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Vol. XIV. MARCH No. 5 t
CONTENTS
FRONTISPIECE — "Peace." ♦
i
4. SERIALS AM> EDITOIUALS — Thomas E. Watsou. +
4- 4-
^ THE STORY OF THE SOUTH AMD WEST 859 ^
♦ +
♦ THE ROMAN CATHOLIC HIERARCHY S«4 +
4- 4
4- 4-
4- WHICH OF THESE MAGAZINES IS HISTORIC'.' S7^ 4
4- 4-
♦ 4 4. A FORGED CHAPTER IX THE BIBLE 901 4.
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^ SURVEY OF THE WORLD 915 <£
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+ EDUCATIONAL U30 ♦"
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♦ BOOK REVIEWS 931' 4-
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♦ 4- + + 4- STORIES OF THE CRUEL WAR S73 4-
X X
4- A WARM DAY IN WINTER — (A Poem) Stokely L. Fisher S77 +
± +
+ THE UNWRITTEN LAW AND THE THIRD TERM Johii S. Beard .... S7S "t
t I
X AN EXISTING NATIONAL REFERENDUM Clifford L. Hay 883 ♦
♦ i
+ SOME PHASES OF THE KENTUCKY HIGHLANDS . Josiah H. Com Its . 886 +
| :
4- TEN MEN OF MONEY ISLAND S. F. Norton .... s»5 >
I t
4- SOME REMINISCENCES OF THE FIRING LINE 910 T^
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+ THE ASHES OF THE GOAL — (A Poem) Britt Adams .... 914 ♦
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T BABY SHOW 927 ♦
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$iappy tljc licart that keeps its tluiliaht hour, ,Ano, in the ocpths of $ieawcnltj peace reclinco, i£ones to commune tuith tlionojits of tetter power, — '(Thontihts tliat asreno, like anaels heautifnl A shinino, Jacob's laooer of the mino.
(PaulH. Hayne. Sonnet IX.)
Watson's Magazine
THOS. E. WATSON, Editor
TTTe Story of the South and West
Chaptek XIV.
THE despotic power possessed by the acting governor under the new Charter, made it easy for Sir Thomas Dale to put an end to the Socialistic experiment, in which the London Company had so long persisted. He merely ordered the change, and it was made. Under the old systein, a premium was put upon sloth. No individual had any incentive to improve his cabin, and none improved it. The industrious had to feed the indolent. Laziness was virtually encouraged by law. When the Governor became a slave- driver, and compelled all to work, individual freedom and initiative disappeared. No such forced labor could long endure.
Therefore, Dale was doing the wise thing when he abolished Com- munity of goods, and replaced it with private ownership. To each Colonist was assigned, as his own property, three acres of cleared land, subject to a yearly rental of two and a-half barrels of corn, which went to the public crib. Later, in 1615, Dale persuaded the London Company to grant in fee simple, fifty acres of land to each settler who would clear it for culti- vation, and make his home upon it. For about $60 in our money any
one could purchase 100 acres, to be located by himself. Whoever per- formed a public service to the Com- pany, was to be rewarded by a land- grant, not to exceed 2,000 acres.
No sooner had this system been adopted than the magical effect was apparent. With an incentive to improve land and houses, the colon- ists improved them. With a selfish motive to work hard, work intelli- gently and work successfully, the men began to work just that way. Nobody had to drive the industri- ous, or to teach them thrift and fru- gality. And nobody cared much whether the drones worked or not: if they did not produce, they could not eat. Necessity was a sufficient lash in their cases.
Sir Thomas Dale, in 1616, set sail for England, taking with him Poca- hontas, John Eolfe and quite a number of Indians, one of whom seems to have been a younger sister of Pocahontas. Of the arrival in London, of Dale and his strange company, Lord Carew wrote to Sir Thomas Roe:
"Sir Thomas Dale returned from Virginia; he hath brought divers men and women of that country to be educated here, and one Rolfe,
860
WATSON'S MAGAZINE.
who married a daughter of Pohe- tan, the barbarous prince, called Pocahontas, has brougW his wife with him into England."
The coming of t he Indians caused a ureal stir in London. They wore the talk of the town, and mention was made of them in many ;i Letter written Prom the ( 'it y to distant cor- respondents. Pocahontas, espe- cially attracted attention, and to her was applied "the beautiful Bavage" — La belle Sauvage — and this name was adopted for more than one tav- ern-sign.
There is no evidence that she owed to Captain John Smith the honors paid her in London. There is no evidence that Queen Anne was moved in her favor by a letter from the vainglorious Captain. She did not need any help from him. The fact that she had been "taken up" by Sir Thomas Dale and had the patronage of Lord Delaware made it absolutely certain that her recep- tion by royalty and aristocracy would be flattering. Besides, these Indians were the guests of the Lon- don Company, and in the Company were some of the highest heads in England. When Captain John Smith virtually asserts, in his own writings, that his influence at Court was necessary to assure Pocahontas a cordial reception, he imperti- nently prevaricates. Indeed, we have nothing but his word to sup- port his claim that he wrote to the Queen at all. If the King and the Queen received the foreign princess with distinction on Smith's account, it is passing strange that he was absent from Court and took no part in all the entertainments gotten up in her honor.
It was Lady Delaware who pre sented Pocahontas at Court The Bishop of London entertained her. The King and Queen invited her to the masques. On Twelfth Night
she was present she and her brother-in-law Tanocomo — at the performance of Ben Jonson's play,
Christ inns. His Mask, the play being staged' in the royal palace.
Yon must understand that Poca hontas came lis (i Princess, as a lady of royal blood, as the heir apparent
so the English believed — of a great empire in Virginia. Her foot ing at Court was precisely that which has since been occupied by princes from Hindostan and Africa. There is a tradition that King James was seriously offended because Kolfe had presumed to marry a lady of the blood-royal, without obtaining beforehand the consent of his own sovereign.
Therefore, as you may readily perceive, Captain Smith palmed off an untruth on a credulous posterity when he set up the claim that his alleged letter to the Queen caused all these royal attentions to be showered upon her. Smith was bound to have known that Poca- hontas was the protege of Sir Thomas Dale, the guest of the Com- pany, with the powerful support of Lord and Lady Delaware. How, then, could he have imagined that she needed, from himself, a letter of introduction !
Plague take his fertile fancy, his conceited impudence !
According to his own story, he was so cold and formal in his bear- ing and address, when he visited her, that he hurt her feelings and made, her weep! She reproached
THE STORY OF THE SOUTH AND WEST.
861
him in her gentle, pathetic way, and reminded liim that lie had promised her father to always treat her like his own child.
Ah, the pity of it! that the only wound she received in England was given her by the man who declares in his writings that she had "often" saved his life in Virginia ; and had once risked her own head, to keep his brains from being knocked out !
Chamberlain records this curious detail :
"She (Pocahontas) is, upon her return to Virginia, tho sore against her will." Did she prefer to make her home in England? Was she grieved because they were sending her away? We have no other evi- dence than t^iat of Chamberlain.
On March 29, 1617, this go's- sippy letter writer informs his friend Carleton that "the Virginia woman whose picture I sent you, died this last week at Gravesend, as she was returning homeward."
The English climate played havoc among Sir Thomas Dale's Indians. In Virginia, they had simple food, almost no clothing, and lived in the open ; and their wigwams were well ventilated. In London, they encoun- tered the dense fog, they lived in close rooms, their diet was differ- ently composed and differently cooked from that to which they had been accustomed.
Therefore, they took colds, which rapidly developed pneumonia, and consumption. To this day, you may read in the Register of St. Dionis Church, the entry which records the burial of "A Virginian, called Abra- ham, buried out of Sir Thomas Smith's house." This was one of the Indians, Sir Thomas Smith
being one of the wealthy members of the Company. There is another entry of the same sort: "A Vir- ginian out of Sir Thomas Smith's." Several of the Indian maidens per- ished, as did others of the men.
Finally, when there were only two survivors — two girls — the Company decided to ship them to the Ber- mudas. On the voyage out, one of these died. The other reached her destination and was married the next year (1618) to a white colonist.
The Hakluyt Society of London published, a few years ago, a manu- script narrative of about that time, in which this wedding is described as having been celebrated in great state. The feast was spread in the Governor's house, and there were more than a hundred invited guests, Among whom was the Captain of a ship that happened to be in the har- bor. The writer of the manuscript distinctly asserts that the bride was the sister of the emperor who had succeeded Powhatan. This was an error, of course, for we know that the reigning emperor at that period was the aged Opecancanough ; but the fact that the wedding of the Indian maiden was treated with such distinction would seem to prove that the Governor and all those on the Island believed that a Virginia princess was being mar- ried. This could easily have been the sister to Pocahontas — the sister who was sold by her father for two bushels of beads.
The marriage relation among the Virginia tribes was of the loo'sest possible variety. Either party to the trade could rue it, at pleasure. The girl may have been curious to see what would happen to Poca-
862
WATSON'S MAGAZINE.
hontas, and may have had a natural inclination to visit the distant country from which so many big ships and white men had come. As already stated, a brother-in-law of Pocahontas was of the Dale part)', and he may have been the man who had bought her sister. If ho was one of the Indians who died in Lon- don, his young widow might very well be the royal princess whose wedding in the Bermudas was cele- brated with such extraordinary pomp.
,i
Where lies the dust of Poca- hontas? Nobody knows. She was buried in the parish church, at Gravesend; but the building was destroyed by fire, and there is no mark to indicate where she was interred.
There are characters that the his- torian comes to love. One of these is Pocahontas. We know but little about her; but what we do know reveals her lovely character. No wonder John Eandolph of Roanoke was proud to have some of her blood in his veins: they were not worthy of it. She was mild, warmly sym- pathetic, nobly unselfish, the beloved of everybody. Nature made her a savage, but nature also made her a lady. The bedizzened lords who came to pay court to her went away astonished at the grave decorum and perfect self-possession of her bearing. The mournful dignity which she maintained in her last interview with Captain John Smith melts the reader into a compassion that fills the eyes. "They did always tell me that you were dead. ' ' Smith says she told him that. And there are those who take this to
mean thai she would not have mar- ried Rolfe had she known that Smith was alive. Her words demand no Bnch construction. The Captain had disappeared from Vir- ginia view, had been at sea, had been led into captivity by the French, and the Virginia colonists may have believed that he was dead.
Thomas Rolfe, the son of Poca- hontas, was reared in England by a brother of his father, but went out to Virginia when of age. He was a Lieutenant and was put in command of Fort James, on the Chickahominy. One curious trace of him we find, and no other trace of any kind. In 1641 he petitioned the Governor for permission to visit his grand-uncle, Opechancanough, and his aunt, ( "leopatre — one of Pocahontas' two sisters. It would seem, therefore, that the tribe was still living in the woods on York I liver.
P o w h a tan abdicated his "throne," in favor of his brother, and spent the remainder of his life going about from one to another of his places — Werowocomo, Machot, Orapax and Powhatan. He died at Orapax in 1618, and was doubtless buried near there, close to the pres- ent Cold Harbor. It is said that he was, to the very last, venerated by his people.
As was stated in a previous chap- ter, this monarch of the wilderness is yet remembered by the remnant of his tribe. Once a year he and Pocahontas and Captain John Smith figure by proxy in the fes- tival celebration which commemo- rates the Old Times.
* # # #
For the benefit of such persons
THE STORY OF THE SOUTH AND WEST.
863
as meant to emigrate to Virginia, the London Company published a list of the articles they would need in the New World to which they were going. This inventory makes curious reading, and throws a vivid sidelight upon the times of 300 years ago.
Each emigrant is admonished that he will need a Monmouth cap. which will cost him about 35 cents: three shirts, that cost $1.75; one waistcoat, at 50 cents; three suits of clothes, $7.68; three pairs of Irish stockings, 96 cents; four pairs of shoes, $1.92; one pair of garters, 12 cents; one pair of canvas sheets, $1.92 ; seven ells of canvas to make a bed and bolster, serving for two men, $1.92; five ells of same, to make a bed 'at sea for two men, $1.20; one coarse rug at sea for two men, $1.24.
The victuals, for a year, were also indicated: Eight bushels of meal. $9.60 ; two of peas, 84 cents ; two of oatmeal, $2.16; one gallon of fire- water, 69 cents ; one of oil, 83 cents ; two of vinegar, 48 cents — in all. about $16 — would support one man a twelve-month in Virginia, where fish, water- fowl, game-birds, deer. etc., were to be had for a trifle.
As to arms, the emigrant was advised to equip himself with a suit of light armor; a musket-bore rifle, 5^2 feet long; one sword; one belt; one bandilier, 20 pounds of powder, and 60 pounds of shot, or lead, pis- tol shot and goose shot. This mili- tary outfit would cost about $16. One is surprised to find that the complete suit of armor cost no more than $4.08. The powder cost a little over 20 cents a pound; the lead and balls, 2 cents a pound.
The tools that should be carried
were carefully enumerated, and included broad hoes, narrow hoes, broad axes, narrow axes, hand- saws, whip-saws, hammers, shovels, spades, augurs, chisels, gimlets, hatchets, frees, hand-bills (bush- hooks), grindstone, pickaxes, and nails of all sorts. A sufficient sup- ply for a family of six cost about $30.
Household utensils came next. The emigrant would need an iron pot, a kettle, a large frying pan, a gridiron, two skillets, a spit, plat- ters, dishes and spoons, of wood. The cost of this, for a family of six, would be about $7.
The sugar, spice, and fruit at sea, for six men, would be some $3. more.
The passage, for each man, was a little less than $30. The freight on the various provisions would be $5.
"So the whole charge will amount to about £20"— $96.80.
If the emigrants formed a numer- ous body, they were advised to take along with them nets, hooks and lines, cheese, bacon, cows and goats.
At this time (May, 1617), the con- dition of Jamestown is lugubriously described by Samuel Argall and i Rolfe.
"In -Jamestown he (Argall) found but five or six houses; the church down, the palisades broken, the bridge in pieces, the well of fresh, water spoiled; the store-house they used as a church; the market- place, and streets and all other spare places planted in tobacco * * the colony being dispersed all about planting tobacco."
"Their number of people were
about 400, but net past 200 fit for
husbandry and tillage. We found
128 cattle, and 88 goats.
besides innumerable swine.1'
The Roman Catholic Hierarchy: The DeacU
liest Menace to Our Liberties and
Our Civilization
[For the Individual Roman Catholic, who finds happiness In his faith, I have no word of unkindness. Some of my best friends arc devout believers In their "Holy Father." It anything contained in the aeries of chapters dealing with the hierarchy causes them pain, and alienates their good will, l shall deplore it.
The Unman Catholic ORGANIZATION is the object of my profoundest detestation — NOT the l>.lief of THK [NDIVIDUAIi.]
< 'llAI'TKK X I X.
IX the course of tlic Springfield address of the Rev. Father Xavier Sutton— referred to in the preceding chapter — lie said:
"The speaker stated that ii" con- fession were of human origin, estah lished by a man or a body of men. there would be some record in his- lory of its institution. There would at least be some record of objec- tions to its establishment, but none such exist. He stated that if con- fession were established by a man or a body of men they would neces- sarily have some object in doing so. There is surely no lienor to the peni- tent or the confessor. There is also nd pleasure to the penitent to con-
Oonfessor. Of that phase of the
subject, I will write at length in a subsequent chapter; and I will pro duce the damning evidence of the Romanists themselves.
Xo "objections to the establish- ment" of the Confessional.' God have mercy on that liar's soul ! The Roman Catholics foughl off thai horrible institution, for .".!)') year-! Nearly every married man hates the priests, because the ( Confessional brings those petticoated bachelors into the most sacred mysteries id' the marriage l)ed. Tn this country, it is not so generally known, as it is in Europe, that the priest never rests until he has deflowered maiden
less his faults, nor is it a pleasure and wife of their modesty. The man
for the confessor to sit and hear never lived who could, with pure
these confessions." intent, put such indecent, lust-pro-
This astounding series of false- voking questions to persons of the
hoods well-nigh dazes one who knows the power and the profit i>iven by the Confessional to the priesthood, the number of Confess- ors whose virtue has dissolved in the heat of that temptation, the innumerable women who have been sunk to the bottomless pit by the priests, and the countless thousands of maidens and wives who have had their pure minds polluted by the licentious thoughts aroused bv the
opposite sex. None hut the coarsesl men ever speak to one another of these obscene matters, much less to a woman, however much debased.
"Xo record of objections!" The Rev. Father Xavier Sutton has never heard of the Reformation, it would seem. V wonder what he thinks the Protestant churches stand for. From Luther's day f<» this, the record of Scriptural Chris- tianity is one long "record of objec-
almost unprintable questions of the tions." Even the half-sister of the
THE ROMAN CATHOLIC HIERARCHY
865
Papa's church — the Church of Eng- land— can show a record of abjec- tions, for. last year, 96 peers of the realm laid a formal, indignant pro- test before tin1 Archbishop of Can- terbury against the degrading form of Auricular Confession that the Romanists were introducing into England.
But let us get on : the Rev. Father Xavier Sutton is further quoted:
"The speaker most emphatically denied and branded as lies the state- ments that have often been made in the past that sins are forgiven for a money consideration. He fur- ther stated that the 'Tariff on Sins,' prepared by the 'No-Nothings' in 1854, and resurrected since then by the A. P. A:, were rank lies and were published to caluminate and malign the Catholic Church. The speaker further stated that if con- fession was of human origin how can we account for the fact that the penitent will do what is so hard for proud nature to do. No one is exempt, even the Pope has in his household a common priest, who has no other title than confessor, and the Pope kneels to this priest and confesses his sins. There must, then, be something more than human in the origin, nay, it must lie of divine origin."
Of the "Tariff on Sins" alleged to have been prepared by the Know Nothings, 1 myself know nothing. But acquainted as I am with Euro- pean history and with the actual workings of the Roman hierarchy, I do not hesitate to say that Sut- ton's statement is one of the most brazen, unscrupulous, and stupen- dous pieces of mendacity that ever
sullied the lips and insulted the intelligence of human beings.
NO "Tariff on Sins."' No prices fixed on Indulgences.' No \\'i'< exacted for the pardon of Sin? Heavens above! What a lot of ignoramuses "Father" Sutton must have taken his hearers to be!
When Voltaire published, in his Philosophical Dictionary, the papal "Tariff on Sins." was he confuted? He was not. Voltaire was always sure of his facts. He was a Cath- olic, just as Erasmus was; but he was no blind slave of the Roman cormorants. With unmerciful severity, he exposed them and scourged them. And never once did they deny that he had published their "Tariff on Sins" accurately.
Of course, "Father" Sutton has never read the Philosophical Dic- tionary: it would contaminate his mind: it might lead him astray, from Truth and Sound Morality. But has he never heard of "The Roman Tax Tables?" Is he at all acquainted with the record of Pope John XXII.? Has he ever read Liber Jo. XXII., to which Leo X. so often alludes in his "Taxa? Cancel- laria? Apostolicae?" Does he know that, in a volume dedicated to Pius VI. the writer, Audiffredi, stated that the Tax Books succeeded to the "Penitentiary Canons?" Does he know that this work was reprinted in Paris, in Cologne and in Venice? Does he know that the Venetian re] nint was made under the aus- pices of Pope Gregory XIII.? This was more than 450 years ago!
In 1570, an Appendix of the Roman Index was published by His Most Catholic Majesty, the King of Spain; and the Tax list appears
866
WATSON'S MA(i.\ZlNK.
there as "Praxis et Taxa Officinffi Penitential ae Pap®." This of course means broadly, the Taxes paid by penitents to the Pope.
Clande d'Espence was Rector of the University of Paris in the L6th Century. He published a "Com- mentary on the Epistle to Titus." He was a devout Roman Catholic and his standing was high in his church, as his lofty position indi- cates. Here is what he wrote and published about the "Tariff on Sins," which had recently come under his observation:
"Provided monej ran be extorted, everything prohibited is permitted. There is almost nothing forbidden that is net dispensed wit!: for money; so that as Horace said of his age, the greatest crime that a person can commit is to be poor. Shameful to relate! They give per- mission to priests to have concu- bines, and to live with their harlots, who have children by them, upon paying an annual tribute. And, in some places, they oblige priests to pay this tax, saying, that they may keep a concubine if they please. There is a printed book which has been publicly sold for a consider- able time, entitled, The Taxes of the Apostolical Chcmcery, from which one may learn more enormities and crimes than from all the books of the Summists. And of these crimes, there are some which persons may have liberty to commit for money, while absolution from all of them,
after they have been tied.
may be bougut. I refrain from repeating the which are
enough to strike one with hoiv
In the British Museum are two small voium^i vhich ^^tain the
Pope's Chancery Taxes, and his Penitential Taxes. These books — in manuscript bound in vellum — were taken from the archives of Borne, upon the death of Innocenl XII. The Prothonotary, Aonyon, wa- the abstracter. One of the booklets bears date, "(J February, L514": the other, "10 March, 1520." The inscription is "Mandatum Leonis, Papffi X.," — which, freely rendered, mean.- that the compila- tion «»l' those Taxes was ordered by Pope Leu X.
I [ere follow some . of the "Tariffs":
•I AXATIO 1'AI'ALIS.
BxtrajBta.
ilution fur a layman,
who kills a layman or 1 2 3
priest 7.20 10.00 20.60
For .simony 37.50 52.00 95.00
For perjury 72.50 100.00 200.00
For forging the Pope's let-
72.50 100.00 200.00
For a priest who violates a
woman at confession. ... 37.50 52.60 96.00
him who commits in- cest with his mother.... 37.50 :>--"<J uo.uu For a priest who is con- nected with nuns in the
convent 3 7 . o u Z.M) 96.00
For the rape of a girl or a
married woman 37.50 52.00 96.00
For him who commits in- cest with his sister or
er female relative... 37. 5u 52.00 96.00 For him who has a child
by his nurse 37.50 52.00 96.00
For any unnatural lewd- ness 37.50 52.00 96.00
In volume 1861, pages 132 and 133, are simi- lar taxes for simony, apostacy, perjury, false- hoods, homicides and numerous and most loathsome violations of the Seventh Com- tnandment."
(I assume that the figures express the amounts iu Roman money — the lire.)
In the Appendix to this chapter will he found the Vatican Tax rates, for the year 1520, aud afterwards. Where the "sliding scale" is seen, the purpose was, no doubt, to give
THE ROMAN CATHOLIC HIERARCHY.
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the priest an opportunity to adjust the price to the means of his dupe.
(It is but fair to give credit to the Jordan Publishing Company, of PMladelphiaj for my information concerning the Papal Tax Books. This company copyrighted and issued their booklet in 1896. The statements made and authorities cited by them have not called forth any refutation.)
Until the Rev. Father Xaxier Sut- ton, or some other Romanist, ques- tions the testimony that has been presented, I will rest my case. There will be no attempt to answer me. They will abuse me, and per- secute me, and try to ruin my busi- ness; but the real scholars among the Romanists know that I have not published anything but the truth — and that not yet half told.
But I anticipate the subterfuge to which they will resort, when con- fronted with the proofs. They will say that Rome has mended her ways; and that the sale of Indul- gences ceased, long ago. Let us see about that:
In the year 1906, Michael J. M. McCarthy (Catholic) published a book under the title, "Priests and People in Ireland." It is one of the most complete indictments that was ever brought against the Roman system, and every fact to support the indictment is adduced. Among other hydra-headed abuses, the sale of Indulgences is men- tioned. How did the Romanists answer the indictment! By ex-com- municating the author.
In the year 1910, there appeared a volume entitled, "Letters to His Holiness, Pope Pius X." The author was a Hainan Catholic priest.
He devotes a chapter — a very hot one — to Indulgences; and he dem- onstrates with power and complete- ness that this monstrous syste'm has become in our own times more extravagant than it ever was — if such a thing be possible.
One more Roman Catholic author- ity will be quoted, and that should suffice :
In the year 1883, the Polyglot Press of the Sacred Congregation of the Propaganda published, in Rome, a book called "11 Tesoro delle Sacre Indulgence, esposto alle anime pie" — "The Treasury of Holy Indulgences, Explained to Pious Souls." This book has the indorsement of the "Sacred Con- gregation of Indulgences and Rel- ics"; therefore it must be regarded as authentic. There are 174 pages in the volume, but I can only quote from two or three. In his Chapter III., the author says:
"The indulgences granted by Pope Leo X. for building St. Peter's, in Rome, merit special mention. It is known that in con- sequence of these indulgences, Mar- tin Luther found a pretense for rebelling against the church, and tltat the Protestants in full chorus have cried out against the traffic, the holy workshop. Concerning litis one, we shall simply say that, to contribute to the building of a temple, especially of the greatest temple in the world, is a work of religious charity, a proof of piety and faith, which may very properly 1»" remunerated with indulgences. But it must be observed, besides, that in promulgating those indul- gences, the Pope sought not only Hie upbuilding of a material temple,
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bul especially the spiritual profit of the faithful. Since these religious indulgences were announced by Religions ( i. e., Monks), who passed from city to city, from place to place, preaching the Divine Word and correcting the customs of the people, it was a kind of mission, and :i very fruitful one, to which for the acquisition of indulgences was united, as a condition, an alms for the building of the Vatican Basilica, as today, for the acquisition of the jubilee, often an alms is required for the pious work of the propaga- tion of the faith, or for Bome ot^er pious object. Therefore, one may see how much evil Luther com mitted, and how, with him, Protest- ants maliciously err, when they hurl vituperation and calumnies against the Catholic Church on account of indulgences."
And again, Chapter VII., page 143:
"In the same way the Holy Church acts toward the faithful liv- ing, granting- them indulgences, and toward the faithful dead, offering by means of the former the price of redemption, that is, indulgences. But some one might ask: 'Do indulgences infallibly avail for the souls of the dead?' and the reply must be: In general, they avail infallibly for the souls of the dead; because otherwise the church would perform a useless act granting indulgences to be applied to them, a thing which could not be affirmed without impiety. Whether to this or to that dead one in particular we can hope they may avail, there is not absolute certainty, because the church offers them with the con dition, 'if it please God'; because
God may havejusl motives in apply- ing indulgences to that BOUl rather than to this one ; and because Cod
Im - reserved to I [imself the dispell sation or disposal of His gifts. It will happen sometimes that a linn dred poor persons, who have lived piously, will die and no one will t hink of those who suffer in purga tory. A rich man will die who per- haps settled his account- at the lasl hour, and God had mercy upon him, liberating him from hell. In the meantime a great funeral is cele brated for the rich man and bun dreds of masses are said for him.
What then.' Cannot the Lord of
these Sacrifices (i. e., masses) give a large part to those poor persons, and keep the rich man, who had ind- ited so much greater punishment, still in purgatory? Would any one dare to complain, and say to the Cord: 'Why hast Thou done thus?' For this reason the faithful should not be satisfied to celebrate only one privileged mass (which always liberates some sonl from purgatory) for a dead man, or to make acquisition for him of only one plenary indulgence, but they should multiply these pious offer- ings, in order to have greater con- fidence that the Lord will apply as much as is necessary to that sonl for whom such suffrages were offered."
All the world knows that Ma>>r> for souls in Purgatory have to be paid for; and that there is varying market and fluctuation in prices. Sometimes, the European priest will accept payment in commodities, or domestic animals, as John Tetzel did in Germany in the Kith Century.
All the world ought to know that
THE ROMAN CATHOLTC HIERARCHY.
869
the sale of Indulgences is another inexhaustible source of revenue to this richest, greediest, most unprin eipled of all churches. In Italy, Spain, Portugal, Ireland, and Aus- tria the bulls (of Indulgence) are kept on sale, like other merchan disc; and a price-list is kept, as in the case of other, and more valuable merchandise.
But can you expect an American prelate to confess the truth on this matter, when you behold a ''Sacred Congregation" giving its indorse- ment to such a monumental false- hood as that which the author of the last book referred to wrote about Tetzel and Luther?
To lie in the interest of the Holy Church is meritorious: the greater the untruth, the greater the virtue.
But perhaps I can furnish evi- dence even more conclusive : Since these chapters began in December, 1910, there was sent to me a transla- tion, from Spanish into English, of one of the Bulls (Indulgences) sold to some credulous Spaniard in 1885. The original is in Brunswick, Ga. The words "take it," along towards the last of the Bull, mean, "pur- chase." When a salesman, in a store, asks "Will you take these?" — referring to merchandise, he means, of course, "Will you buy them?" Precisely the same mean- ing goes with the word "take," in the Bull. Ee who takes it, buys it :
"Summary of the allowances, indulgences and favors that our very holy father Pio IX. (of happy memory) was good enough to grant by this' the BULL OF THE SAINT CRUSADE to all the faithful resid- ing in the Kingdoms of Spain, and other dominions subject to H. C. M.,
or to others who may come to them, who may lake (buy) /'/ giving the alms hi/ ( 's fixed, issued for the year L885."
Joseph McCabe, ex-priest, and author of "Twelve Years in a Mon- astery," says:
"Indulgences SI ill Being Sold.
"The sale of indulgences is so his- toric a symbol of Papal corruption that I cannot do other than take it as the first point in my indictment of the Spanish Church. I refused to believe the fact when it was first brought to my notice, long after I had quitted the Catholic ministry. My informant, an American gentle- man who had lived in Spain for more than ten years, forwarded to me copies of these 'bulas,' as they are called, and the truth was evi- dent. I have since made full inquir- ies, written on the subject, been 'answered' by an English Jesuit — wdio explained that the indulgence was a pure gift from the Church, in return for a specific sum of money, much as (he did not say this) your soap or your butter is — and have lost all doubt on the subject.
"On the windows of Catholic book- shops in Spain one often sees the word ' Bulas ' in large type. You enter and ask for a 'bula' — or you may go to the nearest priest's house for one — and find that there are four species, at two different prices. Lay a peseta on the counter, and demand the ordinary 'bula de la Santa Cruzada.' A flimsy piece of paper, much sealed and impressed, a 1 tout a foot square, and with the signature of the Archbishop of Toledo, is handed to you, with your change of twenty-five centimos. You have not bought it. You gave
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an 'alms' of seventy -five centimos (about ten cents) to the Church (minus the shopman's commission), and the < Ihurch graciously accorded you — but it would occupy too much of my space even to enumerate the extraordinary spiritual privileges which ymi can purchase for ten cents in thai favored land. The centra] grace is a 'plenary indul gence.'
The Passion for Pelf.
"Catholic theology teaches that there are two alternatives to Heaven, two unfathomable pits of fire -Hell and Purgatorj . If 3 ou die in serious, unabsolved sin yon go to Hell; but few Catholics ever think of going then-. It i so easy to get one's self drafted into the second department. But the sec- ond department, Purgatory, is exceedingly unpleasant ; the fire and other horrors are the Bame; the duration is uncertain. Here, again, however, the Church comes to the rescue. Confession and sorrow have relieved you of the first danger; something may be done to avoid the Becond. In earlier and harder times one went on the ( !ru- sades to achieve this. Some Span- iards offered the Papacy money instead, and received the comfort- ing assurance thai the Purgatory debt was cancelled (a 'plenary indulgence'). The sum has sunk with the course of centuries, and now in Spain you gain this gorgeous assurance, with a dozen others, for an 'alms' of a dime! But at t cm pt to give your alms to the poor, and you get no bula.
"That is the common bula of Spanish church life. The rich, of course, pay more than the small sum
stated on the paper; and as the ignorant peasants find frequent need of this comforting assurance, since it only lasts until they sin again, the amount that the Church annually derives from this sordid source of revenue can he imagined. Another hula, of the same price, gives you the same comforting assurance in regard to any deceased friend to whom you may wish to apply it. Since, however, it is never quite sure that your 'disposition' came up to the required altitude, you do well to continue buying and try- ing. A third hula is even cheaper, yet more substantia] in its advan- I 'or fifty centimos (less than ten cents) you obtain permission to eat meat on Fridays and on most of the days on which Catholics in less favored countries must not eat meat. Unfortunately, you find that the bula is invalid unless you buy the other hula as well; but twenty or twenty five cents is fairly cheap for a year's permission to disregard the fast days.
The Conniving 'Composition.' "The fourth bula is the most infa- mous, unless the reader chooses to regard it with humor. Technically, it is known as the 'composicion' — an excellent word. It says that if you have any stolen property of w Inch you cannot discover the right- ful owner, the purchase of this bula makes the property yours. The pickpocket does not usually know the address of his victim; and though the hula declares that the theft must not be committed in view of the bula, the practiced conscience of a Spanish thief easily negotiates that difficulty. But this is not the full enormity or the full justifica-
THE ROMAN CATHOLIC HIERARCHY.
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tion of the title, ' composition. ' One bula costs about twenty-five cents, and covers about three dollars' worth of ill-gotten goods. For every additional three dollars' worth you have stolen you must give twenty-five cents to the Church —in other words, take out a fresh bula. And — let me quote the incred- ible words of the document — 'in the event of the sum due exceeding seven hundred thirty-five pesetas fifty centimos (one hundred twenty- five dollars), the amount com- pounded by fifty Summaries, appli- cation must be made to Us for a fitting solution of the case'! The priest will take his tithe of your knavery on a scale he thinks fit to determine.
The Finger of the Pope.
"Let it be clearly understood that I am not reproducing the state- ments of writers, travelers or resi- dents ; I am describing, or translat- ing, the very words of the bulas, copies of which lie before me. Incredible as the facts will seem to most readers, there is only one quibble which the zealous Catholic, in his misguided wish to defend the Spanish Church, can raise: he will demur at the phrases 'bought' and 1 sold.' I may safely leave that ques- tion of casuistry to the reader. From this appalling traffic the Spanish Church draws millions upon millions of pesetas every year — from the rich, who thus pay for its political support, and from the densely ignorant peasantry, whose hard- won centimos are stolen by this abominable chicanery.
"English Roman Catholics who heard of the traffic for the first time, innocently drew the attention of the
Vatican to it, and were, after repeated letters, snubbed for their intrusion. The truth is, that the whole traffic is under the control of the Vatican. These bulas are no bits of medieval parchment that have lingered into the dawn of the Twentieth Century; they are printed afresh every year, and they cannot be issued until an annual permission comes from Rome. Then a pro'cession of heralds marches through the streets of Madrid announcing the glad news that Spain's unique privilege has been renewed. What a spectacle! Through streets equipped with the latest achievements of modern sci- ence there still marches the medie- val troop, crying in the ears of edu- cated Madrid that Spain still lives in the Fifteenth Century. I have only to add that until Eighteen Hundred Seventy the Vatican openly took a percentage of this sor- did traffic. In these days of inquisi- tive American and English converts we do not know what the under- standing is between the Papacy and the Archbishop of Toledo, who issues and seals those symbols of the Spanish Church's degradation."
It is not charged that these Tar- iffs on Pardons are in use in this country. The cunning priests know their business too well to allow us to see what every traveler in Europe may see. As yet, they con- tent themselves with Holy Water, Relics, Purgatory, Saints, Mary- worship, idolatry, and petticoat street-parades. The direct Tariff- scale, on Pardons of Sins, will be imported later. At present, they are satisfied with the indirect Tariff
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levied by way of Life-membership dues in, say, Purgatory Societies; and contributions to Romanist insti- tutions.
By the way, I note thai by "the kind permission of The Righl Rev- erend diaries E. McDonnell, 1). D., Bishop of the Diocese of Brooklyn, the Perpetual Membership fee in St. Vincent's Purgatorial Society has been reduced to ten dollars." For this modest sum, you gel 5508 Masses read for you, "whether liv- ing or dead." Now, if you happen to need a job-lot of Masses, you had better send $10., right away, to the Rev. William L. Blake, P. 0. Box 174, Brooklyn, N. Y.
The pagans of old Rome used to have a Purgatory which they called Tartarus; but 1 don't think that
souls could be paid OUt for BO small a price as ten dollars.
Bui wliat will "Rev. Father" Xavier Sutton sav when he learns of the Ten-dollar Tariff of "St.
Vinti.x i 'g PUBGATOBIAL SoCIBTl . FOB
THE LIVING, AND III K l>K.\l>" .'
And like other wares advertised for sale, these 5508 Masses, t<> be read each near, are listed "om.v ten dollars." Thai word ••only." with its auction-room mid Bargain- day suggestion, reveals the sordid commercialism of the whole busi- ness.
Which of These Two Magazines of American History, is Historic ?
IN New York City, William Abbatt, learned author, pub- lishes "The Magazine of Amer- ican History."
At Port Chester, New York, Alvah P. French, learned author, publishes a "Magazine of American History."
In the first of these, we find the following :
"Anne Hutchinson.
In a recent Magazine you speak of Anne Hutchinson as dying within the present limits of New York ( 'it v. Is this right? Appleton's Cyclo. of Am. Biography says she died at Stamford, Conn. Nutmeg.
Hartford.
[Notwithstanding any number of encyclopedias (which frequently copy, the one from the other), we
are right, and "Appleton's" wrong.] "
In The Port Chester Magazine, we read:
"The Anne Hutchinson Tahiti.
In the First Church, Unitarian, Berkeley and Marlboro streets, Bos- ton, is to be found a tablet to Anne Hutchinson, a "Breeder of Here- sies," who was killed by Indians and died at Pelham, Westchester County, New York. It bears the following inscription :
'This tablet is placed here in honor of Anne Hutchinson, born in Lincolnshire, England, about 1592. Eeceived into the Membership of this Church 1634. Banished from Massachusetts by Decree of Court, 1637. Killed by the Indians at Pel- ham, N. Y., 1643. A "Breeder of
STORIES OF THE CRUEL WAR.
873
Heresies," of ready wit and bold Castle, and a cave is pointed out not
spirit, she was a persuasive advo eate of the Right of Independent Judgment.'
Prior to her death she journeyed north into the Town of North
far from the State road where for a time she found shelter."
When the savants differ, in this bewildering manner, what is the
ordinary mortal to do?
Stories of the Cruel War
s
OME time ago, we published an account of the great caval- ry fight at Brandy Station, in Virginia. It was written by Col. Saussy, who took part in the battle, as a member of General Stuart's staff.
Col. Saussy viewed the combat through Southern eyes ; and claimed for the gay and gallant Stuart the victory which he actually won. In the following article we have a Un- ion officer's story of the fight, taken from the out-of-print volume, Rifle Shots and Bugle Notes. If you will read carefully the final paragraph, you will see that the Confederate victory is admitted.
TRe Fight at Brandy Station
"It was the prettiest cavalry fight you ever saw," said the adjutant, stretching his legs, and lighting a fresh cigar.
"It was just my luck to lose it," I answered. "Here I have been lying, growling, groaning, and grumbling, while you fellows have been distinguishing yourselves. It was miserable to be taken sick, just when the army got in motion, and still worse not to hear a word of what was going on. I almost wished that we had been a newspaper regi-
ment, so that I could learn some- thing about our share in that day's work. Be a good fellow, and play reporter for my benefit. Freshen hawse, as the nautical novelists say, and begin."
"Well, we were lying at Warren- ton Junction, making ourselves as comfortable as possible after the raid, when, on the morning of the 8th of June, the whole division was ordered out in the very lightest inarching order. That night we lay close to Kelley's Ford, in column of battallions, the men holding their horses as they slept, and no fire be- ing lighted.
"At four o'clock on the morning of the 9th, we were again in motion, and got across the ford without in- terruption or discovery. Yorke, with the third squadron, was in ad- vance, and as we moved he- managed so well, that he bagged every picket on the road. Thus we had got al most entirely upon the rebel camp before we were discovered. We rode right into Jones' Brigade, the first Jersey and first Pennsylvania charging together; and, before they had recovered from the alarm, we had a hundred prisoners. The rebels were then forming thick up- on the hillside by the station, and
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they had a battery playing upon as like fun. Martin's New York Ba1 tery at our Bide galloped into po sition, and began to answer them. Then Wyndham formed his whole brigade for charge, excepl a sqnad ron of the First Maryland, left to support the battery. Our boys went in splendidly, keeping well to- gether, and making straight for the rebel battery on the hill behind the station. Wyndham himself rode on the right, and Broderiek charged more toward the left, and, with a yell, we were on them. We were on- ly two hundred and eighty strong, and in front of us was White's bat- talion of five hundred. No matter for that. Wyndham and Broderiek were leading and they were not ac- customed to count odds.
"As we dashed fiercely into them, sabre in hand, they broke like a wave at the bows of a ship, and ov- er and through them we rode, sab- reing as we went. "We could not stop to take prisoners, for there in front of us was the Twelfth Virgin- ia, six hundred men riding down to support White. By Jove, sir, that was a charge ! They came up splen- didly, looking steadier than we did ourselves after the shock of the first charge. I do not know whether Wyndham was still with us, or had gone to another regiment, but there was Broderiek looking full of fight his blue eyes in a blaze, and his sabre clenched, riding well in front. At them we went again, and some of them this time met us fairly. I saw Broderiek 's sabre go through a man, and the rebel gave a convul- sive leap out of his saddle, falling senseless to' the ground. It seemed but an instant beforethe rebels were
scattered in every direction, trying now and then to rally in small par- ties, but never daring to await our approach.
"Now,there were the guns plain before us, the drivers yelling at their horses, and trying to limber up. We canght one gun before they could move it. and were dashing af- ter the others, when I heard Brod- eriek shouting in a stormy voice. I tell you it was a startling sight. The fragments of White's battalion had gathered together toward the left of the field, and were charging in our rear. The First Maryland was there, and Broderiek was shouting in what their colonel considerel a 'very nngentlemanly manner,' to move forward to the charge. At the same time two fresh regiments, the Eleventh Virginia and another, were coming down on our front. In- stead of dashing at White's men, the First Maryland wavered and broke, and then were charged at the same time in front and rear. We had to let the guns go, and gather together as well as possible to cut ourselves out. Gallantly our fellows met the attack. We were broken, of course, by the mere weight of the attacking force ; but, breaking them up, too, the whole field was covered with small squads of fighting men. I saw Broderiek ride in with a cheer, and open a way for the men. His horse went down in the melee; but littleWood , the bugler of Company G-, sprang down and gave him his animal, setting off himself to catch another. A rebel rode at the bugler and succeeded in getting away his arms before help came. As Wood still went after a horse, another fel- low rode at him.
STORIES OF THE CRUEL WAR
875
''The boy happened at that mo- ment to see a carbine, where it had been dropped after firing. He picked up the empty weapon, aimed at the horseman, made him dis- mount, give up his arms, and start for the rear. Then he went in again. Lucas, Hobensack, Brooks and Beek- man charged with twelve men into White's battalion. Fighting hand to hand they cut their way through, but left nine of the men on the ground behind them. Hughes was left almost alone in a crowd, but brought himself and the men with him safe through. Major Shelmire was last seen lying across the dead body of a rebel cavalryman.- None of us thought anything of two to one odds, as long as we had a chance to ride at them. It was only when we got so entangled that we had to fight hand to hand that their numbers told heavily. It was in such a place that I lost sight of Broderick. The troop horse that he was riding was not strong enough to ride through a knot of men, so that he had to fight them. He struck one so heavily that he was stunned by the blow, but his horse was still in the way; swerving to one side he escaped from another, and warding off the thrust of a third, managed to take with him his point across the forehead; just as he did so, however, his sabre, get- ting tangled with the rebels, was jerked from his hand.
"He always carried a pistol in his boot, and pulling that out, he fired into the crowd, and put spurs to his horse. The bullet hit a horse in front of him, which fell. His own charger rose at it, but stumbled, and as it did, Broderick himself fell, from a shot fired within arm's
length of him and a sabre stroke on his side.
"I saw all of this, as a man seeing things at such a time, and am not positive even that it all occurred as L thought I saw it, for I was in the midst of confusion, and only caught things around by passing glimpses. You see, I was myself having as much as I could do. The crowd with whom Broderick was engaged was a little distance from me; and I had just wheeled to ride to his help, when two fellows put at me. The first one fired and missed. Be- fore he could again succeed in cock- ing his revolver I succeeded in clos- ing him. My sabre took him just in the neck, and must have cut the jugular. The blood gushed out in a black looking stream, he gave a hor- rible yell and fell over the side of his horse, which galloped away. Then I gathered up my reins, spurred my horse, and went at the other one. I was riding that old black horse that used to belong to the signal sargeant, and it was in fine condition. As I drove in the spurs it gave a leap high in the air. That plunge saved my life. The rebel had a steady aim at me; but the ball went through the black horse's brain. His feet never touched ground again. With a ter- rible convulsive contraction of the muscles, the black turned over in the air, and fell on his head and side stone dead, pitching me twenty feet. I lighted on my pistol, the butt forcing itself far into my side. My sabre sprang out of my hand, and I lay, with arms and legs all abroad, stretched out like a dead man. Ev- erybody had something else to do than to attend to me, and I lay where I had fallen.
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''It seemed to me to have been an age before I began to come painful- ly to myself, but it could nol have been many minutes. Every nerve was shaking; there was a terrible pain in my head, and a Qumbnesa
in my side which Was cx-cll worse.
Fighting was still going on around me, and my first impulse was to gel hold of my sword. I crawled to it,
and sank down as I grasped il once more. That was only for a moment ; for a rebel soldier, seeing me move, rode at me. The presence of dan- ger roused me, and 1 managed to get to my horse, behind which I sank, resting my pistol on my sad- dle, and so contriving to get an aim. As soon as the man saw that, he turned off without attacking me. I was now able to stand and walk; so, holding my pistol in one hand and my sabre in the other, I made my way across the fields to where our battery was posted, scaring some with my pistol and shotting others. Nobody managed to hit me through the whole fight. When I got to the battery I found Wood there. lie sang out to me to wait and he would get me a horse. One of the men who had just taken one, was going past, so "Wood stopped him and got it for me.
"Just at that moment White's battalion and some other troop came charging at the batter. The squad- ron of the first Maryland, who were supporting it, met the charge well so far as their numbers went; but were, of course, flanked on both sides, by the heavy odds. All of the men who were free came swarming up the hill, and the cavalry were fighting over and around the guns. In spite of the confusion, and even while their comrades at the same
place were being sabred, the men at thai battery kept to their duty. They did not even look up or around, but kept up their fire with unwavering steadiness.
"There was one rebel, on a splen- did horse, who sabred three gunners while I was chasing him. He wheeled in and out, would dart away and then come sweeping back and cut down another man in a manner that seemed almost supernatural, We at last succeeded in driving him away, but we could not catch or shoot him, and he got off without a scratch.
"In the meantime the fight was going on elsewhere. Kilpatrick's brigade charged on our right, the Second New York did not behave as well as it has sometimes done, and the loss of it weakened us a great deal. The Tenth New York, though, went it well, and the First Maine did splendidly, as it always did. In spite of their superior numbers (Stuart had a day or two before re- viewed thirty thousand cavalry at Culpepper, according to the ac- counts of rebel officers) we beat them badly, and would have routed them completely if Duffle's brigade had come up. He, however, was en- gaged with three or four hundred men on the left; an aide-de-camp sent to him with orders was wound- ed and taken prisoner, and he is not the sort of man to find out the crit- ical point in a fight of his own ac- cord and desert it.
"So now, they bringing up still more reserves, and a whole division of theirs coming on the field, we be- gan to fall back. We had used them up so severely that they could not press us very close, except in the neighborhood of where the Second
An Existing National Referendum, Optional
With Congressmen
Clifford E. Hay
THE democratic idea of the initia- tive and referendum is growing with an astounding rapidity as a means of effecting desirable and pre- vent undesirable State legislation. It may not soon become a national issue in the form in which it is so fast becoming a State issue in all those States which have not yet written the idea into their constitutions. But the purpose of this article is to point out the present exist- ence of ample legal machinery for the constant exercise by any United States Senator or Eepresentative in Congress of a complete referendum on any meas- ure pending before the Congress of the United States where a referendum expression from any constituency is desirable.
It is needless to cite authority for the right of Senators and Representa- tives to frank all their official corre- spondence, instead of paying postage on it. This right is universally known ; and among those entitled to the right, it is invariably exercised, so far as is generally known. But what is not so generally known, because not so gen- erally exercised, is the right of such officers to include with their official cor- respondence an addressed return envel- ope, with the same frank printed upon it, for use by the correspondent, with- out the payment of postage, in making reply to an official inquiry. This right, however, exists ; and the legal provision therefor is found in the Act of Con- gress approved July 5, 1884, which also appears on page 241 of Postal Laws and Regulations, in the following lan- guage:
"Any Department or officer author- ized to use the penalty envelopes may inclose them with return address to any
person or persons from or through whom official information is desired, the same to be used only to cover such official information, and indorsements relating thereto."
In view of these plain legal provi- sions, practiced by all and questioned by none, it is readily apparent that any United States Senator or Representa- tive in Congress can, without the expenditure by any individual of one cent for postage, get as full and com- plete a referendum vote on any measure coming before Congress as if that meas- ure had been referred to the people of his State or District at a regular ref- erendum election. To do this, it is nec- essary only to have printed a short let- ter, stating the subject referred to, etc., followed by appropriate questions for the voter to answer, then inclose a copy of the same, with a return envelope, to each voter whose expression is desired. The voter may then respond to the inquiry or not, as he sees fit, but this brings the matter much closer home to him than does the opening of polls at his election precinct on any election day.
In addition to this franking priv- ilege, generous appropriations are already made from the United States Treasury for clerk hire and for station- ery sufficient to supply the needs of both Senators and Representatives; and, therefore, no hardship, no large expense whatever, can accrue to a Sena- tor or Representative from the occa- sional exercise of this particular ref- erendum.
To make more clear the entire proce- dure in such a referendum and its sim- plicity as well as thoroughness, here follows a letter and certain questions
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which might be used by a Representa- tive in so referring to the people of his District the subject of a Parcel Post :
Dear Sir: Several Parcel Posl hills are now pending before Congress. Some one of them may be put on its passage during the present session. I am desirous of ai once obtaining an expression of your views on the subject, as well as the views of every other voter in (he District, in order to know with greater certainty what action on my
part, as a Representative, will hot rep- resent the wish of my constituency. I will, therefore, thank yon to answer the questions on the reverse side of this sheet, sign the same at the place indi- cated, fill in the blanks that follow, and return the same to me. This being offi- cial business, no postage will be neces- sary for your reply, if yon use the inclosed frank envelope for the purpose.
Whether interested in the subject of a Parcel Post or not. please answer the first question, sign, fill in all blanks following your signature, and return this sheet to me promptly. Respectfully, _'_____. M. C.
District of
Qtieations for n verse side of l< H< r.
1st. Are you interested in the subject of Parcel Post legislation %
Answer:
2nd. If so, do you favor or oppose a general Parcel Post?
Answer :
3rd. Do yon favor or oppose a Parcel
Post limited to rural routes? Answer:
Sign here:
Date: Postoffice:
P. F. D. No. (if any)
Occupation :
To that limited few who think the great masses of the people incapable of
wisely passing on either measures or men. even this kind of referendum must be objectionable. In fart, no form of referendum can, a- to them, be desir- able, or acceptable without protest. Consistency necessitates their favoring an absolute monarchy: ami doubtless most of them would like to be the mon- arch, and think they could wisely choose all measures and all men necee sary to the perpetual ion and prosperity of the nation.
But for that greater number who hold that the masses are capable of wisely choosing men. but are incapable of wisely passing on measure-, this scheme rob- the referendum of its ter- ror, for in each instance, under thi- plan, there is the wisely-chosen man at
the right place to disregard, if he so desires, tin' unwise wish of his fool con- stituents. It is true enough, moreover, that no one of this number has yet explained satisfactorily how it is pos- sible for the thousands of voters mak- ing it]) a State or Congressional Dis- trict to become more intimately acquainted with the fixed traits of a Large number of principle- and measures.
To that other great number of states- men, however, who oppose the Oregon plan of direct Legislation on the ground that it is incompatible with a "repre- sentative form of government," but who. nevertheless, avow an abiding
faith in the wisdom of the whole peo- ple and strongly declare for the rule of the majority in all things political, this scheme should be entirely accept- able. It affords the Representative or Senator adopting it a sure mean- of ascertaining what action on his part will be most representative of the will of his constituency, and thereby enables him better to maintain the substance of a really representative government, as well as a "representative form of gov- ernment." It can deprive him of none of his power. It can not in the least affect even the laws relating to the
AN EXISTING NATIONAL REFERENDUM.
885
lobby. Bui its use can and will let both the Representative and the world know to what extent his vote is actually representative and to what extent it is tnisrepresentative.
None of the objections, in fact, that are most commonly urged against any existing or proposed form of direct legislation are applicable as arguments against this form of referendum.
As to all those members of Congress who look with favor on the Oregon plan, this scheme should he acceptable. The only question is why more of them do not apply it in the case of important questions whose coming up is known weeks and months in advance, instead of hazarding a guess, and then repent- ing and explaining' at the election fol- lowing next thereafter.
It might be urged against this scheme that so much free matter in the mails would bankrupt the Postoffice Depart- ment. Yet. without the citation of exact figures from the record, it is apparent to any one that in this way a complete referendum vote may be taken on the Parcel Post question, on the elec- tion of United States Senators by the people, and on a half dozen tariff sched- ules, without adding as much tonnage to the mails as one distribution of vege- table seed. Moreover, each member of Congress has allotted to him 12,000 farmers" bulletins per annum, to say nothing of thousands of pounds of other publications, all of which go by mail as free matter, and which add more tonnage to the mails than would such a referendum vote on every Act of Congress that meets or misses the Presi- dent's veto during the course of any one year. Consequently, a sufficient answer to such an argument lies in the answer to the question: Which is the more important function of Congress, to enact desirable legislation or to dis-
tribute vegetable seed and government publications?
It is doubtless true, as some will argue, that many voters would fail to respond to such an inquiry. It is cer- tainly true that thousands of voters fail to participate in every State-wide elec- tion that is held for the choice of men. Those who fail to vote at the election are not counted, and those who fail to respond to such an inquiry of a Repre- sentative or Senator may well be accorded the same consideration. But to appear at the polls and express a choice of men generally requires a loss of time from work, ofttimes expense; while to write out the answers to an official inquiry, expressing a choice of measures, could be done at leisure and would l)e attended by no expense what- ever. The natural and logical conclu- sion is. therefore, that the referendum here suggested would result in a far more general expression from voters than does any ordinary or extraordi- nary election of officers, either State or national, while the cost of the referen- dum is merely nominal in comparison.
It has long been the practice in cer- tain quarters to cry "demagogue** at every advocate of direct legislation in any form. President Taft. in his speech before the National Board of Trade, at Washington. January •_'<>. IDIO. said: "By demagogy I mean the advancement of an argument which seems to be in favor of democracy, but which, when it actually works out. is in favor of plutocracy." Accepting that definition of demagogy as correct, and it does so appear, who, then, is the demagogue? The man who favors the form of referendum here suggested or the man who opposes it? Let each reader answer from his own unbiased judgment and thereafter govern him- self accordingly.
Some Phases of the Kentucky Highlands
Joslah Henry Combs
AX AREA of nearly 13,000 square miles of mountainous country extending northeast and south- west along the eastern part of Ken- tucky; ridges and peaks rising to an altitude of from 500 to 3,000 feet ; com- prising a population of more than 400.- 000; with an area of coal beds suffi- cient to supply the world for the next half-century, besides large areas under- laid by excellent clays of several sorts, commercially important deposits of iron ore and of ocher, superior sand for glass-making and other purposes, proved fields of oil and of natural gas, pure limestone for iron furnace flux, and stone well suited for structural pur- poses; the reputed prehistoric dwell- ing-place and scene of sanguine encoun- ters between the Atalans and Cutans, Talegans (long-headed mound-build- ers), and Apalans (round-headed mound-builders) ; the Istacans, a Mon- golian race; the Huasiotos and Zulu- cans. This is the land, and this the people, about whom so much has been written during the past 15 years. Yet, even with such a long chain of his- tory (?), and with such a pedigree, U. S. Senator "Joe" Blackburn once said, in a heat of political frenzy, that a stick of dynamite ought to be put under this section to blow it into hades !
Much has been said by various writ- ers concerning the descent and national- ity of the Kentucky Mountaineers. Fiske, the historian, says they are of Scotch-Irish descent, and that their forefathers came down from Pennsyl- vania into the Southern Alleghenies early in the history of the Republic; Thomas Dixon, Jr., in "The Leopard's Spots," and also in "The Clansman," calls the Southern highlanders Scotch and Scotch-Irish; Dr. Guerrant, of
Wilmore, Ky., a whole-souled and good old Presbyterian "missionary" to the
mountains, and President Frost, of Berea College, without any reserve whatever, class the majority of the highlanders as Scotch Highlanders.
The prevalence of a number of Scotch and of Irish cognomens in this section no doubt has prompted the writ- ers to reach their conclusions in this matter. A saner view, and, in the opin- ion of the writer, the only correct one, is taken by Ellen Churchill Semple, writing in the Geographical Review, June, 1901. Here the view is taken that the great majority of the Ken- tucky highlanders are of pure Anglo- Saxon, or Old English, extraction, with a minority of the Scotch-Irish, largely Teutonic in origin.
In the pioneer days these people were compelled to bear the brunt of fight- ing the Cherokee and other Indian tribes, while the people of the plains were molested with comparative rarity. A mere handful of red men could guard a mountain pass against a large body of whites, and it was the strategic importance of the highlands that made them a favorite fighting ground between the pioneers and the tribes- men. Woe to the paleface that had not learned to use the rifle ! And this state of affairs reaches back not more than three generations in Kentucky history. It was the pioneers who set- tled in the hills that saved Kentucky for the whites, but this does not prove that the people were Scotch Highland- ers. Bravery and patriotism are com- mon enough among all sections of the English-speaking world. If the Ken- tucky Mountaineers are of Scotch Highlander origin, they have been infa- mous enough to discard the surnames of their forefathers. An analysis of
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887
the list of 400 surnames clearly dem- onstrates that at least 80 per cent of them are of pure Old English origin. Then how did this English element get into the Kentucky mountains? Most of them came from Virginia and North Carolina, and some, maybe, from Penn- sylvania. Three-fourths of the old "citizens'' of the mountains will con- verse with you for hours, and tell you of their people in "ole Virginny" and in "North Car-liny."
In the early migrations across the mountains and into the plains, many a pioneer no doubt was compelled to remain in the mountains because one of his wagon or cart wheels ran off, one of his family became sick, or some other little hindrance interfered. And here, attracted by the abundance of game, fish, and the natural sceneiy, he was content to remain and make his home. Does this severing of ties and relation- ship make the blood of the inhabitant of the refined and cultured Bluegrass any bluer than that of his less favored but virile and sturdy brother of the highlands ?
And now we come to the folk-lore of the Kentucky mountains. The folk- songs, play and dance-songs, child and nursery rhymes, '"jigs,7" superstitions and riddles, strongly corroborate the theory that most of this folk-lore come directly or indirectly from England.
The English spoken in the Kentucky mountains is abundant proof that the people are of English extraction. Many examples of pure Old English, Middle English and Elizabethan English are common to this section. Words and terms used by Shakespeare and in the King James version of the Bible appear in abundance. These instances estab- lish the possible fact that the purest English spoken on earth is that of the Kentucky mountains — however unpol- ished and crude it may be, grammat- ically.
The Kentucky Mountaineer, as a member of the social fabric, is a strik-
ing figure. In personal appearance he is tall, angular, and inclined to droop his shoulders. Government statistics si iow that he is the tallest soldier on an average in the world. A "fine- haired furriner" once attributed this tall stature to looking upward so often to see the sun, and to climbing the mountains. A saner but 37et incorrect view attributes it to drinking too many stimulants, and eating badly-cooked food. This might account, to some extent, for the lack of a well-rounded, well-proportioned body. The Moun- taineer's eyes are set rather far back, with a frank, serious expression, and are often inscrutable. One doesn't always understand them at first, but he may be sure that behind them the Mountaineer is doing some thinking. Climatic conditions play a large part in the temperament and disposition of the Mountaineer. It is a well-known fact that Eastern and Southeastern Kentucky are possessed of a heavy, humid atmosphere, and that heavy fogs are almost a daily occurrence. This is conducive not only to nose, throat and catarrhal troubles, but is extremely det- rimental to consumptives. Hence, a drowsy or lethargic condition is prev- alent, which, added to his profound ret- icence and lack of demonstration, often makes the Mountaineer misunderstood and underrated by the outside world. This reticence and undemonstrative nature on the part of the Mountaineer frequently causes his benefactor to con- sider it as ingratitude. But he is one of the most grateful beings in the world, and deep down in his heart he is thanking you with all his heart.
The Mountaineer's hospitality is as pure and undefiled as his brooks and waterfalls. When he says to you, '"Light and set, stranger; come in and stay all night, if ye can put up with our fare," he means every word of it. And don't be surprised if at the break- fast table he asks you to "wait on the table," for he is verv reverent if lie
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thinks you have a mind to return thanks. He will send one of his family
to a neighbor's to sleep, or ••make down a bed" in order to give you room. The Mountaineer's home often consists of a single log house, with a single 1 >iir room, which serves the combined pur- poses of waiting-room, parlor, bed- room, dining-room and kitchen. If the house lias an addition, or if it has more than one room, it is called "houses," and not "house." The Mountaineer, in
spite of his reticence, is a very sensi- tive being, and failure to converse with him after coming into his house i- taken for ingratitude, or something else. He is frank and outspoken, to extreme-, and will give vent to his feel- ings or opinions, regardless of conse- quences. Conceit, vanity and hypocrisy are alien to his nature, and he often credits the outsider with these attri- butes because he misunderstands him. The women of the mountains form an interesting study. It has been said that they are sullen, grave, and of a retiring disposition. This is largely true, and is accounted for by the fact that their position in the social caste of the mountains is a hard one. and a deplorable one. for the most part. First, race suicide is no question for the sociologist to struggle with in the mountains of Kentucky. Whether or no it is better to rear up a small family and do it well, or rear up a large fam- ily badly, is no concern for the .Moun- taineer. Mos< families in the moun- tains are large — some of them very large, ranging from a dozen to eighteen and twenty under one roof. It is not difficult, then, to conceive of the mul- titudinous cares that befall the lot of these women, a situation that prevents much mingling and social intercourse with the world. One middle-aged man. who lives on Caney Fork, in Knott County, said he had 21 children! Withal, the mountain mother is pos- seted of the genuine maternal instinct, is gentle with and passionately fond of
her offspring, and hospitable to si rangers.
Disreputable houses are unknown in the mountains, and this state of affairs exercises a tremendous influence. Because of it, venerea] diseases are not so common as in the cities. This also accounts for the strong physical appearance of the Mountaineer.
In nio-t instances, the mountain woman would willingly shed her own blond in her husband's behalf. During the French-Eversole feud in Perry County, the husband of a mountain woman was lying on a bed of sickness. A number of the feudists attacked the house with malicious intent to take his life. Hurrying her young ones into the basement of the house, she hastily
seized ;i revolver and drove the intrud- ers away at the point of it.
Mountain parents still have some antiquated ideas about the education of their daughters. When a girl in the public schools reaches the point of pro- ficiency in the "three r's," this is con- sidered sufficient for practical purposes —for the remainder of her life. Time -pent on anything beyond the "three r's.'" so thinks the Mountaineer, is lost. Because of (his. much difficulty is experienced in prevailing upon parents to allow their daughters to attend High schools located at the county seats, or
the colleges.
There are practically no social castes in the Kentucky mountains. "I'm as good as you are." or "I'm as good as he is." are stock" expressions. A virile, sturdy manhood, in the midst of rugged environments, where the struggle for existence has been so difficult — all these things have fostered within the Moun- taineer's breast an intense spirit of free- dom and independence, common to the dwellers of all highland regions. This accounts for the stand taken by the .Mountaineers of the Southern Alle- ghenies during the Civil War. Their ancestors had stood shoulder to shoul- der during the Civil War in England,
SOME PHASES OF THE KENTUCKY HIGHLANDS.
889
under Prince Rupert and the Royalist
leaders: at King's Mountain they taught Colonel Ferguson how to change his opinion when he said that there were not enough rebels in hades to run him from King's Mountain. So when the Civil War came, they shoul- dered arms and fought for the Union, and for one flag. At the Battle of New Orleans, in the War of IS 12. bands of these rugged frontiersmen, wearing coonskin caps, poured into Gen. Jack- son's ranks, without guns. "Old Hick- ory"' said to them: "Hoys, where are your guns?" "Got none," came the response. "Then what are you going to do?" There was a pause, and finally one of them answered: "I'll tell ye what we'll do. Gin'ral: we'll toiler them there Tennesseeans into battle, and ever time one falls, we'll jist inherit his gun."
It has been said that the Mountaineer takes to law and politics like a duck to water. He is a natural born orator. How are these things to be accounted for? Educational facilities have long been wanting, to a sad degree, in the mountains. The Bible, works on his- tory, and biography are the most prom- inent, Avhere there are books at all. Now, the Mountaineer is patriotic and loyal, and his idea of greatness in this Republic is to imitate the great patriots and statesmen of America. Most of them were politicians and lawyers: hence, to become famous, he, too, must study law and politics. The story is told of a mountain lawyer who once followed a number of other lawyers into the consultation room — in his shirt sleeves and bare feet. Not know- ing who he was, one of the more cul- tured barristers -aid to him: "What are you doing in here?'' "I'm here to defend this- man." was the answer.
Judge Patton. whose district lay in the Big Sandy Valley, was one of the most famous, as well as one of the most eccentric lawyers and judges Eastern Kentucky has ever produced. He once
instructed his Grand Jury with some- thing like this: "Gentlemen: You have here a most beautiful piece of pub- lic property, upon which rests this hall of Justice. Its verdant, rolling grass, and majestic, towering three-tops attest at once God's loving kindness and infi- nite great mercy. A lovely fence encir- cles this property and hall, where jus- tice is wont to be meted out. But. gen- tlemen, our people are hitching their horses to this fence. There is a class of people in this world, gentlemen, who would ride right up to the Garden of Eden, push aside its heavenly-commis- sioned guardian, fling the gate wide open, loiter down its Tempe-like vales, hitch their horses to the Tree of Life and banter Moses for a horse-swap. Fine these men. gentlemen, fine them !"
At another time he instructed them: "Gentlemen : Whenever you see a great big overgrown buck sitting at the mouth of some hollow, or at the forks of some road — with a big slouch hat on. a blue collar, a celluloid, artificial rose on his coat lapel, and a banjo strung across his breast, and a-pickin' of 'Sourwood Mountain,' fine that man. gentlemen, fine him ! for if he hasn't already done something-, he's a-goin' to!"
Kentucky has been cursed with worse land titles than has any other State in the Union. More than a century ago. Virginia granted great boundaries of land to various parties, and these grants lap and overlap each other: then when Kentucky became a State, grants of thousands and hundreds of thousands of acres were made by the State, which made the question of titles doubtful, and caused much of the land to over- lap as many as three and four times. When some of the large land com- panies undertook, two or three years ago. to establish the validity of the old Virginia grants, and to claim enor- mous tracts of land in a half-dozen of the mountain counties, trouble was nar- rowlv averted, because the Mountain-
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eers threatened to take up arm- in sup- port of their claims. But the Kentucky Land Grants i revailed, and the land companies were beaten in the courts, and the matter settled. Many civil suits appear in the courts, because of the difficulty in surveying the rugged lands, abstracting titles, preparing sep- arate deeds, executing and delivering them. The Mountaineer knows exactly where every foot of his land lies, the exact trees and spots marking its boun- dary
The feud spirit or clan instinct is dying out in the Kentucky mountains. Better schools and churches, and more of them, are responsible for this state of affairs. The chief reason for the feuds is this: The Mountaineer is not only a good lover — a character who never forgets his benefactor — hut he is a fierce hater, as well, lie never for- gets an injury or injustice perpetrated against him. and it rankles in his breast as long as his heart heats. Conse- quently, revenge is the sweetest morsel he can roll under his tongue. He must have this revenge, no matter how long it takes him to get it. And as a result his old Teutonic instinct arises in him and he takes the law into his own hand- to accomplish his purpose. In such instances, neither the jus >r ntivm nor the lex Romana bothers him. The State \ Well. l\ tat. c'est ltd. Then the clan instinct arises and the feud begins.
Along with the feud the moonshine- still is passing. Much moonshine is yet made, however, and revenue men yet have work ahead of them. In his code of ethics, legal or otherwise, the Moun- taineer finds it difficult to understand why a remote centralized form of gov- ernment has any right to interfere with or molest a "private" little enterprise far back in the cove at the head of some dark hollow. If he wants to distill his corn into moonshine whiskey, he thinks that is his business. A great many of the Mountaineers drink whiskey, but the percentage of those who can "take
a dram." and stop at that, is large. It i- thought no harm to drink a little — sometimes more. The story is told of a man in Knott County who ''turned oil" a whole quart of moonshine before taking the cup from his head. "Won't you have more?" he was asked. "Nope, it might fly to my head." In many families the children drink whiskey sweetened with sugar. Mary Xoailles Murfree ("Charles Egbert Craddock"), in one of her stories of East Tennessee, has this to say about the Mountaineer's conception of water and whiskey: "I 'member when I war a gall," says old Mis1 Cayce, "whiskey war so cheap that up to the store at the settlemint they'd hev a bucket set full o' whiskey an' a gourd, free fur all comers, an' another bucket alongside with water ter season it. An' the way that thar water lasted war surprising that it war." This moonshine whiskey comes in handy at "workings" — corn-hoeings, log-rollings, clearings, and the like. At one of these workings a whole field full of neighbors work till dinner-time, then come in, and in a circle, drink moonshine from a jug. The night of the same day comes a big party, where the square dance is the chief feature.
The code of social etiquette in the Kentucky mountains is not hampered by much cold and rigid formality. Coquetry and flirting are unknown. When the youth has begun "to make -ome speed*' with one of the damsels, she is supposed to give her time and attention to him. and to him alone; and via versa. The Mountaineer is one of the most jealous-hearted characters on earth. Calls are made at will, with- out any previous engagement or under- standing. But the usual time for such functions is Saturday or Sunday, or both. It is no breach of etiquette what- ever for the young man to pass the night at the house of his sweetheart's parents, ana he often does this, staying over both Saturday and Sunday nights. While the youth is enjoying his call, it
SOME PHASES OF THE KENTUCKY HIGHLANDS.
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is a matter of small import if the hands of the clock incidentally point to 10. He may prolong his call indefinitely through the night. When a mountain youth is seen calling on a girl, nine times out of ten he means business, for not much time is wasted on matters like this in the Kentucky mountains. And the same percentage of weddings are "slipped." When the wedding comes off, usually during the morning, the big dinner takes place the same day, at the home of the bride. The night of the same day is given over to the gay fes- tivities of the square dance, or the "shin-dig" and old games. Here again time is no item, and if the father of the bride were proficient in Horace, doubtless he would cry out to the rev- elers at the symposium: "Sume cya- thos centum, et vigiles lucernas perfer in lucem!" The next day at noon comes the "infare" or dinner at the home of the groom.
The traveller through the Kentucky mountains is struck at once with the unique character and positions of the "grave -yards," or cemeteries. Almost without exception they are situated in the most beautiful spots, on the sum- mit of the extremity of some low ridge of mountain land. A mound is heaped up over every grave, and most of the graves are covered or protected by a tiny, latticed house, painted blue and white. The funerals preached at these grave-yards are momentous occasions. They are seldom preached at the time of the interment, but years and years afterward, sometimes as many as 50 or 75. More than one funeral is often preached on the same occasion, and five or six Old-Time Baptists do the preach- ing.
The prevalence of traditional ballads in the mountains, also the hundreds that have sprung up in this section, and are still being composed, is evident proof that ballad composition is not a lost art, as some balladists contend. Why does the art still persist in the Kentucky
mountains? For the same reason that it, did in England and Scotland in the rural and mountainous districts of those count rics three and four centuries ago. For instance, some unusual accident happens, such as a murder, public exe- cution, or tragic love affair. Now, in a rural or isolated district such an inci- dent creates a strong impression, because the busy existence of the out- side: world is not there. Soon there is not lacking some improvisatrice, as it were, to tell the story in ballad form. The women most often compose the ballads, and most often sing them.
A study of ballads indigenous to Eastern Kentucky throws much light upon the mooted question of ballad ori- gin and authorship. The method of composition in the Kentucky mountains is always individual, or private owner- ship, or authorship — "personal prop- erty"— as opposed to the theory of com- munal, or folk composition. For instance, without a thought as to the logical connection between fishing and courting, a sturdy young Mountaineer will sit whittling on a dry-goods box in some country store, with a banjo across his knee, and suddenly break forth :
Gi' me the hook, and gi' me the line, Gi' me the gal ye call Car'line.
Or he sometimes philosophizes, and set- tles the eternal question of the ages — the summum honum — by couching it in this wise :
Beefsteak when I'm hungry,
Corn liker when I'm dry —
Pretty littte girl when I'm lonesome,
Sweet heaven when I die —
Sweet heaven when I die.
A study of these ballads and jigs is incomplete without mention of the musical instruments used to accompany them. The banjo is the popular instru- ment for rendering the jigs; but the violin is used, also. The "dulcimore" (dulcimer) is the traditional piece that drones, in a sad strain, the nasal music
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of the ballad. To a certain extent all three of these instruments are used for both ballads and jigs. The dulcimer is a unique survival of antique musical instruments, and needs explanation. It is oblong, about 34 inches in length, with a width at its greatest of about six inches, becoming smaller at each end. Three strings reach from tip to tip, the first and second ones tuned to the same pitch, and the third one forms the bass string. Two octaves and a quarter are marked out upon tin' three- quarters of an inch piece of wood that supports, and is just under the strings on the top of the instrument. The Mountaineer "follers pit-kin" *' it by means of a quill with which he strikes the three strings at the same time with his right hand, over the gap at the larger end, at the same time using in his left hand a small reed with which he produces the air, or his "single- string variations." The music of the dulcimer resembles that of the Scottish bag-pipe, in that it is weird and strange. Under its spell one finds himself mys- teriously holding communion with the gossamer-like manes of the long- departed souls of the palace of Lady Rowena Trevanion, of Tremaine. The dulcimer is rapidly becoming a thing of the past, because the Mountaineers are becoming ashamed of the musical instrument that stands, with many other things, on the dividing line between two civilizations. Only a few of them are extant. A few more years. and this strange old relic of by-gone days will pass, to keep company with
The harp that oncB thro' Tara's Halls The soul of music shed.
This strange music of the dulcimer appeals to the heart of the Mountaineer, as does the music of the "Sourwood Mountain" fiddler. It is foreign to our introspective age. Like the blind old minstrel of "Scio's rocky isle," the troubadour, the minnesinger, and the
scop, the ••Sourwood Mountain" fiddler
takes pride in saying
I'll tune up my fiddle, I'll rosin my bow, I'll make myself welcome wherever 1 go.
The same conditions, religiously, that prevail in most of the mountains-at-
large, do not prevail in the towns and county seats. This is true with the greater part of this paper — the condi- tions prevailing in the county seats and towns are not found in the outlying districts. The religious faith is that of the Regular or Primitive Baptists. According to the Special Reports of the Bureau of the Census, for 190G, on Religious Bodies, there are more than 5.000 communicants of this faith in Kentucky. But they must be distin- guished from the ''Free-Will" Baptist Church that had its origin in Wales, in 1701. There is no doubt but that this Primitive or Regular Baptist Church had its origin in North Caro- lina shortly after the middle of the Eighteenth Century, and began to organize itself into "associations" in most of the Southern States in the first quarter of the Nineteenth Century. The doctrine and policy of the Primitive Baptists are unique. Their ostensible purpose for springing up — their raison <l'< //■< — was to combat everything that seemed modern and progressive in other denominations; to fight Sunday Schools, missionary movements, all sorts of church societies, and central- ization in church circles. Many of them believe in infant damnation, and prac- tically all of them believe in predestina- tion. They hold tenaciously that Sun- da}'- Schools and even missionary activ- ities are not in accordance with Apos- tolic doctrine and church policy. Because of difficult methods of travel in the mountains, scarcity of buildings for worship, and non-centralization views, the Regular Baptists have organ- ized themselves into associations. All of these associations, in a broad sense, hold to the same tenets, in that they are
SOME PHASES OF THE KENTUCKY HIGHLANDS. 893
strongly Calvinistic and predestinarian. Yet the individual members have scores of opinions of their own, and are sadly disorganized. Above all, they believe that salaried ministers are an abomina- tion; that the minister of the Gospel must be "called," and go forth to preach without any preparation whatever; he is not even required to be able to read and write. The Regular Baptists are rigid immersionists, and administer the Sacrament and wash the saints' feet about three or four times each year.
The number of communicants of the Primitive Baptist faith is decreasing, according to the Census Reports. This decrease is easily explained. Any religious belief that is not in accord with the spirit of modern progress and enlightenment, and cannot adopt itself to the exigencies of its constituency, cannot but prove itself a wortless ele- ment in human society. The Primitive Baptist Church is non-progressive for the same reason Max Muller gave for the failure of Judaism as a factor in modern society — that it was inert because of its anti- evangelical and anti- missionary tendencies.
The whole educational situation, not only of the Kentucky mountains, but of the Southern Alleghenies, presents a study wTorthy of the attention of edu- cators. If the Mountaineer cherishes no ambition for his daughters in the educational world, his desire for edu- cating his sons amounts to a passion. It is the opinion of President Thirkield that the question for the South to work out is not that of the negroes so much as that of the whites of the Southern Alleghenies.
These whites — the purest Old Eng- lish blood on earth — for the want of adequate school-houses and many other educational facilities, have remained shut in, and for a century have struggled against the stream in order to maintain their existence. So much money has been spent in Breathitt County for the prosecution of crime,
that the public school buildings all over that county are travesties on the edu- cational system in Kentucky. To add to this backward and untoward con- dition, the public highways are as mis- erable. The school-houses are few and wide apart, and the school term is only six months. Many of the children are able to attend for only three or four months, and one teacher cannot handle all of the pupils given over to his care, because there are so many in each dis- trict. Scores of teachers are engaged in the business only from a mercenary standpoint, and do not throw them- selves into the work, body and soul. Rev. H. P. Smith, Superintendent of Missions of the Southern Presbyterian Church, cites an instance of a certain mountain county that has a population of more than 11,000. Of the 2,539 men of voting age in this county, 31 per cent are illiterate. The school population of that county is 4,418, and of these only 2,500 are enrolled in the schools. The average daily attendance is 1,949, only 44 per cent of the school population. It is a lamentable fact that more money is being expended for the edu- cation of foreign-born children in the large cities of our country, than for the education of the Anglo-Saxons in the mountains. Which is worth more to this nation, the virile and sturdy stock of the highlands — uncontaminated by the vices and attractions of civilization m our greater cities — or the thousands of foreigners that pour into our coun- try monthly by way of New York Har- bor? To quote President Thirkield again: "The mountain people are of fine mental capacity. A man of affairs and a deep student of character once said of them : 'They need only an introduction to civilization to prove themselves equal to any men in the world. I regard them as the finest rough material in the world, and one of them modeled into available shape is worth to the world a dozen ordinary people.' And yet today hundreds of
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thousands of these patriotic Americans are more ignorant and more destitute of the opportunities which go with edu- cation than any other body of Anglo- Saxon people on the face of the earth.*'
President Thirkield goes further, when he says that these 3,000,000 of patriotic, uncorrupted American high- landers may be needed sonic day to safeguard the destiny of this nation its republican institutions -against un-Americanized Eoreigners. In view of these things, here is an opportunity to invest capital for the preservation and enlightenment of American man- hood. No one will question the great work Dr. Frost is doing in Berea Col- lege. There are other institutions of learning in the mountains of Kentucky whose work cannot be praised too highly. Such an instance, and the most notable one of its kind, not only in the Kentucky mountains, but in America, is the W. C. T. U. School, located at Hindman, in Knott County, 41 miles from the railroad. It is an industrial, manual-training, and high school, and from three to four hundred pupils are enrolled during the year. One needs only to visit Hindman and see the great work these noble, self-sacrificing women from all parts of the Union are doing, to be convinced that the work is worth while. The Mountaineers are so anx- ious for their children to reecive an education that they send them from different counties to attend this school, and many of them have to be turned off because there is not sufficient room and equipment. The school, from time to time, has had as instructors, talented young women from Vassar, Wellesley, Bryn Mawr, Brown University, Colum- bia, Harvard, Michigan, and Yale, besides colleges in the South. These instructors accept positions in the school at a financial sacrifice, for they could make elsewhere many times the salary paid them at Hindman.
As an example of what the W. C. T. U. School has done for the mountains
of Kentucky -aside from the moral influence it has sent out toward blot- ting out the liquor interests in the county -look at this: Knott County, tor the la-i live or six years, has sent more young men and women to the col- leges and universities of Kentucky and elsewhere, than has any other county in Kentucky, in proportion to the popu- lation, and in consideration of the lack of opportunities of that county. In
June. 1!»1 1. about a do/en young men and women of Knott County were grad- uated from the various colleges and universities — classical, medical, law, agricultural, norm;:!, manual-training,
and business -of Kentucky. This is a remarkable showing, and attests the great work being done by the W. C. T. U. School, especially when we consider that Knott Coin l\ is about the poorest county in Kentucky financially and in many other ways.
It is interesting to know that a great
many of the Mountaineers that finish up in the colleges leave Kentucky. The migratory instinct is beginning to lay hold of the younger generations of Mountaineers, as well as they love their native highlands. Whole families are migrating to the West, to such States as Missouri and Texas, and above all, to Oklahoma. Sometimes as many as 50 and 7.") depart together. Why are they doing this? The younger genera- tions are beginning to take advantage of the many opportunities the great outside world offers to them — but back of this there is a stronger and a more convincing reason — the increasing pop- ulation of the mountains, which neces- sitates the parceling out of smaller tracts of land, from year to year, by parent to son. Again, because of the lack of improved methods of farming and agriculture, much of the mountain lands have long since become unpro- ductive. Add to these things the fact that capitalists and speculators are buy- ing up hundreds of thousands of acres of mountain lands, and you have an
TEN MEN OF MONEY ISLAND.
895
idea of why the Mountaineer is begin- ning to migrate westward. The Con- solidated Coal Company, of West Vir- ginia, now owns more than 100,000 acres of land in Letcher, Pike, John- son, Knott and other counties. The Northern Coal and Coke Company, oi which J. C. C. Mayo, the mountain mil- lionaire, of Paintsville, Kentucky, is the organizer, owns thousands of acres. Other companies have extensive hold- ings on lands, minerals, oil, etc. Is it a wonder, then, that the Mountaineer
is beginning to look sorrowfully back upon his native hills as he journeys westward?
A well-known railroad man sums up the future situation of Eastern Ken- tucky in these words, translated from a distich of Virgil:
Thus ye, O birds, build nests, but not for
yourselves; Thus ye, O sheep, bear fteeces, but not
your own; Thus ye, O bees, fill hives, but not your
own; Thus ye, O oxen, the yoke for others must
bear.
Ten Men of Money Island
S. F. Norton
Chapter XII.
"Specie Basis," "Usury" and "Banking"
BY THE process of charging his neighbors for the use of money, and a shrewd manipulation of the finances, Discount in a few years managed to get possession of nearly every piece of coin upon the Island. And, as he put out three paper prom- ises-to-pay for every coin piece on hand, he had nearly 300 paper promises con- stantly outstanding — all of which "bore interest," as it would be called in America — and, as a consequence, he was "accumulating" 30 pieces, or their equivalent, every year. Every three years he was gathering in an amount equal to the total original stock of coin pieces in the whole Island. Of course, he had to live and support his family; and aside from doing that, he made a great many improvements and accumu- lated a great deal of other property. But it was only the surplus that he invested; he managed to keep all of the money within his control.
Now let us see exactly how matters
stood. The "paper promises" which he issued and loaned out wTere, as stated above, as folows:
I promise to pay the bearer on demand One Piece of Coin of the weight and fineness established by the Govern- ment of Money Island. DISCOUNT.
For instance, Plowem held 10 of them. Was it not an evidence that Discount owed Plowem 10 pieces of coin? Grindem held 20 more of them. Did not Discount owe Grindem 20 pieces of coin? In short, did not Dis- count owe in the aggregate 300 pieces of coin to the people of Money Island who held those promises-to-pay? Could not any of them at any time have presented them to Discount and enforced payment?
Was he not, in fact, loaning his own promises-to-pay ?
In short, was he not living off the interest of what he, himself, owed to the community?
Ah, great indeed was Discount as a
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"financier,"' for it is not every man who can manage to live on the interest of what he otoee.
But do you say, oh most sagacious reader, that the inhabitants of Money Islands wore little less than simpletons to permit the existence of such a sys- tem? Do you say that they were fools to borrow another man's promises-to- pay and pay interest therefor?
If you do say so, you say only the truth — for fools they were indeed!
But, did you ever see any of the old "bank money" that was issued and used in the United States a generation ago? The)' were merely promises-to-pay, given by the banks, loaned to the people.
And again, did you ever notice the words that are printed upon the national bank notes of the present day \ Do they not read such, or such, a "National Bank, promises to pay the bearer, on demand, so many dollars"? There are $000,000,000 of' them out- standing, and it hardly seems possible that you never read them — and yet if you have, how can you think that the inhabitants of Money Island are the only fools in the world ?
Another thing to consider is the abil- ity of Discount to meet his obligations. As we have seen, he had three times as many promises-to-pay outstanding as he had coin pieces on hand to pay with.
Suppose every man who held his promises-to-pay had presented them at one time, could he have met the demand? Would not two-thirds of them have been disappointed? And if he could not meet his obligations, would the "money" have been of any value in the community?
In other words, was not the paper money, based upon coin, dishonest paper money?
Is not any paper money, which pro- fesses to be "based upon coin," dishon- est, if there is more of it outstanding
than there is coin on hand to redeem it with?*
By ami by, a history of the experi- ence through which the Money Island- ers passed will further illustrate Dis- count'- system of ■•-j)f<i<'l>;tsi-" money. Of course, it was very profitable to /////.'. and, naturally enough) he was very desirous of perpetuating the system.
It is almost needless to say, that Dis- count's schemes of "inflating the cur- rency," as it would be railed in this country, accompanied by the power to accumulate through charging a certain per cent for the use of money, in due course of time rendered him the most powerful member of the community. The fact that he was not absolutely obliged to loan money to every person who might make application, unless he saw fit to. made it possible for him to gratify any dislike that he might feel against any of his neighbors. Being quite human, he was often disposed to make the rest feel his power by grant- ing or withholding his loans as besl suited his temper. He could conciliate by granting favors, or he could annoy, or even crush an opponent, by refusing accommodations.
The other members of the com- munity, being also quite human, very soon learned to "keep on the right side"' of Discount. No matter whether his acts were approved by them or not. they did not show their disapproval, through fear of offending him, well knowing that he could retaliate by refusing to accommodate them with a loan of his promises-to-pay.
And for the same reason, many of them who had even begun to realize the true situation of affairs did not care to criticize his systerii or call in question the soundness of his financial
*Of course, this system will be readily recognized as the old State-bank system, in vogue In tbis country prior to the war. A bank that kept one-third as much of a coin reserve on hand as it had bank-notes outstanding was regarded as sound. And this was the rule that Discount established.
TEN MEN OF MONEY ISLAND.
897
responsibility. In this way he prac- tically became the dictator of affairs of Money Island — and if they had called him Dictator Discount it would have been a very appropriate appella- tion indeed.
* * * *
The power to accumulate did not depend alone upon the privilege of issuing a three-fold quantity of his own promises-to-pay and charging interest on them. Being a shrewd financier, and audacious in consequence of the deference which was shown him by his neighbors, he was quick to invent and put in practice all sorts of petty schemes whereby he could "turn an hon- est penny." For instance, knowing that Dressem had quite an amount of money on hand, he kindly offered to take it and take care of it for him, humorously suggesting that Grindem's experience in having one of his bridge certificates burned up on a former occa- sion, as well as Makem's loss of a coin piece in the lake, would prompt him to accept the proffered kindness. He explained to him that he had con- structed a very secure place, made of stone and iron, which neither mice, rats, fire nor storms could destroy, where he kept his own money, and fur- ther very generously offered to make no charge whatever for his trouble. The plan succeeded, and Dressem at once "deposited" his surplus money, amount- ing to 50 pieces (coin and paper included) with Discount for safekeep- ing.
The very next day, Sledgehammer applied to Discount for a loan of 40 pieces for six months. Having learned during his conversation with Dressem that he would not want to use for at least six months the 50 pieces that he had deposited, Discount readily accom- modated Sledgehammer, letting him have 40 of the identical pieces which Dressem had deposited. The interest on it for six months amounted to two pieces.
At the same time he kindly suggested to Sledgehammer that if he did not want to use all of the 40 pieces at once, that he might leave a portion of it on "deposit," to be drawn out when required — intimating to him in a very affable and ingenious manner that he, Discount, was more likely to accommo- date a man who kept his money in a safe place, and conducted his business on "business principles," than if he carried his money around in his pocket.
Sledgehammer was not slow to see the point, and, inasmuch as he would not want to use 20 pieces of the money till after about three months, he left half the amount (20 pieces) borrowed, on deposit. And it so happened, the very afternoon of the same day, that Foreplane came in and wanted to bor- row 20 pieces for three months. At once Discount loaned him the very pieces that Sledgehammer had left on deposit, He also induced him to leave 10 of the pieces on deposit, the same as Sledgehammer had done with his 20 pieces.
In this way, out of the 50 pieces that Grindem "deposited," Discount had loaned 40 pieces to Sledgehammer and 20 pieces to Foreplane — and yet he had 30 pieces of Grindem? s money still on hand!
He was drawing interest on 60 pieces and had 30 pieces on hand — and doing it all on 40 pieces of another man's
money
Again let it be recorded, that great and mighty was Discount as a "finan- cier."
This system of "deposits" was worked up by Discount, till nearly every mem- ber of the community had money on deposit in Discount's strong-box.
Strange as it may seem, so dexter- ously did Discount manage matters that he actually had 600 pieces loaned out (on which he was drawing 10 per cent interest), although he only had 100 pieces to start with, and had only 100 pieces (50 of paper and 50 of coin)
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with which to meet an obligation of 450 pieces due to "depositors," and 250 pieces due to holders of his own prom ises-to-pay that were outstanding. On an original investment of 100 pieces, he was getting GO pieces every year; a year and a half doubled his money; three years quadrupled it.
And again you say, oh sagacious reader, "What a set of idiots those other men were, to let one man practice such a system of finance!" And again are you right in your estimate of those men. They were idiots indeed.
But if you will turn to the Report of the United States Comptroller of the Currency for December, 1911, you will 6ee that on January 1, 1912, the national banks then in existence had "on deposit" (other people's money), $15,000,000,000; that they had only $1,530,000, in round numbers, in paper and coin.
So you will see that right here in this civilized, enlightened and intelli- gent community of American people, there is an institution that corresponds in many respects with Discount's sys- tem. In fact, you wrill say that had Dis- count lived in the United States, he would have been not only a banker, but a credit to the profession.
Chapter XIII.
Office-Holders, Mortgages and Legal Tender
While Discount was extending and perfecting his wonderful "financial system," and so managing it that he was rapidly accumulating property — not one particle of which did he him- self create — other changes were being made in the management of the Island.
For instance, Donothing was chosen to manage the public business of the community, such as looking after the roads and bridges, collecting taxes (which were made payable in money instead of labor), making disburse- ments, keeping the public accounts,
printing the laws, etc., etc. All of these things took so much of his time that he asked, and the community agreed to pay, a certain amount per year. In fact, he became an office-holder. It was not quite as hard work as it was to plow, grind corn, shoe horses, build houses, or mine coal, therefore he was quite well pleased with the position, and so well did he manage things that he continued in office for many years. Moreover, in course of time, he imag- ined that, inasmuch as he ran the affairs of the government, that he himself con- stituted the government ; and a stranger would have thought that Donothing actually owned the whole Island, and that all of the rest of the people were at work for him. A continual assump- tion and exercise of authority on his part gradually made such an impres- sion upon the people that they forgot that he was simply their agent and serv- ant. They treated him more as if he were their master than their servant. He was wont to tell them, when re-elected at the end of each year, that he appreciated the very great honor that they conferred upon him — just as if they were selecting him solely for the purpose of bestowing an "honor" upon him, rather than merely choosing him as an agent to transact their business for them, the same as Plowem would hire a man to drive his horses, or Sledgehammer a man to make horse- shoe nails. Thus he impressed upon them the idea of the honor and impor- tance of his position.
In fact, he deported himself very much as the office-holders do in this country; and one might be excused for thinking that he might at some time have served as the Governor of a State, the Mayor of a metropolis, a Repre- sentative in Congress, or a Postmaster
in some small rural city.
* * * *
A little event occurred about this period in the history of the Island that is worthy of notice, as it gave rise
TEN MEN OF MONEY ISLAND.
899
to a very important law concerning money. It so happened that Sledge- hammer became indebted to Grindem for a quantity of flour. He demanded payment, but they could not agree as to how the payment should be made. Grindem insisted upon a return of wheat enough to make the same amount of flour that he had let Sledgehammer have, and Sledgehammer refused to pay in wheat because he did not have it. On the other hand, Sledgehammer offered to pay in horse-shoes, but Grindem declared that he had no use for horse-shoes.
It being impossible to settle the diffi- culty, it was referred to the next meet- ing of the community for adjustment. After a good deal of discussion, it was finally agreed that Sledgehammer should pay the debt in pieces of coin. Grindem objected to receiving the coin, and his objections were so strenuous that a suspicion was aroused that he merely wanted to annoy Sledgeham- mer, or take some advantage of him by requiring payment of the debt in wheat. The other members, seeing the injustice of Grindem's demand, right then and there decreed (it being con- ceded by all that they had the right to regulate such matters — and that is an important fact that should not be forgotten), a law that whenever one person became indebted to another, that the debtor should have the privilege of canceling the obligation by paying coin; and if the creditor refused to accept coin, he should be debarred from annoying the debtor, or putting him to any cost.
This law, arising from the settlement of difficulties like that between Grindem and Sledgehammer, although a very simple one (and obviously a very just one in that particular case), was, in fact, one of the most important ever passed.
It gave to coin an additional and a very important power, viz : that of legal tender. Before, it had been used merely
as a medium of exchange. As a medium of exchange, no person was compelled to accept it, save upon his own terms. That is, if a man had an article to dispose of, he need not dis- pose of it for anything except that which he wanted in return. By this new law, however, the creditor was not only obliged to accept, but the debtor was compelled to pay in one 'particu- larly specified thing!
While it thus became a great addi- tional convenience to the transaction of business, it also became a possible means of hardship and oppression, as
will be seen in a subsequent chapter. * * * *
As Discount's business enterprises increased, and property accumulated in his hands — for he invested all his sur- plus in such property as he could buy at good advantage — he grew sharp and cunning. It so happened that the men to whom he loaned money did not always pay quite as promptly as he would like to have them. "Prompt payment," in the estimation of Dis- count, was one of the greatest virtues that a business man could possess. It covered a multitude of sins. He could have forgiven a man for driving a sharp bargain, or even cheating another out of property, but he could never for- give him for being dilatory in meeting his obligations to pay money — espe- cially when the payment was due to himself.
Another thing: Discount grew sus- picious and nervous as he grew rich, and many times he spent sleepless nights through fear of losing some of the money that he had out on loan. He was afraid that Grindem's mill would be washed away, or that Makem's house might burn down, or that Reapem's crops would fail, or that something would happen whereby some of his debtors would be rendered unable to
Pay- Therefore, one day when Foreplane
came in to borrow some money, he inti-
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mated to him that unless he could deposit something with him as security for the return of the money, he did not care to let him have it. He argued to him, that he (Discount) was parting with that which possessed great value ( money ). and that it was no more than right that Foreplane should turn over something of equal value as a guaran- tee that the money should be promptly returned. He had evidently forgotten that one of his arguments in favor of interest money was the risk that he ran. It seemed a little queer to Foreplane that in thus exchanging equal quantities of value he should be required to pay 10 per cent interest, while Discount need not pay anything. For the time being, they were to "swap"' property, but he was compelled to pay "boot money." although the things exchanged were of equal value. And another thing that impressed him as being quite peculiar was that Discount counted his own unsecured promises-to-pay as equal to the secured promise which he (Foreplane) gave in return. Exchang- ing a secured obligation for an unse- cured one, and paying 10 per cent dif-
ference, rather staggered the plain com- mon sense notions of business which Foreplane possessed, but a little "argu- ment" and "'explanation" by Discount. accompanied by the intimation that the ileal could not be made upon any other terms, very soon persuaded Foreplane t<> accept the terms proposed by the "great financier," Discount.
This was the entering wedge to a system of pledges, pawns, collaterals, bonds, securities and mortgages. Also a system of laws — in which Donothing, who was always on good terms with Discount, took an active part in getting up — whereby pledges could be for- feited, collaterals sold, bonds enforced, mortgages foreclosed and judgments entered and collected by seizing and selling property. Not only was Donoth- ing on good terms with Discount, but the enforcement of all these laws gave him extra employment, for which he was richly paid.
Having seen how money, usury, mort- gages, laws for the collection of debts, banking, etc., were created and estab- lished, let us now see how the Ten Men of Money Island prospered.
(to be continued.)
A Forged Chapter in the Bible
By The Editor
THE LAST verse of the -20th chap- ter of the Gospel by John, reads : "Many other evidences were also produced by Jesus, in the presence of His disciples, which are not recorded in this narrative. But these are recorded, in order that you may believe that He is the Messiah, the Son of God; and believing, that you might become pos- sessed of life, by means of His power. Amen."
The foregoing is the rendition, in modern English.
If you will study that verse, care- fully, you will see that it closes John's Gospel.
Virtually, he says, "I have told you my story. There was more that I could have related, but I tell you that much in order that you may believe in Christ, and be saved ! Amen."
That is exactly what the verse means. You cannot get any other meaning out
of it,
True, the word, "Amen," has been omitted from the later editions ; but, all of the older editions contained it. Even without the word "Amen," you can see that the verse is a closing up of a narrative. It says, in effect, "I have given you my narrative, there is noth- ing more that I will add, although I could have done so."
Then, the very next verse, Chapter 21, goes to telling something else. And that something else is an account of a fishing trip, a pleasure outing, taken by certain of the disciples; and taken at a time when we know that they were all at Jerusalem, solemnly waiting and earnestly praying for the coming of the Pentecostal Spirit.
They had recently undergone a tragic loss. Their beloved Master had been cruelly mocked and killed. Portentu-
ous events had accompanied the Cruci- fixion. A great darkness had fallen upon the world: the Sun had disap- peared from mortal view. The rocks were riven; the veil of the Temple, rent, The dead came forth and walked the streets, clad in the cerements of the grave. The disciples had been terri- fied and scattered. Jesus had to reap- pear to them, at their secret meeting, to reassure them. They were afraid to assemble in the open, lest they, also, be put to death.
Yet, this astounding 21st Chapter represents them as so free of care and fear, so full of levity, so neglectful of the Master's business, so indifferent to His command— Harry ye at Jerusalem" —that Peter blithely chirps, "I go afishing." And the others cheerily respond, "We also are coming with
you."
Can you imagine the stately John dropping into that pig-English style of narration? Then the forger adds, "They went off and entered into a
boat." __
From whence, did they go? Who provided the boat, for these poor men? We saw them in great distress, and in poverty, only a short while ago; and now we suddenly find them, on pleas- ure bent, and in exclusive possession of
what some translators call 'a small ship." Where did they get the ship? and what went with it, after that fa- mous catch of fish? And where were James and Matthew, and Mark and Luke, during this jaunt, which Peter preluded with his sprightly remark, I am going fishing?" How happened it that Peter had so soon forgotten his Master's command, and also his own danger,—/**? being the choleric person who had slashed off the Roman officer's ear?
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The style of Chapter 21 is wholly different from that of the other 20. jfcjie 20 are dignified, sonorous, elevated in thought, impressively serious, abounding in eloquence, pathos and contageous sincerity. But the moment you begin on Chapter 21, you can feel the difference, consider the faulty con- struction of the very first line. It makes Christ appear twice, at the sea of Tiberias. John would have written it otherwise. We then read:
"And he appeared in this way:" and then, without showing us how Christ appeared, the clumsy forger, and bad grammarian enters into an explanation of how the disciples came to be at the sea-coast. Any one who could tell a story as well as John did, would not have put the cart before the horse, in that awkward fashion. He would first have stated that Peter said, "I am going fishing," and would then have brought in the others, who said, "We will go fishing with you;" and then, while they were at it, the mention of Christ's appearance would have been made. This would have given sequence to the events.
Jesus is represented as calling to these fishermen, "Lads, have you any- thing to eat?"
"No, they answer." Now, who on earth can believe that the risen Jesus, was hungry, and wanted victuals? He was no longer mortal. He was a spirit, about to ascend to Heaven. True, it is not asserted, in so many words, that Christ Himself partook of the food; but the verbiage is about the same as that which describes the Last Supper. When Jesus is represented as asking if they had anything to eat, as directing the selection from the fish, as saying to the disciples, "Come and dine," as tak- ing the bread and the fish, we get the impression that he dined with them, for it is written, "After they had dined," etc.
Can you imagine any reason that could have moved John to write up the
fishing trip, of Peter and his compan- ions? Can you see any strengthening of the case, in having Christ appear a fourth time, after His resurrection? Can you explain His anxiety to learn what luck these fishermen were having? So far as Christianity is concerned, what was gained by the 21st chapter of John ? Nothing.
Note another conflicting statement, as to this inquiry about food. Christ is made to ask, "Have you any meat?" When, as we are told, immediately afterwards, that there is a charcoal fire on the beach where He stands, with bread and fish on it ! Whose bread and whose fish were these? Had we not been told that Peter and his companions had caught no fish, that night? It was not until they cast the net on the other side of the boat, that they had any luck. Then, they caught 153 fish, apparently large ones, for we are asked to marvel at the fact that the net was not broken. Christ commands them to select from these fish — supposedly for the purpose of cooking them ; yet, we are not told that they were cooked. The text would seem to imply that Christ fed Peter, and the others, on the loaf and the fish that were already broiling on the charcoal fire.
"Come and have your breakfast," is the language of modern translation; and this summons to breakfast follows immediately upon the landing of the fishermen.
This forger alleges that the disciples knew it was the Lord, but that they were afraid to speak to Him. They had not been afraid on His two former appearances. Whence this sudden and speechless awe? And the dull-witted forger, after saying that John had recognized Jesus from the first, and had informed the others that "It is the Lord," were afraid to ask Him, "Who are you?" although they know who it was! How can you explain this?
In this last interview, not one of the
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disciples, Peter excepted, opens his mouth, save to cram food into it. They do not say a word to their Savior, nor does He say a word to them. Peter has the floor. IVter is the sole spokesman. Peter is the only object of Christ's attention. To Peter, alone. Christ speaks. To Peter, is confided the exclusive duty of feeding the sheep. Peter obliterates all the other disciples.
Who is so obtuse as not to recognize "the fine Italian hand" of the Roman- ist forger, in all this glorification and exaltation of Peter?
In the 14th verse of the 21st Chapter, we are blandly informed that this appearance of Christ at the seashore, was the third, since the resurrection. But if Peter and his fellow-fishermen had departed into Galilee, immediately after the crucifixion, how could they have known of the other two appear- ances to the disciples? The angel told them to go into Galilee, and it is claimed that they wTent. They took the liberty of changing the rendezvous from the mountain to the seashore; but the Lord knew where to find them. He did not chide them for disobeying His command to remain in Jerusalem until they should be filled with the Holy Ghost. He did not express dis- pleasure in finding them enjoying an outing. He was not surprised by their muteness and terror. He had no word for the beloved John. He did not ask about His mother. And we are not told how He disappeared.
Although we are told, again and again, that the disciples remained in Jerusalem, until Pentecost, praying every day in the Temple, this bungling forger carries Peter and several others to catch fish, in the sea of Tiberias I
And Peter, in his own contribution to Scripture, is utterly oblivious of the great pre-eminence given him in the 21st Chapter of John ! In his own Epistles, Peter is "an Apostle," "a ser- vant of the Lord," just as the other Apostles are.
If Peter had been exalted into a Premiership, by Christ Himself, would not the other disciples have known it? Would not some trace of it been found in their conduct and their writings? Would not some indication of it appear in the conduct and writings of Peter? Assuredly.
The 21st John is obviously an excres- cence. The noblest of all the Gospels is that of John; but when he wrote, "Amen," at the close of the 20th Chap- ter, he had written himself out, fully; and had left no essential thing unsaid.
Then why this 21st Chapter? The sole purpose of it was, to put Peter ahead of the other disciples. Get that idea well into your head, and you will have no difficulty in recognizing the spurious character of that ridiculous Chapter. The supremacy therein given to Peter, not only contradicts the other Gospels, the Acts, and the Epistles, but it contradicts the narra- tive of John himself. It makes Christ
RETRACT WHAT HE HAD OFTEN SAID ABOUT THE EQUALITY OF THE DISCIPLES.
Those absurd verses which represent Christ as asking Peter, three successive times, uDo you love me?" are wholly at va»iance with the character of Christ, as revealed in the authentic portions of the New Testament. Barring Judas, the disciple who was lashed with the harshest rebuke, by the human Christ, was this same Peter, w7ho is now mawkishly asked, "Z># you love Me, more than these others?''''
The real Christ was not more con- cerned about Peter's affection, than about that of his brethren. The real Christ was concerned about their faith, not their love. He wTanted them to I ova one another, and obey the will of his Father. And it is well known that John was his favorite.
Christ is represented as saying to Peter, three times, "Feed my lambs." No such thought, or plea, occurs any- where else, in the New Testament. It is in violent opposition to what Christ
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had said, in the authentic Gosjh />. as to what all of the disciples were to do.
The other disciples are represented as making no remonstrance, when Christ put them beneath Peter, and relieved them of both power and responsibility. Yet, they were men who had been taught by Christ, Himself, that they were the equals of one another? Would not they have cried out againsl their sudden debasement \ Would not they have questioned Christ, concerning this marvellous change? And would not f/w known record of the Apostles, after- wards, liave given evidence of the supremacy of Peter? Everybody knows that it gives none. On the con- trary, Peter's own writings contra- diet this spurious last Chapter of John. Never, by word, writing, or deed, was Peter known to have pretended to the slightest advantage over his colleagues. He took his marching orders from the Church at Jerusalem, just as other disciples did.
The 24th verse of the spurious chap- ter reads :
"This is the disciple which testifieth of these things, and wrote these things ; and we know that his testimony- is true.'*
A very stupid forgery, indeed. John is represented as saying, "I testify of these things, and I write them down; and ire know that he is telling the truth."
The forger forgot that it was John who was giving the testimony ; and the use of the pronouns, "We," and "his," slipped in, by inadvertence. John could never have made that blunder — the blunder of being both teller and listener, both writer and reader, both Apostle and posterity. And John had better sense than to weaken his narra- tive by telling us that he was a truthful man.
Read verses 18 and 19. and ask your- self if John could have penned any- thing quite so puerile. The risen Christ is gravely represented as telling Peter
iii.ii. wlici! In- \va- young, he could dress himself, but that when he gets old, some one else will have to dress him! In your wildest imagination, can you fancy a risen Savior talking to a disciple about so stale a truism as the second childh 1 !
Ami the stupid forger stupidfy adds, thai Christ said this, intimating thai Peter would meet a martyr's doom! Could anything be more far-fetched? Does John anywhere represent Christ as speaking trivially of things that everybody knows '.
How could John then know that Pi t, /• would meet a martyr's death? ( 'iiimm : oi in k \uw it. in t John oould
NOT.
Peter did not understand that Christ was intimating that he would suffer martyrdom. Peter was not disturbed
by the prediction that he would grow so weak, under the load of old age, that he would be dressed, by another, like a child; and, like a child, be carried where he did not desire to go. But John saw, in Christ's prediction of Peter's second childhood, a prophecy of Peter's martyrdom. How absolutely incredible! And how clear the proof that the forgery was committed, long afterwards, by a man who knew of the tradition of Peter's violent end, in the prime of life.
The 18th verse of 21st. John makes Christ tell a falsehood, for He is repre- sented as stating, unequivocally, that Peter would live so long, as to become physically helpless; and would then be carried where he did not wish to go. Seldom can a forger do his work so cleverly as to not leave internal evi- dence, in his, own work, that reveals the fraud.
Consider the jumble presented in the 19th, 20th, 21st and 22nd verses:
Christ says to Peter. "Follow me." Peter turns round, and sees John fol- lowing Christ ! John is then' clumsily identified, by a most discursive refer-
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enee to the Last Supper. If John was the writer of those verses, where was the necessity to identify himself in that bungling manner? lie had not done that in the 20 preceding- chapters. He would have no motive to do so, now. But the forger had a motive, for ho wished to make his work look as authen- tic as possible.
Ponder on the banality of verse 21 : "Peter, therefore, seeing him" (John) "said to Jesus :
'"But what about this one, Lord V '
When Christ was telling Peter about the second childhood, did not Peter have respect enough for his Lord, to face Him? Was Jesus talking to Peter's back?
We are told that Christ said to Peter, "Follow me,"' and that Peter turned round, and saw John following Jesus !
Did Christ turn round, and start oft', with John following? Why did not Peter follow ?
Why did he allow John to take prece- dence? If he, Peter, did not obey the command, "Follow me," why was he, Peter, not rebuked for disobedience? And if he, Peter, did obey the com- mand, how could John have come in, between him and Jesus? Did Peter stand still, while Christ and John were walking off? Did he have to make haste, and catch up, before asking the question, "What about this one?"
We get the impression that when Jesus said "Follow me," he was stand- ing near Peter, face to face. You can't suppose otherwise. You also get the impression that when Peter turned round, and saw John following Christ, these two Avere at some distance from Peter. We, in like manner, get the impression that Peter had again approached near to Jesus, and was facing Him, when he, Peter, asked, "What about this one?"
Now, can anybody explain how this physical confusion could have crept into a narrative, written by the master
hand that composed the other 20 chap- ter^
Even if Christ did walk off, leaving the disobedient Peter, standing stock still, wouldn't He have been in full view of Peter? If John did follow Jesus, wouldn't Peter see Him? Who can explain the necessity of Peter's turning round, to see Christ and John walking away '.
The stupid forger simply catches himself in a physical impossibility. "What about this one?'1'1 Does that question ring true to your intelligence? Does it have the elevated tone o±. John? Is that the way one disciple wouid have designated another? Was there any- thing leading up to this remarkable inquiry?
The word, "therefore," is never idly used in the authentic Gospels. It is always employed in its true meaning. But the forger of the 21st Chapter makes it meaningless. It had a Bibli- cal sound, and he lugged it in, just as the Mormon forger lugs in, "And it came to pass."
Peter "turned round," saw John fol- lowing Jesus; and, "therefore" asked —
-What about this one?" Did he put the question, because John was follow- ing the Master? Was it a strange thing to see the beloved disciple follow his Lord? Had not Peter witnessed that gracious spectacle, every day, for three years? Had not John taken the bereaved mother of Jesus to his home?
And was it now so peculiar a thing to see John, treacling behind his risen Master, whom his eyes would never again behold on earth?
Was it, therefore, that Peter was prompted to ask the incredible ques- tion— -
"What eibout this one?"
The inquiry sounds flippant. There was no more reason for asking about John, than about any other disciple present, or absent. What could have
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been in Peter's mind, when asking such a question ?
It bore no relation, whatever to what had previously been said and done. It pre-supposes that other dis- ciples had been asked about, when it had not been so. "What about this one," suggests a corresponding inquiry, "What about that one?" But John. alone, is made the object of this queer interrogatory. And the answer put into Christ's mouth, is the very climax of irrelevance and imbecility. "If I decide for him to remain until I conic what is that to you?"
After having been so exceesively anxious that Petrus should love Him, and "Shepherd" His "little sheep," Christ not only evades the question of Peter, but is positively rude to him !
The forger says that Christ's uncivil reply to the singular inquiry of Peter, caused "the brethren" to believe that John would not die. Think of the stately John stooping to such childish nonsense.
The forger, however, quickly conies to the relief of the Lord, by reminding us that He did not say that John would not die, but "// / decide for him to remain until I come, etc." How con- siderate this forger was !
Can you imagine John, whose Gospel, in all those 20 magnificent and inspir- ing chapters, is so grand and so beau- tiful, could degrade his style, his tone, and his sublime conception of Christ. to the ignoble plane of that 21st chap- ter? Would he have been eagerly reminding us that Christ was no false prophet? It is inconceivable.
That last verse is comical, and it is false. It is comical, in that it imitates John's manner of closing his 20th chap- ter. It is comical, in that it imitates John's statement that there were other things he might have related. It is comical, in that it makes John seem to stop, then start again, and then really stop. It is comical, in that
so much more remains untold, after John had apparently told very much more than he had told before.
In the 20th chapter, there are "many other signs," which might have been reported. Bui in the 21st chapter, the untold "acts" have increased -<» pro- digiously that "even the whole world itself could not contain the books that should be written."
The sane and veracious John would uever have penned that wild and sen- seless exaggeration. If the Gospels omit so much as all that, the Gospels themselves would be discredited. Each Gospel purports to be an adequate report on Christ's work and teach- ing. Each of them is brief. Neither of them confesses to the omission of any material fact, or doctrine. We natur- ally infer that, from lapse of memory ami exercise of judgment as to selection, many ordinary events would be left out. John moderately and truthfully says at the end of his narrative, in the 20th chapter, that he has omitted "many other signs," (or evidences,) that Jesus gave His disciples. Can we imagine that John would then have started afresh, told the fishing-trip story, elevated Peter above himself, practically eliminating himself; and then added the Munchausenism, that the whole world could not contain the books that should tell of all that Christ didt
' Christ's ministry was very short, and the incidents were. few. Most of His work was preaching and teaching. He did not even baptize. He moved about on foot, and therefore slowly. The area of his activity was pitifully small. Two or three of our large counties, equal the territory over which Jesus walked, talked, and ministered to the afflicted. Therefore when the unscru- pulous forger stated that an account of what Christ did, would fill more books than the world could contain, he told an impudent, reckless falsehood, of
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which the conscientious John was wholly incapable.
After the last sentences of the 20th chapter, the word, "Amen" (be it so), comes in appropriately, benignantly, prayerfully.
* * * Believing, in order that you might become possessed of Life, by means of His power. Amen."
A beautiful, serene, soul-loving con- clusion, and prayer!
But contrast with it, the last sen- tence of the spurious chapter:
* * "I imagine that the whole world would not contain the books that should be written. Amen."
What was there to pray about, con- cerning those unwritten books? "Be it so" — what? When John prays, "Be it so," he means that we should believe in the Master whom he loved, and should, through that Master, attain Everlasting Life. Fervently, could he say, "Amen," to that holy wish. But as to those books which nobody had written, and which the whole world could not contain, where was the sense of the "Amen"— be it so ?
"Amen," what? There is an utter lack of propriety in the use of the word, at the end of so absurd a verse, as the last one of the forged chapter.
The amazing thing is, that our Prot- estant scholars and theologians should have meekly accepted this stupid fraud, as genuine Scripture. I venture to say that all Romanist scholars and theolo- gians are in the secret of the forgery; and, also, of the interpolations, in other chapters which were made to give sup- port to the spurious chapter.
Verse 32, Chap. XXVI. of Matthew, is an interpolation. It reads, "But after I am risen again, I will go before you into Galilee."
Other Gospels are similarly altered, for the purpose of placing the risen Christ in Galileo.
Omit those interpolations, and you have left, a perfectly consistent, intelli-
gible account of Christ after the resur- rection. Hold to the interpolations, and you have a conflicting, confused, inexplicable narrative on your hands.
Mary Magdalene and the other Mary approach the sepulchre, where the Angel has rolled away the stone, and where he instructs them what to do. They are directed to return into the City and tell the disciples that Jesus is risen from the dead. They speed away on the mission, and Christ sud- denly appears, hailing them. What does He say to them?
John, who heard Mary's account of the Lord's words, writes this: "Go to my brethren and tell them that I ascend unto My Father, and your Father ; and to My God, and your God."
Matthew, reporting the same mes- sage, has it —
"Go tell my brethren that they go into Galilee, and there they shall see Me."
I have no doubt whatever that the words which come after "brethren," in Matthew, were originally the same as those in John. Both these Apostles heard Mary Magdelene's report of the message, and it is impossible for one of them to have understood it so differ- ently from the other.
Neither clo I doubt that Matthew's Gospel originally ended with the sen- tence, "They accordingly took the money, and did as they were taught: and this saying is commonly reported among the Jews, to this day."
Consider verse 16: "The eleven dis- ciples, however, went to Galilee, to the mountain where Jesus had directed them, and seeing Him, etc."
When had He directed them to meet Him at a designated mountain? He did not say anything to the Marys about a rendezvous at a mountain. Mary Magdelene said nothing to the disciples about any mountain.
Yet, the forger of this passage rep- resents Jesus as having named the
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mountain where lie would meet them, and as meeting them there, accordingly. This forger forgot that the fraudulent 21st. John put the meeting at tin shore of Tiberias; and that the dis- ciples, there, were not expecting Jesus, at all. In the spurious 21st John. there is no hint of a meeting by appoint- ment, but quite the opposite. In t In- spurious 21st John, Christ docs no preaching: in the addenda to Matthew, he does. And that preaching is but a repetition of what he had already often said.
Now, let us follow tlic interpolation into Mark, Chap. XVI., verse 6:
"But go your way tell His disciples, and Peter, that He goeth before you into Galilee: there shall ye see Him, as He said unto you."'
Note the separate mention of Peter, here. His disciples, and Peter. In no anthentic Scripture is this distinction awarded him. But in this passage the Lord Himself is made to give Peter a pre-eminence over all the others — a thing which He most emphatically refused to do, in the authentic parts of the Gospel.
It is proper for me to state that Mark's Gospel should end, with verse 8. The remainder of the last chapter was added by later hands. They differ altogether in style and language from the remainder of the book. Christ was wholly incapable of telling his disciples that those who believed in Him could handle snakes, with impunity; take deadly poison, without injury; cure the sick, by the laying on of hands; cast out devils, and speak new languages.
The older manuscript Bibles do not contain those last 14 verses. (See, New Testament in Modern English, by Fen- ton, the English scholar.)
I am absolutely certain that verses 41 and 42 of Luke are interpolations, made to bear out the alleged eating of broiled fish, on the shore of the Sea of Tiber- ias. The question, "Have you any
meat '." is the same that is put into the mouth of Jesus, in the forged 21st John. The food is the same, with the variation that the fish was baked. And the resurrected Christ is represented as eating this baked fish, with honey, and without bread.
Now. at Jerusalem, fish was not a common article of food; while to eat it. with honey, alone, is something that no Jew evi r did. Never.
The forger was thinking of John the Baptist, and his locusts and wild honey; and he, therefore, made the meal of the risen Christ consist of fish — to corrobo- rate 21st John — and of honey, to sound like the account of the Baptist's rude diet.
Bear in mind that the Romanists forged the "Testament of the twelve Patriarchs," which Chryostom trans- lated into Greek. They manufactured ••Testaments" for Moses, Enoch and Joseph. It was in their faked "Book of Enoch*' that they published the story of the revolt of the Angels, and of their being cast into Hell, where they became devils whose mission in life is to tempt mankind. Milton's "Paradise Lost" is founded on the fabricated "Book of Enoch."
The Romanists forged a correspon- dence between Seneca and Paul. They forged that Letter from Christ to the King of Edessa, which we even now see in the papers, occasionally. Faulty in their chronology, they give the letter a date when Edessa was a province of Rome, and had no King.
They forged "The Travels of St, Peter," the "Apocalypse of St. Peter"; the "Acts of St. Peter;" the "Doctrine of St. Peter;" the "Judgement of St. Peter"; and the "Preaching of St. Peter." The forged corresponding books for Paul. They forged the Acts of Pilate, and the Shepherd of Hermas; and they composed the romance of the dispute, before the Roman Emperor, between Paul and Simon, the Magi-
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cian. Paul and Simon both flew up into the air — a sort of aerial Jack and Jill performance. Jack, the Magician, fell down, and broke his leg; but Paul did not come tumbling, after. Paul remained up, while Simon was tumb- ling; and then made his own descent at leisure.
The crowning triumph of Papal imposture was the composition of a letter from St. Peter, in Heaven, to King Pepin and his sons. That forgery reads as follows :
"Peter, called an Apostle by Jesus Christ, Son of the Living God, etc. — As through me the whole Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman Church, the Mother of all other Churches, is founded on a Rock, and to the end that Stephen, Bishop of the beloved Church of Rome — and that virtue and power may be granted by our Lord to rescue the Church of God out of the hands of its persecutors: To you, most excel- lent princes, Pepin Charles, and Carlo- man, and to all the holy Bishops and Abbots, Priests and Monks, as also to Dukes, Counts, and people, I, Peter the Apostle, etc., I conjure you; and the Virgin Mary who will be obliged to you, gives you notice, and commands you, as do also the thrones, dominions * * * * If you will not fight for me, I declare to you by the Holy Trinity, and
my Apostleship, that you shall have no share in Paradise."
Pepin was a wise rogue and usurper: he pretended to believe in this heavenly postal system; and it was not long before he was in Lombardy, fighting for his Pappy.
When facile pens and pliant con- sciences were doing so much of this kind of work, who can be surprised that some tinkering should be done on the Bible? It was easy to do, for the Roman priests had exclusive possession of the few manuscript copies that had not been destroyed by Roman and Moslem persecution.
In the translations from the Greek to other tongues, the Bible has often been falsified by the Romanists. For instance, in the French version of the Xew Testament, the Acts of the Apostles — XIII. 2 — occurs "The sacri- fice of the M ass."
In Corinthians — III. 1 occurs, "The fire of Purgatory."
In the same, VII. 10, "Tho Sacra: in' nt of Marriage."
In Galatians, III. 1, "Christ Por- tray eel he fore their eyes."
In Timothy, IV. 1, "From the Roman faith."
Of other forgeries, upon which have been built some of the most arrogant pretensions of Rome, I will write, in a subsequent article.
LDPIANS CORNER
H> ■lyJ/jL
07^9€ts/
Some Reminiscences of the Firing Line
Old Gray and the Colts
I REMEMBER my father having related an interesting event when Gen. Sherman made his famous raid through Mississippi in the year 1864.
My father lived on one of those old plantations in the eastern part of the State, with its ante-bellum home, its negroes and negro quarters, where cot- ton was grown, as were also fine horses and fine hogs. The smoke-house was always full of meat, made fat from the moss in the deep swamp, and the lots and pasture were always full of fine colts and home-raised horses.
It was in the early spring, when nature was just beginning to assert itself, and all was fixing for the new crop, when the dreaded news came that Sherman 's army was at Quitman and coming our way, in its destructive course, as fast as an army could move. A wild courier had brought the news (no telegraphing then), and sped on to the next home to break the news of the impending danger and destruction. The old plantation was immediately a-stir — the usual tranquil haze of the place was now changed, in a twinkling,
to one of wild rush and hurry. The plantation bell was rung — it was always a call of the hands from the field. In a short while brought the whole force; the rattling of chains, the rumble of wagons and the braying of horses, equaled the revel of a young army itself — but this was no gathering of forces to combat Gen. Sherman. No, indeed. "We had heard of this mighty general and his army before — of the burned and robbed homes left in his wake, and now our home was in his path, and all we hoped to do was to save all movable property. Every negro, every horse, and every wagon, was brought into requisition, and every movable thing loaded up to be carried as far out of the path of these maraud- ers as possible.
The negroes were to be hopefully trusted, and by nightfall the decks were cleared, and the scene again became a tranquil one. Old Gray, who served only as leader to and from the pasture for the many wild colts on the place, had been carried with his accompany- ing cavalry to a pasture of safety, sev- eral miles away, up the creek. And as the shade of night came on, and the
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moon lifted itself above the eastern wood — there was no sound at all, save the murmur of the distant river, or hoot of some old owl in the swamp — every- body was gone in hiding, except the women and children of the home, and our old trusty negro, who served the family always. But there was no sleep for those — the imaginary hoof-beats in the distance would start every heart palpitating and a chill of terror to pen- etrate every frame, but still the dreaded onslaught did not come, and still the scene lay quiet in the now beaming- moonlight. The old roof was still there to shelter, and the young child had suc- cumbed to sleep, and the weary, shaken nerves of the women had begun to soothe under the more hopeful spell.
The clock hands had just passed the 3 o'clock hour, the first cock-crow had come faintly over the hills, when — Oh my God ! what sound was that? What dreadful clattering of hoofs ! What neighing of horses! Sherman's mounted force had come at last ! Soon the old home would be a smouldering mass, and soon the sleeping child would be driven from its rest, to face that of which it had heard only in an incomprehensible way. The old negro had heard, and he was up and out, that he might see and stay, if possible, the dreaded foe; but —
"De Lawd bless my soul ! if here ain't Old Gray and dem colts, done got out of de pasture and come home !"
Pachvta, Miss. G. K. Evans.
A Reminiscence From the Firing Line
How we hang on to life ! Escaping the perils of shot and shell, of prison and pestilence, and still spared too many of us to drag out an old age of poverty and dependence, at best rele- gated to the cold, unsympathetic care of a Confederate Home, old Father Time seems reluctant to strike; but the line grows thin, the gaps wide and fre-
quent. "Close up," forward, the bat- tlements are almost won! Old Com- rades, "We will come, we will come."
The mortuary reports of the daily press read:
"Mr , Old Confederate, Co. A,
th Regiment, aged 70.
"Mr. , Co. „, ____th S. C.
Regiment, aged 75.
"Capt. , Co. __, th Regi- ment, aged 78, etc.
"Sergeant Caleb Snyder, Co. A, 3d Miss. Cavalry, Col. Wirt Adams."
This obituary brings to the memory of an old comrade a war incident of such common occurrence that it is per- haps never heard of outside the imme- diate regimental headquarters, unless in case of failure or disaster, as in the case of a Hale or an Andre, when the chief actors may have a paragraph accorded them in history.
"Three men, mounted and armed, to report to headquarters for special duty," was the order. Caleb Snyder, Sim Anderson, one of the kids of Co. A, noted for his reckless, daredevil brav- ery, and long since answered his last roll-call, and the writer, the senior, were the detail.
Drawn up in front of the Colonel's tent, the Adjutant gave us the follow- ing orders: "A certain Mr. C ,
an old farmer, prominent as a sort of patriarch in his community, is sus- pected of being in communication with and giving information to the enemy, and his arrest is required," then, after giving us all the avail- able information as to identity, locality, surrounding roads of approach, etc., the Colonel stepped forward and addressed us in about these words : "Boys, you are going on a dan- gerous mission. After you pass our advanced pickets, remember that you are within the enemy's lines, and if cap- tured, will be shot as spies. Therefore you must be very cautious and watch- ful, avoid as far as possible the high-
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WATSON'S MAGAZINE.
ways and frequented paths, as you are liable to encounter scouting and forag
ing parties at any time. Locale your man, make the arrest as quickly and
quietly as possible, and get away with all speed."
With these instructions we left camp in the early afternoon, passing the pick- ets, and with all additional information we could gather as to road-, etc., set out on our (as we believed) 20-mile ride, aiming to reach our destination and make the arrest before daylight. Owing to our uncertainty as to the route and our frequent detours to avoid settlements or houses, the day was ju-t dawning when we came in sight of the house, which we easily located, having no near neighbors, and after a hasty survey of the surroundings and plan- ning our approach, we separated, two going in opposite directions to approach from the rear, and after a sufficient wait we made a rush for the house, the writer going directly to the front, and just as I reached the gate, an old grey- haired and somewhat feeble-looking man came out the door. I greeted him good morning and asked, "Are you Mr.
C ?" He replied that he was,
and without further parley I opened the gate and rode up to the step. I apologized for the untimely visit; told him I was sorry for my unpleasant mis- sion, but that he was wanted and would have to go with us to the Confederate headquarters. He then realized the sit- uation and began to explain, saying that some of his neighbors had been telling lies on him; that he would come to camp and make things clear. In the meantime, my two comrades were already on the ground, and the house- hold aroused. Two females, whom we took to be his wife and daughter, with several children, were around protest- ing and pleading, but finally he made a show of acquiescence and started to go back into the house, as he said, to pack his clothes. Of course, we could
not lose sight of him. particularly as We were in close proximity to the enemy
and time was pressing.
Directing his wife to pack up his necessary clothes, we ordered a negro boy who had appeared on the scene to saddle his horse, and in 15 or 20 min- utes we were on our way back to our lines, making the negro take hold of the tail of his master's horse and fall into the procession, to guard against his going to the enemy to report the arrest. Making all speed our already jaded horses could put forth, until the negro could no longer keep up. we allowed him to drop out. feeling very certain that he would not be able to get to the enemy before we would be well on our way to our lines and safety. We redoubled our speed, until we arrived at our pickets, where we were glad to hault for a rest, having been in the saddle for 18 hours.
TVe delivered our prisoner at head- quarters at the same hour that we had left cam]) the preceding day.
Anonymous.
TRe Captain's Bet
Years ago, in ante-bellum days, Cap- tain Travers, of the th Troop, was
known throughout the army as a man who dearly loved a wager, and rarely, if ever, lost one.
In the same troop was Major Britton, a heavy, conceited, pompous officer, who thought less of military tactics than he did of his personal appearance, and was often the subject of ridicule among his men, when his back was turned, for his dandyism.
The troop at that time wTas stationed
at Fort , on the frontier, and
though they had many lively brushes with the Indians, there were often leisure hours when time hung heavy on the soldiers' hands, and they were ready to seize upon any and every occa- sion that promised amusement for even a moment.
REMINISCENCES FROM FIRING LINE.
913
Captain Travels was once seated with several of his brother officers, in what was called their club-room, where bright lights, a cheerful fire and a table sup- plied with newspapers, some of them a week old when received, and popular magazines of the clay, brought out by the Overland Stage Company, made a pleasant place for rendezvous on a win- ter's night for the unmarried men of the garrison.
The conversation had turned upon Major Britton, and one officer related, as illustrating the dandy, how the last time the troop had been suddenly called out to service, when everything was haste and confusion, the Major was found as intent upon the toilet he was making as though he had been going to a garrison hop instead.
"But the Major is game when it comes to ready action in the field," said an officer, in that gentleman's defense. "Oh, yes, old Britton will fight when the time comes," said another, "but he would fight better still if he were not so much afraid of soiling that immacu- late shirt of his."
"I will wager." said Captain Travers, who had as yet taken no part in the conversation, "that I can make the Major take off that same immaculate shirt the next time we all meet together in this room."
"Nonsense, Travers; how in the world could you ever do such an impossible thing as that?" asked a lieutenant.
"It is not as impossible as you think." returned the Captain, "and if any of you will take me up, I am ready to make good my word. For $50 I agree to make Major Britton come out of his shirt in this very room, where you may all see the act yourselves.''
"Good !" was the general exclamation. "We will take him up, boys, and treat the crowd on the $50 he is so willing to throw away."
But the Captain's reputation was not to fail him, even in so reckless a ven-
ture, as his comrades found to their cost, two days later.
A half-dozen of them, sauntering into the club-room, that evening, saw both the Major and the Captain seated there as though preliminaries had already been arranged. But there was too little in common between the twTo men to admit of such a suggestion among the others, who smilingly took their seats to await developments, fully convinced that amusement of some kind was to be furnished them by the Cap- tain.
For a while the talk ran on various subjects, and the Major, reading a paper, took no part or interest in what was being said around him till a fight, in which the troop had been engaged the year before, was brought up. Then he waxed eloquent over a charge they had made, which had ended in such glorious triumph for them, though it had well-nigh cost them their brave Colonel, who had been unfitted for serv- ice for six months afterward.
"I wonder you were not hit, yourself, that day, Major? You were under the hottest fire all that morning."
"I have been under hot fire a good many times," replied the Major pom- pously, "and, so far, have never yet received a scratch."
"How about that wound in your back, Major?" asked Captain Travers, with a wink at the man nearest him.
"Wound in my back!" exclaimed the Major, indignantly. "What do you mean, sir? No enemy will ever shoot me in the back, I would have you to kr.owr, sir!"
"All the same," said the Captain, quietly, "I'll bet you $10. Major Brit- ton. that you would not be willing to show the scar on your back from the wound of which I have just reminded you."
«By Q , there is no scar to show
you, sir, and I will prove it right here," said the Major, rising in great heat and
914 WATSON'S MAGAZINE.
beginning to take off one garment after divest himself of his last remaining gar-
another, in determination to vindicate nient and exposing his broad back to
his reputation for bravery. the general inspection.
"All that is not necessary, Major By this time laughter filled the room,
Britton," said Captain Travers, care- ending in a shout as the Major stood
lessly; "we are willing to take your before them, denuded from his waist
word as a soldier and a gentleman thai up, to settle the question of a scar on
you do not carry a scar on your back." his back, and though the wager was lost
"Yes, sir! yes, sir!" replied the to them, the men who had to pay it
Major, bent upon proving his own asser- could not but acknowledge that the
tion. "There is not a man in this room Captain was not without a peer among
but shall see for himself how grossly those who "bet."
I have been insulted," proceeding to William Herndon.
The Ashes at the Goal
Britt Adams
The night is dark, for tlie moon has set, While a film of cloud like a fisherman s net
Has cnmeslbed the stai*s in its folds; The whip-poor-wilV s cry is Jiuslicd and stilly And the murmur, low, of the rippling rill
A mournful cadence holds.
A maiden sits in a cabin door
And peers through the darkness there before
With eager, yearning eyes; And away and away, o'er hill and stream, Her heart goes out on the wings of her dream —
Beyond, where the city lies.
On the city's streets the white lights gleam, While the passing throng, like a hurrying stream,
Seems endless as onward it goes; There 's music and mirth on every hand While the rush and roar of the city grand
Forever ebbs and flows.
In a mansion, one too sad for tears
A woman — looks back through the by -gone years
With wistful, yearning eyes; And away and away from the city's glare Her^ heart goes out to a loved spot where
A little cabin lies.
By THE EDITOR
THE Emperor of Germany made a personal appeal to his country- men, just before the recent elec- tions; but his people did not respond. His extravagance of language and con- duct, his medieval conception of his office, his personal vainglory and pomp; his preposterous pride of ances- try, his studious and contemptuous dis- regard of the ordinary civilian, have made him one of the most unpopular
magnates of modern times. He, of course, knows perfectly well that his grandfather owed his Kaisership to an election; and that the powers of the office are limited by a Constitution. Therefore, when he speaks of himself as a Monarch chosen by God, he makes himself ridiculous. That his people should resent it, and make that resent- ment felt at the polls, is natural.
<****
What Germany did to Mr. Hohenzollern _N Y World
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WATSON'S MAGAZINE.
In-tead of combining with the Social- ists, on some reasonable programme of reform, the Emperor chose to ally him- self to another Divine Right poten- tate; and the two — Pope and Kaiser have brought Germany to isolation among the nations and to desperate conditions at home. Although the Socialists gained immensely in the elec- tions, they did not have sufficient strength to elect the President of the Reichstag. By their unwise persist- ence in voting for one of their own. they forced the election of a Roman Catholic. From every point of view, this was deplorable. After having cap- tured the German Rome (Cologne), and the old imperial City of Charle- magne (Frankfort), they have allowed the Romanists to outwit them as to one of the most powerful positions in the German government.
His Majesty, J. P. Morgan, was much displeased by the Socialist gains in Germany. He remarked that now was the time for the Emperor to show whether he is "man, or mouse."
Does that mean anything, in partic- ular? Does it mean that William Hohenzollern will be "a mouse,'' if he does not act "the man," by crushing Socialism with military force?
If the Hohenzollerns ventured to act upon the Morgan hint, it would not be long before they would have no heads to put crowns on.
T^HE British Parliament is again in session, and measures of far-reach- ing importance are pending. The gist of the Lloyd-George programme i-. to gradually distribute among the Have- nots, the property of the Haves. At present, I am not saying that this should not be done, but am simply call- ing attention to the fact that it is being done. "With enormous death duties, the income tax, the direct land-tax, the old-age pension and the poor relief,
estates an becoming unprofitable. When Mi-. Lloyd-George puts his Henry George ideas into effect, there
will be land for sale in Old England. It must be a very unobservant person who cannot delve into the secret of the
new legislation.
* * *
Many of those huge estates, in Greal Britain, had disgraceful beginnings.
People were goaded into revolt : and when the uprising failed, there were beheadings and confiscations. The blood-stained titles were transferred to
royal favorites, royal bastards, and royal concubines. Many a fortune, in the three Kingdoms, were the prices paid for betrayal of country. Others were extravagant rewards for well-paid military and civil service. These vast properties have been held together by entails and the law of primogeniture. The transfer of title was made as diffi- cult and expensive as possible. The shame of England lies, largely, in her land system. Apparently, it is doomed.
* * *
Great Britain is girding her loins for another expansion of her navy. This compels the other Powers to follow suit. Yet. nothing is more certain than that, if Great Britain should begin to dis- arm— actually 1>'<jh>! — the rest of the nations would gladly imitate her exam- ple. Public opinion would, otherwise. compel them to do it. But as long as England carries a chip on hor shoulder, all the Western world will be a vast military encampment, no matter how- deep are the groans of the taxpayers.
* ^ *
The higher officers of armies and navies clamor, incessantly, for more regular troops and more battleships. Great gun-makers, like the Krupps; and great ship-builders, like the Steel Trust, stimulate editors, lecturers, and law-makers, in favor of more iron- clads. When the Japanese war-scare has been worked to death by its Hob-
SURVEY OF THE WORLD.
917
sons, some other equally good reason is forthcoming. The latest reason for the annual increase in Dreadnoughts, in this country, is that Admirals and Rear- Admirals and Retired Admirals say we need the ships.
Realizing the significance of the growing power and prestige of Oscar Underwood, Mr. Bryan has viciously and persistently attacked him. This was "peculiarly characteristic." Mr. Bryan has never failed to knife any
—Atlanta Constitution
And they are adding $24,000,000 to the load
I
T IS with much discordant clamor, that Mr. W. J. Bryan becomes a subordinate personage in Democratic politics. His entrance of the back- ground is not graceful. But younger and more effective men have definitely seized the reins,
formidable rival— since his notable ditching of Free Silver's veteran, Rich- ard P. Bland, of Missouri. When Bryan was a schoolboy, and when the cause of Bimetalism was at its lowest, Bland was its indomitable champion. It was he who secured the Bland-Alli-
918
WATSON'S MAGAZINE.
son Act of 1878, under which about $2,000,000 of silver was coined each month, on equality with gold. In 1896, Free Silver was triumphant. As a mat- ter of justice, to say nothing of grati-
Tlirn when Hearst could, with Bryan's aid, have secured the nomina- tion, Bryan threw away his strength on old Genera] Cockrell, who was not a candidate, and who could not possibly
Same old Six=pence
tude, Dick Bland was entitled to the Free Silver nomination for President. But Bryan ruthlessly struck the old Missouri war-horse down, and he died, a broken-hearted man. * * *
be nominated, much less elected. Hearst may not have been the man for the ticket, but Bryan was the last man in America who could say so, without rank ingratitude.
SURVEY OF THE WORLD.
919
So, the attempt of Bryan to check the popularity of Underwood is in keeping with his custom. His first charge was that the Alabamian had shielded the Steel Trust : his next was
iron and steel schedules downward, last year; but he was overruled by the Committee. He has since reported a bill that slashes those schedules, hero- ically. Underwood, if nominated, will
Hon. Oscar Underwood
that Wall Street and the railroads wanted Underwood : his third was, that Underwood opposed the investigation of the Money Trust.
None of these virulent charges is true. Underwood, in the Ways and Means Committee, wished to revise the
probably receive the same Wall Street succor that Bryan welcomed in at least two of his campaigns. Whether Under- wood will be supplied with Wall Street campaign funds, and a Belmont-Ryan special train, as Bryan was, in 1904, we cannot yet know. We can't even be
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WATSON'S MAGAZINE.
sure that Underwood will gel Wall Street money, to the amouni of $30,000, as Bryan did. in L908. Bui we can be sure that the Haskells, the Roger Sul- livan*, and the Charles Murphys will never be any closer to Underwood than
they have been to Bryan.
* * *
Jus( one man stood between the peo- ple, and the magnificent legislation
wealth, and corrupt politics. The Cot- ton Bill was equally beneficent in its promise <>t" reduced prices to the con- sumer. The Wool Hill woidd have cheapened every blanket, and every woollen garment.
The. country owes political punish- ment to the man who obtained the highest office in the land by promising to revise the tariff, and who then used
Count Fosco, our President
which Underwood put through Con- gress. That man is the promise- breaker, whom we are going to beat out of his boots. I mean Count Fosco — or of his boots. I mean Count Fosco — our President.
The Farmers' Free-list Bill was the greatest stride toward reciprocal free trade with all the world that has been made since the Morrill Tariff began the terrible era of monopoly, concentrated
his veto-power to kill the downward revision.
But does not the country owre grati- tude to the able, tactful, and intrepid leader who steered those bills, under the hottest fire, through all the bristling lines of Stand-pat opposition?
O CAXDAL after scandal crops out in
the Taft administration. The
forged opinion of "Wickersham, in the
SURVEY OF THE WORLD.
921
Ballinger business; the seizure of the Friar-lands, in the Philippines, by the clients of Taft's brother — Wiekersham's law-partner; the sham "dissolution" of the Tobacco Trust; the real dissolution of the bull combine, in cotton; the immunity of the Sugar Trust; the appointment of the Boston negro to an Assistant Attorney-Generalship of the United States; the appointment of John Hays Hammond as Special Ambassador to England ; the breach of faith concerning the downward revi- sion of the Tariff; the veto-defence of the Woollen schedule, after having con- fessed that it was "indefensible" — all of these scandalous episodes had their origin in the same inherent lack of soundness in the President, himself.
When he personally shielded Maj. Beecher Ray, who had debauched his clerk's wife, the President became mor- ally an accomplice in Ray's ruin of the next of his victims. A court-martial of the inveterate libertine, would have exposed him, and put women on their guard. To simply transfer him to another post, was merely to transplant him in pastures new, where he could rove as an army officer of good standing, and therefore enjoy every opportunity to find fresh victims. The President has done nothing more discreditable, as a Chief Magistrate, than to thus abet a confirmed seducer of women. How did this railroad conductor come to be appointed Major in the Army?
the bribe was his "cruelty" to Morse, and Mr. Tni'l should have known it. The removal to the hospital, was to get him from the custody of the Warden mho col/ft/ not be bribed.
After the transfer was made, the rest of the campaign was easy. A human -riven was formed around the criminal, and no outsider could see him. Day by day. the comedy was played. Morse grew rapidly worse. He had several fatal diseases. He was a doomed man. Pie was dying. His only wish was to tlie outside of prison. He refused the privilege to go to the Hot Springs of Arkansas for treatment. Even that extremely suspicious circumstance, taught the President nothing. Hur- riedly, he pardoned Morse by telegraph.
Then, behind his human screen, Morse Avent to the hotel, where no out- sider could see him. Then, in the same invisibility, he went to New York to his Fifth Avenue palace. And now (February 14th), they report that he walked, "with a firm step," on board ship, for Europe.
Morse has never been sicker than his own doctor thought fit to make him.
Thus the man of the Abe Hummel perjury, the man of the Ice Trust mur- ders, the man of the bank felonies, goes unwhipped of justice, because, chiefly, of the President's structural unsound- ness.
I N THE pardon of Morse, the million- aire banker, we have another instance of the President's constitutional unsoundness. He must have suspected that the propaganda for the pardon was carefully organized, heavily financed, and mendaciously conducted. He ought to have known what was meant by Morse's attempt to bribe the AYarden. Immediately after the War- den spurned the bribe, the clamor against him was heard. His refusal of
\T ERY industriously, Mr. Bryan has spread the slander that Mr. Under- wood opposed an investigation of the Money Trust. The same House that elected the Committee on Banking and Currency was asked to elect a special Committee, to investigate the Money Trust; and it must be quite obvious that, if the House could not choose proper men for the regular Commit- tee, it could not be relied on to select the special Committee.
To take from the Committee on Banking and Currency, a subject that
922
WATSON'S MAGAZINE.
belongs to it, would be a direct reflec- tion upon every member of the Com- mittee.
As floor leader of the Democrats, Mr. Underwood is not to be asked to out- rageously affront one of his own Com- mittees. I heartily favor :m investiga- tion of the Money Trust, and so does Mr. Underwood.
T*1 HE sinister figure of the Roosevelt administration, was William Nel- son Cromwell. That infamous scoun- drel paid Mark Hanna $G0,000 to change the Republican platform, so that it wTas construed to favor the Pan- ama route for the great Canal, when the Government wras already committed to the Nicaraugan Canal. As every one who has studied the subject knows, the latter is the best route.
But there wras rich booty to be shared in the buying up of the French Com- pany's claims on Panama, and in the unloading of it, at $40,000,000, on the taxpayers of this country. Cromwell and Bunau-Varilla were the principal actors in the deal. Taft's brother was let in; Roosevelt's brother-in-law was let in ; and, of course, J. P. Morgan had to be let in.
John Hay, our honest Secretary of State, was victimized by this crowd; and he died of the shame and grief. Roosevelt brutally "took it" from help- less Colombia, and Panama became our national disgrace. Just how many bil- lions that elephant will cost our peo- ple, God, alone, knows. * * *
The sinister figure of the Taft admin- istration, is John Hays Hammond. That unscrupulous rascal was one of the plotters against Oom Paul Kruger and the Boer Republic. Hammond was a participant in the Jamieson raid, and came near being hanged for it. "We, in this country, may yet have abundant cause to regret his escape.
He is now in Mexico, plotting; and
trying to use the Federal Government of these United States, in his gold-mine speculations.
J. P. Morgan has :i portion of our army employed in the protection of his railroad in China: John Hays Ham- mond has another portion of it ready to back up his financial plans in Mexico.
Fine situation, isn't it?
When John I lavs Hammond became Taft's croney, and close companion at golf, he wasn't trifling away any of his time.
YX7 AS it a merely casual thing that a Roman Catholic was put in com- mand of our Military Academy, at West Point? Was it a meaningless incident, that the Roman Catholics were given a portion of the Government's property, there, for chapel purposes? Is it a negligible thing that practically all of the chaplains in the Navy are Roman- ists? And that two-thirds of the chap- lains in the Army are Romanists? Was it by chance that the Romanists acquired title to the heights which, from a military standpoint, completely command Washington City? Batteries placed upon those heights would sweep our National Capital, with enfilading fire — as irresistibly as the German guns, on the heights surrounding Sedan, compelled the surrender of Bazaine and
Napoleon I IT.
* * *
Why is it that street cars are free to Romanists? Why is it that the American News Company takes orders from Italy ? Why is it that the Wash- ington News Company fears to handle literature that Rome condemns? Why is it that the public libraries are grad- ually throwing out books which the Romanists are forbidden to read ? Why is it that none but Romanists are allowed to beg, in the Departments, in AVashington ? Why is it that you can't buy space, in any daily paper, to adver- tise books and magazines which expose
SURVEY OF THE WORLD.
923
the rottenness and paganism of Roman Catholicism?
Don't yon think it high time that we were organizing, to resist the aggres- sions and the immoralities of this for- eign hierarchy?
Do vol WANT THIS C0UNTRT RULED BY A LOT OV CHEMISE-WEARING AND PETTI- COATED Italians and [rishmen?
When Italians and Irishmen dress /'// male attire, we like (hem well enough; Imt when they put on the chemise and the petticoat of the other sex, the closer you watch them, the better for the other
Sex — ANT) FOR YOUR BLOOD-BOUGHT FREE- DOM OF CONSCIENCE AND OF WORSHIP.
Boycotted by the Roman bishops, who take a solemn oath to persecute such heretics as myself, a call was made upon my friends for $400, to be supple- mented by $100 of my own money, for the purpose of establishing an inde- pendent news-stand, in Washington City. The amount was quickly over- subscribed. After somewhat tedious negotiations, 1 have bought the stand. A telegram received this morning (Feb. 1-1), from Miss Tutney Bell and H. H. Bur well, informs me of the con- summation of the purchase. We are today shipping the first installment of supplies.
Thus, we are planting a battery in the heart of the nation's capital; and this battery will never cease its can- nonade, while there is the breath of life in my body.
Very insolently, very truculently, the Roman petticoat-wearers have been threatening us with an appeal to arms; and they defiantly proclaim their mili- tary organization, the Knights of Columbus.
Well, we are not a bit afraid of the Knights of Columbus. I don't ask them the least bit of odds. If those irearers of hreeches want, to slavishly obey Italians and Irishmen who wear
llshimmie8n and petticoats, it is their privilege to abase themselves, in that way.
f^OLUMBUS did not discover Amer- ica. John Cabot did. Columbus was the custodian of a pilot's secret. The pilot had been blown out of his course, and to the West Indies. He reached the Azores, only to die there. Columbus received him into his own house; and, in requital for this kind- ness, the pilot imparted to Columbus the secret which he had discovered by accident. He gave Columbus a rude map and minute directions how to steer.
Columbus was not one of the great navigators; and he never applied to any court for aid, save that of Ferdinand and Isabella.
He sailed on a certainty, for his chart was simple and plain.
Having landed where the pilot had previously been, Columbus began to kidnap the natives, and to sell them into slavery. Under the system which he introduced, the native races became extinct, in a frightfully brief period.
Yet the chemise and petticoat tribe have had a Columbus Day set apart in 23 States of this Union !
$ if $
The American manufacturer makes laws which shut out the foreign goods. He says that he makes these laws to prevent American labor from having to compete with the pauper labor of Europe. Having made these laws for that alleged purpose, the manufacturer proceeds to import the pauper lahor. With this pauper labor of Europe, the manufacturer reduces to starvation wages, the work people of American birth. And to induce the pauper labor of Europe to come over, the manufac- turer uses the certificates of Romanist priests, in which the European Cath- olics are assured that, if they will come, they will get steady employment at good wages.
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WATSON'S MAGAZINE.
Having conspired to ge< them to come, the manufacturer and the Roman priests share the exploitation of them: the manufactun r < xploits th. ir labor,
and the prh sts barti /• tin ir rot, s.
T
HE Chinese have forced the Tartar dynasty to abdicate, and a Republic has been proclaimed (Feb. It. 1912).
and yet our President, his Cabinet, his Supreme Court judges, hi- Army offi- cers, and his Naval magnates, all turn out. resplendently, to sec a Romanist pries! make a god out <>f u rice-wafer. When this rice-god is "elevated," every- body goes down, in speechless rever- ence ! We call the Chink a heathen; but he
The men who did this are not "neurotics
The deposed imperial family will con- tinue to wear their titles, will be paid $4,000,000, Mexican, a year: and will be allowed to occupy their palaces, wor- ship their Sainted Ancestors, and go through their do-funny business in their temples.
What a queer world this is! We write up the negroes of Louisiana, because they make a god out of a snake,
doesn't pretend that he can make God out of a bit of rice.
CAID President Taft, in his New York, Lincoln Day speech: '"With the effort to make the selec- tion of candidates, the enactment of legislation and the decision of courts depend on the momenta ry passions of a people necessarih' indifferently
SURVEY OF THE WORLD.
925
informed as to the issues presented, and without the opportunity to them for time and study and that deliberation that gives security and common sense to the government of the people, such extremists would hurry us into a condi- tion which could find no parallel except in the French Revolution."
Very gracefully does that come from the man who left it to a minor official to write the Presidential opinion in the Ballinger case; who was so busy playing golf that he couldn't examine the papers in which untold millions of public values were involved; who ordered the Army to the Mexican bor- der, at huge expense, when there was no excuse whatever for it ; who did not wish to appoint Chief Jesuit White, but yielded to "tremendous pressure"; who excused an unpopular speech, by alleging that it had been hurriedly dic- tated, "between stations"; who threat-
ened (he Insurgents with loss of patron- age, and I hen sheepishly faced about; who told the Senate, officially, that he had based his judgment on a written opinion of the Attorney General, when no such opinion was in existence.
In view of these indubitable facts, Mr. Taft's assault on the Referendum, and his allusion to people who act from passion, insufficient information, and without mature deliberation, is extremely impressive.
THE Illinois Senator whose seat was bought for him by the Lumber Trust, is still a member of the most powerful law-making body the world ever saw. He draws his salary, and he votes on every issue.
I put this question to Senator A. O. Bacon, of Georgia :
Why do you not force a vote on the expulsion of lorimer?
This one has come back, all right.
-N. Y. World
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WATSON'S MAGAZINE.
At it again
Will it be this way with Roosevelt? "N Y
World
THe Baby Show
WE are Hearing the end of the points, but with a gratifying majority Baby Snow, and it is quite of Southern babies, many of whom will likely that April will see the doubtless be famous men and women. last of exhibits of pictures. For the benefit of those who may
There have been some delays which want to enter their babies again in a were unavoidable: some errors due Baby Show, the Baby Show Editor largely to those who sent in pictures, would make a few suggestions : the hap- piest babies are "natural" babies. To dress a little baby or a child in unac- customed clothing, much of it stiffly starched, is to destroy every natural line and expression of the baby, and it
MARGUERITE JOINER. 2 yrs., 11 mos.. Tennille, Ga.
and some dissatisfaction at the arrange- ment of the pictures.
Some of the photographs "grouped" beautifully — the expression of the bain's face making up for the lack of background or surrounding — hence these pictures were chosen for the groups.
If it had been possible to extend the time for the Baby Show, it is likely as many more would have been used, as applications still come for entry.
This month's babies are from many
EDWIN M. JOHNSON, 10 mos.
is impossible to have the little one look natural or happy.
Simple poses, preferably out of doors, are best, and some of the happiest results have been noticeable in The Watson's Magazine Baby Show. All babies are lovely — but happy babies are loveliest of all.
928
WATSON'S MAGAZINE.
1. Elda Le Noma Barker, 10 months, Fairview, Ore. 2. Arline McGahee, 2 years, Dearing, Ga. 3. Lois Evelyn Smith, 214 years, Port Arthur, Tex. 4. Annie Lou Gordon, 6 months, Fortson, Ga. 5. Merle Loraine Stockton, 2 years, 3 months, Thomson, Ga. 6. Cole- man Jefferson Jordan. Baldwin, Ga. 7. Frances L. Huff 1 year, 6 months, Salem, 111. 8. Mary Mildred Holmes, 5 months, Youngsport, Tex. 9. Mary Sue Brock, 11 months. New Brockton, Ala. 10. Gladys Alline Matthews. 17% months, Byron. Ga. 11. Mary Alice Moreland, 16 months, Thomasville, Ga. 12. Jewel Thomas. 2 years, 7 months, Statesboro, Ga.
BABY SHOW.
929
1. Thomas Watson Stone, Sylacauga, Ala. 2. Thomas Rabun Jones, 7 months. Tennille, Ga. 3. James Edward Combs, 10 months, Locust Grove, Ga. 4. Henry Kallenbach, 2 years, 2 months, Tuscumbia, Mo. 5. Donald Leigh Wood, 2 years, 7 months, Eufaula, Ala. 6. William G. Ward, Quitman, Ga. 7. Orin Watson Chandler, 5 months, Bethlehem, Ga. 8. James Collins Highsmith, 2 years, 8 months, Chipley, Ga. 9. Thomas E. Watson Ward, Island, Ky. 10. Thomas Watson Outlaw, 2 years, 6 months, Mt. Olive, N. C. 11. Lee Aubrey Takewell, 2 years, 5 months, Farmersville La. 12. Tom Watson Mixon 2 years, Elba, Ga.
/
EDciornon/iL
DERflRTOEHT.
3
SOME OF THE CAUSES THAT LEAD TO DOWNFALL OP FEUDAL SYSTEM.
1. To what extent did the famous "Dred Scott" decision affect the doctrine of State Rights?
2. Is it not a fact, that the United States Senate has done more harm than good to the cause of the Common People?
3. Name some causes that led to the downfall of the Feudal System of Europe, and what system took its place.
IRA V. MAXWELL. Ball Ground, Ga., Feb. , 1912.
Answer.
1. Not at all.
2. It assuredly is.
3. The invention of gunpowder, of mov- able type, the Renaissance in learning, the discovery of the Civic Law of the Roman Empire, the organization of city workmen into Trade Guilds, the concentration of Kingly power, and the decadence of the Feudal aristocracy.
So long as mail-clad cavalry could ride down infantry, not protected by iron and steel sheathing, the Feudal lord was mas- ter. When guns came into the situation, things changed. The Feudal lord, and his great castle of granite, were no longer invulnerable.
The rapid increase in printed books tended to free men's minds of their inher- ited respect to Feudal authority. The scholar became more important than the warrior :the pen, mightier than the sword. From above, the Kings strove against the Feudal lords; from below, the organized laborers resisted them. Between those upper and nether millstones, Feudalism was ground to pieces. The Feudal sword became the rapier of the silken courtier.
But the world has gradually evolved another Feudal system. It is based on Special Privilege, or class-legislation.
Under the old Feudalism, the underlings were brutally oppressed by their Lords, but they were protected. No tenant or retainer was left to starve. As under slavery, in America, it was to the interest of the master to see that his serf had food and clothing.
Under (he modern system, the slavery is of different form, and t lie master has no interest in the life and health of the serf. T. E. W.
SOME QUESTIONS REGARDING EDUCATION.
1. Is not the present price of cotton conclusive evidence that the tariff on cot- ton does not have anything to do with the price?
2. Have there ever been any great uned- ucated men? What does it take to make an educated man? If a man knows and under- stands a thing, is he not educated in that thing, even though he cannot read or write?
3. Do you believe that Mr. Gompers knew anything about the McNamaras' crimes? 1 do not; but you know the evi- dence better than I. All the papers claim that if he did not know what they were doing, he ought to, and he ought not to have gone to their aid till he had the evi- dence. How was he going to find out? From Burns? Did Taft know what Bal- linger was doing? If he did, why did he not kick him out Did he have the evi- dence when he flew to old Booker Washing- ton's vindication, and said, "Dear Booker, you never insulted that woman."
CURLIE AYERS. Anderson, N. C.
Answer.
1. Yes.
2. The word, "educate," means, to lead out. .Most schools and colleges merely cram in, without leading out the mind, teaching the young how to think. We mould children, after a brick-yard fashion, instead of developing the individuality of each child.
Therefore, a man may have a diploma in his pocket, and nothing much in his head! On the contrary, a man may be unable to read and write, and yet he may be splendidly educated. He may be a strong reasoner, an eloquent speaker, a deep thinker, an inventor, a master- mechanic, a fine business man, a great farmer, a successful railroad-builder, etc.
Such a man can work through the book- learning of others, as the blind Postmaster-
EDUCATIONAL.
931
General of England did, and as our great Senator Gore does.
There have been many famous men who knew nothing of schools and books. Tam- erlane, Alboin, William the Conqueror, Kengis Kahn, Rollo, Alaric, Bohemond, Attila, Peter the Great, Ivan the Terrible, Canute, Charlemagne, Frederick Barba- rossa, etc.
3. Mr. Gompers was most indiscreet, in pronouncing the ^IcXamaras innocent, and calling the prosecutors "assassins"; but 1 do not believe that he knew they were guilty. He had a perfect right to stand by them until their guilt was established by law; but he made a great mistake in going beyond that.
By the way, I paid the Burns Detective Agency about $2,000 to trace the two men who were on my premises for two days, February, 1911; and. tne money was wasted. The Burns detectives couldn't even get a clue; and yet the men's tracks were still here, leading from my residence to the swamp, from the swamp to my resi- dence, across the open field from tne swamp to a little cow-house, and into it, within 10 feet of where I would have passed, had I continued my Avalk.
And 1 live and work, in full knowledge of the fact that the same deadly enemies who sent those would-be assassins here, will, some time, set them on me, again.
I know perfectly well what two politi- cians and what editor of a daily paper, employed those two undiscoverable men. They know that I know it. And there is no telling how much it has cost them to elude my unrelenting search for those two men, nor now much they have had to pay to keep those men from claiming the reward offered them, by me.
In Thomson and in Atlanta, I published the offer to pay either of the men $1,000, if he would go to one of my brothers, and tell who sent him to my premises. He was also offered immunity from prosecu- tion. Apparently, one of the men had repented, and he wrote me a letter to put me at ease.
Three detectives tried to locate the
writer of this letter, and never could. At least, they said they could not.
Few people will believe that we had a Carmack situation, in Georgia, and that had I not taken warning from his assassin- ation, my fate would have been the same as his — with this difference: I was not to be given the slightest chance to fight. To the erroneous notion that I always go armed, and to the well-founded belief that I am a dead shot, I probably owe it that I am still above ground. T. E. W.
A "GEORGIA CRACKER" WROTE "THE HISTORY OF NAPOLEON."
Hon. and Dear Sir: Last night en route from Atlanta 1 formed the acquaintance of Mr. H. M. Smith, Jr., of Richmond, Va., who defended H. Clay Beattie in his recent sensational trial.
Naturally, the Beattie case was retried and thoroughly discussed, but our conver- sation finally drifted to Napoleon and the French Revolution. Col. Smith is an ardent student of French history and informed me that his library contains about 17 different histories of France, some of them very rare. He has devoted a number of years to the study of her his- tory, and particularly to that period dom- inated by the Corsican.
Imagine how surprised and proud I was when the Colonel remarked, "And to think, gentlemen, that a Georgia 'cracker,' living in the backwoods of Thomson, wrote the best history of Napoleon I have in my entire collection, or that I have ever read. I want to meet Mr. Watson some day and tell him that I have presented to personal friends at least a dozen copies of his work."
I told Mr. Smith of my recent visit to Thomson, described your home and the big printing establishment, and assured him the rumors of your failing health were, like the reports of Mr. Mark Twain's death, "Greatly exaggerated.''
At his request I am enclosing his card herewith, together with his expressed hope of meeting you in the near future. Yours very truly,
H. E. FITZGERALD.
West Point, Ga.
THE MONEY MOON. A Romance, by Jeffery Farnal. Illustrations by Arthur I. Keller. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., Publishers. This is one of the books that you can read, again and again, with renewed enjoy- ment. The sentiment is never mawkish, the story never improbable. The charac- ters are perfectly normal, and vividly dis- tinct. The human interest is profound and sustained, and the termination of the love- making satisfies.
Little Georgy Porgy is as fascinating as Little Lord Fauntleroy — and perhaps more true to life. The Little Lord was drawn by a mother's partial pen, and we feel, all the time, that such a boy cannot live to be such a man. It is different with Georgy Porgy. The hero and the heroine, the leading characters, may overdo it, a little; but the old Sergeant and Aunt Pris- cilla are flawless. Their love story, deftly woven into the other, as the minor motif to the music, is an exquisite piece of work. It is absolutely unique, and is unsurpassed by anything in the realm of fiction, so far as this writer has read.
The volume is beautifully printed, illus- trated and bound.
The price, $3.50. T. E. W.
"THE LEISURE MOMENTS OF A TRAV- ELLING MAN"
is the title of a volume of poetry, by Oliver Allstorm, published by the J. T. Duncan Publishing Company, LaGrange, Texas. (Price, postpaid, $1.15.)
The book is made up, entirely, of short poems. There is not a dull or common- place one, in the collection. They possess an individuality, a wholesomeness, and a vigor that are quite striking. The subjects chosen are unique, and the mode of treat- ment original.
"How They Laugh in Texas"; "A Dollar and a Penny"; "Just a Mosquito"; "To the Sender of An Anonymous Postcard"; "The Way to Do It," are titles which indicate the unconventionality of this very original bard.
We give his "Wedding Bells":
Wedding Bells.
Do you hear those bells, O'Reily?
List how sweet their melody; They repeat the tunes o' blessing,
Tunes that are so dear to me.
Do you know those bells, O'Reily, Sound the same as long ago?
Only now their notes sink deeper, Somewhat like a song of woe.
For you know, don't ye, O'Reily, How my heart long years ago,
With my Mary's was united For the good priest made it so.
On that moonlight night, O'Reily, As beside that bride o' mine,
These same bells rang out the story, And my glory seemed divine.
And when now, just now, O'Reily, As I hear those sweet bells ring,
They bring back the heart o' Mary, In her grave a-mouldering.
Wedding bells, sweet bells, O'Reily, Lord, how sweet their melody!
Ringing out another's blessing — Opening a wound for me.
CORPORATIONS AND THE STATB
By Theodore E. Burton. D. Apple- ton and Company, N. Y. I have examined with some care, the book entitled "Corporations and the State" written by Thodore E. Burton, of this city. From that examination, I do not discover that he has anywhere pointed out a rational and proper method to gov- ern and control corporations in this coun- try. The book evidently has been written in the interest of what is now called, the "interests" and bo bolster up to a de- gree the contentions of the managers of corporations and captains of industry and finance. The origin of private corporations is a matter of but little importance to any one, and sheds no light whatever, upon the conditions as they exist today. A succinct history of private corporations can be found in any modern encyclopedia. Just
BOOK REVIEWS.
!):;:;
why it became necessary at this time, for Mr. Burton to give a history of such corporations, as he has done in the first chapter, except as an introduction to what follows, is not clear.
The question before the American peo- ple today, is not how private corporations came into existence nor how they existed. It is rather, what is necessary to be done by the states and the general government, to properly regulate and control them. No- where in his work has he set forth a new idea nor advanced any method that has not been talked about for the last ten years by the people, as to how corpora- tions should be managed and controlled. He has gathered together many facts which may be valuable to those who are not familiar with the origin and growth of corporations, but so far as shedding any new light on the subject, his book, it seems to me, fails entirely. Everyone knows, who knows anythink about the matter, that the corporations have by one process or other secured control of the greater part of the wealth of the people of this country and that their holdings are constantly increasing. If the present rate of increase should continue, it will not be many years before the great cor- porations of the country will own practi- cally all of the property of the people, and dominate and control tne general gov- ernment, as well as the government of the several states. That this is practically the case now, no one will deny. Mr. Bur- ton himself nowhere declares against the present methods of absorption, nor does he point out any rational course to be pursued to prevent the same. Everyone knows that the capital of the railroad companies and of the banks of the United States, through their officials dominate almost absolutely the business of the country and to a great extent the politics thereof.
He nowhere suggests any method by which the power and influence of corpora- tions shall be curtailed or destroyed. He nowhere tells of the vast amount of water that is in the stocks of the corporations of this country. He nowhere intimates that the aggregate capital stock of the corporations of the United States is com- posed practically of about seventy-five per cent, water.
He does intimate that combinations have been made of various corporations by which large sums of money have been made by those who promote them, and he utters no word against the legalized rob- bery perpetrated by those who have crea- ted such combinations.
He does not intimate that, if the capi- tal stock of, for example, the United States Steel Co., should be reduced so as to correspond exactly with the actual value of its holdings, dividends would be paid to
the amount of three or four hundnsd per cent, per annum on every share of its stock. He knows, although he says nothing about it, that, if such were the case, the people would not stand for such enormous divi- dends on the stock and that the products of that company could be sold to the peo- ple for much less than now.
He does not say anything about the in- crease of the capital stock of that company and of others for the purpose of conceal- ing from the public the enormous earn- ings made by them. He, like many other people, constantly parades the fact that the large corporations of the country have enormous capital invested in their enterprises, as though that was a matter to be proud of. He does not point out how this has been done nor does he sug- gest a method to remedy it.
His chapter on banking corporations shows very clearly, that while he knows how banks are run and what their profits are and the amount of capital invested and what their deposits are, he does not seem to consider that the people of the country have any rights or privileges un- der them, except to pay tribute to them.
Mr. Burton in that chapter shows very clearly that he knows but little, if any- thing, of the money question, for if he did, he would have pointed out a method by which the vast indebtedness of the peo- ple might be reduced and the power and influence exerted by the banking insti- tutions of the country could be curtailed and if need be destroyed.
Under present conditions , no doubt, banks are necessary to facilitate exchange, but just why banks should exist at all, he does not seem to know, at any rate, no suggestion along that line was made by him in his book. He does not seem to realize that every bank is created for the purpose of making money for those who own its stock; that the money so made by those, comes out of the borrowers, and at least, must be paid for by those who create the wealth of the country. He does not seem to appreciate that a bank is a sort of leach, fastened by law upon the people of the community where it is lo- cated.
The author does not seem to consider the great mass of people of this country but constantly talks about the aggrega- tion of capital and the manipulation of it by the owners of corporations and cap- tains of industry and finance.
It seems as though Mr. Burton should have considered the conditions of corpora- tions with respect to the common people, and demonstrate in what way the large corporations as now managed, are f any special benefit to those who produce wealth.
He talks somewhat of Rome, but fails to tell how the fall of that empire was
934
WATSON'S MAGAZINE.
brought about. He did not say that it was destroyed through the very proces- ses now in vogue, except along different linest (for their methods were different from ourst, which resulted i" the absorp- tion of the wealth of that empire, by a few individuals. In those days they had their Rockefeller, their Carnegie, their Astors, their Vanderbilts and their Mor- gans. Those people owned practically all the property of the empire and dominated the government. They obtained their property through physical force and not through fraud and trickery alone as is done now.
He knows, or ought to know, that no man can get by honest means a million dollars worth of property in an ordinary lifetime. Why he did not expose the methods of corporations and the individu- als controling them and show how the property of the people has b;?en taken away from them by fraud and trickery, by the captains of industry and of finance, I do not know. I suspect he is the public servant of those people and must do their bidding.
The whole book seems to be devoted to the interests of one class of people and they are the corporations and those who dominate them. That the corpora- tions of this country should be dominated absolutely by the people through whole- some and stringent laws, there can be no doubt. Mr. Burton nowhere advocates any such thing. The book was evidently written to be used as a text book. Like many other text books, it was written, not for the purpose of enlightening the public upon vital questions, but with a view of misleading the mind of the young and unthinking, and thereby prevent them from understanding the real nature of the question at issue.
The great bulk of the text books writ- ten on political economy and matters akin to it, are really of no worth, as they do not point out any way by which the condi- tions of the common people can be bet- tered.
Mr. Burton seems to be governed by
the opinions of the dead rather than of the living, for on page 3 of his book he says. -Two factors assume especial im- portance in the progress of the human race: Increase of population and associ- ation of the Individual unite, which make up population.'" This stat.mrnt is based upon the rule laid down by Adam Smith, Which he quotes with approval, and says that the rule was approved in the census report for 19 00.
That rule is "The most decisive mark of prosperity of any country is the increase of the number of its Inhabitants." Evi- dently, Mr. Burton believed that rule to be true. If he had stopped to think a moment upon that subject, he would have known that Smith's rule is not founded upon facts and is not true. If it were true, then the nations of India and China ought to be the most prosperous in the history of the world, and e\*^ry one knows that they are not. The fact that they are not, disproves Mr. Adam Smith's conclusion and places Mr. Burton in that class of men who fail to do any hard thinking, and who are governed by the opinions of the dead rather than by their own.
Mr. Burton's book is not a constructive work. It is a mere one-sided review of matters that are of vast importance to the public. He probably did not intend that it should be a constructive work, pointing out means and ways by which corporations of the country should be properly controlled by law and prevented from robbing those who produce, as well as those who consume, the products of the world.
The book is well written, but it has but very little, if any, value except on a sort of cyploatic review of the matters treated of in it. But it was not to be ex- pected that Mr. Burton would do anything else than what he has done in this book, for he follows along the same lines that he pursued in his other book, entitled, "Financial Crises, etc.", which was a work that did not do Mr, Burton any credit as a gymnast in the handling of words. "
Cleveland, Ohio GEO. A. GROOT.
n
FOR SALE— 5,000 Acres
OF BAKER COUNTY (SOUTH GA.) LAND
Located three and one-half miles from Newton, 6a., County Site of Baker County; eight miles from Camilla, Ga., and sixteen miles from Albany, Ga.
This land is bound on the east by the Flint river, having two boats and a ferry for crossing-. About 3.000 acres are cleared, and same is composed of river bottom land. Balance is small timber, oak and pine, large enough for fence purposes. ^The land is smooth and level. It is composed of a blackish-gray soil, with red clay for a foundation. There are not fifty acres of said land but what can be cultivated. This land will grow anything that is possible to be grown in the South. It is especially fine for pecans, r' The title is good. Price $25.00 per acre.
For further information, address THOS. E. WATSON, Thomson, Ga
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Read the Menu!
The following: are only a few of the many excellent articles which will appear in THE LYCEUM WORLD during the coming year. For the last twelve months THE LYCEUM WORLD has continued to issue larger editions each month, and every month the supply was exhausted, and orders rejected, before the magazine was off the press fifteen days. NO BACK NUMBERS SUPPLIED. These articles coal the magazine thousands of dollars, and during 1912 the subscription list is expected to grow faster than ever before.
THE DICKENS CENTENARY YEAR ARTICLES
1912 is the year when every intelligent person will want to know more than ever the influence of Dickens. Miss Veronica Freitag, the gifted public reader and interpreter of Dickens, has prepared a series of article that cover almost every phase of the literary career, the character of his novels, the influence of his work, and the importance of Dickens. She has given the study such earnest attention that she has felt a marked change in her own personal character. Send for complete list of these articles.
"THE EVOLUTION OF SUCCESS"
Thousands have heard Dr. Earl Douglass Holtz lecture on "Grit, Grip and Gumption." Many thousands have desired that this student of wlr.it really leads to success in life might write a series of articles, so plain, so sound, so interesting, and withal so practical, that benefit must come to all who follow the laws explained. THE LYCEUM WORLD is happy to announce that Dr. Holt/, has prepared a series of articles exclusively for this magazine on "The Evolution of Success." in which enough practical advice is given and entertainment furnished to pay any subscriber who sends $1.00 for twelve copies. Young folks and older ones, too, should read this series.
"THE WOMEN OF SHAKESPEARE"
The Most Remarkable Shakes- pearean Articles of the Year.
It is with more than ordinary pleasure that THE LYCEUM WORLD announces that it has just secured the services of that great Shakespearean scholar and lec- turer Mr. Truman Joseph Spencer, who will ' prepare a series of articles on "WOMEN OF SHAKESPEARE," which will run for about one year in the columns of THE LYCEUM WORLD. This remark- able series should not be missed by those who want the very best discussions on the great characters which Shakespeare pre- sents in his works. Shakespeare's delinea- tion of the different phases of womanhood, including sweetheart, wife, daughter, sis- ter, mother, friend, etc., is among the most remarkable in literature. Amons others, the following topics will be han- dled by this great writer:
CORDELIA, the loving daughter.
OPHELIA, the Rose of May.
DESDEMONA, the love that outlived death.
IMOGEN, the woman of perfect balance.
HERMONIE and KATHARINE, wronged yet trne.
CATO'S DAUGHTER, wife to Itriiins.
CONSTANCE and VOLUMNIA. Shakes- peare's great mothers.
ISABELLA, the saintly sister.
FIOW TO SUCCEED AS A LECTURER
The above is the subject that will be discussed in a most thorough manner in a series of articles by one of the most able writers and teachers Of English at the Speech Arts, Miss Christabel Abbott, Ph.B.. B.L.I., at present in charge of the department of English and Oratory, at the State Normal School, Geneseo, N. Y
All who desire to make a success of their lecture work, and all public speakers interested in securing the best results through public speaking, should be sure to read these articles. Miss Abbott took special instruction in the art of lecturing, and has for several years past consulted witli t lie best teachers, in order to secure reliable and helpful information, and the results of her study will be given In these articles. THE LYCEUM WORLD is the only magazine that will publish these articles. Those who desire to have the full series must subscribe early, for no hack numbers can be furnished. One article a month will appear for ten to twelve months, and among the subjects discussed are the following:
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"The Artist in Our Literature
99
W
IL will wager that you have no complete set of the works
of the man whom Lord Tennyson called " the literary
filorv of America"— the man who wrote the most effective
i~ ~f f.,<sit;^ noArv ever published in the United States— the man who
Afresh K^r^hors[ory"-the man who .invented the detective
story and the tale of mystery-Amenca s first real cr.t.c .
EDGAR ALLAN POE
Poe was the most cosmopolitan of American writers His best work belongs to The^ghest domain of art. His stories have admittedly served as models to su!h Creators as Sir Conan Doyle, and some of his verse is not excelled bv anv in our languange for music and imagination. H.s strong originality, his forr ? fine touch, and his sombre, yet beautiful, temperament, combine to throw a Jell over his readers and, as it were, transport them to another world.
ONLY 60 SETS NOW LEFT!
w
WE have an edition of POL'S works that we have called the FORDHAM LDITION; for it was in his tiny cottage at Fordham that Poe composed " The Raven." This set is in ten volumes, and contains over 3,000 text pages— each one printed in two colors with an ornamental border. The set is illustrated by 36 full-page designs in photogravure on Japan vellum with printed tissues. The majority of these illustrations are by eminent hands and interpret Poe in his various moods with un- usual power. The books are bound ir .three- quarters leather, octavo, with si Ik headbands An introduction is given by Nathan Haskell
OUR APPROVAL OFFER
Set Sent Free— No Money Now
IE. offer to send to you the set of 10 vol- umes, charges paid, for your careful exam- ination. You can look them over much more thoroughly than you would be able to do in a bookshop. Upon acceptance of them, all you need to do is to send us a first payment of $1.00. The balance may be paid at the rate of $2.00 per month until the entire set has been paid for. If, for any reason, you decide not to retain them, they may be re- turned to us at our expense, Simply notify us and we shall provide for taking them back. While they last, these 60 sets, which will be shipped in order exactly as requests are m£ received, will be sold without reserve at $lo.b0 ^per set This is a remarkable sacrifice and places a beautiful set of this great American classic easily within your reach. You owe it to yourself to secure a set of the masterpieces of this distinguished American while you have the chance— NOW.
THE UNIVERSITY SOCIETY
Dole, the well-known editor ; and there are brief appreciations by Longfellow, Burroughs, Tennyson, Doyle, Whittier, Browning, Haw- thorne and others. Of this edition, only 60 sets are actually left in our stock room— a mere fragment remaining from a special print- ing, the balance of which we have recently disposed of. One of these 60 sets may be yours— a beautiful and fascinating possession — if you let us know now. In a few days more they will be gone.
NOTL THF^SL TITLL5
This edition -de -luxe contains such world- famous stories as "The Fall of the House of Usher," "The Tell-Tale Heart," "The Black Cat," " The Gold Bug," " The Mystery of Marie Roget," "The Pit and the Pendulum," "The Purloined Letter," " The Murders in the Rue Morgue," "The Descent into the Maelstrom," " The Assignation," "The Strange Case of M. Valdemar," etc., etc.; such great poems as " LI Dorado," " The Bells," "Annabel Lee," "The Haunted Palace," "The Raven," etc. etc ; and such noteworthy critical articles as "The Philosophy of Composition," and "The Poetic Principle." A general index is included in the tenth volume.
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Send me for examination, charsres paid, one set (10 vols.) of POE'S WORKS, Fordham Edition. If it is satisfactory, I shall send $1.00 on acceptance and |2.00 monthly thereafter until $16.50 has been paid. If not, I shall notify you.
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"A Chinaman, the anecdote ran, found his wife lying dead in a Held one morning; a tiger liad killed her.
"The Chinaman went home, procured some arsenic, and, returning to the field, sprinkled it over the corpse.
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/. Complete Dictionary of the English Language.
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TRIAL OF JESUS FROM A LEGAL STANDPOINT
By W. J. GAYNOR, Mayor of New York City, and Formerly Supreme Court Justice Jesus was not the victim of a mob but was tried and condemned in a court of law. Wa3 the trial fair? Was the arrest lawful? What was the charge and was it a crime in law? Was the court duly constituted? Had it jurisdiction? Did the evidence support the verdict? Was the sentence legal? Was Jesu9 denied any lawful right? Ought the Appellate Court to have reversed the judgment had the great Prisoner at the bar made appeal? Judge Gaynor's judicial review of this tragic event is one of the intellectual productions of the world. Published exclusively in Vol. II Sellers' Classics just off the press. Daniel Webster's speech against a man charged with murder also published and many masterpieces of literature found in no other book. 321 pages. Price $2.00.
Vol. I. (distinct from Vol. II.) contains great jury trials and legal arguments. You hear Beach's burning words in the damage suit against Henry Ward Beecher for leading the plaintiff's wife astray, and the eloquent Tracy in the minister's defense. You hear Delmas in the Thaw case picture Evelyn's life along the primrose path. You hear Prentiss in Kentucky's greatest murder trial and Susan B. Anthony's dramatic response to the court that condemned her. You hear Clarence Darrow and Senator Borah in Haywood's recent trial, and you stand for two hours with the mighty Voorhees as he invokes the unwritten law in behalf of an erring sister's brother who killed the man "that plucked the flower from the garden of honor and flung it away in a little while, withered and dead." You hear Ingersoll, Seward, Lewis, Rayner, Brady and other thought and language masters plead for the heart treasures of life. 314 pages. Price $2.00.
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Some of the Topics Prominently Featured are Herbaceous Plants, Alpine and Rock Plants, Bulbs, the leading florists' flowers. Chrysanthemums, Aquatic Plants. Popular Climbers, Trees and Shrubs, Orchids, the Dwarf Trees of Japan, Ferns, Window and Room Gardening, Town and Suburban Gardening, Floral Decorations, the Greenhouse and Con- servatory, Fruits, every kind of Vegetable, etc.
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HISTORY HISTORY mSTORY HISTORY HISTORr mSTORY HISTOfO HISTORY HISTORY WORLD -WORU :WPR"LD WORLD WORLD WORLD WORLD WORLD WORLD
RIDPATH VOL. I.
EGYPT
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ASSYRIA.
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PERSIA
RIDPATH VOL.11.
R1DPATH R.DPATH |&>ATH RIDPATH RIDPATH RIDPATH RIDPATH
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tND THE ENGLISH r REVOLUTION. ?„■' AGE' OF
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ROME. ASCENDENCY tVe:KING5 ,R^"T'0N- ' "C EMTeR» HIMPE AWDAWN Of
TMEKING0OM.THEM0KAKME3AN NEW WQRLD fr?d"HEGREAT "NITEOSTATES „,„„„ AMERlCAH THETWEt1,,lTH THE REPUBLIC. *«HBEN« : ■ , AND e AGE 0F GREATBRITAI« STAT£S
the empire F~«AN°£5. 'Formation revolution. ^ wm^sm _
Royal octavo volumes, encyclopedia size, 1 1 in. tall, 8 in. wide, 2 in. thick, weighs 55 lbs.
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He throws the mantle of personality over the old heroes of history. Alexander is there, — patriot, warrior, statesman, diplomat, — crowning'the glory of Grecian history. Xerxes from his mountain platform sees Themistocles, with three hundred and fifty Greek ships, smash his Persian fleet of over a thousand sail and help to mold the language in which this paragraph is written. Rome perches Nero upon the greatest throne on earth, and so sets up a poor madman's name to stand for countless centuries as the synonym of savage cruelty. Napoleon fights Waterloo again under your very eyes, and reels before the iron fact that at last the end of his gilded dream had come. Bismarck is there — gruff, overbearing, a giant pugilist in the diplomatic ring— laughing with grim dis-
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Marit Antninttu / 1 I JFarie Antoinette, the ill-fated queen, *!?'!,, " ,he / centre of the most brilliant court in Europe,
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MUHLBACH'S HISTORICAL ROMANCES
"Twenty Thrilling Tales"
Here, also, we meet Frederick the Great, the eccentric Prussian, who, though he was endeared to his subjects as "Old Fritz," detested things German, always spoke French, and was not only the greatest general of his century, but played the flute like a master; Andreas Hofer, the Tyrolese patriot, who in his mountain passes with his little army for years defied the French and Bavarian forces sent to crush him; Napoleon (The "Little Corporal,") commanding victorious hosts and bidding pathetic farewell to the Old Guard — the Old Guard that could die but never surrender. Around such great historical person- ages hundreds of minor characters play their parts in these absorbing dramas.
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Joseph II. and His Court
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Berlin and Sans-Souci
Frederick the Great and His Family
Goethe and Schiller
The Merchant of Berlin
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Old Fritz and the New Era
Andreas Hofer
Mohammed AM and His House
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Youth of the Great Elector
Reign of the Great Elector
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What " Socialists and Socialism " Is
First: A book of 158 pages.
Second: An exhaustive study of the subject.
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Fourth- An exposition of the causes which led to the inequal- ities of wealth, and a statement of the remedies which would restore conditions to an equitable basis.
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The town of Thomson covers the site of an old-time Baptist church which was named Bethany. No vestige of the ancient building remains. Only a few neglected graves mark the spot.
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Two of the greatest sokliers the world ever knew commanded two of the best armies that ever took the field.
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ATTENTION! GUARDIANS OF LIBERTY
Desiring to advertise our Magazine* i prepared the following Inch ad., worded:
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"JACOBS AND C( (MPANY, i Some ( >fflce i
< Mint cm. Soul \\ Carolina, _- 1 i - 1 2, Jeffersonian Publishing Company, Thomson, (5a.
Dear sirs: We have yours of the 12th instant, ordering one-inch one time in our list of publications. We would be pleased to handle this order, bu1 owing to the nature of the copy it will be impossible. We would be glad t" have an advertise- ment of Watson's Magazine, bul the advertisement should no1 attack a Christian church if it is to he advertised in Christian publications. Five or six of our publica- tions are Roman Catholic papers: X*ou can readily see thai they would no( care to handle this copy attacking their own church. The remainder Of "in- publications are Protestant papers, and, of course, the" Protestani churches Rnd much that is offensive in the Roman Catholic Church, but as they are all Christian churches, we could ii'it see the consistency in their admitting anything into their columns which would attack plainly a sister church, ami think thai the copy would have to be changed in order to make it suitable for use in the religious papers.
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The denominational papers that 1 desired space in. are:
Alabama christian Advocate. Alabama Baptist, Baptist Advance, Arkansas Bap- tist, Florida Baptisl Witness. Christian index. Golden Age. Presbyterian of the South, Wesleyan christian Advocate, Illinois Baptist, General Baptist Messenger. Baptist Flag, Pentecostal Herald, Northern christian Advocate, Baptist Chronicle, Jewish Ledger, Baltimore Southern .Methodist. The Baptist Record, Mississippi Baptist, Central Baptist, Church Progress, St. Louis Christian Advocate, Western and Sunday Watchman, Word and Way, christian Evangelist; Social Circle, Round Table Front Rank, North Carolina Christian Advocate, Presbyterian Standard. Raleigh christian Advocate, charity and Children. Biblical Recorder, Herald Qf Gospel Liberty. Christian Leader and the Way. Baptist Oklahoman, Jewish Criterion, A. R. Presbyterian, Bap- tist Courier, Lutheran Church Visitor. Southern Christian Advocate. Christian Appeal, Thornewell Messenger. Primitive Baptist, Baptist and Reflector, Gospel Advocate. Cumberland Presbyterian Banner, Firm Foundation, Pentecostal Advocate. Religious Herald. Baptist Banner.
Of course I did not expect the ad. to be accepted by a Romanisl paper. The
rejection of it is on other and broader ground. What is to become of this country. where Romanists are so aggressive, and Protestants sO cowardly? T. E. W.
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