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A Thorough Study of Foreign Missions
This is a most important subject. It involves questions of statesmanship, as well as religion.
The Roman Catholics are encouraging Protestants to concentrate their attention on foreign countries, while the Romanists are concentrating on the United
States,
The Protestants are walking right into the trap.
Mr. Watson is appealing to Protestant churches to save America from the wolves of Rome.
His book contains 158 pages.
It is beautifully printed, on excellent paper.
It is profusely illustrated.
The price is 30 cents.
We send it post-paid.
Address
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VoLKn:N^
THEjf
WATSON'S
MAGAZINE
Vol. XXII : No. 4. FEBRUARY, 1916. Price, Ten Cents
THOS. E. WATSON, EDITOR
BY THE EDITOR :
SOME UNAPPRECIATED QUALITIES AND ACHIEVMENTS OF JOHN MILTON.
EDITORIAL NOTES AND CLIPPINGS
BY CHIEF JUSTICE WALTER CLARK, OF THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA:
" BACK TO THE CONSTITUTION.'
THE JEFFERSONIAN PUBLISHING COMPANY
THOMSON, GEORGIA
The Story of France
By THOS. E. WATSON
TWO VOLUn/IES—SS.SO
REVISED EDITION CONTAINS:
THE ROMAN CONQUEST: The Gauls, the Druids, the Minstrels, etc.
THE PRANKISH CONQUEST: Clovis, the Triumph of Christianity, Defeat of Saracens, etc,
CHARLEMAGNE AND HIS TIMES.
THE DARK AGES: Feudalism, Superstition, Papal Power and Tyranny, Religious Persecutions.
THE INSTITUTION OF CHIVALRY.
THE CRUSADES.
THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR.
JOAN OF ARC : Her pure girlhood; heroic mission; saves France ; burnt to death by priests of Rome ; then cano- nized as a saint.
THE ALBIGENSBAN CRUSADE: The Massacre of St. Bartholomew.
THE OLD REGIME: What it was in Church and State.
The Rule of the Harlots, both in Church and State.
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. The Dragonnades. THE REFORMATION. COMPLETE HISTORY OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION:
Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, and reorganization of
both Church and State.
In the preparation of this work, the author exhausted all the known sources of infortnation, and no work on the subiect has superseded his. It is standard, and will remain so.
Mr. Watson bought out his publishers, the MacMillans, and he now owns plates, copyright and all.
THE SOLE PUBLISHERS ARE:
The Jeffersonian Publishing Co.
July, 191^ Thomson, Geotgia
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Watson's Magazine
Lntered as second-c(ass matter January 4, 1911, at the Post Office at Thomson, Georgia, Under the aRct of March J, 1879.
ONE DOLLAR PER YEAR — TEN CENTS PER COPY
Vol. XXIL FEBRUARY, 1916 No. 4
CONTENTS
FRONTISPIECE— A Sonnet John Milton
ARTICLES BY THE EDITOR :
SOME UNAPPRECIATED QUALITIES OF JOHN MILTON 171
EDITORIAL NOTES cHND CLIPPINGS 209
SANDS {JI Poem) John Joseph Scott.. 175
BACK TO THE CONSTITUTION Chief Justice Waiter Clark. ^ 176
ROMAN CATHOLICISM'S ATTACK ON FREEMASONRY... Rev. W. L. Richard.. 183
<J1AR0N BURR'S LAST SPEECH 191
THE OUTCOME (oH Poem) '. Ralph M. Thomson.. 192
JEAN CALAS Edgar Sanderson, M. A... 193
Published Monthly by THE JEFFERSONIAN PUBLISHING COMPANY, Thomson, Ga.
A Sonnet by John Milton.
(On the massacre In Piedmont, of the Protestants, by the Roman
Catholics.)
Avenge, 0 Lord, thy slaughtered saints, whose bones Lie scattered on the Alpine mountains cold ; Even them who kept thy truth so pure of old. When all our fathers worshipped stocks and stones ;
Forget not : in thy book record their groans Who were thy sheep, and in their ancient fold Slain by the bloody Piemontese, that rolled Mother with infant down the rocks. Their moans
The vales redoubled to the hills, and they To heaven. Their martyred blood and ashes sow O'er all the Italian fields, where still doth sway
The triple Tyrant; that from these may grow A hundred fold, who, having learnt thy way, Early may fly the Babylonian woe.
Watson's Magazine
THOS. E. WATSON, Editor
Some Unappreciated Qualities and Achiev= ments of John Milton.
To the coinnion run of people, Milton's name suggests "Para- dise Lost", and nothing more. Canonized among the English poets, he ranks next to Shakespeare, and peo- ple are satisfied to let the verdict stand, without any personal investigation.
As to "Paradise Lost", it is a most extraordinary thing, that the only interesting person in the Epic, is Luci- fer. Of course the reason is, that he alone among the leading characters comes within the range of human sj'mpathies.
When old Lord Thurlow — retired from Parliament, the Chancellorship, and from active life — was being read to by his secretary, and had listened awhile to "Paradise Lost," he spoke up, and said of Lucifer— "He's a fine fel- low ; I hope he'll win."
Shakespeare was his Plays, and he was nothing more. Outside his dra- matic works, he was commonplace.
Tradition, rather than authority, says he fled from Stratford to escape local entanglements; that in London he did lowly work at first, but man- aged thriftily, and because one that "had leases." Revamping old dramas, writing new ones, acting upon the stage, lending money at interest, he accumu- lated a modest competence, which he took with him to his birthplace, on his retirement from London, apparently giving no thought to his literary works, none to his fame, and none to his posterity. Tradition says that he
died, much as Robert Burns did, from over-fondness for strong drink.
Did Shakespeare have any convic- tions f Did he have any principles? Did he care a button about government, laws, institutions, and the general con- dition of mankind? Was he mon- archist, or leveller? Protestant, or Catholic? Christian, or atheist? Was there any idea or ideal, purpose or cause, for which he would have given one shilling of his money, or one drop of his blood?
We do not know. He talked in all characters, appropriately to all; and whether Shakespeare, the Man^ ever talked, no one can tell.
Shakespeare was a writer of plays: he was not — so far as we will ever probably ascertain — anything whatever except that; and because of this limi- tation, he differs even more widely and discreditably from Milton, than Geothe does from Voltaire.
Shakespeare and Goethe were mere intellects, resplendent as the Czarina's ice-palace, and as cold. No human be- ing was ever caught up and enthused to a lofty ambition and sublime deeds hy any spiritual impulse, inspired by those two intellects.
While they lived, they moulded no opinions, demolished no shams, broke no fetters, opened no prison doors.
Supremely selfish and supremely adaptive, they accepted things as they were. They fought no battle for the under-dog, sounded no clarion of defi-
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ance to oppressive authority, sang no song of hope to the yokels bowed down in servitude, unfurled no banner over halted, impatient humanity to the cry of Forvmrd March!
Just two colossal Intellects, almost disembodied, dehumanized, unsympa- thetic: all for Art, and nothing for Man; all for mind, and nothing for the soul — such were Shakespeare and Goe- the.
The Cordelias and the Lears, the Desdemonas and tlie Otliellos, the Mac- beths and the Kiciiards — creations of the mind — may have filled their creator with emotion: almost certainly they did; but there isn't a particle of evi- dence that Shakespeare himself was an affectionate lover to any woman, a loyal friend to any man, a fond par- ent of any child, nor the stout de- nouncer of any Avrong.
Likewise, Goethe created his Wer- ners, his Wilhelm Meisters, his Her- manns and his Gretchens, doubtless in- terested in them profoundly as the children of his brain; but he threw off the actual women who loved him most, steered his whole life by the rules of intelligent selfishness, contracted no beautiful friendships, remained icily indifferent to the suffering of his country, and died at last in a discor- dant household, where his own son seemed to have never been loved into reciprocal devotion.
Two vast intellects, Goethe and Shakespeare; and there isn't a man or a woman in this world who thrills huTYianhj to the mention of their names, as all men and all women humanly do, at the names of Robert Burns, and Charles Dickens.
It cannot be said that Milton and Voltaire are popular in Amenca; but the reason for their not being so is self- evident. The churchmen damned Vol- taire as an atheist, and thus prevented his works from being read. Only the independent few know what a fighter of frauds, shams, and tyrannies that marvelous Frenchman was. Only the few know that he detested whatever was cruel and wrong in Church and State, and that he kept up an almost
single-handed combat against them, throughout a long career. Hated, feared, slandered, and persecuted, his life was not safe in his own country, and he did the greater part of his best work, in banishment, ^^'llon at the last, he could safely return to Paris, the city rose to meet him; and the flowers with which they stifled the t)ld hero, were not so much on account of his Epic and his Dramas, as they were a tribute to the soldierly fighter who had so long fought for human liberation.
The case of Milton rests on a differ- ent footing: his fame as a poet has overshadowed him as patriot, reformer, and bold thinker who was a century ahead of his age — a Christian who fought for the Roger Bacon idea, long, long before the Baptists founded re- ligious freedom in Rhode Island.
(Of course, William of Orange — "The Silent" — had established it in Holland before the time of Bacon.)
There are more than 0,000,000 Bap- tists in the United States, but it is to be questioned whether a dozen of them know that the John Milton of "Para- dise Lost," was one of the English Bap- tists, when the sect was small and weak.
There are perhaps 00,000.000 free- thinking Americans who believe that marriage is nature's best arrangement for the perpetuation of the race and morals; and that divorce is the logical solution of the problem, when both parties to the marriage fully realize that they cannot consummate its pur- pose— either from physical or from mental impediment.
But how many of the 00,000,000 know, that John Milton was the pioneer advocate of that kind of divorce, the herald of freedom to men and to women who find themselves bound to a body of death, in a fatally mistaken mar- riage?
The whole population of our Re- public is even now agitated on the sub- ject of Freedom of the Press, some try- ing to undermine it, and some trying to maintain it.
How many of the combatants on either side know, that it icas John Mil- ton''s masterly treatise on unlicensed
WATSON'S ^[AGAZINE.
173
printing which led the umy to freedom of the press?
Everybody who has made studies in that direction, is familiar with the pe- culiar principles of the English Revolu- tion of 1G8S, of the P'rench Revolution of 1789, of the American Revolution of 1770.
How few of us have been aware of Milton's previous explorations in those uncharted seas? and that his blindness came upon him from overwork, while he was writing his immortal defense of a people who had rebelled against a King, brought that tyrant to the block, set up their own government, and thus given the modern world its first tri- umph over hereditary masters, in- herited servitudes, and vested infamies!
Sublime as a poet, John Milton was superlatively great as a prose writer; and he was heroically brave, true, and steadfast, as a lover of Man and of Liberty.
"Johnson's Lives of the Poets,*' was once a standard authority, as his dic- tionary once was; but the latter is now prized as a mere curious antique, and the former is saturated with the Doctor's prelatical and Tory prejudices. His biographical sketch of Milton is not only imperfect, but malignant. The surly old churchman and king's man who wrote "Taxation no tyranny," against the American Colonies, and who said that our forefathers were a lot of savages that ought to be grateful to the King of England if he spared their lives, was constitutionally incompetent to write a fair biography of such a democrat as John Milton.
Dr. Johnson even sneers at and re- jects the anecdote which is so thor- oughly in keeping with Milton's char- acter as a man of unbending principle, viz. the story that when Charles II. offered to restore his office of Latin Secretary, and his third wife wished him to accept it, Milton replied:
"You, like other women, wish to ride in your coach; my wish is to live and die an honest man."
Let me briefl}' touch upon some of
the incidents of Milton's life, and then upon his labors as a reforming thinker and writer.
He was born in London, December 9, l(j08, of an old English family of the gentry, and at a very tender age de- veloped an insatiable appetite for learning. At fifteen he was sent to (,'hrist's College, Cambridge, where he spent seven years, obtaining his degree of Master of Arts in 1632. While at the university he had begun to practise original composition, and upon leaving school devoted himself, more and more, to cla.ssic studies and "polite literature." In 1638 he went to France, and thence to Italy in which he lingered more than a year. He spent much time in Rome where he attracted the threat- ening enmity of the Jesuits.
In his treatise in favor of unlicensed printing, he afterwards wrote of this visit to the Pope's city:
"There it was that I found and visited the famous Galileo, grown old a prisoner to the Inquisition, for think- ing in astronomy otherwise than the Franciscan and Dominican licensers thought."
This passage is particularly inter- esting to Americans at this time, be- cause the Vatican's American editors are denying that the Popes ever had an Inquisition, and are also scouting .the statement that the Infallible Church undertook to correct Galileo on a prop- osition in astronomy.
Returning to London in 1640, bring- ing a treasure in the shape of rare books collected on his travels, Milton opened a private school in which he taught Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, Almost immediately, he plunged into the controversy of the day — which was "religious", and therefore pecul- iarly acrid — attacking Episcopacy, whether Episcopal, Presbyterian, Puri- tan, or Catholic.
Like all original thinkers, Milton flouted the authority of mere names. no matter how high and ancient. Thus he says, in effect, that the Fathers of the early church are not to be consid- ered as despots of modern opinion. He more than intimates that he feels a
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contempt for these Fathers, whose Imowledge was limited and unsound, whose principles were weak, and whose reputations rest upon lar^je numbers of big, endless, inuneasurable books.
lie puts the battering ram to the system of tithing, contending that ministers of the Gospel should be sup- ported by free-will offerings.
Says he :
"The present ecclesiastical revenues were not at first the effect of just policy and wholesome laws, but of the superstitious devotion of princes and great men who knew no better; of the liase importunity of begging friars. haunting and harasf^ing deathbeds of men departing this life, in a blind and wretched condition of hope to merit heaven, for the building of churches, cloisters, and convents; the hJack reve- nues of purgatory^ the price of abused and murdered souls, the damned simony of Trentals, and the hire of indulgences to commit mortal sin."
So enraged were the Bishops by Milton's assaults upon their mercenary system, that a clergyman instigated personal violence, in tliese savage terms:
"You thajt love Christy and know this miscreant wretch, stone him to deaths le.st you smart for his impunity.*'
(Gracious are the amenities of re- ligious controversy, where the A^ested mtei'ests of any hierarchy are assailed !)
'J'he blows of Milton were so tre- mendous, and the trend of the times so favored him, that, in 1G41, the Bishops were excluded from Parliament ; and : in 1G43, the two houses — Commons and Lords — signed "the Solemn League and Covenant," which bound England and Scotland to the extirpation of popery and prelacy^
(Hume's History, Vol. VIT.)
It was at this period that the Bap- tists of England organized themselves into a Church, separating from the Lollards and Sacrementarians, in Sep- tember 1633.
ISIilton had been harassed by the pre- lates, threatened with prosecution, and suppression. His victory over Episcop-
acy ins})ired him to begin a campaign for complete freedom of the press. His opening broadside was the Areo- pagitica.^ which ought even now be re- {)rinted in j)amphlet form and sown with the sack. Had l)e given his mas- terly arguments and pleadings an English name, instead of a jaw-break- ing Latin one, its usefulness to man- Icind miglit have been enormously in- creased.
It is to be doubted wliether there is a nobler composition in the language: certainly it is more statesmanly, lii)- ertarian, broadlv important, and PER- MAXEXTLY TRUE, than anything Bolingbroke. Dean Swift, or Edmund Burke ever wrote.
In his much-praised pam])hlet against the French Kevolution, Burke was defending hereditary abuses and the English oligarchy: in his Letter to a Xoble Lord, there is lofty jyer- sonalism., seen at its best when defend- ing itself.
Bolingbroke and Swift wrote for and against the factions of the times, with an eye to personal preferment or ])ersonal revenge.
John Milton's "speech in favor of unlicensed printing," addresses it.self to all nations and to all ages; to u\\ lovers of literature, all lovers of liberty, all lovers of unshackled thought, all lovers of free debate.
That immortal undelivered "speech" yet speaks, more sonorously and con- vincingly to whosoever will listen, than all the sermons of prelates and all the l)r()clamations of kings and popes, dur- ing that 17th century.
Other issues will disappear: this v'ill not: even now the fight is on again: and Rome, true to her hateful system of laws, is bending her energies to throttle free speech and free press in this Republic.
We don't know very much what Swift and Bolingbroke wrote their powerful prose for or against : those fires are banked, burnt out.
We know, but don't care wliat Burke Avrote his tropical and magnificent prose about: those questions, too, arg
WATSON'S MAGAZINE.
175
Settled, and settled against the brilliant renegade who deserted Fox and Sheri- dan, to take service in the paid ranks of a Tory king.
But Milton's defense of free printing, and of the right of the People to de- pose tyrannical rulers and change the form of government — these belong to the Ages and to Humanity,
Ilis crowning victory, the complete freedom of the press came in 1694, twenty years after Milton's death; but the triumph Avas as truly his as w^as that of the soldiers of Sweden, won
after their commander, Gustavus Adolphus had fallen in the battle.
The space at my disposal now will not admit of my following Milton through his work under (Jliver Crom- well, his domestic troubles, his cele- brated controversy with Salmasius, his composition of "Paradise Lost", and his declining years.
nis tranquil death occurred in No- vember, 1074. He had lived GG years; and seldom indeed has any man left a golden harvest, so large and so rich.
Sands
John Joseph Scott
I watched them dig the sand from mother earth — ■
Stirred by the winds the grains moved everywhere- Like frightened beasts, which forage from their birth,
They scurried wildly, settling here and there. For everything existing knows great changes —
Nature, alas, is inconsiderate — - Time's passage, in this world, has many ranges
That mark the channel to the Golden Gate.
And, so are humans like the grains of sand —
Moved by the tides of life, they "cross the bar"— The rich and poor, forth from their native land,
.Must course the West, beyond the farthest star — And, like the sands, wind-driven from their places,
And soon forgotten on this whirling sphere, They drift along the way which fortune traces,
While snickering Time finds pleasure in a sneer.
Back to the Constitution.
Chelf Justice Walter Clark, of North Carolina.
LAW was long ago defined as "A rule of action pi-escribed by the •supreme power in the State, coniiiiiuuling what is right, and pro- hibiting what is wrong." Which is the body in this country which has tlie hist supreme word in logishition? Under our form of government we have an Kxeeiitive. a LogishUive and a Judicial Department. The theory in the law schools is that each of these is separate and distinct, and that neither can inter- fere with the other. Laying aside pre- conceived opinions and deceptive forms of expression. Avhat is the real govern- ment which we have?
The legislative is understood to be the lawmaking body, as its name im- ports. If so, it should be the supreme power here as in England. In what way does the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of the States place any restrictions upon that body? According to the Federal Con- stitution, and that of nearly all the States, there is only one restriction, another department can place ujDon the law-making l)ody. and that is that the Executive can interpose his veto upon any legislation which does not seem good to him, but the Constitutional Convention did not see fit to make this an absolute veto. For that would have placed the supreme poAver in the Execu- tive. The Executive was not given the last Avord, but it was provided that by a certain vote, which is two-thirds in the Federal Constitution, and varies in the different States, the veto can be overruled bj^ the law-making body, if it adheres to its views. This is in ac- cordance with the theory of our Gov- ernment, which is, that the law-making body is one of restrictions, that is, that it represents the people and has all power that is not denied it by the organic law. ^^Tiereas, the Executive and Judicial are grants of poAver and have no authority except that confer-
red by tlie Constitution. This is the statement made by Black Cons., LaAv Section 100, and sums up correctly tiie analysis of our State and Federal Con- stitutions, as they are Avritten. In the Federal Government, Avhich is not an oiiginal soA'ereignty, but the creation, after the Kevolution, of the States, the authority of the Federal laAv-making body is also a grant of ])ower, for it has, or correctly should have, no powers except those expressly conferred or nec- essarily inferred from those that are gi\en.
NoAv, as to the Executi\'e (both State and Federal), its only powers are those Avliich are expressly giA-en or derived by necessary inference from those that are conferred. The only authority given this department to interfere Avitli the othei's in any Avay is the A'eto al- i-eady mentioned, and that is not abso- lute, but subject to be OA^erruled by a legislatiA'e vote. In four States — Rhode Island, North Carolina, West "\^irginia and Ohio — the Governor Avas even denied any veto poAver. though in some of these in later years it has been conferred.
As to the Judicial Department, the poAver of the Executive over it Avas in the appointment of the Judges. This at first Avas very general, but noAv the number of States has been reduced to seA'en in Avhich they are appointed by the Governor, with the consent of the Senate. The control of the Judiciary Department by the Legislative Avas more complete in that in those States Avhere the Governor appoints, the Sen- ate branch can affirm or reject his nom- ination, and in all of them the Legisla- tive Department has supervision of the conduct of the Judges and can remove them by impeachment. In three of them— Massachusetts. New Hampshire and Rhode Island — the Legislature, as in England, can remoA^e the Judges Avithout trial, by a majority A^ote.
WATSON'S MAGAZINE.
177
It may ho inoiilionoci here that the common idea that the Jiid^res in Eng- land hohl absohitely and for life is a mistake. Up to the Revolution of 1088 they held at the pleasure of the King, who could remove any Judge at any time without a trial. " Since 1088 the Judges in England, as in the three American States above named, hold at the pleasure of the Legislative Depart- ment, which can remove them, as the King formerly did, at will, and with- out trial.
This being the status of the other two dei)artments of the Government as expressed by the organic law, what is the i)!ace contemplated for the Judi- ciary Department, taking the Constitu- tions as they are written? There was given to the Judicial Department no authority whatever over the other two departments of the Government. There was not conferred on it, as upon the Executive, any veto over the action of either of the other two departments, not even the suspensive veto conferred on the Executive. Its members were originally appointed in all the States by the Executive, save in those in which such appointment Avas subject to con- firmation by the Legislative Depart- ment and a few States in which the Judges were elected by the Legislature. It was thus the creature of one or the other, or of both the other departments jointly, and the members of the Judi- ciary were made removable, as already said, by the Legislative Department, and in three of them they still hold at the pleasure of the Legislature. In the Federal Government all the Judges of the Circuit and District Courts hold subject to the right of Congress to leg- islate them out of office at any moment. In 1802, sixteen Circuit Judges were thus legislated out of existence by Con- gress and at sundry times since District Courts have, in like manner, been abol- ished. As to the Federal Supreme Court, it holds its appellate jurisdiction "with such exceptions and under such regulations as Congress shall make." Cons., Art. III., Sec. 2, clause 2. In- deed, as to the Reconstruction Act, Congress enacted that the Court could
issue no writ to construe the validity of such statutes, and the Court issued none. The Judicial Department, therefore, is the creature of the Legislative Depart- ment, which from time to time can increase or diminish the number of the Judges inferior to the Supreme Court. The number of Judges on the Federal Supreme Court is not fixed by the Con- stitution but by Congress, which from time to time has increased or dimin- ished the number when it thought the public interest demanded; for instance, when it was thought desirable to change the ruling of the Court as to the Legal Tender Act.
The Court being the creature of the Legislature and subject to it for the extent of its jurisdiction and for its existenc-e — to a large degree — whence conies it that the Court has been exer- cising the supreme power in our Gov- ernment, i. e., the last word in leg- islation?
There is certainly no express author- ity for "Judicial Supremacy" of the "Judicial Veto" b}^ which that depart- ment assumes the irreviewable and therefore the absolute supremacy over the other two departments. There is not a line in the Constitution of any State or in the Federal Constitution to authorize it. If there was, it would only be necessary to point to the words and end all debate. There w^ould be no necessity for sophistical argument and we would be saved the absurd spectacle of attempting to support the authority of the Court upon the fact that some other Court, at some other time, had made the same assertion. The former assertion is as groundless as one made now, unless the authority can be found in the Constitution.
It would be very strange indeed if any Constitutional Convention had con- ferred the last and ultimate power of sovereignty u^^on a majority of a Board of api)ointive Judges, an authority which was denied to the Legislature by the suspensive veto given the Execu- tive; and when it had denied an absolute veto to the Executive. Yet the Judiciary, the creature of the other two departments until in more recent years
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WATSON'S MAGAZINE.
(in a majority of the States, but not yet in the Federal Government) the Judges have had the dignity conferred upon them of a direct mandate from the people by election at the ballot box. It may be noted also that this change from an appointive to an elected Judi- ciary Avas brought about as a check upon the irreviewnble and irresponsi- ble power assumed by the Courts of setting aside the action of the Legisla- tive approved by the Executive De- partment.
It Avould consume too much space to discuss the assumption of this power by the State Courts, as it has been more flagrant in some States than in others. Latterly there has been a further curb sought to be imposed upon the asser- tion of this supreme power in the Courts by the adoption of the "Recall of the Judges," in the State Constitu- tion in eight States. Those who, like the writer, do not think the "Recall of the Judges'' advisable, may well con- sider the fact that a free people will not willingly consent that the action of their duly elected Representatives em])owered to make their laws, and of their duly elected Executive, shall be brushed aside by a bare majority of a board of lawyers without any authority conferred. in the Constitution.
Have the Courts assumed this irre- vicAvable power and asserted for a ma- jority of the Court an infallibility which they have denied to the minority of the Court, and to the other two de- l)artments of the Government?
Taking the P'ederal Court as an ex- ample, a few instances will make reply. Not long after the Federal Supreme Court was created — and it will be re- membered that it was created and its jurisdiction fixed by an Act of Con- gress, the Judiciary Act of 1789, and not by the Constitution — that Court haled a sovereign State before it and passed sentence in Chisolm vs. Georgia. Immediately the people took the alarm, and the Eleventh Amendment was pass- ed to prevent the repetition of the sight of a sovereign State being brought into Court at the suit of a private in- dividual. It was fortunate that this
was done, for otherwise the docket would have been crowded, since, with actions by the American Tobacco Com- pany, the Standard Oil Company and railroad company after railroad com- pany bringing into Court the States whose legislation was not acceptable to those great aggregations of wealth.
The next assumption of power was in Marbury vs. Madison. John Marsliall was Secretary of State. In January, 1801, he was appointed Chief Justice and qualified as such and took his seat on the Bench January W, 1801, sti]\ I'etaining, however, his position as Sec- retary of State. rresi(k'nt John Adams having been defeated for re-election at midnight on March 3, John Marshall, as Secretary of State, w'as signing and sealing Connnissions when, as Parton tells us, as the clock struck the hour of 12, Levi Lincoln, with I'resident Jef- ferson's watch in hand, forbade Secre- tary of State and Chief Justice Mar- shall to deliver the Commissions then upon the table already signed. Among them was one to Marbury as Justice of the Peace of the District of Columbia.
Soon thereafter there was brought l)efore the Supreme Court, of which INIarshall was still Chief Justice, a pro- ceeding to compel Mr. Madison, the Secretary of State, to deliver to Mar- l)ury the Commission which Marshall himself had signed while occupying the double ])osition of Secretary of State and Chief Justice.
Instead of declining to sit in judg- ment upon his own act, Marshall, as Chief Justice, Avrote a long decision in which he asserted that the Courts had the power to set aside an Act of Con- gress, but wound up finally with dis- missing the proceeding upon the ground that the Court had no jurisdiction to issue mandamus, as the Act of Congress had not conferred such power. Thus in an obiter dictimi this vast and irre- vicAvable joower which places in a ma- jority of the Supreme Court the ulti- mate sovereignty of the nation became a precedent. It Avas knoAvn that if the Court had directed the Avrit to issue, INIr. Jefferson Avould not have obej^ed it. By announcing the doctrine and re-
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fraiiiin^ from any exercise of author- ity under it, the powerlossness of the Court was veiled while its assertion of supremacy was distinctly made. Later when Chief Justice Marshall, in an- other case, ilid assert the power to issue a writ of ejectment in derogation of a statute of Cieorgia, Andrew Jackson pithily said "John Marshall has made liis decision, has he? Now let us see him execute it." It was never executed and has remained as so much blank paper. The evil from the assertion of the doctrine of ultimate supremacy of (he Courts has, however, abided with us.
It was not again asserted as against any Act of Congress, however, for 54 years, and then in the Dred Scott case. The criticism of that decision by Abra- ham was sharp and shrewd. That de- cision, probably more than anything else, made the great Civil AVar inevit- able, and brouglit in its train the enact- ment of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments.
AYe cannot overlook the fact that the Court in reaching out for more power held in 1842 that a Corporation was a citizen of the State which had created it. Up to that time the Court had uniformly held that a Corporation was not a citizen w^ithin the meaning of the '"diverse citizenship'' clause of the Constitution. The result of this "change of front" was that Corpora- tions have brought their cases in the Federal Courts, in overwhelming num- bers before life tenure, appointive Judges, most of whom have been trained in the employment of Corpora- tions. As the President of one great railroad company said when he defied a State statute, regulating its rates, "The Federal Courts are the haven and the home of Corporations."
Later on, we had another spectacle. The Legislature elected by the people of New York, in the discharge of the police powers resident in every State government, passed an Act restricting the hours of labor of bakers subjected *to excessive heat in their trade. The highest Court in Xew^ York promptly held that the people of the State could thus protect the health and the lives
of its laborers. The case was carried into the Supreme Court of the United States and there by a vote of five in- fallible Judges against four fallible Judges the powers of the State were set aside and it was held that the great State of New York could not thus pro- tect the lives and health of its laborers, because it would interfere with the "liberty of contract." The reason given was w^orse even than the usurpation of authority. It Avas an insult to the in- telligence of the public, for everybody knew that these bakers were not seeking to vindicate the liberty of contract, but were asking to be protected in their lives and health. The decision of the Court was in truth based upon unwill- ingness to curb the powder of the em- I)loyer over the employee.
Further back we were treated to the spectacle of the "Dartmouth College case" of the Court holding that the charter of a Corporation was not a privilege but a contract, and therefore irrevocable, with the sequence that if a corrupt Legislature could be induced to grant a charter no subsequent honest Legislature could revoke it. There would be no place left for the peojile to control their own government. To meet this condition the people of the several States promptly made amend- ments to their Constitution by which it was provided that charters of all Cor- porations granted thereafter should be subject to change, modification or re- ])eal at the will of the Legislature. It was thus that the people were forced to regain their control over their crea- tures by nullifying the decision of the Courts.
For 100 years the Court had held an Income Tax constitutional. By this means, indispensable aid had been given to the party of the Union in carrying on the Civil AVar. But those who were called upon to pay the Income Tax, the multimillionaires and great Corpora- tions, again presented a case calling in question the validity of the action of Congress. The Court following the precedents from the foundation of the Government, but only by a bare ma- jority, again affirmed the power of
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Congress. Soon thereafter one of the majority Judges, having received possi- bly a wireless intimation of the views of the 30 men who signed the Consti- tution at Philadelphia in 1787, let it be known that he had exi)erienced a change of heart. A petition for rehear- ing was granted and then by another vote of five infallible Judges against four fallible Judges (with a change of personnel, however) the Act of Con- gress was held unconstituti(mal, though it had been passed by an almost unani- mous vote in both Houses of Congress and had been approved by the Presi- dent.
The result of this astoimding change was that more than $100,000,000 of taxes, annually, were transferred from those best able to pay them and upon whom Congress, with the approval of the President, had placed them, and were placed ujion the toiling masses who were already overtaxed. The peo- ple of the Union would not stand for this and again a Constitution amend- ment was passed and finally adopted. But in the meantime it is estimated that more than $2,000,000,000 were levied upon the producers of the country to the exemption of the great Corpora- tions and of the multimillionaires upon whom Congress in the discharge of its duties and powers had seen fit to lay it.
Other instances of this abuse of irre- sponsible power by the Courts could be cited, in the Fedei-al Supreme Court and many in the State Courts. But it should go without saying that irrespon- sible and irreviewable power is always tyranny. Even if its effects are not always as evil as in the cases thus cited, it is intolerable because it is in contra- diction of the will of the people upon whom we boast that our Government rests: "All power proceeds from the people and should be exercised for their good only."
Not only such power was not given to the Judiciary in any Constitutions, State or Federal, but in the Convention at Philadelphia there was an attempt to put it in the Constitution. It was voted down, though the clause was brought forward by James Madison,
afterwards President of the United States, and by James Wilson, after- wards a ineml)er of the United States Supreme Court. That Convention sat with closed doors, with its members sworn not to communicate any of its ])roceedings to their constituents, and a vote to destroy its journal was i)re- vented only by a bare majority. That Journal was not made public for 49 qears, and Ave now know from it that this proposition that the Judges should pass upon the constitutionality of Acts of Congress was defeated four times, i. e., first on June 4, 1787, receiving the vote of only two states. It was re- newed no le.ss than 3 times, i. e. on June C, July 21 and finally for the 4th time on August 15th, and at no time did it receive the votes of more than three states. On this last occasion (August 15th) Mr. Mercer thus sum- med up the thought of the Convention: "He disapproved of the doctrine that the judges as expositors of the Consti- tution, should have authority to de- clare a law void. He thought laws ought to be well and cautiously made and then to be incontrovertible."
The doctrine that the Courts can set aside an Act of the Legislature has never obtained in England, which has no wa-itten Constitution, nor in France, Germany, Holland. Belgium, Denmark. Austria, Norway and Sweden or in any other country that has a written Con- stitution. Its assertion in this countrj' has not therefore even the ''Tryant's plea of necessity." The rest of the world has gotten along very well without it.
The Courts have attempted only once in England to assert a right to set aside an Act of Parliament and then Chief Justice Tressilian was hanged and his associates exiled to France and subse- quent Courts have not relied upon it as a precedent.
Of course there have been expressions at times in the Courts of England criticising Acts of Parliament, gener- ally with great modesty but some times ■ saying that they were not valid, but this never extended beyond an expres- sion of disapproval for no Court in
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England since Tressilians's day has re- fused to obey an x\.ct of Parliament.
Prior to the American Kevolution the Acts of our Colonies were sent home to England where they were al- lowed or disallowed by the Privy Council, for in this way the mother country held its control over the Col- onies. After the acknowledgement of the Independence of the thirteen Colonies, and before our Federal Con- vention met at Philadelphia, the Courts of four states. New Jersey, Rhode Island, Virginia and North Carolina — had assumed to themselves the power formerly exercised by the Privy Council in England. This met immediate and strong disapproval, and in Rhode Island the judges were "dropped." These decisions were well known to the members of the Conven- tion at Philadelphia. Mr. Madison and Mr. Wilson favored the new doctrine of the "paramount judiciary" as a safe check upon legislation, for government by the people was new and the prop- erty holders were fearful of the ex- cesses of an unrestricted Congress.
The attempt was to get the Judicial veto into the Federal Constitution in its least objectionable shape, by sub- mitting the Acts of Congress to the Court before the final passages of an Act, but even this failed, for though four times presented by these two very able and influential members — this suggestion of a "Judicial Veto" at no time received the votes of more than one fourth of the states. There can be no doubt that if such power had been inserted, the Constitution would never have been ratified by the several states.
It is true that the Constitution does prescribe that the Constitution of the United States and the Acts passed un- der the authority thereof, shall be su- preme over the State Constitutions and laws. This is necessary in any Federal government. This does not, however, confer upon the Supreme Court the power to set aside Acts of Congress, like the Income Tax and other statutes, not involving the boundary line be- tween State and Federal Jurisdiction.
The very fact that this jDrovision was put into the Federal Constitution shows that the Convention did not intend to confer upon the Court the unlimited power claimed later under "Marbury vs. Madison". Aware of this defect, the Court since the War has sought to found its jurisdiction to nullify Con- gressional action upon the 14th Amend- ment. It has been well said that that Amendment which was intended for the protection of the negro has failed en- tirely in that purpose, but has become a very tower of strength to the great aggregations of wealth. Not only no force can be justly given to the con- struction placed by the Court upon the XIV Amendment, from the knowledge of the history of its adoption, but the words used can not fairly be interp- reted as they have been. "Due process of law", means the orderly proceeding of the Courts and the "equal protec- tion of the laws" was never intended to give to the Federal Courts irreviewable supremacy over Congress and the President.
It is not too much to say that the ingenious reasoning in Marbury vs. Madison and the construction placed upon the XIV Amendment have had the same origin in the desire of the Court as a shield between them and the action of Congress and the Legislatures when they have not succeeded in de- feating legislation by fair means or foul.
But as a last resort, it is urged must not Congress and the Legislatures obey the Constitution? Most certainly. The members take an oath to do so, and there is as much patriotism and consid- ering the larger size of legislative bodies, a greater aggregate intelligence in them than in the Courts. But it does not follow that if a Legislature, or Congress, misconceives, or violates the Constitution that the Court has the power to nullify' their action. The only supervising control of the legislative given by the Constitution, is the veto of the Executive, not of the Court, and that Executive veto is only suspensive. If the Legislature still insists, the su- pervising power is in the people in the
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election of Senators and Representa- tives who will put a more correct con- struction on the Constitution.
It must be remembered that there is no line in the Constitution which gives the Courts, instead of the people, sup- ervision over Congress or the legisla- ture. There is no constitutional pre- sumption that five judges will be in- fallible and that four will be fallible. If the Legislative and Executive de- partments of the government err the people can correct it. But when the courts err, as they frequently do, for instance, as in Chisolm vs. Georgia or in the Dartmouth College Case, or in the Income Tax Case — not to mention others, there is no remedy except by the long, slow process of a Constitu- tional Ainendment or by a change in the personel of the Court, which is necessarily very slow when the Judges hold for life as they do in the Federal Courts.
No one has ever questioned the abil- ity and integrity of Chief Justice Marshall. Like other men he saw the world from his own standpoint and from his environment and with the prepossessions of his day. He had small faith in the capacity of the peo- ple for self-government. He believed in a strong central government and dis- trusted the States. He believed that the function of government was the protection of property rights which he thought jeopardised by the rule of the people who were mostly without prop- erty. At that time the experiment of popular government was untried and the people were uneducated. Moreover he was a strong man, rugged and earnest, and like most strong men he annexed all the jurisdiction he could lay hands upon. While his course upon the Bench was in many respects of in- estimable good, in such decisions as Marbury vs. Madison, the Dartmought College case, and others he went beyond the necessities of the occasion and cer- tainly beyond, far beyond, the author- ity conferred on the courts by the Con- stitution. Smaller men nave extended
his doctrines to their logical conclusion in more recent cases which have alarmed the public conscience and a restoration of the urisdiction of the Court to its true limits is a necessity. As that jurisdiction has been defined in more recent cases, all legislation now depends for its validity noi upon the will of the people as expressed through Congress and State Legisla- tures but upon the economic views of five lawyers to whom "Due process of law"' and ''equal protection of the laws" mean simpl}^ what they believe is for the real good of the people. In their hands the power of the Courts over legislation is neither more nor less than an irreviewable veto upon any expres- sion of the public will that does not meet their approval.
Let us go "back to the Constitution" as it is written. Let Congress and the Legislatures legislate; subject to the only restriction conferred by the Con- stitution— the suspensive veto of the executive — and with further super- vision in the people alone, who can be trusted with their own government — else republican form of government is a failure.
Under our plan of government the people alone are sovereign. Judges, Governors, Presidents, Members of Legislatures and Members of Congress are all alike servants of the people. No place is given in any Constitution to either department to supervise the ac- tion of the others. The sole super- visional authority is in the people. It has nowhere been given to the courts.
The love of us lawyers for precedent, and a feeling of professional pride that five lawyers on the Supreme Court can say to the other departments of the Government, nay, to the people them- selves, as has been asserted : "Thus far shalt thou go, and no farther", appeal to us. But this is the defiance of the servant to the master, the challenge of the creature to its creator.
There is no room in a Republican form of government for "Judicial Hedgemony."
Roman Catholic Attack on Freemasonry.
By Rev. W. L. Pickard, Now President of Mercer University,
WHAT 1 sliall stiy in this study is of my own volition. No lodge has been asked to stand spon- sor for it. As a citizen, Protestant, and Mason, these are my own views. In eleven discourses, I have tried to show the fundamental differences be- tween Protestantism and Roman Ca- tholicism, and to show the superiority of the former over the latter. As a Mason, I shall try to ward the blows which Roman Catholicism is striking at Freemasonry everywhere, but espe- cially in the United States of America.
In the study of Protestantism and Roman Catholicism the comparison was between two systems of religion, both of which claim to be Christian. In that study the point was to show which of those systems adheres most closely to the teachings of Christ. In this study the ground of debate is dif- ferent. The points at issue here are these: Wliat does Masonry profess to be and do? What does Roman Catholi- cism profess to be and do? Which of the two has most faithfully lived up to its profession? And, finally, are the attacks of Roman Catholicism on Ma- sonry justified by the tenets and prac- tices of Masonry?
Freemasonry is based on Theistic Philosophy. Belief in (lod and the immortality of the soul is fundamental in Masonry. It is a brotherhood of men who believe in God and immor- tality, and who are truth-seekers prac- ticing virtue in themselves, charity to- wards others, and who are exercising Faith and Hope in God. Were I to state Freemasonry creedally I would state it thus :
1. I believe in God.
2. I believe in the immortality of the soul.
3. I believe in Virtue, Faith, Hope and Charity.
4. I believe it is my duty to live as one who is responsible to God.
5. I believe it is my duty to live righteously toward all mankind, and especially toward brother Masons.
Here, then, is a Mason. He is a man who believes in the Supreme God; be- lieves that before God he stands free by his birth to Avork out his destiny; is a seeker after truth and righteous- m'ss: is a believer in, and a candidate for immortality; a believer in human brotherhood; a practicer of virtue; one who exercises Faith and Hope in God; one who practices charity toward all, but especially those of his fraternity, and tries to subdue the animal nature that is within him until the Spiritual, Godlike, nature rules in and over his life.
Though Masonry has much that is religious in it, it is a Philosophy; there- fore, it does not, by its very nature, try to get all men to become Masons. It is selective on the ground of brotherhood based on its principles. It, therefore, is neither inclusive nor exclusive of any special system of religion. This broth- erhood has existed for ages. It has moved quietly on through the centuries, through empires, kingdoms, republics and democracies, living its great life, doing its noble duties, blessing the world, stretching forth its hands to help the needy and sending out its beneficent rays of light to bless the human race.
Roman Catholicism clahns to he '"''the one and only true rcliqion of Jesus Christ:'
Were I to define Christianity, I would say:
1. It is to believe in Christ and His teachings as Divine authority.
2. It is to practice Christ's teachings as He taught them,.
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3. It is to practice Christ's teachinj^s in the spirit of Christ as our exemphir.
Now, study Freemasonry in the light of what it professes, and has done, and Koman Catholicism in the light of what it professes, and has done, then see if its attack on Freemasonry comes in good grace.
Remember, Roman Catholicism not only claims to be the one and only true religion of Jesus Christy hut it claims that its Pope is infallihle — the vice- gerent of Ghnst on earth. Therefore.^ its perfection and stainless heauty should shine forth without shadow or flaw.
Masonry as a Philosophy claims only to be a seeker after truth.
Roman Catholicism claims to have all that there is up to date, and an infallihle head, the Pope., who can touch the button and get whatever else the world needs to know, without the slight- est possibility of error. All that Ro- man Catholicism has done to date, therefore, ought to look just like it were done by the beautiful Christ, or as nearly so as Saints in touch with the infallihle could make it. At the least, Roman Catholicism., by its profession, ought to have the most Christ-like his- tory of anything in the world.
Masonry says: I believe in God and Immortality. I am trying by the help of God so to live as to have a blissful immortality. Masons said this in Solo- mon's day, in Christ's day, and they say it now. They said it in ancient Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Babylonia, Persia, Greece. Rome and in far-off Asia and India. They say it in all these countries today. In the midst of all Philosophies and religions — Jewish. Pagan, Christian; in the midst of gross darkness and of growling light this faternity has kept the light of Hope shining by its helief in God and its practice of Virtue. Morality and Char- ity. It has taken the light it could find in Nature^ Philosophy^ Soience^ and Revelation and kept it shining to light the path of Truth. Its God is the one God of all. Its ritual is based on His one greatest Book. Its working tools and emblems are emblems and symbols
of truth, virtue, morality and innnor- tality. Its work is to build character — its deeds are planned to charity.
It rises like a great tree. The trunk is one — belief in (lod and immortality. Then the trunk sends up two great branches — (iod and Philosophy on one side, and (lod. Christ and Philosophy on the other. These two great arching branches meet and flower in the belief in and the hoj)e of, inunortality. So, it takes in the light of Nature, Philoso- phy, Science, God and Christ, and makes much of the Holy Bihle from Genesis to Revelation. And in all, it has a deep Spiritual significance. I doubt not that Solomon was a profound student of the Craft in the writing of his Proverbs -and the building of the Temple — for both throlj with the wis- dom of God for man. I doubt not that the Three AVise iSIen from the P^ast had ]:)ondered deeply the Book and the Craft, for they were seeking the Mas- ter-Builder. Is it strange that He be- came a carpenter — a worker with tools ? That ancient Bush of Fire not con- sumed not only set forth the majesty of God. but the indestructibility of man though tried by the fires of tribulation. God wrapped that bush with flames of glory and the bush was not con- sumed. The bush was on fire and God was in the bush. How often man is fire-wrapped, l)ut God is with him in the fire and he is not consumed. Im- mortality is his goal. Masonry be- lieving this philoso[)hy and revelation has never anywhere, under any cir- cumstances, wavered in its belief in God and Immortality.
Yet Roman Catholicism accuses it of being ''Atheistic and a destroyer of belief in God."
Remember, Masonry is a philosophy, not a system of religion., yet it will not take into its Craft a man who dares not believe in God. It will not admit to its membership a man who sells liquor; one who is a drunkard; one who is knoicn to be immoral ; one who is known to be dishonest, or one who is known to be a liar. Fix this in your minds.
Look at the liquor-sellers in the Ro-
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man Catholic chvrch. Jesus seems to require men to become horn again, re- generated, before coining into His Church. So he told Nicodemus. Once in the Roman Catliolir nhi/rch, drxnl'- ards, liquor-sellers, harlot, or what, or what not, ahcat/s there, unless one be- comes disohedient to the lairs of the hierarchy. That, of course, is the busi- ness of that church. The question I raise is this: Ivooking at nuiny things which that church sanctions in its mem- bers, does it become that church in good grace to say that Masonry is atheistic and a destroyer of m(u-als? Remember, IMasonr}' is a fraternity based on Phil- osphy, and the Roman Catholic church claims to be the one and onh' exact pattern of the faith and practice of Jesus Christ — the perfect one.
So far as religion is concerned, there is nothing in the Roman Catholic re- ligion Avhich would keep a Catholic from being a Mason. Yet, there have lived many Popes who, on the grounds of their wickedness and immorality, w^ould not have been admitted into Masonry. I wonder if it is possible that, once upon a time, some Pope got blackballed on account of his bad char- acter. Once upon a time there may hare heen sour grapes hehind the yapal anathema against Freemasonry. I do not say there were. I say there may have been.
Man for man, prelate, priest and lay- men, can Roman Catholicism in this city, or anyAvhere, find a thousand men in its church, home by home, who will average of loftier morality than a thou- sand Masons, man for man. home by home? Yet that church claims to be Christ's own Ix^autiful uu)del with an infallible Pope to guarantee its perfect standards, and priests to absolve all sins — yet Masonry claims to be only a brotherhood, founded on Philosophy, seeking after truth. Look at them closely.
THE ATTACK.
In 1738 Pope Clement XII made a bitter attack on Freenuisonry. This was followed by Benedict XIV., Pius VIL, Leo XIl!, Pius VIIL, Gregory
XVI., Pius IX., and then came the notable "Ilumanum Genus" by Pope Leo XIII., reaffirmed by the present Pope, Pius X.. and following these pajial denunciations, there are now many current attacks by Catholic offi- cials and editors.
It is a striking historic fact that these bitter attacks came officially from Pope- dom as the idea of papal infallibility was ripening into a dogma of that church, and that the most notable at- tack was made by Leo XIII. after in- fallibility had been adopted as a dogma of that church. To put two and two together, the time came when the ]iapacy claimed absolute authority over all its members, body, soul and con- science, and would not recognize any institution in the world but its own, nor tolerate any man in its own whose every thought and deed it could not control. The Pope having become Vicegerent of God on Earth must needs have all bow to him and to him alone. True, Christ said: "If ye love Me ye will keep My Commandments," but the Pope said: "If you dare differ from me, anathema." But since he was in- fallible, and holy, and the perfect and unerring mouthpiece of God and Christ on earth, why not?
Pope Leo XIII. denounced Free- masonry as "Established against Law, honesty, Christianity and Society," and forbade any and all Roman Catholics ever being Masons. He goes further and denounces "All other fraternal orders" outside of the Ronuin Catholic church. Because Freemasons would not give up their rights, as "free-born" men, to pursue Philosophy, learning, belief in God and Immortality, and principles of freedom, and take without question the papacy's dogmas of Phil- osophy, Theology, religion and frater- nity, the Pope denounced Masons as -Atheists, enemies of religion, and fol- lowers of unrestrained human pas- sions." (See Humanum Genus, by Leo XIIL)
Every Mason knows that no man can be admitted into Masonry unless he is a believer in God. Further, he knows
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that Masonry is character-building by rejecting all evil, and using all right- eous material. The principle of Ma- sonry is that of following the highest known spiritual truth as against all the fleshy tendencies of man's nature. Pope Leo XIII. either did not know what he was talking about, or else stated what he knew was not true. But his philosophy is: "77/c end justifies the meansy
Following Leo XIII., Pius X., the present Pope, reaffirms the position of T^o XIII. on this. And following him, many prelates, priests and Roman Catholic editors, whose wills have been sunk into servile obedience to that of the papacy, have recently raged in their calumniations and vituperation of Free- nuisonry. If they had ever taken the trouble to look into this question, even a little, instead of blindly following the papal 'Tpse Dixit," they could easily have saved themselves from member- ship in the Ananias Club. Their state- ments would sound ridiculous if they were not disclosures of such tragic ignorance.
A recent article in The Xew World, the official paper of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Chicago, states: "Masons are bound by oath to uphold one another, even though criminals; to uphold Masonry as more sacred than religion; to stifle their consciences to uphold their oath; that Masonry is above God; that a Mason must uphold Masonry though it cause him to be a traitor to his country; and finally, that Masons are Devil-worshippers — the Devil being their chief God.''
There is not a Mason living who does not knoAv that each of these state- ments is a libel on the Craft. Of course, IMasons take an obligation to be true to one another, and the Craft. But they are not obligated to uphold any jNIason in that wdiich is wrong, and the}' are to be true to the Supreme God of the Universe, loyal to their country, and this obligation is not to interfere with any man's conscientious views as to his religious dut}'.
Ah, there is the mortal offense to
Roman Catholicism. Masons believe in an in-finite infalUJAc God to whom they owe allegiance rather than to a man who has blasphemously assumed "?'n- fidlihiJity:^ Masons believe in loyalty to conscience and country rather than in serrile obedience to the papacy which would crush their consciences and overthrow their country by substi- tuting therefor the dicteitcs of a Pope. Because Masons believe in frccdoivb of conscience., freedom of will., freedom of philosophy., freedom of investigation., freedom of speech., freedom of religion., and freedom of citizenship.. Popes and their minions anathematize Frcenui- soni'y. This is the cause of all papal opposition.
Let me call your attention to a great principle in a Masonic obligation: TJte penalty for its violation is to be visited upon hijn-self., never upon anybody else.
Take certain alleged Roman Catholic "oaths" for Cardinals, Bishops, Jesuits, and so on. These have been often pub- lished. In those "oaths" those who take them bind themselves to uphold the papacy, if necessary, by using the sword and visiting all manner of ter- rible punishments on all who oppose the papal system. The Mason obligates himself to suffer for the good of his bi-other, or for truth; the Catholic obligates himself to visit his wrath on the other man. The Mason's oath is one that sets himself aside to penalty; the Catholic oath is one of intolerance of and vengeance upon the other man. Here is a tremendous diffei'ence.
Whenever these Roman Catholic "oaths"' are published, Roman Cath- olics always say : "They are lies." If a Jesuit ])riest iDccomes a convert from Roman Catholicism and tells of the oath by which he was once bound to do tb.e bidding of the papacy, the Roman Catholic church always says: "//e lies.''''
I do not know any one or all of these alleged Roman Catholic "oaths" are lies or not. But one thing I do know., the Rouum Catholic church in its fear- ful reign has burned, stabbed, shot, tortured, and in countless ways put to death tens of thousands of men, women
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and fhildron. Tii its history from the twelfth to the sixteenth centuries it has actually done all the awful thin<2:s that were ever threatened in the awful al- leo-cd Jesuitical oats. Oath, or no oath, it has created and terribly used the most diabolical Inquisition this world has ci'cr Jcnown. The hellish fruit looks as though there were a Devil-tree somewhere.
To specify from indisputable Roman Catholic history. In 1157 a. d., the Council of Eheims ordered that heretics should be branded in the face.
In 1184. Pope Lucius III., in the Council of Verona, ordered all princes to enforce all hiAvs against heretics under penalty of excommunication of all princes who refused to obey his mandate.
In 1197 A. n.. Pedro II., of Aragon, by a law of the Church and State, ordered all "heretics to be burned."
In 1220 A. D., Frederick II. presented the outlawry of all heretics and the confiscation of their property, and in 1221 Pope Honorius III. sent his offi- cers to enforce this law in all Italian cities where the people had rebelled against its tyranny.
In 1221, Frederick II. promulgated that heretics in Lombardy should be burned, or at least have their tongues torn out. This law was enforced by Pope Gregory IX., and his chief agent in enforcing it was Guala, the Domini- can Bishop of Brescia.
In 1281 Frederick II. promulgated that heretics throughout his Empire should be burned, and many of the best saints of earth were burned to death.
In 1225, Pope Innocent V., ordered that all Temporal Rulers should have all heretics put to death w^ithin five days after they were adjudged heretics l>y the church.
In 1254, Pope Innocent IV. promul- gated the bloody laws of Emperor Frederick II. And what were those laws? Here they are:
1. Anyone may seize a heretic and despoil his property.
2. Every magistrate shall opjDoint an Inquisitorial Commission whose sal- aries are to be paid by the State.
3. No law may b^ passed to interfere with the Inquisition.
4. Heretics who will not confess shall bo tortured.
5. The houses of heretics shall be demolished.
('). Confiscated property of heretics shall be thus divided : One-third to the In(iuisit()rs and Bishops, one-third to the city, and one-third to those who aided in the arrest and conviction of heretics.
Under such laws who could escape? These terrible laws under papal domin- ion were promulgated from the twelfth to the fifteenth centuries, and w^ere terribly enforced in Italy, France, Spain and other places till tens of thousands of men, women and children were put to death by all sorts of un- speakable cruelty and torture, and for no reason but that they did not believe in the Roman Catholic religion. This, too, by that church wdiicli claimed to be ^Hhe one and only true Cluirch of Jesus Christ^'''' Who said : "Peace be unto you. Love one another, whatsoever ye would that men should do unto you, so do ye also even unto them."
I ask: Can Roman Catholicism, or the world, point to anything in the long history of Freemasonry to match this Roman Catholic history in intol- erance, cruelty, inhumanity and diabol- ism? And, mark you, Masonry claims to be only a theistic philosophy^ while Roman Catholicism claims ''the one and only true religion of Jesus Christ^'''' and the Pope an '''■ infallible Vicegerent of God On the Earth'''' to insure a knowledge of the prfect will of God and Christ. Now% does Freemasoni-y or Roman Catholicism measure the more nobly toward their respective claims? In the light of history, are not the anathemas of Roman Catholi- cism against jSIasonry like the pot of the pit calling the Angel of Paradise black?
Masonry is a theistic philosophy. In its work it is based largely on the Bible. Its "'prayers" are devout prayers to God, and in one branch of it to Christ. The spirit and language of its prayers are the embodiment of devoutness.
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They are reverent petitions to the Diety for guidance in all the duties of life, that by Divine wisdom and the illumi- nation of God's spirit wo may know and do the will of God on earth, and at last gain a blissful immortality.
Hear a Roman Catholic praver: "Hail Mary! Blessed Virjrin ! Mother of God. full of grace and truth. Thy heart is full of mercy, and eager to relieve all our miseries, and to pardon all our offenses. All human suffering finds an echo in thy heart. In our morning offering we offer all through thy immaculate heart. Let Angels, Apostles, Prophets and martyrs kiss the hem of thy garment, and rejoice in the shadow of thy throne."
Here is another:
"O glorious St. Joseph, faithful fol- lower of Jesus Christ, to you do we raise our hearts and hands to implore your powerful intercession in obtaining from the benign heart of Jesus all the help and graces necessary for spiritual and temporal welfare, especially the grace of a happy death and the special favor we now implore. O guardian of the word incarnate, we feel animated with confidence; your prayers in our behalf will be graciously heard before the throne of God. O glorious St. Joseph, spouse of the Immacul^ite Vir- gin^ obtain for us pure, humble and charitable minds, and perfect resigna- tion to the divine will. Be our guide and model through life, that we may merit to die as thou didst, in the arms of Jesus and Mary. Amen." (From "Our Sunday Visitor," Catholic Pub- lishing Company, Huntington, Indi- ana, October 5, 1913.)
These are the words of Roman Cath- olics addressed in prayer to Mary and Joseph. If they are not prayers, what are they? If prayer is not an act of worship, what is it? If prayer as an act of worship to any but God is not violative of the Old Testament and the New in the Bible prohibition of idol- atry, then that Great Book is not un- derstandable.
Listen to God on Sinai : "/ am tjie Lord thy God, thou shcdt have no other gods hefore Me. Thou shalt not make
it) to thee any graven image of any- thing that is in heaven above, or that ix in the earth heneath, or that is in the tratrr under the earth. Thou sh/iJt not Ixnr dojrn thyself to them nor serve them..''
Listen to Christ:
After this numner, therefore, pray ye:
^''Our Father vhioh art in heaven., hallowed he Thy name. Thy kingdom eome. Thy will he done in earth, as it is in heave?!. Give ns this day our daily bread, ami forgive us our debts as we forgive our debtors, and lead u.s not into temptation, but deliver ns from evil.'"
Now, in the light of the prayers of Masonry to God and Christ alone, in the light of (iod's and Christ's pro- hibition of worship to any but God alone, and in the light of Roman Cath- olic prayers to Mary, Joseph and hosts of so-called saints, putting these on an equality with God as objects of wor- shiji. does it come in good grace from Catholic Popes and prelates to charge Masons wnth "Aetheism,irreligiousness, and Devil-worship?" I leave the an- swer to your minds and hearts.
Romanism further charges that "Freemasonry" is the work of the Atheistic Jews against Christianity." Think of this charge ! The Jew has been the one great Monotheist of the world and of the ages since Abram left us of the Chaldees. The Jew an Athe- ist? Not till earth, and not till heaven pass aw'ay !
In the light of Roman Catholicism's cruel persecution of Jews so often in Europe, and that of the Greek Catholic Church upon them in Russia, can you blame the Jews for not loving Catholi- cism? If Catholics had represented the heart of Christ to the Jews through the centuries in Europe, instead of so terribly persecuting them, doubtless thousands of Jews would have been Christians long ago. My, what a ter- rible reputation persecuting Popes have given Christ ! I have often won- dered how the patient God and Christ could endure it!
Christian Masons are among the best Christian men. Masons who are not
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Christians aiv thoroiio^h believers in God, and undoubtodlv niurh finer typos of character than thcv ^v()uld be if they ^Yere neither Christians nor Masons. Masons all love the truth of the Su- pi-eme God — the God of the Bush of Fire and of Sinai — and hundreds of thousands of them devoutly love the Holy Christ.
The truth is:
Masons believe in a free conscience, a free icill, free worship of God, free speech, free citizenship, a free church, in a free State, a free press, and in the puhlic schools of our country. All of these great thinfjs are contrary to the very principle of Papal Infallibility, therefore, Roman Catholicism hates Masonry. Here is the whole reason of Rome's attack on Freemasonry. Of course, if the Pope is "'infallible" no- body else has a right to a different opinion. But Masons believe in free- dom before God and among men. Hence, the inevitable and irrepressible conflict. The papacy may never capit- ulate. Thai '.-■ up to it. Freeiruisonry will never cl. • Itulafe till manhood itself lias penshed.
Again, one of the most beautiful, God-like, Christ-like charities known to this world is that held to and prac- ticed by Masons. Their hands, quietly, after the order of Christ's teachings as to vmostenstatiousness, are outstretched around the world to help their brothers, while at the same time they are among the most generous men in all the world to the needy of all spheres and condi- tions. In the light of the desire and policy of the papacy to control the purse-strings of the world, is this beau- tiful ohai'ity of Masonry one of the special reasons for papal Anathema?
In previous sermons which I have delivered in these series of "Funda- mental Differences Between Protestant- ism and Catholicism" I have pointed out the awful results in different coun- tries in which the Roman Catholic Church has had control, their failure to educate the masses, calling particular attention to Mexico and Spain. In a recent issue of the Savainiah Morning News I noticed the following article,
which I will now read, and which filled me with horror;
SPANISH JAIIvORS RRUTAL
Prisoners Nailed to Ci-oss and Eyes Gouged Out.
Madrid, Feb. 10. — Infamous treatment just now is being meted out to the wretch- ed inmates of Spanish jails. Many of the sufferers are only political offenders, men with advanced ideas, but according to a recent report of the prisoners' committee, this makes no differences to their punish- ment, or its horrors.
The director of a jail at Fugueras (Cata- lonia), a man named Milena, has had a subterranean dungeon built, in order to vent his hatred. This new cell is known as "the Siberia." The prisoner who is taken there is bound and beaten until he falls insensible. He is then put into an- other cell, apart from the others, until his wounds heal, and he is there made to fast until he is hungry enough to eat salt cod- fish, given him in order to make him feel the pangs of thirst.
Recently a prisoner was nailed to a cross; he died. Another had his eye {iouiced out; a third an arm broken. Still anotlier had pieces of flesh torn off him. The cries of the victims were heard outside the fortress."
I am astonished that this piece of news ever got into the columns of a Savannah newspaper. It reads like the Inquisition right up to date, and it is a report of happenings right in Spain where the Roman Catholic Church has held sway for centuries. The whole civilized world stands appalled at this horrible outrage. But it is no worse than thousands of cruel things prac- ticed on men, women and innocent children by the Church of Rome when they were in power.
WHOM HOME CANNOT USE WELL., IT MEANS TO CRUSH!
Roman Catholicism assumes to be ^'the only true religion of Jesus Christ on Earth.''
In its claims of infallibility it claims to know all that God has for this world to know. It, therefore, denies the right of any and all men to diflfer from its dogma or dissent from its mandates. It claims the absolute right to rule the world religiously and temporally. Whenever and wherever it has had the
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power to enforce its dogmas, decrees and mandates it has persecuted even unto death those who refuse to do its bidding. It created and terribly used the terrible Inquisition. That power has been taken from it by the govern- ments on earth, 3'et it keeps those hor- rible laws unabrogated on its statutes. For centuries martyrs' blood flowed at its cruel hands. It is, by its principles, intolerant of all government, all relig- ion, and all institutions except its own. It hates the doctrine of man's fr'eedom. It hates the idea that a man is free to have his own idea of Ood, and how lie should worship God. It hates the idea of a free churoh., a free State., free con- science^ free I'eligioji, free citizenship, a free press., free schools hy the State. Freemason!^., free atiy thing, except the papacy to which all men and human institutions should bow in servile obedi- ence. Therefore its bitter, unjust and false attacks on Freemasonry — that brotherhood which has ever stood for God in His supremacy, man at his best, and fredoin as an imperishahle hirth- Hght.
Freemasonry — it is composed of men who believe in God, truth, virtue and immortality. Likewise, they believe in freedom of mind, soul, conscience, hody, religion and citizenship. They are going forth to their tasks gauging their lives by their duty to God, country, family, neighbor, and themselves; to divest their minds, spirits and con-
sciences of all vices; to square their lives by exalted morality; to raise their characters by the plumb of (iod's truth; to test themselves by the level of God's justice, till by all of this work, aided by the Supreme Architect, they hope to l)e finally cemented into that broth- erhood where contention comes not ever, and agreement is j)erfect forever.
Meantime, we are living in the Twen- tieth Century, and in America — an age and a land of liberty. With gratitude to God for our birthright, and with prayers to Him that we may keep it, let us resolve as men. Masons and pa- triots that this land shall remain free till human rights shall be universally acknowledged and patriots shall (ill the earth.
The words of the Master Builder :
'WTiosoever heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them, I will liken him to a wise man which built his house upon a rock: and the rains descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house, and it fell not: for it was founded upon a rock.
And every one that heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them not, shall be likened unto a foolish nuin which built his house upon the sand : and the rains descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house : and it fell, and great was th€ fall of it.'' Christ. Mt. 6: 24-27.
Aaron Burr's Last Speech.
(From the Washington Federalist.)
ON Saturday the 2iul March, Mr. liurr took leave of tlie Senate — tliis was done at a time when the doors were closed, the Senate being- engaged in executive business, and of course when there were no spectators. It is however universally said to have been the most dignified, sublime and impressive that ever was uttered; and the effects which it produced justify those epithets. I will give you the best account I have been able to obtain from the relation of several Senators, as well federal as Eepublican.
•"Mr. Burr began by saying that he intended to pass the day with them, but the increase of a slight disposition (sore throat) had determined him then to take his leave of them. He touched lightly on some of the rules and orders of the house, and recommended in one or two points alterations of which he briefly explained the reasons and prin- ciples.
"He then said he was sensible that he must at times, have wounded the feelings of individual members — here the record is torn and part of it is miss- ing— That it could not be deemed ar- rogance in him to say that in his offi- cial conduct he had known no party, no cause, no friend. That if in the opinion of any the discipline which had l)een established approached to rigor, they would at least admit that it was uniform and indiscriminate.
'•He further remarked that the ig- norant and unthinking affected to treat as unnecessary and fastidious, a rigid attention to rules and decorum; but he thought nothing trivial which touched however remotely, the dignity of the body: and he appealed to their experience for the justice of his senti- ments, and urged them in language the most impressive, and in a manner that was commanding, to avoid the smallest relaxation of the habits which he had endeavored to inculcate and establish.
"But he challenged their attention to considerations more momentous than any which regarded merely their per- sonal honor and character: the preser- vation of the law, of liberty, and the Constitution — this house, said he, is a sanctuary and citidel of law, or order, of liberty — and it is here — it is here — in this exalted refuge — here, if any- where will resistance be made to the storms of popular phrenzy and the silent arts of corruption :— and if the Constitution be destined ever to perish by the sacrilegious hands of the Dema- gogue, or the Usurper, which God avert, its expiring agonies will be wit- nessed on the floor.
-He then adverted to those afflicting sensations which attended a final sep- eration — a dissolution, perhaps forever of those associations which he hoped had been mutually satisfactory. He consoled himself, however, and then with the reflections that, though sep- arated, they would be engaged in the common ca\ise of disseminating prin- ciples of freedom and social order. He should always regard the proceedings of that body wuth interest and with solicitude— he should feel for their honor and the national honor so in- timately connected with it — and took his leave with expressions of personal respect and with prayers and wishes, etc.
'•In this cold relation a distant reader; especially one to whom Colonel Burr is not personally known, will be at a loss to discern the cause of those extraordinary emotions which were excited — the whole senate were in tears, and so unmanned, that it was half an hour before they could recover themselves sufficiently to come to order and choose a Vice-President pro tern.
"At the President's on Monday two of the senators were relating these cir- cumstances to a circle which had col-
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lected around them — one said that he wished that the tradition might be pre- served as one of the most extraordinary events he had ever Avitnessed — another senator l)eing asked on the day follow- ing that on which Mr. Burr took liis leave, how long he was speaking, after a moment's pause, said he could form no idea — it might have been an hour and it might have been but a moment, when he came to his senses he seemed to be awakened from a kind of trance. "The characteristics of the Vice- President's manner, seemed to have been elevation and dignity — a con- sciousness of superiority, etc. — nothing of that whining adulation, those cant- ing, hypocritical complaints of Avant of talents — assurances of his endeavors to please them — hopes of their favor, etc.
On the contrary he told them explicitly, that he had determined to pursue a conduct which his judgment should ap- prove, and which should secure the suffrage of his conscience; and that he had never considered who else might be pleased or displeased, although it was but justice on this occasion to thank them for their deference and re- spect to his official conduct: — the con- stant and uniform supi)ort he had re- ceived from every member for their prompt acquiescence in his decisions, and to remark to their honor, that they had never descended to a single mot ^: * * *sion or embarrassment."
(The remainder of this newspaper is torn. The date of the newspaper is March, 1805.)
The Outcome.
Ralph M. Thomson
What if this War, with all the sufferings
Which are entailed by strife, should prove to be The greatest conflict known to history.
Since Christian men indulged in savage things! —
If, at its end, those who have borne the flings Of an anointed aristocracy, Should waken from their stupidness to see
That God gave no celestial rights to kings; —
Then, those who fight will not have fought in vain, And those who die will not have lost the prize Fate bade them win, in lofty ridicule;
For, from the ashes of the martyred slain —
From ground their blood made holy — shall arise
Some new Republic, where the people rule!
Jean Galas
One of the Protestant Martyrs of France
(From " Judicial Crimes," by Edgar Sanderson. M. A.)
THE scene of the tragedy with whicli Ave (leal was the ancient city of Toulouse, the capital of Languedoc, a city renowned of old for literature, wit. and learning, for inde- pendence of thought and boldness of utterance, notably in songs of caiisic and incisive tone. In ancient times this great municipality had its consuls, known as "capitouls." As the court of Visigothic kings, a centre of politics for Western Europe, the intermediary between the imperial eastern court and the Germanic king- doms, Toulouse was a rival of Con- stantinople. The poets Martial and Ausonius describe her as ''the city of -f alias", and St. Jerome styles her "''the Kome of the Garonne.'' Southern France became in mediaeval days a seat of oj^position to the Catholic faith, a field of battle between orthodoxy and heresy. The old Graeco-Roman civil-" ization had cast deep roots there. The people were not dis])osed to submit tamely to the priestly yoke, and sects of religionists with views of their own arose in succession in the region bounded by or containing the Alps, the Cevennes, and the Pyrenees, extending from Lyon and Bordeaux to the Medi- terranean.
The Albigensian heresy was the cause of much trouble in this part of France. About 1022 several "heretics"' of that class were put to death, and with them began the long list of the unorthodox who perished at Toulouse, a list only closed, after nearly seven centuries and a half, in 1762, with the names of five victims. The last of these was Jean Calas. We pass over briefly to the various revolts against Rome which were organized in and near Toulouse. In 1163 the Council of lours was greatly concerned with the
"heretics of Toulouse." In 1181 a regu- lar "crusade" was preaciied against them, Count Raymond the Sixth being one of their leaders. In 1208 Pope Innocent the Third proclaimed a sec- ond crusade against the Albigenses, and under the leadership of Simon de Montfort, father of our famous Earl of Leicester, a champion of English freedom, fire and sword Avere carried through the land. In 1216 Toulouse Avas besieged and set on fire by De INIontfort and rescued by Raymond the Sixth. Again besieged, and for a time saved by the slaying of Simon under her Avails, she became, some years later, the object of a third crusade, and Avas at last surrendered, in 1229, by Count Raymond the Seventh. The horrors of Avar, the ruin of the country, had left heresy as firmly rooted as ever in the minds of the people, and lent it a ncAv strength of bitter indignation against the orthodoxy of Rome. The burgesses and their elected leaders, the capitouls, in spite of outAvard conformity, re- mained heretics at heart. Catholicism w{is, hoAvever, vigorously organized in this region for the offensiA^e and de- fensive struggle against encroachments on the one true faith, Avith St. Dominic and his Order of Preaching Friars, the "Holy Office" of the Inquisition, and all the apparatus of persecution. In the contest which ensued, sometimes heretics Ave re burnt alive, at other times inquisitors were driven out or assassinated. On one occasion two hundred Albigenses, taken captiA'e in a castle, Avere burnt without trial. And so the warfare Avent on, with Catholicism groAving eA^er stronger through royal support and the weaken- ing of the old national spirit.
AVhen the Reformation came to cliange the face of Europe, one of the
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first Protestant martyrs of France was Jean de Caturce^ a lawyer^ burnt alive at Toulouse. During thirty years a great number of Huguenots perished there; but the reformed doctrines made progress against all the rage of the Parliament of Toulouse, of the clergy, and of a part of the people. The per- secution was ended for a time by tlie edict which permitted the new worship, and some of the capitouls were favor- able to Protestantism.
In 1562, ten years before the "Saint Bartholomew" massacre in Paris and the provinces, Toulouse had her own tragedy, an event occurring just two centuries before that which is the sub- ject of this writing. Some Protestants were burying a woman, and some Catholics claimed her as a co-relig- ionist, attacked the procession, and took possession of the body. A violent struggle arose. The tocsin was rung b}' a priest. The Catholic populace at- tacked the reformed party, wdio were much less numerous, and the great ma- jority of the Parliament took a strong part against the weaker side. This body of high officials, clad in red robes, marched round the city, bidding the Catholics, in the King's name, to assail the reformers, and assigning them a white cross as a mark of dis- tinction for their persons and houses. A civil war ensued. The Protestants entrenched themselves, with cannon, in the Hotel de Ville. In order to dis- lodge them, the adjacent houses were fired, and the Parliament forbade, under pain of death, any attempt at extinction of the flames. The besieged then battered down the blazing houses. The Governor of Narbonne was sent to propose terms of peace. The Protest- ants were to quit the Hotel de Ville, leaving their weapons and ammunition, and they might then retire in freedom whither they would. No longer able to hold out, they accepted this offer, and on Whit-Sunday, at the time of vespers, they all came forth unarmed, in the hope of thus escaping the fury of the people, who had already mas- sacred all the Huguenots whom they
could seize. As soon as they were known to he issuing from, their place of refuge the people in the churches rushed out and slew most of them with- out pity. Historians estimate the num. ber of victims variously at tliree to five thousand. T/ie Toulouse Parliament caused those who had escaped from this tcholesale inurder to he put to death. That eminent body of men then purified its own ranks by the ejection of twenty-two suspended members. All the capitouls of the year were deposed from office, their children were de- prived of noble rank, tiieir property was confiscated, and the decree award- ing this punishment was inscribed on a marble slab at the Capitol.
This frightful massacre freed Tou- louse almost wholly from the stain of the heresy which thenceforth, in that region, existed only among a very small, a persecuted, and a detestecl minority of the people. Thus did Catholicism triumph at Toulouse; thus was the city, so long obstinate in heresy, restored to the faith of the one, true, and orthodox Church. The few Protestants in the place, when any of the sect dared to reappear, found them- selves the sole heirs of the hatred gathered for ages in succession agiinst Arians, Albigenses, Vaudois, and Hu- guenots. Extermination alone had been able to prevail against heresy.
The Parliament established an an- nual festival of "Deliverance." whiih was to be held on May 17, the anni- versary of the massacre. Two yf^:;rs later Pope Pius the Fourth eoniirmed their decree hy a "'hull,'''' ordering the festival to continue for two days, and attaching to it indulgences and special blessings. Voltaire afterwards .-^tyled the festival "the yearly procession ''f thanksgiving to God for four thousand murders!" The yearly procession, at- tended by the members of the four local brotherhoods with their banners, and by all the officials and trade- guilds, kept up the popular hatred against the Protestants.
In 1762 preparations were made for celebrating with unusual splendor the
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second centennial anniversary of the local massacre of the Huguenots. The capitouls of the year, in their report, refer to having striven to celebrate, "with all possible magnificence,'" the centennial year of "the Deliverance," and to their liaving, "in imitation of the piety of our fathers," asked and obtained a "bull" from the Pope (then Clement the Thii-teenth) extending to eight days the period of religious privileges accorded by Pius the Fourth for two days only. This anniversary was specially marked by a grand dis- play of fireworks at the close, and by a great show, in the procession, of stuffs in silk and gold ordered at Lyon. In 17G3 Voltaire, in a letter to Madame Calas, expressed the opinion that "this ceremony of savages ("Iroquois" is his own word) wnll not long continue to be held." He did not allow for the tenacity of life in the works and ways of religious bigotry. A hundred years after he wrote, in 1862, under the Sec- ond Empire, the Archhishop of Tou- louse made a fresh announcement of the olden ceremony. The Government ojiposed the celebration, so far as the streets were concerned, on the ground of danger to the public peace. The Government permitted the celebration of the festival within the Catholic churches; and the clergy of Toulouse thus proved that they had not, after the lapse of three centuries, and amidst the full light of modern progress and freedom, either duly forgotten or learned what they ought.
The people of Toulouse, ever fervid with the passions of natives of south- ern France, and already excited by the preparations, begun a year in advance, for the great ceremony of May, 1762; stirred, further, to intolerant feeling by officials who took a pride in perse- cution, were heated, early in that year, by the public spectacle of executions of heretics. On February 19th. a Hu- guenot Tninister, Francois Rochette, last of the martyred pastors of his faith, a man of only twenty-six years of age, ictas hanged. On his breast he bore a placard inscribed, "Minister of t]ip R. P. R," (i. e. "Religion pretendue
Roformee.") As he ascended the lad- der to the gallows, he sang the words used by Huguenot martyrs, versified from Psalm cxviii, 12. On the same day three brothers, glass-makers, men of the rank of gent'dshommes. were be- headed for the offence of planning a rescue for Rochette from the Marshal- sea prison. The youngest of the brothers covered his face with his hands as the two elder died. When the executioner came and again offered him life on condition of conversion to the Catholic faith, he calmly replied, "Do your duty," and laid his head on the 1)1 ock.
On October 13, 1761, at evening-tide, the merchants and shopkeepers in the Grand' Rue des Filatiers, the busiest street of trade in Toulouse, were clos- ing for the day. The thoroughfare was alive with the stir and the talk of employers and their assistants setting all in order for the^ next day's work, while here and there sat groups of people in the open air before their doors. The shop and house at No. 16 (now No. 50) were occupied by the Galas family, the resident members being Jean Galas, a dealer in printed calico, his wife, two of his sons — Marc- Antoine and Pierre — and a servant, Jeanne Viguier. The shop had been closed at the usual supper-hour. At half -past nine, or shortly afterwards, a passerby heard cries in the house of Galas. These exclamations were also heard by fourteen persons engaged in neighboring houses or sitting in the street, and all agreed as to the time, though not as to the words which caught their ears. Most of them de- clared that they heard, "Ah ! mon Dieu!" and differed as to what fol- lowed. At the sound of the cries, Madame Galas' servant, opening a win- dow on the first floor, exchanged questions and answers with other wo- men, withdrew from the window, and soon reappeared at the door, crying, "It is all over: he is dead I" According to other witnesses, she exclaimed in patois, "Ah! moun Dieu! Pan tuat!" ("My God! he is killed!") A few seconds later there was seen running
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from the house a young man unknown to the neighbors, clad in a grey coat and red vest and breeches, wearing a three-cornered hat trimmed with gokl lace, and with a sword at his side. Another young man, Pierre, third son of Jean Galas, came out twice, and twice returned, first with a youth named Gorsse, pupil of a surgeon named Camoire, then with Monsieur Cazeing, a man in business and an inti- mate friend of Jean Galas, and with a lawyer, Monsieur Clausade. The neigh- bours hurried uji from all sides. Be- fore the arrival of young Gorsse, a friend of the Galas brothers, Antoine Delpech, son of a Gatholic man of business, entered the shop. Marc- Antoine, the eldest son, was there stretched lifeless, his head supported by bales of goods. His father, leaning on the shop-counter, was in a state ot despair ("At times," said the servant in her deposition, '"he flung about everything") ; and the mother, less overcome, was bending over the body, vainly striving to cause the swallowing of a cordial, and moistening the temples. Delpech declared that his first thought was that a duel had taken place. His idea was that Marc- Antoine, who was skilful with the sword, had been thus engaged. "I felt his bod}'," he said, "over the stomach and other parts which I found cold, but there was no wound." This state- ment was confirmed by another wit- ness, who had also entered the shop. The medical pupil. Gorsse, came in at this moment and examined the body, and, as he stated, "placing his hand over the heart, he found the flesh cold on all sides, and there was no palpata- tion." All this testimony, which con- firmed the statements of members of the family, proves that, as the whole body, even the flesh over the heart, was cold at half-past nine or a few minutes later, the cries which had just been heard could not have proceeded from the deceased. Gorsse declared that the young man had died by hang- ing or strangling. Glausade, the law- yer, seeing the state of affairs, that the young man was past help, advised the
family to inform the police, "in order to certify the death and obtain leave for the burial." Lavaysse, the young man in a grey coat, who had just re- turned, offered to render this .service, and hurried with Monsieur Glausade to find Maitre Monyer, assessor of the capitouls, and their clerk, Savanier. On their return, they found an excited crowd gathered round the house. Forty soldiers of the watch were guarding the door, and one of the capitouls, David de Beaudrigue, was already on the scene of the tragedy. The assessor and the clerk were allowed to enter, but Lavaysse, who sought to follow them, was kept back by the soldiers. It was in vain that he insisted, as a friend of the family, until he stated that he had come from the house and had su})- ped there that evening. On this last declaration it was understood that he might have to be heard on the case, or even his person secured. He went in, and from that moment his lot was one with that of the Galas family, and for four years lie shared their suffering, humiliation, and peril.
David de Beaudrigue. one of the capitouls, had been aroused from his first sleep at half-past eleven by two tradesmen of the district. Hurr^nng off Avith the guards, he caused a physi- cian and two surgeons to be summoned. He began proceedings with the arrest of Pierre Galas, who had remained near the body, waiting for the police, while his parents had withdrawn to their room on the upper floor. During this time the crowd pressing at the doors were making excited remarks on the sinister and mysterious event. "Gonfused cries," it was said, "had been heard over the whole district, and the lifeless body of a young man of twenty-eight found in the midst of his relatives." The spirit of fanatical spite was beginning to move them. The Galas family were well Imown to be Protestants. A death so strange and sudden, occurring at their house, was bound to appear a crime to those who looked upon a Protestant as cap- able of any evil deed. The mob found no difficulty in believing or in assert-
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lug that the parents and brother had murdered their relative. "These Hu- guenots had shiin their son in order to prevent liini from turning Catholic." This frightful accusation sprang from the crowd gathered ronncl the door. The first utterer of the wicked slander was never known. It was greedily ac- cepted, and repeated from mouth to mouth, gaining strength with each fresh assertion. No one adopted it with more readiness or more fully than the capitoul David de Beandrigue. In that anonymous cry he heard the voice of truth; suspicion was for him a shaft of light. Calas, compelled by the nature of his business to live in a part of the town removed from the two Protestant districts, was sur- rounded by neighbors who were hos- tile, if not to him personally, at any rate to his creed.
The negligence of the Catholic ma- gistrate, who, having arrived first among the officials on the scene of the tragedy, was responsible for a due in- spection of the details, can scarcely be conceived. De Beandrigue failed to examine the state of the shop and ad- jacent rooms. He had no search made about the house for places where as- sassins might have been hidden, as, for instance, the long passage leading from the street to the courtyard. He forgot to determine if those whom he accused of strangling a young man in the prime of manly vigor had their clothes disordered or bore on their persons :'.ny other signs of a struggle. He made no search in the room of the pretended "martyr" for Catholic books or objects of devotion. He did not even preserve the papers found in the pockets of the dead man. In a word, without observ- ing one of the formalities prescrihe.l by the law, the capitoul David mounted to the room of Jean Calas and his wife, and bade them accompany him to the Hotel de Ville. He had' the body of Marc-Antoine Calas carried away on a litter, with his coat, which had been found folded on the counter; and he arrested, along with the Calas family, all the persons found in the house — their servant, Jeanne Viguier, young
Lavaysse, and Cazeing, their friend, who had only reached the house after receiving news of the tragic event. One of the defenders of the accused persons, a man of ripe wisdom and high position, counsellor to the Tou- louse Parliament, afterwards pointed to the irreparable wrong done to the cause of the accused by their hasty ar- rest. An immediate and careful exam- ination of the scene of action Avould have probably shown at once that the event was a suicide. The clearest ele- ments of proof were, through the neg- ligence of the capitoul, lost without hope of recovery. The arrest was, moreover, illegal. It could not law^- fully take place without a warrant save in the case of flagrant delit or glaring j)ublicity in the act, or of clanieur publ'tqiie^ the latter meaning, not the uttered opinion of a person or of a crowd on the causes of death, but a street cry in pursuit of a runaway. There was nothing of either kind in the case of the Calas.
The relatives of the dead man were so far from conceiving the fate in store for them that, absorbed in grief, they supposed their visit to the Hotel de Ville to be for the purpose of their giving account of what had occurred. Pierre Calas took care to place a lighted candle in the passage, to await their return for the night. The capi- toul, with a smile at his simplicity, had the light extinguished, and observed that "they would not return so very soon." He was right. They never re- turned, and this was just what he meant to convey.
The news of the arrest caused great excitement, and the bigoted Catholic people looked upon the Calas family as not merely guilty, but as good as convicted, of murder. The accused per- sons were shut up and interrogated in separate rooms of the same prison — Jean Calas and his son Pierre in dark cells, and the two women in rooms not without light. Lavaysse was placed in the lodgings of the officer of the guard. It was only then that the capitoul, David de Beaudrigue, drew up his proces-verhal,, or first report, in viola-
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tion of the law ordering this to be done on the scene of a crime and before quitting it after the first visit. Then also was drawn up the report of the physician Lalour and of the surgeons Pe^'ronnot and Lainanjue. These gen- tlemen, after being sworn by David, examined the body of Marc-Antoine Galas. Their published report states that the body was "still slightly warm, without an}' wound,. but with a livid mark on the neck, about half an inch in width, of a circular shape, disap- pearing amidst the hair behind, and di- viding into two branches on each side of the neck. These signs convince us that he was hanged, still living, by his own hands or those of others."
The negligent official, on quitting the house of Galas, did not at first leave any guard in charge, nor did he then think of taking possession of the in- struments by which the deed had been committed. Later on he placed nine soldiers in charge of the house, a num- ber soon increased to twenty, main- tained there for five months at the cost of the accused. The rope and the billet of wood which served to effect the death of Marc-Antoine Galas Avere deposited at the office of the clerk to the capitouls.
On October 14th, Jean Galas, his wife, his son Pierre, young Lavaysse, and even the servant, although she was a Gatholic, were accused before the capitouls of having strangled IMarc- Antoine Galas under the impulse of Protestant fanaticism, in order, by his murder, to prevent his conversion to the Gatholic Ghurch. Gazeing was now discharged. The charge was, upon the face of it, in the highest degree improb- able, and, in the case of one of the ac- cused, it was absurd. There is always a strong presumption against a charge of atrocious crime when the accused is a person of character hitherto without reproach, a man or woman of pure life and mild demeanor. This presumption becomes far stronger when several such persons are involved in the charge.
It is incredible, if not that one, yet that five persons, differing in age and position, and two among them of dif-
ferent blood from the rest, should com- mit a crime of the utmost wickedness after having gained and kept unde- served esteem among their fellow-men. In the Galas case we have one of the accused, the servant, belonging to a rival Gliurch; all were unassailable in their previous conduct; and fanatical hatred vainly employed all the re- sources of calumny in the endeavour to fix a single stain upon any of the num- ber.
Jean Galas, born in 1G9S, near Gas- tres, had been established in business at Toulouse for forty years at the time of his son's death in 17G1. Simple- minded, honest, and diligent in his calling, he had slowly ac(|uired a fair l)osition among his fellow-citizens, and his religious and virtuous character was an honour to Protestantism in the city where he dwelt. Ilis manly jiiety and his devotion to duty were the i)est l)ossible preparation for the martyr- dom to which he Avas doomed. His temperament was g6ntle as well as serious.
It is a point strongly in favour of Jean Galas, charged with nnirdering his son because he wished to eml>race Gatholicism, that he. the father, in his relations with Gatholics alwaj's dis- played a mildness of manner and a tolerant spirit then very rare. Abund- ant proof exists on this head. In 173.") a Gatholic magistrate named Bonafous. wishing to place his two daughters in the nunnery of Notre Dame at Tou- louse, entrusted them to the care of Galas, in whose house they at first abode. At a later period, the elder sister on several occasions lodged with the Galas, when illness occurred at the nunnery. After her marriage with the mayor of a neighboring town, this lady, as also her sister, furnished duly au- thenticated certificates of the above facts. Madame Boulade, the INIayor's wife, declared in her deposition that "during the time of her residence with Galas and his wife she fulfilled all her duties as a Gatholic. in the year 1757, and that Galas always sent her imder proper charge to the churches which she attended," Many other witnesses
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gave like evidence, but none of these (lociunents in favour of the accused was produced at the trial. The same tol- erance was shown by Calas towards his son Louis, Avho became a Catholic, and also towards the servant, who had aided and abetted the son's conduct in this matter, which was a source of j)ain to his parents. With the knoAvledge of these facts, no candid judge could possibly believe that Jean Calas was the murderer of his eldest son for the reason alleged. It is established that the accused man was regarded by all except bigoted Catliolics with esteem and even with affection.
Madame Calas, married in Paris in 1731, was her husband's superior in mental ability and worthy of him in her elevation of character. Pier maiden name was Anne-Rose Cabibel. She was English by birth, French in race, belonging as she did to one of the Hu- guenot families whom the bigotry of Louise the Fourteenth drove into exile. She w^as allied in blood to several noble families in Languedoc and to some officers of high rank, chevaliers of the Order of St. Louis. Her relatives only remembered her after the legal murder of her husband, Avhen she and her son Pierre lay in prison under the capital charge. Madame Calas herself, in the shop at the Rue des Filatiers, scarcely thought of her ancestry. She had all the courage, but not the pride, of those from whom she sprang. Tlie greatest Frenchman for intellectual power then living, when he came to know her, was filled with wonder and with high re- gard for her quiet energy and dignity of character and for the vigour of in- tellect which no suffering had. been able to abate. In presence of the judges she displayed her mental superiority to her hapless husband in the penetrating power and presence of mind with which she detected and evaded the traps laid for them by the interrogat- ing officials, and she showed a higher resolution than he in protesting against false or malicious testimony.
The servant, Jeanne Viguier, about forty-five years of age at the time of Marc-Antoine's death had been in ser-
vice with Madame Calas for twenty- four years. A royal decree of January, 1G8(), forbade Protestants in France to have any non-Catholic servants, under penalty of fine for the employers and the "galleys" for the domestics. The Toulouse judges thus well knew that the Calas family must have a Catholic for servant or have none at all. Yet they asked Jeanne at the trial "how she could remain for twenty-four years in a family of a religion opposed to her own." She replied simply that, "having never been annoyed in any way, she found herself well off." We thus see that Protestants, who, pained as they were at their son's change of faith, had not ceased to treat with kind- ness the Catholic servant who had en- couraged him thereto, were accused of having murdered another son through sheer fanaticism. The Catholic servant Avho had aided the younger son to change his faith is charged with hav- ing shared in the crime of murdering his elder brother because he contem- plated such a change. We have re- peated and insisted upon this point in order to show the extreme absurdity of the accusation. In truth, the history of the world would be ransacked in vain for an}'^ worse display, not merely of injustice, but of folly in the selec- tion of victims. The servant, in spite of her undutiful behaviour in the mat- ter of Louis Calas' conversion to her own faith, was in all other respects honest, courageous, and faithful. She shared all the perils of Madame Calas, and she remained closely attached to her to the end of her life.
We come now to deal with the dead Marc-Antoine Calas. In order to ar- rive at the truth concerning the trag- edy, it is absolutely necessary to learn something of his career. Born on No- vember 5, 1732, he was in his twenty- ninth year when his body was carried, on October 13, 17G1, from the house in the Rue des Filatiers to the Hotel de Ville at Toulouse. His youthful ambi- tion soared above his father's trade. He had some oratorical ability, and longed for the Bar. His studies had been directed thereto, and in May,
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1759, He received a diploma as Bachelor of Law. His further prog'iess was ar- rested by the fact of his being a Pro- testant. As such he could not become an avocat or barrister. He would not ciiange his faith, and reluctantly joined his father in the business, and helped him in the affairs of the shop and the warehouse. He was bitterly disap- pointed in the failure of his hopes. One day, when he stood outside the shop, he saw passing Maitre Beaux, a former fellow-pupil in the study of the law. who was returning from the "Palais," where he had just been admitted to the Parliamentary Bar. Beaux asked him, ''When are you going to do the same?" Marc-Antoine replied that it was im- possible for him, "because he did not choose to perform any Catholic act." The j'oung man, deeply grieved to see closed for him the career of which he had dreamed, vainly sought to enter some other profession. From all he was barred out by some royal decree excluding Protestants. He then, en- tering perforce on the career of trade, sought an engagement with a merchant at Alais, but Avas unable in due time to furnish security to the amount of SIX thousand francs. He then desired to become partner in his father's busi- ness. Jean Calas found himself unable to consent to this proposal. He had. during four years past, initiated his son in all his affairs, and been everj^- where represented by him, "looking upon him," as he declared, "as his sec- ond self." The interest of the whole family absolute!}' forbade him to give a share of control to one, even his eld- est son, who had no aptitude for busi- ness, and in whom a taste for gambling and idleness was ever growing stronger. The young man. irritated by his pres- ent position, and without hope for the future, had become a gambler, and wit- nesses at the trial represented him as passing all the hours at his disposal in the tennis-court and the billiard-saloon. His betting at those resorts was high for one in his position, and resulted in his sometimes losing six francs, twelve francs, or even a louis d'or. The day of his death had been almost wholly
passed at billiards and tennis. One witness had seen him, until nearly five o'clock, in the establishment known as '•Quatre-Billiards." It is certain that on that day his father had handed him some crowns (six-franc pieces) to ex- change for louis, that he gave no ac- count of them, and that the money was never found. It is a fact that he had m his pockets, at the time of his death, some copies of immoral and indecent songs.
With this kind of ill-conduct that can be truly laid to his charge it is re- markable that Marc-Antoine Calas, alone in his family circle, was intoler- ant and inclined to fanaticism in re- ligious matters. His religion was, lik" his character, of a gloomy type. A priest declared that he had heard him maintain that "there was no salvation in the Koman Church, and that every Catholic was damned for ever." He often showed bitter irritation on the subject of his brother Louis' conversion. The reader will observe how wholly the conduct and character of Marc- Antoine Calas are opposed to the sug- gestion of the prosecutors that he medi- tated joining the Catholic Church. We can also Avell understand that such a young man, gloomy and taciturn at home as he was, declining any share in the harmless recreations of the family circle, embittered against men and things by the failure of his amb "lions hopes, deriving no solace from the faith which he held so fanatically, oroi.e astray into debasing pursuits, and daily disgusted with his occupation in tlie business of his father, was not unlikely to end his life, in a moment of despair, by his own act.
The youngest son, Pierre, whom the capitoul David de Beaudrigue directly accused of taking a leading part in murdering his brother, need not detain us long. He deserves boundless pity for his share in the sufferings of the family, but he cannot claim praise for heroic endurance. His iiifelligence was limited and his character weak. He recognized in a lowly spirit his own de- ficiencies. During his confinement in a monastery he abjured his faith under
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the influence of fear. He fled as soon as the doors were oji^ned, and hastened to retract his pretended conversion.
We must now give some account of the fifth person arrested by order of David de Beaudrigue. This is young Lavaysse, the man in a grey coat, wear- ing a sword — the porte-epee^ as the gos- sips of the Kue des Filatiers styled him,
Francois Lavaysse, born at Toulouse in October, 1741, was not yet twenty years of age. His family, which had been ennobled, held a good position. He was the third son of Maitre David Lavaysse, then one of the most eminent barristers in the south of France. He was a Protestant, as were all his chil- dren, but he had complied with the law as to "acts of Catholicity" required for admission to learned professions. Of rare learning in the law, and sometimes admirably eloquent, he was a man ut- terly wanting in energy and endurance under misfortune, and when he was smitten by the blow levelled at his son, he did not venture at first to defend him except in secret.
Francois Lavaysse, desirous of enter- ing the French commercial marine, had been sent to Bordeaux to receive in- struction in pilot work and in English, and to spend some time with a ship- owner. At the time of the tragic event, he was about to leave Bordeaux for Saint Domingo, in the West Indies, to enter on a new career of business under his uncle, agent for a large estate, and he had returned to Toulouse to bid farewell to his family. All testimony shows the young man to have been of very amiable character, honorable and upright in all points. He reached Toulouse on the evening of October 12, and found his father's town house, in the Rue Saint Remezy, closed. The family were at the country seat. He then made his way to the abode of Monsieur Cazeing, to whom he was conveying letters and who was as inti- mate with his parents as he was with the Calas family. This family friend gave him supper and a bed. On the morrow heavy rain prevented him from going out until noon. As soon as it
was fine he went in search of a horse for hire, in order to go over to Cara- man, his father's country abode. He could find none, in consequence of the press of work for the vintage at tliat time in progress. About four o'clock in the forenoon, as he passed the shop of Calas, he saw there some women be- longing to Caraman. He straightway entered, asked the peasant-women for news of his family, and stated his dif- ficulty. Pierre Calas offered to aid him in a fresh search, and the father, Jean Calas, invited him to supper.
It is somewhat difficult for the ac- cusers to explain how it was that a man who had resolved on murdering his son that very evening could invite a comparative stranger to have a share in or be a witness of the crime.
Lavaysse and Pierre Calas hurried about the town in search of a horse for hire, but without success. Towards seven o'clock they accompanied the peasant-woman of Caraman to the inn whence they were to start for home. Lavaysse then went to inform Cazeing, his host of the previous day, that he was to sup with the Calas family, and returned to share the meal at which he was to have his last hour, for many a day, of freedom and safety. It seems impossible, but it is true, that this worthy, well-conducted youth became, in the lurid light of religious bigotry, in the poisoned minds of Catholics of Toulous^j an executioner, a strangler, commissioned to come from Bordeaux by the Protestants of Toulouse for the dispatch of Marc-Antoine Calas. It was nothing, in the scale of justice as held by the wretches who accused him, that he thrice quitted and thrice re- turned to the house of Calas — the first time, after running to fetch the sur- geon Camoire, whom he found from home; the second time, after having found Cazeing; the third time when he brought Monyer and Savanier. Thus it is that, in the imagination of such men as David de Beaudrigue and the Catholics of Toulouse, a murderer takes his measures to escape.
The death scene now demands our
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notice. When Lavaysse returned for supper witli Pierre Calas, after they had scoured the town together in search of a horse for hire and seen the country women safe to the inn, l*ierre pulled the door of the house after him as he entered last, and it closed by its own weight. In this circumstance the accusers saw premeditation of crime. The simple fact was that the Calas, like other shop-keepers in the town, were in the habit of closing the doors at meal-times. The two young men. ascended to Madame Calas' room, where she was with her husband and the eldest son, Marc-Antoine. Lav- aysse described the latter as sunk in his elbow-chair, with his head sup- ported by one hand, and paying no heed to them on their entrance. At table he ate little, drank several glasses of wine, and, when dessert was put on, rose and went out according to his cus- tom. About two hours passed away. Madame Calas, with some embroidery- work in her hands, conversed with her husband and Lavaysse. When that young man was about to leave, it was found that Pierre had fallen asleep. They awoke him, but he was ashamed of the fact of sleeping, and would not admit it. They all "chaffed" him on the matter, with loud laughter, and the party separated in high good-humor. It was their last gleam of joy! Death was already in the house, and his pres- ence was about to be laiown.
It was then betw^een half-past nine and ten o'clock. Lavaj'sse went down- stairs, accompanied by Pierre, and was the first to make the very natural re- mark which led to the discovery of the corpse of Marc-Antoine. The door of communication between the passage and the shop w^as open. Was it due to the servant's carlessness? Pierre en- tered, in order to ascertain. His friend followed him, and both uttered cries of horror when they found Marc-Antoine hanging to the door which opened from the shop into an inner room called the warehouse. On the two leaves of this folding-door, as it stood open, the 3'oung man had placed crosswise one of the billets or larffe round sticks.
flattened at one end, with which bales of goods were fastened tight. To this bar of wood he had hung himself with a rope in a double running-knot. lie was in his shirt-slee\es. It was ob- served later that his hair was neither ruffled not his clothing in disorder. The police officers found his coat of grey cloth and his nankeen vest placed on the counter, carefully folded, a strange detail which clearly proves, not only a voluntary death, but the cold, slow deliberation with which a long- premeditated suicide is effected. Pierre took hold of his brother's hand: this act caused the body to swing. The two terrified young men at once ran off, calling for help. At these cries the uidnippy father came down hurriedly in his dressing-gown. Neither of the two, Pierre and Lavaysse, had thought of cutting tlie rope. Calas ran to the b(jdy, and seized it in his arms. The corpse being thus raised, the bar of wood fell to the ground. The father at once laid his son's body on the floor, and took off the rope by loosening the running-knot. At the same moment he cried to Pierre, 'Tn God's name, run to Camoire!"' (the neighboring sur- geon). ''Perhaps my poor son is not (juite dead." On this, Pierre and Lavaysse ran out, the first returning very soon with Gorsse, pupil (as we have seen) of the surgeon.
They found the mother leaning over Marc-Antome, rubbing his temples and vainly trying to make him swallow some spirit. The mouth kept closing of itself as if by a spring. Gorsse at once saw that help came too late. He took off the cravat, saw the mark of the cord round the throat, and declared that Marc-Antoine had died by strangl- ing or hanging. At that moment Pierre lost his head. He went out in a bewildered state "to go." as he said later, "to seek advice everywhere.'-' He knew not what he was doing, and his father recalled him to his senses by sajuiig, ''Don't go and spread the re- port that your brother has made aw^ay with himself; save, at least, the honor of 3"our miserable family!" This ad- vice of concealment had fatal conse-
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qiiences, but it was not without excuse in the barbarous legishition of the time concerning suicide. It was based on the Roman hiw that "a self-slayer's body must be cast forth unburied," a sentence wliich involved confiscati(m of all his propertv to the imperial treas- ury. Time had added to the rigour of this decree. The dead body was brought to trial like a living person. In case of condemnation, the body, ab- solutely bare, was dragged along the streets'on a hurdle, face to the ground, amidst the yells of the mob, who often defiled it with mud or mangled it with hurled stones. The body was then hung on a gibbet, and the property of the dead person, if any existed, was con- fiscated to the Crown.
The only other details of events on the fatal evening that possess any in- terest, just preceding or following from a letter of Madame Galas to an inti- mate friend, giving a full and exact account of all that occurred. We there learn that, when Lavaysse had accepted the invitation to supper, Madame Galas went down stairs from her sitting room to give some orders to the servant. She found her eldest son, Marc-Antoine, sitting alone in the shop, in a state of reverie, and asked him to go and fetch some Roquefort cheese, an article which he was wont to buy for the family, as he was a good judge of its quality. He executed this commission. We also learn that, at supper, when Pierre was giving some account of the antiquities at the Hotel de Ville in Toulouse, his brother "took him up," as not describing them with due accuracy. AVhen Marc- Antoine left the table he went to the kitchen, on the first floor, near the din- ing-room, and it was then that the servant. Jeanne Viguier, asking him if he were cold, and saying, "Warm your- self," received the strange reply al- readv noticed— "Quite the contrary, 1 am "burning hot" ("Je brule"), on which he went out and was seen, by any of the family, alive no more. When Madame Galas heard the cry of alarm below, not distinguishing any words, and her husband ran down, she re-
mained, trembling, in the passage above, not daring to descend. In a minute or two she resolved to see for herself "what the matter could be," but found young Lavaysse at the bottom of the staircase, and was by him beg- ged to return upstairs, and "she should know." Attended by him. she returned to the dining-room, and there he left her. In a short time Madame Galas, unable to remain quiet in her state of uncertainty, called to the servant (who was in the kitchen close at hand), "Jeanette, go and see what is the mat- ter below. I don't know what it is. I am all trembling." "I put a candle in her hand, and she went down; but when she did not return to give me any account of what was going on, I went down myself." The poor mother then tells how, "not believing her son dead," she ran to get some "Queen of PTun- gary's water," thinking him seized with illness.
We may close this account with the graphic details that, when the surgeon declared the fact of death, Madame Galas exclaimed, "That cannot be!" begging him to examine the body again, and that her attention was divided, in those fearful moments, between the sight of her dead son on the one side and her living husband on the other, leaning over the counter in a desperate state of grief. It was in this condition that, as already related, "Justice found them" (in Madame Galas' words) and the arrests took place.
There is no need to go into details concerning the "trial," if trial it can be called,^ of Jean Galas. It has been seen that no direct evidence whatsoever concerning the death of Marc-Antoine could be obtained outside the circle of the accused persons. After the exami- nation of thirty witnesses not a single proof tending to conviction had been found. It was time for bigotry to as- sert its existence and power. Amongst the usages of the anrJen regime in France in criminal cases was a prac- tice of the Procureur du Roi or Grown solicitor, in his search for evidence. He drew up a statement of "facts," kriown
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or presumed, for which he wanted the support of witnesses, and applie I to the ecclesiastical powers in order that an advertisement, or monito'rrc^ might be read in the pulpit and post'^d in the streets, to give notice to all persons wlio '■'■might know^ by hearsay or otherwise^'' the matters in question, that, if they did not come forward and declare them either to justice or to their parish priests, they would incur the penalty of excommunication. If the publication of this notice did not have the expected effect, the same monitoire was "fulmi- nated," or repeated in the churches with frightful threats of infernal l)enalties against all who, having any knowledge, failed to make deposition. It is only fair to say that this mode of procuring testimony was addressed e(iually to witnesses in favor of and to those against the accused. Inculpated persons Avere not, it must be remem- bered, allowed to call any witness on their own behalf, nor was any witness who voluntarily tendered himself ad- mitted to examination. It is evident that the Crown lawyer, by partiality in drawing up his "facts" for the moni- toire^ might exclude all depositions in favour of the accused. This is pre- cisely what occurred in the Calas case, and it makes an end of a reproach brought forward again in recent days that the family produced only one wit- ness to prove that Marc-Antoine had remained a Protestant, while a crowd of Avitnesses (all perjured, we may re- mark) attested the contrary. By the mo7iitoire, all parish priests, curates, and priests in discharge of Church functions were made, in fact, examin- ing magistrates Protestants were ac- cused and the vast majority of the people were bigoted Catholics. The state of public opinion was such that few Catholics would be bold enough to say a word on behalf of the accused, and no Protestant could hope to be believed, as a member of a Church which, according to a then accepted and most atrocious calumny, bade its devotees to put to death all Protestants Avho embraced the Catholic faith, and appointed special executioners to carry
out the punishment. The air was alive with abominable charges against Pro- testants, asserting other cases of nnir- der in Languedoc perpetrated on Hu- guenots who had become Catholics. The capitouls, the Parliament, the clergy, the brotherhoods, the great mass of the people of Toulouse, were all banded against one hapless and helpless family.
We have already explained the usual criminal procedure depriving the ac- cused person of the aid of counsel or advocate, and conducting matters sep- arately and secretly between the cul- prit and each different witness in pres- ence only of the judge and his clerk. There were other antiquated usages all furnishing weapons for the accuser against the accused, who was at every point placed at a disadvantage in the contest.
It is clear, moreover, to any candid mind that Lavaysse and Jeanne Yig- uier, as being impossible sharers in the supposed crime, should have been at once released. This course Avas not adopted by the prosecutors because they would both have then been able to claim a hearing as Avitnesses to the fact that they had known all the move- ments of Jean Calas, his wife, and their son Pierre; Lavaysse as seated at table Avith them, and Jeanne as serving the supper and passing to and fro betAveen two adjoining apartments, the dining- room and the kitchen.
A base means was adopted to induce Lavaysse to turn against his friends. His father, David LaA'aysse, whose Aveakness of character has been men- tioned, alloAved himself to be persuaded by the prosecution that the Calas Avere, i»oyond doubt, guilty of the alleged murder. He Avas assured that ample proofs thereof had been secured, the fact being that the prosecution were at their wits' end to find the beginning of a vestige of proof, as legally under- stood. The miserable man, being al- lowed an interview with his son. tried hard to induce him to saA-e himself from torture and death by declaring that the three Calas had strangled Marc-Antoine. It may be very chari-
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tably hoped that the father was then sincere and really deceived. This vile effort of the prosecutors wholly failed. The younger Lavaysse, with imperturb- able frankness, repeated his constant assertion that no murder had been committed at all. We should add that the man, Monsieur David Lavaysse, who had professed his belief in the giiilt of the three members of the Galas family, afterwards drew up a secret memoir, still unpublished and existing in the historical section of the Archives in Paris. In this document are found, firstly, a statement that Marc-Antoine Calas was "a young man of very gloomy character, and on that day (the day of the tragedy) more brooding (reveur) than usual"; secondly, an ac- count of the popular excitement, in which the accusation of crime is styled an imposture, with a statement that "some sensible (sages) people mourned over the delusion into wMch the town had been cast by its Tnagistrates'''' ; and thirdly, an argument as to "the moral impossibility of five monsters, a num- ber that could scarcely exist at one time in the whole kingdom, being found to- gether in a single house— of a father, a mother, a brother, a friend, and a Catholic servant having united in staining their hands in the blood of one who was son, brother, friend, young master all in one, and of their having, after a deed so monstrous, sat down calmly to supper. He also shows the absurdity of imagining that five such persons should have chosen as the scene of a premeditated murder a shop situated in the busiest and most popu- lous street of the town, and, as the time of the murder, the hour in the day when the street was most thronged with people. He also insists upon the interest which the magistrates — the capitouls of Toulouse — had in obtain- ing the condemnation of the five ac- cused persons, in order to prevent any of them from instituting proceedings for abuse of power, imprisonment without warrant, and various illegal measures.
To make our story short, Lagaire, the Procureur du Roi^ or Crown attorney.
on November 10, 1761, demanded sent- ence to the effect that Jean Calas, Madame Calas, and their son Pierre should be hanged, their bodies be burned on a jjile of wood expressly pre- pared, and the ashes be flung to the winds; that their property should be confiscated, and that young Lavaysse and Jeanne Viguier should be present at the execution ; that Lavaysse be sentenced to the "galleys" for life, and that Viguier should be imprisoned for five years in the Hospital de la Grave m Toulouse. The (^apitouls, however, unable to agree on the punishment, de- creed that the most rigorous torture should be applied to the three Calas, and that Lavaysse and Viguier should be "presented to torture" Avithout its being applied to them. These wicked men hoped thus to obtain the avowals and proofs wdiich they had hitherto vainly sought. They had committed a gross illegality in sparing the two lat- ter the actual pain of torture: such re- mission lay within the powers at once appealed from this decree to the Par- liament of Toulouse. The Procureur du Roi also appealed to the same higher court on the ground of too great len- iency in the sentence. The condemned persons were forthwith transferred from their cells at the Hotel de Ville to other quarters at the Palace, and were all put in fetters. On December 5th, the Parliament annulled the de- cree of the capitouls, and placed the further prosecution in the hands of one of their counsellors, Monsieur Pierre- Etienne de Boissy.
We now come to inquire what evi- dence of any value was heard by the Parliament against the accused per- sons. Not one word. There was noth- ing that was not mere hearsay, or evi- dent mistake, or manifest falsehood and invention. Not a circumstance was adduced to show that the five accused persons, or any of them, could have had a hand in murdering Marc-Antoine Calas ; not a circumstance to show that he could not, by the use of a .stool j>laced between the two open leaves of the door, have hanged himself with the rope, as found, in two running-knots,
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and Avith the bar of wood. Evervtliiii<r i:)ointod straight to suicide; nothing' pointed to murder. Therefore, in the logic of tlie Toulouse Parliament it was clear that a murder had been commit- ted; just as in the famous modern French court-martial it was evident that a man wrote a document because the handwriting differed from his in several important points.
We concluae the demonstration of the innocence of the alleged murderers by destroying the only motive thereto put forward by the prosecution — /'/.?. the alleged conversion or meditated conversion of Marc-Antoine Galas to the Catholic Church. The servant, Jeanne Viguier, who would have been the first to know of any such act or intention on the part of Jean Calas' eldest soi), energeticallj^ denied that he ever showed any leaning in that direc- tion. Not an object valued by Catho- lics was found in his possession — not a book of prayers, nor {fn image, nor a cross, nor a relic, nor a medal, nor a string of beads. The examination of the pockets of his clothes at the time of decease, the careful search of his ward- robe and chest of clothes, revealed nothing of the kind. The copies of indecent verses found on him were cai-efully destroyed by David de I'eaudrigiie the capitoul, as being im- suitable for the role of a Catholic martyr, through Protestant fanaticism, already conceived for him by the ac- cuser. Not a priest could be found who had heard from Marc-Antoine Calas anj' abjuration of the Protestant faith, or who had ever received him to confession or to "first communion," or Avho had ever given him any of the instruction in the faith always sought by those who meditate "conversion" from one Church to another. There were many lying inventions of Catho- lics who pretended to have seen him at Catholic worship. There was none that could bear examination. On the other hand, we have seen Marc-Antoine's re- ply to his friend Maitre Beaux, that "he could never reach the Bar because he would do no Catholic act"; and we refer, lastly, to the evidence of Canon
Azimond. a Catholic of high character, who well knew the Calas family, to the effect that ''Marc-Antoine was very far {tres-eloigne) from turning Catho-' lie." On the contrary, to the very last he made public profession of Protes- tantism, in attending assemblies, fun- erals, and public worship: in eating meat on Fridays, offering family j)rayers, reading out a sermon on Sun- days, and in other ways.
We pass to the tragical end of tlie innocent Jean Calas.
Of the thirteen judges, seven voted for death. Three were for turture only, reserving their right of voting for death at a later stage; two desired a verification, above all, of whether it were possible or not for Marc-Antoine Calas to have hanged himself between the two leaves of the folding door with the wooden bar and the cord which Avere at the office. One judge only voted for acquittal. Incredible as it seems, the majority of the judges ac- tually refused to allow the verification demanded by two of their body to be made. It was easy enough; the point could have been settled in half an hour. The annals of "justice" contain no more abominable instance of prejudice and levity. The majority of seven in thirteen was not sufficient for a capi- tal sentence. After long debate, an- other judge, who had been thought favorable to the Calas, joined the seven and gave the needful majority. We will not linger over the atrocious sent- ence, which was carried out on March 10. 1762.
Jean Calas, the father of the man who had beyond doubt slain himself, was put to death as his murderer with every circumstance of ignominy and horror. After undergoing the "ordi- nary and extraordinary torture," in order, vainly, to extract a confession, he was "broken alive on the wheel." In other words, he was bound, face up- wards "towards heaven, to live there in suffering and repentance, etc.. as long as it should please God to give him irfe," on a wheel, after being smitten Avith an iron bar b}^ the executioner to the breaking of his arms, legs, thighs.
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and reins. His remains were then burned and the ashes scattered to the winds; his property was confiscated, witii reservation of a third portion to his wife and chikh'en. A hostile offi- cial personage testifies that the victim underwent his sentence with ''incon- ceivable firmness." At each blow of the iron bar he uttered only a single cry. During the two hours that he re- mained alive on the wheel he talked with the priest in attendance on any subject save religion, declaring that all he might say thereon would be use- less, and that he chose to die a Prbtest- ant. As he passed on the car to exe- cution the appearanre of the old man, exhausted by torture, his simple man- ner, his courage, his calmness, aroused emotion in the crowd, to whom he cried, "I am innocent!"
During the two hours of agony on the wheel, with all his chief bones broken, Calas uttered not a murmur, not a Avord of auger or revenge. He prayed God not to impute his death to his judges, and said, "Doubtless (hey have been deceived by false witnesses."
Exhorted to name his accomplices, he cried, "Alas ! w^here there is no crime, can there be accomplices?" A few mo- ments before he died Pere Boorges conjured him in the most solemn terms to "render homage to the truth," that is, by confession of the crime. Calas answered, "I have said the truth. I die innocent. But why should I com- plain? Jesus Christ, who was inno- cence itself, chose to die for me by a \et raoie cruel punishment. I have no regret in quitting a life whose end, I hope, is going to lead me to eternal happiness. I pity m}'^ wife and my son ; but that friend, the son of Monsieur Lavaysse, to whom I meant to show courtesy in asking him to supper — ah ! it is he that increases my sorrow !"
Suffering for his family seemed but natural to the simple-minded Jean Calas. There could be no more hap- piness for them after the suicide of the eldest son and all its grievous results. The unmerited woe of one not con- nected in blood, of a friend, a young man barely twenty years old, who had
come under their roof only to be en- gulfed m the family's trouble, — this thought saddened the heart of tlie un- selfish sufferer. IIap[)ier, surely, was ,Iean Calas in his death, broken to pieces, degraded for 'the time, dishon- ored in his memory, than the capitoul David de Beautlrigue, the foremost of the foes of the Calas family ! In the vigour of his life, at the height of his ambition, this hasty and besotted fana- tic was soon to be plunged into re- morse— an object of execration to the human race, pilloried in public opinion by the avenging pens of the first writers of the age, displayed on all the stages of the first time in every langu- age of civilised man as the type of an iniquitous and bloodthirsty judge; to end his career at last, by his own hand, in a fit of homicidal mania.
The murderers of Jean Calas next strove to turn to account, with his al- leged accomplices, the terror which his fate might inspire. They were removed from their cells at the Palace to the ••condemned" cells of the Hotel de Ville. Their guards were doubled, and at last they were deprived of the use of knives and forks and of every ob- ject which might aid a suicidal pur- pose, as if the law were carefully re- serving them for its own method of dispnitch. Madame Calas, the widow, was infamously treated. The gaoler constantly used disgraceful language. During illness she lay in a cell where the walls dripped with moisture. Her effects were stolen, and five or six priests or monks relieved each other in attempts to drive her to confession by threats and by other methods usual with cowardly scoundrels of their class. Under threats of torture Pierre Calas and Lavaysse abjured Protestantism, and by a refinement of cruelty the sen was ' taken by his confessor to the mother, in order to announce his con- version. They hoped for an explosion of anger from her which might serve their cause. She was alive to the snare, and heard the avowal of Pierre un- moved, averting her head without a word of reply.
The constancy of Jean Calas was of
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great service to his widow, his son, and their two companions in prison. Notliing had been confessed. The aim of liis liorrible i)unisliment had missed the mark. That whicli was meant to confound the accused liad become a strong proof in their favor. Popular opinion began to be divided. Jean Cahis had not died like a parricide or like a fanatic. If he were innocent, so were they all; and even if they were guilty, where was the hope of i)roving it'^ The l*rocureur-(ieneral, Ki(juet de IJonrepos, had, however, the implacable courage, or, rather, the atrocious ef- frontery to demand, on the day follow- ing the death of Jean Calas, that his widow, his son, and Lnvaysse should be hanged, after having made, like the father, the amende honorable^ a cere- mony which consisted in going, clad in shirt only, with head and feet bare, from the i)rison to the cathedral, and there, in front of the main door, kneel- ing with a large lighted candle of yel- low wax of two pjnnids' weight in tli hand, asking pardon of God, of the King, and of "justice" for misdeeds. 'i'his amiable high official also recjuired that the servant, Jeanne Viguier, should "assist"' as an eye-witness at their execution, and then be imprisoned for life at the hospital. The counsellor to the Parliament was less severe. He proposed that Pierre Calas, as the chief uuirderer, should be sent to the "gal- leys." Several judges voted for ac- (juittal, others for banishment for life, and this was finally agreed on. Jeanne Viguier w^as unanimously acquitted, as "a good Catholic.-' Madame Calas and Lavaysse were placed, in the technical phrase, hors de cuur and de proees, a decision equivalent to a verdict of "Not proven." Nothing could be more absurd than this decision, given on March 18tli. If Pierre Calas were the chief murderer, he ought to have been put to death, not banished.
These Avise acres of bigotry and in- justice thus established, when they sen- tenced the son to a lighter penalty than his sire, and acquitted the widow,
Lavays.se, and the servant, that Jean Calas, a man of sixty-four years, had, single-handed, .strangled his son of twenty-nine, without the mother, the i)rother, the friend, or the .servant, who were in the house at the time, having any knowledge of the deed. Such is the logic of false accusers, so thorny are the paths of fanaticism unto them that walk therein. Tiie decision of March isfh, was in fact a censure on that of March Dth.
The "banishment" of Pierre Calas was a form. Conducted by the pub- lic executioner outside the Porte St. Michel, he was attended by a priest, who forthwith led him again inside the town by another gate, and then to the Jacobin monastery. i'ere liourges, the priest who had received the last words of Jean Calas, waited for Pierre at the monastery, and told him that if he practiced the Catholic worship his stiiience of exile would be reversed.
(' young man fell into the snare, and found himself a prisoner always kept in view. After four months of cap- tivity he made his escape on July 4th, leaving a letter for Father Bourges, in which he thanked him for his kindness and told him to judge his state of mind by his escape. In a short time, at a date now unknown, Madame Calas and the servant were released. Lavaysse went out of his prison abdut March 20, ten da3'S after the execution of Jean Calas.
The judicial murder of the father, only three weeks after those of Eoch- ette and of the brothers De Grevier, struck terror into the Protestants of Toulouse. Many families left the city as soon as they could dispose of their property. The emigration of Hugue- nots recommenced in all parts of Lan- guedoc, and they sought in foreign lands the freedom and safety denied to them in their own. The country lost good manufacturers and farmers; the peace of desolation, for Protestants, reigned in Toulouse.
(To Be Continued Next Month.)
Editorial Notes and Clippings
Do the ('a<;o(l \nn\s of Home crave f reedoni ?
Do they want to <i^et out? The fat, red-lipped priests tell us that the imprisoned women are happy in their pens, and that none would ac- cept liberty, oven if the State offered it. Read this item from the Memphis A^e ws-Scimitar :
As soon as her condition permits, Ruth Huff, 19 years old, who was injured while trying to escape from the Convent of the Good Shepherd early Monday morning, will be released from the City Hospital and re- turned to the institution, fehe fell 20 feet from a rope made of bed sheets tied to- gether, breaking her ankle and wrenching her back.
According to the police report, the Huff girl and Nellie Seagraves, 17, Nashville, Tenn., attempted to escape from their room on the third floor of the convent. Taking five sheets, they made a rope that hung from their window to the ground. The Seagraves girl slid down first and the other followed. When about half way down, she fell.
The Seagraves girl picked up her com- panion and carried her to Avalon Street, wnere she became exhausted. C. A. Het- tinger, 3 05 Leath Street, who was passing in an automobile, found them ana con- veyed them to the City Hospital. Emer- gency Officers Davis and O'Brien were sent there by Captain Couch and they re- turned the Seagraves girl to the institu- tion.
Ruth Huff was sent here from Birming- ham, Ala.
They risk their lives to <2fet out ; they break their limbs in falling; they flee into the woods hiding until hunger compels them to give up — and then the Law arrests them as escaped criminals, and flings them back into the dungeons of Rome.
Yet they don't want to get out.
They don't need inspection bills ! These would be an "insult" to the fat, red-lipped priests who are the real goalers of the women.
Pray consider the hard lot of the priests of Yucatan, who have been ordered — as a condition to their re-
iiiaiiiing in Me.xico — to marry and go to irork.
Washington, Dec. 14. — Systematic perse- cution of the clergy in Mexico, authorized by government officials since the recogni- tion of Carranza and in violation of his pledge of religious tolerance, was charged in a protest made to Secretary Lansing to- day by Manager Francis Kelly of Chicago. On leaving the state department Manager Kelly said the secretary had promised to do what he could to secure improvement in the situation.
Manager Kelly, who was accompanied to the department by Rev. Thomas Shannon of Chicago, charged that a decree had been issued in the state of Yucatan re- quiring all priests to marry and to work eight hours a day in the public offices on pain of expulsion.
O how terrible ! Carranza has ac- tually told the priests vhat God told Ada/n, "Marry and go to work!"
It is a frightful })ersecution, when the priest is reduced to the position to which the Almighty subjected Adam, after he had tasted that pippin.
The grievance of the Mexican priests is, that heretofore thc\v have had the run of all the pippins.
What the Romanists would do to us, if they had the power, is illustrated by the following:
T. T. Coyle, editor of a Catholic paper published in this city, created a sensation yesterday afternoon by going to Alamo with a sledge hammer and smashing to pieces a statue of St. Theresa. The statue was discovered in 1867 while workmen were engaged in making excavations for a building on Houston Street, and was placed in the Alamo. On the breast of the image was a Masonic emblem, con- sisting of a square and compass. This gave offense to the editor, who is a very devout Jesuit. Coyle was arrested, and was in- terviewed in jail. He said that the statue was an offense to Catholics. He had writ- ten Governor Ross to have it removed, and that official replied that he could not order its removal without consent of tne city of San Antonio. He stated tnat it was his intention to blow up the Alamo with dyna- mite if he could not otherwise secure the
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removal of the obnoxious image. — Courier- Journal, May 19th.
Since the Anierieaii priests are howl- inir so furiously about the "outrages'', inflicted upon Mexican priests and nuns by the Catholic soldiers of Mexico, we might refresh our minds by reading what IMiss Leila Koberts ])ublished in The Missionary Voice , of Nashville, Tenn. :
The year 1875 seems to have been a specially fateful one for pioneer mission- aries and small groups of believers. We find recorded tnat on January 26th, in the city of Acapuico a mob of fanatical Ro- manists, armed with lances and pistols, as- saulted the evangelical church, killing three members and wounding nineteen others. An American who was present, hoping to quell the disturbance, ventured outside of the building, but was instantly killed. His wife and four small children were left to battle with life's turbulent elements as best they could. So fierce was the fighting inside the church that pools of blood covered the floor. Another in- stance of tlie insincerity of Romanism when she pleads for religious liberty is convincing.
Rev. Santiago Gomez, pastor of our Mexican congregation in Bridgeport, Tex., has in his possession a valuable volume of chronicles published during this period. One of these tells of the death of his grandfather, who, while standing in the pulpit preaching the gospel, was shot and killed, his blood sprinkling the floor and the leaves of his Bible, which is still pre- served. More than seventy witnesses for Jesus will wear the martyr's crown because of the intolerant spirit of Romanism in ^Mexico.
Being one of ihe pioneer missionaries to Saltilio, I can testify to what was eAper- ienced there "^wenty-six years ago. Stones were hurled at us by day and by night; and sometimes they hit the mark, pene- trating the windows and falling like leaden balls on the roof. We were anathematized by the priests to such an extent that owners of houses were warned not to rent us their property, the penalty being ex- communication for the first violation of the command and condemnation for the second. Many who passed us on the street made the sign of the cross to ward off the evil influence of our presence. Finding that these petty persecutions did not move us, the next plan was to induce the civil authorities to exact of us an ex- orbitant municipal tax for each religious service held. In this way they hoped to drive us from the country. Failing to get redress from local officials, we appealed
to President Diaz, who gave us a favorable reply and tiius saved us from the cruel hands of Romanism.
This fiendish persecution, did not stop in 1875, nor even in 1895, when the I)riests caused eight Mexicans to be publicly burned at Texacapa, for the caj)ital crime of not being Catholics.
'r>i:o of those rictims were ivomen, and one was a little (jirl.
Think of it! The date was 1895, the year in which Grover Cleveland was our President, the second time: and the year before liiyan i.*i; Co. killed the People's Pai'ty by convincing its Na- tional Con\ention that, if the Pcjjiulists woidd accept Bryan for Presidential nominee, the Democrats would accept Watson for the second place on the ticket.
Have ^'illa and Carranza hurnt any priests, nuns, and children?
Almo.st incredible to relate, a Romish delegation went to our State Depart- ment at Washington to protest against Carranza outrages, and one of those hideous crimes was that Carranza had ordered the priests to wear the Mexi- can serape (blanket) instead of an overcoat !
Read the news dispatch for yourself:
"In Guadalajara," Manager Kelly said, "the university has been closed since Car- ranza was recognized and the chapel partly destroyed. In Morelia, capital of Nichoa- can, they even went so far as to order that jjriests should not wear overcoats, but should wear on the streets as protection against the cold a blanket, trie garb of the peon."
Damaged the chapel, clo.sed the uni- versity^, and even icent so far as to com- pel the priest to wear a blanket, the badge of the peon/
O gentle, meek, single-garment Jesus Christ ! Barefooted, homeless, vagrant — teacher of Palestine, eating no better, lodging no better, and dressing no bet- ter than the poorest man m Juclea !
What a vast gulf there is between the Christianity of Christ, and that which betook itself to our State De- partment, and demanded icar on Mex-
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ko, because Cananza IkuI ''eveii gone so far'' as to compel a disciple of our Lord to wear a blanket^ similar to those that are used by t}ie pour Catholics of the land which liome has enslaved and robbed for 400 years !
But for those 400 years of servitude, the Mexican would be wearing the overcoat, and the priest would be glad to get the blanket.
The Washington dispatch continues :
Manager Kelly and Father Shannon were encouraged by the interest shown by Sec- retary Lansing. Eliseo Arredondo, re- cently appointed Mexican .ambassador here, also had told them, they said, that he would do all he could to secure an amelioration of conditions.
Manager Kelly denied that the Catholic Church was antagonistic to Carranza or ever had engaged in politics.
Of all the liars that ever perfected the art, commend me to a Catholic priest.
The Catholic Church has never been "antagonistic to Carranza." It never advanced money to Huerta to fight him. It never sent Archbishop Mora and Cardinal Gibbons to New Orleans to conspire against him, in the interest of '*a new^ man."
It never brought Huerta back from Spain, and sent him to El Paso to commence a counter-revolution. It never reviled Carranza, in every Catho- lic periodical, as a bandit, a cutthroat, "an enemy to God", an athiest and anarchist.
It never denounced President Wilson for recognizing him, nor did it threaten Wilson with the "vengeance" of the Catholic vote for having done so.
It did not even rail at Tumulty, when he made light of those alleged Car- ranza outrages, which Mr. Koosevelt had so greedily swallowed.
No: the Catholic Church dotes on Carranza: it has always loved him: it has merely been misunderstood and slandered, as so often happens to that most virtuous of all human institu- tions.
Besides, the Catholic Church is not m politics : it never has been : its eyes are
fixcnl on Heaven: its kingdom is not of this world: it wants nobody's vote, no- body's money, nobody's land.
It doth not covet its neighbor's wife, nor iiis ox, nor his ass.
It somehow generally gels them, but that is an accident of life, due to the Providence which mercifully eliminates all hunutn desires from men and wo- men as soon as they become priests and nuns.
When you don't want a thing, you get it; and "when you do want it, you can't get it.
So says Kelley,* and Kelley cannot I ell a lie.
Since Mexico is to be made a burn- ing, red-hot issue, by Roosevelt, Per- kins and the three Irish Cardinals- Gibbons, O'Connell and Earley— we might as well get all the information we can on the subject, before Teddy begins to roar.
In The Christian Advocate, of De- cember 9, 1915, there appeared an article by Rev. Dr. G. B. Winston, a Methodist missionary in Mexico. Our readers wall appreciate the following extracts:
It is Cardinal Gibbons who sets the time, and the wail has been taken up all down the line. Why is the good Cardinal pity- ing Mexico? A cruel military usurpation, intolerable to our own government, even, and much more to the people of Mexico, has been overthrown. An ignorant and vicious rebel against the popular move- ment of which he was once a part, has been suppressed. Order has been resiored to such a point that President Wilson and his advisers feel justified in recognizing the existence of a de facto government. The Mexican people are harvesting their crops and restoring their commerce. A capable and patriotic man, backed by an efficient military establishment, is at the head. A popular movement, with a pro- gram of civic, economic and educational betterment, is running strong. All signs point to the dawning of a new day. Why, then, is everybody saying, "Poor Mexico"?
Rich in Resources.
Mexico is rich. Baron Humboldt was of the opinion that nowhere eise in the world is concentrated so much of mineral wealth. For four centuries her gold and silver have
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enriched the world. Her supplies of lead are inexhaustible. A mountain near Dur- ango is solid iron. In Cananea is one of the largest copper-producing mines in the world. Mercury, zinc, cobalt and other secondary metais are found in paying quantities, and within the brief decades of this twentieth century incalculable quantities of petroleum have been uncov- ered.
The agricultural resources of the country are equal to the mineral. A most friendly climate, ranging irom the tropic levels to the crisp air of tiie table lanas, encourages all life, vegetable and animal. In many sections repeated crops can be reaped in a twelvemonth. Alfalfa is sometimes cut from six to ten times. On the wide plains of the interior reduced rainfall and a burning sun have charged the soil with the essential salts of fertility. Where cultiva- tion is unprofitable there is grazing for stock the year round, with no danger of freezing weatner or blizzards. Calves and colts are not dwarfed by wintry winds. Winter is the season of sunshine, summer of clouds ana rain. From t.ie cereals of the temperate zone to the rubber and sugar cane of the tropics the wnole range Of fruits and grains can be raised. Humboldt —to refer again to one of the greatest of the world s statisticians — estimated that Mexico could easily sustain a population of a hundred millions. As yet she has only fifteen.
Rich in Human Stuff.
Mexico is rich also in "human stuff," to use a graphic phrase of Bishop O'Connell. The "Indians" there were not the grace- less, lazy, inefficient nomads whom our fathers encountered in the woods of what are now the United States. In Mexico the peoples were settled. They had cities and a government. They cultivated the soil. They wrought in wood and stone. They were numerous, vital, robust, moral, per- sistent. They absorbed the Spanish in- vaders, even though they had been con- quered by them. They are still the peo- ple of Mexico. They are industrious; they are intelligent; they are docile; they are contented. Yet they are not without am- bition. Rousing at last, after long sleep, they are demanding better things for them- selves and for their children. Their sleep has not been voluntary. It is true that they are of a contented mind, but for years, for centuries, sedatives have been administered to them. They are awake now, and they are a great people. Let no man imagine them decadent or exhausted. They are brave; they are self-sacrificing; they are patriotic.
Impoverished.
Yet despite the wealth of their domain and their own riches in manhood and wo-
manhood the Mexicans are poor. Their land has been exploited and its products carried away. They have had imposed upon them a political, an industrial and a religious domination which have made them poorer and not richer. Instead of being made partners in their own civil government they were from the first treated as nonentities. All power was at the center, radiating thence among the people. They contributed nothing to it. Instead of continuing to own their lands and work their mines they became serfs and worked for others. Their religion was equally autocratic. They took what was given them and were allowed to ask no questions. For fear that they might ask questions Church and State agreed in keeping them in ignorance. Being ignor- ant they were inefficient. They ate husks and wore rags. They took orders, but did not give them.
After four centuries of this they are now both poor and pitiable. When they seek to liberate themselves from some of these shackles that so long have bound them they seem but to flounder helplessly. They are inexperienced in co-ordinate action, unprepared for progressive movements. They strike out blindly at their oppressors — the unjust ruler, the grasping landlord, the domineering ecclesiastic. It is a dis- turbing spectacle for near neighbors like ourselves. It should be peculiarly so for Cardinal Gibbons.
Mexico, unhappily, is also poor in friends. That a vast fund of sympathetic good will exists today among our people for that stricken country is undoubted. But what voice has it? The men who have exploited Mexico and who would like to continue are displeased at the way things are going there. They raise a loud outcry over the recognition of Carranza. They fill the papers with their lugubrious prophecies and their unrestrained denunciation. What would they have? Is not the program of the Constitutionalists the real hope of the Mexican people? If our newspapers and magazines are to continue discounting the leaders of that movement and bewailing the conditions of "poor Mexico" simply be- cause these men are in power, while no other voice from among us comes to the ears of the I\Iexican people, will they be- lieve that we are their friends? Once we fought them and took away their territory. They have not forgotten that. Now, when they are struggling to their feet and at- tempting to achieve self-government, we stand coldly and doubtingly by. We let selfish investors and sentimental Catholic dignitaries utter our feelings for us. The Mexicans do not believe that those are voices of friends. Rightly or wrongly they are unalterably convinced that much of that which is pitiable in their case has come to them through the domination of
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one Church. They are not prepared now to receive patiently the commiseration of the leaders of that Church or feel gratified if the rest of us permit such leaders to put words into our mouths. Because the Con- stitutionalists assert plainly that the laws of 1859 and the Constitution of 1857 will be rigidly enforced the Catholics of the United States have violently opposed the recognition of Carranza. President Wilson was deluged with letters and telegrams of protest before he granted that recognition and has been covered with abuse and de- nunciation since.
What Catholics Demanded.
Could we blame the Mexicans if they should grow a bit impatient at this point? They look upon the Constitution of 1857 and the Reform Laws of 1859 as the char- ter of their liberties. It was virtually re- quired of our President that he demand of them the repudiation of these great prin- ciples for which their fathers bled, in order that their government might receive recognition at our hands. It is scarcely surprising that Woodrow Wilson declined to be a party to any such demand. Some of these laws may seem to us rather strict — too strict. We do not feel concerned at the existence of religious orders in our body politic. But the Mexicans do not think their laws too strict, and they do not intend to modify them. Religious orders are prohibited there, and it should be remembered, when so much is said of the treatment of monks and nuns, that all foreign monks and nuns were violating the law simply in being in Mexico and liv- ing in communities. The Catholics of our country may, as they are already threaten- ing, throw their votes against President Wilson and make him "pay the penalty." The editorial writers all over the United States may continue to join them in a chorus of denunciation of Carranza, but the thoughtful men of Mexico are going to stand by their Constitution and their leyes de refomia. Their Constitution may be amended, but it will noi be in the di- rection of altering the great principles enunciated by Gomez Farias, Lerdo, Ocampo and Juarez.
Only let the mignty democratic, liberty- loving, evangelical, human public senti- ment of the American people llnd proper expression of its real and brotherly sym- pathy for the Mexicans In their desperate struggle, only let our hands be stretched out in genuine helpfulness and not to rob and oppress, only let the Mexicans by our aid and co-operation have once a fair chance to consolidate their liberties and to develop the resources of the fair domain with which God has endowed them — then nobody will any longer dare say, "Poor Mexico!"
In the New York Tribune of De- cember 5, 1915, there appears a lengthy study of Mexican conditions, from which I clip this paragraph:
Although the Roman Church is recog- nized as the religion of the country, the people at large have no reagion. It is simply a cult, there being no social or moral training. The priests, as a rule, are immoral, often being tlie fathers of several illegitimate children. You may train a wolf to do lamb's tricks, but he remains a wolf. You can hardly make saintly men and teachers, however intelligent they may be, out of boys who have had no moral training whatever, and raised as most Mexican boys are. So scarce are good men more or less publicly known that a recent canvass in a certain state revealed that there was not a man in the state that was considered fit to be Governor, under present aspirations.
'"''The priests as a rule are immoraV : and these are the libertines that Gib- bons and Kelley are clamoring about, when Carranza says that they must take wives and go to work I
The Nautilus Magazine has this in- teresting historical item:
After the Thirty Years' War it recalled that the Diet of Nuremberg, after consid- ering the male wastage during that period, duly authorized and issued an official proclamation, the salient part of which is as follows:
"Inasmuch as the unavoidable needs of the Holy Roman Empire require tlie re- placing of men totally lost during the bloody Thirty Years' War * * * it shall for the next ten years be forbidden to take into cloisters young men or such men as are under sixty; marriage sliall be permit- ted to such priests and pastors as are not members of orders or in cloisters or pre- bends; every male person shall be per- mitted to marry ten women, but all and every male person shall be therefore re- minded also from the pulpits, that an hon- orable man who ventures to take ten wo- men shall not only provide for them all necessaries, but shall also prevent all dis- satisfaction among them."
The above proclamation was issued on February 14, 1650, and is taken from the Franklin Archives, published at Anspach in 1790.
History repeats it.self, you see. Car- ranza orders the priests to marry,
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just as the Authorities of Germany did 205 years ago.
liy the time the Pope, and the llo- henzollerns, and the llapsburgs, and the Turks get through slaughtering Christians in Europe, it may be thought necessary to apply the Car- raiiza law to the European priests, so that the dreary ^vastes of human popu- lation may again be made to blossom with a new crop of children.
If the average appearance of the average priest is any sign, he can be trusted to do his full share.
A Young Nun Renounces Rome.
The Standard of July 3, 188(j, contains a letter addressed to Cardinal Gibbons by Elizabeth Heady, renouncing her alleg- iance to the Roman Catholic Church, and giving her reasons therefor. She was born and reared of wealthy Protestant parents in Kentucky, and was won over to Catho- licism by a governess of that faith who was pledged not to interfere with her re- ligion. The following excerpt from her letter gives a part of her experience:
"1 entered the nunnery of the Sisters of Providence, Terre Haute, to prepare my- self to become a nun. I was not long un- der the training of the sisters of that nun- nery before 1 began to suspect that there •was nothing but lies and deception behind the highly colored and so well whitewashed walls of those monastical institutions. It became more evident to me every day that their vow of poverty was only a mask to become rich, tnat their vow of celibacy was a snare to entice accomplished young ladies into a life which my pen refuses to describe. That the people would not leave one stone standing on another of all those nunneries, could they but know what 1 learned of the mysteries and iniquities concealed behind those high and thick walls."
She left that nunnery and went to her Protestant friends; but, thinking that per- haps the conditions which she found in the nunnery at Terre Haute were excep- tional, she entered the Convent of the Poor Franciscans, and here is what she says about that:
"Then and there I became convinced that my first impressions of the nuns were cor- rect. Full of an unspeakable disgust and indignation, I forever left them, to throw myself into the arms of an evangelical Protestant church.''
Think of this, you Protestant parents, who would put your girls under the train- ing of Romisa governesses, or in Romish schools or nunneries.
From The Truth !Seekei\ of New York, this most timely article, by Franklin Steiner is taken:
Another attempt is to be made to cur- tail the freedom of the press. This time, not only religion but races must be pro- tected against criticism. The following is the text of "a bill to amend the postal laws" as introduced by Mr. Siegel, a He- brew gentleman who happens to be a rep- resentative in congress from New York:
"lie it enacted by the Senate and House of Itepresentatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That whenever a complaint in writing shall be filed with the postmaster-general that any publication making use of or being sent through the mails contains any article therein which tends to expose any race, creed, or religion to either hatred, con- tempt, ridicule, or obloquy, he shall forth- with cause an investigation to be made under his direction and shall within twenty days after receipt of such complaint, if the facts contained therein are true, make an order forbidding the further use of the mails to any such publication, but nothing herein contained snail be deemed to prevent the postmaster-general from restoring such use of the mails to any such publication whenever it shall be established to his satisfaction that the pub- lication has ceased to print or publish such prohibited matter and given him satisfac- tory assurances in writing that there will be no further repetition of the same."
This bill, like the Fitzgerald and Galli- van bills of the last session, seems to be a demand for special legislation. The last two were designed to protect a certain church from criticism. This one, while serving the same purpose, rushes to the defense of races as well. Strange to say there is no united demand either from the churches or from different races, many as there are of Dotn in this country, for such a law. We are then obliged to conclude that it is for some special purpose and for some particular people's benefit. Nor would we be doing violence to our faculties were we to say that we hear in this bill the yelp of a hit dog and see the flutter of a wounded bird. All such bills are desig- nated to keep from exposure some persons or some organizations whose ways are dark, and whose actions will not uear light. Ingersoii once said: "I have no fear of anything as long as the press is free."
These bills were desired to prevent ex- posure of the Catholic church in its efforts to obtain political power, grab the bulk of the public positions ana break down or cripple our public schools. They had
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reached that stage when they thought they could openly assert tiieir plans and demands. They had no fear of the daily press, that having been corraled. They knew what was in store for them in case of exposure, and already are writhing under punishment inflicted by the weekly anti-clerical papers which arose in an parts of the country to warn the people of the great politico-ecclesiastical con- spiracy. Rome now practically acknowl- edges that with a, free press she is doomed to defeat.
During the past year, an event occurred in a Southern state that roused a racial hatred where it nad not been known be- fore. In April, 1913, a working girl, four- teen years old, was ravished and murdered in a pencil factory in Atlanta, Ga.
It was a most shockingly, brutal mur- der, and naturally aroused indignation. At first suspicion pointed to two negroes. No one then thought it possible that the superintendent of the lactory, Leo Frank, might be guilty. However, his family and friends thougnt otherwise, for before he was even accused, they had retained tho biggest and highest-priced law firm in At- lanta to defend him, and immediately upon being arrested this firm were at his side. The case is not on record elsewhere, when a man presumably innocent, as they vociferously claimed Frank to be, fortified himself with the best legal talent before any one brought a oliarge against liim. Inside of three months, after one of the greatest legal battles known in the South, he was found guilty by a jury. An appeal to the Georgia Supreme court resulted in the conviction being sustained, and later the supreme court of the United States, after examining the evidence, decided that it found no cause to interfere.
Frank, according to the laws of Georgia was sentenced to hang. It is not our pur- pose here to discuss the right or wrong of capital punishment. The real question as will appear in what follows is: Shall any man, after committing an infamous mur- der and assault upon a poor working girl, escape punishment because he has rela- tions with no limit of money to buy news- papers and intimidate courts, no matter what the punishment might he? While the trial was on in Atlanta, and for some time later, no one heard of race prejudice or mob violence, notwithstanding that the evidence not only proved Frank guilty, but established that in his private life he was a loathsome degenei-ate. Here what is called race prejudice started.
Frank was a Jew. He had rich relations. These started a newspaper campaign in his behalf through.out the northern states. This did not deal with the evidence in the case. They were careful not to mention Avhat was told on the witness stand. They
^.sserted that he was convicted on the evi- dence of a worthless negro who was an acconii'jlice. Not only is this impossible in Georgia and all other soutnern states, but lUe law of Georgia specially provides that no man, white or black, can be convicted of murder on the unsupported testimony of an accomplice. As a matter of fact, Frank was convicted on the testimony of reputable white men and women, some of whom were his own employees. Not only was the evidence suppressed in this news- paper agitation, but abuse and vilification were hurled at the people and the courts of Georgia.
Petitions to the governor containing thousands of names of sentimental persons ignorant of the facts in the case poured in. Money was used to an extent unknown be- fore. Attempts were made to bribe and intimidate witnesses. Still the Georgia courts and board of pardons stood firm. Not a member of the jury that found Frank guilty would sign a petition for commuta- tion of sentence. But their hope was rightly fixed in Georgia's governor, John M. Slaton. That individual, between the time of the mui-der and his inauguration as chief magistrate of the state, was taken as a i)artner into the law firm that de- fended Frank, notwithstanding the fact that being governor he could not practice law for two years. A judge on the bench is not permitted to pass on a case in which he has previously been an attorney. In this case John M. Slaton was actually Frank's attorney. As such, and having in addition the pardoning power as governor, he commuted Frank's sentence to life im- prisonment, ^nis was not the worst. He issued a fifteen thousand word document in which he overrode the evidence, the courts and the jury, making himself a court of review, and asserted that Frank was not guilty. In this he uttered the most glaring falsehood, if he was ncTt guilty he should have been liberated at once. This, however, was only part of the play. The little time that Frank was in the penitentiary, he lived in luxury.
Then the people took the case in hand, and one night took the prison keepers by surprise and Frank also, inflicting on him the punishment decreed by the courts. We may rightly condemn the lynching. But did not the paid prostitute press of the Xorth, financed by rich Hebrews, try to lynch the state of Georgia.' And when Frank was taken out of prison he thought at first that the lynchers were his own friends, come to carry him out of the state and secrete him from the Georgia authori- ties, in accordance with a conspiracy they had formed. And is not corruption of pub- lic officials in enforcing the law very often the cause of mobsV Was not this only one
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of the many cases where a man with money tries to buy immunity from the punish- ment for crime?
If these transactions did cause some prejudices to arise against Hebrews, were they not themselves responsible? Why did they declare that a convicted murderer should not meet the penalty of the law the same as any other, merely because he be- longed to their race?
One man in Georgia exposed this con- spiracy. That man was Thos. E. Watson. In his journals, Watson'.s Magazine and The Jeffer.sonian, he not only printed the evidence showing beyond a reasonable doubt that Frank was guilty, but he un- veiled the plot to secure his escape. Quite naturally the influence of his papers was blamed for the lynching. But why? What did he do more than present the facts of the case which other papers found it in their interests to suppress? No one de- nies that he told the truth, but his great sin was the telling of it.
Shortly after these events Congressman Siegel, the author of the bill, bobbed up, asserting that there should be a law to prevent newspapers from vilifying "races,' and on the opening of Congress he pre- sented this one.
Because the people of Georgia lynched one degenerate Jew who had been con- victed legally of murder, it does not follow that any lawabiding — and we say to their credit that the great mass of them are — Hebrews have anything to fear from racial criticism. iiy inserting the words "re- ligion" and "creed" this biu just suits the Romanists, and now Fitzgerald and Galli- van see their desires gratified without tak- ing any responsibility.
No people have suffered more than the Jews from i-tomish greed, rapine and murder. Yet here we see the priestly cas- sock and the Jewish gabardine standing together before Congress, in an effort to down free press, because both have been guilty of acts whicR will not bear the light of day! While the entire proceeding enough to cause a smile to come on the chiseled face of the Statue of Liberty, we think all intelligent and reputable He- brews will repudiate Siegel and his bill. FRANKLIN bl FINER.
And SO old Huerta is dead !
If ever there was a salutary illustra- tion of the retribution which overtakes perfidy and crime, it was the case of this trusted lieutenant of PresidenT Madero, who betrayed his master with a kiss, and then murdered him! And for what?
A poor mess of pottage which Fate did not give him time to eat.
Of course, Huerta died in the richest odor of Roman Catholic sanctity. The male petticoats were there, witii their "pontificals, pyxes and tools", as ("arlyle said of the Cardinal who shrived the putrid Louis XV of France, when that exhau.sted reprobate was making "his amende honorahle to God."
Yes, the priest oiled lluerta's feet, and his chest, and his head, etc., and then said "I forgive you*',' and if Huerta did not escape the Devil and cau.se deep disappointment thr()u<rh()ut Hell, it is because the Roman Catholic priest cannot usurp the functions of Jesus Christ.
The United States (lovernnu'nt doesn't warn citizens to keep off the high seas, because the ocean is the com- mon property of all nations.
But the Government cdn warn its citizens not to enter another inde- l)endent country which is in a state of revolution, because each country is ma.ster of its own soil.
Therefore, our Government warned our citizens in Mexico to leave, and furnished them every facility for get- ting out. It also warned those who were out, to stay out.
In spite of these warnings, a score of Americans headed by a man named Watson, ventured into Villa's neigh- borhood, to recommence ojierations in Potter Palmer's mines. Palmer being of the many x\.merican concessionaires who are so ardently and so deservedly loved by the exploited jSIexicans.
"Bandits" fell upon these trespassing Americans and killed Watson, et al., a fate not unusual to trespassers, es- pecially at a time when nil the Christ- ian nations are seeing red.
Whereupon, a lot of demagogues, sensation-mongers, and yellow journal- ists are clamoring for war upon Mexico, because a few outlaws kill a few tres- passers I
Suppose European Governments had
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declared war upon ours, on account of Ihe Italians massacred in New Orleans! Or the Poles and Hungarians slaught- ered in Kockefeller's State of Colorado ! Is President AVilson to he held re- sponsihle for what '*the mob" recently dill in Ohio? Can any government totally suppress crime?
In all the complications and com- plexities of current politics, remember the French adage of cherchez la femine : only, in this case, search for the priest/
Ladies and gentlemen, allow me to present to you another photo-engraving of the Rev. Harry Dorsey, S. S. J., a
THIS PICTURE SHOWS HOW DORSEY LOOKED WHEN HE FIRST BECAME A PRIEST. COMPARE THE TWO PICTURES.
The Hearst papers, and the Senators Stone and Sherman did not clamor for war on Germany and Austria during all the months when they were murdering Americans on the high seas — peaceable men, women and children, some of whom were on their way home, Avhen they were assassinated.
Why have our Senators and some of our editors, and some of our would-be Presidents one law for Germany and another for Mexico?
colored priest of the Sacred Cow of American journalism, namely. The Italian Papal Church.
This negro is as perfect a type of the portly priest as you will ever see. Abstemious in his diet, he. like nearly every priest, has grown fat. Somehow, the mortification of the flesh, as prac- tised by Roman bachelors, almost in- variably results in a thick neck, heavy lips, sensual eyes, and bulging belly. It is very curious. Cold water, beets,
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celery, lettuce, artichokes, turnips, sterilized milk, with an occasional draught of hemlock to cool the blood, have certainly done Avonders for this Louisiana negro, Harry Dorsey, S. S. J. If Harr}^ doesn't begin to take a drink of wine, now and then, eat meat, sav-
fer/ It is vastly important, and the baleful consequences of Rome's educa- tion of her black priests are as inevit- able as they will be calamitous.
Harry Dorsey, the negro, has been taught that /lis powers, as a consecrated priest, are as follows:
ory stews, and other nourishing viands, he is in great danger of becoming an enfeebled, emaciated anaemic.
What sort of education have the white priests put into the head of Dor- sey? What have they taught him? How has he been trained to regard him- self, as compared to the Catholic laity, men and women, black and white?
Pray give your attention to this mat-
"The priests are consecrated persons and therefore possess superhuman position and power. Even the angels bow before them.
"Any dishonor paid to the clergy is a special wickedness and a sin against the Divine Trinity.
"Should a priest display human weak- ness, it is the duty of the faithful to re- main quiet, and to leave such matters to God .ind to tlieir ecclesiastical superiors.
"Christ would rather permit the world to perish than the celibacy of the clergy should be abolished.
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The foregoing extracts are taken from a book written by a priest, published by a well known firm, and circulated with episcopal approbation for the use of Roman Catholics in tae bishoprics of Breslau, Cologne, Munster and Trier.
Excerpt from a volume by Archbishop Katchthaler: — "'One may even speak of the omnipotence of the priest, of an oinnipo- teiuo which is beyond that of God Him- self. For the priest, by merely uttering the words 'Hoc est corpus meum, can com- pel CJod to descend to the altar.
The whole taken from the "Christian World" of September 19th, 1913, supplied by its Berlin correspondent.
Shortly before his death, Rev. D. S. Phehiii, published one of his St. Louis sermons in his paper, The Western Wafc/unan, in which he used the same bhisphemous language.
He said, "When I command Him (God) to come down to the altar, he must come doivn.'''' Phelan also spoke rapturously of his lip having been "purpled Avith the blood of Christ", meaning of course that when he drank the altar wine, he swallowed the actual bh)od of Christ.
Now when you teach a negro such monstrous rot as that, and give him un- hridled range over cloistered women^ who have been taught prompt and un- conditional obedience to the priest, do you not feel appalled, as you contem- phite the logical results?
Archbishop Blenk, whose tirades against General Carranza and Presi- dent Wilson were so insolently savage, is the prelate who published the fol- lowing, in his New Orleans pa})er, The Morning Star, hefore the United States (iovernment began to persecute me :
'•Tom Watson, the Southern fanatic and publisher * * * is the strongest and most fearless enemy of the Roman Catholic Church in this country."
THE CHURCH realizing this, has enlisted THE AMERICAN FEDER- ATION OF CATHOLIC SOCIE- TIES, THE KNIGHTS OF COLUM- BUS, THE HIBERNIANS, and other organizations, TO PUT HIM
OUT OF business:'
Yet the District Attorneys persevere
in saying that prosecution is "imper- sonal."
The Judge told the jury that the (iovernment had nothing to do with the fight between the defendant (Wat- son) and the Catholic Church.
But it would seem that the Govorn- ment has a good deal to do with it.
I'm sorry that Uncle Sam could;i't at least be hands off in the fight be- tween Nancy and the bear. "Watchful waiting" appears to be a favorite policy when foreign nations are concerned, and when American citizens are being- assassinated, but when the Roman Catholic secret societies order action against Watson, there's action, a plenty.
I understand that the United States Department of Justice intends to lave me indicted in a Northern State, a 'id taken out of Georgia for trial.
Why not have me indicted in Cali- fornia, or Alaska, or the Philippine Islands, or the Panama Canal Zone? Our literature circulates in all those regions. If I can be dragged to New Jersey, for mailing our periodicals in Georgia, I can as legally be taken to the remotest territory in which we have subscribers.
It will be a fine day for freedom of the press, when the Government sets the precedent of dragging a publisjier out of the constitutional jurisdiction, and forcing him into the hot bed of his enemies.
In the case against The Menace, the (Iovernment properly indicted the Publishing Company, and all the edi- tors and managers.
In the case against the publications, of The Jeffersonian Publishing (.'o., nobody has been prosecuted excepting the man whom Archbishop Blenk threatened, and against whom he said, ''the church has enlisted''' the Federa- tion, the K. of C, the Hibernians, and other organizations.
The Church enlisted the Pope's secret societies, and the Societies en- listed the Government — for what? As Blenk said, ''To put him out of busi- ness'.''
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Well, Blenk, you haven't done it yet.
You and your treasonous secret so- cieties have been doing your d — dest for five years, and you don't seem to have made much progress.
And, now, the 'people are aroused^ and the national elections are coming on. Don't you think you may stir up more of a storm than you dreamed of, James Blenk?
You threatened Watson, and didn't accomplish your purpose; and you have threatened the President, with most insulting violence, because he recognized a foreign gover^nment.
You are getting your cards and your fights mixed, aren't you, Blenk?
Priest Kelly told Secretary Lansing that "the Catholic Church has never bwn antagonistic to Carranza."
This is what Blenk said of the Mexi- can hero, in The Morning Star:
"The bandit, the cutthroat, tlie outlaw,
the avowed persecutor of the Catholic Church, the robber and despoiler of her santcuaries, schools, convents, and hospi- tals, the murderer of priests, the leader of vanal hordes whose nameless outrages and Indignities to pure, consecrated nuns and defenseless women and children show the vicious darkness of his soul: Venustiano Carranza, wh<Kse name must ever stand for all that is blackest and vilest and most degrrading in the pages of Mexican his- tory."
Worse, you see, than Huerta who be- trayed and murdered his master : worse than the Spanish priests and free- booters who enslaved the Mexican mil- lions, worked and whipped them to death by countless thousands in the mines, lived in sensual luxury on peon labor for centuries; and now hate the very thought of liberty, education, and progress under Carranza.
Blenk further said :
"Mr. Wilson's recognition of Carranza, the avowed enemy of the Catholic Church, is an insult to the Catholics of this country. It is a direct challenge to them, and we hope that not only Catholics, but every true lover of religious freedom, for which the glorious flag of our country stands, uill give him such an open answer at the polls as -will prove to him that no Presi-
dent of tlie I'nited Rtates can so flagrantly ignore the htwful and respectful re<iuest of 16,000,(MK) fellow citizens WITHOUT PAY- ING THK PENALTY.
Five years ago, Blenk and his crew were going to put me out of business at once; and now they menace the l*resident.
With the Government chasing me, at the instance of Blenk & Co.; and Blenk & Co. chasing the President, at the in- stance of the Pope, the situation prom- ises to make a person cross-eyed to watch it.
What a pity our Constitution does not contain clauses similar to those of the Mexican Constitution of 1857, to- wit:
" 'Article 1. The State and Church are independent of each other. The Congress shall not enact laws establishing or pro- hibiting any religion.
" 'Article 5. The State can not permit effect to be given to any contract, pact, or agreement having for Its object the re- straint, the loss, or the irrevocable sacri- fice of the liberty of man, whether on ac- count of work, ot education, or of religious vows.'
"The law, therefore, does not recognize monastic orders and can not permit their establishment, whatever be the denomina- tion or object for which they are sought to be established. Neither shall any con- tract be permitted in which a man stipu- lates for his own proscription or exile.
" 'Article 2 7. Religious corporations and institutions, of whatever character, de- nomination, duration, or object, and civil corporations which are under the direction or patronage or administration of the former or of the ministers of any sect, shall have no legal capacity to acquire the own- ership of or to administer any other real estate than the buildings which are des- tined immediately and directly to the ser- vice or purpose of such corporations or In- stitutions. Neither shall they acquire or administer funds secured by real estate.'
When you look at the fat face of the negro priest, Dorsey, the following tes- timonial may be in keeping with your reflections ;
Gentlemen: I am very happy to an- nounce to you, on request of His Emin- ence Cardinal Merry del Val, Secretary to His Holiness, that the Holy Father has ac- cepted with benevolent pleasure the cour-
The Picked Army of the Telephone
The whole telephone-using public is interested in the army of telephone em- ployees— what kind of people are they, how are they selected and trained, how are they housed and equipped, and are they well paid and loyal.
Ten billion messages a year are handled by the organization of the Bell System, and the task is entrusted to an army of 1 60,000 loyal men and women.
No one of these messages can be put through by an individual employee. In every case there must be the com- plete telephone machine or system in working order, with every manager, engineer, clerk, operator, lineman and installer co-op)erating with one another and with the public.
The Bell System has attracted the brightest, most capable jjeople for each branch of work. The training is
thorough and the worker must be specially fitted for his position.
Workrooms are healthful and at- tractive, every possible mechanical device being provided to promote efficiency, speed and comfort.
Good wages, an opportunity for advancement and prompt recognition of merit are the rule throughout the Bell System.
An ample reserve fund is set aside for pensions, accident and sick benefits and insurance for employees, both men and women. "Few if any indus- tries," reports the Department of Com- merce and Labor, "present so much or such widely distributed, intelligent care for the health and welfare of their women workers as is found £unong the telephone companies.
These are some of the reasons why Bell telephone service is the best in the world.
American Telephone and Telegraph Company
And Associated companies One Policy One System Universal Service
222
WATSON'S MAGAZINE.
teous homage of the several liquors of youi* esteemed firm, and es:,ecially of the renowned Fernet-Branca.
I have, therefore, the honor to present to you the expressions of the grateful feel- ing of His Holiness, who has gently praised, besides the excellence of the products, the filial devotion affirmed by the offerers to the Sovereign Pontiff. Moreover, as a visible sign of His benevo- lence it has pleasea the Holy Father to reward you witli a luedal bearing His Veii- enible Image, as a memento, and which is being sent to your address by this mail.
With thorough observance, i beg to re- main,
Yours respectfully, MONSIGNOR NICOLA CANALI, Secretary to His Eminence. From the Vatican, the 13th of June, 1905.
Messrs. Frateln Branca, Milan.
The American correspondent of the Milan wine dealers use the above l^apal endorsement as an asset in their li(jiior business, and I received it in that ^^•ay. The "Holy Image"' referred to appears on the folder, ornately embossed in gilt and purple. What do you think of a God-on-earth handing out aids to liquor dealers^
A WARNING.
Archbishop Ireland, writing in our Sun- day Visitor, a Catholic Weekly, has the following to say in the issue of July, 25th:
"Jesus of Nazareth, who He is no one must ask, no one must answer. But the Book of Books, that which is the most sub- lime in beauty, which more than all others has dominated the civilized world. The Bible, shall not be read, nor even seen, it is a book of religion, around which controversies rage. Silence in its regard is the price of peace."
What do the Catholics of Mexico think of the average Mexican and Spanish priest ?
The question is answered by Col. E. E. Martinez, delegate to the United States from the Mexican Federation of Labor :
"Mexican workers and the Carranza Government greatly deplore the recent killing by some of Villa s raiders, and see in the attacks the hands of European agents who are trying to discredit the Car- ranza Administration.
"The Mexicans do not hold President Wilson and Americans in contempt, as is charged, but hold the President and the people in the highest esteem, especially at this time. All the Mexican nation is sorry for this terrible slaughter. 1 have given warning before that Villa is in the pay of European capitalists who wish to destroy the Carranza Government by bringing about intervention. I am sure that Car- ranza is going to punish the murderers.
"1 want to reply to Cardinal Gibbons's attack on the Wilson Administration, by declaring that the Roman Catholic Church has caused more deaths in Mexico than all the revolutions.
"Cardinal Gibbons ought to *ry to show a more Christian spirit instead of trying to antagonize the forces working - for the freedom of the workers of Mexico. There are no abuses of the Catholic clergy, as Cardinal Gibbons claims. The Mexican Catholics do not want the church govern- ment any more. They want schools and an opportunity to better themselves. Car- dinal Gibbons does not realize or does not want to understand that it is the Catholics themselves who refuse to longer support the church.
"The Roman Catholic Inquisition ki more people in Mexico than all the revolu- tions put together. What we want now are temples of labor and culture.
"The organized workers of Mexico ap- preciate the efforts of the union workers of the United States in behalf of their fight for freedom. The workers are stead- ily winning. Of course, most of the work- ers are in the army. It is a working class army supported by the working class. When a man leaves the army he does not go back to a wage of 25 cents a day, as in the old days, but gets a wage of $4 and $5 a day. He turns back all of the wage above the living expenses to buy munitions of war, because every workingman knows that we must win now or lose against the united capitalists of Wall Street and Europe."
Letters from the Plain, Common Folks
A BIBLE PROTESTANT MAGAZINE.
(Illustrated.) Ford Hendrickson, Editor.
445 Fischer Ave., Detroit, Mich.
Dear Sir: We are in the midst of a sec- ond battle in this city at the present time. Having spent about four months last spring lecturing to thousands in this sec- tion of the country who came to the audi- torium in Detroit during the meeting, sev- eral weeks ago, upon the invitation of the bible christian and patriotic people, we were asked to lead a second Protestant convention in defense of American princi- ples and Bible Christianity.
To accommodate this meeting, the peo- ple erected a large tabernacle with a seat- ing capacity of about 2,500, well arranged for the accommodation of tiie people. We commenced the battle against the devil and the pope, exposing the Jesuitical spirit of the church of Rome, as well as its soul- blighting, immoral theology, and con- tinued with several interruptions, until last night when, under a technical loop in the city ordinances, providing for temporary tabernacles, our doors were closed just a few hours before the delivery of one of our big lectures, illustrating and exposing the damnable black convent system of the church of Rome. However, the people got busy immediately and we again secured our last year s quarters and lectured to a big crow-d, boiling with enthusiasm be- cause of conditions.
While our lecture was proceeding in St. Andrew's hall a large mob of from 500 to a thousand Romanists congregated about
the tabernacle which is a large, substan- tial, wooden structure over which floats the American flag and threatened to de- molish the building and kill the speaker. The murderers and cut-throats in the crowd attacked certain Protestants in the vicinity and beat them, knocked down sev- eral and pounded them up. It is reported to our office this morning that as many as seventy-five v/ere seeking to hammer and bruise one Protestant. We have no report, as yet, from the Police Department.
Tonight and tomorrow, the Lord willing, we will speak in St. Andrew's hall and un- til such provision is made tnat will grant us a building permit with the assurance of police protection. While we put in four months last year, tearing down the black theology and the unscriptural teaching of the Church of Rome, we believe that this move on the part of Rome will be as far reaching in awakening the heart of Pro- testantism in this vicinity as would be ac- complished in the delivery oc scores of lectures.
Our converts from popery in the last campaign ran into the hundreds and per- haps thousands. As you know, our head- quarters have been permanently located in this city. We are here to live, labor and lecture to the end, according to the will of God. We will either be at the tabernacle or one of the largest auditoriums to be secured for at least sixty days. Kindly make this announcement in your paper. In the meantime, we beg to remain.
Yours truly in the cause of American Civil Libertv and Bible Christianity. FORD HENDRICKSON.
THIS SERIES OE PAIVIPHLEXS
By Thos. E. Watson.
Oath of 41h Degree Knights of Columbus. Is there a Roman {Catholic Peril ?
The Inevitable Crimes of Celibacv. What Goes on in the Nunneries ?
The Italian Pope's Campaign Against the Constitutional Rights of American Citizens.
For 3Sc Postpaid.
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MAKE AIVIERICA CATHOLIC and of the disastrous results that will follow.
THE JEFfERSOIMIAN PUBLISHiNG CO., Thomson, Ga.
224
WATSON'S MAGAZINE.
Book Reviews.
"MONEY TALKS"', is the name of a trea- tise on finance by Eleanor Baldwin, published at Holyoke, Mass., by the Elizabeth Towne Co.
Many years ago while studying the Money Question, I became convinced that the last word had not been said, the last discovery made, nor the last book written, on that most elusive, complicated, comprehensive, and almost inscrutable subject.
Even alter having read this splendid and illuminating monograph, it would be diffi- cult— for me, at least — to put into one brief form of words a definition of Money.
Adam Smith appeared to regard it from its purely material, economic point of view: Money, with him, is a medium of exchange, a stimulant to production, the upholder of traders, etc.
But it is something vastly more than that.
Tolstoy saw this; and his story of the en- slavement of the Fiji Islanders, by modern finance, is one of the finest things the great x.ussian ever.composed.
He, then, recognized that Money could change a social and political system, junl turn fi-ecdoni into hopeless servitude.
The Socialist goes even further, and looks upon Money as the Bludgeon of the employing class, buying up the machinery of modern industrialism, buttressing the wage system, and thus fettering Labor to the endless wheel of dependence.
Here we have three different, but not conflicting conceptions of Money: (1) the tool of trade and the energizer of pro- ductiveness; (2) the revolutionizer of social and political life; and (3) the weapon of Capitalism in its perpetual strife with Labor.
But all this does not finish the subject: there remains something yet to be defined, analyzed and weighed.
Money abolishes barter and acts as uni- versal exchange? Yes. It changes tribal life and equality of conditions, substituting the financial lord for the tribal chieftain, and putting debtor under the feet of creditor? Yes. It enables the rich to com- mand production by owning the means, and by dictating terms to those who must have access to those Means? Yes.
Yes. It changes tribal life and equality of conditions, substituting the financial lord for the tribal chieftain, and putting debtor under the feet of creditor? Yes- It enables the rich to command production by owning the means, and by dictating terms to those who must have access to those Means? Y'es.
All that is true, but it is not the whole truth.
Money, as Eleanor Baldv/in points out, is to some extent a mere idea, an abstrac- tion, an invisible influence, working by im- perceptible methods, but producing, mar- velous results, some of them pshycic and undefinable.
Money, without being seen, felt, or even coveted, exerts a tremendous power over men and women.
Rockefeller and you go into a store to buy a hat, and each of you pays the same price; but the clerks wait on you as though they were doing you a favor, and on Rocke- feller as if he was doing them a favor.
Rockefeller is known to be a heartless old scoundrel and hypocrite, while you are known to be an honest man; but when you and he go to town, he in his special car and you in the smoker, is it you that editors, preachers, politicians and local magnates meet with effusive adulation?
No, indeed, it's Rockefeller: he's got the Money.
Hero worship is a fine thing in its way; and we think oetter of boys for admiring great men — but who are the great men?
"Money talks", and money makes the modern financier great.
See how the aristocrats of Europe, the lords and ladies, the kings and popes used to fawn upon J. Pierpont Morgan, asking him to invest their capital.
They didn't expect to get any of his money: they did not need it: they pros- trated themselves before him, because he was a great man.
What made him great? Why, he had studied Money frorn his youth up; and he knew how to use one million to rob others of ten.
Out of one railroad in Georgia, he iug- eled more than ten millions without hav- ine invested a dollar: and he eot $500,000- 000 out of the Steel Trust by capitalizing the future.
The $500,000,000 of steel common did not represent any investment whatever: vet it now — after 16 years — earns good dividends.
Here, then, we have another aspect of Money: it usurps the place once held by heroic deeds. It crowns a man, not for nobility of character and achievement, but because of what he has, and what he can do with it.
Mere ownership of land, carries no such hypnotism with it: nothing but Money can hold that throne.
When General Grant surrendered his sword to William H. Vanderbilt. I thought the scene was tragic in its painful mean- ing: the Captain who broke the Southern Confederacy was at the mercy of capitalist,
WATSON'S MAGAZINE. 225
whose father stayed at home and made down. Let a million counterfeits circulate
Money, while Grant was at the front, with a million genuine notes, and the one
leading the Union armies upon Richmond. will do everything that the other does, so
Money may consist of bird feathers, if long as no exposure is made,
custom In the tribe makes it so. It may This is not true of any other bogus,
consist of transfer of banK credits, if the counterfeit article.
law of the land makes it so. Hence, Eleanor Baldwin struck a great
Prof. Mahaffy tells us, in his Grecian truth, when she said that Money is largely
histories, that empty sacks, when stamped an idea, propelled by social force,
by the Government, answered the demands T. E. W.
of commerce, just as well as though they "MONEY TALKiS: In Pour Parts", by
had been filled with gold. Eleanor Baldwin, 49 pages, paper bound,
In like manner, counterfeit money never price 25 cents. Published by The Eliza- does any harm, until the bankers run it beth Towne Co., Holyoke, Mass.
"%
THE HOUSE OF HAPSBUR6
BY THOS. E. WATSON
The Latest of Mr. Watson's Historical Works States Cause of Present European War
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John Huss, John Wycliffe, Martin Luther, the Thirty Years War and the Reformation.
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A Thorough Study of Foreign Missions
This is a most important subject. It involves questions of statesmanship, as well as religion.
The Roman Catholics are encouraging Protestants to concentrate their attention on foreign countries, while the Romanists are concentrating on the United States,
The Protestants are walking right into the trap.
Mr. Watson is appealing to Protestant churches to save America from the wolves of Rome.
His book contains 158 pages.
It is beautifully printed, on excellent paper.
It is profusely illustrated.
The price is 30 cents. We send it post-paid.
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A Book About the Socialists and About Socialism
In this work, Mr. Watson takes up, one by one, each of the propositions of Karl Marx, and discusses them fully and fairly.
He also analyses the great book of Herr Bebel, the world-leader of Socialism, "Woman Under Socialism."
Mr. Watson cites standard historical works to prove that Bebel, Marx and other Socialist lead- ers are altogether wrong about,
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Mr. Watson demonstrates that Socialism — as taught by Marx, Bebel, LaSalle, Engel, etc. — would annihilate
Individuality and personal liberty.
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Mr. Watson proves that SPECIAL PRIVI- LEGE, intrenched in law and in government, is now, and always has been, the Great Enemy of the Human race.
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ATERLOO" is a classic. It gives the final chapters in the turbulent life of "The Little Corporal." "The Man of Destiny," who as the author, Thos. E. Watson, says of him, in "Waterloo": "Full of error, yet full of virtue ; pure gold at one crisis, mere dross at another; superbly great on some occasions, and pitiably weak on others." Beautifully bound in cloth. Price, postpaid, $1.00
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"THE TRUTH ABOUT THE FRANK CASE."
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THE SWORN EVIDENCE,
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THE OFFICIAL RECORD.
Carefully Condensed by Mr. Watson, and published
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SEPTEMBER NUMBER
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ID YOU KNOW that, in England—
The Roman Catholic Hierarchy sup-
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They are now trying to repeat the process in the State of Georgia, by PROSECUTING THOS. E. WATSON.
You can see for yourself what those questions are by purchasing a copy of Watson's work,
The Roman Catholic
Hierarchy
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WATSON'S
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Vol. XXII : No. 5
MARCH, 1916
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