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THE

WAY

TO BE

Rich and Refpe^lable,

ADDRESSED TO

Men of Small Fortune.

In this Pamphlet is given, among a variety of other
ElUmates or Plans of Living, one ftiewing that a Gen-
tleman with Economy, reading in the Country, may,
with a few Acres of Land, live as well for Five Hundred
Pounds a Year, and make an Appearance in Life equal
to thofe who fpend double the Sum, without thofe Ad-
vantages.

Such as are fond of Farming, will here find the Expences
attending, and the Profits arifing from, the Cultivation
of Land, Feeding of Sheep, &c. &c.

THE SIXTH EDITION,

LONDON:

Printed for the Author; at tlJE titcrarj ©teffl }

And fold by the ^ruflcra, at No. 14, Red Lion Street,
Clericenwell.

/

^9. in%

OBnteren at ^tatjoncrg l!)alL

1787.

THE

Way to be Rich and Rcfpeclable.

ADDRESSED TO

Men of Small Fortune.

TH E great degree of luxury to which this
country has arrived, within a few years,
is not only aftonifhing but almoft dreadful to
think of. Time was, when thofe articles of in-
dulgence, which now every mechanic aims at
the poflefTion of, were enjoyed only by the Baron
or Lord of a diftrid. Men were then happy to
be the valTals or dependants of that Lord, and
prided themfelves in little but their fubmifTion
and allegiance. This was the Hate of things
during feudal government: but as, on the in-
creafe of trade, riches increafed ; men began to
feel new wants i they became gradually lefs har-
dy and robuft, grew effeminate as their property
accumulated, and fighed for indulgences they
never dreamed of before. — Methods of convey-
ing

ZoZo^SP.

4 Cfte ^ag to hz

ingthefe indulgences from one part of the king-
dom to another were then fbudied ; roads were
made pafTable, and carriages invented.

For many ages coaches were fo great a luxury
that none but old families were feen in them ;
and if they attempted, once in a dozen years,
to travel a few miles in one, perhaps, in the
courfe of the journey, a whole village with their
teams was called in aid, to drag the heavy ve-
Hicle out of the clay, aud fet it on its wheels
again : riding on horfeback being the only
means of vifiting a neighbour, beyond the reach
of a walk, and that only in the fummer-time.
And it is but a very few years fince, that ladies
went about, from place to place, upon a pillion.
Made roads were then unknown, and fo little
defire had the people to ftir beyond the bounds
of their parifh, that even mending them was
never thought of.

On the eftablilhment of polls, a general com-
munication was opened between all parts of the
kingdom, and people received intelligence of
every little improvement that was made : a de-
fire to infped thofe improvements gave men an
eccentric turn ; they were eager to fee what was
doing at fome diftance from home, and rambled
wide for that purpofe. The inconvenience, and
indeed impolTibility of travelling, but at cer-
tain

Etc}) ann Ecfpectable, 5

tain feafons of the year, led the way to the
making of roads ; making of roads drew thou-
fands abroad, and a wifh to be thought opulent
by thofe whom they vifited, led them into lux-
ury of drefs. The homcfpun garb then gave
way to more coftly attire, and refpeftable plain-
nefs was foon transformed into laughable frip-
pery.

In a few years, refinements took place in man-
ners, and well had it been were they merely
refinements; but the misfortune is, they foon
fpread into extravagancies, and from being
commendable, became obie6ts of cenfurc. In
the reign of Charles I. luxuries were every
where feen ; and though the civil wars for fome
time fmothered them, they broke out afrefh in
the reign of Charles II. Wealth then poured
in upon the nation; gentlemen vied with each
other in the appearance they made ; many by
thefe means were ruined, eftates changed their
pofTelTors, a fluftuation of property began, and
every fucceeding year, gave birth to frefh wants
and new expences. Luxury however had not
then gained its prefent footing: it is true, the
profligacy of the Capital made fome inroads upon
the country; but the inhabitants of the country
looked on it with dread and aftonilhment. Some
of the nobility and principal gentry, at this time,

fpent

6 Ct)C 22lap to tje

fpent part of their winter in London, but the reft
of the year, they lived amongft their tenants
with their ufual hofpitality. The expences of
this age were confined to the education of their
children, to their houfes, their buildings, their
furniture, their attendants, and their entertain-
ments ; and their tenants and neighbours were
confiderably the better for it: the more they
circuLued their property within their own eftates,
the richer their eftates became, and the more
powerful and refpedable they grew. Effemi-
nacy of manners was then feen only in cities ;
balls and affemblies were fcarcely known, and
equipages far from being general.

Matters however refted not here. Things
gazed at with aftonilhment quickly grew fami-
liar 3 the infeftion of the firft clafs foon fpread
among the fecond, and what thefe formerly cen-
fin-ed, they prefently approved. Gentlemen of
fmall eftates began annually to vifit the Capital j
they gradually made their viftts longer and longer,
till, at laft, it became the falhion to refidc only
in the country, when the heat made it intolerable
in town. Stage-coaches were eftabliftied, the
communication between London and the country
became more and more open ; a tafte for ele-
gancies fpread itfelf through all ranks and de-
grees

iRicf) ann laefpectable* 7

grtes of men, and an equipage was confidered
as a neceflary of life.

What is the cafe now ? Are things otherwife
than they were ? No -, expences are yet increaf-
ing, and we are ftill refining upon luxuries.
The feveral cities and large towns of this ifland
catch the nnanners of the metropolis, and are
vicious and extravagant, in proportion to the
wealth and number of their inhabitants. Scarce
a town now, of any magnitude, but has its
Theatre Royal, its concerts, its balls, and its
card-parties. The notions of fplendor and
amufement that prevail in the Capital are eagerly
adopted; the various changes of the fafhion ex-
a6lly copied, and the whole manner of life ftu-
dioufly imitated. Flys and machines pafs from
city to city; great towns become the winter re-
fidence of thofe, whom flendernefs of fortune
will not carry to London, and the country is
every where deferted.

If I might prefume to dictate to the world, I
would venture to fay, that a man of landed pro-
perty is never fo refpedable as when refident on
his eftate ; when improving his lands and en-
riching his tenants ; when his beneficence- may
be read in the looks of the poor; when his houfe
is open, not with the ftiffnefs of a public day,
that tells the neighbourhood he would not be

perplexed

8 Cf)e C^ag to te

perplexed at another time, but with the hofpita-
litv of an ancient Baron.

Gentlemen of very extenfive property may ad:
as they plcafe ; the diffipation and expences of
the Capital can no other ways injure them than in
the opinion of their neighbours j but as to men
of fmall fortune, the lefs they fee of London the
better. Look round among the families we
know, and we can eafily trace the infedlion of
the metropolis ; the more they pay their vifits
there, and the longer they continue, the more
vifible are their follies, and not only their foU
lies, but their failings and their vices. The
honeft franknefs of the country gentleman is
obliterated by the equivocal politenefs of the
courtier, and the open fincerity of the good
neighbour loft in the artifice and deceit of the
man of falhion.

For many years a country 'Jquire has been an
object of ridicule: but why? No other reafon
can be given, but that want of polifh that too
often chara6terizes the fops of the age. If we
diveftr ourfelves of prejudice, he will not appear
in fo contemptible a light : it is true, he may
want tafte and politenefs, but he may poflefs
qualities infinitely fuperior. Honeft unadorned
ii-eedom is preferable to ftudied and faftiionable
deceit. The country '/quire lives upon his eftate,

fpends

Cbe ^ap to be 9

fpends his patrimony among his tenants and his
neighbours (which form, as it were, but one
family around him), and a fpirit of hofpitality
opens his doors to every comer i while the fine
gentleman vifits his domain, perhaps, but once
in the fummer, flays there as little as he can
help, difdains any familiarity with his neighbours,
neglefts his grounds, and leaves his tenants at
the mercy of his fteward. In fhort, an effeminate
life emafculates the fine gentleman, and renders
him unfit for every thing but fipping of tea,
and dealing the cards; whilft the robuft and
manly exercifes of the '/quire keep him healthy
and hardy, and, inured to hunger, danger, and
fatigue, enable him, when called upon in the
public caufe, to be of real fcrvice to his countr)'.
But it is to be lamented, that the true country
gentleman is feldom to be found. The luxuries
and effeminacies of the age have foftened down
the hardy roughnefs of former times -, and the
country, like the capital, is one fcene of diffi-
pation. If there be any oeconomy in their ex-
pences, it is merely the faving of neceffaries to
wafte on fuperfluities : the private gentleman,
with three or four hundred pounds a year, muft
have his horfes, his dogs, his pictures, his car-
riages, his parties of pleafure, equally with him
of five times his fortune ; drefs, fhow and en-
B tertainment

lo iRicfj ann Eefpcctablc.

t.ertainment engrofs his attention ; his lands arc
unimproved ; debts accunnulate upon him j he
mortgages his eftate ; and, when he has lived to
the end of his fortune, he either puts a dreadful
period to his exiftence, or wears out the remain-
der of his life a beggar.

However alarming this pidlure may be, it is
neverthelefs a juft one. As I take it, the hap-
pinefs of life confifls in health, eafe, and com-
petency, which is as much within the reach of a
gentleman of three hundred pounds a year, as
one of three thoufand. If the articles of living
are dearer than they were fome years back (and
they certainly are a hundred per cent.), it ought
to quicken the induftry of every one, to in-
creafe his income, if pofTible, or reduce his ex-
pcnces in proportion to his fortune.

It is not in the power of men, who have the
income only of a Imall eftate to fupport them,
to encreafe their revenues; but they may de-
creafe their expcnces, or lay out their money to
advantage. Frugality and economy have put
many upon a footing with men of larger for-
tunes, and often made them far more refped-
able. — Nothing gives fuperiority in life but in-
dependency. Whilft we are at the command
of another, we are in a ftatc of fubordination :
it is being muftcr of one's felf only, that makes

a man

Cbc 2^a5 to be 1 1

a man free; and it is independency rhat makes
him great.

Nov/, be our fortune as great as it ^vill, we
are never independent whilft we are in debt;
and can a man be faid to be free, whilft it is in
the power of his tayloror his ilioem.akcr to con-
fine him ?

The gentry of England formerly maintained
their pre-eminence over the lower rank by their
bounty, their munificence, and their hofpitality;
but their fplendor and magnificence now is fup-
ported by the credit of their tradelmen ; for
idly fquandering their patrimony, they could
not keep up an appearance equal to their fitua-
tion in life, without the aiTiftance of thofe very
men they would affecl to defpife. Now, as
nothing can create refpect from men but con-
ferring obligations on them, if we examine
rightly where the obligation lies, in the fubjeft
I am upon, I apprehend it will be found upon
the gentleman, and that he owes moft to the
ihopkeeper who trufts him. The greatefl of all
diftinclions in civil life is that of debtor and
creditor; fo that he who can fay to another,
" Pray, my Lord," or '* Pray, Sir, pay me
" what you owe me," or " return me my own,"
may fay to him, with equal propriety, " The
" great diilindion. Sir, you imagine there is

" between

II iRicf) atiD iRcfpcctable.

" between us is merely fantafticali for, if I
** wear your livery, and am at your Honour's
*' call, you owe me wages, and I could lend
" you where you would be very unwilling to
" go;" or " though I wait at your door till you
*' are pleafed to fee me ; till you have paid me
" my bill for the coach you ride in, the cloaths
" you wear, or perhaps the bread you eat, your
*' perfon is at my command, and it is in my
*' power to lock you up." One would almoft
think it impofnble that a man {hould ever enjoy
a quiet hour, who is given to contract debts,
and knows that a creditor has, from the mo-
ment in which he refufci, or defers payment, a
claim upon his honour, his fortune, and his li-
berty ! Does he not giv(? his creditor an oppor-
tunity of faying the worft thing imaginable of
him, and witliout defamation; for inftance, that
he is unjuft and difhonourable ? Yet fuch is the
thoughtlefs and abandoned turn of fome m.en's
minds, that they can live under thefe conftant
apprehenfions, dill go on to increafe the caufe
of fo mucli difgrace, and Uncy themfclvcs pof-
feffed of an extraordinary Ihare of dignity! In
my opinion, there cannot be a more low and
fervile condition, than to be afliamed or afraid
to fee any one man breathing; and yet he, who
is much in debt, is in that fituaiion with refpe^l

to

Cijc COap to be 13

to ail his creditors. The debtor is the credi-
tor's criminal ; and all the officers of power
and Hate, who make io great a figure in life,
are no other than fo many perfons in authority
to make good his charge againft the unjufl:
dealer. And as human focicty depends upon
his having the rcdrefs the laws allow him, the
debtor, as great as he may be (iinlefs privileged,
and then he is in as abjefl a ftate, hiding him-
felf under the fhelter of the crown), owes his
liberty to his tradefman, as the felon does his
life to his fovereign. I would not be thoucrhc
to be thus fevere againft all debtors 3 for there
are circumftances in v/hich honeft men may
become liable for debt by fome unforefeen acci-
dent, as by becoming fecurity for others, and
the like ; but I declaim againft fuch as keep up
a farce of retinue and grandeur within their
houfes, and yet fhrink at the expedarion of
furly demands at their doors, or about their
coaches. Is it not a deplorable cafe, that many
families have become methodically in debt from
generation to generation ? The father mort-
gages when his Ion is very young, and the boy
is to marry as foon as at age, to redeem it, and
find portions for his fifters ; and he, no ways
degenerating from the qualifications of his an-
ccftojs, ihaii take up money upon annuities,

leavQ

t4 iRicf) ann Eefpectaftle,

leave the fame incumbrance upon his firfl-
born, and continue in the fame way of living,
at the expence of his tradefmen. Were perfons
of fafliion to hear how freely they are talked of
on this account, it would humble them more
than they are aware, and make them look little
even in their ozvn eyes. " My Lady Spend-
" thrift's finery," fays one, " is the reafon
" why my wife and daughter appear fo long in
" the fame gowns." " The furniture of her
" houfe is no more hers," Hiys another, *^ than
*' the fcenery of a playhoufe are the property of
" the adlrefs." " My Lord Squander's family
" has been maintained," fays the butcher and
the poulterer, " at our expence, fince they laft
" came from their country feat." " Pox on his
" grandeur," fays the taylor, " I'm quite tired
" of drefTing him -, he fliall go naked for me
" for the future, if he does not pay me a little
" oftener." Surely this is fufficicnt to deter
the rich and the noble from fuch fcandalous
practices ! Putting the injuftice of the cafe out
of the queftion, I appeal to them, as gentlemen,
as men holding a degree of rank among their
fellow-creatures, whether it is not a fituation
worfe than fervility (for fervants eani their liv-
ing), to owe the greateft part of what they pride
themfelvi's in, to the contributions of perfons fo

much

Cbe Wa^ to be 15

mvich below them -, to be hunted by their cre-
ditors; to be obliged to hide themfelves, left
they fhould lofe their liberty ; and to be eating
the food, and wearing the cloaths, of thole whofe
children are crying for bread, and fhivering li\
rags ? — If they have brought themfelves to fuch
a ftatc, as to feel no uneafinefs when they reflect
on their embarraffment, and its confequences to
others, they are bafe, worthlefs, and degenerate
wretches : but if they are uneafy, where is their
happinefs ? Where is their boafted greatnefs ? —
A miftaken notion, that a reduction in our way
of living is difgraceful, has led many a man to
his ruin. Retrenching our expences, when we
have lived too faft, is a proof of good fenfc;
it declares an abhorrence of our follies, and a
determination to be in future free. It is highly
degrading to make a figure at the expence of
others. Villains of every denomination have
done it; an lioneft man therefore will defpife
the thought ; and, if his connexions liave in-
fenfibly led him on, from one expence to ano-
ther, till he finds himfelf involved, he will pur-
fue the earlicft and readicft means to difcharge
his debts and let himfelf at liberty.

Now, if an infpeflion into the expences of
his houfehold, a prevention of all wafte, an
abolition of fuperfluitics, and a faving where it

can

t6 mcb antJ iRefpcctablc,

can be done with propriety, be not fufficient to
effefl this, the only method he can take is, to
contrafl himfelf into a narrower compafs, and
IcfTen his eftablifliment ; and then, though he
has loft {bme of his fortune, he will not in rea-
lity be the poorer. By retrenching his expences,
and defcending into a lower fituation, a man
may make himfelf rich almoft when he pleafes :
for, let his circnmftances be never fo (lender, he
that can fatisfy the necefiary occafions of them,
and has fomething to fpare, may be confidered
as wealthy. I know fome weak people have
faid, all the world make the beft" appearance
they can, and much oftener above their con-
dition in life than beloAV it ; and not to do as
others do, is a fingularlty that tends to one's
difcreditj for fuch is the abfurdity in life, that
men are rated in worth, according to the ap-
pearance they m.ak". " Keep up appearances,'*
— ^faid a diffipated poet,

" Keep up appearances : there lies the tefl. ?
•' The world will give thee credit for the reft."

This idle notion has brought on the dcftruc-
tion of thoufands. In this luxurious age, wealth
is the only objeft of admiration -, and to wear
the appearance of wealth, we become expcnfive
and extravagant in our manner of living. Thus

wc

iRicfj ant) IRefpectablc* 17

■^e go on, 'till we exhauft the little property we
poffefs; and when we can keep ourfelves no
longer afloat, on what is called Credit, we fink
into beggary and contempt.

This filly afFeftation of a man's wifhing to
appear more wealthy than he is, gives him an
iineafy mind, and makes him endure all the tor-
ments of povert}% They that go to his houfe
fee great plenty, but are ferved in a manner
that lliews it is all unnatural, and that the
matter's mind is not at home, in the midft of
all his grandeur. And what gives the unhappy
man this peevifhnefs of fpirit is, that his ellate
is dipped and is eating out with ufury, and yet
he has not the heart to fell any part of it to pay
his debts, A proud ftomach, at the expence
of reftlefs nights, conftant inquietudes, danger
of affronts, and a thoufand namelefs inconve-
niencies, preferves this canker in his fortune,
rather than it Ihould be faid that he is a man of
fewer hundreds a year than he has been com-
monly efteemed j whereas to pay for, perfonate,
and to keep in one's hands a greater ellate than
we really have, is, of all others, the moft un-
pardonable vanity, and muft in the end reduce
the perfon who is guilty of it to difhonour ;
and yet it is impoflible to convince fuch a one,
that if he fold as much land as would pay off
C that

1 8 cfec ma^ to u

that debt, he would jave four fhilllngs in the
pound, which he gives for the vanity of being
reputed the mafter of what he does not poflefs.

I know it is urged, as one plea, for keeping
up appearances and giving fplendid entertain-
ments, that by fuch means we improve a fecial
intercourfe among our acquaintance, and have
the honour of keeping the beft company: fome
men are idle enough to imagine that they thus
create a number of friends. Trencher friends
*tis true they create, but this is all, and fuch
are not worth the having. When the open-
hearted has fpent his all upon fuch friends,
what do they do ? — Defert him ; they fmile at
his paft folly, and quit him, as the leaves do
the trees, at the approach of winter.

I would not be underftood to recommend a
clofe penurious way of living; on the contrary,
I would have every man live well, but live
within his income j and if that income is not
fufficient to fupport the rank he bears, it is
rather a misfortune than a crime, and he will
be more an objed: of pity than of cenfure. If a
man can leflcn liis rank, in fuch a cafe he would
be wife to do it. Perfons of little fortune have
prudently declined a title; and though men of
more exalted rank would find it difficult, thus
to hide theoifelves from the notice of the world,

yet

Hie!) anti Hefpcctable* 19

yet if they could, it would be prudent fo to do,
and not like beggar 'd peers, fufFer their an-
ceftry and their honours to be read merely in
their fmiles, their air, or their eye-brows. Our
progenitors were fo fenfible that a nnan's rank
fhould be laid afide, or fall with his fortune,
that in the year 1477, George Nevil, Duke of
Bedford, was degraded by A61 of Parliament,
and his titles taken from him, for not having
fufficient fortune to fupport his dignity. It is
truly laughable to fee men boafting of their
family honours, who have no Ihadow of claim
to honour but hereditary fuccelTion j neither pro-
perty nor merit. Family honours at belt are
but ideal. He who reminds us upon all occa-
fions of his anceftors, puts us upon making
comparifons to his own difadvantage, and fome-
times to his great difgrace.

None of thefe would care to fee their pedi-
gree of anceftors appear together under the fame
charafters they bore, when they aded their re-
fpedive parts in life. If the genealogy of every
family was preferved, there would probably be
no man living valued or defpifed on account of
his birth; for there is fcarce a beggar in the
ftreets, who could not find himfelf lineally de-
fcended from fome great man j nor any one of
the higheft title, who would not difcover feveral

low

10 Cfce C^a^ to t)e

low and indigent perfons among his forefathers i
which, however, is no difparagement to the per-
fon who has merit of his own. In moft of the
pedigrees hung up in old manfion-houfes, the
lift is begun with a great ftatefman, or foldier
in fome honourable commifrion, without taking
the leaft notice of the honeft artificer that begot
him, or of any of his frugal anceftors before
him : ihey are torn off from the top of the re-
gifter, and we are not left to imagine that the
noble founder of the fiunily was ever born of a
woman. I coiiid fay a great deal more upon
this head, but it is rather wandering from my
fubjedl, that of making our fituation, if poffible,
keep pace with our fortune, and that we may
not wilh to live beyond our income.

If a man has any office, and has not fufficient
fortune to fupport its dignity and expence, he
fhould inmnediately refign it ; for he can never
fuppofe that the ftate depends upon his fingle
fervice, and that there are not enough befides
himfelf of larger fortunes who are fufficiently
qualified for public employment. And when a
man has reduced himfelf to private circum-.
fcances, his neceffities will be lelTcncd, and then
fewer conveniences will ferve.

He who lives within his income, may be truly
.called a rich man. It is this that gives tlie Hoi-

ian dcrs

lUicb antJ iaefpcctablc. -^

landers the reputation of being wealthy. Tliey
never live to the extent of their fortunes j and,
of courfe, are able to do a deal of good. A fa-
mily eftate with them is feldom put up to fale;
whereas with us, inheritances are ever at market.
A Dutchman contributes as largely and as cheer-
fully to the exigences of the ftate, or to the
treftion of a public building, as he would to
the repairs of his houfe, or the decoration of his
garden.

Many a man lives above his prefent income,
and of courfe upon the . property of his tradef-
men, on the profpe6t of fome future place, pro-
je6l, or reverfion, that may put him into cafh.
This is called living up to expectations, not
to poirefTions, and has been the ruin of many
tradefmen who have met with no misfortunes
in their bufinefs, and has reduced many a man
of fortune to poverty, who has never fuffered
from repairs, taxes, law-fuits, or other lofTes.
They who will live above their prefent circum-
itances, are in great danger of living in a little
time much beneath them, or according to the
proverb, " The man who lives by hope, will
" die by hunger." Depending upon contin^
gent futurities, occafions romantic generofity,
fenfelefs ollentation, and generally ends in beg-
gary and ruin.

But

22 C6e ma^ to be

But the good oeconomift contrafts his dcfireJ
to his prefent condition, and whatever may Ix?
his expeftations, lives within the compafs of
what he aftually poiTeffes ; he never facrifices
his fortune to fools, to knaves, or flatterers, but
wifely hufbands his property, chufing rather to
depend upon his own flock, than the friendfliip
or good fervices of others. He cannot endure
thofe who covet the wealth of other men, at the
fame time that they fquander away their own;
nor thole who had rather fee their children ftarve
like gentlemen, than thrive and grow rich in a,
profeflion or trade that is beneath their rank.

To be refpeflable, it is not neceflary to live
in a certain line of life. — Every man may be
confidered as the centre of a circle ; fome of a
larger, fome of a fmaller ; and, in this light, he
is of greater or of lefs importance, according to
the chara6ter he bears. — A man ihould give dig-
nity to his fituation, not his fituation to hm.—~
He who has feweft wants, and is mod able to
live within himfelf, is not only the happieft, but
the richcll man -, and if he does not abound in
what the world calls Wealth, he does in Inde-
pendency. Though lie may not be a Peer of his
own country, he is a Lord of the creation; may
nil his ftation equal to the firft of men ; and
look down with pity and contempt on the tinfeU

led

IRic& anD IRcfpcctable* 23

led fycophant, though covered with an ermined
robe, and parading with a ducal coronet.

I will allow, it is rather mortifying to fee a
neighbour, of lefs pretenfions than ourfelves,
living in a degree of fplendour which we can-
not reach. If his fortune be large enough to
admit of it, it is well i if not, he is an object of
contempt. But, be it as it may, whilft we have
fufficient to command the neceflaries and indul-
gencies of life (wanting the fuperfluities), and
do abfolutely enjoy them, we are in a fituation
equal to any man j and if we keep but a pair of
horfes, and pay for that pair, we are far more
refpe6lable in the eyes of fenfible people, than
he who is drawn in a coach and fix, but his
gate everlaflingly crowded with importunate
creditors.

Perfons with circumfcribed fortunes, or whofe
family encreafes upon them, would do well to
retrench their expences in time^ or retire from
towns, and lay out their money with economy.
It is wonderful to think what an appearance in
life a perfon may make for a little money, who
refides wholly in the country, and makes the
moftof what he pofleffes. I fpeak not to per-
fons in trade, as the fcheme may be impracti-
cable with them, but to gentlemen of fmall for-
tune, who, in a rural retreat, with a few acres

of

H Cf)e Wi^i^ to ht

cf land, may live as well on three or four hun-
dred pounds a year, as niany do on three times
the fum. The occupier of a middling farm en-
joys all the neceffaries and conveniencies of life,
and many of its fuperfluities. Where fhall we
meet with better health, than where temperance
and exercife enliven the mind, invigorate the
body, and give a conftant flow of fpirits ? A
country life is commonly a cheerful onej we
there meet few of thofe rubs that embitter the
hours of other men, and are the too conftant at-
tendants on ambition and vanity. It is there
only that true happinefs and independency can
be found ; where honefty and the beft of man-
ners mark the man; and where employment
exempts from the ill effefls of luxury. A new
mode of living may at firft be a little aukward;
but the retirement of a year or two will produce
fuch heart-felt fatisfaclion, as will convince the
perfon retiring, it was the beft ftep he ever took
in his life.

The following then is an eftimate, whereby a
gentleman, with a wife, four children, and five
fcrvants, living in the country, may, with fru-
gality, fave 2500I. in the courfe of twenty years,
keep two of his children at a boarding-fchool,
drink wine every day at his table, keep a car-
riage and four horfes, and make an appearance

equal

Hlcji ann iRefpectablc. ^5

equal to a man in town who fpends 800I. a year,
for lefs than 500I. as may be feen by comparing
this eftimate with that further on of the fame
family living in London j and may with the
further addition of a fmall farm, live equally
well for confiderably lefs.
No. I.

C{)e jFamilp €Cimatc,

Annually,

Rent of a houfe, with about 35 acres of land* 60 o o
Taxes and tythesf, about - - - 1800

Sread, from the farm. See the Farming Efti-
mate, No. 2. page 30.
Sutter, from the farm. See the Cow-Eflimate,

No. 5. page 38.
Cheefe, ditto. See No. 5.
Milk and eggs, ditto. See ditto;
i^lour, accounted for with the bread. No. 2.

Carried forward 78 o o

* Of thefe 35 acres, about 22 fliould be grafs. If fo
much pafture land cannot be got, fhift mull be made, by lay-
ing down land with artificial graffes, fuch as clover, lucerne,
faintfoin, &c. The additional produce of which will fuf-
ficiently attone for the expences attending them. Many
.houfes may be procured for this price, and genteel ones,
even within 20 miles of London ; if further off, for much
lefs. ,

f Suppofmg the houfe and land rated at 40I. a year, and

the houfe to pay for 20 windows. I allow 2S. per acre for

tythe, but nothing for the highway rate, which is ll. 7s.

per annum, as the horfes may do the ftatute duty.

D Meat

i6 Cfje 2iOa? to bt

Annually,

£■ ^. ^-

Brought on 78 o o
Meat and filh. See the Meat-Eftimate, No. 3,

34. - - > 16 5 o

Poultry, from the farm.
Salt, vinegar, muftard, oil, and fpices, per

week, IS. yd. . - - 424

Vegetables and fruit from the garden*.
Small beer, 2 gallons per day, which, brewed

at home, and reckoned at 5d. per gallon, will

allow fufficient ale for the matter's table, &c.

without any additional charge, that is

5s. icd. per week, orf - - ^5 3 4

Tea 23. per week, or - - 540

Sugar for all purpofes, 2s. 6d. per week, or - 6 10 o
Candles, 51b. per week, at 8s. per dozen §

3s. 4d. /fr week - - - 8 13 4

Carried forward 133 6 o

• I have not reckoned feeds, as the garden will produce
thefe.

f In this eftimate a quarter of malt is allowed to 76
gallons of fmall-beer, and 36 gallons of ale. The copper
heated with furze, or heath, cut from the neighbouring
common, or wood off the farm.

§ Mould and common candles may be bought togetherr
Jit the price of common ones.

A pair of wax candles in the parlour occafionally, will
not make much more then 20s. a year difference in the cx-
pence, they burning double the time of tallow.

o

Bicb ann Ecfpectatle* 27

Annually.
£. s. d.
Brought on 13360
Coals, 8 chaldrons /)fr year, laid in at il. 14s.

per chaldron * - - - 1 3 1 2

Charcoal, 10 facks, at 2s - - 100

Soap, ftarch, blue, and occafional afliftance for

wafhing five perfons, 7s. per week f 1840

Whiting, fullers earth, Scz. zd. per week t or 088
Wine, punch, &c. || - - - 13 16 o

Threads, tapes, and all forts of haberdafhery,

IS. 6di. per week, or - - - 3180

Powder, pomatum, blacking, &c. § 6d per week 160
Repair of furniture, earthen ware, &c. is. 66.. p3r 6 10 o
Wages of a man fervant, to aft in the capacity of

coachman, and to manage the farm - 900

Livery for ditto, to be worn occafionally - 300

Carried forward 204 o 8

* Thefe muft be fetched from the wharf by your own
horfes, and the copper muft be daily heated with furze, or
heath, which may be cut on the neighbouring common. See
the Farming Eftimate, No. 2.

f The two men to be wafhed out at their own expence.
;{ Sand, brick-duft, wood to light fires, &c. are not reck-
oned, as thefe may be procured in the country without money,

II Wine, allowing five bottles a week, half of it Port
wine, half made wine. Port wine, if a pipe, is bought
between two or three friends, and bottled at home, will
not coft the bu)'er more than is. 5d. per bottle j the made
wine half the price, together, 5s. 3d. three-farthings. What
is faved in wine, may be expended in brandy or rum.

% The mafter and miitrefs mufl each drefs their own hair.

Cj)e ^ag to u

Annually.

Brought on 204 o 8
V/ages of a man fervant, to a(5l in the capacity

of gardener % and footman - •• 1100

Livery for ditto, to be worn occafionally when

waiting at table, or following the carriage -400
Tax on men - - - - 2100

Two children kept a fchool, 20I. each - 40 o o
Extra expences attending them, as breaking
up, being at home in the holidays, pocket-
money, &c. - - - 600
Cloaths for four children (the mother's caft

cloaths to be made up occafionally) - 24 o o

Cloaths for the mafter, with pocket expences 35 00
Ditto for the miftrefs, with ditto - 25 o o

Apothecary engaged by the year, (no bill fent in) 4 o o

Carried forward 355 10 8

% The following book will affift upon this bufmefs, price
One Shilling, palled in marble paper, and not bigger
than a pocket almanack, fold by R. Baldwin, in Pater-
noft-row, viz. the Garden-Companion for gentlemen and
ladies; or, a Calender, pointing out what fhould be done
every month, in the grecn-houfc, flower, fruit, and kitchen
garden : with the proper feafons for fowing, planting, &c.
(with the time when the produce may be expedled), fo as to
have a regular fucceflion of flowers and vegetables through-
out the year. To which are added, a complete lift of the
flowers and fhrubs that blow each month. With fome cu-
rious obfervations. With the help of this book, any coun-
try fervant may be inftrudled to look after a fmall piece of

frQun4

Bicf) anti Hcfpcctatjlc. ^9

Annually^

Brought on
Boy ; no livery, but cloathed from his mailer's

old wardrobe * - - -

The wages of two maids f - - -

Expences of the farm. See No. 2.
Duty of a four-wheeled carriage
Wear and tear of ditto \, and hamefs, for even

money - - - - 69^

There muft be laid up, one year with another,

for 20 years, in order to leave each child and

a widow, if there Ihould be oncj 500I. each 75 00

L-

e.

d.

355

10

8

5

0

0

12

0

0

39

0

0

7

0

0

500

ground ^ a very little expence ; make that ground go a
great way, and fupply the table with every thing in fea-
fon. The ladies alfo are here inftrufted how to difpofe their
flowers to the beft advantage, and to procure a general
bloom throughout the year.

* This boy to drive the plough occafionally, or ride and
drive when the carriage is ufed as a poll chaife, or to fend
on meffages.

f They may be had for much lefs, at a diftance from
London.

\ By applying to fome coach-makers, you may change
your fet of wheels every year for a ftrong fecond-hand fet,
at il. the fet, which will reduce the expences of this article.
A good fafhionable fecond-hand carriage may be frequently
jnet with for about 20I. which, v/hen frefh painted, at
^bout the expence of 61. will look as w«ll as new.

30 Cfie m^^ to tie

SDbfetDation.

It may not be unneceflary to remark, that i ^
or 20 per cent, may be faved by paying ready
money for what we buy; befides preventing
things being charged the family never had. —
Buy your grocery and fuch things, as country
lliopkeepers have from London, always in Lon-
don ; and fuch things as they purchafe at diftance
from town, endeavour to get at the firft hand in

the country.

No. II.

€^\^z jFarmmg^oBflimate*

Jcres. £. s. d,

3 3 — Of grafs for horfes. See the horfe-eftimate.
No. 4. Nine acres of this are to be laid
up for hay. The expence of making and
thatching, with the affiftance of your own
men and horfes, will be about 5s. /fr acre 2 5 O
5 — Of grafs for cows. See the cow-eftimate.
No. 5. Four acres of this are to be laid
up for hay : the expence, as above, 5 s.
per acre - - - I O o

8— Of oats will yield about 36 quarters, of
of which the four horfes will confume
17 qrs. 4 bufhels See the horfe-eftimate.
No. 4. . ij ^rs. 4 bulhels

For poultry and pigs 1 3 qrs, 4 bufhels
For feed to re-crop the
ground 5

— Quarters 36

30

o

micl) anu iacfpectable^ 3*

3° Brought on 3

The expences attending this will be as fol-

Mowing - . - o 12 o

Getting in, about - - i o o
Threfli. 36 qrs. at is. 3d. 250

2 — Of wheat, producing 40 bulhels, 8 gallons
meafure, will furnifh a family of 9 perfons
with flour and bread, at a quartern loaf
each per week, and leave 5 buftiels of grain
to re-crop the land. The expence attend-
ing it will be* as follows :

32 Acres.

Weeding * . . 050

Reaping - . . i o o

Threfhing - - . o 12 6

Getting in - - - 000

3 17

I 17 6

Carried forward 819 6

* The corn muft be ground and fifted at home with a
hand-mill, &c. the bran will then help to keep the hogs.
Yeaft is not reckoned in the article of bread, there being
methods to preferve yeaft ; or the yeaft from the brewings
may be fold, which will buy yeaft when wanted. To pre-
ferve yeaft, fprdad it on the outfide of a handbowl laying it
in the fun, or before the fire, and as it drys put on more,
till you can fcrape it off about the thicknefs of a thick pafte,
then fpread it on coarfe brown paper, and place it in the fun
till dry, and keep it fo,

3— Of

32 C()e 22iap (0 bz

Acres, £. s. d.

32 Brought on 8196

4 — Of beans, will produce about 7 quarters 4
bufhels, of which it will take to fatten
twelve porkers, about i bufliel and a half

— each qr. bujh.
35 24

— Four bacon hogs, at i quarter each, 4 o
Seed to re-crop the land - 10

7 4
The expences attending the crop will be,

L- s. d.

Setting - - - o 15 o

Hoeing twice - 180

Cutting - - . o 10 d

Threfhing - - o 11 3

3 + 3

Cutting 450 faggots of furze, at 3s. per

hundred, for heating the oven twice a

week - - - o 13 6

Cutting 1460 faggots of furze for heating

the copper, daily* - - 236

Extra expences on four horfes. See the

horfe-eftimate. No. 4. - 8 10 0

Carried forward 23 10 9

* Four faggots will heat either the oven or the copper.
The expence attending this article may be favcd, as the
men fervants may cut the furze at Icifurc times. The farm-
ing-man fliould underftand all kinds of hufbandry, hedging,
thatching, &c. &c. Thus many of the expences charged
might be favcd.

IRjc!) ann mefpectalile* 33

£. s. ci.

Brought on 23 lo 9

Tax on the waggon - - 040
Decline in value of 3 cows. See the cow-

eftimate. No. 5. p. 37, - 2 10 o

Wear of harnefs annually, about - 0140

Wear of implements ditto, about - 6170
Expence of fences and other fundries, for

even money • - 5 4 3

39

£Dbfettiation]9f»

N. B. The crops on the land fhould be
changed every year j but this will not alter the
real produce.

In cultivating thefe 2S acres of land, the
horfes will be employed only about 52 days in
the year, which, on an average, is only one day
in the week : of courfe, your farming fervant will
often be at liberty to threlh your corn, and do
many other things : this will fave muqh of the
money I have charged for labour.

I have allowed a fourth horfe in this eflimate,
as, (hould the gentleman be fond of riding, he
may keep one for that purpofe. The other three
I would recommend fhould match in colour and
fize, and fhould have nag-tails j as, fhould one
fall lame, another is ready to fupply its place ;
E befides.

34 C6e mai^ to U

befides, they may occafionally be ufed as faddle-r
horfes ; or were the whole four to match, with
a very little extra-expence in the harnefs, and an
additional jacket to lay by, they might all be
put to the carriage at times. If one or two
of them were mares, a perfon might then
breed his own horfes, which would be alio a

faving.

No. III.

Cfje a^cat^Cfttmate/

Twelve porkers Ihould be killed yearlyf, that
is, about one a-month, and four hogs for bacon,
thus.

Twelve porkers, at 7 flone each, or 56 li>, give of IL

meat - - - - - 672

Four hogs * for bacon, at 25 ftone each, or 200 ll>.

give - .» T - - 800

1473

* One fow is fafficient to fupply the family with fixteen
pigs yearly.

f If porkers are conftantly kept on fkimmed milk, they
will require no meal to fatten them, if killed under 1 2 ftone
each. Here alfo vail be a faving. In cold weather, they
ftiould lie warm and half a pint of tick beans given to each
daily, will warm their infides and keep their coats fine.
Currying them occafionally, and walhing them with foap-fud^
helps their growth.

1472 /^»

micb anu Eefpectabie* 3S

1472 ik of meat is about 28 lb. weekly, equal
to four days provifion for 9 perfons, and f

Fowls, ducks, turkeys, pigeons, and geefe,
Vvill give the fifth day's provifion for the fame
number.

The expence of the above is included in the
farm. All that is neceffary then to be paid for
meat, is the provifion of two days : thus

9 /i*. beef or mutton, at 5^'* - 039

5/^. fi{h*i at 6^. - 026

Per weekj

0 6

3

Or per yearj

16 5

0

No. IV.

€:!)e !J)orfe''€i!imate*

Horfes may be turned out to grafs from about
May 20 to Odtober 20, they then fhould be
taken into the ftable and ftraw-fed, with corn,

t Left living on fwine's fielli four days in a week fhould
be thought improper, it may be obferved, that your
butcher will occafionally take a fide of pork, and give other
meat in exchange : thus you need eat pork only two days in
the week, and the other two, bacon or ham with poultry.

* Dried falt-filh, bought of the wholefale dealers in
Thames Street, will not coft more than 3d. per. lb. which will
allow more to be paid for fre(h fi{h : befides if near a river,
ibme kinds of fifh may be caught occafionally,

till

3^ C&c m^^ to tje

till about February ao j after this they fliould
be fed with hay and corn till May 20 again.

Now, it wift require of grafs to feed four
horfes through the fummer, with the addition of
latter-math and turning into ftubble, four acres.
When fed with hay, each horfe will eat about
five trufles per week ; but I allow fix trufies to
afford for hay cut into chaff; this amounts to
about two loads for each horfe ; eight for the
four. But if a pair of thefe horfes are ufed of-
ten in the carriage, they fhould never be kept
upon flraw ; of courfe, while the other two arc
fed on ftraw, thefe will eat about five load and a
half more of hay 5 this, with the eight loads reck-
oned above, will be the produce of nine acres ;
and this, added to the four acres for fummer-
feed, makes the thirteen acres.

I allow each horfe half a peck of oats a day,
fromOftoberaotoMay 20i that is, three quar- <
ters, two bufhels, one peck, which, for the four,
is about thirteen quarters ; but it may be necef-
fary to give the carriage horfes the fame quan-
tity all the fummer, which, in the whole, con-
fumes feventeen quarters and a half. The other
two horfes need no corn in the fummer, unlefs
very hard worked.

N. B. To fave grafs and oats, green clover
might be given to horfes in the ftable, till near

the

IRicj) ann Eefpectable. Z1

the middle of Odtober : for while they feed on
this, corn is not neceflary.

Horfes fhould have as much chaff as they will eat. Be-
fides the chaff of the corn, give each a bulhel of cut chaff
daily (hay and ftraw mixed), which will cofl a half-penny
per bulhel cutting, and that for the time he is in the liable
will be 2IO bulhels, &c. - - £. a S g

Shoeing, once in fix weeks, at is. lo. per
fet J the price paid by farmers, - - 0148

Phyfic, per even money * - - 067

Decline in value of four horfes annually 600

Tax on two horfes - - 100

/;. 8 lo o

No. V.

Suppofing a cow to be dry three months in
the year, during which time Ihe may be fed
upon ftraw, there will require only nine months
good feed. Now, one acre and a half of grafs
will feed her well from the time you lay your
paftures up for hayi fuppofe from the middle

* Your fervant Ihould be able to bleed, and as to phy-
fic, the Gentleman's Pocket-Farrier, price IS. fold by R.
Baldwin, Paternofter-row, London, will direft how to
cure an ailing horfe, at even a lefs expence than this : every
remedy in that book I have proved experimentally efEcaci-
ous. Note, it is fo fmall as to lie in i pocket book, and
ipaches you how to treat a horfe, if m upon the road.

of

3S Cfie md,!^ to hz

of April to the middle of Odober (fix months),
with the occafionally turning them on the com-
mon and into the ftubbles. The fpring grafs of
thofe pafture :,, before laid up for hay, will keep
her from the middle of February to the middle
of April (one month), fo that there are but two
months to feed her on hay; and fhe will, in
three months allowing a little for wafte, eat about
two loads, that is at the rate of 40 Ik fer day*

Thus the three cows will eat fix loadf, the
produce of - - •» 4 Acres.

And alfo the grafs in fummer of 4 and a half

8 and a half

A COW, with this keeping, will yield milk and
cream for the family, and, on an average, about
132/^. of butter, and 215 /^. of cheefe, but in
order to this they muft be young cows*.

Three cows then will yield annually 396//^.
or about 7 Ih, and a half pr week, enough for
the family. .

Alfo 645 Ih. of cheefe annually, that is about
12 Ih. -per week, enough for the family.

The Ikimmed milk will go a great way to-
wards keeping the pigs (nay, a pig will fatten
on fkimmed milk alone, if it has as much as it
can drink) ; and three calves annually will ferve
to meet other little expences not thought of.— •

Care

mic!) ann EeQjcctablc* 39

Care mufl be taken to have two of thefe cows
always in milk.

The decline in value of thefe cows will be an-
nually, about - - - 2 10 o

an caimate

Of the expences of the fame family, fuppofing
them to live in London, equally well only,
and every article to be purchafed.

Annually,

£'

J.

^.

Rent of a houfe - . *

60

0

0

Taxes about - - -

33

0

0

Bread for 9 perfons, 5s. 3d. per week

13

13

9

Butter J lb. and a \a\iper week, at g^.

»4

»3

5

Cheefe 12/0. per week, at jd.

i3

0

0

Milk 2 quarts per day, at 2d, halfpenny per quart 8

4

6

Cream per dfey, 3d. . _ -

4

I

6

Poultry /«• week, 8s.

20

17

0

Fifh ditto, 2s. 6d.

6

10

0

Meat 37 lb. per Week, at 5d.

38

0

5

Vegetables and fruit, 8s. per week, or about

20

(5

0

Salt, vinegar, muftard, oil, and fpices, at

IS. 7d. per week

4

2

5

Small-beer 2 gallons per day, at ^d. per gallon

15'

3

4

Strong-beer for the mafter's table is. per day.

as per former eftimates

18

5

0

Tea 2s. 6d. per week

6

10

0

^Wgar 2S, 6d. per week for all purpofes

6

10

0

Carry forward

279

II

2

40 Cfie 22Jas to ht

£. s. d.

Brought on 279 ii 2

Candles, as in the other eftimate - 9 »9 4

Coals ditto, 12 chaldrons, at 1 1. 1 6s. - 21 12 o

Charcoal, 10 facks, at 3s. - - 1100

Soap, &c. andwafliing dearer in town 13 00
Whiting, fullers-earth, fund, brick-dull, and

wood, 8d. /^r week - - i H 9

Wine, punch, &c. - - 13 16 o

Haberdafhery IS. 9d. /^rweek ♦ - 4 11 Q

Powder, pomatum, blacking, 6d. /^j-week 160

Repair of furniture, &c. 3s. /fr week - 7 »6 3

Coachman's wages and livery - • 2800

Footman's wages and livery - - 24 o o

Boys wages - - - 500

Two maids wages - • 1400

Taxes for fervants - - 500

Schooling for two children - • 40 o o

Extra expences for ditto - - 600

Cloaths for four children - - 24 o o

Cloaths for the mafter, with pocket expences 45 o o

; Ditto for the miftrefs, with ditto - 40 o o

Apothecary - - * 400

Duty of a four-wheeled carriage - 700

Wear and tear of ditto, double on the (tones 1112 8

Rent of a liable in town for three horfes 10 o o

Oil, greafe, and wear of combs - i lo O

Blackfmith for fhoeing three horfes • 2160

Farrier about - - - i 10 o

Hay for 3 horfes, about 12 loads, at 3I. los. 42 o o

Oats for ditto, about 34 quarters, at 17s. 6d. 29 15

o

Carry forward 696 o %

JRicB ann Eefpcctabie, 41

Annually.

I-

J.

d.

Brought on

0

696

0

2

Straw about four trulTes/^r week, at 25s. per

load _ _ _

7

10

0

Decline in value of the horfes, about

18

0

0

Wear of faddle, &c. about

0

10

6

Taxes on three horfes

I

10

6

To be laid by annually, as in the other eftimate

75

0

0

798 I 8
Sixpences of the fame family living in the

country - - - 500 o o

I)iirerencd *■ 298 1 8

Befides, in this Town- eftimate there are but
three horfes kept 3 whereas in the country we
admit of four, and there are alfo a variety of
other comforts, as living in a better houfe for the
money, a pleafiirable garden, and every other
thing in plenty, as vegetables, fruit, game, river
filh, poultry cream, &c. &c. In this Town-
eftimate I fuppofe a degree of economy which
few people attend to, or, inftead of 798I. the
Town-eftimate would be confiderably greater^

IF

42 C6e m^-^ to ht

IF a gentleman, by way of amiifennent, or lef-
fening his expences, will add about fifty acres
of land more to his thirty-five, he may, with
the fame number of fervants, excepting a little
afiiftance at harveft, reap the following ad-
vantages, with this diff^erence only, that it will
require a little more of his own attention, and
leave his men and horfes lefs at leifure to wait
upon him. He muft then fend the produce of
his farm to market, and inflead of keeping a
horfe merely for the faddle, he muft admit him
to draw occafionally : but even here, he may
have his horfes for his pleafure, on an average,
two or three days in the week.

Thefe fifty acres I will fuppofe to be arable,
and as land will produce more one year than
another, I will give a courfe of crops for fevea
years, and fiiew the annual profits on an aver-
age. The courfe then fhall be, fuppofing the
ground to be tolerable good j

1 Turneps 3 Barley 5 Clover 7 Oats

2 Wheat 4 Clover 6 Beans

Although it will be neceflary to have fome of
each kind every year, the amount, at the year's
end, with good management, will be the fame.

I. TUR-

iRicf) ann EeQ)ectable» 43

T. TURNEPS.

The natural expences in the firft courfe will
be as follows :

Expences, £. s. d.

Seed, zlh. per ^cre, zX. 6A. per lb. - 2 12 o

Hoeing twice, at 10s. /^r acre - 25 o o

Rent, tythe and taxes, 25s. /^»- acre 62 10 o

Extra tear and wear, fencing, Sec, 800

Profit

98

0 0

Produce.

Fifty acres fed with fheep
Expences

125
98

0 0
0 0

%

27

0 0

2. Wheat,

Expences. f. $. d.

Seed 2 bufhel and a half /^r acre, at 5s, 6d. 34 7 o

Weeding, 5s. per acre

12 10

0

Reaping, 10s. -.

23 0

0

Affiftance to get it in

3 0

0

Threfhing 25 loads, at js. /^r quarter and

binding ftraw

18 15

0

Rent, tythe;, &c.

62 10

0

Wear and tear, and fencing, ^c.

8 0

0

. ^

164 2

0

44 Cf)e 2^ap to U

Produce. ^. s. d.

Fifty acres, at 2 quarters andhajf, at 1 il.

per load - _ - ^7^ o o

One hundred load of ftraw - 100 o o

375 o o
Expences 164 2 q

profit 210 18 o

3. Barley, ^nd Clover fown amongft it.

Expences.

Seed-barley, 4 bufhel, per acre, at 4s, ptr

buftiel - - - 40 o o

Weeding, 5s. per a.cre - 12 10 o

Mowing, zs. - - 500

Raking, 2s. - - = 500

Additional afliftance to houfe it - 300

Threlhing 225 quarters, at 2s. /^r quarter 22 10 o

Rent, tythes - - 62 10 o

Clover feed, lo/L per zcre - 12 10 o

Wear and tear, fencing, &c, - 800

171 o o

J^rodu-ce. ^

Fifty acres, prpducing 4 quarters ^nd a half
/^racrc; 225 qre. at 32s. - 360 o o

Expences 171 o o

Profit 189 00

W^Hb miD Eerpectatle. 4i

4. 5. Cloveij..

Mowing, at Zi. 6d. per acre
Making and fta(;]dng, 5s. ditto

Ditto the fecQnd crop

Binding 150 loads, at is. 6d. per load
^ear and tear, fencing, &c.

Rent, tythes, and taxe?
Pitto the fecond year

/.

/.

^.

6

5

0

12

10

0

i3

15

0

18

»5

0

37

lO

0

u

5

0

8

0

0

56

15

0

C2

10

0

119

5

0

119

5

0

238 10 o

Trcduce,

?ifty acres, at the two crops, about 3

loads per acre, at 40s. per load 300 O o

Fifty acres after-grafs, fed by cattle, at

|0s. per acre - - - 25 o o

pitto the fecond year
E;cpences two years

3-5

0

0

-

325

0

0

650

0

0

-

238

10

0

Prof.t

411

10

0

46 C6e Wa^ to he

6. Beans,

Bxpences,

Seed 2 bulhels/fr acre, at 4s.

Setting, at 5s. per acre

Hoeing twice, at 12s.

Cutting, at 5s.

Affiftance to get in - -

Threfhing, 150 quarters at is. 6.

Rent, tythes, &c*

Wear and tear, &c.

Produce,

Fifty acres, producing three quarters per

acre, at 32s. - - 240 o o

Expences - « 159 5 o

£■

J.

//.

20

0

0

12

10

0

30

0

0

12

10

0

3

0

0

II

5

6

62

10

0

8

0

0

159

15

0

Profit

80 15

0

7. Oats.

■

Sxpences,

Seed, 5 bufliels, /er acre, at 2s. 6d.

31 5

0

Weeding, at 2s. 6d.

5 0

0

Mowing, at is. 6d. ^

3 15

0

Raking, at 2s.

5 0

0

Hands to get in - •»

3 0

0

Threftaing 250 quarters, at is. 3d.

15 12

6

Rent, &c.

62 10

0

Wear, &c.

8 0

0

»34 2

6

iRicb ann Ecfpectatlc* 47

F reduce. /. j. ^.
Fifty acres, yielding five quarters, per

acre, ail. if fold at a proper time 250 o o

Expences o - - 134 2 6

Profit 115 17 6

A general View of the Profits for the feven
Years.

Turaeps -

Wheet

Barley

Clover, rvvo years

Beans

Oats

1035 o 6
The eighth year Ihould lie fallow, to renew
the ground; therefore deduft the rent, &c.
and wear and tear, &c< of this year 70 10 o

^•

X.

d.

27

0

0

210

18

0

189

0

0

411

10

0

80

15

0

»i5

17

6

964 10 6

964I. I OS. left profit in eight years, is at the
i-ate of 120I. I OS. per year. This, dedufled
from 425I. the amount of the family expences,
cxclufive of the 75I. to be laid up, p. 29^
leaves 305I. los. the total expence of keeping
the family, &c.

48 Cfte Jdap to U

ffl)l)fed)ationi8f*

All lands will not yield the fame courfe of
crops J but the produce in feven years will be
nearly the fame.

I have fuppofed the ground to be tolerably
goodj and a particular attention to be paid in
)ceeping it clean, well drefled, and in good
tilth : for this purpofe no ftraw is to be fold
off the farm but wheat ftraw. It is all to be
converted into fodder and dung.

If the farming fervant can be fpared at times,
he may threlh much of the grain himfelf j this
will be a faying : and there are ftill many ad-
vantages to be reaped, if a man will enter into
the fpirit of farming, from a neighbouring com-
mon, in breeding flieep, bringing up heifers,
&c. and keeping geefe.

In fhort a tolerably good farm will, upon
an average, produce, with good management,
30s. or 40s. per acre, free of all expences.

The price that corn bears, will often make
an alteration in the profits of a farm 5 but I have
fet it at a medium price.

If you wifh to keep dogs, I will fuppofe the
game you kill to pay the expence of them.

TO

IHicb anD iRefpectable* 49

TO fuch as wifh to keep a few flieep, the fol-
lowing Eftimate will be acceptable.

Fine large ewes with lamb may be bought in at Michael-
mas, at about 22s. each, which, in the July following,
will fell again for - - j{^. 1 1 o

The lamb will then fell for - ,170

The wool of the two, Ihorn before fold,

will fell for about . 046

2 12 6

Deduft the firft coll * 120

Leave profit • * 110

£Dt)feruatiDn.sf*

It will take about an acre of grafs to fatten
five Iheep -, but, where grafs is not plentiful,
they may be fed on ftubble till Chriftmas, then
on turneps till May-day ; next on rye, and then
on clover till fold. No meadows will do for
iheep in the winter, that are wet enough to let
them fink up to the firft joint of their legs : it
will rot them.

Noie. An acre of turneps will feed 100 fheep
for the fpace of ten days, or about eight from
Chriftmas-day to May-day.

N. B. Dung of Iheep, when folded upon

land, for the richnefs of the manure, is equal in

A^alue to the profits arifingfrom the fale of them.

G The

50 Ci)e ma^ to hz

The principal Implements neceffary for a
fmall Farm, are,
A waggon, and a harnefs for ditto.
A broad-wheeled cart, and a harnefs for ditto.
A plough,

A pair of large harrows.
A pair of fmaller harrows.
A roller.
A winnow.
A feed kit.

Shovel, rakes, meafures, facks, fieves. Sec.
And the whole may be bought new for about 6ol.

If a gentleman does not underftand farming,
he may foon acquire the knowledge from a
clever fervant*.

ifamilp OBfiimatesf*

IN the following eftimates, I have not point-
ed out what a father of a family ought to lay by
annually, as a provifion for his wife and children.
When he knows what his expences will be, his
income will naturally tell him what he can fave.
Suffice it to fay, that 75I. a year, put out to in-
tereft at five per cent, will, in 20 years, pro-
duce 2500I. of courle, double the fum will pro-
duce 5000I.

* TRUSLER.'s Praftical Hufbandry, an oftavo volume,
price, 3s. 6d. fold by R. Baldv/in, in Pater-nofter-row,
will let him readily into the whole bufmefs of farming. It
J5 a clear, coricife work, and well calculated for thispurpofe.

No. I.

mic6 anti laefpectable* 5«

No. I.

An Eftimate of the expences, which a family,
confiding of a wife, four children, and two
maid-fervants, may enter into, who can af-
ford to fpend 330I. a year, fuppofing every
thing to be purchafecj.

Weekly.

jr. s. d.

Bread for 8 perfons, id. per head daily* 048

Butter 61b. on an average at pd. per lb. 046

Cheefe 31b. at 5d. - 013

Roots, herbs, fpices, and the decoraments

of the table - - 036

Meat or fifh, 3 quarters of a pound each,

at 5d. ptr lb. - - 0176

Milk, one day with another, 2d. 012

Eggs - - - 004

Flour - - - 012

Small-beer, at los. /^r barrel, 12 gallons 034
Strong-beer for family and friends 018

Tea 2s. and fugar 3s. - 050

Candles 41b. take the fummer and winter

together at gd. - - O 3 O

Coals (two fires in winter, one only in
fummer ; 2 bufhels for parlour fire for
8 months, 3 bufhels for the kitchen all
the year, about 5 chaldrons, at il. i6s,
per chaldron)! at -. 035

Carried forward 210 6

* Supposing bread at a moderate price,

t Frugality in this article, as well as in all others, muft

be ufed.

Soapa

£2 cje m^^ to Ije

Brought on
Soap, ftarch, blue, and waftiing at home

and abroad
Thread, needles, pins, tapes, and all forts

of haberdafhery
Sand, fullers-earth, whiting, brick-duft,

fmall-coal/ &c.
Repair of furniture, table linen, flieets,

and all utenfils, at > •

jr. ,. ^,

2

10

6

O

7

0

O

1

9

o

0

4

o

I

6

3

I

I

Annually,
158 18 6

IS

0

0

}S

0

0

24

0

0

3I. IS. 3 -halfpence /^r week is per year
Cloaths for the mafter, of all kinds
Ditto for the milbrefs
Ditto for four children, 61. each
Lying-in expences lol. (fuppofe once in

two years) - - 500

pocket expences for the mafler, including

letters, 4s. /fr week - 10 8 o

Ditto for the miftrefs and four children,

half the money
Phyfic and occafional illnefs, on an average 5
Shaving, hair-cutting, and cleaning fhoes
Schooling for the children
Wages of two maid-fervants
Standing rent and taxes about
Entertaiiunents for friends
Sundries, for wine, pleafure, &c. fuppofe

for even money

330 o o

5

4

0

je 5

0

0

2

10

0

8

0

0

12

0

0

50

0

0

10

0

9

8

'9

6

Bict) anH Eefpcctable* 53

N. B. If this family lives in the country, in
rent and fervants wages above 20I. a year may
be faved : if they live in London, and take in
lodgers, tliey may dill ftand at lefs rent than in
the country. It is impofTible to afcertain the
exadl expence of every article, as fome families
may like to indulge in fome one certain thing
more than others j but what is faved in one ar-
ticle, may be fpent on another.

For every child lefs than four, may be fub-
trailed from the above 330I. according to the
foregoing eflimate, and for every child more
than four, mult be added as follows : £,

Maintenance for each child per annum - 20

Cloaths _ . - 6

The tax is not reckoned —

26

If they keep but one maid-fervant, by the

foregoing eftimate, fubtrad 24I. annually j if

three are kept, add 24I. as follows : £»

Maintenance - - 18

Wages - • m 6

The difference between a maid-fervant and a
man-fervant, if out of livery, will be only in
the wages, about 4I. or 5I. if in livery, the
addition of the livery about 5I. befides the tax.

No. II.

54 Cfje map to hz

No. II.

The following eflimate is given more as a
matter of curiofity than any thing elfe, to
fhew how much fuch a family may fave upon
a different plan, and what the expences of
houfe-keeping amount to.

Lodging and board for the man and his wife in
a decvint family, in town or country, with
a table equal to that in No. i .

Tea and fugar, 2s. 6d. per week

Coals and candles - - -

Waihing abroad _ _ -

Shoes cleaning, and barber, los. per quarter

To the fervant of the family

Three children at boarding-fchool, at i61. per
annum - ^ .

Extra expences for books, pocket-money, &c.

Infant at nurfe, at 4s. per week

Extra expences for ditto

Cloatbs for the mailer

Ditto for the miilrefs

Ditto for the three children

Ditto for the infant

Apothecary for the whole

Pocket expences for the man and wife

Entertainments for friends, none expefted

Sundries, for wine, pleafure, &c. as in No. u

Lying-in expences, as in No. 1 .

Annually^

60

0

0

6

10

0

5

0

0

6

10

0

2

0

0

I

I

0

48

0

0

6

0

0

10

8

0

I

0

0

15

0

0

15

0

0

18

0

0

3

0

0

5

0

0

10

0

0

0

0

0

8

»9

6

5

0

0

£. 226 8 6

Thus it appears, that above lool. a year may
be faved by this different plan of living.

No. III.

micf) antJ mcrpectatJle, ss

No. III.

An Eftimate for a man and his wife living com-
fortably and genteely in the country, with
two fervants.

jinnuaUj,

Houfe-rent , with a gardea
Taxes, about

Wages of a maid-fervant and tax
Ditto of a fturdy girl, not boarded nor lodged,
but attending only in the day-time, 3s. per
week - - -

Cloaths and pocket-money for the man
Ditto for the woman

Bread for three perfons at is. 9d. per week
Butter zlb. per week, at 8d.
Cheefe 1 lb. per week
Meat, fifh, or fowl, 3 lb. weight a day, on an

average, at 5d. /fr lb,* - - 22 16 3

Vegetables from the garden ; looking after the

garden by the year - - 200

Oil, vinegar, and other decoraments of the table,

9d. per week - - 1190

Tea and fugar 4s. /fr week - 10 8 o

Small-beer and ale, brewed at home, allowino-
a quart of ale to be given daily away, 2s. 4d.
per week - - - 618

Milk and cream, jd. /rr week - 1 lo c

Soap and ftarch, &c. is. /^r week - 2 i

Eggs 4d, per week ; flour "jA. - 278

I

L'

s.

J.

10

0

0

3

0

0

5

2

6

7

16

0

10

0

0

10

0

0

4

II

3

3

9

«

I

I

8

o

Carry forward 104 16 i

* Poultry is never above 5d, per lb. in the country ;
by the fea-coaft, filli is very cheap; and where fifh is
cheap, meat is proportionably fo. See Nste, p. 35.

5^ Cfjc m^v to be

Brought on 104 1 6 1

Candles 2s. per week - - 540

Coals and other firing, about * - 10 o o

Powder, pomatum, blacking, &c. 6d. per week 160
Haberdafhery, fuch as thread, tape, &c. included

in the cloaths - - 000

Repair of furnitnre, &c. 9d. /eT week - 1 19 o

Entertainment of friends, f - 600

Sundries foi even money - - 01411

130 00

Let us now fee what it would coil him to
live equally well in London.

No. IV.

Houfe-rent and taxes, or lodging % - 45 o o

Wages of two maid-fcrvants and taxes - 14 10 o

Cloaths and pocket-money for man § - 1500

Carry forward 74 ^o o

* in woody countries, the expence of firing will be Icfs,
and much more fo in parts neighbouring to coal-mines ; and
where both wood and coals are dear, peat perhaps may be
got : the Dutch in general burn it in the brighteft ftoves.
Coppers (hould have no ftove under them to burn coals ; but
they fliould be heated with furze cut from the Common : a
large copper ftove will burn as many coals as a kitchen
range.

I This article is not under-rated, as, when the enter-
tainments are returned, there is fome faving at home.

\ If he takes a houfe, he mult be troubled with lodgers,
unlcfs he ftands at a great rem.

% There are more temptations in London to fpend mo-
ney ; and, as they arc always fccn, they mull appear
better.

IRicb antJ Eefpcctablc. 57

Annualls.

Brought on
DIUo for woman

Bread for four perfcns - •

Butter 31b. per week, at lod.
Cheefe 2lb. fer week
Meat or fifh, 41b. a day, at 5d.
Extra for fowls occafionaliy, 2s. a week
Vegetables, 2s. 6d. a week
Fruit, if they eat any, is. a week
Oil, vinegar, &C.
Tea and fugar, 4s. a week

Small-beer at 1 45". a barrel, about 9 gallons a week 9
Porter and ftrong-beer for the mafter's table,

(none to give away) 7d. per day
Milk and cream, 2d. halfpenny per day
Soap, ftarch, &:c. 2s. 6d. a week, almoft double

the walhing in town
Eggs and flour ' -

Candles 3s, a week " -

Coals, and other firing
Powder pomatuni, blacking, &c.
Repair of furniture, &c.
Entertainment of friends -

Sundries, for even money »

/.

s.

d.

74

10

<?

I 2

0

0

5

14

0

6

IC

0

2

3

4

30

b

4

5

4

0

6

10

0

T

12

0

I

'9

0

10

8

0

9

2

CJ

10

12

II

4

5

7

.6

10

0

2

7

8

7

16

0

10

0

0

I

6

0

1

19

0

6

0

0

I

12

7

219 10 o

Expences In the country life 130 o o

89 10 o
Here is a difference of 89I. los. and many
indulgencies loft, by a town life.

H ' No. V.

5^ C6e C^ag to hz

No. V. ,

A man and his wife in town, with feur children-
and one maid-fcrvant, whofe trade brings in
clear but 200I. annually, mufl conform as
follows :

£'

X. d.

Bread for leven perfons - *

0

4 »

Salt-butter, 31b. at yd. halfpenny

0

I 10

Cheefe 31b. at 5d.

0

I 3

Meat, 3 joints, on an average * "^aw^

. 0

7 6

Fifh and bacon - - .•

, 0

3 0

Roots and herbs, and decoraments of the tahlc

0

2 0

Milk

0

I 2

Flour and rg^s

0

I 6

Sand, whiting, &c. - •

0

0 ±

Small-beer - -*

0

I 3

Tea and fugar

0

3 0

Candles - - -

0

2 6

Haberdalhery, as thread, pins, &c.

0

I 0

Soap, ftarch, &c.

0

2 6

Powder, blacking, &c.

0

0 3

I

13 0

AtiTntally.

il. 13s. I -halfpenny /^r week is /^r annum

85

18 2

Cloaths for the mailer, and pocket-money

8

0 0

Carry foi-ward

93

18 2

* Some joints will coft more than half a crown ; but many

sirtides

EicF) anti IRcfpcctable* 59

jinnually.

Brought on

Cloaths and pocket-money for the miftrefs

Ditto for four children
Maid's wages - -

Boy to go on errands, 6d. a day, (not boarded)

Coals, two fires in winter, one in fummer, five
chaldron, at il, 14s.

Schooling for the children

Phyfic for the family, on an average r

Entertainment for frjend?

Expenses of lying-in are chiefly defrayed by the
prefents of gofTips (fuppofe 5I. extra, once in
two years) - - - 2 10 o

Rent and taxes, exclufive of lodgers (though

many contrive to live rent-free) - 15 o o

B^epair of furniture, utenfils, k^. - 200

Expences of trade with cuftomers, travelling
charges, Chriitmas-box-money, pens, paper,
letters, &c. fuppofe for even money - 4510

£'

J.

J.

93

18

2

6

0

0

j6

0

0

5

0

0

7

16

0

8

10

0

3

0

0

2

0

0

4

0

0

170

He may dien lay by for the children, or lay out
on other purpofes ▼ - 30

200

It is impofllble to give eftimates to fuit every
family ; but it will be very eafy for any one to

articles that will go through fuch a family, may be bought
for lefs : as half a calf's head for is. 3d, a bullock's heart
for IS. 4d. &c.

regulate

6o cfje ^ag to be

regulate his expences by thefe ; adding or de-
ducting, for a child or fervant, more or lefs,
or for the difference of houfe-rent, certain in-
dulgences, or variation in the price of provi-
fions. If every miftrefs keeps a weekly book,
and has an eye upon her fervants ; lliould (he
exceed her expences one week, (lie may re-
trench them in another.

I mufl repeat here, that 15I. or 20I. per cent^
may be faved in many articles by buying things
at the firft hand, and paying ready money where
it can conveniently be done j befides preventing
things being charged a family never had.—
However, by no .means fliould a bill be run up
with either butcher, baker, chandler, green-
grocer, or milkman.

No. VI.

The expence of keeping a horfe in the ftable in
fummer, and at flraw in winter.

Weekly.
I
A trufs of ftraw per week

Two trufles and a half of hay, at 3I. 3s. per load
Three quarters of a peck of oats /^r day, at i8s.

a quarter, that is,
Man to look after him -

£,'

/.

d.

0

0

9

0

4

4

0

3

I

0

2

6

0

10

8

m^h ant> IRefpcctable, ^t

Annually.

32 weeks keep, at los. Sd. per v/cek, is

Shoeing, 8 fets while in ufe, at 2s. 4d. /er fet

Bleeding, &c.

14 weeks ftraw-yard, at 2s.

Taking to ftraw-yard and bringing back

Six weeks fpring-grafs, at 4s.

Sadler - -

Rent of a ftable - - -

Decline in value of the hcrfe and tax, about

£'

s.

^/.

16

»9

8

0

i8

8

0

5

0

I

8

0

0

4

0

I

4

0

0

4

0

2

0

0

1

10

0

-5 13 4

The addition of a one-horfe chaife will be as
follows :

Expence of the Horfe, as in No. 6.

The duty of the wheels

Wear and tear, with care, about

Oil and greafe, for even money, fuppofe

Annua

Uy.

£'

J.

d.

25

13

4

3

10

0

5

5

0

0

5

S

34

H

0

Turnpikes and expences on the jroad muft

alib be thought of.

No. VII.

62 C!)e ca^ap to 60

No. VIL
The expence of keeping a horfe at livery.

Annually.

32 weeks hay and corn (three feeds a-day) at

los. 6d. - _ _ 16 16 o

Hoftler - - - 110

Shoeing, bleeding, ftraw-yard, grafs, fadler, and
decline in value of the horfe, the fame as in
No. VI. - - 6138

24 10 8

So that it is cheaper to keep him at livery
than not, provided he be kept where the beaft
will have juflice done him j and flable-keepers
will be found that will give the chaife a Handing
gratis, if they keep the horfe. Indeed, by keep-
ing him yourfelf, you may occafionally fave ^
feed of corn, or a little hay ; for, if he Hands
at livery, no dedudlion is made, unlefs abfent
a night : but this faving is too trifling to be

thought of.

No. VIII.

The expence of keeping a chariot or poft-chaife,
or pair of horfes, in your own liable.

Annually,

£' -f- ^

Seven loads and a half of hay, that is, five truffes
a week, and ten trufles allowed for wafle, at
3I. los. a load - - 24 lo o

Carry forward 24 10 o

ffiicl) anti EeCpcctablc* 63

Annually.
£. s, d.
Brought on 24 lo o

Two trufles of ftraw per week, or about tliree

loads, at 25s. /^;- load - 3 '5 °

20 quarters 2 budiels of oats, at nine bufhels to
the quarter : this is allowing each horfe a
peck a day, at i8s. per quarter. (Beans are
not neceffary, unlefs very hard worked) 18 50

Rent of liable and coach-houfe - 5 5 »

51 IS o
Blackfmith for Ihoes, at 2s. 4d. per fet ; each

horfe 1 8 fets, on an average - 440

Phyfic - - - 060

Oil and greafe, is. a week - 2 12 o

Wear and tear of carriage, and repair of wheels

and harnefs, and painting once in two years,

about - - 20 o Q

Decline In value of the horfes and tax, about 11 00

Coachman's wages and tax - 17 5 o

Board-wages, or board at home, much the fame 18 00

Livery, about - - - 800

Duty on wheels • - 700

140 2 o

Expences {landing at livery.

The two horfes 12s. per week each (chariot Hand-
ing included) - - 62 8 o
Hoftler will expeil - - i i o

63 9 o
Expence of keeping them yourfelf, other articles

being the fame - - 51150

Saved II 14 o

64 C&e ^ap to ht

There may alfo be a further faving in hay
and corn, by being out occafionally, and a
redu6lion of the prices at market.

Annually*
£. s. d.
The price of a job, for a pair of horfes and a

coacliman is now 12I. a month, though

fome will let them by the year, for lol.

fuppofe lol. thatis /^r year. - 120 O O

I£ the carriage is hired alfo, they will exped

40s. a month more - 24 o o

Coachman will exped a prefent of - 3 3°

Ditto great-coat, hat and tax - 620

153 5 O

In this cafe, if they are upon the road, the
coach-mafter expeds an addition of 2s. a night,
every night they are out, to pay extra expences
of hay, corn, and fervants keep; but I know
fpme gentlemen who keep a job, and pay lool.
a year only, for coachman and horfes, giving
the ufe of a ftable when in the country. At this
rate, it is the cheapeft method of keeping a car-
riage. Thus,

Amiually.

£. s. d.

Job horfes and coachman - 1 00 o o

Prefent to coachman - - 3 3°

Great-co4t, hat and tax - - 620

Carried forward 109 5 o

laicf) anD Eefpcctable, 65

Annualh

;.

L'

s.

^.

109

5

0

n

0

0

2

12

0

20

0

0

138

17

0

Brouglit on
Duty on wheels

Oil and greafe, as in No. 8.

Wear and tear of carriage, ^-c. as in No. 8.

Bv this eftimate, the expences appear to be
lefs than keeping them in your own ftablc. To
be fure, you have none of the coachman's fcr-
vice but that of driving; but then, on the other
hand, you are not liable to lofe the ufe of your
carriage by accidents attending the horfes. In-
deed, to keep a chariot and a pair of horfes pro-
perly, three horfes fhould be kept for the pur-
pofe ; and this advantage you have by hiring
job-horfes»

N. B. Thofe who wiOi to fee further eftimates appropri-
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