fliip Rliterhoufe
was on her voyage to China (he came too late to
Java, and the contrary monfoon being already
fet in, fhe was obliged to flay here till the
wind changed. During that time the failors
built huts on this iiland, and cut the year of
our Lord 1743 on a g°°d many trees, as we
E 4 obferved

56 OSBKCK'S VOYAGE.

obferved in feveral places. The bottom of
the fca, which was at the depth or two fa-
thoms, more or lefs, was full of (harp ramofe
corals. On the fliore were to be met with
coral-jionesy coral-organs, hippitris faxea, and
ieveral (hells, mod of which were fpoiled and
worn away by the water. Among the fliells
were principally cypraas, harpago 5 cornibus,
(S trombus Chiragra Linn.) and others.

I ADVA nc ed fomewhat further on the ifland,
and faw the Plantain tree (Mufa Taradifiacd)
growing fpontaneoufly, and the monkeys
jumping from one tree to another, as fquirrels
do in our country. The continual cracking
noife which I heard was, as our people faid,
made by a fort of lizards, of which I could
not procure one fpecimen.

Several butterflies flew about me; but
my eyes were fixed upon the Flora. I went
along the more becaufe the woods appeared
too crouded for me, and obferved the follow-
ing fcarce trees :

Sopbona alopccuroidesi a little tree with a
foft ft em.

Morinda clirifolia.

Gaettarda

JAVA. 1752. 57

Quettdrda fpeciofa, a ramofe tree with odo-
riferous flowers. The calyx is cylindrical, with
an almoft entire margin : the corolla is mono-
petalous : the tube cylindrical, longer than the
calyx : the limbus is divided into feven oblong
lacinice: feven fhort filaments : the antherce
are longer than the filaments, and of equal
thicknefs : the germen is almoft round : the
Jlylus is filiform, longer than the Jlamina : the
Jl'igma is Ihaped almoft like an egg. The fruit
Is nearly round, and contains many nuts : the
branches of the tree are quadrangular, with
dots, and horfe-fhoe-like fpots.

Lobelia Plumierii is a little tree which flood
on the fhore, and had the following characters :
the calyx is very fhort, quinquefid : the fegments
of equal breadih, and equidiftant from each
other : the corolla is monopetalous, on one
lide fplit open down to the bottom, four times
longer than the calyx : the tube is cylindrical,
hairy in the infide, longer than the limbus,
hiant on one fide : the limbus is quinquefid,
hairy, with lanceolated lacinia, which are
curled up on the margin ; the middlemoft is
the thickeft : the fi\ re filaments are filiform,
faftened to the receptaculu?ny and of the
length of the fijiilhmi : the anthera are ob-
long,

58 OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

long, narrow, and furround the Jiigma : the
germen is egg-fhaped, pentagonal, comprefled,
and below the flower : the Jiylus cylindrical,
of the length of the filaments, bent fo as to
incline through the incifions of the corolla ;'■
the Jiigma is fcyphiform, and hairy : the nut
is almoft round, and of the fize of a pea: the
tree has wrinkled and hanging branches, and
grows on the fea-fhore. The leaves are in-
verted-oval, mucronated, fmooth, without in-
cifions, almoft without nerves, petiolated : the
fialks of the leaves are of equal thicknefs all
the way : the flowers are white, and axillar.

Crinum Afiatlcum with its glorious white
flowers, enriched the fandy ihore. I brought
both the plant itfelf in a flower pot, and the
bulbs or roots of it preferved in fand, to

Szvcden.

Corypba umbraculifera was likewife grow-
ing here. Of this the great round fans are
made, with which the mufquitoes or gnats are
expelled in China.

Cord'ia Myxa flowered on the fiiore : the
leaves are oval, petiolated, without incifions,
alternate : the tree is very ramofe : the branches

are

JAVA. 1752, 5Q

are wrinkled, round : the flowers are yellow,
and fland in corymbi at the top.

Phytolocca Javanica, a large tree on the
fhore, whole leaves are fmooth, but its
branches villofe : the calyx is wanting : the
corolla is monopetalous, quinquefid : the /eg-
ments are oval, very fmall : the ten /laments
are bent at the top, fattened to the receptacle,
and longer than the corolla : the antbercz are
almoft round : the tree is very ramofe : the
branches and lea/Jlalks are woolly : the leaves
are broad, lanceolated, petiolated, without
incifions, fmooth, and have feven nerves : the
flowers are corymbofe and fmall.

Flagellaria Indica. Its boughs twine about
other trees, as the Mem is no thicker than a
tobacco-pipe, but generally fome fathoms
long : the calyx is monopetalous, bidentated,
very fhort, on the outfide of the flower : the
corolla is monopetalous, oval, globofe, and
clofed up: the /laments are fliort, filiform,
fattened to the receptacle, the anthera are ob-
long, erect, and longer than the filaments:
the fly Ius is fingle : the fligma obtufe : the
flowers grow at the extremities in bunches like
grapes (Cory?nbi) : the /a Ik is round, ramofe :

the

6d OS BECK'S VOYAGE.

the leaves are alternate, arundinaceous, fcarcc
vifibly petiolated, and end in tendrils.

Convolvulus pes capra grew in the fand by
the water fide.

Chitm marginibus dorfi fpinofis was found in
the fea by a failor.

We weighed anchor ; but were forced by the
contrary wind to cad again not far from the
firft place, namely near

Prince Ijland, which is larger than New
I/land. It has been faid, that a petty prince,
mafter of this ifland, lives on it, and that he
formerly ufed to vifit the (hips, and was fatis-
fied with trifling prefents. In the afternoon
we went on more near a little river, where we
could take in water, which however is not fo
good as that in Java. I did not obferve any
mountains here, nor on New Ijland. On the
river we found a little hut, which our people
believed to be built by fome EngUJhmen. We
preifed into the woods, but were forced to
turn back to the more, where the great trees
(which hung quite over the water) likewife
greatly oppofed my paifage. On thofe trees
I found two fpecies of ferns, one of which

was

JAVA. 1752. 61

was Polypodium Parafiicum. But I loft both
while I was carried back over the river. On
the trees grew :

Lichen pulverulenhts viridis et albus, and un-
der it,

Boletus caulefcensy coriaceus, pileo clnereo et
rubro.

Calla Javanlca Joins lance 'olatls, and

Amomum Zerumbet, or wild ginger; of
w^ich I made the following defcription: the
calyx is wanting, inftead of it are two cgg-
{haped braclece : the corolla is dipetalous : the
two filaments are (hort, filiform: the anther &
are long, of equal breadth, and fattened to
the fide of the corolla : the germen is cylindri-
cal and fhort : the Jlylus filiform, longer than
ihtjlamina : the Jligma is oblong: the capfula
is egg-ihaped, oblong, fiat on the inner fide,
obtufe on the outer, triangular, multilocular,
full of juice, white: the feeds are egg-fhaped,
narrow, red, covered, and about fix in num-
ber : the plant prows on fhady fliores : the
root is like that of ginger, and has long fibres :
theflalk is round with obtufe bracle<z, which
(lick very clofe to it : the flowers and fruit
make an oval catkin {ameniuni) : the radical

leaf

6z OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

leaf is pinnated, with lanceolated, entire fa~

Ho la.

Mammea Afiatica, a great tree, gene-
rally flands on the ihore and hangs over the
water. Almoft every tree, particular!) thif,
was full of great black ants, for which reafqn
I could not ealily mount the branches ; how-
ever I was forced to do fo, before I could
make the following defcription :

The calyx is biphyllous, with great, oval,
concave, perfiftent leaves, which include the
corolla ; this confifls of four oval, clofed
petals, which are deciduous at the fame time
with the filaments, and are like them longer
than the calyx : the filaments are numerous,
filiform, bent, fnorter than the Jlylus, but
longer than the corolla and the calyx, and at
the bottom joined with the petals : the antherce
are almoft round and fmall : the germen is be-
low the corolla; it is obovated : the jlylus is
very long : the fligma pointed : the tree is
very ramofe, and bends down with its top :
the little branches are round : the leaves grow
in bunches at the extremity of the little
branches ; they are entire, without ftalks,
linooth, carnofe or pulpy, famewhat crenated

at

JAVA. 1752. 63

at the top, and have alternate tranfverfal
nerves.

Hernandia finora. Of this great re-
markable tree I only law two on the fhore.
It affords a fure antidote againfl: poiibn, if
you either put its fmall roots on the wounds,
or eat them ; as was discovered to Rumphius by
a captive woman in the war between the People
of Macafar and the Dutch in the year 1667.
The foldiers of the former always carry this root
about them, as a remedy againfl; wounds with
poifonous arrows. The leaves of this tree
are thick and fmooth. Another tree like this,
which likewife grew here, had not fuch thick
and fmooth leaves.

Melia Parafitica, a little plant of fcarce a
finger's length, grew on the Items of the trees.
It is fo fcarce, that, as far as I know, it has
never been noticed before. The calyx is mo-
nophyllous, tridentated, cylindrical, and is
half the length of the corolla : the corolla is
monopetalous, cylindrical, quinquefid, with
oblong lacini<e : the neclarium is bell-fhaped,
pbtufe on the margin : on the inner fide of the
margin ten extremely fmall filaments are fitua-
fed : the aritbera are almoft quadrangular :

the

tf4 OS BECK'S VOYAGE.

the germen is cylindrical, pentagonal : the fly*
lus is pointed below, and villofe : the fligma
elevated : the flowers grow in the form of a
bunch of grapes. The plant had little leaves.

After fo fhort a vifit on this excellent ifle,
I was forced to go on board again, to wait for
a fair wind that might forward us on our
voyage.

The 2 2d of January , 8°. 34'. S. L.

Rain.

Early in the morning we failed fromPrince
f/hnd, and in the afternoon left Java out of
fight.

The 26th of January.

Very rainy weather. Almofl: calm. We
caught two bonets {Scomber Pelamii). Its two
pecloral-flns were put upon a iiihing-hook, to
reprefent alikenefs of a flying-Mi, which the
bond often purfues with all its might, and fre-
quently jumps up very high above the water.

The

JAVA. 1752;- 6§

The 27th of January, io°. 38'. S. L.

Cloudy and rainy weather.

Camellia, which I had in a pot, began
to open its flower buds. Obf. Gemma a:.il!ares,
'conico-imbricatfly foliola gemma ovata, obtufa
alterna, imbricata. Foliatio equitans.

The 28th of January, 120. 35'. S. L.

Almost all the day fine weather 5 and con-
trary, wind.

Iour dolphins (Coryphana Hippurus) appear-
ed near the fliip. This fi(h looks like the
falmon, but has a colour which changes from
blue to green in the water. It was thought to
be the belt filh that we had caught during the
voyage.

The 29th of January, 130. S. L.

Clear weather. The trade-wind was jufl
now beginning.

Vol. II, F Ws

66 OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

We difcovered a whale in our neighbour-
hood, by its throwing up the water.

The 3d of February., ^5°. 44'. S. L.

Larv a fenejlrata, which I found the 13th
of September of the paft year on the Croton
febiferuniy and which changed a fecond time
the next following night, now got out of its
grave, where it had been near five months,
and became Fhalama Atlas Linn, as far as I
could fee, though it was very ill fhaped.

Dermestes fubrotunda atra was bufy in
eating the D eontfai-feed which I bought in
China. As foon as it had eaten the kernel, the
empty hufk j.u(l fitted it : and accordingly I
found fome time after each of them dead in. its
huik.

The 6th of February, 1 8°, 50'. S. L.

Clear weather. Fr elh gale*

I had no thermometer; but the leaves of
Camellia and of the Batatas fhewed that it was

colder

J A V A. 1752. 6j

colder here than in China. The accounts of
feamen of a greater degree of cold at the
fouth pole are pretty probable.

The 8th of February, 200. 47'. S. L.

A flying fifh was now and then obferved
in thefe parts.

The nth of February, 220. 54'. S. L*

Clear weather. Temperate wind.

A lizard had acccompanied us from Canton,
and was now found in a cabbin. It was Lacer-
ta {f&hinenfis) cinerea, caudd ancipiti, corpora
paulo longiore, pedibus pentadatlylis omnibus tin-
guiculatis. The head is fiat, fhallow, oblong,
even : the eyes are covered with a fkin, which
at its tranfverfal opening has in the middle
three gold coloured points oppofite to each
other : the nojlrils are round, largefl near the
fnout, one on each fide : higher up are three
lefs ones on each fide ; and befides thefe are a
good many lefs holes near the eyes : the teeth
are numerous, fmall : the tongue is flat, ob-
tufe, crenated in the middle ; the body is
F 2 broad,

68 OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

broad, flat, with compreffed fides : the back is
covered with blackifh and whitifh elevations :
the anus is tranfverfal : the tail is a little long-
er than the body, has two fides, is compref-
fed, and has yellowifh fcales, which are here
and there on the fides : xhefore and hind feet
have five toes, are divided, and all the toes
have hamated nails : the fifth toe is the fhort-
eft ; all the toes are webbed below, and the
webs fit crofs-ways : the upper fide of the
body is alh coloured : the tail has eleven black
fpots : the belly is white.

The 1 3th of February, 240. 7'. S. L.

Cloudy iky, rainy, inconflant weather;
and afterwards a uniform wind.

The water which we had taken with us from
Java was now full of fea Millepedes (Onifci),
which Jkipped about in it like young frogs.

The bulbs of the Crinwn Afiaticum, which
I had put into a flower-pot at Java, now be-
gan to (hoot leaves.

The

Near MADAGASCAR, 1752. 69

The 17th of February, 270. 20'. S. L.
The trade-wind ceafed to-day.

The 19th of February, 270. 59'. S. L.

Clear, calm, fultry weather.

We faw a whale ; and a great dog-fifh paff-
ed us, accompanied by four of the fifties call-
ed pilots. We put half a chicken on our
filhing-hook to catch the dog-fifh, but he was
not hungry. In the dawn we faw fome por-
pohTes.

The 20th of February, 280. 32'. S. L.

Rain, but afterwards clear weather. Frefh
wind.

The 22dof February, 290. 49', S. L.

Clear weather, calm fea, moderate wind.
We were now almoft directly oppofite Mada-
gafcar.

F 3 Tbs

?o OSSECK'S VOYAGE.

The 23d of February , 300. 2'. S. L.

Clear and calm, toward the evening mid-
dling wind.

We faw a dolphin near the {hip. The wa-
ter flowered, as it is ufually faid.

The 26th of February, 290. 52'. S. L.

Clear weather. Contrary wind. It was
Cpld in the morning.

A piece of wood with fome fea-grafs fwam
by us.

Dolphins and porpoifTes gathered about
the {hip.

The 5th of March, 34°. 23'. S. L.

Towards evening we had thunder, light-
ning, and a great deal of rain.

The flames, which have been mentioned
before, {hewed themfelves now on all the

three

Near MADAGASCAR. 1752. 71

tli pee tops, at feven o'clock at night, when it
was quite dark after the ilorm.

The 7th of Marcfj, 350. 41'. S. L.

Good weather and wind, almoft calm in the
afternoon.

Gannets (P eke anus Bajfanas Linn.) a
fort of great white birds with long necks, and
black tops of the wings, flew very high in the
air.. They are faid to be a fure mark of the
fand at the Cape. About noon therefore we
heaved the lead, but could not find ground.
Some thought we were half a degree more to
the fouth than appeared from the fhip's rec-
koning.

The next night about twelve we miffed a
fecond mate, by calling the watch, whom we
never faw again. It was thought that in his
fleep he fell into the fea through a port-hole.

The 8th of March, 350. 36'. S. L.

Clear and almofl calm weather. Wind
towards night.

F 4 Thi

•jz OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

The porpoifTes were obferved here tum-
bling about in great numbers.

The failors affirmed to me that the water
flowered; when drawn up, fome-what in it
looked like the roe of a fim. I put fome of it
by in a glafs, which at night gave a pale blue
light, as if a million of little pearls lay clofe
together, but the next day the light was gone.
This matter fwam every where on the fea wa-
ter, with which it was mixed. By day-light
or candle-light it looked like a red, brown,
thick, /ago ibup ; and when it was put on pa-
per, it looked like little water-coloured /ago'
grains, or fiih-roe ; but I obferved no motion
in them. The next morning every thing was
funk to the bottom, and was curdled in the
glafs ; the water above it was quite clear, tho'
foraewhat reddifh. I again put fome of it on
paper, and found the grains water-coloured,
but the paper was ftained with red fpots from
the water.

The next night we found ground with the
lead at ninety fathoms. We had now been
fixty-three days on our voyage from China*

6 TV,

CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 1752. 73

The iothof March, 330. 13'. S. L.

A species of fea-weed fwam by our fhip
feveral times this afternoon, and was called
Trumpet-weed by our failors a. It was above
a yard and a half long, as thick as an Indian
cane, and commonly fome (talks were joined
together: it formed as it were fly- flaps at the
tops. My company on the fhip thought it
came from the iflands weft of the Cape of Good
Hope. When the failors fee Trumpet-weed on
their voyage, they are pretty certain that the
Cape is not above ten Szvedi/b miles off.

The 17th of March, 2 8°. 34'. S. L.

Clear and calm weather.

Besanties fwam on the water, and feem-
ed to have a little bow-fliaped expanded fail
on their backs. Thefe little animals change

» Fucus (Maximus) caule tereti, fiftulofo, fimplici, fla-
bello quafi terminate. An Fucus pavonicus ? confer Trom-
bas. G. M. A. V. V. L. Defcriptio itin. navalis in lnd.
p. $1. fig. mala. The leaves ftand at the top in bunches
in two rows [dijlkha), and decreafe in fize by little and lit-
tle. The italk had no leaves.

their

74 OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

their colours. We caught a Bcfantie, but it
was fmall and like the air-bladder of a fifli.
I had fcarce had it one day in fea-water, when
it died, as might be obferved by the tentacula,
which were diffolved into a flime ; and it be-
came as diflorted as thofe which are fometimes
brought to Europe in Spanifh brandy. The
defcription was made as foon as the animal was
got out of the water, and is as follows :

Holotburia Fhyfalis, Befanties. Rumph.
Amboin. p. 49. The body is blown up, egg-
ihaped, tranfparent, with a yellowifh green
tail : the back is dark green, fliavp ; feven or
more veins came out of it, which are yellowifh
red before: the bill is fpiral, and of a yellow-
ifh-red colour: the tentacula are numerous,
the fhortcf*: are round, the middlemoft are the
tendered, tranfparent, and globofe at the top :
the remaining tentacula are petiolated, and are
longer than the refl: ; the one in the middle is
thicker and much longer than the others, and
dark blue : opp ate to thefe is a compounded
blue elevation en the other fide, which is per-
haps the fail which the animal expands in the
fca.

The

CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. 1752. 75

The 25th of March, 120. 10'. S. L,

Cloudy, and afterwards clear weather.

Bonets {Scomber Yelamis) and Tunnys {Scorn-
her Thymus) were now caught again. We
ufed the Cuttle-fijh {Sepia Loligo) when we
could get it, for a bait.

The Camellia, which I brought with me from
China, now began to wither. The tea-fhrub,
birds, and whatever is taken alive from China,
commonly die in the latitude of the Cape of
Good Hope, though it is the fame latitude as
Spain, or rather nearer the asquator. I do
not remember to have feen an entirely clear
horizon on the fouth fide of the line.

The 30th of March, 160. 63'. S. L.

Almost clear; afterwards cloudy. Fa-
Tour able wind.

A tropick bird flew very high as ufual

hereabouts (Phaeton athereus).

Flying

76 OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

¥ lying fifties and bonets were here in great
numbers. •

St. Helena, an ifland belonging to the
Engli/h, came in fight of us. This ifland, ac-
cording to the accounts we have, is faid to be
near three Swedifo miles in circumference, and
two in breadth. It is fituated in 150. 56', S.
L. in the open fea, nearer to Africa than to
America^ about 200 Swedijh miles from the
neareft continent, and 600 leagues from the
Cape of Good Hope. This ifland, which is faid
to be very agreeable, and to produce many
Indian fruits, is very high, and mountainous
on the fea-fide, for which reafon it can be feen
at the diflance of twenty leagues. It firll got
its name from the Portugueze, who difcovered
it in the year 150 1, on St. Helen's day. In
the year 1600 the Englifh Eafl India company
conquered it; and in the year 1672 the Butch
took it j but the Englifh have fince, 1673, *n"
habited and fortified it; in 1701, two hun-
dred families, moftly Englifhy were fettled on
it.

Yams (Biofcorea alata) are here, as I am
told, planted and eaten inftead of bread by
the poor.

The

ASCENSION ISLAND. 1752. 77

The navigators who will land at St. Helena,
muft take care not to take their courfe too
high, elfe they cannot reach the fhore. The
Swedijh fhips generally flop here to take in
refrefhments, but we fleered flrait on to the
JJle of Afcenfion,

The 3d of April, 8°. 50'. S. L.

Clear weather, middling vsriiid".

To-day and the day before we favs r fying
fjhes.

The 4th of April,

Generally clear weather, and middling
wind.

We fleered from W. by N. to get the lon-
gitude of Afcenfion Ifland, near which we
failed in the forenoon ; and at lafl cafl anchor
in the Crofs-bay on the fame ifland, with twen-
ty-four fathoms ground.

The

*8 OSBECK'S VOYAGE

The 5 tli of April.

iHiRTY-one tortoifes were caught lad night.-

In the morning we went oh more on the
tight fide of the Crofs-bay.

Afcenfion is an ifland which is fituated under
the 8th degree of latitude fouth of the equa-
tor, and 8°. 24'. from St. Helena in the great
Etbiopic Ocean, at a great diftance from the
continent. Its length is reckoned above a
Swedijh mile, and its breadth about half a
Siuedijh mile. The Portugueze gave it this
name becaufe they difcovered it on Afcenfion-
day. It is entirely uninhabited, and without
woods. The largeft turtles, or fea-tortoi-fes,
have their refidence on it, and are fometimes
caught by hundreds in one night. The Eu-
ropean mips on their return from the Eajl In-
dies feldom fail by this ifland without going on
fhore to catch as many turtles as they want ;
but they never come in fight of it on their go-
ing to thofe parts.

The breakers on the fhore are very violent,
and would altonifh thofe who have never feert

the

ASCENSION ISLAND. 1752. 79

the like before. A boat may be thrown a
good way on the more by them, as happened
to the Sivedijh Ea/i India man the Gothic Lion,
whofe Hoop, with fome men, was loft by this
accident. The bed times to go on (hore here
are the firft months in the year, and as early
in the morning as porhble. The fhore for the
greateft part is coyered with a fpecies of fand,
which confifls of little elfe than broken Ihells,
which form roundifti grains, larger or fmaller,
ihining like pearls. This fand deferves to be
called Shell/and*

The tortoifes creep out of the water upon
the fhell-fand which is loofe, and occupy fome
fathoms in breadth upon the fhore, and often
lie f© high that it is inconceivable how they
can get up, fince it is troublefome even for
men to get along, becaufe the fand flips under
their feet, as if they walked upon peafe. As
foon as a tortoife is got a little way from the
water, fhe makes a round hole in the fand, in
which me lays her eggs, and covers them over
again with fand fo neatly that no one can find
out where (he has been. She afterwards gets
into the water again, and is quite unconcerned
about her young ones, which are hatched by
the fun, and find the way to the fea as well

sis

So CSBECK'S VOYAGE.

as their mother, as foon as they have broken
the fhell.

The failors lurk at night on the fhore: and
when a tortoife is crept up they turn it upon
its back, with hooks (or, if they can, with
their hands alone). In the latter cafe, they
muft take care of the animal's mouth, for it
bites oBf a finger with eafe ; a misfortune
which one of our failors experienced this time.

The tortolfes (Tejludo My das) are principal-
ly caught in two well-known bays ; namely,
in the EngliJJj-bay, where the taking them is
faid to be attended with difficulties,, and in the
Crofs bay, on the right hand of which our
captain had pitched his tent, on the fide of a
mountain. In this mountain were two grot-
toes, or natural caves, at a little diflance from
each other. In that which was next the more
were feveral French and Englijh letters, of lafl
year, as advices to new-comers : the upper
one is faid to have been the habitation of an
Englijh fupercargo, who fome years ago was
left here as a pumfhment for a deteftable crime,
with fome victuals, and an ax, to kill tortoifes,
which he was forced to roaft by the heat of
the fun on the mountains.. It is likewife re-
lated

ASCENSION ISLAND. 1752. Si

hted that another nation afterwards helped
him away.

I never faw a more difagreeable place in
all the world than this ifland. The climate in
itfelf is hot, being fo near the line ; but it
would be tolerable if there were only fome
trees under whole (hade one could take flieltef.
The iiland has formerly had woods, as ap-
pears from feveral perfect petrefaclions of
branches of trees, and pieces of wood; but
in particular from a large petrified flump. The
ifland is every where covered with Hones;
they are not pebbles, but angulated pumicc-
ftones, containing more or lefs iron. When
you meet with a plain, it is covered between
the {tones with a coarfe earth which looks like
foot, and under it you meet With a reddifh
fine fand. Here and there, efpecially on the
fhore, are fome rocks. On the low places,
where the water gathers during the rainy fea-
fon, the earth was covered with a brown cruft,
which would break like thin ice under one's
feet. Here and there fome pieces of glimmer
were found. A mineralogifl: might have col-
lected many forts of ftones here, which ate
not to be met with in other places. The heat
is intolerable, and difables one from carrying

Vol. II. G any

82 OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

any thing, it being difficult to fupport even
the cloaths upon one's back, efpecially as
walking is fo difficult. He who choofes to
walk here mud wear {hoes with thick foles ;
and muft notwithstanding expect to bring ach-
ing feet home at night. If the (tony Arabia
is like this place, I pity thofe who are forced
to wander through it.

There are feveral great hills on this ifland,
which confift of the abovementioned earth
and coarfe black ifh brown fand : in the latter
lie larger or fmaller pumice-ftones b, which
are dangerous to walk on, as by their rolling
down one may break one's limbs.

As foon as we got on fhore I went to a conic
mountain a good way off the place where we
landed. It was deep, and of difficult accefs, be-
caufe with each ftep the fand and Hones rolled
down : the heat increafed, and I was forced
to reft feveral times. In my opinion, this
mountain was quite as large as our Kinnekulle .
Neither on the fides, nor at the top, did I
meet with one fmgle plant ; on the fummit,
where the air was very cool, flood a pole

Puraex cupri. Maf. TefT. 79. 2.

three

ASCENSION ISLAND. 1752. 83

three fathoms long, which was provided with
the neceflary ropes for hoifting a flag. From
the pole hung two crofTes, the lower of Which
was wooden, and had the letters I. N. R. L
carved on it. Scarce a fathom above thd
wooden crofs was a brazen one, at the bottom
of which we could fee 1748, the 15th of iVo-
vember ; and higher up a French Infcription^
which could not be read, it being too high.
On the pole and the wooden crofs feveral dates
of years, and feveral names, were carved.

The country hereabouts looks like the rocks
about our mines. The birds retted here and
there without being frightened, after they had
filled themfelves with fillies in the fea, Id
fome places they had ftained with their dung
the heaps of Hones quite white, which then
looked like ruined towns, of which nothing
but fome white-wafhed chimneys remained,;

The affiftant Thollander, a friend and pro-
moter of fcience, parted from me a little while,
and found in the mean time the fcarce Arijlida
Adfcenfion'u. It is faid there is a fpring, or ra-
ther a cave, where the rain water gathers, on
the fame mountain : but it was dried up at
this time*

G 2 Ths»

84 OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

The goats, which the French brought upon
this iiland, were by this means forced to live
without water ; for, befides fea-water, none
is to be met with. But they eat the juicy
wild Pur/lane (Portulaca oleracea), which
grew in feveral places between the (tones, was
very young at this time, and had but two or
three leaves.

The French had buried fome of their dead
this year in one part of the ifland, and in re-
membrance of them had put upon the graves
crones and white banners.

The following are the natural curiofities
which I found on the ifland, befides the
abovementioned ftones :

Rats abound here, being brought by Dam-
per's (hip, which was forced to put in at the
iiland after it had fprung a leak, and to Hay
here till another (hip came and took the crew
away. Sailors that have been here be-
fore relate, that though they hung up their
bags of meat on upright poles, they were by
no means fafe from thefe vermin ; nay, that
when the people fat down to meals, they came

our

ASCENSION ISLAND. 1752. 8S

out as if they demanded a fhare of the vic-
tuals with them.

The goats have increafed pretty well. I
faw a flock or two which were very fhy, yet
they might be caught by any one on foot, for
they do not run very faft. One of them was
taken and brought to our fhip. It was of the
leaft fort, and very lean. We obferved imme-
diately that it was not ufed to water ; for tho'
it drank fome, it immediately ran through it,
as if the water had been poured through an
inclined tube. It was killed, but its fleih was
liked but by few.

Sea birds are numerous here, and, what
is remarkable, they were fo bold, that they
would let any one come up and take them
with his hands.

The bjrds which appeared at this time
were :

Tropick birds (Phaeton athereus) Grew's
Mtf. p. 74. Avis Tropicorum. Willoughby. This
bird is of the fize of a duck : the feathers on
the under fide of the neck, breaft, and belly,
and below the tail, together with fome of the
tnofl outward coverts pf the wings, are quite
G 3 white:

$6 OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

white : the feathers which cover the head,
the upper part of the neck, the wings, and the
whole back, are all marked with black tranf-
verfal (tripes of the breadth of a pack-thread.
But the vent-feathers are fomewhat blacker :
the feven quill-feathers have black edges at the
extremities, and are white towards the iniide ;
but the fecondary ones are black in the middle,
With white tops : the coverts below the wings
are quite white : the wings are mort : the bill
is above two inches long, iharp, very narrow,
fomewhat inflected on the fides, and entirely
red: the jaws are almoil equal, though the
upper feems to be rather fhorter : the margins
are ferrated towards the infide, for the advan-
tage of holding their prey \ the noflrils, which
are almoft in the middle, between the point
of the bill and the eyes, are narrow, and end
in a little furrow towards the point of the
bill : the feathers hang down about the eyes :
a black ftripe runs down to the head from the
eyes : the feet are half naked and footy : the
back-toes are very fmall : two of the tail-fea-
thers are longer than the whole bird ; and,
like all the other tail-feathers, white, with
black fhafts. We faw thefe birds in feveral
places within the Tropics at an exceffive height,
often far from land ; and generally hovering

oyer

ASCENSION ISLAND. 1752. 87

over the fame place : from whence fome fail-
ors have concluded that they continually re-
mained in the air at that height.

The Pelican (Pelecanus Onocratalusc)9 with
the red bag under its neck, flew up and down,
but would never fettle. It is the fame which
in hieroglyphical defcriptions is ufed as the em-
blem of great tendernefs towards its young.
It lives generally in the great African fandy
defarts, where no water is to be met with ;
but it brings it for many miles in the bag be-
low its throat, and fills the nefl of its young
ones ; whither camels and other animals like-
wife refort to affuage their thirft. People who
have feen it emptying its red water bag, have
thought that it ripped up its breaft and gave
its young ones blood for want of water j but
they were miflaken.

Pelecanus Aqidlus : its bill is more than a
hand's breadth long, and is narrow : the up-
per-jaw is fomewhat the longeft, with a hook-
fhaped point : the ceret which is blue, covers
the bill from the eyes to the hook-fhaped
point : the mandibles have no fuch ferrated
incifions (fupplying the place of teeth) as are
ulually found in fea birds : the head is covered

c Orientals*

G 4 with

$8 OSBECKyS VOYAGE.

with fliort feathers as far as the eyes, which
are pretty large ; the tongue is large, almofl:
trifid at the top ; the corner at its bottom is
fplit : the temples are naked : the wings confifl:
pf three parts, and are very long ; of the
twenty-two quill-feathers , the nrit ten are of
a confiderable length ; the two inner joints
contain, befides the coverts, twenty-two fe-
eondary feathers: the outward of the twelve
tail-feathers are much longer than the middle
ones, which make the tail look like a pair of
fcifTars, The bird is about the fize of a goofe,
and is a yard long : the colour of the whole
body, and of the toes, is black : but the head,
breaft, belly, and fore part of the neck, are
of a fine white. Its food is fifties, which it
fakes from others, becaufe it is not formed to
catch them itfelf : the Englifi, for this reafon,
call it Man of War (Q an Fregata Barere ?) $■

On our arrival at the ifle of Afcenfion thefe
birds met us, and generally kept hovering
about the ftreamers as if aflonifhed at them.
They fly flowly like kites [Fako Mihtfs).

4 The Fregata of Barren is, with Dr. Linmeus, P/ofel/a*,
r\Q fregata. F«

PlOMEDEA

ASCENSION ISLAND. 1752. 8o

Diomedea Adfcenfionis was caught here.
It was entirely white, not even the thirteen
feathers in the tail excepted; had red feet,
formed chiefly for fwimming ; and only black
tips to its wings : for the reft, it is -like the
Diomedea pfcatoria {felecamu Pifcator), which
is likewife to be met with here. We alfo faw
a fpeeies of little black fea birds, but only
upon the wing.

Tortoises {Tejludo Mydas) e. They are
afh-coloured at top, and pale yellow below :
the fore-feet are longer than the hind-feet ;
the firft are two feet, and the latter about fix
inches, long : the neck is two feet in circum-
ference : on the middle of the back, longitu-
dinally, are five fcales, and next to thefe, on
each fide, four pair of fcales, of which the
two next are oblong, and very large ; but the
other two pair are unequal: all about the
fides are twenty-five fcales : the breaji is lon-
gitudinally covered with thirteen fcales, which
have four pair of larger ones on each fide :
befides thefe, there are feven or more pair of
Jefs ones about the jaws, one at the tail, and

* Tefludo aim. Muf. Regis, p. $0. Amatn. Mad. I.
p. 84. Vulg. Turtles.

likewife

9o OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

likewife fome fcales on the fides : the eyes are
large, and on one of their fides the raw flefli
appeared ; the fkin of the eyes is as it were
covered with feveral red points or fcales : on
the fore-foot, quite at the paw, is a round
fcale like a coin : the fhield which covers the
back is frequently above four feet long, and
of a proportionable breadth. Thefe tortoifes
weigh from 500 to 700 pounds of Sivedifb
grocery weight. Their flefh being boiled
fwells exceedingly, and for this reafon a tor-
toife from Afcenfion I/land is reckoned equal to
an ox, and fufFicient to make a meal for 130
men. The catching of tortoifes is a great
faving to the company, as they can keep them
alive wjthout food for five or fix weeks toge-
ther f, if they are only watered with fea-
water four or five times every day, fometimes
laid on the back, and fometimes on the belly
(in which latter cafe fomething is put under
their neck), and if guarded from rain and
heat. When they are to be killed, the head
is firft fevered from the body, and the mell is
next cut off. The flefh is grey, and the
blacker it is, the fatter it is reckoned. When

s In 1 7 ££ a great tortoife was brought alive to Gotten'
hurgb, but was killed there foon after its arrival,

the

ASCENSION ISLAND. 1752. 91

the fat is boiled, it grows green, and taftes
like marrow ; the reft of the flefh is moflly
white, and taftes like beef. The flefh is boil-
ed in a broth prepared with tortoife eggs, and
is eaten with vinegar. It is an excellent reme-
dy againft fcurvy, coftivenefs, and other dif-
eafes. The bread is roafted, with {hell and
flefli, by the name of callopee, and eats ex-
ceedingly well', efpecially while the animal is
yet fat ; but after it has been without food
for fome weeks, it is no wonder that the flefli
fhould become lean atid unpalatable. The
bowels and liver are likewife eaten. A tor-
toife has frequently 500, or 600, and as I have
been told, fometimes 1500 eggs: they are
quite round, have no white, and are furround-
ed with a foft fldn : they are never eaten by
themfelves, but either in foups or pancakes ;
but the fifliy tafte prevails, however they are
drefled.

Squalus Adfcenfionis, is a fifh whofe body
is blueifti at top, and white below: the
head is very flat: the eyes are on the
fides, and not at the top : the anal-fin is near
the tail : its length is above two feet : the
yiembrana branchioftega are below the /piracies,
and have fix rays,

Bali st es

9Z OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

Balistes vetula, which is called the Old
Wife Jijh by the mariners : the firfl dorfalfin
has three, the fecond thirty, the peel oral-Jin
fourteen, the ventral-Jin twelve, the anal-Jin
twenty-eight, and the tail twelve, rays. In
fize and figure it is like the Cyprinus Ballerus.
It is of alii colour, approaching towards yel-
low : the Jkin is rough, thick, and covered
with rhomboidal fcales. When the fifh is
caught, it mutters, whence it has got the
name of Old Wife. The firfl dorjal-fn
is triangular, with excavated femi-circles : it
has three rays, of which the firfl is the flrong-
efl, and has a (harp edge on the foremofl fide,
with a great many very ftiort teeth ; this fin
can be folded into the furrow on the back of
the fifh, fo that it will fcarce be vifible : the
fecond dorfal-fin is not armed, but crenated on
the upper margin; it has the figure of a par-
allelogram, is oppofite the anus, and has
thirty rays, which (except the fecond, which
is very long) are all equal in length : the pec*
toral-fins are oval, oppofite the firfl dorfal-fin,
and have fourteen rays: the ventraljin is
fingle, on the middle of the belly, and reaches
to the anus ; the firfl ray of it is flrong, fharp
edged on the out fide : the twelve lower rays

hava

ASCENSION ISLAND. 1752. 93

have twelve teeth in three rows at the bottom,
which accordingly make thirty-fix : the anal-
Jin reaches from the anus almoll to the tail, is
like the fecond dorfal-fin, and has twenty-
eight rays : the tail is falcated, and has twelve
rays, of which the outermoft are the longeft :
the length of the whole fifh is fcarce a foot :
the teeth are broad, and eight in each jaw:
the lips are thick, moveable, and marked with
a blue line on the infide : on each fide run
two blue lines, and above thefe a green one,
from the mouth to the pe£fc>ral-flns : from each
eye arife nine crooked green rays on each fide :
the eyes are in the upper part of the head,
near the firft dorfal-fin; towards the pe&oral-
fins they are large, have a green circle, and
are marked with fix oblong blue points at the
top : the anal-Jin and laft dorfal-fin are blue,
and this colour is likewife at the bottom and
margin of the tail : the fides are fhaded green
below the fecond dorfal-fin : the belly is white,
oblong, thick. The fifh eats oyfters and
fnails, and is generally caught at the bottom
of the fea.

Balistes ringens Linn. Nigra Ofbeck.

This fifh may frequently be caught with

the hands, namely, when the water throws

its waves a great way on the land, and

I you

94 OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

you throw forae bread to the fifh ; for here
both birds and fifhes are as it were tame.
The firft dorfal-fin has two, and the fecond
thirty-four rays : the pecloralfins have fix-
teen rays : inftead of the ventral-fins, there
is only one fingle ray : the anal-Jin has thirty-
one rays : the tail is falcated, and has thirteen
rays ; eight lines run towards the tail : the
fcales are rough and rhomboidal : the teeth
are like mens teeth, but double : the anal-fin
and fecond dorfal-fin have a blue (tripe at the
bottom : the reft of the body is black. The
Mi is like the preceding {Balijies Yetulci), but
generally larger.

Sea Blew ling, Scomber (glaucus*) cminentiis
later alibus cauda aculeatis. The firft dorfal-fin
has feven, the fecond twenty-five, the pectoral-
fins twenty, the ventral five, and the anal-fin
twenty-five, rays : the feven rays of the firft
dorfalfin are fomewhat prickly : the firft feven
rays of the fecond dorfal-fin are the longeft,
and begin before the anus: all the other rays
are fhorter, round, and do not prickle : the
fpace between both is very fmall : the -pecloral-
fins are bent, and have twenty rays, of which
the mod outward ones are four inches long :
;he ventral-fins are but half the length of the

s Adfcenfurus, Ofbeck.
5 pectoral-

* ASCENSION ISLAND. 1752. 95

pecloral-fins, and have five rays : the anal-fin
is higher forwards : the body is narrow, grey
at the top, white below, above a foot long,
and covered with a fkin : the prominences on
the fides of the tail confift of many clofe fpines,
(27, 49) which form the hind part of the la-
teral line : its fore-part is bent and unarmed :
the head is obtufe : the mouth oblong : the
teeth fmall : the lower jaw is the longeft : the
cpercida branchioftega have no incifions.

Perca Adfcenfionis : the membrana bran-
chioftega has eight, the dorfal-fin twenty- feven,
the pecloral-fim fixteen, the ventral-fin eight,
the anal-fin fourteen, and the furcated tail
twenty-fix, rays : the dorfal-fin is towards the
middle of the fifh : its firft eleven rays are
pungent, the fixteen following (of which the
two firft are the higheft) are not armed : the
opercula branchioftega confift of two plates,
which are dentated; two of thefe teeth are
large, the others fmall and numerous: the
jaws are dentated above the rioftrils : the firft
ray of the dorfal-fin is the fhorteit ; the fecond
is the ftrongeft, (harp pointed, and floated
backwards ; the third is fomewhat fhorter and
thinner ; the '-eft are not armed : the body is
narrow, reddifh at the top, and whitifh below 1

the

o<5 OSBECK'S VOYAGt

the fcales lie tranfverfally, are oblong, and
dentated before.

Trachinus Adfcenfionis, This fifh taftes ex-
ceedingly well, and is diftinguiflied from others
by the following marks : the dorfal-Jin has
twenty-eight rays, the pecloral-fins eighteen'*
the ventral-fins five, the anal-Jin eleven, the
tail fixteen, and the membrana branchiojlega
fix rays ; the latter is white with brown fpots :
the fingle dorfal-Jin is every where of equal
breadth, and runs from the head to the tail :
its firft eleven rays are fharp pointed : the
pecloral-fins are obovated ; and fo are the ven-
tral-fins ; and their firft ray is prickly : the
three firft rays of the anal-fin, which is like-
wife obovated, are prickly : the tail is wedge-
fhaped, with (hort rays : the body is fomewhat
comprefTed, and not quite round, covered with
a white fkin, on which the brown fpots run
into one another: the head is fomewhat com-
prefTed : the opercula branchiojlega confift of
three fcales, of which the middlemoft ends in
two teeth j one of them is long and pointed :
the eyes are near each other, in the upper
part of the head, and are large : the nojlrils
are round ; befides them are two greater holes
in the forehead : the teeth are fixed in the

gums-

ASCENSION ISLAND. 1752. 97

gums and throat in feveral rows ; they are nu-
merous, long, and very fharp ; five of them
are longer, namely, three in the upper- jaw,
and two in the lower : ihejaws are equal in
length.

„ Of infers I found ;

Dermejies elytris hirfutis cinereis, in the
fand.

Hippobofca nigra, on the Pelecanus Aqirilo*

Mufca vulgatiflima.

Mufca nivea.

Cancer Adfcenfionis. A fort of crabs with
white points on the feet. They run on the
fea-fhore between the Hones, and are difficult
to be caught j for as foon as they are purfued,
they jump very nimbly between the Hones.

Aflerias. Of this Mr. Moreen faid he had
found one petrified on the ihore. Several
ihells lay on the ihore, but were generally
broken by the waves.

Very fmall oyfters (Oflrea Adfcenfionis) lay
on the rocks on the Ihore.
Vol. II, H Of

o8 OS BECK'S VOYAGE.

Of plants I found only the following :

Arifiida Adfccnfonis , on a mountain.

Sherardia fruticofay afingle plant on a plain.

Convolvulus pes caprce, on the fhore.

Euphorbia origanoldes, between the flones,
the food of the goats.

Tortulaca oleracea, among the flones ; tho'
as yet very tender. This plant was the mofl
common. Such a poor Flora is feldom to be
met with on fo great an ifland. Where the
foil was not covered with (tones, it looked like
a diflricl: where a foreft had been burnt down.
And fome of the aforementioned plants grew
here and there. However, on the flones growrs
yet

Lichen foliaceus albus, zndfarinaceus, name-
ly, green and yellow, but I was not able to
carry any flones on account of the great heat :
Yet I took a couple of pieces of perfect petri-
fied wood with me. One of thefe petrefactions
was half a branch of a tree, in which the
bark, wood, and grain, were all diftinguifh-
able. The other was a branch which was fo
I fimilar

ASCENSION ISLAND. 1752. 99

fimilar to wood, that without a knife it was
impoffible to diftinguirh whether it was flone
or wood. After we had been quite fpent with
the unfpeakable heat, fuch as I had never ex-
perienced before, we reached, with fome diffi-
culty, the place where we had landed, and
regaled our parched bodies* Afterwards, I
found on the mountains along the more :

Fucus lendig-erus. 1 , . , .
UhalaLa, J 0mcs Wa&ea UP'

At laft we went about the Crofs-bay, over
feveral mountains, to a little creek, where our
floop waited for us. As I was juft going
upon this dangerous road, over a heap of
flones which by little and little had roiled
down the hill, a huge ftone rolled down, and
was within an hair's breadth of making an
end of me j but I happily efcaped, although
in the greateft confternauon. In this bay-
boats can land very fecurely, and lie very
quietly ; for it is furrounded with rocks on
both fides, which hinders the water from beat-
ing againft the more with fuch violence.
Though here is but little land, yet a frip is
tm, to have caught eighteen lonoifes in one
H 2 night-

ioo OSBECK'S VOYAG E.

night. We caught mod of ours in the Crofs-
bay, becaufe it was nearer to our fliip than the
Englijh bay : though in the latter more tor-
toifes come on more than in the former ; but
it would be too difficult, if not impofTible, to
bring them over by land from one bay to an-
other ; and for this reafon the boats ought to
land where the tortoifes are to be had.

The 8th of April

Clear weather. Little wind.

After we had got all our men onboard
again, and 41 tortoifes on the deck, we
weighed anchor. With the cable we pulled
up a piece of coral, on which a red fhell
(Peclcn Adfcenfionis) was growing, which on
its valves reprefented many branches. We
took it with us, and at prefent it is preferved
in one of the greateft cabinets of natural cu-
riofities in Sweden. In the forenoon we fet
fail towards Fayal, in company with the Gothic
Lion,

The

ASCENSION ISLAND. 1752. 101

The letb of April, i°. 34'. S. L.

After a calm for three days together, we
got a little wind.

We met a Butch (hip, which had failed two
months from Capon, an African province
exactly under the ^equator. Her cargo con-
fided of gold-dufl: and ivory from the Guinea
coafl ; but (he was in great diftrefs. The cap-
tain and the greatefl part of the crew were
fick, fo that this fhip, notwithftanding her
rich lading, was in a very deplorable condi-
tion. We aflifted her with fome victuals from
our {hip gratis.

We caught two bonets.

The 1 6th of April, 15'. S. L.

Clear weather. Little wind ; but excef-
five heat.

In the bonets which we caught to-day
were little worms furrounded with wrinkles or
circles, having a probofcis on the fide of the
opening at the head, and a globofe tail.

H 3 We

loa OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

We likewife caught a fpecies of fmall
fifties, which in fize were equal to flickle-
backs. It was

Gobius tropicus. The membrana branchio-
Jlega has three or four rays : the dorfal-fin,
from the head almdft to the tail, has twelve
and more rays : the peel oral fins have fifteen,
the ventral-fins have eight, and the anal fin
has twelve, rays : the tail is round : the body
likewife, and thin towards the tail : the fcales
are {harp : the bead is great, wrinkly : the
opercula branchiofiega confift of two long,
linear, dentated orbicidi : the mouth is great,
almoft round, and covered with the fkin of the
head: the eyes are large, and Hand on the
fides.

We again faw a grampus, which fpouted
up the water with great force.

The 20th of April, 30. 4. N. L.

The fea was entirely calm. We caught
bonets and tunnies both to-day and yefterday,
and the day before.

The

ASCENSION ISLAND. 1752. 103

The 242dof April, 50. 23'. N. L.

Little wind. Thick air.

In the tunnies (Scomber Thynnus), we found
two forts of fi(hes, befides the Sepia Loligo, or
cuttle-fifh. The one was very like a Crufian.
It was

Clupea Tropica. The membrana branchiojlega
has feven rays : the fingle dorfal-fn runs from
the middle of the back to the tail, and has
twenty-fix rays : the pecloral-fins have feven-
teen rays : the ventral-fins fix, and the anal-
fin, which is the length of the dorfal, twenty-
fix rays : the body is (harp, deep, with white
fcales : the lateral-line is ftrait, and runs away
near the back : the belly is ferrated : the head
is obtufe : the lower-jaw is longer than the
upper : the month oblong, great : the teeth
are in one row in the jaws ; they are nume-
rous, fmall, and (harp : the eyes are near the
mouth : the opercula branchiojlega confifl of
two orbiculi, which are both covered with
fcales: the tail forms a wedge, and has
twenty rays. This is a new fpecies.

H 4 The

104

OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

The other fpecies of fifti was reckoned a
Flying-jijh, but its peftoral-jins were very fhort.

The 23d of April, 30. 25'. N. L.
In the forenoon heavy rain.

The 24th of April, 30. 36'. N, L,
Rainy weather, and good wind.

Some tunnies were caught.

The 25th of April, 50. N. L.

Dark iky. About noon heavy rain.

A Dog-fish was caught as ufual with a
hook baited with an Old Wife fifti (Balijles
Vetula.)

The two next days were calm, and we like-
wife caught dog-fifhes.

The

FromAfcenfionJJIandtotheGrafs-fea, 1752. 105

The 28th of April, 6°. 2'. N. L.

The N. E. wind now began to blow, and
in the fpace of a fortnight helped us over the
tropic of Cancer,

This wind is conftant here all the year
long, though it varies fometimes to one and
fomeumes to the other fide. The fhips, both
on their going and return, are obliged to avail
themfelves of the fame trade wind. They are
therefore obliged to get on againft the wind,
and fail with a confiderable bend till they at
Jail gain the right courfe with weftern winds,
and are enabled to get out of this calm fea.

Bonets and tunnies were caught, and in
their bellies we found Cuttle-fijb and little
crabs.

We faw a fliip to the leeward, which we
thought was an Eajl lndiaman on her voyage
to India,

In the next twenty-four hours we caught
fixty-eight tunnies and bonets.

The

io6 OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

The i ft of May, 8°. 57'. N. L.

Clear weather. Frefli trade wind.

Flying-fish (Exoccetus votttans), which
were three or four inches long, and foraewhat
different from the Exoccetus of Artedi, were
caught here. The membrana branchiojlega has
eight, the dorfalfin four, the pecloralfins
twelve or fifteen, the ventral-fins, which are
in the middle between the peroral and the
anal-fins, have fix, the anal-fin nine, and the
tail nineteen, rays ; thofe of the tail are very
(mall.

Some tunnies were caught, whofe bellies
were quite empty.

The 2d of May, io°. 6'. N. L.

Clear weather. Frefh trade wind.

Bonets, tunnies, and fiying-fijhes were'
feen in great numbers. In a tunny we found
a narrow, white full, feven inches and a half
long, which the failors call the Chinefe Garter.

It

THE GRASS-SEA. 1752. 107

It is Syngnathus argenteus. The membrana
branchiojlega has one ray: the dorfal-fin,
which extends from the head to the tail, has
forty-fix rays : the fecloral-fins are near the
head, and have fourteen rays : the ventralfin
confifts of a fingle very fmall officle or ray,
which Hands under the belly very near the
breaft : the anal-fin is an inch and a half be-
fore the end of the tail, and has twelve rays :
the tail is entire, and has twenty-four rays :
the head is pointed, and is fomewhat above
an inch long : the lower-jaw is the longeft :
the teeth are (harp-pointed, Hand in one row ;
thirty-one of the largefl (land before in the
upper-jaw: the eyes are great: the body is
narrow, of the thicknefs of a finger: the
fcales are fmall.

Some of our failors faid, that when they
were at Aynom in the fliip called The Queen,
they had eaten a fpecies of dried fifties which
were very like this ; that if they were eaten
frefh they would do no hurt, but would be
more unwholefome if dried.

An eclipfe of the fun, which could not be
obferved in our country, was very confiderable
here. The clouds hid the fun from us before

the

io8 O SB ECK'S VOYAGE.

the beginning of the eclipfe, which hindered
our obfervations till three quarters part five
o'clock, when the moon covered two thirds of
the fun, after which the iky prefently became
cloudy.

The 9th of May, 190. 20'. N. L.

In the night we were paft the fun (for fo
the failors call the fun's paffing through the
Zenith) for which reafon we could make no
obfervations to-day, though it was fair. In the
afternoon the wind grew changeable and calm.
Tunnies', bonets, and flying-fijhes were ftill
caught as in the lafl week. The fea-weed
which fwam by us, and had been obferved
yefterday, was a fore-runner of the fo much
wi filed for Grafs-fea. '•

Some of our people fuifered a great deal
from head-aches : fome of them thought that
the complaint arofe from the fmoaked tunnies
and bonets ; and remembered that when they
were on board The S$ueen, where they had the
fame food, they fuffered by the fame diforder.

We now again obferved a Tropick-bird.

The

THE GRASS-SEA. 1752. 109

The 10th of May, 220. N. L.

Clear weather. Weak trade wind*

The Grafs-fea is that part of the ocean in
which the Eajl India failors meet with fea-
weed {Fucus nutans) fwimming in greater or
lefs quantities ; though all forts of Fucus are
called fea-weeds. We entered the Grafs-fea
in our return on the 7th of May, in feventeen
degrees and a half north latitude, and twenty-
two degrees and a half of weft longitude, from
Afcenfion If land, and 370. 21'. weft longitude
from London. The weed in the firft days came
but ever now and then, in fmall quantities ;
but in 2 6°. latitude in great heaps, fometimes
feveral fathoms long. This appearance con-
tinued to the 25th of this month; when a
frefh foutherly wind at twenty-four degrees
and a half latitude, twenty-four degrees and
a half weft from Afcenfion JfJand, and 390. 9'.
weft from London, brought us out of the
Grafs-fea, on which we had fufficient time to
make obfervations, by the calms and very gen-
tle winds which then prevailed.

It

no OSBECK'S VOYAGE,

It feeraed at find as if this wandering fea-
plant {Fucus natans), which met us with a
northern wind, came from the African coafl,
or the ifles on that fide. But in that cafe, it
is plain we mould have met it on our going
out; becaufe in this very latitude we failed
much nearer to that continent, but yet never
faw any fuch fea-weed there. The northern
trade wind, which pufhed us onward from the
fixth degree of latitude on this fide the sequa-
tor, makes the Eaji Indlamen on their return
take their courfe more to the weft than would
elfe be neceflary ; and then they meet with
more or lefs fea-weed in proportion as they
approach more or lefs to the American conti-
nent. From whence we may conclude, that
this plant comes from America, fincc it like-
wife appears from the accounts we have, that
it is to be met with in great quantities in the
Gulf of Florida, whence a great ftorm drives
it into the open fea ; and the wefterly winds
carry it fo far, that even thofe who come from
the Eajl Indies get a fight of fome of the produce
of the Weft Indies : but other winds keep it
from coming quite to Africa, and keep it
floating about the ocean. From this, bonets,
tunnies, and other fim.es get their fubfiftence \

they

THE GRASS-SEA. 1752. ItI

they fearch this weed well, and take what they
like out of it : not to mention that one fort
of little filhes or infers which inhabit this fea-
weed, ferves as food to others.

The ftalk of this ramofe plant, which how-
ever is fcarce diftinguifhable in thicknefs from
the branches, was not above a foot long, and
without all appearances of roots ; yet it was
able to pufti out new leaves for further en-
creafe : the globofe parts of fructification were
(like fome of the leaves, flalks, and branches)
harder than ufual • occafioned, as it feeraed,
by the flime which fometimes fattens itfelf on
the leaves, branches, or other parts : in this
fome very fmall blackifh grains, or rather eggs
of crabs, and infers, are inclofed : when
thefe infers afterwards forfake their habita-
tions, they leave marks in the hardened flime
behind them. Sometimes a flime exceedingly
like the whites of eggs flicks to the leaves, in
which an innumerable quantity of mail's eggs
joined together make a white or yellow chain,
like a Tania, fo wound backwards and for-
wards that one can neither find its beginning
or its end. I could neither in thefe nor in the
preceding ones, obferve any fort of fhape or
life, with the microfcope. After they had

been

ii2 OSBECK'S VOYACxE.

been put into water, for fome hours every part
was put into diforder and diffolved. If this
and the preceding matter is not Dampier's fifh-
roe, which is faid to fwim in the Sargazo, I
have not met with it. In ftormy weather the
Sargazo does not fink, but keeps on the fur-
face of the water, except when the force of
the waves or the courfe of the water (when
it approaches the ihip) fupprefs it ; in this
cafe it finks lower, and gives a green light,
though its colour is yellow. If it is again
thrown into the water, it makes the latter to
foam violently. In wet weather it exfudes a
faltifli fubftance, tho' it was well dried before.
If it is prepared with vinegar, it is reckoned
as good 2&famphire [Crttbmum), which in Spain
and England relifhes fo well with roafted meat.
Why may not fome of our fpecies of fea-
weed ferve the famepurpofe? In this cafe wc
fhould have a fufficient quantity both for in-
land ufe and for exportation. In this migra-
tory fea-weed were the following animals :

The American frog-J/Jh, Lop hi us Hi/trio
Linn. Syji. Nat. or Lophius tumidus Muf. Reg,
p. $6, and Dr. Linnapus's Wefigothic Journey 3
tab. iii. fig. 3. Its cirrus and firft dorfal-fin are
briftly at the top, and thofe bridles are foft.

The

THE GRASS-SEA. 1752. it£

The whole body is covered with a ilimy fkin,
and little foliaceous fulcra, which are fcarce
obfervable while the fifh is in the water, be-
caufe they fit fo clofe to the body. The mouth
and belly are large, in order to receive many
fpecies of crabs or young Ihell-fim. Perhaps
Providence has clothed this fifh with fulcra re-
fembling leaves, that the fillies of prey might
miflake it for fea-weed, and not entirely de-
ilroy the breed.

Cyprinus pelagicus. The dorfal-fin reaches'
from the head to the tail, is lower in the mid-
dle, and has thirty -fix rays : the pecloral-fins
have fifteen, the ventral-fins fix, the anal-fin.
twenty- eight, and the furcated tail twenty-two
rays : the hides of the eyes are yellow like
gold : the mouth is oblong : the body is very
narrow, whitifh, and every where covered
with very fmall fcales.

Syngnathus pelagicus, corpore medio heptagono
pinna dorfi anum verfus. The dorfal-fin has
thirty-one, the pecloral-fins have fourteen,
rays : the ventral and anal-fins are wanting :
the flabelliform tail has ten rays: the whole
length of the fifh is about a fpan : it is as
thkk as a goofe-quill. From the head to the

Vol. II. I anus.

ii4 OSB E CK'S VOYAGE.

anus, or nearly to the middle, it is heptagonal,
and has eighteen rings ; but lower down it is
quadrangular to the tail, and has thirty-two
rings. The female (according toArtedi's Syn.
iii. p. 3.) has the ovary near the anus, where
he likewise fays, that the body is polygonal,
and broader below : the beak is long, cylin-
drical, and narrow.

Scylltza pelagica, or the Sea-hare. Seba
took them for the young ones of the Lophius
tumidus, Muf. Reg. : but it is difficult to per-
fuade one's felf of the truth of this ; unlefs
fomebody would keep them, and obferve
their changes. The following is their defer ip-
tion : the body is like a jelly, oblong, narrow,
of a yellow-grey colour, and has a longitudi-
nal fiflure below, by means of which it can
furround the fea-weed (Fucus) both length-
ways and crofs-ways with the fore-part or
hind-part: it is two inches long, and fcarce
one inch broad : the Jides are flat, with little
carnofe, cone-ihaped, whitilh prominences:
the back (which by fome has been miftaken
for the lower-part) is almoft flat, with very
(hortj dark bridles, and {harp-pointed mar-
gins, to which fome appendages (Fulcra) or
arms nadfins are fattened : the bead is com-

preifed,

THE GRASS-SEA. 1752. 115

prefTed, fomewhat pointed, and difficult to be
diftinguifhed when dead: the antenna are
fhorter than the head : the mouth has no teeth,
and has a piloie margin below the beak : the
throat is fmall, almofl round : the tentacula
are upwards, not far from the top of the
beak ; they are oblong, foliaceous, ihorter
than the finSj fomewhat broader before, withr
a deflected hairy margin, and a carnofe cone
in the middle ; they likewife ferve to grafp
the fea-weed. The animal has on each fide
two fins at equal diftances ; they are foliaceous,
oblong, fomewhat broader before, curled,
with briftly or lacerated edges, and are placed
on the rough margin of the back : the belly is
in the middle of the bodyj narrow, oblong.
The parts of fructification of the fea-weed,
which it eats, Were vifible in it. The tail is
perpendicular, foliaceous, almoft round, broad-
er, but fhorter than the appendages, and ci-
liated. This animal moves very ilowly in the
water3, by bending its extremities.

Cancer, pelagicus, brachiperus, manuum arti-
culis omnibus dentatis, extimo heptagono. The
pinchers of the chely bend out very little, are

a I fhould perhaps have called the tentacula, hands, and
the fins, tout feet,

I 2 ftreaked,

n6 OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

ftreaked, dentated, and of equal length : the
the other feet have but one toe : the fides of
the thorax are ferrated, the hind-part is long,
ilrong, fharp-pointei : the colour isabrownifh
yellow, with wlr^ifh unequal fpots : the tail
of i\\t female is much broader, round (with a
fhort point), and confifts of feven articula-
tions : the tail of the male is almoft triangular,
and has four articulations : on each fide of
the tail is a fmgle, long, bent brittle, which
is thicker below, and bears a great refem-
blance to the lateral rays of a fin.

dancer minutus is the mod numerous of all
infers here, and feeds upon fepias and little
crabs. It ikipped about on the furface of the
water with exceeding great agility, from one
heap of fea-weed to another, which is fome-
times feveral fathoms diftant, and when it
caught a worm, it tore it with its chely, and
crammed it into its mouth bit by bit.

The 1 2th of May, 240. 15'. N. L.

Yesterday and tc-day we had generally
a calm.

6 The

THE GRASS-SEA. 1752. 117

The dolphin, or Coryphana hippurus, had
the following characters : the membrana bran*
chiojlega has feven rays : the body is greenifh
dotted with blue, two feet long, narrow,
(harp-pointed : the head is obtufe, fhort : the
lower-jaw is the longed : the eyes are globofe :
the irides are gold-coloured : the teeth, which
are fhort and numerous, {land in the jaws and
gums : the back and belly are fharp : the tail
is furcated : the fingle dorfal-fin begins on the
middle of the head, and goes to the tail ; to-
wards the head it is the broadeft ; it has fixty
rays: the pecloral-fins have nineteen, the ven-
tral fins fix, and the anal-fin, which extends
from the anus, or from the middle of the fifii
to the tail, has twenty-fix rays : the tail is
bifid, and each of its parts has twenty rays.
The fifh is exceedingly quick in its motions,
and in the water feems fhaded with black and
green : the ovary is oblong, double, and
large : the lateral-line is bent, runs directly by
the back, and is fcarce diftinguifhable between
the head and the anus. This fifh is very fel-
dom met with, except in fuch places where
the winds are changeable, that is, only within
the Tropics*

I z Bqnets

n8 OSBECK'S VOYAGE.

Bonets and tunnies were more fcarce at
prefent ; but appeared in moals the next day
towards evening. To-day, as well as the fol-
lowing days, the afore-rnentioned natural cu-
riofities were caught in the Grafs-fea, and put
into fpirits, to be brought home.

The 20th of May, 2 8°. 34'. N. L,

Among other fifh we met with the Dorado.,
which is about a yard long, and very like the
dolphin, for which reafon Artedi makes it the
fame fpecies of Coryphana. But that which
we caught at this time was different in the fol-
lowing particulars :

Coryphana Equifelis. The dorfalfin, which
extends from the middle of the head to the
tail, has fifty-three, the pecloralfins have
nineteen, the ventral-fins have fix, the anal-
fin has twenty-three, the membrana branchio-
Jlega fix, and the tail has twenty, rays. This
Dorado is in general much more fcarce than all
the reft, fo that many people have often
been in the Eafi Indies, without ever having
feen it.

The

THE GRASS-SEA. 1752. 119

The 2 2d of May, 300. 45'. N. L.

A vessel which we hadfeen for fome days
together, now came near us, The name of
the (hip was Due de Panne) it was command-
ed by Chevalier d'Arquis, came from Bengal,
and was deflined for Port I'Orient in France,
The clear weather and moderate wind gave us
opportunities of vifiting each other on the
open fea. Our firfl fupercargo dined aboard
the aforefaid fliip ; and two gentlemen from
the other Swedifh iliip which accompanied us,
dined with us.

The following days there was generally a
calm, which likewife permitted the fhips to
keep company with each other.

The 26th of May, 350. 24'. N. L.

B o n e t s and tunnies were caught for
the lad time ; though we faw the latter in the
following days. Now we took leave of the
Grafs -fea,

I 4 The

120 OS BECK'S VOYAGE.

The 28th of May, 380. 24'. N. L.

Storm. Cloudy in the forenoon ; but ge-
nerally clear afterwards. In the forenoon we
were on the latitude of Fayal, which, as well
as the other Azores, belongs to the Portugueze.
We then failed acrofs the longitude, till we
faw the Pico of Fayal, on the 30th of May at
four o'clock in the afternoon; but the 3 ill
we pafi~ed the Pico of Fayal and St. George,
which lie in 3 8°. 38'. latitude. The fhips
had orders to flop at Fayal, and to make en-
quiry concerning the Hate of Europe : but on
account of the llrong wind it was thought ex-
pedient to fail on. I therefore milled of a
great number of unknown plants, which are
undoubtedly to be met with in thefe iflands,
lying almofl: in the middle between Europe,
Africa, and America.

The ill of June, 41°. 10'. N. L.

Clear weather; and likewife cloudy. Briffc
Contrary wind.

Turd us

From FAYAL to ENGLAND. 1 75 2 . 12i

Tu r d u s Chinenfis, Biff. Lhin. Lagerflr. 1 1 .
is by the Chineje called Whammay {Linnam in
his New Syjiema Natura calls it Turdus cano-
rus), and might, on account of its ftron^ voice,
be called the Crying Thrufh. It was fold for
a piaftre at Canton, and died here : for which
reafon I put down the following remarks :
the bill is angulated-conic, the back part of
it fomewhat angulofe : the tongue is as it were
torn and emarginated before. The whole
body of the female is ferrugineous, except
three quill and three tail feathers, which for
the greater part are white (this circumftance
is feidom to be met with in the other fpecies
of this genus') : about and near the eyes is a
fhort white line: the belly is blueifh: behind
the noflrih are fome bridles : the bill, legs,
zn&feet, are whitifh : it has twelve quill fea'-
thers, and twelve in the tail, which latter are
the fame length with the body: in fize it
equals our black bird. It eats rice, moths,
flies, and flefh. To-day we met an Englijh
(hip which had failed from London fixteen days
ago, and was bound for America, having both
male and female flaves on board.

The

122 OSBECK'S VOYAGE,

The 13th of June, 490. 16'. N. L.

With the lead we found ground at ninety
fathoms laft night j it was a fine brown ifh fand.

The 14th of June.

Clear weather. Moderate wind.

We at laft faw the Stilly Iflands in the fore-
noon. Thefe iflands and rocks are very low,
and therefore do nor appear before one is quite
up with them, for which reafon many {hips
have been loft juft at the entrance of the
Britijh Channel, notwithftanding there are two
lighc-houfes ere&ed for the ufe of feamen.
The rocks difcovered themfelves to us by the
breakers. Fucus divaricatus, vcjiculofus, et
Zojlera, came fwimming from the more. Eng-
lijh boats came from the Scilly Iflands to us,
with butter, lean fheep, geefe, ducks, chicken,
eggs, plaifcs (Pleuronecles Platejfa Linn.),
rock-fifti (JLabrus fuillas Linn.), potatoes in
baskets, turneps, cabbages, long and purple-
red beet, fallads, and (Crithmum maririmwii)
famphire; which latter, when cleared of its

roots3

NEAR ENGLAND. 1752. 123

toots, coarfe flalks, and the adherent Nardus
Jlricla, Jlatia armeria, Arenaria rubra et 12-
chenes fcyphiferi, is put into fait- water for
twelve hours together, and afterwards boiled
with vinegar, alum, cloves, and ginger (which
two fpices are however not neceffary).

In the afternoon we pafTed the Land's End,
the firfl promontory of England in the Channel,
where the tides make up for the lofs of wind.
The tide met us at the Lizard, in the even-
ing ; a neck of land from which the Englijh
generally count the longitude of places; as
do likewife Swedijh feamen, who generally
make ufe of Englijh books.

The 15 th of June.

Clear weather. Little wind.

We failed by Plymouth. k The fine fields
hereabout, and grounds which are furrounded
with quick-fet hedges, afforded a charming view.
The chalk hills on the fliore made it appear
white and high.

The

I24 OS BECK'S VOYAGE.

The 1 6th of June.

Heavy rain, and contrary wind all day.

We patted Devon/hire and DorfetJIiire, and
came in the afternoon to Dover, that well-
known Englijh town and cattle, which is ex-
actly oppofite to Calais in France, and is not
far from it ; fo that both kingdoms may be
feen at once, if you fail through the Channel.
At Dover we went on ihore, and purchafed
beef and mutton, cabbages and cauliflowers,
cucumbers, carrots, fallads, parfley, fage,
leeks, artichoaks, beans, beer, bread, &c.

The people came on-board us, and
offered men's cloaths, {hoes, wigs, hats, (lock-
ings, watches, and fuch things, for money, or
Eajl Indr: goods ; preferring green teas to molt
other tl ■ -ngs : the brown teas are not reckoned
of anv great value with them. After we ha4
taken in the necefT.iry refreshments, we direct-
ed our courfe to Gottcnburgh. On this voyage
we met amohgft feveral other {hips an Englijh
one bound for Peterjburgh.

The

GOTTENBURGH ROCKS. 1752. 125

The 25th of June.

After a voyage of eight days, we happily
goc fight of Jutland.

The 26th of June.

We faw Marjirand and the Gottenburgh
Rocks ; and yet in the forenoon we cafl anchor
under the cattle of Elfsborg. After the cuf-
tom-houfe officers had put the feal to our cab-
bins, I went on more again with great fatis-
faction and in perfect health.

We loft eight men on the voyage : of thefe
one died of a dyfentery, one of the pleurefy,
three of agues, and three loft their lives by
accidents. But thanks be to God, who has
fo fuccefsfully brought 124 men back to their
own country.

LINNJEUS'S

[ ™7 ]

LINNiEUS'S LETTER

T O

Mr. O S B E C K,

SIR!

I HAVE read your excellent book with
pleafure and furprize. It cannot be dis-
puted, that few books are fo agreeable to the
public as accounts of voyages, where fome-
thing new is always found to gratify the read-
er's curiofity, and enlarge his underftanding.
But moil of the voyages hitherto publifhed, by
impofing barbarous names on their difcoveries,
have rather fharpened our defire after know-
ledge, than afforded any real inflruction. You,
Sir, have every where travelled with the light
of fcience : you have named every thing fo
precifely, that it may be comprehended by the
learned world ; and have difcovered and fet-
£ tied

128 A Letter of Sir Charles Linn/eus.

tied both the genera and fpecies. For this
reafon, I feem myfelf to have travelled with
you, and to have examined every object you
faw with my own eyes.

If voyages were thus written, fcience might
truly reap advantage from them. I congra-
tulate you, Sir, for having traced out a way
in which the world will follow your fteps here-
after ; and, purfuing this career, will remem-
ber the man who firfl pointed it out.

Charles Linne,

A SPEECH.

[ 120 ]

SPEECH,

SHEWING

What ihould be attended to in Voyages
to China,

DELIVERED BY

PETER OSBECK,

On his being chofen a Member of the Royal
Swedish Academy of Sciences, axStock-
holm, the 25th of February, 1758.

Gentlemen !

TH E greateft rivers often come from the
leaft fprings ; and fo the leaft caufes may
produce the mod confiderable effects. The
ableft men in all fciences therefore pay great
attention even to the minuted information,
which is defpifed by perfons of inferior abili-
ties : they expett no fruit without a preceding
flower, no fcientific knowledge without fimple
but fundamental principles, and no experi-
Yol. II. K merits

igo Of the Vffulncfs of Attention

ments without previous introductions. To
prove this at prefent is hardly neceffary, when
all you, Gentlemen, are living inftances of the
truth of my affertion ; you protect even the
flighteft Jletclics, if the intention he goodr
and are continually labouring for after-ages.
The honour you have conferred on me in par-
ticular, in chuilng me a member of your
learned Society, will raife my refpect and vene-
ration, and encourage me to proceed in the
fame career.

Give me leave now, Gentlemen, to begin
tvlth making a ihort difcourfe upon fome bi-
jirutiions how fir attention may be iifcful to the
public in voyages from Sweden to China.

Attention has always its ufe, which in
part appears immediately, and in part avails
polterity. Whatever ferves for food, or the
amendment of health, is looked upon as ufeful
by all without exception j they are two of the
moil confiderable advantages ; for the calls of
hunger admit of no delay, and licknefs is the
nril flep to death. But our enquiries may be
extended toother objects, which are coniider-
ed as neceffary. Each of our fenfes expects
its peculiar gratification, and this fometimes

from:

on Voyages to China. t-gt

from the moft diftant parts of the World.
That other nations may not run away with all
the advantages arifing from carrying merchan-
dize from place to place, we are obliged to
fetch foreign goods ourfelves by long voyages.
It is advantageous to trade to take time, and to
have a free uninterrupted courfe ; and there-
fore we prefer going by fea : to this the com-
pafs is not only ufeful, but abfolutely requi-
fite ; yet it is probable that at firft: the effects
of the load-ftone were looked upon as trivial,
and it is doubtful whether the inventor got a
proportionable reward for its difcovery : but
time has (hewn, that the firft: "attention to this
object has been of great and almoft: ineflima-
ble ufe. Our attention mult therefore not
merely extend to thofe things of which we
already fee the ufe, but likewife to thofe from
which we dill may expect it.

Follow me therefore, Gentlemen, over
the foaming waves to the Spanijh fhores, and
over a boiflerous fea to the riches of the In-
dus : but we fhall here mention only a fmall
part of what will gratify a laudable curiofity,
and confine ourfelves to domeflick ceconomy
and natural hiftory, which will be amply fuf-
K 2 ficient

132 Of fit Ufefulnefs of Attention

ficient to give birth to fuch reflections as may
be ilfeful to yourfelves and your country.

Such a voyage is undertaken in the coldeft
feafon, in the ftormy November,, the dark De-
cember,, and the following winter months;
This regulation is made on account of fetching
money horn' Spain, and left the raonfoons in
the Chinefe lea mould be loft. I do not fpeak
of thofe voyages which are made firft to Suratt,
and- thence to China ; for thefe are begun in
the fprin'g, and have only the voyage home in
common with the other*

The exchange of a* good1 warm room for a
eold Ihip-cabin (for there is no other fire on-
board except that by which the meat is boiled)
is a mod fenfiblc change, when the body i3
not well lecured againft the rigours of the fea*
fon ; and efpecially to thofe who cannot keep
in continual motion. The penetrating cold of
the fea can hardly be kept off by any thing
elfe than furrs. The msft common cloathing of
our lailors about this time are fheep-lkins,
which are bought of the Danes in the Sound;
and are faid to be lb well prepared, that they
do not -lofe their foftnefs even if they are
worn in the heavieft ra-ins and fnow. I ihould

think

on Voyages to Cbina. jo*

think they might be prepared in Szveden too :
fkins cannot b.e wanting in a country which is
not only capable of, but obliged to breed ilieep,
and without which it cannot fubfift.

For fear of miffing the true entrance into
the Chawel, the fhips chufe rather to go north
abopt Ireland i for a fecure road, though round
about, is always preferable to a dangerous
one though more direft.

Our Eajl India fhips fixould not wifli to fee
the Faroe IJlands, were it not to efcape their
foggy recks. Yet there is no country but has
its peculiar advantages. It is cold, but it has
plenty of furs for cloathing. The fheep,
whofe delight rfre hills and dry pafhires, grow
very fat here. The want of bread is fupplied
by dried fifh ; a food which, with fome others,
might be introduced to great advantage in fuch
places of our country where fiiheries obtain,
efpecially during thefe times., when every thim*
bears fo high a price. The wife inflitutions
of the Creator are glorious in directing nature
to fupply us with one thing infiead of another
which we want: if fome places have barren
mountains and dry hills, they are generally
counter-balanced by fine rivers or feas fwarm-
K 2

134 Of Me ty*fidnefs of Attention
ing with fiflies. But we deviate too far from
our voyage; the providence of God, and the
light we derive from that fource, may well en-
rapture our fenfes, and for a time engrofs all
oar ideas.

We left off at the feventeen Fteroe I/lands,
but muft hafle from them to the Spanift Sea,
and its majellic waves. On the way we meet
with a fpecies of whales called the Grampus,
but are obliged to leave them to the nicer ob-
fervations of thofe who may for the future find
better opportunities of enriching the fcience
with a perfeft natural hiflory of whales. The
Gotbenburghraexchzxit, Mr. Peter Bagge, who
by means of this Royal Academy has offered to
bear the expences of a natural hinorian that
fliall attend the Swedifi whale fifliery, deferves
honour and thanks for fo generous a defign.

On our voyage, Spain is the firft continent
where we reft : here is a confiderable degree
of warmth even in January, The fineft fruits
are then gathering from thofe trees which we
keep in our hot-houfes, and the fields are
adorned with beautiful flowers. We meet
with people who underhand feveral languages

m Voyages to China. 135

•in the port towns hereabouts, of which Cadiz
and Port Mar} are the firft we fee.

Cadiz, which in the times of the Phoeni-
cians and Romans, and before its detraction
by the Moors, was very fplendid, may
afford many objects of enquiry to an antiqua-
ry. The birhop here might be able to pro-
duce feveral curiofities out of his own library,
and perhaps fome remains of our ancient Goths
in Spain. This is what I leave to others. The
eating of flefh in Lent is allowed only to fuch
invalids as have exprefs leave to do it. I could
not during my flay obferve that fading was
any way conducive to religion ; but it might
be a momentous circumftance with regard to
diet and ceconomy. The Spanifh meat is (at
lead about this time) very bad. By this they
fee themfelves obliged to procure the more
fifh, for which they have fufEcient opportuni-
ties ; but more efpecially to cultivate fruits,
which are here fold in plenty. Perhaps fuch
a periodical fad would put our gardens into a
better condition, and prevent many difeafes,
which if they do not arrfe from, yet are en-
creafed by, the fuperfluous confumption of
flefh.

K 4 Cabinets

1 3 6 Of the Ufefuhefs of Attention

Cabinets of natural curiofities cannot.be
greatly enriched at Cadiz, if you, except fifties;
the exact enquiry into which requires fome
time and patience. If they are put into SpaniJJ)
brandy, which is flrong enough for the pur-
pofe of preferving, it would be too expeniive
to have each fort in a particular bottle ; and
it would likewife take up too much room ; but
if a thread is fattened to the fifh, and a piece
of lead or fomewhat elfe with holes or num-
bers, hangs on it, you may put many into one
glafs, and mark the Spanijh names on the
leads. Quadrupeds, birds, amphibious ani-
mals, and infects, are net fo frequent here, un-
lefs a cabinet of natural curiofities could be
found at Cadiz by fome future naturaliit.
Plants belonging to phyfic may here be exa-
mined in the apothecaries (hops. Thofe who
have bought our common fumitary (Famaria
fficata), which by our Eafi Indiamen is ufed
^againft the fcurvy, and who probably profit-
ed by it much, can affure you that it is to be
got here likewife; but I can afcertain its
growth about Tort Mary, in cafe it ihould not
be found in the apothecaries fhops. It is the
fame thing with many of our common reme-
dies. Kirf, the moft valuable root, is

brought

en Voyages to China. 137

brought hither from the Wejl hidian planta-
tions. Such a frefh root, if it could be found
and biough* to Sweden, would be very well
received in our hot-houfes. As for ftones,
you find a great number of varieties of mar-
ble near the great church, which they have
already been fo long building. The ftones
with which the Spaniards build are compofed
of ihells, and are to be met with every where.
If we go out of town, we find the flying loofe
fand mod plentifully, which often fpoils the
fined fpots of ground, and feldom leaves any
thing but the Spartium monofpermum behind
it, which withftands its utmoft fury, and the
feeds of which lie in great quantity on the
fand, and will keep for a long time. This
plant is as yet unknown in our country, and
might at lead be made ufe of to furround beds
containing tender plants.

On going from hence on the high road to
the towns of Chiclana, I/la, Port Real, Xerez,
and Port Mary, which an attentive natural
hiflorian ought to do, on foot, you are doubt-
ful what to fix your eyes upon. A good com-
pany and SpamfJj drefs (I mean a white cap,
a hat flapped down, and a thin 'brown great
coat over the common deaths) eafe the incon-

veniencic*

e 38 Of the Vfcfulmfs of Attention

veniencies of the journey. A bound folio
with writing paper to put plants into, a box
or two with pins to collect infects, a pair of
f'cuTars, and a pocket book to write upon, may-
be hI4 under- the great-coat. The fciflars
muft fupply the place of a knife, which it is
forbidden to wear. Books of natural hiflory
would be very ufeful on fuch a journey; but,
to avoid the fufpicion of their containing any
thing again!! the religion of the country, one
is obliged to leave them on-board the fhip.

After we have feen thefe towns and what
they contain, we at laft flop in Port Mary,
where we have more opportunities than at
Ca&z of making collections from the neigh-
bouring gardens, meadows, and fields.

The plants which are to be met with here
about this feafon are mentioned in my voyage ;
but at ot?hfer times more may be added. Each
requires a particular attention, but I will only
(peak of one or two. It ought to be tried
whether the Coccus cacli, the infect which
; .0 us the cochineal, is to be met with on
the Ca&ui o^unila, which here grows in the
^nick-hedges. Our flax, which grows fponta-
<-:.:ouiiy here, takes flicker under a little fnrub

(under

on Voyaces to China. 139

(under the Pabnito) : ought not we to follow
nature, and to fupport flax as we do peafe,
efpecially in the open field, where it is apt to
be damaged by the wind, beat down by the
rain, and frequently rots while it is yet {land-
ing in the ground. I have feen that they put
flicks among the flax in Wingocker, and have
heard that the fame was pra&ifed at Wadjlcna
by the foreigners who live there, and work at
the cambrick manufacture.

The lovers of infers find feveral very fcarce
beetles in the Spanijh flying fand : thefe are
Scarabxus typhaus, Tenebrio tnurlcatus, Meloe
majalis; and magnificent butter-flies, fuch as
Papilio rumina, and feveral others.

The water requifite for the voyage to China
is, for the mofl part, fetched from this town by
our fhips, and it is certainly exceeding clear ;
but in time it becomes fo full of worms,
that they creep about in it as maggots in
cheefe : by boiling, it gets a brownifh colour,
and always maintains a bad tafte. In a coun-
try where lemons bear fuch a low price, it
might be tried, whether the growth of thefe
worms could not be flopped, by mixing the
water with lemon juice as foon as the veiTel is

filled ;

140 Of the Ujifulnefs of Attention

filled ; perhaps the little eggs of the worms,
which are undoubtedly already in the water,
might be killed by it in the beginning, and
by this means hindered from becoming fea
wood-lice (Onifcus aquaticus), and other infecrs,
which make the water naufeous and unhealthy.
Such experiments ought to be tried before
credible perfons, and not be pronounced as
good before they have been often repeated.
If this expedient fucceeds, we are delivered
from a great inconvenience ; and if it fails, it
does not hurt the water, but makes it capable
of affuaging thirft much better. We reckon
lemon juice very wholefome for internal ufe :
but, according to the account of our Spanijh
paiTenger, it cccafions a pain in -the hands if
you frequently wafh them in it.

But we linger too long in Spain : we muft
go pair, the Canaries and the Cape of Good Hope
into the wide ocean, between Java and Suma-
tra, to Canton in China, there to employ pur
attention in thofe diflant parts.

Of the fifhes and birds which we meet
with on our voyage, we ought to keep fome,
the former in Spanijh fpirits, and the latter
fluffed with tew, though their entire drying

requires

on Voyages io China. 142

requires a long time and frequent care. Their
manner of living ought lirkewife as much as
pcdhble to be obferved.

The minuted: animal oagiit mt to be for-
got. We frequently find fome which fliine in
water. The knowledge of thefe animals and
of their place of abode may perhaps here-
after be as fure a mark to determine i-n what
parts of the fea we are, as the trumpet weed
(Fucus tnaximus) together with the cape pi-
geons are an undoubted token that we begin
to approach the Cape.

It is more advantageous (if circumitancei
allow of it) to go on fhore in Java when wc
fail to, and not when we fail from, China ; fince
in the feafon of our return the rain ufually
occafions many interruptions. We here meet
with a collection of the molt magnificent pro-
ductions of nature : the moll remarkable ani-
mals, the fined infects, the prettied ihells, the
moil wondrous corals, the fcareed plants,
efpecially many" forts of palm-trees, which
might afford many a year's work for an ad-
mirer of nature. The civility of the inhabi-
tants is no fmall encouragement to us : and we
forget the fury of wild beads, in confideration

142 Of the Ufcfulnefs of Attention

of the rarities of this ifland. Wc admire, and
are aftonifhed. The remarkable trade wind,
which blows fouth-weft one half of the year,
and north-eafl the other half (including the
time of change), in the Cbinefe fea, has obliged
fome Swedifl) fliips, which arrived after the
fetting in of the contrary wind, to lie by half a
year together at Java, or fome other ifland.
If one attentive perfon mould be found among
fo many people, the difadvantage arifing to
the company from this delay would be ba-
lanced by enriching Natural Biftory and other
fciences. The Indian medicinal herbs, and
other things which the Dutch pour in upon us
from Eajl India, whofe native foil we are in
general unacquainted with, would, at leaft, in
part become more known : but the traveller
ought firft to be acquainted with an apothe-
cary's fhop, and the writers on Indian natural
productions. It is worth enquiring, befides,
whether the Dutch take in natural faltpetre as
ballad at Java, refine it, and afterwards fell it
to us and to others at a great profit*

Passing by Sumatra, we were all reminded

of its gold mines, but probably may never

have any opportunity to fee them. The incon-

flancy of the wind, the falling of the water, and

6 a dan-

tn Voyages to Chixa* ■l,f%

a dangerous paffage between the neighbouring
iilands, forced us frequently to caft our anchor'
When we weighed anchor again, we pulled up
ftich a quantity of fea worms with it, as are
otherwife difficult to be found. The Chinefe
fea is full of the fined: and molt curious fifhes,
which may fometimes be procured during the
trade wind.

On entering China, I remember the account
a Swede gave me, who had failed to the eaff,
and travelled from Bocca Tyger to Canton: this
journey deferved all poffible care and ex-
pences, unlefs cur eyes were prejudiced in fa-
vour of any other country; for we mail
Scarcely find fo careful an ceconomy of foil in
any other place as in China. The gathering
of bones, hair, &c. which we throw awa^
and the extreme but well-rewarded trouble
they take in tranfplanting, are certain proofs
of the induftry of the Chinefe, and of their
laudable difpofnion to cultivate their country.
If travellers would permit me, I would give
them the following advice : forget if you will
your expences, but never forget the leaf! par-
ticular of the ceconomy of the Chinefe ; for
they regulate their art according to nature,

and

144 Of *be Ufefulnefs of Attention

and modify it according to the fituation of the
place.

Foresight is neceffary againft the fufpi-
cion of the Chinefe, and even the lead oppor-
tunity ought not to be miffed. A filent com-
pany is here neceffary. An old interpreter
would be of great ufe, if your finances allow-
ed you to keep one. But with a people fo
Totally governed by felf-intereft, you feldom
arrive at the truth by dirett queftiens.

We bring the Porcellane clay to Sweden ;
but are we fure that the Chinefe give us a true
fpecimen of that important manufacture ? I ei-
ther do not yet know this nation well, or I
have great reafon to doubt it.

A person who is able to bring them to
his own terms when they offer their goods to
fale, can bed get the truth out of them unob-
ferved, during the carrying on of the bargain.
Such a merchant might, if he was befides ac-
quainted with natural hiitory, be of double
ufe to his country.

Perhaps the TorceVane is not manufactured
at fuch a diltance from Canton as we are told

it

on VaxAGLs to -China. 145

it is. The old Force/lane, the ftone PorcclIane3
and the prefent Porcelline, feem to be ms.de
in different places, and of different materials.

Do we know what the brown or red ware
is made of? Would it be impoffible to get a
little way into the country by means of mo-
ney, and to be able to get a fight of fnch
manufactures? Could we not get cotton (which
is bought up in great quantities here by the
Armenians) to Sweden by the way of Turkey f
But we muff dwell no longer upon fuch fup°
pofiti<

ions.

We may here get collections in all the king-
doms of nature. They fell birds, limes, Ihells,
and infects. They Will alfo fupply you with
trees -, among which the Bambou tree, and the
China root, with many others, deferve to be
brought to Sweden. The country is adorned
with the fined trees and plants, and almofl all
of them are very different from thofe of Swe-
den. But, to make flill more accurate obfer-
Vations, fome courage is required, and a careful
examination of all their accounts.

The quarry at the Ijon tower deferve 3 a

journey ; though the flohes which are dug

Yol. II. L tfere

u>{6 Of the Ufefulnefs of Attention

there are worked in flone-cutters {hops at
Canto??,. There you may perhaps find another
fort of ftone, below, in, or above, the ftrata of
fand ftone. Even thofe who are not ufed to
collect (tones, might enrich our Swedifh cabi-
nets of natural hiftory from hence ; a piece of
ftone of the fize of a chocolate-cake is eafily
wrapped up in a piece of paper, on which the
place may be marked where it was found.
Species of the earths, fands, and clays, of fo
diftant places, would likewife adorn our col-
lections. You may likewife enquire at Canton
about Ores, viz. gold ore, from Sumatra, cop-
per ore from Japan, Porcellane earth from the
fame place, Tintenaque, Chinefe gold ore, &c.

Many other articles there are, worthy our
attention : .but I need not try your patience
any longer, Gentlemen ; and what is here omit-
ted may be fupplied by the accuracy of the
[t traveller.

I must once more mention Java and its
neighbourhood, which we fee again on our re-
turn. 5/. Helena, an Englijh ifland, has for-
merly been a convenient refting place to us ;
Afcenflon likewife, where birds and fillies are
caught with little trouble: the former on the

heaps

$n Voyages to China. 147

heaps of ftones, and the latter when the water
throws them on fhore. Stones, earths, fandsj
and in a word the greater!: part of what is to
be met with here, are uncommon in other
places, t Jikewife pafs over Fayal, with the
other Azores , of whofe natural curiofities, as far
as I know, no fatisfaclory account has been as
yet given. It is worthy our trouble to enquire
whether they there make a fort of indigo from
another plant, befides the Indigo/era tincloria
of the Indies. I have feen thefe iilarids, but
without any hopes of getting on more. It is
no wonder that I paffed them with regret*
That which gives life to all fciences isj a de£re
•f knowing more.

THE

[ .48 ]

THE

ANSWER.

Given in the Name of the Royal Aca-
demy of Sciences, by their Presi-
dent Mr. JOHN FREDERICK
KRUGER,

S I R,

I BELIEVE it is an undoubted truth, that
the advantage or difadvantage of travel
into foreign countries depends principally on
the inclination and abilities of the travellers.
To travel in order to acquire wifdom, is the
mod dangerous of all undertakings, efpecially
when the traveller is raw and unprincipled,
and not animated by the purefl love of his
country. The difadvantage would be but lit-
tle, if the head of fuch a traveller could only
return as empty as it fet out: for it would
then comprehend only the lofs of the money
fpent. But if his mind is filled with foreign

follies,

The Anfwer of the Roy a! Academy, 149

follies, the lofs is double: for the money is
fpent, and our native virtues ai*e adulterated
by new-imported vices. This occafions a mo-
ral evil, which grows more incurable from time
to time, fmce there are fo few that are con-
fcious of its baneful influence.

A nation which does no honour to fcience,
arts, and trade, can expert nothing but foreign
fopperies from their travellers : for how can
they be inquifitive in other countries about
thofe things which are defpifed in their own ?
or, why fhould they with a great deal of trou-
ble acquire fuch notions abroad, as will not be
regarded or adopted at their return ? And this
is the principal reafon of the little benefit
which Sweden has formerly reaped from its
travellers. But, fmce fcience has been equally
efteemed both by high and low, we can boafl
of thofe travellers, whofe fole view has been to
improve their knowledge by frelh experience.
The more foreign nations endeavour to con-
ceal any wife regulations, the more is their
laudable defire of knowledge inflamed. And
as it is difficult to conceal any thing from a
quick-fighted and wife man; fo it has likewife
but feldom happened, that connoiffeurs (the
purpofe of whofe travels has been the im-
k 3 provement

?5<> ^he Anfcver of the Royal Academy.

provement of fciences) have returned without
having obtained their aim. ' I even venture to
fay, that as much as the ufelefs travels of our
reftlefs youths have formerly proved to our
clifadvantage in trade, in regard to the balance
of money with foreign nations ; fo much ha?
been our advantage of late, by means of the
travels of fome Swedes into the mod diftant
countries.

The difcoveries which have been made in
natural hiftory, and the fcarce collections of fo-
reign plants made by Kalm in North- America ,
Hajfclquifi in Pale/tine and Egypt, and Loefiing
in Spain and in the Spanijh parts of South-
America, are of fuch a nature, that they are
riot to be found in foreign accounts of travels.
It is therefore much to be regretted, that the
two laft mentioned gentlemen finilhed their
pilgrimage in this world fo unexpectedly, on
the very travels they had undertaken for the
fervice of fcience : a misfortune which cannot
be remembered without regret, becaufe it has
occafioned an almofl irreparable lofs, not only
lo Sweden, but to the whole learned world.

If the Royal Academy had not made it a
rule, §ir, to referve the praife of its friends,

to

The Anfwer of the Royal Academy. 151

to a time which it always wifhes may be as
diftant as poffible ; I fhould find fufficient oc-
casion here to turn my difcourfe upon the abi-
lities you have fh^wn on your travels in foreign
countries ; but your own writings fufficiently
explain my thoughts. Give me leave how-
ever to fay, that the public thankfully acknow-
ledges the courage you have exerted amidft
fo many difficulties, for the enlargement of
knowledge-, and reckons you among the fmall
number of travellers, who have opened a
field, (which before had never been attended
to) and in a country too whofe natural hif-
tory has lain till this time in the greatefl ob-
fcurity.

Your excellent journal, the curious trea-
tifes with which you have feveral times en-
riched the memoirs of the Royal Academy,
and the fpeech which you have juft now pro-
nounced, undoubtedly (hew, that I do not
embellifh mine with flattery. It is now a
long time fmce you have acquired the friend-
ship of the Royal Academy ; but fmce it is
defirous of obtaining your confidence more
fully, and of employing that mature judgment
(which you have by travel fo confiderably en-
L 4 riched)

2$; Anfwer of the koyal tcndemy.

ouldflnd no V tei means to effect
J jou a place amidft its

efoi ,vhom I now offer you my
learty congratulations.

A VOYAGE

A

VOYAGE

T O

SURATTE, CHINA, &c.

From the ift of April, 1750, to the
26th of June, 1752.

By O L O F (TOREEN,

Chaplain to a Ship in the Swedish East India

Company's Service.

I N

A Series of LETTERS

T o

DOCTOR LINNAEUS.

C 155 ]

HP HE author of the following letters, %
A perfon of quick parts, took a refolution to
leave Gothenburg}) in the quality of chaplain
to znEaft Indiaman. In order to qualify him-
felf to make proper obfervations as a natura-
lift, whilfl on this diftant voyage, he wenp
to Upfal, that he might profit by the inflec-
tions of the celebrated Linnaus. On his
voyage he collected many fcarce plants, which
he prefented to his inflruclor in natural hifto-
ry ; who named the Torcnia Afiatka after its
difcoverer. After his return, he publimed in
a feries of letters (from November the 20th,
1752, to May the 3d, 1753) tn's account of
his voyage ; but died near Nqfinge in Sweden,
en the 17 th of Auguft, 1753.

LETTER

C 157 3

TOR EE N'S VOYAG E

T O

SURATTE, CHINA, &c.

LETTER f.

SIR,

YO U will be fo kind as to excufe ray not
complying fooner with your defire of
feeing fome account of my Eajl India voyage.
The caufes of my delay have been owing to
a neceffary attendance on my own affairs and
thofe X)f my family, and the bad ftate of my
health. If what occurs to my memory can
ferve to amufe you in fome of your leifure
hours, I mail have more than fufficient reafon.
to think my pains well bellowed.

The

158 TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

The i ft of April we fet fail on-board the fliip
called The Gothic Lion, after the weft wind had
continued to blow for five months together at Go-
thenburgh, and had almoft induced us to believ-
that there is a trade-wind in the Scaggerac Sea.
The wind made April fools of us a ; for we
were forced to return before Skagen, and to
anchor at RifwefioL

The 8th of April we had better fuccefs.
A fairer wind than the former helped us out
of this corner, and we continued our voyage
in company with many other fliips. We met
With nothing extraordinary? except a Danijh
fhip called The Hereditary Prince, which was
bound for China, and had left Copenhagen the
4th of December, 1749; (he had therefore a
very perverfe wind from the time of her de-
parture.

The high waves of the German Ocean, and
the Flemifi Coajls, hindered us from reaching
Dunkirk before the 19th of April. I did not
go on fhore, for but few had that liberty al-

a It hence appears that the fame practical wit of duping
people on the firit of April obtaies in Sweden, as among our
wags in England.

lowed

D U N K I R K. 1750. 15^

lowed them. But the fituation of the place
naturally brought to ray mind the reafons why
England would not permit it to continue for-
tified.

The town is fituated on an open harbour:
the entrance is difficult; and the pilot afked
fix hundred French livres for his trouble. But
befides that the privateers in time of war can
do a great deal of harm from hence, it is very
conveniently fituated for the Englijh fmugglers,
who run the French liqueurs, &c. over to Eng-
land, where there is a high duty laid upon
them. Not to mention that the Aujlrian Ne-
therlands can be provided from this place, as
a free port, in great plenty, to the difadvan-
tage of a neighbouring nation.

From hence we failed, the 2 2d of April,
with fo good a wind that we were able to an-
chor on the fouth fide of Madeira, at Funchaly
the 4th of May. The fhip happened to be {o
ftationed that the country exhibited the finefl
profpect I ever faw.

It rifes like an amphitheatre : below is
adorned with fine fields, gardens, and vine-
yards, to which nature has given an advan-
tageous

i6o TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

tageous fituation, both in regard to the rifing
and fetting fun : at the top are fteep hills co-
vered with trees. Here and there are fome
country-feats, which make the profpect (till
more delightful : but below, as in a center,
is the city of Funchal.

If you go on more, you have a battery at
the water's edge on the right, and a caftle on
the left. "Whoever lands here mull: carefully
decline meddling with the tobacco-trade, in
the fame manner as in Portugal ; a fmgle roll
of tobacco is enough to bring both men and
fliip into danger. The bed thing is, that the
cuitom-houfe -officers are fatisfied with any
excufe almoit, if it is but plaufible. The
town has a rampant, within it a caflle, and
befides'this a commanding fortrefs on a rifing
oround : but all thefe are without a terre-

o

pkin, have only high banquets and very fliort
flanks, as is ufual when they are to be perpen-
dicular to the curtains.

The houfes are pretty good, and three (to-
nes high, but the loweft are generally uninha-
bited. I faw no windows in private houfes,
but inftead of them, iron grates.

The

F U N C H A L. 1750. 161

The many proceilions hindered me from
looking about as much as I could have wifhed.
I once faw the Francifcan monaftery. It is not
a regular building, but convenient, and (hews
that it has large revenues. The good fathers
had retired from the world like the moufe into
the cheefe. I did not fee one that had the
leaft employment. It is eafy to imagine that
fo fine a country in the hands of the Pcrtu-
gueze mud have nunneries and colleges of je-
fuits.

My landlord, Mr. Timothy Dow ling, allured
me that he would willingly ferve the Swedijh
Academy of Sciences in what he could procure
from Madeira or Brafil ; and it might be
worth while to put him in mind of his pro-
nnfe, fince he himfelf is curious. He had
found fome petrefaclions, and a plant which
he would have to be the Laurus which crown-
ed the heads of the ancient Romans b. The
particular plants which I faw on my fhort
walks were :

A Caclus, on a fteep hill. When this be-
gins to ripen, I think it might be ufeful to ob-

b This is the Alexandrian Laurtl.

V-Qi. If. M ferve

tSz TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

ferve with a good microfcope whether the pol-
len goes down the whole Jlylus or not.

Mufa Paradi/iaca, which our Swedijh Tail-
ors, together with the Malacca people, and
the Dutch t call Pifang, the Englijh Plantain-
tree, and the Portugueze Bananas, bore larger
fruit here than I have feen any where elfe ;
but a very lively imagination is required to fee
the figure of a crofs in a plantain-tree.

PaJjiflora grew without the inclofures.

Some Chefnut-trecs were preferved on ac-
count of their great age and fine lhade.

The grapes of this ifland (which is fcarce
above ten Swedijh miles c round) yield, as I
Was told, between 30,000 and 50,000 pipes of
wine.

It would not be accurate to judge of any
two nations by two of their cities alone; but
iince I have been at Cadiz and at Funchal, the
difference to me feemed greater than could
have been fuppofed, confidering. their religi-
on, climate, neighbourhood,. and language. A

c See note* vol, I. p. 2.

Sennor

F U N C H A L, 1750. 16-

Sennor at Cadiz is tawny : if he is not a
monk, he wears a coat reaching to the feet,
a linen cap, and a hat upon it ; every thing
is folemn : but in Funchal they had fine com-
plexions, full faces, and did not affecl: fo much
gravity. Their drefs was French, except the
long black coats and furtouts.

The Portugueze ladies are fcarce ever in
the ftreets •, but as far as could be difcerned
when they opened their windows in order to
fee and to be feen, they difplayed a fine fair
complexion and lively eyes. I think I faw
five at Cadiz, and thefe were thin and tawny. I
obferved that the Virgin Mary had correfpon-
dent airs, complexions, and fhape in her pic-
tures j and I judged from thence, that this was
the tafle of the nation with regard to beauty.

After we had provided ourfelves with wet
and dry provifions, we fet fail, the nth of
May, and made the bed ufe of the uniform
weather and wind that fubfift between Africa
and America, which forward the voyage to
the Eaji Indies with more expedition than that
to Hudfon's Bay and the North Cape ; becaufe
the wind in thofe latitudes is more changeable.
M % South

164 TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

South of Brafil we were forced to turn caft.
We had here, for fome days together, a fea
which would have frightened any one who was
not ufed to it. I fhould not exaggerate more
than fome poets, if I fay, that in one moment
We were afraid of pulling down the Magel-
lan clouds from the Ikies with our top-fails,
and in another of cradling Neptune and the
Tritons with the keel of our fhip. It will
eafily be conceived by thofe who have been
at fea, or know how the failors mcafure the
wind, with what force it blew, when I fay
that we ran eight knots with a reefed fore and
main-fail, though the fhip was deeply laden,
and none of the befl failors.

Cape Pigeons are a fpecies of birds which
are frequently feen in great numbers in thefe
latitudes. Perhaps they get their name from
flying in a circle, and the refemblance they
bear to pigeons in regard to the fize and wings.
I could not examine them near enough, but
took them to be Proccllaria Capenfis. Their
Colour is like damafk, white and black ; for
which reafon the Englijl) call them Pintado-
birds, from the Spani/h. When the wind was
high, we fometimes c w the lefs dark-brown'
Storm-Jincbt which is c&fied Malcjit by the Por-

iugueze^

St. JOANNA. 1750. i65

fttgueze, and Petrel or Foul-weather-bird in
EfigUJh ; it feemed larger than that which I
fawin 1748 in the German Ocean {Fro cellar ia
<zauinQcTialis).

Below the Cape of Good Hope the waves
frequently dafhed over our deck, as is com-
mon in thefe parts. Onee they threw fome-
what mining in the dark upon the deck ; I
ran to it, and caught up this feem'mg curiofity ;
but upon a clofer examination, found it was
©nly a little crab.

M 2 LETTER

166 TO RE EN'S VOYAGE.

LETTER II.

BETWEEN Africa and Madagafcar we
found an animalcule in the water, which,
whilfl: living in that element, refembled a
worm ; but when it was taken out and laid on
a plate with water, all its articulations came
afunder, and each moved by itfelf. We like-
wife caught a By-tbe-wind-failor d {Holothuria
■phyfalis). Befides this, we likewife took an
unufual fea animal of a {limy fubftance, which
is difficult to defcribe, of which Mr. Braad
has probably fent you a drawing.

We had already feen Madagafcar, Majfota,
Mobilla, and the high Comaro,. not without a
longing defire of getting on more; when we
arrived in the North-bay of St. Joanna, on the
1 6th of Augufl.

This country feems to be one of the mod
agreeable on the whole earth : and not only
myfelf, but likewife far more experienced

d This is the name which the Swdts give to this kind of
Holothuria. F«

I travellers

St. JOANNA. 1750. 167

travellers are of this opinion. The ifland is
'hilly and uneven ; but this inequality only adds
to its beauty, fmce both the little hills and
iteep mountains are covered with verdure.
Cocoa-nuts, plaintain-trees, pine-apples, pome-
granates, papayas, and other fruits, are in
great plenty here. Oxen with humps on the
fore-part of their backs, goats with pendent
cars, common and Guinea hens, are fold at very
reafonable prices.

The inhabitants are Mafjo?netans, and are
defcended from the African Arabians ; but
they are very civil, and more honed than any
one could expect. As fome of our people
could fpeak E?iglijhi they received us with their
ufual compliment : " EngUJJmen, come; all of
" one brother, come." They are very different
in colour, The chief officer in the village
where we landed was almoft quite black, but
his nephew was only fome what tawny : and
the fame difference is to be met with among
the reft. Their hair curls (as the negroes)
like wool, and will hardly become flraight by*
cutting. They were but poorly dreiTed : a
turban was very rare among them ; and a
great many could hardly afford to cover what
ought to be covered.

M 4 W*

1-68 TOREEN'3 VOYAGE.

"We here caught an animal (Lemur catta
Linn. ov.Macauco of Edwards) whofe colour
was reddiih, but its back of a greyifh-brown :
about the ears it looked like a fox: the tail
was grey, with black rings, about one third
part longer than the body, and is fet an end by
the animal like that of a fquirrel; but has
ihorter hair : theftiout was pointed. (The rea-
fon why I give this defcription, though fo in-
complete, is, becaufe I fear that fome might
miftake it for a fpecies of ape, to which the
feet would lead one : for it has five flat round
naiis, but the thumb on the hind-feet is very
large, and the firft finger had a tapering nail c).
The teeth were, as far as I could fee, not
like thofe of monkies; for I obferved no ca-
nine ones : and when there was more than one
ferrated primary tooth in the upper-jaw, there
were at lead five little ones. Thus far I pro-
ceeded in my obfervations when it bit me. I
was not prefent when it died and was thrown
over-board. In curiofity and reftleffnefs it was
like a monkey ; but it was more fhy, not (o

e T think it hath not been obferved that the fecond toe of
the hind -foot of Lemur catta has a bird's claw. This is
perhaps a new fpecies, Linn.

docile,

S U R A T T E. 1750. 16?

docile, nor fo unfeafonably officious. It lives
in Madagafcar and Mauritius, I might have
had opportunity on this voyage of examining
fevcral more exadlly ; but they cannot be pro-
cured without paying for them.

The moft naufeous and troublefome animals
are the lizards, which are, without any exag-
geration, innumerable, and much more fre-
quent than in Madeira : in one cocoa-tree of
twenty yards high you may fee at lead fixty of
them. In fome places I could not advance a
flep without ftirring whole troops of them,
which fculked under the fallen leaves.

The boats in this country are commonly
fingle trees made hollow, and round at the
bottom ; and they have two out-riggers, which,
by means of a board pointed at both ends fa-
ttened to them, prevent them from overfet-
ting.

The 20th of Auguft, being provided with
meat and water, we continued our voyage
without hindrance ; except that we were un-
der arms on account of fome Portugueze vet-

.fels.

The

i7o TOREEN'S VOYAGE,

The i 6th of September we anchored in the
harbour of Suratte, about a Swediflj mile from
.the (hore, becaufe the fands prevented our
nearer approach. It was fome time before
the trade in Swedijh cottons could be fettled
with the people of the country. But this
was more the fault of the Chriftians than of
the Mahometans . Perhaps the owners of the
Szvedijh iron, which was already laid up in
our neighbours ftorehoufes, could not relifh
that which was juft arrived, becaufe it was
carried on a Swedijh keel. The old accu-
fation of our being pirates, was too ftale
to make any imprefhon on the nabob. The
Arabians had applied this opprobrious appel-
lation to the Portuguese, thefe made ufe of it
againft the Dutch, who it is faid employed it
againft the Englijh. After feveral efforts, the
o-entlemen and Mpie heeren f at laft refpecl-
ed his Majefty's pafs, at lead they left us quite
at liberty.

The fea runs commonly very high both in
ebbing and flowing at this place, and is full of

f Mr. Toreen feems to mean the factors of the Englijh
and Dutch Eajl India companies here ; Mjne heeren ligni-
fies Gentlemen in Dutch. F.

fea-

S U R A T T E. 1750. ifi

Yea- worms, which not only keep above water,
but likewife eat the wood of the anchor at the
bottom of the lea ; and if their piercers were
alfo ftrong enough to penetrate the paper,
pitch, and hair, which compote the ftieathing
on the outfide of the ihips, they would foon
fink them.

The nearer! land is every where very flat,
and confiits of alternate plains and woods. On
the fields millet was commonly fown about
this time. The cocoa-trees are almofl facred
here; their juice is drawn off by tapping, and
therefore they bear no fruit.

Banian-tree (Ficus Indica) is that peculiar
tree which ihoots new roots from its branches
which bend down to the earth. It feems to
have obtained this name, becaufe thefe idola-
ters look upon it as facred. Perhaps, without
this providential care, this fort of trees might
be entirely deftroyed. I obferved very atten-
tively, but could not find the leaff. remains of
fruit, flowers, or roots. It feems to grow but
flowly; and I think the high broad tree which
ferves as a fea mark on the harbour is very
old. It would have been extremely hazardous
at the time that we were here to have under-
taken

i72 TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

taken botanical excurfions ; for the attacks of
the Marattoes and other nations were to be
feared even before the gates of Suratte. What
I was able to fnatch up there in other places,
(as the dog does the water of the Nile) is un-
doubtedly by this time in your hands.

The magnificent tombs in the country
built with domes (which manner of architec-
ture the Mahometans greatly affecl) did not
feem fo extraordinary, when one recolle&s
that pride fubfifts even beyond this life. Some
exceeding deep wells, which were dug at a
great expence, and with a great deal of la-
bour, and had very good walls about them,
deferved much more to bear the name of
thofe who had thus fupplied the inhabitants
with fo neceffary an elemer. t. The water was
drawn out of them by a rope and wheel,
worked by means of two oxen; being then
poured into leathern bags, it is brought to
town on buffaloes and fold there.

The foil is none of the beft. The earth
proper for vegetation compofes but a thin
itratum: below is very good potters clay,
vhich is of good ufe to the inhabitants, who,

like

S U R A T T E. 1750. 173

like other Afiatick nations, make much ufe of
earthen ware.

After rowing or failing from the anchor-
ing-place, about three Swedijh miles, you
come on the river Tapti or Tapta to the city
of Suratte. The thing that firft ftrikes the
eye is a confiderable building, called the caflle.
It has formerly had four baftions, one of which
is tumbled down ; and the bad wall which has
been built inftead of it feems ready to follow
its fate. It has a good number of cannons on
feveral terraces j but their muzzles are drop-
ping, and they are fo ill ranged that often
an eighteen pounder (lands clofe by a fix
pounder.

The caftle is the centre of a low wall,
which makes almofl a femicircle, and has an-
gular baftions, and a dry ditch, which includes
the city. Thefe are again furrounded by the
fuburbs, which have the fame kind of fortifi-
cation, and are faid to contain above a hun«
dred thoufand inhabitants.

The fearch at the gate for the firfl time

feemed fomewhat rigorous to us, becaufe the

cuftonvhoufe officer would know how much

3 money

174 TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

money we had in our pockets : for I was
told there is a tax per cent, on the import
of money. We efcaped this tax; however,
I could not fuHiciently wonder at fuch odd
politics.

I. E I T E It

S U R A T T E. 1750- 175

LETTER III.

TH E ftreets of Suratte are irregular, and
many fine buildings have been deftroyed
by fire, which, according to the Mahometan
doclrine of predeftination, it is in vain to with-
ftand. Street-pavements are unufual here ; and
though the owners and tenants of houfes every-
day fprinkle the ftreet before their doors, yet
the dud is frequently troublefome. But mould
the ftreets be paved it would be in vain, for
the rain which fometimes continues for half a
year together would tear every thing up, and
wafti the whole work away. The houfes are
tolerably well built of bricks, mixed with
wooden beams, but without braces: in the in-
fide they are plaftered with a fine white ce-
ment, which renders them as fmooth as if they
had been rubbed with pumice-ftone. I was
told that the cement was made of pounded
egg-ihells, and the dregs of fugar. Captain
Shier man related, that he and the other cap-
tives had been forced to pound lime mixed
with fugar dregs for the pirate Angria, which
was probably for this ufe. In the lower fto-

ries

i7<5 TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

rics are no windows, and but few in the upper.
In my opinion this is done merely through jea-
loufy, and not out of any well-grounded fear
of thieves ; for he who fteals five bottles full of
rofewater is punifhed by the lofs of both his
hands, which punifhment muft probably deter
from the commiffion of this crime.

I had little opportunity of feeing the difpo-
fitions of their houfes, further than in the
Swedijh factory. This houfe was exactly qua-
drangular, and had fome beds with flowers in-
ftead of a yard, in which a fine Althaafrutex
(Hibifcus Surattenfis) was in bloflbm towards
the end of January, Round about it were
flone walks of two fteps high, and on the four
fides as many halls, open towards the yard,
with niches on the other three walls reaching
from the roof within three feet of the floor.
In the corners are bed chambers, or the kit-
chen. Thofe who live in the loweft (lory,
have air-holes in the walls for their refrefh-
ment in the great heat. At the top is a ter-
race paved with (tones, from which you have a
fine profpect. Cifterns and artificial fountains
fire confidered as the greateft luxury, partly on
.account of their refreshing coolnefs, and partly
on account of ±z ncceiHty of their ablutions.

The

S U R A T T E. 1750. 177

The flair-cafes are narrow and the fteps high ;
as for the reft, the foundation is extremely
expenfive. We had In our quarters two
wells twenty-four feet deep, neither of which
afforded water that was drinkable. Under the
SwedijJo latti or warehoufe was a tank it that
was arched over*

Their architecture is neither borrowed
from the Greeks nor Italians; yet there is tafle
and an agreeable proportion in their columns*
Some ornaments on the capital and pedeftal
do not feem to be in the right places; but they
have fuch confidence in their architecture, that
they would make one believe that an whole
building is fupported by leaves or feathers.
The Indian architects have proved by the tomb
of baron Rheede von Draken/tcin h, that a
building may look majeftic without being ei-
ther of the Corinthian or Tufcan order. Eng-
Hflimen have fuch funerals here as a prince
would not be afhamed of.

The inhabitants are for the moft part of
three cafts, of which the Malabarian heathens
are the firft, which are called Geniives, Gen-

g A refervoir of water.

h This is the author of the celebrated book, llortus
IttMcus Mata&ancus. iz vo!. in folio.

Vol. II. N toss,

i7» TORE EN'S VOYAGE.

toos, or Gentiles. Thefe are the moil ancient
inhabitants of the country, and divide them-
feives, as is well known, into certain principal
families, each of which has its peculiar trade.
The Bramins and Banians religioufly obferve
the law not to kill any thing which has life
aad fenfation. 1 have feen them make the
mod moving petitions, in favour of loathfome
vermin. The foldicrs are not fo tender, even
towards their fellow creatures.

Though the Gentoos cat nothing but milk,
butter, and vegetables, yet they are rather fat.
1 have feen Bra:nins and Banians with very
prominent bellies. Their per ions are of a mid-
dle fize, upright, and of an eafy carriage;,
they have regular features, and an agreeable
air, but are tawny.

Their women are generally very little, thick-
fet, and brown ; I was told they marry early,.,
but foon grow old. Their drefs is fomewhat
lingular : bendes that their ears are quite fulk
of lings, they have, a ring with a ruby or gar-
net and two pearls in their left noitrils: a
great number of rings are worn on the arms,
both above and below the elbow ; they have
great filver feuers a^ovc the feet j and almoft
6 Q&

S U R A T T E. 1750. i79

on every toe a ring of the fame metal. Their
half-jacket covers no more than the bread ; to>
conceal the lower parts, they tie a piece of fluff
(generally red-ftriped) about their middle, turn
the two ends through between their legs, and
faften them before. On the head they have a
cloth of the fame fluff, which goes over the
left and under the right arm, and is fattened
to the girdle. All the reft is naked. They go
fo upright, that even a dancing mailer could
not give them a better air. Perhaps this
erect carriage is occafioned by their carrying
water every day from the river, on their heads.
A Gen too woman can carry three pots one:
above another, without holding them with her
hands, go backwards and forwards with them,
turn about, Hand and hold converfation, &c.
Whether the ladies of quality and the rich are
obliged to fetch their own water, I am not
certain; however I have feen fome coming with
their po's, for the value of whofe rings many
a good farm might have been bought in our
country. Their virtue is fufpecled by many,
becaufe all the dancing women of the Mogul
empire are taken out of this nation.

I could not fee their pagoda and religious

ceremonies, but Iobfervedtheir morning prayer

N 2 in

*So TORE EN'S VOYAGE.

in the river. They were obliged to wafh thern-
felves before this ceremony, clean their mouths,
and with their faces towards .the fun fay a
prayer. Th'ey ufe rofaries for this purpofe, as
is ufual in all countries where it is laid down
for a principle of religion, that the repetition
of a certain number of prayers will atone for
any offence. The Gsntoos fay their prayers
on their fingers, beginning at the moil ex*
treme joint of the little finger, and counting on
downwards ; when they have gone over all the
fingers in this manner, they lay both their
hands flat together, bow before the fun, and
then get up and are painted by a Bramin.

The Sramins themfelves have forae crofs
ftrokes- of aibes over the forehead, with which
they fometiraes paint their whole body. The
Banians have generally a red fpot juft above
the nofe, about the fize of a filver two pence,
from which two yellow ftrokes' run down, and
on each flap of the ear is a yellow fpot.

When they carry their dead, they run in
full career, and cry Bey ram Rambolu, which, as
I have been told, fignifies, My brethren^ call
upon Rama, i he corpfes are burnt by the ri-
ver fide without the city, bin the widow is not

ODliged

SURATTE. 1750. 181

obliged to follow her husband into the fire.
If we confider the great number of corpfes that
are burnt, it muft neceffarily follow that many
thoufand of Gentoos live in Suratu. They
have likewife Santons, or living faints, who dif-
tinguifh themfelves from the multitude, and
endeavour to make themfelves pleafmg to
Ram and his brothers, by their ridiculous be-
haviour. Thofe fellows which Bernier has
defcribed and painted in all forts of conftrain-
ed poftures, I have not feen ; but you fre-
quently meet with fome who walk about more
than half naked, and twill their long hair
about their head in form of a turban, which
muft be very troublefome in this country. I
once faw a novice of this order, begging in a
very fingular way. He placed himfelf before
a fhop, where he did nothing but ftamp againfl
the ground, and after he had very patiently
lifted up and fet down one foot afcer another,
he quietly devoured the victuals he had re-
ceived. It is peculiar that the hair of thefe fel-
lows grows pale and turns ftraw- coloured; but
I believe that they make it fo by art ; for thofe
Mahometan Santons who do not cut their hair
preferve their black complexions, and have be-
fides the advantage that they look like devils of
the firft order, for their hair ftands an end like
N 3 a juniper

i8z TO RE EN'S VOYAGE.

a juniper bum on their heads. It is faid the
Bramim have many curious fecrets; efpecially
it is here looked upon as almoft certain, that
the renowned Pedra de Cobra is a compofition
known alone to them : and it may be that the
Pedra de Goa or Gafpar Antonio, and Pedra
de Porco or fwine, mud come from the fame
hands. If their ceremonies are not fufficient
to maintain a whole call or tribe, they feek
their livelihood another way. For this reafon
Bramins fometimes enter into the fervice of
rich Ba?iians: yet they keep their privilege ;
for the matter is not allowed to touch the rice
which his fervant is to eat, becaufe.the latter
Would become impure by \U

?L E T T E \

SUBATTE. 1750- 183

LETTER IV.

THE Parthians or Perfees (who are
defended from the ancient Verfians) are
the fecond nation which lives here. They
have been driven out of Perjia long firice, ac-
cording to Hamilton's new account of Eqft In-
dia, They adore the fire, the fun, the moon,
and the ftars. A Perfee cannot be perfuaded to
put out a candle any other way than by blow-
ing. I obferved once a little boy, who fate a
great while mumbling I know not what over
a burning candle-muif, which was purpofely
thrown on the ground : he fnapt his fingers,
and continued this till the lad fparfc was ex-
tinguished. They ought not to be called Ga~
jres, becaufe Gaur, Ganfe, Gusbre, or Cafre,
fignifies an heretic, unbeliever, or heathen.
They have the whited skins of any among the
natives ; are lively, indefatigable, and are ge-
nerally employed in the meaneft oifices by the
Europeans, induced perhaps to undertake them
through necefiiry • for they arc more cpprcfT-
ed than the Gentoos, get into 1:0 places of
truft, and have not the refources which avail
N 4. the

i»4 TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

the Banians, namely, a thorough experience in
a thoufand forts of little arts. Their women
have been found to be lefs corrupted than
moll others in India.

■ ■
Ik the ftate they are in, one.would little ex-
pert divifions among them in religious matters.
Nevertheiefs there was one of them who had
read more than the others, and had found out
that they did not celebrate the new year at
the due time. He got a number of followers,-
but met with a great deal of vexation from the
oppoute party. And this is nothing uncom-'
mon ; for formerly the difciplcs of Thomas-
Aquinas and of Duns Scot us could hardly ever
part without cuffing and boxing. There was a.
lime when a Jew was preferred to an Armi- .
man ; and a Siamefe to a Janfenljl : fome re- ;
verend fathers will overlook many failings in a..
Chincfc, and yet will excommunicate any one
who differs from them in opinion, with regard
to the conception of the Virgin Mary.

The third call of people who frequent Sti-
ratte are the Mahometans, or rather, as the
failors call them, Moors, which may be con-,
tradled from Mogors, or Perfians. Their co-
lour is a medium between the other two.

Their

SURATTL 1750. 185

Their religion is the reigning one, efpecially
that fe& which honors Omar. But Alt can-
not be without a great many followers here ;
for at a proceflion which was undertaken the
26th of November, in honour of the two lafl
Per/tan Imams, I think I faw at leaf!: two thou-
fand men. At this ceremony a great many
faquirs or begging friars were prefenc, drelT-
ed in white jackets, to which were fewed fe-
veral rags of different colors, and a cap refem-
bling a fugar loaf. The Dervifes generally
officiated in the mofques and on other occa-
fions. I obferved a certain Dervife who was
exceedingly well acquainted with the ceremo-
nial part, and who was ordered to undertake
a pilgrimage to the graves of the deceafed
Imams. He faunte'red all the way along, and
had befides his difciples feveral others about
him, who beat a fort Of drum, and fung la
allah, &c. along with it. I faw a Santon who
feemed to dderve a good thrashing for' his
fanctity. He did penance by going about
the ftreets (lark naked. He was by no means
fliunned; but oh the contrary had always a
reverend Mahometan with him, who received
the alms and kept them for him.

Besides

i86 TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

Besjdes ihe aforementioned clothes of the-"
Bramlns and Gentoo women, they are almoft:
all of them dreifed in white cotton about the
body. The parts of their drefs are a pair of
flippers which are pulled off at the door ; a
pair of trowfers ; a fhort fhirt which is open
before, and above the breeches ; and over this
a coat reaching to the feet, which fits clofe to
the body, and has folds below like a petti-
coat ; it has long fleeves, which fold over the
hands. The Mchanunedans and Heathens ob-
ferve this difference, that the former tie the
fore part of their coat below the right, and
the latter below the left arm. They tie a gir-
dle about their waifts of the fame fluff of which
the coat is made, or fometimes of richer; and
in it they have a precious knife, or, according
to the difference of cuftoms, a dagger. The
'Pcrfees have a firing below the girdle, which
feems to be a part of their religion ; for at
Dwiibes (a village near S-uratte} I faw a Perfce>
who, before he faluted his guefts, meafurcd his
forehead with this firing, and made a bow to
the moon.

The turban is of all colours; the green here
denotes nothing extraordinary in the rank of

th«

§ U #*A T T E. 1750. 187

the rank of the wearer. A turban of Suratte
is eafily diftinguifhed from the Perfian and
Arabian, for though it requires aboye thirty
yards of cloth, it fits very neatly on the head,
except a great bolfter which comes jufl over
the right eye.

The drefs of the women who are feen iri
the ftreets aiders from the drefs of the men
in regard to the coats, which are open before,
and cannot be thrown back to the other fide;
and their breeches reach down to the very
feet. They only throw a loofe cloth over the
head and flioulders. Poor people of both
fexes wear both fhorter and fcantier clothes.

Both fexes falute in the fame manner,
namely, they lay the hand on the forehead or
on the head. Some fay Salam or Sala Maleck
with it. If they intend to exprefs fubmiffion,
they firfl: lay their hand on the ground or
floor, and then on the left bread, and at lajjfc
on the head. On the aforementioned feftival
in honor of the Pcrfmn martyrs, I faw an-
other method of faluting their friends ; they
firfl ^put our heads on their left fhoulder,
then on the right, and then again on the

left j

188 TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

left; then we placed their hands between ours,
and put tlern at laft :o our foreheads.

The Gentoqs make ufe of the Malabark
language; the Moors (leak a dialett of the
Arabicky which the Terfees mud learn ; for
which reafon there are but few who know the
language of their anceftors. As for other
people, fome broken Portuguese is fufficient
in all the trading towns of the fouthern Afia,
They eat fitting on a mat, fpread on the floor;
and lay the table-cloth on the fame place.
Rice ferves them inflead of bread, and is ei-
ther boiled in pots, or kneaded and baked on
plates, like the thin bread ufual in Babus
Lan \ I am unacquainted with the drink
made ufe of by the rich ; but the common
people latisfy their third with water ; if they
will have any thing flronger, they procure
toddy (or the juice drawn out of the cocoa-
tree) at a very confiderable price. Befides this,
according to the account of Bonave?ituraf the
root? of millet will likewife intoxicate. A fin-
gular fcruple fometimes hinders thefe people
r:om eating with others, out of the fame difb.
A Mahometan can make a bargain of a hundred

* A province in NenoOy on the Scaggerac. F.

thoufrnd

SURATTE. 1750. 189

thoufand rupees with a Banian ; yet he cannot
eat with him, nor go home with him. All
the velfels which a Bramin has in his kitchen
are facred, and mull not be touched by any
one that does not belong to that caft. An old
complaifant Perfee woman, who gave us fome
milk as we travelled by, would not let her
bottle come within a quarter of a yard of our
glafs.

They have ftefh in plenty, but fuch proba-
bly as is not very wholefome, especially to
thofe who come on ihore from long fca
voyages ; for, if they indulge their appetites,
they are fubjeft to vomitings and diarrhoeas,
and are in danger of lofing their lives. It is
probable that Bramay or whoever at firfl gave
laws to the Gentoos, had difcovered that thefe
meats were very unwholefome to the Malaba-
rians.. .Mahomet found his account in the fre-
quent ablutions,- which in fome cafes are in*
difpenfably neceiTary, in order to prevent the
chopping and parching of the fkin, and per-
haps worfe accidents. If you go in the morn-
ing into the fuburbsr and lanes, you very foon
fee how .bufy thefe people are in waihing the
children with the left hand.

■''/•.'■•■' • • • ■ ' . •

Besides

ipo TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

Besides the aforementioned difeafe, fevers
frequently attack Europeans', Th/s' French at
firfb loft a great many men by .this diforder,
and were at lafl (according to their own ac-
count) obliged to have recourfe to the phy-
ficians of this country, who reject the ufe of
bleeding and of tamarinds in agues. Tama-
rinds are not half fo much in ufe mEaJl India
as in Europe. The red-dog is a difeafe which
-a£Pii£ts almoft all foreigners in hot countries,
especially if they refide near the fhore, at the
time when it is hotted:. This diftemper dif-
covers itfeif by red fpots which look like
meafles, itch and prickle, and then become
little bladders, which, when they vaniih, take
the fkin away along with them.

The friction ufed among the ancients feems

to have been very rational. A perfon of fome

• confequence in Suraite is always rubbed at

night by his fervants, as an expedient of great

ufe to promote the circulation of the blood.

Their mufic is but very mean. Italian
pieces you are fure not to hear of in this coun-
try ; but inltead of it, the noil'e of brafen-
bafons and little drums with one or two bot-
toms.

SURATTE. i75o« *9*

mms. Their wind inftruments are a fort cf
ftraight trumpets, four or five Swedijh ells
long, which make a bleating found. Some-
times they make ufe of a great horn in
form of an S, which is however only played
upon when the nabob or fome other man of
quality is coming. The reveille was played
upon aflagelet from the caftle. Guittars and
fiddles were the inftruments of beggars, who
begged in verfe, and accompanied them with
vocal mufic. A war-like mufic is generally in
ufe among the fouthern Afiaticks, and this they
want very much ; for fofter tunes would make
them more effeminate. Perhaps the Spartans
had more than meer cuftom in view when they
broke a firing of the lyre which was above
the ufual number.

Their jugglers are not to be compared
with thole of China, except that they can
fafcinate in fuch a manner the Cobra de Capello
{Coluber Naja Linn.) as to make it dance k»
When the Moors or other people have a mind
to divert therafelves according to the cuftom

k Kempferi Ameer. . Exotic. Fafcic. III. Obf. IX. p. 565 —
573, gives the moil: credible and curious account of thefe
tricks with the Cobra de Cafsllo* F„

of

xpi TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

of the country, they get a band of dancing
women (for fuch is their name though they
ftand ftill for the greatefl part), who fing amo-
rous longs, with all forts of wanton geflures.
Such a diverfion is often very troublefome to
the neighbourhood, becaufe the inftruments
generally ufed at it will allow of no reft all
the night.

I had feen no blue eyes either in the fouth-
ern parts of Europe, or in AJia> till I found
an Arabian at Suratte whofe irides were not
the common colour. I was told, that they
were not efteemed in feraglios, perhaps be-
caufe they do not fparkle fo well ; but dark
eyes feldom look ferious.

The arms of the Moors confift of mufkets
with matches, bows, fabres, and daggers, the
latter of which have a fingular fhape : for the
handle confifts of two pieces of iron, which
are fo far diftant as eafily to afford room for
the hand to take hold of two crofs iron bars.
The breadth of the blade, near the handle,
is three fingers, or about two inches three-
quarters, and its length one quarter and half
a quarter, or thirteen inches and a half. They
like glittering arms and filver hiked fabres.

Befides

SURATTE. 1750. iP3

Befides this, they have a round hollow fnield
of buffalo fkin, a yard in diameter. The
pions, or the people which go before men of
rank in this country both for parade and fecu-
rity, carry their fwords drawn, and their
ihields on the left arm.

The advantageous fituation of S watte for
trade appears from a map. The Arabian
merchandize can here be very conveniently
bartered againft the Indian and Chinefe manu-
factured goods. But it is unlucky that the
government is not (table : the court is inactive
at Delhi, while the governors at Sutattc fight
with each other.

The continual rains from May to September
frequently change the fands, and the gulph is
as full of pirates as the Baltick Sea was in the
time of the Wickinger. Thefe three obftruc-
tions, together with fome others, have induc-
ed fome Europeans to have entertained fan-
guine hopes of getting this trade to them-
felves ; which would not be difficult, if there
was toleration in religious matters, if the go-
vernment was lefs defpotic, and the pirates
were oppofed with more vigor, who, it is faid,
have been purpofely neglected by the powers

Vol. II. O which

194 TORE EN'S VOYAGE.

which wanted to be fovereign in the eaftem
and weilern oceans. But, notwithstanding
this, many thoufand rupees pafs through the
hands of the merchants for Perfian and Chinefe
fillcs, and white ftriped checkered cottons ;
likewife for camboya, agates,, and Ceylon
Hones, which are always foft ; alfo for dia-
monds from Vija Poor and Golconda, and for
many other goods. The Moors get a conside-
rable part of the profit, becaufe they enjoy
rhe greatefl protection from the government ;
but the Banians are the moil cunning mer-
chants in all the world, which is nothing ex-
traordinary, fmce they have for a long fpace
of time improved and derived down their
fkill in mercantile affairs from father to fon.
If what I have been told is true, they mud
certainly be enormous ufurers : for they are
faid to take one rupee intereft per month for
nine rupees. Hence it is certainly not to be
wondered at that Shab Al>bas mould expell
them out of Ifpahan, in order to admit a far
more honed people, namely, the Armenians,
It is pretty plain that the merchants have
opportunities of gaining confiderable fortunes
here, when one of them had nineteen mips at
fea on his own account : but it was looked
upon by the Mahometans as a clear proof of

the

SURATTE. 1750. 105

the invincible power of fate, that he could
never get to the twentieth. He is faid to have
been poffeffed of a whole arip, that is, 1000
millions of rupees ; which is an incredible fum,
when you obferve that the invafion of the
Mogul's empire by Nadir Shah did not cod
more, when every thing which can be
eftimated by money was taken into the ac-
count.

Of the weights here ufual, a candee, or
candy, is twenty maunds, and a mound is forty
feer l : a feer is little different from a Swedijb
grocery pound. Their lefs weights I could
not get an exact knowledge of, but gold and
filler they weigh by the feeds of the Abrus
precatoriusm, becaufe they are light, hard,
and durable. Their mofl ufual coin is the
rupee, .which weighs about twenty-one penny-
weights ; and it is faid, its filver is finer than
that of the piq/lres, on which account the
Chinefe take them fooner than piaftres n . .A

1 One maund is thirty-feven pounds and z half, and one
candy is fix hundred wt. two-thirds. See Ro/t's Dictionary,
under the article of weight. F.

m Formerly a Glycine, but fince changed by Linneeu*
in Ed. 1 2th of his Syftema Nature. F.
8 A rupee is about 25 6d flerling. F.

O 2 j$&L

i$>6* TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

rupee is valued at forty-eight polfe or ficer
and a poife at forty-eight almonds. The coin-
ing is performed with an hammer, which is
directed by the hand. This is the reafon that
the rupees fonftetimes crack, which makes them
found ill in the hand of a banker, and lowers
their value. There is a fpecies of rupees
which has the honour of being mentioned by
oiu* connoiifeurs in coins : but what I have
read, in their books, was different from the
account which was given me in the Indies.
If it is right, it is as follows : " Nour Mahal,
" the wife of an officer, was once undefignedly
lt feen by the Great Mogoi Jehan Ghir, who,
" fmce he could not come at her by any other
" means, made away with her hufband, and,
*' after many folicitations, at laft prevailed
" upon the deeply-afflicted widow to accept
" of his own bed. Her ftep-children felt
H how well this beautiful lady was fkilled in
" politics. Jehan Ghir changed her name,
" and inftead of Nour Mehal (Light of the
i*' Ladies), called her Nour Jehan (the Light
a of the World, or of Jehan). He iikewife
" once gave her the liberty of having rupees
"coined under her name; and added that
"compliment to it that Ihe might flamp the
u .ejYe heavenly %ns on them." Thefc
> coins

SURATTE. 1750- 197

coins are already fcarce in Indoftan: and the
reafon, as I was told, is, becaufe the Moorijh
ladies ufe them for necklaces ; which is very pro-
bable, confidering the great confidence the Ma-
hometans repofe in fafcinatic-n, amulets, the
influence of the ftars, talifmans, &c. The
rupees are current along all the coaft of Afta9
but under different values. Thus a Bombay
or Pondicherry rupee lofes four per cent, in 6V
ratte; and on the other hand, a Suratte rupee
lofes at Mahee. , The orders of the magiftrates
feem to be infufEcient to fettle this diiference,
for the Banian will give a greater value than
perhaps would be fettled by regulation, if
from the purenefs of thefilver he finds he can
be a gainer. We new-comers were not the
only ones who fuffered inconvenience from the
change of value, but even thofe who had
already made a flay of fome years here were
not free from it. But befides this four per
cent, you likewife lofe two, three, up to four
per cent, according to the fum, if you give
money to your fervant to barter it, or buy
fomething with it. This he does not take
clandeftinely, but looks upon it as his perqui-
fite, which he thinks the buyer or feller rauft
pay him without making any difficulties.

O 3 There

to8 TQREEN'S VOYAGE.

There are many forts of animals in this
country, but this dry foil cannot fupport them
in great numbers. The nabob had a very
large and fierce tiger in a cage. In another
place I faw a lefs one, marked with flripes
acrofs; but its fnout, gair, and eyes, gave
him the appearance of a wolf. If you fleep
in a farmer's room at night, it is not uncom-
mon to hear the howling of the jackcall ° (Ca-
ms aureus Linn.) round the houfe. The na-
bob had likewife fome elephants in his pof-
feffion, which are only made ufe of when he
and his family have a mind to fhew themfelves
on fome feftival. During our Hay we faw the
gratitude of an elephant: a foldier in the
Dutch fervice ufed to go into the governor's
ftables, and to feed an old elephant with the
rice which he had about him ; he once came
To drunk to him that he tumbled down under
the animal, and fell afleep between its feet ;
but the elephant guarded hiih fo carefully,'
that fcarce a fly dared to come near him.

Horses are very rare and valuable animals
in Indojiari. The bed horfes are brought

* For jackcall fee HafehuiJFs Travels.

over

SURATTE. 1750. i99

over fea from Arabia, where the Arabians
fometimes efleem them above their wives and
children I have been told, that fometimes
they pay as much for the genealogy of a
horfe as for the horfe itfelf.

We did not fee many camels. The goats
are of that kind which have pendent ears.
The oxen have a hump on the back like thofe
at Madagafcar, Joanna, and as far as the
Straits of Malacca. The fheep have bent
fnouts and pendent ears, their wool is more
coarfe and ftiff than the goats hair, which
plainly convinced me that a warm climate does
not always produce fine and foft wool. High-
er up in the country Gazells are to be met
with : you muft already have feen, Sir, that
their horns have rings all the way, and are
.fcrew-fhaped, by the offenfive and defeniive
arms which I bought of a Pat an, and which
M. Lagerjlrom undoubtedly hath fent you
before this time. '

Some Germans call the turkeys p Calcutta
hens ; for this reafon I looked about for them
,jhere, and only found them in one place, and

p Turkies are altogether American.

Q 4 to

2oo TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

to the bed of my remembrance I was told thatfc)
they were foreign in this country. q

Green parrots with long tails (PJittacus
articularius) are very numerous here. Their
fagacity in knowing where to find a breakfaft
is remarkable : for the houfe of the Shafdaar
Khan was built in fucli a manner, that through
fome holes contrived for that purpofe the bird?
could get to the rice which was refufed to the
poor inhabitants.

They put oxen before their waggons and
carts, and take as much care of them as a
hackney- coachman of his horfes. Their ex-
crements are gathered, mixed with ftraw, and
ufed as fuel ; the afhes of it make the paint
which the Bramins ufe. They want no
whip to drive them, but in the Portugueze
manner a flick with a fpike at its end. Their
carts are of a peculiar conitru&ion : the axle--
tree is made of iron, and fcarcely of the
thicknefs of the laft joint of the little linger j
it is fattened to the axle-tree of the wheels :
the wheel moves between an upright {landing
pole and two linch-pins, which, together with
an arch, carry the bamboo net or cover on
•which one fits 5 this is either with pr without

curtains ,j

SURATTE. 1750. 201

curtains. The bamboo flicks bend upwards
near the thill, and make a feat for the driver,
on which he rides as on a faddle. This is the
carriage of the common people. The Arme-
nians and Europeans rode in coaches, but they
were of fuch a conflru&ion as I fuppofe might
have been in fafhion in the year 1500.

The greater nobility are carried in a pale-
kee, which looks very like a hammock fattened
to a crooked pole. When the ladies are car-
ried, they are fhut up in a box twilled of bam-
boo, which is afterwards covered at the top
with double cloths. On each fide goes a
flout black eunuch, with a drawn fabre in his
hand.

Though dogs are held in abomination by
the Mahometans, yet the ftreets are full of
them. The Perfees have a certain veneration
for them ; and I was told, that in a famine
which happened fome years ago, alms were
given to the dogs.

The houfes are not fo infefled with lizards
here as in other parts of Eaji India ; but even
the flone walls in the uppermofl flories are not
free from a fort of little brown ants. The Gentoos

take

202 TO RE EN'S VOYAGE,

take great care not to kill any one, and reea
them with powder fugar, which they throw
on the floor.

I was told, that the heat was ftill greater
at Gamron and Bajfora than at Suratte : and
if this is true, then it muft be exceflive ; and
I do not wonder that the Dutch have given
up Gamron. Even in October the Szvedijh
thermometer rofe thirty-feven degrees. A
'Florentine thermometer was at half all hour
pad five o'clock in the morning at thirty-feven
degrees, and in the afternoon it rofe to feventy-
five degrees. Father Bonaventura has obferv-
ed that the cold is greater three days before
and three days after the new moon. It is
fomewhat fingular, that notwithstanding this
place is but juft north of the cequator, the
time between the months of May and Septem-
ber fhould be called winter, and other months
fummer, only becaufe it rains during the for-
mer.

The Chriflians in Suratte are Armenians , of
"which the greateft part were natives of Julfa,
and have their Archimandrite here. They
have feveral books in their language, printed!
zt :■ Am/isrdam, They are known in trade on

account

SURATTE. 1750. 203

account of their induftry and cunning, and
live very well on their profits. It is here ne-
celfary that a merchant mould cut a great
figure, fome of them drefs quite in the MooriJJy
fafhion, and wear a turban ; others a callot
and a velvet cap, with four prominent parts;
the brim is two inches high, open behind and
before. They have commonly their fhroud
from the fepulchre of Christ ready at
hand 1,

The Portugueze are the only Roman catho-
lics who live here. It is remarkable, how-
ever, that, notwithstanding the feverity of
the Portugueze inquifition againfl the Jews,
the Jew Kohe?i has the management of the
Portugueze affairs at Suratte.

The French feem to endeavour to re-eftab-
lifli their declining trade. Three French ca-
puchin friars hired a houfe, and were forced
to get their bread as well as they could. Their
fuperior father Bonaventura fometimes gain-
ed fome final 1 benefactions to the convent by
his knowledge of medicine, though he was
obliged to give many plafters away gratis.

1 A confe^ated fhirt perhaps from the fepulchre at Jeru-
Jklcm.

Thef*

2C4 TOREEN'S VO?AGE.

Thefe preachers of the gofpel are obliged, by
the commands of their defpotic fupeiaors, to
continue here during their whole ififeJ°*

The Dutch have a director, with a Council
and officers, as is ufual with them in Eaji
hidia.

The chief factory of the Englijh in thefe
parts i$ Bombay ; however, they have likewife
a faclory at Suraiie, with the neceffary om>
cers. All the factories belonging to the Eng-
lijh in the Eaft Indies have chaplains.

Here are likewife Jews poffeiTed of confi-
derable wealth. One, by name Mofes Tobias,
was diftinguiihed on account of his liberality
towards people of all religions ; he is faid to
have commonly diftributed in charity forty
rupees per month. A cakant or fcribe, told
us, that the long-fought-for fceptre of Juda
could flill be found ; and that he had certain
accounts of a great number of Jews in Afri~
ca> to the weft of AbyJJinia, who flill were
fubjeft to their own magiftrates.

y There is an admiral at Suratte, but he has
the misfortune of having no (hips under his

commando

S 13*% A TTE, 1750. 205

command. The EngliJIj and the Dutch exer-
cife the privileges of admiralty in the harbour,
fo that not a fingle iloop can get up to the town
without tneir permiifion. Their greatefl mer-
chant fhips are built after the European man-
ner. It is remarkable, that the older a fhip is,
the eafier it procures a cargoe, becaufe it is
thought to be lucky. The {hips which they
make ufe of againft: their enemies are called
goerabbs by the Dutch, and grabbs by the
Englijh, have two or three mafh, and are
built like our (hips, with the fame fort of rig-
ging, only their prows are low and fharp as
in gallies, that they may 'not only place fome
cannons in them, but likewife, in cafe of emer-
gency, fix a couple of oars, to pufh the grabb
on in a calm. Gal/water are left, and are
u-fed, like the grabbs, in piracies and for
trade. They have feldom more than one
maft, and incline forwards fixteen or eighteen
degrees: they have a fail, which at a certain
diftance looks triangular, though it has four
corners. The boat3 which- are called hurry
have the fame fails-. The fhip floop3> which
are worked on with faddles, are like the pre-
ceding, fomewhat pointed before, and narrow
behind. The planks of all thefe veflels are
made fo oblique, that they lie one above an-
other %

2oG TORE EN'S VOYAGE.

other; they are faftefjed with rails. Inftead.
of tow and tar, cl ey ufe cotton and a fort of
thick oil, which is faic) to make iheuifo tight
thai they have lei's occafion to ufe tlte.pump
than the Europeans. In the timber which they
ufe to build Ihips of, iron does not rufl fo
much as in oak ; for which reafon they are
forced to clench the nails well on the infide,
and therefore our fhort thick nails are of no
ufe.

This nation has a peculiar agility in fwim-
ming ; I faw one fwim a good way, and hold
above water eight pound weight in his hand.
Practice does much towards this feat ; but
perhaps there is a flight in it, for they only
make ufe of the right arm and left foot, and
then the left arm and right foot alternately.
During the time of our flay here we were not
attacked by pirates. On the 20th of Oclober
a pirate, who was called Budgero, anchored in
the harbour accompanied by about two hun-
dred great and fmall veffels, which made a good
appearance at a diflance ; on their approach-
ing and anchoring in part between us and the
more, we prepared every thing in order to re-
ceive them. However, they did not offer us the
kail infult, but after a day or two went their

way

6

5 U R A T T E. 175c 2ey

Way and left us alone. Yet it mull: not be fnp-
pofed that they are always fo civil. In Sep-
tember fome Galllvates failed out of the port,
having an Englijh fhip for their convoy. It
was attacked before our eyes, and in the face
of the other Englijh fhips, by eight or nine pi-
ratical Galllvates which kept up a continual
fire for a couple of hours, without any body
being able to give afhfhmce, on account of the
tide. The end of this was, that the pirates
fucceeded in taking two or three of the other
Galllvates ; upon which they left the Englijh
fhip to purfue her voyage without any farther
snoleftation.

I am unwilling to omit one or two accounts
belonging to political intelligence, though I
cannot be anfwerable for their truth. To-
wards the end of April, 1748, died the great
Mogol Mahomed} of the venereal difeafe ac- .
cording to the Jefuit Tiejent baler's account.
His only {onAchmed, by a concubine, fucceed-
ed him, and was then on his march returning
from Seranda, where he had defeated the army
of the Patans, who had undertaken an irrup-
tion into the empire from the mountains of
Kandahar, Of the ftate of the Per/tan em-
pire, I had the following account. Nadir

Shah

208 TO RE EN'S VOYAGE.

Shah put out his eldeft fon's eyes, from fufpi-
cion, and appointed his other fon his fucceflbr.
But after Nadir Shah was murdered on a hunt-
ing match, all his family were killed by his
nephew called Adel Shahy only excepting Sha
Rock Shah r, who was Nadir Shah's grand-
fon, and the fon of the daughter of Shah
Houjfain. This Adel Shah is faid to have been
very mild towards his fubjects, efpecially to-
wards thofe who lived about Jfpahan ; for he
not only freed them from paying any thing to
the king for five years, but alfo gave them
money to enable them to cultivate the foil.
When he was vifited by the law of retaliation,
Sha Rock Shah took poffeffion of Kharazan,
and had, as I was told, the greater! part of the
riches of Nadir Shah in his hands: Solyman
Shaht who was formerly Sha Rock's fervant,
took pofleflion of Jfpahan, and Cely Mehemet
Shah took Tauris ; the undertaking of prince
Heraclius we firft learnt at Canton, where the
Armenians told it with great expreffions of

joy-

We weighed anchor the i ft of March,
175 1, after a flay of five months and a half j

* Mr. Toreen feems to be miftaken here, iince there is
a repetition of the word Sbab ia Sba Rock Sba. F.

during

M A N G U L O R. 175*. 209

during all which time I had no opportunity
of being on fhore more than twenty-three
days. We failed to Mangulor with land and
fea winds, fucceilively changing* and anchored
there the 12th of the fame month, with the
fame difficulty as at Suratte. After this, we
did not anchor before we came to Canton. It
would be but a fmall expence to make a good
and convenient haven, behind a narrow inlet
which would contain a whole fleet;

The town of Mangulor is Open and large 5
and contains many gardens. The houfes are
low, and generSlly made of a reddifh tophace-
ous (lone, which, as I was told, is foft under
ground and eaiily worked, bat grows hard in
the air.

The tiles are fhaped as thofe at Suratte and
Cadiz. The brickmaker forms a hollow cylin-
der about twelve inches long, and four in
diameter; this is cut into two equal parts
lengthways, and burnt in little kilns. They
tile here by fingle rows, and when one row of
tiles is laid (o that the concave part comes up-
permoft, the next is inverted, and fo covers
the ridges. There is a conftant faltnefs in the

Voi- Hi P earthy

2io TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

earth, both here and in Suratte, which eats
away the lime near the ground.

I saw two waggons, which feemed to be in-
tended to be carried about in a religious pro-
cefton, befides a reprefentation of a white ele-
phant, which was placed on wheels, as I fup-
pofe for the fame purpofe. The wheels of the
waggon were of one piece of wood, three feet
in diameter, and of a proportionable thicknefs;
thus they are more than fufficient to crufh the
poor people who expeft to gain eternal happi-
nefs under the facred wheels.

The inhabitants are heathens: they drefs
like thofe at Suratte, except that the cottons
with red flripes are more in ufe here, and
that they go barefooted, or bind a wooden
fole under their feet like the friars of the or-
der of St. Francis. When they ride on horfe-
back, they only put their great toes into the
ftirrups.

Banian trees \Ficus Indicd) are very nu-
merous and large : they are taken great care
of. Round about this place are great and
open woods. ; but I was told, that if I entered

them

LI A H I E. 1751, 211

them I mould be loft, becaufe they Were the
habitations of many fierce tigers.

I could only be twelve hours on ihore„
The 17th of March we left this place, and
having nothing to do at Cananor, we failed to
Mahie, where we (lopped the 19 th of the fame
month.

This town or plantation belongs to the
French E. I. company. It is near the more,
and the mouth of the river is (o covered with a
ridge of rocks above the water, that a ftranger
cannot get up with a boat. Several redoubts
with high ramparts ferve as a defence, which
in this country are efteemed a confiderable
fortification. At the top of one of the re-
doubts, blocks of wood were erected, which at
a diftance looked like men. I forgot to en-
quire into their ufe, but they feemed to me
very proper to fill the holes when the garri-
fon was forced to be on the ramparts. This
would be an invention, which in fome cafes
might be as ufeful as blocks of wood inftead
of cannons. I have often heard that wooden
heads are placed in the advanced ftations; bjit
that they are likewife ufed as blind works in:
fieges3 I never knew yet.

P 2 Th*

2it TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

The fan was exactly vertical to us ; the
thunder was heard to make an exceeding
great noife, efpecially on the Cardomom moun-
tain : the heat was fo intolerable, that even
the natives were forced to keep in during
the middle of the day. The poifon of makes
and of other venomous animals feems to be
more fatal in hot climates than in cold ; if
the accounts we have in Sweden of the viper's
bite, and in Eajl India of the fcorpion's fling,
are true. The French therefore quite diffuaded
tae from going into the woods. Nor could I
have made any ufeful obfervations there ; for
the perfon that undertakes to amend and ex-
plain the Hortus Malabaricus ought to be maf-
ter of the Portugueze and Malabaric names,
which Baron Rhede has confounded ; and the
time of one's flay here ought to be the whole
rainy feafon; becaufe at other times the burnt-
up Malabaric foil is unable to produce either
flowers or fruits ; but this feafon is very dan-
gerous for Ihips on account of the hurricanes.

It is impoffible to examine a plant in fuch
a fcorching heat, without one knows all its
character i flics as it were by heart : for while
you hold it between the fingers for a moment

or

M A H I E. 1.751. 213

or two, it withers and becomes unfit for pre-
fervation. I learnt this on my former vovage
by very irkfome experience : and therefore,
when I could not get feveral fpecimens of
the fame plant, it feemed beft to me to keep
fingle ones for our matter. I here faw the
thick bamboo in one place. Its height was
fcarce four fathoms, its flem, which is the
thicknefs of a hand's breadth, is naked, and
has only fome digitated leaves at the top. Its
numerous ears, which came out of their fpa-
thas on the middle of the Mem, were then in
bud. The other fpecies of bamboo, grow to
the height of fix or feven fathoms, but they
are not above an inch thick. They have
branches on the ftem, and thofe have again
pinnated leaves.

I had here an opportunity of admiring an
elephant. Its mafter had let it for a certain
fum per day; its employment was to carry
timber for building, out of the river, which
bufmefs it difpatched very handily under the
command of a boy, and afterwards laid each
piece one upon another in fuch good order,
that no man could have done it better,

3

If

ii4 TORE EN'S VOYAGE.

If all the Malabaric oxen are like thofc
which we got, I do not wonder, that thofe
heathens will not eat their fleih. The mere
defcription of them would make the mod hun-
gry lofe their appetites. If we mull derive the
badnefs of their flefli from the ctjlrus % then
either the caufe or the effect is greater here
than in Sweden. Perhaps this dainty meat was
the occafion, or at lead: contributed to the fol-
lowing difeafe : viz. that many of our men
were afterward exceedingly tormented by in-
tolerable bloody ulcers.

The uglieft animals we fawwere the Gentoo
women, who were quite naked except their.
thighs. Their naked and jetty bodies were
not in the lead alluring.

I n Mahie I obtained that curious infect,
which has a long fmew between the thorax
and body, and is in the little collection which
I have fent you.

s The cefrus bovis depoiits its eggs in the backs of
cowf, which turn to maggots as large as the end of one's
finger, called in fome counties of £^7<W, wornils. When
cattle are peflercd with thefe-, they are always out of con-
dition. See Derbains Phyjico Thscl.

2 Though

M A H I E. 1751. 215

Though I am not difpofed to judge of the
European nations, merely by their behaviour
towards each other in the Eaji Indies j yet I
cannot omit taking notice, that the French have
every where been very civil to us. They al-
ways called us lews grands allies, that is, their
great allies ; and their civility extended fo far
as to give us leave to bury one of our dead in
their church at Maine.

Our fuperiors"had made no regulations on
fhore ; for which reafon, every one who went
on more was forced to procure as he could
every thing for himfelf ; which made it more
advantageous to flay on board.

Besides the gold coin, called pagoda,
which is valued at four rupees, their filver
coins are rupees of which each contains five
fanno. Tar is a copper coin of different values.

The boats, which are made u{q of here and
at Mangulor, have flar bottoms, like common
boats, and are pointed at both ends. For fear
of overfetting, one ought to know how to
keep an exacl: equilibrium. I was told that
the Malabaric rowers at Mahie were obliged

P 4 tO

ai6 TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

to give head for head, if an Eurcpea?i wa$
drowned in their boats.

After we had provided ourfelves with the
aforementioned animals, which were only like
oxen, and with other things, we fet fail the
2 1 ft of April. Nothing particular happened,
except our lofing the main yard, and another
yard. This damage was eafily repaired; but
we loft four fnip boys on this occafion. After-
wards our voyage to S^ueda, in the ftraits of
Malacca, was very fortunate^ and we call an-
chor there the 13th of May.

The country is very low to a great diflr
ance from the fea ihore, and every where
covered with thick forefts. Among the trees
was the tamarind tree ; the papay tree ; the
Abrus precator'ms (the feeds of which the in-
habitants of the Malacca coaft put into rings
for want of flones, becauie it is not ufual
among the eaftern nations to wear mere gold
rings); a tree, which I could not get to, but
pbferved that it fent branches towards the
earth from the top, different from its common
branches. The Englijh. call it mangroves in
fhe Wejl Indies,

An

Q^U EDA. 1751. 217

An unflnifhed caftle was fituated on the
mouth of a fmooth river. The engineer feem-
ed to be no difciple of Vauban. The faces
were parallel to the curtains, and the walls fo
thin that half a dozen fix pounders would
have made a breach. In the infide were fome
houfes, the roofs of which ferved for batteries.
The cannons were mod of them from an Eng-
UJIo fhip wjnch was loft jufl before the river,
but fo leifureiy that there was even time to
get thofe heavy goods out. Though this caflle
has fuch a miferable appearance in the eyes
of Europeans ; yet it is fufEcient to keep the
nations hereabouts in awe, merely becaufe it
looks European. I faw here fome prifoners,
whofe necks and hands were fattened to a pole
with willow-twigs. They had coined money,
and feemed not to hope for pardon : but did
by no means fhew any fear ; a foolifh infenfi-
bility muff be the effeft of the do&rine of un-
avoidable deftiny.

The other houfes are generally built on
poles, four feet above ground, on account of
the high tide. The walls and floors are fre-
quently made of bamboo flicks fplit in pieces.

Mahmud

|i$ TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

Mahmud Houjpi'm Baftja, who was mafter
of the place, was a vaffal to the king of Siam.
He was exceedingly interefted for the promo-
tion of trade in his country. lie was (as all
the other Malayans) a Mohammedan ; but tole-
rated heathens and Chriftians. He would not
permit the widow of a Frenchman to go away ;
but made up matters fo well, that me married
a Chlnefe Chriflian, in order to have the Euro-
peans who come there well received, for he
wanted to ingratiate himfelf with them. We
could not take in the quantity of tin that we
intended, as he infifted on keeping fome for
the fliips that were coming after us.

Oxen, buffaloes, and chicken, are very
reafonable. The woods are the habitations
of tigers, which are faid not to attack men :
but as they carry off the dogs from the houfes,
one dares not venture out far. Monkeys are
very numerous; fome are large, with very
long tails, grey hairs, white beards, and black
ikin ; fome lefs ones have fhort tails bending
upwards. A parrot (Pfiitacus galgulus) was
no bigger than a goldfinch. Its colour was
dark green on the back, and light green un-
der

Q^U E D x\. i75l. 21?

4er the belly : the upper fide of the tail and
the throat were red; the bill was black. Some
had a blue fpot on the head. When they
fleep, they always hang in the cage fo as to
point with their head downwards. We ob-
ferved that their nefis were remarkable for
their exceeding fine texture; but we did not
fee the birds. If they had a different con-
flruclion, the monkeys would be very mifchiev-
ous to them ; but now, before they can get to
the opening, the lowed part as the weaker!
breaks in pieces, and the vifitor falls to the
ground without any danger to the young
birds.

There are feveral forts of crabs in the fea,
befides various other fifties. I mould be forry
if one*fpecies which I fent you by Mr. Lager-
Jirom mould be injured; its eyes were on long
pedunculi, and it had peculiar feet {Cancer are-
nanus). While it was alive, its eyes fparkled
in the dark, like cat's eyes. In and by the
fide of the river are whole cart-Ioad$ of oyfters,
and likewife crocodiles by hundreds. When
the water during the tide iills all the ponds
and ditches, with which nature has divided this
low country, the crocodiles go up a good way

imo

220 TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

into the woods ; therefore, when a great mo-
tion is heard in thefe pools of water, the bell
Way is to make off immediately.

Tin is not found in this BaJ]jawrs country,
that I know of: but he has the toll and cuf-
tom of what is brought there. I am told,
that in the places where it comes from, they
do not fetch it out of the mountains, but dig
it out of the ground, together with the fand.
It is reckoned better than Englijh tin, at leaft
a Chinefe likes it better.

The coins are rupees. A rupee contains
three cupang, and a cupang four condorin. They
are all filver.

The 27th of May we fet fail : before Sa-
Vingor we ftaid in vain from the 30th of May
to the 2d of June : but afterwards we failed
among the many fine illands in the Straits of
Sonda. On one of thefe iflands is a fpecies
of flones very like the fand-flone from Oland,
but it burft into little cubic pieces, fcarce
above one foot and a half long, and as much
broad.

In

MACAO. 1751. 22I

In the beginning of July we firft faw China.
We pafled ifcao, were fearched by the cuf-
tom-houfe officers, who are in the caftle near
the narrow mouth called Bocca Tigris , and an-
chored nearWampoo the 7th of July.

LETTER

222 TOREEN'S VOYAGE;

LETTER V.

THE 17th of March I fent the continua-
tion of my accounts by a friendi I will
now relate what I have feen in China.

A person who for the fir ft time vifits this
country, thinks he has a new world before
him ; for almoft every thing looks different
from what he has feeri in other places, Unlets
where climate renders fome fimularity of cuf-
toms necefTary.

The rocks and the fliore, even a good way
into the fea, are covered with fifhermen and
their tackle •, which fight immediately leads
one to conclude, that the country muft be very
populous. The naked and uninhabited iflands
hereabouts feem at firft to occafion other
thoughts ; but, on advancing a little further,
the plains and vallies fpeak the number and
the induftry of the inhabitants.

The lowed fields are fowed with rice, be-
eaufe it requires a great deal of water, which

it

CHINA. 1751. 223

it gets by the tide without any trouble to the
hufbandman. Thefe fields are croffed by fuch
great canals, that during the flood one may
go in boats on them. Rice is lowed and reap-
ed twice a year. During its growth, it is pull-
ed out and planted into Terpentine lines, to ad-
mit the water more freely to the roots. Thofe
who have not the advantage of the tide, are"
forced to carry or lead the water,, or bring it
up by machines, of which Mr. William Cha?n-
bers made a drawing on a former voyage, and
has probably communicated it to the fuperin-
tendant Baron Horlemann,

The high places are likewife employed to
great advantage : for there are mountains
whofe declivity amounts even to forty degrees j
but they are divided into feveral terraces, on
which are planted Convolvulus Batatas1, Diof-
corea u, Gojfypium w, fugar-canes, and many
other plants, according to the time of the year,
or quality of the foil. When it rains, the rain
water is preferved, and conveyed from one
flory to another. If it rains too much, a ditch
is opened, through which the water may run
away freely. The ufe of $ung may be judg-

r.
* S^anijh potatoes, u Yaiks. " Cotton.

€&

224 TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

ed of by the careful manner of gathering of
it at Cant on, and by the (linking fampanes, or
boats, which daily pafs by our Ihips. But
on the fields which were near the ihips, we
feldom faw any other manure than the roots of
rice, which, together with the clay flicking
to them, are thrown on the higher foil, which
is mixed with fpar.

Those places which cannot be tilted, are

planted with trees, if the high fituation and

dry foil will allow of it. But a great part of

fuch places are deftined for burying-grounds ;

which practice would induce one at firfl: to

fuppofe that the Chinefe a£led againft their

own principles, in leaving fo much ground for

burying-places, and by that means making

them unfit for ufe ; fince the graves mull not

be difturbed. But for this very realbn moft

people are buried on deep mountains, or other

places which cannot be ufed for other pur-

pofes. The refpect which children and pofte-

rity fhew to their parents and anceilors, even

after death, is to be considered as a confe-

quence of the implicit obedience to which they

are obliged in their life time ; and which is the

foundation of their exceeding great fubmiffiori

towards the magiitrates, without which it

would

. CHI MA. 1751. Us

would be impoffible to ruh fuch a number of
unmannerly, ftubborn fubjefts. Oyer their
graves are generally little open ftone-build-
ings, which are almoft femicircular, and have
a niche for a perfuming vefTel. I only found
ofle fingle grave more magnificent than the reft,
on the northern fide of the town ; it was co-
vered by two round vaults, and fhut up by a
wall.

On fome high hills there are towers. They
have all of them eight fides, are nine ftcries
high, are almoft every where of equal breadth
within, have every where windows, and ter-
minating in a point. I was told, that in time
of war they were ufed as watch towers : they
are therefore (o difperfed, that the given fignals
can eafily be feen from one tower to another.
In the villages were lefs fquare towers, three
ftories high; but the Cbinefe faid, that they
were pagodas.

One of the flrft things on arriving here is
to procure a bancjhall ; this is, a great houfe
conftrufted of bamboo and mats on a place ap-
pointed for that purpofe, in which the ftores
of the fhip are laid up, and whatever is not
.abfolutely neceffary on-board, or whatever
Vol. IL (^ WQuld

^26 TO RE EN'S VOYAC-E.

would be in the way during the cleanfmg,
lading, and clearing of the {hip. The Dutch
fay, that they will fpend no money in building
a baticjhal; but others fay, that the Chinefe
will not give them leave. Thofe who have
been confined to a {hip fo long as we had been,
would eafily be attracted by the adjacent ifles
•to go on ftiore. The French ifland, where
the French have their bancjhals, is almoft the
only one where we enjoy the liberty of bury-
ing our dead. It is dangerous for a fmgle per-
fon to venture too far, becaufe he is in danger
of being {tripped to the very mirt. Though
the curiofity of the Europeans may not be per-
haps void of blame ; yet the natives look as
if they were glad to find a pretence to ufe
violence againft a Granger, efpecially when
they are fure of over-powering him.

On the panage from the place where the
fhips ride at anchor to Canton, which is one
Swedijh mile and a half, you are obliged to
have your baggage vifited three or four times.
The cufiom-houfe officer, who lies in his boat
continually, quite clofe to the fliip, gives an
inventory of every thing you take with you ;
and all that you carry befides is to be confifcat*
ed according to the laws at the three cuftom-

houfes^

CHINA, 1751, -22y

Jioufes, where you are obliged to flop; except
you go in a floop with a flag. The river is
at firll on both fides bordered with rice-fields 5
and this is the fatal fccne on which many laf-
civious Europeans r'hate lofl their health.

The further you advance up the river, the
more the number of both great and fmali v ef-
fete increafed, part of which lie (till, and part
go up and down the river. Nearer to the
town they have fcarc'e room upon the river ;
but are for'ced to bear hard one againfr. ano-
ther behind and before j and to form, as it
were, ftreets, length-ways and crofs-ways.
Thofe Who in this manner fpend their time on
the water, are not all of them Jailors or fiiher-
men : the ferrymen, who come and fet off at
certain times, are in great numbers ; but the
rowers, or oar-men, are (till more numerous.
The others are tradefmen, fuch as carry on
fome fort of bufmefs ; they keep wives and
children, hogs, and chicken, together with
all their utenfils, in thefe boats ; for which
reafon they need not come on more : and there
are particular people appointed by the go-
vernment to overlook them. I can fay no
more of the city of Canton itfelf, than that it3
drawing in Lord Jnfcn's Voyage round the
Q 2 world

2a8 TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

world is inaccurate, and taken from an old
drawing which I had already feen in Sweden
before Lord An/on left England ; and the ori-
ginal itfelf is very faulty. It is furrounded
by a fmooth, round, high rampart, which has
at the top loop-holes, or crenaux, very clofe
together. In the river are three little iflands,
with caftles in the fame manner ; with this ad-
dition, that in the infide a cavalier two ftories
high is raifed, which commands the works
within and without, and likewife ferves as a
retirade. The other redoubts on the neigh-
bouring hills on the country fide are of fuch a
conftru&ion, as (hews that the plan is defigned
for fecurity, but not to fhew their genius for
war, A work like this might be defended for
a long while in this country by good officers
and valiant foldiers : but when a Cbinefe knows
there is a place of retreat, he would hardly
dare to perform heroic achievements on the
out-works.

The fuburbs, in which the Europeans have
their factories, are divided by many canals,
and crowded with buildings as full as pofTible ;
for feveral of the houfes are even a great way-
over the water, built on piles. The lodgings
are fpacious, and the yards narrow and long,

and

CHINA. 1751. 229

and therefore they have been obliged to make
fhift as they can. Since they like to lead their
foughs underground, the foundations of their
houfes mufl coft a great deal ; but the fuper-
ftrutfures are not very durable. Here and
there you meet with open yards, in the midft
of which the floors of lodging-rooms are laid,
and covered with nothing elfe but a tile-roof.
The (fairs are under the fame inconvenience
with thofe at Suratte, viz. they are narrow,
and the fleps are high and likewife narrow.
When the rooms cannot get light enough from
the doors and open walls, they have windows
of mother-of-pearl : for which reafon the ca-
thedral church at Goa, on account of fuch
windows, need not be thought one of the
wonders of the world. The walls are covered
with fine white or painted paper, and orna-
mented with fome Chinefe or European draw-
ings. The Chinefe in their own houfes fix up
generally fome tables of proverbs. Almoft
clofe to each room is a little garden, in which
are fome flower-beds, and fcaffolds for flower-
pots, and greater veifels for fhells, eold-
fifhes, &c. •

Their pillars or columns ferve only to bear

the rafters. Mr. Chambers, 1 fuppofe, has al-

Q. 3 ready

23? TOREEN'S VOYAGL

ready given us the proportion of the parts.,
To judge by the appearance of a triumphal
arch, the width of the middlemoft portico
feemed to be two thirds of the whole height :
the fide porticos were in the lame proportion
to the middlemoft, with regard to height and.
breadth. The populace hindered me from
faking a more exact meafure.

You find no trees trained up by art, nor
Walks, nor flower-pieces of feveral figures, in
a Chu:efe garden ; but every thing is in an
agreeable natural confufion. Inflead of grot-
toes they throw a heap of a porous fort of
Clones together, which look like rocks and
mountains. This tafle of the romantic in gar-
dens extends even to the fmall flower-beds^
and flower- pots in houfes.

One of the principal pagodas is in a fine
wood in the fuburbs; on the outfide it is like
the others, but it is higher and more fpacious,
I was told, that it formerly belonged to the
jefuits. The iiruclure and {lories are entirely
according to a correct Chrnejc tafte. In the
Jowelt divifion, or in the hall, were four gi-
gantic flatucs, one of a white, one of a
brpwrij one of a black, and one of a red

colour^

CHINA. 1751. 2,r

Colour, in the attitude of flourifhing about
them with their fwords : this has no Chinefe
appearance ; for, even fuppofing they knew
the complexion of the Americans (of which,
however, I greatly doubt), they would moft
probably be of opinion that the honour of at-
tending upon the gods belonged to themfelves
alone, exclufive of all others. Thefe flames
have iikewife wider eyes than are to be met
With among the Chinefe. Perhaps they were
intended to fhew the univerfaluy of the church
of Rome, about v/hich they give themfelves
more trouble than about all its other qualities.
In the back-parts is a court furrounded with
low buildings ; before it (lands an high, open,
large houfe, which is broader than long, as
is ufual in pagodas. Steps furround the whole
building, as is ufual in the South of Europe.
Nobody is allowed to pais through the door,
for reafons unknown : therefore I decline ad-
vancing any uncertain furmifes concerning the
idols, which could hardly be difcerned in fo
dark a room. On advancing forr.ewhat fur-
ther, you again come to a yard, which is divid-
ed by a canal, and has Iikewife a pagoda of
two ftories high on the other fide. In the
lower itory a fquat, fat, half-naked idol, is
feated upon an altar or fofa ; it feems ro be
Q*4 breaking

232 TOREEN'S VOYAGE,

breaking out into an horfe laugh ; and is fit*
ting on one leg, and holding up the other
knee : in fhort, it is in a very indecent pofture,
Before it (lands an iron perfuming vafe, on
which matches made of wood-fhavings are
burning. In the upper (lory is a female fi-
gure, fitting with her legs acrofs, and fmiling
very decently with downcafl eyes. Both fta-
tues are of a gigantic fize, and gilt all over.
Out of town, in the outward apartments of a
pagoda fituated on a hill, are two white equef-
trian flames. In the mod outward room is a
little flame reprefenting a woman with a child
in her arms ; in the inner room is a larger idol
on a chair, which, after the Chinefe fafhion,
has a long beard ; and before it are four
other ftatues. In each houie, and aboard all
fhips and fampanes, is a little chapel on the
larboard fide, in which they burn incenfe, or
put orange-trees, &c. Sometimes the whole
chapel ccnfilts of painted, fometimes of torn,
paper, and a vellei with afhes and matches.

The failors, and even fome books of voy-
ages (as may be feen from de Uris^s notes), call
the pagodas , Tofs-houfes : for, on enquiring of
a Chinefe for the name of the idol, he anfwers,
Qrande Tofs, inflead of Gran D'w. I have not

feen

CHINA. 1751, 233

feen the deformed idols of which Pinto fpeaks.
The bonzes, who minifter in the pagodas, wear
long grey cloaths, reaching down to the feet,
with wide fleeves ; their heads and beards are
fliaved ; their caps are black and round. On
the other fide the river is a great pagoda, where
near 1 00 bonzes are kept. They have fuch a
great field, that they are not only able to foW
the necefTary rice and fruits for themfelves,
but likewife to keep cattle ; which, it is faid,
they only feed and bury. They have all the
neceffary tradefmen among themfelves, where-
fore they do not feem to be troublefome or
chargeable to others. Proceflions with idols,
mafks, plays, and jugglers tricks, are fre-
quent enough. As for the reft, the Cblnefe
trouble themfelves very little about their gods
and pagodas.

The people differ very much in fize, but
are feldom tall. The men have a yellowifli
fkin ; the ladies are fair, but the common wo-
men tawny. The bone above the eyes pro-
jects very far, and forms a triangle with the
chin. Moft of them never quite open their
eyes : and I am told, that the cuftom of bear-
ing the children at their backs, with their
heads hanging down, occafions as it were a

fwelling

234 TO RE EN'S VOYAGE.

{welling of the eye Livda 5 for the orbits are
the fame with them as with other people.
Their nofes are fomewhat fiat : their lips mid-
dling■■; and their looks, when they hope to
gain any thing, as fweet as pofhbly can be.

The children are at firit lhaved, that their
hah may grow the thicker ; afterwards one or
three locks are left. The men, as is well
known, are obliged to fnave their heads, ex-*
cepuijg a crown, which

they plait into three traces. 1 heir high value
Tor 'their locks of hair feems to abate in foipe
meafure; for at Stye da I faw two Chinefe,
who, living there, and having laid afide all
thoughts of feeing China again, had lhaved
their heads': whereas their neighbour, who
Was likewife a Chinefe, had all his hair tied in
the old faihion. Their beards do not grow
■well1; but perhaps they chufe to have a thin
"beard. If a Chinefe is afked what fum would
Induce him to part with his tuft of hair ? he
again aflb, what ycu would take for your
head ? And no wonder that they are fo very
careful of an ornament which they have per-
haps nourilhed for twenty, thirty, or more
years together. The women tie their hair
•above tfye top of the head ; and to make the

wft

CHINA. ifi¥- 235

tuft of a. confiderable thicknefs, they fatten
fome falfe hi-: to it, and flick as many and as
coflly pins or bodkins in it as their circum-
stances will alio-; c They take a great deal
of pains to have .mocth and glofly hair; but
this is perhaps the reafon why their hair wears
off and becomes thin, and draggling when
they grow old. Both fexes let their nails grow
as long as poffiMe, if they do not interfere,
Vrith. their bufinefs.

You fee many blind men x in the ftreets ;
and they are the only beggars which are to be
obferved. The alms which the Chinefe give
them, confifl of a fpoonful of rice. The moft
common difeafe here is that which naturally
proceeds f.om promifcuous luft. A grave
Chinefe afferted that they cure this difeafe in
a hundred days, per nxvoipxyUv aliernis die-
bus , ahernis jejwnjb. I cannot be aniwerable
for the truth of this account ; but fo much I
know, thai it is poffible to procure a fufficient
quantity of this food. A Chinefe would like
tetter to take money for his children, than to

* Perhaps theHindnefs of the fchinefe is for the greateft
part the effect of their voluptuous irregularities ; there may
}>e alfo 01 her caui'es. Compare with this Tijjbt defebr, biliof,
p. 187, 180,

be

536 TOREHN'S VOYAGE.

be obliged to throw them into the water for
nothing. I have no reafon to doubt of the
facl I hint at ; fmce I have feen feveral chil-
dren floating on the water : but I cannot pre-
tend to fay whether they are deftroyed with
or without the permiffion of the magiftrate.

Their cl oaths are wide and long, generally
confiding of gawze c (tuffs. Their

boots are embroidered, and made cf a fpecies
of filk, have thick foles and no heels. Their
head is covered with a hat plaited of canes
and lined with tiffany ; the hat is cone-fhaped
or like a cover of a difh. On the top of it is
a tuft of red filk, which covers the hat on all
fides ; and on the tuft is a button, by which
is diflinguifhed the quality of the wearer, as
father Du Halde mentions. In winter they wear
round caps of black velvet or fattin, with a
ihallow brim, on which is a tuft of red filk
threads: they likewife wear warmer cloaths.
The common people wear coarier fluffs, {lock-
ings of nankin, fhoes without buckles of the
fame fluff, and go generally bareheaded. The
pooreft of all wear only breeches. The wo-
men go bare-headed ; their cloaths fit fome-
what clofer to the body, but flays are un-
known among them. An Englijbman had his

wife

CHINA. 1751. 237

wife with him at Canton this year : but the
Chinefe could find no proportion between her
fpacious hoop-petticoat and her waift. Their
ihoes are pointed; and have high heels, on
which they go crippling as upon flilts ; be-
caufe the unnatural pofition of the foot takes
off all the ftrength and ufe of the toes. The
poor only wear a fliort petticoat over their
breeches.

The whole world knows how difficult a
matter it is to learn the Chinefe language ; but
you can have no true idea of it, till you hear
it fpoken yourfelf. Their various accents oc-
cafion the great difficulty. They pronounce
one word as if they were quarrelling, and pro-
long the next as if their tongue was fixed to
their gums. Their flrong afpirations, even
before the initial confonants, cannot be pro-
nounced by every tongue. The European lan-
guages are not very difficult to the Chinefe, if
only die D and R could be rejected. For
they fay inftead of doclor and padri, locla and
pali. They can in foir.e meafure avail them-
felves of the D, but as to the R it is too diffi-
cult for them. They generally converfe with
the Swedes in broken EngJiJh ; and fometimes
in broken Portugueze, French, and Dutch : and

fome

233 TO RE EN'S VOYAGE.,

fome of them fpeak a few words of Swedijhi
A Chincfc merchant being aiked whether hef
had any {lockings? Anfwered, no habb. A per-
fon pointed to a pair of (lockings and faid
what is that? Oh, faid he, telumbo, tclumbo.
When he is to fay great or fmall, he fays
grande or galande, and pequenini ;' and fo in
other inflances.

Of their genius and character, others have
given accounts. I can but wonder that the
miflionaries, when they fpeak of their reign-
ing vices, fuch as avarice, voracioufnefs, great
and petty thefts, lhould mention nothing of
their beaflly lull. It is incredible to fuppofe
them not to have known any thing about it.
Though the Chinefe are too cautious to boafl:
of their irregularities, like fome Europeans $
yet, if you have refided fome time at Canton^
you will underftand the Latin bard, who ima-
gined that he tailed the waters of Aganippe,
while he was drinking fomething which mould
not be named. Some perhaps may think that
fuch fins are looked upon by the miffionaries
as peccadillos or little offences, which are of
fmall account; but that would be judging
too hardly of the reverend fathers. Without
doubt, they did not chufe to difcredit the na-

fiodj

CHINA. 175-z. '£&

tson, and mention fuch difadvantageous cir-
cumflances. But be this as it will, yet we
cannot attribute this vice to the climate, as we
might have been rafhly led to do: for the
whole argument falls to nothing, when it is
feen that the Perfees, which are patterns of
chaftity at Suratte, are in the fame climate
with the Moors, and have a warmer air than
the Italians,

They are courageous only when they are
fet on ftealing ; for then they venture their
backs, and even their lives. They are, how-
ever, revengeful and malicious, like all narrow
minded people. You look in vain among the
greateft part of them for difinterefted grati-
tude, pity, placability, and a generous- man-
ner of thinking. Had Rochefoucault been bora
and bred among theChinefe, he would probably
have denied the exiflence of virtue : yet with
all thefe faults they are very civil, and are ob-
liged to be fo, becaufe private ceremonies are
the object and bufinefs of one of the mod con-
fiderable colleges of the empire. The fol-
lowing is the manner of faluting among them*
They clench their left nTt, put the right hand
on it, drop it down, bow, and lift it up again.
Thofe who have accuflomed themfelves to

th-5

240 TOREEN'S VOYAGE

the more free manners of the Europeans, only
clench their fifls, and fay kin, kin. They ufe
much ceremony at coming in ; and before they
fit down, will be entreated to do it feveral
times. If you vifit them, they entertain you
with tea, comfits, and even with European and
Cape wine, adapting every thing to the ex-
pectations they have of the traffic you are to
carry on with them. You are at liberty to
walk about their rooms, but muft not ap-
proach their females : for the Chinefe, like all
nations among whom polygamy prevails, are
jealous. All that I have faid relates only to
merchants and tradefmen. How it is with the
noblemen, I know not : for what the common
people fay of them is not to be relied on, and
travellers are apt to add fomewhat of their own
invention.

LETTER

CHINA. 175*. 241

LETTER VI.

AS I have acquired fome knowledge of bo-
tany by your kind affiftauce, and have
heard and read of the merits of Baron Rbeede in
this branch of learning, I fhould have been in-
excufeably negligent if I had paffed over his
epitaph in filence. As it was inconvenient for
me to keep pions, I experienced on this, as on
many other occafiions, the difficulty of waiting
till I could get company : but even thefe
would not always flop, when I met with any-
thing which according to my judgement ap-
peared remarkable. When I came the fs-
cond time to Baron Rheede's grave, I found
the mutters fattened. Therefore I could not
copy the whole epitaph y, but only the prmci~
pal things, which I mould have communicated
long ago, had I thought they were not known,

I hope I mall be able to fay openly in Szlt*
den what they make no great fecret of in that
country, namely that he had been poifoned :
nor is it unlikely ; for (o great power in the
hands of an honefl man mud be very dreadful

y The translator does not think the epitaph intereii-
ing to an Englijb reader.

Vol. II. K to

242 TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

to fome people. If you were to hear fome
anecdotes told in Eajl India of the Dutch man-
ner of governing there, you would by no
means be aftonifhed to find that the intereft of
the company is but feldom trufled to any but
thofe who have given undeniable proofs of
the good attachment to their own. One is apt
to expect that the magiftrates will take cogni-
zance of thefe things : but they bring this ex-
cellent maxim with them out of their own
country, leven en leven laten z ; which keeps
them from making any drift enquiries.

With your leave, I now intend to proceed
to defcribe our voyage, and add the reft of my
obfervations on the behaviour of the Cbinefe.

They are either incapable of^ or not ufed
to, an habit of intenfe inveftigation. Many
Europeans are likewife obliged to confefs with
father Loubere, that one is incapable of think-
ing much in hot climates. On the other hand,
their application to trade is fo much the
greater ; they purfue gain, without being
tired; and as their expectations are frequent-
ly boundlefs, fo bankruptcies are frequent
among them. All men here traffickj and

z To live, and to let others live,

when-

CHINA 17510 243

when a journeyman comes from his work,
he goes about felling trifles, or flolen goods.
They have in common with many other na-
tions, the art of cheating in accounts, in mea-
fure, Weight, and quality of goods ; and like-
wife know how to raife the price of their
goods at certain junctures. . At the arrival of
the mips from Embden> the exchange never fails
,to alter.

They are always ready to fell or to ex-
change ; but they feldom pay away any filver,
except for provocatives, of which there is
a great fale. It is very peculiar, and one
would hardly believe, that they mould fet fo
great a value on antique paintings, and Por-
cellane* I once afked a merchant the price of
a common tea^potj which would hardly have
coft three dollars of copper money in Sweden^
but he demanded ten pieces of eight, and
mewed me a ftamp at the bottom of it, accord-
ing to which, he faid, it was made in the times
of fome emperor, who lived four thoufand
years ago ; as if fuch poor frail vefTels had at
that time been made ufe of to afti(t chrono-
logy. The occafion of this high price is, pro-
bably, becaufe the government efteems anti-
quities.

E 3, Here

244 TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

Here are many artifts who are diligent, and
reafonable as to their prices, efpecially if you
do not fuffer yourfelves to be cheated, as fre-
quently happens to new comers. Their open
fhops have this advantage, that no trade re-
mains a my fiery, or is looked upon as difficult
by the people paffing by : this, is certainly a
great advantage to the inhabitants of the
fouth ; and might probably take effect in the
north, if that cuftom was eftablifhed, that no
one mufl come into a fhop who does not in-
tend to make fome purchafe. I am almofl led
to believe that this ftubbornnefs and fufpicion
comes from the ufages of the artifts a.

The Canioncfe take great pains to make
their goods ftrike the eye, and fell well: but
they do not take the fame care to make them
good and flrong; nor do they offer tiiem as
the belt and fined ; for when they have a mind
to praife their goods, they fay that they come
from Nicking, viz. Nanking filk, Nanking ink,
Nanking fans, and even Nanking hams.

* In Svjecbn and in man)' northern countries the artiil*
and tradefmen have often certain filiy cuiionis and cere-
monies, through which the apprentices mufl pais when,
they me to bs declared journeymen. F.

The ik

CHINA. 1751. 345

Their painters would acquit themfelves
very well, if they knew how to made. You
meet with very fine drawings painted on paper
and glafs ; and likewife the very word. Ja-
panned wood and enameled copper is feldom
to be got elfewhere at the price which it bears
here. I have not heard of any carvers in
wood or flone ; but images and buds of clay
are cheap.

The joiners copy almoft every thing that is
{hewn them. They have but few tools ; and
what mould they do with a joiner's-bench,
when their foot ferves the fame purpofe? The
chief ftrength of their joints is from the glue.
Nor do the fmiths undertake any great pieces
of work : for when they intend to make rings
or buckles, they do not beat them round, but
call the metal.
i

Both weavers and fuch perfons as prepare
filk and cotton are in great numbers. Here
are likewife gcldfmiths, pewterers, Porcellane
painters, and tinkers, together with many
others. Thofe perfons who cut peoples nails
and corns make ufe of an inflrument, which is
J&e that of a turner.

H 3 Their

Sf<5 TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

Their barbers have an exceeding light
Jiand at fhaving ; but a perfon who is not ufed
to their cuftoms, will be aftonifhed when they
afterwards pull him by the nofe, and begin to
thump his back with their clenched fills.

Their phyficians feern.to be very atten-
tive, becaufe they fpend an hour in feeling the
pulfe; but they mult likewifc make ufe of
quacks tricks, when they pretend to tell by it
the number of ftools which the patient has
jiad,

The dropping and weak eyes of the Cblnefe
are occafioned by the rice, which is their mod
ufual food, as the Europeans fay. Next to rice,
their mod ufual diet is bacon and fait fifh ;
both are cut into little bits, and eaten together
with the rice : they convey the victuals to their
mouths with a couple of flicks. People of
higher quality feaft upon birds-neftsb, fmews
of deer, and the like corroborative dainties.
Between meals they make ufe of tea, fweet-
meats, betle, and tobacco, which is almoft as
fmall as muff, and is fmoaked in brafs tobacco
pipes by perfons of both fexes. The Ohmfc^

& See note, p. 258, vol. I.

S3

CHINA. 1751. 247

as Well as all other eaftern nations, love opium,
though it is ftrongly prohibited.

They love to play with dice, at a fort of
draughts c, and with wooden cards, &c. ; yet
the liberty of playing is under fome reftri&ions
among them. Their jugglers are exceedingly
dexterous ; one of them produced a piece of
wood, and after fome hocus pocus brought a liv-
ing fnake and a tortoife before us. They aft
plays in the flreets, between two of the upper
ftories, or in other places where there is room
for the fpectators. In the reprefentation of
their plays, they run into many grofs abfurdi-
ties ; fuch as reprefenting two armies by eight
or ten perfons, who, inftead of climbing up
rocks, get upon chairs, and fo on. However,
the companies, which confifl merely of littte
boys, poflefs a wondrous fluency of language ;
for they often a& whole days together with-
out flopping, making grimaces without end,
now fmging, now fpeaking, and all together
keeping exa&ly in time. When they fight and
wreflle, they muft exactly know how to hit the

c This is perhaps the Cbinefe chefs or Jiang-ti, of
which; fee Hyde Syntagma Dijfcrt. vol. II. p. 143. Jeqq.
et tga. ad p. J44. F.

R 4 blow,

848 TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

blow, and to throw themfelves down with a;
•exact cadence as in a dancing fchool. They
can reprefent fome paflions as well as if they
were real- One boy was once reprefenting a
very fufpicious man, who was however to be
very fubmhTive to his wife ; and another a
wife who was fomewhat of a coquette, yet knew
how tQ make ufe of her power, and was very
artful. At firft they came to blows; but when
madam began to fob, cry and figh fo that her
whole body fhook, the hufband could hardly
make her pardon him, though he fell down
on his knees feveral times ; and the articles
of peace feemed to be very difadvantageous to
him. The mufical jnftruments ufual on this
occafion are firft a couple of pieces of wood
half a foot long, tied together at one end, and
put acrofs the thumb ; which when fhaken,
make a clattering noife like caflanets. Befides
thefe they have little drums, great and fmall
kettle drums, gungungs or round brafs ba-
fons like frying pans, flutes, guittars, metal
hautboys, (trait horns, and an instrument which
I lent over formerly, and which confifls of a
hemifphere to which thirteen or fourteen pipes
are applied, catching the air blown into the
cavity by valves. If the padoral flute of Pan,
\vas not made in this manner, I do not know

how

CHINA. I75i' 249

how he could expfefs thirty-two parts. How
bad foever their mufical tunes may be, yet
they put a higher value on them than on thofe
pf Corelli : and they defer ve fome commenda-
tion for their flrill in keeping time, for when
five or fix play together you fcarce d^mguifli
mpre than one.

LETTER

m TO RE EN'S VOYAGE.

i
LETTER VII.

THOUGH I have taken care not to men-
tion what I have already found well
described in other authors, yet I fee from the
Stockholm gazette, that I have either relied too
much on my memory, or on the heads in the
Englijh collections.

The Chinefe ell, or cubit as it is called, con-
tains about fourteen inches three-fifths. I
doubt whether they have any folid meafure ;
fmce they weigh every thing, even wood and
water. A pekul is about 142 pounds and a
half, Swcdijb weight: 100 katly make one
■pekul: with this they weigh heavy goods.
Gold, filver, and the like, are weighed by the
id, of which fixteen make a katty. A tel
contains ten mcfs; ten kanderins make one
■?nefs, and a kanderln weighs ten kas. Father Dit
Halde mentions yet eight gradual lefs weights;
fo that nfun, which is the lead of all, feems
only to be of ufe to thofe who will try by
cutting an4 weighing whether matter is infi-
nitely diviiible. They have, as is well known,

a

CHINA, i7«>i. 2SI

a brafs coin of the fize of a Swedijh
piece of two groats, which has a fquare hole
an the middle. In value it is proportionable
to the kas of filvfcr j however, at prefent,they
only give eight fuch brafs kas for a kanderin ;
in the fame manner as gold for fome reafons is
always valued fourteen times and a half more
pan fllver on this voyage.

Their ftmpun, or table of accounts, is a
fquare frame, which is longitudinally divided
by a fmall piece of wood, not exactly in the
middle. In it are 1 1, 1 3, 2 1? or more wires>
on which roll little balls, namely, two on one,
and five on the other fide: the latter fignines
U io, ioo, &c. and the other two oppofitc
to thefe five (hew the units, tens, &c. They
go on very readily with adding and fubtraft-
wgjj but as for the reft, it will not do fo well.
1 now am forry that I cannot draw; but if I
remember right there is a drawing of the
Junpun in Loubere's Defection of Siam, and
beiides that, I fent you fuch a>/«» the lafl
time. They write with a pencil, which they
hold perpendicularly, between the thumb and
the two lafl fingers, and only lean their hand
on me table, or on the paper. One would
be led to thmk that they muft write very flow-

%$i TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

\y ; however, their pencil runs as quiekry as
the pen of one of the readieft European clerks,
They have likewife a current fort of writing,
which they only make ufe of when they write
fail.

To keep 900,000 Cantonefe in order, no
meafures can be fo eifectuai as thofe taken by
the Chinefe, Juftice is done very fpeedily,
efpecially when the fact is quite recent ; but
injuftice as frequently takes place. It fome-
times happens that feveral objections delay
their giving fatisfaction to the Europeans. The
Europeans do not eafily give up any of their
privileges ; but when they cannot fucceed, the
fault is in the Chhiefe officers, who do not take
a right cognizance of the affair. Of this
you find examples in Lord Anfon's Voyage.
But if one threatens to apply -for juftice in
higher courts, they are afraid that their fupe-
riors will punifh them with heavy fines. The
faleof the loweft places of truft, even that of
a mandarin, is fo common, that every one
fpeaks of it, and they venture to mention it
in the mod public manner. A furveycr, who
Jay along-fide cur fhip, took a confiderable
fum of money from the matter of the boat,
S7ith whom he lodged, for the money which
2 the

CHINA. 1751. 2$3

the fellow could make from our crew : and
the furveyor faid, that he was forced to pay
money to the cuflom-houfe officer : and fo ic
feems to go round. It often happens here jufl
as I was told it does in the Portugueze regula-
tion of the cuftom-houfes, namely, that the
revenue from it looks well on paper, but ac-
tually is worth little or nothing. The police,
however, is excellent: for it keeps every
thing quiet at night both in the town and on
the water, where an officer goes his round re-
gularly. The gates in the ftreets, which are
fhut up at night, are always open near the
factories, for the convenience of the Eiti-opeans ••
and in thofe places where in day time you
muft be on your guard for fear of pick-pock-
ets, you may pafs without danger in the night

time.

If you go further^ up into the town, they
call you names, and pelt you with (tones, which
fly about your ears as thick as hail. If you
intend to go out of town, you muft have com-
pany, walk fait, and carry a good ftick.

Both petty larceny and theft are punifhed
by a certain number of lafhes with a bamboo
ftick, The prisoners are fo fettered abotit the

head

254 TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

head and on one hand, that they cannot lift it
to their head. In Augujl, in the year 1748,
they difpatched fome rebels at Canton by tying
a rope twice round them, and fattening a
horfe to each end, and fo cutting the body
quite through. ' And as both high and low
officers are the fovcreign matters of their vaf-
fals, criminals are obliged, even for trivial
faults, to fuffer with the greatett fubmiffion;
and on their knees to hear themfelves repri-
manded, and to fuffer themfelves to be fpit on.

As for wild beads, tigers are faid to
frequent the mountains over which the
northern roads pafs : for fear of them it
is, that in winter nights you fee hundreds of
lanthorns carried before the travellers. Their
dogs can do no more than bark, little dogs
efpecially. Sfianijh ones are the delight of the
Chinefe ladies ; and their hufbands pay dearly
for them: and I think there is fome hufband*
craft in it ; for the affections mutt be fixed on
fome object.

Here are buffaloes, oxen, and fiieep whofe
tails are a hand's breadth long, and very
broad. Swine are numerous, and their flefh
is daily eaten. Here are few horfes, nor

do

CHINA. 1751. 25S

do they want any, becaufe people of quality*
are carried in chairs : and thofe commodities
which cannot be carried in boats, are borne
on mens moulders : and on this occafion the
feeble Chinefe fhews the advantage of a knack-
or fleight : they have an eafy fmooth flep,
and always lay the poles obliquely on their
ihoulders, by which means the collar-bone is
left unhurt. They can very eafily change
Ihoulders, and three of them know how to
fhare an equal part of a weight too heavy for
two, and too light for four perfons.

Cats are very neceffary, on account of the
number of mice. The Chinefe judge of the
goodnefs of a cat by the colour of her eyes,
and their changes ; for they fay a cat changes
them twice a day.

Qu ails, gtde, and chicken,, are plenti-
ful. I like wife faw fome Siamefe fowls,
which have a double back-toe. Ducks ars
bred by hundreds in one boat, and at certain
fignals either go out or come in. Cockado is a
fpecies of white parrots, with -& yellow creft
(Pfittacus crljlatus). They often expofe rare
birds and animals to fale in the fa&oYies : but

I am

2$6 toreen'S Voyage,

I am not fond of looking at what I cannot
buy.

Though the Chinefe drefs ever fo light,
yet they are troubled with infects. The gnats ,
or mufquitos, are fo troublefome to the Euro-
peans at night, that they mud be kept off by
curtains : for the place which they iting be-
comes painful, and fwells. A fpecies of blattas^
called cockroaches in Englijh (Blatta oricntalis)
are brought to Europe in great numbers.

As you are better acquainted than I aiti
with the vegetables hereabouts, I fliall only
remark that I faw no cocoa- trees about Canton :
perhaps they will not grow fo near the tropic ;
for if they could be planted here, the Chinefe
Would certainly not forget to do it. We took
two tea fhrubs with us on our return : both
of them died, notwithstanding all our care. The
one was Ankay, and the other Soatchim : the
former had oblong, and the latter lanceolated
leaves.

Th£ fmaller vefTels of the Chinefe are call-
z&fampanes. They have a flat bortom, with-.-
out a keel, are broad, and not very deep in'
proportion to the length. They have feveral

divifions,

CHINA. 1751; 257

divifions, and are fo convenient that you are
fecure from rain and fun mine under the reed-
inats, which are fpread like an awning over
the boat, and are fupported With bambtx}
flicks. Such boats as thefe would be very
ufeful in many places of our Malar Lake.
They are rowed in a peculiar way, by one or
more perfons : the oars are neater than could
be expected from people who have no theory
hi their mechanicks : in the middle it is com-
pofed of two pieces, but fomewhat obliquely,
and turns en a fwivel, fo that the oar turns
both on the fwivel and in the water; and the
rower need only direct it. The part of the
oar which goes in the water is very broad,
iuch as is neceifary to fiat veflels, which have
no keel to cut the water, but miift only float
on it. On the forger fampanes, befides this, is
a ftiff oar fixed to the bending of the Jampane,
with which they may be eafily turned, even
when they are deep laden. Their anchors
(as is well known) are made of wood, fome-
times plated with iron on the ends ; and have
frequently only one arm. Inftead of the (tern,
they faften a piece of wood crofs-ways to the
arm, which anfwers the fame purpofe, as the
angle grows fharper by the conjunction. The
fails confift of mats, which are expanded by
Vol. IL S poles,

258 TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

poles, on the ends of which are ropes which
come together in a knot ; fo that all the parts
of the fail may be pulled at the fame time.

Their merchant mips, which are deflined
for long voyages, are deep, pretty fliort, and
will carry about 200 Szvcdijl) tons. We call
them yitnks d. They are likewife without keels ;
and have generally three malts, of which the -
greateft is fix fathoms long from the deck,
without the top-mafts. The (landing ropes are
made of twilled canes ; the fails are up. The
fpace under deck, is divided into feveral partiti-
ons ; and each partition is fo clofe, that if even a
leak fhouid fpring, the fhip would not be in
danger. Inftead of tow, they make ufe of a
cement, which to me feemed to be mixed with
ground bamboo. As the Cbinefc greatly admire
the figures of dragons, and prefer the moil
ugly ones, their pendants have the fame form.
If you go on board them, or take leave of
them, they play on the gungung; but they
know nothing of ftriking their colours, or of
what is to be done on that occafion. The
failors climb and tie what is needful with canes
inftead of hempen ropes.

d See Lord Anforis Voyage round the Word, Book III.
Chap. 10. Table xxxiv.

When

C II I N A. 1751. 250

When the whole naval force of the Chlnefs
Emperor is eftimated at 9909 fail by his fub-
je&s, a great part mud be at Canton : but at
that place are only great boats, which would
fink with ten twelve pounders. Nor are any
larger fliips of war required, while the Cbinefe
government has no intentions of making con-
quers by fea.

Five or fix of the above-mentioned boats
lie about the Europew fhips, to prevent afts of
violence and fmuggling. Their arms are
fliieldsof the ufeful bamboo, little fabres, haj-
berts, bows, pikes of a tremendous form, for
their point is almolt a yard long, and exactly
like a Wcjhogcthic knife, and little flings which
ft and on a kind of bow.

It is however very amufing (at leaf! for a
perfon that finds pleafure in obferving the dif-
pofitions of men, and their univerfal vanity)
to fee fome place-men row by each other :
every one who goes up or down the river has
his flag and his diftin&ion, by which the others
immediately know his rank : and if he who
lies in the river, or palfes by, is of a lower
quality, he mult beat his gungung firfl, to
S 2 which

26o TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

which the other anfwers with the fame inftru-
ment ; after which they wifli each other an
happy voyage.

The Chlncfe can certainly make gun-pow-
der : neither do they feem to be miftaken
when they difpute the invention of printing
and of making gun-powder with Holland,
Italy, and Germany. But their powder wilt
hardly ferve for any thing but fireworks ; for
though it gives a report, and foon takes fire,
yet it leaves a good deal of the charcoal on
the paper, and feems to have but little
flrength. It is very peculiar that fky-rockets,
fquibs, &c. and even- air-guns, may be pur-
chafed at very reafonable prices at Canton ;
while the people themfelves are fo afraid of
fire-arms, that they would even run from a
black bamboo flick.

If any body had told me before- hand, that
water would freeze "naturally at twenty-three
degrees and an half of latitude, I could not
have believed it. But now I had the tefti-
mony of my own eyes, and the Sivedijh ther-
mometer. Having (laid eighteen months in
this hot climate, the cold was fomewhat trou-
blefome in the open harbour, where we were

expofed

OFF CHINA. 1752. 261

expofed to the north eatl wind. We got clear
of this and other inconveniences when we
failed through the paffage at Bocca Tigris, the
4th of January 1752. We were provided
with a Chinefe pafs-port and pilot, and accom-
panied by many white porpoifes ; and, on the
6th, we quite left the Chinefe fhore. On the
19th of this month we were fo happy as to
reach the place which the Englijh call New-
bay, which is fituated on the fouth-weft of
Java : there we were to take in a flore of the
good water of that place. Half a quarter of
a Swedijh mile from the fhore is a little ifland,
called Cantaye in the French charts, which I
propofed to myfelf to vifit in our return : but,
unluckily, the only time that I was al-
lowed to go on fhore, the water was fo high
that I was forced to wade up to my middle ;
and for all my trouble got nothing but a great
piece of a millepora. I was therefore obliged
to content myfelf with fitting and obferving
the Javanefe, who are Mahometans ; they
fpeak the Malaic language, are of a tawny
complexion, and let their hair grow about as
low as their moulders, and tie it with baft of
trees. They chew betle in plenty, and are
ready to run a mile§for a little piece of opium.
Their boats have large fails, and on the lar-
S 3 board

TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

board a bamboo item, wUich is fattened to two
outriggers, and keeps the boat from ovcrfet-
ting, as it otherwife would do on the account
of its lighmefs. The javanefe brought cocoa-
nuts, plaintains, citrons, lcmties or lemontycs
(as the Dutch and our faiiors call them), on
board. The latter of thefe fruits is found to
be very plentiful in all fouthern Eajl India,
and is like a citron ; I never faw its flower,
but both Mr. OJbeck and myfelf have always
found the fruit to be ten jocular e . Befides
this, they had a fort of coarfe brown fugar
made of palm-trees, which the crew was for-
bid to purchafe, becaufe it occafions flrong
dyfenteries ; they likewife brought fowls,
fifties, tortoifes, fertularia, and fome daggers
of good workmanfhip, the blades of which
were undulated, and, as I was told, poifoned.

The 1 1 ft of January we left this place, and
experienced the weather at the Cape in March,
which as uiual was very difagreeable, and fluff-
ing from florins to cairns. We here faw one
of thofe tortoifes called Hazvkjbills by the

• The fume, is obfervable hi lemons : and this number
of leculi feems to be the moil: nr.mral in proportion to the
petals and Jlamina, though they are alio found eight aid
jvvclve hoilar, D. S. See vol. i. p. 506.

JAVA. 1752. 263

Engliflj ; its head is flat, and the upper jaw
like the bill, of an hawk. Its fhields lie above
one another alraoft like fcales; on the fore
paws are three nails, and on the hind feet are
two. The (hell is thicker and more variegated
than that of any others, for which reafon it
ferves' for all forts of work. Further on we
faw whales, and a zoophyte, which the Swedes
call by- de-wind- feglare {Holothuria phy falls) ;
the Englifh call it man of war ; the Dutch be*
fantyes ; and Dampler, if I am not miftaken,«tf-
lers f. The body is half round, (lands directly
upwards, has many long and many ihort ten-
taenia, is (limy, tranfparent ; fomewhat blue-
ifh ; fhines in dark' nights ; is poifonous, as I
myfelf have experienced; and fo light that it
will fcarce link in Spani/lo brandy. Beyond
the Cape they are fmall, in the ocean they are
larger, and very numerous efpecially in March,
The old failors who have often been to the In-
dies affirm that they have feen what Thevenot
calls Carnajfe. I cannot determine whether
thefe or the men of war are the true Bahar-
ras, which, according to your defire, Mr. La-
gerflrom enjoined me to look for.

f Linnteia places this animal among the MoUufia
ciafs of his worms ; and therelore I cannot account for
the author's millake in calling it a zoophyte. F.

S 4 On

*64 TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

On our approach to the tropick, \vc again
faw flying fifties. I mutt remark that all the
flying Mies which I faw eaitward of the Cape
had fhort pecloral-fins ; and their veniral-fins
were expanded while they flew, becaufe they
could not otherwife have prefer ved an equilu
brium. There is yet another fort of flying
filh, which has antenna s, and a veflel con-
taining an inky matter; but I cannot tell whe-
ther it is the Sepia loligo.

This time we did not touch at 67. Helena ,
but bore for the Ifland of Jfeenfion, where we
anchored the 6th of April. This country
has no other frefh water than what the rain
fometimes affords ; for which reafon it is dry
and barren, and only feems to be deftined by
Providence to be the habitation of ronoifes,
and to lerve as a placs of fomc refreshment for
feamen. Goats, pelicans, and many fea birds
breed here, notwitbftanding the intolerable
heat of the day, and the coldncfs of the night.
The few low ihores where we can land are
covered with a loofe pearl fand, in which the
tortoiies bury thai erg:- I did not fee how

f Not a?itennoe ; but, as L.innam calls them, tcntaath. F.

mtith

ASCENSION. 1752. 26s

much the tide falls, nor could any eftimation
be made, on account of the ftrong breakers ;
thefe are likewife fo violent againft the wind,
that in 1749 a floop with four men funk very-
near the Ihore.

I found nothing particular in the Sargaflc,
befides that peculiar animal, the drawing of
which refembles a fp id er : perhaps this was
only the fkin which fome animal had caff. off.

The 2 2d of May we fpoke with a French-
man, who had received accounts from St. Hele-
na of fuch events as had happened during our
abfence. It was peculiar, that an officer from
the French fhip afked us whether the Swedes
believed in the Apoftles Creed? When a
Frenchman has fuch mean thoughts of a Lu-
theran, the Spaniards and Portugueze may well
think us Turks and Heathens.

The 30th of May we faw the weftern iflands,
or Azores, on which every one of us expe&ed
to breathe fome frefh air ; but the refolution
was changed, and we failed for England. In
the mean time the fcurvy had attacked fome
of our men, It was very happy that they

were

266 TOREEN'S VOYAGE.

Were all Swedes. The 14th of June we faw
Englc::;d ; and after we had bought fome re-
frefhments and greens, we left Dover the 19th
of June. The 26th of June the Gothenburgb
rocks were the mod agreeable fight we had
met with during a voyage of twen-y-feven
months.

OLOF TOREEN,

Stroniflad,
the 3d of il/«7, 1753.

\ rlQRT

A SHORT

YORK

rtCAt*

DEN

ACCOUNT

0 F THE

CHINESE HUSBANDRY,

By CHARLES GUSTAVUS ECJCEBERG,

Captain of a Ship in the Swedish East India

Company's Service.

[ *5$ ]

A SHORT

ACCOUNT

OF THE

CHINESE HUSBANDRY.

FE W countries can boaft: the pofTeffion of
fuch a variety of different natural ad-
vantages, as not to fland fometimes in need of
the affiftance of others.

This imperfe&ion feems to be the only tie
by which civil focieties are kept together : but
in China nature feems to have followed a dif-
ferent mode, for of this empire we may juftly
fay, that it can exift by itfelf.

Its

27o CHINESE HUSBANDRY.

Its fituation is fo happy, that its northerri
parts are no more incommoded by the cold,
than the fouthern ones are by the heat. Both
are temperate for the inhabitants ; the wea-
ther in the country, in the intermediate fpace,
is mild, uniform, and accordingly pleafant to
live in, convenient for health, and apt to pro-
duce all kinds of plants.

The trade-winds, which are peculiar to the
fouthern and warmer regions, are no fmall ad-
vantage ; for the northern one clears the air,
by carrying away all the unwholefome vapour
jraifed by the heat; the fouthern one, on the
other hand, cools the fcorching heat of the
warm feafon. The greateft part of the Chinefs
frontiers are watered by extenlive feas, which
make good bays and harbours at moderate
diltances. While nature feems to have here
fet bounds to navigation, it opens new chan-
nels for it by means of navigable rivers, which
extend to the innermoft parts of the empire.
The tide, which goes up a great way into the
country, five Szvedijh miles above Canton, ren-
ders navigation more convenient ; and gives
the bed opportunity to the feveral towns of
communicating their advantages to each other,

by

State of tbe Country in General. 2yi
by an univerfal liberty of trading with one

another.

The foil is fo fruitful, that though the
hills and deep moraffes may look ever fo un-
promifmg, yet they repay abundantly the
work of the labourer : for the fpecies of corn,
of roots, and fruits, which in an infinite va-
riety fucceed each other, perfeftly well reward
their planters with continual harvefls.

. The great extenfive forefts afford feveral
fine and precious woods, ufeful juices, bitu-
mens, baft, and leaves, befides the feveral forts
of timber and wood for other purpofes. They
are likewife the habitations of many wild crea-
tures, which afford food and eloaths for the in-
habitants. Metals, flones, earths of many
forts, fait, gold-fand, pearls, corals though
not of the beft fort, and innumerable kinds of
fillies, which are very plentiful near the mores
of this country, fhew that nature has likewife
not been fparing in regard to them. The
fowls, which are found every where in great
flocks, delight the eyes, ears, and tafte. In
a word, the empire of nature is found in the
greateft perfe&ion in China ; the fined views,
fituations, and conveniences of all forts, which

could

272 CHINESE HUSBANDRY.

could not be brought to higher perfection by
the utmoft ftretch of human invention. They
have all the neceffaries of life, without want-
ing any thing from other countries : from
all which we however muft except thofe things
which may be reckoned among unneceffary
luxuries.

As the welfare of a country depends great-
ly on good order and induftrious inhabitants,
fo this empire likewife vies with many others
in this particular* The induftry of the Chinefe,
and their Ikill in all forts of trades, has not
only been obferved in all the defcriptions of
this empire, but We likewife know it from the
feveral goods which our fhips fetch from
thence* The raw materials for thefe trades
are produced plentifully in their country.

I intend here mortly to relate, as a proof
of. the exceeding great induftry of the Chinefe^
what I have obferved during a flay of fifteeri
months, at three different times, concerning
their conflant and particular ceconomyw

A G R U

AGRICULTURE. 273

AGRICULTURE.

In the fouthern parts of China, bordering
upon the fea, rice, a fpecies of corn which
grows bed in low and wet ground, is the prin-
cipal food, and in almoft all the eaftern coun-
tries. There are fpecies of rice, which will
fucceed in a higher, dry ground, as we fee
here and there in Java, and on fimilar high
places. This fort of rice is made ufe of by
the provinces which are next to Cafjton, and
have a dry and hilly ground ; but in Shantung,
or in the fouthern low provinces, it would be
a lofs to fow it ; becaufe its grains are final I,
and it takes half as much time again in ripen-
ing as the other fpecies does : and, on the
other hand, the other fpecies has larger grains,
grows better and quicker, and can, without any
damage, ftand continually under water. Of
this fort there is a more coarfe variety, which
looks reddifh, and is eaten by the common
people, and likewife ufed to diftill the brandy
from, which they call famfu.

I have been told that the further you go

to the north, the more you find the culture of

Vol. II. T rice

274 CHINESE HUSBANDRY.

rice decreafes ; and that rye, barley, wheat,
beans, peafe, &c. are cultivated inftead of it j
for which reafon, the inhabitants of the
northern parts, where rice will not grow at
all, are faid to be well acquainted with the
rrtanagement of the laft mentioned different
fpecies of corn.

The fouthern provinces likewife produce
fome wheat, beans, fmall peafe, and lentils,
which the inhabitants either make ufe of
themfelves, or fell to foreigners. But rice is
fown more plentifully ; and as it is ufed in-
itead of bread about Canton, I {hall fpeak
more particularly of it.

It has already been frequently demonstrat-
ed, that China is exceedingly populous. Moil
parts of the country are fo crowded with ha-
bitations, that you are amazed to fee the land
able to produce fufficient corn for fo many
millions of inhabitants ; and efpecially as they
are not fupplied with it from other places,
except by a few junks from Cochin China, or
Malay, and fometimes (but rarely) by a few
Dutch fhips. But When one comes to reflecl
upon their almoft incredible induftry in culti-
vating and ufing every thing which can be

made

AGRICULTURE. 27J

triade life of, and on their fparing and tempe-
rate way of life, it is a convincing proof thai;
a country can never be too full of fuch inhabi-
tants, fo as to want the neceffaries of life*
Rather, it is the number of induitrious men,'
that contributes to the riches of the country j
and to the comfortable fubfiftence of its inha-
bitants ; for every induitrious labourer, efpe-
daily a hufbandman, always produces more
from the grateful foil than he wants for him-
felf.

The pitch to which agriculture, and efpe-
cially the culture of rice, has been carried iri
China, is the principal foundation of the hap-
pinefs of this country. Husbandry is much
refpefted here, and has the greateft: encou-
ragements. The emperor himfelf, to (hew
the value he fets upon it, and to exhibit ari
example to his fubjects which deferves to be
followed, goes annually, on a certain folemn
day, into the field, attended by the noblemen
of the court, takes up the plough, prepares
and fows a piece of ground, and afterwards
reaps the corn with his own hands. But I
ftiuft confine ray felf only to the environs of
Canton,

T % EARTHS,-

276 CHINESE HUSBANDRY.

EARTHS.

The foil is as different at Canton as in other
places, according to the fituation. All low
grounds are covered with clay and black
mould ; but the higher the ground rifes, the
more a yellow and reddifh ochrous earth,
glimmer, and fand, prevail : when fuch a foil
has been left uncultivated and untouched for
a while, it acquires, by the vicifiltudes of rain
and fun-mine, as it were a petrified furface.
Notwithstanding this, pines, and other bitu-
minous trees, grow very well on it ; and fome
not very, tender plants, which in our country
grow on old walls, and on high rocks, ftrik-
ing their roots into the cracks : this ihews,
that the earth on the hilis, which is expof-
ed to the winds and heat, is difpofed ta
produce plants, though the rain waflies away
its manure.

The river Ta, or Taho, which runs into
the fea below Canton, the water of which is*
hereabouts a mixture of frefli and fait by the
tide, divides the country for the diftance of
fome miles round about the town, into many
greater and lefs iilands, whofe mores are

broad,

EARTHS. 277

broad, flat, and fa low, that for fome hours,
•when the flood is at higheft, they look rather
dike great feas than like corn fields. This
continual humidity mud naturally make the
clayey ground fwampy and morally, and ac-
cordingly the husbandmen rauft be up to their
knees in it when they work, before they can
get a folid ground.

It mould feem that a foil which is every
twelfth hour under water, mud be entirely de-
prived by it of all fatnefs and power of pro-
ducing corn, and become unfit for cultivation :
and that even when the water fhould bring
fomething on it, it would again be waflied
.away when the water runs off; and that there-
fore manuring would be of no ufe. And in-
deed the wet rice-fields get no other manuring
than the flumps of the rice, which are dug in
and left to moulder. Notwithflanding this,
thefe fields annually produce a very plentiful
crop. As often as the water overflows the
fields, it leaves behind it a flime which makes
the foil fruitful ; for the tide, which comes up
from the fea, is more faline and dirty than the
ebb, which is clearer when it runs off ; befides
this, the ebbing retires at firfl but flowly, and
is already run off from the rice-fields before
T 3. it

27$ CHINESE HUSBANDRY,

*t quickens its pace ; confequently the faline
flime, which has fettled itfelf and becomes ma-
nure to the fields, cannot be wafhed off again.

RICE-FIE LDS.

The rice-grounds are fo foft in fome places,
that the flood carries away the foil from the
ihores : to prevent this, they are planted
\vith cypreffes, whofe roots being twined
among one another give a confidence to the
earth. And as each great rice- field is fepa-
rated from the river by broad ditches, thefe
long rows of cypreffes make a very fine fheWj
efpecially when the field is under water.

They have a different fort of rice-fields
in higher places, fuch as cannot be watered
by the flood. About each of thefe fields
they make, for the fake of watering, a dyke
two or three feet deep, within which they ei-
ther colled pr let the water run off in the
rainy feafqn, as they think proper, but jn the
dry feafon they convey it to thefe fpots. The
foil of thefe fields is a mixture of a ftrong
day and mould : and as the annual pro-
duce thereof may be double that of the others,

they

RICE-FIELDS, 279

they are fupplied with feveral forts of manure.,
and are better taken care of.

Besides this, the Chinefe make rice-fields
from fwamps and brooks ; but fince thefe can-
not be kept uniformly moift without great ex-
pence and trouble, they generally miicarry
in dry years; Some perfons of credit among
the Chinefe have told me that the river in the
province of Tockian, which difcharges itfelf
at Schangthey, forms great flat fhores, and that
the inhabitants (difpleafed that fuch a confi-
derable piece of ground mould be ufelefs)
built rafts, fpread mats over them, and car-
ried foil and laid upon them, and then plant-
ed rice, to their great advantage. When the
winds fhifted, they fuifered fometimes from
florins : but this contrivance was reckoned
very advantageous, because they had always a
uniform degree of moifture from below, both
in the dry and wet feafon ; and in the latter
feafon they did not fuffer by the rain, becaufe
it ran off foon. This is an invention and a proof
of their induftry, which .deferves admiration.

The preparation of all the afore-mentipned

rice-fields is effected either with the plough,

or with a beck-hoe to break up the ground.

T 4 Both

28o CHINESE HUSBANDRY.
Both methods have the fame effeft, fince the
whole bufinefs required is to remove the old
rice flumps, and turn them under ground ;
for, as the ground is always fo foft that the
labourers mull wade up to the knees in it, the
work is very eafy. Their plough is very Am-
ple, and is drawn by an ox ; but with the
beck-hoe they can hkewife penetrate as deep
into the foil as they think proper, without
much trouble. By the next tide the ground
is made as even as if it had been rolled ; and
as the continual humidity of the foil hinders
the ground from binding together, they want
no other tools. All other forts of arable
fields are prepared in the fame manner, fince
they choofe that time for cultivation when the
ground is mod foftened by the wet, and ac-
cordingly can be 410ft eafily managed.

They manure, plough, and prepare a little
part of a field, about 60 feet fquare, either
more or lefs, which mull be as the other
ground, wet and fwampy, but at fuch a di-
stance from the river as not to be expofed to
inundations when the water is high in the
river. They fow it very thick with rice,
which is firft foaked in water, in which lime
and dung had been prevkmfly put. When

thg

RICE-FIELDS. 28t

the rice begins to come up, they keep the field
about a hand's breadth deep under water ; and
after thirty days the rice plants are ready to
be tranfplanted into larger fields.

They are not very curious in tranfplanting,
to place the plants in flrait lines ; but very
careful that every rice plant has the necef-
fary room, which is generally about eight or
nine inches from one another. The tranf-
planting itfelf is tranfafted (as all their other
bufinefs is) with great eafe, and in fuch a man-
ner, that they crop off about two inches from
the top of the plants, and plant each by itfelf:
but when they are too fmall, they plant feve<*
ral together fo deep into the foft foil, that the
roots immerfe full two inches. When the
rice is tranfplanted in this manner, they do not
meddle with it any more, except that now and
then while it is yet tender, they examine
whether the worms and little crabs do it any
damage: in which cafe, they fupply the place
of the deflroyed plants with frefh ones, and
afterwards fpread fome lime, which annoys
thefe animals,

M O N-

*8* CHINESE HUSBANDRY,

MONSOONS and WEATHER,

The fouthern parts of China, within the
tropkk of Cancer ■, are fo much influenced in
their weather by the neighbouring monfoons,
as to have the year divided into two feafons,
the wet and the dry. When the fun in Sep-
tember goes to the fouthward of the equi-
noctial line, the air cools by degrees, and
Oclober and part of November are generally
wet, with fogs and drizzling rain. As foon
as the wind turns N. E. the fky clears up, and
becomes free from vapours till this wind again
is quite fettled. In the following months the
weather is more conitant, till the fun again re-
turns from his winter courfe, and palfes the
equator in March , going to the north.

The heated air, which has by little and
little drawn up a quantity of moifture, returns
it again in heavy fhowers, which alvvay grow
ftronger in May and June, and are fo continual
that fometimes you .can count twelve or four-
teen rainy days one after- another. Thefe
very heavy rains are generally attended with
violent thunder and lightning, and hurricanes
from fouth to weft. Though the fun begins

in

WEATHER. 283

in June to go to the fouthward again, yet he
leaves behind him in thefe places a greater
heat th;.n what he caufed when he was per-
pendicular to them. The weather however
begins to be more conftant, and the number
of fair days rather encreafing, notwithftand-
ing the heat declines more feniibly than be^
fore by the inconflant weather, attended by
clouds and intermittent winds. Auguft is more
temperate, but has changeable weather, fome-
times calm, fometimes foggy, till towards the
beginning of September, which continues till
the other wind fettles. According to this view,
their rainy months are April, May, and June:,
for the rain then falls more plentifully, and in
fuch quantities that the water in great rivulets
rolls down the fleep places, and opens new
roads and ways for itfelf in the rocks. On
account of the drynefs which may be expe&ed
in the following months, the inhabitants con-
dud- this water into their rice-fields. We muft
here remark, that the fhifting of the winds
about the time when days and nights are
equal, feldom happens without a fort of vio-
lent ftorm, which generally blows two days be-
fore or after the change of the moon. The
lower air then grows .exceedingly thick and
£ull of fogs which on accopnt of the violence

Of

284 CHINESE HUSBANDRY.

of the wind cannot become rain, but is hur-
ried about with great violence. The itorra
increafes as the wind tacks to the weft ward ;
and when it is become quite wefterly, neither
trees nor houies are always fecure: it changes
ftill from one point of the compafs to the
other, till after twenty-four hours it begins to
abate. Such tempefts feldom pafs over with-
out doing fome damage among the fields,
boats, or houfes; for which reafon the Chlncfc
call it tayfongy or the great wind.

The Chlnefe know how to avail themfelves
of this periodical weather, to the great advan-
tage of their agriculture. They work the foil
when it is wetted by the autumnal weather,
and is yet foft for planting, or receiving the
winter-feeds; this happens about December:
and the air being then cooler, the water can-
not dry away fo foon, but that it mufl forward
both the growth and the crop, fo that the lat-
ter may be perfected in a hundred and twenty
days, that is, in April. The ground which is
then again foaked by the rainy feafon is ma-
nured a little, ploughed, and made ready for
the fecond reception of the feeds, or planting:
the ufual time for the fecond preparation of
the fields in the fame year, is either towards
2 the

WEATHER. 285

the end of May or beginning of June, One
fhould imagine that the viciffitudes of rain and
warmth would now more forward the growth
of the rice, than at the time of the firft
crop : however, they are obliged to wait longer
this time, ' and to count a hundred and thirty-
days from the planting to the reaping of the
rice ; for which reafon the harveft falls out in
September,

The low grounds are planted with rice-
plants, towards the end of April or beginning
of May. This crop requires as many days to
ripen as that on the other fields; and the crop
generally becomes ripe in September, After
this, the ground is not ufed till April, during
which time the /lumps and roots of the rice-
plants are fo mouldered, that they quite be-
come earth at the time of ploughing.

As foon as the rice begins to grow white, it
is cut with fickles, (the blades of which are
dentated like, faws), bound up in fheaves, and
carried to high dry places, where it is dried
and put under cover till it is to be thfefhed*
The threfhed rice is yet in its hulk, and is
called paddy; it is either ufed for feed, or as
fodder for the cattle ; but before the people

rife

s&S6 CHINESE HUSBANDRY.

ufe it, they pound it in ftone mortars with
wooden peflles, and cleanfe it from the loofe
chaff by winnowing.

Some hufbandmen, who have larger fields
than they choofe to cultivate, let a part of them
to poor people at a certain rent. Thefe te-
nants are riot men of fubftance enough to be
able to till the fields with ploughs and oxeri :
for which reafon they make ufe of the beck-
hoes, buy of others the neceffary rice-plants
for tranfplanting, threfh the reaped rice un-
der the open Jky on naked rocks and hills*
cleanfe it, and pay the rent to their landlords
With it.

DUNG.

In order to have a fufficient quantity of*
dung, where agriculture is fo extenfive, many
poor people get their livelihood by gathering
all things fit for manure ; the excrements of
men and beafts, in the flreets and about the
houfes, and likewife along the fhores of the
river, which they collecl: in little fampanes*
They fell what they have got to others, who
again fell it to the hufbandmen who are in
Want of it : and for the fame reafon they col-

Ua

BUNG* 287

left urine in proper veffels which they keep in
their own honfes. If the crop has been good
a pekul of the firit fort of manure coils two
flies; and the fame quantity of the latter,
only half that price. Befides this, every huf-
bandman takes care to make ufe of the excre-
ment which his beads drop on the paftures :
children and fuch people as cannot do other
bufmefs, gather it. They likewife pick up all
bones, burn them, and fpread their allies, to-
gether with the afhes of burnt plants and
boughs, over the fields, to promote fertility.

Such fields as are moift, but higher than
thofe whereof we have till now been fpeak-
ing, and confifl of deeper mould, are manured,
ploughed, and laid very fmooth. In fuch a
field they fow wheat very thick together, hav-
ing before foaked it for fome days in the filthy
water of a dunghill ; afterwards they tranf-
plant the plants. Sometimes this foaked wheat
is grain by grain planted over the whole .field,
fo that each grain may Hand four inches from
the other. The foil is thrown up in ridges
towards the grain. In a great drought a little
water is brought over the fields, by which
means the deep furrows occafioned by carting
the foil up towards the wheat, receive the
6 water*

288 CHINESE HUSBANDRY.

water, and give moifture to the plants, with*
out drowning them. The true time for trans-
planting is towards the end of December, and
though the air is then very cool, and it fome-
times freezes in the nights, yet the feeds
thrive, and the plants flock out in a fortnight ;
each of which brings forth in March feven or
nine flalks, with ears and ftraw, rather fliortcr
than ours; and in May there is a plentiful
crop. I have been told that wheat produces
a hundred and twenty fold ; which increafe
plentifully rewards the hufbandman's labour
and trouble.

As rice is what the Chincfe chiefly fubfifl
on, and what they life inftead of bread (as
has been before mentioned), they employ but
fmall fpots of ground for the culture of wheat.
They only ufe it in their fugar cakes, a great
quantity of which are requifite for the pago-
das on their holidays ; and fome they make for
themfelves. Foreigners eat the chief part of
this corn ; and b'ecaufe that which is raifed in
this province is infufncient, large quantities
are brought from the northern parts.

I saw fome barley on a little field in June ;
it grew very well, and fliot out exceeding fine

ears:

t) tr N a 289

ears : but becaufe it was fown too late, the en-
creating heat made it thrive too faff, fo that it
grew pale before it could fet the grains, and
only contained fhriveled hulks in thofe fine
ears. If it had been fown like the wheat in
the cooler feafon, it would undoubtedly have
afforded a plentiful crop. From thence I con-
cluded that as thefe fpecies of corn fucceed ex-
ceedingly well, when fown and tranfplanted
in a well-prepared moid: field ; fo the cool
weather mufl be more ufeful to the growth
than the hot.

The manner of threfhing rice and wheat is
the fame, and is performed as in our country
with flails. The wheat after it is threfhed is
paffed through a kind of fcreen for cleanfing
it, which carries off all the duft, before it is
ground. If the mills at Canton were made
as convenient as thofe machines, the people
might fave a deal of trouble ; but the method
of grinding with hand-mills is exceedingly
troublefome. It is peculiar, that the Chinefe
have many pretty inventions to make little
works more eafy; but in greater works, fuch
as fawing, grinding, and the like (which re-
quire greater powers), they do every thing by
the hand ; though they have fufHcient oppor-
Vol. II. U tunities

29o CHINESE HUSBANDRY.

tunities of making machines, both on rivers
and hills.

In the afore-mentioned manner they till all
flat and low places, and find little trouble with
the foft ground, which they always keep
pretty level. The general produce is a hun-
dred from one ; but when irregular weather
happens, and it is either too dry or too wet,
a fterility enfues, in the fame manner as in
other countries : but in this country it is at-
tended with worfe confequences. A little in-
creafe of the value of rice frequently occafions
a murmuring among the lazy and poor, which
at lail, if the number of malecontents in-
creafes, turns into a rebellion againft the Tar-
tarian government; as happened in 1751,
when the famine was accompanied by an epi-
demic difeafe, which carried off a great num-
ber of people.

ARABLE FIELDS on RISING
GROUND S.

The natural fituation of hills and of decli-
vities would make them incapable of produc-
ing any thing : for either the continual rain

in

RISING GROUNDS. 291

in the wet feafon would drown or wafh away
all the feeds ; or the plants, when deprived of
earth by the wailiing of the water, would be
too much expofed to the following heat and
drought. To prevent thefe inconveniencies,
the Chinefe have endeavoured to reduce the
hills into plains, or at leaf! to make them fimi-
lar to plains, by terraces, whofe height and
breadth are adapted to the declivity. Thefe
terraces they employ for feveral forts of
plants h ; and to each they give fuch a fitua-
tion as heft correfponds with its nature. Thofe
which can bear the greatefl drynefs are dif-
pofed at the top ; the more tender ones at the
bottom. When the rain has foftened the foil
in the upper terraces, the water is conveyed
by canals into the lower ones ; which there-
fore, befides the rain which falls upon them,
receive likewife the fuperfluous water of the
upper ones.

The terraces, which are fometimes four or
five feet above one another, acquire fuch hard
folic! banks by rain and funfhine, that they
would (land for many years. However, they
have planted them with feveral trees, whole

h In this manner did the Jews in the Holy Land culti-
▼ate their hills. See Maundrel's Travels.

U 2 roots

292 CHINESE HUSBANDRY.

roots twifling together keep up the borders ;
and the trees themfelves fhelter the plants from
winds and funmine, and fo give a very fine ap-
pearance to thefe decorated terraces.

When the foil of the terraces is dug up
by a little plough or fpade, and made fmooth
with a little rake, they at the fame time put fo
much dung as the plants require : yet in
this cafe they likewife are very fparing. The
dung is generally foaked in water in round
cifterns funk in the ground ; and the feed is
moiftened with this filthy water. Sometimes
when they plant or fow they lay a handful of
afhes on each grain, becaufe in their opinion
the dung which lies between the plants does
no good.

The beds which are made on the terraces,
or in other places, fcarce lie ftill one month ;
but foon after the ripening of one plant are
prepared to produce another ; and are annual-
ly employed three times. The hufbandmen
regulate the bufinefs according to the nature
of the plants ; and each plant, which either
loves wet, cold, or drynefs, obtains the moft
convenient feafon to grow in ; and all the roots
come in autumn.

The

RISING GROUNDS. 2

93

The fpecies of feeds which were generally-
rowed on the aforementioned terraces are the
following :

A coarse fpecies of a plant with thin roots,
whofe leaves, flowers, and feed capfules, were
like thofe of radifhes. Thefe were fown in
the beginning of December ; when they had
levelled a field, they dug furrows of a foot
broad, and of half that depth, making long
narrow beds of half a foot broad at the top.
By means of thefe furrows the fuperfluous
water runs off, when it has fupplied moifture
enough. The feeds were put an hand's breadth
deep, and feven or eight inches diftant from
each other ; allowance being made for fpread-
ing in their growth. As this is done in the
dry feafon, they water the plants at firft. In
February they were all in blofibm ; but in
April the feed capfules turned yellow, and
then the plants were plucked, dried, and the
numerous feeds beaten out. From the feed
they prefs an oil, which they turn to many
purpofes in ceconomy ; but efpecially they
burn it in lamps, and drefs feveral dimes with
it while it is frefh* The oil is fo fat that it
cannot be ufed in painting, becaufe it will not
U 3 dry.

294 CHINESE HUSBANDRY.

dry. The foot, which comes from the lamps
in which this oil is burnt, is ufed in making
the well known Indian ink.

Commonly the feeds of cotton (which they
call minfoo) fucceed to thofe oily feeds. The
foil for it is prepared as before, and the feed
is likewife put into the fame forts of narrow
beds, a foot afunder ; it muft be obferved,
that according as the plants either thrive or
fpread more or. lefs, the beds likewife are
made either narrower or wider ; and alfo ci-
ther further from or nearer to each other.
They are fown in April t over each feed they
throw a handful or two of afhes of the oil
plant or of other plants : and this is ail the
manure the field has at this time. They are
watered in dry days till the fourth leaf ap-
pears. Warmth and rain change the flowers,
v hich appear in July, into pods in Auguft, which
open in dry weather, and Ihew the cotton; they
are then broken off, the feed feparated from
the cotton, and preferved for the next year.
Too much wet is hurtful to the cotton plants,
both while they grow and while they ripen ;
and the cotton capfules hang mouldering on
the (talks during a continual rain: and for this
i°eafon they feldom have fo plentiful a crop of

this

. RI SIN G GROUND S. 295

this as of the former* This feed is a delicate
repafl for mice ; they not only feek for it
when the pod is expanded, but likewife feed
on k when in its capfules.

Potatoes (which they call fowccc) make
the third and laft crop which they plant on the
terraces. The cotton crop being over, they
prepare the ground as before, and place the
flices of potatoes about one foot and a half
afunder. As this plant is not fo tender as the
former, grows flowly, and bears the cold, fo
they leave it to increafe for the remaining
months of the year. Thefe potatoes are in
fome refpecls different from ours, The roots
have red peels, are longer, yellow, fweet, and
agreeable to the palate ; but the leaves, &c,
are like thofe of the European potatoes.

They do not always fow oil feeds, cotton
feeds, and plant potatoes, exactly in fuccefhon
one after another ; but fometimes fupply the
place of cotton with lentils, beans, locktaw, and
calvanfes : but they commonly begin the an^
nual cultivation of their terraces with the oil
feeds, and finifli with potatoes. They always
prepare the ground as has been before men-
tioned j nor do they fow a tingle feed which
U 4 has

zc>6 CHINESE HUSBANDRY.

has not for a day or two been foaked in the
wate* of a dunghill, or in lime water.

Yams, which they call ootaiv, are planted
like potatoes; but the ground fuitable to them
mull be different : for thefe roots are fet in
fwampy wet places which are unfit for other
life, and fometimes on a rice-field which has
already been cropped, and which is not worth
lowing again with rice the fame year. The
longer the roots Hand in the ground, the larger
they grow ; they are generally taken up in
November,

The roots of the fugar-cane cut into pieces,
(each of which had a fhoot or two) were
planted more than half a foot deep into the
ground ; and two feet fpace was left between
every two rows. They planted them both on
the highefl terraces, and in the loweft places.
In March and April thefe roots were planted
in the low places, and in the rainy feafon on
the hills, which occafioned two different crops.
Thefe canes were by no means tender ; for
they throve in (hade and funfhine, wet and dry,
heat and cold. When the canes began to grow
yellow, they were cut ; for when they flood
longer, they grew mouldy at the root. They

grow

RISING GROUNDS. 297

grow from eight to twelve feet high. Some
fampane cargoes of canes are brought toge-
ther to a convenient place on the river fide ;
there they build a hut of bamboo and mats, at
one end of which they make a furnace with
two great iron-boilers; and at the other an
even floor of a confiderable fize laid with
planks, over which two oxen draw an angu-
lated roller of hard wood. The canes, which are
difpofed in layers under the roller, are crufhed ;
and the juice, which by means of a canal is
conduced to the end of the floor, is there col-
lected in a great veiTel. The remaining juice
in the canes is entirely boiled out in one of the
boilers, is mixed with the expreffed juice, both
are {trained through a cloth, and boiled into
a brown fugar in the other boiler : the leaves
and {talks ferve as fewel. When no canes re-
main in the place where they are, they remove
the houfe again, and proceed further with all
their implements. Thefe fugar-bakers travel*
led about in the country, and boiled the fugar
out of the country people's canes, leaving it to
be refined by other fugar-bakers, and made
intp fine and coarfe powder-fugar.

K I T-

:93 CHINESE HUSBANDRY.

KITCHEN GARDENS.

My account of kitchen gardens will not be
fo compleat as 1 could wifli, becaufe I have
had no opportunity of feeing any befides fome
very indifferent ones. What I can affert re-
lating to them is, that they generally choofe
low clayey fpots to make them in, and that
they manure them well. The known plants
were fallads, long and Jhort cucumbers, leeks ,
white onions, fpinage, celery, carrots, orach, a
fpccies of watery turneps, long radifoes, gourds,
and water-melons : thefe they cultivate in the
gardens, having procured the feeds from the
Fortugueze. But befides thefe we meet with
fever al fruits, whofe names and fhape are
quite unknown to us. Purflane grew wild ;
they did not ufe it themfelves, and therefore
made no account of it. They kept a coarfe
fort of water-fpinage in ponds about half a
fathom deep, in which it grew fo plentifully,
that it quite covered the furface of the water;
this is one of their moll ufual pot-herbs.

They plant pieces of ginger in a clayey
foil about 3 hand's breadth deep ; this they do

in

KITCHEN GARDENS. 299

in February or March ; for when it is done
later, the heat forces the (talk and leaves too
much, and makes the roots more fpungy and
fmall : in other refpefts it bears both cold and
hear.

They call tobacco yeen. The cultivation
of it is the more advantageous in China, as
it is there more efteemed than in any other
country ; they therefore neither fpare pains,
nor think any foil too good. In March the
plants are fet a foot and a half afunder : in
Auguji the tobacco is ripe, and then :hey
pluck it, make it fweat, and manage it as is
ufual with us. This tobacco does not feem to
be the bed j for though it looks like ours,
yet both its fmell and its tafte are difagree-
able: the Chinefe prefer it to that of Manillas
and Aynairt) which in goodnefs equals the Bra-
ftlian tobacco. The dried brown leaves are
laid one upon another in a prefs, and after-
wards are cut into fmall (tripes, with a broad
iron plane; and in this fhape they fmoak the
tobacco here : when it is fmoaked, it leaves
behind a vifcid {linking oil ; it burns better
when it is cut into greater pieces. The fale
of this commodity is fo great, that a large

quantity

3oo CHINESE HUSBANDRY.

quantity of it is feiu to the neighbouring
parts.

They had fet a plant unknown to me, call-
ed Fockyong, not unlike mint, but with paler
leaves ; it was planted on broad beds in rows,
and it was a foot high in March. The culture
feemed very tedious ; for on account of the
heat it had been fown in the cold feafon, and
was at that time quite furrounded with mats.
They valued this plant very highly, and fold
a pekul of it for 50 tel. They pretended
that it was of exceeding great fervice in con-
fumptions.

The greater and lefs Talma Chrijii (the lefs
in particular, Ricinus) were planted every
where, without any order, in the gardens at
Aynam. The kernels being preffed, afford a
white clear oil in plenty, which they deprived
of its fatnefs by minium, quick lime, and vitrio-
lic earth, and boiled it into varnifh, which
when laid on, dries foon and gives a line
glofs.

Instead of cabbage, they ufed a plant
with great coarfe leaves, like thofe of bur-
deck, all iffuing out of a little root. The
5 yellow

KITCHEN GARDENS. g0£

yellow flowers, the (talk with the pods, and
the feeds themfelves, were like cale. They
daily ufe this plant, and therefore it went off
fo fail, that they immediately fowed the void
beds with it again. It grew very fall in all
feafons. They half boiled it, dried it, and
took it with them upon fea voyages. Befides
this, the Tartars of Pekm had a fpecies of
white cale, with long narrow heads, which
was not yet very much in ufe, and therefore
was fcarce.

THE CULTURE OF TREES.

Though there are many good fruit-trees
Here, I could not obferve that the Chinefe did
much regard their culture. They had plant-
ed feveral trees, and among thofe likewife
iruit-trees, about their gardens and terraces ;
and likewife had made great orchards, which
they looked upon as very magnificent; for
which reafon, they were generally planted
before the pagodas and places of diverfion.
But few of the fruit-trees, or other trees,
are known to us.

Sweet

302 CHINESE HUSBANDRY.

Sweet orange-trees (which have been
brought to Europe by the Portuguese) were
found bearing good large fruit : and it was
faid, that they came to ftill greater per-
fection in Fockien and about Amoy. Here are
feveral forts; fome of the fize of a walnut,
others of the fize of an apple, others were an-
gular and reddifh, Sec. In a few places only,
I found thofe trees placed in fome order, in
rows, and managed as they ought to be. But,
if they were guarded from ftrong winds, they
fuccceded without any further care, and bore
fruit plentifully. Fockien and £>uantung are
obliged to fend annually a confiderable quan-
tity of fruit to the court at Pckin.

Leicki is a fpecies of trees which they
feemed to reckon equal to the fweet orange
trees ; there are feveral forts of it, fuch as
great, fmall, and wild ones. The fruit was
of the fize of nutmegs, furrounded with a
coarfe, knobby, reddilh (hell, and growing in
bunches like grapes. The trees grow as high
as pear-trees, and are furnimed with narrow,
cufpidated, prickly leaves : they preferve the
berries dried, and eat them as raifins* It
feeras hardly credible, that the country about

Canton

CULTURE of TREES. 3o3

Canton (in which place only this fruit grows)
annually makes a hundred thoufand tel of
dried leickis.

Tea (which they call cha, and which here-
abouts grows only upon an ifland dire&ly op-
pofite Canton) is efteemed for ftrengthening
weak lungs: the ifland is called Honam, and
the tea therefore has the name of Honam tea.
The bufhes, which were two or three feet
high, flood in rows on dry fandy hills. The
light-green foft leaves were plucked in March,
and roafted in iron kettles, and rolled up as
other teas are l. The harfh dark-green leaves
were left hanging. It feemed as if they had
taken too little pains, with thefe. fhrubs, for
near one half of them were dried up.

The areca tree cannot grow far off Canton*
as I mould imagine by the frefh nuts which
were expofed for fale. At Ay nam were feve-
ral plantations of this tree, {landing in ground
that was moift and fat. The trees themfelves
are not unlike cocoa-trees, and have ftrait
Items. When the fruit was ripe, the fhells af-
fumed a burnt yellow colour, and then the
nuts, which are like nutmegs, are taken out,
dried, and fent to the north.

' See note, vol. I. p. 250.

The

3o4 CHINESE HUSBANDRY,

The beile bufhes were likewife not tender,
for they grew fpontaneoufly without being
planted, wherever they found a convenient,
place : its leaves, being covered with chalk
and rubbed with a piece of areca nut, com-
pofe the known pinang, which this and many
other eaftern nations chew with great relifh.

The mange tree grows high, with expand-
ed branches, like the afh : the leaves are like
thofe of our (the white beam) cratagus aria,
and the fruit is reckoned the mofl wholefome
of all the fruits in the Indies.

Citrus decumanus (the fhaddock, pompel-
mus mcifi. itin.) is a fort of great fweet ci-
trons ; the tree is like the citron-tree, but the
leaves are broader. There were alfo little
four citrons, lo?igan> and other forts of fruits ;
and likewife oiomkhoo> from which, as Le
Comte relates, they get the refin for their var-
nifh. There are olives, pear and apple-trees,
and likewife grapes, all which it would be te-
dious to mention and defcribe. It cannot be
faid that any of them enjoy the preference in
regard to culture ; for they are all of them left

to

CULTURE of TREES. 305

to grow of themfelves, as if they were wild :
in fome forts of trees they make ufe of gsaft-
ing, at which they are very expert.

GARDENS for DIVERSION.

As great a difference as there is between the
tafte of the Chinefe, and that of other nations
in their cuftoms, drefs, and other things, it is
full as great with regard to flower gardens
and thofe intended for diverfion. They take
very little care about flower-pieces, hedges,
covered walks, and fymmetry; they are better
pleafed with a naked place, laid with ftones of
different colours and fizes in the figure of dra-
gons or flowers, than if they were adorned
with pretty defigns, and the fpaces filled up
with plants or grafs. Their walks rauft like-
wife not be open ; but generally they are in-
clofed with walls, on the fides of which vines
and other climbing plants are planted ; which
being ftrained from wall to wall on poles, by
this means form a covered walk. The benches
made in thofe walks are not lined with walls
on the fides, and, by the peculiar conuru&ion
of the (tones, they are provided with feveral
holes in which they place pots with different
flowers. The walks have many bending*;
Vo l. II. X foraetimes

?o6 CHINESE HUSBANDRY.

sfometimes they pafs over a little fmooth pla^e
covered with Hones, and lead to an open fum-
mer-houfe, on which there are flower pots ;
fometimes they form arched walks, which arc
doubly twilled with thin bamboo, but in an
irregular way; and between it a fort of bulhy
ever-green is planted, which twines in among
them, and makes them look like a green walk
Befides this there are many various fcenes-:
Jiills covered with bufties, below which run
fome rivulets, furrounded \pith clofe Hand-
ing ftiady trees ; buildings which are three or
four {lories high, and generally open on the
fides ; towers, rough grottoes, bridges, ponds,
places fown with beans ; thick and wild bufhes
or little thickets, and other varieties which af-
ford a fine landfcape. Sometimes they have
low Hone feats under the {hade of fome great
trees, from whence they can furvey a great
part of the country.

• Though their gardens are very large, yet
they appear Hill greater by their winding
walks which turn backwards and forwards..
From as much as can be judged of their taite,
it appears that no part muft be fimilar to
another. In fome gardens they dig ditches,
round which a walk leads to all the above-
mentioned

GARDENS for DIVERSION. 307

mentioned places ; near them they have many
lummer-houfes, which are all of them of a
different conftru&ion, and are commonly near
a pond on one fide, that they may catch the
fifties contained in it through the great win-
dows. In the fummer-houfes they have gold
and filver fillies in little ponds ; and befides
them, birds and other animals, flowers, figures
of dragons, with many other objects more
pleafing.

BEASTS and BIRDS.

The people about Canton and on the fea
coafts have feldom any flock of great cattle,
becaufe they do not reckon them fo necefTary
as in the northern and adjoining provinces ;
for they can till their ground with very little
trouble, and without cattle ; and they travel
and tranfport every thing by water, being
much aflifted by the tide. Beef is not a very
agreeable difh among them, and the plenty of
fifh fupplies its place. But few people have
horfes, except the Mandarins and foldiers.
They ufe only oxen and buffaloes in tilling the
ground, efpecially in places at a great dift-
ance from the fhore ; they keep cows only to
X 2 preierve

3q8 CHINESE HUSBANDRY,

preferve the breed, becaufe they feldom make
ufe of the milk. Some years ago they made
little account of great cattle; but fince the Eu~
ropeans have been more numerous here, and
ufe every year a good quantity, not only in
China but likewife on their return ; they have
been induced to keep more great cattle, on ac-
count of the flefh and the milk.

Sheep are not fo numerous about Canton
as in the neighbouring provinces. Their fkins
and wool are ufed as cloaths in the cold
months ; they are however dear enough, fince
every body cannot keep cattle, efpecially {heep.

Asses are not fo commem about Canton as
they are higher up the country, where they
are ufed for working and travelling. The
"Tartars have fuch a great liking to aifes flelh,
that they have introduced the cuitom of kill-
ing them, and eating them as they do horfes :
I have likewife feen them fell this fort of meat

Although they greatly neglecl the lad
mentioned animals ; yet they elteem the lefs
animals much more, which they can keep with.
}efs trouble, and more advantage. Long exr

perience

SEASTS and BIRDS. 309

perience has taught them to manage them to
fo much advantage, that little families have a
fufficient, and even fuperfluous, maintenance
from this bufinefs.

They keep plenty of hogs, Whofe fiem they
eat daily in great quantity and with great re-
lifh, and the fpecies in this country is very pro-
lifick; for the fows farrow before they are one
year old, though they do not produce fo many
young ones at the firft time, as the third or
fourth, when the fow brings forth generally
feventeeh or eighteen pigs at once. The dif-
tillers of famfu, riceftampers, and thofe who
have mills, always keep many fwine: though
hot fo many as the people on the Ihore, and
the fifhermen, who feed them with fifh with-
out any expence to themfelves : but this food
gives them a fifhy tafte. Befides this, every
little family in the fampattes keeps hogs for
their own ufe, and for fale. It can hardly be
imagined how a fufficient number can be bred,
when you obferve what quantities of pork they
carry about the ftreets, and daily confume
(fince their principal difh is prepared of ba-
con); and likewife that they facrifice large
whole roafted fwine in the pagodas, and ufe
them on holidays ; befides confuming many on
X 3 their

3io CHINESE HUSBANDRY.

their fea voyages, and likewife by felling them
to the Europeans. The pigs of the firft and
fecond breed are always fmall, like the fows
which pig early ; and for this reafon the fe-
male pigs which are deftined to be killed, are
caftrated.

They keep many chicken, but more for
foreigners than for themfelves, and are well
fkilled in making capons. They leave the
chicken to be hatched by the hens, and do
not make ufe of ovens. The warm weather
and the many eggs which the hens lay, greatly
contribute to their conftant fuccefs.

Though there are pheafants about Canton^
yet they are not fo numerous as higher up the
country, where they are very fine, and of feve-
ral colours. They are brought to Canton as
rarities, and are fold at a great price.

Turkeys are not bred in China; and though
fome of them are annually brought from the
Malabar and Coromandel coaft k (which is the
native country of thofe birds), yet they have
not taken pains to introduce them.

k Mr. Tereen, in his fourth letter, has Ihewn that thefe
liirds are not natives of thofe places. F.

All

BIRDS and BEASTS. 3ix

All forts of pigeons fucceed and multiply
greatly here.

The geefc thrive well : they are lefs than
ours, and like our wild gecfe ; (o on the
contrary their wild getfe are like our tame
ones*

They are perfeft matters in the management:
of ducks. The breeding of thefe birds is a
thing of the next confequence to the breeding
of fwine, which the Cbinefe take fo much pains
about : and as ducks are a daily diih at the
tables of people of quality, the great confump-
tion thereof requires a great breed. The con-
tinual warmth of the weather, and the conve-
niencies of the river, greatly promote their
growth : for they can be fed at a triflng ex-
pence, with little fry, and crabs which remain
on the rice-fields after the water is run off.
Many people at Canton earn their fubfittence
merely by bringing up ducks ; fome buy up
the eggs and trade with them, others hatch
them in' ovens, and others attend on the young
ones. They lay an iron plate* on a brick
hearth ; on this they place a box full of fand
X 4 half

siz CHINESE HUSBANDRY.

half a foot high, in which the eggs are put in
rows : the box they cover with a fieve, over
which they hang a mat. To heat them, they
make ufe of the coals of a certain fort of wood,
which burn llowly and uniformly : at firffc they
give them but little warmth, and increafe it
gradually ; and it becomes a flrong heat by
the time the eggs are hatched. Sometimes,
when they increafe the heat too much, the
young ducks are hatched too foon ; and in
that cafe they generally die in three or four
days. The hatched young ones are fold to
thofe who breed them up, and thefe try in the
following manner whether they are hatched
too foon or not : they take hold of the little
ducks by the bill, and let their bodies hang
down ; if they fprawl and extend their feet
and wings, they are hatched in due time ; but if
they have had too much heat, they hang with-
out any ftruggling. The latter often live till
they are put to the water (which is generally
eight days after they are hatched), which
turns them giddy ; they get cramps l, throw*,
thernfelves on their backs, and die with con-
vulsions. The owners then take them out

1 Ducks hatched in England after Midfummer ufually
• get cramps, fprawl about in an odd manner, and throw-
in? thernfelves on their backs die of convulfions,

of

BEASTS and BIRDS. 313

of the water and dry them ; becaufe they will
fometimes recover : but they frequently die of
fuch convulfions if they get wet again. When
the tide goes off, fome little crawfifhes and
crabs are gathered, boiled,, and cut to pieces,
and given to the young ducks by themfelves
at firft, but afterwards mixed with fome
boiled rice, and minced with herbs. When
they are older they are fliifted into a larger
fampane, which has a broad bottom of bamboo,
with a gallery round, above the river, and
a bridge declining towards the water. The
young ducks get an old ftep-mother, who leads
them when they are let down to graze by
means of the bridge. The old duck is fo ufed
to the fignal from the fampane in which they
are afTembled at night, that me haflens, half
fwimming, half flying, to her lodgings. The
Cbincfe, as occafion ferves, removes his fam-
pane to another place, where he finds more
food for his ducks, and lets them out daily on
the fliores among the rice-fields. One cannot
fee without altonifhment many fuch fampanes
furrounded with greater and fmaller ducks :
and it is very peculiar that when many fam-
panes feed their ducks in the fame place, and
call them home at night, each knows how to
find the right fampane. The Chinefs are al-
ways

314 CHINESE HUSBANDRY.

ways employed in bringing up ducks, except
in the three cold months ; and though this
bufinefs requires a deal of attendance, you fel-
dom fee them employ any particular care, for
a,s foon as the young ducks are a fortnight
old, they are able to get their own fubfilt-
ence.

The filk worms, which, confidering their ufe",
ought to have a place among the fmaller ani-
mals, mould, together with their management,
be defcribed : but as we find accounts of
them in other Swedijh writings, I pafs them
over, and (hall only mention that the Chinefe
eat the aurelias with great appetite, after their
filk has been wound off; and that they either
boil them frefh, or dry them; the catty cods
eight or nine kandarins.

Up towards Chingchiu is faid to be a fpecies
of very large filkworms, from which fo coarfe
a filk is gathered, that at firfl it looks like
hemp ; the inhabitants however make a fort of
fluff of it, which when new looks like un-
bleached linen, but by ufe and frequent
warning acquires a glofs and better look. It
feems that this filk will not take a dye, for
i i;hey

BEASTS and BIRDS. 315

they always wear it undyed, but it is faid to
be ftrong beyond credibility, and is called
Chingchiu from the place it comes from.

THE FISHERY.

The Taboo, is a very long river, and wide
at its mouth, and abounds more with fifh than
any in this country ; remarkable as the mores
of China are for this commodity. It may per-
haps be thought that the tide is a hindrance
to any iifliery, efpecially in places which are
inconvenient to be drawn with nets : however,
they catch a multitude with thofe imple-
ments. The moil common manner of catching
fifties is, they drive in on the fands at a diftance
from the fhore, long poles or rather pofts a fa-
thom afunder; between thefe they place black
coloured nets of ftrong yarn, into which the
fifti enter and are caught. This manner of
catching fifties correfponds to ours of catching
them with junkets placed in the river.

They have likewife a number of baikets
which are formed of bamboo and willow
flicks, a fathom and a half long, and like
our bafkets. They make ufe of thefe when

the

3i6 CHINESE HUSBANDRY.

the water rifes more than ordinary ; they place
them along the more, but leave openings on
both ends of the row of bamboo bafkets,
where they lie quite ftill with their fampanes
or boats, fo that the fifties which fwim along
the fliore may not be flopped from entering
them ; but in the infide they meet with a row
of bamboo bafkets, which are placed crofs-
ways towards the ihore, and flop them from
going back. As foon as the water again be-
gins to run off, they fill up this fpace with the
like bafkets, the fpace of ground grows dry
when the water has left it, and then they go
down and gather up the fifh. They likewife
make ufe of a fwimming net faflened between
two boats, with which they go up and down
and catch the fhoals of fifh coming in their
way during the tide.

They likewife ufe great nets faflened be-
tween two bamboo poles, with which they
fifh both on their fea voyages and in the river*

They ufe worms and crabs as baits on their
hooks, with which they catch eels and fmall
fifh. They likewife make ufe of long, low
fampanes with white coloured boards on the
fides ; in thefe fampanes they keep a little fire

at

FISHERY. 317

at night, which makes the fifth, which purfue
the fire, leap into the fampane. This kind
of fiihery is generally undertaken on account
of a fpecies of fifth called mullets, which leap
in the dark towards the light of a fire.

Between the rocks and the fhore the
fiihery is very great with nets and hooks : they
catch a great quantity of fifh, and fell them
faked or dried in the neighbouring towns and
villages.

Among the mr«ny forts of fifh there are
fome like thofe known among us; namely
carps, perches, and fea perches; but I can-
not with certainty fay that they are the fame :
thofe that are well known to me are eels,
grabs, fhrimps, oyfters, mufcles, and lobfters :
a very large fort of the latter is caught in
plenty on the rocks of Macao. They do not
only burn lime from the oyfter ihells, but like-
wife make ufe of the largeft in their buildings
' jnftead of bricks,

FAU-

FAUNULA SINENSIS:

O R,

An ESSAY towards a CATALOGUE

© F THE

ANIMALS of CHINA-

c 32j i

FAUNULA SINENSIS.

MAMMALIA* guadrupedes.

I. Primates.

Homo i. QAPIENS monftrofus, macroce-
^ phalus, capite conico, Chinenfis:
thus does Dr. Linnaus rank men
amongfl the animals, and calls the
Chinefe with their large conic heads,
monjirous men.

Simia i * Ape* Great, black ones ; their

features are like the human-
In the province of Haynan. Du
Haldel. 118.

2 . Gray, very ugly and very com-

mon apes. Du Halde I. 118.
BrhTon, p. 145? fpec. 18. with
Vol. n, Y yellow

322 F A U N U L A

yellow hair, refemble dogs, and
have a (brill cry. In the pro-
vince of Sguangfi. Du Halde I.

121.

Vefpertilio i. Bat. As big as hens, which the
Chineje eat, found in Sbenfi, Du
Halde I. 1 08.

II. B R U T A.

Elephas 1. maximus. Elephant. In S%uangji

and Yunnan. Du Halde II. 224.
Manis r. fentadaclyla. In Formofa.

III. F e R M.

Canls 1. familiaris. Common dog. Dog's
fiefh is eaten in China, Du Halde
I. 314,

2. Lupus* Wolf.
Felis 1. Tigris. Tiger. Very large and
very common, called Lou-chu by
the Ch'mefe. Du Halde II. 336,
and Mailer's Collections for the
Ruffian Hilary, vol. III. p. 587.
2. Tardus. Leopard, called Foupi by
the Ch'mefe. Muller's Collections,
vol. III. p. 587.

3. Catus,

SINENSIS. 325

3. Catus. Cat, eaten in China. Du
Halde I. 314.

j3. angorenfis. Du Halde I. 65. In
the province of Petcheli.

4. Animals in Sbenfi refembling ti-
gers, Du Halde I. 108. perhaps
it is a 'Tiger-cat which is found
in the Tartarian defarts, is very
fierce, about two feet long With*
out a tail ; this I faw at Petetf-
burgh in her Majefty's elephant
houfe.

Viverra to Zibetha. Civet-cat,
Muftela l. Martes. Martin.

2. Zibellina. Sable, in the moun*
tainous part of the Chinefe Tar*
tary, to the north of the river
Amur.
Urfiis i. Arclos. Bear.
2. Me lex. Badger.

IV. G l 1 r e s»

ftyftria 1. crijlala. Porcupine*

Lepus 1. timidus. Hare.

2 * Cuniculus. Rabbet.

Mus 1. terrejlrisi Moufe.

2. Rattus. Rat.

Sciurus 1. vulgaris. Squirrel.

Y 2 V. Pecora.

324 FAUNULA

V. P E C O R A.

Mofchus i. mofchiferus.

Cervus I. Alces. Elk.

2. Elapbus. Stag.

3. Dama. Fallow-deer.

4. Capreolus. Roe-buck.

5. Stag no taller nor larger
than a common dog ; in Tannan.
Du Halde I. 122.

Capra I. tatarica. Saiga. Yellow goats.

Du Halde.
Ovis 1. Aries latkaudata. Sheep.
Bos I. Bubalis. Buffalo.

2. Indicus.

VI. B £ L L U I.

Equus 1. Caballus. Horfe. Horfe-flefli is

eaten in China. OJbeck.
Sus 1 . Scrofa Cbinenfis. Chinefe hogs are a

variety.
Rhinoceros I* unicornis. Du Halde I. 120. in
the province of Styangji.

AVES,

SINENSIS. 325

A V El S. Birds.

I. ACCIPITRES.

Falco. Falcons, excellent, but the fpe-

cies not mentioned.
Lanius 1. Schach.

2. jocofus. Sinenfibus Kow-kai-kon*

3. fauftus. Amcen. Acad. 4. p. 241,

among the Chinenjia Lagerftrce-
miana.

II. Pic m.

Pfittacus 1. Alexandri.

2. crijlatus. Cacatua.

3. green and red. Edw. 231.

4. Galgulus. Parroquet. Calao Si-
nice. Amcen. Acad. 4. p. 236.

Buceros 1. bicornis.

Oriolus 1. Chinenjis. Linn. fyft. p, 160.

Cuculus 1. Sinenfis. Linn. fyft. p. 171.

III. A n s E r e s.

Anas I. Cygnoides orientalis. Mufcovy-
goofe. Swan-goofe.

Y 1 2. Anfer,

r-6

F A U N U L A

2.
3-

4-

Pelecanus

Anfcr. Goofe.
Bofchas. Duck.

galericulata. Linn. fyft. nat. 2o6»
i. Carbo. Corvorant.

Sterna i.

2, Pifcator. Booby.
Stolida. Sea-fwallow.

IV. G R A L L J£.

Scolopax
Fulica i.

I, Rufiicola. Woodcock.

Forphyrio,

V. G A L L I N JE,

Pavo i . criftatus. Peacock. Du Halde I,

113, is found in Styan-tong.
2, bicalcaratus.

PhajQanus 1. Colchicus. Pheafant.

2. Argus. Eaft-lndia pheafant.

3. piclus. Gold pheafant, by the
Chinefe called AM/, or golden
hens. Du Halde I. 15.

4. nyclhemerus. Silver-pheafant.
Tetrao 1* Perdix. Partridge.

2 . Chinenfa. The bill is pale-blue.
The head deep-brown edged with
black, above the eye is a white
line. The neck is dulky and moil
elegantly marked with numerous
minute circular fpots of white
an4

SINENSIS. 327

and pale-brown. On the belly
are larger ones of white ouly.
The beginning of the back has
others of pale- yellow. The reft
of the back, wings, and tail, are
pale-brown, fpotted here and
there with minute dufky fpecks.
Its legs are blue.
3. Coturnlx. This and the forego-
ing fpecies are made life of, by
the Ghinefe of quality, inftead of
muffs.

VI. Passeres.

Columba 1. Sinica.

Sturnus 1. viridis. The green Stare. On
the forehead and chin is a tuft
of black and white feathers.
Above the firfl is a fpot of
white : beyond the eye another.
The whole upperpart of the body
is green. On the fcapulars are
two white fpots. The wings and
tail are green, the outward webs
of the firft are white ; the fhafts
of the wings and tail are alfo
white. The underfide of the
back, breaft, and belly, pale-
blue, the legs cinereous blue.
Y 4 2. oiivatem*

3*»

FAUNULA

2. oHvaceus, The brown Stare*
The bill is whitifh red. The
eye lodged in a long (tripe of
pale ccerulean. The whole
body, the wings, and tail, light
"olive brown ; on the belly faint,
and tinged with yellow. The
legs are pale red, the tail is long.

Turdus I. canorus. By the Chinefe called
Whom-mai .
g, Sbienfis, Linn. fyft. nat. p, 295.
3. Chinefe black bird. Edw, 19.
Loxia lf Cardinalis. Cardinal bird. Amcen.
Acad. 4. p. 242.
2. Dominicana. Amcen, Acad. 4.

p. 242,
Maia.

flavicans. Amcen. Acad,4.p.244v
oryzivora. Cock-paddy, or Rice-
bird. A fort of crofs-bill, has a
green and lpng forehead, and
the crown is of pink colour.
The hind part of the head,
cheeks, the hind part of the
neck, wings, bread, and belly,
are white. The chin, throat, ancj
fore part of the neck, black, with
long

SINENSIS. 329

long pendent feathers over the
breaft, the tail is black, the legs
green, This bird haunts the rice
grounds, and lives on it.

6. Malacca.

7. Sanguinirojlris, Amoen. Acad. 4.
p. 243.

8. cyanea. Amcen. Acad. 4. p. 244.

9. fufca. ibid.

Tanagra 1. militarise Amcen. Acad, 4. p. 241^
Fringilla 1. Melba.

2, Sinica.

3, Chinefe fparrows. Edw. 43.

4, white breaded Chinefe fparrows*
Edw. 355.

An Fringilla? a fmall bird; the
head, back, coverts of the wings
are purple ; the prime quill fea-
thers and tail of a fine blue, the
fecondary quill feathers are green;
the whole underfide yellow, on
the ears is a white fpot.
Another like the former, only the
back and tail are purple.

Another with a green head, pur-
ple breaft, and the tail of the
fame colour.

A fourth

33o F A U N U L A.

A fourth with a light green
bread. The head and lefs co-
verts are brown.

A fifth has the head, back, and
coverts of the wings of a fine
deep brown. The tail is of the
fame colour; the underfide of
the body and the under coverts
of the wings are of a fine crim-
fon.

Each of thefe five birds had the
white fpot on the ears ; but the
head of the fourth was fo placed
in the drawing, that one could
not fee this fpot.

Hirundo i. ruflica. Chimney fwallow.

2. efadenta. The nefts of thefe
birds are eaten as a dainty by
the Chinefe, and for that reafon
are very dear. They are made
of the fea-worms of the Molluf-
ca clafs. For a further account,
fee Kampfcr's Amcen. Exotic.
p. 833, and DuHalde II. p. 201
of the oclavo edition.

AMPH I-

SINENSIS.

33*

AMPHIBIA. Amphibious Animals.

I. R E P T I L I A.

Kana I, Chinenjis, palmis tetra da&ylis fif-
fis, plantis hexada&ylis, digito
indice reliquis longiore. OJbeck.
2, Bufo. Toad. Bradley* s Works of
Nat. p. 165, fays toads are eaten
in China, and are found in the
middle of ftones and in oaktrees.

kacerta i» Chinenjis, cinerea, cauda ancipiti,
corpore paulo longiore, pedibus
pentada&ylis omnibus unguicu-
latis. OJbeck.

II. Nantes.

Lophius 1, hijlrio. Amcen. Acad. 4. p, 246.

Balifles 1 . Monoceros.

2. Vetula. Amcen. Acad. 4. p. 247.

3. fcriptus. OJbeck.

4. nigro pun&atus. OJbeck,

5. Sinenfis. OJbeck.

Tetrodon 1. hijpidus. Amcen. acad. 4. p. 247.

ocellatusy called de Opblafer by

the Dutch. A decoction of this

fflh

332 FAUNULA

fiih is made ufe of by the Chinefe
and Japanefe as a poifon, and a
branch of the lllicium anifatum
or Badian-tree boiled, with this
decoction^ makes it (till more
poifonous. \id. Kampf. Amcen.
Exot. p. 880, 881.

PISCES. Fijh.

I. A P O D E S.

Trichiurus 1. Lepturus. Linn. fyft. p. 429,

IL Thoracic 1.

Gobiusi. niger.

2 . Eleotris.

3. anguillaris. Linn. fyft. p. 450,

4. peftiniroftris.

Ch^todon 1. pinnatus. Amcen.Acad.4.p.249.

2. argent eus. ibid.
Sparus 1. nobilis. Mandarin fifh. OJbcck.

2, Chinenjis. Leflfer Mandarin fifli.
By the Chinefe called Kya-yo.
OJbeck.
Labrns 1. opcrcularis. Amceti. Acad. 4. p.
248.
2. Chinenfs. Linn. fyft. p. 479*
Scomber I. Trachurus. Horfe Mackarel or
Scad. Amcen. Acad. 4. p. 249.
Ill, AiH-

SINENSIS. 333

III.

Aboominales.

Clupea i.

T/jHJa.

2.

Myjlus.

3-

Sinenfts. Linn. fyft. p. 525.

4-

lanatus, Amcen. Acad. vii. 502.

Cyprinus i.

auratus. Gold fifti.

2.

Cantoneniis. OJbeck. very pro-

bably a variety of the Cyprinus

Grijlagine of Linnaus, as Mr.

OJbeck himfelf feems to intimate.

I N S E C T A. fa/em

I. COLEOPTERA.

Scarabseus 1. Molojfus. Linn. fyft. p. 543.
This fpecies is made ufe of in
the Chinefe apothecaries {hops.
2. laticollis. Linn. fyft. nat. p. 549.
Caflida 1. cinerea.

2. nigra, oblonga, fafciis duabiis
* tranfverfis teftaceis, pun&is
quatuor ad bafin. OJbeck.
Coccinella 1 . feptem punclata.
2. quadri pujlulata.
Bruchus 1. pecHnicornis, Linn. fyft. p. 605.

Lampyris

334

F A U N U L A.

Lamp)

rris

I. Chinenfis. Linn. fyft. p.
& OJbeck.

645.

Bupreftis

i . glgantea.

Meloe

i.

Cichoriu Muf. Lud. Ulr.

102.

& Amoen. Acad. 6. p. 137.

II. H E M I P T E R A.

Blatta

i.

Orient alts. Cock roaches.

Mantis

U

peftinicornis. Linn. fyft.
p. 690.

nat.

Fulgora I

Candelaria. Chinefe lanthorn*

fly.

Thrips

I.

paradoxa. Linn. fyft. p.

743*

& Amoen. Acad. 6. p. 401 . n. 48*

III. Lepidoptera.

Papilio

I.

Paris*

2.

Helenus.

3-

Troths,

4-

Deipbobus*

5-

P amnion.

6.

Memnon. Linn,

7-

Agenor. Linn.

8.

Agamemnon.

9-

Pbilottetes.

10

. Demoleus.

XI

. Mneme. Amcen. Acad. 6* p. 403*

n. 54.

12. fXiJfei

SINENSIS. 335

12. Tkallo.

13. Brajfica* Linn.

14. Napi. This fpecies is twice as big
as the European variety.

15. Pyrene. Linn.

16. Euippe,

17. Glaucippe. Linn.

18. Hecabe. Muf. Lud. Ulr. 249,

19. Tr/te.

20. Pyranthe. Linn.

21. Midamus.

22. Plexippus.

23. Cbryfippus.

24. Mineus. Linn.

25. Almena.
2(5. jiftftft

27. Oenone. Muf. L.U. 274, 275.

28. Lemonias. Muf. L. U. 277.

29. Orithya.

30. C. aureum.

31. Leucoihoe.

32. fimilis.

33. qffimitis. Muf. L. U. p. 300.

34. dijji?nilis.

35. JV?/>fo. Linn. P. Hyp:rbius Amcen.

Acad. 6. p. 408. n. 75.

36. Augias. Amcen. Acad. p. 410.
n. 8a.

37. Lint'm-

ne FAUNULA

37. Lintingenfis, fubtus pallide luteus
nebulofus, fupra nigricans, luteo
imprasgnatus. OJbeck.

3$. argyrius.

39. Pyrene.

Sphinx 1. Atropos.

2. Auxo. Linn.

3. Pr ocellus,
Phalcena 1. Atlas.

2. Ion. The larva of this Moth
is the filkworm.

3. Zptfri*. Linn.

4. feticornis, fpirilinguis alis
planis, fiiperioribus caerulefcenti-
bus, margine exteriore duabus
maculis luteis. OJbeck*

5. nigrella,

6. altica.
*l. bicincla.

8. %macrops.

IV. NEUROPTERA.

Ubellula. u Chmenfis. OJbeck.

2, fufca, capitis lateribus

viridibus. OJbeck.

V, H Y M E-

•SINENSIS. 337

V. Hymenoptera.

Apis i . Irevis, flavo, fulvoque varia, ab-

domine lineis, tranfverfis unda-
tis nigris. Ojbcck. The Chinefe
call them St*yong-fong.

VI. D I P T E R A.

Culex i, pipicns, Mofquitoe.

VII. A P T E R A.

Termes i. fatalc. Linn.
Pediculus i.humanus. Loufe.
Aran e a i.. ocellata. Linn.
Cancer 1. Grapfus. Amcen. Acad. 4. p. 252.
t. 3. fig. 10.

2. Chineniis. Ojbeck.

3. Qryzre. OJbeck.
Scolopendra 1. morfttans.

Julus 1. ciW/>. Amcen. Acad. 4. p. 253.

2. crajfus. ibid..

3. fufcus. ibid.

V E R M E S. 0>£^

I. M O L L U S C A.

Nereis 1 . carulea, Amcen. Acad. 4. p. 254.

Holothuria 1. Priapus. Amcen. Acad. 4. p. 255.

Vol. II. Z Meduik

338 F A U N U L A.

Medufa .1. Forpita. Amcen. Acad. 4. p. 255.

t. 3. f. 7,3, 9.
Afterias !, pcElinata. Amcen. Acad. 4. p. 25 6.
2. Luna. ibid.

II. T e s t a c E A.

Chiton 1. punclatus. Amoen. Acad. 4. p. 2 5 6.
Lepas 1. Mitella. Linn. Balanus Chincnfts
Jlriatus. Petiver. Gaz. t. 1. f. 10.
Voluta 1. mom lis. Linn.
Qltrea 1. Chineniis. OJbeck. The Chincfc
call it Hao.

III. Lithophyta.

Madrepora 1. polygama. Amccn.Acad.4.p.258.

Cor allium 1 . Chinenfe. Amcen. Acad. 4. p.
258. tab. 3. f. 11. feems to be
the Madrepora polymorph** of

Linn.-eus.

IV. ZOOPHYTA.

Sertularia 1. confervas formis. OJbeck.
Vorticella 1. conglomcrata. Linn. Hydra con-
glomerata. Amcen. Acad. 4. p.
257. t. 3. fig. 1.
Pennatula j. phofpharca. Amcen. Acad. 4. p.
256.
- 2, ?nirabilis. Amcen. Acad.4-p.256,
g> Sazitta, ibid.

FLORA

NEW ■•
BOTANICAL

FLORA SINENSIS

O R,

An ESSAY towards a CATALOGUE

O F

CHINESE PLANTS,

Z 2

C 341 3

FLORA SINENSIS.

MONANDRIA.

MONOGYNIA.

Ca n n a I . Indica. Indian cane.
Maranta 1. Galanga.
Curcuma 1. Chinenfis. Ofbeck.

D I A N D R I A.

MONOGYNIA.

Ny&anthes 1. hirfuta.

2. Orientalis. OJbcck.
Juflicia 1. Chinenfis. Linn. fyft. nat. torn.
2. p. 60.
2 . purpurea.
Gratiola 1. Virginianoides. Ofbeck. Pro-
bably a variety of the Gratiola
'virginiana. Linn.
Utricularia 1. bifida, fee tab. iii. %. 2.

Z 3 Verbena

942 FLORA

Verbena i. ?wdiJJora.
Monarda i. Chinenfis. OJbeck.

T R I G Y N I A.

Piper i. Beth.

T R I A N D R I A.

M O N O G Y N I A.

Valeriana i. Chinevjis.
Tamarindus i. Indie a. the Chinefe call it
Ic/jam-paboo.

Ixia i . Cbinenjis. Linn. fpec. pi. p. 5 \L

Commelina r. communis.

2. Chinenfis. OJbeck. Perhaps it
is the fame with the Comme-
Una ?iudifiora. Linn. .
Cyperus 1. ha/pan.
1 . Iria.

3. odor at us.

4. glome rat us.
Scirpus 1. Chinenfis. OJbccL
Nardus i. ciliaris.

2. articulata. OJbeck.

. D I G Y N I A.

Saccharum 1. officinarum, by the Chinefe Cd\\-
ed Ki-a,

2. pluvia-

SINENSIS. 343

2. pluviatile. OJbcck. Qu. Is not
this a varietjr of the former ?
Panicum i. alopecurodeum.

2. glaucwn.

3 . Cms galli.

4. brevifolium,

5 . arborefcens.

6. -patens.

7. difle&um. OJbcck. Perhaps the
P. dimidiatum. Linn.

Alopecurus 1. Hordeiformis.

Agroflis 1. Indica.

Aira 1. feminibus hirfutis, ariftis termina-

libus, flore longioribus. OJbcck.

Poa 1 . anguflifolia,

2 . Malabarica.

3. Chine nfis.

4. tenella.

Briza 1. elegant, fpicis oblongis, valvulis

carinatis. OJbcck.
Cynofurus 1. JEgyptius.
Arundo 1. Bambos, the Bamboo-reed.

T r 1 G Y n 1 A.

Eriocaulon 1 . Jexangulare.
Mollugo 1 . pentap/ylla.

Z 4 TETRAN-

;44

F L O R A

T E T R A N D R I A.

M O N O G Y N I A.

Kedyotis I . hcrbacea.

Spermacoce I. verticillata,

Ixora i . cocclnea, by the Chinefc called

Kan-Ion g-f aw.
Plantago I. Jftatica. Linn. fpcc. pi. p. 163.
Oldenlandia 1. umbcllata.
Ammania 1. bacclfcra.
Trapa 1. nutans, by the Chincfe called

Ling-konn or Lehg-ka,

PENTANDRIA.

MONOGYNIA.

Convolvulus 1. hederaceus.

2. Batatas, called Fauciy by the
Chincfe.

3. bijiorus. Linn. fp. pi. p. 1668.

4. reptans.

5. hirtus.

6. Pes Capn?.
Ipomcea 1. S$uamoclit.
Nauclea 1. orientalis.

Morinda 1 . itmbellata, or P a-cock-faiu of

the C/jinefe.
2. citrifclia,.

Muffenda

345

SINENSIS.

Mufla? n d a I . frondofa.

Mirabilis i. odorata, OJbeck. Perhaps M.

dichotoma. Linn.

Datura I.

fcrox. Linn. fpec. pi. p. 255.

Nicotiana I.

fruticofa. Linn. fp. pi. p. 258.

Solarium i.

dip by Hum.

2.

Mthiopicum. Linn. fp. pi. p. 265.

3-

lndicum.

Capficum i.

Jrutejcens.

Lycium i.

barbarum.

Rhamnus i.

lincatus. fee tab. vii.

2.

cenoplia.

3-

Thea, OJbeck. The leaves of this

ihrub are made ufe of by the

poorer Chinefe, inftead of tea.

Mangifera 3

[. indica. The Chinefe call the

fruit S£uai-mao.

Achyranthes' i. afpera.

2. lappacea.

3. Chinenfis. OJbeck.

Celofia i .

argentea.

2.

crijlata.

Gardenia

jioriday or the Cape Jafmine.

Calyx monophyllous, quinquan-

gub.r, divided in five fe&ions,

Corolla monopctalous, has a long

cylindrical tube, the feftions of

the

346 FLORA

the flower leaves divided into five
ovated fegments. Anther a feated
within the tube ; the Piftil is below
the flower, the flower ftem Aliform,
divided, and clavated ; Stigma is bi-
lobous, ovated, obtufe and great.

Seed Veffel egg-fhaped, ribbed from
the defcending wings of the flower-
cup, and within divided into two
cells by a thin membranaceous par-
tition.

Seeds numerous, compreffed, and fur-
rounded with a mucilaginous fub-
ftance.

Arbufcula Sinenfis, myrti majoris
folio, vafculo feminali hexagono, ad
fingulos angulos alls foliaceis muni-
to, quae porreftze vafculi coronam
effbrmant. Umki Sinenfibus di£ta.
Plukn. Amalth. p. 29.

Umky alias Umuy; cujus fru&um
ad colorem efcarlatinum tingendum
infcrvit; florerri fert rofaceum, al-
bum, hexapetalum. Plukn. Amalth.
p. 212. tab. 448. fig. 4. Frutex
cynohbati fructu alato, tinttorio,
barbulis

SINENSIS. 347

barbulis longioribus coronato. Petiv.
Muf. p. 498. Hay. Hill. Til. p. 233.
Jafminum foliis lanceolatis oppofitis
integerrimis, calycibus acutioribus.
Mill. Dia. n. 7. Mill. fig. i3o. Jaf-
minum? ramo unifloro pleno, petalis
coriaceis. Ehret. tab. 15. E. N. C.
i76i.p. 333.

Gardenia Jafminoides. Ellis Phil.
Tranf. 176c. p. 929. tab. 23. Gar-
denia Jafminoides. Solander Phi!.
Tranf. 1762. p. 654. tab. 20. The
variety of this plant with double
flowers was brought from the Cape
of Good Hope in the year 1744, by
Captain Hutchenfon, and prefented
by him to Richard Warner, Efq. of.
Woodford Row, Efex. Mr. Ellis
procured for Mr. James Gordon
fome fhootSj which turned very be-
neficial to Mr. Gordon, for he by
his ingenuity brought three fhoots
to grow, and afterwards multiplied
them fo much that they are now at
prefent in all the gardens of Eng-
land. The plant with fmgle flowers
was found by Mr. Cunnirgham in
5 China,

348 FLORA

China, and in the Eajl Indies. Some
gentlemen have lately feen this
fhrub on the coaft of Coromandcl.
The Chinefe call it Umki, and dye
with the feeds fcarlet, it may per-
haps, if properly enquired into, turn
out a great improvement in the art
of dying, and therefore deferve the
attention of the commercial part of
the public, and become an article of
importance in commerce, if planted
in the Englijh colonies in North
America.
Nerium I. Oleander.

D I G Y N I A.

Periploca i. Grczca.

Chenopodium i . fcopana.

Gomphrena i. globofa.

Hydrocotyle I. Chinenfis. Linn. fpec. pi. p.

339/
Athamanta i. C/j/wfl/fr.Linn.fp.pl.p.353.
Sium i . Jifarum. Linn. fp. pi. p. 3 6 i .

2. Ninfi. ibid.

T R I G Y N I A.

Rhus 1. Javanlcunij by the Chjnefi 'Sited
Tcijha. •

2. Chinenfe.

SINENSIS. 349

2. Chinenfe. OJbeck. by the Chi*
nefe called Mon-khL
Sambucus i. nhra.

o

Bafelia i . rubra. The Chincfe call it £*»£-

2. «#*. Linn. fp. pi. 390.

Tetragynia.
X! volvulus 1. alfinoides.

Pentagyni a.
Aralia 1 . Cbinenfis.

HEXANDRIA.

M O N O G Y N I, A.

Narciffus 1. Tazetta.

Dracaena 1. ferrea ; in the Cbinefe Ian-

guage Tat-fio. Irontree.
Convallaria 1 . Chinenfis, foliis linearibus, co-

rollis fexpartiris. OJbeck.
Hemerocallis i.fulva. Linn. fp. pi. 462.
Loranthus 1. fcurrula. Linn. fp. pi. 472.

D I G Y N I A.

Oryza 1. fitiva. Rice. The Cbinefe call it

fo-tf whilft it is growing, and Vo-

Kock

35© FLORA

Rock before it is ground. The raw
groats they call Mai, but when boil-
ed they give it the name of Farm.

O C T A N D R I A.

M O N O G Y N I A.

Ofbeckia I. Chineryis\ by the Chinefe called
Romm-hoeong-lo-aw. See tab. ii.

%• '> 2, 3-

Daphne I. Indica.

Bccckea I. frutcfccns ; called Tiong-mazv by
the Chinefe. See tab. i.

T R I G Y N I A.

Polygonum i . barbatum. Ka-yong-moea in the
Chinefe language.

2. orient ale. In the Chinefe lan-
guage Yong-moca.

3. Chinenfe.

ENNEANDRIA,

MoNOGYNIA.

Laurus 1. Camphor a. The Chinefe call the
tree Tiong-fo, but the Camphire
extracted from it they call Tiong-
No-o.

Caffytha 1. fJiformis.

T R 1-

SINENSIS.

35*

T R I G Y N I A.

Rheum I. vndulatum. Linn% {pec. pi, p. 531.

2. palmatum, ibid.

3. compaclum. ibid.

D E C A N D R I A.

MoNOGYNIA.

Caffia 1. Sophera.

1. procumbent.
JuiTura 1. repens.

D I G Y N I A.

Dianthus 1. Cbinenjis.

Pentagynia.
Averrhoa 1 . Bilimbi, by the Chlnefe called

DODECANDRIA.

M O N O G Y N I A.

Ly thrum 1. fruticofunu Linn. fp. pi. p. 6^1.

T R I G Y N I A.

Euphorbia 1. - neriifolia.

O C T A-

352 FLORA

O C T A G Y N 1 A.

Illicium I. amfatum. Linn. fpec. plant, pag.
664. The fruit of this tree is
probably the Badhin or Star-
Anis\ and a branch of this tree,
boiled with the Tetrodo?i ecella-
tus, makes the broth of it ftill
more poifonous.

Pfidiiira 1. Guayava, Ofbeck. Probably P.
pyrifcrum. Linn.

I C O S A N D It I A.

P O L Y G Y N I A.

Rofa 1. Indira.
ltubus 1. parvifolius.

POLYANDRIA.

M O N O C Y N I A.

Nymphira 1 . Nelumbo.

Lagerflroemia 1. Indica. Isjin-kin of the Cbl-
ncfe.

TJbea 1 . bobea, with fix petals. The

leaves Jtand alternately on the
Jialky are elliptical, fmootb,
femavhat obtufe, anaferrated

?r

SINENSIS. 353

or f aived infuc'h a manner as to make
the ozitjianding earners obtufe. 'The
footftalks are Jhorty round below r, and
gibbofe. It has no flipulce. Linn.
fyft. nat. torn. if. p. $6$*

Si viridity with nine petals, Linn. The
variety of tea which is called green
tea with nine petals, is enumerated
by Dr. Linnaus only upon the au-
thority of Dr. Hill's Exotics, tab.
22. but it is quite incredible that
green tea hhould be a ihrub fo dif-
ferent from the bohca tea, that it
fhould differ in the petals : of which
the latter fpecies, according xajfyempf
her, Amcen. p. 6i i, has fix, which he
himfelf few in Japan : and what is
more remarkable, Kamphcr fays the
green colour of tea depends only
upon the manner and care taken of
it in drying. For fome roaft the
leaves in a large iron pan two or
three times only, which fudden
roafting makes them brown, and
tinges the infufion with the fame co-
lour ; but on the other hand others
preferve that vivid green in the
Vol. II. A a leaves,-

354 FLORA

leaves (and confequently in the in-
fufion) by a flower roafting; and
repeat the operation five, fix, and
even feven times. Between each
roafting the tea- leaves are rolled in
one direction on a table covered
with a bamboo or rufh-mat: but
never is this operation performed
backwards and forwards. The pan
muft be fo hot, that by putting a
frefh leaf in it, it may make a hif-
fing noife from the expelled juice.
The leaves are continually flirred by
mens hands, till their heat grows
intolerable ; ant! then they are taken
out with a wooden rake, and rolled
as above on mats. The Chinefe, to
take off the narcotic power of the
tea-leaves of the firft collection, foak.
them for half a minute in boiling
water. In curing the beft forts of
tea, the pan is waflied, and cleaned
with boiling water after each roaft-
ing. This is however true, that
there are many varieties of tea, dif-
fering one from another in the (hape
and quality of the leaves: thus the
Tea-Ankai has oblong leaves, the

Tea-

SINENSIS. ^

tea-Soatchoun has lanceolated leaves
and the tea Linkifom has hoary or
rough leaves.

Captain Eckeberg brought a little
tea-fhrub, the third of Gclober i76*
to Sweden ; which is the firft that
ever came to Eurofie, for all forts
of trees die oh the voyage : but the
way to obtain them is to put the
frefli feeds into pots in China, a lit.
tie before the fhip fails. And as a
tea tree, according to Kampber*, ac-
count, attains its full growth of
about fix feet high in feven years, it
is probable that Dr. turnout, tree
is now in full vigour. He intends
to multiply this fort of tree, and to
expofe it then to the open aifj as
the tea-fhrub grows as high as the
latitude of Pekin in the open air,
Where the winters are far more fe-
vere than in England and in the
louth of Sweden. It is therefore
highly probable that this attempt
w,llfucceed:andfoitwouldin£^
land, but not in the American coIo-
aies, for want of fuch a quantity of
A a 2 hands

3$6 FLORA

hands as the cultivation and
preparation of tea require.

Clematis I . Chinenfis. OJbcck ; it is perhaps
a variety of the Clematis Vital-
ba, Linn.

D I D Y N A M I A.

Gymnospermia.

IlyiTopus i. Lophanthus. Linn. fpec. plant,
pag. 796.

Leonurus 1. Sibiricus. Linn. fpec. plantar,
pag. 818.

Ocymum 1. grat'ijjtmum*
Scutellaria 1. Indica.

Angiospermia.
Gerardia 1. glutinofa. See tab. ix.
Torenia 1. Afuitica.

2, ft. glabra. Ofbeck.
Capraria 1. crujlacea. Linn. fyft. nat. torn, ii,
p. 419. & Mantifia, p. 87.

Buchnera 1. Afiatica. Linn. fpec. plant. 879.

Paiellia 1. crifpa.

2. ringens.

3. aniipoda.

Barleria

SINENSIS. 357

Barleria I. criftata, in tHe Chinefe language

Ab-keyfdiv. See tab. viii.
Volckameria I . inermis.
Clerodendrum I . forlunatum, by the Chi-
nefe called I\a-tag-no?2g. See
tab. xi.
Vitex r. Negundo.
Columnea I, Chinenfis. OJbeck. By the Chi-
nefe it is called Pange-ka.

TETRADYNAMIA,
Siliq.uosa.

Brafica 1 . Chinenfs, or the Kai-lann of the
Cbinefe.
2. vio/acea. Linn. fpec. plant. 932,

Sinapis 1. juncea. Linn. fpec. pi. 934.

2 . Orient ali s,

3. Chinenfis. Linn. fyft. nat. torn. ii.
Pag- 445> & MantifT. plantar.
Pag- 95-

Kaphanus 1. fativus* Linn. fpec. pi. 935,

A a 3 M O N A-

2;3 F I O R A

^

M O N A D E L PHIA,

P O L Y A N D R I A.

Sid a i. fpinofa.
TJrena i. lobata.

2. procumbent.

3, Chlnenfis, caule ere&o, fioribus ma-
juiculis. OJbeck.

Goffypium 1. herbaceum, or the Chinefc

Minfu.
Hibifcus 1, mutabilis.
2 . Jiculneus,
Camellia 1 , Japonica^ by the Chinefe called

Fo-kai»

DIAD'ELPHIA,

I

OCTANDRIA.

Polygala 1. Chinenfis* Linn. fpec. pi. 989*

2. ciliat a.

Pecandria,

Abrus 1, precatorius.
Crotalaria 1. Chinenfis. Linn. fpec. pi. 1003?

2 juncea.

SINENSIS.

359

juncea.

feffilijiora, Linn. fp. pi. 1004.

radiatus, Linn. fp. pi. 10 18.

Sinenfis, by the Chinefe called

Ta-o,
maculatum*

Jlyracifolium*
, Gangeticum.

, triquetrum, by the Chinefe call-
ed Ka-fong-foe,

pule he Hum,

biarticulatum*

heterocarpon.

triflorum,

lagopodiodes,

Indigofera 1. tincloria. The Chinefe call it
Tong-ann or Vaw,

Chinenfis, Linn. fpec. plant.
1066.

Sinicus. Linn. fyft. nat.tom.ii.
pag. 499. & ManthT. p. 103.

Phafeolus 1.
Dolichos 1.

Hedyfarum 1.

2.

4-

5-
6.

7-
8.

9'

Aftragalus 1

Aa 4

POLYA-

3<5o F L O R 4

POLYADELPHI1

IcOSANDRIA*

Citrus i. Medic a.

i. Aur ant turn.
3 . dccwnanus,

POLYANDRIA.

Hypericum U ?nonagynum. Linn. fpec. pi.
1107.
2. Chinenfe. OJbccL

SYNG-ENESIA.

POLYGAMIA KiUALIS.

Cacalia 1. fonchifolia. Linn, fpec.pl. 1169.

2. incana.
Ethulia 1. tomentofa. Linn. fyft. nat. torn. \u
536. & Mantlff. pi. pag. 1 10.

POLYCAMIA "SuPEH'FLUA.

Artemifia 1. vulgaris, by the Chinefe called
Gna'i.
. 2. Chinenfts. Linn. fp. pi. 1190.
3. minima, ibid,
^arpefium 1, abrotano'ide*. See tab. x.

Bacchari?

SINENSIS. 3<$i

Baccharis 'I . Indlc a l or the Kate-gnat of the

Chinefe,
Conyza I. Chinenfis.

2, hirfuia. The Chlnefe call this
plant Vreelatfoy, or Kang-gan-
faw.
Senecio I. divaricatus*
After i . Jndicus.

2. Chinenfis. Chinefe After. Linn.

fpec. pi. 1232.

Solidago 1. Chinenfis, caule procumbente,

ramis akernis, foliis radicalibus

linearibus. OJbeck.

Chryfanthemum 1, Indicum, by the Chinefe

called Kockfaw.
Sigefbeckia 1. Orientalis, The Chinefe name is

Khimag.
Verbefina 1 . Chinenfis ■, by the Chinefe called
Kaling-faw.

1 . froftrata.

3. calendulacea.

MONOGAMIA.

Lobelia 1 . zeylanica.
Impatiens 1. Chinenfis.

2. balfamina*

GYNAN-

t6z FLORA

GYNANDRIA.

D I A N D R I A.

Epidendrum i. cvfifolium*

Decandria.

Ildicteres I. angujlif olia, by xhtChinefeczW-
ed Kay-maw, See tab. v.

M O N O E C I A.

Triandria.
Phyllanthus i. Nirurh

Tetrandria,

Urtica i. ?iivia,

Morus i. alba, i

P E N T A N D R I A,

Xanthium i. Orientate. Linn.fp.pl. 1400.
Amaranthus 1. trips, called In-foy by the
Cbinefe.
2. cruentus. Linn. fp. pl» 1406,

Pol y an*

SINENSIS.

3*3

P O L Y A N D

R I A.

Sagittaria i. trifolia. Linn, fp.pl. 1410.

2. fagittlfolia, called Succoyee-faw.

MONADELPHIA.

Thuya 1. orientalis,

Croton 1. febiferum, by the C/;/«£/£ called

Syngenesia.

Trichofanthes 1. Anguina* Linn, fp.pj, 1432.

Cucurbita 1. lagenaria, by the CZw^
called Po-o. Parents hang
the fruit of this plant to
their children's necks, to
prevent their being drown-
ed.

Chinenjis, OJbeck.
acutangulus. Linn. fpec. pi.
1436.
cordifolla.

Cucumis 1

Bryonia 1 .

Gynandria.
Andrachne 1. fruticofa*

PIOECIA.

364 F L O R A

.D I O E C I A.

Pentandria.

Zanthoxylum I. irifoliatwn, called Lack-faw
by the Chinefe.

Hexandria.

Smilax I. fajfaparilla.

2. China, is by the Chincfe called

Long-fan-tao.

Diofcorea l. alata. Yams. Their Chinefe

name is Idai-fio ; but Captain

Eckeberg fays, the Chinefe call

them Oo-taw,

P O L Y G A M I .A.

'Monoecia.

Mufa I, paradifiaca. Plantain-tree. Is

called Tfey by the Chinefe.

13. Cliffortiana. Linn,

fp. pi. 1477.

Andropogon 1. Schmanthus*

2. Ifchamum*

3. fafciculatunu

Holcus

SINENSIS. 365

Holcus 1. latifolius.

Apluda 1. mtttica.
Ifcha^mum 1 . ariftatum.

Mimofa 1. Chinenfis, inermis, flipulis fo-

liolo longe majoribus, femi-

cordatis. Ofbeck.
Panax 1, quinquefolium. Ginfeng. By

the Chinefe called Janfom, or

Janfam.

Trioecia.

Ficus 1. Indica. Banian-tree.

2. pimila. Linn. fpec. pi. 15 15.

CHPTOGAMIA.

F I L I C E S.

Onoclea 1. fenfibilis.
OphioglofFutn 1. fcandens, by the Chinefe call-
ed Kayln-fL
Acroflichum 1. ' pimclatum. Linn. fpec. pL
1524.
2. dichotQUium. ibid.
5 Pteris

$66 FLORA

Pteris i .

2.

•uittata. See tab. iv.
femipinnata, by the Chineje
called Kalao. See tab. iii.

fig. i.

Blechnum i.

Orientalis,

Polypodium I.

2.

3-

varium.

crijlatunu

Barometz,

Adiantum I .

2.

Trichomanes i.

flabellulatum> by the Chi-
nefe called Siagmaoquang,
chujanum, Linn. fp. pi. 155&
Chinenfe. See tab. vi.

M

u s c 1.

Lycopodium i.

n

3-

nudum,
cernuum,
variura. Ojbeck,

A L G JE.

Jungermannia 1. Chinenfis. OJbcck. See Dill.
Mufc. t. lxix. fig. 4.

Lichen 1 . criftams.

2. Chinenfis. Ojbeck.

3. Euphorbias, foliaceus, pul-
verulentus. Ojbeck,

Fucus

SINENSIS. 367

Fucus 1. Tendo. Linn. fp. pi. 1631.

Byflus 1. Flos Aqua,

Fungi.

Agaricus 1. Chinenfis. Ojbeck. Confer Fun-
gus Ksemph. Amcen. 832.
Boletus 1. Favus. Linn.fp.pl. 1645.

INDEX,

i ■ ?■ , i ifr.n

INDEX,

The common Figures cfenote the Page ; the Roman
Numerals the Volume; where no Roman Nume-
rals are put, the firft Volume is meant.

JBRUS precatoritis, 384.

"*■ Acanthus ilicifolius, 138
Acanziles or Alcachofas, fee Cynard ScolymitSt

Achyranthes afpera, 336

— ^— — - Cbinenjis, 329

— lappacea, ibid,

Acrofs the way, an Ifie near Java, fo called^ 133

Adelpbozion> 123

Adiantum fiabellulatunty II. 7

Adonis annua, 73

Agaricus Chinen/is, 356

Agave Americana , 52

AgroftU Indica, 346

Aira feminibus hirfutts* 354
Albatros, fee Diomedea exutatit,

Albula Chinenfis% 385

Vol. II. B b Mum

INDEX,

J Ilium fubhirfutum,

. triquetrum,

Almanacks, Chinefe,
Alopccurus hordeiformisy
Alfine medidy
Alum,

Ainnravthui trtftif't
American aloe, fee Agave Americcm&,
Ammonia baccifcray
Amtni Hifpanicum,
< Amomum Zerumbet^
Anagallis latifolia,

. monelli%

Anas ChinenJU)

nigra,

Anchufa anguftifolia?

± — officinalis,

Andrachne fruticofa,
Andropogon bicorne ?

j fafciculatum^

- Ifchamum,

» — Schoenanthu:*

Anemane palmata,
Ancthurn fceniculum,
Arisen point, on Java,
Anthemis valentina,,
Anthoxanthum odoratumt.
AnibylUs tetraphylla.
Antirrhinum arvenfe,

— — -*i ■ orontium,

„.. .- punflatum,

Apis lavis, Jlavo fulvoque varia^
it% m . rufa, abdomine fujcoy
— — — violacea,
Apluda mutica,
Arachis hypogaa^
Aralia Chinenfu^

62

66

291

37&
19

244
350

387

75
II. 61

56

73

H- 33

120

74

59

$8

59
34&
ibid,
ibid,
59
55
13a

74
*3
67
62

67
66
10

148

7i

377

37*
Architecture*

II.

I N D £ ■ %'

Archifeclurej Indian* fjt fjj

Areca Catbecu, ' 2C7

Arenaria rubra, 7^

Arijlida adfcenfionis, j£J# Q$

Ari/iolodna rotunda, ' ^~

Armenians, at Surafte, |Jo 2ot
Aromas, fee Miinofa Farnefiaiit*

Arrack, 9i£

Artemifia vulgaris, ^_ ,
Artichokes, fee Cynara Scolymus,

Arum arifarum, ' ' *g

— — - maculatutn, -$

Arundo Bambos, 276

■ Donax, 5-

Afcenfion Ifland, in the Atlantic Ocestoj H. 77

Afckpids gigantea, tfM

Afia, preferved Bamboo roots* 01 Q

Afparagus acutif alius ^ -«

— ■ *)%//»*, Ihidi

— -falcatus^ jbifc

officinalis H,jd0

Afpbodelus fijlulofus,

' ramo

59
W*i Ibid,

Afplenium nidus, \\m ^

Affes, common in Spain, n$, 4*
" ' ■ fte&» eaten by the Tar Jars in China j H.^o^

After Indicus, ~7g

Aflragaltts Bcethus, g2

Atrip lex portulacoideii « +

Averrboa bllimbi, 3^

Avicennia torr.entofa, oo-g

jtf#ccbdris Indicd, ^qA

Balijles Cbhynfa, 7^

B b g jfo/j//*/

INDEX.

Baltjles tnonoceros, '73

. nigroputiflatus, 176

ringens, **■• 93

fcriptus, x74

vetula, Jk 92

Bamboo reed, fee Arundo Bambos.
.. roots, fee Afia.

Banco, a large Ifland near Sumatra, 164

Bancfhall, 185

Banians, II. 178
., tree, fee Fiats Indica,

Bantam, point of, Jj>2

- queen of, l "°

Barbers in China, 23°

Barleria crijlata, 362

Bartramia Indica, 37 ^

2?*/*//* r«£r*, U- I2

Batavia, capital of Java, *&*

Bats ? l6*

Beans, early growth of, 52

Bel/is annua, ~5.

Benjamin, or Benzoin, a gum, 200
Befant'yes, fee Holotburia phyfalis.

Beta vulgaris, 59

Bill of lading of the Swedifh Indiaman, 11. 38.

Birds nefts, 258

Bifcutella didyma, 5&

Blatta crientalis, l7°

Blecbnum occidentale, 357

Blindnefs of the Chinefe, 3*9

Bocca tiger, x°°
Boletus catdefcens, . w °*
Bonnet fifli, or Bonito, fee Scomber pelamis.
Bonzes, 240- 286
Boobv, fee Pekcanui pi/cattr*

Books, 233

Borax, „ 244

Borrag*

INDEX.

Berrago officinalis,

57

Bottle gourds, fee Cucurbita iagenaria.

Bramins,

II. 180

Brandy, Chinefe,

3*5

Brajftca Chinenjisy

ii3.1!

Briza elegans,

■ media.

H

Bryonia cordifolia%

374

Bryum murale,

20

Buprejiis maxima (gigantea Linn,)

33 »• 384

Burnet, fee Poterium,

Buxoides aculeata,

394

Byjfus candelaris)

61

c.

f*Acalia incana,
%* Cafius Opuntia,

378

54

Cadiz, bay of<,
— — city of,

ibid.

■ exchange of,

3*

- ■■ ■ garden fruits fold there,

33- 50

— — houfes in,

l1

■ inhabitants of,

22, 23

• miol'ya, a landing place,

IO

— — public buildings of,

24, 27

Calamus rotang,

11.43

Calendula officinalis^

58

Calla Javanica,

II. 6l

Callvanfes, fee Dolichos Sinenjis%

Cambogia or Gamboge,

260

Camellia Japonica,

JI. 17

Camphire,

253

Cana, fee Arundo donax.

Canaria, the chief of the Canary Iflands,

87

Canary Birds, fee Fringilla Canaria*

• • Iflands,

87

Cancer adfcenfionis^

II.97

$b 3

Canctr

if.

II

11.

2:9
182

• 5*
116

II.

35?
US

H.

igi

3i°

IN D E X,

EaiKtr arenariusi

L. Cbinenfisi

.» eremita,

minutusy

m cryzcSy

pelagicus,

Cangrejo, fee Sepia loligo.

Carjibas, an ifle,

fianis aureus, the Jackcall,

Canna lndica,

Cantkaris Cbinenfis, fee Lampyris Chimnfis.

Canton, city of, 214

•— — - , province of, ibid.

Cape Pigeons, fee Pracellarip Capenfis.

(Cape Vincent, a promontory in Portugal, 8

Capjjcum frutefcem, 18* 20a

(Earabus tottis niger, 65

Cardillos, fee Cynara fcolymus*

Cardum Syriacus, 47

ffimrix cajpitofa, 75

Gatpefiwn abrotancides, 329? ^* J7

Carypta urens, \\> 4$

Cafaguillas, a Spanifh dref:^ 12

ISVt^s pr&cumbens, ■ 336

T—^-jbphera, 330

Cajftda chierea, 359

s nigra, oblonga, 337

Cajjytha fuifortniS) 395

Cattfiea Javar.ica, 139

Celojia arge.niea, 336

— — — ' trijlata, icy

Gentaurea pullata, 56

— : — JpbarocepkalZ) 56. 83

Cerajii-Mii vijlofum, 48

Cerbera manghas, ' 1 38

Cerintbe.. ma\or, 74

fcrvus ('Jav(!Kicu<:)9 . : II. 54

Chamarops

INDEX.

Chamarops humiltSy - r<-

Chatodon jaxatilis, II. r«

Cbet rant bus cheiriy 6g

— i incanusy iq

; trilobus, r£

Chenopodium amhroJioideSj c 5

■ hybridum, iq

China, agriculture of, II. 273

' fertility of, II. 271

• populoufnefs of, 272

religion of, 278

rice-fields of, II. 278

roott fee Smilax China,

foil of, II. 278

weather of, II. 282

Chinefe, 265

' drefs cf men, 267

of women, 270

mercantile genius of, II. 242

— paintings, 242

Chiton Uv£y g i

* marginibus dorfi fpinofu, II. 60

Chryfanthemum coronariuma 74.

■ Indicumy II. 6

~ ; fegetum, 74

Cicada ChinenfiSy «t
Cinnabar, 245
Cijius fumana9 D5
— hirtusy D7

J ah ci foil us y 66

falvifolius, 67

« tuberar'iQy 66

Citrus aurantium, oig

— — decumanciy jr0

« medico, 2o8. 306

■ SinenfiSy oq 7

Clematis Chinenjis, g2£
B b 4 Qlerodendron

INDEX.

Clerodendron fortunatum> 3^9

Clupea myjus, II. 2$

* tbrifa, Hi *&

, tropica, II. 103

Clypeola jonthlafpi, 56

Coccinella quadripuflulata^ 368

. Jeptempunclata> 64. 359

Columba turtur, J 58

Columnca ChinenfiSy 37 1

Commelina Chinenjis, 393

. ; ' — communis^ ibid.

Comprador, 179

Conferva bulbofa, 6 1
Conojito, fee Fumarla officinalis*

Convallaria Chinenjis, 353

Qonvolvolus althaoides, 82

, baiaiasj 3U

-. bederaceus, 326

■ .-&r/w, 376

• — pes capr&y J 39

reptans9 3*3

Conus (Chinenfts), go J

. Conyza Chinenfts^ 3^0

• 1 — - — birfuta, 374

n Jaxatilis, 70

Copper, 243

Cordia myxa, JI» 5^
Cork tree, fee Quercus fubtr,

Coronilla juncea, 67

Corrigiola littoralis, 83

Corypha umbraculifera, II. 58

Corypbana equrfelis, Dorado, II. 1 18

bippurus, Dolphinj JI7. II. 1 17

.Coitus dulcis, 259

Cottons, 241

Cotyledon umbilicus, 20

CratiSgus oxyacantha9 82

Crepis

INDEX,

Crepis barbate, 48

fe faetida, 83

Crinum JJiaticum, 143

Crithmum maritimuni) Samphire, 46

Crocus bulbocodium, 58

Crotolaria juncea^ 336

Croton febiferum% II. 5
Croziers, or Southern Crofs, a conftellation, ioo

Cryptanthus Cbinenjis, 345

Cucurbita lagenariay 150

/>*/>0, ibid.

Cuprejfus fempervirenS) 1 8

Curcuma Chinenft$y 329

Cjtfflj circinnaliSy 259

Cynara bumilis, 74

-' fcolymus, 5 1

Cynoglojfum cheirifolium^ 58

Cynofurus Mgyptius, 376

Cyperus dichotomusy 37 1

&*#«», 376

. irw, 371

- odoratus, 361
Cyprinus Cantonenjis, 1 88
*- ■ ■ pelagicusy II. 113

TTV Anifh Ifland, in the river Tiger, 187

*** Daphne Gnidium, 55

Indicay II. 6

Datchin, 262

Delphinus Chinenjis, II. 27

- - Ora, Grampus, 7

— Pbocana, Porpene, 12
Derme/ieSy fubrotunda atra, II. 66
Diomedea Adfcenfionis^ II. 89

exulans, Albatros, 109
Dhfcorea alaiat Yamsa

Dogfilh,

INDEX.

Dogfifh, greater, fee Squalus canicula.
Dolichos maximus fcandens,

. — . Sinenfis,

m Soya,

Dolphin, fee Corypheena hippurus.

Dorado, fee Coryphcsna eqiufelis,

Doronhum be\lidiajlrum>

Draccsnaferrea,

Ducks, hatched in China,

Dunkirk,

Dwarf-mallow, fee Malva rotundifolia.

Dyers,

E.

T^Bony,

"*-* Echeneis remora„
Ecbium Creticum,
Echinops ritra,
Elephants, docility of,

*i4 gratitude of,

Biitberixa familiaris,
ppidendron amabile,
- ■ enjifolium,

Eriocaulon fexangularey
Erythrina corallodendron^
Evolvulus alfmoideS)
Euphorbia ejula,

„ — — .. exigua,

_ — ■ falcata,

. n hdiofcopiat

■ ■. myrfiniteSf

, — , — ! neriifolia,

— — . — origanoidest

-. — — paralias,

- ■■■ peplus,

, ! • ferratat

Excccetus volutins 9

394
304.

2S3

11. 312
11. 158

230

227

103

74

59

11. 213

11. 198

157

II. SO

II. 15

337
141

392

60
ibid,

ibid,

47

60

329
II. 98
42
60
84
90
Factory

IN D E X,

F

210

A&ory at Canton, 204

Falkenberg, a town in Sweden, 3
Fay- ye, fee Gob jus peftiniroflrjh

Fayal, one of the Azores, II. 120

Fdau-fu, 2 1 8. 305,
Fennel, fee Jnethum.

Feol harbour in the Gothenburgh rocks, 2

Ferro, one of the Canary Iflands, 87

Fiador, 2i»
Ficuslndica, 3115. 38 1. II. 17?

Fifhery, in China, U- 3*7

flagellar ia Indica* ' II. 59
Flying fiih, fee Exocoetus,

Foeroe Iflands belonging to Denmark, 6

Fortaventura, one of the Canary Iflands, 87

Frederick-Henry, a hidden rock, II. 44

French Ifiand, in China, 347

Fringilla Canaria, 1°

Fritillaria meleagrist 83

Frutex baccis albis, 32^

Fucus divaricatus, II* 122

. - lendigeruSy H« 99

r,- ■ ' maximm* *■*■' 73

mufcoideSy II. 99

r »araw, U. 109

vcficulofus, II. 122

Fumaria officinalis, Fumitory, 55

Funchal, a town and port in Madeira, II. 160.

. — ladies of, II. 1 62

fu- jenny 2 16.

G.

GAlgant, 256.

Galium aparine, 55

pam-boge, or Gum-gutta, 260

(Barnes,

INDEX.

Games, Chinefe, II. 247

Gamon, fee Jfphodelu$ ramofus.

Gannets, fee Pelecanus bajfanus.

Genijfa Anglica, 78

Gentoos, or Malabarians, -at Suratte, II. 177

" - ■ manners of, II. 180

women of, II. 178

— — — their women's drefs, II. 186
Gerardia glut (no/a, 3 7 O

Geranium cicutarium, 56

gruinum,

66

molUy 58
Ginfeng, fee Panax quinquefoVium,
Gnao, fee Nymphaa nelumbo.

Gobius ekotrtSy II. 32

niger, JO I

— — peliiniroflrh^ 200

tropicus, II. 102

Gold, 243

Goldfmiths, 226

Gomora, one of the Canary Iflands, 87

Gomphrma globofa, 209
Gooie grafs, fee Galium aparine.

Gofjypium herbaceumy 349
Gothenburgh, a Swedifli town, and harbour for In-
dia fhips, i
Gracula religiofa, 1 57
Grampus, fee Delphinus orca.

Granate mountain, in Spain, 8

Gratiola virginianoidesy 329

Grilleria, cage for locufts, 71

Grillos, Spantfh locufts, kept in cages, ibid.

Gryllus v'ifidis, JVbom-ma, 377
Guayava, fee Pftdium Guajava*

Gusltarda fpeciofay II. 57

Gujls,

INDEX.

Gulls, herring, fee Larus fufcus.

white, fee Larus canus.

Gungung, 186, 187

H.

a, or Hoppo, 2 1 6. 359

Hatters in China, 235

HA£

Hedera belix^ 70

Hedyotis berbacea, II. 4

Hedyfarum biarticulatumy 378

" coronariurriy 77

■ Gangeticumy 3 30

— *— — — — hederocarpont 354

"- lagopodioides, 346

•'■ ! maculatum% II. 8

•■ pulcbellum., 374

•~ flyracifoliumt II. 8

trifiorum^ 353

triquetrum, 374

Heracleum fphondylium, 82

Hernandiafonora^ II. 63

Hibifcus ficulneus, 328

' ■ mutabilis, II. 10

■'■ populneus, II. 52
Higuera del inferno, fee Rkinus communis.

Hippobofca, 1 29

— ■ «7£tt7, II. 97

Hippocrepis comofa, 67

Hirundo rujiicat 91

Ho-a-khe, 232

iMa* latifoliusy li. 8
Holly, fee I/ex aquifolium^

Holothuria pbyfalis, II. 74
Hoopoe, fee Z7/>«/>tf */><$;.

Hamulus Iupulus, 336

Hufbandry, honoured in China, 296

tiyacintbus monJlrofuSi 56

4 Hyacinthus

INDEX.

Hvacinthus ferotinus, 56

Hyoferis hedypnois, < 7^

■J- . radiatat ibid.

— rbagadioloideSi ibid.

Hyofcyamus albus, 83

Hypericum Chinenfei II. 2

Hypnutn Javanenfe, II. 49

Hype char is maculata, 8 a

- r eeli cat a, 59

1. j.

JAckall, fee CWj aureus.

Japanners, 229
Jafmine fphinx, fee Sphinx atropos.

'Jafminum Jzcreum, I'. 5*

Java, Great, one of the Sonda Iffes, 126. 160

« head, a promontory on Java, 136

Little, or Baly, an Ifle near Great Java, 160

monkies, fee Simia aygula*

— — fparrows, fee Loxia oryzivora.

Ilex aquifoiiumi £4

lllecebrum paronychia^ 5^

Impatient lalfamina, 209

Chinenfts, 344

Indigo, 256

Indigo f era tincloria, 335

Ink, Indian, 24$
Joanna, or St. Joanna, an Iffe near Madagafcar,

II. i66r

Joiners in China, 226

Ipomoca quamoclit, 2 10. 336

Iris Xiphium, S&
Iron tree, fee Dracana ferret

Jj'chamum arijiatwn, 37°

*■■« ■ ■ ■■■ muticum, M°

Ifla, a town in Spain, 7^

Iflands, feven, near Java^ 160

Juncttt

1 N D E X,

Juncus acutusy

Jungermannia Cbinenfis. 4?

Junks, J ' 35$

Jutfiaa repensy Tr !9S

Jujiicia procumbensy *' *

■ purpurea, 3° f

Ixora coccineay 372

335

I£Amm-katr,

^ Kann, fee Kattv. 3P&

Kas, 232

Katong qua, 2t>2

Katty, 374

fear-in, 2&£

Kilong, 374

^chen-gardensoftheChH^ II. ^f

Krakatoa, an ffland near Java, 26r

Kulter, * JS3

213

L,

T Aan-fa> w

Lack-tao, so6' iJ- 67

Labolm, a town in Sweden, 3°4

Lai, fee Kas. 3
Lamium amplexicaulgy

Lampyris Cbinenfis, gf

Lancerota one of the Canary Hbnds* 3£l

Wa, or Leenfa, ' * 87

Lang-an, 209

Language, Chinefe, TT 3°9

Laniusjchach, ll' 237

Lantoa, an Me in the Chinefe fe3y ^7

T '4

Lapis

INDEX.

Lapis lazuli,

244

Larus canus^

. .9

— Mcus 9

ibid*

Lat-yee,

,?°l

Latt-fa,

11. 6

Lavendula Jioechas9

66

Laurus campbora,

253

Lawfonia inermis,

354

Laytang,

262

Lead,

244

Lemt'yes, fmall lemons, fee Citrus medico

r

Lemur catta,

II. 168

Lepas anatifera,

121

Leucojum autumnak9

$7

Ley-kao,

377

Libellula Chinenfis>

381

Mca>

171

Lichen Chinenjis,

356

- criftatus,

si

TT37*

■ marinusy

11.52

— — — parietinuSy

20

— — — phyfodes,

TI 59

m pulverulenM)

H.49

IO

Lingen, an Ifle near Sumatra,

11-43

Ling-kamm, or Leng-ka,

30S

Liming, an Ifle in the Chinefe fea,

17K

Linum ufitatijfimumy

59

Literature, Chinefe,

277

28

Lobelia Plumierii,

II.57

Lobelia Zeylanica,

39i

Locufts, Chinefe,

TT 377

Lophius hiJiriO)

II. 112

Lotus cytijoides,

48

Loxia cardinalisy

r **

Loxia

INDEX.

Loxia oryzivora, j.g

■■■ violacea, IQ

Lucipara, an Ifland near Sumatra, 163

Lupinus albus, *.

hirfutusy fad.

— luteus, ibid.

; — varius, ibid.

Lycium bar bar um^ II, x5

Europaum, cr

Lycopodium cemuum% ^cb

■ nudum, fc^

— — : vartium, ibid.

Lycopjis veficariay -q
M.

TlTAcao, a Portuguefe town in China, 178

-iVJ- Macauco, fee Lemur Catta.

Mace,

Madagafcar,

Madeira,

grapes of,

Madrepora organum,

Magellanic clouds, a conflellation,

Magpies, grey-fpotted Chinefe,

Mahie, a French fettlement on the coaft of

Malabar,
Mahometans at Suratte,
Malabarians, orGentoos,
Malmucks,
Malva Mauritiana^

rotundifolia,

Mammea Aftatica,

Man of war, fee Pelecanus Aquilut.

Mandarin,

fifh,

little,

Mangifera Indicat
Mango,

Vol. II. C

262

II.

166

87

11.

162

11

• 47

112

of

377

II.

211

II.

184.

IJ.

177

108

8*

47

u,

. 62

181

II

, 26

111

1 3i

308

Mangulor

I N D E X.

Mangulor town, on the coaft of Malabar,

II. 209

Mar ant a galanga,

256

Marrubium vulgare.

58

Matricaria cbomomcla,

56

Mayota,

II, 166

Medicago polymorpba,

50

Melajioma oftandra,

34 <

Malabaricay

354

Melia parafitica^

II. 63

Meloe majalis,

64

■ varicgata,

84

Memecylon capitellatum,

140

Mercurialis annuay

45

tomentofa^

73

Merops viridis,

H7

Mes, fee Mace.

Muhelia champ acca,

148

Mill beetles, fee Blatta erientalis.

Millepora,

47

Aiimofa Cbinenfis,

378

Farnefiana,

69

Mintao,

375

Mirablh odora.'a,

326

Mohilla,

II. 166

Mollugo penfaphylla^

387

Monarda Cbinenfis,

39'

Monnpin, a mountain on the ifle of Banca,

104

Monfoons,

II. 42

Mo<Juaifa,

209

Morinda citrifolia,

If. 56

363

265

Mother of pe >rl,

Mulps, \\\'ei\ in Spain,

3*

Mv.fa pamdifiaca, plantain, j

51' 308

Mufca niveay

II. 97

vw'gnt'JJima,

ibid.

Muficlc, Malabanan,

IT. 190

Mufk,

INDEX.

Muflc,

245. 384

Mujpenda frondofa ,

363

Muitard, oriental,

3°9

Myofotis apu/ciy

81

jcorpioides arvenjis,

56

N.

"^TAnka, or Polo Nanka, an ifle near Si;
^~ Narcijfus tazettat

imatra, 165

209

Nardus articulata.

34&

• ci/iarisy

353

Nanclea orientalisy

355- 395

Nerium oleander,

44

New Bay, in Java, oppofite New Ifland,

132

— — Ifland, between Java and Sumatra,

13i

Nicotiana paniculate,

150

Northcaper, i'ee Delphinus orca.

Nyclanthes hirfutay

329

— ■- ■ orientalis,

209

Nymphaa nelumbo.

310

o.

S~\Cimum gratij/imum,
^ Oldenlandia wnbellata,

376

386

Olea Europeat the olive tree,

'5

Onifcus afilus,

*5

Onoclea fenfibiUs*

142. 371

Ononis repens*

42

Ophioglojjum fcandens,

375

Opium uled by the Chinefe,

II. 247

Javanefe,

If. 261

Vpbrys infedifera 0. arachnites.

72

■ a. my odes t

75

Oranges, China,

3°1
61

Orchis fiifcrfcens,

Origanum Creticum,

?■>

Om itkogaium umbdlatwn.

6/

Cc z

Orv.lt hop us

INDEX.

Ornithopus compreJfusy 67

Orobanche major, 78

■ ■ ramo/a, ibid.
Orfelle, fee Lichen roccella.

Oryza fativa, 350. 254

Ofieckia Chinenjis, 342, 343

Oxalis corniculata, 389
Oyfters, II. 30

P.

TDAckfanny, fce,AIbula Chinenfts.

•*■ Pack-la, Chinefe olives, 309

Pagodas, 238. II. 231

Palankin, 218

Palma, a Canary Ifland, 87

Palmetto, fee Chamarops.

Panax quinquefoliumy Ginfeng, 222

Panicum alopecuroideum, 375

■ ■ arborefcenSy 330

brevifolium, 346

cms gaili, 59

difjeclumy 346

glaucuaiy 374

■ patent, 346
Papaver RhceaSy 56
Papillo Agamemnon, 332

Ahnanuy, ibid.

AoniSy ibid.

C Aureunty ibid.

■ ChryJippuSy ibid.

Deipholuij ■ 331

DemoteuSy 332

Dijjimitis, 331

Euippi

Helena

332

33'
0:

33

5 "'^ Papilh

Hyale, b 1

Leucothoe, 332

INDEX.

Papilio LintingenJtSy 170

MidamuSy 332

MineuSy ibid.

Orytbia, ibid.

Pammon, ibid.

Philottetes, ibid.

Piexippus, ibid.

Ruminay 65

Similisy 331

TroilitSy 332

Tryphey ibid.

Parietaria Lufitanicay iq

Paron, fee J Uncus acutus.

Parthians,or Parfees, at Suratte, II. 183

Partridge, red-legged, fee Tetrao ru/us,

Pajferina hirfutat 63

Pajfifiora cceruleay > 18

Patiallingas, fmall merchant- (hips in the Indies, 159

Pavetta Indica, II, ei

Paulinia Afiaticciy II. q

Pekul, 262

Pelecanus aquiluSy man of war, 90. II. 87

bajfanusy II. 71

onocrotaluSy pelican, II. 87

pifcator, booby, go. 1 27

Pepper Bay, in Java, 132

Perca Adfcenfioniiy II. g^

ChinenfUy II, 25

. Periploca Gracat 336

Petun-tfe, 232
Phaeton athereuSy tropic-bird, 90. II. 85

Phalcsna atlas y . 330

Pblomis purpureay ce

Phyllanthus Niuriy II. %

Pbyfalisy 57

Phytolacca Javanicay II. r^

Piedra Blanca, a rock in the Chinefe fea, 172

. C c £ • Piedra

INDEX.

Piedra del Puerco, *&

Pinang, ^

Pinui finea, Spanifti Pine, 37

Piper betlc, 31*

Pijlacia lentifcus, £2
Plantago corcnopus,

Plantain tree and fruit, fee JW«/2r paradifiaca,

■ Plays, Chinefe, . 3^3

Pleafure-gardens of the Chinefe, »• 3^5
pea angujlifolia,

37*

C&iii'ejtjii-, .3?°

, — i — ienella, ..

Policy of the Chinefe, «? 25£

Polo-taya, an ifle near Sumatra, lD°

Poly gala c Hi at a, 35

Polygonum barbatum, 353

— ■ Chinenfe, 33

_— • or'untale, a

Pohpodium BarometZy .35

parafiticum^

- varium,

II. 6 1

II. 9

15

Populus alba,

Porcellane, 3

Porcos, rocks near Cadiz, 9

Porpefff, fee Delphinus phocana.

Porto Santo, a Canary ifle, °7

Portuhca oleracea, I1' 99

Poterium janguiforba, 3

Prince Ifland, in the Straights of Sonda, 1 3-

Proas, Javanefc boats fo called, I4b

Procellaria aquincaialis, frorm- finch, * 1 3

. Capenfis, Cape Pigeons, 109

Pfiiium guajava, ^ 3°9

Pfittacus Alexandria J5

__ ffalguluSy _ . ' 54

* 6 ' Pfittacus

INDEX.

Pfittacus garrulus, 1 8

Pteris femipinnata> 375

vittata, ■ 3** l

Puerto de Santa Maria, a town near Cadiz, 10

Real, a town near Cadiz, 9

Punka granatum, pomegranate, 57

Q,

QUaifa, H. 14
Quail, Chinefe, fee 7>/r<w Chinenfis.

QiK.>da, a town in the Straights of Malacca, II. 2 16

gh&rius fuber, cork-tree, 37

Quickfilver, 24 S

R

Ana CbinenJtSy 299

Ranunculus aquatil'iSy 60

bulbofus, 59

muricatus^ 83

Ravens, Chinefe, with white necks, 377

Refeda glauca, 5 6

— : lufea? 83

Retamas, fee Spartium mono fper mum.

Rhamnus lineatus, 353

■ cenopolia^ 3 ° "

, */&**, 375

Rhubarb, 254

i2£«j Chinenfe, 375

— — Javanicum, t^-

Rice, 254

Ricinus communis y 57
Riff, a Swedish harbour in the Gothenburgh rocks, 2
Ro, fee Cijiusfalvifolius.

Robbers in China, 322

Rofemary, abundant in Spain, 33

Rofewood, 228

Rota, a town near Cadiz, 10

Cc 4, Rutmi

INDEX.

Kabus fruiicofus, 75

Ruellia crifpa, 39°

_ — ring ens 9 37°

Rurnex acetcfa, 6o

, fpinofus, 5°

Ruta graveoknsi 67

s.

Q-Accharum officinale, 35°

*^ -fuviatile, 199

Sagittaria bulbis oblongis, 334

fcagu, or fago, # 259
Saintfoin, lee Hedyfarum coronarium.

Balicornia fruiicofa, 75

Salfola fruticofa, 74

**£, 33

Saltamatos, large locufts, *>4

Salvia verbenaca, 5"

Satnbucus nigra* 11* °
Samm-nimm, fee Averrhoa bilimbi,

Sampanes, *9°

. duck, 194

dung, 196

fifhermens, 193

mandarin, 19S

_ of burthen, 194

_ paftenger, 1 90

Samphire, fee Crithmum.

Samfu, 235- 315

Sanguis draconis, 259

Santa Cruz, a town on Teneriffe, 88

Santal wood, or Santalum album, 260

Satureja capitata, 66

Scarabaus bilobus, 65

. i facer, 48

■ typhceus, 65

Schcenus mucronatus, 4°

SciHa Peruviana, 84

Sciliy

INDEX.

Scilly IJIands,

II. 121

Scirpus Chinenfts,

354

glomeratus,

326

Scolopendra pedibus utrinque viginti,

II. 30

Scomber glaucus,

II. 94

pelamis, bonito,

90. 94

•■ thynnus, tunny,

90. 98

Scorpiurus falcata>

75

Scoter, fee Anas nigra.

Scrophularia fambucifolia.

r 75

Scutellaria Indica,

II. 3

Scyllaa pelagica.

II. 114

Sea purflane, fee Atrtplex portulacoides.

Seel: of Tao-tfa, -»

- Fo or Foe, > fee China

(religion

of).

■ Confucius, J

Selleria, fee Tophus.

Sempervivum arboreum,

45

Senecio communis.

46

divaricatus,

378

Sepia loligOy

92

Serapias lingua.

80

Sertularia conferveeformis,

II. 30

Shaddock, fee Citrus decumana.

Shaupann,

228

Sherardia arvenjis,

Shoemakers in China,

233

Si da cordifolia,

i4r

—— fpinofa,

329

Sigejbeckia orientalis,

374

Silene conoidea,

5&

— < — pendula,

59

Silk, raw,

241

fluffs,

ibid.

Si mi a aygula,

I5r

Sifymbrium trio,

46

Sifymbrium

INDEX.

Sifymbrium fylve/lre> 6 1

Sitta Chinenjis, II. 12

Siuu, Chinefe truffles, 312

Smilax afpera, 7 8

China.

55

! • fajjaparilla, II. IO

Snail -trefoil, fee Medicago,

Solarium diphyllum, 328

>■ Indicum, 379

M|rK», < 57

Soli dago Chinenjis, 393

Sonchus oleraceus, 1 9

Sophora alopecuroides, II. 56

Sovaja, a kind of corn, 32. 49
Soya, fee Dolichos foya.

fee Hedyfarum coronarium.

Spartium junceum, 8 1

j monofpermum, 42

. fpinofum, 67

Sparto, fee 5/*/>a tenacijjima.

Sparus Chinenjis, II. 31

■ nob His, II. 26

>"«"*, H* 53

Spergula pentandra, 69

Spermacoce verticillata, 355

Sphagnum palujlre, 5

Sphinx atropoSy 133

Spices, 260

Squalus adfcenftonis, II. 91

canicula, 1 00

— - — catulus, 114
St^ Helena, an Englifh ifle in the Atlantick, II. 76
5/. Jofeph's flower, fee Allium triquetrum.
St. Lucar, a town near Puerto de Santa Maria, 67
St. Paul and Amfterdam, two rocks in the Indian

fea, 1 19

St, Pedro, a rock on the coaft of Spain, $

St.

INDEX.

St. Sebaftian, a caftle near Cadiz,
:Stachy$ arvenfis,

— birta,

Statue armeria,

Stellaria arenaria,

Sterna nigra,

Scicklaclc,

Stipa tenaciflima.

Storm-finch, fee Proccllaria tequinoftialis.

Sugar,

Sumatra, one of the Sonda Iflands,

Sunfpurge, fee Euphorbia heliofcopia.

Suratte, a town on the coaft or Malabar,

caitle of,

inhabitants of,

Itreets of,

• trade of,

: weights and coins of,

Swallow, fee Hirundo rujiica.
Swine, Chinefe,
Syan-pan,

Syngnathus argenteus,
I pelugicus,

T.

rpAle,

-*■ Tamarinds, -»
Tamarindus Indica, J
Tanacetum balfamita,
Tan-noao, fee Gobius niger.
Targionia hypophylla,
Tayfun, ftorm (o called by the Chinefo,
Taylors in China,
Tea,

■ ankay,

bing,'

! bohca,

9

58

S&

83

59

II.

260

'5

246

163

II

. 170

II.

'■ J73

u.

177

11.

*n

II.

194

II.

J9S

II.

309

265

II.

107

if.

113

262

3°9

69

55

169

234

246

247

250

248

Tea

INDEX.

Tea, brown, 247

~ — gobe, 25°

■ honam, 247

. hyfon, 250

kuli, 247

linkifam, 249

- padre futchong, ibid.

pecko, 250

finglo, ibid.

futchong, 248

— — tao-kionn, ibid.

Go, 250

Tel, fee Tale.

Tenebr'io muricatus, 65

Teneriffe, one of the Canary ifles, 87

. Pico of, 88

Terraces, hills divided into, II. 290
Tejiudo mydas, II. 80. 89
Tetradapa Javanorum, fee Erythrina coralhdendron.

Tetrao Cbinenjis, Chinefe quail, 303

rufus, red-legged partridge, 18

Tetrodon ocellatus, 364

^Teucrium fruticans, 6 7

iva, SS

Thlafpi bur/a pajioris, 56

Ibuya orientalis, 209

Tiapp, a pafTport, 181

houfes, cuftomhoufes in China, 197

Tillaa procumbent, 77

Tin, K 244

Tintenaque, or tutanego, 243

Tobacco, dangerous to import into Spain, 13

. fee Nicotiana paniculata.

Tombs, magnificent, II. 175
Tophus, particulis teftaceis, argilla & arena coa-

dunatus, 14

Torenia Afiatica, 337

Torvicho

INDEX.

Torvicho, or tomillo, fee Pajferina hirfuta.
Tracbinus AdfcenJionisy \\t gg

Tragopogon Dalechampii, ' 5-

Trapa natans, ,0^
Trees, Chinefe, culture of, U, o0I

Tricbomanes Cbinenfe% ^Cj
Tropic bird, fee Phaeton atbereus.
Trumpet weed, H, *,

Tfang-to, or tfang-tack, 2i6
Tunny, fee Scomber tbynnus.
Turdus canorusy or 1

Turdus Cbinenjis, J II. 121
Turf, conftituent parts of, r
method of digging it in Halland, 3, 4

qualities of that in Halland, 4.

Two Brothers, ifles near Java, 162

U. V.

T/Aleriana Chinenfts, 2? J

■ cornucopia , rj

Vargoe Hoala, a Swedifh harbour, 2

Verbafcum O/bedii, £g

Verbena nodifiora^ 363

Verbefma calendulaceay 356

■ Chinenfts% 093

I lavenia, l/^1

~ proflrata, 356

Veronica agrejiis, *ft

anagallis aquatica, 74

Vices of the Chinefe, II. 238
f«ra /«/*#, -~
Vientaro, fee Cerbera manghas, 138
l^'wtf major^ ^6
/7/ctt/w baccis rubentibus, 353
fra* negundoy 300
frjfafci, I4o

I N D E X.

Ulex Europecusy 7$

Viva lacluca, IT- 99

Umbrellos, 232

Volckameria inermis, 374

Upupa epops, 86

Urcna ChinenfiSy 3°3

, lobata, 354-

procumbensy 3° 7

-finuatay • J4X

Vrtica diohcty 57

, nivea, 2,5

urenSy 57

Utricular ia bifida , "• I

W.

WAke Robin, fee Aram rnaculaium*

Waltheria Indica^ 375

Wampu, a town in China, 185

Watches, • *3&

Welcome Bay, in Java, 132

Whomma, Chinefe locufts, 377
Wo-aw-fiong, fee Bonzes.

XErez, de la Frontera, a town in Spain,
from whence the Xerez wine or fherry is
brought, 34

Y.

YAms, fee Diofcorea alata.
Yanfam or Yanlom, fee Panax quinquefoliunu
Yedra, fee Hedera helix.

Yerva,

INDEX.

Yerva de Santa Maria, fee Tanacetum balfamita.
mala, fee Nerium oleander.

'Anthoxylum trifoliatum, 364

' Zo/iera marina, II, I2a

F I N I S.

ERRATA*

VOLUME I.
Pag. 2. line ult. for Holland, read Halland.

3. 1. for was not common, read was common.

7. for Holland, read Halland.
J 2. l'fQr Cafa guillas, read Cafaquillas.

96. ult. for we paffed in, read we parted under the fun, in.

107. 23. and ult. for ocres, read oeres.

245. antepenult, for wrought, read written.

146. penult, for which gives a luftre to their complexion!,

read which makes their hair look glofiy.

179. zz. for and kept near the /hip (or Banclhal), read and

kept either near the /hip or near the Bancflial.

184. 18. for Centurion, read Anfon.

195. 19. for three mace peckuls, read three mace, the peckul,

313. 17. for Jartona, read Jartoux.

246. 3» 4. for Cochin, China, read Cochin-China.
261- 6. for ocre, rW oere.

26;. 7. /or ocre, read oere.

266. 2. /or 20, r<W 10-

301. 15. for ocre, rftjj oere.

362. 9. for Ablieyfa, read Abkeyfa.

371. 4. dele Tab. X.

VOLUME II.

115. 23. /or brachiperus, rwi/ brachyurus.
121. 1. for Lhin. nWChin.

123. 2. /or ftatia, retf<f ftatice.

166, 1 ^. _/er maflbta, rft»4 mayota.
182. 7. muft, dele tbe comma, and read muk.

187. penult, /or put our heads on their left moulder, read pvst
their heads on the left moulder of their friends.

188. I. for then we, read then they.

for ours, read thole of their friends.
2. for our, rf«^ their.
J92. penult, for half a quarter, read half a quarter of a yard.

194. 6. for Camboya, agates, read Camboya-agates.

200. 4. /"or articularius, read cubicularius, or Alexandra

204. 10. for all the factories belonging to the Englifh in the
Eaii Jndies have chaplains, read but a clergyman they
think quite unneceflary.

205. 25. for worked on with faddles, reworked with paddles.

206. 1. for rails, read nails.

246. 18, 19. for (inews of deer, read flag's pizzles.

2j8, 21. for arc, read are wound.

New York Botanical Garden Library

DS708.O8 1771 v.2 gen

Osbeck, Per/A voyage to China and the Ea

3 5185 00074 2740