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National Research Council of Canada

WAR HISTORY

OF

DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY

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PREFACE 1

Ao HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 4

Bo INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

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Drying Air for Blast Furnace Uaeo «. «.«o «.•<,.. o o o » o 24
Utilization of Open Hearth Slag^ .. , , o . o . » o o » « o . « o » • 25

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Nickel, Copper,, and Platinum Metals* o<,... c «»• o o o o o 28

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Rain Repellents for Aircraft VifindowSo » . . • » o o o o « » « . 37
Analytical Laboratoryo oooooe oo.e«oo.c*oooo.oo 40

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Miscellaneous Inorganic Investigations^ o o « . » » « o «, o « 41
Review of Foreign Research Organizations ooooo 44

nepOruS anCl * auenuS© ooooooeoo««o»oooeoaooeooeooeon 40

Co ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Experimental Explosives Ejstablishmento , . . o . « . » » . » » 54

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Free Radical Reactions „ » . « » . o » 60

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Lubricating Grease - Fundamental Studies, •» o . o ». o . 70

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Miscellaneous Organic Investigations. .. o» o » c • o . o « o 74

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Page
Do PROTECTION OP PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT

Specifications, Testing and Test MethodSo o o o o o » o o 93

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Leather and Allied Products. o o » » o » o o o o o o » o o o o c » o « 105

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"rOteCulVe OOaulngSa ooocoouocoooouoo«oooooonceooo 111

Treatment for "Trench Mouth" o « o « » o » » » « o 0 o o <> o o o . o « 115

Miscellaneous Investigationso o o o » « o . » o o ., o o c o o o o o o 117

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Eo CHEMICAL WAIiFARE

Evolution of Organization within Chemistry

Division^ National Research Councilo » 0 o . c o o 0 » c o 129

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Carbon Monoxide Container Development* o o .. o o 00 « o « 134

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Ventilation and Anti-Gas Protection in Armoured

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Combustion Products of Plame-ThrowerSo o » o » « » e o o » « 141

Analysis of Air for Toxic P\ime3„ « . o o o » o o o o o » » o » o « 142

Miniature Incendiary Bombs » c o o . « . 0 . o o o » » . o » » o o » c o 143

Anti-Gas Fabrics and Clothing* o « . c * o . . o « o o . 144

Protective Coatings* •o*o0««oooo«aoobebeo*oooeoooo 150

Po APPENDIX

Miscellaneous Papers* ooooeoe«e**oooo*oooeoooeooDo 152

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PREFACE

The scope and extent of the war-time activities of
the Division of Chemistry were such that an all inclusive re-
port would have been beyond the practical limits of this vol-
ume. Details of extensive and valuable work of a more or less
routine nature havep therefore, been omitted from this account,
except for passing mention. Nor is it possible here to discuss
the considerable contributions which members of the staff have
made in administering the work of various Associate Committees
of the National Research Council. Discussion of work done for
the Associate Committees has been confined for the most part
to actual experimental investigations carried out in the Di-
visional laboratories. The tremendously valuable work of these
various Associate Committees is to be treated extensively in
another volume.

It is perhaps well to warn the reader that the im-
portance or value of any project is not to be inferred from
the space devoted to it in this History© Work which has been
adequately described by publication in the literature has been
treated very briefly here; whereas work idiich has not been
published is treated much more extensively©

The primary purpose of this volume is to give the
technical reader an informative summary of the contribution
made by the Division of Chemistry during the period of the
Second World War. It is also the purpose of this volur^e to
guide those interested to more detailed sources of information.
To this end a rather extensive bibliography of publications,
internal reports, and patents has been included. It has been
the policy to include references which describe work done dur-
ing the period of the war, regardless of the actual date of
publication or issue. It might here be mentioned, paren-
thetically, that work done after VJ-day has sometimes been
included when it served to complete an Investigation previously
started, or to show the significance and value of previous
worko

The publications listed in the bibliography are be-
lieved to be a complete record of all publications, descrip-
tive of war-time work, published prior to June 15, 1946, ex-
cept for a few minor articles of no particular scientific
Interest which were published In some of the trade journals.
The patent references are believed to include all patent ap-
plications covering war-time inventions in the Division of
Chemistry filed in Canada and the United States prior to June
15, 1946. The patent number and date of issue are given, when
these are known, otherwise the application number and date of

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filing are giveno It should b© noted that the Council has
no direct knowledge of issue of a patent when the patent •
rights have been assigned before the patent issues© There-
fore absence of a patent number is not to be considered as
evidence that the patent has not yet issued^, for.o indeed^
many of these applications actually have issuedo This bib-
liography is not intended as a record of the Research
Council *s patent position, but rather as a record of the work
done in the laboratories j as the Canadian and United States
applications give adequate disclosures in this respect,,
United Kingdom and foreign patent applications and patents
have not been listed©

More than ten thousand reports were issued by the
Division of Chemistry during the war years,. Obviously^, it
has been possible to include only a few of them in this bi-
bliographyo An effort has been made to include the more
important reports covering investigations not recorded else-
where andj in general, to include enough reports to serve
as examples of the work of the various laboratories o Some-
times reports on typical investigations have been included
in the bibliography even though that work is not specifically
referred to in the textj and conversely work is sometimes
referred to in the text for which no report references are
giveno Anything like a completely consistent record with
respect to reports would be a task of Impracticable magnitude,
and such completeness has not been attemptedo In arranging
the bibliographies an effort has been made„ in so far as
possible., to list the references in the order in which their
subject matter is discussed in the preceding texto A few
miscellaneous publications which could not conveniently be
classified have been grouped together as an appendixo

A final work regarding the arrangement of this
History may be in ordero No one method of classifying the
material was entirely without faults,, but it was found most
expedient to classify the work of the various laboratories
according to the nature of the worko Thus there are chapters
on Chemical Warfare (both offensive and defensive), and on
Protection of Personnel and Equipment (including fields such
as textiles, corrosion, and protective coatings)o These two
chapters deal entirely with specific applications of chem-
istry to the problems of waro Other work was classified
either as Inorganic or as Organic Chemistry., depending on
the composition of the principal substance involvedo While
these two chapters also include direct applications of chem-
istry to war problems, they tend somewhat more towards the

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study of basic materials and their production, or to chemical
studies of a fundamental nature© In some cases this system
of classification has largely coincided with the work of dis-
tinctive laboratories; in other cases many laboratories have
contributed to one general field of endeavour. In any event,
the bibliographies will give credit where credit is due; that
is, to those who did the work.

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HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION

The beginning of the Second World War in September.,
1939 0 found the organization of chemical research in Canada
already under discussiono In July of that year^^ the National
Research Council had convened a conference of Heads of In-
duatrial Chemical Research Organizations to discuss ways in
which cooperation between industrial and governmental organ-
izations conducting industrial chemical research could be
facilitatedo The conference was largely exploratory, and a
steering committee had been appointed to consider further
activities of the groupo A resolution^ dated September Sth,
drafted by this committee and approved by the members of the
July Conference f, was tabled at the meeting of the National
Research Council on September 15tho It called for the
setting up of a \?ar Research Committee with ^>he President
of the National Research Council as its chairman, "to
receive and suggest research problems, to coordinate the
available research f acilities, to assess the relative im-
portance of the problems to be dealt with, and to allocate
these problems to the various laboratories"* In view of the
fact that these are specific functions of the National Re-
search Council and that the Council already had facilities
for effectively discharging these functions. It was decided
not to appoint a committee with such executive powers, but
to d evelop the services of the Council in every way that
seemed appropriate, in receiving proposals for research^ and
In ensuring that such work was undertaken in those labora-
tories where it could be most effectively prosecuted j and,
to this end, it was decided that the Assisted Researches
Committee would be enlarged and reorganized.

On October 17th, General McNaughton.o President of
the National Research Councils assumed his duties as Officer
Commanding the First Canadian Division^ and on the following
day Dean C.J. Mackenzie came to Ottawa as Acting President
of the Research Council. Two weeks later, on October Slst^
Dean Mackenzie met with a small group of key men in the
field of industrial research^, all of whom had been present
at the July Conference. The manner in vti ich the National
Research Council iould a ct as the liaison and coordinating
body for war research was discussedo with particular re-
ference to the cheinical field. It was agreed that a chemical
advisory committee should be set up to advise the Assisted
Researches Committee of the National Research Council on
problems relating to the war effort in the chemical field,
and to cooperate through the Council with research organ-
izations in Great Britain with a view to the correlation of

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chemical research work on war problemso At this point in the
conference p it was announced that Dr© Maass had been appointed
to the National Research Council, whereupon it was decided
that he should act as Chairman of this advisory committee.
At the next meeting of the Councilp on December i4.o 1939« such
a co:nmittee was formally established under the name of the
Advisory C'^mmittee of Industrial Chemist s^ with Dro Maass as
its chairrr.anr, and its personnel consisting of those present
at the October Conference^ namelys Dr, AoP. Go Cadenhead^
JoRo Donaldp Dr. RoTo Blworthy, Dr„ I.Ro I^cHaffie.o Dro Ho Bo
Speakman„ DTo EoWoR. Steacie, Dro RcKo Stratford. So Jo Cook
(Secretary) and Dro CoAo ^acConkey (Assto Secretary) «

At this same Council meeting, five Subcommittees on
War Researches of the Standing Committee on Assisted Researches
were sot up on (i) Chemical Problems., (ii) Biological Problems,
(iii) Physics Problems^, (Iv) Engineering Problems., and (v)
Medical Problems, The Subcommittee on Chemical Problems con-
sisted of Dr, 0« Maass (chairman). o Dr, EoW.Ro Steacie and
Dro RqKo Stratford.

During the late winter and spring of 1940, Dr* Maass,
as chairman of the Advisory Commitfee of Industrial Chemists,
called together advisory subcommittees in the fields of ex-
plosives ana petroleum technology. These High Explosives and
Petroleum Subcommittees were very active, and ably carried out
the advisory functions assigned to them© Later^, It became
desirable that these committees should administer the very
extensive research activities which had been initiated^ their
membership wqs then broadened, and they were formally con-
stituted as Associate Committees of the National Research
Council. Under Dr. Maass' direction., and with the advice of
these various committees^, research work in the fields of chem-
ical warfare, explosives., and petroleum were initiated, during
1940, in various laboratories^, particularly at McGill Univer-
sity of Toronto. Thus an extra-mural research program of con-
siderable extent was got under way, funds being supplied in-
itially by the Assisted Researches Committee of the National
Research Council. These Committees Inevitably were associated
in many ways with the activities of the Division of Chemistry^
a detailed discussion of their work is reserved, however, for
another volume.

Until the time of Dunkirk;, the funds available for
special war research were somewhat limited, a s the full ex-
tent of the contribution which Canada could make to the war
effort was not visualized until after Britain had lost her
chief ally and stood alone.o facing a powerful e nemy across
the narrow Channel. It was at about this time that a small

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group of Canadian business men offered to donate a sum total=
ling about one million dollars in aid of Canada's war effort o
This offer was f£rst received by the Acting Deputy Minister
for Air^ who called a meeting of ranking officials of various
departments of Government concerned, to discuss with repre-
sentatives of the donors the question as to how these funds
could most effectively be appliedo At this meeting various
proposals were presented,, but when the Acting President of
the Research Council outlined what the Council was doing both
during peace and during war^ it was unanimously agreed that
these monleo could most effectively be expended on research
projects proposed by the National Research Councilo A War
Technical and Scientific Development Committee was therefore
set up by PoCo 4260, August 27^ 1940, consisting of represen-
tatives of the National Research Council, of the various
government departments directly concerned in the prosecution
of the war„ and of the donors. This committee was authorized
to receive funds from private donors and to transfer to the
National Research Council funds for the carrying out of pro-
jects proposed by the National Research Council and approA^ed
by the Committeeo The National Research Council represen-
tatives on this Committee were Dean C*Jo Mackenzie^ Sir
Frederick Banting and Dro Otto Maasso Latere in July 1941,
after the tragic death of Sir Frederick Banting, the fund
was renamed the Sir Frederick Banting Fund, and the committee,
the Sir Frederick Banting Fund Committee, Dr. Jo Bo Collip
was named to replace Sir Frederick on the Committeeo By
February of 1943 the sum available to the National Research
Council through the fund had reached $1,300, OOOo This
money made possible the development of the early work in
such fields as chemical warfare, explosives, ballistics,
radar J, optics, aviation medicine, and aeronautics, up to the
point of proven success where money from regular sources was
readily available to carry the projects to completion.

One other event of that summer was of significance
in the field of chemistry© The rapid expansion of the act-
ivities of the Research Council made necessary the appoint-
ment of a Special Assistant to the Acting President. Dr©
Maass, who was already a key figure In the organizing of
chemical war research, was appointed to assume the respon^
sibilities of this position - a position which he filled with
distinction throughout the war.

These events were, then., the background against which
we must consider the history of the wartime activities of the
Division of Chemistry, to which we will now turn more speci-
fically.

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\'Wien Dr. E.WoRc Stsacie assumed the post Director of
the Division of Chemistry in July 1939, projects were already
under way ° thanks to the foresight of the President, General
McNaughton - which were to be of significance in Canada's
war effort 5 most notable of these were the investigation of
methods of producing metallic magnesium, and the proofing
of active charcoal and containers for respirators. With the
incidence of war in Se orembep., the program of the Division
was rapidly converted to a wartime basis 5 several projects
were terminated as rapidly as practicable and new ones were
initiated

During the course of the war there was a tremendous
increase in the activities of the Division of Chemistry,
and the staff of the Division approximately tripled in size.

Throughout the war, administrative duties in con-
nection with the Associate Committees on Textiles, Explosives,
Petroleum, and Rubber engaged almost the full attention of
two s enior members of the staff.

A number of noteworthy changes in the Division took
place during the years of the wan-

The respirator container proofing laboratory rapidly
expanded, as interest in other aspects of chemical warfare
developed, until it was taken over by the Department of National
Defence early in 1941, becoming the Research Establishment
(C.Wo) of the Directorate of Technical Research. Early in
1943, laboratory and pilot plant work on refractories was
transferred to the new laboratories of Canadian Refractories
Ltdo 5 at Kilmar, Que. A year later development work on met-
allic magnesium was taken over directly by Dominion Magnesium
Ltdo Each of these were projects which, launched under the
aegis of the Division of Chemistry, had developed into self-
reliant drganizations, able to carry on an Independent ex-
istence.

Early in 1941 an Explosive Testing Laboratory was
established as joint activity of the Department of Mines and
Resources and the National Research Councllo The laboratory
was administered by the Division of Chemistry. In addition
to functioning in its statutory capacity for the Inspection
of explosives under the supervision of the Department of Mines
and Resources^ the laboratory has conducted extensive researches
under the direction of the Associate Committee on Explosive
Testing and Research, which later, towards the end of 1942,
became part of the newly formed Associate Committee on Ex-
plosives. These investigations will be discussed in the volume

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of this History dealing with the work of the Associate Com-
mitteeSo

On January Ist, 1943., the staff and laboratory fac^
ilities of the Customs and Excise Laboratory were transferred
from the Department of National Revenue to the Division of
Chemistry of the National Research Coxincilo Under this new
arrangement the laboratory is operated jointly by the Council
and the Department of National Revenueo It has continued to
function In its statutory capacity for the exantination of com-
mercial products for customs and excise purposes.

The need for a Chemical Engineering Section within the
Division had been becoming increasingly apparent as activities
of a pilot plant nature increased in importance « The r emoval
of the refractories and magnesium pilot plants provided an
opportunity for the consolidation of such engineering activ-
ities, and, early in 1944p a Chemical Engineering Section was
created, with the group working on sulphur recovery as its
nucleus© This new Section was almost immediately asked to
undertake heat transfer pilot plant studies in connection with
the Chalk River atomic energy pile, llfhen^, at the end of that
year 5 water treatment studies were commenced at Chalk River,
the Chemical Engineering Section provided most of the staff
and facilities.

These projects so completely engaged the staff of the
new section that,, when the Division of Chemistry was requested
a few months later to undertake pilot plant studies of the
chemical separation processes for the Chalk River plant, it
was necessary to create what was, in effect, a new section^
but which was more generally known as the "Pilot Plant Group".
The "Design Group" which converted these pilot plant studies
into full scale plant designs, was a similar temporary section.
Later, and after the close of hostilities^ when the plans for
the chemical separation plant were largely complete, there was
a considerable contraction in the size of the staff engaged in
the work; the remnants were consolidated under the Chemical
Engineering Section and formed the Chemical Engineering Labor-
atory at Chalk River.

In the meantime.., in May 1944^, DTo EoWoRo Steacie had
been appointed Deputy Director of the Council *s Montreal
Laboratories, which were the c entr© of the Atomic Energy Pro-
ject, and responsibility for the direction of the activities
of the Division of Chemistry was given to Dr. Ao Cambron,
who becfiime Acting Director.

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Following the close of hostilities a gradual re-
organization of the Division of Chemistry took place ^ v/hich
was complete by the end of June 1946, Plutonium pilot plant
and engineering work had been t ransf erred to Chalk River as
mentioned above, and the transition from war to post-war re-
search programs had been completed. Because of the greatly
increased size of the Division it had, in the spring of 1946,,
been divided into two parts « a Fundamental Chemistry Branch
under the Director, Dr« Steacie, and an Applied Chemistry
Branch under the Assistant Director, Dro Cambron, The first
of these will deal with such basic branches of chemistry as
organic, inorganic, physical^ and colloid chemistry, while
the latter will deal with engineering and pilot plant oper-
ations, and with industrial chemistry related specifically
to industries such a s the textile, rubber^ and protective
coating industries.

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Bo INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

ATOMIC ENERGY

Before the completion of the Chalk River Laboratories,
Canadian research and development work on atomic energy was
centered in the Montreal Laboratories of the National Research
Council, which were established for this purpose. However,
other divisions of the Research Council as well as some other
government laboratories were called upon to contribute to
the program, '■'•'he present account will be confined to the
contribution of the Division of Chemistry of the Ottawa Lab-
oratories of the National Research Council..

At first the full extent of the participation of the
Division of Chemistry was not clear, and problems referred
to the Ottawa Group multiplied more rapidly than laboratory
space, equipment, and a staff could be assembled to handle
them. In Ottawa, as elsewhere „ a great sense of urgency at-
tended the work, laboratories were rapidly blacked out, and
those fortunate enough to participate in this epoch-making
achievement began to burn the midnight oil behind locked doorso

The work done by the Division of Chemistry falls
largely in that field of technology known a s chemical engineering.
For purposes of description, the organization at Ottawa may be
divided into four groups, although actually there was an almost
continual e xchange of laboratory space, equipment, and staff.
These groups were the Heat Transfer Group, the Water Treat-
ment Group, the Pilot Plant Group, and the Design Group.

The Heat Transfer and Water Treatment Groups

The Canadian pile consists essentially of a large
quantity of pure uranium ^and heavy water enclosed in a mass
of concrete. The uranium Is a nat\iral mixture of the isotopes
of mass 235 and 238. By fission of atoms of U235 enough
neutrons are released to provide for absorption in the U238,
for absorption in the other materials and impurities com-
prising the pile, for loss through the shielding surrounding
the pile, and for enough residual neutrons to initiate the
fission of more U235 atoms., thereby maintaining the chain
reaction. Neutrons absorbed by the U238 result in the form-
ation of Plutonium according to the now well known reactions s-

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238 1 239 o

U n Np e

92 +0 ^93 + -1

239 239 o

Np Pu e

93 => 94 + -1

In these equations mass numbers are shown as superscripts and
atomic numbers as subscripts; Np and Pu are the symbols wiiich
have been adopted for the synthetic elements, neptunium and
Plutonium; o^^ represents the neutron of mass unity and no
charge; and -1©^ represents the electron of negligible mass
and one negative charge o

The sum of the masses of the fission fragments is
measurably less than the auss of the original U235.„ and the
mass which is lost reappears as energy according to the well
known Einstein equation E = c^mi, where c is the velocity of
lighto Expressed in common units^ this energy equivalent of
mass is 3o87 x 10^^ BTUAbo This energy appears initially
as kinetic energy of the fragments of the disrupted atoms
and as electro-magnetic radiation, but all of It is ultimately
converted into heat within the shleldlngo

In brief, then^ a chain reacting pile may be des-
cribed as a machine in which U235 is burned to convert U238
into plutoniumo Considered from this vlewpointo the heat
associated with the process is a necessary evil and must be
dissipated as efficiently as possibleo The heat of fission
of U235 has been measured by Henderson*, who reported a value
of 177 Mev per atom; this is lc74 x 10^0 cals„ per gram of U235
per day would be, therefore ;, about 380.. 000 KW. The removal
of these tremendous quantities of heat becomes, then one of
the major problems of pile design^

Since very large quantities of a cooling medium of
relatively high specific heat are required, the choice
naturally falls on watero And because a pile is a relatively
compact machine compared with the amount of energy to be
dissipatedp the heat transferred per unit area of cooling
surface must be exceptionally hlgho Water has a relatively
high heat transfer coefficient for clean surfaces; but^ in
ordinary industrial practice, generous allowance must always
be made for the scale which inevitably fouls the cooling sur-
faceSi, and the equipment must be overhauled regularly to re-
move the scaleo However, in a piler, fouling of the cooling
surfaces is a serious matter because of the high heat transfer
rates which must be maintained^ and because the surfaces are

# PhySoRevo 58, 774, NoVo 1940o

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not accessible for cleaning due to the intense radio-activity
produced in the structiiral materials of the pile once it has
been in operation©

Because of the great volumes of cooling water usedp
a water treatment olant is required large enoiigh to serve a
city© It is perhaps not generally realized that no two
natural watel»s require quite the same treatment ^ and that a
year or two of development work is usually required before
satisfactory treatment is achievedo It was„ thenj, the re^
sponsibility of the Water Treatment Group to produce a sup-
ply of water for cooling which would produce neither scaling
of the cooling sxirfaces nor corrosion of any part of the
water systemo Considerations involving radioactivity phen-
omena also imposed certain restrictions on the type of water
treatment employedo It was the responsibility of the Heat
Transfer Group to test the water produced in order to deter-
mine that satisfactory heat transfer rates would be maintained
under the conditions existing in the plleo They were also
expected to keep a weather eye open for signs of corrosion and
to investigate suitable inhibitors of scale and of corrosion
for addition to the treated water o

Because this investigation had to be carried out on
the actual source of water to be employed in cooling the pilep
most of the work had to be done at the plant site 5 and be-
cause the program was necessarily a lengthy one, this work
had to be started very early© Consequently^ the buildings to
house this work were the first permanent buildings constructed
and members of this group were the first National Research
Council personnel to t ake up residence at the plant site.

This little group spent the first winter in three
"-finterlzed" summer cottages., which were on the property about
a mile from the actual plant siteo It was November when they
arrived^ and winter was upon them almost before they were able
to obtain a supply of fuelo Soon the bush road to the cottages
was Impassible to vehicles, and all provisions had to be
hauled In on tobogganso I>uring this early stage of construe'-
tionp conditions at the plant site were most unfavo\irable for
research activitieso Water^ steam^ and electric power,, all
of vital importance ;, were obtained f rom t emporary equipment
whioh^ suitable enough for construction purposes^ was not
sufficiently stable in output for the needs of a research
laboratory and was subject to frequent,, irritating breakdownSo
A whole chemical and engineering laboratory had to be equipped
in the wildernessp starting from scratchy and many discouraging
delays resulted from the lack of simple items^ unexpectedly
required^ i*iich usually could not be obtained from Ottawa in

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less than a weeko So the group not only lived under difficult
conditions^ "but also worked under difficult conditionso

Meanwhile p in Ottawa^, the other half of the group
worked night and day to design and fabricate the special
equipment required^, and to obtain the laboratory equipment
and supplies so urgently needed at Chalk Rivero In those
days even the highest priority was no guarantee of early de=
livery^ and many of the items involved special or ^'critical"
materials and unusual types of fabricationo By Springy short-
ages of staffp laboratory space^ materials^ and equipment were
largely overcome | more adequate supplies of steam.„ water,, and
electric power were available | many of the earlier problems of
existing and of working had been resolved •= and progress be-
came much more rapldo Before the construction of the pile was
complete, the Ottawa group were able to report that a suitable
supply of water would be available and that the cooling provided
would be satisfactory©

The Pilot Plant Group

The reactions by which U238 is converted into plutonium
in a chain-reacting pile have already been describedo When
the charge is removed from the pile, it contains not only plu=
tonlum and unreadted uranium but also fission products in con-
centrations similar to that of the plutonium itself o When it
is realized that the fission products produced include selenium,
bromine, krypton, rubidium, 3trontl\im,, yttrioim^ zirconium,
columtiim, nolybdenum^ antimony, tellurium, iodine ^ xenon.o
cesium, barium, lanthanum, cerium, and possibly other elements,
the complexity of the separation and purification problem can
be readily appreciatedo Furthermore, these fission products
are present In the form of highly radioactive isotopes, so that
processing must be carried out behind several feet of concrete
shielding, or its equivalent thickness of leado This not only
requires remote control of all operations^ but prevents ser-
vicing of equipment^ for the equipment itself becomes so radio-
active that it cannot be approachedo even when emptyo The
problem was, therefore, one of evolving a process capable of
separating a fifth of all the elements in the periodic table
from an element which had not even been discovered a few short
years ago - much less its chemical properties understood -- and
of embodying this process in a plant which would be absolutley
free of such normally tolerable Inconveniences as leaking valves
and pumps, and free of mechanical parts requiring lubrlcatlono
As only very limited information was available regarding the
processes used in the United States, and entirely new process
of separating fissile materials from the pile charge was de-
veloped by the scientists and engineers of the Canadian projecto

14

It was th6 responsibility of the Division of Chemistry of the
Montreal Laboratories to investigate the hundreds of possible
operations and reagents for effecting these separations and
to make a decision as to what process was to be usedo

Once the Montreal Laboratories had' sketched in the
outlines of the chemical process^ the task of filling in the
details and of converting them into practicable plant opera^
tions was the responsibility of the Ottawa Oroupo Usually^
when engineers are designing a plant;, they are able to turn
to standard handbooks for densities^, solubilities, specific
heats^ and similar datao Because of the novelty of the mater=
ials involved:, such basic data were not usually available in
the literature^, and the first task of the Pilot Plant Group
was to obtain such fundamental Informationo They also had to
make a more thorough-, quantitative, laboratory study of the
chemical reactions and systems encountered in the process^
than had been attempted in the original exploratory invest i=
gations in the Montreal LaboratorieSo Two complete pilot
plants were built and operatedi in additionp many smaller
pilot plant Investigations were carried out to study specific
items of equipment required to meet the unusual needs of such
a processo

Unfortunately, no details of this work are available
for release at this time„ but the program may be summarized
by saying that all the processes to be used in the Chalk
River chemical processing plant were successfully operated on
a pilot plant scale by the Ottawa Group, using non -radioactive
materialo

The Design Group

The actual working drawings for the construction of
the Chalk River plant were prepared by the Special Projects
Department of Defence Industries Limitedo These drawings were
made from detailed sketches and according to Instructions pre-
pared by the engineering staff of the National Research Council^,
and were at all stages subject to the approval of the National
Research Councils In general^, these sketches and instructions
were issued by the Engineering Division of the Montreal Labora-
toriesp but in the case of the chemical processing plant s^ this
responsibility was assumed by the Design Group at Ottawao

In the normal course of process development;, labor-
atory and pilot plant investigations are essentially complete
before plant design Is seriously under taken© In the present
casep because of the urgency of the work,, plant design was com--
menced before the pilot plant work was mol*e than well started©

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Indeed^ it was not unusual for sections of the plant design
to be tentatively completed on the basis of the preliminary
investigations in Montreal, before reports were received on
thorough laboratory investigation or on pilot plant operation©
Changes had to be made in the designs as more information be^
came available , but in this way a development program that
would normally have required ten years was compressed into
twice that many months©

AJ-thoughp for purposes of discussion^, the work of
the various groups has been considered separately,, in practice^,
much consultation and discussion was necessary between the
Design and Pilot Plant Groups and the staff of the Montreal
Laboratories p and between the Design Group and the Design
and Operating Departments of Defence Industries Limitedo All
of these groups were working simultaneously^ and problems
arising in one group were continually being referred to an=
other groups better able to cope with them©

The final culmination of this effort is a unique
chemical processing plant at Chalk Rlver^ irtiich represents
a milestone in the industrial development of atomic energy©
The plant has been designed so that additions can be made
for the recovery of various by-products as this becomes
desirable and construction will doubtless continue for some
time©

REFRACTORIES

This Industrial investigation was begun in 1925 at
the request of the Dominion Government and on behalf of a key
industry© Basic refractories are essential in smelting opera-
tions and it was considered in the country's Interests to
develop such an industry In Canada© The raw material aval lab le^
a magnesltic dolomite;, was at first regarded as unsuitable for
this purpose© Howeverp persistent research on the part of the
group assigned to this project resulted in the development of
a variety of useful products©

Chief of thesep developed before and improved during
the warp was a chemically bonded hearth refractory© During
the war it came to be accepted as the best open hearth bed
material, because it eliminated that lengthy burning-in-period
and hence made a substantial contribution towards the rapid
expansion of the steel industry, especially in the United States©
Other products developed before World War II but continuously
improved included spalling-resistant brlckj, refractory cements,,
chemically bonded brick and a refractory highly resistant to
hydration©

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One other major development was a refractory brick
for use in rotary cement kilns. This has at least three
times the life of any other competing product and is being
sold all over the world.

During the war the nature of the research carried
out changed substantial ly* There became available for the
first time calcined brucite granules produced in a plant near
Ottawa by a method worked out by the Bureau of Mines and much
research was required to utilize this material commerciallyo
The major applications have been in the manufacture of burned
brickp the production of unburned brick by means of new chem-
ical bondSp and the development of rammedo chemically-bonded
hearth refractories. All of these have been important com-
mercially., and Canadian and foreign patents have been obtained
on the special processes involved©

Shortly after the outbreak of war it became doubtful
whether the supply of high-grade magnesia available to the
United Nations would be equal to the demando In order to pro-
vide against eventualities, work was undertaken on the puri-
fication of Canadian raw materialSp using a number of different
methodSo Prom impure material it was found possible to leach
lime economically and to divide the residue of magnesia into
two portions,, one high in magnesia and low in silica^ and the
other relatively high in silica but nevertheless suitable for
many applications. Patents were obtained on the process^, but
the necessity for its use has not yet ariseno Other methods
novel in character have been developed through the initial
experimental stage, and work will be continued as opportunity
affords.

In keeping with the policy adopted early in the in-
vestigationp research has been actively continued in the im-
provement of products previously developed and processes al-
ready adoptedo This work has resulted in many improvements
whichp although not of outstanding character i ndi vi dually f,
together represent important developments and have made pos-
sible the application of products in fields for which they
were not previously considered suitableo As frequently happens,
even small improvements in the properties of a material greatly
enhance its commercial value and competitive position.

One of the major problems arising out of the war has
been that of finding suitable raw materials to replace those
cut off by the shortage of shipping. Of these the most im-
portant has been chrome ore, previously obtained by the Can^
adian refractories industry from India, South Africa,, and
Turkey. To a degree, substitution was found possible if

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certain precautions were observed; the proportion of chrome
ore consuuned has also been reduced substantiallyo Certain
chemicals previously used have been unavailable at reason^
able prices^ and satisfactory substitutes had to be foundo
As a result of such conditions and the research work carried
out^ the revision of manufacturing formulae has become almost
a continuous processo

In this jrefractories investigation^ as is usually the
case^ progress in research has been by no means constant^ but
may be said to have a wave formo When some important basic
advance is made,, it starts a series of fruitful experiments
intended to discover all possible commercial applications, and
the attention of the research staff is accordingly transferred
to a considerable degree from fundamental to practical lineso
Without fundamental research, however , practical applications
may soon be exhausted, and in recent years as much attention
as possible Pms therefore been paid to theoretical consldera-
tionSj such as are involved in phase equilibrium diagramso
Recently some very promising new fields have thus been opened
up, and these are now being explored in a practical wayo It
is expected that full patent protection can be secured, since
the approach is distinctly novele

Early in 1943 the research work carried out on re-
fractories was transferred from the laboratories of the Council
to newly erected laboratories at Kilmar^) Quebec, near the mine
and treatment plant of Canadian Refractories Limitedo Opera-
tions are being conducted there on substantially the same scale
as previously,n and contact with the Council has not been com-
pletely broken©

During the twenty-year period in TRrtiich this inves-
tigation has been carried on,n well over .one hundred Canadian
and foreign patents have been issued on more than thirty
different processes and products© The principal patents
arising from work carried out during the war are listed at
the end of Section B, together with the title of a paper con-
trasting the situation with respect to Canadian sources of
basic refractory materials at the beginning of the first and
second world warso The paten s listed are on different pro-
cesses, with no duplication other than those noted©

RECOVERY OP MAGNESIA

When the war broke out it was obvious that the United
Nations' requirements of magnesia would be greatly increased^
both for refractories, to be used in the metallurgical in-
dustries, and for the production of metallic magnesium©

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Fortunately the situation had already been given close study
for some years^ in connection with the refractories inves-
tigations carried out in the National Research LaboratorieSo

In 1940^ at the request of the Metals Controller^ a
survey was carried out of potential sources of magnesia in
Canada for all purposes^ including refractories^ metallic
magnesiuffly and magnesium sulphate o This survey covered not
only Canadian mineral deposits and a study of their commercial
possibilities^ but also an evaluation of many methods of re-
covering pure magnesia that had been suggested to the Dominion
Government as being worthy of support© Later p the survey was
extended to include the probable requirements of magnesia in
Canada and the United States for 1942 o It was evident that
large new sources of magnesia must be developed©

As a result of this siirvey the following potential
sources of magnesia for refractories and metallic magnesium
were recommended to the Metals Controller as being of nearly
equal interests-

lo Magnesitic dolomite occurring at Kilmar^ Quebec©
Operations at this property were greatly enlarged during the
warp and It was the country's major source of basic refrac-
torieSo while exports were also made to many countries©

2o Bruclte rock near Wakefield, Quebec,, from which
magnesia was recovered by a fliethod worked out by the Bureau
of Mines© This was likewise developed and became an Important
source of refractories©

3© Sea water treated with calcined dolomiteo In this
process magnesia is recovered In equal quantities from the
two raw materials used© Although no commercial developments
took place in Canada, a careful survey in Nova Scotia by the
provincial Department of Mines led to the discovery of a
deposit suitably situated for commercial operation^, and exper-
iments in the National Research Laboratories demonstrated that
this raw material was entirely satisfactory for the purpose©
Further., very large developments along this line took place
in both Great Britain and the United States©

As a source of magnesium sulphate, it was indicated
that serpentine treated with acid by a method developed in the
National Research Laboratories held greatest promise* No com°'
mercial development has yet occurred©

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Dolomite was recommended as the most promising source
of magnesiiam metal in Canadao A commercial plant was built
at Haley^, OntariOp and was operated successfully until the
end of the waro The evolution of the process employed in this
plant is described in the following section©

MAGUESIUM

Although metallic magnesium was first isolated by
Sir Humphrey Davy in 1808 and small amounts were produced com-
mercially for photographic purposes as early as 1857^ the
industrial production of magnesium dates only from 1896, when
a plant for the electrolysis of fused magnesium chloride com^
menced operation at Bitterfeld.. Germanyo Progress was slow^
and even in 1937 world production was estimated to be only
27^000 tons per annum^ of which half was produced in Germanyo

In that year an Associate Committee on Metallic Mag-
nesium was formed in Canada*, consisting of representatives of
the Departments of National Defence ;» Mines and Re source So and
the National Research Council 5 and the Council was asked to
conduct "literature and laboratory studies of the possible
processes for the recovery of metallic magnesium^ with a view
to being able to assess the technical difficulties vi^ich might
be met in the use of Canadian raw materials"©

At that time most commercial processes were based on the electro-
lysis of fused magnesium chloride© The raw materials used were
either carnallite (MgCl2oKClo6H20)p magnesium chloride from
natural brines, sea water^ magnesite (MgCOj), or dolomite (MgCOs©
CaCOj)! the process varied from placd to place chiefly in the
method used to obtain anhydrous magnesium chloride from the raw
material available© Since magnesia can be obtained in Canada
from magnesite, dolomite^ or naturally occurring brucite gran-
ules (Mg(0H)2), the method of preparation of chief interest in
this country was that represented in its simplest form by the
equations

MgO •♦• C -»• CI2 — ^ MgCl2 + CO

The early experimental work carried out followed pre-
vious commercial practice in that fine magnesia was mixed with
reducing agents, such as coal and either wood;> flour or sawdustp
and was briquetted with magnesium chloride solution, with which
the magnesia forms magnesium oxychloride© The main purposes of
the wood flour or sawdust were to produce a pcrous briquette,
into which the chlorine could penetrate ^ and at the same time
provide sufficient pore space to accommodate the voluminous
magnesiiam chloride formedo Such briquettes., calcined to drive

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off all contained moisture^^ were found to chlorinate rapidly
at f iratp but the rate of reaction decreased with the pro=
gress of chlorination and became very slow by the time half
the magnesia had been converted to magnesium chlorideo

Experiments were then begun with granular magnesia
of various degrees of density^ and it was soon found that,,
if the granules were of a size sufficient to permit the
chlorine gas to penetrate the mass and the magnesium chloride
formed to run off in a molten condition^, and were themselves
sufficiently porous^ chlorination took place with greatly
improved rapidity and corapletenesSo Patents were obtained
on the optimum ranges of particle size and densltyo Calcined
brucite granules obtained from the deposit near Ottawa by the
method worked out by the Bureau of Mines (see po B--16) were
found to be particularly suitable In both of these respectSo
The anhydrous magnesium chloride produced experimentally was
used in small-scale tests designed to familiarize the oper--
ators with commercial practice in the production of magnesium
by electrolysiSo

Ty"- However^, as the commercial production of an anhydrous

magnesium chloride suitable for electrolysis is usually a
complicated processy attention was given to the direct re-
duction "t)f magnesium oxide by means of carbon^ calcium carbide^
aluminum;^ and sllicono Of these various reducing agents.,
the first and last had received most attention^, and semi-
commercial plants hadp in fact, been operated intermittently
using carbon, in what is now known as the carbothermic processo
This has the disadvantages (i) that reduction with carbon
requires a very high temperature (above 2000**C)^ (ii) that
the vapours must be cooled very rapidly through the region of
unfavourable equilibrlump and (ill) that the product is obtained
as magnesium dust which requires further treatment to produce
a compact metalo

The use of silicon, preferably In the form of ferro-
silicon^, has the advantages that (1) compact metal is formed
in one operation., (ii) the operating temperature is only about
1200**Co .0 and (ill) the much cheaper and more widely distri-
buted dolomite may be used instead of magnesite^ Indeed^ in
the ferrosllicon process.^ calcined dolomite is preferred©
When straight magnesia is used, some of the silica first formed
by the oxidation of silicon combines with magnesia i this not
only reduces the utilization efficiency of the magnesia^ but
may, at the temperature used, lead to the formation of liquid
silicates in the reaction retort^ involving serious operating
difficultieso With dolomite, on the other hand, the amount of
lime present is theoretically just enough to combine with all

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the silica formed^ thereby leaving the magnesia free to be
reduced by silicon^ and the dicalclum silicate formed is so
highly refractory that it can readily be removed from the
retort ir. the solid condltiono Purther^o the heat generated
by formation of dicalclum silicate is sufficient to promote
the desired reducing reactions

2MgC + 2CaO + Si ^ (CaO)2Si02 ••' 2Mg

Work on the development of a commercial process baaed
on this reaction was begun by the Council even before the ex=
periments with electrolysis were completed*, It was recognized
that under Canadian conditions the advantages offered by it were
substantial^ particularly with respect to the availability of
cheap dolomite and the fact that Canada was already a large
producer of ferrosillcon In electric furnaceso

Although this reaction had long been considered else-
where, and a number of patents on it had in fact been issued,,
it had not been found possible to overcome the numerous tech-
nical difficulties involved, and the process had consequently
never been brought into commercial operation* Indeed,, one
authority after an extensive investigation had published a
report stating that the successful application of the ferro^
silicon process was impossibleo This^, then,, was the situ-
ation when the Canadian group set to worko

It was soon found that;, using calcined dolomite and
75% ferrosilicon.o the reaction could be made to proceed at a
satisfactory rate if (1) the constituents of the charge were
finely pulverized., mixed and brlquetted; in order to bring
them into the most intimate contact possible, (ii) a temper-
ature of about 1100®C. was used.- and (ill] the process was
carried out under a sufficiently high vacuum to remove as
vapour all magnesium metal as rapidly as it was formedp Under
these conditions the magnesium was found to distill out of the
reaction mixture and to condense in the cool end of the alloy
steel retort usedo

One difficulty encountered in previous work was that
the small amount of sodium always present in dolomite, was
reduced and condensed with the magnesium, thereby causing
ignition of the condensed metal and consequent loss of the
product when the retort was openedo Cooling the retort be-
fore discharging was both uneconomical and inconveniento
This problem was solved by fractional condensation of the
sodium in the outermost part of the retort„ A method was
developed for opening the retort^ removing the product and
spent charge, and reloading^, without removing the retort

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from the furnace o The perfection of this technique made it
possible to suggest commercial operation in a manner some-
what similar to that adopted in the established horizontal
retort zinc processo

By the autumn of 1940, a small furnace with a four-
inch retort was in regular operation. This furnace was ex°
amined by a group of industrialists from Toronto., who con-
sidered the development sufficiently promising that they for-
med a private company under the name Dominion Magnesium
Limitedo Under an agreement with the National Research Council,
the company took ever the work., and a pilot plant using larger
retorts was constructed and placed in continuous production
by July, 1941. In November of that year plans were made to
build a commercial plant;, and in December authorization for
the construction of a two-ton per day plant was received from
the Department of Munitions and Supply. A month later the
plans were expanded to provide for ten tons pet day. This
plant was built at a cost of $3,300,000 at Haley, Onto, near
the dolomite deposit from which raw material was obtained in
the experimental worko Operations began in July^ 1942, and
the plant was later operated at a capacity of 15.5 tons of
magnesium per day. It is interesting to note that the pro-
cess and plant are also well suited to the production of met-
allic calcium, and calcium haS;, Indeed, been produced by
Dominion Magnesium Limitedo

Planning for the Canadian plant coincided with the
attack at Pearl Harbor and the subsequent rapid expansion of
the magnesium industry In the United State So In November,
1941, the National Research Council's pilot plant was visited
by officials of the United States War Production Board. After
a special committee on magnesium examined the pilot plant in
January, 1942, it was decided to adopt the process in the United
States for a total daily production of 135 tons. All available
information was given to the American engineers and the fol-
lowing plants were erectedo at an estimated cost of $35.o000j;000o

Capacity
New England Lime COo 15 tons/day

Magnesium Reduction Co. (subsidiary

of National Lead Co) 15 " "
American Metals Co© 16 *• *•

Permanente Metals (H. Kaiser) 30 " "

Ford Motor Coo 60 *• "

Throughout 1942 the pilot plant at the National
Research Council operated day and night, testing dolomites
from various United States locations^ and training men for
plant operation. Since the process was new and had never

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been operated commercially^, mapy problems arose o Until the
spring of 1944p when Dominion Magnesium Limited terminated
its agreement with the National Research Councllr, development
work continued,, directed towards improving the processo

REC0V}'31Y OP ALUMINA

Because of the enormous demand for aluminum metal
during the war, and the great expansion of this industry In
Canada, this country's requirements for bauxite were corres-
pondingly increasedo None is produced in Canadao and it be-
came necessary to bring from the bauxite mines of South
America 5000 tons per day, or morOo '-^he demands upon ship-
ping were obviously very greats and thought was therefore
given to other possible sources of alumina then bauxite o

The most obvious of these sources is clay„ which^
although it contains only about half as much alumina as bau-
xite, is available in any desired quantity at a cost little
more than that of digging the material up with a steam shovelo
Some alumina was^ in factp produced from clay in Germany prior
to the war, and following tests in the laboratories of the
Bureau of Mines in Ottawa a company was formed to undertake
large-scale pilot^plant work in the United StateSo It was
therefore known that recovery could be effected from clay^
but it had not yet been demonstrated that the production of
alumina of sufficiently high purity to satisfy the require-
ments of the industry could be obtained at a price competi-
tive with that of baxixlteo

Further work by the usual methods therefore seemed
scarcely justlfiedo However, two new approaches to the pro-
blem was investigatedo

For some years The Consolidated Mining and Smelting
Company of Canada at Trail.. BoCo.o have been producing ammonium
sulphate for use as a fertilizer by combining sulphuric acid
made from the sulphur dioxide in their waste gases with am-
monia produced by synthesis* It was thought that this pro-
cedure could to advantage be combined with the treatment of
clay, the ultimate products being ammonium sulphate^, as pre™
vlously.. and aluminao The latter.n if not sufficiently pure
for direct use in the production of aluminum^ would at least
afford a high-grade raw material for purification by the
standard Bayer procesSo

24

Clay was first calcined to dehydrate it^, to render
the silica insoluble o and to convert the alumina to a more
soluble formo The temperature range 550-900°Co was found
satisfactoryo Leaching was effected by using a sulphuric
acid solution containing 60^ of acid by welghto By this
means it was possible to dissolve over 90^ of the alumina
from kaolin containing 40o6% AI2O3 and loO% PegOj,, but some
of the iron also dissolvedo When, after filtering off the
silica^ ammonia was added to precipitate the alumina^, this
dissolved iron also came down., thereby contaminating the
aluminao Three possible methods of purification were proved
applicable s-

lu Magnesium powder was found to precipitate iron readily
from the slightly acid solution resulting from leaching.; and
it could then be separated by filtration^

2o The addition of ammonium sulphate to the filtrate
from the silica precipitated ammonium alum as crystals free
from irono By dissolving these crystals in water and adding
ammonia^ alumina was precipitated in a sLate cf satisfactory
purity;; and, following filtration, the ammonium sulphate was
recovered by evaporationo

3o The impure precipitate of alumina produced by the
addition of ammonia to the original clear leach liquor was
dissolved in caustic soda (the iron remaining insoluble) and
the solution filteredo Alumina was then precipitated from
this solution as in the usual Bayer processo

These methods were worked out only on a small labor-
atory scale;, but they appeared to give considerably promise
of the cheap production of alumina of high purltyo There was
no opportunity to continue the work on larger quantities In
a cyclic procesSr such as would be necessary before a pilot-
plant operation could be justifledo

DRYING AIR FOR BLAST FURNACE USE

The exceptional demand for steel during the war and
the shortage of scrap led to greatly increased requirements
for pig iron^ and consideration was therefore given by in-
dustry to methods of increasing productiono Of these,, one
of the most promising was the drying of the blast usedo The
method had been introduced by Gayley in 1904s but owing to
the high capital and operating costs involved in his refrig-
eration system most of the dry blast plants were discontinued
by 1916o In the early part of the recent war, several plants
were built using modern methods of drying blasts and in some

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cases excellent results were claimed, production being sub^-
stantially increased and coke consumption decreased©

Work carried out previously in the National Research
Laboratories had indicated that one of the best and most
economical drying agents was active silica, produced by the
acid treatment of serpentine* Steps were therefore taken
to investigate its possible application to the drying of
blast furnace aire A search of the literature was made, and
the subject was discussed with experts at steel plants at
Sault Steo Marie, Ontario, at Sydney, NcSo, at Middletown^,
Ohio, and at Baltimore, Mdo Experiments were carried out
to determine (i) the resistance to flow of blast passing
through active silica of various particle sizes^ (ii) the
rate of adsorption of moisture, and (iii) the conditions
necessary for the regeneration of the silicao Prom this
data an adsorption system was designed in outline©

The results of this work indicated that an adsor-
ption system using active silica might be the cheapest in
both capital and operating costs, and a paper describing the
findings was published© Since that time, hov/ever, it ia
believed that no new dry blast plants have been erected., and
there has consequently been no opportunity to try the system
on a commercial scale.

UTILIZATION OP OPEN HEARTH SLAG

Por nearly half a centxiry a large steel plant has
been operated at Sydney, Nova Scotia,, and during the whole of
this period the open hearth slag produced has been wastedu
The magnitude of this waste will be realized from the fact
that the phosphoric acid and lime contents of the slag have
substantially exceeded the quantities of these materials used
as fertilizer and soil amendment in all of the Maritime
Provinces put together.

The major reason for this continued waste was the
fact thatp because of the use of fluorspar in the steel
furnace operations, the phosphoric acid in the slag was of
low availability to plants. Such growth experiments as were
carried out with it indicated that its value as fertilizer
was quite small, and its application to the soil was believed
not to be justified by the results obtained.

This problem was brought to the attention of the
National Research Council late in 1938 in the form of a re-
solution passed by the Maritime Board of Trade, then in
session at Sydney, The Council shortly afterwards wrote

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the Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation^ suggesting that the
availability of the phosphoric acid might be improved by
rapid chilling of the molten slag, as by granulating it in
watero Preliminary experiments carried out by the company
shortly afterwards indicated that the idea might have merits
but no further action was taken until the spring of 1941^,
when the Nova Scotia Economic Council asked the National Re-
search Council to make a complete investigationo This work
was undertaken in co-operation with the Dominion Steel and
Coal Corporation and a slag committee set up by the Premier
of Nova Scotia under the chairmanship of Dro G^Ro Smithy
Provincial Agricultural Chemist o Later, when granulated slag
became available i, comprehensive greenhouse and field tests
were carried out over a period of several years by the Dominion
Department of Agriculture o through its Central Experimental
Farm at Ottawa and its experimental and Illustration stations
in Nova Scotia, and also by the Nova Scotia Department of
Agriculture.

In the early experiments the slag was not chilled
with sufficient rapidity and the availability of the phos-
phoric acid was, in fact., reduced during the succeeding dry-
ing operation* Although growth tests showed some Increase
in yield for the garden and field crops trled^, the results
were not regarded as conclusive o A complicating factor was
an unfavourable growing season in Nova Scotia, as a result
of which the effects of drought in some cases completely masked
the effect of the fertilizers applledo In the spring of 1944^,
however., the Steel Company granulated several hundred tons of
slag by a semi-coramerclal method, and this was tested on a
large number of farms in various parts of Nova Scotlao Pair
results were obtained in that season with grain^ in spite of
exceptionally dry weather and in 1945 grass wasr.grown on
the same areas with very striking re suits o On many farms
the Increased yield of hay from the application of one ton
of slag per acre amounted to 50-75/5 ando on the average for
all farms., the application of slag gave a highly favourable
result^, both as to increase in yield and Improvement in the
quality of the hay cropo Higher applications of slag gave
still greater yields but not sufficient to pay in one year
for the extra expense involved©

These results were regarded as extremely promising,,
and steps were immediately taken to put in a commercial plant
for slag granulation and grindingo It is expected that this
plant will shortly be in operation, and that one of the major
waste products of the Maritime Provinces will thereafter be
converted into a valuable fertilizer materials

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The Sydney steel plant is the only one m Canada
burning out an open hearth slag containing much phosphoric
acidu In Britain, however,, there are many sucho and inform-
ation regarding progress in this investigation was there-
fore sent currently to the British Ministry of Supply^ They
expressed great interest in the project r^ duplicated the liter-
ature review for distribution to all British steel producers^
and undertook extensive experimental work to determine the ap'
plicability of the findings to British practicOo To date^,
the final results have not been received in Ottawao

VANADIUM RECOVERY

In the spring of 1942 there developed a critical
shortage of vanadium^ which finds one of its main applica-
tions as a constituent of tool steelo About this time the
Council learned that the ore of the Wabana Mlnen Newfound--
landi contains about OoOSjS vanadium, and that as a conse-
quence the pig iron produced at Sydney Nova Scotia by the
Dominion Steel and Coal Corpcratlon^ has a vanadium content
of slightly over OolO%o Although this proportion is not
large p the total quantity going to waste amounted to more
than one ton per day whlch^ if recovered^ would go far toward
meeting Canada's most urgent requirements of this Important
alloying element o

Because of this situation, a study of the literature
on vanadium recovery was made to determine whether there was
any reasonable chance of obtaining the vanadium from Sydney
pig iron in marketable formo Some encouragement was obtained
andi as a resultn an investigation was undertaken at the re-
quest of the Metals Controller in the summer of 1942 , and
continued for about six months,. During this period a large
number of experiments were carried out at Sydney in co-
operation with the staff of the Dominion Steel and Coal Cor-
porationo The oxidation of the vanadium in the pig iron was
brought about by the addition of iron oxide to the blas-c
furnace ladles at the time of tapping and the slag so pro-
duced was resmelted with substantially complete recovery of
both vanadiiim and Irono The results were regarded as suf-
ficiently encouraging that work was done on the design of
a rotary reaction drum which might permit the partial desill-
conization of the pig iron and,., at the same time.r substan-
tially complete oxidation of the contained vanadiumo It was
proposed to resmelt the slag produced and again concentrate
the vanadium by treatment of the resulting pig iron with
iron oxide in the same equipmento It was believed that steel
production would be increased by the oxidation of silicon in

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the reaction drum and the consequent shortening of the open
hearth operation, and that vanadium could be produced in
marketable form at a cost below the pre-war price of the
metalo

,ine i- Early In 1943 these proposals were laid before the

Metals G on tr oiler o By this time,, however o the vanadium
situation had become much less critical, steps already had
been t aken to increase the production of vanadium in the
United States and that country had agreed to supply Canada
with her complete requirements of the metalo Under these
circumstances it was felt that the capital expenditure re«
quired for the erection of a vanadium plant at Sydney by
the Dominion Government could not be justifiedo

NICKEL,, COPPER. AND PLATIHUM METALS

Three projects were undertaken all arising out of
practical experience in the Canadian nickel industry, as
followsj-

( 1 ) The rec o very of platimum metals from Monel metal matte
In the usual practice^ the nickel-copper matte chosen for the
production of Monel metal is one relatively low in platinum
metals and by the usual methods of treatment their recovery

Is not profitableo It was suggested that at least part of
these metals could be cheaply recovered by blowing a charge of
regular matte to produce a small quantity of copper and ut
llizing the selective solubility of this element for gold and
the platinum metalSo Preliminary experiments in the labora-
tory indicated that this method was promising,, but there was
no opportunity to follow it up on a larger scale o

(2) Selective separation of copper and nickel in the
converting operationo Much of the copper reverberatory and
Orford mattes produced by the International Nickel Company
contains a little nickel^ which subsequently enters the anode
metal and considerably increases the cost of the subsequent
refining operationo It was hoped that, because of the easier
reduclbillty of copper, most of this metal could be separated
m the converting operation substantially free from nickelo
Preliminary laboratory experiments proved that some c-oncen-
tration took place under such conditions^ but it was not re-
garded as commercially promislngo

(3) Analytical separation of the platinum metalSo One
of the most difficult analytical or assaying problems is the
separation of the platinum metals from one another and from

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gold and silver ^ with which^ in Canadian ores,, they are in-
variably associatedo Inquiries had been received from time
to time as to practical methods of separation and deter-
minationo These eventually led to a review of the literature
and to the preparation of a paper describing methods used by
the writer in his own work;, for distribution to inquirerso

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION

Several requests were made during the war for in--
vestigations regarding atmospheric pollution by heavy in--
dustry and the proper disposal of waste products resulting
from such operations to prevent serious damage to agricul°
tural and ornamental plants and forest species s-

The Trail Smelter (^estion

At Trail, British Columbiao is locate.d the largest
lead-zinc smelter in the world, and in its operation large
qiiantltles of sulphur dioxide have been discharged into the
atmosphere o In 1928 the United States Government officially
entered claims against the Dominion Government for damages
alleged to have been done by fumes from the Trail smelter
to farms and forests in the northern part of the State of
Washlngtono The Dominion Government thereupon asked the
National Research Council to make a full investigation of
the matter^, and work was subsequently carried on by the
Council almost continuously for a period of about ten yearso
Later.o and during the war;, work was mainly confined to
periodical surveys of the area and assistance in connection
with the prosecution of the case before the courtso

In 1940 reports were submitted to the Department
of External AffairS;, covering the atmospheric sulphur dioxide
conditions over the period 1937 to 1940 from data obtained
from the operation of a number of automatic recorders in
the Columbia river valley., on both sides of the International
Boundary p in the path of fumes emitted by the plant at Trailp
Records of sulphur dioxide concentrations at three points in
the Columbia River Valley^ south of Trail, are still being
regularly scrutinized by the staffs However., remedial
measures undertaken by the Consolidated Mining and Smelting
Company of Canada have resulted in a reduction in the amount
of sulphur dioxide evolved, and have eliminated all damage
south of the International Boundary«

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Air pollution by smelter smoke in Sudbury region

The Sudbury area of Ontario has for many years pro-
duced 75-90% of the world's nickel, and has been at the same
time one of the major copper producers and the source of more
than half of the world's supply of metals of the platinum
groupo In conjunction with these operations great quantities
of sulphur dioxide have been produced by the three large
smelters in the Sudbury district o Unlike Trail,, which lies
in a valley that serves as a natural channel for the gases^
Sudbury is in relatively flat country and by the use of
high stacks the operating companies have been able to keep
to a minimum the damage done by smelter fumeso The Ontario
Department of Mines has long maintained an arbitrat.or in
Sudbury, and he has adjudicated any claims for smoke damage o

During the war a major increase took place In the
scale of operations in the Sudbury district^, and the evolu-
tion of sulphur dioxide to the atmosphere was correspondingly
increasedo The Ontario Government became concerned lest the
Important provincial forests should be seriously damaged and
asked the National Research Council for assistance in studying
the problemo Following consultation in the spring of 1944,
plans were laid for surveys of the vegetation, for meteoro-
logical s tudieSn and for the determination of the concen-
tration of sulphur dioxide in the a tmosphere and of sulphur
in th« needles of coniferSo In several localities trees were
bordd, pencil*" of wood removed, and annual growth carefully
measured,, in order to determine to what degree, if any the
trees had been damaged by sulphur dioxide in prevlou? years «
In 1945 automatic sulphur dioxide recorders were set up by
the Council's staff in several districts, and general super-
vision was given to the investigation^

During 1945 the following studies were carried out
in the course of this investlgationji-

lo Continuous measurements of sulphur dioxide concen-'
tration, by means of automatic recorders^ at four stations
situated at distances varying from 20 to 60 miles from the
smelters^

2o Measurements of the concentration at various alti-
tudes in the path of the smoke stream by means of portable
equipment on an airplane in flighty

3o The simultaneous determination of sulphur trioxide
and sulphur dioxide by mobile portable equipment i,

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31

4o The extent of penetration of smelter smoke by a
study of the abnormal sulphur content of various species
of plants within the smoke area in comparison with similar
species in normal control zoneso

Three additional automatic sulphiir dioxide recorders
were constructed for use in 1946o

The observations are being correlated with studies
of meteorological conditions at ground level and at various
altitudes^ and with biological investigations, in order to
delimit the zones of smoke damage and arrive at a satis^
factory solution of this problemo This work is still under
wayp although the decreased s cale of operations resulting
from the cessation of hostilities has substantially reduced
the sulphur dioxide hazard to vegetatioiio

CHARCOAL FOR PITSS POWDER

Production

The Charcoal used in manufacturing certain slow-
burning fuse powders according i;o British specifications is
obtained by carbonizing wood from the species Rhamus frangula
(alder) o In September. 1939. the National Research Council
received from the British Mission an enquiry regarding the
availability of this tree in Canadao A survey, conducted
by the Division of Applied Biology^ resulted In the discovery
of two stands in Eastern Canada^ one of which was in the
vicinity of Ottawa^ and samples were sent to Britaino

While this search was in progress, it was suggested
that carbonization experiments be carried out in Canada,, and
as no information was available regarding the special equip-
ment used in this work or the qualities sought in the char^
coal produced,-, the Department of National Defence was asked
to obtain this information from Englandu Some details of
the plant and manufacturing methods were received in January^
1940y but work from Britain Indicated thaii no further action
was required at the timeo

However.; British supplies of Rhamus frangula were
cut off by the fall of Prance .0 and an urgent request was
received in August for six tons of this charcoal^ to be de-
livered during 1941« It was decided that this work should
be carried out by the Chemistry Division of the National
Research Councilo Equipment was ordered at once and factory
space rented nearbyo

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In view of the urgent need for charcoal there was
no thought of trying to follow the British plan of air drying
the woodo A new method of debarking the wood was developed
in which the wood was predried at llO^Co. making the bark
hard and brittle o Crushing the wood then reduced the bark
to a fine powder^ which was rejected as undersize by the pre-
carbonization screeningo

Pull scale, twenty -four -^ho\xr operation began late
in May, and. despite minor difficulties, it was possible to
keep the Beloeil explosives plant supplied with its needSo
In all^ slightly over six tons of fuse powder charcoal were
produced in Ottawa and shipped to Beioeilo Some of this
charcoal was prepared from alder supplied by Defence In-
dustries Llmitedo

In the meantime, Defence Industries Limited had been
instructed to take over the charcoal productlono Because
of experience in assembling the carbonizing units, the Re-
search Council was requested by Allied War Supplies to pur-
chase and to assemble for Defence Industries Limited the car-
bonizing units required© Engineers from Defence Industries
Limited visited Ottawa to observe the plant in operation and
were given all information based on experience in Ottawa to
aid in designing their proposed plant at Beloeilo By mid-
October r, 1941p the Beloeil plant was able to t ake over all
productionp but the Research Council continued development
work for a tlmeo

Development and Research

Prom the very start of fuse powder charcoal produc-
tion,, the relative scarcity of Ro frangula had caused concerno
It was not a native shrub, there was a definite limit to the
supply available^ and plantation planting could not be ar-
ranged in time to bring in a supply for the years 1943;, 1944
and 1945o The most promising approach seemed to lie in the
use of alternative woodSo Accordingly sample batches of
carbonized Ro purshianar^ Ro cathartica. Canadian alder.,,
willow, sumac and chokecherry were made and sent to Defence
Industries Limitedo Pinal reports on the use of these char«
coals was quite effective, and that after some preliminary
trials an acceptable powder was made from Ito

Owing to the scarcity of wood, the losses due to
sawdust and fines caused some worryo Some reduction in the
sawdust loss was made by using a chopping device instead of
a saw for cutting branches of smaller diameter^ Later It

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was thought that the loss of fines could be eliminated by
not grinding the pieces till after carbonization^ it was
also thought that debarking and carbonizing might be carried
out in one operaticno In thifc treatment,, the short pieces
of wood v/ith the bark still on were chopped into the car-
bonizing drum and brought up to the desired temperature m.ore
slowly thanWien the wood was pre dried and groundo When the
run was completed the charge was emptied onto a coarse screen
and the fines which were chiefly from the carbonized bark,,,
were discardedo The charcoal remaining on the screen was
crushed and used as usualo With this process, control was
more difficult, but the product obtained was aliaost as uni-
form as that produced by the stands.rd methodo

As initial operating and control difficulties abated,
there wa;s some interest in determining the properties of char-
coal which made it suitable o or otherwise, for fuse powder pro-
ductiono It was thought that if any such relationship could
be found, it might be of value and save considerable time
when alternative woods were being investigatedo

The reactivities of charcoals were compared by passing
a controlled flow of oxygen through a sample of charcoaln im-
mersed in a bath where the temperature was being slowly raised*,
and noting the bath temperature at which the temperature of
the charcoal rose above that of the batho By microscopic ex-
amination in polarized light some carbons were found to be com-
pletely isotropic, while others were completely anisotropic^
some were a mixtureo The refractive indices also were measuredo
There appeared to be some correlation between these optical
properties of the charcoal and the performance of the fuse
powdero This work was reported to Defence Industries Limited,
but was not carried further at the Research Council because it
had reached a point where any further progress depended on
making and proving batches of powder,' at the time, production
was much too urgent to permit following up experimental work,
no matter how promlsingo Besides that it appeared^ from
proof of powders already made^ that alder would prove in
place of Ro frangula, and indeed., this work on optical pro~
perties received some degree of confirmation thereby^

DEICING AND DEPKOSTINQ

The accumulation of ice on the propellers and aero-
foils of aircraft in flight constitutes one of the greatest
remaining hazards to aviationo Many efforts have been made to
prevent or remove such accumulatlonSo As a corollaryc it is
also necessary, before the plane t akes off ,> to remove frost

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which has accumulated while the aircraft was groundedo These
and related problems have "been the subject of intensive in--
vestigation in the Division of Chemistryo

Frost on Grounded Aircraft

The application of suitable chemical substances to
the exposed surfaces of the aircraft will cause the frost
crystals to form like an inverted pyramid with only the apex
attached to the surfacoo Such crystals are then readily re-
moved by brushingo Work was started on this subject before
the war at the request of Canadian Airways,, and was continued
in the hope that it might be of value for use with dispersed
aircraft o

The compound used must ideally meet all the following
requirements §"

(a) It must be cheap j

(b) It must be easily applied^

(c) It must not collect dirt;

(d) It must not produce a slippery surface j

(e) It must be effective on all classes of base materials 5

(f ) It must be insoluble, and not chemically changed by rain

(g) It must not lose its effectiveness due to the usual
accumulation of dlrt^ oil, and gasoline residues 5

(h) It must not deteriorate due to ultraviolet light 5

(1) It must remain effective for a reasonably long tlmej

(J) It must not damage wing paints j

(k) It should preferably be invisible^, or at least nearly
so^ on all base colours and finishes ^

(1) It must be effective over a great range m weather
conditions,, with the consequent variations in the
type of frost produced^

(m) It must not interfere with other deiclng procedures^
and should still remain effective after such pro-
cedures have been used.

This is a formidable list of requirements^ and.o al-
though over 200;, 000 tests have been made to date., no material
has yet been found iRhich is entirely satisfactory. No treat*
ment has been found which is effective after alcohol or sodium
nitrate solution has been used for deiclng, and the coatings
still tend to be slippery, although they have been considerably
improved in this respecto Finally;, all materials which are
stable to ultra^-violet light damage some wing dopes^, while
effective materials which do not cause paint damage are des-
troyed by ultra-violet radiation. For example,, a mixture was
found ^ich was shown by ground tests to be very effective,,

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except for (d) and (m) above? however^ one hour-s dry flight
in mld-=winter entirely destroyed its effectiveness just where
it matters most --- on the upper wing surface So This remarkable
difference at the higher altitude is thought to be due„ not
to the greater intensity of ultraviolet light there^,: but to
the presence of shorter^ very destructive ^ wave lengths o which
are not present at ground level due to atmospheric absorption©
Work on this problem ia continuingo

Carburettor Deicing

Because of certain disadvantages in the use of ethanol
blended with fuel for carburettor deicing, a study was under-
taken of the properties of other substituteso The significant
properties are ice-melting capacity^, freezing point., volatility,
heat combustion, and general suitability as a fuel blending
agent*

Methanol la obviously by far the best and cheapest
ice melter^ and in most chemical properties is superior ro
ethanolo However^, it has a rather poor fuel value^ and haa
the disadvantage of being rather insoluble in gasoline, es~
pecially if traces of water are alao present « A number of
materials were investigated for blending with the methanol^,
and their octane ratings were determined by the Gas and Oil
Laboratory of the Division of Mechanical Engineering© N-propyl
alcohol, with an octane rating of 138, proved quite outstanding
in all respects.

Propeller Deicing

(a) Using Deicing Pastea?-

Delcing pastes for wings were again shown by ground
tests to be ineffective, but similar use on propellers ap-
pears to have some value since centrifugal force then removes
non'*adherent ice. A feeder was designed which feeds soft
deicer paste to the blades continuously and produces very good
blade coverage^ without appreciable expense or loss of powero
A number of commercial pastes were tested and also a number
of locally compounded pastes. This work has been continued
since the close of hostilities and very promising results are
now being obtained.

(b) By Heating Electrically}^-

In co-operation with the Division of Physics and the
Deicing Laboratory of the Division of Mechanical Engineeringn
a Neoprene heater shoe was developed to cover the leading edge

wjn

(d)

.1. .' '

a

36

of the propeller blade* Incorporation of acetylene black
in the Neoprene renders it electrically conducting^ the
degree of conductivity being controlled by the type and
quantity of the Acetylene black and by the method of incor"
porationo In ccoporation with Shawinlgan Chemicals Ltd<, ^
studies were mad-w of Shawinigan acetylene black in natural
and synthetic rubber. The difficulty that had to be over-
come in this case was the non-uniformity of the electrical
conductivity of compounds containing Shawinigan blacko \Tnen
the black was incorporated into the rubber, in the ordinary
way on the rubber mill, the structure of 'the particles v/as
broken down considerably and in an unccrfcro liable manner,
resulting in low and non-uniform conductiivity. By deter-
mining beforehand the degree of structure of the black by
an absorption test, and by adding the black to a solution of
the rubber.« the structure was preserved and a predictable
and unflrm conductivity obtained. This method was used in
the manufacture of the electrically conducting Neoprene
heater shoeso

These heater shoes are effective in removing ice
that has already formed, since the layer next to the pro-
peller is melted, permitting the removal of the non-adherent
ice by centrifugal force* Methods employing alcohol or
similar fluids are ineffective against ice which has formed
before the application of the deicing fluid. The electrical
method has the additional advantage that it is not dependent
on the consumption of material, the supply of which may be-
come exhausted if the flight or icing conditions are unduly
prolonged.

Successful flight trials have been made with pro-
pellers so-equipped, patents have been applied for^ and the
problems encountered by the rubber manufacturers have been
largely overcome.

Rate of Icinfi Indicator

An instrument has been developed to indicate rate
of icing, thus permitting prediction of the plane's future
condition. Previous instruments have only been capable of
measuring the thickness of ice after it had accumulated^
The first model was flight tested by the Deicing Laboratory
and gave satisfactory indications. Work is being continued
to include a few desirable refinements.

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37

Ice-Loosening Grease

At the request of the Navy, attempts were made to
prepare a grease v/hlch would cause Ice to form specially
loosely on metal surfaces, so that accumulated ice might be
removed more readily* Although greases were developed which
were satisfactory with f reshw ater ice, the tough nature of
sea v/ater ice is so different from glassy fresh water ice
that at sea there was no improvement by using such a grease o

RAIN REPELLENTS x^-'OR AIRCRAFT WINDO^^

Since windshield wipers are not entirely satisfactory
at high speeds of flight, it was hoped that a suitable water
reoolling coat for aircraft windows could be developed v/hich
wo"uld shed the rain drops without allowing them to run into a
continuous film. The ripples on a continuous film, such as
orainarily occur during flight in rain^, break up the light
and prevent clear outlines from being visible, while separate
drops leave clear glass between them, and, since the wind
keeps the drops moving rapidly they can be more or less dis-
regarded*

Early tests soon showed that the only substances
having much promise for this purpose are the non-polar semi-
solids, since polar substances do not shed water; solids,
although they may be repellent at firsts soon lose this
property; and liquids, even in solid vehicles, are rapidly
removed by the water droplets.

The main difficulty in this process, however, is in
obtaining any degree of attachment between the glass and this
non-polar surface film, since only polar substances adhere
naturally to glass.

The first success in obtaining such a non-polar bond
to glass was accomplished by contaminating the glass with
..atimony and adding a selenium compound to a wax film* The
selenium is firmly bound by the antimony and the wax film
is retained quite adequately. However, this method suffered
from the great disadvantage that it required extraordinary care
in cleaning the glass surface.

The next improvement was the use of dimethyl silicon
dipalmitate. For twelve months all efforts had failed to
obtain any valuable result from it, until it was found that
when rouge was incorporated with the compound merely rubbing
briskly on the glass caused activation of some sort, and a

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38

strongly repellent film was readily produced which would not
wet with water 5 and which was remarkably difficult to remove.

It was then found that this is a very general pro-
perty of organic silicon compounds; friction on glass with
rouge breaks them, and the fragments attach themselves to the
glasso All organic silicon compounds available acted simil-
arly, producing varying degrees of attachment and repellency.

Prom a general consideration of such compounds it
was considered that if the friction could activate it, the
finest result might be secured if the silicon compound had
a chain of two or more silicon atoms, and all side chains were
hydrocarbon. Consequently hexa-ethyl-di-si licon was syn-
thesized, and it was found to produce very good results indeedo

At this point the use of powders other than rouge
were tested, but the only ones found to produce the effect were
barium sulphate, rouge, and lampblack, being better in the
order given* Tests of a great variety of lampblacks and car-
bon blacks showed that acetylene black was markedly better
than all otherso Shawinigan Chemicals Limited made available
a wide range of acetylene blacks, and of these "Super Hyflow"
was se]fi cted as best. It is now used as standard.

Silicon bonding compounds were then synthesized con-
taining silicon chains of one, two, three, and four silicon
atoms^ with hydrocarbon side chains up to sixteen carbon atoms.
The butyl compound with three silicon atoms was found to pro-
duce the most repellent bond, while the butyl compound with
only two silicon atoms was found to give the strongest attach-
mentj in cases where it is desired that the residual bonding
compound should be volatile, the ethyl compound with two silicon
atoms, carefully purified from higher constituents was found
to give best results.

The wax coating was then reinvestigated, and the
purification of each ingredient proved to be of the greatest
importance. It was found that even the cloth by which the
materials are applied must be specially purified to give best
results©

FHirther complications are also introduced by dif-
ferences in the techniques required to produce satisfactory
results under such different conditions asj-

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39

(a

(b
(c

(d
(e
(f
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(h
(1

First application on new glass windows 5

Maintenance on glass windows 5

Application to plastic v/indows, both acetate and

methacrylate 5

Application to high temperature 5

Application be^ow the freezing point;

Application to windows during rain;

Possible renewal during flight if continued rain

ultimately wets the window;

Effects of alcohol or heat used for deicing;

Effects of gasoline or oilo

At first, different materials or techniques were
necessary for each of these conditions; but after a thorough
Investigation, with constant modification of the technique,
the waxes and the purification methods, a simple kit and a
uniform technique were developed which are entirely satis-
factory under all conditions.

The kit consists of (1) a packet of purified pieces
of cloth for the applications, and (ii) two collapsible lead
tubes containing respectively the bonding paste and the wax
paste o The instructions for use are as follows: clean and
dry window with the bonding paste, and polish; rub hard all
over again with the bonding paste, and polish; apply the
wax, and polish at onceo

This treatment leaves an invisible film, free from
optical distortion, and provides very clear vision during
flight in rain without windscreen wiperso It has the ad-
vantages that:-

(a) Application is rapid, requiring only a few minutes
per window;

(b) The base material may be any kind of plastic or any
kind of glass (including fused quartz);

(c) Plastic windows may be treated wet or dry; glass
windows may be retreated wet or dry^ although the
original application to glass must be while dry;

(d) The coating can be revived in flight either wet or
dry with a hand-operated wiper, or with a spray of
special wax solution applied in a manner similar to
alcohol delclng;

(e) The materials can be applied at any temperature from
-40<*P to -USS^P;

(f ) Curvature of the window does not limit the action as
it does in the case of windscreen wipers j

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40

(g) The treatment helps prevent scratching of plastic
windows., and produces the visibility of existing
scratches I

(h) Plight under dry conditions does not reduce the sub-
sequent life under rain., and treated windows may re-
main dormant in or out of the hangar without damage;;

(i) Alternate exposure to rain and to dry air does not
accelerate deterioration;

(J) So far as is known.r the coating is not affected by
any deicing procedure;

(k) The coating is not damaged by oil, gasoline, alcohol
or glycol;

(1) Oil may be removed in flight with the **reviver" spray;

(m) The materials needed are cheap, non-corrosive, free
from chlorides, and stable in storage.

A standard ground test has been developed in v/hich a
blower forces air and water droplets against the treated glass
in a manner corresponding to flight, at 300 mop»ho, through
rain falling at a rate of one inch per hour. Under such test,
the initial clear vision obtained by this treatment is re-
tained unimpaired for seven hours; then deterioration becomes
noticable, and after seventeen hours, performance is the same
as for untreated glass. Plight through hail removes the film
entirely, but as explained above, the film can be renewed in
flight.

Tests in flight conducted by the Test and Development
Establishment of the K.CoA.Po proved very favourable j, and
after extensive service testa the Air Porce has adopted the
treatment as standard.

ANALYTICAL LABORATORY

This laboratory did not of Itself undertake any re-
search problems, but it co-operated actively in the work of
many of the other laboratories. During the five and a half
years of the war, the Analytical Laboratory of the Division
of Chemistry made some 50,000 determinations on approximately
17,000 samples. However, the activities of this laboratory
can hardly be considered "routine" since the infinite variety
of materials submitted for analysis was a continual challenge
to the technical ability of the staff and required chemical
proficiency of the highest order.

These were in addition to analyses of textiles,
leathers.^ paints^, detergents,, corrosion products, metals and
alloys, etc The laboratory, on request, also prepared

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41

bibliographies on a number of subjects for other labora-
tories of the Division,

SALVAGE

At the request of the Department of National War
Services, the National Research Council undertook in 1940 to
study the question of salvage with a view to determining
whether it would be advisable to institute a national sal-
vage campaign, and a member of the staff of the Division of
Chemistry was asked to investigate this question ami to pre-
pare a report. At that time there was considerable public
agitation for a salvage campaign^ but some of the controllers
of supplies were known to be opposed to it.

In the time available it was not possible to conduct
an exhaustive enquiry, but each of the principal types of
salvage materials was examined (i) as to its statistical
position, (il) as to the possibility of obtaining additional
supplies through a salvage campaign;, (iii) as to the ability
of industry or export markets to absorb any additional sup-
plies which might be collected, and (iv) as to methods of
collecting and marketing.

At the time this survey was undertaken, no real
shortages of supplies had developed. The Department of
National War Services was advised that under the conditions
then prevailing the collection of additional salvage material
could be justified only if carried out on a voluntary basis,
and that even then the financial returns would probably be
small. If collections were made, it would be advisable to
include all types of scrap of potential value, and not merely
those of one kind, as was then being done. It was found that
the collection of heavy iron scrap (in the aggregate of
greatest value) and that of the common base motals and paper
were already being fairly well t aken care of, but that a
moderately favourable situation existed with respect to
aluminum, tin alloys, wool and cotton rags, and rubber. If
a campaign were undertaken, it was recommended that the col-
lection of scrap be handled through established dealers.

MISCELLANEOUS INORGANIC INVESTIGATIONS

A number of minor investigations in the field of in-
organic chemistry were also undertaken in the Divisional
Laboratories.

42

Purification of Sea Water

At the request of the Navy, several methods of
producing potable water from sea water were Investigated©
Some work was done on synthetic r^sln Ion exchanger So
Eventually a still was developed which operated automatic-
ally If the relative humidity was less than 100%, Maximum
distillation rates of 60 cco per sqo fto of still surface
per hour were obtained.

Potassium Tetroxide

At the 3ugg3stion of the late Sir Frederick Banting,
potassi^jim tetroxide was produced in small quantities for
experimental purposes. This material has been used in the
ventilation of submarines to maintain the oxygen supply,
and has also been considered for use in a special type gas
mask in which it provides oxygen Independently of the ex-
ternal atraosphere© Carbon dioxide exhaled from the lim-^.s,
coming in contact with potassium tetroxide, reacts tc form
potassium carbonate and to liberate oxygen.

Methods of producing potassium tetroxide were studied
in the laboratory, and apparatus for making this chemical
on a semi-pilot scale was builto In this apparatus potassium
(vaporized by heating a mixture of potassium chloride and
sodium metal) was blown by a current of nitrogen, thrdugh a
burner^ where, it was mixed with oxygen, into a larger chamber,
where it burnedo The product of combustion settled out in
the chamber as a fine powder of potassium tetroxide. As this
material in its original form was too finely divided for use
in respirators and the like, it was granulated by stirring,
while warming; Just enough to make the particles coalesce.

Asbestos

The utilization of Canadian asbestos had been a
subject of investigation by the Division of Chemistry for
some time before the war. As this was a long term project
not likely to have much bearing on the conduct of the war,
these activities were soon terminated and the most recent
results were published.

During the war Canada continued to export consider-
able quantities of certain grades of asbestos to neutral
countrleso The Department of Trade and Commerce feared that
this material might contain quantities of longer fibres that
could be recovered and shipped to Germany by pro-German neutrals

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43

A. lengthy investigation was thereupon launched by the
National Research Councilp which led eventually to the
placing of an embargo on those grades of asbestos which
were found to be of potential value to the enemyo

Asdic Recorder Paper

The Navy experienced considerable trouble with their
asdic recorder paper during storagOo This paper was es-
sentially starch-iodine paper and it deteriorated due to
the liberation of free iodine. The addition of a small per=
centage of sodium bicarbonate or sodium phosphate were found
to prevent deterioration of the paper*

Comfort Meter

At the request of the Navy a simple instrument was
designed that gave an integrated reading of temperature, re-
lative humidity, and air clrculatlon<,

Magnesium Bombs

The magnesium pilot plant, with the aid of the Mines
Branch Laboratories, prepared magnesium powder for experi-
mental flash bombs in connection with the research program
In night photography for the RoCoAoPo

Practice incendiary bombs were constructed for the
Navy and for civilian defence organizations.

Packaging Problems

Excelsior (wood wool) was shown to be specifically
bad for the packaging of unwrapped^ greased or ungreased,
metal parts^, the effect probably being one of holding mois-
ture in actual contact with the metal.

Qualification testing of silica gel desslcants for
use in tropical packaging^ where moisture free atmospheres
are required^ has been carried out from time to tlme<,

Goggles

Impact tests on hardened glass lenses for chippers
goggles have occasionally been carried out, as have also
tests on plastic goggles and protective (steel toe) shoes©
When this work was first requested it was found that there
were no accepted Canadian standards for such safety equip-
mento This led to the formation of a Canadian Standards

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44

Association Committee to establish a Canadian Code for Head
and Eye Protectiono

REVIEW OF FOREIGN RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS

At the request of the Acting-President of the
National Research Council a member of the staff of the Division
of Chemistry undertook, in 1942 and 1943, to prepare a review
of the organization of research in the major industrial coun-
tries, with particular reference to plans for post-war re-
searcho Included in the literature survey were Australia,
Prance, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, the UoSoSoRo, and
the United States o

For each country an attempt was made to give enough
of the historical background to permit one to understand how
the present system had ariseno The principal research or-
ganizations were listed, their fields of activities and avail-
able funds were indicated, the relation between the^i (if any)
was set out, and references to more complete information were
citedo In the case of the United States there were listed
the chief research foundations and trusts, the many insti-
tutes and associations having laboratory research as a major
activity, and the larger private industrial research labor-
atories j a brief review of the work of several of these was
includedo Special attention was called to the United States
Government's research studies made by the National Resources
planning Boardo A review was included of the Kilgore bills
i*iich, though not ultimately passed, nevertheless reflect the
thinking of many Americans.

Letters were also written to about a dozen prominent
research directors in the United States, asking their views
on such questions as (i) the relation between research spon-
sored by governments and that of the universities and pri-
vately endowed organizations, (ii) means of promoting co-
operation between research organizations, (ill) the degree
to which planning for research should be carried out on a
national scale, Tlv) the advisability of centralizing govern-
ment research, or otherwise, (v) the probable trend of re-
search after the war, and (vi) how peacetime research should
be related to national defenceo The replies received differed
widely from one another, as might be expected, but were defin-
itely stimulating and helpful©

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45

REPORTS ANS PATENTS

Refractories

Craig, Jo Wo Chrome for Canada o Trans o Cano Insto Min*
Meto 43^ 762-780o 1940,

Craig, Jo Wo Refractories Industry in Canadao Journal of
the Canadian Ceramic Society, 9, 21-27, 1940o

Craig, Jo W. Canadian Basic Refractory Practice? Algoma
Steel Corporation,, Blast Furnace and Steel Plant,
16^ 15-18, 1942.

Hodnett, Lo Production of Refractory MaterialSo Cano Pato
429,272, Augo 7, 1945.

Hodnett^ Lo A Spa lling -Resistant Chrome Refractory, Can©
Pato Appo 492,272, May 5, 1942.

Hodnett, Lo , Lathe, Po Eo and Perry, Jo S, C. Brucite-

containing Refractories. Can. Pat. App. 492,271, May
5, 1942o

Lathe, Po E. Basic Refractories in Canada - 1914 and 1939.
TranSo Can* Inst. Mint, Meto 43, 83-99, 1940.

Lathe, Po E. and Hodnett, L. Refractories for Furnace Linings.
Cano Pato App. 509,642, Jan. 7, 1944.

Lathe, Po E. and Hodnett, L. Refractories for Furnace Linings.
U.So Pat. App. 518,670, Jan, 17, 1944.

Lathe, Po Eo , Prince, A. T. Treatment of Siliceous Dolomite.
Can. Pat. 425,184, Jan. 23, 1945.

Perry, J. So C. and Prince, Ao T. Bonded Refractories for

Furnace LiningSo Can. Pato App. 508,655;, Dec. 2, 1943.

Perry^, J. So Co and Prince, A. T. Bonded Refractories for

Furnace Linings. U.S. Pato App. 565,063, Nov. 24, 1944.

Pitt^ N. P., Halferdahl, A, C. and Lathe, Po E. Stabilized
Magnesia Refractory. Can. Pat. 411,352, Mar. 23, 1943.

Recovery of Magnesia

Lathe, Po E. Potential Sources of Magnesia in Canadac 34 ppo,
Jane 1941.

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Magneaj-um

Pidgeon,, Lo Mo New Methods for the Production of Magnesiumo
Transo Cano Insto Mine Meto 47^, 16-34 (1944) o

Pidgeon, Lo M« Thermal Production of Magnesiumo Cano Pat*

420.239, May 16, 1944o

Pidgeon, Lo Mo Apparatus for Reduction of Volatilizable Metals.
Can, Pate 415^,764, Oct, 12, 1943,

Pidgeon, Lo Mo Apparatus for Reduction of Volatilizable Metals,
UoSo Pato 2,330,142, Septo 21, 1943.

Pidgeon, Lo Mo Thermal Production of Magnesiumo Can. Pato

420.240, May 16, 1944.

Pidgeon, Lo M. Production of Magnesium and Apparatus Therefore
Cano Pato App, 488,487, Dec. 18, 1941.

Pidgeon, Lo M. Apparatus for the Reduction of Volatilizable
Metals. Cano Pate 420,241, May 16, 1944.

Pidgeon, Lo M. Apparatus for the Reduction of Volatilizable
Metals. Cano Pat, App. 488,488, Dec* 18, 1941.

Pidgeon, Lo Mo Direct Production of Ductile Magnesiumo Cano
Pato 420,242, May 16, 1944.

Pidgeon, Lo M. Direct Production of Ductile Bfcignesiumo UoS.
Pato Appo 427,004, Jan, 16, 1942.

Pidgeon, Lo Mo Production of Magnesium and Apparatus Therefore
UoSo Pato App. 426,009, Jan. 8, 1942.

Pidgeon, Lo M. Thermal Production of Magnesiumo UoS. Pat.
App. 426,010, Jano 8, 1942.

Pidgeon, L. M. Apparatus for the Reduction of Volatilizable
MetalSo UoSo Pato App. 426,007, Jan. 8, 1942.

Pidgeon, Lo Mo Apparatus for the Reduction of Volatilizable
Metals. UoSo Pato App. 426,008, Jan. 8, 1942.

Pidgeon, Lo M. Method and Apparatus for Producing Magnesium.
UoSo Pat. 2,330,143, Sept. 21, 1943.

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47

Pidgeon^, Lo M© Method and Apparatus for Producing Magnesium^
Cano Pato 415^765;, Octo 12^ 1943c

Pidgeon^ Lo Mo Apparatus for Producing Magnesium by Thermal
Reductione Cano Pato Appo 490<,123i, Pebo 21^. 1942o

Pidgeon; Lo Mo Apparatus for Producing Magnesium by Thermal
Reduction, U«So Pato App<^ 453o452, March 5, 1942o

Pidgeon, Lo Mo Vacuum Apparatus for Producing Magnesium©
Cano Pato 420^244, May 16, 1944,

Pidgeon^ Lo M« Vacuum Apparatus for Producing Magnesium©
UoSo Pato Appo 434,933, March 16, 1942©

Pidgeon^ Lb M© Apparatus for Producing Magnesiums Can©
Pato App© 492,103, April 30, 1942©

Pidgeon, Lo M© Apparatus for Producing Magnesiumo U^So Pat©
Appo 442,411, May 11, 1942©

Pidgeon, L© M© Method and Apparatus for Recovering Vola-

tillzable MetalSo Cano Pat© App© 492,764,, May 20^ 1942^

Pidgeon, Lo M« Method and Apparatus for Recovery of Vela-

tllizable Metals© U„S, Pat. App„ 445n714, June 4, 1942.

Pidgeon. Lo M© Method and Apparatus for Producing Magnesium^
Carlo Pat© App. 505,201, Aug. 7, 1943©

Pidgeon, L„ M^ Method and Apparatus for Producing Magnesium©
UoSo Pato Appo 498,206© Aug© 11, 1943©

Pidgeon, L„ M© and Phillips, No Wo Po The Production of

Anhydrous Magnesium Chloride© Trans© Electrochem© Soc©,
78^ 91-^113 (1940©)

Pidgeon^ Lo M« and Phillips, No Wo P© Production of Anhydrous
Magnesium Chloride. U©S. Pat© 2,356,118. Aug© 15, 1944©

Drying Air for Blast Furnace Use

Wolochow,, Do Dry Blast Production© Can© Metals Metl© Inds©
5, 230 --237 (1942)©

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48

TJtillzation of Open Hearth Slag

Lathe, Fo E. The Utilization of Sydney Open Hearth Furnace
Slag, N.R.Co Publication No. 1028, 88 pp., Nov. 1941,

Lathe, F. E. The Utilization of Phosphatic Open Hearth Slag.
Part I: Effect of Rapid Cooling on the Solubility of
Phosphoric Acid. Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind. 62, 24-28 (1943).

Lathe, Fo E. Annotated Review of Recent Literature Prepared
for the Committee on Sydney Slag. 77 pp.. May, 1944.

Wright, L. Eo , Leahey, A. and Turner, R. C. The Utilization
of Phosphatic Open Hearth Slag, Part III The Avail-
ability of Phosphoric Acid as Measured by Yield and
Phosphorus Recovery in Barley and Clover. Jour, Soc.
Chem. Ind. 62, 28-31 (1943).

Vanadium Recovery

Lathe, F, E. Review of Recent Literature on Vanadium Recovery
with Special Reference to Vanadium Iron Ore. 32 pp.,
N.R.C. Publication No. 1075, June, 1942.

Lathe, F. E. Controlled Desiliconization of Pig Iron and
Recovery of Contained Vanadium. Proceedings of 26th
Conf • , National Open Hearth Com., Am. Inst. Min. Met.
Eng., 166-172 (1943).

Lathe, F. E. Method of Refining Pig Iron and Recovering
Vanadium. U.S. Pat. App. 532,165, April 21, 1944.

Nickel, Copper and Platinum Metals

Lathe, P. E. The Determination of the Metals of the Platinum
Group in Nickel Ores and Concentrates. Can. Jour. Res.
B 18, 333-334 (1940).

Atmospheric Pollution

Katz, M. Atmospheric Smoke Conditions in the Vicinity of
McKinnon Industries, St. Catharines, Ont. N.R.C.
Report No. C671-45S, September, 1945. Supplementary
Reports, November 30 and December 28, 1945.

Katz, Mo Investigation of Smelter Smoke Conditions in the

Sudbury Region, 1945. Report of the Smelter Smoke

Committee, Ontario Department of Lands and Forests,
Toronto, Ont., 1946.

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49

Katz, Mo and Chapman, P. Ho Trail Smelter Questiono Sulphur
Dioxide Content of the Atmosphere 1937 to 1940o Sup-
plement to Canadian Documents Series B and BB; King's
Printer, Ottawa, 1940,

Charcoal for Fuse Powder

Greeno Po Go Pinal Report on Carbonization of Rharaus Prangula
and Alternative Woods. N.R.Co Report No. C941-45S,
March 28, 1946o

Deicing and Defrosting

Broughton, Jo Wo Effect of Solvents on Octane Number of

Aviation Puel. N.R.C. Report No. MP867, Sept. 23, 1942o

Griffith, T. Ro Aeroplane Propeller Deicing* NoR.C. Report
No. C2839-42S, Dec. 26, 1942.

Griffith, T. R. Present Status of Research on Aeroplane Pro-
peller Deicingo NoRoC. Report No. C2839-42S, Dec. 26, 1942.

Griffith, T. R. Electrically Conducting Composition. U.S«
Pato Appo 515,870, Dec. 27, 1943,

Griffith, T. R. An Electrically Conducting Article and Method
of Producing the Same. Can. Pat. App. 525,591, April
14, 1945,

Griffith, To R. An Electrically Conducting Article and Method
of Producing the £%me. U.S. Pat. App. 594,800, May 19,
1945.

Griffith, To R. and Orr, Jo L. Prevention and Removal of Ice
or Prost on Aircraft Parts. Can. Pat. 428,132, Dec.
6, 1945.

Griffith, T. Ro and Orr, J. L. Prevention and Removal of Ice
on Aircraft and Like Parts. UoS. Pat. App. 493,700,
July 7, 1943.

Griffith, To R. and Orr, J. L. Method of Making a Heating
Device. Can. Pat. 429,005. July 24, 1945.

Griffith, T. Ro and Orr, J, L. Prevention and Removal of Ice
or Prost on Aircraft Parts. U.S. Pat. App. 562,878,
Nov. 10, 1944.

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50

Griffith, To Ro and Orr, Jo L. Prevention and Removal of Ice
or Frost on Aircraft Parts. Can. Pat« 428,135, June 12,
1945o

Hall, Ro Ho, Buckley, B. P, and Griffith, T. R„ Acetylene
Black and Conductivity. Can. Chem. and Proc. Indo
29, 587-590 (1945)o

Hall,, Ro Ho and Griffith, T. R, Effect of Initial Plasticity
of Rubber on the Conductivity of Shawinigan Black Com-
pounds, N.R.C, Report No. C768-44S, Aug, 14, 1944,

Stedman, Do P. Frost on Standing Aircraft - Tests of »Kilfrost
F9» Frost Remover, NoR.C. Report No. C2134-43S, Feb.
29, 1944o

Stedman, Do F. Alcoholised Fuel for Aircraft - Study of

Liquids Other Than Ethanol with respect to Ice-Melting,
Water-Blending, and Cost. N.R.C. Report No. C1293-42S,
July 22, 1942.

Stedman, D. F. Heated Strut Icing Rate Indicator. N.R.C.
Report No. C1208-43S, Sept. 4, 1943o

Stedman, Do F. and Brown, A. 0. Frost on Standing Aircraft.
NoR.C. Report No. C1518-43S, October 31, 1943.

Stedman, Do P. and Brown A. 0. Propeller Deicing - Tests

of Deicer Pastes. N.R.C. Report No. C4-43S, April 2, 1943.

Stedman., D. Fo and Sterns, S. Propeller Deicing - Tests

on Propeller Deicing Pastes, N.R.C. Report No. C213-44Sy
April 30, 1944.

Stedman, Do F* and Sterns, S. Propeller Deicing - Suitability
of Trimethyl Phosphate, N.RoC. Report No. C214-44S,
April 30, 1944.

Stedman;, D. F. and Sterns, So Propeller Deicing - Tests of a
Feeder for Propeller Deicing. N.RoC. Report No. C534«
44S, June 29, 1944.

Stedman, Do Po and Zuana, P. Propeller Deicing - Deicing by
Continuous Feed of Deicing Paste. N.R.C. Report No.
C917-45P, Mar. 14., 1946.

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51

Rain Repellents for Aircraft Windows

Stedman, Do Fo Rain Repellent on Wind Screens - Tests on
Seaplane Windows. NoRoC« Report NOo C1923-43S, Deco
30, 1943o

Stedmanp Do P. Rain Repellent on Windscreens - Tests on

Naval VesselSo N.R.Co Report NOo C1924-43S, Dec. 30,
; 1943o

Stedman, Do Po Method of Maintaining Clear Vision in Wind-
screens and the Like and Compositions Therefor. U.S.
Pat. Appo 582,426, March 12, 1945.

Stedman, D. P. Method of Maintaining Clear Vision in Wind-
screens and the Like and Compositions Therefor. Can.
Pat. App. 524,213, Mar. 7, 1945.

Stedman, D. Po and Mosher, M. C. Development of Rain Repel-
lent for Use on Wind Screens. N.R.Co Report No. C1209-
43S, Sept. 5, 1943o

Stedman, D. P. and Sterns, 3. Rain Repellent for Aircraft
Windows - Chemical Details of Materials Used. N.R.Co
Report No. C1511-43P, Oct. 26, 1943.

Stedman^ D. P. and Sterns, S. Rain Repellent for Use on
Aircraft Windows - Application Details and Technique.
NoRoC. Report No. C1178-44S, Oct. 21, 1944.

Stedman, D. Po and Sterns, S. Rain Repellent for Use on Air-
craft Windows - Improvements in Materials and Technique.
N.RoCo Report NOe 01179-443, Nov. 4, 1944.

Stedman, D. P. and Sterns So Rain Repellent for Aircraft

. Windows - Chemical Details of Latest Improved Materials.
NoR.C. Report C1194-44P, Nov. 4, 1944.

Stedman^ D. P. and Sterns, 3. Rain Repellent for Aircraft
Windows - Application Details and Technique. N.R.C.
Report NOe 01718-443, Peb. 5, 1945.

Stedman, D. P. and Sterns, 3. Rain Repellent Instructions.
N.R.Co Report NOo C12-45S, Mar. 31, 1945.

Stedman, D. Po and Sterns, 3. Rain Repellent for Aircraft
Windows - Chemical Details of Pinal Materials, N.R.C.
Report No. C50~45P, Mar. 31, 1945.

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52

Stedmarif, Do Po and Sterns, So Rain Repellent for Aircraft
Windows - Chemical Details of Pinal MaterlalSo NoRoCo
Report NOo C51-45S, April 13, 1945o

Steciman, Do Po and Sterns, So Rain Repellent for Aircraft

Windows - Tests of NoR.Lo 139o NoRoCo Report NOo C403-
45Sp June 25^ 1945 o

Stedman, Do Po and Sterns, S* Rain Repellent Instructions©
NoRoCo Report NOo C499-45S, July 28, 1945o

Stedman, Do Po and Sterns, So Rain Repellent for Aircraft
Windows - InstructlonSo NoR«C. Report No. C732-45S,
Oct. 12, 1945o

Stedman, D. P. and Stems, S. Rain Repellent for Aircraft
Windows - General Description and Useo N.RoCo Report
NOo C907-45P, March 1, 1946.

Stedman, Do Po and Sterns, So Rain Repellent for Aircraft
Windows - Materials In Kit. N.R.Co Report No. C933-
45P, March, 1946 «

Salvage

Lathe J, Po Eo Proposed National Salvage Campaign. 30 pp..
Novo 1940.

Miscellaneous Inorganic Investigations

Brown, A. Go Test of Desslcants to Specification J.C.N.AoAoPo
-Po -218, N.R.C. Report No, C1814-44S, Peb. 26, 1945.

Brown, A. G. Impact Tests on Hardened Lenses. N.R.C. Report
NOo C203-45S, May 13, 1945*

Brown, A. G. and Stegmeyer, 0. Effect of Excelsior on Cor-
rosion of Metal PartSo NoR.C. Report No. C877-43S,
July 20, 1943o

Puddlngton, I. E. Purification of Sea Water, N.R.C. Report
NOo C1299-42S, July 20, 1942.

Puddlngton, lo E. A/S Recorder Paper, NoR.C. Report No.
C418-44S, June 7, 1944o

Puddlngton, I.E. Design for a Comf ortometero NoR.C. Report

Noso C829-44S, Aug. 24, 1944, and C1519-44S, Dec. 22, 1944,

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53

VanWinaen, A« Superfine AsbestoSo U, So Pat. App, 379,641,
Pebo 19, 1941o

VanWlnsen, Ao Superfine Asbestos and Method of Manufacture
Cano Pate 430,679, Octo 16, 1945.

Wolochow, Do Thermal Studies on AsbestoSo II: Effect of
Heat on the Breaking Strength of Asbestos Tape and
Glass Fibre Tape. Can. Jo Res. B19, 56-60 (1941).

Wolochow, D, Thermal Studies on AsbestoSo Ills Effect of
Heat on the Breaking Strength of Asbestos Cloth Con-
taining Cotton, Can. J. Res. B19, (1941).

Wolochow, D. Spinnable Material in Group Pour Asbestos

Pibresc N.RoC. Report No. C1155-43S, Aug. 30, 1943.

Wolochow, Do Comparison of 3R Asbestos Pibres. N.R.C.
Report No. C1296-43S. Sept. 21, 1943.

Wolochow, D. Comparison of 3R Asbestos Pibres. N.R.C.
Report Noo C1406-43S, Oct. 8, 1943o

Wolochow, Do Spinnable Material in Group Pour Asbestos

Pibres. NoR.C. Report No. C1412-43S, Oct. 12, 1943.

Wolochow, Do and White, W. Ho Thermal Studies on Asbestos.
It Effect of Temperature and Time of Heating on Loss
in Weight and Resorption of Moisture. Can. J. Res.
B19, 49-55 (1941) o

Review of Poreign Research Organizations

Lathe, Po Eo The Organization of Research in Selected
Countries. 90 pp., Dec, 1943o

Zii

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54

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

EXPERIMENTAL EXPLOSIVES ESTABLISHMENT

History of the Establiafhment

The evolution of the High Explosives Sub -Commit tee
on the Advisory Committee of Industrial Chemists has already
been outlined in the Historical Introductiono Under its
sponsorship, research on explosives was started in several
universitieso Out of this research came several new ex-
plosives or promise of new methods of manufacturing existing
explosiveso No matter how promising laboratory tests may be,
it is absolutely essential, in the case of a new explosive,
to prepare several thousand pounds for field tests or, in
the case of a new process, to carry it through the pilot plant
stage in order to discover and solve manufacturing problems o

The High Explosives Sub-Committee brought the need
for such an explosives pilot plant to the attention of the
National Research Council, who, in the spring of 1942, rec-
ommended to the newly formed Army Technical Development
Board that such facilities be provldedo The Board thereupon
allocated one hundred thousand dollars to the projecto

About this time, it was learned that the Department
of Munitions and Supply were considering the construction of
a propellant development building and laboratory, but had not
passed beyond the initial layout planSo It occurred to some
of those Interested that, if this plant were also needed, it
might advantageously be combined with the experimental high
explosives buildlngo After thorough investigation, this sug--
gestion was approved by the Army Technical Development Boardo

It was the opinion of those interested in the plan
that the project should be a permanent one and that, for this
reason, the establishment should not be situated beside a
war-time plant, which might be dismantled after the waro It
was also thought that it should be wholly under government
control and, therefore, that it should not be placed on pro-
perty of a private explosives manufacturer*

Visits were made to similar establishments in the
United States and it was found, from their experience, that
explosives development laboratories should be situated close
to a weapon proving range o A suitable site was therefore
sought, and found, adjacent to the Artillery Proof Establish-
ment at Valcartier, Land was made available there in February
1943 o

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55

V,. In the meantime 5, the expanding program in explo-
sives development and research had made reorganization neces-
sary and towards the end of 1942^ the National Research Council
had set up an Associate Committee on Explosives to coordinate
all work on explosives development,, to supervise the extra
mural research on explosives^ and to supervise the new Experi=
mental Explosives Establishment© In the meantime, too, pre-
liminary plans and cost estimates had been prepared by the
staff of the Division of Chemistry and funds had been made
available through the Army Technical Development Board in
January 1943 o At the request of the Canadian Government , the
United Kingdom provided an expert research director from Wool-
wlch Arsenal to guide the establishment through its initial
stageSo After his arrival in April, plans went ahead more
rapidlyj construction was started in late summer, 1943, and
continued throughout most of 1944©

While construction at Valcartier was in progress,
the nucleus of a technical staff for the new establishment was
collected at the National Research Council in Ottawao Since
it was virtually impossible to obtain men with training in
the field of explosives manufacture, because of the existing
demand for such men by industrial firms, an effort was made
to familiarize the initial staff with explosives practice by
sending them for various periods of time to places such as
Nobel and DeSalaberryo In this connection., very excellent co-
operation was received from Defence Industries Limited and
from the various plant managers©

Coincident with this training period^ the staff pre-
pared plans and blueprints for the pilot plant manufacture of
the newer high explosives© With the assistance of DdoLo en-
gineers, plans were prepared for the Installation of the sol-
vent propellant presses in the nearly completed buildingo
Three surplus presses from Defence Industries Limited, Nobel,
were secured and delivered to the siteo Laboratory furnishings^
such as work benches, fumehoods, equipment.^ and chemicals, were
planned and ordered for the laboratorieSo Plant equipment,
consisting of motors, mixers, controllers, and countless other
items, were placed on order and eventually secured from numerous
sources©

The staff likewise participated in experimental work
Insofar as facilities and conditions at the National Research
Council would permit© The first experimental work undertaken
by the staff, while in Ottawa, was the development of a cli-
matic storage cabinet y^iich could be used for the testing of
ammunition and explosives under conditions of heat and humidity
likely to be encountered anywhere in the world© A standard type
of construction and control mechanism was sought, which would-

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be flexible, automatic and reliable^ Two experimental units
were constructed, and one in particular was subjected to a
six months* test period^, which illustrated its inherent
soundness of designo Particular attention was devoted to
developing a simple cycle control mechanism which would per=
mit the automatic alteration of the test conditions between
predetermined limitSo Considerable success was achieved in
this direction and very satisfactory units are now in opera-
tion.o Apart from experimental work, the group took an a ctive
interest in all published papers and two of the members com-
piled a very extensive card index of all explosives documents
and reports.

Late in 1944 members of the group began to spend
more and more time at Valcartier and the job of fitting out
the various buildings was commencedo By the spring of 1945
the three presses were in place and the laboratories were
furnishedo As soon as the rolling house was vacated by the
contractor, the rolls and auxiliary equipment, including an
automatic deluge system, were installedo The climatic test
hut was furnished with three test cabinets and all put in
operation. Control and recording gear for five more cabinets
were placed in positiono

By VJ'-Day numerous dummy batches of propellant had
been worked up in the kneaders and extruded in the presses to
check the operation of the equipment. Some minor changes had
been found necessary. A few batches of *'live" propellant had
been processed and further batches were going through from
day to day.

The Experimental Explosives Establishment was sug-
gested by the High Explosives Sub -commit tee, was financed by
the Army Technical Development Board, was administered at first
by the National Research Council, and finally was turned over
to the Army - on September 1, 1945, it became Wing C of the
Canadian Armament Research and Development Establishmento
Although it was not^ strictly speaking, an activity of the
Division cf Chemistry, the divisional staff made large and
important contributions in the formulation of plans for it and
the Division of Chemistry gave it a home until the premises
at Valcartier were ready for occupancy.

ETHYLENE OXIDE

In addition to its use as a raw material in a wide
range of organic syntheses, ethylene oxide shows considerable
promise as a fumigant^ bactericide, and insecticide. In all

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57

these fields the chief obstacle to a much wider use of ethylene
oxide is the present restricted available supply and costo
At the present time no ethylene oxide is produced in Canada c,
while Canadian imports of ethylene glycol (the most widely
used derivative of ethylene oxide) for antifreeze purposes
alone amounted to more than a million gallons a year in 1939o

An Investigation of the vapbur phase oxidation of
ethylene to ethylene oxide with air ovdr a silver catalyst,
begun In the Division of Chemistry in 1938^ has ltd to the
development of an economical process for the production of
ethylene oxide and ethylene glycol from readily available hy-=
drocarbon fractions such as oil refinery gases,, without re-
quiring the isolation of the ethylene* The critical problem
in the oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide is temperature
control of the catalyst surface in order to prevent complete
oxidation to carbon dioxide and water « When the ethylene is
diluted with methane and ethane another problem is presentedo
Methane and ethane are themselves oxidized to carbon dioxide and
water^ under the optimum conditions for the oxidation of ethyl-
ene to ethylene oxide, and also promote the complete oxidation
of ethylene. In the process developed at the National Research
Council^, close temperature control of the catalyst surface to-
gether with the addition of controlled amounts of ethylene di-
chloride to the reactor feed have suppressed the oxidation of
the paraffins and have made possible the economic production
of the ethylene oxide by the air oxidation of ethylene in hy-
drocarbon feeds containing as low as 10% ethyleneo

The chief new features of the process are:-

1« The ability to utilize ethylene in a mixed hydrocarbon feed
containing 10 to 90% paraffins. The hydrocarbon feed may
also contain small amounts of hydrogen^, carbon monoxide or
acetylene^

2. A new silver catalyst prepared, under special conditions^
by the thermal decomposition of silver oxalate in the
presence of calcium oxalate, and to v^iich is subsequently
added a controlled amount of stannous oxide as a promoter©

3o A new, fin-type, catalyst support, affording close tem-
perature control over all the catalyst surface «

4o The addition to the reactants of controlled amounts of
ethylene dlchlorlde, less than 0o005% by volume of the
total gas entering the reaction tube^ for the specific
purpose of suppressing both the oxidation of the para-
ffins and their tendency to promote the complete oxidation

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58

of ethylene o The ethylene dichloride rate required to
give optimum conversion to ethylene oxide has been found
to be a linear function of the amount of methane plus
ethane in the feed, and to be independent of the amount
of ethylene present©

Estimates indicate that the raw material costs^
depending on the mode of operation, will be 0o8 to 2o3 cents
per pound of glycol when the process operates on methane-
ethane -ethylene mixtures obtained by processing depropanizer
residue gas, or its equivalent, in standard refinery equip-
mento

Sufficient data is not yet available to estimate
the operating costs, but it may be pointed out that there are
no fuel costs involved in the oxidation atep^ since the re-
action is strongly exothermico

The process has been successfully tested on a la-
boratory scale at a Canadian refinery over a period of seven
monthso Plans have been prepared for a pilot plant in Turner
Valley, Alberta©

ETHANOLAMINES

In 1943, following preliminary experiments in the
National Research Laboratories, a pilot plant for the pro-
duction of ethanolamines was erected and put into operation
at the plant of the Canadian Aniline and Extract Company in
Hamilton, Ontario o This work was undertaken to supply di-
ethanolamine for research on explosives at the University of
Toronto and for pilot scale production of new explosives at
Valle:fl61do.

The reaction between ethylene oxide and aqueous
ammonia gives a mixture of mono-, di-^ and triethanolamines,
the proportion of each constitutent depending upon the ratio
of ammonia to ethylene oxide o Since the most valuable pro-
ducts in this case were the mono- and diethanolamines, it was
necessary to use as large an excess of aqueous ammonia as was
commensurate with reasonable production^ in order to keep the
triethanolamine formation to a miniraumo The process as finally
installed can be divided into two main parts - (i) reaction
of ammonia and ethylene oxide followed by recovery of the ex-
cess ammonia, and (ii) fractionation of the resulting aqueous
solution to give mono-, di-, and triethanolamine©

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Reaction and Ammonia Recovery

A jacketed stainless steel autoclave^ available
in the plant p was charged with aqueous ammonia (28%) and
then warmed to 30=35®Co to ensure rapid reaction of the
ethylene oxide o Ethylene oxide was vaporized and passed
into the solutlono During the addition,, "wiiich required
about two hourSp the reaction mixture was vigorously stir-
red and cooledo

On completion of the reaction^, the excess ammonia
was recovered by slowly heating the contents of the autoclaveo
The ammonia was thus driven out and was absorbed in a simple
recovery unit built from drums and piping available in the
plant o Providing the autoclave with a reflux head prevented
the distillation of mych water during this periodo The re-
covery was about 90 to 95% efficient and the ammonia obtained
suitable for recuse (25 to 28%) o

Following the **blowlng" of the ammonia^ the auto-
clave was cooled and drained to give about 150 IbSo of mixed
ethanolamlnes in about 500 IbSo of watero Each batoh re-
quired approximately six hours to prepare©

Fractionation of the Ethanolamlnes

The fractionating equipment for separating the
ethanolamlnes consisted of two continuous stripping columns
and one batch stlllo All these units, together with their
receivers,, condensers^, and other auxiliaries^ were built In
Hamilton from readily available materialso A second batch
still of small capacity was also used at times to purify
diethanolamlne for shipment to the University of TorontOo
All these stills were operated under vacuumo In the first
stripping column the water content of the ethanolamlnes was
reduced to about 5% without appreciable loss of monoethan-
olamlneo In the second stripping column 65 to 75% of the
monoethanolamine was removed, the separation was not complete
because only 70 poSdo steam and 27 inches of vacuum were
avallableo The final separation was effected in the batch
stlllo

The diethanolamlne obtained was almost colourless
and had a melting point of 24 to 25°Cof but before shipment it
was redistilled to bring it up to a melting point of 26 to
27®Co The monoethanolamine obtained as by-product was con-
verted to di-n and triethanolamlnes by further treatment with
e thyle ne oxi de «

E.

60

Triethanolamine was obtained as the residue from
the batch still and hence was of poor quality^, marketable
only to a slight extent in spite of the severe shortage of
this material at the timeo It could^ however ^^ have been
improved by installing equipment to permit its distillation
under high vacuumo

This process was operated for several weeks on a
24-hour day; 6-day week basiSo The daily output was of the
order of 270 IbSo of mono-, 200 IbSo of di-,- and 140 IbSo
of triethanolamineo in alio some six tons of diethanolamine
were supplied to Defence Industries Limited©

FREE RADICAL REACTIONS

An investigation of the mechanism of chemical re=
actions usually reveals that what we normally write as a
simple reaction is actually a series of very rapid reactions
involving free atoms or free radicalSo Such processes are
commonly referred to as elementary reactionso A knowledge
of such elementary reactions is of the utmost importance in
obtaining an understanding of ordinary chemical processes,
particularly since these elementary reactions are in them-
selves complete entities and may appear as steps in numerous
complete reactionSo

Numerous elementary reactions of importance in the
field of organic chemistry have been investigated by the
Physical Chemistry Section in accordance with the policy of
continuing fundamental research during the period of hos-
tllitieso Fundamental data of this type are of value to
chemists working in such fields of applied chemistry as
petroleum and synthetic rubber technologyo

RUBBER

The wartime activities of the Rubber Laboratory
involved a great number of rubber products i the research,
compounding^, and testing problems undertaken were so varied
as to d ef y complete description©

The Rubber Laboratory cooperated in the rubber
conservation program instituted by the Rubber Controller by
attendance on committees^ by giving technical advice^, and
by undertaking research to find means of replacing natural
rubber in various product So There was cooperation with the
Polymer Corporation Ltdo.^ Sarnia, and the War Production

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Boards Washington^ In work on government manufactured syn-
thetic rubber o Many research problems were undertaken for
the Armed Service s^, for the Department of Munitions and
Supply^ for the Inspection Board of the United Kingdom and
Canada^ for the British Admiralty Technical Mission, and
for companies in Canada and elsewhere o

Acceptance tests of rubber products were carried
out for the Inspection Board and for the Armed Services ac-
cording to a specification when availableo Ivlany new speci-
fications were prepared for special products, and recom-
mendations were made for revision of current specifications
as shortages In materials occurred, or when the product was
required to function under conditions not previously en-
countered©

Numerous vulcanizing Jobs were carried out for
other National Research Council Divisions and for the Armed
Services, consisting mostly of small^, sometimes intricate^
moulded parts for experimental apparatus o In the majority
of cases this entailed designing special moulds^ and often
required the development of new rubber compounds to meet the
varied and exceptional conditions of service©

Synthetic Rubber

The substitution of synthetics for natiural rubber
brought many research probiemSu As a preliminary to com-
pounding research, a program to calibrate the test equipment
and procedures of all the contributing laboratories was under-
takeno The Rubber Laboratory cooperated in this calibration^
T^ich was coordinated by the Polymer Corporation Synthetic
Rubber Technical Advisory Committee o The result >^ obtained
were about midway between the extremes found m the re^^it:
of the various laboratories© This was felt to be an indica-
tion of well calibrated equipment « Various compounding
studies were made for this committee^, some of which are sum-
marized below©

An early problem was the slower rate of vulcanization
of GR-S synthetic rubber as compared with natural rubbery
thlSp If not overcome, would tend to slow down production©
As part of this investigation the Rubber Laboratory was re-
quested to determine the effect of dl -isopropyl xanthogen di-
sulphlde accelerator in producing rapid cures of pure gum
GR-S stocks at room temperature© It was found that some im-
provement could be attained through the use of a relatively
low quantity of sulphur in the mix with one part of piper idlne
and one part of di-lsopropyl xanthogen dl sulphide «

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An attempt was made to Improve the characteristic,
low tensile strength of pure-gum^, GR-S compounds by the use
of selenium as the vulcanizing agent instead of sulphur in
this respecto

The possibility of improving the characteristically
low^ pure-gum. tensile strength of GR-S by using special ac-
celerators of vulcanizatioti was also investigatedo The ac-
celerators tested were BJP, Tuada, Selenac, and Tetrone Ao
None of -^hese accelerators caused a significant improvement
in the tensile strength.

One of the more extensive projects in connection
with the use of OR-S rubber was the investigation of various
materials added as softeners which might reduce the tough=
ness and improve the tackiness of the rubber i, and thus allow
It to be processed as easily^ and as rapidly^ as natural
rubber. The materials added v/ore natural rubber^, balata,
gutta percha, Vistanex^ Plastogel^ and p-nitrosodimethylaniline.
In some cases the process -ability v/as slightly improved, but
none of these materials was found to produce a tackiness in
the synthetic rubber compound approaching that produced in
a similar nat\iral rubber compound. Various oxidizing agents
and heat treatments were also investigated as to their effect
on the tackiness of GR-S. Sone improvement was found for the
rubber itself but m all cases the Incorporation of carbon
black during compounding largely destroyed any tackiness that
had been produced by the reagents tried*,

In cooperation vMiih the Unitod States \7ar Produc-
tion Board, studies were made cf the effect of storage on
OR-S in the raw state. As the synthJtic rubber production
increased^, it became necessary to determine the conditions
under which the rubber might be stored for a considerable
period of time without deterioration, so that stock piles
might be built up. GR-S rubber was stored for one year at
four temperatures^ 30**^ 80®^ 1^0®, and 160®Po ^ and tested
every three months to dettjrmine any change in the original
pi^'operties. It was found that storage for periods up to 12
months at 30 ®P. and 80"?. had no deleterious effecto Storage
at 160®P. adversely affected process-ability as well as the
physical properties of the vulcanized rubber. The adverse
effect on processability of storage at 120**P. for 12 months
was relatively slight. It was, therefore, concluded that
GR-S could be successfully stored for a considerable period
of time at all temperatures -encountered in the United States.

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Cooperative United States-Canadian investigations
were made of butyl rubber carbon black stocks o Butyl rubber
has a slower rate of cure than natural rubber^ and various
accelerators and accelerator combinations were tested in an
effort to increase the rate of vulcanizationo It was found
that 1% to lo5% of Selenac gives satisfactory accelerationSp
particularly the higher amount o It was found possible to
produce butyl rubber cements that would slowly vulcanize at
room temperature through the addition of relatively large
amounts of lead peroxide and GMP acceleratoro

At the request of the Department of Munitions and
Supply, a literature survey was made regarding the possibility
of producing synthetic rubber from alcohol o It was found that
a plant for producing synthetic rubber from alcohol can be
built more quickly than a plant using petroleum as a raw
material o The production of rubber from alcohol, however, is
more costly than from petroleum©

In cooperation with the Division of Biology^, tests
were made of Kok-Saghyz and milkweed rubbers as substitutes
for natural rubber© Milkweed rubber containing some natural
resin was found to give at best a tensile strength of only
1500 IbSo per sqo ino In a tread type compoundo It would thus
not be particularly promising when used aloneo In admixture
with GR-S it acted as a softener and gave some Improvement in
processabilityo A rubber free from resin would be a satis-
factory rubber substitute but the cost of purification would
be prohibitive 9 Kok-Saghyz rubber j, grown in Canada by the
Experimental parm^, proved to be almost equal in quality to
natural rubber although its cost is higho Its molecular
weight appears to be somewhat lower than that of natural
rubber©

Studies were made of blends of natural and GR-S
rubber^ and of fillers in natural and synthetic rubber, in
cooperation with the National Research Council Radiology
Laboratoryo Many fillers in rubber were observed to give
characteristic X ray diagramso Stretched natural rubber gives
a pronounced characteristic X-ray interference diagram, where-
as, comparatively speaking, GR-S gives noneo Mixtures of
natural rubber and GR-S prepared in the Rubber Laboratory
were observed to give X-ray interference diagrams, under cer-
tain circumstances, even when only ten percent of natural
rubber was pre sent « The X-ray examination thus gives an idea
of the degree of dispersion of natural rubber in GR-S and it
would appear that the mixing of the two rubbers does not pro-
duce an absolutely homogeneous product but leaves small units
of unchanged natural rubber dispersed in the OR -So

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Laboratory Teat Methods

Laboratory test data were obtained In conjunction
with road teats of synthetic rubber recaps on Army truck tires,
and a valuable correlation was thus made available* The road
performance was found to be closely related to the modulus of
the rubber o The specif Icatior for camelback, prepared as a
result of this work, called for an increased moduluso The
modulus and other requirements in this specification tended
to make the manufacturers' products more uniform, and a
general improvement in quality resulted©

An improved correlation of laboratory abrasion
resistance testa with road wear vsas obtained by modifying
the standard test by extracting the test specimen with an
ethanol-toluene mixture before abrading ito It was found
that softener from the rubber was coating the abrasive in
the abrasion machine and vitiating the results*, The extrac-
tion removes this softener and enables a good correlation
with road wear to be obtainedo

A method was developed for the identification of
rubber in sludge in aircraft lubrication systems « Rubber
dissolved from oil hose can thus be distinguished from other
types of sludge©

Rubber Applications

Acetylene black was studied as a reinforcing agent
for OR-S in tire t reads « Some advantages for this type of
filler were indicated because of the lower hysteresis and con-
sequent lower heat development resulting from its use© Static
is readily discharged in an aeroplane tire containing ace-
tylene blacko

A study of lime hydrate, a by-product of acetylene
manufacture, showed it to be a useful filler in insulating
compounds©

In cooperation with the National Research Council
Electrical Engineering Laboratory and the Directorate of
Scientific Research and Development, Naval Service^, the
physical and electrical properties of insulation made from
three different types of raw GR-S were investigated© The
OR-S insulation compounds were prepared by a number of dif-
ferent wire and cable manufacturers for examination by the
National Research Councilo The electrical stability of the
rubber insulant was found to be related principally to the
water soluble ash content of the r aw GR=So Sarnla GR-S of

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exceptionally low ash content has "been prepared for evaluation
in this connectiono

A specification for rubber glands^ or packings^
used in hydraulic mechanisms in aircraft^; was prepared for
the RoCoAoPo Such glands must be resistant to the various
oils and fluids used in aircraft,, and also flexible at low
temperatures encountered at high altitude So Studies were
made of the best synthetic rubber compositions for this pur-
pose., and useful knowledge was obtainedo A standard rubber
gland material was prepared and, in cooperation with the Gas
and Oil Laboratoryp was tested in various aircraft hydraulic
fluids and oils. This work resulted in specifications for
fluid and oil that would function satisfactorily and at the
same time not be injurious to the rubber o Numerous tests of
glands prepared by the various rubber manufacturers were
made against specification requirements for the RcCoAoPo

In cooperation with the Royal Canadian Air Force
numerous types of rubber hose for conveying oil^ fuelp coolant ^
etco:, were tested with a view to producing a single general
spedif ication which would cover all types of service and re«
duce the number of production items necessary in aircrafto

In cooperation with the RoCoEoMoEo a number of
types of rubber repair patches for synthetic rubber inner
tubes were evaluated. Amongst other physical characteristics^
the flexing resistance of the patch was determined. Methods
of application of a satisfactory repair were investigated©

A number of manufactured products for use as anti*^
skid deck paints were investigated for the Naval Serviceo A
specification for a composition containing a plastic and a
coarse mineral aggregate w as preparedo Acceptance tests were
carried out on a considerable number of lots of this type of
material.

A niomber of experimental hard and soft rubber parts
were prepared for non-metallic land mines© These were de-
signed by the Directorate of Engineer Development to avoid
detection by electrical means. In cooperation with this same
Army Branch;, pressure tests were carried out on lOOO-ft.
lengths of tubing to hold explosive o Such tubing, when thrown
out, filled with explosive, and exploded^, could be used as
a means of neutralizing land mines©

Rubber belting for use in the track assembly of
snowmobiles was found to shrink excessively in the longi-
tudinal direction when wetted. Investigation showed that

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the cause of this shrinkage was the tension placed in
the belting during manufacture o This shrinkage^ which was
irregular and unpredictable^ created difficulties in the
assembly and maintenance of the snowmobile o Knowing the
cause of the shrinkage it was possible to suggest means of
overcoming the difficultyo

An investigation of the creep or set occurring
in snatch plugs, used in wireless sets^ was carried out for
the Canadian Signals Research and Development Establishment o
These are electrical plugs containing five terminals em-
bedded in rubber, the rubber being used to add resilience
and to make the plug fit tightly into its socket with some
elastic deformation of the rubbero When the change to syn-
thetic rubber was made, the rubber was found to have undue
creep, or set, so that the plug after some time in the in«
stallation would come out of its socket too readilyo An
accelerated.o compression-set test and a test to determine
the force required to pull out the pl"ug were devised.^ and
suggestions were made as to the best .type of natural or
synthetic rubber compound to use in order to overcome the
difficultyo

The Rubber Laboratory cooperated inroad tests
of bogie wheels for Ram tanks carried out by the Army En-
gineering Design Branch of the Department of Munitions and
Supply, and by the Inspection Boardo It was found that
bogie wheels in which the solid rubber tires had the highest
resilience were superioru This is because resilient rubber
has relatively low hysteresis and consequently d evelops less
heat on the roado For certain positions on the tank it was
found not possible to use synthetic rubber bogie wheels be-
cause of the somewhat lower resilience than natural rubber
and consequent higher development of heato

RUBBER GOODS

Development work on various items of protective
equipment of viiiich rubber was a constituent was carried out
in various laboratories of the Divisiono

It was found that the considerable drop in the
bursting strength of fire hose caused by mildew can be
prevented by treating the hose with zinc naphthenate© A
test was developed to evaluate the shock absorbing pro-
perties of various types of sponge rubber for crash heleratSo
Rubber socks for field experiments were prepared from latex
by the Rubber Laboratoryo A portable tent flooring for cold
weather use was urgently required^, and a suitable material

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was recommended In the form of fabric equal in weight to
that used In ground sheet s^ but coated on both sides with
an all-reclaim rubber compound <.

Technical assistance was given in comment ng the
manufacture of gas masks in Canada, and all manufacturing
problems were solved before the war started Skin irrita-
tion may be produced by contact with rubber in gas masks
or other equipment ^ the Rubber Laboratory prepared rubber
compounds for toxicity tests by the Chemical Warfare Labo-
ratories in order to detect the irritating ingredientc

In an attempt to find a substitute for natural
cellular rubber in life jackets and in other buoyant pro-^
ducts, many different materials were examined. During the
Investigation a thin-walled^ alr--filled Neoprene bubble was
developed in cooperation with the Viceroy Manufacturing
Companyo These bubble s^ tightly packed together > were
shown to be of use as a buoyant material

A number of designs for automatically inflatable
life Jackets were also developed These jackets were made
of a waterproof, air-tight;, rubber and fabric construction^
and consisted of a number of compartments sealed from nne
another and inflated from carbon dioxide bullets by pulling
a cordo Successful trials were made by the Naval Se vlceo

A considerable amount of work was performed in
testing rubber coated and plastic coated fabrics for use
in ground sheets, rsdncoata^ ponchos ^ muzzle covers^ hospi-
tal sheeting, etc. Numerous tentative specifications were
written to cover the production and testing of such materials

PLASTICS

The National Research Council was called upon to
give advice to the Services regarding the selection of the
most suitable type of plastic for innumerable items of
equipment. This work, involving extensive physical testing
of plastics and of plastics products, although unspectacular,
was an important contribution in the evolution of efficient
service equipments Among the items investigated were:
transparent acrylics for aircraft enclosures j battery box
materials; mess trays; combs; shaving kits; razors; radio
antennae Insulators; caps for water, gasoline, and oil
containers; service buttons; badges, and web strap tips;
and parts of hand grenades and smoke boxes.. In each case
the testing ensured that a plastic material of adequate
properties was usedo

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After extensive testing, formulations of melamine -
o( -cellulose were adopted by the Navy for plastic mess gearo
Bayonet scabbards of various plastics were tested^ a design
using Injection^moulded cellulose acetate -butyrate., was shown
to have adequate resistance to extremes of temperature and
to have toughness much superior to thermosetting plastics o
Some testing was carried out m connection with plastic motor-
cyclists- crash helmets and modifications in the specification
were suggested^ this helmet of sisalphenolic material appears
to have possibilities with regard to the development of a
better miner -s helmet. Testing, carried out to determine the
possible usefulness of thermoplastic tubing for fluids in air-
craft, showed that low temperat\ire embrittlement is a limiting
factor in most cases; this fact, together with solvent re-
sistance considerations, suggested only limited usefulness in
view of the small weight advantage compared to aluminumo

Considerable assistance was given the Army regard-
ing the correct adhesive to use in the manufacture of bullet-
proof glass that would withstand extremes of temperaturei
ethyl cellulose was eventhaily adoptedo At the request of
the Army, an identification disc composed of asbestos paper
and phenol«formaldehyde resin was fabrlcatedo This disc was
virtually indestructible by fire and had good water resistanceo
It was never adopted, howeverp due to commercial production
difficulties,

A laboratory test„ which was later adopted as
standard, was developed to determine the amount of acidity
developed by urea resin glues during the curing cycle « Some
work was done attempting to use dimethyl urea as an adhesive
for wood wastes. Considerable assistance was given to the
industry in the manufacture of casein,

A large number of composite-type periscope prisms
had been produced by the Industry when bubbles began to ap-
pear in the field of vision. It was demonstrated that the
defect occurred in the laminating adhesive used to cement
the glass protective plates to the acrylic body of the prism.
The effect, probably due to loss of plasticlzer, might have
been avoided by adequate preliminary testing.

Considerable testing was done In connection with
the plastic prism holders for the periscopes of tanks. Of
box-like construction, these holders must have certain specific
properties;, and plastic construction was adopted In Canada
early in the war, the plastic being chosen to fulfil the
requirement that the holder must shatter completely so as to
be readily replaceable and not jam the periscope v(*ien struck

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69

by enemy fire© The holder must also be of vapour proof con°
struct! on so that there will be no opportunity for internal
fogging of reflecting surfaceso A long series of tests was
carried out to check this last point,, smd tests were also
made to compare various methods of silveringo Practical
firing tests were arranged which demonstrated the superiority
of the plastics type holder over an aluminum alloy type in
that it shattered more satisfactorily when struck by rifle
fireo

A problem of quite considerable interest was that
of waterproofing military maps so that they could be given
operational markings with ordinary pencil (colored or other°
wise), and so that such markings could be erased, as troop
positions changed, without injury to the mapo Previous solu-
tions only partly solved the diff icultieso that iSp gave water-
proof maps from which marks were erased only after damaging
the map, required special pencils, or required the use of
sheets of plastic which could only be, at best^ insecurely
attached to the map© The answer developed was that of lac-
quering the maps with a heavy coating of plasticized poly-
vinyl chloride - acetate, including in the lacquer a pigment p
such as barytes, of refractive index substantially the same
as that of the plastic and of suitable particle size (3 to
26 microns )o Such a coating is transparent ;, readily takes
markings in pencil, allows repeated erasure without damage to
the map, and provides excellent waterproof ingo The procedure
is moderately expensive but may also have peacetime uses where
similar properties are desired© After the principles involved
had been established, commercial development was turned over
to the Aulcraft Paint and Varnish Company who produced a very
satisfactory commercial product©

In the manufacture of large, wooden^ laminated
timbers a considerable amount of time is lost due to the fact
that the member must remain in clamps for a considerable
period after the flue is applied© This time may vary from
eight to twenty-four hours© High frequency electric heating
has been used to hasten the process, but, while this is quite
satisfactory, the initial cost of equipment is high© In an
effort to confine the heating to the glue line,, and to el-
iminate high frequency equipment, considerable experimental
work was done using carbon black mixed with the glue to make
it electrically conducting and then applying ordinary 60 cycle
alternating current to this glue line© To make the glue line
a more uniform conductor the method was later modified by
applying the carbon black to an open mesh fabric such as mos-
quito netting© This method showed some promise for commercial
use©

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Prior to the establishment of the structure labor-
atory considerable work was done on the moulding of plywoodo
This was given a great impetus by the announcement of the
Vidal bag-moulding processo Models of a tail assemblyp.a
gasoline tankp and an engine nacelle were madOo After the
supply of natural bamboo was cut off by Japan ^'s entry into
the war^ attempts were made to produce cylinders from ply-
wood which had strength properties approaching those of
bambooo It was found, when birch veneer was coated with
urea -formaldehyde cold-setting adhesive and wrapped about a
mandrelp that after the resin cured compressive strength
equal to that of natural bamboo could be obtalnedo Diffi-
culty was foundp however , in maintaining this strength when
two pieces were splicedo The work was initially done at the
request of the British Admiralty, yrho use bamboo in quantity
in the manufacture of anti-aircraft kites©

LUBRICATING GREASE = FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES

Late in 1938, under the sponsorship of Imperial
Oil Ltdo , an investigation was started of the more funda-
mental properties of lubricating grease, and this project
was continued during the early years of the ware The work
was concerned mainly with the physical properties of soaps
In organic media, although some attention was given to prac-
tical problemso The results of this work have been disclosed
in publications listed at the end of this Section©

ALKALOIDS

In addition to direct war research, the Organic
Chemistry Laboratory continued Its investigations in the
field of alkaloidso During the period 1940-41 two alkaloids
were synthesized;, the chemical structures of two others were
completely unravelled, and that of another partially soo
Furthermore, close to twenty new alkaloids have been discovered
and reported* In connection with the determination of the
structure of new alkaloids, the bast is usually degraded^ and
it often gives rise to a methyl= and dlmethyl^quinolineo
Since only about 40% of the possible methyl^ and dimethyl-
qulnolines were k;nown, it was seldom possible to identify
such a degradation producto Such a case was encountered, and
the synthesis and characterization of all these quinolines
was therefore undertaken and completed©

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During the period 1932-42 a systematic study was
made of the alkaloids of the Pumariaceous plantSo This work
was important "both chemically and botanically because it con-
stituted the first systematic investigation of the alkaloids
occurring in the various species of one genus of plants o

Work started before the war on the synthetic pre-
paration of plant hormones was also completedo

MICRO ORGANIC ANALYSIS

In research work in the field of organic chemistry
the amounts of some substances isolated are often very small o
As these substances are usually obtained in quantities in-
sufficient for analysis by ordinary methods,, they must be
analyzed by a special system known as Pregl' s micro-analytical
methodSo Before the war^ all such substances obtained in these
laboratories were sent to Germany to be micro-analysedo With
the outbreak of hostilities, it became Imperative to have our
own facilities, so a micro-analytical laboratory was established.,
and, to familiarize him with the technique involvedj, one man
was sent to New York University for a summer course in micro-
analysiSo The services of the National Research Council Micro-
analytical Laboratory are available to research departments
in those Canadian Universities not equipped for such work©

STARCH

Beginning in 1938, considerable assistance was
given to a potato starch plant at Grand Palls^, NoBo; in* ad-
apting to their process American made machinery " chiefly con-
tinuous centrifuge So Equipment of this type was formerly sup-
plied by Germanyo Considerable assistance was subsequently
rendered in checking the quality of the product©

Investigations of the physical and chemical pro-
perties of starchp which had been in progress for several
years were terminated during the early years of the waro
Interesting relations have been noted in the falling off of
the viscosity of starch pastes with intensive drying of the
granules prior to pasting* Thermal degradation of the starch
granules, as is practiced in the preparation of dextrin^ has
yielded some very valuable information on the probable mech-
anism of dextrin formatlono This work was extended to some
of the lower molecular weight hydrocarbons, and the rate of
thermal decomposition, as obtained by the amount of gaseous
products formed, was followed for dextrose, maltose ^ cello~
biose, and sucrose. Some work on the behaviour of starch
fractions on the film balance was also started©

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72

PEAT

Peatp in its various formSp ia one cf Canadians
most abundant materials^ With the interruption of the
European supply d\iring the war^, Canadian peat was used in
a small way for soil conditioning^ for stable littePo for
packing material, andp for a brief period^ it was exported
to one of the larger United States magnesium plantSo In
Europe, its chief use has been for fuel in areas where coal
and wood are not readily available and labour is cheapo
The only really large scale fuel development seems to have
been In the UoSoSoRo Efforts to develop its use as a fuel
in Canada have not yet proved economicalo

The two great difficulties ihich have retarded
its development are the high moisture content (up to 90%) p
and the small scale of operations which has kept up its
cost of recoveryo It appears that any major industrial use
of peat must be on a scale sufficiently large to warrant
low-cost mechanical recovery^, and must be of such a nature
that the high moistixre content is not a disadvantage o For
use as a fuel, the scale of operations would be large enough
to warrant the use of mechanical handling equipment j but
the drying difficulties were never surmounted -' artificial
drying was too costly and natural air drying too slowo This,
then, leaves the utilization of its chemicaj. constituents
without predrylng as the only probable means of exploiting
this abundant natural resourceo It was with this in mind
that a study of peat was undertaken in the Division of
Chemistryo

Peat is a complex mixture of various materials,
including waxes^ alpha-cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin^
humlc acids, and asho The proportions vary considerably
between different deposits and between different depths in
the same deposit© In commencing this work it was thought
that if some segregation of these various components could
be effected, it might be possible to isolate materials of
higher unit value than the peat mixturec As it was desired
to accomplish t his objective without passing through the'
uneconomic drying operation, treatment with an aqueous solu--
tlon was Indicatedo Two such treatments were known which
might be applicable, namely, treatment with an alkaline solu-^
tlon to extract humic acids, and dilute acid hydrolysis to
effect some degree of saccharif ication aSp for example ^ in
the Schoeller process for the treatment of weed waste©

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Alkaline Treatment

Humic acid extraction was tried firsts using dilute
caustic soda solution^' this worked very well except that the
subsequent filtration was slow and diff iculto Ammonium hy-
droxide was tried nextp as there is a large production of am--
monia available in Canadao This worked much better andp in
the course of this work^ it was noted that the solid residue
from the extraction dried quite rapidly and became considerably
tougher than raw dry peato

This observation suggested that, if it were possible
to dry peat rapidlyp it might be economically possible to work
on it with other than aqueous solutlonso Several repetitions
confirmed the original observation^ and It was found that peat
would dry, though slowly, at temperatures almost down to the
freezing point o Treatment at an elevated temperature, on the
other handp weakened the tough structure «

Since a use for the humic acid extract had not yet
been developed, drying experiments were performed on alkali-
treated peat without separating the hiiraic acldo Again the
mass was found to air-dry quite readilyo Other alkalis were
tried, but sodiiim carbonate was the only one found vfriich could
compare with ammonia in effectivenesSo The effect of adding
other chemicals was investigated and ferrous sulphate was found
to add strength to the dried product and to prevent shrinkage
cracks o

The final preferred process was to add to wet peat^
as recovered from the bog^, ammonia or sodium carbonate solu-
tion until the peat slurry was r.eatral or very slightly alk-
aline, then to add about OoSjS (based on dry weight of peat)
ferrous sulphate in solutiono When the resulting pasty mass
was formed into blocks about two inches square., it hardened
and dried appreciably in air within three days • or within
half that time if air was blown over the surface by a fano
The product then contained about 10^ moisture o After a
further ten days, drying was as complete as practicableu The
product obtained had the following properties j; density^, about
loOj fuel value „ 9000 BoToUo per Ibo 5 ash content.,, 5 to 6%j
and moisture content, about 4%o This product is quite re-'
sistant to handling but disintegrates if exposed to rain for
any length of timeo It should make a very satisfactory fuelp
except that to produce one ton of dry material^ about ten
tons of wet peat have to be handledo In areas where other
fuel costs are high, it might be produced cooperatively,, and
it is certainly much superior to the usual hand-cut peat
blockSo

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Acid Treatment

Experiments were also carried out on the hydrolysis
of wet peat with dilute acldr, although apparatus for high
pressure treatment was not available o Iz was found that a
substantial percentage of reducing sugars could be obtainedo
although the amount was less than from pressure treated woodo
However, large scale harvesting of peat should be obtainable
in many parts of Canada^ whereas wood waste is not so widely
available in the tonnage required for alcohol production©
After concentration of the sugar-containing liquor,, both al-
cohol and butylene glycol were obtained qualitatively by enzyme
action but no actual yield figures were obtainedo

MISCELLANEOUS ORGANIC INVESTIGATIONS

Low Temperature Grease

At the request of the Meteorological Service s^
sources were investigated for a grease which would give ade-
quate lubrication at temperatures down to -60**Po or -70**Po
for use with radio- sonde equipment o The pre- war lubricant
used was a French oil prepared from porpoise fins and dis^
cusslon with all oil companies had failed to find anything
suitable to replace their minute and dwindling supply©

After a number of other sources failed to provide
suitable lubricants, it was decided to test the use of
fractions refined from ordinary fuel cilo This is a residue
from the thermal cracking of petroleum and it was hoped the
heat treatment might have destroyed those molecular types
resulting In poor viscosity indices and high freezing con
stituentSo In general, the paraffinic constituents are those
with high freezing points, and it was hoped that this class
in particular would largely be destroyed by the cracking o
since the aromatic constituents responsible for poor viscosity
indices can be removed chemicallyo

This was found to be entirely correct and from
suitable fractions remarkably good oil can be securedo As
first taken from the fuel oil by distillation, the material
is naturally very crude .„ on standing in the air a tremendous
amount of gum forms, oxidation tests are very bad and- owing
to a high aromatic content .c its low temperature properties
are useless o However^ sulphuric acid treatment removes large
amounts of aromatic constituents and heating to 250® with
sodium metal removes gum forming and other undesirable
constituentSo After acid and sodium treatment., the oil is

ex

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75

clarified with bentonite and distilledo

The product is an entirely stable pale yellow oil
of slightp agreeable odor,, forms no detectable gum even after
several years^, and remains very fluid down to remarkably low
temperatureso Tests by the Meteorological Services showed
that their very delicate mechanisms remained properly lubri-
cated down to "80®Po

In order to retain this light oil in small bearings
it is made up in the form of a thin grease using lithium
stearate and a specially developed selenium compound is also
added to produce low starting frictiono

This grease was also tested in anti-aircraft shell
timers at the request of the Inspection Board and at °89**Po
the mechanism was delayed by only a half secondo A small
supply of this grease was sent to the Fuse Division of the
Inspection Boards, together with all details of its produc-
tion; it is understood that further work was undertaken else-
where o

The Kinetics of I^olymerization Reactions

An article on the kinetics of polymerization re-
actions was prepared^, in 1940^ in collaboration with Dro Ho
Mark, to form a contribution to the series of monographs
on High Polymeric Substances edited by Buck^, Mark^ Houwinkp
and Whltbyo The manuscript was submitted to Professor Houwink
of Leyden, but publication was delayed owing to the invasion
of Hollando In addition to a discussion to the theory of the
chain reaction in polymerization and of the kinetics of poly-
merization reactions^ the manuscript contained an account of
experimental kinetic investigations of styrene^ of acrylic
acid and its derivatives^ of vinyl acetate, and of some
miscellaneous hydrocarbons©

Butadiene

Towards the end of 1943, in cooperation with the
Biology Divisionp work was undertaken on the production of
butadiene from butylene glycol© This process was at that
time receiving considerable attention from the United States
Department of Agriculture as a possible source of butadiene
for synthetic rubber o

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In the National Research Laboratories an effort
was made to develop a continuous process for the esteri-
fication of butylene glycol and the subsequent pyrolysis of
the ester to butadieneo In the course of this work glycol
esters were prepared from a large number of acids but none
showed much promise of commercial applicaticno Pair yields
(60 to 70^) of butadiene were obtained from the adiplc acid
derivative by pyrolysis at relatively low temperature (350°
to 400®),, but work was stopped when no method was found for
preventing the simultaneous pyrolysis of adipic acid to
cyclopentanoneo However^ this pyrolysis of the adipic acid
ester is probably the most convenient laboratory method yet
found for preparing butadiene of high purity©

Vitamin A Assay

After the Invasion of Norway, which had been prac-
tically the only source of cod liver oil for Canada.,, it be-
came necessary for Canadian producers to manufacture cod liver
olio Since cod liver oil is 'priced according to its content
of Vitamin A a id Vitamin D, these have to be assayed on every
batch of oil producedo The assays are made by the manufacturer
but they have to 'be checked^ The Dominion Experimental Farm
undertook to determine the Vitamin D Content of these oils
and the National Research Council agreed to carry out the
determination of Vitamin Ao This Involved saponifying the
oilSf isolating a fraction containing the Vitamin A,; and de--
termlning the Vitamin A content spectrophotometricallyo The
first two steps were carried out in the Division of Chemistry
and the last one in the Division of Physicso On the average^
four samples of oil were received per montho

Barium Phosphopyruvate

A request came from England for the preparation of
phosphopyruvic acid in the form of its bari^T*' c-oito The first
attempt to prepare this salt by the use of a method given m
the literature led to very poor resultso The method was then
modified and the substance was subsequently obtained in fair
yieidSo It Is prepared by the action of phosphorus oxychlorlde
on pyruvic acido The product is converted to the barium salt
and the salt is purified by a lengthy process of repeatedly dis-
solving in dilute acid and reprecipltating by proper adjustment
of the pHo

Starch

A poiarlmetric method for the estimation of starch

77

In wheat was extended to other materials in collaboration
with the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists and
adopted as a tentative method by the Association©

Isothiocyanates

Arising from the isolation of a sulphur-containing
plant substance, some related compounds were synthesized in
order to study the connection between the sulphur grouping
and bitter tasteo

Chlorohydrins and Glycols

The reaction of sodium hypochlorite with e thylenic
compounds was studied© <<-Cyano-phenylglyceric acid was pre-
pared and its decomposition products were identified© During
this work it was found that sodium hypochlorite is an efficient
reagent for nuclear chlorlnation of certain aromatic acids and
aldehydes© Some physical constants of 233-butylene glycol
were determined©

Fatty Acids

Work on the occurrence of ll:12-eicosenoic acid
In a vegetable oil was completed© The acid was identified
by means of derivatives and degradation products©

REPORTS AND PATENTS

Ethylene Oxide

Cambron, A© Oxidation of Ethylene to Ethylene Oxide© NoRoC©
Report Noo C161-39p August 16^, 1939©

Cambron, A© and McKimp F© L© Wo Oxidation of Ethylene to
Ethylene Oxideo N©R©C© Report No© C125-40S, June 28,
I94O0

Cambronp Ao and McKim^; P© L© W© Production of Ethylene Oxideo
UoS© Pat© App© 500,360p Aug© 28, 1943©

Cambron, A© and McKim, P© L© W© The Production of Ethylene
Oxide© Can© Pato App© 516^428, July 19.. 1944©

Cambron, A© and McKim, P© Lo W© Apparatus for the Production
of Ethylene Oxide© Can© Pato App© 516^,429, July 19^ 1944©

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Cambrorip Ao and McKinip Po Lo Wo Apparatus for the Production

of Ethylene Oxideo UoSo Pato Appo 556^279,, Septo 28^ 1944o

Cambron^ Ao and McKim^ Po Lo Wo Silver Catalyst and Method

of Preparing Sameo Cano Pato Appo 516p430p July 19 ^ 1944 o

Cambron, Ao and McKinip Po Lo Wo Silver Catalyst and Method
of Preparing Sameo UoSo Pato Appc 556^,280, Septo 28^
1944o

Carabron^ Ao ^ McKinip, Po Lo W o .^ Shane ^ Go and Mohun, Wo Ao
The Production of Ethylene Oxide by the Direct Oxi-
dation of Ethylene in the Presence of Methane and Ethane ^
NohoCo Report NOo C2931-42S,, Jam ll^, 1943o

Ethanolamines

Cambron;, Ac Production of Ethanolamines „ Cano Pato 429^4185
Augo 14, 1945o

Cambron^ Ao and Mohun^ W^ Ac The Production of Monoethanolamineo
NoRoCo Report NOo C3162-42S^ Jano 29., 1943o

Cambron,, Ac. Mohun,, Wo Ao and Eastham^, Ac Mo The Praction-^
ation of Ethanolamineso NcRoCo Report NOo C1263-43S,
Septo 20,, 1943o

Mohun^, Wo Ao The Production of DiethanolaminOo NoRoCo
Report NOo C1262'-43S;, Septo 20., 1943o

Mohun. Wo Ao Continuous Rectifying Column for Aqueous Ethan^
olantneso NoRoCo Report Noo C3383-42Sp Pebo 18^ 1943o

Mohun^ Wo Ao and Simard^, Ro Jo An Investigation of the

Factors Affecting the Yields of Ethanolamines,, NoRoC©
Report NOo C917°44Sp Septo 12n 1944o

Free Radical Reactions

Darwentr Bo deBo and Steacle^ Eo Wo Ro The Mercury Photo-
.fiensitlzed Reactions of Propane at Low PressiireSo Jo
Chemc Physc, 13,, 563=571 (1945) o

Gunning^ Ho Eo and Steacle, Eo Wc Ro The Mercury Photo-
sensitized Polymerization and Hydrogenation of Butadiene o
J„ Chemo Physo 12, 484-493^. 1944o

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Gunning, Ho Eo and SteaciSp Eo Wo Ro The Reaction of Methyl
Radical with Butadiene and Isopreneo Published as OSR„
15 PR"7"3c, June 15, 1945o

Gunning, Ho Eo and Steacie^ Eo Wo Ro The Mercury Photosen-
sitized Reaction of Propylene and Isopreneo Jo Chemo
Physo, 14^ 57=61, 1946o

Habeeb., Ho, LeRoy, Do Jo and Steacie„ Eo -Wo Ro Zinc Photo-
senitlzed Reactions of EthylenOo Jo Chemo Physo 10,
261"267p 1942o

Harris, Go Mo and Steacle, Eo Wo Ro Reaction of Hydrogen

Atoms with Acetoneo Jo Chemo PhySo 13y 554-559 (1945) o

Harris^ Go Mo and Steacie^ Eo Wo Ro The Reaction of Hydrogen
Atoms with Di -methyl Mercury^ Jo Chemo PhySo 15. ,
559-562 (1945) o

LeRoy, Do Jo and Steacie. Eo W. Ro The Mercury Photo-

senltized Reactions of Ethylene o Jo Chemo PhySo 9p
829-839 (1941) o "

LeRoy, Do Jo and Steacie^ Eo Wo Ro Activation Energies of
Elementary ReactionSo Anno Tables of PhySo Constants,
Section 6026p (1942 )o

LeRoy. Do Jo and Steacie, Eo Wo Ro The Mercury Photosen-
sitized Reactions of Ethylene at High Temperature So
Jo Chemo PhySo lO;, 676-682 (1942) o

LeRoy.. Do Jo and Steacie, Eo Wo Ro The Cadmium (^P^) Photo-
sensitized Reactions of the Lower OlefinSo Jo Chem©
PhySo lOi, 683-685 (1942) o

LeRoy;, Do Jo and Steacie o Eo Wo Ro The Mercury Photosen-
sitized Polymerization of AcetylenOo Jo Chemo PhySo,
12^ 117-124 (1944) o

LeRoy, Do Jo and Steacie j, Eo Wo Ro The Reaction of Hydrogen

Atoms with Acetyleneo Jo Chemo PhySo , 12p 369-373 (1944)o

LeRoy^ Do Jo and Steacie, Eo Wo Ro Determination of Nitric

Oxide using Solid ReagentSo Indo Eng„ Chemo, Analo Edo .o
16, 341 (1944) o

Steacie^, Eo Wo Ro Atomic and Free Radical ReactionSo ACS
Monograph NOo 102,, Reinhold Publishing Corpo, 1946o

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SteaclGp Eo Wo Ro and Dewar^ Do Jo Mercury Photosensitized
Reactions of Propaneo Jo Chemo Physo , 8^ 571 (1940)o

Steacie., Ec Wo Ro ;, LeRoy^ Do Jo and Potvin^ Ro The Cadmium
Photosensitized Reactions of Propaneo Jo Chemo Phys„
9p 306'-314 (1941) o

Steacie.0 E,. Wo Ro .. LeRoy.o D. Jo and Potvin^ Ro The Cadmium
Photosensitized Reactions of Propaneo J< Chemo PhySo,
9^ 306-314 (1941) o

Steacie, Eo Wo Ro . in collaboration with Noyes. Wo Ao Jro^,
Taylor.o Ho So^,, Teller,, Eo and Westo Wo The Primary
Process in Photochemistry. Annals of NoYo Acado Scio^,
• 41p 169-240 (194i)o

Steacie^ Eo Wo Ro and LeRoy, Do Jo Experimental Methods of
Determining the Activation Energies of Elementary Re-
actionsc Chemo Reviews, 31,, 227-293 (1942 )«

Steacle;, Ec Wo Ro and LeRoy, Do Jo The Polymerization of
Ethylene Photosensitized by S^^i Cadmium Atoms'o Jo
Chemo Physo.o 10, 22»=34 (1942)u

Steacie;, Eo Wo Ro and LeRoy., Do Jo The Quenching .of Cadmium
Resonance Radiation (3261 A) by Hydrocarbons and other
Gaseso Jo Chemo PhySo , ll^, 164-171 (1943)o

Steacie.o Eo Wo Ro and LeRoy D. Jo The Resonance Emission
of Calcium Hydride Bands in Cadmium Photosensitized
Reactions of HydrocarbonSo Jo Chemo PhySo;, 12 ^ 34"36
(1944) o

Rubber

Chilcott, Jo and Griffith., To Ro Pure Gum and Tread Stock
Buna S - Smoked Sheet Blend Vulcanlzates for X^-ray
Laboratoryn NoR-Co Report NOo C1594' 43S, NoVo lie, 1943o

Griff ithp To Ro Synthetic Rubber Compoundingo Cano Chemo
& Proco Indo 27^ 444--445 (1943)o

Griffith, To Ro Synthetic Rubber from Alcoholo NoRoCo
Report NOo C2344--41S, Mar^ 27^ 1942o

Griffith,. To Ro Synthetic Rubber from Alcoholo NoRoC„
Report NOo C156°42S,, Apr,, 14^, 1942©

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Griffith^ To Re Preliminary Report on Kok-Saghyz and Milk-

weed Rubber o NoRoCo Report NOo C2982-43S<) Jano 11 o 1943o

Griffith^ ToRo Milkweed Rubbers (2nd Group of 1943 Samples)
Further Reporto NoRoCo Report No. C1905'=43So Jano 5^
1944o

Griffith;, ToRo Proposed Cure for Camelback for Road TestSo
NoRoCc Report Noo C628=44S,, July 15, 1944o

Griffith, ToRo Specification on Synthetic Rubber Glands for
Hydraulic and Shock Absorber Mechanisms on Aircraft o
NoRcC, Report NOo C1897'=42S, Septo 30, 1942o

Griffith^ TnRo Two and One-half Inch loDo ^ Single Jacket
Cotton^ Rubber Lined. Fire Hoseo NoRoC. Report Noo
C248--44S, May 11, 1944o

Griffith, ToRo Cone°Shaped Covers for Puseso N^RoCo Report
NOo C1415- 42S, Augo 1, 1942o

Griffith, ToRo Specification on Insulating or Splicing Tapeo
NoRoCo Report NOo C2582 ■42S. NoVo 30,, 1942o

Griffith, ToRo Description in Specification form of Fabric
Reinforced Rubber Hose Suggested as a Substitute for
Linen Hose,, Forestry "'TpOo IIoR« Co Report NOo C2614-42Sy
Deco 9. 1942«

Griffith., ToRc Specification on Rubberized Fabric for Black-
out' CurtainSo NoRoCo Report NOc C510-^41S. June 4, 1941o

Griffith. ToRo Specification for Cements for Particular Useso
N.r'cCo Report NOo C3448-42S. Febo 23^, 1943u

Griffith, T.Ro Specification for Cement General Purpose «
NoRoC. Report No. 03447-423 Febo 23. 1943o

Griffith, ToRo Leather and Peat Products as Blowing Agents
in Sponge Rubber o NoRoCo Report NOc C147-45S, May 4„
1945o

Griffith, ToRo. Chilcott, Jo and Perrin, G.E. Milkweed
Rubbers (2nd Group of 1943 Samples) in Buna S Tread
Stocko NoRoCo Report No. C1904-43Sn Jano 4,, 1944o

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82

Griff ithj; ToRo. Chilcottp Jo and Perriric, GoEo Kok'=>Saghyz
Rubbers Evaluation of Recent Specimens^ Effect of
Washing and of Anti-copper Treatments^ N.,RoCo Report
Noo Co903-43Sp Jano 3p 1944o

Griffith., ToRo and Perrin, GoEo Interim Report on Compounding
Tests on GR-i (Butyl Rubber) in Connection with War
Production Board Program TTOo 60 No Re Co Report Noo
C1965--43S^ Jano 14, 1944o

Griff ith^o ToR. and Perrin, GoEo Second Interim Report on

Compounding Tests on GR-1 (Butyl Rubber) in Connection
with War Production Board Program No. 60 NoRoCo
Report NOo Cx966-43S, Jan^. 14., 1944o

Griffith,, ToR. and Perrin^, G.Eo Pinal Report on Compounding
Tests on GR«1 (Butyl Rubber)^ NoR.Co Report NOo
C2004 ■43S,. Jano 22, 1944o

Griffith, ToR.. o Perrin,, GoEo and Chilcott,, Jo Milkweed

Rubbers (3rd Group of 1943 Samples) interim Report Is
Purified Milkweed Rubber and Detritus^ NoRoCo Report
NOo C1906 •43S. Jano 5, 1944o

Griffith, ToRo, Perrin, G,.Eo and Chilcott, Jo Milkweed

Rubbers (3rd Group of 1943 Samples) interim Report II j?
Milkweed Resin. NoRcCo Report No,, C1912-43S., Jano 5^
1944 •

Griffith;, ToRo and Storey^ EoBo Tests of Syntheliic Tire Re-
tread CompoundSo NoR^Co Report NOo C2305='43So Mar^ 23,,
1944o

Griffith, ToRo and Storey^, EoBo RoCoAoPo Synthetic Rubber
Specification,, Sheets Tubing^ Extrusions. Molded PartSo
NoRoCo Report NOo C1252»43S, Septo 14, 1943o

Griff ith^ ToR. and Storey^ EoBo Specification for Marine

Deck Coverings, Non-Skido NcR Co Report No., C87- 44Sy
Apro 17, 1944 o

Griff Ithi, ToRo and Storey,, EoBo Rubber Belting for Snowmobile
Tracks. NoRoCo Reports NoSo C1551'-'44S Jan,, 9^ 1945 j
C1557-44S,> Jano 6, 1945 5 C1724-44S« Pebo 9, 1945^ and
C15-45S, Apro 5, 1945o

Griffith,, ToRo and Storey, E„Bo Elastic Webbingo NoRoCo
Report NOo C2031-43S,, Jano 29 „ 1944o

4

83

Griffith^ ToRo and Storey^ EoBo Compression Rubber,-, Under-
carriage. MosquitOo NoRoCo Report NOo 0227-443^^
May e, 1944o

Griff ithp ToRo and Storey. EoBo Compression Rubber. Under-
carriage^ MosquitOo NoRoCo Report NOo C1009-44Sy
Septo 29p 1944o

Griff ithi, ToRo and Storey. EoBo Tests on Air Seal Puncture-
proofing Mater laio NoRoC. Report Noo C296 -42S^ Apro
27 p 1942 o

Griffith,, TnRo and Storey,, EoBo Rubber Conservation in

Oxygen MaskSo NoRoCo Repom NOo C1521 42S, Augo 14,
1942 o

Griffith, ToRo and Storey, EoBo Effect of :,„3-Butylene
Glycol on Natural and Synthetic Rubber CorapoundSo
NoRoCo Report NOo C1520-44S5 DeCo 26,, 1944o

Grifflthp ToRo, Storey. EoB,,, Barker C.Mo and Desmarais,
JoRo GR»S for Wire and Cable Insulation-. NoRoCo
Report NOo C828-44S,, Augo 26.,, 1944o

Griffith,, ToRof Storeyp EoBo,, Barkery Co Mo and Barkley. Jo Wo Do
Effect on OR-S of Storage in the Raw Stare , Assoco Commo
on Synthetic Rubber Research Report No. OSR 26o

Griff ithp ToRo^ Storey., EoBo and Barkley, JoWoDo Hose,; Alr«
craft o NoRoCo Report No. C616-45S; Auge 16^ 1945o

Griffith, ToRo^ Storey,, EoB,,., Barkley J„W D. and Barker, CoMo
Investigation of Tackiness in GR S Compounds AssoCo
Commo on Synthetic Rubber Research Report NOo 0SR-18r,
June 27, 1945 o

Griffith,, ToRo; Storey,, EoBo and Beatty. HoWo Synthetic

Rubber Camelback„ NoRoCo Report NOo C1158-44S Novo 23 r,
1944 o

Griffith, ToRo, Storey. EoBo and Desmarais. Jo Hose,, Air--
crafto NoRcCo Report No. C1299--44S,, NoVo 17, i944o

Griffith, ToRo;, Storey, EoBo and Ellement,, LoMo Synthetic

Rubber Electrical Insulationo NoRoCo Report NOo C1959-
43So Jano 12 „ 1944o

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84

Griffith, ToRop Storey, EoBo and Ellement, LoMu Effect of

Ethylene Glycol and Butylene Glycol Solutions on Natural
and Buna S Rubber CorapoundSo NoRoCo Report Noo C1522-
43Sj, NoVo 1, 1943o

Griffiths; ToRo, Storey.. EoBo and McGilvray^; PoMo Tests on
Synthetic Tire Retread Compounds. NoRoCo Report NOo
C380'-44S^ June 1,, 1944o

Griffith;, TcRoo Storey, EoBo and McGilvray, P„Mo Modified
Abrasion Test for GR-S Tread Compounds,, Assoco Commo
on Synthetic Rubber Research Report NCo OSR-S^ DeCo 7^
1944o

Griff ithp ToRo^ Storey, EoBo and McQllvray, PoMo Abrasion
Loss of Footwear CompoundSo NoRoCo Report NOo C495-=
45S;, July 19i, 1945o

Griffith., ToRop Storey. EoBo and McGilvray, PoMo Synthetic
Rubber Compounds for use in Glands for Hydraulic and
Shock Absorber Mechanisms on AircrafCo NoRoCo Report
NOo C521-44S;, June 21 , 1944o

Griff ithp ToRo, Storey, EoBo and McGilvray, PoMo Deck

Coverings^, Non-skid ^ Marine, NoRcCc Report NOo C106-44Si,
Apro 20.0 1944o

Griff Ithp ToRo, Storey, EoBo and McGilvray, PoMo Snatch Plugs
NoRoCo Report No,, C594 44S, July 8. ^ 1944o

Hall;, RoHo Acetylene Black in Butyl Rubbero Cano Chemo &
Proco Indo 29x> 858^^560., 1945o

Hallp RoHo and Griffith,,, ToRc Electrical Properties of

Super-Pine Lime Hydrate in Natural Rubber, GR-S, and
GR-Io NoRoCo Report NOo C1997-43S^ Jano 21^ 1944o

Sheppardp JoRo Preliminary Study of Dl-isopropyl Xanthogen
Dlsulphide as Accelerator for Buna So NoRoCo Report
NOo C2306-='433.o Marchl^ 1944o

Sheeppard;, JoRo and Chilcotti, Jo Bardol^ Dinaphthalene^ Thio-
phenep Chlormethylnaphthalener, Tests on,; NoRoCo Report
NOo C606-43S,, June 1<, 1943o

Sheppardp JoRop Chilcott^, Jo and Griffith; ToRo Preliminary
Calibration of Canadian Rubber Laboratorieso NoRoCo
Report NOo C884^'43S^ July 21p 1943o

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85

Sheppard^ JoRo. Chilcott,, Jo and Griffith^ ToRo Selenium in
Pure Glim Buna So NoRoCo Report NOo 0723 433^ June 29c,
1943o

Sheppard, JoRo^, Chilcotto Jo and Griff ith. T.Ro Some Charac-
teristics of Pure GuK Buna S Vulcanizationo NoRoCo Report
NOo C855-'43S, July 16,, 1943o

Sheppardi, JoRop Chilcott,. Jc ^ Perrin^ GoEo and Griffith,, ToRo
Report by National Research Council^ Ottawa,, Canada in
Cooperation with War Production Board Program NOo 2
(GR-S, Buna S)^ NoRoCo Report NOc Ci391"43S. Octo 5., 1943o

Sheppardp JoRor Chilcott^, Jo i, Perrin,, GoEo and Griffith,, ToRo
Further Report by National Research Coi^cil^ Ottawa^
Canada^ in Co-operation with War Production Board Pro-
gram NOo 2(GR='S, Buna S)o NoRoCo Report NOo C1482-43S^
Octo 21, 1943o

Sheppard;, JoRo and Perrin.n GoEo p^Nitrosodimethylaniline in
Pure Gum Buna S Stocks. NoRoCo Report Noc C1317-43S,,
Septa 22p 1943o

Storey, EoBo Hose.o Aircraft© NoRoCo Report NOo C77"45S5
Apro 17.0 1945 o

Storey, EoBo Snatch Plugs o NoR-Co Report NOo C1943-44Sr,
Apro 4^ 1945,

'o

storey, EoBo Peat Resin Product in GR-S CompoundSo NoRoCo
Report NOo C352«45S„ June 20, 1945 o

Storey.o EoBo and Barkley, JoWoDo Repairing of Synthetic

Rubber Inner Tubeso NoRoCo Report NOo C616-45S , Augo
16, 1945o

Storey^ EoBo and Barkleyo JoWoDo Hose^ Aircrafto NoRoCo
Report NOo C1714-44S,, Pebo 9^ 1945o

Storey, EoBo and Barkleyo JoWoDo Gum Cushion Stocks., NoRoCo
Report NOo 039-453^. Apr^ 16p 1945o

Storayp EoBo and McGilvray^, PoMo Synthetic Rubber Snatch
Plugs for NOo 19 Seto NoRoCo Report NOo C1414°44Sp
Deco 12^ 1944o

Wianless;, GoGo and Griffith,, ToRo Study of Milkweed and Kok-
Saghyz Rubber as a Compounding Ingredient for Buna So
NoRoCo Report NOo 05=433, Apro 1^ 1943o

r IP,

86

Brown^ AoCo Teats on (Plastic) CombSo NoRoCo Report Noo
0869-453^ Jano 22 „ 1946 o

Browiip AoGo Tests on Melamine Tabiewareo NoRoCc Report Noo
C266-43S, May 30^ 1945o

Brown^ AoGo Tests on Plastics (Service) Underwear BuutonSo
NoRoCo Report NOo C289- 43S. May 3^ 1943o

Brown^ AoGo Spray Tests of Periscope Upper Prism Holders
(Plastic), 0 NoRoCo Report Noo C1543°34S^ Novo 5. 1943o
(See also Tapp^ JoSo. NoRoCo Report Noo C3170-42S^
Jano 29;, 1943) o

Brown;, AoGo Impact s^ Tensiles and Water Absorptions on
Prepared Samples of PlasticSo NoRoCo Report Noo
C417'-43S;, May 17 ^ 1943 o

Brown, AoGo Development of Waterproof Map;, Surfaced for
Operational Maifcking In any Weather o NoRoCo Report
NOo C556'-44S, July 3o 1944o

Brown^ AoGo and Lashley. Ro Tests on Plastic Tubing for

Alrcrafto NoRoCo Report NOo C2113°43S„ Pebo 16p 1944o

Brown;, AoGo.^ Michael, Go and MacKay^ Eo Tests on Luclte and
Plexlgias to Speco DTD339Ao NoRoCo Report NOo C314°44Si;
May 19, 1944o

Gallay, Wo Plastics Researcho Cano Cherao and ProCo Indo 25^
635-538 (1941) o "^

Gallay^, Wo Plastics in Engineeringo Engo Jo 2p\ 72«77p 103
(1944),

Gallay^ Wo Plastic Laminated Materialo Cano Pato 424c, 938 r,
Jano 9., 1945o

Gallay.o Wo and Brown,, AoGo Plastic Bayansb Scabbards,, NoRoCo
Report NOo C680-43S; June 23. o 1943 o

Gallay, Wo and Graham, Go Go Production of Laminated StruC"
tures., UoSo Pato 2^393,100,0 Jano 15., 1945o

Gallay, Wo and Graham,, Go Go Laminated Structure So Cano Pato
Appo 516^244. July 13, 1944o

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Gallayp Wo and Graham^, Go Go A New Method for Resin-Bonding
of Woodo Chemo Indo 54^ 196-198 (1944) o

Gallay^ Wo and Grahanio GoGo A New Gluing ProcesSo Modern
Plastics^ 21p 126-129, 168, 170, 172 (i944)o

Tappp Jo So The Composition and Method of Manufacture of a
New and Peculiar Core Used in Radio SetSo NcRoCo
Report NOo C613-41S,, June 11, 1945o

Tappp JoSo Tests on Crash HelmetSo NoRoCo Report NOo C3122-
42Sp Jano 26, 1943o (See also Brown., AoGo,, NoRoCo
Report NOo C1859-'43Sp Deco 23, 1943) o

Tapp, Jo So Water Absorption Tests on Plastic Periscope Com-
ponentSo NoRoCc Report NOo C2607-42S;, DeCo 2, 1942o

Lubricating Grease

Oallay.o Wo and Puddington, loEo The Effect of Certain Ad-
dition Agents on the Physical States of Sodium SoapSo
Cano Jo Reso B21, 211-'218, (1943) «

Oallay^ Wo and Puddington. loE., The Physical States of An-
hydrous Sodium Soaps'o Cano Jo ReSo B21^ 202-210 (1943) o

Oallay^ W^ and Puddlngton, loEo Sedimentation Volumes and
Anomalous Plow in Lyophobic SuspensionSo Cano Jo ReSo
B21^ 171-'178 (1943) «

Oallay^ Wo and Puddlngton, loEo Surface Tension of Sodium
Soap Dispersions in Mineral Oils© Can© Jo ReSo B21,,
225--229 (1943)o

Oallay, Wo and Puddlngton, loEo The Effect of High Shearing
Stresses on Recrystalllzation of Sodium Soaps in Mineral
OllSo Cano Jo ReSo j^2^ 103-108 (1944) o

Gal lay. Wo and Puddlngton, loEo Low Temperature Saponifi-
cation in Anhydrous SystemSo Cano Jo ReSo B22, 76-89
(1944)o

Oallay, Wo and Puddlngton, loEo The Recrystalllzation of
Calcium Soaps in Mineral OilSo Cano Jo Reso B22,
173-181 (1944) o

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Gallay^ Wo and Puddingtorip loEu Sedimentation Volumes and

Rigidity in Suspensions of Sodium Soaps in Mineral OilSo
Cano Jo Re So B22.o 16-20 (1944) o

Gallayp Wo and Puddington, loEo The State of Dispersion of
Calcium Stearate in Mineral OilSo Cano Jo ReSo B22 ..;
161'-172 (1944) o

Gallayp Wo and Puddington loEo Wetting Power in Caiblum

Soap - Oil SystemSo Cano Jo ReSo B22^ 155-160 (1944) o

Oallay^ Wo and Puddington., loEo Plow-Pressure Relationships
in Calcium Soap - Oil SystemSo Cano Jo Reso 24., 73 80
(1946 )o

Gallayp Wo and Puddlngtonn loEo The Composition of Aluminium
Stearateo Cane Jo ReSo 32 6. o i55='160,; 1948o

Gallay, Wo and Puddingtono loEo Lubricants n UoSo Pato 2^594^
907,, Pebo 12 i, 1946o

Gallay^ Wo and Puddington^n loEo The Recrystallization of
Sodium Soaps in Mineral OilSo Caiiu Jo ReSo B22 ■>
90-102 (1944) o

Gallay^ Wo. Puddington,, loEo and Tapp, JoSo Pibre Structure
In Dispersion of Soap in Mineral Oilo Can< Jo ReSo
B22p 66--75 (1944) o

Gallay, Wo ^ Puddington, I0E0.0 and Tapp.., Jo So Wetting Power
in Sodium Soap - Mineral Oil SystemSo Can^ Jo Reso
B21p 230='235 (1943) o

Gallay, Wo .0 Puddington, loEo and Tapp, JoSo Summary Report

on Lubricating Grease -- Parts I„ II.., Ill and IVo NoRoCo
Report NOo C1272-'42Pp July 1942o

Alkaloids

Manske. RoHoPo The Alkaloids of Pumariaceous Plant Sj> XXIV ?
Corydalis ochotensis Turezo Cano Jo ReSo BlBo 75^79

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Manske^ Rt^HoPo The Alkaloids of Pumariaceous Plant s^ XXV 2
Corydalis pallida PerSo Can,. Jo ReSo B18, 80-93 (1940)

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Manskep RoHoFo The Alkaloids of Rumariaceous PlantSo XXVI§
Corydalls clavlculata (L) DCo Cano Jo ReSo B18^ 97-99
(1940)o

Manske^ RoHoPo The Alkaloids of Pumariaceous Plant So XXVII
A New Aikaloido Che 1 lanthif oljne ^ and its Constitutiono
Cano Jo Re So Bx8„ 100-102 (1940^ o

Manske^, RoHoPo The Alkaloids of Pumariaceous PlantSo

XXVTIIg Corydalis n.g:bilis PerSo Cano Jo ReSo Bx8y 288-
292 (194(

ManskOp RoHoPo The Alkaloids of Pumariaceous PlantSo XXXg
Aurotensineo Cano Jo Reso BlSf, 414'-417 (1940) o

Manske^ RoHoPo A New Source of Cocositolo Cano Jo ReSo 319.9
34-37 (1941) o

ManskOp RoHoPo The Alkaloids of Pumariaceous PlantSo XXXIg
Corydalis montana (Engelmo) Brittonc Cano Jo Reso B20<,
49'^52"Tl942TI "

ManskOp RoHoPo The Chemistry of QulnolineSo Chemo Revo 30.9
113-=>i44 (1942 )o

Manske^ RoHcPo The Chemistry of IsoqulnollneSo Chemo Revo
30p 145-^158 (1942 )o

Manske, RoHoPo The Alkaloids of Papaveraceous PlantSo
XXXII 8 Stylophorum diphylliim (MlchXo ) Nuttoo
Di cranes trlmna f ranche t ianum (Praln) Pedde and Glaucium
serpleinieldro Cane Jo ReSo B20., 53-56 (1942 )o

ManskOp RoHoPo The Alkaloids of Pumariaceous PlantSo

XXXIII s Corydalis cheilantheifolia Hemselo Cano Jo ReSo
B20o 57-60 (1942)o

Manskeo RoHoPo The Natural Occurrence of 3-Methoxy-Pyrldln©o
Cano Jo Re So B2p,, 265<-2e7 (1942 )o

Manske^ RoHoPo The Alkaloids of Pumariaceous PlantSo XXXV§
Corydalis platycarpa Makino o Cano Jo ReSo B21o 13-- 16
(1943 )o

Manske^, RoHoPo An Alkaloid from Menispermum canadense La,
Cano Jo ReSo B2ip 17='20 (19437^

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Manske^ RoHoPo The Alkaloids of Pumariaceous PlantSo XXXVI
Corydalls thalictrlfolla Pranch<) and the Constitution
of a new Alkaloids n Thalictrif olineo Cano Jo Reso B21,o
111=116 (1943) o

Manske^, RoHoPo The Alkaloids of Pumariaceous PlanuSo

XXXVTIf Dactylicapnos macropapnos Hutchinsono Cano Jo
Re So B21, 117-118 ( 19451 o

Manske, RoHoPo The Alkaloid-? of Papaveraceous Plant So

XXXVIII g Bocconie^ Arborea WatSo Cano Jo ReSo B21o 140-
143 (1943TI

Manske^ RoHoPo and Marion Lo The Alkaloids of Pumariaceous
PlantSo XXIX^ The Constitution of Cryptocavineo JoAm©
Chemo Soco 62^ 2024-2044 (1940) o

Manske^ RoHoPo and Marion Lo The Alkaloids of Lycopodium
SpecleSo Is Lycopodium complanatum Lo ^ Cano Jo Reso
B20p 87-92 (1942) o

Manskep RoHoPo and Marion Lo The Alkaloids of Lycopodium
Specieso III^ L:
B21„ 92.-96 (1943

Specie So III^ Lycopodium annotinum Lop Cane Jo Reso

' ITo

Manske, RoHoPo and Marion Lo The Alkaloids of Thermopsls
rhombifolla (Nutto) RichardSo Cano Jo Re s o B2l7 ~
144-148 (1943) o

Manske, RoHoPo and Marion Lo The Alkaloids of Lycopodium
SpecieSo Vg Lycopodium obscurum Lo Cano Jo ReSo B22.9
53»55 (1944) o

Manske, RoHoPo r Marion, Lo and Ledinghara^ AoEo The Alkaloids
of Papaveraceous Plant So XXXIV g Hunnemannia furmariae-
folia Sweet and the Constitution of a New Alkaloid^
Hunnemanineo Jo Amo Chemo SoCo 6£o 1659-1661 (1942)o

Mansle^ RoHoPo o Marion, Lo and Leger^ Po The Synthesis and

the Characterization of the Monomethyi- and the Dimethyl-
quinolineso Cano Jo ReSo B20^ 133°152 (1942) «

Marlonp Lo GelseminOo I^ The Degradation of Gelsemine to
2p3"dimethylindoleo Cano Jo ReSo B2lp 247-250 (1943) o

Marionj, Lo The Synthesis of Of,N-Dimethylanolobineo Jo Amo
Chemo SoCo 66^ 1125-1127 (1944) o

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Marion, Lo The Alkaloids of Sedum acre Lo^, Cano Jo Reso
B25;, 165=166 (1945) o "^

Marion, Lo and Graasie^ Vo The Synthesis of l°Roemerineo
J. Amo Chemo Soco 66 ^, 1290=1292 (1944) o

Marlon^ Lo and Manske,; RoHoPo The Alkaloids of Lycopodium
Specie So lis Some Degradation Experiments with
Lycopodineo Cano Jo ReSo B20,; 153-156 (1942)o

Marionp L« and Mansleo RoHoP* The Alkaloids of Lycopodium
Specieso IVs Lycopodium tristachyum Fursho Cano Jo
ReSo B22p 1-^4 (1944) o

Marion.^ Lo and Manske^ RoHoPo The Alkaloids of Lycopodium
Specie So VI g Lycopodium clavatus Lo Cano Jo Reso B22,9
137-139 (1944)o "~^

Micro Organic Analysis

Marlon, Lo and Ledingham^ AoEo Micro-analysis of Gaseous

HydrocarbonSo Indo Engo Chemo ^ Analo Edc IS^ 269 (1941) o

Starch

Gallayp Wo and Puddington,, loEo The Hydration of Starch

below the Gelatlnization TemperaturOo Cano Jo ReSo B21,
179'=185 (1943)o ""

Tapp, Jo So Bird Continuous Centrifuge in Starch Manufacture,
NoRoCo Report NOo C213-40S^ Augo 9, 1940o

Peat

Storeyp EoB© Peat Resin Product in GR-S CompoundSo NoRoCo
Report NOo C352"45Sp June 20, 1945o

Miscellaneous Organic Investigations

Easthara, AoMo and Cambron, Ao New Method for Preparing But-
adiene « NoRoCo Report Noo C3505-42S, March 3^ 1943o

Easthamo AoMo and Cambronp Ao Apparatus for the Rapid
Analysis of Butadiene Samples© NoRoCo Report Noo
C3503-42S^ March 3^, 1943o

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Hopkins, CoYo Report on Starch in Flour© JouPo AoOoAoCo
23p 489»491 (1940) o

Hopkins, CoYo Taste Differences in Compounds having the
NCS Linkage o Cano Jo ReSo 620^ 268-273 (1942)o

Hopkins, CoYo Patty Acids of Hare"'s Ear Mustard Seed Oilo
Cano Jo ReSo B24.o 2il«220, September, 1946o

Hopkins, CoYo and Chisholm, Mo Jo Chlorination by Aqueous
Sodium Hypochlorite o Cano Jo ReSo B24.o 208-210,
September, 1946©

Hopkins, CoYo and Chisholm, Mo Jo < -Cyano-^ -Phenylglyceric
Acido Cano Jo ReSo 624^ 89=92, July 1946o

Hopkins, CoYo.o Chisholm, Mo and Michael, Ro < -Cyano-^ -Aryl"
acrylic AcidSo Cano Jo ReSo 623^ 84-87, (1945) o

Katz, Mo and Mark, Ho The Kinetics of Polymerization Reactionso
NoRoCo Report NOo C15-=40S, Apro 15, 1940®

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95

D, PROTECTION OF PERSOMEL AM) Ei^UIPMENT
SPECIFIC ATI ONS5 TESTING, AND TEST METHODS

The routine testing of equipment and supplies for
the Armed Services was a function of such agencies as the
Inspection Board of the United Kingdom and Canadao Howeverp
considerable testing was done by tne Division of Chemistry
of the National Research Council before suitable facilities
were established by the Inspection Board or because the
Research Council possessed special equipment or experience
requisite to the tasko In general^, the Research Council did
not undertake routine testing when other suitable laboratories
were availableo The burden of this routine work fell par-
ticularly heavily upon the Textile, Rubber., Corrosion^ Leathsr
and Plasties^ and Protective Coatings Laboratorieso

A number of oases arose in which no specifications
existed or in which existing specifications required modi-
fication due to the necessity of using substitute materlalSo
In such cases the Research Council was often called upon to
provide a suitable specif icationo This in turn often re-
quired the development of test methods appropriate to the case
under consideration. Such activities occupied a considerable
part of the time and effort of the Textile^ Rubber^ Corrosion^
and Protective Laboratories^ and constituted an extremely
valuable^ alt^iough unspectacular^ contribution to the national
war effort. The specif ligations prepared numbeir" several hundred
and the tests performed number well over ten thqusando Although
some reference will be made in what follows to particular as"
pects of this workf, no effort will be made to discuss it in
full.

Advisory Panels on Textiles^ on Leather,, and on.
Rubber were set up under the National Research Council Co-
ordinating Committee on Protective Equipment,, for the purpose
of examining the technical requirements of specif Icationsg
to ensure that they were in order. All specifications re-
ceived from the Directorate of Interservlce Research and
Development were transmitted to the members of the appropriate
Panels when necessary, meetings of the Panel were held to
discuss them^ and suggested changes wsre incorporated in new
specifications. In all the work a very close liaison was
maintained with the Directorate of Interservlce Research and
Development.

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• TEXTILES

Parachutes

When it was realized^, early in the war<> that there
would be a shortage of silk for parachu-ce canopleSo and of
linen for harness webbing „ a Committee on Substitutes for
Parachute Materials was formed^ under the auspices of the
National Research Council^ with representation from the manu-
facturers and from the Air Force o An investigation was made
of the properties required in parachute materials^ and various
possible substitutes were tested for strengths for elastic
properties,, for weighty for effect of lights and^ in the case
of canopy cloth^ for air permeabilityo It is fortunate that
two years before the war there had been introduced on the
market a new synthetic textile fibre •= nylon - from which a
light material with high strength and good elastic properties
could be produced, and which in this time of emergency proved
to be the ideal material for parachute canopieso It was found
possible to construct from it parachutes which were not only
lighter f, but also stronger^ than the previous silk oneso In
these parachutes the canopy and shrouds were of nylon^ and the
harness webbing of cottono It speaks well for the work of the
Committee that these new materials were first adopted officially
in Canada^

The development work was handicapped by lack of
definite information regarding the stresses to which the para-
chute is subjected when it open.„ hence decisions had to be
based largely on full-scale field trialSo Until recently
the important question of impact strength had been neglected
and work is in progress to compare the impact strength of
nylon with that of fortisan - the only material with a reason-
able degree of elasticity and at all comparable in strengtho

The parachutes studied included those for flares
as well as those for personnel© Since the requirements for
flare parachutes were less critlcalo It was possible to sub'-
stitute rayon by using a somewhat heavier fabric and reduc-
ing the strength requirements to a minlm\imo With the assis-
tance of the Aeronautical Laboratoryr, a gauge was built to
register the opening shock loads of the flare parachutes,, but
the gauge was found to have too low a range for the purpose^
and the work was not continued because existing flare para-
chutes had proved satisfactory.

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95

Routine Teats for the Subcommittee on Wool

Throughout the war years^ testing work was con-
tinued for the Sub-Committee on Wool of the National Sheep
Committeeo This involv ed t e stingy each year^ about 300
samples of wool clipped from sheep in experimental flocks
in the Westo These samples were all tested for clean
yield of wool, for fibre diameter^ and in some cases for
fibre length and other special characteristicso

Aviation Medical Research » Protective Clothing

Problems assigned to the Textile Laboratory by the
Subcommittee on Protective Clothing of the Associate Committee
on Aviation Medical Research had to do mostly with the comfort
of certain items of clothingo The first essential was to
develop and standardize methods of evaluating f abrics and
clothing for comfort p and methods of measuring thermal in-
aulationo This was done in collaboration with the Ontario
Research Foundation and the Banting and Best Institute of
Medical Research, The National Research Council co-operated
with the United States authorities^ in standardizing thermal
Insulation test methods^ by measuring the thermal insulation
of samples already measured by themo

The thermal insulating properties of various fabrics
were the chief subject of investigation. It was found that
heat losses due to radiation could be reduced by applying a
bright flexible metallic coating to cloth 5 and apparatus for
the continuous electroplating of cloth was built and operatedo
Later, when it was found that double pile fabrics afforded
the best means of attaining the insulation required, with a
maximum of flexibility and a minimum of weighty work was
largely confined to a study of the properties of these double
pile fabrics, which were finally adopted as standard for
lining air-crew suits. Quilted materials were also studied,
but it was found that the required degree of Insulation could
be obtained only by sacrificing flexibility or llghtnesso

The early work showed that the thermal insulation
of double pile fabrics was dependent upon their thickness;
the construction of pile fabrics was therefore studied with
a view to obtaining maximum resistance to compression without
loss of insulation or lightness. The materials investigated
included fabrics with piles made from mohair c, alpaca, cotton
(candle-wick), rayon, and Aralac, in single and double pile
construction, as well as the sharling formerly used in air-
men's Jackets. The effect of various factors, particularly

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that of humidityp were studied in connection with the com-
pressibility of these materiaiSo The best ground construe-
tion had to be determined as well as the most desirable
quality of wool for ito It was also necessary to initiate
water absorption studies of these fabric So

Not only was it important to study the behaviour
of the double pile fabrics, but it was also necessary to
investigate the type of cover °all used over the double pile^
and to investigate the variations in the properties of the
coverall with wind conditionso This was an extensive piece
of work requiring determinations under a wide variety of
conditions o The permeability of coverall fabrics was shown
to be important only with high winds > with low wind velocities
the effects were independent of the type of coveraxlo The
relationship between wind velocity and protection afforded
by coveralls of various permeabilities was completely invest
tigatedo With this informationo it is possible to evaluate
any fabric with regard to wind protection© This study is
still being pursued to determine the effect of wind on any
free space behind the coverall materials and thence to cal-
culate the thermal insulation in areas where the clothing is
looseo With reference to this problem., the effect of air leak-
age,, or ventilation, through clothing is one that deserves
further study; information on warmth of clothing will not be
complete until such experiments are carried outo

A study had to be made of the behaviour of the
interlining materials during dry cleaning, launderlng.o and
service. By varying the methods of determining thickness it
was found possible to gauge fairly accurately the effective
thickness of the material during service use,, and hence to
determine its insulation effectiveness, which had been shown
to depend upon thickness©

Methods for evaluating the flotation properties
of filler materials in life Jackets were also studied© In
this connection, the compression characteristics of milkweed,,
kapok^o and polystyrene fibres were determinedo

Tests on the waterproofing properties, of various
materials were also carried out for the Subcommittee on Pro-
tective Clothingo A project has been started for the purpose
of determining the role played by various factors iri'^con-
trolling the water repellency of materials but this in only
In Its Initial stages so that there is nothing to report as
yeti,

i^rivl

97

Investigations for the National Research Council
Coordinating Coimnittee on Protective Equipment (Research)

One project undertaken for the Coordinating Com-
mittee on Protective Equipment was the study of the present
general service sock for the purpose of recommending a
better wearing sock;, and of determining the best method of
reducing shrinkage « The study involved testing the pro-
ducts of fourteen different manufacturers, and developing
proper test methods for shrinkage and for determining
damage to socks resulting from any treatment given to re-
duce the felting properties of the woolo It was the re-
sponsibility of the Subcommittee working on this problem
to make recommendations regarding the best method of pro-
ducing this shrink resistance and regarding the standard-
ization of sock constructiono Although it has not yet been
possible to make any decision regarding the best method of
producing an anti-shrlnk sock,, definite recommendations
have been made regarding improved sock constructiono
Samples made according to these recommendations have been
tested, and it has been found that by using the proper type
of wool and by proper mechanical construction a very great
reduction in shrinkage can be effected^ so that chemical
anti-shrink treatments sire no longer necessary in order to
meet the specificationso

Another investigation for this Committee indic-
ated that no apparent advantage in preventing stains is
obtained by providing a v/ater repellent finish for clothing
when the clothing is used under conditions in which the
type of soiling is predominantly of an oily or greasy nature.
This would be expected to be the case with overalls worn by
mechanic So On the other hand, there is evidence that the use
of a water repellent finish is a very great advantage in re-
ducing the tencency to stain by aqueous types of dirt. While
only one of the soils used in the present investigation was
of the aqueous type., the results obtained;, together with data
gathered from previous work along this line, indicate quite
clearly that for aqueous types of soil the use of a permanent
water repellent finish (Velan) is advantageous.

Another investigation indicated that a satis-
factory rotproof vamp-lining fabric could be produced by
substituting a permanent --type cellulose finish containing
a rotproofer for the previously used starch-type f inlsh^,
which was known to promote the rotting of the liningo The
rotproofers used in this investigation were commercial pre-
parations in which the active ingredient is phenyl mercuric

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98

ammoniuin acetate^ and which do not appear to be irritating
to the skin in the amounts usedo The use of a permanent
cellulose finish markedly increases the breaking strength
of the fabric, and hence tends to increase its service^-
abilityo A suggested specification for vamp lining and for
vamp and quarter doublers was given in the report to the
Committee o

An Investigation was undertaken to determine
whether satisfactory dyeings to match British Scamic shade
Noo 207 could be carried out on certain made-up items of
undyed Army clothingo The dyeing trials were conducted
at various cleaning and dyeing plant So The dyed garments
were examined for shrinkage^ for tendency to produce skin
irritation,, and for colour fastness to laundering,, lights,
and perspirationo There was considerable variation in the
fastness properties of the different dyeings., but it could
be concluded that the process was a practical one^ if satis-
factory dyes and methods were usedo No evidence of skin
Irritation wa? obtained.

Work was carried out on the development of an
Improved anti-gas tarpaulin, since it had been found that
one meeting the requirements of the British specification
was unsatisfactoryo In cooperation with Canadian Industries
Llmitedp a cotton duck fabric., impregnated and coated with
butyl rubber, was developedo The fabric showed a very high
resistance to liquid mustard gas and Lewisite^ and possessed
satisfactory flexibility at low temperature o

Other minor investigations carried out for the
Committee are included in the bibliographyo

Rotproofing

A limited amount of work on the rotproofing of
textiles was begun in 1941, when it seemed that the war
would spread to tropical areaso At that time considerable
eunounts of textile materials such as motor transport covers
were being manufactured in Canada for use in the Middle Eastp
and the question of rotproofing first arose in this connection,
It should be emphasized that damage to textiles through micro-=
biological attack occurs not only in the tropics but even in
temperate climates under favourable conditions of temperature
and humidity.o such as occur in Canada in the warmer parts
of the country and in poorly ventilated storage during the
summer months©

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99

The outbreak of war in the Pacific ^ at the end of
1941^ gave additional impetus to research in the field of rot-
proofing^ especially in the United States where large research
programs were quickly set up by various agencies - Oog© Army
Quartermaster Depot s^ the Bureau of Standards ^ and the De-
partment of Agriculture o The National Research Council has
been constantly in touch vrlzh these agencieso Since the be-
ginning of 1942 there has been an ever-^growing list of items
requiring rotproofingo One instance of such a material.,
manufactured in Canada in very considerable quantity, is
waterproofed duck^ used for covers for motor transport vehicles,
Several million yards of this material have been produced in
Canada during the last four yearso When the material was to
be used under conditions in which microbiological attack might
occur •» for example „ in the trt)pics =- it was essential that
it have an adequate degree of rotproofnesso The publication
by the Scientific Liaison Bureau^ Melbourne ^ Australia^, of
the confidential "Report on the Condition of Service Material
under Tropical Conditions in New Guinea** drew the attention
of Service supply agencies to the great need for proper pack«
aging and adequate protection a gainst the ravages of moisture
and microbiological attacko Although this report may have
presented the story of the deterioration of Service material
in the tropics at its worst o there was little doubt that^ as
long as hostilities in the tropics continued^, there was the
possibility of this type of deteriorationo

Laboratory work in this field was theref ore .piir-
sued with increasing intensityo A large amount of information
on rotproofers was colle cted and compiled in an index covering
the composition and properties of most of the rotproofing com-
pounds on the marketo

The first requirement for a program of investi-
gation was to have reasonably satisfactory methods for assess-
ing rotproofnesSo In general^, use is made of two methods j
one involves the use of pure cultures of one .or other of the
cellulose destroying fungi^ and the other involves burial of
the treated material in biologically a ctive soil under con-
trolled conditions of temperature and moisturoo Arrangements
were made for carrying out the pure culture tests in the
Division of Applied Biologyr, while the soil burial tests were
conducted in the Division of Chemistryo

As information on the efficacy of various rot-
proofing agents was collected^ it became possible i^ the case
of certain of these compounds, for example , copper naphthenate^
to dispense with the biological tests, and to assess* the degree

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100

of rotproofness of the treated, materials by means of a chemical
analysis for the amount of rotproofer pre sent o

The National Research Council has cooperated with
the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists in
the work of their subcommittee on test methods for assessing
microbiological attacko Much helpful information has been
obtained from research organizations in the United States in
connection with work on the estimation of various rotproofing
agent So

The types of rotproofing agents studied include
aromatic phenolic derivatives^ organic and inorganic- copper
compounds, dihydroxy-dichloro-di phenyl methane i, organic
mercurials 0 and chromium treatments. The aromatic phenolic
derivatives are not sufficiently permanent due to their vol-
atility and water solubility j the inorganic copper is too
water soluble and appears to c ause appreciable photochemical
tendering of cellulosic fabrics j of organic cooper soaps such
as the oleate, oleo s tearate^, and naphthenate.o the latter has
been most used on this continent owing to the adequate supplies
of naphthenlc acid from the petroleum industry - it has been
found quite satisfactory in use | where the rotproofer comes
in contact with rubber^ zinc naphthenate must be substituted
for the copper compound^ copper tannate has been successfully
applied in Canada to the rotproofing of sewing thread^j di"
hydroxy-dl chl or o>di phenyl methane has been widely used and
found to possess satisfactory properties when used In con-
Junction with waterproofing waxes 5 the organic mercurials are
not particularly effective by themselves and are rather easily
removed by weathering., but when used with copper naphthenate
they prevent the growth of copper tolerant bacteria, which^
although harmless to cellulosic materials., remove the copper
and leave the fabric open to attack by other organisms 5 the
so-called ^•mineral khaki" treatment, obtained by precipitating
iron and chromium hydroxides or carbonates in the fabric.; has
been found to be extremely fast to leaching and to offer con-
siderable protection against actinic degradation., but to be
poor protection against cellulose destroying fungi and bacteria<

It cannot be too strongly emphasized that it is
necessary to carry out weathering tests on rotproofers in order
to determine their stability under conditions of usoo In
many instances rotproofers have been placed on the market with-
out due regard to this needo While it is customary to sub-
mit rotproofers to the action of leaching with running water^
the importance of the effect of combined exposure to sunlight ^
rain, and wind has frequently been overlookedo In this con-
nection there is also the possibility that certain types of

61.

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101

rotproofing compounds may cause degradation of cotton fabrics
due to catalytic actinic actiono For this reason the National
Research Council has attached considerable importance to
weathera.ng testSo

A limited series of such tests were carried out
during the summer of 1944 o These dealt chiefly with the re-^
sistance to weathering of copper naphthenate^ oleate^, and
"tallate**;, and of copper hydroxy naphthenateo It was found
that copper naphthenate and copper hydroxy naphthenate both
shov/ed good fastness to weathering when present in association
with waterproofing waxeso The weathering characteristics of
the other compounds was of a considerably lower order©

Recommendations and specifications have been pre^
pared regarding the rotproofing of numerous items of Service
equipment;; including tentage, cordage^ sewing threadj> paper^
linen fire hose, insect netting^ and cotton duck for haver-
sacks, kit bags., hammocks, and assault boatso

Waterproofing

Resistance to water is important in a -number of
Service items such as protective clothing, cotton duck covers
of all kinds, and canvas for assault boatSo The textile
laboratory's early a ctivities in this field had to do with
the setting up of test methods for assessing the water re-
sistance of heavy fabrlcso

As the demand for heavy waterproofed ducks for tran-
sport vehicles increased^ the textile laboratory was instru-
mental in arranging for the production in Canada of this material^
which had formerly been imported from the United StateSo The
laboratory cooperated w ith the Army in the production of water
repellent battle dress^ andc, in cooperation with the Rubber
Laboratory^ work was undertaken for the RoCoAoPo on the develop-
ment of an improved plastic-coated fabric for raincoatSo

Flameproof ing

Work in the field of textile flameproof ing was con-
fined chiefly to giving advice on methods of treatment and
methods of testo

Early work carried out by the textile laboratory
had to do with flame resistant treatments for cotton clothing
worn by workers in munitions factorieSo Recommendations were
made covering the use of mixtures of borax and boric acid

1 « T

102

applied at the end or the laundering operationo Since other
types of water soluble^ flame resistant materials were on the
market^) it was of interest to determine the possible damaging
effect of all the commonly used water soluble f lame -pr oof ers
when applied repeatedly to cotton garments after launder ing^
for it was considered possible that the effect of heat in the
finishing operation might promote chemical tendering© It was
found that certain of these materials ° eogo ammonium sulphamate
caused considerable degradation when applied repeatedly to the
same fabric©

A considerable amount of testing was carried out
on antiflash hoods and gloves treated with borax=boric acid
mixture 3 p and recommendations regarding suitable amounts of
the flameproof ing mixture were made to various manufacturers©

Much attention has been given to methods of testing
flame resistance© The usual type of test,, involving the ap-
plication of a flame to the lower edge of a fabric,, under con<-
trolled conditions, was regarded as inadequate in the case of
materials which in use might be subjected to the action of a
flame impinging on their surface© Hence a surface burning test
was devised and has become a standard method©

Assistance was given to the industry in applying
permanent flame resistant treatments employing mixtures of
chlorinated paraffins or aromatics in conjunction with antimony
oxide©

Experimental cotton coveralls for tank crews were
developed, in collaboration with the Chemical Warfare Labor-
atories, using vinylacetate-vinyl-chloride copolymer with
antimony oxide,, a treatment developed by the United States
Chemical Warfare Service©

Bacteriostatic Treatments

At the request of the Associate Committee on Army
Medical Research^, laboratory and plant-scale studies were made
of methods of testing army blankets to provide a fabric pos-
sessing a bacteriostatic or bactericidal surface, which would
prevent the dissemination of airborne infection from blankets
in hospital wards and dormitories© The problem was also of
interest with respect to the possibility of producing a bac-
tericidal fabric for use in ordinary items of combat clothing©

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Methods of treating blankets after laundering were
worked out which were satisfactory for this purposoo These
methods were a decided Improvement on those formerly available o

Laundering and Dry Cleaning

Assistance was given to the Armed Services in
setting up their laundry and cleaning activities, and exten-
sive assistance was rendered in solving various problems
which arose concerning the laundering of Service clothingp

Close contact was maintained with the laundry and
dry cleaning industry during the war^, although it was necessary
to discontinue research for private industryo It was con-
sidered advisable to continue the test bundle service,, since
this gave a measure of the washing efficiency of laundry and
dry cleaning plants^ and was., therefore^ of importance from
the point of view of prolonging the life of clothingo The
referee service has also been maintained and has been of value
in bringing to light certain shortcomings of wartime textileso
One such difficulty has had to do with an apparent reduction
in the quality of dyestuffs used in consumer clothing^ despite
the fact that it has been well established that there is no
need for such a reduction©

Work was completed on the development of a modified
short formula for use in the laundering of white cottons, using
silicated alkaline builders. This formula was put to use in a
number of plants throughout Canada „ and has effected a con-
siderable saving in time and washing supplies, in addition to
its beneficial effect in reducing the amount of mechanical
action suffered by clothing during washingo

Substitute Materials

In adrl-'tion to the work on parachuteSc already dis=
cussedr other problems arose due to shortages of various tex-
tile fibreso

Work on cordage substitutes arose as a result of
the critical shortages of hard fibresp such as manila and sisalo
Substitute rope, of cotton, satisfactory for certain purposes^
was developed in cooperation with the industry©

Another problem^ initiated at the request of the
Inspection Board;9 had to do with finding a substitute for the
silk fabric used in ammunition exploder bagSo Recommendations

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104

regarding the use of a fabric woven from spun viscose yarn
and carrying a special finish had been received from the
United Kingdomo Considerable work was carried out on this
project in cooperation with the industry- with particular
reference to the finishing treatment, ^niiich employed a con=
stltuent (urea formaldehyde resin) designed to suppress de-
terioration of the viscose yarn caused by nitrous vapours©
The rate of burning of the fabric was also controlled by the
use of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate o The suitability of
cotton as a substitute for the silk and linen thread pre-
viously used in these bags was investigated^ and its use for
this purpose was recommendedo

Considerable work was carried out on the relative
buoyancy properties of Canadian milkweed as compared to Java
kapoko At a packing density equal to that used in life-
saving equipment (3 pounds per cubic foot)i, the buoyancy of
milkweed was found to be equal to that of kapok after im-
mersion periods up to forty-eight hourso The loss in buoyancy
over longer periods of immersion was slightly greater for
milkweedo The effect of buoyancy of mechanical shock was also
studiedo There is no doubt that Canadian milkweed can be used
as a substitute for kapok in buoyancy equipment but^ unfor-
tunately,, no action was taken in this mattero Studies were
also made of the buoyancy properties of cat--tail floss (typha)^
Bubblfil (viscose filaments carrying entrapped air)^ and water
repellent cotton fibre© Cat=tail floss was tested as a sub-
stitute for kapok and considerable promise was shown©

Miscellaneous Investigations

Early in the war an investigation was started to
determine the reason for the deterioration of cotton fabrics
at the water-line when they are partly immersed^ It was found
that the effect was apparently due to the selective absorption
of ions by the cotton, resulting in an acidic reaction at the
water-linoo Work was also initiated on a study of the con"
stitution of woolj the wool was broken down by acid hydrolysis
under various conditions and the relative proportion of liberated
amine acids was determlnedo Both of these projects were aban-
doned because of the pressure of urgent war problems o

At the request of the Navy an effort was made to
prolong the life of awnings used on shipboard;, which had de-
teriorated very rapidly in the pasto An examination of the
old canvas indicated that weakening of the cotton was due to
acid damage rather than to oxidation or mildewo Substantial
lengths of canvas were treated (a) with cutch^, (b) with a
cellulose acetate coating., or (c) with sodium bicarbonate

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105

followed by calcium chloride ^^ which left calcium carbonate
deposited on the fabrico These samples were subjected to
service trials but were not returnedo so it was not possible
to compare the relative merits of the three treatmentSo
However i all reports from the ship on which the pieces were
under test indicated that after two and a half years of service
they v/ere still in good shape o

Tests were made to compare the degree of ventila-
tion of standard bell tents with those fabricated from canvas
proofed against fire^ rot, and moisture^ and to determine
whether there is any hazard to personnel,, or effect on their
efficiency ;, due to carbon monoxide, carbon dioxidOo or lack
of oxygen resulting from occupying such tents when closed and
heated under winter conditions,, The ventilation rate was de-
termined by observing the rate of decay of gas concentration
after release of measured amounts of sulphur dioxide con-
densed in glass bulbs^ The hazard to personnel was assessed
by analyzing the air in the tents at definite intervals during
the period in which they were occupied^ and also by the ex-
amination of blood samples collected from the men before and
after occupying the tentSo There was no marked difference
shown by the use of the proofed canvas^ even under winter con-
ditions, with a low outside wind velocity., the heater in
operation^, and the tent inhabited by six meno

LEATHER AND ALLIED PRODUCTS

A considerable amount of work was done in the Division
of Chemistry in connection with leather products and equipment
for the ServiceSo The bulk of the work was concerned with the
chemical and physical analysis of various kinds of leathers
used In Service footwear, such as vegetable- tanned sole leathers^
chrome-vegetable-retan upper leather ^ and chrome -tanned upper
leatherc Prom the laboratory viewpoint ^ comparatively good
and uniform quality leathers have been produced throughout
the waro In one case only, the laboratory confirmed the sus--
picion of the Inspection Board that a tanner was incapable of
obtaining a satisfactory product^ and his allocation of hides
was redistributed by the control authorities to those who could
Similar analyses were carried out from time to time on garment
leathers (chrome -tanned horsehide or dowhide) for such items
as glove 3^0 mitts,, and flying helmetSo

Various leather washers •- eogo washers for torpedoes^
fuse cap washers for ""Hfllla^ and hydraulic leathers for the
buffer mechanism of twenty^-five- pounder and other guns - were

106

continually being tested to ensure a satisfactory product^
free from constituents which might have a deleterious effect
on the lifetime or performance of the stores involvedo

During the period of acute fat shortages, tanners
had great difficulty in obtaining suitable stuffing greases
for Army upper leather^ and physical tests on proposed mix-
tures enabled the quality to be maintainedo Shoe polishes,,
dubbinSp and other waterproofing materials for Service boots
were frequently testedo Since the establishment of Service
boot rebuilding depots,^ analyses of the various oils (straight
and sulphonated fish oils,, mostly) used in revivifying the
leather have been carried out to ensure a uniform and satis-
factory products The causes of the cracking of chrome-tanned
shoe vamps, and the causes of shoe insole deterioration were
invest igatedo A technique for the measurement of the real
density of leather was dovelopedo

Abrasion resistance measurements on soleing materials
have frequently been madeo While It is recognized that abrasion
is only one of the factors involved in the wear of soleing
materials, and while the small variations in abrasion resis-
tance between different sole leathers are not very significant,,
useful results have been obtslned from such measurements in
establishing, in a general way. the relative values of various
synthetic soleing materials.,, and in indicating the superior
wearing qualities of such materials over the average leathero

At the request of the Department of Munitions and
Supply work was undertaken to produce a substitute for leather
shoe sole So The material found most satisfactory for this
purpose was fabric coated with polyvinyl butyralo Sufficient
layers of this material laminated under heat and pressure
gave a sheet of any desired thickness^, which had a flexibility
similar to leathero Wear tests on the product showed that it
outwore leather by a factor of about twoo

At the request of the Navy to develop a rubber shoe
that would not slip on wet decks ^ various designs were cut in
soft rubber., and the angle at which they slipped on a piece of
wet steel; when weighted with a fixed load, was notedo A "V"
design eventually was recommended^

Various minor problems encountered by the Services
were investigated from time to timeo

107

CORROSION

Corrosion is a relentless enemy against which an
unremitting struggle must inevitably be fought - in war even
as in peace o During the war the solution of specific pro°
blems submitted by the Armed Services occupied about three
quarters of the efforts of the Corrosion Laboratory^ the
balance of the time was directed toward more fundamental in«=
vestigations of corrosion phenomenao

Fundamental Research

Just prior to the outbreak of war^ the laboratory
began an experimental s tudy of cadmium and zinc coatings on
steelo Panels were exposed at the Atlantic and Pacific coasts
at the half^tide position^ and other panels were exposed in
the laboratoryo Cadmium plating and zinc plating were found
to be about equally resistant to tap water | cadmium piating
was the more resistant to sea^water at half-'tide position©

A study was made of the corrosion resistance of
low-alloyp high-strengtn steels in sea-water,; exposures being
made at both sea coastSo At the same time a study was made
of the aea-water corrosion resistance of five aluminiim alloys
said to be quite resistant to sea-watero It is thought that
this work should be extended because marine growths appear to
have a bad effect on certain a lloys^ while others survive with
but little or no attacks The type of growth and its incidence
appears to be importanto The evidence is quite clear that
anodizing contributes no significant advantage to these alloys
in resistance to corrosion by the seao Of course^, anodizing
is an excellent base for paintSo

One of the chief research activities of the lab--
oratory is the devising of new and better corrosion test-
methodSo A new apparatus for continuous, completely sub-
merged testing of metal specimens in liquids has been devisedr,
its merits have been evaluated^ and a description of the ap°
paratus has been publishedo Preliminary work was done on a
stirring corrosion testo Some work was done on methods of
testing with humidity effects^, but this was set aside pending
provision of more space o

Another very important field of research is that
of corrosion Inhibitorso A search is being made for better
inhibitors for antifreeze liquids^ mostly with negative re-
sults so faro Inhibitors of corrosion of ordinary pipes by
water presented a number of important unsolved problems^ in
particular, the published work on the effects of sodium

108

hexametaphosphate ("Caigon") appeared to be quite inadequate o
An investigation revealed the important fact that sodium
hexametaphosphate has littlec, if any^ inhibitive effect in
still or stagnant water - it is only active when the water
Is in motiono Purthermoreo the amount of sodium hexameta-
phosphate that gives best inhibition is considerably greater
than that alleged in published articleSo These articles,,
unfortunately, present no quantitative datao When there is
inhibition, the potential of iron against a calomel half cell
dropSo A few preliminary experiments have been made with
sodium nitriteo A number of inhibitors will be studied in
this connection - eogo sodium silicates^ phosphates, lime^
soda asho caustic , chromates^. and organic compounds o

Metal cleaners w ere tested for corrosion effects^
and some work was done to determine the relative efficiency
of cleanerSo This latter problem seems to have two aspects^
namely^, rate of cleaning,., and amount of permissible contamin=
ation of the cleaner before discardingo The first aspect was
solvedg it was found that consistent and reproducible results
could bo obtained using steel panels which had been annealed
by heating to 600**Co and cooling overnight in the furnace | the
panels were then pickled to remove scale^ and finally were
polished electrolyticallyo With such surfaces^ the times,,
or rateSn of cleaning of oiled surfaces in the various cleaners
were closely reproducible.o usually checking within 15 seconds©
The second aspect of the problem requires development of a
test for cleaniinesso Many cleaners contain wetting agents
which make it possible to wet oils with water p so the water
break test fails to measure cleanliness in such caseso

Incomplete studies were made of metal spray-
coatings on steel;, exposed in the sea at Miami,, Ploridao The
object was to learn whether zinc protection blocks on ships
may be replaced by patches of zinc spray-metal^, applied re-
peatedly over old sprayed metal without more than wire-
brushing the previous zinc surface o Time has not permitted
further work on this project o

Experiments were done on electrolytic polishing
of duraluminumo Invariably the electrolyte etched the work
during removal from the electrolyte and before washing could
b© accomplishedo Pulling the work through a layer of Nujol
on the surface of the electrolyte reduced the etchingo
Further work is planned on this problemo

Very considerable test work was done,, early in
the war^ on temporary protective coatings,, that is., on oils^

e'j

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109

grease Sp and waxes o These results were later very useful in
making approvals and in preparing specificationSo Upwards
of a hundred of these materials were testedo

Specific Problems for the Armed Services

Early in the war the problem of a specification
for dishwashing compounds for aluminum ware was presentedo
Such proprietary compounds usually consist of mixtures of
soda ash^, sodium metasilicate„ trisodium phosphate^ and
sodium pyro-phosphateo Investigation showed that soda ash
is the ingredient cheifly responsible for corrosive attack
of aluminum^ and that increasing the sodium metasilicate
content of the mixture to 25^ almost completely prevents
this attacko

Many corrosion tests for the Armed Services were
made on innumerable items of equipment such as ball bearings,,
flash lights,, automobile lights^ water filter barrels^ web°
bing hardware p silver plated ware^ coffee urns^ strapping for
shipping boxes,,, camouflage materials,, and fuso boxeso

A long'-term study was undertaken of drums of various
metals containing aviation gasolineo The preliminary studies
were useful in choosing metals for gas tanks on patrol-
torpedo boatSo

An extensive experimental study was made of the
corrosion of steel by used crankcase oilo

A number of antifreezes were submitted for cor-
rosion tests and., in cooperation with the Army, a practical
road test was run on trucks to make a comparison between
ethylene-glycol-type antifreeze and calcium-chloride-type
antifreezco The latter proved to be very corrosive©

Experimental studies were made of protective coat-
ings for bomber exhaust manifolds of low carbon steelo On
the basis of experiments, the Lp^boratory suggested considera=
tion of the use of a single base coat of f erro-enamel.,, which
could be applied inside as well as outside the manifold after
fabricationo It is understood that this was used later in
the United States as a substitute for unavailable alloyso

Considerable attention was given to coating smoke
cups for tuenty^five^pounder guns, a problem submitted by the
Inspection Boardo Howeverc, before proven success was attainedp
a modified method of filling solved the difficultyo A problem
in rusting of large calibre shells was also i^studiedo

110

Corrosion of corrugated steel huts for storage of
shells near Montreal was invest igstedo Measurements showed
that the steel should last long enough without further pro-
tective treatment o

Some work was done for the Chemical Warfare Labor-
atories on corrosion by acids and by war gaseso

Some attention was given to electrical insulation
of dissimilar metal jointSo Insulation of ship^s propellers
by using a grease loaded with mica between shaft and pro-
peller was found ineffective in laboratory trialso

During the last two years of the ware work was
done on packaging of metal articles for export to tropical
regionSo The Corrosion Laboratory early advocated testing
of final packages in humidityo All containers^, except tin
cans or galvanized cans soldered closed, let moisture get in-
side | once insidep it cannot get outp andy in timOp the article
rusts.o even though coated with a rust preventativeo Rust pre°
vention of metal articles is better with a heavier coating of
rust preventative than with most wrapperso However^ mechan-
ical protection of the coated article is considered requisiteo

Tropicalization of trucks has been considered by
the Laboratoryo Carburetors are made of die-cast zinc^ which^
in sea-water and sea airo corroses very rapidly in contact
with the variety of dissimilar metals comprising a trucko A
high temperature paint was found to give considerably enhanced
protection to the zinc, and is now understood to be used in
practiceo The ball and socket joints of front steering wheels
also corrode,, so the Laboratory made up.c and teste dp a cor-
rosion-inhibiting grease for this useo This grease has also
baen suggested for factory application to all nuts and bolts
of vehicles,, in peace as well as in war^ as bolts and studs
break due to rusting, particularly in the Pacific tropicso
Brakes and brake drums also presented a serious problem of
deterioration^, the drums being alleged to perforate in a month
opposite rivets of the llningo Tests were started in this
latter connection but the alleged perforation effects could
not be substantiated in laboratory simulated trialso

A number of problems encountered during operations
were investigated, such as the corrosion of the lifting cables
on aircraft engaged in North Sea patrolo This was found to
be due to soldering flux,, carelessly left by workmen assembl-
ing the worko In a number of cases of plane crashes^ the
Corrosion Laboratory was asked to investigate certain aspects
of the case to help determine the cause of the accidento

in

Specific Problems for Commercial Firms

In 1940 the Laboratory studied the problem of
severe sporadic corrosion of rivets in the hull of the 5000<=
ton train ferryp "Charlottetown"c It was found that the
badly corroded rivets showed Neumann lines in polished and
etched sections., an evidence of finishing at too low a
temperature - so low^ that stress relief did not occur suf-
ficientlyo It was recommended that any future rivets be
finished at as high a temperature as possible and that the
rivet lines be sandblasted^ spray-coated with metallic
aluminium^ and then painted^, in order to try to prevent
further deteriorationo This was done^o but the "Charlotte-^
town" was sunk less than a year later^ so there was no
opportunity to learn the effects of the spray coatingo It
was learned subsequently that zinc should have been used
because it repels fouling better than does aluminumo

Recently the problem of severe corrosion by cold
brines in the new type of overhead-icing refrigerator cars
of the Canadian National Railway was presentedo Some pre-
liminary suggestions were made which should eliminate some of
the deterioration^ and work is continuing on this problemo

Another problem recently presented by a commercial
firm concerns treatment of mine hoisting cables with the
flrm-s proprietary rust preventative o Preliminary experiments
have been outlined in this difficult and awkward problemo

Upwards of one hundred reports were issued each
year by the Corrosion Laboratory so that it is impossible to
give a complete bibliographyo Some of these are listed among
those at the end of this Sectiono

PROTECTIVE COATINGS

The importance of protective coatings in the pro-
duction of war equipment was indicated by the large volume of
enquiries received by the Protective Coatings Laboratory of
the National Research Councilo This Laboratory was frequently
called into consultation by the Armed Forces regarding various
aspects of paint design^ specif icationp and use^ so that fre-
quent meetings,, discussions and job inspections were necessaryc
Many of the recommendations required lengthy investigations
and laboratory trials« The employment of substitute materials
also necessitated much investigation and proving in the
Laboratoryo

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A large volume of approval testing was carried out
for the British Supply Board and for the Inspection Board of
the United Kingdom and Canada.,, from 1940 to 1943 o As part
of this work it was necessary in some cases to design spec-
ial apparatus and to prepare new test procedureso Experience
accumulated by the Laboratory enabled the staff to offer
useful recommendations leading to the revision of specif icationso
For example ;, investigations of priming paints for shells re-
sulted in a recommendation to adopto for this purpose., an
entirely different type of primer which would eliminate much
of the trouble previously caused by premature corrosiono

Supervision of paints for motor transport con--
stituted one of the most important war functions of the
Laboratory on account of the great volume of production^
whichp up to the end of 1944p totalled 745.000 vehicles^
valued at over two billion dollarso Thousands of gallons
of vehicle paints were used daily throughout the period of
the war^ and many problems arose in connection with their useo
Investigations were necessary in connection with the approval
testing of paint, the standardization of colourSn the deter°
mination of duralDllity in service n the adjustment of dif-
ficulties in use., the cleaning and preparing of the metal
for painting, and the selection of priming and finish paints
and of special paints for wood bodieso

As paint is one of the chief materials relied
upon for camouflage of buildings and permanent ground instal-
lations, camouflage paints and camouflage materials were
studied in detailo Paints were selected suitable for
Canadian use on coastal defence installations^, buildings^, and
air fields J these included types for application to concreteo
and to asphalt roadways.o as well as to wood and to metalo
Specifications were written to control their purchase and
inspectiono Experiments were conducted.o and recommendations
made^ in respect to camouflage painting of motor vehicle s^,
packing cases, galvanized roof s^, Airforce buildingSn and run™
wayso When the use of steel wool for camouflage purposes
introduced painting problems, since this material must be
well protected by paint to prevent its destruction by cor-
rosionc, the Laboratory made recommendations as to paints
and painting procedures,, carried out tests of paints,., and
adjusted difficulties in early productiono This made pos--
slble the production of considerable quantities of steel-
wool camouflage nets in Canada in 1942o Recommendations
were made as to methods of finishing other camouflage
materials such as paper garnlshingj, camouflage cloth^
camouflage netSc, and tentSo Accelerated weathering tests
were conducted on a number of these materials o Close

113

study was directed to the matter of Infrared reflectivity
of camouflage paints, so that^ when the Army requested In--
formation early in 1943,, the Laboratory was well prepared
to deal with the mattero Infrared reflectance standards
had been assembled,, and equipment for measuring infrared
reflectance had been set up and calibratedo In this con-^ ^
nectlon a number of samples of paint from production w^-ne
tested;, and recommendations were made to manufacturers as
to choice of pigments and manufacturing methods o

In 1943 a request was received from the Depart-
ment of National Defence for a material which would make
canvas to itage resistait to water,, flame and mildew, and
would aloo be satisfactory for comouflageo A survey of
commercially available materials was made without finding
one that was entirely suitablec Accordingly, development
work was undertaken to formulate such a material and to
provide test methods for determining its effectivenesso
When satisfactory samples had been prepared in the Labor-
atory. International Paints (Canada) Ltdo co-operated by
making pilot plant plant batches from the most promising
formulae c The development erf suitable materials and test
methods permitted the writing of a specification for the
preservative compound in collaboration with the Textile
Laboratoryo The preservative material chosen consisted of
a chlorinated hydrocarbon base containing fire retardent
pigments such as antimony oxide o Practical trials of the
material on Army tents, carried out by Army personnel
under the supervision of the Laboratory staff, demonstrated
that the treatment was satlsfactoryo More recentlyc, a
large sample was supplied to the British Army Staff in
India for experimental worko

Proper painting of landing barges constructed of
plywood was an important problem on which the advice of the
Laboratory was requestedo After a study of the construction
of the vessels and of the conditions of useo a painting
scheme was prepared and put into effecto The Laboratory
also assisted in providing decontamlnable paints for use
on folding boats and pontoons when the existing specifiC'=
at ions were found to be unsuitable o

Occasional inquiries regarding the usefulness
and availability of luminous paints were received through^
out the war periodo Shortly after commencing work on phos-
phorescent paints, it was realized that there was an urgent
necessity for a method of measuring the brightness or lumin-
osity of the paint coatings and the duration of such bright-
nesso There was also need for the establishment of minimum

JO

114

requirements for brightness and for the preparation of a
specification which would include all of the essential
features of a phosphorescent painto It was soon discovered
that physicists had not yet been successful in devising a
simple and rapid method for measuring the brightness of sur-
faces at such low levels of brightness o The use of the
MacBeth photometer was tedious since the observer must spend
at least forty minutes becoming dark-adapted before taking
a reading^' furthermore,, the accuracy obtainable was un"
satisfactoryo Considerable time was spend endeavouring to
reproduce and to improve a photographic method originated
by the United States Army, but it was eventually abandoned^
About this time new methods were introduced in Great Britain
and in the United State So The American apparatus was based -
on the use of photoelectric cells ^ this method was not con-
sidered acceptable because the relationship between the
human eye and the photoelectric cell at low levels of bright-
ness is not adequately knowno The British method proved
satisfactory and was adopted© It consisted essentially of
a modified MacBeth photometer with a built-in device for
subjecting the sample to a standardized irradiation with
ultraviolet light o It did not, however^ eliminate the nee--
essity for becoming dark-adapted before making measurement So
The necessary apparatus was constructed by the Optics Labor-
atory and., after a study of available commercial products^ a
specification (No,. PR-2) was prepared to cover a luminous
paint having high initial brightness and to cover one having
long af ter^-glowo

Extensive work was carried out on fire retardant
paint for shipSo Methods for the removal of heavy^ oil-paint
coatings were studied., and ships at Halifax were inspected
to determine the condition of the painted areas with respect
to fire hazardo Recommendations for stripping and refinishing
were madeo Specifications for fire retardant paints were
written^ methods of test were compared,, and commercial products
were evaluatedo Other Naval paints considered included an
interior coating for drinking water tanks., interior anti-
condensation coatings, insulating varnishes., and exterior
camouflage paints o A detailed study of gloss requirement s^
gloss standards, and measurements of gloss was carried outo

Aircraft finishes of many types were investigatedo
A major project was the selection of a suitable coating for
the interior of plywood gasoline and alcohol tankSo This
study was completed in collaboration with the Structures
Laboratory of the Division of Mechanical Engineeringo

c .' i J:^it.

115

Protective coatings for tropical use were studied
in detailp particular attention "being given to the evaluation
of rotproofing coatings for woodo The evaluation of wood
preservatives and rot resistant materials had always been
difficult and time'-consumingo During 1944 the Protective
Coatings Laboratory developed a new method of test for such
substance Sc involving the determination of loss in tensile
strength of wood veneer strips dipped in the preservative
and subjected to soil burialo By this means a numerical
index of the efficiency of rotproofing agents can be obtained,
In addition.., performance testing of packaging waxes^ mildew-
proofing lacquerSi, and canvas preservatives was carried outo

TREATMENT FOR "TRENCH MOUTH"

In the clinical treatment of "trench mouth"^
officers of the Dental Corps had observed that Fowler's
solution (ioeo i% arsenious oxide in water^, neutralized
with potassiiim hydroxide) and hydrogen peroxide -- both of
which are old remedies of none too great effectiveness -
when mixed together, became much more effective than would
bo expectedo Efforts were made to utilize this discovery^,
but the mixture was found to have defects which could not
b6 corrected^ It etched the teeth badly in its original
condition; if made sufficiently alkaline to prevent etching^
the peroxide decomposed and the mixture was not effective;
and, if made neutral., or faintly acid enough to be stable^
etching reappearedo When the matter was referred to the
National Research Council^p it was felt in the Division of
Chemistry that further study in the light of the above
observation might lead to a solution of the problemo

The etching was clearly caused by the fact that
arsenates, produced from arsenites in Fowler "s solution by
oxidation with the hydrogen peroxide^, are isomorphous (that
l3, crystallize in identical form) with the phosphates of
the teetho Thus a solution containing arsenate,, placed in
contact with the teeth, removes a layer of phosphate,, and
deposits in its place a layer of arsenate^ This is later
removed as a foreign substance by the saliva, and the effect
l3 repeated at each use of the solutiono

A study of the underlying causes shows that there
is only one way of combatting this difficulty;, namely.n the
use of a solution actually supersaturated with respect to
tooth substance y largely calcium and magnesium phosphateSo
Since such supersaturated solutions can be prepared only by
special methods^ it is clear why earlier efforts had not
succeededo

116

The ultimate objective was a useful treatment in
tablet form butj, since the need was urgent r, a recipe was
first provided which involved mixing a number of separate
solutionso By this procedure it is quite easy to secure
several-fold super saturation and, fortunately, in the case
of calcium phosphate such supersaturated solutions are ade-
quately stable^ if mixed only as needed for immediate dis-
pensingo

The development p however p of a dry powder which
would dissolve to provide a supersaturated solution was
hardly expected to be successfulp since it is axiomatic
that solids will not dissolve past the saturation point©
After much experimenting^, however ;, it was discovered that
a mixture of sodium or potassium phosphate with a calcium
salt such as the benzoate would readily produce solutions
considerably supersaturated© ThiSp no doubt, is due to the
organic nature of the calcium benzoate g it apparently dis-
solves as intact molecules and ionises later only after
adequate dilution has been secured to prevent immediate pre-
cipltatlono

The next recipe therefore used these salts but
still required that the preparation be left as a more or
less loose powder, for when this powder was pressed into
compact tablets the intimate contact resulted in the pro-
duction of insoluble calcium and magnesium phosphates o The
powder was therefore packaged in capsules, to be dissolved
in peroxide at the time of dispensing© A large number of
tests were then made on methods of preparing a tablet which
would still remain soluble after long storage© It was found
that a frothing agent added still greater efficacy to the
mixture p so different ways of incorporating this frothing
agent were tested in attempts to stabilize the tablet© The
best method found was to coat all particles of the powder
with the frother by adding it to the powder as a benzene
solutionp rather than by incorporating it by grinding© These
coated grains could then be mixedo without further grinding,
and pressed into tablets©

The stability of the tablets produced in this way
was tested by subjecting them alternately to a temperature
of 60**Co for forty-eight hours, and then to 98% humidity at
20®C© for an equal period© After fifteen such cycles they
were found to retain over 90% solubility, although they had
swelled and crumbled slightly© Yet one drop of liquid water
will cause a tablet to set immediately to a hardness resem-
bling concrete©

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117

All clinical tests during this work were conducted
by the Canadian Dental Corps o The Department of Pensions
and National Health made a valuable contribution by studying
the toxicity of this form of arseniCo Prom these toxicity
studies it would appear that the minim\am lethal dose for
man would be about one tablet every day for a week 5 and since
each patient is issued only one tablets, already dissolved
in peroxide^ there seems no danger of accident in this re-
spect o Although many thousands of cases have now been
treated with this prescription, no single case of any re-
action attributable to the arsenic has yet been notedo
Many cases of sensitivity to the peroxide are found but
these are readily adjusted by using it rather weaker, and
the symptoms rapidly disappear after discontinuing its use©

In many cases twenty-four hours" treatment will
arrest,, and very markedly improve ^ serious conditions of
the mouth; and only rarely is treatment as long as a week
neededo Patients who cannot eat are frequently comfortable
after one day.o that is.^ after four applications of the treats
mento Many conditions other than that commonly known as
"trench mouth", benefit markedly.^ for example, several cases
of Vincent's infection of the tonsils have been cured by its
usee Indeed.o many inflammatory conditions of the mouth ap-
pear to involve organisms against which this treatment is
beneficialo

MISCELLANEOUS INVESTIGATIONS

Anti-Dim Materials

Anyone who has had his spectacles fog over in the
winter-time upon entering a warm room will understand how
serious the fogging of goggles or gas mask can be for a
soldier or airman in combat o Ant i -dim materials commonly
in use are all soluble substances and are^ therefore ^ removed
readily as soon as condensation occurso During the defrosting
Investigations it was noted that the polyethers of myricyl
alcohol have properties v^ich make them valuable as anti-dim
agent So If the ether chain is not too long^ that is,, if it
Is less than about forty units long, these ethers are hardly
soluble in water at alio They are., however., quite active
antl-'dims with any chain length above about eight unitSo
Consequently.-, within this range, effective anti-dims may be
obtained which are sufficiently insoluble that one application
of material may be used over long periodSo The Chemical War-
fare Laboratories tested these materials and found them very
satisfactoryo

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118

Plastic Armour

Early in the waro at the request of the Navy^ an
attempt was made to improve the plastic armour then in use as
a substitute for steel armour plateo This plastic armour con-
sisted of a mixture of gravely limestone^ and asphalto About
a year of continuous effort was spent experimenting with
various shapes and mesh sizes of the gravely different types
of gravel and different ways smd means of fabricationo In
addition to this, a new type of non^etallic armour was de-
veloped, which consisted of crushed rock bonded with sodium
silicateo

REPORTS

Textiles

Bayley^ Co Ho The Effect of Light and Air on the Accuracy of
Cuprammonlum Fluidity Measurements on Textile Cottono

Bayleyp Co Ho Effect of a Permanent Water Repellent Finish
(Velan) on the Removal by Laundering of Stains Pre-
dominantly of an Oil^Soluble Type© NoRoCo Report Noo
C2286-43S, Maro 18^ 1944o

Bayley, Co Ho Notes on the Dry and Wet Chlorination Processes
for Pre-shrinking Woolo Report to NoRoCo Co-ordo Com*
Protecto Equip o p DeCo 8;, 1944o

Bayley^ Co Ho Improved Fabric for Vamp Linings and Doublers
for ShoeSo Report to NoRoCo Co-ordo Como Protecto
Equipo5 July 25p 1944o

Bayley, Co Ho Camouflage Dyeing of Army Clothingo Report to
NoRoCo Co-ordo Como Protecto Equipo p Septo 18^ 1944o

Bayley^ Co Ho Investigation of Improved Fabric for RoCoAoF.
Raincoat So Report to NoRoCo Co-^ordo Como Protecto
Equipop Maro 28^ 1945o

Bayleyp Co Ho Dry Cleanability of Co Wo Ao Co Cap Peak Stiff enerso
Report to NoRoCo Co^ordo Com. Protecto Equipo,, May^ 1944o

Bayleyp Co Ho Examination of Four Types of Tents as Requested
by Chiefs of Staff Sub-Commo on Protective Equipment, (in
connection with the 1943=44 winter trials) « NoRoCo Report
NOo C548-44Sn June 28^ 1944o

VLB ri'C zV.

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119

Bayley^ CoHo Kaumagraph Markings on GS SockSo Report to
Co«=ordo Cqwo Protecto Equipo « Novo 27^ 1944o

Bayley^ Co Ho Report on the Situation in Great Britain and
Canada with Respect to Tentage Ducko Report to NoRoC*
Co°ordo Conio Protecto Equipo , Deco 8;, 1944*

Bayley^ CoHo Notes on the Copper-Iron (''CupronO Process
for the Rotproof ing of Cotton TextileSo Report, to
NoRoCo Co-ordo Como Protecto Equipop DeCo 22^ 1944.

Bayleyo CoHo Notes on the Rotproof ing of Cotton and Linen
Sewing Threado Report to NoRoCo Co-ordo Como Protect.
Equipo , Jano 23p 1945o

Bayleyp CoHo Notes on the Rotproof ing of Woolo Report to
NoRoCo CO"Ordo Como Protecto Equipo ^ Pebo 8, 1945.

Bay ley, CoHo Situation in Canada with Respect to the Use of
the Iron°Chromium (Mineral Dyeing) Process for the Rot-
proofing of Cottono Report to NoRoCo Co-ordo Com.
Protecto Equipo , Maro 31, 1944o

Bayley, CoHo Rotproofness Tests on Cotton Thread Treated by
the Cutch"Copper-Ammonia ( »CCA' ) "Process, N.RoCo Report
NOo C1695-^44S, Pebo 3, 1945o

Bayley, C.Ho Plameproof ing of Cotton Textiles used by Muni-
tions Workerso NoRoCo Report NOo C822°41S, July 2, 1941,

Bayley, CoHo The Souring Operationo Laundry & Dry Cleaning
JouTo Cano 19^ NoVo ^ 15-17, 21 (1939 )o

Bay ley, CoHo Modified Short Pormula with Silicated Alkaline
Builderso Laundry & Dry Cleaning Jouro Cano 20, March
8="9, 30 (1940).

Bayley, CoHo Standards for Military Worko Laundry & Dry
Cleaning Jouro Cano 20p Septo^ 8-11 (1940) o

Bayley,, CoHo Laundering Coloured GoodSo Laundry & Dry
Cleaning Jouro Cano 21j, July, 8-10 (1941) o

Bayley, CoHo Dry Cleaning - Laundering - Cotton Textiles.
Cano Chemo & Proco Indo 26p 47-50 (1942) o

Bayley, CoHo War°time ProblemSo Laundry & Dry Cleaning Jour<
Cano 22^ Octo, 9p 20-21 (1942).

9IX

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lo 82XJ erlct ort cfoeqeeH rtitlw arcnBO nl nol^fltrr?
•mod oi)io-»oO cO^HoW o^ 710 ■

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120

Bayley^ CoHo Questions and Answers - a monthly featiire in
the Laundry and Dry Cleaning Journal of Canada of
since May 1943o

Bayleyp Co Ho Detergent Properties of Soaps Containing

Bentoniteo NoRoCo Report NOo C585=4535 Augo 17^ 1945o

Bayley^, Co Ho and Larose,, Po Testing Defence Textileso 1941
Manual of the Textile Industry^ Po 78o

Bayley, CoHo and LarosOo Po Research on War Uses of TextileSo
1943 Manual of the Textile Industry., po 85o

Bayleyp CoHo^ Rose^ GoRoPo and Weatherburn^ Ao So ThQ Applic-
ation of Dust-laying Oils to Wool, Cano Jo Reso P24p
224-^231 (1946) o

Bayleyp CoHo^, Rose,, GoRoPo and Weatherburn^ AoSo Chemical

Aspects of the Application of Dust°laying Oil to Cotton©
Cano Jo Re So P2j4^ Septo 348-359, 1946 o

Bayley, CoHo and Tweedie^, AoSo Examination of the Rot Re-
sistance of Various Mineral Dyed Ducks of Canadian
Manufacture o Report to NoRoCo CO'=ordo Como Protect©
Equipo , Septo lis. 1944o

Bayley, CoHo and Tweedie., AoSo Comparative Launderabilities
of Certain Cotton Uniform Cloths of Canadian and UoSoA©
Manufactureo NoRoCo Report Noo C890-45S, Pebo 1, 1946©

Bayley, CoH© and Weatherburn, MoW© Observations on the Growth
of Some Coppertolerant Pungi on Cotton PabricSo Can©
Textile JouTo 62^ Maro 9., 34'=36p 46 (1945) and Amer©
Dyestuff Reporter^ 34^ 247=248 (1945) o

Bayleyp CoH© and Weatherburn^ M©Wo A Study of the Effect of
Leaching on the Rotproofing Efficacy of Copper Naph-
thenate© Amero Dyestuff Reporter, 34p 457-460, 471-473
(1945)©

Bayley, CoH© and Weatherburnc, MoW© The Effect of Weathering
on Cotton Pabric Containing Certain Copper Rotproofers©
Can© Jo Reso P24^ 193-202,, (1946)©

Bayley, CoH© ana Weatherburn, MoWo The Effect of Weathering
on Rotprpofed Cordage© Amer© Dyestuff Reporter, 35,
218p 235-236 (1946)©

051

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iI^woiO ©rict no anoxaBvieeoO ^WcM jfla^iaierfitBeW i)nB oHV.O ,X9*T*S
ofiBO -.eolndBS no:t:foO no Ignjj^ ^naielo JieqqoO ©mo2 lo
oiemA i?nB (5^S.:} a^ ,^S--^S .9 ibT,! .26 ,TXfoL elf^-sT

lo cfoollE ori;t lo rbu^E A oW^M ,^Ai'::iJCfi9r{:yBeW baB oHoO r^YelY^e^
-riqBK teqqoO lo Y-^J^oillS 3nlioo*iq:fofl eilcf no ^irio&ed

3ni:ierf;tBeW lo ^toallS ©oT oWoM .n r;.rd'i©rid-BeW bna „K oO c^el^JE^S
oeieloo'iq:tofl leqqoO ni.Bu*^i©0 ^nliiltiJnoO oI'icfB'^ no:^.+oO no

gn i lerlitfift W lo ;t 0 sllH. erfP o W o M ,, niirrfi an ^ BeW nriB ., M 0 v el •^ bS
„5£ q©H llif^faaYCT o'leii^A „e3Bfc'ioO f)eloo'ic

121

Bayley^ Co Ho and Weathorburn^ Mo Wo The Effect of Accelerated
Weathering on Cotton Thread "Proofed by the Cutch-Copper=
Anmonia Prooeaa and the Chrome ProceaSo Report to NoRoCo
Co-ordo Como Protect* Equipo., Maro 24., 1945,

Bayley, Co Ho and Weatherburn^ Mo We Investigation of the use
of Ammonium Humate in the Rotproofing of Cotton Fabric o
NoRoCo Report NOo C922'-45S<, Marc 23^ 1945o

Bay ley., Co Ho and Weatherburn., Mo Wo Copper-S^Hydroxy-quinoline
as a Rotproofing Treatment o NoRoCc Report NOo C77-46S5
Apro 17 p 1946 o

Bayleyp Co Ho and Weatherburn. Mo Wo The Cupron Rotproofing
Treatmento N.RoCo Report NOo C916-45S5 Mar, 12, 1946.

Bayley, Co Ho and Weatherburn^ AoSo Chemical Aspects of the
Application of Dust-laying Oils to Woolo Cano J. Reso
F25, 402=412 (1945),

Larosep Po Tensile Strength Tests, Cano Textile Jour. 57,
NOo 1, S5 (1940).

Larose„ P. A New Form of Abrasion Testero Cano Jo Res. A18,
161-164 (1940).

Larose, Po The Breaking Strength of FabricSo Jo Textile
Insto 32, T167-T178 (1941) o

Larose n P. Pectic Substances in Cottono Cano Jouro Reso
Bi9, 61-64 (1941).

Larose o Po Lea Keratines© Revue Trimestrielle Canadienne^
27, 271-284 (1941).

Larose, P. The Water Absorption by TowelSo Amer. Dyestuff
Reporter 31^ 105-108, 123-124 (1942) o

Larose, Po Expansion of Textile Research, Cano Textile
Jouro 60p Octo 22^ 15«16 (1943).

Larose, P. Application of Statistics to Textile Manufacturing*
Can„ Textile Jouro 62, Jam 12^ 39, 42, 43 (1945).

Larose, P. Standard Regain of TextileSo Cano Textile Jour©
62, July 13, 42, 51 (1945).

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122

Larosop Po Newer Fibres, Cano Chenio & ProCo Indo 29,
476-479 (1945) o

Larose, Po Variation in Thermal Insulation of Double Pile
Fabrics with Thicknessc NoRoCo Report NOo C465»42S5
May 6^ 1942^ AoCoAoMoRo Report NOo C2460e

Larose^ Po Compressibility and Thickness of Pile Fabricso

NoRoCo Report NOo C2075'-42So Octo 19^ 1942^ AcCoAoMoRo
Report NOo C2337o

Larosep Po Compression of Milkweed, Kapok and Polystyrene
FibreSo AoCcAoMoRo Report NOo C2404o

Larose^ P. Compressibility of Double Pile FabricSo AeCoAoMoR.
Report NOo C2406o

Larose, Po Compressibility and Recovery of Candlewick
FabricSo AoCoAoM«Ro Report Noo C2407o

Larosep P« Thermal Insulation of Interlining Fabric with
Coverall MaterialSo AoCoAoM«Ro Report NOo C2411o

Larosep Po Compression and Recovery of Insole MaterialSo
AoC.AoM,Ro Report NOo C2430o

Larose^, Po Compressibility of Worn Flying Suit Liningo
AoCoAoNoRo Report NOo C2469o

Larose.o Po The Effect of Moisture Content on Thickness,

Compressibility and Recovery of Pile FabricSo AoCoAoMoRo
Report NOo C2498o

Larose, Po Thermal Insulation due to Protection Given by

Coverall Materials of Various Permeabilitieso AoCoAoMoRo
Report NOc C2611o

Larose,, Po Test Methods - A Revised Compressibility Method©
AoCrAoMoRo Report NOo C2687o

Larose^o Po The Measurement of Compressibility of Double Pile
FabricSo AoCeAoMoRo Report NOo C2688o

Larose ^, P. Change in Thickness of Double Pile Fabric with
Moisture Contento AoCoAoMoRo Report NOo C2654o

Larose p P« Thermal Insulation of 1/4" Cork and l/2" Wool
Double Pile FabriCo AoCoAoMoRo Report Noo C2936o

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123

Larose^ Po Sock Shrinkageo NoRoCo Report NOo C78-46Sp
June lOp 1946 o

Larose^ Po and Burton^ AoCo Comparison of Methods of Measure-
ment of Thermal Insulation of PabricSo AoCoAoMoRo
Report NOo C2410o

Larose, Po and GoodingSp AoC» Test Methods and Ratings,
AoCoAoMoRo Report NOo C2419o

Puddingtono loEo Properties of Cat^tail Plosso NoRoCo
Report No. C1877°42Sp Septo 29^ 1942o

Rose, GoRoPo and Bayley^ Co Ho Strength Tests on Cotton Duck,
Cano Textile Jouro 58. Augo 15 ^ 31-32 (1941) o

Tweedie, AoSo and Bayley^ C,Ho Preservation of Cordage o

Amero Dyestuff Reporter, 33, 373=374, 378=379 (1944) o

Tweedie, AoSo and Bayley^, CoHo Deterioration of Plame-

proofed Cotton PabriCo Cano Textile Jour, 60, Aug, 27,
31, 33 (1943),

Weatherburn^ MoW. and Bayley^ Co Ho Hydrolysis Method for
the Determination of Copper in Copper-Naphthenate-
Treated MaterialSo Cano Chemo & Proco Indo 29, 52 (1945)

Weatherburn^ AoSo^) Weatherburn. MoWo and Bayley, CH, Deter-
mination of Copper and Zinc in their NaphthenateSo Ind,
Engo Chemo p Analo Ed« 16 ^ 703 (1944) «

Leather and Allied Products

Brown^ Ac Co Tests on Greases for Stuffing Upper Leather,
N.RoCo Report NOo C210'43S, April 22^ 1943,

Brown^ AoGo Analysis of Dressing Compound for Militia Boot
Upperso NoRoCo Report Noo C8-44S, April 4, 1944,

Brown, AoGo Waterproofing Tests on Mitt Leatherso NoRoC,
Report NOo C683"45So Septo 24, 1945,

Brown, AoGo Tests of Various Pormulations of Visole

(Synthetic) Soleingo NoRoCo Report NOo C165-44S,
April 28, 1944,

Brown, AoGo and Wood, Wo Tests of Samples of Shoe Polish
to Speco lGP-'48o NoRoCo Report NOo C416-44S, June 7,
1944,

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124

Gallay. Wo Substitutes for Sole Leathero Jo Amo Leather
Chemo Assoco 38^ 250-255 (1943) o

Gallay^ Wo Replacements for Shoe Leathero Cano Chemo &
Proco Indo 27p 551-554 (1943) o

Gallay^ Wo Synthetics in ShoeSo Modern Plastics 21 « 95=98„
180p 182 (1944)o ""

Gallay Wo Shoe Sole Materialo Cano Pato 424^,9380 Jano 9^,
1946 o

Gallay^ Wo and Tapp., Jo So Deterioration of Shoe Upper Leather,
Jo Amo Leather Chemo AssoCo 36^ 513=525 (1941) «

Gallay o Wo and Tapp. Jo So Determination of the Real Density
of Leathero Jo Amo Leather Chemo Assoco 37„ 140-150
(1942)o

Tapp, Jo So Available Information on Dubbin^ NoRoCo #6o
NoRoCo Report NOo C1919'=41S, Octo 30, 1941o

Corrosion

Broiighton, JoWo Tests of Aviation Fuel Stored in Drums
Treated with Various Finishes by Corrosion Research
Laboratoryo NoRoCo Report Noo MP'-1981^ Septo 25, 1945o

Cohen„ Mo An Apparatus for Measuring Corrosiono TranSo
Electrochemo SoCo 87^ 221°226 (1945) «

Cohen, Mo Sodium Hexametaphosphate as a Corfosion Inhibitor
for Ottawa Tap Water^ TranSo Electrochemo SoCo 89,
193-207 (1946) o

Cohen, Mo and Halferdahlo AoCo Tropicalization of Motor
Vehicles - Interim Report IIo NoRoCo Report NOo
01855-443, March 6, 1945o

Cohen.o Mo,, Puddington,, loEo and Halferdahl^, AoCo Tropical^
ization of Motor Vehicles - Interim Report TIIo NoRoCo
Report C45-45Sp Apro 11, 1945o

Cohen.n Mo, Stegmayer^ GoMo and Half erdahl, AoCo Tropical-
ization of Motor Vehicles - Interim Report IVs Re
Corrosion of Brake DrumSo NoRoCo Report Noo C412-45S,
June 25 „ 1945o

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125

Halferdahlp AoCo^ Michael^ ToHoGo and Griff ith,. ToRo • Insula-
tion of Magnesium Alloys from Steele NoRoiCo Report Noo
C450-44S, June 14,, 1944 (mimeographed) o

Half erdahl^, AoCo and Stegmayer^, Go Mo Experiments under

Fouling Conditions of Aluminum and Steel Panels Having
Metal Spray and Paint CoatingSo NoRoCo Report NOo
C4"44Sp April 4^ 1944o

Halferdahl, AoCoo Stegmayer,, GoMo and Hennessy^ Eo Tests on
Rust Preventive Oils and GreaseSo NoRoCo Report NOo
C1500-43Sp Octo 29<, 1943 (mimeographed) o

Migurska,. Ko and Halferdahl, AoCo Preliminary Corrosion

Tests with Perchloric Acid and with Fuming Nitric Acido
NoRoCo Report NOo C803-44S., Ai;igo 21p 1944o

Stogmayerp GoMo and Halferdahl, AoCo Corrosion Tests on

Rust Preventive Oils^ Waxes and Greases after Condition-
ing with Airo NoRoCo Report Noo C1576'=44Sp Jano 10^
1945 (Mimeographed) o

Stegmayerp GoMo and Halferdahl^ AoCo Interim Report on

Packages for Tropical Shipment exposed to Humidity Testo
NoRoCo Report NOo C1599-44S. Jano 16^ 1945o

Stegmayerp GoMo and Halferdahlp AoCo Humidity Tests on

Packages ■= Further Test Results on Vapour Transmission©
NoRoCo Report NOo C1708-44S, Febo 6, 1945o

Stegmayer. GoMo and Halferdahl, AoCo Laboratory Testing of
(a) Monel Metal and Everdur Metal suggested for over-
head icing tanks in refrigerator cars; and of (b)
Farbertite, Tygon linings and asphalt for the bottom
of flues in refrigerator carso NoRoCo Report NOo
C905='45Sp Febo 25^ 1946 «

Thomasp JoFoJo Corrosion Researcho Cano Chemo & ProCo Indo
26^ 169'-171 (1942) o

Thomasp JoFoJo The Effect of Dishwashing Compounds on
Aluminumo Cano Jo ReSo Bol9p 153-157 (1941) o

Thomas p JoFoJo Inhibition of Corrosion of Aluminum and Other
Metals in Soda Ash SolutionSo Cano Jo ReSo B21p 43°53
(1943)o

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126

Thomas^ JoPoJo Report of Experiments on the Corrosion of
Steel by Used Crankcase OilSo Part Is The Effect of
Treatment of the Oil with Magnesium and Other MetalSo
NoRoCo Report NOo C94<-40Sp June 3^ 1940 (Mimeographed) o

Thomas, JoPoJo and Halferdahl. AoCo Comparative Corrosion
Resistance to Sea-Water of Low^-Alloyp High-^Strength
SteelSo Cano Chemo & Proco Indo 29., 43-48 (1945To

ThomaSi, JoPoJo and Half'erdahl^ Ac Co Corrosion Resistance of
some Commercial Aluminum Alloys in Sea°Watero NoRoCo
Report Noc 01042^ 43S. Augo 1942o (Mimeographed) o

ThomaSo JoPoJc and Halferdahlo Ac Co Preliminary Corrosion
Tests on Metals^, Alloys and Protective Coatings in the
Construction of Aviation Gasoline Containerso NoRoC«
Report NOo C1113-'40Po March, 1941o

Protective Coatir^a

Hopkins, CoYo Pire Retardant PaintSo Report for Naval Service^
NoRoCo Report NOo C812='43S^o July 10^ 1943o

Hopkins n CoYo Rust Preventive Compounds « NoRoCo Report No©
C3545°42Sp Mar© 11^ 1943o

Hopkins r, CoYc Adhesion of Paint to Galvanized Iron© NoRoCo
Report NOo C824"42Sn June 15, 1942o

Hopkins. CoYo Insulating Impregnating VamisheSo NoRoCo
Report NOo C360-43S, May 17,, 1943 «

Hopkins., CoYo Modern Methods of Paint Testingo Official
Digest Pederation Paint and Varnish Production ClubSp
NOo 215 0 94-^101 (1942)o

HopkinSo CoYo Paint Research -= War Problems in Manufacture^
Application^ Specifications and TestSo Cano Chemo &
ProCo Indo 26,. 227'-229, 247 (1942) «

Hopkins^ CoYo Paint Researcho Can© Paint and Varnish
Magazine, 19^ NOo 3.o PPo 13p 16o 53 (1945) o

Hopkins, CoYo Accelerated Weathering Tests of Enamels on
Steel and Correlation with Outdoor Exposuroo ProCo
Ao So To Mo 40, 289-294 (1940) o

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127

Hopkins, CoYo and Coldwelli, BoBo Surface Coatings for Rot=
proofing Woodo Cano Chemo & Proco Indo 28, 849=851
(1944)o ~

Hopkins, CoYo and Michael^. To Ho Go Paint for Fresh Water
TankSo NoRoCo Report Noo C718-43Sj, June 29, 1943*

Hopkins.o C«Yo and Michael^ ToHoGo Evaluation of Marine Anti =
Condensation Paint So Cano Chemo & ProCo Indo 28,
629--630 (1944) o

Hopkins^ CoYo and Mchael, T«HoGo Underwater Paint for ShipSo
NoRcCo Reports NOo C2201-43So Maro 2, 1944,o and C669-45S5
Septo 22^ 1945o

Hopkins^, CoYo and Michael, ToHoGo Effect of Irradiation on
Varsolo NoRoCo Report NOo C1588-43S, NoVo 11,, 1943o

Michaelp ToHoGo Phosphorescent PaintSo NoRoCo Publication
Noo 1119; (Mimeographed).

Michaelp ToHeGo Phosphorescent Painto Canadian Paint and
Varnish Magazine, NOo 8, ppo 5^ 20 (1943) «

Michaelp ToHoG* Examination of Gasoline Tank Lining CoatingSo
NoRoCo Report Noo C1930'-44S, March 20, 1945,

Michaelo ToHoGo Heat Resistant Paints for Engineso N«RoCo
Report NOo C1984-44S, Maro 28, 1945o

Michael, ToHoGo Magnetic EaseJ for Use in Spraying Test
PanelSo Indo Engo Chemo, Anale Edo 17, 464 (1945) o

Michael, ToHoGo Phosphorescent Painto Canadian Paint and
Varnish Magazine, NOo 8, ppo 5, 20 (1943) o

Michael, ToHoGo and Hopkins, CoYo Packaging WaxeSo NoRoCo
Report NOo C1709-44S, Pebo 7, 1945o

Michael, ToHoGo and Hopkins, CoYo Laboratory Schedule for
the Examination of Paint So Cano Chemo & ProCo Indo
29p 455-457 (1945) o

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128

Treatment for "Trench Mouth**

Stedman, DoPo Periodontia Corapositiono Can. Pat. Appo
527,025, May 23, 1945.

Stedman, D.P. and Sterns, S. Development of Treatment for
»Trench Mouthy N.R.C. Report No. C310-45S, May 17,
1945o

Mlacellaneoua Investigations

Gallay, Wo Plastic Armour. N.R.Co Report Nos. C1598-41S,
Sept. 24, 1941 and C1825-41S, Oct. 20, 1941.

Gallay, W. First Report on Non-Metallic Armoiir. N.R.C.
Report Noo C2663-41S, January 1942.

Gallay^ W. Second Report on Non-Metallic Armour, N.R.C.
Report NOo C360-42S, April 1942.

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129

Eo CHEMICAL WARFARE

EVOLUTION OP ORGANIZATION WITHIN CHEMISTRY DIVISION^
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

During the First World War no investigations on
chemical warfare ^o either offensive or defensive ^ were carried
out in Canada^ nor was there any manufacture in Canada of
offensive or defensive supplies or equipment o Furthermore^
Canada was one of the signatories of the 1925 Geneva Protocol
outlawing gas warfare^ so thatp in the years following the
armistice of 1918,, the subject was permitted to become chiefly
one of academic interest o

About 1934"5o after the Manchurian incident of 1932
and the changes in the German government, it began to appear
desirable that some thought be given to chemical warfare and,
at the request of the Department of National Defence c, a
member of the staff of the Division of Chemistry was author-
ized to devote some time to reviewing the technical literat-
ure in this field and to keeping informed regarding new de-
velopments^ for 5 while there was no thought of Canada build-
ing up a military establishment for carrying out this type
of warfare, it was definitely in the national interest to
give thought to defensive measures against it©

In 1937 the Department of National Defence con^
sidered the assembly of respirators in Canada and the manu-
facture of at least some of their components©

In 1938 the Department of National Defence asked
the National Research Council to send a member of its staff
to England to inspect the various plants making respirator
components and assembling complete respiratorso While in
England he also attended a course at the Chemical Defence
Experimental Station at Porton. On his return to Canada it
was considered that our knowledge was now sufficient to
warrant the Canadian manufacture of respirators, importing
only a few of the components from the United Kingdom© This
work was taken in hand by the Department of National Defence
with our staff member acting as consultant,, and a small
laboratory was set up in the National R/^aearch Council to
test the respirator containers and tie active charcoal used
therein*

During this time o\ir contacts with the Department
of National Defence were becoming more numerous^ and to
Improve liaison, an Associate Committee on Container Proofing

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130

and Research was organiaedo Its terms of reference covered
only the defence aspect^ and the chief attention was given
to the manufacture of respiratorSo The advent of war found
the respirator production programme well advanced and the
National Research Council with the nucleus of an organizationo
The Research Council staff had also gained some experience
in 1938 by the preparation of small amounts of mustard gasj,
chloracetophenonec, and brombenzyl cyanide ^ for use in summer
training of troops at military campSo

About April 1940p plans were made to start a
reference libraryo This took in charge the small number of
British chemical warfare reports which up to that time had
been kept in the Council's administrative section and it
also received from National Defence a large number of Army
specifications^, such as those for paints and chemicals©
Efforts to augment this collection were not immediately satis=
factory^ for at that time no direct liaison had been estab-
lished in London, however^, this condition soon improved© Air
Raid Precautions literature was also acquired and indexed©

At the start of the war^ offers of assistance
poured in from all pacts of Canada - in particular, from the
universitieSo As needs became clearer^ it was possible to
utilize the services so offeredo In the chemical warfare
workp some fifty to sixty projects were initiated in the
first two years of the war© Out of this work came valuable
assistance on subjects of immediate interest and also a
supply of well'-trained scientists^ who subsequently joined
the staff of the chemical warfare organizationo

After Dunkirk,, the growth of the Chemical Warfare
Section of the Division of Chemistry accelerated,, and so did
its activities© A number of the staff members went into
uniform and were seconded back to the National Research Council
to carry on with their work© Many new aspects of chemical
defence were consideredi and knowledge of the work was spread
by bringing into the Associate Committee representatives of
the Army,; of the Navyc, and of the Air Force © A number of
staff members were sent to the United Kingdom at various times
to become familiar with the work being carried on there^ and
to inform workers there of Canadian plans and investigationSo

Early in 1941,, the Associate Committee was dis^
solved and the Laboratory staff became the Research Estab°
lishment (CoWo) under the Army^s Directorate of Technical
Research© This may be considered the formal separation of
the chemical warfare group from the organization of the

n-e e

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131

Division of Chemistryo However, some civilian members of
the establishment remained on the Research Council payroll
for some time^ and other members of the Divisional staff
continued to give considerable assistance in the laboratory
worko Actually^ the co-operation between the Division of
Chemistry and Chemical Warfare Laboratories was so close at
all times that for many of the projects it is'^diff icult to
say whether they were carried out by the Chemical Warfare
Laboratories or by the Division of Chemistryo In the account
which follGwSp investigations have been included in the
Divisional history for which considerable scientific direction
was provided by the staff of the Division of Chemistry -
funds and laboratory assistants were frequently provided by
the Chemical Warfare Laboratories and there was., of course^
a continual exchange of scientific information between the
officers of the Chemical Warfare Laboratories and Research
Council staff engaged on related proJectSo

After the fall of Prance^, a need arose for a site
for large-scale chemical warfare experimentSo since the
United Kingdom had previously carried out such work in French
Algeriao A Field Experimental Station was eventually e3«
tablished at Suffield^, Alberta^ as a joint United Kingdom-
Canadian enterprise o By May of 1941,, the staff of the es-
tablishment had increased to about twenty^ and very con-
siderable growth was in prospect^ in particular^ with respect
to the Field Experimental Station at Suffieldo The estab-
lishment was then reorganized^ becoming the Chemical Warfare
Laboratories of the Directorate of Chemical Warfare and Smokeo
Change~over was completed by December 1st of that yearo

One member of the Division of Chemistry staff con-
tinued to be engaged part time for about two years in check-
ing production of asbestos-wool pads and In development of
improved oneso Most of this work was done in the plants of
the companies producing these pads^ it was a matter of ob-
taining the asbestos in a state of subdivision such that it
gave the desired filter^ properties when mixed with the woolo

The effect of mustard gas on concrete was studied
on behalf of the Chemical Warfare Laboratories^ and extensive
tests were made of a number of products recommended as linings
for concrete mustard gas storage tankSo The Divisional Work-
shops made up special pieces of equipment^ as required., and
the Divisional Stores supplied the numerous requirements of
laboratory apparatus and chemicals not sufficient in quantity
or value to warrant special outside purchase o

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132

At various times diiring the war^ requests were
made for the investigation of carbon monoxide in army work-
shops, tank hangar Sp and aircraft ^ and for the determination
of carbon monoxide in the blood of men and animals exposed
under various conditionso Visits were made to a number of
research centres in the United States and reports were pre-
pared on developments in carbon monoxide detectors^ instru-
mentSp and related problemSo Other projects carried out by
the Chemistry Division for the Chemical Warfare Establish-
ment are described in the sections followingo

While chemical warfare was not resorted to during
the war, except in the use of smoke screens^ it is possible
that this omission was due wholly to the enemy^s laiowledge
that we were well prepared and in a position to retaliateo
Since it was not the policy of the United Nations to initiate
chemical warfare ;, Canada ^s expenditures on this work were
really a very cheap form of insurance « As the record shows <,
the Division of Chemistry provided the scientific nucleus
from which the Chemical Warfare Laboratories evolved^ sup-
plied the laboratory space , obtained equipment andc when
the Army finally took over the section^ continued to afford
it space^ equipment loans^ and considerable specialized
scientific directiono

RESPIRATORS

In the preceding section it was shown how the
Chemical Warfare Laboratories grew from the pre°war plan-
ning for respirator productiono At the opening of hos=>
tilltiesp a small proofing laboratory was in existence
at the National Research Council and mass production
problems had been largely solved, in vfliich latter connection
the Rubber Laboratory had made a considerable contributiono

The outbreak of war in 1939 caused an immediate
re-survey of plans, in order to produce in Canada such com-
ponents as the active charcoal and filter pads, which it
had previously been planned to import from the United
Kingdomo

The filter pads were first investigatedo These
pads, consisting of a mixture of wool and asbestos fibre.,
are used in respirator containers to prevent the passage
of particulate smokes^ which would penetrate a container
filled with charcoal onlyo Fortunately^ the Division of
Chemistry had been working on both wool and asbestos^ so

< ■ > ' T' '.

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133

that staff members wore immediately available to start pre-
liminary investigationso Within a few days contacts had
been made with industrial companies equipped to produce
this type of material and in the next few weeks experimental
filters were produced at the National Research Laboratories,,
while one company prepared to go into productiono Pro=
duction began early in 1940 and by the spring of that year
a second company was producing experimental ba^tcheSo When
v/ork was undertaken to develop an improved wool-asbestos
filter, the penetrometer used to test the filtering ef^
flciency of the pads proved to be unsatisfactoryo The
Division of Physics was requested to design a more sensitive
type and this new instrument became available in the spring
of 1940o

Active carbon had not been made in Canada prior
GO 1939 because there was not enough demand for it to war-
rant starting a plant hereo The field had been thoroughly
investigated by at least one company and found unattractiveo
Once war started, however, interest in producing revivedo
IWhile decisions regarding its manufacture rested with the
Department of National Defencec, the National Research Council
was concerned in a consulting capacity and obtained and
tested several brands of American manufacture o

Late in 1939, while in the United Kingdom re-=
garding medical research. Sir Frederick Banting learned that
the authorities there had become alarmed at the possibility
of the enemy using arsine gaso In discussing gas defence
generally, it was learned that, since about 1938^ several
European neutrals had been exploring the possibility of
placing orders for respirators in the United States and thaty
among other things, they had asked concerning a charcoal
which would be effective against arsinOo A copper impreg-
nated charcoal, which would be useful for this purpose,^ had
been developed in the United States during the First World
War and could, it was learned, be obtained through regular
commercial channelso A trial lot was ordered at once and
a request was sent to Ottawa to place a confirming order o

Meanwhile, the laboratory staff in Ottawa had
been preparing to run proofing tests against arsine^ in
addition to the gases already used in proofingo The copper
impregnated charcoal gave excellent results when received
and, in general, behaved better and more uniformly than the
silver treated charcoalo

134

This work was very timely for a final decision had
been made to manufacture charcoal in Canada and the chemists
in charge of this work were sent to the National Research
Laboratories for preliminary trainingo

CARBON MONOXTDS CONTAINER DSVELOPIGNT

Protective Container for Carbon Monoxide
in Air at High Humidity

In order to protect personnel against carbon monoxide
in tank landing craft and other situations where a consider-
able hazard from this gas exists^, it was considered highly
desirable to investigate the minimum requirements of drier
and hopcalite ( an efficient oxidation catalyst for carbon
monoxide) in a small contained which could be attached to the
face piece of an assault respirator and would thus afford good
protection under the prevailing atmospheric conditionso

Hopcalite is very readily poisoned by water vapour^
which is strongly adsorbedo Therefore^ in order to avoid
the use of excessive amounts of catalyst and to maintain the
dimensions of the protective container within practical limit Sf,
it is necessary to have an efficient drying agent in the
aystemo

The geometry of a catalytic bed consisting of layers
of various drying agents and hopcalite ^ to provide adequate
protection against high concentrations of carbon monoxide in
air of high relative humidity^, was investigated under air flow
conditions sufficient to meet the requirements for the maxi-
mum rate of ventilation of the lungs in men at worko

The best results were obtained with magnesium per-
chlorate as the drying agent o For a container four inches in
diameter, a layer of 2o0 inches of magnesium perchlorate with
0o5 inch of hopcalite will provide protection for over thirty
minutes against toxic carbon monoxide concentrations., at a
flow rate of 64 litres per minute ;, in air at 80% relative
humidity©

The Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide by Silver Permanganate
on Various Metallic Oxide Carriers

Although hopcalite 0 a mixture of manganese dioxide
and copper oxide i, is used widely in conjunction with various
protective drying agents in carbon monoxide respirators and

ic

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135

detector instruments^ it has many disadvantageso The life
of the catalyst is roughly equivalent to the life of the
drying agent, as hopcalite is rapidly poisoned "by water
vapour o Furthermore^ the heat liberated in the presence of
relatively high carbon monoxide concentrations in a respirator
container of this type may raise the temperature of the ef=
fluent air to the point where some cooling device is neces^
sary to protect the wearero Thus^ at a concentration of
0o35% carbon monoxide^ the heat developed in a small container
of the assault respirator type^ during oxidation at a flow
rate of 32 litres per minute^ is sufficient to raise the
temperature of the effluent air to 75^0^ and at concentra-
tions in excess of 0o50^p the temperature may rise to over
lOO^Co

The activities of a considerable number of prepara-
tions were therefore investigated in order to develop a
compound which either would serve as a catalyst or would
react stoichiometrically with carbon monoxide^, in moist as
well as dry air, and which^ when incorporated in a protect-^ ^'■e
container^, would afford adequate protection and greater com^
fort to the wearer than present hopcalite containers of stan-
dard design©

It was found in preliminary studies that^ of the
various compounds investigated, silver permanganate showed
the highest activity towards carbon monoxide in racist airo
The activity increased vihen this compound was distributed
on an oxide carrier o Consequently,, a thorough study was made
of various metallic oxides as carriers for silver permangan-
ate^, with special reference to the following factors in re-
lation to activity and useful lifeg-=

(a
(b
(c
(d
(e
(f

(g

(h

(i

Carbon Monoxide concentration

Height of catalytic bed of material

Plow r ate (ioeo space velocity)

Moisture content of granules

Size of granules

Temperature and relative humidity of influent air

Induction period

Aging at various temperatures

Ratio of catalyst to carrier

Among the more efficient carriers investigated were
diatomite silica, kaolin^ chrysotile asbestos^o and the oxides
of copper, zinC; lead^ antimony^, molybdenum, tin, titanium^
iron, cobalt;, zirconium, and ceriumo These silver permanganate
preparations may be subdivided according to their carriers
into two braod classes as followss-

136

(a) mixtures which require about 8 to 10^ of adsorbed
water for optimum active life^ such as those con=
taining diatomite silica, kaolin^ or finely ground
asbestoSo

(b) mixtures #iich are most active when little or no
^ adsorbed water is present in the granuleso

The reaction between silver permanganate and carbon
monoxide is stoichiometric b^it the velocity of this chemical
reaction may be increased greatly by the presence of a carrier^
which, in this respect^, acts catalyticallyo With the proper
type of carrier^, relatively high space velocities may be
employed with complete oxidation of carbon monoxide to the
di oxide .0 until about 80^ of the permanganate has been con-
verted to the manganite stageo Thereafter, the efficiency
falls off owing to a sintering of the active surfaceo

The effective life of the catalyst (breakdown time)
is Inversely proportional to the carbon monoxide concentra°
tion and space velocity and is directly proportional to the
height of catalytic material through ^ich the gas stream
is passedo There is an incraaae in active life with decrease
in average particle size down to about 0o9 mmo diameter ^
below which there is no further improvement in activity^
Although the optimum range of temperature for longest life
would appear to lie between 24° and 40*^00 . the catalyst is
still active enough at 0°Co for respirator requirementSo

Special attention has been directed towards those
metallic oxide preparations which showed sufficient stability^
after prolonged aging at elevated temperatures,, to warrant
consideration for practical purposes such as use in respirator
containerso Many catalysts )fl^ich showed a high initial ac°
tivity towards carbon monoxide, when freshly prepared^ were
eliminated from further consideration because of a slow de-
composition reaction,, resulting in the liberation of oxygen^,
the rate of )«diich increased at higher temperatureso In this
category may be placed those catalysts containing the oxides
of aluminium, silicon,, titanium,, cadmium^ cerium^, vanadium^
nickel, and manganese o

The most efficient catalyst discovered thus far is
one containing 69 mole percent zinc oxide and 31 percent
silver permanganate, dried to less than 0c5% adsorbed watero
After prolonged aging at 60*^00 this catalyst showed a life
corresponding to several hours for efficient removal of 0o5^
carbon monoxide in moist air under standard test conditions

'ir.

137

-^

in the assault respirator containero This performance is
considerably better than that shown by equivalent hopcalite
containerso The investigation is being continuedo

•

The work was then transferred to the Chemical War-
fare Pilot Plant to prepare this zinc oxide catalyst on a
pilot plant scale and to fill a considerable number of re-
spirator containers for physiological and service testSo

TOXIC SUBSTANCES

Oxido-biS'^/j'^chlorodiethyl sulphide

The first problem on toxic substances which was
undertaken by the Organic Laboratory at the request of the
Chemical Warfare Laboratories consisted in the preparation
of oxide-biS"/^ ^chlorodiethylsulphideo This substance is
a by°product which accompanies mustard gas prepared by the
action of hydrogen chloride on thiodiglycolo It is also a
vesicant and a better knowledge of its properties was desir-
able. Although it is relatively easy to separate the mustard
gas from the reaction mixture^ it is extremely difficult to
purify the oxi do => compound which is the main by-product o
Several attempts were made,., therefore,; to synthesize the
substance by other methods ^ but all of these proved fruitless 5
since the main phase of the study had for its object the
preparation of the disulphone of oxido<-bis°/f -chlorodiethyl°
sulphide p a direct synthesis of this compound was attempted
from mustard sulphone but no success had been achieved when
a more pressing problem caused the work to be abandonedo

Nitrogen Mustards

It was known that before the collapse of their
country the French chemists had devoted considerable effort
to the study of tri -(/^ -chlor ethyl) -amine and its vesicant
propertieSo The French were also known to have had the
large stores of this vesicant,, which was commonly called
"French mustard'% and the Germans were in possession of these
store So It also became known that the Germans were manu-
facturing large quantities of a nitrogen mustard which was
apparently not French mustardo This was suspected to be bis-
(/? "ChlorethyD-methylamine and chemists in England^ the
United States.,; and Canada immediately turned their attention
to this substance o Part of this work was done in the National
Research LaboratorieSo Bis-(/f -chlorethyl) -^methylamine can
be prepared in the laboratory by the action of ethylene oxide

O J' J LJ

Ton

138

on methylamine and subsequent chlorination of the producto
It has to be handled with extreme care because of its action
on the skin and on the eyeso Several kilos were prepared
in the Laboratory to supply various workers at the Research
Council, and at Canadian universities^ who had volunteered
to study the substance o Only one mishap occurred during
this work and it^ fortunately^ was without serious resultSo

Its rate of hydrolysis in water,, its rate of reaction
with itself^ and its chemical properties were studiedo Means
were sought to stabilize it^ for at room temperature it re-
acts with itself to form an innocuous compoundo The search
for substances capable of reducing the r ate at which the ni-
trogen mustard decomposed was only partially successfulo It
was eventually abandoned because of the discovery that a
homologue of this nitrogen mustard^, which was just as toxiCp
was itself sufficiently stable torender the use of stabil°
Izers unnecessaryo

Various compounds partially similar in structure to
the two nitrogen mustards referred to above were synthesized
in the Laboratory and submitted to the Physiological Section
of the Chemical Warfare Laboratories for toxicological assayo
For instance, such substances as the following were prepared
in the Laboratoryj-

lo Ethyl N-/^ -dichloroethyl carbamate

2o /^-dichloroethyl'-nitroso -amine

3o /? -chlorethyl N"/3-chloroethyl=N=nitroso carbamate

A short investigation into the preparation and properties of
.tri-(/? -chlorethyl)»amine, the so-^called French mustard^, was
also carried outo

An extremely toxic gas was discovered in the United
States by Dro Kharasch but^ unf ortunately^, this gas decomposed
so readily on standing that it could not be stored with safetyo
However, the intermediate compound obtained just before the
final step in the synthesis is quite stable„ Several attempts
were, therefore, made in this Laboratory to design a means
whereby the last step in the synthesiSo which is a nitro-
sation reaction, could be carried out in the shell just before
usee The nitrosation reagents are so toxic to mice that it
was not possible to observe the extent of the reaction nor
its rate ,9 because the animals died as readily from exposure
to the vapor of the reagent used as they did after exposure
to the gaso

139

VENTILATION AND ANTI-^-GAS PROTECTION IN ARMOURED TANKS

Carbon Monoxide and Gun Fumes

At the request of the Directorate of Chemical War-
fare,, an investigation was undertaken in December 1941 at
Camp Borden on the carbon monoxide content of the atmosphere
in various types of armoured tanks under general operating
conditions and of carbon monoxide ^ nitrous o and ammonia
fumes^ generated daring the firing of the guns under battle
condltionSo The concentration of these gases at the breath-
ing level of the personnel in the tank during firing of the
Besa^, Browning^ two'-pounder^ and six-pounder guns was studied
under various rates of fire in order to evaluate the potential
hazard to human life from this source o Whenever <, it was de-
monstrated that; in the type of tank under examination,, the
gas conditions with the existing ventilation were dangerous
at the maximum rate of fire likely to prevail in battle^ an
auxiliary ventilating system was installed and its effective^
ness testedo

Under normal operating conditions., without the firing
of the guns^ the carbon monoxide concentrations attained from
seepage of exhaust fumes in the various types of tanks^ travel'
ling alone or in convoy^ were generally below 100 parts per
million and did not constitute a danger to human healtho

The concentration of gases discharged inside a tank
during the firing of the armament depends upon the calibre
and type of gun.o rate and direction of air movement in the
vicinity^, rate of fire^ and total number of rounds of am-
munition expendedo Higher carbon monoxide concentrations were
found during the firing of the Besa machine gun (7o92 mmo )
than during that of the Browning gun (0o30 ino ) under similar
conditionso If the ventilation rate inside the turret is
appreciable i, the gas concentration tends to drop quite
rapidly in the reloading intervals betv/een firings but under
other conditions dangerous amounts of carbon monoxide may
accumulate©

Under similar weather and other operating con-
ditions j, the carbon monoxide hazard was found to be apprec-
iably greater in the Ram I tank than in the Valentine VII
for equivalent firing rates o Thus,, in firing six rounds of
two-pounder (AoPo Shotp Cordite) and 750 rounds of Browning
accumition (SoAo Ball 30 06) in ten minutes there was re-
corded an average carbon monoxide concentration of 0o85^ and
a maximiim of 0ol02^ in the Ram I tank compared with 0o017%
and Oo 023^0 respectively, in the Valentine VI lo

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As the above and other data indicated that the Ram I
tank was inadequately ventilated^ a modified ventilating
system was installedo This system resulted in a considerable
improvement in carbon monoxide conditions, but it was deemed
advisable^ for adequate removal of fumeSp'to provide ventila-
tion at a rate of at least 200 cuofto per minute in the main
turreto It was found that the nitrous fumes released during
the firing of the guns were not in sufficiently high concen-
tration to constitute a hazard to the health of the crewo

Further tests disclosed that the ventilation system
of the Ram II tank was also inadequate to reduce the fumes
to a safe level during the firing of the armament^, including
the six-pounder gun^ from a stationary positiono The carbon
monoxide concentrations exceeded the danger limit of 0o05^
in all tests and frequently rose to values above OolO^o Re-
commendations to correct these conditions were madeo

Anti°gas Protection of Personnel

The object of this work was to develop a method of
either collective or individual protection for the crew
members of tanks against gun fumes or outside gas attacks o
The investigation was carried out mainly along the following
lines J (a) the development of a gas filtering unit with in-
dividual ducts leading to oeach crew member 5 (b) the degree
of protection afforded by air at various flow rates delivered
at a slight positive pressure to a loose-fitting transparent
plastic mask covering a portion of the operator's faceo Ex=
perimentfe were carried out in a gas chamber v/ith various
chloroacetophenone vapour and lethal concentrations of sulphur
dioxideo With a volume of 3 to 4 cucfto of filtered air per
minute for each operator., complete protection was afforded
by drafts of air from various types of orificeSc, without the
use of a mask^was also investigatedo It was found that the
effective zone of protection in this case was extremely
limited.,, even at flow rates as high as 20 cucfto per minute
for each operatoro

Further studies of gun fumes and anti=gas protec=^
tlon were carried out at the Chemical Warfare Field Experi-
mental Stationp Suffield. Albertao The project consisted
not only of chemical tests to determine the concentration
of gases released under various operating conditions but also
of clinical and physiological tests to determine the effect
of the gases upon the tank personnels The results indicated
that dangerously high concentrations of carbon monoxide and
ammonia were released during the firing of the armament of
the Ram II tank and the average carbon monoxide content of

141

the main turret could not be reduced to the safe level of
less than 0o05^ by volume without the use of an auxiliary
exhaust fan ventilation systemo In the absence of forced
ventilationp rapid and prolonged firing of the six-pounder
gun impaired the health and efficiency of the crew by
causing a marked increase in the carbonmonoxyhaemoglobin
content of the blood and by other physiological effects©

Complete protection was afforded against both gun
fumes and non-persistent gas attack by use of an "anti^-gas
protective unit"p which supplies four cuofto of filtered
air per minute to each crev? member o

COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OP FLAME-THROWERS

In connection with the physiological effects of
flame-thrower attack on animals in various types of bunkers
(as reported by the Experimental Station, Suffieldg Alberta) ,,
it was considered important to study the combustion pro=
ducts of various types or compounds having widely different
Ignition temperatures,, since the fuel ignition temperature
for long range f lame ° throwers appears to have some bearing
on the ability to maintain a burning rod in lengths of about
150 yards or more©

A measured quantity of the charge was injected
under pressure into a specially constructed combustion chamber
of about eight cUofto capacity and the mixture ignited si-
multaneously by a small hydrogen flameo Gas samples were
collected at definite time intervals and the concentrations
of carbon monoxide,,, carbon dioxide o and oxygen in the com-
bustion products were determinedo

The combustion of acetone, methyl ethyl ketone ^
dioxane, phenetole^ and ethyl formate was found to yield
considerably higher percentages of carbon monoxide than the
combustion of gasoline ^ the standard flame-thrower fuel^,
under similar conditionso The addition of iron pentacarbonyl
to gasoline also resulted in an increase in the carbon mon-
oxide content of the combustion productSo As there is a
correlation between the carbon monoxide formed and the fuel
Ignition temperature i, it was suggested that liquid fuels
having a high ignition temperature be substituted for gas-
oline in flame-thrower testSo

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142

ANALYSIS OP AIR FOR TOXIC PmiES

The Estimation of Low Concentrations of
Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide

The accurate determination of low concentrations of
"nitrous fumes" in air is of importance in gun fume problems^
testing of respiratorSp physiological experiments on toxicity,
and in many other fieldSo As little as 40 parts per million
by volume may be decidedly toxic to human beingSo As it has
been well established that the oxidation of nitric oxide in
air or oxygen follows a termolecular law^ and as it can be
assumed that in very dilute gaseous mixtures all the nitric
oxide molecules which have undergone oxidation are in the
disocciated form of nitrogen dioxidep the problem resolved
itself into finding a method fo'r determining the relative
proportions of nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide in an air
streamo

The methods finally adopted were the determination
of total oxides (nitric oxide plus nitrogen dioxide) and of
nitrogen dioxide simultaneouslyo The gas sample for total
oxides was collected at a measured flow rate by a water dis--
placement method and the oxides in both the gas and water
phases were converted to nitrate with acid hydrogen peroxide
solutiono The nitrate was then reacted with phenol disul=
phonic acid and estimated quantitatively in a photoelectric
colorimetero The nitrogen dioxide was determined by passage
of the gas sample at a measured flov/ rate through an absorp-
tion train of high efficiency^ containing 10% potassium
iodide dolutiono The iodine liberated In this reaction
was estimated by titration with standard sodium thiosulphate^
0o002 N. using starch indicatoro

As a test of these methods^ a study was made of the
rate of oxidation of nitric oxide in an air stream in the con°
centration range of about 0o75% to less than OolO% by volume o
The values for the absolute reaction velocity constant Ky
calculated on the basis of a third order reaction^, were found
to be in good agreemen-c with those reported in the literature©

Rapid Determination of Low Concentrations
of Ammonia in Air

Field trials of the Light Type respirator with a
new model container disclosed that ammonia could be detected
in the inspired air and in a number of cases the concentra-
tion of ammonia proved high enough to be objectionable to

143

personnelo This seemed to be true particularly of charcoal
respirators in which the nitrogen content of the charcoal
was relatively higho

As the problem involved the testing of a consider-
able number of charcoal containers to determine the effect
of various treatments in eliminating this objectionable
feature in the charcoal^ a rapid and accurate method capable
of detecting as little as one milligram of ammonia per cubic
metre of air was desirable o

After some unsuccessful trials with potentiometric
methods, a suitable and rapid procedure was evolved by
measuring the change in conductivity of a definite volume
of O0OOI6 N sulphuric acid solution^ maintained at con-
stant temperature, in an absorber containing a sintered
glass disc of fine porosityo A measured volume of air from
the charcoal under examination was passed through this solu-
tion and the change in conductivity was determined by a
Wheatstone bridge galvanometer, using platinized plat:Inum
electrodes having a knovm cell constanto Tests on the char-
coal in these special Light Type containers showed ammonia
concentrations as high as 25 to 35 milligrams per cubic
meter in the effluent air under high humidity conditiotiSo
Treatment of the charcoal with water followed by heating in
a stream of air at 170-180°Co was found to be effective in
removing nearly all of the volatile ammoniac

MINIATUliS INC3NDIARY BOMBS

-' This investigation was initiated to determine the
feasibility of a proposal submitted to the Inventions Board
of Canada for the production of small incendiary bombs which
would Ignite by gentle percussion or shock when sensitizedo
In view of the fact that millions of these pellets could be
broadcast by plane over enemy territory^ numerous small fires
would result and would devastate effectively the forests and
agricultural cropSo The idea seemed to be a distinct improve-
ment on the incendiary leaflets used early in the war and.o for
the purpose in hand^, considerably better than large thermite
or magnesium bombSo Although an effective miniature bomb
was developed quite rapidly, its use against the enemy was
rejected, at first, on humanitarian groundSo Later., however^,
after field trials at the Experimental Station. Suffield^,
Alberta, a modified version of this pellet was adopted©

©J!

144

The bombs consisted of small nitrocellulose plastic
rodSp spheres,, and cubes^ coated with a red phosphorus
emulsion in acetone, and sensitized by an immersion method
in a mixture of sodium chlorate., ace tone p and water© Ex=
tensive tests were carried out to determine the best means
of coating the nitrocellulose plastic in order to obtain
pellets which would ignite readily when thrown on surfaces
such as grass and soil and yet which would not be too
dangerous to handle o Various concentration factors were
studied in order to evaluate the limits of sensitivity and
the question of rapid drying while falling through the airo

In the method of preparation finally adopted^, the
pellets,, although safe to handle in the moist conditionp
become sensitive in less than one minute ^Nh.en falling through
the air or when dried in an air streamo The bombs then
ignite even when thrown into a bed of soil from a height
of only five feeto One million of these.,, in the form of
cylinders 1/4 inch in diameter and 1/4 inch in length., weigh
about 650 pounds and cost about $450 to $500 to manufacture o

ANTI-GAS FABRICS AND CLOTHING'

In September 1939p the Department of National Defence
asked the Textile Laboratory of the Division of Chemistry to
co-operate m work on ant i- gas protective clothingo There
wa3.9 therefore, a very close association between the Textile
Laboratory and the Chemical Warfare Laboratories all through
the war«v'^

Good facilities for the examination of textiles were
available in the laboratories of the National Research Council
but it was necessary to extend these greatly tot ake care of
the traried types of work required in connection with pro=
tective clothingo It was necessary^ firsts, to provide ad°
ditional equipment for laboratory studies of permeable and
impermeable protective clothingo It was later necessary to
organize and supervise pilot plant and full-scale plant in^-
vestlgations^, chiefly in the field of permeable clothingo
A considerable amount of co-operative work was carried on
with outside firms in the field of impermeable clothingo The
term "impermeable" is here used to designate fabrics carrying
a continuous coating of some vesicant=resistant material |
such fabrics were used in the manufacture of anti-gas capeSp
boot So etCo The term "permeable" is used to designate fabrics
impregnated with some chemical substance whichp by reacting
chemically with vesicants^ prevents their passage through
the fabrics such fabrics retain their porosity to air^ whereas

145

the impermeable type do noto

It was finally decided by the Chemical Warfare
Laboratories that a small pilot plant for processing fabrics
and garments should be set up 5 the Textile Laboratory was
responsible for designing and equipping the plantp and also
for its operation in the early stageSo Later the plant was
turned over to the Development Section of the Chemical War-
fare Laboratorieso

The Textile Laboratory has carried out investiga-=
tions and tests on many types of equipment o These include?
battle dress serge j; protective wrapping material 5 butyl
coated fabrics^ neoprenei capes^ glovesj webbingj adhesive
tape I decontamination mitts 5 anti-gas suits 5 eyeshieldsj
rayon fabric for ground sheets^ anti°dimming cloth^ mois-
tureproof cellophane; oilskin jackets; stockinettes; anti»
gas respirator fabric; parchment paper; elastic webbing 5
rubber sponge; fearnought flannel; detector gas sleeves;
helmet curtains; leather samples; pliofilm; aprons; suits^
including trou3er3<, jackets and hoods; naval coats; zippers
for anti-gas valises; haversack duck; capes; and bags for
contaminated clothingo

Work on Impermeable Type Fabrics

Methods for Measuring Penetration Timess The
method first used for measuring penetration times of liquid
mustard and Lewisite was that developed by the Chemical
Defence Experimental Station^, Porton, Englandc, involving
the use' of a metal diffusion cup and using a dilute solu-
tion of potassium permanganate as indicator o This method
was found to be unsatisfactoryo The indicator gave incon-
sistent results and was replaced by a solution of alizarin
red adjusted to a pH of 60 lo The brass cups used in the
Porton method were replaced by flanged glass cups mounted
in batteries of twelve in a thermostatically controlled
water bath,, all connections on the off side of the cups
being glass to glasso This method was similar to that
finally adopted by the United States Chemical Warfare
Serviceo

Penetration Time Limits; The problem of setting
up permissible penetration time limits for impermeable type
fabrics was a difficult one^ since it involved an attempt
to correlate laboratory penetration t imes with those which
would be expected to cause injury under field conditionso
It was therefore necessary to work in close co-operation

146

with the Physiological Section of the Chemical Warfare
Laboratories in order to choose probable safe laboratory
penetration times for the various types of impermeable
fabrics used in the manufacture of anti=gas capeso "

CO"Operation with Canadian Manufacturers of Anti-gas
Fabrics g When the manufacture of anti-gas fabrics was begun
in Canada in 1940^ the manufacturers possessed little or no
experience in this fieldo This difficulty was complicated
by the fact that high initial production was requiredo The
Council co-operated with four firms but only one of these
appeared to possess the necessary knowledge and technical
control to produce a satisfactory range of anti-gas fabrics,
A fair amount of this type of fabric was processed by a
second firm but great difficulty was encountered owing to
their lack of proper technical controlo Co-operation with
these firms involved the carrying out of hundreds of tests
on experimental production runs^ together with numerous con°
sultations and plant visitSo One troublesome property of
oll^dressed fabrics was their tendency to undergo spon-^
taneous combustion where the aging of the polymerized oil
coating was incomplete© Two plant fires from this cause
were investigated and recommendations were made to prevent
their re^-occurrenceo

The Textile Laboratory was requested by the In°
spection Board to undertake the setting up of an adequate
system of inspection for these manufactured fabrics and to
perform all the necessary testingo In the course of this
work thef Laboratory issued approximately 2500 routine in-
spection reports covering the manufacture of sixteen million
yards of anti-gas fabrico

Investigation of other types of Impermeable Fabrics
Considerable work was carried out on the investigation of
other types of impermeable fabrics n namely^ those having
various types of synthetic resin and synthetic rubber coatingSo
The Inability of the oi^^-dressed coatings to withstand low
temperatures made it desirable to investigate coatings which
would remain flexible at temperatures of 0*Fp and lower o
In thi-? connection the outstanding properties of butyl rubber^
both with regard to flexibility of low temperatures and to
high protection against mustard gas and Lewisite, were early
recognisedo Unfortunate ly^, adequate supplies of butyl rubber
became available only at the end of the production of anti=
gas fabrics in Canada^ but there is little doubt that any
future production would make use of butyl rubber o

147

Work on Permeable Type Fabrics

Laboratory Investigations^ The various methods for
measuring penetration times of permeable fabrics, as developed
at Porton, were tried out and it was finally agreed to adopt
the standard Congo red penetration method at 30°Co The lab-
oratory facilities v/ere therefore extended to carry out -ohese
tests on a large scaleo

Owing to the fact that the impregnants used are use-
ful by virtue of their content of active chlorine ^ it was
obvious that there was a danger of damage occurring^ espec-^
ially in the case of cotton fabrics. A considerable amount
of work was therefore carried out on the effects of various
impregnants on wool and cotton under conditions of acceler-
ated agingo At 65% relative humidity impregnated cotton
cloth showed high rates of loss of impregnant and of breaking
strength after twelve weeks ^ storage i, whilst in the case of
wool the loss was considerably lessc

An investigation was also imdertaken of the effect
of other types of Impregnating chemicals, with particular
reference to their stability and to probable damage to the
fabriCo Included in this investigation was the effect of
different types of dyes and cloth finishes j In general^
sulphur dyes had an adverse effect on the stability of the
impregnantSc Associated with this oroblem was the effect
of washing and dry cleaning on impregnated garments 5 experi-
ments were conducted to determine whether or not they could
be cleaned without reducing the impregnant content below a
satisfactory levelo

Work on the laundering of one type of impregnant
treated cotton fabrics v/as extended to include laundering
with various types of detergents. Including soap, soap plus
alkali , and sulphated fatty alcohol. T^^'=! ro suits indicated
that the sulphated fatty alcohol c au3ed_less reduction in
mustard penetration time than was the case with soapo The
use of soap plus alkali appeared to offer little advantage o

Development of Plant Impregnating Processes t (a )
Solvent Suspension Process: Work on impregnation was com-
menced on a laboratory scale in 1941o In 1942 substantial
contract demands were raised by the Department of Munitions
and Supply for impregnated battle dress for use by the
Canadian Army overseaso The laboratory operations were
therefore extended to pilot plant scale and one thousand

148

suits of Army battle dress and a thousand pair of socks were
impregnatedo The finished garments v/ere tested and found
quite satisfactoryo

Some of the factors which influence the degree of
impregnation v/ere investigated. The speed of centrifuging^.
the concentration of the impregnating solution, and the
type of material had the greatest effect o The duration of
centrifuging had little influence o The omission of the
centrifuging process^ together v/ith a suitable r eduction in
the concentration of the impregnating solution^ gave a uni-
forme readily-controlled prcducto It was found that the
degree of impregnation can be calculated from the increase
in weight of the treated material with an accuracy sufficient
to serve as a processing ehecko

Pull commercial production was then con-anenced in
the dry cleaning plants of Langleys Ltdr ^ Toronto^ and Vails
Ltdo J, Ottawao Some 400^000 suits of battle dress were pro--
cessed throughout the duration of these contracts. Reports
have been issued giving details of layout and operations
at these plant So It was found that pinned-on pieces offered
a satisfactory method of sampling the product for inspection*

(b) Solvent Processes s-» Investigations were also
made of trichlorethylene. perchlorethylene^ tetrachloroethane
and pentachloroethane with regard to their possible use as
solvents in the impregnation processo Tetrachloroethane
appeared to be the most suitable solvent investigated* The
Laboratory also looked into the effect of steam pressing on
the impr6gnant content of the treated materials^ and into
the effect of increased chlorinated hydrocarbon content on
the properties of impregnated materlalo

(c) Aqueous Processes s~ During 1942 and 1943 the
trend in anti-'gas Impregnation of clothing was in the dir-
ection of aqueous processes rather than processes involving
solvont solutions or solvent suspensions of the impregnants.
Work on aqueous processes was begun at the fabric processing
pilot plant late in 1943 « Owing to the unexpected deterior-
ation of a batch of brown --sulphur -dyed drill impregnated by
the British aqueous process,, a study was made of the causes
of tenderingo This was found to be due to the effect of the
Impregnant on the sulphur dye in the fabric o

149

Storage and Wearing Tt*ial»sg Representative samples
of "battle dress treated with one type of impregnant were
examined after six and twelve months^ storage for appearancd^
impregnant content^ and chemical damage to the cotton sewing
threado The garments were found to be quite satisfactoryo

Samples of impregnated battle dress were subjected
to wearing trials and garments were withdrawn for examination
at intervals of one^ two three. o and four months o There was
a gradual loss of protective value caused by mechanical re-
moval of impregnant); higher chlorinated -'paraffin content
tended to reduce this losso

Miscellaneous Investigations on Impregnated Clothing g
Samples of four fabrics, exposed to the vapour of methyl-
dlchlorosillcane for thirty minute So attained varying degrees
of water repellancy,, depending on the type of fabriCo Light-
weight cotton materials having a fine weave... such as mer°
cerized cotton or tarantule,, gave the best results,; followed
closely by wool serge c The results with cotton denim were
decidedly inferioro Laundering destroyed much of the water
repellent quality of wool serge and of cotton denim but did
not appear to affect mercerized cotton or tarantule o Sllicane
treatment followed by impregnation is applicable only to
wool serge material and even here it is doubtful if the slli-
cane is of any value o

Battle dress serge impregnated with charcoal was
tested for mustard and Lewisite vapour penetration times
and for the effect of laundering and dry cleaning upon the
subsequeht penetration tlmeo It was found that a negligible
amount of carbon was removed by the aqueous detergent solu°
tlonso A much smaller amount of carbon was removed by Stod-
dard solvent than by trichlorethylene or perchlorethylene^,
but the cloth retained its original vapour resistance best
in the case of cleaning with trichlorethylenOo

Velanized battle dress serge. Impregnated by two
different processes, showed a slightly greater overall pro-
tective value against mustard vapour as compared to the non--
velanized Impregnated fabriCo The water repellancy of
velanized battle dress serge was slightly reduced by impreg-
nation, somewhat more so than in the case of non-velanlzed
serge. The results of accelerated aging test Indicated that
the stability of the impregnants was somewhat greater in the
case of the velanized sergeo

150

PROTECTIVE COATINGS

A number of investigations in connection with
chemical warfare were carried out by the Protective Coatings
Laboratory of the Division of Chemistryg

Gas Detection

In the month of October^ 1939 o an urgent request
was received from the Royal Canadian Navy for the prepara-
tion of a pilot batch of gas detector paint for immediate
use on HoMoCo shipSo A specification for this material was
obtained and arrangements were made with a local paint
company to manufacture the varnish vehicleo As soon as the
materials were received,, they were processed on the labora-
tory paint mills, mixed according to the specification with
the active agent and solvents, packaged in one-quarter pint
•cans, and labelled^ This is believed to be the first batch
of gas detector paint manufactured in Canadao

Development work in connection with detector paint
was then continued in co -operation with the Chemical V/arfare
Laboratories, and specifications were prepared covering
detector paint in various colours and compositionso

Another of the early projects was the development
and testing of detector powders for application to uniforms
and other fabricSo Their use was later discontinued but not
before satisfactory formulae had been developed and com«
mercial ^production had commencedo

A brief study was conducted to determine the dele-"
terious actionj, if any^, of chromium compounds in detector
paint So

The Laboratory assisted in the development of a
suitable detector paint for application to detachable paper
*'sleeves" and a highly satisfactory product was put into pro=
duct ion by the Canada Paint Company as the result of the
combined effort r Some 30;, 000 gallons of this particular
paint were manufactured and millions of the sleeve protec-
tors v;ere made up by contractors and distributed to the Armed
Porceso In connection with the contracts for thi item^
the Laboratory assisted further by conducting approval tests
on many batches of the paint and by investigating occasional
difficulties which arose from time to timeo Approval tests
were also carried out on the active ingredient for incor-
poration into the painto Colour standards were prepared
for both the yellow and khaki types of painto

151

It is essential that detector paint contain no tur=
pentine or aromatic solventSo The Laboratory developed test
procedures for detecting the presence of small amounts of
such liquidSo Early in 1943. the use of detector paint on
steel plates was begun, and the Laboratory co^-operated in
preparing the specification for the priming paints the
detector paint, and the method of applicationo

Chemicals and Smokes

Assistance was given to the Royal Canadian Navy in
the procurement and inspection of the special paint remover
required for the removal of paint from ships in case of
poison gas contaminationo Instructions for its use^, in-"
eluding the necessary precautions , were supplied to Naval
Service o

Inspection tests were also made of ^many samples of
various chemicals and compositions for smokes Including zinc
oxide p aluminum powder n and calcium silicideo

Interior Coating for Gas Shells

The interior of gas shells must be coated to prevent
interaction between the metal and the cheraicalo This is
highly important from the standpoint of safetyu Manufacture
of an enamel for this purpose was commenced by a Canadian
paint company in 1943^ following instructions supplied from
Great Britaino The Protective Coatings Laboratory was as-
signed thi6 duty of carrying out the rigid inspection tests
and found that serious problems were occurring in its manu-
facture,, Responsibility for correcting these difficulties
was then assumed by the Inspection Boardo

A similar project had been undertaken previously^,
namely- production of a lining for storage tanks for war
gaseso A promising material for this purpose was developed
in conjunction with one of the leading resin manufacturers
and samples were submitted to the Chemical Warfare Labora-
torieso It was founds however^, that rather than run the
risk of Imperfection in the coating, due to improper applic™
ationv it was preferable to use chemically resistant con-
tainers which required no coating©

t^^t

r . -■ .'.

.ioXr.\

152

.APraroix

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS

°^"\°?i o;. jr«ly«*hylene Glycol Et>,«

ana Octadecvl at^^u .^-^J^oi. litners of Po4-,^t „

Jan, 13, l9°Ji\^^=°'>°l^» N.R.C„ Report ^Nof'cgfl^l^l^^

Uos/patf^'^Ssrior^r"?^ «"<^ ''^'hods of Por», ,

;>304, 109, July iQ^ j^g^^ 'J" 01 j-ormlng Same„

fJraen, P„o„ Wartime r« =

Of Chemistry ^a^fr""?^ Activities of the D, . .
^blication^No. ''?^2%°r' '^^^^^=^ °o-oil N^^R^Jc^f °"
Hopkins c Y A J

Hopkins, CcYo JJtm *..

jy/vxns, CoYo and Licrht- a ,,

No: lSll°"?^,r "°*-"^-l''938!4T''!j^H* Substitutes

^"«l: (Mimeographed), " ^^ """^C' Publication
Hopkins ^.Y„ ^„<j „^^

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Manske. R h P

-^alWy;,,JLll^e^^"«& l''',es'°B"|3^^^^-"ves of

Modification ff the's>^"'* OaUagher G„ a Pur.f„
can, J, Hes. B19*'li|!SlT &'??!^^ °^ ^^"^^'-
Marion L tvi d

H-" m. ^'^"'l^^^'^^nU Distyrene. c.n. j.
Marion L Th T

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155

Marlon, L„ and Aahford w a n

Potaaslum Alooholatea in thl t^Pl^^^tion of the Use of
Indoles, can. j, Hel/^^%|^*^«3l3 oi> Substlt^Lf

Marion, L„ and MoRae T . .

Michael t w n »# ,

Puddlngton, IE am*- " ^^' ^^^^^

Stopcook'oreaaea T ?" *J?® Preparation of mo-v, rn

Puddin^ton X K Tt '°" ^" ^^O^f^^S^--^-^

m=ro3co;e"Hot"1:as°e"/ L^r"^r^R\\^-^3^| \°p%-°^^^'^

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otodman D F t t — v-Li^*o;o

Tapp, J,s Th« r . ' ^°° 2°' 1943,