"i yi Rie i lake's Ase i ' Stee Cn Ss onus uy and iee ay ne ¥ git hy At, Aah? iA , ani ptiter ai aa toe = 5 F ere Sr 4 1 y ™ ia Span OR ete ere AY 4: i Baw y ‘ - #e v =P iw 3 ry ee Sits ok at ait. dn BY? | ’ { 7 = », : . : a re. 5 . . © ; : : < > oe ay “ e tndlanapoiie, Ind., Apr... 19, 19i2, Hon. Addison Brown, New York City. My dear Sir; ; You will doubtless remember that last Decemher you gave me permission to use twenty-five of the illustrations from Britton & Brown's “Illustrated Flora” in the weed book which I was preparing. You asked me to mail you a copy of the book, and also to send one to Mr. Britton. This I am doing to-day. You will find mention of your "Flora" on pages 49 and 182 of the Weed Book, and also acknowledgements under each of the twenty-five cuts used. If any of your friends desire a copy of the book, they can secure it from the Nature Publishing Co., this city, for SLseo, postpaid. wn Yours very truly, jr. POs a ae a gah ‘Gan THe Inpiana WEED Book By W. S. BLATCHLEY Author of ‘‘Gleanings from Nature,’’ ‘‘A Nature Wooing,’’ ‘‘Boulder Reveries,”’ ‘‘Woodland Idyls,’’ ‘‘The Coleoptera of Indiana,’’ etc. **Up there came a flower, The people said, a weed.”’ —Tennyson. LW@R egy gee YORE BCT Ar@cAL @aRDeNn INDIANAPOLIS: THE NATURE PUBLISHING COMPANY 1912. “If I knew Only the herbs and simples of the wood, tue, cinquefoil, gill, vervain and agrimony, Blue-vetch and trillium, hawkweed, sassafras, Milkweeds and murky brakes, quaint pipes and sundew, And rare and virtuous roots, which in these woods Draw untold juices from the common earth, Untold, unknown, and I could surely spell Their fragrance, and their chemistry apply By sweet affinities to human flesh, — Driving the foe and stablishing the friend— O, that were much, and I could be a part Of the round day, related to the sun And planted world, and full executor Of their imperfect functions. But these young scholars, who invade our hills. Bold as the engineer who fells the wood, And travelling often in the cut he makes, Love not the flower they pluck, and know it not, And all their botany is Latin names.”—Hmerson. Copyright, 1912. By W. S. BLATCHLEY. “How ineffably vast and how hopelessly infinite is the study of nz- ture! If a mere dilletante observer like myself—a saunterer who gathers posies and chronicles butterflies by the wayside for the pure love of them —were to tell even all that he has noticed in passing of the manners and habits of a single weed—of its friends and itS enemies, its bidden guests and its dreaded foes, its attractions and its defenses, its little life history and the wider life history of its race—he would fill a whole book up with what he knows about that one little neglected flower; and yet he would have found out after all but a small fraction of all that could be known about it, if all were ever knowable.’—Grant Allen, LEER Ag / EBS YORK PREFACE. “Tough thistles choked the fields and killed the corn, And an unthrifty crop of weeds was borne.”—Driyden. Long has it been said that ‘* An ill weed grows apace,’ yet tew are the books that tell us how to check that growth. The wild plants which dwell most closely with us, those with which we are most familiar, are many of them ‘‘weeds,’’ yet of them and their history we know but little. Whence came they? How did they get here? What, if any, are their uses? What is their place among other plants in the great scheme of Nature? How can we best control or get rid of them? Those are the questions which we endeavor to answer in this book on Indiana weeds. By the U. S. Department of Agriculture it has been estimated that to crop and meadow lands weeds cause an average annual loss of one dollar per acre. As at least two-thirds of the area otf Indiana is comprised of such lands it follows that the annual loss in this State is $15,509,330 from weeds alone. This great loss falls almest wholly upon the farmer. and it is for him, therefore that this book has been especially written. In the simplest man- ner possible we have endeavored to describe the worst weeds of the State, show their place among other plants and give the most practicable methods for their control or eradication. ' While the average farmer spends most of his years in fighting weeds, he knows too little about them. A man is not considered much of a carpenter unless he knows the different kinds of lum- ber and the uses to which each can best be put; nor can he be- come much of a printer unless he gets acquainted with the dif- ferent forms of type and learns how hest to set them for the most eftective display. Why, then, should not the farmer strive to un- derstand the true character of each of those plants which it is his especial duty to either cultivate or extirpate? The close study of — soils, fertilizers, weeds, live stock and other factors of the farm = is rapidly raising the science of husbandry to a plane where it is no longer regarded as irksome drudgery, but as one of the highest callings of a free and intellectual people. Just as the old Roman (3) MAY 4 THE INDIANA WEED BOOK. Emperor, Diocletian, was most content while fighting the weeds in his cabbage patch, so all other gardeners and farmers are per- forming man’s noblest duty, when they are endeavoring to make two blades of grass grow where but one has grown before. And especially is this true if that one was only a weed. Not only for the farmers but also for the schools, where the future farmers will be educated, has the book been prepared. A farm-boy and a teacher has the writer been, and knows somewhat, therefore, the needs of both. While to the minds of most people weeds and poetry may seem to have little in common, the average boy or girl of 15 or thereabouts delights in an apt quotation, a legend or a bit of history which will illuminate the subject in hand. A little poetry and folk-lore, therefore, has been added here and there to give a zest to the work. The farmer, if he be a disciple of Gradgrind and so content only with facts, can blow this off as froth and drink in only the more substantial draught which lies below. In this connection we eannot do better than to once again quote Grant Allen, who says: ‘‘Our thoughts about nature are often too largely interwoven with hard technicalities concerning rotate corollas and pedicellate racemes; and I for my part am _ not ashamed to confess that ! like sometimes to see the dry light of science diversified with some will-o’-the-wisp of pure poetical imag- ination. After all, these things too are themselves matters for the highest science; and that kind of scientific man who cannot recog- nize their use and interest. is himself as yet but a one-sided crea- ture, a chemical or biological Gradgrind, still spelling away at the weak and heggarly elements of knowledge, instead of skimming the ereat book of nature easily through with a free glance from end to end. Surely there are more things in heaven and earth than are dreamed of in Gradgrind’s philosophy !’’ * * * “Wayside songs and meadow blossoms; nothing perfect, nothing rare; Every poet’s ordered garden yields a hundied flowers more fair ; Master-singers know a niusic richer far beyond compare. Yet the reaper in the harvest, ’mid the burden and the heat, Hums a half remembered ballad, finds the easy cadence sweet— Sees the very blue of heaven in the corn-bloom at his feet.” —Van Dyke. INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA, Feb. 20, 1912. ON WEEDS IN GENERAL. From the day that man with a crooked stick first tickled the ground about the roots of some favorite plant which he desired to grow more rapidly, and pulled from around it other plants that it might have a better supply of air, moisture and sunshine—from that day weeds have existed upon the face of earth. Before that day each and every plant was on an equality, fighting its own battles in its own way, spreading far and wide by rootstocks and seed its kind, evolving year by year some property, some character which would the better enable it to succeed in the great struggle for existence. But when man for the first time began to domesti- eate certain plants—to help them fight the battle of lfe—to set off certain areas in which he wished them alone to grow—all plants which were in any way harmful to his plans he called ‘““weeds.’? From that day to this he has had to fight them, and from as far back as the time of Juno—according to old Homer— whenever he begins to get the better of them “Old Earth perceives and from her bosom pours Unbidden herbs and voluntary flowers.” Many of the plants which that first gardener called weeds pos- sessed hidden virtues, properties of excellence, which other men, far down the vista of the years, discovered. These plants they began to cultivate, to utilize, and so removed them from the eate- gory of weeds. Meanwhile some of the first of cultivated plants, when carried to other parts of the earth, have either lost those properties which rendered them useful to man or have, through a change of soil and other environment, become so successful, so aggressive, that they spread and intrude upon the areas set aside for other plants favored by man, and have become the most com- mon of weeds. So the list of weeds is ever changing, some being added here, others subtracted there, until it is different in every country, state or nation on earth and is nowhere settled or stable. (5) 6 THE INDIANA WEED BOOK. DEFINITION OF A WEED. As a result of the conditions stated there are many definitions of a weed, among them being: (@) “A plant out of place or growing where it is not wanted.” (Db) “A plant whese virtues have not yet been discovered.”’—Hmerson. (c) “An herb which is useless or troublesome and without special beauty. . (d) — “Tobacco.” (c) “A plant which contests with man for the possession of the soil.” (f) “A useless plant growing wild, of sufficient size to be easily no- ticeable and of sufficient abundance to be injurious to the farmer.” (g) “Any injurious, troublesome or unsightly plant that is at the Same time useless or comparatively so.” The reader, be he student, teacher, poet or farmer, can choose from the above definitions or others the one which suits best his own taste, faney, belief or experience. Suffice it to say that whether a plant is a weed or no depends wholly upon the point of view. Many a plant, which is among the worst of weeds to a farmer, is to the poet or naturalist a flower of surpassing beauty. The hst of Indiana weeds which follows is based upon the standpoint of the farmer, and comprises the 227 of the 2,000 and more plants grow- ing wild in the State* which are thought to be the most harmful to his interests. During its compilation definitions (f) and (gq), above given, have heen the ones considered. Those plants which have hecome the most common or weeds’’ are those which have been most successful in evolving methods or properties of defending themselves against being de- stroved by nlant-eating animals; in devising means for ready and rapid cross-fertilization, either by wind or insects, and in provid- ing for themselves effective means of distributing their seeds or other ways of propagation when the seeds are difficult to ripen. Under the head of the Nettle Family, in the list which follows, are mentioned some of the wavs by which plants defend them- selves from browsing animals. The ox-eve daisy and related weeds of the Compositae Family have been most successful in devising methods for fertilization of a large number of flowers in a short time by insects. while the grasses and plantains are adepts in pro- ducing means for wind fertilization. ‘ ‘worst *Of these, 1,783 are listed in Sianley Coulter’s “Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Ferns and Their Allies Indigenous to Indiana,” published in 1899. In various papers published since that date in the Proceedings of the Indjana Academy of Science, 177 additional species have been recorded, =~] METHODS OF WEED SEED MIGRATION, DISTRIBUTION OF Werep SEEDS. Our worst weeds are in general those which have devised the most successful ways of distributing their seeds to fields and pas- tures new, where the competition will not be so great as in the immediate vicinity of the parent plant. Many are the methods used and a number of agents or factors enter into this seed dis- semination, chief among which are wind, water, birds, animals and man, his machinery and methods of commerce. These different methods of seed distribution should be of especial interest to the farmer, for a knowledge of them will often enable him to trace the source of some noxious migratory weed which has appeared upon his land, and will cause him to be on the lookout for it from the same or similar origin. Moreover, some of the factors of seed dis- tribution are partly or wholly under his control, while others, such as water and wind, are wholly bevond his power to lessen. SEEDS CARRIED BY WIND.—T'he wind is one of the most potent factors in the wide distribution of weed seeds. Many weeds, as those of thistle, dandelion. fireweed, prickly lettuce, etc., have each seed enclosed in a little case to the top of which is joined a tuft of downy hairs, thus enabling them to be lifted and carried several miles by the wind; in the case of the milkweeds the tuft is attached to the seed itself. Some of the grasses have long hairs upon the chaff surrounding the grain, which serves the same purpose, while some of the docks, the actinomeris and others have the seeds or achenes winged or expanded on the sides so that they are easily lifted and borne onward by a passing breeze. (Fig. 1, a and f.) The seeds of many weeds are blown long distances over the surface of snow, ice or frozen ground. The ragweeds, velvet-leaf, docks, pigweeds, chickweed and different weeds of the grass family are examples of those whose seeds are so distributed. Some plants after ripening their seeds are broken off near the ground and rolled over and over by the wind, the seeds dropping off at intervals along the way. These ‘‘tumble-weeds’’ as they are called, include our Indiana weeds known as old-witch grass, Rus- sian thistle, two species of amaranth and the buffalo bur, besides a number of others. SEEDS CARRIED BY WATER.—Water is an important agent in the dispersion of the seeds of many weeds, especially those which grow in flood plains or along the banks of streams. The great ragweed, smartweeds, bindweeds and others depend largely upen the an- nual overflows for the wide spreading of their seeds. The seeds 8 THE INDIANA WEED BOOK. of many weeds growing on uplands are continually being washed down the slopes into lowland soils where many of them germinate and flourish. So long as careless farmers on the higher grounds allow the seeds of noxious weeds to ripen, just so long will the farmers on the lowlands have weed seeds scattered over their fields by countless thousands. Many weeds bearing ripened seeds and erowing along the banks of streams are washed bodily into the cur- rent when the banks cave oft, and are carried for miles down stream, finally lodging in bed of silt or bottom fietd, in soil well suited to the future plant. BIRDS AS SEED CARRIERS.—The berries or seed pods of certain weeds are eaten by birds for the nutriment found in the outer pulp and the hard seeds pass undigested. The nightshades, poison ivy, pokeweed, blackberry and pepper-grass are some weeds whose seeds are thus distributed. The seeds of thistles, ragweeds, dande- hons, knot-grass and other weeds are often eaten in such quantities by sparrows and other birds that many of them are doubtless un- digested and are distributed in new localities. Water birds often carry seeds long distances in mud which has become encased or hardened on their feet. Darwin, in his ‘‘Origin of Species,’’ states that he took in February, 3 tablespoon- fuls of mud from 3 different points beneath water on the edge of a little pond. This mud, when dried, weighed only 6% ounces and in the viscid state was all contained in a breakfast cup. He kept it in his study for six months, pulling up and counting each plant as it grew; the plants were of many kinds and were altogether 537 in number. It is very easy, therefore, for birds to distribute many seeds in this way. A bird also sometimes catches up a sprig of a plant and carries it where the seeds can be eaten without molestation, the act re- sulting in a wide scattering of the seed. ANIMALS AS SEED CARRIERS.—Many weeds have developed spines or small hooks on their seeds or seed vessels by which they become attached to the fur of every passing animal, and especially to the wool of sheep, manes of horses and clothing of man, and are then borne far and wide before being dislodged. Thus we have the burs of burdock, cocklebur and bur-grass; the hooked achenes of the buttercups; the barbed hairs of the fruits or seed vessels of wild carrots; the prickly nutlets of hound’s tongue and beggars’ lice; the bristly pod-joints of the seed-ticks or tick-trefoils and the barbed achenes of the bur-marigolds, beggar-ticks and Spanish needles. The seeds of the mustards, when moistened, exude a mu- RAILWAYS AS CARRIERS OF WEED SEEDS. 9 cilage which causes them to adhere to every passing object. Live stock taken from one farm or one locality to another often carry many of these seeds or burs in wool, manes or tails, and many a clean farm has from this cause suddenly produced crops of weeds whose origin doubtless puzzled and dismayed the owner. The parts of seeds or fruits which have been evolved as clasping organs are thus seen to be varied in form and structure, but each has enabled the plant to which it belongs to migrate time and again to a new home where it could the better fight the battle of life. MAN AS AN AGENT OF SEED DISTRIBUTION.—The plants which have become the most successful weeds of the farm have had their seeds spread more widely through the agency of man than through all other methods combined. His reads and trails wind everywhere Fig. 1. Ill-strating methods of seed distribution: a, seeds (achenes) of dandelion with pappus attached. severa! of them still borne on the receptacle; b, fruit of beggar-iicks showing the barbed awns; c and d, burs or fru'ts of cocklebur and burdock, showing the grappling appendages; e, fruit of wild carrot, showing the clutching spines; f, winged fruit of wafer-ash. (After Kerner and Beal.) through plain and forest; his railway lnes bind every State to- gether and connect with steamship lines from across the seas, and along all these avenues of commerce weed seeds are constantly travelling, sometimes as paid passengers in company with grain and other farm seeds, but more often as hoboes in hay, bedding, packing, shipments of fruit, ete. The great east and west trunk lines of railways are responsible for the wide distribution of many a weed, such as the Russian thistle, prickly lettuce, Canada thistle and Texas nettle, which first appear in any locality along a railway. The seeds are carried either in the coats of cattle or sheep, in the hay which supports them on their journey, or in the bedding on the floor of the ear. Dropping at intervals all along the line the seeds find excellent 10 THE INDIANA WEED BOOK. beds in the bared soil along the tracks where they sprout and grow until ready to take another step in advance. The botanist has learned their ways of migration and knows that if he wishes to find new and interesting species his best pathway will be alongside the railways. Many seeds are introduced in the packing about crates of china or glassware, shipments of nursery stock and in baled hay. Many more are distributed by being mixed with commercial seeds, such as those of clover, wheat, flax and grasses. On his harrows, plows and eultivators the farmer often carries pieces of rootstocks, bulbs, etc, from one field or farm to another. Perennial weeds such as couch-grass, trumpet-creeper, bouncing bet, bindweed and ox-eve daisy are the ones most generally seat- tered in this manner. Wagons, self-binders and especially thresh- ing mechines are responsible for the distribution of many weed seeds which are jostled from them as they pass along the roadways or over the fields from farm to farm. Many a well managed farm often becomes infested with noxious weeds in this way. Barnyard manures, and especially manures hauled from cities and towns where much of the feed-stuffs have heen purchased from a distance, are also active agents in the spread of weed seeds. The above are some of the indirect ways in which man has brought about the wide distribution of noxious weeds. He is also directly responsible for the spread of many weeds by introducing them into his gardens or fields, cultivating them for a time and then allowing them to escape. Such well known weeds as wild garlic, purslane, tansy, bouncing het, oxe-eye daisy, chicory, wild carrot, butter and eggs, catnip and motherwort have been widely spread in this way. Suffice it to say that many of our most com- mon weeds are those which have been introduced directly or in- directly by man into some locality, have there been allowed to grow for a few years in his cultivated fields or under his care. and have thus become acclimated and better adapted for a wide and successful migration throughout the land. Those weeds which are most common and successful in culti- vated fields are in general those which by reason of a quick growth are enabled to produce and ripen an enormous number of seeds. Careful estimates made by the Towa and Kansas Experimental Stations show that the number of seeds produced by a single aver- age full grown specimen of 15 of our most common weeds is as follows: WEED ASSOCIATIONS BASED ON ENVIRONMENT. 1] Crab-grass ...... debt, «OMRON rene SS htt WN sia vi eso 31,900 Merny SF OXCAL © ...-0.5 2 nit ware oe 113,600 Purslane Speedwell ........ 186,300 ere eee 85.000 PPI CAON Snag oe whe oR ee 1,729 ue WER ow... sc es ne 14,000 POA WORE cc cc white does he a4 Se | Se ree oe? “69.000 RE CIRE otis Sas Bik ne a e's 9,700 RIEMISEISS ohana we os ke 12,225 Bee EICRS So Sian 6 eee 10,500 ree 9 £00 O5-OV CL DRIBV org elite oases 6.750 Shepherd’s Purse .=........ 17,600 WEED COMMUNITIES OR ASSOCIATIONS. Many weeds, like misery, love company. Certain species when they travel go together and settle down in a httle community on a tract of land having an environment especially suited to their taste and manner of growth. Thus along roadsides and cow-paths one finds the knot-grass, black medic, wire-grass, dog-fennel, rib- wort and prickly sida; in barnyards the jimson-weed, mother- wort, burdock, catnip, water-pepper and yellow dock; in lawns and country yards the dandelion, common plantain, shepherd’s purse and round-leaved mallow. The most of these are so-called ‘‘social weeds,’’ forming company not only for themselves but for man and accompanying him everywhere in his march across the conti- nent. On the half-barren slopes of old fields there usually occurs a little community made up of the evening primrose, mullen, field sorrel, pennyroyal, cinquefoil, steelweed and ox-eye daisy, with usually a few blackberry briers and a ¢clump of fragrant everlast- ing to bear them company. In rich soil along the borders of up- land thickets occurs the figwort, ground ivy, blue lettuce, wood nettles and trefoils; in open woodland pastures, the common thistle, iron-weed, actinomeris, pokeweed, hawkweeds and Indian tobacco; on river banks, especially near towns, the white sweet- clover, bouncing bet, teasel, wormseed, milkweed, and prickly let- tuce; while in rich alluvial lowlands grow the great horse-weed, willow aster, cocklebur, bindweed, smartweed and wild sweet po- tato. Numerous other plant associations could be mentioned but the above are more than sufficient to show that weeds are gregarious and that those which have similar tastes tend, like birds of a feather, to fiock together. THe ORIGIN OF INDIANA WEEDS. Having noted the various ways in which weeds are distributed over the earth it is not surprising to find that in Indiana the great majority of our very worst weeds are aliens from a foreign shore. They are the ones which have succeeded best in crowding out and 12 THE INDIANA WEED BOOK. displacing our wild and cultivated native plants and in taking, if unmolested, complete possession of the soil. Most of these foreign weeds possess that ‘‘ingrained coarseness, scrubbiness, squalor and sordidness, that stringiness of fibre, hairiness of surface or prickly defensive character’’ which marks them as masters of the plant world, as weeds par excellence. Of the 150 species of plants which are hereafter listed as being most harmful to the farmers of the State, 77 are natives of Indiana, that is, indigenous te her soil, while 73 are introduced species. Of the latter 58 came from Europe, 2 from Asia, 8 from tropical America and 5 from the plains of the Western States. These 150 weeds are grouped in 3 classes. Class I. comprises our worst weeds, those which are fighters from start to finish, not only holding the soil in which they grow but ever striving to gain a hold on new territory. Of the 150, 46 belong to this class, and of the 46, 34 are introduced and only 12 are native to the State. Of the 84 foreign species 27 came from Europe, 2 from Asia, 4 from tropical America and 1 from the West. Class II. comprises those weeds which are less aggressive, but are yet annoying to the farmer and the gardener. All have a weedy character and many of them seem to be waiting only for the preper conditions to arrive before jumping over the line into Class I. This Class is evenly divided, 32 species being introduced and the same number native to the State. Of the 32 outsiders, 24 are from Europe, 4 from tropical America and 4 from the West. To Class III. belong those weeds which in Indiana occupy for the most part waste farm lands, rarely encroaching upon cultivated fields, or if they do being easily subdued by hoe or scythe. oe | o Abundant in dooryards, & 7 l GF barnyards, upland as well as ae SM LZ lowland cultivated fields, N y - ditches and borders of ponds. XY Ne June—Oct. The leaves are very acrid and the juice when applied to the skin sometimes causes blisters or uleers. Remedies: pulling or Fig. 33. Showing the flower and the fruit with cross- 5 a sections of latter. (After Small.) mowing; thorough cultiva- tion. The mild water-pepper (P. hydropiperoides Michx.), a peren- nial having the leaves narrower, not punctate, the stamens 8 and the seed shining, is often found with tlhe preceding, while the swamp smartweed (P. emersum Michx.), also a perennial with much broader leaves and only 1 or 2 spikes of flowers, is common in moist lowlands. Altogether 12 species of true smartweeds are known from the State, but the five mentioned are the more widely \: ) aT AN YAN} x > Se Nf / distributed and the ones likely to be most troublesome. WEEDS OF THE BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 67 92. PoLYGONUM AVICULARE L. Knot-grass. Door-weed. Goose-grass. (A. N. 1.) Stem prostrate or sub- erect, slender, dull bluish- green, 4-18 inches long; leaves oblong or linear, 4? inch long, nearly ses- sile. Flowers axillary, io clusters of 1-5, small short-stemmed, greenish with white or pink bor- ders; stamens 5-8. Seeds dull black, 1/10 inch long, s-angled and minutely granular. (Fig. 34.) Very common, form- ing mats of spreading, wiry, jointed stems in yards and along path- ways and roadsides where the ground is much trodden; also in cultivated lands. June— Nov. This is one of the social weeds, such as plantain, burdock, catnip, ete., which accom- panied the white man in his march across and conquest of the North American Continent. Holmes refers to it in the lines: Fig. 34. Showing the flower and fruit. (After Small.) “Knot-grass, plantain—all the social weeds, Man’s mute companions, following where he leads.” An infusion of it was formerly supposed to retard bodily growth and is referred to by Shakespeare in the lines: “Get you gone, you dwarf; You minimus, of hindering knot-grass made.” The erect knot-grass (P. erectwm I.) is also often found with the common form. It is erect or ascending, 1-2 feet high and has the leaves and often the flowers yellowish, the former 1—2 inches long. Both species are attacked by a mildew and sometimes by a smut. Remedies: pulling or mowing before the seeds ripen; thorough cultivation with hoed crops; cement and concrete walks for yards, 68 THE INDIANA WEED BOOK. 25 POLYGONUM CONVOLYULUS L. Black Bindweed. Wild Buckwheat. (A. | am sy | ti iS Fig. 35. Showing the flower and fruit. (After Small.) Stem twining or trailing, 6 inches-38 feet long, roughish, the joints naked; leaves ovate or arrow-shaped, pointed, long- stemmed, 1-8 inches long. Flowers in loose axillary clus- ters, greenish-white, drooping ; calyx 5-parted, adhering close- ly to the achene which is 3-angled, black, granular, dull- pointed, 3 inch long. (Figs. 6G, G3.) ‘ Common in lowlands, es- pecially in corn- and wheat- fields, where it often twines about and pulls down the stalks or weeds. June—Sept. The leaves and seeds are similar to those of buck- wheat and the plant is dis- tributed widely by overflow of the flood plains and by birds and the droppings of cattle. Rem- edies: mowing and burning before the seeds ripen; thorough cul- tivation with hoed crops; sowing clean seed; early fall plowing and harrowing to induce the seeds to sprout before winter. Climb- Bind- 24. POLYGONUM SCANDENS L. ing False Buckwheat. weed. (P. N. 8.) Stem climbing, 2-25 feet long, rather stout, branched. Leaves heart- shaped, pointed, 1-6 inches long. Flow- ers greenish-yellow, in numerous inter- rupted leafy panicles; calyx 5-parted, the three outer segments strongly keeled and in fruit winged. Seeds black, triangular, 1/6 inch long, blunt, smooth, shining. Common in moist soil, along fence-rows, borders of thickets and cultivated fields, high over fences, shrubs, brush piles, ete. July—Oct. The seeds are often climbing Fig. 36. Showing the flower and three-sided fruit. (After Small.) WEEDS OF THE GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 69 found with those of clover, but are easily separated by proper screen. ing. Remedies, same as for the preceding. 3 25. POLYGONUM SAGITTATUM L. Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb. (A. N. 3.) Stem weak, 2—5 feet long, decumbent or climbing by recurved prickles which are numerous along its four angles; leaves arrow-shaped, pointed, nearly sessile, the stalks and midribs prickly. Flowers in dense terminai leads; sepals pale red with whitish margins, not keeled. Seeds triangular, dark red, smooth, shining, 4inch long. (Figs. 8, ¢; 36.) Borders of ditches, ponds and moist places generally. July— Oct. Mowers and haymakers in low ground are familiar with this weed, its sharp prickles being a sufficient excuse for its common name. Remedies: mowing and burning before the seeds ripen; draining and cultivation. The halberd-leaved tear-thumb (P. ari- folium L.), differing in the Jeaves being hastate and the seeds lens-- shaped, occurs with the preceding but is much less common. THE GoosEFoot FammLy.— CHENOPODIACE 2. Annual or perennial weed-like or homely herbs, with mostly alternate leaves. Flowers small, greenish, very numerous, variously clustered but usually in panicled spikes or solitary in the axils of the leaves; petals none; calyx 2—5 parted; stamens as many as or fewer than the lobes of the calyx and opposite them; ovary free from the calyx, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Fruit a utricle, the seed-vessel be- ing surrounded by a loose, thin wall or bladder-like sae. (Fig. 14, d.) Only about 16 species of the family grow wild in Indiana, but among them are several weeds which are rapidly spreading or occur throughout the State. The beet and spinach are cultivated members of the family. The com- mon name, ‘‘goosefoot,’’ refers to the shape of the leaves. 26. CHENOPODIUM ALBUM L. Lamb’s Quarters. White Goose-foot. Pigweed. (A. I. 1.) Stem pale green, often striped with purple, erect, usually much branched, 1-S inches tall; lower leaves ovate, toothed or lobed; upper lanceolate, often entire; all white- Fig. 37. (After Vasey.) 70 . THE INDIANA WEED BOOK. mealy beneath. Flowers in simple or compound terminal and axillary spikes; lobes of calyx strongly keeled, nearly covering the fruit. Seeds circular, lens-shaped, black, shining, 1/20 inch in diameter. (Figs. 6, b; 14,7 @: Ste) Abundant in gardens, yards, waste grounds and cultivated fields, especially those in which corn, potatoes, ete., have been laid by. June-Oct. The name pigweed properly belongs to some of the members of the next family. The young plants and leaves are in some places used for ‘‘greens.’’ The striped beet beetle* (Sys- tena teniata Say), both in the mature and larval stages, feeds upon it. It is also attacked by several species of fungi and in turn har- bors the melon louse. Remedies: thorough and late cultivation with hoed crops; pulling or mowing and burning before the seeds ripen; harrowing growing crops of grain when the young cereals are about 3 inches high. The maple-leaved goosefoot (C. hybridum L.), leaves without mealy scales, broad and shaped like a maple leaf, and the upright or city goosefoot (C. urbicum L.), leaves also without scales, broad, triangular and truncate at base, both occur frequently in streets, alleys, waste places and borders of fields. They are usually con- fused with lamb’s quarters and should receive the same treatment. A fourth species, as yet listed only from Tippecanoe and Hamil- ton counties, is the nettle-leaved goosefoot (C. murale L.), also a European weed, whose leaves are ovate, thin, sharply and coarsely eut-toothed, the spikes shorter than the leaves and loosely panicled in their axils. 27. CHENOPODIUM AMBROSIOIDES L. Mexican Tea. American Wormseed. Ar Tay Stem ascending or erect, grooved, much branched, glandular-pubescent, strongly scented, 2-3 feet high; leaves oblong or lanceolate, edges undulate or entire, 1-4 inches long. Flowers in small dense, leafy axillary clusters ; calyx 38-parted, completely enclosing the fruit. Seeds small, shining, kidney-shaped. Frequent in streets, alleys and along river banks in the southern two-thirds of the State. July—Oect. Remedies the same as for lamb’s quarters. : The wormseed (C. anthelminticum L.), a closely allied species, strongly scented and having the spikes in large leafless terminal panicles, occurs with the Mexican tea and is often confused with it. The essential oils from the seeds of both this and the Mexican tea are used as an anthelmintic er vermifuge, hence the common names of ‘‘wormseed.’’ One or the other or both these species are, in *The No. 2260 of,the Indjana Catalogue of Beetles. WEEDS OF THE GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 71 the vicinity of towns, the prevailing growth along the immediate sloping banks of the Ohio, Wabash and other streams. The seeds of both are salable at drug stores, the price ranging from 6 to & eents a pound. The oil distilled from the seeds is worth about $1.50 per pound. 28. ATRIPLEX PATULA L. Spreading Orache. (A. I. 2.) Stem much branched, half erect, spreading, dark green, glabrous oj somewhat scurfy; lower leaves lanceolate, slender-stalked, usually toothed or 3-lobed below the middle; upper ones linear, nearly sessile, often entire. Flowers in clusters arranged in interrupted leafy spikes, small, greenish, the two sexes separate; staminate flowers with a 3—5 parted calyx and the same number of stamens; pistillate ones without calyx, but with 2 more or less united leaf-like bracts at base which partly or wholly enclose the utricle. Seeds like those of lamb’s quarters. Frequent along railway em- SS bankments, roadsides and in waste ay places and old fields, especially @: AY ; about cities and towns. June-Aug. aot £ PAN This is an Eastern weed which is geradually spreading westward. In Indiana it has been recorded from Steuben, Hamilton, Marion and Ay Wr, \i Tippecanoe counties and is very common about Indianapolis and Lafayette. The halberd - leaved orache (A. hastata L., Fig. 38) dif- fering mainly in having the lower leaves only once or twice as long as wide, triangular with pointed lobes at base, is also recorded from Wells and Madison counties. Both form broad masses 1 or 2 feet high and often several feet in diameter. They are vile weeds of the same character as lamb’s quarters and pigweed and when discovered should be destroyed at once. Rem- edies: pulling or deep hoe cutting before the seeds ripen. : V oN ~J)EN NY () (~~ Fig. 38. (After Selby.) 29. SALSOLA TRAGUS L. Russian Thistle. Russian Cactus. (A. I. 1.) Stem bushy-branched, ascending or spreading, 1-35 feet high and twice as broad, the outer branches and leaves usually bright red when full grown; leaves when young linear, 2 inches or more in length and ¢$ inch wide, spine-tipped; these replaced on the later flowering branches” by sharp stiff spines in clusters of 8. Flowers purplish, solitary in the axils, with a spiny bract each side; calyx membranous, very strongly veined 72 THE INDIANA WEED BOOK. Seeds light yellow, conical, about the size of clover seed and usually — covered with a gray coating. (Fig. 39.) Occurs sparingly in the north- ern third of the State; there in- troduced by the trunk-line rail- ways from the northwest, where it is a very troublesome weed in prairie grain fields. July—Sept. It is a tumble-weed, not a thistle, and when full grown becomes very large and spreading, form- ing a top from 2 to 6 feet in dia- meter. When broken off it is rolled over and over by the wind, scattering far and wide its many seeds. Remedies: pulling, spud- ding or uprooting before seeding ; cultivating hoed crops until Au- gust; burning wheat stubble and other areas where it grows; sow- ie oa eee hee front: ¢, seed. f_ embryo temoved from. the seed... WiLn Sheep. Marmene livin atoms pike oe ee railways should keep an especial lookout for the Russian thistle and should destroy at once every strange weed which bears any resemblance to the description given. It is estimated that a single specimen produces from 20,000 to 30,- 000 seeds, so that if only one matures its seeds the farmers for miles around will suffer in a year or two. THE AMARANTH Famir.y—AMARANTHACE AS. Homely herbs with alternate or opposite simple leaves. Flow- ers small, green or white, variously clustered, usually in terminal spikes or axillary heads and differing from those of the preceding family in being surrounded by thin dry and membranous per- sistent bracts which are often colored; petals none; calyx 2-5 parted, the parts usually distinet; stamens 1—5, mostly opposite the calyx lobes; ovary 1-celled. Fruit a utricle of which the cap comes away as a lid or bursts irregularly. (Fig. 14, e.) Only 11 species of the family are known from the State, all of which are weeds of high or low degree. The showy coxcombs, of the flower gardens are cultivated representatives. The name Amaranthus means ’ prince’s feathers and ‘‘love hes bleeding’ ~! a “ WEEDS OF THE AMARANTH FAMILY. ‘‘never fading’’ and was given these flowers by the Greeks on ac- count of the dry unwithering nature of the showy bracts. In Europe they are regarded as emblems of immortality, a quality set forth by Milton in the lines wherein he speaks of the angels as- sembled before the Deity: “To the ground, With solemn adoration, down they cast Their crowns, inwove with amaranth and gold. Immortal amaranth, a flower which once In Paradise, fast by the tree of life, Began to bloom.” ” 5U. AMARANTHUS RETROFLEXUS L. Rough Pigweed. (A. ‘Se Stem stout, branched, light green, erect or ascending, 1—-S feet high from a pink tap-root; lower leaves ovate, long-stemmed, the upper lanceo- late. pointed. Flowers green in dense sessile, terminal or axillary spikes which are often 4 inch thick; bracts awl-shaped, twice as long as the 5 oblong, spine-tipped sepals. Fruit or utricle thin, slightly shorter than the sepais, the top falling away as a lid. Seeds very small, round, lens- shaped, dark brown, smootb and shining. Abundant throughout the State in gardens, waste places and cultivated fields. July—Oct. Occurring with the rough pigweed 4 in gardens, and perhaps more com- : mon, is the slender pigweed or red- root (A. hybridus L., Fig 40.) It is also known as careless weed and dif- fers in having the stem more slender, often purplish, and springing from a spindle-shaped purplish root, the leaves smaller, bright green. wavy margined and long stalked, and the spikes much more slender, not over + inch thick. somewhat spreading or drooping. Both species are often at- tacked by a white mold that also at- tacks beets. The seeds of both ripen In early autumn, occur with those of grain and grass, and are blown far and wide over the snow. Remedies: shallow cultivation ; thorough removal s uw . . bd . bs ] . = : A s ye) oe » Mame ry . Fig.40. 2 and 3, flowers; 4, utricle closed; before sec ding of the weeds in corn 5, same with tid off. (After Vasey.) and potato fields and gardens; burn- ing or pulling the seed-bearing plants from waste places, and from fields before fall plowing. 74. THE INDIANA WEED BOOK. 31. AMARANTHUS SPINOSUS L. . Spiny Amaranth. Red or Spiny Careless Weed. Soldier-weed. (A. I. 1.) Stem more branched and spreading, 1-4 feet high, often becoming red in age; leaves with a pair of stiff, sharp spines, z-l1 inch long, in the axils. Flowers in both axillary clusters and terminal droop- ing spikes. Seeds round, lens-shaped, dark, very small, shining. (Fig. 41.) Common in waste places, borders of fields, alleys and roadsides in the southern two-thirds of the State. June—Oct. Occurs especially in and hear towns and cities along the Ohic and Wabash rivers Remedies. the same as for the common pigweeds. 32. AMARANTHUS BLITOIDES Wats. Pros- trate Pigweed. Low Amaranth. CARI 2) Stem prostrate or spreading, pale green, G—24 inches long; leaves spoon- Shaped or narrowed below into slender stalks. Flowers of this and the next species in small axillary clusters which are shorter than the leaf- stalks; bracts awl-shaped, but little longer than the sepals. Fruit a utricle opening by a lid as in the other species. Seeds rounded, lens-shaped, 1/16 inch in diameter, dark brown, shining. Fig. 41. (After Vasey.) Frequent along railways and in waste places in cities and towns. June—Oct. Spreading like purslane and often forming mats. Remedies the same. 33. AMARANTHUS GR-ECIZANS L. Tumble-weed. White Pigweed. (A. I. 1.) Stem erect, bushy branched, whitish, 6-24 inches tall; leaves oblong, spoon-shaped, Slender stalked. Flowers as in the prostrate pigweed, the bracts much Jonger than the sepals. Seeds one-half as large and with a distinct wing-like border. Frequent throughout the State along roadsides, railways and in old fields. June—Oct. The leaves fall away in autumn and the branches bend in, forming a globular mass which is broken off and rolled alone before the wind, thus widely scattering the seeds. One such weed, 5 feet 7 inches in circumference, was seen in Vigo County. From the Russian thistle, which has similar habits of seed distribution, this true tumble-weed may be known by its much wider leaves aud small, round and shining seeds. Remedies the same as for the rough pigweed. WEEDS OF THE POKEWEED FAMILY. ii THE PoKEWEED Famit.y.— PHYTOLACCACE.Y. Tall perennial herbs, with large alternate ovate-oblong leaves and small flowers in terminal racemes, which by the farther growth of the stem become opposite the leaves. Petals none; sepals 4 or 5 white; stamens 10; ovary green, 10-celled, each cell with a single seed. Fruit a globose fleshy berry. Only one member of the family occurs in Indiana, though 85 species are known, mostly from the tropics. 34. PiryronaceaA DECANDRA IL. Pokeweed. Poke-berry. Scoke. Pigeon- perey.: Ink-berry. . (CP. N. 2.) Stem stout, smooth, erect, branching, 5-12 feet high; leaves entire, 5-12 inches long. Berries in racemes like those of a grape, dark purple and filled with crimson juice. Seeds black, shining, roundish or kidney- shaped. (Fig. 42.) This large well known weed occurs throughout the State in rich soil along the borders of old fields, fence-rows, roadsides, ete. June— Sept. Its reddish-purple stems, dark green leaves, clusters of white flowers and dark purple berries make of it a handsome weed—if a weed can be go termed. I have often found the small, shining black seeds beneath logs and stones where they have been carried by mice or shrews, and have frequently nistaken them for the heads of dead beetles. The stem springs from a large poisonous root, often 4-6 inches in diameter, and the young stems and leaves are sometimes used for ereens or eaten like asparagus. Tf so used, care should be ta- as vioweritip and fruiting branch. Citar ken to separate all parts of the Bahia root and the water, in which the shoots are first boiled, should be rejected. The whole plant has a strong unpleasant odor and the pith of the hollow stem is in flat disks separated from each other by cavities. Remedies: grub- bing or cutting below the top of the root; repeated mowing and salting. aG THE INDIANA WEED BOOK. Both roots and berries of the pokeweed are used in medicine. A Kentucky boy whom the writer knew ate the berries for cramp in the stomach, claiming that they were a certain cure. If gathered for sale they should be collected in autumn and the clusters of berries dried in the shade, while the roots should be cleaned, cut erosswise into slices and carefully dried. They act upon the bowels and cause in time violent vomiting. Extracts made from them are used for iteh, other skin diseases and rheumatism. The dried root brines from 2 to 5 cents and the berries about 5 cents per pound. THE CARPET-WEED F'AMILY.—AIZOACE”®. Prostrate and branching herbs, with small whitish flowers borne in the axils of the whorled leaves. Petals none; calyx o-parted; stamens 3-5; ovary 3- celled, forming in fruit a capsule which splits lengthwise. Seeds very small, kidney-shaped and marked with lines. 35. MOLLUGO VERTICILLATA L. Carpet- weed. Indian Chickweed. (A. N:325) Stem spreading and forming circu- lar mats, sometimes 2 feet in diameter ; leaves in whorls of fives or Sixes, spoon-shaped or linear, entire. Sepals oblong, white on the inner side, shorter Rig! Ag. -Ahiswiamarlinwee cand acecasaattian than the egg-shaped capsules which are of fruit. (After Britton and Brown.) many seeded. (Fig. 43.) Frequent in bare sandy spots, cultivated fields and gardens, and springing from the cracks between bricks in sidewalks. May—Oct. Remedies: pulling or hoe-cutting before the seeds ripen; sowing winter annuals after corn and potatoes. Tre PuRSLANE Famity.—PORTULACACEAN. Fieshy tasteless herbs with entire leaves. Flowers regular, sepals 2; petals 4 or 5; stamens 5-20; styles 2-8 united below the middle. Pod 1-ceiled, with few or many seeds rising on stalks from the base. Oniy 6 species of the family are lsted from the State, two of which, called ‘‘spring beauties,’’ are among the earli- est and prettiest of our springtime wild flowers. Here belongs also the cultivated portulaca and the following common garden weed: WEEDS OF THE PURSLANE FAMILY. =~] ~) 26. PORTULACA OLERACEA LL. Purslane. Pussley. (A. I. 1.) Prostrate, smooth, freely branching from a deep central root; branches 4-10 inches long: leaves alternate, wedge-shaped, rounded at apex. Flow- ers pale yellow, sessile in the axils. Pods globular, opening by a little lid. Seeds very smaJjl, black, kidney-shaped, (Figs. 13, c; 44.) marked with a fine network. Very common in gardens, dooryards and cultivated grounds, especially in sandy and rich soils. May—Nov. Flowers numerous, Fig. 44. 1, seed; 2, fruit or pyxis closed; 3, same open. (After Vasey.) opening only in the morning sunshine, then closing once for all. In England purslane is used extensively as a pot-herb and for salads. and serves as does parsley to garnish dishes of meats, ete. Ilogs everywhere are very fond of it. It is at- tacked by a white mold which in rainy seasons serves to keep it in check. Beneath its fleshy foliage it harbors insects of many kinds, among which are the melon plant louse and the corn- root louse. Onion and melon raisers have much treonble with it, as it grows rapidly and ripens its seeds after cultivation of the crops has ceased. Remedies: close hoe cultivation, especially very early and again late in the season; seeding with winter annuals after hoed crops. THE PINK FAamiLy.—CARYOPHYLLACE/. Annual or perennial herbs with the joints of the stems often swollen and sometimes sticky; leaves opposite, entire. Flowers usually either solitary on long peduncles or numerous in flat- topped cymes; sepals 4 or 5, separate or united into a tube; petals as many as the sepals or none; stamens twice as many as sepals or fewer; pistils 1, 1-celled, the ovules united to a central column. Fruit usually a capsule opening by valves on the sides. 18 THE INDIANA WEED BOOK. About 30 species of the family grow wild in the State, and mostly belong to two groups, viz.: (a) the cockles which have the sepals united into a tube, many of them being also called ‘‘catch- flies,’’ on account of the sticky or viscid secretions on joints of stems or calyx which they exude to prevent ants, small beetles and other honey-eating intruders which cannot pollenize from creep- ing up the stalks; (b) the chickweeds and sandworts, small white- flowered herbs abundant in woods and along the margins of lakes and streams, and having the sepals distinct or united only at the base. With us only 4 members of the family are as yet trouble- some. . ov. AGROSTEMMA GITHAGO LL. Corn Cockle. Purple Cockle. (A. ‘I. 1.) Stem erect, 1-38 feet high, simple or with few erect branches, clothed with long, soft appressed hairs; leaves linear, acute. Flowers solitary on long axillary peduncles; petals pink or purple-red, showy; calyx lobes linear, much longer than the petals. Seeds black, kidney-shaped, % inch across, prettily marked with spiny ribs. (Fig. 45.) Common in grain fields, espe. cially those of wheat and rye; also along railways, fence-rows, ete. May-—Sept. The seed contains a poisonous principle, and if bread be made of flour containing a high percentage of the ground seed it is often fatal to poultry and domestic animals, and in man produces a Fig. 45. a, sprays showing flowers and great irritation of the digestive or- seed capsule; b, seed three times natural size. ; (After Chesnut.) gans. Remedies for the weed: hand pulling or spudding from the wheat fields intended for seed; careful screening of seed wheat, using a screen of 8 meshes to the inch; proper rotation of crops. 38. SILENE ANTIRRHINA L. Sleepy Catchfly. Tarry Cockle. (A. N. 2.) Stem slender, erect or ascending, simple or branched above, 8—50 inches high; basal and lower leaves spoon-shaped, narrowed into a stalk, 1-2 inches long; upper leaves linear and gradually reduced to awl-shaped bracts. Flowers in a loose terminal cluster; calyx egg-shaped, much en- larged by the ripening pod, its teeth acute; petals pink, broader and notched above. Seeds dark brown, kidney-shaped, marked with rows of minute tubercles. WEEDS OF THE PINK FAMILY. 79 Frequent in light or sandy soils, especially in grain fields or waste places. Apr.Sept. The stem is dark and viscid or sticky at or just below each joint and the flowers open for a short time only in sunshine. The seeds are frequent among those of clover or grass and in southwestern Indiana the plant is very common in wheat and rye. Remedies: sowing clean seed; pulling when not too common, to prevent the ripening of the seed; increased fertili- zation. The sticky cockle or night-flowering catchfly (S. noctiflora L.) having 3 styles and large yellowish-white or pinkish petals, and the white cockle or white campion (Lychnis alba Mill.) with 5 styles and pure white petals, are two other members of the family re- corded from the State which may develop into troublesome weeds, as they have done elsewhere. Both have sticky stem-joints and large blossoms which open only at night. ‘*TIn addition to the sticky gum the stem of these catchflies is more or less covered with fine hairs, both of which characters aid them in baffling unwelcome wingless visitors, while the long tubes of the corollas effectually keep out all flying insects except the few whose visits the plants desire. As if so many precautions were not enough the mouths of the tubes above the stamens are obstructed by five little valves or scales, one being attached to the claw of each petal. These scales can be easily bent down by the large and long proboscis of bees and moths but not by the little thieving flies against whose incursions the flowers are so anxious to guard them- selves.’’—Grant Allen. e9. SAPONARIA OFFICINALIS L. Bouncing Bet. Soapwort. Hedge Pink. (P. I. 2.) Erect, smooth, sparingly branched, 1—2 feet high; leaves ovate or oval, 2-5 inches long, 1 inch wide. Flowers large, showy, pinkish or white, in dense terminal clusters. Seeds black, smooth, kidney-shaped with a beak 1/16 inch long. (Fig. 10, a.) Throughout the State, escaped from gardens and rapidly be- coming an annoying weed, especially in sandy cultivated fields and along banks and railways. June-Sept. This buxom country cousin of the carnation spreads by underground stems and is therefore difficult to eradicate. The juice of the stem, when mixed with water, produces a soapy effect and has cleansing qualities, whence the generic name. Remedies: mowing twice each season for a year or two just before flowering; salting in early spring; cultivation, especially hoeing. 80 THE INDIANA WEED BOOK. 40. ALSINE MEDIA lL. Common Chickaveed. (A. I. 2.) Spreading or half erect, tufted, much branched, 4-12 inches long. smooth except a line of hairs along the stem; leaves oval, 3 to 23 inches long, the upper sessile. Flowers very small, white, the petals 2-parted, shorter than the calyx. Capsule egg-shaped, longer than the calyx; seeds brown, kidney-shaped, flattened, 1/24 inch across, the sides coarsely tuberculate. (Figs. 12, h and. 46.) Frequent in rich moist soil in gardens, lawns, meadows and pas- tures. Jan.—Dec. A winter annual, blooming at all seasons. In some places used as a barometer as it ex- pands its flowers fully when fine weather is to follow but ‘“‘if tt should shut up, then the traveler is Fig. 46. Showing flower, fruit and seed, to put on his great coat.’’ In Eu- Sadat mea gi, rope it is much used for feeding cage-birds, which are very fond of both seed and leaves. Remedies: early and thorough spring cultivation; reseeding lawns; crowd- ing out by some winter-growing crop, as rye or crimson clover. THE Crow#oct or Butrrercure FAmiIry.—RANUNCULACEA. Annual or perennial herbs with acrid sap; leaves usually alter- nate, often compound. Flowers with the parts all distinct and unconnected; petals 3-15, sometimes wanting, in which ease the calyx is colored like the corolla; sepals the same number, often falling when unfolding; stamens numerous; ovaries l—-many, 1- celled, usually 1l-seeded. Fruit of our weeds an achene. (Fig. 14-7 99°) About 50 species of the family occur in Indiana. Among them are many of our common wild flowers of early spring and summer, zs the liverworts, marsh-marigolds, larkspurs, columbines, bane- berries, anemones, clematis, buttercups and meadow-rues. Most of these are harmless plants, covering the bare places of mother earth with their green leaves and posies gay. With us only one may as yet be listed as a weed, though others of its kind occasionally spread in low, wet pastures. 41]. RANUNCULUS ABORTIVUS L. Simall-flowered Crowfoot. WKidney-leaved Crowfoot. (B. N. 3.) Stem erect, branching, glabrous; root-leaves thick, kidney- or heart- WEEDS OF THE CROWFOOT FAMILY. $1 shaped, long-stalked, toothed or crenate; stem leaves sessile, divided into 3-5 oblong or linear lobes. Flowers very small; petals yellow, oblong, shorter than the reflexed lobes of calyx. Head of fruit globose. Common in moist soil, in woods, meadows, gardens, lawns and culti- rated fields. March—-Sept. Espe- cially troublesome to strawberry growers and owners of well kept lawns. Remedies: pulling and hoe eutting; drainage; thorough culti- vation. The hooked crowfoot (Rk. recur- vatus Poir.), having the kidney- shaped leaves all lobed and divided, the plant more or less pubescent and the beaks of the achenes strongly hooked, is also common in woods and pastures. The tall or meadow but- tereup (R. acris L., Fig. 47), with Fig. 47. Tall or meadow buttercup. (After the flowers large, showy yellow, 1 Vascy-) inch broad, calyx spreading and roots fibrous, occurs frequently in moist meadows and pastures an is In some States a pernicious weed. Its juice is very acrid and stock give it a wide range. Remedies the same. SS =m y Comrng dale THe Mustarp Famity.—CRUCIFER. Herbs, mostly annual or biennial, with a pungent peppery juice; leaves alternate, usually narrow and deeply lobed, often forming a rosette at the surface of the ground, from which spring the slender flower-bearing stems. Flowers usually in racemes, white or yellow in color; sepals 4; petals 4, generally narrowed at base and placed opposite each other in pairs; stamens usually 6, 4 long, 2 short; pistils 1, 2-celled. Fruit a silique which varies greatly in form and size and bears numerous seeds. (Fig. 14, 7.) About 55 species of the family are known from the State, most of which are weeds. They may usually be easily recognized by the sepals and petals being in fours, in opposite pairs, thus forming a cross—whenee the family name Cruciferw. On the long racemes the flowers are usually to be found in all stages, from the unopened buds above to the ripened seed-pods below. When crushed the foliage often gives off a decided odor, Those which are weeds 16] 82 THE INDIANA WEED BOOK. occur mostly in grain fields, gardens, lawns and meadows. Many of the seeds have an oily covering which prevents decay and enables them to retain vitality for years. Cultivated members are cabbage, turnip, cauliflower and radish. 42. L&EPIDIUM VIRGINICUM L. Wild Pepper-grass. Tongue-grass. Canary- grass. (A. N. 2.) Erect, smooth, much branched, 6-15 inches high; leaves tapering to base, the upper linear or lanceolate, entire; lower spoon-shaped, more or less notched on sides. Flowers small, white; stamens only 2. Pods small, rounded or oval, notched at tip; seeds light brown, flattened, 1/10 inch wide, half as long, egg-shaped with a very distinct border. (Fig. 48.) Common everywhere in dooryards, waste grounds, fields and gardens. April—Oct. Very troublesome at times in clover, espe- . cially in hght sandy soil after the first crop is cut; the seeds separable from those of the clover only by eare- wad < Y CY RQ) SZ ful sereening. Many of the seeds S at . . . eB germinate in autumn forming flat ro- JF settes with a single central tap-root, from which the flowers and seeds of early spring are produced. Spar- rows of all kinds are very fond of the pods and eat vast numbers of them. Remedies: thorough and con- tinuous cultivation; dise harrowing in late fall or early spring; hand pull- ing from lawns; spraying. The apetalous pepper-grass (ZL. Eee eens Hower with 2 stamens, gpetalum Willd.), basal leaves more oe) cut-lobed and petals minute or want- ing, and the field pepper-grass (L. campestre L.), downy or hoary pubescent, leaves clasping the stem, pod spoon-shaped, both occur in the State and will be more common. Remedies the same. <> PE LEPY : NO O 43. SISYMBRIUM OFFICINALE L. Hedge Mustard. (A. I. 2.) Erect with rigid spreading branches, 1-8 feet high; leaves cut-lobed, the lower segments turned backward, the upper leaves nearly sessile. Flowers small, pale yellow. Pods slender, erect, awl-shaped, 4 inch long, pressed closely against the stem; seeds brown, oblong, cylindrical on back, grooved on the other side, 1/16 inch long, one-third as wide. Common in waste places and fallow or abandoned fields. April- Dee. The seed occurs in clover and grass seed and hay. Remedies: frequent mowing; increased fertilization and cultivation. ,It, as WEEDS OF THE MUSTARD FAMILY. 83 well as the next two species, are hosts for the ‘‘club-root fungus”’ which attacks cabbage and turnips and all three should therefore tity oF be kept away from these vege- “\ i tables. “VA “ . . . . 3 oe Differing in having cream | colored flowers and much longer. ; f widely spreading pods is a | l \Y closely allied species, the tum- om LEX bling mustard (S. altissimum YA L., Fig. 49), a European plant eS. y which is a bad weed in the Woe grain fields of Canada and the RY Ss ; ; S 2255 Northwestern States. In Indi- 3 ana it has been recorded from six counties and will doubtless ag poe $ As VF } “ WARS be found to be frequent in the 5 \a northern portion, especially I). along the trunk line railways. \ The pods are 2-4 inches long ‘T and each one contains 120 or Pek pout passage exe tema 9 tay more seeds, ~“On a single plant branch with flower and pods. (After Dewey.) 12,500 pods were once counted, so that that plant alone produced 1,500,000 seeds. When the seeds are ripe the whole head of the plant breaks off and, as a tumble- weed, it may in winter be blown for miles, scattering a few seeds in many places. It is liable to be introduced anywhere in baled hay, and is especially lable to be found about elevators and railway yards. Isolated plants should be pulled before the seeds ripen. If in numbers they should be mowed or cut with hoe in June and again in August. 44. BRASSICA ARVENSIS L. Charlock. Wild Mustard. (A. I. 1.) Erect, branching above, 1-2 feet high; rough with scattered stiff hairs; lower leaves stalked, cut-lobed; upper ones mostly sessile, feebly notched or entire. Flowers yellow, fragrant. Pods long, cylindrical, knotty, borne on stout stems and with a long two-edged beak which is empty or 1-seeded; seeds 15 or more in a pod, spherical, larger than those of the black mustard. (Fig 50.) Frequent in the southern half of State, less so in northern counties. May—Sept. Occurs in meadows and grain fields, espe- cially those of oats, the seeds remaining with them when threshed. The seeds have great vitality, often remaining buried for years or until conditions are right for successful growth. It grows very 84 THE INDIANA WEED BOOK. rapidly and matures an immense number of seeds. Remedies: clean seed; surface burning in fall or spring; hand pulling and cultivation of hoed crops; spraying LERStowell det. with iron sulphate (copperas) solu- tion; harrowing stubble as soon as crop is cut to start a rapid autumn erowth of the weed, then feeding off with sheep; harrowing young wheat in autumn after it has a good start. 45. BRASSICA NIGRA L. Black Mustard. (As: FS.) Erect, tall, 2-7 feet high, prickly with short stiff -hairs; lower leaves with a large terminal and 2-4 smaller lateral lobes. Flowers yellow. Pods erect, closely appressed to stem, 4-sided, smooth, }# inch long, ending in a slender beak; seeds dark brown, very pungent, 1/25 of an inch Fig. 50. (After Vasey.) Common in fields and waste places. as for charlock. The seeds of both this and the white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) when eround are used extensively in medi- cine for plasters, poultices, emetics, ete. More than 5 million pounds are imported each year, the price aver- aging about 5 cents per pound. The white mustard is a smaller plant, 1-2 feet high, flowers larger and paler yel- low, the pods rough-hairy, with long, flat sword-shaped beaks; seeds pale yellow, smooth, larger and less pun- gent than those of the black mustard. In collecting the seeds for sale the tops should be pulled when most of the pods are ripe but before they be- ein to burst open, placed on a elean dry floor or shelf until fully ripe, then shaken over a sheet or canvas. long, globular, finely pitted. (Fig. 51.) June—Nov. Remedies same Fig. 51. (After Henkel.) 46. BURSA BURSA-PASTORIS L, Shepherd’s Purse. Mother’s Heart. (A. I. 1.) Erect, branching, 6-20 inches high; lower leaves tufted, forming a rosette, cut-lobed or toothed like those of the dandelion; stem leaves few, WEEDS OF THE MUSTARD FAMILY. 85 arrow-shaped. Flowers small, white. Pods heart-shaped or triangular, broad at top, notched at apex then narrowed to base, borne on slender stalks; seeds numerous, light brown, oblong, 1/20 inch in length, half as wide. (Fig. 52.) Common everywhere in waste places, gardens and old cultivated fields. Mareh 10—Noy. 25. A winter annual whose green rosettes are very pretty at that season, but 7 ay. whose spreading stems become an ai > : ys, eyesore in early spring. It is also : X oa as a host for the club-root fungus. At 7 \ as all times of the year and every- P "Ogee where, when it is not actually freez- tes if g ing, this plant is growing. Each Mr pod contains about 20 seeds. When fh put in water they, as well as those , a of most other mustards, produce a WAZ large amount of mucilage and a fine transparent hairs. This, by ad-> ie: v covering of rather long and very \y | NG hesion to passing objects, aids in QV WA NL their distribution. A single plant U, ese will ripen 20,000 ot the seeds, so EAN A hee that it has enormous power of pe) propagation. It will thrive any- where, sometimes taking entire Fig. 62. a, seed natural size: b, ame X6. (After Possession of the soil from which it Selby. . aa draws a large amount of moisture. Remedies: constant hoeing and cultivation; hand pulling from lawns; plowing or disk harrowing in late autumn; spraying with iron sulphate solution; cutting out the fall rosettes with hoe or spud. The name ‘‘mother’s heart’’ is common in England. The chil- dren hold out the seed pouch to their companions inviting them to ““take a haud o’ that.’’? It immediately cracks, and then follows the triumphant shout ‘“‘you’ve broken your mother’s heart.’’? In Switzerland the same plant is offered to a person with the request to pluck one of the pods. Should he do so the onlookers exclaim: ‘‘vou have stolen a purse of gold from your father and mother.’’ THE Rost Famity.—ROSACE”,. Herbs, shrubs or trees with regular perfect flowers; leaves al- ternate, simple or compound, with stipules usually present. Calyx 5-lobed with the dise of the flower firmly attached; petals equal in 86 THE INDIANA WEED BOOK. number to the calyx lobes and distinct, or none; stamens numerous, distinct ; ovaries 1—many, 1-celled. Fruit of various forms, mostly capsules opening by a single valve, or achenes. A large and important family which formerly included the apples, pears, cherries, etc. Recently, however, it has been divided into three families, the Rosacew as above restricted; the Pomacex, including the apples, pears, June-berries and red-haws; and the Drupacex, comprising the plums, cherries and peaches. To the Rosacee, as now defined, belong the meadow-sweets, raspberries, blackberries, strawberries, cinquefoils, avens, agrimonies, roses and many other forms. About 50 members of the family are known to grow wild in Indiana, but only a few of them intrude upon eulti- vated or pasture lands in such numbers as to be called weeds, and of those which do none belong to the weeds of the first class. AN, RUBUS ALLEGHENIENSIS Porter. Wild Blackberry. Common Brier. Bramble. -(P.. N.. 3:3 Shrubby, branched, erect or recurved, 3-10 feet high, armed with ,stout recurved prickles; leaves compound; leaflets 3-5, ovate, pubescent beneath, coarsely toothed. Flowers white, terminal. Fruit a collection of small black drupes persistent on a fleshy receptacle, broadly oval, very pulpy. This and several closely allied species of high blackberries are found throughout the State, being much more abundant on the hill slopes of the southern half. They occur mostly in poor clayey soil along roadsides, fence-rows and in old neglected fields and pastures, often taking complete possession of the ground. It is only where by neglect the bushes are allowed to spread that they become a nui- sance and crowd out the blue-grass and other forage crops. , : i head of flowers. (After Atkinson.) plants,’’ having the leaves twisted on the stem so that their edges point up and down or vertical instead of horizontal, and the ends for the most part point north and south. The larger area of the leaves is therefore toward the east and west, *J.C. Arthur, Bull. 52, Purd. Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta., 103. 148 THE INDIANA WEED BOOK. and they are protected from the fierce rays of the sun which can- not beat directly down upon them. 112. LAcTUCA CANADENSIS L. Wild Lettuce. Tall Lettuce. (A. or B. N=3:) ; Stem very leafy up to the fiowers, branching above, glabrous, 3-12 feet high; leaves without prickles, the lower 6-12 inches long, sinuate toothed or lobed, pale beneath; upper lanceolate, entire, sometimes clasp- ing. Heads numerous, + inch broad, fiowers about 20, pale yellow. Achene oval, very flat, about as long as the hair-like beak; pappus white. (Fig. 108.) Common, especially in moist soil, along borders of woods, thickets, fence-rows, roadsides and cultivated fields. July—Oct. While not an aggressive weed it is an unsightly one and should be cleaned out of fence-rows and roadsides. Associated with it are several other species of wild lettuce, most common of which are the arrow-leaved lettuce (L. sagittefolia Ell.) having the leaves all entire, the flowers purplsh-yellow, and the achene longer than its beak; and the tall blue lettuce (L. spicata Lam.) with deeply lobed leaves, blue flowers and brown » pappus. The latter occurs frequently “ in moist soil along the borders of up- land thickets and fence-rows and is among the tallest of our annual herbs, one specimen taken in Vigo County measuring 14 feet, 4 inches in height. Remedies: mowing before the seeds ripen; abandoning fences and cultivating the land thus redeemed. Fig. 108. (After Millspaugh.) 113. HIkERACIUM SCABRUM Michx. Rough Hawkweed. (P.N.3.) Stem stout, leafy, densely rough-hairy below and _ glandular-hairy above, 1-4 feet high; leaves oval or spoon-shaped, 2—+4 inches long, sessile or the lower short-stalked, finely toothed. Heads 2/3 inch broad, 30—50- flowered, numerous in a rather broad panicle; bracts of involucre in one row, linear, glandular. Achenes blackish, cylindrical, truncate; pappus a single row of rather stiff brown bristles. Commen in dry soil in open woods, thickets and recent clearings. July—-Sept. This and a half dozen other hawkweeds are found in the State, occurring for the most part on the slopes and ridges of high dry woodland pastures where the grass 1s thin. There in late summer their ray flowers strive to outdazzle the sunlight with their limpid yellow. Seldom noted except by the botanist they add their WEEDS OF THE CHICORY FAMILY. 149 mite of beauty to the woodland at a time when other flowers are scarce. In no place are they numerous enough to be very troublesome and in general they can be kept down by close erazing with sheep, or by mowing and salting. Full 300 species of these hawk- weeds are known in various parts of the world, 15 of which occur in the eastern United States. Of these but one, a HKuropean species, the golden hawkweed or devil’s paint brush (FH. aurantiacum L., Fig. 109), is an ag- gressive form but it has not been re- corded from the State. In New Eng- land it is a serious pest in pastures and meadows and is spreading westward, having reached northeastern Ohio some years ago. From the rough hawkweed it may be known by having the leaves all basal and the heads nearly 1 inch broad, with the flowers reddish-orange in hue. It spreads by runners as well as by seeds and should be exterminated wherever a single stalk appears. This can be done by grubbing or heavy salting. Fig. 109. Golden hawkweed. (After Clark.) THE RAGWEED Famimy.— AMBROSIACE 4. Annual or perennial herbs with alternate, rarely opposite, leaves and small heads of greenish or white flowers surrounded at base by an involucre of few bracts. In our weeds the male and female flowers are in separate heads, the staminate (male) ones above. Female or pistillate flowers without corolla, or this re- duced to a short tube or ring; calyx attached to the 1-celled ovary ; pappus none; involucre of the heads bur-like or nut-like. Sterile or male flowers usually with an inconspicuous funnel-form or tubular 4-5 lobed corolla; stamens 5, separate or nearly so. A small family of about 55 species, mostly native of America and many of them weeds. Formerly included with the Compositx but, like the dandelions,, now separated for convenience. Only 8 species, known commonly as ragweeds and cockleburs, are recorded from Indiana. Of these 4 are weeds of the first class. 114. AMBROSIA TRIFIDIA L. Great Ragweed. Horse-weed. Giant Rag- weed. WKinghead. (A. N. 1.) Erect, branched, rough-hairy, 3-19 feet high; leaves opposite, stalked, deeply 3-5 lobed, lower often 1 foot wide; upper sometimes undivided, 150 THE INDIANA WEED BOOK. sharply toothed. Sterile or male heads in racemes 3-10 inches long, their involucres saucer-shaped, 3-ribbed; receptacles naked; fertile heads 1-3 together in the axils of the upper leaves. Fruit top-shaped, 4 inch long, 5-7 ribbed and with 5-7 tubercles on the upper side. (Fig. 110.) Abundant in alluvial or moist rich soil, often forming Cense thickets along the borders of streams, roadsides and bottom fields. | July—Oct. The name Ambrosia means NY < ‘‘food for the gods.’’ Why it was used PN as a generic name for the ragweed no 4 R Nes co) one knoweth. The man who first used it may have had the equine god in mind, for horses are very fond of this species, often forsaking other food for its Juicy leaves and branches. Among the poorer classes about the larger towns and cities quantities of it are gathered in August and September to Ex | be used instead of hay. Growing, as } it mostly does, in lowlands, the seeds __ = are scattered far and wide by over- flowing waters. It is not a very ag- gressive weed and can usually be easily subdued by cultivation or by mowing eerie fowering branch and seed, OF Pulling before the flowers open. (After Dewey.) As one walks or drives along streams or through low ground woodlands in early autumn he whiffs its pecuhar odor which is exhaled readily, bounteously, to all comers. ‘To some persons it 1s doubtless disagreeable, but to the writer it is rich, strong, powerful—fit odor for the gods. The plant itself is one of the largest of our annuals, often reaching, in rich alluvial soil, a height of 16 or more feet in a single season. Both it and the common ragweed harbor a small ash-gray, long- horned beetle (Dectes spinosus Say), the larve of which hibernate in their stems. On the horse-weed the beetle is usually to be found in June and July. resting in the angles between the leaves and stem. pes Ca: LENE 7 a 2 ENN Y ~. S NY y i 115. AMBROSIA ARTEMISLEFOLIA L. Ragweed. Roman Wormwood. Hog- weed. (A. I. 1.) Erect, much branched, finely hairy, 1-5 feet high; leaves thin, mostly alternate, once or twice divided, the lobes oblong. Racemes of sterile heads numerous, 1-6 inches long, the receptacle chaffy. Fruit globular, armed with 4-6 short acute teeth or spines. (Figs. 6, f; 111.) Probably the most common and widely distributed weed in the WEEDS OF THE RAGWEED FAMILY. 151 State, occurring everywhere in both cultivated and pasture land, Fig. 111. 1,a staminate flower; 2, a fruit. (After Vasey.) but especially abundant in stubble fields after the crops have been har- vested. July—Oct. The slender ra- cemes of little green staminate flow- ers, like knots or beads along the stem, produce a bounteous crop of yellow pollen which thickly coats the clothing of whoever passes through a clump of ragweed on an August day. Both it and the great ragweed are known as ‘‘hay-fever plants,’’ their pollen spores when inhaled being popularly supposed to germinate in the nostrils and irri- tate the nasal membranes of persons subject to the disease. The seeds or fruit are common in clover seed and retain their vitality for years when buried in the soil, springing up wherever the land is plowed or after harvest when other plants are absent. Remedies: mowing or burn- ing over stubble in September; early fall plowing followed by disk SN harrowing: use of clean seed: late cultivation in hoed crops; sheep grazing when the plants are young. A prairie form, the lanct-leaved ragweed (A. bidentata Michx.) oe- eurs frequently in the western counties of the State. From the common form it differs in having the sterile heads sessile, not short- stalked, and in the leaves being lance-shaped, sessile, with one or two sharp teeth near the base. 116. XANTHIUM SPINOSDM L, surweea. (A. EL) Stem erect. much branched, Spiny Cocklebur. Dagger Cocklebur. 1-3 feet high; leaves lanceolate, pointed, Fig. 112. a, mature plant; b, branch showing spines and burs; c. bur; d, cross-section of bur usually lobed or cut-toothed, shining, showing 2 seeds. (After Dewey.) aye THE INDIANA WEED BOOK. dark green, whitish woolly beneath; axils each with a short-stalked, 3- pronged, yellow spine nearly 1 inch long. Bur oblong-cylindric, 4 inch long, hairy and with 1 or 2 short, awl-shaped beaks and numerous short hooked spines. (Fig. 112.) This cocklebur has invaded Indiana from the south, where it is very troublesome, and is recorded from a number of the southern counties. Aug.—Oct. It is one of the most spiny of the American weeds, and the hooked spines on its burs provide for wide distribu- tion by every passing animal. It is a native of tropical America and, unhke the other cockleburs, occurs mostly in grass-land, as pastures, meadows, and along roadsides, spreading even in strong sod. The two seeds in the thick-walled bur retain their vitality for years and care should be taken to destroy the first plants which appear before the burs mature. Remedies: mowing several times in late summer; deep cutting with hoe or spud in May and June; thorough cultivation for two or three successive seasons. 117. XANTHIUM GLABRATUM DC. Common Cocklebur. Clotbur. (A. N. 1.) Erect, rough, branching, 1-6 feet high; leaves heart-shaped or ovate, leng-stalked, the lower often 8 inches wide, margins toothed or lobed; axils without spines. Burs oblong, nearly glabrous, } inch long, with 2 straight 2-toothed beaks and numerous smooth hooked spines. (Figs. 1, ec; 113.) Abundant everywhere in rich cultivated soils, barnyards, waste places and along roadsides. Aug.—Oct. One of the worst of corn-field weeds in river bottoms, and in pastures especially annoying in wool and the manes of horses. The burs with their two en- closed seeds are widely distributed over lowlands by annual overflows, and on the uplands by animals to which they closely adhere. It is said that only one of the 2 seeds will germinate the first season, the other lying dormant for a vear. Another species, the American cocklebur or’ hedgehog burweed CY. canadense Mill.) is known from central! Indiana and probably occurs over most of the State. It differs in having the burs somewhat hairy or glandular with the beaks hooked or ineurved. hem- Fig. 113. (Aster Dewey-) edies: therough eultivation; pulling be- fore the burs are formed; burning mature plants before plowing. WEEDS OF THE THISTLE FAMILY. 15 THe THISTLE Fammy.—COMPOSIT 2. Herbs, rarely shrubs, having the flowers in a close head on a common receptacle and surrounded by an involucre of few or many scales or bracts arranged in one or more rows; leaves varied in form and position; receptacle naked or with chaffy scales, smooth or pitted. Calyx tube of each flower firmly united to the ovary and usually bearing on its summit a pappus of bristles, awns, teeth or scales; corolla tubular, usually 5-lobed or 5-cleft, those of the mar- ginal flowers often split to form a ray; stamens 5, borne on the corolla, their anthers united into a tube. Fruit an achene, con- sisting of the persistent wall of the calyx surrounding a single seed and usually crowned with some sort of a pappus. (Figs. 10, g; 11, j,-g; 12, b.) A vast family comprising, as above defined, not less than 10,000 species of wide geographic distribution. Since the asters form an important group, the members of the family are often called Aster- worts. The name Composite is given to the family from the fact that its members have their small yet perfect flowers densely crowded together into a head, which is enclosed in an involucre or cup formed of several circles of modified leaves called ‘‘bracts;’’ this involucre performing the same protective function for the com- pound mass that the calyx or outer green envelop does for the ordi- nary separate flowers of other families. The object of this massing together of a great number of small flowers into a large head is that they may more easily and certainly attract the attention of insects and thus secure their fertihzation. Taken singly, the flowers are too small and inconspicuous to attract separate attention, but by huddling themselves together into a showy mass they have proven themselves very successful plants; so much so, indeed, that the family is by far the largest known in the vegetable world. About 205 species of wild Composite are known from Indiana, 194 being listed in Coulter’s Catalogue. Among them, besides the weeds described below, are the blazing-stars, golden-rods, asters, everlastings, leaf-cups, rosin-weeds, cone-flowers, sunflowers, worm- woods, Indian plantains and ragworts. It is preéminently a family of weeds as, except from an acsthetie point of view, but three or fonr of the 200 species are of the least benefit to the inhabitants of the State. The few exceptions are used in medicines, a dose of boneset or yarrow tea being occasionally given by some grand- mother or quack doctor for a fancied ailment. But the lover of nature, whose eye 1s ever on the search for the pleasing and the 154 THE INDIANA WEED BOOK. beautiful, blesses the existence of these Composite, for the hues of the asters, golden-rods, sunflowers, ete., absent, our late summer and autumn scenery would lose much of the charm due to their rarlety of color. Since the number of species of Indiana weeds in this family are so many they are divided into three groups, separated by the fol- lowing simple key or table. This grouping is for convenience only, and necessitates the changing of the order of these weeds as they occur in the botanies. KEY TO GROUPS OF INDIANA COMPOSITH WEEDS. ad. Heads without visible ray-flowers around the margins, the flowers rarely yellow, all discoid or tubular or the rays very rudimentary. Group A., p. 154. ad. Heads with one or more rows of prominent ray-flowers about the mar- gins, those of center all tubular. b. Rays yellow. Group B., p. 168. bb. Rays white, blue or pinkish. Group C., p. 175. Group A. To this group, having the flowers of the head all tubular, belong our weeds known as iron-weeds, bonesets or snake-roots, everlast- ings, wormwoods, fireweeds, burdock and thistles. With them are also included the horse-weed, fcetid marigold, tansy and two or three species of beggar-ticks or Spanish needles, which have the rays rudimentary or shorter than the disk flowers. 118. VERNONIA FASCICULATA Michx. Western Iron-weed. (P. N. 1.) Erect, branching, glabrous or sparingly hairy, 2-6 feet high; leaves thick, alternate, lanceoiate, pointed, 38-6 inches long, sharply toothed. Heads numerous, short-stalked, 20-80 flowered; receptacle flat, naked; flewers reddish-purple; involucre bell-shaped, the bracts in several rows all closely overlapping. Achenes cylindric, glabrous, 8-10 ribbed; pappus of 2 rows of brownish bristles, the inner hair-like, the outer shorter, chaffy. (Fig. 114.) Very common throughout the State in permanent grass-lands and along readsides. July—Sept. One of the worst of pasture weeds, crowding out the blue-grass, and in places taking almost complete possession of the soil. The form above described is that most commonly found in dry soil in open upland wooded pastures. Associated with it in moist, rich bottom pastures are the tall iron- weed (V. maxima Small) 5-10 feet high and having the leaves thin, finely toothed, achenes hispid and inflorescence loosely branched and open; and the eastern iron-weed (V. noveboracensis Li.), 3-12 WEEDS OF THE THISTLE FAMILY. feet high with the bracts of the involucre brownish-purple, tipped with spreading awns. The perennial roots of all these are stout and fibrous, and each autumn are filled with a suf- ficient supply of nourishment to oive the stalk of the ensuing year a good start in life. They radiate in all directions from the base of the stem, spreading over an area of several square vards and pene- trating the soil in search of moisture to such a depth as to render abortive any attempt of man to pull the plant up bodily, roots and all. The leaves are so innutritious that none of the higher animals, not even sheep, will feed upon them. The only insect enemies of the Fig. 114. Western Iron-weed. iron-weeds, so far as noticed, are the margined and black blister beetles* which attack the leaves when other food is scarce, and a small gall-fly whose larve feed upon the juices of the flowering branches. They are also preyed upon at times by the leaf and downy mildews and by several rusts, but none of these serve to retard their growth to any great extent. Many species of bumble-bees and butterflies visit the blossoms in search of nectar and pollen, and thus aid materially in their fertil- ization. The fiowers in each head number, on the average, 25, each of which produces a single seed. On one specimen of medium size were counted 743 heads, so that 18,575 seeds, each capable of becoming a fully developed iron-weed, were borne by that plant alone, and the majority produce as many, or more. To secure a broad dissemination each of these seeds bears at maturity a tuft or pappus of light brown bristles, and by its aid the seed may be wafted by the wind miles away from the parent plant. Again, as the iron-weed grows in greatest luxuriance in the lowland pastures near small streams, many of the seeds fall upon the water and are borne onward till they lodge against some bank or are buried in the sediment deposited by an overfiow ; places well suited for their future growth. In these ways the weed is continually spreading *Epicauta marginata Fab. and E. pennsylvanica DeG. 156 THE INDIANA WEED BOOK. into pastures which have heretofore been entirely free from it. Taking into consideration that it is a native plant and therefore well suited to our soil; the character of its roots; the immense number of seeds produced; the modes of their dissemination, and its almost total exemption from the attacks of injurious insects, it is no wonder that it is so well able to hold its own in the struggle for existence, and also to increase in numbers from year to year. Remedies: mowing or hoe-cutting four times (in May, June, July and August) each season, thus preventing the leaves from stormg nourishment in the roots; deep hoe-cutting and salting; thorough cultivation where practicable. The first remedy will, if kept up for two or three years, practically eradicate the weed. It has been said that all things in nature have their use—that nothing exists but for a purpose. It is the work of science to dis- cover and make known the use of nature’s objects, and day by day her secrets are gradually being exposed, thereby advancing man in civilization by enabling him to better control the ravages of those existing forms which are injurious to his interests. If, however, the i1ron-weed has a use, other than that shown in the beauty of its flowers, no one has yet discovered it. But there is time, for of the thousands of plant forms which exist, we know the uses of only a few, as corn and hemp, ginseng and blood-root. Let us hope that some valuable medicinal or other property will soon be discovered in the iron-weed and a reason for its existence thereby pointed out to the doubting humanity of the present. Meanwhile the naturalist will go on admiring the beauty of its bloom; for however coarse and repulsive the stem and leaves may appear, each head, with its 25 or 30 dainty florets so prettily erouped within their protective cup, reveals a striking beauty to the true lover of nature. And when in the glamour of an August morn he stands upon a hillside and views acre upon acre of the broad purple cymes waving in the valley beneath, all memories of the plant as a pernicious weed are blotted from his mind by the at- tractiveness of the scene before him. 119. JEUPATORIUM PURPUREUM IL. Jo-pye-weed. ‘Trumpet-weed. Purple Boneset. (P. N. 3.) Stem erect, simple or branched at top, green or purple, 3-12 feet high; leaves thin, in whorls of 3-6, oval or lanceolate, stalked, pointed, sharply toothed, 4-12 inches long. Tleads numerous in a more or less elongated, branched cluster, 5-15 flowered; involucre cylindrical, the bracts pink, oblong, in 4 or 5 closely overlapping rows; flowers pinkish or reddish-purple. Achenes 5-angled. (Fig, 115.) WEEDS OF THE THISTLE FAMILY. 157 Common along fence-rows, borders of thickets, streams and lakes, especially in low moist grounds. July—Oct. The tall stem, whorled leaves and handsome heads of flowers make it one of the most conspicuous of our Composite. Both it and all the other bonesets may be distinguished from the iron-weeds by the pappus which is made up of a single row of rough, hair-like bristles, while in the iron-weeds the pappus is double. the inner row be- ing of bristles and the outer of short scales. The purple honeset is not an aggressive weed, being seldom found in open pastures, and-can be easily killed out by frequent mow: Fig. 115. Single flewer on left; head of flowers -_ , Ao ae on right. (After Britton and Brown.) Be OF deep cutting. 120. EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM L. Common Thoroughwort. Boneset. C2 MN. 3.) Stem stout, hairy, branched above, 2—5 feet high; leaves opposite, united at base and surrounding the stem, horizontal or half erect, lance- olate, long-pointed, finely toothed. Heads crowded in a flat-topped cluster, 10-16 flowered ; involucre bell-shaped, the bracts lanceolate, pointed, in 2 or 3 overlapping rows; flowers white, rarely bluish. (Fig. may Very comincn in low moist mead- ows. along ditches, borders of streams, lakes, etc. July—Sept. a Ne i eee rs eee De Ure ean 166 PeePIIEEAWRCU oon ce ee we Mostae, gael ty Seed nb eg ea aloe See mec! 76 Ee tet WCET re pe eg Dy Se era os nk we ie ode we Cwm aee 100 ME IICE YA ce ere Sar ing © oe nn, is ns aw x Cate aes LOR eee Seat Oeriior. yo No, me ane aes oc. At. cd did ee ee ae eb 79 eee... thi eee Sort eee Plo SOE ne ec a nw Ob, Derek mens vt. ad eer cl eee es he Oc peat oka hae 118 art eereie css tac i oa adn xen Vewan tawexe 83 188 THE INDIANA WEED BOOK. Page CNGWE oc oe aate-s Stee eaten eee EE ree ee ee ee ee es 5D NOHO GS. 0A Goons ota teen aie eae Or a Ee Se Ree + 2 ar titete a atone ee 55 Chick weed: (COMMOR™ «0.5 os «2s ces arse ae an Sree f pouesaus sw Mee ie te ee 80 OUEIECOL Ys Sey suap sea oirracs 5's

ocx arn erie aiagatehe OG ere Rane Sa ieee os eR ea 151, A452 (SOG Me v2 5 Soe ete wie Sn cow 0 eae oe ee eae ee ee 78, 79 Conelower,creen-headed 02. oc. as ashes east sb oe be ee Oe eee 172 EHINGICAVER 6.5%. 5 5-6r aioe Ay TC AAO UU oes oes re om thet a doce outa oy wad = ce Se ahora, ree Sans ane aaa on ate one 121 TO 2 WF sale of antes oeagcka Wea LAs aaaota deta a eiste Rarhake arab bia, 6 renee ae eae een ee 64 Dodder amily, weeds ow. 5 25 Vokes wiv oe ao aels we eee aed ohae 110 Dogbane Family ,. Weeds 08 o. coars eins ders merece oes Ur leee We eee ae 104 TRS STOTAVEL ica oo eee ao ee aN ies OE ee SITs Se Se ee ee 161, 179 TEAGCH MATIC ?L oo ores 5 Sree erate een Se age ek ate rogeon eee 169 EVEHing primrose; COMMON <2 ys. Siw Eee Ganges se Sc Sb ae 99 Everlasting. fragrant Or: Commons. ..3 [020 oot -as fee tee ee 159 Pla mtain-lLeaik 27 Fc. Me ahs. One este etek che eee ayesha: Dis apes ale ae 159 Gamilies:.of weeds, Keys: Os 37) oF ee bs Po et ee 43, 45, 47 aiewort-lamiuly,. weeds, Of 59025001 s nie oo ton Ss ores eagle ee 129 PTO THT AGS 55 ela a eh Sb Ss ge kA ev nara Sn ee Raa a ie BOW. COG vein’ £5 ce Re ia alge oO Bee Perea al-S rc puase 5 pone ae nn a 163 | ih fs 6b Tos) ene a ee ere NE a! i gh NAM ERIANM aaMy Pb ACr hy het ce 87 BSA AMC Ss fre S255 5 Ec crore stare cade sone S Tea the Rit aha aa Sale ee ee eee LTT; AB PILOWOLS:-OL “WRCUS osc ccieG 2-5 Share wean Wein mewn are eo Gaeta emcee se 3D Pox tadl STC Om 0 5.8 4 Sioa le wre id soe, & Oe Speutnl pee > ema SEN aie ae Nene Tee personnes Seen D4 VOLO = sais ess abies Sleds 5 SRO OR cage te ue ge nee Te ope es a 53 Halts: Of WEOGS «ost. cree C2 Soden ae re Oe lee ene oo ee 41 Gealine ale ots os Discs 3 a elec o> Sun ce OS nee x Oc ae 5S Gartig ay lds sas ccs eee se een Neer meen, een A Pa terri fe 60 nermander, “American: 4.::. 4.5 k gd acwarsues «cee pre hice eee eee ie eee 118 CE OMTCTIR TIO S77 weve wh Siete eee So ete alee ae ae eee whe ats cepa oS hee eae 168 (SOOSC-BYASS 255 i ise bre @ 6.504 ERE A es Ci ES Se eee 67 Goosefoot Family, -weedsofs 20 26 ha wits so ots ss oe eee ee eee ee 69 Grass amily; weeds:O8. os. 5h suse wlsodts aie me mies teeta aoe ne eles ae ak 5O GTOUDG-CHETLY® «0-6 x 6 :c a ,b.0 nade fos oi eBid A ata e, Riga le decs cent kee en 124 ESP OUINE TY, che sqgate dws alelens's: ole 6 Oe eran RTS eae ee Te ete pra 119 BEAVIS WOU. oS ok sw ww aieere ps scalps b oevte Riu tale epee weave aig tee (a RRs a 148 ERRORS TOTO oo Ss is asec deste 5 8k escheat aes ree stan a tes oe eet es an a [esi EV OMIOCK, “POON ox o.5\9 5: 4. once ieee ve po lm ele eee a fee eee 103 INDEX. 189 Page eee, Pra ee eer Ahm ONS Ce aie che a’ anes cidiys wawate wee mas oe 121 RI fh ME ere Ea arg a. ais ra vie Fae e a nora a ss a Okie sy oases eee oR 150 Oe ale Pe fe SSD eS eG us ia old nace le Fel eedle a eaes 125 NS SS A OF aro ERC ea 149, 158 MERITS 4 BAN Se A 2 hk ee glel Se a Meare sais edo 8 ob 6 ae 113 ENE 2 OLSON OO ae cog ou «ie og ce oe Sk ale els Sis he plete wd cu ee ee us sles 12 PPA T DR aera ot 54 alent) Sat dices obama le a a wins wo ee eae ee IR eerie eS rere Fes, d altaratd ae ie Re EG SD Rees oe ek Nee 97 EN NE 6 tte Rigs ssa a Cin. ew ata eh Guarda ces 6 0 aes a's 141, 159 I AA: EMRE ISS or gh as 0! od ow So Rm Re nie een ee we eae e's 40 ere Ses eae oC ei, Se ai ite Rea fas ao." 90 ve 6 waa 154, 174 TIEN fees Si ete Seah ce oi a" 5. oa ace Seales PRE GOs eis la wns hp eee we 94 ES Nee ter ae ena Soc hari a geht Cy’ aod ai a seca eS eee 128 Eg Se Ne arias os aa Sela e ees af yi eee yn TITY | WEOUM OL a coe a) kool ele ladide a Ces elec clew@ewalacee 107 NA igi Ses Setar te hor 8 6 rs ately Gant Sym atele pw oval War amete a ieee 120 SS SNES Ve 0a Be Bt pce ne Se A a eee Ree Se 129 MOU ae Males SIRE Aa BL IO ako has habe aa aon gis's Sate GRR EM ie Cae 131 OE EATS CEE 720 0, ae A RS 81 Brstaed «..i%:.. pst bo Bee site oy ha EY Sige be Ra 2 Cabin aa adele aglx Ge Oe Nettle Family, weeds of...,........... Ed See ck BSats oc at NA ee ee 61 METRES 2 oo Sel ae Aor a tas Sep Di a lao CATH whe LTR eee ee ee 125 OCG tosh k OR tee Nahe oi AS phi ce akaee aS Te 6 Whee arora wg 121 REGS kha et Da nice ES ge POEs 4, C1 Re Me ie Ue PaaS eee Soe 125 siender 62 Sug So eee Reed ich Oca ol gh ct ilan iret MONEY ny ot Na vio g's iahe aiylaia © te 126 LO ES SE negates gar nC oe ao De ee, ke 127 METAS ROU NOMOS 19,s as tat aidt ats\ hk de kta aba ea oa 'e CER da atte adie 5S 120 THE INDIANA WEED BOOK. Page Old-witech grass........ vere athe Seren PCE ee ee ee aisth & 3) < see ee Binion: ye ot one yal crete eo) lene cae ee BELA Re ar ia le ae - » «ipa RANT Nhe oh nrg ccm he he nos ae aoe ee a On aise pee «ngs Rhee ee | Oricin of Pndimana, Weeds 25. .<-..j265 5 22s Bras tshe dog eee # oraic: ods ot er LORE OVE whic ties pve. sie eee ee ae, Cee MC rk a ait cs eaten 2a oe oer eee 170 Oer-Ove. Wais yee ore sw Weeds: OL. f:. oS seas at os oe dete ee i ee TT \Biantain- amily, weeds of. <0): -0 Oe, aki 4 oot ae nen eae ee 1385 PROUTISVALOOL * sic Dapsingus phic oho ae Soko CE oe RL eee Cae ae ee 105 Raison Nemlods— oi Fan ead Ses ators oa ee eee scale? cp coteh eee BV Yi oe coeewlivcacs Rome Rae ae eee oN eae A eee he aoe . 94 STATO ow os v steka% Srbcalat ho amare teal alee be elaine oe een ae, ee oe «

. SCM a Os ER ee ee anaes Suh Gri Se Rar A RS RY So Ss PRCPRETO'S! PUPSC sk ons saw Oe a ee bauokeaee ee aa el ts en ean rere ere cers Sm en Sy ee oe. 107 AMAT WCE ih. ois re “ows 101 owe wie eld Site ue eA Ae ete b ec Ute lee Rian ee Rr ones 66 SHRECTOOT, AVICC 6.x eas iia Ow sap o Ovee no ees eee eee SED ae deae 158 INDEX. 191 Page Stan en ge en iaerre ¥ Ue ee ee are ae 175 Se ee eg See oe oe ee eres le 2 Oo rie eae ee 79 Mren ss eh teeter tl). 115 sive ots Fees lee ARE a ese 63 I ete a ie ee eee ae mmee Oe ne errr cerar erat en or 145 oo a ee nee dS Shi awe ee oe oe 16 TS SRE eR be uh kt ae ee ards Ue ee ee 2a ae ee 128 a aaa nea See iene: a enemies faa ao oo Wee oe oe ae 133 EN ANAT? NUCCUS, 5 5 i 5a) o o.0j0c6 Face ole 3 wih aed Dalene wed PRCA | bead ORES 24 Bparee Family, weeds Of... --... 5.55.05 .50.56.-cbERUDT Ede cade... 91 MMR echt ey. a a. die'had Sapam ON RAR ALA cote haa ot Ee a ee re eo rerio h(a eee es eee ee ere 177 a ee ag eS i ones eee ee ee ree eee 113 0 DoS SAA Sn ips ee eee te a eee 2 ee were © Pee DD eet S-WOLt Kamily, WeEOS OF... 0. ccc aw aw ce ee Bhlilditiscckii.... 98 Perm iin weeds Ole de res. Sa PLE A eee. 94 Mee M CE ex CUMPMINOD) G2 ood we ist. eo sheue OY oS lj. 2 te PALMA BIE: Ra ss 173 a Se oe ee i ee ee a ws > P- Sae) eeeo 172 PIICIOWET Oooo 8 lee Siw sos Mid miecse teeta 1s aneeriy WP aS SLRS sarees 90 EE eat ees Serre fit xo es oe 108 cs ol a tcon a) RE ee, Fee mi acids aid» KE CAMA s Sips cae 162 MEET OW NEGU WEG co eae ete heen Sine x. a o's ble Die atidie ¥.5 ed's MED 69 NRE ae edt ae ee SS eee ae tn So's a ea aca alec’ Din a ak ok oe eyes 139 I EE a a gy Oe SA Ran Sas ois so! 's sv tis neta Ss, «Dos Seats 166 COTTITT YO) 0 Weep towes caer Cea ROMER See ERG ies eet oR oICCic CRE ee a eae eee oe 16 ne TPE NECOU Se Onde. 5.oi5 fase od bie See CRs o.ccdte Fle Mee oes ee He Se 153 RE tt et erry at nt eRe ee oie a, te tees bee 128 i TE ee Sn ie Oe Rigo amend a elie ae wae ae Mats a = Ig 157 Ed ES RR Se ae re Cane ee Pee oe 90 EN se neg oe aa oben id eee i ee ii ei ih Ee ea a i RR dot ee ee See ee ete fe ee ee ae ee Te eee EER 82 RP i St ee aN S et ot sitet oe te oad ee 6 oa ee wate wi 134 LT INI ie reo A I Ae eS a cgi be eee en Le 53, 74 ermenrionh. .. Se OE Ae od AAD kicls cd Rahs DEE Ree SONS. id 97 SPE AOC nN SG* LDR tet NS ocr, ac bE cee Fee atte eo ol we ae RES Seeks 140 EN SCD ae Le Ne ee ce a ea ae rr Se ae ar 115 ee AEN Me Bre aces en ha hs Sin aa oan! te Cds ss ws Gin aes, 0s tek, Maire Sm 103 ee eM ee rare eee gE ode A wis Kw ie oo 1 ees ee ewe 66 a ERG SRS Sp Ee PY a Ok a OE na ree a 6 ee Oe Peninit aL lath ates SPOR oe 4 coc kk De ne wes ec eel ew bee eds Pees 20 CES bg Ro lean Pg aI a betes Od 7 a BSS SATE 25 1 ee eS a ee Se ee ae ee ee ene 15 RE Gal eh SE EIS Six le ees a ak os a kc oles Bee ee wb be bes 16 ee S20 SIC ee Pre PS See eT Sees bok eh ey ee west € 29 RUNNER ADUUSIN Gg 8 cri sl do Spee “a Ja niin, nas CRA MTS dS rt uate ae a wah Sa Wand ee RA A 114 eum manry tee Sales SSG Sop es Se PS sae Ole og bo ae UE TERS ee 177 IRENA certs 3 Ci ataets eter che ye gees AN ae its ee Sle ee a oeans ath D9 NN one acc anh Peele ts eno kwh BAe REET RRL ca bane e cok ek 11S MEMEO, Oa STE Pe Poe ae sas wa ee tee be dee Oe bb SES SRY. TO OR ee ce ERB ta ot 22S tet ee cack aaldt vee Gdkw ae Sean’ 168 Pe PAAOGMG ui3), cern BA. SGTS Paigele.< aac yies< cece asb'secveuscastace 178 NATURE BOOKS BY W. S. BLATCHLEY I. ‘‘GLEANINGS FROM NATURE.”’ Special studies on the insects, fishes, reptiles, birds and plants of Indiana and adjoining States. Some of the chapter headings are: Harbingers of Spring. Katydids and Their Kin. Two Fops Among the Fishes. Snakes and Their Habits. Mid-Summer Along the Old Canal. Twelve Winter Birds. Ten Indiana Caves and the Animals How Plants and Animals Spend the which Inhabit Them. Winter. “This book can be highly recommended for its honesty and directness of purpose. The essays are truthful and give vivid touches of nature. the results of close and sympathetic observation.” —Dr. D. S. Jordan, in Amer- ican Naturalist. . - es. true outdoor book, well designed to increase the pleasure and interest of an outing.’—F. M. Chapman, in ird-Lore. Silk cloth, 348 pp., 15 pls., 100 illustrations. $1.25, postpaid. II, ‘‘A NATURE WOOING AT ORMOND BY THE SEA.”’ The only book treating of the natural history of the East Coast of Florida. Contains lists of the insects taken at Ormond, Fla., in March and April, with many notes on birds, insects, reptiles, shell mounds, ete. _ _ “The author is a true naturalist, and chapters written by a man of this kind are worth reading. The book is beautifully illustrated and is well gotten up in every way.’ —Recreation. Silk cloth, 245 pp., 12 pls., 63 illustrations, map. $1.10, post- paid. Ill. ‘““BOULDER REVERIES.”’ A series of sketches on the wild hfe of an old woods pasture in Western Indiana. It breathes of nature on every page. . ie book delightful in its simplicity, which will address a strong appeal to all lovers of Nature.’’—Indianapo- is News. “Tt has given me many an hour of restful and uplifting pleasure.’’—Hon. Albert J. Beveridge. Silk cloth, 230 pp., 10 pls. $1.10, postpaid. IV.“ WOODLAND IDs. The newest and best of Blatchley’s nature books. An appeal for the simple life, written in the midst of nature, where only that life can be lived. A book for all who love the great out-of-doors, and especially for camp-lovers, bird-lovers, botanists and fisher- men. The following are a few of the page headings: Odors of August. Fisherman’s Luck. A Woodland Optimist. Old Clothes in the Woods. Simplers and Herbalists. Fire Pinks and Humming Birds. The Earth’s Mold Blanket. How Herons Hunt. A Floral Calendar. Evening .Wood-Sprites. “A better book than this as a pocket companion for the camper can hardly be found, for it will sharpen his wits to.a multitude of little things about him, and will introduce him to phases of nature that will be right at hand, no matter where he pitches his tent.’-—Jndianapolis News. “T have enjoyed it to the very utmosi. It takes me back to the old days amidst Nature’s sweet and refreshing environment, for which there is no substitute in this world.” —Hon. Chas. W. Fairbanks. Silk cloth, 242 pp., 3 pls. $1.25, postpaid. All 4 for $4.00, or ‘*Woodland Idyls’’ and either ‘‘ Boulder Reveries’’ or ‘“‘A Nature Wooing”’ for $2.00. THE NATURE PUBLISHING CO., 1558 Park Avenue, Indianapolis, Ind. Ca ae Oe es ce Calg ‘ ‘iw oe | oF. he v i ae 4 A é Ae cw fa i my as - eo) rad a Ler . 2 ry <3 | =—9 r PN — , | hi | — ca 3 96 er —e — a — ® pa ” Blat ie + ays ee aes. Motte eats tee “ i acl nt ih hen: ii ai i 8) AH hie ei oe red AIS ; b a ry hoy’ ty ay } 4 i MC NTR e wie l4 } - by i i I My hy f Het i ta il 3oer8 —s dit} Ne AWN CS z = SSS PEt F ‘ay ah ert | BIRCH ay he oy it ny nati) My MWe , ai epi MY 48) +f) 54a TENN I ) MANie ty “i ii bah i; Z My Mh