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''The Catholic Hierarchy and Polities''
We wish to call the attention of our readers to the fact that Mr. Watson's editorial on the Catholic Hierarchy, which has ex- cited such wide and profound attention, appears in his "Hand- book of Politics and Economics." The book can be obtained from the Jeffersonians, Thomson, Ga. Price, $L00.
THE JEFFERSONIANS, Thomson, Ga.
Volume III. August, 1909 Number 8
HON'. JOKIi H. FOirr Frontispiece
EDlTOl.-ALS
Is tlio South (Jlad It Lost? r>73
Tlie Path of Glory T)?.")
Forcifiii Missions and tlie \ecds of tlie Home Field •'>77
Concerning; Thii-d Parties r>91^
THE PLAXTEKS' WAR Harriet Parks ^Filler .... 59.'.
SURVEY OF THE WORLD Tom Dolan 60.'?
liETTERS TO AARON BURR 615
THE DARK CORNER, a Novel Zach McGhee 619
LIFE AND TIMES OF ANDREW JACKSON 630
REALITY, a Poem Ralph Methven Thomson . . 63 5
EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT 636
THE JUNIOR JEFFS Daddy Jim 640
.A GOOD MAN GONE 643
REIiOVED GHOSTS, a Poem Mary Chapin Smith .... 644
COMMUNICATIONS 645
14(K)K REVIEWS 649
MV SOUTHLAND, a Poem Jessie Daviea Willdy .... 653
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Entered as second-class matter December 21. 1906, at the Post Office at Atlanta, Ga.
HON. JOEL B. FORT,
The Planters' War in Tennessee and Kentucky
Page 595
Watson's Jeffersonian Magazine
Vol. III. AUGUST, 1909 No. 8
Editorials
"Is the South Glad it Lost?"
SPEAKING at Gettysburg on Memorial Day, Secretary of War Dickinson declared that "there are in the South but few, if any, Avho would not turn swiftly, with sentiments of ahhorrence^ from any suggestion that it would have been better for the South if it had succeeded in establishing an independent government."
Caught up into the Cabinet of a Republican President, the dazzled and delighted Dickinson is very, very happy; and he naturally feels that Uncle Sam is the best old thing on earth, and that had the South- ern Confederacj' made good, he, the dazzled and delighted Dickinson, would have remained an obscure Democrat in Mississippi or Tennes- see, instead of attaining the dizzy heights from which he now contem- plates tcitJi abhorrence the mere suggestion that it might have been bet- ter for the South had she not been overpowered, devastated. Recon- structed and subjected to all the humiliations, outrages, insults and spoliations of a conquered province.
"We of the South never find fault with Northern writers and speak- ers when they glorify the Union, the Union army, and the Union he- roes. "We think it natural that they should do so. But when a South- ern writer, or Southern speaker caters to Northern sentiment by "throwing off" on the Confederate soldier or Southern people, his con- duct excites a profound feeling of disgust and indignation.
There was no reason why Secretary Dickinson, addressing a North- ern audience upon the battlefield where the hopes of the South were buried, should have "slopped over," as he did in the sentence which we have quoted. He could have delivered himself of an address that would have met all the requirements and conformed to all the proprieties, without virtually declaring that the brave soldiers of the Confederacy who fell on that fatal field gave their lives to a cause which the. South now regards with abhorrence.
Secretary Dickinson\s statement is utterly false. "We Southern peo- ple have accepted the results of the war in good faith because we had to, but, at bottom, we don't love the North much better than France loves Germany. IIov) icell does Ireland love England? Get that meas- ure of affection, and you will be mighty close to the feeling of th« South for the North.
All the world, excepting England, believes that it would be better
574 Watson's Jeffersonian Magazine
for Ireland if she could achieve her independence. Her peof>le are so different from the English that the government of the one by the other has been a long story of barbarous oppression and savage retaliation. But there is no wider difference between the Irish and the English than there is between the South and the North. Ireland is a subject province of the British Empire, and the South is the subject section of this Union. We don't make the laws, and we don't administer them. The North rules us, in substantially the same manner that Great Britain rules India. Just as the English maintain their conquest of India by taking into coi3artnershif» with themselves a certain per centage of Hin- dus, so the North holds the South in subjection hj enlisting Southern capitalists and politicians. The}'^ put their money into our daily news- IDapers; they subsidize such organs as The ManKfacturers' Record j they buy up our railroads; thej' capitalize our mills; they finance our street railwaj's; they supply our banks, — always taking Southern men in with them to a certain extent — and they appoint some of our poli- ticians to good positions. United themselves, the Northern capitalists divide the Southerners, and thus rule and despoil the South. Bleah Neto England — poverty-cursed by nature — has heen enriched heyond the dreams of Croesus hy the plundered wealth-producers of the South. There has never been a day since the Civil "War when the North did not rob us of more than half of our cotton crop, with her infernal and insatiable tariff system. We paj^ at least $40,000,000 per annum of the pensions drawn by Union soldiers, — have been doing it for twenty years and will have to keep on doing it for the next fifty years. The war indemnity which Germany wrung from France staggered the world: it was a billion dollars; but the South has already paid a great- er indemnity than that, and the heaviest part is yet to come.
"When Great Britain crushed the South- African republics, she did not pin the Boers down tcith hayonets and set l>lach heels on white necks., as the North did with us. She did not compel the Dutch to swal- low any bitter pills like the Fifteenth Amendment to our Constitution : she left the conquered people to adjust their own domestic affairs, and offered no objection when the conquered Avhites adopted laws which de- barred the blacks from all political privileges.
The North refused to allow us the same freedom, after our guns had heen stacked. HAD THE CONFEDERACY BEEN GIVEN THE SLIGHTEST HINT OF WHAT WAS IN STORE FOR US, THE FLAG NEVER WOULD HAVE BEEN FURLED AT APPO- MATTOX. Leaders like Forrest would have brushed the West Point- ers aside, would have taken to the swamps and the mountains as Ma- rion and Sumpter did in the Revolutionary War, and the fight would have gone on until ever}^ gray-beard and ever}^ school-boy in the South had been sacrificed. Had our people dreamed of the horrors of Recon- struction, had they known that an everlasting Negro Question would be the heritage of the conflict, had they been gifted with the foresight to see that the day would come when no white woman would dare to get out of the reach of the protecting arms of white men, and that the black rapist would overshadow the land with an awful fear — the sword
Editorials 675
of Lee would NEVER have gone back into its scabbard so long as there were living men to throw the line of resistance between the South and that frightful doom.
ABHORRENCE at the suggestion of Southe'm independence? Pluperfect bosh ! Sickening servility ! The quintessence of apostacy ! The high-water mark of truckling self-abasement and lick-log pro- pitiation !
Mr. Dickinson did not believe what he said, and tlie Northern peo- ple knoio that he did not speak the truth. They would respect him a great deal more if he had not kow-towed so low.
We are quite sincere in saying, as we have done before, that it would have been vastl}' better for the South had the Confederacy succeeded. "We were a homogeneous people, and our Constitution was a great im- provement over that of the Union. To maintain our independence, and our army and navy, would have required far less than we now con- tribute to the Federal treasury. Had we succeeded, we would have had no greater enmity for the North than we now have, because we would not have had Reconstruction and the Fifteenth Amendment to rankle in our hearts. "We would have had no constant irritant, such as we now have in the social equality blacks, the office-holding coons, and the niggerite white people of the North who are eternally putting the devil into the heads of the "Afro-Americans." The "Western States would be far better off in a separate government of their own. It will come some day. Those imperial States will grow tired of New England pillage and will throw off the yoke. The Southern States would be far better off in a confederacy of their own. It will come some day. "With just such laws as Aldrich and Lodge and Gallinger and Hale — all of New England — are forcing through Congress at this time, the Union Avill be split into four grand divisions, and this hemisphere will be all the happier for it.
The Path of Glory
IN SIR WILLLAJVI FRASER'S book, "Disr^li and His Day," we find this passage : "Like all men who have a real knowledge and appreciation of true poetry, Disraeli was a great admirer of Gray. He said to me with great fervour, 'Byron visited Greece; he walked on Olympus: he drank from Castalia; there was every- thing to inspire him. Gray never was in Greece in his life: yet he wrote finer lines than Byron:
" ' "Woods that wave o'er Delphi's steep : Isles that crown the Aegean deep:
Fields that cool Ilissus laves.
Or where Maeander's amber waves In lingering labyrinths creep." ' "
"He pronounced the last line very slowly.
"On another occasion I asked him which he admired most of the stanzas of
576 Watson's Jeffersonian Magazine
'Gray's Elegy*. He replied, 'That will require a good deal of thinking.' He added, 'You have made up your mind'? 'Yes.'
" ' "The boast of Heraldry; the pomp of Power: And all that Beauty, all that Wealth e'er gave,
Await alike the inevitable hour:
The paths of Glory lead but to the Grave." ' "
I have often heard this stanza from Gray's "Elegy in a Country Churchyard" used for the purpose of discouraging ambition. In my judgment, the poet had no such intention. He meant merely to give ex- pression to that thought which the Romans had in mind when they placed in the chariot of the conqueror on the day of his triumph an at- tendant whose duty it was to repeat from time to time in the ear of the victor, '■''But remeTnber that you are mortaV\ The same thought was in the mind of the Orientals who stood up a mummy case in the banquet hall where revelers were feasting.
Properly understood, there is in all this no discouragement to hon- orable ambition. True, the paths of glory lead but to the grave, but whither leads any other path ? The law-giver, after all his toil and all the splendor of the civic crown, sinks to the dust; but equally so does the thoughtless, aimless boor, who had no care beyond his pig-stye.
The warrior, after the battles have been fought and won, after the dash of onset, the thrill of contest, the hot wine of triumph, sleeps cold- ly and alone; but equally dismal is the fate of the coward cur who wounded himself with an imaginary bullet, shirked the fight, and lived, the scorn of mankind.
There was once an Indian chief, celebrated in the mountains of North Georgia. Some one asked him the way to his home. The red man haughtily answered, "/ go home along the mountain tops''\
To each one of us comes the hour when we meet
"The Shadow cloaked from head to foot, Who bears the key of all the creeds".
To me, it seems far more noble, far more inspiring to have the in- evitable meeting somewhere in the pathway that leads us home along the mountain tops.
Foreign Missions and the Needs of the Home Field
N A RECENT issue of The Christian Index^ appeared a com- munication from Rev. William II. Smith, of Richmond, Va. The opening paragraph laid down the law in the follow- ing flat-flooted way:
"There can he no question but that the great masses of the people in Catholic countries need the Gospel. It is the testimony of mission- aries and others that for the most part the people in Catholic countries are as ignorant of the saving truth of the Gospel as they are in heath- en lands. We are as much obligated to give these people the Word of God and the knoicledge of the way of salvation as we are to give it to any other people in the world. No Protestant, and certainly no Baptist, could deny the need and our responsibility for preaching to the people who do not know the Gospel."
I consider that a fine specimen of self-complacent ministerial dog- matism. The learned Doctor opens the discussion of a very big ques- tion hv saying there is nothing to discuss. It reminds me of a Trust magnate, like Divine-right Baer, saying to a lot of strikers who propose arbitration, "'There is nothing to arbitrate''.
Well! iceJU! WELL!!!
So we Protestants have not only got to buckle down to it and give SOO.000.000 pagans a heave-up, — materially, mentally, morally, and spiritually — but we mu.st shoulder the responsibility for a couple of hundred millions of Catholic Christians, also. My ! That's a whop- ping contract !
But "there is no question" about it, — Dr. Smith settled the whole thing in his very first paragraph.
We Protestants of the Ignited States are sending missionaries to Austria, Italy, France, Portugal and Spain. As everybody knows, the nations enumerated constitute an integral part of Christendom. From these countries went forth the Crusaders, under the banners of the Cross, to wrench from the infidels the sepulchre of Christ. Yet, al- though these countries were converted to Christianity hundreds of years before the white man ever put his foot upon the American con- tinent, we are now asked l)y the foreign missionaries to supply them with money, in order that they may go to Europe and establish schools, open churches and convert these Catholic Christians to the Protestant faith.
Those nations are able to take care of their own children. They have systems of education quite equal to ours. Their church work is thoroughly organized. Every man, woman and child in Continental Europe who wishes to attend school and become converted to Christ, is afforded the opportunity. Why, then, should we put upon our necks,
878 Watson's Jeffersonian Magazine
and the necks of our posterity, the tremendous burden of responsibility for Catholic Europe?
The ground upon which this policy is based is, that Catholicism is tantamount to paganism. Missionary literature describes the Catholic religion as idolatrous and debasing. In the book entitled "What God Has Wrought", published recently by the Church and Mission Alli- ance, page 151, I find an interesting reference to conditions in Anam :
"Here are twenty-two millions of immortal souls for whom our Saviour died, and no one to tell them the story of His love. Are the Anamites a degraded heathen people? Yes, even more so, if possible, than the Chinese, and not only so but doubly damned by the blight and curse of Romanism."
In another place this book refers to Roman Catholicism as "that degrading superstition."
In the book called "Foreign Missions after a Century," by James S. Dennis, D. D., page 162, the author says: —
"It is unhappily true that Romish, and especially Jesuit missions, are not con- tent simply to push their own work side by side with evangelical agencies, but they wage icar upon Protestant missions and seek with unscrupulous zeal and bitter de- termination to destroy them. The missions of the Romish Church are active, vig- orous and extended. Upon almost every field of Protestant missionary activity we have these cunning and implacable foes crowding against us and seeking through every channel of influence to stay our progress."
The author then proceeds to show that in Japan, China, Tonquin, Cochin China, Ceylon, Malaysia, the Caroline Islands and the Punjab, as well as in Syria, Mexico, and Uganda, the Catholics are making alai^ming headway.
The Rev. J. H. Eager, under the auspices of the American Baptist Publication Society, has given to the world a most valuable work called "Romanism in Its Home". From this book we make the following ex- tracts :
"To my great surprise, I found people bowing before images and actually pray- ing to them, and to my horror I learned that Catholicism not only sanctions and en- courages this practice, but strictly enjoins it upon the people, promising a special blessing to all who comply therewith.
"A visit to Naples and Southern Italy, in 1881, increased my surprise and sor- row, for there I found not only refined, respectable idolatry, but a low and gross form of it, worthy only of uncivilized pagans. I began to feel also that just in those places where the priests have most power over the people, there ignorance, supersti- tion, and vice seem to abound in greatest measure."
"On entering another church in Rome I found three images, all of which were supposed to possess miraculous powers. Seeing a very ugly, repulsive-looking head, crowned with thorns, and blood trickling down on the face, and the features all dis- torted and disfigured, I asked the old sexton what it meant, and he informed me that it was an ancient head of Christ. 'Do people come here to pray to this head?' I asked.
" 'Yes, indeed,' he replied.
" But why do they pray to it? Does it perform miracles?* I inquired.
" 'Why, certainly ; do you not see the many votive ofi"erings which Have been brought by those who have received a blessing? Every church has an image that works miracles'
Editorials 579
"I once said to an ex-priest: 'Is it true that image worship exists in the Cath- olic churches of Italy?'
"He replied without a moment's hesitation: 'Yes, pure and simple. Perhaps,' he added, 'the more intelligent make the distinction between the image and that rep- resented by it, but thousands fix their thoughts on the image alone, and actually pay their devotions to the piece of wood or stone which is before them.'
"Once convince the people that these images work miracles and confer great spiritual blessings — and many of the priests leave no stone upturned to accomplish this purpose — is it not natural for them to conclude that they are worthy of venera- tion and adoration?
"I have in my possession a remarkable book published in Rome in 1797, 'De Prodigi Avvenuti in Molte Sacre ImmaginV, etc., with the approval of the Vatican authorities and written by the 'Apostolic Examiner of the Cler^. On page 87 I find the following words:
" 'In the new series of marvels which the providence of God had reserved until our times, it seems that He also wished to confirm the faith of the Catholic Church and to animate and authenticate the pious custom of the faithful in preserving and offer- ing worship to the Most Holy Images, not only in our churches and oratories, but also in private houses, and especially in the public streets, and in the presence of all.' "
From Mexico, the West Indies, and from South America come sim- ilar accounts of the degradation into which Roman Catholicism sinks its votaries. Take Bishop H. C. Morrison's description of a typical home in Brazil :
"Go in the average Brazilian home and see what Romanism has done for family life. No Bible nor any other book to drive out ignorance and superstition. Hard- ness and apparent hopelessness on every hand. A miserable crucifix on the bare wall, with faded pictures of traditional saints. A pole twenty feet high erected at the front of the house, with a flag at the top, bearing the picture of some particular saint, on whom they depend for protection against certain ills or evils. Sometimes, there are from two to six of these saint flags in front of the same cheerless abode. ( It is only a lodging place and not a home. ) One saint protects against storms, an- other against disease, and so on ad infinitum. The wife of the ordinary Brazilian in the rural districts is the woman who stays at a man's house, takes care of the chil- dren, does the washing, feeds the pigs, cooks his beans and rice and waits on him while he eats. Hopelessness and dejection are stamped upon the face that seems as if it never knew the blessing of a smile. The children in these homes are to know what the parents know and leave the same legacy of soul slavery and superstition to their children. Such is the work of Romanism in Brazil and in all South America."
Such facts as these are set forth to justif}' mission work in Catholic countries.
Necessity' compels the missionaries to prove to us that Roman Cathol- icism is a degrading paganism, — else they would have no excuse what- ever for asking us to incur the expense of sending the Word of God to those who already have it. But if that be the Protestant viewpoint, why go abroad to combat the Pope? He can give us all the fighting we want, right here at home. He rules our cities. He has been the mighti- est factor in our politics, ever since the priests of New York beat James G. Blaine. Cardinal Gibbons is the power behind the throne. The Catholic hierarchy is so powerful that both old parties fear it and obey it.
We dare not claim for the state the right to know wh-at
589 Watson's Jeffersonian Magazine
is going on in Nunneries^ where young and healthy women are taught ohedience to young and healthy 'priests. We can send missionaries to Ital}^, and these can publish books about the scan- dals that attach to the priests and the Nuns. They make no bones of telling us that in Europe when a man becomes a priest he does not cease to be a man, nor lose the passions of a man. Therefore, we learn that there is always a good looking housekeeper at the priestly resi- dence, and that the prurient curiosity and sexual appetites of girls and women are tickled, stimulated and blown into flames by the licentiously suggestive questions asked at the confessional.
Our Protestant Missionaries dwell indignantly upon such inlierent ills of the Roman Catholic system, as seen in Europe; but where is Protestantism forming its line of battle against the papal legions in this country?
Will Catholicism be different in America? Will not the fruits of the tree he the same here^ as in Italy? If priests and nuns have the frailties of men and women in Europe, how do they get rid of them in America? If superstitious practices are abhorrent to common sense when seen in Spain, Portugal and South America, why do they excite no loathing in the United States? // in Europe, Roman Catholicism has sunk its votaries in idolatry, vice, ignorance, mental and spintual darkness, why, in the name of God! are we not bending every energy to arrest its swift advance in our own country?
Of recent years an almost incredible change has crept over our peo- ple. The sturdy independence of mind which in earlier days mocked the priest and defied the King has been superceded by a grovelling flunkeyism which prostrates itself before the altar and the throne. The highest ambition of our Society people is to be "presented" to the bloat- ed voluptuary who wears the English crown : the loftiest aspiration of fourteen millions of American Catholics is to be permitted to kiss a cardinal's ring or a Pope's foot. The spell of superstition has laid hold of the land. We are becoming idolatrous pagans. We believe in "mir- acles" worked by the touch of old bones, by a bath in sanctified water, by prayers offered to some "Saint".
Just one example !
There is a monthly magazine, Bethlehem, published by the Cath- olics. Its chief object seems to be to propagate "the devotion to St. An- thony of Padua".
This Saint, we are told, has great influence in the councils of the Most High, and prayers to him are always answered when those who seek favors are willing to pay for them. The payments are made to the priests, of course. Concerning the reality of the thing. Pope Leo XIII wrote:
"It wonld seem as if this image invites and so to speak, provokes the faithful to ask the Saint for favours, binding themselves as soon 9S they shall have received them to give a sum, of money settled by themselves and which is employed in buying bread for those in want. • • • "
Here we have the holy Papa himself giving a certificate of good
Editorials fisi
character to St. Anthony and dechiring that the Saint invites and pro- vokes the faithful, who are ^villing to pay for the favors, to ask for them. No matter what favor may be desired, the Saint is ready to take the case, provided the faithful are willing to pay the fee. The good and powerful Anthony invariably gets what is wanted. Is it a lost pocketbook ? Is it a good husband ? Is it escape from fire or sickness i Is it a servant? Is it relief from pain? Is it a tenant for a vacant housed St. Anthony is the most versatile and accommodating Saint on the calendar,— he attends to all such matters as those mentioned, as you can learn from letters written to Bethlehem by the grateful devotees. The following are fair samples :
"I am sending you an offering in thanksgiving for a favour granted through St Joseph and St. Anthony.— 7 lost ayi article and at once commenced a novena and promised to have it published in the Bethlehem. On the second day the article was restored to me. Surely St. Anthony is a miracle worker.
(2)
"I send you an offering in thanksgiving for the favour granted through the holy intercession of St. Anthony. The intention for which I requested y«7 /^^"/^^ that I might get a good and suitable husband and happy ^ home, and thank God my desire has been granted, much to the surprise of everyone."
(3)
"I promised an offering to St. Anthony for your School, if he would help my sis- ter recover a pocket-book, containing money and jewelry, which she had losL My re- quest was granted, the book being found in a mysterious manner.— T. O B., Brook- lyn, U. S. A.» ^^^
"I enclose an offering in honour of St. Anthony and for a Mass for Jhe Souls in Purgatory. / promised this offering to St. Anthony, if he ^oould9et a ^««"/ /°^ « house that was vacant for months, so now it is rented and I hasten to fulfill my promise. I also enclose an offering for a mass of thanksgiving m honor of the Sa- cred Heart of Jesus for all the graces and blessings bestowed on ua.-M. B., Louis
viUe, U. S. A."
(5) "Enclosed find an offering to Dear St. Anthony, the Infant Jesus, His Holy Mother and St. Joseph for favours received. , n. •
"We had a contagious disease and two members of the family escaped af er in- voking our patron. The others had a safe and speedy recovery. We were also a - listed in a former sickness which I failed to mention. Dear St. Anthony never fads to help when I invoke him.—B. M., U. S. A."
(6) "You will find enclosed herewith my offering, in payment of a debt to St. An- thony who has helped me in a most providential manner to find an object which I value 'very much and which I thought I had left behind me, when traveling, in the i^Z ToiTafter making a promise to St. Anthony, I have found this object in a trunk ichere I have no recollection of having put it."
(7) "I had recommended myself to St. Anthony and to the Souls in P^^g^^^ory prom- ising a Mass and insertion in 'Bethlehem' if I found a sum of --^^f^^^^^^^^^^j ed. My prayer was granted so I hasten to fulfill my promise and recommend myself to the prayers of the Institute."
"I had promised an offering if my son obtained the situation he f'^fJ^^.J^^ prayer was granted at the very moment we least expected it. Thanks to St. Anthony.
582 Watson's Jeffersonian Magazine
(9)
"A great forest-fire threatened our land. We appealed to St. Anthony, who has preserved us from the scourge we feared. Thanks to this good Saint. — H. L., Saint- Esprit, Canatia."
(10)
"I was suffering a great pain in my eyes for several days. Then it occurred to me to apply to the painful part, the blessed medal of St. Anthony and Our Lady of Lourdes. A great relief followed. I thank my holy patron-Saints and beg you to publish this favour in 'Bethlehem'. — E. R., U. C, Canada."
(11) "A relation of mine had some payments to meet and had not the necessary sum to fulfill the engagement at the appointed time. She promised a mass in honour of St. Anthony, for the Souls in Purgatory, if work arrived in time. She had no cause for disappointment in St. Anthony."
(12) "I request you to have three masses said in honour of St. Anthony, through whose intercession I have found two good servants and have obtained another tem- poral favour. — ^A Child of Maby."
Would you have believed that a modern Pope could encourage such idiotic superstition as these letters disclose? Did you know that there were people, outside the lunatic asylums, capable of writing such letters ? Could you have imagined that there were magazines being published which are crammed, month after month, with such imbecile drivel, such nauseating nonsense?
That kind of thing carries one back to the Dark Ages, fills one with shame and disgust, and causes one to fear that, after all, it is a hope- less undertaking to strive to free mankind from priesthoods and aris- tocracies— the twin curses that have destroyed so many a state.
If it has not recently been taken down, you may see, just inside the main entrance of one of the oldest and most beautiful cemeteries in America, a box, with a slot for the coin, under a placard worded in large letters :
"AH, HOW I SUFFER IN THESE FLAMES, AND YOU FORGET ME."
Beneath this appeal, fivm the soul in Purgatory, comes the request for money, — •
"Contributions placed in this box will be used to provide for saying masses for the souls of the faithful toho are buried in this cemetery."
You feel like rubbing your eyes, don't you ? You have been smiling indifferently, as you read of superstition in Europe and South America, — but is it not time for you to realize that religious blindness knows no geography, halts at no frontier, draws no color line, wields a sceptre, — old as the human race, — which will never be broken as long as fear- enslaved mothers shackle their children with the dread of death, mak- ing them cowards to the Unknown?
**********
While Missionary literature is flooding the country and every min-
Editorials sss
ister of the Gospel is pnictically under orders to make a specialty of collections for the foreign field : while the demand for the annual ex- penditures for the work has been advanced to $80,000,000, and one of the great churches has delinitely assumed as its "share" the training, education and conversion of 40,000,000 heathen, let us take a glance over the home field. Let us sec what Americans are doing for Amer- ica. Before we lose our minds entirely in the fine frenzy for the poor benighted heathen, let us endeavor to get an intelligent comprehension of our own national conditions and tendencies. Before we go daft about the "Uplift of China", let us be certain that we don't need an uplift ourselves.
In the United States we are spending $600,000,000 yearly in the ef- fort to punish crime, and everybody knows that crime was never so rampant. Only the weak and clumsy criminal gets caught and pun- ished. The cunning and the great cannot be handled at all. Within the period of a few months there were more than a hundred murders in New York City which were classed as "mysterious," because the as- sassins could never be identified and arrested. Beneath the shelter of sortie Secret Society^ the red-handed criminal ducked and disappeared.
^\^nle engaged in correcting the type-written copy of this article, the following item of news appeared in the N. Y. Globe:
"I was hungry — starving, your honor. I did not want to die, so I took that meat so I might live," pleaded nineteen-year-old Harry Rosenberg to Magistrate Breen in Essex Market Court when arraigned today on a charge of burglary of the butcher shop of Max Lent, at 73 Norfolk street.
The young man did not get out of the shop with the half-liver and three pounds of chops he had taken, however, as Butcher Hj-man Sargon entered and found Rosen- berg there.
"I'm sorry for the chap," said the magistrate, "for I believe his story. But I can do nothing for him in the sight of the law, except to commend him for telling the truth.
"I hold him in $1,500 bail for trial."
As Rosenberg could not produce bail, he will eat in jail pending trial.
On the same day., the papers were telling us how Federal Judge Hand, of the same city., declined to require bonds of the indicted Sugar Trust magnates and released those self-confessed but powerful crim- inals to the custody of their own lawyers! The starving youth who grabbed a piece of raw beef is in jail and will be punished: the thieves who were caught stealing nine million dollars from the Government walked smilingly out of court without having to even sign a recog- nizance. Items similar to these could be listed by the score. There is one law for the rich and another for the poor, — we see it all over the land.
In 1850 there was in the United States one prisoner to 3,500 of pop- ulation; in 1860, one to every 1,000; in 1880, one to 900; in 1890, one to every 800. And the shame of it is that thousands who ought to be pris- oners, never are. "We have some crimes and some criminals that we find ourselves utterly unable to punish.
The most alarming feature about the increase of the law-breaking
S84 Watson's^Jeffersonian Magazine
class is the heavy proportion of juvenile offenders. Boys of tender age commit every variety of crime, from petit larceny to assaults on girls.
Did it ever occur to you that 1,752,187 of the children in this Union, under the age of 16 years, are at work in factories, mines, quarries, and sweatshops? In this jHglitful haste is the Saturn of our Christian civ- ilization devouring his own children.
Do you realize what it means to our future when the census re- ports prove that the disgrace of illiteracy hangs like a mill-stone about our necks?
Is it nothing to you that your colleges sneer at your creed, and the Socialist vows the downfall of your state?
Does the despair of the suicide, — the wretch who took his own life because he could get no work and his children were crying for bread amid riches such as the world never knew before, — strike no terror to your soul?
"When you ponder upon the sordid Commercialism which counts hu- man life as naught and dollars as all ; when you see how the laws rob those whose labor brings forth the wealth; when you reflect that the Moloch of profits and dividends is demanding the annual sacrifice of a larger nunriber of human lives than fell during any year of our Civil War — have you no sickening doubts about the integrity of what we call our ChHstian civilization?
Have you no doubt of the success of our system when you are told by such men as Dr. Alexander McNichoU that,
"Conditions in the New York public schools rival those of ancient Sodom. The degeneracy, mental deficiency and other drawbacks to the proper education of youth have increased at a pace that threatens the future of the Republic" ?
AMien you learn that the tentacles of the white-slave traffic enfold and drag down 50,000 white women of our land every year, does your optimism find no difficulty in wearing its patent-leather smile ?
When a New York physician like Dr. W. W. Sanger, and a Gov- ernment Commission like that appointed by President Eoosevelt indict our Christian commercialism for the degradation of our fallen sisters, do you feel no distrust, — no fear that the soul has gone out of our civ- ilization and that its own heartlessness will break it down ?
In the report of the Roosevelt "Homes Commission" (page 301 and those following) is a study of wages and the cost of living. It is found that the prices of the necessaries of life have advanced and that wages, measured by their purchasing power, have decreased. That is, the workman who is paid more than in 1906, is unable to purchase now as much food and clothing as he did then with his smaller wages.
The Commission carefully investigated the cost of living in the cit- ies and found that it was $768.54 per family per year. It then took up the matter of the weekly earnings of 3,297,811 toilers, and found that the average was $10.06. The males of 16 years and over averaged $11.16 per week ; the women, $6.17 ; the children under 16 years, $3.46. Of the men, 1,215,798 (or 46l^ per cent, of the whole number) earn less than $10 per week.
Editorials ^^^
The Commission reporU that ^^it is utterly impossible^^ to support a family on those wages.
Mtrt'r;:!;Hnt:^Sf and suicide: women go to the sweatshops, the f,S«;t, the brothels: the children go to the divdend-m.ll, to the
"Xu^r f Ch;i".::^>aiu"^wt have the Protective System in aU its gio;;, levying the highest tariffs ever known, for the purpose
''^'■lZ"?4^1rra,tr Amissions was written and while it was bein' vped, came a startling corroboration to the testimony tendmg to Z" e that our churches are not doing right by our own people^ Eev^ T ■ A Ttlncl- one of the most popular clergymen ot New I OIK StT eftt^edtc^nt nne doh.g ministerial work am^,,k his conore^ fafonfffelcd to do.Ue his sala,-y. He abandons the m.mstry and states why. He says :
"The Otara ha, absolutely no a«ire to wield any influence to help *= ~»-°" people to get fair play Jt is not hack of any«rgan,^t,on "^ -™ '"^^^rany P-b- 1^: T:wlTl"tLTedt lighC-n's little faults an. inconsistencie,
on SunTay^t" it «iU say notbing.against ^^^^l^^^t'ZtmLTot^r'^Z and starves millions Why .day -/f^-^,^ ^'I iS'and'deals out eha'nty. i, d^r:rot'el; Sung t'^ovr the eauL that produce that unfortunate con-
real needs of man."
Within trumpet call of the palaces of such detestable Pharisees as Andrew Carneg'e. John Rockefeller, Pierpont Morgan and John Wan- :,,n lor voumnv find the needle-woman bent over her work in some Z; nes ikn W dnn"con of a tenement stitching white aprons (requir- fn" wW the banrslx long seams) at 15 cents per dozen. She has to pay "^'rls Ve 1 the finished-aprons as they are returned to he Christian firm which emplovs her, and the net earning to her on 120 aprons is «1™5 She cannot average more than 30 aprons per day: consequently, ffshe h^nTillness herself, and has.osiek child *" n«rse^J^X^^ -rn a wage of 40 cents per day, out of which must come '""'I- ^l^f'^gj^^'; ,nd all other living expenses for herself and children. The ChTisU<m firm Wch pavs her a little more than a cent apiece for m^^ng *e !;"„'nr, illsVlm at 25 cents each. The cloth perhaps cost five or six
"'"go to another reeking, stinking room and you will find a widow and . liHlp brood of children The mother is making trousers for a cloth- Wfirn^TL=e«Xloons are sold out from New York as custom mfi and a eTnLded for fashionable summer use. . The woman gets
586 Watson's Jeffersonian Magazine
10 cents a fair for making those trousers which sell at from $5 to $10. Unless she puts an extraordinary strain upon herself, she cannot finish more than three pairs a day.
The hideous annals of the sweat-shops are strewn with details equally heart-rending. For knee-pants of the grammar-school size, the sewing-woman gets 16 cents per dozen. For cheap overcoats., she is paid four cents apiece ; for the finer quality, lined with satin, she gets eigM cents apiece!
For men's ordinar}^ coats, she is paid six cents each; for fine panta- loons, 13 cents a j^air. For the uniforms, worn by U. S. mail carriers, the sewing- women get nine and a half cents a pair. For overalls, with straps going over the shoulders, and with thirty distinct seams to he stitched., making in all 321/2 feet of sewing, the seamstress is paid five cents, from which is deducted the cost of carriage both ways, — from the Christian firm to her sickly den, and from her den back to the magnifi- cent store. To add to the agony of this Avork, the cloth is stiff, hard on her sewing machine, and breaks about 10 cents' worth of needles every week.
Yet our misguided people are going crazy for cots in Chinese hos- pitals, gymnasiums for Korea, and kindergartens for Jaan ! Great God ! Why have we no eyes and ears and hearts for the suffering, toil- ing, perishing millions here in Christian America ?
President Eoosevelt appointed a Commission to investigate the homes of our people, — not the homes of heathen, but the homes of Christians. The oiRcial report of that Commission was so appalling that the Government suppressed it. I am indebted to the courtesy of Senator A. O. Bacon for a copy of so much of that report as was put in pamphlet form. This document, prepared by national officials and pub- lished by national authority, furnishes terrible testimonj^ against the foreign missionary fanatics who are acting upon the theory that all is well with us in our Christian republic.
The array of evidence relating to poverty, to vice, to the social evil, to drug fiends, to the deadly nostrums of quacks, to the health-destroy- ing conditions under which our working-people labor, to unsanitary dwellings, — to adulterated food, to infant mortality, to diseases due to vice, to the drink evil, to illiteracy, to the horrors of the slums — ought to be sufficient to whip the conscience and torture the soul of every Christian and humanitarian in America.
On page 222, the facts are given touching 2,000 prostitutes who were asked how they came to be in that business. Nearly all of them were girls or young women : only 9G were over 40 years of age. The majority of them were natives of New York and the New England States.
And one-fourth of the number of these fallen angels, when asked to tell why they were leading that kind of life, answered, '■'■From inclina- tion!^'' Merciful heaven ! W[\^t is the matter with Christianity, in Puritan New England., when 513 out of 2,000 harlots, mainly from our self-righteous section, will brazenly tell investigators, "/ came into a hrothel hecause I wanted to live that wayf
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And 7^^- — smug, conceited, Pharisaical in the perfunctory perform- anc« of the ceremonial of religion— are mightily concerned lest the Ko- rean boys should not have a splendid gymnasium, and the Korean girls should not have a boarding-school where they can be protected and nur- tured until they marry ! ^^^ » •
But why did the other three-fourths of the 2,000 American women become inmates of houses of ill-fame?
Five hundred and twenty-five declared that destitution drove them to it- ^58 said that they had been seduced and abandoned: 181 owed their ruin to drink : the ill-treatment of parents, relations and husbands was the cause assigned bv IC-t; bad company and the persuasion ot bad women victimized 155; idleness and the wish to have an easy life mis- led 154; while 24 were seduced on board emigrant ships, and 27 were violated. , ^ ,
The greater number of these unfortunate creatures had been wage earners, but 534 had been paid only one dollar per week ; 336 had earned $2 per week ; 230, $3 ; 127, $4. ^ .. • i u
This brings us to that awful suggestion made to poor white girls by their Christian employers, ''Get a gentleman friend to assist you.
Investigation has 'shown that the wages of women in the great Northern cities average less than $5 per week. For doing the same work as men. thev are paid much less. What chance has a girl to es- cape temptation and ruin? The conditions which we self-conceited Christians tolerate literally drive our people into poverty -^nd pov- • ertv tends to make sots of the men and strumpets of the women. As on^ of the heart-broken victims cried out in her shame and bitter re- sentment, ''Let God Almighty jvdge tvho's to Name most-l that was driven- or them that drove me to the pass Vm in^ . ,, •
With more than a million of our girls and boys ground up in the in- dustrial hopper to produce dropsical dividends: with more than six nllions of \niterates clogging the wheels: with ten mil ions sentenced to perpetual servitude by the laws which license the banking and man- ufacturing class to despoil the agricultural class of all it produce , ex- cepting, a living wage with tens of thousands of prostitutes contami- nadng^he stream of national life with syphilitic infection,-to the woe o? wiL and the death or decadence of the offspring,-and with a drink bill and a drug bill which almost stagger behef, who is it that escapes intense concern for our future? i „„ ^nfov
In the New York American, Mary Shaw, the actress, has an intei- view from which the following is taken :
"Think of a room where a mother worked at baby robes which rich people later
were to buy She was surrounded by her own three children, wh.mpermg and crying
A^2\L for fl. little childish iov. At every effort on their part to laugh or talk
The men worked at night, but were too poorly paid to pt any better lodgings than these. The room, of course, abounded in disease germs.
688 Watson's Jeffersonian Magazine
In the Atlanta Journal there recently appeared a letter from which I quote :
"Editoe Atlanta Joubnal: — I am the widow of a newspaper man and I am re- duced to absolute beggary. I have not a dollar and I have three children. For God's and humanity's sake, won't you help me? This is a prayer as much as if I were kneeling before you and speaking. I have tried and tried, perseveringly, steadily, des- perately to find work that will enable me to support my children and myself and I meet with nothing but failure. Won't you, through your paper, ask the newspaper fraternity to help me ? It is bitter, so bitter, to me to do this, and for myself, I think I'd much prefer death, but for my children who are in misery and want, I must. If I can get enough money to supply their present needs while I go on trying for work, it may be that I can find it some time, for surely somewhere there must be work for one so willing and so anxious as I to find it."
President Taft's brother owns a newspaper in Cincinnati which re- ported the case of Wm. B. Pettiis, accused of counterfeiting. When ar- raigned in court, he said :
"I plead guilty to everything. * * * When a man is starving he has got a right to do anything to get bread and butter. I was starving and I did this, either to get something to eat, or to break into jail where the state will have to feed me. The state is humane and will not let me starve in prison. It is my misfortune that, in order to get food, I have to commit a crime. I would rather work for my bread and butter, but I have not been able to find work."
In the C ommercial-Ajypeal of Memphis, Tenn., appeared, Sunday morning, Maj^ 2, 1909, this advertisement :
"SITUATION wanted by young man to keep him from starving; salary or char- acter of work is immaterial; is shoemaker by trade, but is quick with his hands and is willing to do anything to make an honest living; best of references. Address E 29, this oflSce."
I could fill this magazine with similar items, things happening around us every day.
Along with these clippings, taken almost at random from the pa pers which come to my table, there is another, — a letter written by T. O. Hearn from Pingtu, Shangtu, China. Brother Hearn wishes to stimulate contributions to foreign missions, and he tells the story of a Texas woman who found herself possessed of a somewhat ferocious de- termination to furnish a five-dollar cot to the Oxner Memorial Hos- pital. This good Texas lady had no means of her own. How, then, was she to give the poor heathen that cot? The lady herself says that she prevailed upon some of her neighbors to buy a few of her books (Christmas presents from her friends), and that she extracted a dollar from a gentleman whom she calls "our county missionary;" but, after all her efforts, she still lacked fift}^ cents. I will let the Texas lad}'- re- late in her own words how she secured the final contribution :
"We have a neighbor, a poor undow xcoman, in ill health and living on rented land. She ran in to see me a few days ago, saying she knew what being sick meant, and that she had been wanting to give me sometliing for a long time. Handing me a little package, she ran away. I opened it, and there were five yards of emhroidenj, a
Editorials 689
handkerchief, and fifty cents. That poor widow! I could not keep the tears back, and ice all cried. I told sister I did not feci worthy to touch it, but she said that it would not be right to hurt her feelings by returning it; and / said I would add it to my cot, which would make the five dollars."
Did you ever read anything that gave you a queerer feeling than the above? A Texas woman, presumably of sound mind, so hypnotized by the influence of missionary propaganda that she believes she has won applause in heaven and on earth when she, a poor sick woman, has taken from another poor widowed and alHicted woman her handiwork and her money to buy a cot for a hospital in China ! **********
Stung by the revelations which the Jeffersonians, monthly and weekly, have been making, the missionaries, and those who uphold the ])resent system, have begun to publish articles defending it. One of these articles was written by the well-known journalist, Frank G. Car- penter. He takes up Korea, and he maintains that American money invested in Korean missions will earn larger dividends than when placed anywhere else. AVhat does he mean by '"dividends" upon mis- sion investments? Does he count as dividends the numbers of those who join the Christian churches? Apparently, that is his meaning. But how can he, or any one else, judge by such a criterion? After a century of missionary work among these simple-minded, indolent and effeminate Koreans, only 150,000 of them have pretended to be con- verted. Of these, the Catholics have 50,000. How many of the con- verts which the priests coralled joined the Christian church to escape the crushing/ burden of Korean taxation? THAT WAS THE BAIT which tempted these very inferior people to become Christians, — why did Mr. Carpenter omit the mention of that fact? Is it not a most ma- terial fact to be considered, in passing upon the sincerity of the "Con- verts?"
The Christian religion has carried millions of dollars to Korea, where the money was sadly needed. These Christian dollars have built splendid churches and schools for the decadent, immoral and almost helpless natives. Their children have been clothed, fed, housed and taught. In a variety of ways, they have received the benefit of Euro- pean and American charity. Of course, they like it. Of course, they want more of it. John Wanamaker, of Philadelphia and Xew York, gave the Koreans nearly $40,000 to put up a Y. M. C. A. hall. They are pleased with it. They now ask that we send them $15,000 for a Gym- nasium, and $10,000 •'to complete the equipment of the industrial es- tablishment."
They also need "a few thousand dollars more to employ native men who have graduated from the American colleges."
The closing paragraph of Mr. Carpenter's article, after mentioning the amounts desired for the gymnasium, the industrial school, and the native workers, ends with the sentence, "I know of no place where any investment will bring better results."
I had no idea that Mr. Carpenter was so unconscious of the exist-
590 Watson'sf Jeffersonian Magazine
ence of thousands of places in his own country where an investment of $15,000 would produce better results than in building a gymnasium in Korea, and where "a few thousand" wisely expended would do more good than when used to employ Korean college graduates to give a col- lege education to Korean boys and girls.
John Wanamaker, magnificent business man and advertiser, gave $40,000 for a Korean Y. M. C. A. hall, and got space worth four times the money in all the papers ! And the calculating Pharisee dwells in Philadelphia ! ! !
Mr. Carpenter says that such sums as we send to Korea to build gymnasiums, industrial schools and Y. M. C. A. halls cannot be better invested. The Hon. John Wanamaker appears to be of the same opin- ion. And yet the money ostentatiously sent to heathendom might fiind immensely more profitable employment in Christendom — yea, even in the city of Brotherly Love, wherein John Wanamaker resides.
There are some thousands of children who go hungry to school in this opulent city of Brotherly Love: some go without having had a mouthful of breakfast, and some go who have had but a piece of bread. And there are other children who cannot be sent to school at all : some because they lack clothing, and some because their .help is needed in the sweatshop.
Has John Wanamaker, the Christian millionaire, ever tried to or- ganize relief for the poverty-cursed children of his home city — children who are foredoomed to ruin, children who have no chance to be good, children that never heard of the Christ who loved the little ones ? Kich Pharisee that he is, John Wanamaker, like many other millionaires, would rather donate his money where it will redound to his glory in the columns of newspapers than go quietly into the purlieus of Phila- delphia, Boston and New York and rescue some of the thousands who are lost in the Inferno of the slums.
There is a mountain territory in the Southern States that is much larger than New England. It embraces about 200 counties and con- tains a population of 2,500,000 people. These mountain folks are cut off from the outside world, and civilization has not lifted them in its upward march. They are poor, unprogressive, illiterate. They have no learning, and they do not even have the modern knowledge of how to live. A large majority of these neglected whites occupy one-room cabins, miserable little shacks, not nearly so comfortable as the cow- house of the average cotton-grower. Their food is scanty and poor, consisting of beans, coarse bread, with now and then a piece of hog- meat. It is a region in which some barefooted, and almost barelegged, woman, — plowing an ox while the man of the house has taken his pack and gone off for a trip to the still or a hunt in the woods, — will add as a commentary to the traveler's remark, that '''■the scenery is fflorious" —''YES, ITS A FINE COUNTRY FOR MEN AND DOGS, BUT irS HELL ON WOMEN AND STEERS:'
In these wretched mountain hovels are sad-faced mothers, and crowds of dirty, ragged, ignorant children — sometimes a family of fif-
Editorials 59i
teen living in one room, with a dirt floor and no window, an abode of squalid poverty, degradation and sin.
Christians of Georgia/ What are you thinking about lohen you riegJect these lohite jjeople of your own State, and trapse off to Mex- ico, Brazil and Japan to endoro sumptuous hoarding schools for for- eign hoys and girls?
The same reproach falls upon Alabama, and Tennessee, and the Carolinas, and Kentucky, and the two Virginias. It is an amazing thing that we can gloat over the magnificent and costly colleges, dor- mitones, hospitals, churches and schools which we are erecting in hea- thendom, ichere loealth ahounds and xohere the people are ahundantly ahle to help themselves, and can be so cruelly unsympathetic toward the poorer classes of our own great Caucasian race. With the million- aire vhilanthropists of the Northern States dumping their donations on negro schools, TO PREPARE THE BLACKS FORINDVS^ TRIAL COMPETITION AND SOCIAL EQUALITY WITH THE WHITES OF THE SOUTH, how can we Caucasians of the South ig- nore the danger to our future? What will be the conditions of our pos- terity, if we divert to secular education in the Orient the funds needed for the uplift of our owm? For God's sake, give THIS ASPECT OF THE CASE a serious thought!
Vn\o is it that knows to a certainty that a single Oriental has ever become a sincere Christian ? AVho is it that does not know that if these Eastern people will live up to their own religious creeds they will be good men and women— just as good as we are?
Let us have no narrow-minded foolishness about this: ask any hon- est scholar and he will tell you that these Eastern peoples had a beau- tiful, refining and inspiring code of morality, long before Christians met in convention to vote the adoption of these separate writings which constitute our Bible.
John Weslev maintained that a heathen, who lived according to the best \W\ii he had, would be saved. Is it not the general belief, in this age oflntellectual freedom, that a Mohammedan, a Buddhist, or a dis- ciple of Confucius, who honestly believes in the religion of his fathers and who does his utmost to live according to its teachings, will not be damned to everlasting punishment? The creeds of these people, when faithfully observed, make good men; and have not our very best preachers declared that our Christian religion means, ''Being good and doina aood^'' Will the Father of us all send good people to broil in an eternal hell? John Wesley said, ".V^".^ Who will say, -YES''?
The case of Elsie Sigel murdered by Chinese "converts among
whom she had been working, has created a profound sensation, and has
encouraged a number of churchmen to speak out in loud condemnation
of prevailing methods. ^, , t-
Speaking to a reporter of the New York World the Rev. Charles I^.
McArthur said:
"If the -World, would employ its groat facilities for gathering news to obtaining a list of the mission girls ruined by Chinese whom they were teaching it would per-
B92 Watson's Jeffersonian Magazine
form a service for which all the churches would be supremely grateful. TBere have been enough cases of that kind to fill an entire page in the paper. That list would be read everywhere as an awful object-lesson in depravity. I believe its publication would so shock the country as to correct the evil at which it would aim. Nothing short of some such exposure will stop it. The people need to be horrified. I shall be in sympathy with any measure, however shocking, to save our young women from a continuance of this infamy, and with what feeble force I have I will speak for it."
Dr. Paul "Wakefield, of Springfield, 111., concurs with Dr. McAr- thur, and makes the astounding admission that "TFe Missionaries have known this for a long time and were not surprised when we heard of Miss SigeVs tragic deaths
"What was it that "We Missionaries have known for a long time", and would not tell until one poor white girl was brutally choked to death by Chinese "Converts" ?
They hneiv that mission work among these Oriental heathen was fraught with peril to the virtue of the Chfristian girls who were de- tailed for the work. They knew that Chinese men were pretending to study the Bible to get the chance to seduce tJie Christian girls.
They knew it — "We Missionaries" did — and they did not tell it! They did not warn the girls, did not warn the parents of the girls, did not alarm the great Christian world where Public Sentiment, once aroused, might have applied the hot iron to the evil.
Said Dr. Wakefield: ''''There are more women missionaries degraded hy Chinese men than there are Chinese converted.'^''
"We Missionaries have known this for a long time".
AND THEY WOULDN'T SPEAK OUT!
That is the most abominable feature of the whole ghastly business. It makes the Christian Missionanes parties to the crimes. They knew that lecherous Chinamen were posing as Bible students for the purpose of degrading the women Missionaries. They knew that these wolves in sheep'' s clothing were devouring Caucasian girls. Yet these Caucasian Ministers of the Gospel were so fanatical for mission work, and so afraid that a knowledge of the truth might lessen the Missionary con- tributions of American dupes, that they were silent while a system which might have put your daughter in Elsie SigeVs place., was in full blast. How do you knoAv what secrets they are concealing in the for- eign work? If they hide such terrible conditions from you, here at home, what is it that they could not hide in China, Japan and India? Oh, the horror and the shame of it !
Miss Helen Clark, Director of one of the Missions, said :
"For seventeen years I have urged the folly of white women endeavoring to Christianize Chinamen. All about me I have seen the ruin and wrecked homes. Case after case that parallels Elsie Sigel's, with the exception of its tragic termination. But even so, death is better than some things. I have believed from the very begin- ning that it was impossible for white women to properly influence Chinese men."
The Elsie Sigel case, like the lightning flash in the dark, revealed the whole world of mission work among the heathen in the home field.
Editorials 593
How is it, ahroad? Arc the OritMitals in the East different from the Orientals who come West? Is a Chinaman in New York or San Fran- cisco any worse than a Chinaman in China? Do these Chinese "Con- verts" ever use the religious cloak to do wrong in China? You do not know. A lightning flash may come some day which will cause ''We Missionaries'' to let that cat out of the bag, also.
Men who arc so fanatical, so dead to the promptings of right, that they deliberately concealed from us the knowledge that Chinese "Con- verts"" were systematically corrupting the women Missionaries, are ca- pable of concealing anything. You are left to believe that "We Mis- sionaries" never would have revealed the hideous facts, had not Elsie Sigel's murder been discovered and traced to several of her Chinese "Converts".
Concerning Third Parties
MR. THOMAS L. HISGEN, late candidate for the Presidoncy of the so-called Independence League party, declares his realignment wit)i the Democratic party. In .a formal statement he says: "The campaign of 1908 demon- strated that the battle for national reforms must be fought out within the lines of the two largest national parties." This well-known truth is never obscured except in the minds of self-seeking politicians and their deluded followers.
We clip the above j^aragraph from the !Macon Telegraph. The last line contains just about as much error as a trip-hammer could possibly drive into so small a space.
In the first place, politicians of the self-seeking sort are very much more apt to stay inside a dominant party than to lead a revolt against it. The rehel always takes a risk. If he is a Robert Emmett or a Na- thaniel Bacon, or a Jefferson Davis, he finds Jordan a hard road to travel. If he happens to be a Robert Bruce or a George Washington, he will be honored in life and immortalized in song and stor3\ It is the same way in politics. He who loves an easy time will go with the crowd and vote as those around him vote. To rehel, is to court trouhle. No man will do it without a strong motive. This motive may not be unmixed patriotism, but it usually is. Certainly, selfishness has little to do with it. ^Mien such men as Luther, Calvin, Huss, Zwingle, Wick- liffe, Roger Williams and John Wesley break away from dominant churches, people don't ascribe their action to self-seeking ambition. Erasmus believed pretty nearly as Luther did, but Erasmus loved his scholarly ease too much to rebel.
Had it not been for the men who led religious revolts. Kings and Popes would still ha burning heretics at the stake or feeding them to vermin in foul dungeons.
Had it not been for the men who led political revolts, tyrants would still be resting thrones on the backs of slavish millions.
If I were an artist, gifted with the genius of Michael-Angelo,. I would carve from purest marble my ideal of the grandest type of man and, throwing into the work all the strength and beauty and daring
694 Watson's Jeffersonian Magazine
and rectitude that it is possible for human hands to embody, I would name the statue "-THE REBEV\
By the splendor of God ! he's the noblest figure on the stage of Time. Whether he fought and bled with Wallace on Scotland's moors and hills, or resisted papal tA^ranny in some Vaudois mountain vale, or ral- lied to that sublime Dutchman who first won for us the fight for liberty of conscience, or was one of those who brought King John to his knees at Runnymede, or sped to the bugle-call of Hampden and fought the good fight that brought on the Eevolution of 1688, or bore the fearful hardships of the campaigns of our Revolutionary War: — no matter whether he died, as Huss, did for religious freedorn ; or laid his head on the block, as Sidney did, for civil liberty; or was burnt, as Bruno was, for freedom of thought, The Rebel has been the mainspring of the progress of the Universe. In literature, in art, in the sciences, — in the world of ideas and the world of deeds, — the avant courier of all im- provement, of every discovery, has been The Rebel.
No great reform has ever been the voluntary work of an established church or of an old political party, — never! The Protestant rebellion forced the ancient Church to live a better life ; and, right now, the whole world of organized Christianity needs the purifying storm of another Great Rebellion.
In Continental Euroj^e, in Great Britain and in the United States, the 'pressure from the outside of insurrectionary movements has forced each change for the better. The small groups in European politics wield tremendous influence. "Wlio has not seen this exemplified in the legislation of Germany, France and England?
Human nature is the same in this country as elsewhere. The divis- ion of our people into but two political parties is most lamentable. If we had a dozen distinct groups. Wall Street would not find it so easy to control legislation. So long as we have but two parties, the pluto- crats will easily manipulate them both — as has been the case ever since the Civil War. In national affairs, we have no party of Opposition. This is a national misfortune. The great problem that confronts us today is, — "How are the people to get fair and equal treatment from the Federal Government?"
Both the old parties have had the chance to do right, and neither will do it. What, then, is the hope of the people ?
We would be glad to have the Telegraph tell us : —
(1) What are the evils which the Republicans have inflicted, and are continuing to inflict, upon the country; and
(2) What reforms are needed to set things right? and
(3) How are we to get these reforms?
The Planters' War
in Tennessee and Kentucky Against the Tobacco Trust
By Harriet Parks Miller
WHEN wealth is used to oppress, without warrant of law, then it is time for self-respecting freemen to defend themselves. Tobacco is one of the most important crops that enters into the commerce of nations, and is used by the hu- man family more than any other articles except tea and salt.
Located in Western Kentucky, and Northwestern Tennessee, are thirty tobacco growing counties constituting what is know'n as "The Dark Tobacco District," or "Black Patch," so called because of a dark, rich type of tobacco, which, for body, color, and tex- ture, surpasses that grown on any other portion of the globe.
For these qualities it is sought by nearly every foreign market, and everywhere is used as a basis upon which the lower grades are rendered salable.
The annual production of this much desired tobacco grown in Kentucky, and Tennessee, ap- proximates 130,000,000 pounds.
It is used in the domestic man- ufacture of snuff, and some grades of plug, but most of it is exported to P^ngland, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Hol- land, Africa, and South America. It is bought by agents repre- senting the tobacco manufactur- ing monopolies of those countries. Until 1894, the tobacco growers
of the Dark District were pleased with conditions. They prized their own crops in hogsheads and delivered them to convenient warehouses, from which the to- bacco w'as sampled, and sold at public auction.
Competition was lively, and the grower had the right to reject, or accept the good living prices of- fered, usually from $10 to $15 per hundred pounds.
But there came a change. The old time tobacco buyer, with his honest prices, was driven to the rear, and in his stead came the Trus't agent.
Trust building is not a new art, and its builders are so strong- ly fortified, that they can an- nihilate competition, regulate prices, and recklessly reap the ricli harvest they had no hand in sowing.
A famous phrenologist has de- chired that the typical Trust l^uildor must have a head with only three active bumps, Force, (ireed, and Cruelty.
Men who build Trusts are not in the business for their health, and while only a few of them have the courage to say — "TAe public he damnecV\ they loudly speak of it in every action.
Of all the Trusts,-— and there are many, — the Tobacco Trust is said to be the worst, James Buch- anan Duke, of New Jersey, is the
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cruel monarch of the Kingdom
of Nicotine.
Of his wealth, listen, —
Mr. Duke's riches, if run into
gold, would require four hundred
horses, a ton to the horse, for
their hauling.
Carts and horses of those Duke
riches would make a procession
two miles long !
C. H. FORT
President of the Planters' Protective Association
of Kentucky and Tennessee
No wonder at this, when this money monarch controls every question of American tobacco: snuff, cigars, cigarettes, smoking tobacco, fine cut, etc. His tobacco rule is absolute in Cuba, in the Philippines, in China, and Japan.
But to return to our little "Black Patch", over which Mr.
Duke's dominion has been broken. So persistent were the Trust agents in their efforts to swindle the farmers out of their hard earnings, that it was not unusual to see them in the tobacco fields, examining and making bids on crops before they had fairly started to grow.
Later on, in the late fall, or early winter months, when the cured croj^s hung in the barns, ready for stripping and marketing, the agents began their second round — first assuring the planter that he need not expect much, giving as a reason, over-production, or supply greater than demand.
Statistics show that it costs six cents per pound to raise tobacco.
It is a trying crop on men. Not only does it require close attention and cultivation throughout the fiercest heat of Summer (for it is a sun plant), but after a season of nearly four months in the field, the end is not near.
So dependent is it on weather conditions, that of- ten it hangs in the curing barns several months before it can be handled, and often we see an old crop hanging on the heels of preparation for a new one. The continued de- cline in prices, under Trust rule, the average being $3.50 and $4 per hundred, farmers became dis- couraged, and dismantled their prizing outfits; warehouses were no longer needed, and warehouse- men driven out of business.
Trust agents were buying loos« «t the barns.
But their audacity reached a
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697
climax, when they began to di- vide the '•Black Patch" into sec- tions. First by county and dis- trict lines, and even public roads !
For instance, an agent rode up one day to a farmer's barn, made a low bid on his tobacco, and said, "If you don't take this, it will be your last chance, for no other buyer is coming this way."
As he started to ride off, with- out closing the trade, the farmer said, "Hold on, Mr. Buyer, I have other barns full of tobacco; I would like for you to examine them all."
"My good sir, I have no right, for they are on another buyer's territory."
"On another man's territory!" exclaimed the farmer — as the buyer mounted his well groomed horse, and galloped away.
'"''Ttnist division of my fai^m^ what nextf''
Starvation prices had been reached, and the laboring class, principally negroes, were leaving the farms, to seek public work — and those left behind had to steal, or starve.
Thrifty farmers were mortgag- ing their homes, for the once pros- perous Black Patch was in des- perate straits, and in its despera- tion the people sought relief in organization. The "Boston Tea Party Spirit" had fired the blood of patriots, and the people of two great commonwealths were not slow to act.
Felix Grundy Ew^ing, a great ca])tain of industry, gathered around him at Glenraven, his pa- latial country home in Rolwrtson County. Tennessee, a small band of thrifty, intelligent farmers, to- bacco growers, and laid before them his ideas of organized effort
against the American Tobacco Trust, and its allies,
Mr. Ewing's father-in-law, the late George Washington, owned 11,000 acres of land, and was, in ant^i-bellum times, ranked the largest tobacco grower of the world.
From this little meeting of farmers, at Glenraven, a portion of the Washington estate, the en- thusiasm spread.
Three months later, September 24, 1901, several thousand repre- sentative tobacco growers gath- ered at Guthrie, Ky., a little town of two thousand inhabitants, and organized The Dark Tobacco District Planters' Protective As- sociation of Kentucky and Ten- nessee, which was duly incor- porated under the laws of Ken- tucky. Guthrie was chosen from the fact that it is the strategic center of the Dark Tobacco Dis- trict, lying on a line between Ken- tucky and Tennessee.
At this great gathering of to- bacco planters, Felix G. Ewing was chosen General Manager, Chas. H. Fort, a successful tobac- co grower of Robertson County, Tennessee, was made President, George Snadon, a financier of Southern Kentucky-, Treasurer, and Mrs. N. E. Green, Secretary. They then organized in every county separate bodies under the same name as their charter bore, presided over by county chair- men, and on down to district or- ganizations.
After being well organized, campaign speakers were sent out to lay the Association plans well before the people, principal of which was the pooling of their tobacco to a central committee, known as the Executive Commit-
Watson's Jeffersonian Magazine
tee, to be held in warehouses until the Trust was forced to pay rea- sonable prices for same.
It was while soliciting the to- bacco planters to join in this great revolution, that the notorious "Hill Billy" was evolved.
Hill Billy being a cant name for one who refused to join in the fight against the Trust.
A selfish, unpatriotic class of farmers, lured to remain on the outside by Trust agents paying them higher prices for their to- bacco than the Association had, in its experimental stage, seen prop- er to fix on the pooled crops, Aveak-kneed members were in- duced by the Trust agents to sell their crops outside, thereby for- feiting their pledges, which ended in lawsuits; but the latter fortu- nately brought about legislation giving the Association standing in the courts.
Thus we see that while the "Hill Billy" was reaping the full ben- efit of the Association, he was still its bitterest foe. Since tobacco is the poor man's money crop, and the planters already depleted from years of Trust oppression, they could not wait long for returns on their crops.
Realizing their need, General Manager Ewing went to New York, hoping to get financial aid by which they could tide over the crisis, but he was coldly received by the financiers of that city, who regarded the revolution as wild, and speculative.
With strong faith in the cause, Mr. Ewing returned to Tennessee more than ever determined "not to give up the ship".
By persistent effort he succeed- ed in arranging with forty or fifty local banks to advance money to
the amount of three-fourths the value of the pooled tobacco, and the farmers were safe.
From this time on the Associa- tion grew in favor.
The Trust agents began to buy the pooled tobacco, but still at prices lower than they paid the "Hill Billys".
Just here the famous Night Rider Klan, more desperate in its methods than the Ku Klux, of the Reconstruction period, was evolv- ed ; its mission seeming to be that of forcing the Hill Billys out of existence.
The disturbance first began in Tennessee, when Trust buyers were visited at midnight by masked mounted men, who warned them to cease buying Hill Billy tobacco.
Not finding this effective, plant beds were scraped, salted, or sown with grass seed.
Just anything to destroy the fu- ture of an Independent tobacco crop.
Farm hands, both white and colored, working for Hill Billy or Independent tobacco growers, received notes of warning, of- ten accompanied by matches or switches.
The receivers of such usually left between suns.
During the fall of 1905, Night Rider depredations began in Southern Kentucky; in this case, directed more toward the Trust and its agents than Hill Billys.
In December, 1905, a large Trust warehouse was burned at Trenton, Ky., and the same week one was blown up with dynamite at Elkton, and masked men held up a local train between Elkton and Guthrie, and went through the coaches looldng for Trust buy-
The Planters'War
599
ers. Failing to find any, they dis- appeared in the darkness.
But the master stroke of the g:reat Isight Rider raid opened in Kentucky on the night of Novem- ber 30, 190G, -when a masked and heavily armed body of two hun- dred men rode into Princeton, the capital of Caldwell County, and fearlessly applied the torch to the warehouses of J. G. Orr, repre- senting tlie Imperial To- bacco Company, and J. A. Stegar, agent for Thomas Gallagher, of Belfast, Ire- land, widely known as "The Tobacco King."
The plans for the Prince- ton raid were laid b}^ some one skilled in military tac- tics, as the raiders showed soldierly precision in the execution of their work. The first detachment that entered the town captured the police, fire department, waterworks, telegraph and telephone offices, and sta- tioned guards on every im- portant street corner, ready to drive the citizens back into their homes, as fast as they appeared.
Their work of destruc- tion completed, they left the town marching two abreast, in military forma- tion, firing hundreds of shots into the air, and leaving be- hind them a mass of ruins repre- senting a property loss of over $100,000 !
"Warning of this raid had been received two months before by an
The letter was mailed at Prince- ton, and read as follows:
"Gentlemen: —
"We are determined to put John Orr, of Princeton, out of tlie tobacco busi- noss.
"The scoundrel has bought, and j)ut uj) tobacco for the Trust long enough.
"Stegar, and Dollar, or any other to- bacco buyer in Caldwell County, who buys for the Trust, will be treated the saino w;iv.
F. G. EWING General Manager and Great Captain of Industry
"We do not wish to damage parties not concerned in buying. This letter is to notify you to cancel insurance immedi- ately. Night Riders."
Following the Princeton raid, several insurance companies can- anonymous letter addressed to the celed their policies on warehouses New York Underwriters' Agency and tobacco, in Tennessee and of New York City, advising them Kentucky, many of which were to cancel their policy on Orr's later restored, warehouse. Minor depredations continued
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throughout the Black Patch, but the smouldering embers burst forth with reneAved fury on the night of December 6, 1907, when without warning, between two and three hundred Night Riders swooped down on the flourishing little town of Hopkinsville, in Christian County, Kentucky, took charge of the telephone and tele- graph offices, stopped traffic on two great railway systems, and applied the torch to three ware- houses filled with Trust tobacco.
Among them, one belonged to John C. Latham, a New York banker, and former resident of Hopkinsville. The loss from this raid was estimated at $200,000.
Following close on the heels of the Hopkinsville raid, was one on Russell ville, Ky., in which the same systematic method of proc- edure was observed. The loss of the Russellville raid was esti- mated at $100,000.
Such terror followed in the wake of the Night Rider, that in no instance, during a raid, was his stern command disobeyed.
Governors A. E. Willson, of Kentucky, and M. R. Patterson, of Tennessee, were equally active in their efforts to suppress law- lessness, while the Executive Com- mittee of the Dark District To- bacco Association held meetings for the purpose of adopting reso- lutions denouncing outlawry, but the Night Rider, for nearly four years, refused to be checked.
An able writer, in dealing with the subject said:
"The Night Rider does not hold himself either a ruffian or a felon, however much he may play their parts, the rather a crusader fight- ing against long odds a battle in which victory spells the common
good. He is not in himself the root of trouble, only the sign rad- ical of something deeper, whose ultimate result is alike beyond foresight, or jirophecy."
Hon. Joel B. Fort, of Robert- son County, and one of the braini- est men of Tennessee, is a Trust fighter, who has made ringing siDceches over six tobacco grow- ing States of the Union within the past four years.
In a recent interview with Mr. Fort, he said:
"I take the position that we are in an evolutionary stage of finance and business industrj'^, that evolution is always at work, but revolutions only come when wrongs reach the stage beyond which that spirit of justice and fair dealing, as is known of all men, will submit no longer."
Senator La Follette, in his speech in the Senate, classified the men of wealth who owned and controlled the whole Government, and dictated the absolute terms on which the business interests of the country should be conducted; and the result is that numerous for- tunes accumulate, while hundreds of thousands fill the hunger line.
"We are now in the midst of a financial and business revolution, and methods which a few years ago were considered shrewd in money dealings, are now regard- ed as disgraceful.
"When this tobacco fight first began, because I advocated meas- ures four years in advance of the common herd of people, the Trust agents accused me of making in- flammatory speeches, and called me an anarchist.
"Wlien men, or corporations, combine to fix the price of the farmer's tobacco, they stand in
The Planters' War
601
o-ood morals, and in tlic eyes of the law, on the same plane with !i common ne«:ro who steals to- liaivo at miihiiahl from the farm- er's barn.
"The courts are gradually com- ing to my position. The Supreme Court of the United States has hitely allirmed a decision of Jiulge Lurton in the case of the Paper Trust, in Avhich it decided that a Trust could not collect a debt by law.
"But the courts are too slow in reaching these advanced posi- tions, and the result is an open conflict between the wolves, and the great flock upon w-hich they have been so long feeding.
"Hence the Night Rider, the mob, and the labor riot.
"It is nothing new, it is as old as the Anglo-Saxon race.
"When the people lose confi- dence in the enforcement of the \-A\\, a mob is the result.
"We appealed to the law, and no ansAver came.
"We went before the Senate Committee and asked relief, and what happened?
"We were met by Aldrich with half a million dollars of Ameri- can Tobacco stock in his pocket, and when" the farmers knew this they were rebellious and the mut- tering, 'If the law won't protect me, I will protect myself, was lieard everywhere.
"When I spoke before that com- mittee. I said if the law did not
gi\e relief, it would break out in open rebellion, and Senator Aid- rich called me down, but I would not down. I made it hotter, and hotter, while Stanley and James of Kentucky, Senators Daniel of Virginia, and Carmack of Ten- nessee, were egging me on, by pro- pounding such questions as would give me latitude.
"For years the hired Trust agents rode through our tobacco fields, during the summer, and re- ported the condition of our crops to Trust headquarters. I called these agents Day Riders^ and pro- claimed from every stump that had there never been a DAY RIDER, there never would have been a N if/ Jit Rider/
"Let the rich and the poor stand equal before the law, and the trouljle will cease."
AVith an organized force of something over 30,000 members, and 75 per cent, of the tobacco pooled, and selling at good prices, prosperity is coming back to the Dark Tobacco District of Ken- tucky and Tennessee. This is the planter's march of progress. If, in the past, he has too long ig- nored his possibilities, he is now thoroughly awake to them.
The time has not yet come when the full effect of this great war on the Tobacco Trust can be fully estimated, but enough has been shown to warrant the feasibility of its plans, and the necessity of its preservation.
-©
G-
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'We Don't Know Where We're Going, But We're on Our Way."
-Boston Herald
A Survey of theWorld
By Tom Dolan
The Tariff— What Is It?
(~\v all the conglomerate messes of economic hash, the tariff re- vision has proved to be the worst on record. • There was a time in the early stages of prospective ris- vision, when the public generally felt that such reductions would be made as would prove not only of help to every citizen in his daily living, but clear proof that the si- lent pressure of honest, non-parti- san opinion, was of decisive weight in determining legislation. One just felt that the Republican party had to make good its campaign pledges because the strength of its excessive majority in both houses, together with the repeated decla- rations of Mr. Taft himself, left not the shadow of an excuse that their will could be thwarted; and since their express will was to re- vise the tariff downward to the relief of the consumer, a decent self-respect would seem to have prevented any actual default in their promises. True, nothing extraordinary was expected, noth- ing radical; but certainly a dis- tinct lowering, even if a slight one, in the tariff wall.
As the schedules became more thoroughly understood it was plain that the revision in toto was an upward one; but even then In- dignation felt and hoped that it would l)e appeased by the actual
results when debate had battered the schedules down. This was not done. Democratic opposition has been so inferior to that presented by the radical reform Senators, such as LaFollette, Cunmiings, Dolliver and others, that it was puerile at best, and the insurgent Republican wing was not strong enough in numbers to control the situation. Of the treachery of the Democrats who deliberately up- held Aldrich in every emergency, much has been said. Their in- famy will go down to history. Altogether, after weeks of debate, the country simply stood aghast at the cynical corruption, the open knavery of the revisionists led by that coterie of rascals. Cannon, Payne, Aldrich and their imme- diate understudies.^
There isn't a solitary argument for protection that hasn't long since been absolutely dissipated. There is hardly a protectionist who is silly enough to make him- self ridiculous by repeating the ancient gags about "P^uropean pauper labor," etc., which were so pat upon his oily lips in past years — there remains but the pro- tectionist who is softly lining his own pockets during the carnival of graft, while every necessity of life is going to cost more.
Mr. Taft's tardy demand for ra- ductions and his suggestion for the corporation tax is proliably in
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the interest of his second candi- dacy, instead of the people. First of all, he is anxious td make it clear that he is the "titular head of his party," rather than Presi- dent of the American people, and lie desires to do just enough to- ward downward revision to obtain the support of the insurgent ele- ment of his party in the middle West, while offering to the stand- patters a way out of the income and inheritance tax blows at the tariff through the expedient of a corporation tax, which, while on its face looking like a jab at the trusts, w^ould, in reality, be their eternal salvation.
Taft, "Fore!"
Still, the President certainly seized the psychological moment for getting into the tariff game Avhen he sent his recommendation for "an amendment to the Tariff Bill imposing upon all corpora- tions and joint stock companies for profit, except national banks (otherwise taxed), savings-banks, and building and loan associa- tions, an excise tax measured by 2 per cent, on the net income of such corporations. This is an ex- cise tax upon the privilege of do- ing business as an artificial entity and of freedom from a general partnership liability enjoyed by those who own the stock. I am informed that a 2-per-cent. tax of this character would bring into the Treasury of the United States not less than $25,000,000.
"Another merit of this tax is the Federal supervision, which must btt exercised in order to make the law effective over the annual ac- counts and business transactions
of all corporations. While the facult}^ of assuming a corporate form has been of the utmost utility in the business world, it is also true that substantially all of the abuses and all of the evils which have aroused the public to the necessity of reform were made possible by the use of this very faculty. If, now, by a perfectly legitimate and effective system of taxation, we are incidentally able to possess the Government, the stockholders, and the public of the knowledge of the real business transactions and the gains and profits of every corporation in the countr}^, we have made a long step toward that supervisory control of •corporations which may prevent a further abuse of power."
This caps the climax of the tariff complexities and absurdities, though it indicates that Mr. Taft is a shrewder manipulator than had been suspected. When an in- heritance tax was beautifully framed up, to the satisfaction of the equitable sense of the people, the protectionists saw" danger in it. Adequate revenue coming from any direct source, would be the death knell to the "interests" which must thrive upon indirect taxation. Therefore, an income tax measure was suddenly brought to the front, because it appeared at that time that irreconciliable elements in the House and Senate would prevent the passage of such an Act. Lo, even that seemed to stand some show when the Bailey and Cum- mings forces harmonized so as to insure a majority vote in the Sen- ate for their joint amendment, and many of the apparent difficulties were seen to be not insuperable. An income tax would likewise ter-
Survey of the World
606
rihly daniajxc the interests, and so an excise tax upon corporations is now proposed ! Mr, Taft never showed himself friendlier to the trusts than by this suggestion. Sucli a tax upon net earnings wouhl result in : (Iranting virtual Federal li-
have any per cent, of the net earn- ings, it would be even more pliant than now to the plea of every "in- fant industry";
Placing it in the power of the trusts to raise prices on the ground of increased taxation ;
AMiolly leaving it to the cou-
Doctor Aked's Precept
JOHN D.— Be happy, my friend— "be glad that others are rich," as my pastor so wisely puts it!
ALDRICH— That's true philosophy, my good man. We all fee! that way in the Senate !
— BaUimore Sun
cen-ses to the corporations:
Practically nullifying State con- trol of any corporation ;
Perpetuating the protective tariflf, and giving to each and every incorporated lousiness the right to demand increased protec- tion ; for, if the Government is to
cerns themselves to declare such dividends, appropriate such sala- ries, claim such expenditures as they might please to reduce the net earnings to an absolutely neg- ligible quantity.
But, more vicious, perhaps, than any of these clearly seen results,
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Avould be the fact that it would require an additional army of in- spectors and accountants to he paid for out of the puhlic treasury. What per cent, of the tax itself would be consumed by this in- creased body of office-holders? And how it would simplify the distinction to be made between '•bad'" and "good" trusts — espe- cially Avhen the campaign funds were to be raised !
Wickersham Would Be Statesman
T^HE address of Attorney-General Wickersham before the State Bar Association of Kentucky has been widely quoted and comment- ed upon, but really presents noth- ing new on the subject of control- ling the corporations. His sug- gestion of a federal license has al- ready been made. Mr. Taft im- plied this, as a matter of fact, in his idea of a corporation excise tax. That part of Mr. Wicker- sham's speech which deals more specifically with the evils of the "holding company" is deserving of particular mention, however, because it emphasizes from an au- thoritative source the need to abol- ish such forms of charter as are granted to these concerns. For a decade or more the Delaware and Rhode Island legal trust hatch- eries have been condemned by the bar, though the individual lawyer was pretty a])t to take advantage of the latitude possible under a "holding company," where he had clients who stood in need of a chance to do lawfully those things which were inequitable and un- just. To organize a "holding com- pany" and get a charter in these
famous States which were most favorable to them, was a simple and direct means of evading many of the Acts of other States which had been designed to protect their citizens, such as limiting alien ownership to land, etc.
Wickersham again points out the fact that the States have the power to control corporations do- ing business therein. The Federal licenses, therefore, which he ad- vocates, would only tend to in- crease the present friction between State and Federal authority, and Avith the exception of those public utilities which must do interstate business, Federal interference is unwise and should be wholly su- perfluous.
A Very Dead Debt
RcTMORS that Spain is about to de- mand of Cuba the payment of its proportional part of the Span- ish national debt have been current for some time; in fact, since the end of American occupation left Gomez administration in control of Cuban affairs. Approached in reference to the matter, Senor Velez, Secretary of State, said that at the present time he could only say that "Spain had courte- ously expressed to his government its desire to take up the discus- sion of certain matters in con- nection with the national debt prior to the recognition of Cul)an independence." This hath about it the legendary Castilian ele- gance and suavity of diction. To request a nation to pay indebted- ness incurred by its oppressors in prosecuting a war for its subju- gation is indeed naive, but the ex- change of polite notes between the polished representatives of the
Survey of the World
governments will doubtless be so delicately elaborate as to escape becoming a farce of the roaring variety. It will be refined vaude- ville dialogue throughout.
Labor Up in Arms
About 5,000 employees of the Pressed Steel Car Company, at the McKees Rocks Plant, near Pittsburg, are participating in one of the most serious strikes seen in this country in some time, and the situation daily grows more perilous. Each side is deter- mined to win, and the presence of the State constabulary to guard the car works adds the element which makes for fury. The af- fairs of the company are being managed by President Hoffshott, who has insolently declined to yield to the plans of the sheriflF of the county to bring about arbitra- tion. He is bringing in as many strike-breakers, and troops to guard them, as possible, and his bull-headed refusal to attempt to adjust the difficulties by peaceful means proves that he is precisely the kind of man who has no busi- ness to l)e at the head of any large industry. The time has passed when laborers can be treated as culprits whose grievances are in nowise bound to be heeded.
As one of the very good reasons for the strike, it is said that the men were in many instances forc- ed to pay $5,00 to $10.00 to obtain their jobs, which afterwards proved much poorer in wages than represented.
The company claims to have paid IT cents an hour, when, in truth, it is shown that as a result of the company's manipulation in paying for piece work under a
system which the vast majority of the men could not understand, and were powerless to dispute, many of the workers spent long days of toil only to receive in the end what amounted to 50 or GO cents per day. Of course, the oppres- sions did not stop here; there are always company houses, company stores, etc., which still further im- poverish the employee.
There ought to be in this strike an object-lesson, however, for American laboring men. They should begin to comprehend that the beneficent system of protection permits such industries to steal from the public at large, while the Poles, Slavs, Italians, and so forth, who are too ignorant to protect themselves, are preferred at half a dollar a day to the intel- ligent American worlanan who would demand living wages, to- gether with his other reasonable rights.
The region around Pittsburg presents the appearance of an arm- ed camp, and any moment may usher in a crisis.
The Sutton Case
T^HE loyal determination of two women to prove a son and brother innocent of suicide, has resulted, after twenty-one months, in forcing an official probe into the death of Lieutenant James N. Sutton, of the U. S. marine corps, of Annapolis. Nearly two years ago the young man was found shot to death, and a verdict of sui- cide rendered. This verdict his mother and sister refused to be- lieve and the disclosures now be- ing dragged from his fellow offi- cers go to sustain their faith that the Lieutenant did not take his
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Pure Philanthropy, That's All
"Sure! Roosevelt and Bonaparte were right. There was no evidence against me! I'm just givin' these ten millions to those Philadelphia fellows because I believe in the distribution of wealth !"
— Baltimore Sun
own life. Apparently, Lieuten- ants Adams, Roelker, Bevan and Osterman, whose testimony is now to be taken, have been concealing facts of the utmost gravity. AVhether murder was cormnitted, or whether Lieutenant Sutton was killed in a fight between himself and certain of his felloAV officers, it is evident that a "conspiracy of silence" has been carefully car- ried out.
The caste motives which lead officers of the army or navy to conceal crimes and defeat justice are cropping out pretty plainly
in such cases as this and the Hains case of some time ago. A military aristocracy, which treats civil jus- tice and civilians with contempt, is not what the tax-paying public desires to foster, and deserves stern rebuke.
The Calhoun Trial
T^HE disagreement of the jury trying Patrick C. Calhoun on the charge of bribery and corrup- tion in connection with street rail- way franchises in San Francisco was most disheartening to the
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prosecution, ably and indeed he- roically led by Attorney Ileney, and to the public. The case was of National importance as an ob- ject lesson, and an acquittal or conviction would have in many respects been less discouraging tlian a two years' seance followed by failure of verdict. Money has been spent like water to bring the case to a conclusion, and on both sides the adventures encountered in getting evidence and witnesses on the one hand, or doing away with the same on the other, tran- scend romance. The case will again be tried, and justice ought to be at the end of the long road ; but Avhether it is or not remains to be seen.
The Red Badge in Persia
T^iiE Nationalist forces have made tremendous strides with- in the past few weeks, invading Teheran and drawing to them- selves daily greri-ter strength through deserters from the Roy- alists' ranks. Not only has the Shah been deposed in favor of the crown prince, Ahmed Mirza, but he has also been excommunicated l)y the Shiite faith, which puts the seal of the Church's approval upon the rebellion. Russia is pouring troops over her southern borders into Persia, and Russian Cossacks are making the final stand to up- hold the Shah. Fighting is gen- eral over the Empire, but the Red Hadge of the Nationalist cause is ajiparently in the ascendency.
In many respects the Persian revolution is akin to that through which Turkey has just gone. In both cases there has been a loy- alty to the ruler till that ruler's persistent treachery to constitu-
tional pledges made his deposi- tion imperative if a liberal form of government were to prevail. Turkey has managed thus far to escape at least foreign interfer- ence on behalf of despotism. With Russia as its ally, the Royalists of Persia may yet overthrow the general determination of the Na- tionalists to restore the constitu- tional government once inaugu- rated, and then defeated.
The willingness of the Orien- tals to suffer and to die for ideals heretofore considered purely Western is indeed as a Star in the East, for the Western world seems sinking to the level of the sordid, and few there be who appear to care, in other than a superficial, perfunctory way, for the essen- tials of democracy, being content to drift further and further from the spirit of 'TG. The tenacity of the Moslem to a purpose is tradi- tional and it apparently requires only a different angle of view to make him as willing to wage a }ehad on behalf of democracy as heretofore he has done for the sake of his religion or his ruler.
Georgia Railroad Strike Award
'T'liE Board of Arbitration, com- * posed of Hilary A. Herbert, of Montgomery, representing the railroad; Congressman Hardwick, of Georgia, for the firemen, and Chancellor Barrow, of the Georgia University, umpire, appointed to consider the case of the striking firemen on the Georgia Railroad, found what, in its ultimate effect, will be against the white firemen, in brief:
Negro firemen to be continued, white firemen to have no prefer-
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enc« as to runs. Seniority, how- ever, not to control, which leaves some room' for other qualifications. Pay to he equal for equal work. This is the only point in which the white firemen might gain ground, but since the employer, not the em- ploye, fixes the rate of wage, there is just as much opportunity to lower the wage of the white fire- men to the level of that heretofore paid to the negroes, as to raise the negroes' pay to the level of the white. So long as negroes are to be continued in undiminished numbers as employees of the road, they will be used to beat, down the price of labor and the self-re- specting claims of the white man.
The merits of the case have been presented in the Jeffersonian be- fore and it is most regrettable that the award is of such nature that continual friction is apt to result.
Socialist organs, the Northern press generally and, unfortunate- ly, some Southern papers, have raised a great hue and cry over the "negro's right to work", which is not involved in the case at all. The negro does not want the right to work where he is effective and where his presence occasions no racial troubles or danger to human life. He is the eternal Buttinski where neither efficient nor de- sired.
Major Cummings, attorney for the railroad, expressed the atti- tude of his company frankly when he said of the firemen: "They charge that we employ negroes be- cause they work for less money than the whit« men. What if we do? Is it a crime to practice economy on a railroad?"
It would be a crime to economize by reducing the salaries of high •officials, expert legal counsel or
cutting down dividends upon watered stock. But it is not a crime — not even a misdemeanor — to economize at the expense of hu- man life and limb. The army of railway cripples, and the untimely graves made by railway wrecks due to the miserly greed which overworks and underpays men, lets the physical property go on to ruin, unrepaired, and seeks cheap- ness^ regardless of safety, answer
Investigate!
-New York American
Major Cummings' agitated query better than words.
The Seal Fisheries Again
\I7iTH0UT indulging in "Yellow Peril" talk, so far as war is concerned, would it not be a curi- ous commentary upon our boasted civilization if international com- plications were really crystalized
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into definite antafjonism as the ul- timate result of sheer vanity?
The announcement that Ja- })anese warships will be sent to Behrinfr Sea, to protect sealers from Yokohama, Tokio and other ports, bring:s up again the vexed fisheries question.
Japan is not a party to the In- ternational Treaty proclaiming a closed season in the early summer months. Japanese sealers are therefore enabled to disregard the
breeding season. That this will disturb both England and the Tnited States is clearly apparent and the presence of Japanese war- ships in Behring Straits will not be relished.
With the whole question, really enlightened humanity can have no patience. The brutality unavoid- able from obtaining the seal-skins is so revolting that there remains only disgust for the selfish, cruel and virtually sensual love for this
J 05. L,BRU?VOVV GOir L . CR/\Wl^cniO ^lOS^:5:l:^CL/U=l-
;il!f^
The Roll of Honor
New York World
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fur which creates an insistent de- mand that the slaughter continue. So much has been written on this subject it is discouraging that any refined woman should not turn in horror from the wearing of furs. Yet the finished product is in it- self so beautiful, and those who engage in the horrible industry of sealing are so remote, that the sen- sibilities are spared any realiza- tion of what it all means. Instead of treaties designed for no pur- pose except to give fair chances at the killing to all parties, an international ban on the whole sickening business would be vast- ly more to the credit of so-called Christian nations.
Less Carnage on July 4th
"\17hile slaughter is still general all over the earth, from grim combat in Persia to the pastime of butchering Filipinos by the Uni- ted States troops, it is gratifying to note that there is, each year, an appreciable advance toward a saner 4th of July. This year but 52 deaths and a larger, but in- definite, number of lesser casual- ties have been reported, as against 1,311 killed and 28,000 tvoimded, the record of the preceding six years. The American people are criticized by most foreigners as erring on the line of too great kindness toward their children, and in most respects, the average American parents live in nervous terror of ill befalling the children. Yet papa will lug home several dollars' worth of dynamite, and mamma will patiently prepare lint and bandages in expectation of the inevitable accidents. To put cannon crackers and other
deadly devices into the hands of small boys and girls, and even in- experienced adults, is an insanity which it is hard to reconcile with the ordinary cautiousness that pa- rents and guardians exercise. However, the present year showed a decrease in horrors and the cam- paign for a truly inspiring and patriotic Holiday is gaining very rapidly. Parades, pageants, and fireworks at night in the hands of skilled men are all suggestions in the interests of a better Fourth.
England Shocked By Polit= ical Murder
T^HE Indian disaffection was car- ried into the heart of the ene- nw's country itself when Lieu- tenant Col. AVyllie and Dr. Calas Lalcaca were assassinated in Lon- don by a Hindoo student, Madar- lal Dhinagri. This follows close- ly upon what the British had con- ceived to be a very conciliatory policy in opening the Indian counsels to natives. Of course, one or two Hindoos could do lit- tle or nothing materially to bring about relief of the conditions ab- horrent to their countrymen, and the plan, in impartial eyes, at least, appeared a mere sop thrown to the political aspirations of cer- tain of the more ambitious Indian subjects. Possibly the Hindo stu- dent so considered it, and his act, while in itself regrettable, merely follows the world-old series of tragedies which are inseparable from a situation in which the con- quered race desires to throw off the yoke of a conqueror. From time immemorial the attitude of the dominant parties toward
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those at their mercy has been, in homely phraseology, "Them as asks shan't have; them as don't aslv, don't want'', (irievances, pe- titions, and so forth, pursue their weary way for ages till revolt cryst'ali/.esinto acts of violence.
The Black Hand
'T^HE quiet little town of Marion, ^ Ohio, would have been the last place in the w^orld to have been suspected of harboring that out- cropping of Italian handitem^ the "Black Hand," yet recent disclo- sures from that city seem to prove that a nest of this association, if not the actual headquarters there- of, has been found at that point. Those who have believed that the blackmailing and other outrages were disassociated crimes are now taking the view that there is a criminal organization in this coun- try which works as a unit, and the alleged discoveries by the Federal Secret Service men at ]Marion have brought forth many letters from persons who claim to have been regidarly under tribute, but here- tofore afraid even to call upon the police for protection. If such an association docs exist, of course in- dividual imitators of its methods would spring into being; but that there must be some organization operating throughout the East is almo.st indisputable, and if too much for the local police of any city to eradicate it must fall to the Government detectives to be dealt with.
Labor Troubles in France
THE French postal strike which occasioned some apprehension during the recent past, has
just about played out, and the de- partments are now running pretty smoothly. Much alarm was felt that the discontent prevailing among the employees might lead to serious complications. It seems apparent now that the French Federation of Trades first gave unwise counsel, and then, when weakness on the part of the gov- ernment employees ensued, was quick to wash its hands of some- thing destined to be a failure. Pre- mier Clemenceau's policy was again sustained by Chamber of Deputies, he declaring that the oc- casion was one in which France choose between revolution on the one hand and progressive evolu- tion on the other, or between work under republican law and order, and a spirit of adventure calculated to disorganize and rend the republic.
It is to be trusted that the tur- bulence subsiding, the adjustment of all grievances will be speedy. France is a nation facing serious perplexities, not the least of which is the shriek of the Roman Cath- olic priesthood, in every crisis. Since the determined separation of Church and State, there has been bitter hostility and no chance is lost by the Chtirch to cry "Ruin." Says one M. Boucher, passionately ;
"The expulsion of the religious orders, the closing of the Catholic schools, the separation of Church and State, the rup- ture of all ties between France and papacy, the driving of bishop and priest from "their homes, the seizure of theo- logical colleges, the carrying off of eccle- siastical goods— such things, from the reign of Mr. Combes to that of Mr. (kmenceau, were held to constitute the ideal of justice. The State, once sepa- rated from the Church, was to take on a lease of new life. The Republic was cer- tain in that case to flourish. The nation,
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delivered from clerical domination, would quickly become a democracy, free, sound, and strong, as well as happy.
"Has this dream been realized? The State at present is threatened by a so- cial revolution. Is it the Church that roused up this revolution? The State is perishing from the disaffection of some classes and the disgust of others. Is it the Church that has destroyed the au- thority of the Government ? Is it the Church that renders our rules so weak and pusillanimous? The Parliament is unpopular. Is it the Church that con- trived the income tax so distressing to rate-payers ?
"The Army groans under the loss of numerical strength and discipline caused by playing petty politics. Has the Church desired this state of things? The Navy seems as if it were falling to pieces, from blundering stupidity, or scandalous niggardliness. Does it owe its disorganization to any action on the part of the Church? Antipatriotism, an- timilitarism, insult the flag of France, and incite to desertion. Does the Church preach such doctrines? Trade-unions are harassing the State by their revolution- ary confederations and their encourage- ment of riots. Does the Church condone or encourage these things?"
Xo, M. Boucher, the Church has never desired anything like trades- unions, or betterment of laboring classes, or an income tax or other such things, but if the secret of letting a navy fall into decay and diminishing militarism could be imported, England, Germany, and America would be deeply indebted to France.
In happy contradiction to the dire prophecies of such as M. Bou- cher and the clergy, as well as
those ridiculous creatures that call themselves "royalists" is the lec- ture of Viscount George d'A venal, a French political economist, in which he makes the statement that,
"France today is six times richer than she was under the old monarchy, and ten times richer than in the Middle Ages. Her total fortune amounts to $46,000,000,000, as compared with $9,000,000,000 only recently.
"Moreover, her present wealth has been built up almost solely in the last fifty years. Of the great fortunes of the eighteenth century, either in estate or movable property, almost none survive today. In particular, the few large landed estates of today have been all formed during the past half century."
This is, of course, the country where propertj- is most evenly dis- tributed, and the Viscount gives some remarkable figures in this connection. Only 5,000 persons in France who own capital yield- ing $20,000 a year.
"Present incomes, in spite of the equal- ization of property, are far greater than those of past centuries. Thus, the total annual revenue of the crown under St. Louis never reached an amount the pur- chasing value of which today would be $900,000, and the Queen's privy purse was equivalent only to $9,000 a year."
AMiile the present pay of civil .servants is low, the Viscount's pre- diction of the future of France in every respect was splendid, while he at the same time ridiculed the threat of socialism.
Series of Letters to Aaron Burr
Describing the Horrors of St. Domingo, When the Negroes Drove Out the French
Letter I.
Cape Francois.
WE ARRIVED safely here, my dear friend, after a passage of forty days, during which I suffered horribly from sea-sickness, heat and confinement; but the society of my fellow-passengers was so agreeable that I often forgot the inconvenience to which I was ex- posed. It consisted of five or six French families who, having left St. Domingo at the beginning of the revolution, were now return- ing full of joy at the idea of again possessing the estates from which they had been driven by their revolted slaves. Buoyed by their newly awakened hopes, they were all delightful anticipation. There is an elasticity in the French character which repels misfortune. They have an inex- haustible flow of spirits that bears them lightly through the ills of life.
Towards the end of the voyage, when I Avas well enough to go on deck, I was delighted with the profound tranquility of the ocean, the uninterrupted view, the beau- tiful horizon, and wished, since fate has separated me from those I love, that I could build a dwell- ing on the bosom of the waters, where, sheltered from the storms that agitate mankind, I should be exposed to those .of heaven only. But a truce to melancholy reflec- tions, from here I am in St. Do-
mingo, with a new world opening to my view.
My sister, whose fortunes, you know, I was obliged to follow, re- pents every day having so precip- itately chosen a husband : it is im- possible for two creatures to be more different, and I foresee that she will be wretched.
On landing, we found the town a heap of ruins. A more terri- ble picture of desolation cannot be imagined. Passing through streets choked with rubbish, we reached with difficulty a house which had escaped the general fate. The people live in tents, or make a kind of shelter, by laying a few boards across the half -con- sumed beams; for the buildings being here of hewn stone, with walls three feet thick, only the roofs and floors have been de- stroyed. But to hear of the dis- tress which these unfortunate peo- ple have suffered, would fill with horror the stoutest heart, and make the most obdurate melt with pity.
When the French fleet ap- peared before the mouth of the harbor, Christophe, the Black general, who commanded at the Cape, rode through the town, or- dering all the women to leave their houses — the men had been taken to the plain the day before, — for he was going to set fire to the place, which he did with his own hand.
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The ladies, bearing their chil- dren in their arms, or supporting the trembling steps of their aged mothers, ascended in crowds the mountain which rises behind the town. Climbing over rocks cov- ered with brambles, where no path had ever been beat, their feet were torn to pieces and their steps marked with blood. Here they suffered all the pains of hun- ger and thirst; the most terrible apprehensions for their fathers, liusbands, brothers and sons; to which was added the sight of the town in flames: and even these horrors were increased by the ex- plosion of the powder magazine. Large masses of rock were de- tached by the shock, which, roll- ing down the sides of the moun- tain, many of these hapless fugi- tives were killed. Others still more unfortunate, had their limbs broken or sadly bruised, whilst their wretched companions could offer them nothing but unavailing sympathy and impotent regret.
On the third day the negroes evacuated the place, and the fleet entered the harbor. Two gentle- men, w^ho had been concealed by a faithful slave, went in a canoe to meet the admiral's vessel, and arrived in time to prevent a dreadful catastrophe. The gen- eral, seeing numbers of people de- scending the mountain, thought they were the negroes coming to oppose his landing and was pre- paring to fire on them, when these gentlemen informed him that they were the white inhabitants, and thus prevented a mistake too shocking to be thought of.
The men now entered from the plain and sought among the smoking ruins the objects of their
affectionate solicitude. To paint these heart-rending scenes of ten- derness and woe, description has no powers. The imagination it- self shrinks from the task.
Three months after this period we arrived and have now been a month here; the town is rapidly rebuilding, but it is extremely difficult to find a lodging. The heat is intolerable and the season so unhealthy that the people die in incredible numbers. On the night of our arrival, Toussaint, the general-in-chief of the ne- groes, was seized at the Gonaives and embarked for France. This event caused great rejoicing. A short time before he was taken, he had his treasure buried in the woods, and at the return of the negroes he employed on this ex- pedition, they were shot without being suffered to utter a word.
General LeClerc is small, his face is interesting, but he has an appearance of ill health. His wife, the sister of Bonaparte, lives in a house on the mountain till there can be one in town prepared for her reception. She is offended, and I think justly, with the ladies of the Cape, who, from a mis- taken pride, did not wait on her when she arrived, because having lost their clothes they could not dazzle her with their finery.
Having heard that there were some American ladies here she ex- pressed a desire to see them; Mr. V. proposed to present us; Clara, who would not walk a mile to see a queen, declined. But I, who walk at all times, merely for the pleasure it affords me, went; and, considering the labor it costs to ascend the mountain, I have a claim on the gratitude of Madame
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for having imdertaken it to show her an object which she probably expected to find in a savage state.
She was in a room darkened by Venetian blinds, lying on her sofa, from which she half rose to receive me. When I was seated she reclined again on the sofa and amused General Boyer, who sat at her feet, by letting her slipper fall continually, which he respectfully put on as often as it fell. She is small, fair, with blue eyes and flaxen hair. Her face is expres- sive of sweetness but without spirit. She has a voluptuous mouth, and is rendered interest- ing by an air of languor which spreads itself over her whole frame. She was dressed in a mus- lin morning gown, with a Madras handkerchief on her head. I gave her one of the beautiful silver, medals of "Washington, engraved by Reich, with which she seemed much pleased. The conversation languished, and I soon withdrew.
General LeClerc had gone in the morning to Fort Dauphin.
I am always in good spirits, for everything here charms me by its novelty. There are a thousand pretty things to be had, new fash- ions and elegant trinkets from Paris; but we have no balls, no plays, and of what use is finery if it cannot be shewn ?
The natives of this country murmur already against the gen- eral-in-chief ; they say he places too much confidence in the ne- groes. When Toussaint was seized he had all the black chiefs in his power, and, by embarking them for France, he would have spread terror throughout the Island, and the negroes would have l)een easi- ly reduced ; instead of which he relies on their good faith, has
them continually in his house, at his table, and wastes the time in conference which should be dif- ferently employed. The Creoles shake (heir heads and predict much ill. Accustomed to the cli- mate, and acquainted with the manner of figliting the negroes, they offer advice, which is not lis- tened to; nor arc any of them em- })loyed, but all places of honor or emolument are held by Europe- ans, who appear to regard the Island as a place to be conquered and divided among the victors, and are consequently viewed by the natives with a jealous eye. Indeed, the professed intention of those who have come with the army, is to make a fortune, and return to France w^ith all possible speed, to enjoy it. It cannot be imagined that they will be very delicate about the means of ac- complishing their purpose.
The Cape is surrounded; at least the plain is held by the ne- groes; but the town is tranquil, and Dessalines and the other black chiefs are on the best terms with General I^Clerc.
We are to have a grand review next week. The militia is to be organized, and the general is to address the troops on the field. He has the reputation of being very eloquent, but he has shocked everybody by having ordered a superb service of plate, made of the money intended to pay the army, while the poor soldiers, badly clothed, and still more bad- ly fed, are asking alms in the street, and absolutely dying of want.
A beggar had never been known in this country, and to see them in such numbers, fills the inhabitants with horror ; but why should such
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trifling considerations as the pres- ervation of soldiers, prevent a general-in-chief from eating out of silver dishes?
We have neither public nor pri- A-ate balls, nor any amusement ex- cept now and then a little scan- dal. The most current at this mo- ment is, that IMadame LeClerc is very kind to General Boyer, and that the husband is not content, which in a French husband is a little extraordinary. Perhaps the last part of the anecdote is ca- lumny.
Madame LeClerc, as I learned from a gentleman who has long known her, betrayed from her earliest youth a disposition to gal- lantry, and had, when very young, some adventures of eclat in Marseilles. Her brother, whose favorite she is, married her to General LeClerc, to whom he gave the command of the army intended to sail for St. Domingo, after having given that island, as a marriage portion, to his sister. But her reluctance to come to this country was so great, that it was almost necessary to use force to oblige her to embark.
She has one child, a lovely boy, three years old, of which she ap- pears very fond. But for a young and beautiful woman, accustomed to the sweets of adulation, and the intoxicating delights of Paris, certainly the transition to this country, in its present state, has been too violent. She has no so- ciety, no amusement, and never having imagined that she would be forced to seek an equivalent for either in the resources of her own mind, she has made no provision for such an unforeseen emer- gency.
She hates reading, and though passionately fond of music, plays no instrument; never having stol- en time from her pleasurable pur- suits to devote to the acquisition of that divine art. She can do nothing but dance, and to dance alone is a triste resource; there- fore it cannot be surprising if her early propensities predominate, and she listens to the tale of love breathed by General Boyer, for never did a more fascinating vo- tary offer his vows at the Idalian shrine. His form and face are models of masculine perfection; his eyes sparkle with enthusiasm, and his voice is modulated by a sweetness of expression which cannot be heard without emotion. Thus situated, and thus surround- ed, her youth and beauty plead for her, and those most disposed to condemn would exclaim on be- holding her:
"If to her share some female errors fall, Look in her face, and you'll forget them
all."
I suppose you will laugh at this gossip, but 'tis the news of the day, nothing is talked of but Madame LeClerc, and envy and ill-nature pursue her because she is charming and surrounded by splendor.
I have just now been reading Madame DeStael on the passions, which she describes very well, but I believe not precisely as she felt their influence. I have heard an anecdote of her which I admire; a friend, to whom she had com- municated her intention of pub- lishing her memoirs, asked what she intended doing with the gal- lant part, — "Oh," she replied, je ne noe peindrai qu^en hu^te^ (CONTINUED.)
THE DARK CORNER
T. _^ . .^.-r^ . ^ By Zach McGhee _ .^^_ r^^-r._^
AT DUSK one evening, in the front room of an old-time country home, with big white pilhirs in front, set back in a grove of red oak trees, surrounded by woods and fields and red hills, a ten-year-old boy sat writing at a desk. It was not a desk either, come to think of it ; in the Thompson family it went by the name of "the secretary/' It was of mahogany, one of these old tall combination arrange- ments, half book-case, half wri- ting desk, and half — for the sec- retary was not like ordinary things, confined to two halves — a cabinet of great, heavy drawers. And broken knobs were on some of the drawers, some of the knobs now inside the drawers, where they had been for generations. One of the drawers was locked, had been locked for generations, and the key lost, so that to "get'' into it the drawer just above had to l>e taken out. Inside of this drawer, besides the broken knobs, were some odd papers, bundles of letters with quairit-looking stamps on them, some carpet tacks, odd stockings, bits of "fiddle rawzum," a few tintype pictures of grand- mother when she was a little girl, or of Uncle Joe and Aunt Ethel when they went to town one day to the county fair; also a box of old pills, two or three disinte-
grated door locks, some strings tangled with picture wtre, old buttons, nails, tooth brushes, and a few other things. You've seen them. Xo one wanted any of these things; j'et nobody thought of throwing them away, or would have dared do .so if he had.
Xo, there was no secret drawer or blind receptacle in the secre- tary, containing hidden treasure or a lost mortgage or a purloined will, Mhich affect the course of family history. There was no great mystery about it ; at least none to be revealed in this story. It may have had its mysteries; it doubtless did, for it had been in its same place in the front room there before even Aimt Tildy could remember. Aunt Tildy had lived in the little log cabin in the back yard ever since she was a lit- tle girl ; now her hair was snowy white, and she could not walk without a cane. Yes, traditions clustered about the secretary, but the only real mystery which could not be easily solved was what was on top of it ; for even standing upon the highest table in the room or upon the window ledge next to it. no one in this generation had ever been able to see over the quaintly carved and broken edge of the "top piece." Great-grand- mother's portrait, with a hundred cracks across the face, hung just
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to the left and above. As if with her dim, cracked eyes she were watching there day and night, she alone seemed to know for certain what was up there.
Here sat the ten-year-old boy in a big arm chair. With his feet resting on the round of the chair, his knees pushed up against the underside of the straight ma- hogany writing-board of the secre- tary, and his little chest, shoulders, and head bent far over above, he looked not unlike a great clamp clasping the edge of the writing- board. As he sat thus, a little dark-complexioned girl, a few 3'ears younger than he, with rosy cheeks, silken brown hair hanging in ringlets down upon her plump little shoulders, came and looked up into his face with a pair of big blue eyes and pleaded with him to come out into the yard and play.
'•You said you was comin' wight after supper," she said. "Now you sit'n down here witin' in that old book again."
He looked up at her and smiled, twisted one of the curls around his pen staff, revealing a red scar on the side of her left temple, and thought with a little feeling of re- gret of the time when he had acci- dentally burned her there with a hot poker, and of his mother's say- ing the scar would be there al- ways. He played further with the curl by putting his lips to it and catching some of the hair between his teeth. Then, after first glanc- ing over his shoulder to see if the man in the far corner of the room had his newspaper between him- self and them, he reached over and was about to press his lips to hers, but she ran away. She stopped, though, in the doorway, and shak-
ing the curls at him, said, "ain't you comin'?"
"All right," he said. "Wait a little while longer. I'll be there directl3\"
She went back crestfallen. He went on writing with his big pen in his big book. dijDping frequent- ly into a big bottle of faded brown ink before him, pausing now and then, his inky forefinger pressed against the side of his big little nose, his big gray eyes fixed stead- ily upon the shelves in front, while his little brows were knit in what he thought was thought.
During one of these pauses let us peep upon his page and see what he has Avritten :
"I have about come to the de- cision that this thing you call com- mon sense is mighty scarce among women, they talk & talk about things what they don't know noth- ing about, and the worst thing about them is nobody can't tell them nothing about them. But Uncle Joe says boys will be boys and I reckin women will be wo- men."
Then after the pause — he puts stars where he pauses,— is this :
"And they ain't no difference between women they are all alike even to little girls."
Here are some more stars, prob- ably representing the interruption made by the little girl with brown curls, for just underneath them is this:
"But there is one little girl which ain't, that is, she is different now but there is no telling when they grow up. I won't write what her name is cause I want to wait and see."
This was Jim Thompson. "James Carlton Thompson" it was in the big Bible on the center-table
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ill the parlor, but everywhere else it was "Jim/' Even on the torn and dirty fly-leaf of the book in which he wrote, amidst some much older writing — his father's name and sundry memoranda — ^now scratched out, was written in a large, uneven, unformed hand, this sign :
"Jim Thompson Strickly Private The man what reads in this book ain't a gentle- man except the arthur."
It must have been that some female member of the household, coming across the book in some of her dusting expeditions, had con- sidered that the injunction did not apply to her, for a little lower down on the page, some scratched out name between, the "arthur" had made a short addendum read- ing, ''and no lady neither."
It was still early in the evening. The little girl with the brown curls came again, and this time looked at him with what she meant for reproach.
"I fought you was comin' to play. Mrs. Thompson says we can't play but a little while longer. Then we have to wash our feet and go to bed. And you haven't played with us at all to-night. Please come on, Jim. I go'n to wait wight here on this twunk till you shut up that old book and come on."
Jim hastily threw down his pen and shoved the book into the back of the secretary, and the next min- ute, to the delight of all the chil- dren, particularly the little girl, whom they called "Amy," he was in the yard playing "I spy" with them.
Annie, Jim's sister, two vears
older than he, was counting. After calling "All hid!" several times iiiid getting no answer to her last call, she began stealing around among the shadows of the trees and the outhouses.
"I spy Joe behind the well." But rJoe, running very fast, got "home" before Annie. Joe was a little seven-year-old pickaninny. There was another negro boy, twelve years old, a fat, bow-legged boy of a "ginger-bread brown," whom the children all called "Ole Si- mon." As Annie was looking the other way Ole Simon slipped out from under the piazza steps and, running as fast as his fat duck legs would carry him, he slapped the tree, which was "home," before Annie saw him.
All were accounted for except Amy and Jim. Annie peeped un- der the steps, then around the big tree just beyond the well-house, behind the hen-house, under the edge of the kitchen piazza ; but she could find them nowhere. Ven- turing further from home, she was full thirty feet beyond the well, when, hearing a scampering be- hind her, she turned to find Jim letting Amy down from the shelf just under the eaves of the well- house.
"Run, Amy, run," cried Jim. "That's fine ! Whoopee ! That's fine!"
"Home fee!" cried Amy in ecs- tasy.
liut in his enthusiasm for Amy, Jim had forgotten to run himself. Annie espied him and touched the tree for him, so that he was "It." Amy was disappointed, for now she had to hide for herself. When Jim put his face up to the tree and l)egan to count, she looked about for a place to hide, finally slipping
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into a wooden box on the piazza. Soon afterwards, as she loosed her skirt from a nail on the edge of the box, the negro boy, Ole Simon, with a broad grin on his face hop- ped into the box with her.
"Now you git out o' here," she said.
Instinctively she shrank from him, and her eyes flashed in such a way that even if the negro boy could not see them there in the dark, he felt their effect. But he only grinned and said, "I ain' gwi do "it.-'
"Git out, I tell you, you black nigger. This is my place. I was in here first."
Jim would have heard her this time, but he was singing out at the top of his voice : "Five-ten-fifteen- twenty," and so on. Simon made an ugly face at her and sat down in the box with a sullen look.
"All hid?" cried Jim.
"Make Ole Simon git out o' here. He ain't go no business in here. I was in here first."
Amy stood up in the box, while Simon crawled slowly out, mak- ing another face at her, and say- ing something to her which Jim could not hear. She began to cry.
"Wliat's the matter. Amy?" ask- ed Jim, climbing up upon the piazza and lifting her out of the box. She drew her sleeve across her face.
"Ole Simon," she began, but broke out into violent sobbing. Jim turned to the negro boy, who usually was a great favorite with all the children, except Amy, and said hotly :
"What did you say to her, Si- mon?"
"Oh, nothin'. Come on, Amy, I'll give you de box. I never meant nothin'."
"AVliat did you say to her?" de- manded Jim.
'"Oh, nothin', I tell yer. She knows I wuz jes funnin'."
Here Amj', in the midst of her sobs and with her flushed little face covered with her sleeve, sob- bed out:
•"He — ^made — faces — at — me."
"I never," declared Simon stub- bornh\
"AAliat did he say to you?" ask- ed Jim, looking angrily towards Simon.
"I never said nothin' to her," said Simon, going sullenly toward the well. Jim's eyes followed him till he saw him sit down on the edge of the well platform. Then Jim turned again to Amy, and tenderly putting his arm around her waist, tried to soothe her.
Don't crj^ Amy. He sha'n't play with us any more."
"He called me—''
She stopped again and sobbed.
"Go on. Amy, I'll fix him. You tell me what he called you."
Then reassured, and soothed by Jim's tender embrace, she finished her sentence, though she still sob- bed between each word.
"He — called — me — poor — white —trash."
Jim rushed toward Simon, who stood up and protested with a show of indignation, "I never done no sich er thing."
But protestations or denials were not in order. Jim dealt him a blow square in the nose, and the broad, flat organ emitted blood while it assisted another organ just below to emit a loud bawl. But Ole Simon had a little game in him as well as blood and bawl. He was larger than Jim and stronger, though Jim was lither of body and more active, so that
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wlieu Simon grabbed at him and they clinched, Jim tripped him and he fell, pulling Jim on top of him. Then they rolled over, kick- ing and scratching and tearing at each other, until Jim caught Si- mon around the neck with his left arm and began to pound vigorous- ly with his right fist. But in a moment Jim himself yelled as he felt the negro's teeth pinching him in the left side. This little bit of strategy added considerably to the fury of the fray. Jim loosed his hold around Simon's neck, and, wrenching himself away, conclud- ed that he, too, would introduce a new instrument of warfare, and proceeded to make a vigorous and most effective attack upon the ene- my's left flank with his right foot. This brought a wild yell from Simon, who grabbed a brickbat which lay near him, and slowly rose to his feet. Jim stood coolly watching him and looking him in the eve, daring him.
''Wliat's this? \Miat's this?" The boys looked up and saw the fiery eyes of Mrs. Thompson on the porch. Annie and Amy had run in a fright into the house and told her.
"We wuz jes playin'," said Si- mon, breathing very rapidly and looking frightened.
"No, we weren't just playing," spoke up Jim, also breathing rap- idly, but looking more angrily at the negro. "He called Amy 'Poor white trash,' and I mashed his nose for him."
"Naw you never nuther, an' ef you did I bit you till you hol- lered."
Jim glared at him and moved toward him. Things looked threat- ening again, but Mrs. Thompson ordered Jim to go into the house.
and gave Simon to understand that she and his mother would at- t<'nd to his case on the morrow.
"Tm ashamed of you that you cannot play without getting into a fight with negroes," said Mrs. Thompson to Jim when they had got inside.
"Well, Mamma," he replied, "you turned off Betsy 'cause she called Amy 'white trash,' and I ain't goin' to let any nigger call her that, or treat her mean. Amy's as good as any girl in the world."
His little face flushed deeply, and his gray eyes, for the first time, became moist. His mother looked at him calmly for an instant, then stooped down" and kissed him on the brow. He looked towards the little girl standing in the door, who just then turned and stepped back into the hall so he could not see her, for she was crying again ; and this time she did not know why.
The next morning, as the au- tumn sun streamed through the tinted trees of the lawn, a man wearing a white hat, in a white- top wagon, with a white, bony horse, drove up to the front gate. The man, the wagon, the horse, the hat, seemed much the worse for wear, much worn from a weary journey. It was Saturday morn- ing, and Jim was sitting on the stei)s waiting for Amy, whom he had }H"omised to take to gather nuts in the woods across the way. The man was a tall, thin man, very ])ale, slightly stooped, and he coughed violently several times as he slowly walked up to the steps and asked for Mrs. Thompson. That was the beginning of a day that Jim never forgot, and pages and pages about it are written in
624
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the big book which he kept in the secretary.
It was a quiet day. There was no noise, nor the i^all of death, nor the excitement that usually at- tends domestic turnings. Few realized the meaning of that dsij. Jim did not till upward through the years of his life it crept stead- ily and fatefully over him. It was the beginning of one of those quiet tragedies in life which ex- tend through many, many years, and the culmination of which is attended with no demonstration save in heaven alone.
Jim had no conception of this, not even the vaguest suggestion of it. Yet in his little breast there was a strange feeling he was deep- ly conscious of. That afternoon he stood leaning against a tree with his forefinger pressed against the side of his nose and watched the white-top wagon with the horse pass slowly down the hill beneath the spreading branches of the great oak trees which shaded the road. He saw the man get out at the end of the lawn, open the big green gate upon which he and Amy had used to swing, then get l)ack into the wagon; and wagon and horse, and father and daugh- .ter moved on. Little Amy had gone.
Jim went into the house and be- gan writing in his book, but the pen was scratchy, the ink was too pale, and his fingers had the cramp. He got his hat, took a book from the shelf, the first one his hand touched, and walked down to the spring. He drank some water out of the cracked gourd that hung on a forked stick beside the spring, then sat down on the grass, leaned up against
the great poplar tree which shaded the spring, and opened his book. He read about three pages, but for some reason he could not get interested in the book. It was Spencer's Synthetic Philosophy. So he walked up the hill and out into the woods. Wandering a long time amongst the big trees, Spencer's Synthetic Philosophy under his arm, he decided to make some visible record of the thoughts and feelings within him, some living testimonial to future generations, calling these big trees and the squirrels and pecker- woods and jay birds to witness. He sat down a long time and con- sidered. At length he tore out one of the fly-leaves of the Synthetic Philosophy and wrote on it with a blunt pencil he took from his breeches pocket:
''I solemnly declare in the pres- ence of this vast forest that I, James Carlton Thompson, age 10, do love Amv Cannon so help me God."
With this inscription on it, the fly-leaf of the Synthetic Philoso- phy was carefully folded up. After nervously looking around in every direction to be sure there was nothing else in the presence save the vast forest, he concealed it in a hole in a large hickory tree. Then he walked around and in the •'vast forest" before going out, so as to confuse the minds of any chance observers. The testimo- nial was for future generations, not this one.
But that night in the big ledger was described the exact position of the sacred tree, which would now go down into history, along- side the Charter Oak, the Wash-
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ington Elin, and the Appomattox Apple Tree ; though in order that no other of the househokl should discover his secret, the big ledger was taken out of the secretary and kept in the bottom of his trunk under his clothes for the next three weeks.
Chapter II.
"Professor Tilson is coming, Pa.'' said little Alice King to her father one evening just after sup- per. This announcement caused something of a commotion in the family. Mr. King was reading the paper and :Mrs. King was giv- ing some directions to the cook.
^•Run and light the lamp in the parlor," said that lady to Alice. '•Go to the door, Frank. Come here first, let me straighten your collar— there ! Button your coat —now— that's right. Now, Son. see how nice you can bow when you meet him. Ask him into the parlor and say 'Excuse me, Pro- fessor, and allow me to go and tell Father'— AYa it ! say it over before you go. What are you go- ing to say?"
"Excuse me, Mister, and let—" "Excuse me, Professor^'' cor- rected his mother. -
"Excuse me, Professor," repeat- ed the apt pupil in the polite art, "and let me go and tell Paw."
"Go and tell Father,'' again corrected the careful mother.
"Go tell Father," repeated the boy. This was not exactly correct and the mother showed a slight disappointment, but she said, "All right, that will do, I suppose. Be sure you say it that way, now, when you get out there. Run ahead. He's about to ring the
bell. Wait I"— She whispered now — "Don't be too quick. Let him ring the bell first. Now.''
The mother, father, and sister then took their positions behind the door and peeped through the crack upon the scene between the two heroes, their distinguished visitor and the promising young exponent of the King family.
Now, come with me. Ladies and Gentlemen, just a little way apart, and I will introduce you to Pro- fessor Jefferson Marquinius Til- son. To be perfectly frank, though, it puzzles me to know- where you have been all the time that you do not know him. I nuich fear me, you argue your- selves unknown, but let us not par- ley; we are in the presence of greatness. He stands at the door waiting. He has on a blue Prince Albert coat, a vest cut low in front so that two large diamond studs can be seen on the bosom of his white shirt. They may be paste, but that matters not; they sparkle. Rather tall is he, though it is only on occasions that he as- sumes his full height. Who is he ? Why, the professor of the school at liollisville— no, not that either; if you had read the circulars or the advertising sections of the county and church papers, or if you had kept up with what is going on in the world, with who's who in America, and who's "It," you would know that he is the Presi- dent of the H. C. M. I. H. C. M. I !
It is not possible you do not know what those illustrious char- acters stand for? when there are 7 professors, 139 students, and 14 counties represented, each student wearing on the visor of his cap
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these letters wrought in gold ? Do you live so remote from civiliza- tion as not to be reached by mail, that you have not received circu- lars and "commencement" invita- tions, each bearing two full-page pictures of the celebrated Jeffer- son Marquinius Tilson, one dress- ed as we have seen him, and the other in full military uniform with gold cords and tassels? But, perchance, you do not live in any of these 14 counties. You live, peradventure, in western Pennsyl- vania, and have in mind the fa- mous Pushtown Institute. You have had time only for the perusal of the literature of that renowned institution, where there are stu- dents from 19 counties. Or do you live in Kansas, where j'our time has been absorbed with the literature of the far-famed Blow- burg Military Academy? Then, after all, you must have some in- formation about the distinguished gentleman who has now stepped inside the hall with little Frank King. But I have introduced you. (jet acquainted with him yourself. You ma}' watch him. if you like, with the three members of the King family, through the crack of the door. You need not fear that you will not be able to get a good idea of him by merely looking at him ; for as Ed Oldham, who lives in Hollisville and who came to know the great man passing well, was wont to remark, "The biggest part of him is on the outside."
The Professor walks in, hears with becoming and impressive dig- nity Frank's neat speech, hangs his hat — his silk hat — on the rack, places his cane, his gold-headed cane, in the rack, and takes a peep into the gla&s, Frank turns and
goes to tell Paw — I stand correct- ed; I mean "Father" — but just at this moment the Professor notices something interesting in the looks of the dining-room door, and an idea occurs to him. Ideas fre- quently occur to the Professor. He lays a patronizing, benevolent hand upon the promising head of Frank, and observes, in a tone somewhat louder than absolutely necessary for the tender ears of the awe-stricken youth below him :
"Wliy, Frank, my boj% you de- port yourself like a little man. You will be a man, too, after a while, and I hope when you are you will be a great man."
The Professor took pains just here that his pupil, and those other pupils close to the crack of the dining-room door, should have an opportunity of seeing a good ex- ample of a great man. Accord- ingly, he straightened himself up. buttoned the lowest button of his Prince Albert coat, and struck an attitude.
"Your father is a great man, too, Frank."
With this, the great man meant by the little word "too" walked impressiveh' into the parlor. Frank was smothered with con- gratulatory kisees when he reach- ed the dining-room.
In a few minutes. Captain King- came into the parlor and the two great men entered first into a con- versation on the weather. After they had agreed that it was a pleasant night and both had ex- pressed an opinion as to whether or not it would rain and whether or not if it were to rain it would help or hurt the crops. Tilson took from his pocket a letter which he handed Captain King to read.
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This letter was from Miss Hall, Tilson'*^ '•confidentinl secretary." and read as follows:
'*Mr. Tlioinpsoii came to see nie tonight, and I know you are anx- ious to hear at once about him. He is rather tall and well proportion- ed. He looks young, and a good many, besides himself, think he is handsome. 1 judge; by his conver- sation that he is much older than he loohs, for he is very serious- minded and dignified. He has deep gray eyes, which at times are very penetrating, and he appears to look right through you when you talk to him. He has a very amiable expression m the mouth. I think there is more real expres- sion in the mouth than in any other feature. He goes clean- shaven, and has a very interesting face.
"He talks a good deal. You asked me to notice especially if he talks slowly, saying that no man of brains drawls out what he has to say. Well, he does not exactly drawl, but he does speak very de- lilierately at times. At other times, though, he seems to talk very rap- idly, as if he were in a desperate hurry. This is when he seems to l)e talking through you as well as looking through you.
"He is very bright, I think, but 1 am afraid he knows it. He is a little bit conceited, some say; but I would not say so, exactlj'. I do fear, though, that he is somewhat impractical. Some of his ideas about school work are very theo- retical. This may be because he has been teaching in the graded schools here. You remember you said the graded schools in all such towns as Glendale were very im- practical. Still he may l)e all
right when he gets into our ways.
''He is a pleasant man socially, and has an agreeable though a somewhat awkwjird address. I think he is a great reader and likes to talk about books. I be- lieve he likes to he thought learned.
"I have made careful inquiries about him from the people I know who know anything about him, and they all say he is an excellent young man. altliough I have heard one or two of the boys say he is somewhat of a crank. I asked him what was the least salary he would take, and he said he had not thought about that at all, but he finally said he would expect about $«-;6 a month."
Captain King, when he had read this letter, ran his eye care- fully over it again. He turned it over, upside down, and sideways, inspecting the margins all around. He was looking for something which he could not understand the the writer's leaving out. He took up the envelope, felt inside of it, then opened it and looked inside. He glanced over the letter again, turned it over and upside down again. Finally, looking with a puzzled expression at Tilson, he stroked his beard, scratched his nose, and opened his mouth.
'"Is he a Bab-tis?"
He did not say "Baptist," but "Bab-tis."'
"^Vell, I tell you," began Tilson in an apologetic tone, drawing up his chair so as to get squarely in front of the chairman in a more confidential position, as if they had reached the real business of the evening, "You see, I have been thinking we ought to have one Methodist in the school, because
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we can then get the Methodists to send to ns."
Captain King gravely stroked his beard.
"I don't like to see them get a foothold."
''Do yoii think one ont of seven will make mnch difference?" re- l>lied Tilson, adding very quickly, "Of course, now, you know best; but you see, our school is bound to be Baptist. At the same time, I don't want to miss getting stu- dents from Methodist families."
Captain King continued strok- ing his beard, and slowdy nodded. "He's a good man," urged Til- son. "He graduated with honors and has a good reputation. It would sound mighty well to have his name on our circulars. The only thing is the pay. AVliat do you think we ought to pay him should w^e decide to take him?"
"I don't know," answered Cap- tain King. "How much had you thought of offering him?"
"Oh," said Tilson, "I haven't thought of that, knowing that you know so much better than I do about these matters."
Captain King was the richest man in Hollisville, and the fore- most citizen. Yet, he was very modest in the presence of real greatness. He drove to church on Sundays in a carriage, paid liber- ally to support the church, lived in a comfortable house, and al- w^ays sent his children to school. Hence he had all the attributes of the leading citizen of the com- munity, for there w^ere no others that did all these things. Hence he was the best qualified man in the community to be chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Hol- lisville Collegiate Military Insti-
tute — Professor quinius Tilson,
Jefferson Mar- President. Yet none of these attributes, nor all of them, are in any way inconsistent with Captain King's being a man easily twisted around the little hnger of Mr. Jefferson Marqui- nius Tilson ; for in the first place, Mr. J. Marquinius T. must be ac- counted an expert in the finger- twisting business; in the second place, it happened that the most prominent and most highly re- spected man in Hollisville w^as. outside of the immediate and nar- row sphere of trade, one of the weakest of mortal men. It was some five or six years before this that Captain King bought his gold brick, for $5,000, it being Avorth in the neighborhood of five cents, as gold. But there is no use to tell that story on the Captain here; he knows better now; that is, when it comes to material gold bricks; he is just as gullible as ever when it comes to human gold bricks. Tilson did not really care a fig, or two figs, for the Cap- tain's advice; he w^anted the Cap- tain's influence and as much of his money as a gentleman possessed of much wealth and the ordinary human vanities could be per- suaded to part with. Nothing flatters a man, especially a great man, more than to be asked ad- vice by another great man. Til- son had a board of trustees main- ly that he might flatter them, and get their influence in return, being always sure to let them know what advice he w^anted; and he always got it. He made each one feel the most important man in town, a feat easy of accomplish- ment, especially with Captain King, who drove two horses to his
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carriage when other people drove but one. Before the interview oloseil, the Captain was arguing that it would be the very best thing for the school to employ this young man Thompson, for several reasons, though particu- larly because he was a Methodist. Tilson was a little uncertain on this point, but if the Captain thou<rht it I)est, why. of course, he
would yield. He was, in the end, also willing to yield to the Cap- tain's most excellent judgment as to the salary. In parting the Captain said to him:
"Yes. Professor, I believe if I were you I would write to him at once and make him the oifer at $500 a year and board"' — which is exactly what Tilson had already done the day before.
(continued next month.)
The Syren
"We love the People— but Oh you Sugar!"
The Life and Times of Andrew Jackson
BOOK IL— Chapter VII.
SWEAR, SO HELP ME GOD," said Washington, in a voice which could hardly be heard by the Chancellor who administered the oath or by the Revolutionary compan- ions-in-arms who stood near him : when he straightened, after stooping to "kiss the Book," Livingston waved his hand and shouted, "Long live George Washington, Pres- ident of the United States," — and prolonged cheers rang out from the enthusiastic multitude which had collected in the streets of New York to witness the first inauguration of the Chief Magistrate of the third "perpetual Union" of the North American states. Washington was elected President by the unanimous vote of the electors; but New York was not represented in the colleges, and neither North Carolina nor Rhode Island had yet adopted the new Constitution.
The Federalists organized the government and for twelve years con- trolled it. Hamilton was the masterful mind of Washington's admin- istration, and his political ideal was the English system. To draw power from the states, to centralize and consolidate, to attach the wealth of the country to the Federal authority, to evolve a moneyed aristocracy out of Special Privilege, were his objects; and before he had been in the Cabinet two years he had taken giant strides toward success by the assumption of the state debts, by issuing bonds for the national debt, by the enactment of a protective tariff act, and by having the Government go into copartnership Avith the rich in the establish- ment of a national bank.
The opposition to these plans, which Mr. Jefferson started in the Cabinet, was organized by him and his lieutenants after his resigna- tion, and, while the Federalists were able to elect John Adams, Jeffer- son, a close second in the contest, became Vice-President. Mr. Adams made the natural but fatal blunder of retaining Washington's Cabinet, and upon this official family of the Chief Magistrate, Hamilton wielded a controlling influence. Since Adams was too independent to be Ham- ilton's puppet, and too courageous to be afraid of him, and too saga- cious not to penetrate the selfishness and danger of some of his schemes, and too jealous and suspicious not to harbor dislike, — Hamilton turned against his chief and assailed him savagely. This feud, together with the immense unpopularity of the Alien and Sedition laws, caused the Federalist parly to go down in irretrievable defeat,
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631
The "Virginia House"' cume in with Jefferson and for twenty-four years remained in the ascendant. So thorough was the organization and discipline of the Jefferson Kepublicans that it was practically a national "machine'\ To antagonize it meant loss of power in national politics— as such insurgents as John Randolph discovered. So well in hand were matters kept, that the chiefs of the party knew in advance liow the Presidential succession was to go. It was "understood that Mr Madison was to succeed Mr. Jefferson; and it was 'understood that Mr. Monroe would follow ]Mr. Madison. The nominations were made bv a caucus of Congressmen, and over such a nominatmg body the Administration naturally had great influence. The Federalist party deing dead, and the Jefferson Republicans in full control, a caucus nomination was equivalent to an election.
Had AYilliam H. Crawford gone into a struggle for the nomination at the time Monroe got it, there is little doubt that the great Georgian would have reached the White House. As it was, he received a very larcre vote in the caucus. He was a much abler man than Monroe and would perhaps have made a magnificent President ; but he deferred to the Virginia House and to Revolutionary prestige, and, saying 1 am young enough to wait," declined to actively oppose Monroe He could not foresee that bv the time eight more years had gone by his own health would be hopelessly shattered, that the Republican party of Jef- ferson would be breaking up of its own weight, and that aspirants for the Presidency who had no chance in the Congressional Caucus would denounce the machine and make a direct appeal to the people. According to "the gentlemen's agreement", Crawford got the nomination, after Monroe had served his second term, but by that time the nomination was not onlV worthless, but a positive handicap. The Jefferson Repub- licans were no longer a disciplined army: they were split up into clash- ing squads, and other Richmonds were in the field eager for the crown. Long-headed politicians, such as Aaron Burr, Edward Livingston and William B. Lewis, had realized, soon after the close of the War of 1812, that Andrew Jackson's popularity could be utilized to over- throw the House of Virginia, the Congressional Caucus, and the office- holding clique that was in control. AMien the subject was mentioned to the old General, however, he pooh-poohed it. Totally lacking in fal-e modesty, and not burdened with any other sort. Jackson had told LaFavette that he thought himself worthy to be the donee of ^^ ashing- ton's pistols, and in his speeches and proclamations had given evidence of sufficient self-esteem : but when the calculating politicians mentioned the Presidency, the (^,eneral said, most positively, that he wasn t fit for it He said, in substance, that he had a talent for handling troops, in a 'rough sort of way". V,ut that he was not cut out f.,r the position of Chief^Magistrate of the United States.
Xevertheless, he at length consented to make the race. And, ot roui-se after he got into the fight, the old warrior developed his usual determination to win. Hi^ competitoi-s were John Quincy Adams. William H. Crawford and Henry Clay. Like himself, the other can- didates had been known as Jefferson Republicans.
632 Watson's Jeffersonian Magazine
Crawford has almost become a myth in our national history. Few facts about him are told in any of the books. Yet his pub- lic career was long and distinguished, he served his country promi- nently at home and abroad, and he was recognized as the heir apparent to the Presidency at the opening of Monroe's administration. Himself a Virginian by birth, he was in his eleventh year when his father, Joel Crawford, after living in South Carolina several years, crossed the Savannah River and settled in Columbia County, Georgia. Young Craw^ford attended the Academy of the celebrated Dr. Waddel, at Mount Carmel. After completing the course of study there, Craw- ford acted as usher in the school and received one-third of the tuition money for his services. This position he held until April. 1796, when he became one of the teachers in the Richmond Academy, Augusta, Georgia. He not only continued his academic studies while in Augusta, but read law- and was admitted to the bar (1798). Removing to Ogle- thorpe County in the spring of 1799, he worked his way up. from the bottom, as so many of the eminent men of this country have done. In a very short time. "Billy Crafford". as the people called him, was the "bull of the woods'' of his part of the state. Tall, big, Avell-made but not graceful, handsome, genial, fearless, Avith kindly blue eyes which blazed fiercely when he was aroused. Craw- ford was a delightful companion in private circles and a natural leader in public affairs. An able and successful lawyer, he soon went into ])olitics and was the chief of one of the factions of the bitterest feud the State of Georgia ever knew. He himself was drawn into duels, killed the Attorney-General of the State in one of them, and had his left w^rist shattered in another. General John Clark, who was his an- tagonist in this fight, labored earnestly and persistently to make Craw- ford meet him again, but Crawford as earnestly and persistently re- fused.
Sent to the State Legislature for four years in succession, he was elected to the United States Senate in 1807. Thus at the age of thirty- five, he had become a recognized leader of the bar and had reached one of the proudest pinnacles in national politics.
In Washington, his extraordinary ability won immediate recogni- tion. He was easily the peer of such men as Giles and Benton and Clay and Adams. No Senator in his set speeches spoke with greater clear- ness, conciseness and force. In the debate in the national bank, he shone to better advantage than Clay. Each afterwards took the other side of the question, — Clay when he embraced Hamiltonianism, and Crawford when it was shown him that the Convention of 1787 had voted down the proposition to give Congress the authority to charter corporations.
Elected President pro t^m. of the Senate, he occupied the chair dur- ing the debates Avhich preceded the declaration of war against Great Britain, — a war which he heartily favored.
It was perhaps a great mistake in Crawford to decline the Secre- taryship of AVar offered him by President Madison. Instead, he ac-
The Life and Times of Andrew Jackson 633
oopted the luissioii (o Franco (1813). The Emperor Napoleon Avas ini- prei^sed hv his "^i^antic stature and manly bearing, and spoke of his simplicity and truthfulness as l)eing the peculiar products of a repub- lic, but it does not appear that any important consequences were real- ized or expected from the mission. Crawford could not speak French, and the Emperor spoke no English; and therefore Napoleon said some- what querulously that the United States had sent him two ministers, one of whom was deaf and the other dumb. Mr. Livingston, who was hard of hearing, was one of the two, — Crawford, the other.
In 1817, Mr. Crawford entered Monroe's Cabinet as Secretary of the Treasury and he held the place until 1825. His administration of the affairs of the office Avas so generally satisfactory that when John Quincy Adams became President, he tendered the nomination for Treasurer to Mr. Crawford ; but, on account of his being paralyzed, the latter declined the offer.
Of John Quincy Adams, it is a matter of some delicacy for a South- ern man to speak. His name is so inseparably connected with the viru- lent sectionalism of which the South was the victim, that the son of a slave-holder cannot pretend to love Mr. Adams very much.
The historian must, however, do his duty, and must say, with all proper emphasis, that John Quincy Adams was as honest and consci- entious a man as ever occupied the Presidential chair. His natural ca- pacity was of a high order, and he was decidedly the best educated statesman of his day. No diplomat could draw up a better state-paper. No politician had a loftier conception of public duty. In that respect, he was absolutely "Washingtonian in virtue. He judged every applicant for office by the rule of fitness for the place. If his warmest supporter was lacking in the necessary qualifications, it was use- less for him to apply to Adams. On the contrary, he kept his bitterest opponents in office because of the fidelity and capacity w^ith which they were performing their duties.
But it was not in John Quincy Adams to fire the imagination and warm the heart of a people. Even in New England he was admired and supported without being loved.
In physique, he was unprepossessing. His figure was short and not well formed; his head was bald and his eyes watery. Tempera- mentally, he was unmagnetic. The politicians of today would say that he was "not a good handshaker, — did not know how to mix and min- gle"'. To the common herd he appeared unsocial, ungracious, unsympa- thetic, and his manner Avas so unfortunate that he sometimes offended those whom he obliged. In his family, hoAvever, he was most amiable; and in a circle of private friends, free and easy and CAen facetious.
In his private correspondence, he does not appear in a lovable light, and his ''Diary'' is an ocean of malcA'olence. Much is to be al- lowed to John Quincy Adams on account of heredity. His parents were a unique couple, and little John Quincy neA-er could haA-e been a boy like other boys. I have often lingered OAer the letters Avritten by mem- l)ers of this Adams family to each other, and wondered if that epis-
634 Watson's Jeffersonianj Magazine
tolary style was to any extent epidemic in New England. Was it a spo- radic case ? or did the Puritans, generally, fire miniature essays and diminutive state-papers at their wives and husbands and sons and daughters ?
In uxorious epistles to Mrs. John Adams, her lord and master al- ways addresses her as ''My dearest friend". In one of the letters, the husband describes his inauguration as President, and tells her that a man of the name of Mason had declared that he had never heard such a speech in all his life (Adams' speech), and that Mason said the coun- try would lose nothing by the change from George Washington to John Adams. In a concluding line, Mr. Adams states that "all agree that it" (his inauguration) "was the suhlimest thing ever exhibited in America.'''
The letter of Mrs. Adams in reply to her spouse, starts out with a couplet of poetry, is illustrated by historical allusion, is enriched by Scriptural quotation, and is altogether one of the primmest, stateliest, most rhetorical epistles that a wife ever wrote to a husband.
Such formality governing the correspondence of the parents, we may not be surprised when the son, John Quincy, at the age of nine years, holds forth to his father in manner and form following, to-wit :
"Baintree, June 2nd, 1777. "Deab Sib: —
"I love to receive letters very well; much better than I love to write them. I make but a poor figure at composition. My head is much too fickle. My thoughts are running after birds' eggs, play and trifles, till 1 get vexed with myself. Mamma has a troublesome task to keep me a studying. I own I am ashamed of myself. I have but just entered the third volume of Rollin's History, but designed to have got half through it by this time. I am determined this week to be more diligent. Mr. Thaxter is absent at Court. I have set myself a stint this week, to read the third volume half out. . If I can but keep my resolution, I may again at the end of the week give a better account of myself. I wish, sir, you would give me in writing, some instructions with regard to the use of my time, and advise me how to proportion my studies and play, and I will keep them by me, and endeavor to follow them.
"With the present determination of growing better, I am, dear sir,
"Your son, John Qui>fcy Adasis."
"P. S. Sir: — "If you will be so good as to favor me with a blank book, I will transcribe the most remarkable passages I meet with in my reading, which will serve to fix them upon my mind."
This remarkable missive contains no other intrinsic evidence to prove that it was written by a son to his paternal parent than the for- mal w^ords, "Your son". The dignified little writer does not even un- bend to say, "Your affectionate son", — much less to substitute "Dear Papa" for "Dear Sir".
In the foregoing, John Quincy makes a sportive reference to birds' eggs, but I thmk he assumed that his statement would be taken in a figurative or Pickwickian sense. I myself do not believe that John Quincy Adams ever played mumble-peg, ever skinned the cat, ever rode the bull-calf, ever pinched a pretty girl, or ever robbed a bird's nest. It ran in the family to be stilted, self-conscious, formal and somewhat
The Life and Times of Andrew Jackson g;?5
l)onibastic,— and wlioii we coinc upon a letter written l)y Joint Quincy's sister, Abigail, ayc find her deseribino; her own father to her own moth- er in these high-stepping" terms :
"I discovor a tliousand traits of softness, delicacy and scnsil)ility in this oxcelloiit man's character. 1 was once ta\i«,dit to fear liis virtnes; liajipy am I that 1 find tlieni rather to lore, grown \\]^ into life nid^nown to him, and ignorant of him. * • * Jfow amiable, iiow res])ectal>Ie, iiow worthy of every token of my attention, has this conduct rendered a i)arent. a father, to wluini we feed due even a resignation of our opinions!" - , -.1 ^ ^IV
\ou can draw a mental pictn.re of this starehy and prematurely ma- ture little girl growing np into a stately dame, imposing and somewhat tremendous, and being wedded, after ceremonious negotiations, to the Archbishop of Canterbury, or at least, to the Canon of Westminster Abbey. You feel taken aback and slightly injured when yon discover that, after all, she married a man named Smith.
(CONTINI KI) IX XK.X'I' >n)X'llfs ISSl K.)
Reality
It used to be I sat alone,
And traced upon my youthful mind Fair pictures of the place I'd own
As Paradise, for which I pined; And, then, as tantalizing years
Would dim the splendor of my dream, I often cried, through heart-born tears —
Things only seem — things only seem !
Oh, these maturer after-days !
What need is there to longer sigh! How heaven in a thousand ways.
Since then has drawn so strangely nigh ! My Eden is a kindred soul;
And, ah, the love with which it beams Is tenderer in its sweet control.
Than all my dreams— than all my dreams !
— Ralph Methven Thomson.
EDOC/ITIOn/lL DERflRTOEIIT
California, Japan, Treaty Rights and State Rights
Soldiers' Home, Lafayette, Ind. Editob Jeffersonian Magazine:
I have just read your editorial in April number, entitled, "The President Bull- dozes California."
The second paragraph of Article VI. of the United States Constitution says, "This Constitution, and all laws of the United States made in pursuance there- of; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the Supreme Law of the Land; and the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding."
"We, the people of the United States", (not we the States), ordained and es- tablished this Constitution. We, the peo- ple of the whole United States, are vi- tally interested in seeing that no State shall wantonly violate a treaty with a foreign nation and bring trouble on the whole people of the United States merely because one State don't like cabbage. Roosevelt was right in that matter, but I have not been his admirer since late in 1906.
In 1853, when San Francisco was a little Spanish village, the United States sent her na\y to Japan and broke into her port, running over her little ships of that day, and forced a treaty on her, which she did not want. She accepted it because she feared to resist us. In that treaty, we guaranteed to the citizens of Japan residing in our country the same rights as we guaranteed to those of the most favored nations. Nobody in that day, under the Pierce administration, dreamed that in fifty-five years that vil- lage would grow to such magnitude as to violate and defy that enforced treaty. Who are our most favored citizens? Creat Britafn, France, Russia, Prussia, Austria, Spain and several others. Do you suppose that California would think
for a moment of barring the children of tliose most favored nations from the pub- lic schools? A nation, or a large part of it. which can and does disregard the con- stitutional rights of her own weak citi- zens is also ready to* disregard the treaty rights of foreign citizens.
If California can exercise her right, and does so exercise it, as to defy that treaty, tlie balance of the United States have just as good a right to stand by and see Japan give California a decent and de- served thrashing. Were I President in such an emergency, I would permit such chastisement as I, as President, could not myself give. These states' rights fools need such a lesson. A nation that whipped China and Russia on land and sea is not to be trifled with.
Yours truly, John T. Campbell.
P. S. — In writing you yesterday, I had not carefully read your answer to Victor E. Lawson's questions on page 298, April number, 1909. You lose sight of one im- portant feature of the case. There is no treaty with any foreign country as to what rights the negroes shall have in our Southern States. With the Japanese, it is different. There is a right guaranteed to the Japanese by the treaty of 1853. That treaty was approved by the United States Senate, which was then Demo- cratic, and California had two Senators to vote on the approval of the treaty. The question as to the relative rank of tlie Constitution and a treaty cuts no figure in tlie case. The treaty is bigger than any State law that attempts to nul- •'v it. To legally bar the Japanese from tlip schools, ail foreigners must be barred. J. T. C.
Our friend Campbell is quite severe on "these states' rights fools" — one of whom is writing these lines.
It is high time that our public men, our school teachers, our children and our voters began to pay a little attention to the history of their country. A vast
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637
amount of sheer ignorance on tliat sub- ject prevails. Much of it finds its way into books and speeches. Also into Presidential fulniinations. Some of it crops out in jirivate letters, written for the commendable purpose of enlightening the editors of newspapers and magazines.
Each one of the original thirteen col- onies was independent of the others, — each, separately, owing a loose, undefined allegiance to Great Britain. The moment that the mother country claimed from tlie colonics more than the colonies be- lieved was her due. there was a row. The Revolutionary War followed. Each State, in that struggle, maintained its separate existence and sovereignty, a loose Confederation liaving been formed for national purposes. In the Articles of Confederation, it was declared that the Union of the thirteen colonies should be perpetual.
When the Declaratitm of Independence was publislied, tlie claim put forward was that each of the thirteen States, which were named, was an independent State. Great Britain recognized this claim, at the close of the war, and she named eacli State separately as an inde- pendent State.
Later it was found that the Articles of Confederation were defectrve, in tliat the Confederation could not act directly upon the citizen, and could not deal efficiently with foreign nations. It was proposed to amend the Articles, so as to give the Con- federation these necessary powers. Del- egates were elected for this purpose, but these delegates decided to make a new Constitution, out and out. No attempt was made to amend the old one.
So the Convention of 1787 met, closed the doors, shut out the public, bound the delegates to secrecy, and went to work framing a new central government that would be as far aicay from a demorraey. in spirit, as possible.
In sending delegates to this Conven- tion, each State had acted separately, as a State. In drawing up the new Consti- tution, the delegates first wrote the Pre- amble thus: "We the people of Massa- chusetts Bay, Xew Hampshire. Vermont, New York, Virginia." etc.. naming each . one of the nine States, would secede from the old Union and to set up this new Union should be an accomplished fact whenever nine of the States ratified the
action of the Convention, and inasmuch as no one could foretell which of the nine States would secede from the old Union and set up this new one, the sec- retary was directed to leave ofT the einmicration of the names of the States in his final draft of tlie Constitution.
Upon this frail foundation, John Campbell rests his Constitutional argu- ment,— following the lead of the late D. Webster. But after the Madison papers were publislied, and after John C. Cal- iioun had anniliilated Webster, in the great debate of 1833, the New England Senator changed his mind and, in his Capon Springs speech, admitted that the new Union WAS a c0)npact bctn-een sov- ereign States, just as the old Confedera- tion had been.
The Constitution of 1787 could never have been adopted had not Hamilton. JIadison, Edmund Randolph, and all those who were striving so vigorously to overcome the popular instinct against it, declared most emphatically that the new Government would be one of strictly lim- ited poicers, and that the sovereignty of the States ironld not be impaired.
States' rights men were not catalogued as "fools" in those days.
Eleven of the original thirteen States were dragooned into adopting the new Constitution. All sorts of trickery, wire- pulling and deception were employed be- fore the separate conventions of the sep- arate States would secede from the old "perpetual Union" and enter the new. But two of the States balked. North Carolina and Rhode Island refused to go in. For several years these two States maintained their separate, independent, sovereign governments. Thei/ did not threaten to make war upon the seceding States, nor did the seceding States pro- pose to coerce them into joining the new Union.
Is there no significance in this?
In those days. "Imi)lipd Powers" had not erected the tyranny which violated the con.stitution from whose loins implied powers spring. Excepting those powers granted by the States to the Union, or th'Tiied to themselves in definite terms, each State teas admitted to have retained every attribute of sovereignty.
The fact that the North waged a wicked, cruel war upon the South be- cause the South imitated the Northern
638
Watson's Jeffersonian Magazine
example in the matter of holding seces- sion conventions and of withdrawing from a Union of the States, is no reason why states' rights principles should be aban- doned. They are necessary to the liberty ot the citizen and the life of the republic. Unless tee are ready for a consolidated military despotism, we had better begin to realize the imi3ortance of encouraging each State to make a firm stand for its constitutional rights.
When California seeks to separate the races in her schools, she is exercising powers which the highest court says are liers. The decision in the Berea College case applies. If Kentucky can legally separate different races in her schools, California can legally do the same thing.
'J'he President can not by treaty give to a foreign nation any privilege greater than those enjoyed by ourselves. The Su- preme Court has held, time and again, tliat the States have sovereign powers over their domestic concerns. My State can say to me, "Don't send your children to school with the blacks" ; and it can say to me, "Don't ride in the Jim Crow car"; and I must obey.
Now, it should be clear to every one that if the President can deprive Cali- fornia of her right to separate the races ill her schools, he can deprive Kentucky of it. If he can invade the sovereign rights of a State by making a treaty with Jai)an, he can do it by making a treaty with the Ethiopian King of Abys- sinia, the Sultan of Morocco, or any oth- er black ruler of black people. // he can force Jap children into California schools, BY TREATY, he can force negro chil- dren into Southern schools by making a similar treaty ivith Liberia.
From the Constitution, the President derives his authority to make a treaty, and the point is, that a power so de- rived cannot be greater than the instru- ment from which it issues. Congress and the President, acting together in making laws, can not deprive a State of her sov- ereignty over her domestic affairs. That lias been decided, over and often. How, then, can the President, with mere Sena- torial sanction, do something .which he and both the Houses combined cannot do ?
The supreme law of our land is the Constitution itself.
Next in order are Acts of Congress, made in pursuance of the Constitution.
After these two, come treaties; and if these treaties are antagonistic to Acts of Congress they are null and void.
How much more clearly are they null and void, if they are inimical to the law, which overrides Acts of Congress, — the Constitution!
But the question under discussion has been adjudicated.
It will "be remembered that the first treaty between the United States and China was negotiated by Caleb Cushing in 1844. This was followed by the An- son Burlingame treaty of 1868. One of its provisions was:
"The subjects of China shall enjoy the same privileges, immunities and exemp- tions in respect to travel and residence as may be enjoyed by the citizens and subjects of the most favored nation."
Under this treaty, the Chinese began to move over. So many of them swarmed on the Pacific slope, and they worked for such a low wage, that a great howl went up from American labor. Pressure was brought to bear on Congress and, in 1888, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed. President Cleveland signed it.
Of course, it was in conflict with the Burlingame treaty of 1868. The Chinese government was mightily wrought up over the matter. A test case was brought, and the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Act of Con- gress must stand. The treaty became waste paper.
In other words, a treaty can not de- prive the Union of the States, or the States of the Union, of inherent, in- alienable, sovereign powers.
Following the wrong road which Pres- ident Roosevelt took, Mr. Taft is asking Congress to extend the jurisdiction of Federal Courts, so as to enable them to take cognizance of disputes, arising un- der treaties, between States and foreign nations. A most ominous suggestion!
This country is already enduring just about as much Federal Court encroach- ment and usurpation as it can stomach. Any attempt by Federal autliorities to force tlie Pacific States to grant social equality to the riff-raff of China and Japan ought to be resisted, at all haz- ards; and in that figlit the South is ready to make conunon cause with tlie West.
If the Federal Government can whip
Educational 63«j
the dcnil rm.nd the stump and co.npel a shape infinitely n,ore n.enacing than
tahfornm to admtt the scum of the an,, aspect it has yet uorn. Orient vxto her schools, we of the South Some things are worth fightine for-
may expect a treaty with Liberia or worth dying for. Racial purity if one' of
Hayti to present our Negro Question in them.
the: real vellona/
RERIL.
-New York American
THE JUNIOR JEFFS
By DADDY JIM
SOME OF OUR readers may not know that each Jefferson- lAN has its own department for the young folks. This is "The Junior Jeffs", and in the weekly Jeffeb- SONIAN we have "Our Post- Card Club", which was so named because it started in the i n t e r c hange of post-cards. Now, here is the point: Daddy Jim receives many letters for both departments. Sometimes they are addressed to him, sometimes to Mr. Watson, some- times to the Jef-
FERSONIAN. HoW On
earth is he to tell whether these let- ters are intended for the Magazine or the Weekly? Please mark your letters plainly on the first page: "Junior Jeffs" or "Our Post-Card Club". If you wrote to the Magazine at any time, and have not seen your letter in print, don't jump to the conclusion that it went in the waste-basket, but look in the weekly Jeffeesonian. On the other hand, some letters that we have published in the >.iagazine may have been intended for the Weekly. If so, we apologize, and you must do the rest — be good, and mark your letters plainly.
HARRY ANU RUo^^ELL SHIRLEY Powder Springs, Ala.
RY and Russell Powder Springs, Ga,
to see, and they are the sons of as good a Jefferson - ian as you will meet in many a day's march. They write a happy let- ter:—
Dear Daddy Jim : — Once there was an apple-grow- er, who, when ap- ple-picking time came, would say ; "Now, boys, put the big apples in the bottom, so as not to fool folks." Well, they caught him turning the barrels over, and marking them, ••'This End Up". Papa says that ]\Ir. Watson has never turned his barrel over. We are six and four years old. — Har- Shirley. R. F. D. 3,
Our Picture
This week we publish the photograph of two as bright and handsome little fellows as we have ever had the good luck
The Lord on His Side
Dear Daddy Jim: — In a country town there lived a very pious family. The mother had taught little Johnnie to pray, and he was a very obedient child. One day a large circus came to the town, something that little Johnnie had not seen, of course. Every little fellow was talking about it. At last Johnnie came running into the house, slammed the front door, and squalled: "Mamma! Mamma! there is a great big bear in the front shed!" His mother came and found that it was only a large dog. So she told Johnnie to go away and pray to the Lord to forgive him for telling such a story.
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641
Johnnie retired, and returned almost im- mediately, "lias the Tjord for<j;iven you?" asked his mother. "Yes, ma, He said He forgive me, 'cause when He first saw that dog He thoviglit it was a bear, too.'' — lIi'Tir Kniuht, Glenville, Ga., I) ywars t.ld.
Fishing in Georgia
I see you have given us a page in your magazine, so I thought 1 would write. I live on a big farm about seven miles from Glennville, and about two and a half miles from a big river, where I go fishing some times. I caught a big Ger- man carp on my hook one time, and thought it was an alligator. Sometimes we have a fish fry. My father takes the weekly and says it is a great paper. When anyone comes to see us, he gets the JefTersonian and reads it to them. — Arling Tootle, Glennville, Ga.
Lasses and Molasses
I am sending you another joke, so h»re it is. Sambo had been working as a por- ter up North, and when he came home he tried to teach his home folks aomo ■'manners," as he said. One day they were all at the table, eating dinner, when his brother, whose name was Flin, said: ■'Say, Sam, pass the 'lasses." "Don't say 'lasses," Sambo replied, "say molasses." "How kin I say molasses," exclaimed Flin indignantly, "when I ain't had no 'lasses?" — Beatrice Lackey, aged 15, Hodga, Miss.
Wants to Be a Man
,My brother takes the Jeffersonian and the Magazine. He reads them, and 1 read them. too. My pa owns a three- horse farm. He has one horse and two mules. 1 go fishing sometimes. I live near the Ochlocknee River, and I go in bathing. I want to be a man like Mr. Wat.son. I think he is the greatest man in the United States. — Eugene Heald, 12 vears old, Thomasville, Ga.
wood, and I help wash the dishes. I help Mamma in the garden. 1 like music, and can sing and play a few lines on the organ. I like the postcards that 1 got as a premium. — Isa Bruce, Bruce, La.
Paid for it Herself
Deab Daddy Jim: — I am a little girl, 8 years old. I am taking music, and I hope to be a music-teacher some day. I have only been taking music three months, and I have paid for it myself by getting subscriptions to the Jefferson- ians. I hope to make as good a woman as Tom Watson is a man, and as good a music-teacher as my teacher. Miss Rosa. — GussiE Lee Aaron, Lyons, Ga.
(This letter contains an object lesson for our other young friends. Any of you can write to us for samples and instruc- tions, and we will start you out. There is not a boy or girl who reads this page, who cannot make from one dollar to five dollars a week by taking subscriptions for the Jeffbbsonians, selling magazines and books, and doing other work for us.)
May Be a Party Leader
Above all, I want to be a politician and party-rights advocate; because, if I am ever a party leader, I want to be on the right side; then I know that the whole world will speak of honor to me. 1 want to be a debater, to discuss lead- ing questions that come before the peo- ple. When I get grown, I want to ad- vocate the Jeffersonian principles with my utmost ability. If this is printed, I will come again. — Thos. H. Joiner, 15 years old, Tennille, Ga.
(Surely you would come again, wheth- er your letter was printed or not, wouldn't you? If you are to be a poli- tician and a party leader, you must learn to come again and again and again, with a smile on your face, even if you are kicked into the waste-basket ninety-nine times hand-running.)
A Hard Working Girl
Dear Uncle Tom: — I am a little girl, eight years old. I live in the country, and enjoy farm life. I help Mamma feed the chickens and carry in stove
Working for Subscriptions
De.vr Sib: — I am a little boy, 12 years old, and am in the fifth grade. I am not going to school now, as my school is out, but will be glad when it commences again. I am working to get all the sub-
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scriptions I can for you. I have got one subscription, and I want you to send me one of the knives that you are giving away as a premium. I will do all I can to get you subscriptions. — Tom Watson Cooper, Boston, Ga.
(Hurrah for you, Tom. Go ahead, and show the other fellows what you can do. One little twelve-year-old boy made about $25 in commissions on subscrip- tions, and won a $5 prize, not long ago. See if you can't do better.)
six years. I saw several of your papers. 1 think they are awful nice papers. So I will close. — Your little friend, Rebecca Stephens, 7 years old, Cooper, La.
Another Munchausen Story
Dear Daddy Jim: — I will send you a story. My brother went a-hunting. He didn't have but one bullet, and he found a deer and turkey. The turkey was up in a tree above the deer. He tied his knife across the muzzle of his gim, aimed half-way between them, and fired and killed them both. He went on and found another deer; put his ramrod in his gun; got the deer between him and a tree, and killed him. The ramrod stuck in the tree. He pulled it out, and the honey came running out. He put his thumb to stop it coming, and reaching back to get something to stop the hole he picked up a rabbit that tickled him. Then he fell back over a covey of par- tridges and killed them all. — Lena Mar- tin, 9 years old, Sargent, Ga.
Seven Years Old
Dear Sir: — I will try and write you a few lines today, as I have nothing to do at present. I live six miles from town. I live on the farm. I am going to start to school the first of August. I am an orphan girl. My mother has been dead
Daddy Jim wants to say one thing, and that is that when you write to this magazine, or to the paper, you should al- ways do the very best you can. If your letter is printed, it may be read by 100,000 people, or more. Now, think for a moment. Most of you live in Georgia, and you know that Atlanta is a large city. Suppose that you could gather every man, woman and child in Atlanta — about 100,000 of them — into one great enclosure, where, through some huge megaphone, you could talk to them all at once, — talk to the big lawyers, the great bankers, the legislators, the busi- ness men, the society folks, the rich and the poor, the ladies in their automobiles and the working girls in the milb — all at once. What would you say? What could you think to say, when those 200,000 eyes were turned toward your small figure, and those 200,000 ears were opened wide to hear the voice of the lit- tle boy or the little girl who would ad- dress that enormous crowd? But, if you will consider it, that is exactly what j'ou are doing. When your letters are printed in this magazine, you are talking, on that page, to about 100,000 people. Think it over, and then do your best. Try to write something that other people will be glad to read. Remember, too, that your audience is not only in Georgia, but all over the world, in every State of the LTnion, in Canada and England and Europe and Africa and India and South America and Cuba and the Philippine Islands. Do your best.
Rufiis E. Guthrie
643
i
A Good Man Gone
lUFUS E. GUTHRIE was born in Walton County, Georgia, September 14, 1841, and was raised on his father's farm. He was married to Miss Lucy Vaughan in 1860, and enhsted in Company "H," Uth Ga. Regiment, in the war between the States, in 1862, during which he participated in the following bat- tles: Yorktown, Malvern Hill, and Second Manassas. In the last named battle, August 30, 1862, he received six gun shots and was left on the field for dead, but later was taken to the hospital where one of his legs was ampu- tated. After the surrender he moved with his family to Forsyth County. His marriage was blessed with twelve children, eight are still living. He has thirty-three grand- children living. He was elected tax-receiver of Forsyth County in 1876, and was re-elected for five consecu- tive terms and made as able official as Forsyth Coun- ty ever had. Politically, he was a PopuUst, believ- ing in Jeffersonian Democracy. C He had convictions ever backed up by his manly courage. He joined the Methodist church in early life and lived a no- ble. Christian life. CHe was a mem- ber of the Indepen- dent Order of Odd Fellows. He died June ninth, 1906. CBy his death, the communi- ty in which he lived, has lost a good neighbor; the church a consecrat- ed member; and the brotherhood of Odd Fellows, a noble brother. His death will be d eeply mourned by all who knew him.
— A CLOSE FRIEND. rufus e. guthrie
644 Watson's Jeffersonian Magazine
Beloved Ghosts
By Mary Chapin Smith
DEAR silent ghosts of sounds that come no more, The dying footfalls on the echoing floor, Bear shadoivy people ever gliding through Deserted halls and fading from our vieiv'; They wander in and out, finger on lip, Dear forms inscrutahle, that cannot slip Otie little tcord, only a longing gaze, For all remembrance of earth's tender ways They dwelt among, those other happy years; A ti'envdous sigh, thin gleam of pearly tears, Light sorroio ''mid their joy that past all reach Are human love, soft tones of human speech: Then on through distance gray, through wavering wall, They fade, like olden song with dying fall.
Fair sjmcious chanibers stand in loneliness
Where sweet hells faintly tolled lure from duress
Those evanescent shades of filmy air
That crowd in weaving shimmiering throngs, most rare
Presentment of the forms held safe apart
Within the dose-shut petals of the heart,
Where we may keep the holiest and the hest^
Those %oho have ceased from struggle and found rest.
Yet still they stnve ivith tender wistfid arms,
And longing look and quivenng alarms,
To reach us, fold us in beloved embrace.
As we fold them, and find but hollow space.
Far sounds of ancient harp, and, long-time mute.
The voice of spinet and of silver flute.
The song of maiden slumbering by the stream
Whose gentlest flow tnay not disturb her dream.
The sacred lullaby from mother-heart
Of heaven-bojm child in manger laid apart.
Fragments of prayer first said by mother'' s knee.
The little dreams, falling from dreamland -tree,
These lightly floating, trembling through the air,
Without, within, beyond and everywhere.
Are lost in night with fading forms so dear; —
Only frail cobwebs, empty doorways here.
Cold watery shafts of moonlight through the panes,
Dear footfalls vanishing like spring-time rains.
Communications
Agrees with Us on Foreign Missions
I read with much interest your article on Foreign ilissions from a report in a Gainesville (I-'la. ) paper.
I will here state that when I was a young man 1 resided several years in the Orient. / visited many mission statio)is and carefully noted conditions and am, therefore, competent to offer an opinion, and can truthfully state that you did not go far enough to place matters in the light of day before a hulldozcd, confiding public. I fully endorse all you said and could add a great deal of practical infor- mation to said article. I will say that tiie God of the Anglo-Saxon is "Get rich quick, no matter how". Some of the Sky Pilot tribe have a hankering for soft jobs, with good rations and pay, and ^le less work the better. / have seen many able-bodied, loafing missionaries loung- ing on a rattan couch with a devout con- vert pulling a punkah over them, ichilst on a near-by stand stood a water cooler and a bottle of Martels » * * close by to aid his studies as to liow the pub- lic is to be fooled, whilst dozens of so- called converts were loafing around the compound quarreling as to which should pick up a withered leaf or a stray piece of paper so as to appear busy. The po- litical economy of this question would occujjy too much space, but I will say that Foreign Missions, according to my personal observation, is the most gigan- tic humbug ever put on a confiding pub- lic. Yours truly.
An Old Qui Hi.
From a Great Historian
Editor Jeffeksonian.
Dear Sir: — I have been enjoying so much your volume on Napoleon that I am sending to you a copy of a history of the American Revolution which I finished writing and published about a year ago.
1 like the American way in which you deal with facts; and I think that no one but an American can understand and take an impartial view of Napoleon. Cortainly the English will never be able to understand him; and for some reason the French do not always seem capable of keeping their heads cool about him.
I have often been in Georgia and have most pleasant recollections of quail luints down in the Southwestern corner, near Bainbridge.
All this pleasure from yourself and your State may hardly seem to justify me in inflicting on you two long volumes of history that you may not care to read. But for some sympathetic or telepathic reason when you enjoy a man's book you always want to send him one of your own.
Hoping that I have not been too indis- creet in this, 1 am.
Truly yoiirs, (Signed) Sydney G. Fisher.
Pliiladelphia, Pa.
(Mr. Fisher's works are so valuable that they were already in the Watson library, but we are happy to receive his letter, and a complimentary copy of his latest books. \Vhenever he comes to Georgia again he must single Thomson out from Thomas, Tomkins, Thomas- ville, Thomaston, and other outlandisii towns, and pay his brother author a visit.)
The Money Question the Only Question
iMy Dear Mr. Watson: — In your ^May Jekfersonian, in reply to H. W. Carter, who inquires about the National Bank C'urrenc}' carrying the inscription, "This note is secured by U. S. Bonds or other security," you say, "This is the emer- gency currency authorized by the Al- drich-Vreeland bill of last year."
These notes are being issued all over
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the country; 1 have seen one bill issued by a Colorado national bank and one is- sued by a Utah national bank.
The Aldrich-Vreeland bill authorized two kinds of currency issues by the banks, each individual bank can issue a certain amount secured on other than U. S. Bonds, but this is not the "emer- gency" currency, that is, to be issued by an association of banks and bear a high- er tax and, so far as I know, none has yet been issued. The tax on this issue is supposed to soon amount to ten per cent, per annum, thus compelling its retire- ment. The "Joker" in the bill is the provision that permits an issue of cur- rency on other than U. S. Bonds, but to my mind the "Joker" is the best part of the bill, for it permits an increase in the volume of tangible currency, thus re- lieving the "currency shortage," and as there is but a small tax on the issue it may remain out and do active service.
No tax should be placed on any cur- rency issue, for it only handicaps its free use and the user must recoup the tax from the public in the way of excessive profits. My idea is that any kind of tan- gible currency is better than mere credit, but all our currency should be money; that is, full legal tender created by the Government (there is no other way to make money), and issued directly to the user without charge. The Pennsylvania Land Currency issue is the best ever tried, and it was a perfect success. Yours respectfully,
Richard Wolfe.
P. S. — Your editorial on Foreign Mis- sions was splendid, as is also "The Glory That Was Greece." Can I praise you more than saying, "You are doing the work I would like to do?"
Long live the Jeffersonians.
Wolfe.
Denver, Colo.
Here's Another Rector
My Dear Sir: — Your editorial "For- eign Missions Again" in Watson's Jef- fersonian Magazine for June, 1909, was of such interest to myself that I would like to write you about it. I note that in brief the practice of the primitive Church and of the Church today is touched upon, with reference to Home and Foreign Missions; that a diver-
gence of practice is claimed; and that by attending to the needs of the needy about us and by letting Foreign field care for its own needs, the Church of today would be like the Church in primitive times.
Now it appears to me that the dis- tinction between Home and Foreign with reference to Missions does not exist in fact for the Christian. Christ, after the beginning of His ministry, had no home that I know of. In the early times there was no home church that I read about. However, He did claim to be the Son of Man; He did teach His followers to say "Our Father." From this it seems to me plain that if God is our father, then we are all brothers and that brothers should help one another. If Christ is good for me, then He is good for my brother. Then let us make Christ co-extensive with man. If a man is hungry, let's feed him; if he has no clothes, let's give him some good ones; if he is sick, let's spare no pains to comfort him and to restore him to his health; if he is poor let's preach the gospel to him; if he is down in life, let's heal and bind up his broken heart. This is what Christ did; this is His work today.
Christ did not wait to build up any Church in one place. Wherever there was a need for Him, He was right there. Now I think this principle worked with St. Paul. And St. Paul was a pretty good hand to raise money for the Church, too, although he did not "pester" the people for it, as I am glad to leara from your editorial ( p. 407 ) . He worked up the offering at Corinth a whole year (2 Cor. chapters 8 and 9). What was the offering for? The Needy at the "Home Church" at Corinth? Look it up and see for whom the offering was made. I recall that the little Church at Philippi got up an offering once (Philip. 4, 18). Where was the man that they got up the offerings for? By-the- way, Philippi got up other offerings besides this one (4, 16). I notice in your editorial (p. 406) that you mention a town, Antioch by name. They made up an offering, too, one time, I believe. Acts 11, 27-30. Was it for their "Home Church" at An- tioch or was it for their brethren, even if those brethren did live away off in the "foreign" city of Jerusalem?
Communications
So then, let us love mftii wherever he is. The field is the world. It's all home. Nothing that concerns man is foreign to me. If my brother has a need, let me supply it if I can. The world is too little to say he is foreign. Let's work for North Georgia and not neglect China. Let us work for China and not neglect North Georgia. Let us see how nuich and not how little we can give and do for the promotion of Christ hi the world. Believe me, sir, Very truly yours,
James B. Lawrence. The Jeffersonian keenly enjoys the let- ters wliich clergymen are good enough to write, upon the subject of foreign mis- sions.
Among others, the Rev. James B. Law- rence came with an epistle which struck us as being peculiarly innocent and com- ])lacent.
Thi? gist of our contention has been that the converts of the missionary ought to be self-supporting, not stipen- diary dependents, pap-suckers of the Home-Church, and hirelings of the mis- sionary.
Kector Lawrence quotes Scripture to refute us, and every case which he quotes sustains us.
Paul's converts at Corinth did respond to his appeal and make contributions. To whom? To the Christians in Judea, from whose midst the missionaries had gone forth to convert the world.
The church at Philippi did get up an offering on at least two occasions. Who received it? Paul, the Missionary.
The faithful in Antioch did make an offering also; but this like that of the Corinthians was sent to the Christians of Judea.
Brother Lawrence must be rather near-sighted if he fails to see that he has strengthened our position.
Commends Conservative Socialism
To the Jeffersonian.
Dear Sib: — I was glad to see your ed- itorial, "Conservative Socialism," in the Jeffersonian of April 8th. A fine, tem- perate, reasonable, common sense edito- rial which, if the Socialists will in reali- ty "Appeal to Reason" and heed, will greatly aid in concentrating reform
fuiifs into one cohesive mass, having in view one purpose, viz.: to destroy special privilege of all forms and re-establish simple justice under our Constitution as it is.
Let Mr. Watson's words, '=To Over- throw Special Privilege," be our shibbo- Ictli.
Tiiat is ample for a platform; it cov- ers everything. The "People's Party" would be an appropriate name, for the masses must get together to redeem the country or soon the grip of graft will be so strong it can not be shaken off. Who will second tliis?
Jos. N. Stephens, Sec'y U. S. Monetary League. Denver, Colo.
The Necessity of a (btton Plan= ters' Trust
Editor Jefficksonian :
I read with much interest the article by Daniel J. Sully in the June number of tiie Jeffersonian, and that article ought to be read by every cotton planter in * every Southern State. He stated many facts which ought to open the eyes of every planter in the 1,400,000 planta- tions where that important staple is raised. Senator Gore of Oklahoma made tlie assertion in the discussion of the tariff that the cotton and woolen manu- facturers of Massachusetts were declar- ing GG per cent, dividends, and that as- sertion was qualified by stating that, "The Troy cotton and woolen manufac- turers in 1907 declared a dividend of G7 ])er cent.; also that the Acushnet Cotton Manufacturing Company of New Bed- ford, Mass., the same year declared a cash dividend of 6G per cent., and the Dartmouth Cotton Manufactory of New lU'dford the same year declared a divi- dend of GG per cent. Did you, Mr. Cot- ton Planter, declare a dividend of 66 per cent, on the cotton you raised in 1907? If not, why not? How long do you pro- pose to have those cotton manufacturers make GO per cent, off of the product of your labor ? In order to cover up your im- mense profits on your labor, do you in- crease the value of your plantations ,50 per cent., as these cotton man- ufacturers of Massachusetts do on the stock of their company? Is it not about time you awoke to the fact that self-
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Watson's Jeffersonian Magazine
preservation is one of the first laws of nature? Tliey make that 66 per cent, profit off of your cheap cotton.
Mr. Sully states that: — "America grows the greater part of the world's supply, and the price of cotton can be fixed by the people that produce it". If that is true, and who can doubt it? why don't the planters unite and say to those Massachusetts manufacturers, "We propose to divide the profits with you and add 50 per cent, to the former price of our raw cotton. We propose also that no middle man shall handle a single bale of our cotton, and if you want our cot- ton you must send a purchaser direct from your factory, or you will not get a single bale from any of the cotton-grow- ing states." You ask, is that merely a bluff, or is it possible for us to accom- plish such a result?
I have personally lost ten thousand dollars of good money in the raising of cotton, and I can sympathize with the planter who works from year to year without profit. I say to you, Mr. Cotton Planter, take the advice of Daniel J. iSully and co-operate, — set the price of your cotton at such figures as will give you a fair price for your labor. But you say, many of us are in debt and must have an advance upon our year's crop. That may be true, and to avoid that, every county should have a warehouse where the cotton could be stored, and held until these cotton manufacturers paid you your price, and let that price be uniform all over the cotton states. But you say, how can we get the needed ad- vance should we require it? Every ware- house should be established by local cap- italists who could loan you an advance at a reasonable rate of interest until your cotton crop was sold. Those capi- talists would be secure, and you would be able to hold your cotton until you re- ceived your price.
But again you might say, how could we ask a uniform price when some of our planters are farther from transpor- tation than others? That could be reme- died by every planter delivering his cot- ton f. o. b. to the nearest point of ship- ment. The first thing necessary to be
done, would be to establish warehouses in every county or section in all the cot- ton-raising states, backed by a company able to make the necessary advances, and then you could say to these 66 per cent, manufacturers, pay us our price or shut down your mills. Are the Southern planters able and willing to unite for self-preservation? There is no other hope for you, and is it not about time you awoke to the situation? If those manu- facturers can make 66 per cent, from your labor, why can't you take the bull by the horns and add 50 per cent, to your profits? You can do it, Mr. Plant- er, if you will. If you organize, you can accomplish all of this, and a word to the wise ought to be sufficient. If the pa- triotic Editor of the Jeffersonian would publish on slips the article of Daniel J. Sully and this article, and send it to every cotton-grower in the South- ern States, I am sure that in time they would rise up and call him blessed.
G. Major Taber. Los Angeles, Cal.,
3103 Hobart Boulevard.
Buddhist Temple at Seattle
De.vr Sir: — I am a constant reader of your papers, which my sons are taking, and beg to assure you that I enjoy and indorse what you say all the way through. Especially do I enjoy your skinning of those Sky Pilots, as Dick Maple calls them, on the Foreign Mis- sion question. Since those heathen Japs for whom ice are paying out so much to Christianize have decided to build a tem- ple at Seattle for the worship of Buddha, I presume that the tide will soon turn and ice icill enjoy the blessed privilege of having their missionaries build insti- tutions of learning for our posterity here at home. Maybe the poor little "bread- liners" of our glorious coimtry will be taken in tow by their missionaries, and at least get a square meal at Xmas.
I beg to subscribe myself as ever, Yours sincerelv.
T. B. R.
Xettleton, ]\Iiss.
4,
The Garden Yard. By Bolton Hall, au- thor of "A Little Land and a Liv- ing'," etc. David McKay, Publish- er, Philadelphia. Oh vou Bolton Hall! Why do you reach us, fagged and weary in the office and in the shop these dragging days, with such temptations as you depict in the garden yard? Why bring us visions of coolness, "of comfort and independence —not without work, to be sure, but with that kind of earth-fragrant, fresh, whole- some toil that seems heavenly sweet? We who cannot get out into the oak-shaded country and fill our hands— and our hearts— full of the gossamer morning- glories that float upon dew-laden vines, blue and pink as the skies of the dawn they open to greet. "Cannot?" Vev- haps,— perhaps,— we are, after all, but bound by imaginary chains to the city's tread-mill. Let us try to take it in slowly, these things he says. Let us con- sider.
That's what Bolton Hall wants us to do. Consider. He has met every diffi- culty the average family might raise to removal to the country, he has been as an evamrel crying the way to freedom. And, when we have pondered heavily where his quicker mind has led, the plan clarifies. After all, the land-poor farm- er has been working, perhaps, at the wrong side of his proposition. What he needed has not been more land, but more thorough cultivation of very much less. And we in town had been abandoning the idea of farming just because we couldn't buy or rent enough land to make us, in turn, land-poor and over- worked and disappointed!
There is so much that Bolton Hall says about all this, that those who would like
to see a path out of the dreariness of wage slavery, of precarious employment, of the dust and heat and noise of cities, ought to read this wonderful book for the sake of the ideas given, and for the further sake of the ideas they will sug- crest to any thoughtful mind The book's a good deal like the chicken Huck Finn's father stole, on the meritorious principle that "if you don't need a chicken your- self, you kin mighty soon find somebody that " does." If you don't want any change in your own mode of life, there are dozens of families all around you who not only want, but bitterly need, an uplift toward the independence of a lit- tle country home. The Hall books are NOT for anybody's library shelves, they ought to circulate. Read "The Garden ^'ard" and, if in doubt as to whom to lend it to, select that man or woman too poor to buy it, for he or she is precisely the person who most needs the gospel of the fjold in the ground.
"Tiir. Life Worth Living." (Reprinted by request.)
Under this title Thomas Dixon, Jr.. pub- lishes a handsome volume of 140 pages, illustrated by photographic views taken by himself. The publishers are Double- day, Page & Co., to whose fine work and energetic advertising IMr. Dixon's books have'owed much of their merited success.
"The Life Worth Living" is a book wliich devotes itself frankly to the glo- rification of a home which Mr. Dixon partly discovered and partly created on one of the arms of the Chesapeake Bay.
Following the suggestion of the his- torian Fiske, Mr. Dixon calls this sec- tion of Virginia the Venice of America.
Wearied with life in and about New
Watson's Jeffersonian Magazine
York City, INIr. Dixon souglit and found his ideal home in tidewater Virginia, and proceeded to lavish upon it much monej^, mucli intelligent care, much enthusiastic love. In the delight of that ideal home he revels with all the abandon of a boy. The stately mansion, the grand hall and curved stairway, the beautiful view of the waters, the lordly trees, the velvet reach of lawn, the endless joys of the
yacht and the boat, the triumphs of the rod and the gun — all these are dwelt upon with a zest, zeal and intensely hu- man sense of appreciation which fairly carry the reader off his feet.
So wrapt up is Mr. Dixon in the un- rivaled advantages of his home that he is oblivious of the fact that his book is an affliction to those who must realize that there is but one home of that kind and that he alone owns it.
In "The Life Worth Living" Mr. Dixon tells you all about the luxuries of exist- ence in just such a home as his. The eye is ever pleased with landscapes which thrill and inspire; the plash of the wa- ters and the song of the^birds ravish the ear; the scent of flowers perfumes the breeze; game from the forest and the field mingle with the chickens on the lawn; diamond-back terrapin are fat- tened on crabs in convenient pens; ducks of all sorts await the gun, and fish of all kinds meet the angler more than half way.
What more could the epicure demand?
Here indeed is "The Life Worth Liv- ing"— down on the old Virginia shore.
Mr. Dixon is a genius.
I do not know a man of more striking personality and mental make-up.
As an orator he shades Bryan down into just what he is — a mere sophomori- cal Sir Plausible Platitude. Dixon will create more original suggestion and arouse greater depth of feolincr in an au- dience in an address of two hours than Bryan could do in a lifetime — for the simple reason that original, creative, pas- sionate, self-forgetful oratory was lorn in Dixon and was not born in Bryan.
Again, Dixon's genius does not fail him when he takes hold of a pen. He can write as well as he can speak. A more powerful, brilliant and versatile
composer has not put pen to paper dur- ing this generation.
Here again he rises out of the class of such men as the Nebraska rhetorician. Bryan can't write. Give him a pen and he barely escapes being deadly dull. Note, for instance, the special articles which he wrote for Public Opinion re- cently; had not Bryan's name been signed to them no first-class magazine would have published them at all. They were not only prosy, commonplace, life- less, but the remedies he suggested for existing abuses were impracticable to the point of imbecility.
In other ways Mr. Dixon's genius is manifest. When a steamboat corpora- tion refused to establish a wharf at his ideal home, he prepared to establish a rival line of boats — and thus persuasive- ly got his wharf. Moi-e than that, he built the wharf himself and earned the money invoh'ed in the job. More than that, he can build his own ocean-going boat and run it like a seaman after it is built. Better still, if he finds that one of his boats is a failure he can sell it at a pn'fit, get a better boat for less money, and then crack a joke in his next book at the fellow-Christian who bought the unsatisfactory boat.
All of which proves genius — versatile and unconquerable.
A few years ago Mr. Dixon was a Doc- tor of Divinity and preached regularly to large audiences in New York. So far as I know, he may be a Doctor of Divinity yet, but he doesn't preach any more to the people of New York, or to any other people.
He had the good sense to realize that New York was past redemption — by any ordinary process — and. so far as the oth- er places were concerned, they seemed to be about as well supplied with Doctors of Divinity already as was reasonably necessary.
Therefore Dixon became a lecturer. In that field his success was phenomenal. He became known as the "King of the Platform", and he towered above all rivals.
Earning a princely income, he spent it like a prince — one of his outlays being the expenditure of nearly $30,000 on that ideal home.
Book Reviews
G51
But of all slaveries the lecture field is the most exhaustive, the most dreary, the most palliri":; and Dixon determined to escape the bonda<;;e.
Shutting himself up in a little outhouse on his estate, he buried himself for sev- eral months in files of old newspapers, in musty records of the jiast, in the recol- lections of boyliood. in the reminiscences of old men; and then one morning he awoke and found himself famous, for "The Leopard's Spots" was selling by the tens of thousands.
After that his income, his fame, his fu- ture was assured. Whatever he would write the publishers would print and the people would buy.
Critics might carp, reviewers might sneer, partisan prejudice might howl, but it was of no avail. Dixon's books were eagerly bought, eagerly read; and the next one eagerly expected, for there was life in them, strength in them, fire in them, truth in them, and they stamped themselves upon the minds and hearts of men.
In "The Life Worth Living" the can- vass in not filled out. The picture is but half done. This is to be regretted. Dixon is a deeply earnest man. and it is a misfortune that he should publish a book which leaves the impression, how- ever erroneous, that "The Life Worth Living" consists of a fine house, lovely surroimdings. open air sports, abundant hunting and fishing and a never-ending series of terrapin stews.
^fr. Dixon did not mean this, of course, but his book is one-sided to the extent that he seems to leave Duty in the backyard, while Pleasure revels on the lawn.
In that life which is really worth liv- ing. Mr. Dixon would, I feel sure, be first to admit that Duty, the sense of Respon- sibility, consecration to some life pur- pose, the utmost development of talent in the effort to make better the world in which we live, must always be the su- preme elements.
To love and embellish the home, to en- joy every gift of nature, to relax in sport and pastime of every legitimate kind, to be fond of dogs and horses and sailboats — this is well enough; but, after all, the stern, inevitable questions which no su- perior man can dodge are these:
•'What arc you doing uith the talent uhich God fjave you?" In what way do you construe the word Duty? What are you trying to do for your fellow-man? In what way are you trying to live for others as well as for yourself? What is your conce])tion of your responsibility as a wonderfully-gifted. Cod-sent Messenger to tlie world ?
It is easy to say that we will cut loose from the jostling crowds of the cities and go away where the hurly-burly, with its noises and vexations, shall not affect us. But can we? Who can detach himself from the world, its crowds, its realities?
Who is it that can long be deaf to the promptings of conscience and of Duty?
You see that the world needs the earn- est worker, and you are ashamed to stand idle all the day. You hear the din which rises from the great battlefield of life; you see the lines waver and break; you hear the trumpet sounds which call you to enlist — enlist under the banner of the Right — and you are ashamed not to go. You cannot bear that evil shall triumph while conscience calls you "coward" be- cause you would not strike. Xo; it may be folly, it may be madness, but wherev- er and whenever the Right throws out her flag and says. "Follow me!" you mvftt drop all and march.
The law of nature binds us all. The easy-going, inert, bask-in-the-sun. loll-in- the-mud-puddle man is one thing, and a very useful sort of thing in some ways. He can, under favorable conditions, fill the house with children, delight the Roosevelts who count progress by num- bers, and wear out chair-bottoms on the village sidewalk with marked success while an overworked wife earns and cooks his dinner and the tax collector takes from thriftier eitiwns the money which educates his children. But the law of your nature may be dilTeront and. where it commands, you dare not disobey. It, savfl. "Come!" and you come; it says, "Co!" and you go. No matter how dis- tant the journey, it must be taken; no matter how hopeless the task, it miist be tried.
In no other way can you quiet the voice within; on no other terms can you make peace with yourself.
Death were better than loss of self-
662
Watson's Jeffersonian Magazine
respect, and to keep that you and duty must walk the long path, hand in hand.
What, truly, is the TAfe Korth living?
It is to cultivate, expand, energize and consecrate all that is best within you; to search for Truth and Right and to lay your willing sword at their feet; to com- bat all shams and hypocricies and super- stitions and frauds and errors and op- pressions; to love the best interests of your fellow-man and to put your whole heart in the struggle for his advance- ment, in spite of his own cruel hatred and persecution.
What though this life condemns you to unrequited labor, unappreciated ef- fort, the ingratitude which cuts like a knife, and the misrepresentation which chills worse than wintry wind. All this is outward, temporary, inconsequent, the mere passing of fleeting clouds, nothing more than incidental discords on the great harp of life. Things like these wound, inflict pain, sadden the soul some- what, but they do not change the course of the vessel nor make a coward of him who stands sturdily at the wheel steer- ing, steering through the night, by the everlasting stars.
He knows, he knoics that he has laid his course aright; and that if, when morning breaks, the harbor is not in sight the fault will not be his. He will keep his rudder true: no more is in his power.
The life which is truly worth living has not always led to ease, worldly suc- cess, happiness and earthly honors.
Too often the man who consecrates himself to the nobler purpose has been what the world called a failure, has been led away :::to captivity by pitiless foes, has died at the stake amid tortures.
Like the Indian "brave", such a war- rior despises those who torment him, and amid the flames ih which he dies his death song rises to thrill the world:
"I have fought a good fight. Never once did I lower my flag. To the Right, as God gave me to see it, I was always true. Not once did I bend the knee to the Wrong, consciously.
"All my life I fought for the better- ment of humanity. Here are the soars to
show it. Defeat has rolled over me, but not dishonor.
"To no man or woman have I know- ingly done hurt: if I have not done some good, it is not because I failed to try.
"On millions of my fellow-men I found the chains of a bondage more galling than slaver}-: I did my utmost to show them how to be free.
"Millions I found hungry, naked, home- less: I did my best to point the way out of Poverty into plenty.
"I found the old foes of the human race winningr t^round day by day: the rich man grinding the face of the poor; the tyrant using Law and Government to rob the people; the priest again spreading the cloud of ignorant Faith over the sun- ny fields of God-given Reason; the Church and the State once more uniting to plunder the human race and to divide the spoil.
"Against these ancient devourers of men, against these relentless foes of the freedom and development of humanity, I raised the cry of defiance, fought them with all the power that was within me, doing what man might do to arouse my fellow-man to a sense of the peril which was coming upon him.
"Yea! I have fought a good fight. Here are the wounds. No white flag flew over my citadel. It held out to the last.
"Loneliness pained but did not subdue me; persecution saddened but did not conquer me; friends deserted me and foes multiplied, but I was not utterly cast down. The sacred torch of human prog- ress I held aloft, even as better men had done in the ages of the past.
"Its light will not fail. Others will seize upon it and bear it on. Some day the night will pass, and the hiunan race will no longer grope in gloom.
"In that, my faith is strong. For that, I have never ceased to watch and pray and work.
"And now my part is done. The shad- ows gather about me — but I am not afraid. The voices from the darkness call for me — and without regret I go.
"Duty grants me her honorable dis- charge; Conscience acquits me of her ser- vice; the boon of Peace Within settles upon me with the caress of infinite calm — and so I pass down into the turning of the darkened road, with no pang of re- morse in my heart and no chill of doubt or fear on my soul."
Book Reviews
653
Thus one will have lived the life worth living, whether he dwells in log luit or stately mansion.
Wliile it is yet day and he can work, he works, unhasting and unresting. At the loom of time he toils persistently, weaving into his life-garment threads of gold.
The creed of such a man is an inspira-
tion; his life a call to dut}-. His tomb l)eoonics an altar; his death a song of triumph. Neither rust nor time shall dim the splendor of his example; and the inlluences of his tliought and his work siiall not be lost upon the world as long as Duty has a devotee and Truth a shrine.
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My Southland.
I am longing for my Southland
Where the roses blow and sway,
And the low winds of sweet June-time Whisper songs of yesterday.
Where the soft breeze stirs the blossoms
Of the purple passion vines; And the fragrant oleanders
Star the dusk-light of the pines.
Where the shafts of shimmering moon-mists
Fill the night with mystery — And a mocking-bird's wild love-song
Throbs with yearning ecstasy.
Softly blow the Southern roses
In my Southland far away — And the low winds ot sweet June-time
Whisper songs of yesterday.
—Jessie Davies Willdy.
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ADVERTISING SECTION
Coca-Cola, a Drug Drink
MRS. MARTHA M. ALLEN
SOME GOOD PEOPLE seem to be very much puzzled, because the Woman's Christian Temperance Union has for years been opposed to the use of Coca Cola, although it is not an intoxicating beverage. These people do not under- stand that the W. C. T. U. is seeking to protect the children of its own house- holds, as well as the public generally, from all habit-producing and injurious drugs, whether hidden in beverages called harmless, or used as medicines. Coca Cola until a few years ago contained two harmful drugs, cocaine and caffeine, the former only in very minute quantity. The manufacturers of this drink always maintained that their product did not contain cocaine, but in a suit which the Coca Cola Company brought against the United States Government in 1902-3 for a refund of taxes charged upon their product as a patent medicine during the Spanish-American war, Govern- ment chemists showed the presence of cocaine.
Since that time chemists analyzing Coca Cola have rarely found cocaine in it. However, the report for 1907 of the North Dakota Pure Food Commissioner says of the examination of this drink, "Gave a reaction for cocaine." The Coca Cola thus reported upon was purchased in the fall of 1906 in Atlanta, Georgia, where the com- pany has its headquarters. This would seem to indicate that the company's efforts to produce a coca extract without cocaine are not always successful, for the Coca Cola manufacturers claim that they have found a secret process by which the flavor only of the coca leaves will be extracted. It is said upon high authority that this so-called coca extract is made fi'om the residue left in the manvifacture of cocaine.
It may be asked, "Why are coca leaves used since the cocaine is no longer de- sired as an ingredient of the drink?" It is because without some use of coca the company would lose the right to the trade name Coca Cola.
It is well here to explain that coca leaves, from which cocaine is extracted, bear no relationship whatever to the cocoa bean from which cocoa and chocolate are de- rived. These leaves are obtained from a Peruvian shrub known as Erythroxylon Coca. The fresh leaves, as used in South America, have an exhilarating effect for a time, but medical writers say this is not true of the dried leaves imported into this country. Some people, ignorant of the fact that cocaine is the active principle of coca leaves, are chewing them thinking they are stimulating and strength-giving. All such are in danger of addiction to cocaine, the most enslaving and. degrading drug yet known to mankind.
The drug which is now the main constituent of Coca Cola is caffeine. Caffeine is the active principle of the kola (also spelled cola) nut, and is found, too, in tea and coffee. The general sales-manager of the Coca Cola Company told me that they get most of their caffeine from tea. With only the flavor of the coca leaves, and with the caffeine taken from tea, how does the company justify its advertising statement: "To the invigorating properties of the coca leaf are added the sustaining qualities of the cola nut"?
The advertisements state that Coca Cola is no more harmful than tea and coffee. But every intelligent person knows that tea and coffee are injurious to children and weakly persons, and to any one if indulged in immoderately. Yet children and young people not infrequently drink five to ten and even twenty glasses a day of Coca Cola, and some buy and drink it by the bottle and pitcher.
Has anyone ever been injured by Coca Cola? Many travelers in the South, and people living in Southern States where this drink is much more commonly used than in the North, have assured me that young people who become addicted to this drink develop nervous disorders and some are wrecked by it. One W. C. T. U. woman of high standing wrote me, "The sanitariums are full of its victims and they are just like drunkards." Newspaper clippings have come to me with notices of boys going insane, and the physicians in attendance said the trouble was caused by cigarettes and Coca Cola. Some W. C. T. U. women in New York State, who have been making
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