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Weeds of Montana

By J. W. Blankinship.

[Issued September 10, 1901 |

Nore
if

LETIN NO. 30.

MONTANA AGRICULTURAL

EXPERIMENT STATION |

Oe. re
a .

wea) See

THE MONTANA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE,

WEEDS OF MONTANA.

Bozeman, Montana, June, 1901.

190
The Avant Gontior Publishing Co.,
. Bozeman, Mon

Montana Agricultural Experiment Station,

Bozeman, [lontana.,

STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION.

JosEPH K. TooLe, Governor

JAmeEs Donovan, Attorney General + EX-OFFICIO........ Helena
W. W. WELCH, Supt. of Public Instruction J

J. M. PE ARE epg ee ig ee ......- Missoula
yok. HENDRIKS. Ate gett dee Sh eens tn serene et ee Butte
ON WW NEC CONIA oars Actes ons Auras ey Sedo ees ack eae hae Helena
OB GORD ERD: ara er ee een kc ee Sei al Billings
O.P CAISHOLM Sara Daler a coe ie ee $i Gish ogy ee Bozeman
9 IMC Rea ec ig ete tes py ee ee eee Hamilton
GT PAUL hacen eee oe oes bo eee i ere eee: ees ee Dillon
Ne BOOL TER iis alia Ode Maece cs a tes ccaa bts ee Helena

, ;
EXECUTIVE BOARD.
WALTER S PARROT NRN or Ces en te (6. ho Gs. 5-scsssn se ou pee Bozeman
Joun M. ROBINSON, “Vice Presiden t..:.. 3.2.11. cloeies ire cece Bozeman
Prree KOCH, Secretary: 4nd. PreaAStirer,. .c20..:-sersseserp coscaeen Bozeman
JOSEP E IGOBRNIG os See ey oon PG > seo aeae case~s ore ERE Bozeman
SARE oe! OF. 6 0: Deepen ny Fone Sore ce Ty een eee Beaute Sarre hate Bozeman
STATION STAFF

SAMUEL ForTIER, Ma. E............... Director and Irrigation Engineer
iW. PRAPHACEN Pe ee Bo ine on tk ee Chemist
ROBT. > SHAW Sse, cae icis i gash eee eens ae eR Agriculturist
J. W. BLANKINSHIP, PI ea ica tach ema eok occ anee gisee eae Botanist
BSA AO OLN eg Oa oot ks ls ue Car deda sel pec oach Caoee meee” Entomologist

Post Office, Express and Freight Station, Bozeman.

All communications for the Experiment Station should be
addressed to the Director,
MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION, -
Bozeman, Montana.

The Bulletins of the Experiment Station are sent free to all resi-
dents of this State upon request.

Montana Experiment Station.

Bulletin No. 30. June, 1901.

WEEDS OF MONTANA.

J. W. BLANKINSHIP, BOTANIST.

eee RAL STUDY OF THE WEED FLORA.
INTRODUCTION.

| In the study of the economic features of a new state like Mon-
tana, where relatively little has been done toward a systematic
biological survey of its natural productions, the botanist is
seriously handicapped by the lack of available scientific collections
to represent the different species of plants in the state and to show
their relative abundance and distribution. Practically all this
flora is of economic import, either to benefit or injure the indus-
tries of man. The forests are utilized for wood and lumber; the
shrubs serve as forest nurseries, the herbs and grasses for forage.
Many are capable of economic cultivation for their fruit, for shade
or for ornament, while others are harmful and need restraint.
Parasitic fungi attack our crops and greatly reduce the yield;
many plants are poisonous to stock and cause extensive loss; some
ill-flavor the milk of cows or the honey of bees; while the spines of
cacti and the awns of grasses seriously injure the mouth of stock,
and weeds mar our yards and highways and compete successfully
with growing crops.

_ In order to combat these pests intelligently or to make the
best use of the native plants in our industrial life, it is necessary to
know their life history, their habits and their distribution within
the state, and these facts can be secured only from a representative

+ THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION.

collection of the species in a herbarium and from the study of the
different plants in the field. Without this data, it is impossible to
draw accurate conclusions as to the abundance and utility or
harmfulness of any economic group. Although much has now
been done at this Station toward securing the necessary collections
of the native flora and in the study of the economic conditions of
the various parts of the state, any present treatment of a large
economic group, like the weeds, must of necessity be very imper-
fect, as large and important sections of the state are nearly
unknown scientifically and several large agricultural districts have
not been visited.

The study of the weeds of any region must include the sources
of infection and the means by which they spread over the country
when once introduced, as well as the adaptation of native plants
to conditions of tillage and habitation and the means to be
adopted for their restraint and eradication. The subject is of
special interest in a new state like Montana, where the population
is relatively scant and the agricultural districts are widely
separated from each other and often from direct weed infection
from abroad and where the distribution and composition of the
native flora is rapidly changing, owing to the increased settlement _
and effects of grazing immense herds of stock over the unculti-
vated portions. Itis also desirable to make note of the present
status of these weeds in the state in order to observe their future
history. Many introduced species are unsuited to our climatic
conditions and die out or maintain a precarious existence here, so
that they may well be disregarded as a source of danger. Others
that appear harmless in the Eastern states may here develop most
dangerous habits and require the combined efforts of acommunity,
or even the aid of the state, to check their spread or effect their
destruction. It is the object of this paper to present a summary
of our present knowledge of the weeds of this state, to indicate
the most dangerous introductions and suggest means for their
restraint or eradication. It is hoped that farmers, stockmen and
others interested, will send this Station specimens of any plant
found troublesome or threatening to become a pest in their
vicinity, so that the species may be determined, its habits studied
and timely warning given to other parts of the state, that prompt

WEEDS OF MONTANA. 5

steps be taken to effect its extermination should it prove a serious
danger. All the plates used are from the Division of Botany of
the Department of Agriculture at Washington by whose kind-
ness we are able to give a fair representation of many species
which would otherwise be difficult to describe.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WEEDS.

Of the various groups of plants troublesome to man, the
weeds are of prime importance because of their abundance and
general distribution, and from their unceasing struggle with the
farmer for the possession of the fields. The weeds are that group
ot troublesome plants, which promptly occupy soil on which the
native vegetation has been greatly weakened or destroyed by the
operations of man and his domestic animals and which grow and
flourish under conditions of habitation, cultivation, travel and
pasturage, and occur but rarely removed from these conditions.
_ They are objectionable because they tend to crowd out plants
more desirable in our lawns, meadows and pastures, because they
render our yards, streets and waysides unsightly and spread
thence into our gardens and fields, where they choke out the grow-
ing crops and rob them of needful food and moisture, and«because
their seeds, mixed in the grain used for food by man and stock are
unpalatable, or even hurtful. Yet, in most of their characteris-
tics, weeds differ from cultivated plants only in their lack of
economic value and their greater hardiness, and the cultivated
plants themselves, under favorable conditions, not infrequently
escape and become pernicious weeds, like the carrot, radish and
turnip in certain sections of the Union.

But there are certain characters and adaptations of weeds,
which enable them to grow and spread faster than other plants
and give them a peculiar relation to civilized life.

Their habit of occupying lands denuded of their natural vege-
tation renders them free from all competition except among them-
selves. They have often wide-spreading basal leaves and spread-
ing or prostrate branches, which enable them to crowd aside other
plants, or their vigorous growth permits them to overtop and
shade out more slow growing species. They are usually pro-
tected against herbivorous animals by growing within fenced

6 THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION.

enclosures or in streets and lanes, where there is less pasturage.
Those found in meadows and pastures are frequently acaulescent
(stemless), like the dandelion and plantain, while along streets
and highways they are often prostrate, as in the case of pigweed
pursley, knotgrass, vervain, carpet weed, and wild tomato, a
habit which puts them beyond the reach of most grazing animals.
Many have bitter or poisonous secretions or excretions which
cause them to be avoided by animals, and others develop spines,
prickles or stinging hairs for the same purpose. A considerable
number of weeds are able to germinate on and penetrate with
their roots the packed soil of street and roadside and to with-
stand the excessive dryness of the later summer, when many other
plants would die under similar conditions. 3 ,

But one of the most remarkable characters of weeds is their
wonderful power of reproduction. Many annuals begin blooming
almost as soon as they are out of the ground and produce seed
until the frosts of autumn, not rarely going through several gen-
erations in a single season, while the number of seeds produced by
a single plant often mounts up into hundreds of thousands. With
most other plants the season is far advanced before they attain
maturity, or their period of fruiting is limited to a short season in
early spring and the number of seeds produced is relatively small.
The seeds of many weeds are also remarkable for their vitality,
and are often able to germinate a dozen or more years after being
exposed to ordinary soil conditions, and it is this property which
renders the sunflower, wild oat, wild mustard, pigweed pursely,
wild tomato, tumble-weed and others so difficult to exterminate
when they have once become established. A numberof species are
more or less fleshy so that they are able to take root again after
being dug up, or are at least able to mature the seeds already set,
and this habit makes them palatable for stock and thus aids in
the distribution of their seed. The large fleshy roots of the
dandelion and docks are difficult to kill while the underground
stems of the wild morning glory, the Canada thistle, sheep-sorrel,
milk-weed, wild liquorice, &c., not only spread the parent plant,
but are even aided by the processes of cultivation.

But weeds also labor under certain disadvantages. Nearly all
species are desirable food for stock, of which they take advantage

WEEDS OF MONTANA. 7

to scatter their seeds. By far the larger part are annuals
and are hence unable, when left to their own resources, to long
compete with the more enduring native species. Biennials are
particularly weak, being unfitted for the annual upturning of the
soil in cultivation or for extended contests with the perennial
species, finding their natural conditions only in waste places and
along highways. Weeds must also contend in unceasing passive
warfare with man, whose interests they endanger, but who pro-
vides them with conditions best suited for their growth.

MEANS OF DISTRIBUTION.

Weeds, like other plants, are dependent upon physical agencies
for the distribution of their seed, but rely more largely upon man
and domestic animals for this aid. It may be well to enumerate a
few of the principal means thus employed.

A considerable number of species depend upon the wind to
scatter their seeds and such weeds produce feathery, hairy or
winged seeds or have their seed envelopes so modified as to aid in
such dissemination. Among these are the thistles, fireweed,
dandelion, milkweed, sow-thistle and rag-weed (Erigeron), while
the docks, pennycress and orache are likewise assisted by their
winged fruit pods and appendages. Again, a group of plants
called ‘‘tumble-weeds,’’ adapted particularly to the plains, grow in
large globular clusters and have the curious habit of breaking
loose from the ground in the winter and are then rolled about over
the country by the wind, scattering their seeds throughout their
course. We have here the tumble-weed (Amaranthus albus), the
tumbling mustard (Sisymbrium altissimum) and the Russian
thistle (Salsola Kali Tragus), while the tumble-grass (Panicum
capillare) is found to some extent eastward.

Another large class depends more particularly upon the water
for seed transportation and such seeds have light, water-proof
envelopes, which enable them to float for considerable distances
before saturation. Indeed, the seeds of nearly all weeds are thus
distributed to a greater or less extent, but the sunflower, the
horse-weed (Iva), wild mustard, pigweeds and the sweet clover
seem to depend mainly upon irrigation for their spread, and the
docks come largely under the same class.

8 THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION.

A third class requires the agency of animals to assist their
migration. Some of these have hooked, barbed or awned fruit
which cling tothe fur and wool of stock and hence are particularly
injurious to the wool industry of the state. Among them may be
mentioned the cuckleburs, beggar-ticks, wild liquorice, buffalo-bur,
spear-grass and foxtail. The weeds so common along streets and
highways, in yards and pastures, are distributed mainly by the
mud of passage, which adheres to the feet of animals and the
wheels of vehicles, while the adhesiveness of a considerable num-
ber is further increased by developing a gummy secretion from
their outer coat or envelope to assist in the process. These seeds
are usually small and--frequently depend in part upon water for
their extension. Those with mucilaginous envelopes are the
plantains, shepherd’s purse, bird-seed (Lepidium), Matricaria,
Monolepis and Euphorbia, while the sticky contents of the berry
of the wild tomato serve a similar purpose. Many of these weeds
are edible and have small seeds with impervious coverings, which ©
enable them to withstand the various processes of digestion and
they are thus scattered in the offal of animals. Hence barn-yard
manure is a prolific source of weeds and always tends to restock
our fields with these pests.

But the agencies above enumerated tend only to scatter weeds
already established in a community, while foreign species come in
chiefly through the agency of man, and it is against these intro-
ductions that we are able to guard most effectively. A large
number of these imported weeds first reach us through the rail-
ways traversing the state, being transported in merchandise, in
hay and in the bedding of stock cars and these seeds are dropped
en:>.route or -in-the-<transfer’ sof. goods. sat: the. semeues
stations. Hence, it is a matter of common observation that new
weeds are frequently first observed along the railways and in the
vicinity of such stations. The Russian, the Canada and the
Scotch bull thistles seem to arise mainly from this source.

It is probable that the chief means of foreign infection is
through the importation of impure seed. New weeds are con-
stantly appearing in our fields and gardens traceable directly
- to this source and all such weeds should be promptly exterminated
before they secure a foothold.

WEEDS OF MONTANA. 9

A great part of the weeds of the grain fields, besides providing
for independent distribution, ripen their seeds at the same time as
the cultivated grains and depend upon the farmer to exercise like
care in planting them again. Hence itis necessary, if these weeds
be kept out of our fields, that all seed sown be first carefully win-
nowed, and thus the farmer may later be saved much labor and
expense in their extermination, or in the reduced yield from the
grain planted. The cockle, sunflower, wild oat, and wild mustard
are largely distributed in the seed planted and these are counted
among the worst weeds in the state. Garden and lawn seeds are
notoriously contaminated and the most troublesome weeds of the
East are thus imported, particularly the dandelion, plantain, chick-
weed, sow-thistle, ragweed, Canada thistle and many others
equally troublesome.

ORIGIN OF OUR WEED FLORA.

Some plants in every country acquire the weed habit by
adaptation to meet certain conditions, which have resulted in the
destruction of the normal vegetation over areas more or less
extensive and of fair permanence. Under natural conditions such
denuded soil is found in cases of forest fires, landslides and flouds.
The first two are of infrequent occurrence and the areas effected are
soon tre-covered, mainly with wind-disseminated species. The
floods resulting from melting snows and spring rains are fairly
regular in time and permanent in place, so the alluvium deposited
each season affords a fertile and permanent ground for the growth
and reproduction of the seeds transported in the water. It is
these native alluvial weeds, of which the annual sunflower and the
horseweed (Iva) are examples, that spread so readily to our fields
and gardens with the water used in irrigation and there become
permanent pests.

To an appreciable extent, too, weed conditions are afforded by
the soil excavated about ant hills, gopher burrows and prairie-dog
towns, and here flourish in abundance such species as Krinitzkia
crassisepala, Echinospermum Redowski, Plantago Patagonica,
Malvastrum coccineum and Cleome integrifolia, which now find
themselves equally well adapted for growth in yards, streets and
waste places. But manin his various pastoral, agricultural and

10 THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION.

commercial operations, is the chief ae in providing conditions
suitable for weed growth.

The occupation of a country by nomadic tribes or a pastored
population essentially disturbs the previously existing balance of
native vegetation in that region. The native species are killed
about the temporary camps and habitations and the pasturage of
flocks and herds tends to reduce or even exterminate many of the
more nutritious forage plants and to introduce others, which take
the place of those destroyed. A large proportion of the weeds of
the Plains probably owe their wide distribution to the Indian and
the buffalo, and the stockgrowing industry has merely continued
and extended the conditions previously prevailing.

The change in the flora following the settlement of a country
by an agricultural population is relatively much greater, owing to
the increase of population and the extent of the changes produced
by cultiyation, travel and commerce oo facilitate the intro-
duction of many foreign species. |

Thus the weeds of any particular region are of two kinds
native (or indigenous) and introduced, the latter coming in from
other regions adjacent or remote. It is often desirable to separate
these two groups, as it is manifestly impossible to prevent the
introduction of species already a component part of our flora,
while the foreign species may be prevented from securing a foot-
hold, exterminated, or confined to certain limited sections already
invaded.

In the older and more densely populated states it is often difficult
to distinguish the introduced plants from the native species without
long study and careful comparison over an extended area, and sys-
tematic botanists are oftenlaxin this discrimination. Inanew state
like Montana, the problem is greatly simplified because of the
sparsity of settlement and because the sources of weed infection
are relatively few and easily traced. Even here many introduc-
tions pass as native species by reason of their abundance in
certain sections and our uncertainty as to their natural distribu-
tion, yet there are certain rules by which we may form a fairly
correct judgment as to whether a given species is native or intro-
duced. In general, other conditions being the same, we may infer
_ that a species is introduced if—

WEEDS OF MONTANA. 11

1. Itis most abundant at the supposed point of introduction,
decreases in numbers departing therefrom and is wholly absent in
distant or isolated localities.

2. It does not occur in isolated localities growing wild under
natural conditions and forming an integral part of the indigenous
flora, or is known to bea recent introduction into such localities.

3. Itis sporadic in localities widely separated andis much more
abundant or occurs in greater perfection in another region from
which its introduction may be inferred through known agencies.

4. It is normally found occupying localities in which the
native vegetation has been weakened or destroyed by the presence
of man and his domestic animals and is rare or lacking in the
country adjacent.

The source of its introduction is (1) from a region of its known
occurrence adjacent or remote, or (2) from the direction of its
greatest abundance in the state, or (3) from the usual source of
seed importation into the state, or of travel through it.

Judged by these criteria, the following species may be con-
sidered indigenous, although a number (here starred *) by their
present restricted distribution in the state and the fact that their
bounds are being still extended, indicate that they are of compara-
tively recent introduction and may best be termed ‘‘subindigenes,”’
while a few (+) are doubtful.

I. ANNUALS.

*Amaranthus albus, L. *Helianthus annuus, L.

*A. blitoides, Wats. +H. petiolaris, Nutt.
*Chenopodium glaucum, L. tIva xanthiifolia, Nutt.

*Cleome integrifolia, T. & G. *Krinitzkia crassisepala, Gray.
Draba nemososa, L. *Lepidium apetalum, Wild.
*Dracocephalum parviflorum, Nutt. +Monolepis chenopodioides, Moq.
*Echinospermum Redowskii, Lehm. *Plantago Patagonica, Jacq.
*Euphorbia glyptosperma, Engel.n. +Sisymbrium incisum, Engelm.
*Franseria Hookeriana, Nutt. *Solanum triflorum, Nutt.

*Ellisia Nyctelea, L.

II. BIENNIALS.

Cnicus eriocephalus, Gray. . *Hordeum jubatum, L.
: See
Gaura parviflora, Doug. *Oenothera biennis, L.
*Grindelia squarrosa, Dunal.

12 THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION.

Ill. PERENNIALS.

*Lepachys columnaris, T. & G.
Lupinus pusillus, Pursh.
Lupinus sericeus, Pursh.
Lygodesmia juncea, Don.
*Malvastrum coccineum, Gray.
Platago Asiatica, L.

*Rumex salicifolius, Weinm.
*Verbena bracteosa, Michx.

+Achillea Millefolium, L.
Artemisia Ludoviciana, Nutt,
*Cnicus undulatus, Gray.
Epilobium angustifolium, L.
Gaura coccinea, Nutt,
Glycyrrhiza lepidota, Pursh.
Helianthus Nuttallii, T. & G.
Iva axillaris, Pursh.
*Lactuca pulchella, DC.

This would give the composition of our weed flora as

Native. Introduced. Total
Pah at Al So. Ricci ve cde cdveeh ae ds eehee Bk oa tenes 19 66 85
PATE AER ic) eccoe one ws teak uaadeck< fotnae uo onake och neeeenaen 5 9 14
TINS. ons a beck soc asas ohn ss cose pnade tos Dutton eee s 1% 16 35
41 93 134

It thus appears that more that two-thirds of the weeds
already noted in the state are of foreign origin and may be kept
out of districts in which they are not already established, while,
unless preventive measures are taken, the number of such intro-
ductions wil! be greatly increased.

The species enumerated below appear to be extending gradu-
ally westward from the Plains.
Allionia nyctaginea, Michx.
Amaranthus albus, L.

A. blitoides, Wats.

Cerastium nutans, Raf.

Cleome integrifolia, T. & G.
Cnicus undulatus, Gray.
Echinospermum Redowskii, Lehm.
Euphorbia marginata, Pursh.
Franseria Hookeriana, Nutt.

Grindelia squarrosa, Dunal.
Helianthus annuus, L.

Iva xanthiifolia, Nutt. .
Hordeum jubatum, L.
Krinitzkia crassisepala, Gray.
Lepachys columnaris, T. & G.
Lepidium apetalum, Willd.
Monolepis chenopodioides, Moq.
Panicum capillare, L.

Plantago Patagonica, Jacq.
Solanum triflorum, Nutt.

A few species are coming into the state from the Pacific coast:
Madia filipes, Gray.

Matricaria discoidea, DC.
Rumex.salicifolius, Weinm.

Gaura parviflora, Dougl.

Artemisia biennis, Willd.
Chenopodium capitatum, Wats.
Echinospermum deflexum, Lehm.
Epilobium paniculatum, Nutt. Sisymbrium incisum, Engelm

Madia glomerata, Hook. Xanthium spinosum, L..

WEEDS OF MONTANA. 13

- The following, supposed to be natives of tropical America,
are now common over much of the Eastern United States, and,
with many of the weeds of the plains, are probably our inheri-
tance from the prehistoric American civilizations.

Amaranthus chlorostachys, Willd. Erigeron Canadensis, L.

A. retroflexus, L. Solanum rostratum, Dunal.
Ambrosia artemisizfolia, L. Xanthium Canadense, Mill.
A. trifida, L.

All the other species enumerated in this paper, with two or
three doubtful exceptions, are from the Old World and have
reached us mainly from the Eastern States.

THE ROOT SYSTEFI1.

The root system is of great importance as indicative of the
life duration of a species and hence must be taken into account in
fixing upon methods for weed extermination.

An annual plant germinates, bears fruit and perishes in a
single season, while a biennial bears only a tuft of leaves the first
vear and fruits and dies the second. A perennial species lives and
bears fruit for many years in Succession. The roots of annuals are
tender and of about the same size as the stem; bienniais are
usually tender and often thickened and fleshy, but are sometimes
difficult to distinguish from annuals, otherwise than by observa-
tion, while a number of weeds appear to be either, as emergency
requires. Perennials usually have thick, woody, deeply penetrat-
ing roots, or long underground stems, or tubers, which enable
them to endure indefinitely. The weeds in cultivated ground are
mostly rapid-growing annuals, or perennials with fleshy or tuber-
ous roots or rootstocks; those of pastures and meadows are
perennials almost exclusively and cannot withstand cultivation:

CLASSIFICATION BY SITUATION.

Weeds may be grouped roughly by means of the localities they
affect and the causes that make them objectionable.

I. WEEDS OF YARDS, WAYSIDES, AND WASTE PLACES.—These
are often tall and unsightly or tend to spread to adjacent fields
and gardens. They replace the native plants exterminated by the
feet of man and the domestic animals and the wheels of vehicles.

14 THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION.

Their seeds usually are spread by the mud of passage or by the
wind. The following species may be enumerated as more or less
common in these situations:

Amaranthas alpuse lates, 2. ssc stakes “Tumble-Weed.”’
AS DATEOIES, VME we aicce ds asees Seer des atee sy eae “Pigweed-Purseley.”’
PMOLOSE A eid iheds Aster ows onrs=se de seen aes ‘“Horseweed”’ (Eastern.)
A! artemusidetolia “Ls. 2. iccs.5. 00sec ees ‘“‘Ragweed.”’
mnuthenss (Soria JIC .. x..tnccis teat “Dogfennel.”’
meectiuwm Tappa ls. 2 oe cies once pees “Burdock”’ (true), rare.
Artemisia biennis, Willd..............:......... “Wormwood.’’
Atriplex patula hastata, Gray..............
@renatia serpylidolia, Ui. ...1....3s cone s-eeeees “Sandwort,” rare.
Brassica campestris, L)......<./seaaree Spee ‘“Kale.’’ ‘Wild Mustard.”’
Brassies nigra, Koch. :..5:6..22...ocsceseseseass “Black Mustard;”’ a rare escape.
ramus Tracemosns) Wo. .3.:.c.c kes nla
BECO TENT oon Sal's vatw on Raa Poe SE oe
Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Moench.......... ‘‘Shepherd’s Purse.”’
Chenopotiun-alvanmy 6. .0:05. 255 ‘““Pigweed,’’ common.
oP BOLEyS,. birthdate oe. eee “Jerusalem Oak,’ common where introduced
he, Copia bitt, VAES 2 on..c5 accra tatenene ee “Red Pigweed,’’ westward.
Re Hybrid tad Ae cee ste eae ee ‘““Maple-leaved Goosefoot.”’
Cleome integrifolia, Torr. & Gray......... “Indian Pink,” frequent in sandy soil.
CMmiCuS ATVCHSIS #6 Ole... ioscoaeccee cles “Canada Thistle,’’ rare.
@dlynceolatus, Wahid... 5.035. eo. tae “Scotch Bull Thistle.”’
Echinospermum deflexum Americanum,

SE AY fav nas peu tenh nde chs poets Rape ca eameeeeene “Beggar Ticks.”
Te MeO WSkss, EIA ci cs ke cece tee aaa ““Tickseed.”’
Pilisia Nyetelea, sent: 05-55 se ee
Epilobium paniculatum, Nutt............... “Cottonweed.”
Rriveron Casadensis, 4 2... <5 thest =, -3+- “Ragweed,’’ rather infrequent.
Euphorbia marginata, Pursh...........0...
Franseria Hookerania, Nutt.................
Helianthus annuus, L................. rs “Sunflower,’’ common east of the Divide.
Hotmerm jubatuin is 32s. scenes.» ‘“‘Foxtail Grass,’’ common.
ira x<anthisiolias Niwtt..2.ccke Pies cess ‘‘Horseweed,’’ common.
Ractuca Scarioia, 17:5... scsi cconeetieeeeoe a= “Prickly Lettuce.”
Lepidium apetalum, Willd..................... “Birdseed,’”’? common.
Madsa)' Slomerata, Hook. ......:.ssaccisses-nt ‘“Tarweed.”’
Matrabinm vyuleare, Ly...5.5 005 sameebeene ‘‘Horehound,”’ infrequent.
Matricaria discoidea, DC......,..:.s.ssd..:005- ‘“Rayless Dogfennel,’’ frequent.
Monolepsis chenopodioides, Mogq......... ‘Poverty Weed,’’ common.
Panicum eapillape yo iss. cosbenrgscs epee ‘“‘Tumble-grass,’’ frequent eastward.
Plantaro major ois eicos-e esas acon ‘“Plaintain,’’ infrequent.

Polygonum avicilare, Tyiii........ccccecseeesse “Knotgrass,’’ common.

WEEDS OF MONTANA.

Rumex crispus, L
Rumex salicifolius, Weinm...... ..............
Salsola Kali Tragus, Moq
. Sisymbrium incisum, Engelm
Sisymbrium officinale, Scop
Solanum rostratum, Dunal
ED OS
Taraxacum officinale, Weber
Tragopogon porrifolius, L
Urtica gracilis, Ait
Werpascum Chapsus, L.....................0000
Verbena bracteosa, Michx....................
Xanthium Canadense, Mill

eee eee eee ee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee)

eee ee eee ee eee eee eee)
eee eee
eee eee

Ree eee ee

Tee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee)

Il. WEEDs oF LAwnNs, ME

“Curly-leaved Dock,”’ frequent.
‘*Willow-leaved Dock.”
‘Russian Thistle.”’

“Tansy Mustard.”

“Hedge Mustard,”’ infrequent.
“Buffalo Bur,’’ infrequent.
‘‘Wild Potato,’ common.
“Dandelion,’’ common.
‘Salsify,’’ infrequent.
“Stinging Nettle,’’ frequent.
‘‘Mullein,’’ in some localities common.
“Vervain.”

‘“‘Cuckle-bur,”’ infrequent.

ADOWS AND PASTURES.—These are

usually perennial and are obnoxious because they are not only
unsightly, but tend to crowd out the more desirable grasses.
The seeds of many of these are wind disseminated; some appear
to come in with the seed sown. In hay fields they materially
injure the quality and selling power of the product.

Achillea Millefolium, L “Millfoil, Yarrow.’’ Common.
Cnicus eriocephalus, Gray In mountain meadows.

mars mnodlatus, Gray..:................00.- “Thistle.” Common.
Grindelia squarrosa, Dunal................... ‘Rosin Weed.’’ Common in pastures.
TG te el a “Foxtail Grass.’ Common in low ground.
Lepachys columnaris, T. & G................ ‘“‘Coneflower,” pastures.
Plantago Patagonica gnaphalioides,

Ne ae EE RE Sa “Woolly Plantain.’’ Pastures.
se ees Gps 6 ae eee “Plantain.’’ Troublesome in lawns.
I oS SG ‘‘Sheep-sorrel.”’
Taraxacum officinale, Weber................. “Dandelion.’’ Frequent in all situations.

Ill. WEEDS OF GARDENS AND CULTIVATED GROUNDS —These
are the pests against which the farmers wage incessant war-
fare, as they tend to crowd out the cultivated plants. By
far the greater part of these are annuals, probably importations,
recent or remote. Seven are perennials with long creeping root-
stocks, all natiye species (the Canada thistle excepted), while
two are often biennials.

A. ANNUALS.

PeapremtnUS albus: DL. ....1...00c.sccecesseeess a0 “‘Tumble-weed.’’ Abundant in loose soil.
ES “Pigweed-Pursley.’’ Common with the last.

16 THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION.

eee

AS retro flexus, Ty lsat aera: eacaetaeee es “Careless Weed.’’ Common in gardens and
rich soil.
A; chlorostachys; Walch Sas pscctta een teseae Much less frequent; confused with the last.
Artemisia biewnssy, Walla nos sthesccseaenn-r “Wormwood.”’ Frequent in many places.
Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Moench......... ‘‘Shepherd’s Purse.’’ Common in gardens.
Chenopodium aloiiat, ees 0,200....0. 56.0) eee ‘“Pigweed.’’ Common in cultivated ground.
fo col apeisaiay ee seco) cs aadete cays ueneene A weed not infrequent in gardens.
Caicus undulatus, Gray. ...3.5.2...0cherateese ‘‘Thistle.”’
PIP ADA Ste MNOI SA, Leges deve hodtaciscs ss poset Common.
Priverom € anadensis, dus. tas. .a.3. ore. “Ragweed.”’ frequent.
belrasae 18S: AeA, Ty..c.00csso oe ioeeanteoeae “Sunflower.”’ One of the worst weedsin the
state.
Teper ca mnt Haha IN IEC Ee ones odes dee oaeevnasae cose ‘‘Horseweed.’’ Common east of the Divide.
Tepidinm apetalum,. Willd, ia 3....,-.2.560: ‘‘Birdseed.”’
Monolepis chenopodioides, Mogq........... ‘“Poverty Weed.”’
Polysonum (Conyolv ulus acti “Wild Buckwheat.”’
Solanum rostratum, Dunal.................. “Buffalo-bur.”
OVA ETT ELE OT UU: INTEEC: cto acestt ee tateeen “Wild Potato.”
POLCHUS AS PEer, Villas acyl eee ‘“‘Sow Thistle.”
B. PERENNIALS
Artemisia Iudoviciana, Nutt..,.<.7;,.-23. “‘White Sage.” z
CC niteus arvensis, TVOMA. 0b secse der yos twee “Canada Thistle.”
Epilobium augustifoltam, L-:..../........2.. ‘“‘Tron-weed.” In mountain regions,
Glycyrrhiza’ lepigota,-Pursh.,.:...:........., “Wild Liquorice.” In low ground.
eactnca pulcheta. TC. ic. etsy pee ““Milk-weed.”
iLopinus ‘sericeus, Prursly..:6...5.¢ractsoe es “Lupine.” Persistent in new ground.
do ustllus,.PUe Sis. . ere chnscceoneoteene: “Little Lupine.” Root tuberous.
lnyvodesmia jameea, Dott... .c.7 sta esenceee ‘“Wild-asparagus.” Plains.

IV. WEEDS OF THE GRAIN-FIELDS.—Mostly annuals fruiting
at the same time as the grain; the thistle is a biennial and sheep-
sorrel and Gaura are perennial with creeping root-stocks. These
from their size, rapidity of growth, or undue multiplication tend
to choke out the grain in which they grow and are difficult to
repress on account of the fact that, after seeding, about the only
way to get at them is by hand-pulling, a slow and expensive
process.

«2M gan dts AS Ye No a Op Raa “Wild Oats.’ Common all over the state.
Brassica Sinapistrum, Boiss................. “Wild Mustard.” Very bad in many locali-
ties.

Bro mds BeCannas ls. *, <9 csic cake w..'Cheat.” Troublesome in some places.
CamielinaSatiw a, CTATIEZ: \cnsssccaokanvussees ‘“False Flax.”

Cleome integrifolia, Torr. & Gray........ “Indian Pink.”

WEEDS OF MONTANA. 17

Euphorbia glyptosperma, Engelm........ “Spurge.”
PemtreraceiNead, Nutt ....... 60. c0isscousssccsesess

eames ANNUUS, D....:... 20.20... cosecees “Sunflower. ’
MeemaseROlia, Nutt.................00.0ceres-s ‘‘Horseweed.”
eaeruea pitichella, DC.....................006. “Milkweed.”
memmmmemnr@etosella, L.........<.5-.-.2...0es-000ee “Sheep Sorrel.”
Polygonum Convolvulus, L................. “Wild Buckwheat.”
mupouaria Vaccaria, - L...............-....-0- ‘“‘Cockle.”

io PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS.

METHOD OF ERADICATION.

1. Crop RoTATion—It will be seen from the foregoing lists
_that our weeds, troublesome in cultivation, fall naturally into
three groups: (1) weeds of grain fields, (2) of meadows and (3) of
cultivated ground and that our yards, roadsides and waste
places are the chief sources of local infection. The natural method
for the suppression of weeds then must be by crop rotation, as the
growth of one kind of crops tends to restrain or destroy the weeds
peculiar to the other two groups. Therefore, when our grain fields
become foul with the sunflower or wild oats, they should be put in
timothy, alfalfa or clover till the weeds have been crowded out; or
the land may be cultivated in some root crop like potatoes, ruta-
bagas, &c., and the weeds destroyed by frequent cultivation.
Unfortunately, here in Montana, the climatic conditions limit this
_ crop rotation almost to cereals and hay-lands, as maize can be
grown profitably in but few parts of the state and root crops and
garden truck can not be planted over any great area, on account
ot the expense and labor involved and the certainty of swamping
the market.

\

18 THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION.

2. SUMMER FaLLow.—Where it is desired to grow a grain
crop as continuously as possible, it is hardly profitable to seed
down in timothy, alfalfa or clover for a single year, and, as exten-
sive cultivated crops, such as are grown in the Mississippi valley,
are not here feasible for the reasons stated, in many parts of the
state a system of summer fallow has been adopted, which consists
usually in plowing under the weeds late in May or June before they
have matured and then going over the soil once or twice
afterwards with a disk or cultivator to prevent the new growth
attaining any size. This effectually reduces the growth of the
annual weeds so troublesome to grains and materially increases
the fertility of the soil, but the loss of income from the fallowed
land and the expense of cultivation, far offset any advantages
thus derived, while, unless the land is disked after plowing, it is
often worse seeded in weeds than before. It is much more profita-
ble either to seed down foul wheat lands in some hay crop or in
grain suitable for pasturage and thus secure some return from the
land while the weeds are being killed.

3. PASTURAGE. There are some weeds like the sunflower,
wild oats, and wild mustard, which are very difficult to clear out
of land, when once they have a good foothold. For such weeds,
and other of like nature, a very effective and profitable method of
eradication is to sow the land down in some grain suitable for
pasturage, such as rye or oats, or in clover or mixed grains, and
to keep this closely cropped by sheep, so that no weeds that come
upwill have any chance to mature seed. Two or three years of suc-
cessive pasturage in this manner should effectually clean the worst
infested lands. Other kinds of stock will do, but they are more
prone to .exercise selection and permit the growth of the less
edible varieties. Sheep clean off all alike.

4. SPECIAL METHODS.—In some cases special methods may he
employed with advantage. Hand-pulling is frequently possible in
small fields or patches of grain infested with the sunflower, wild
mustard, tumbling mustard, etc. This may be done by boys
under competent supervision, and is best undertaken when the
weeds first come well into bloom and before they have matured
any seed. The bright yellow flowers serve as guides to the loca-
tion of each individual and their absence clearly marks the strip

WEEDS OF MONTANA. 19

cleared. The work should not be left till the seeds begin to mature,
else it will be necessary to remove the plants pulled to prevent
them from re-seeding the ground cleared. This method is slow
and expensive, especially herein Montana where labor is such a
desideratum, and it can rarely be employed with economy.

In a few instances hand weeding is practically the only method
available. This will apply particularly to weeds affecting lawns
and meadows. The broad-leaf plaintain can only be dug up one
plant at a time, and this is also true of the dandelion and thistles,
but with the last two a chisel-like instrument (‘‘spud’’) with a four
foot handle may be employed to cut them off just below the crown
of leaves and is usually found effective.

There are a few species of weeds which are particularly difficult
of extermination on account of the spread of underground stems.
A few of our native species exhibit this tendency to a greater or
less extent, such as the Poverty Weed (Iva axillaris), the Wild
Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza lepidota), the Milk-weed (Lactuca pul-
chella), the Wild Asparagus (Lygodesmia juncea), the Iron-weed'
(Epilobium angustifolium), and the Lupine (Lupinus sericus), but
these usually disappear after a few vears cultivation and persist
only in specially favored localities, where they may be treated like
the next. But itis from a few foreign introductions that the chief
trouble arises and these should be exterminated before they have
become firmly established. The Canada Thistle is the worst and
a law has been enacted to enforce its destruction in the state. It
is established in many places along the railroads and is frequently
imported with garden seed. It is found only in small patches and
appears to show little disposition to spread by seed in this state.
The most effective method to get rid of it is probably to dig it up,
removing every particle of the root-stocks and then await growth
to indicate the location of any root remnants in the soil. Its
growth can be restricted by keeping it cut down, but this will
scarcely exterminate it. It can be smothered out by building
straw or haystacks over the spots affected, or by covering with
manure dumps, and it may often be killed by plentifully sprinkling
salt or kerosene over the freshly cut stumps. Sodium arsenite
is more effective, but also more expensive.

The wild Morning-glory (Convolvulus arvensis) and the Sheep-

20 THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION,

sorrel (Rumex Acetosella) are nearly as difficult to eradicate and
much worse to spread than the Canada thistle, but fortunately
they have as yet appeared in but few localities in the state. They
should be treated in much the same way as the Canada thistle
above. For lawn weeds which tend to spread and crowd out the
grasses, such as dandelion, plantain, chickweed (Cerastium vul-
gare), rosin-weed (Grindelia squarrosa) and others of like nature
there is nothing we can do more than to dig them up by hand, or
treat them with chemicals, which also will kill the grass around.
The process is slow but the areas affected are usually not large.
Walks and driveways can be kept clear by the aid of salt, kerosene,
arsenite of soda, or some of the various chemicals sold by seedsmen.
Much time and labor can be saved, if it be remembered that the
streets, roadsides and waste places are the natural storehouses for
the growth and propagation of weeds and that these places must
be kept clear, or at least the weeds must be kept from seeding in
them, if the yards, gardens and fields adjacent are to be free from
these pests.

The Russian thistle, of which so much has been said and written,
does not appear to exhibit such dangerous characteristics in
this state. I have found it nowhere in any abundance except in
the Milk River and Yellowstone valleys, and there as well as in all
other places observed it is confined to the railway grades and
waste places about the towns. It makes no headway against the
native vegetation and has not yet, in any case noted, invaded
cultivated land. Nevertheless, its wide advertisement as a most
dangerous pest must be based upon its tendency to invade grain-
fields and cultivated ground and it is comparatively little trouble
to prevent it from securing a footing in any locality, if taken
when it first appears and every plant be uprooted, piled and
burned. It is possible that it may yet proye a valuable forage
plant for the arid regions, and instead of a most dangerous, immi-
grant, it may prove a valuable addition to our native vegetation.

The Scotch bull thistle is not nearly as dangerous as the dan-
delion and sheep-sorrel, the wild oats, the wild mustard, tumbling
mustard and the sunflower. It is very rare in the state, occurring
mostly about railway stations and towns, in no considerable
quantity except in the Flathead valley in the vicinity of Demers-

WEEDS OF MONTANA. 21

ville, where it has proven a dangerous pest. It should be dug up
or cut off below the crown of the root before it blooms. It is not
a perennial like the Canada thistle and only needs to be kept
down for a year or two and prevented from seeding. It should not
be allowed to become established in any locality and any person
permitting it to grow on his land should be prosecuted under the
law now in force.

A great difficulty in the extermination of weeds is the fact that
the seeds of many species will lie in the soil for several years with-
out losing their vitality and when turned up to the surface will
germinate and produce a new crop of weeds in ground which is
considered cleared. It is for this reason that several years of dili-
gent culture is necessary before a field can be cleared of such weeds
as the sunflower, wild oats and wild mustard and it is for this rea-
son that summer.fallow, unless followed by cultivation, will result
in seeding the field with weeds more than before. A field can not
be cleared of noxious weeds until all the seeds can be caused to
germinate and then killed.

There is no question but that the injury done the growing
crops in this state by the growth of weeds amounts to many hun-
dred thousand dollars every year and yet there is no systematic
method devised for their eradication. Each man tills his own fields
with little regard to the growth and distribution of weeds from
infected localities; and no combined attempt is made to stamp out
the pests in such affected areas. If we treated contagious diseases
it this way, it would be utterly impossible to stay the deadly epi-
demics. Isolation and united effort is made against such diseases
in every community, and a similar effort against weeds would cer-
tainly be successful in this state, where the agricultural communi-
ties are naturally more or less isolated from each other.

Tie only feasible method then for combatting weeds in Mon-
tana where few of the more dangerous and troublesome species
have yet more than secured a foothold, is by the organization of
the farmers into districts designated by the valley or irrigation
system and the appointment or election of a competent weed in-
spector for each district, whose duty it shall be to keep a lookout
for the appearance of any new or dangerous weeds in his district
and to cause the eradication of such pests as may already be es-

22 THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION.

tablished, and this inspector shall have similar powers to road
supervisors to call for a certaim amount of aid from each farmer
to be used in the common interest of stamping out these pests from
infected localities, or to compel individuals to clear their lands of
such pests.

It would thus be possible to hold one man responsible for keep-
ing down these noxious weeds, while now the responsibility is
fixed upon no one and the interests involved are certainly as great,
if not greater, than in the maintenance of a good road system. It
should also be made the duty of the road supervisors to keep the
weeds cut or plowed under along the different public highways
within their jurisdiction. Unless some effort of this kind is soon
made, the labor of the farmer will be greatly increased.

THE WEED LAW NOW IN FORCE IN MONTANA.

[PENAL CODE, APPROVED MARCH 18, 1895. |

“$1197. Beit enacted that the weeds known as the Canada
thistle, the Scotch bull thistle and the Russian thistle are hereby
declared to be a common nuisance for all the purposes of this Act.

$1198. Any person or persons owning any lands within this
State, or occupying or having control of any lands, whether with-
in the plat of towns, villages or cities, or otherwise, within this
State, knowingly permitting or suffering any Canada, Scotch bull
or Russian thistle or thistles to go to seed upon any land or lands
thus owned, occupied or under control of such person or persons |
shall be deemed guilty of supporting and maintaining a common
nuisance, and upon conviction thereof in any court of competent
jurisdiction, of the offense, shall be punished by a fine not exceed-
ing fifty nor less than five dollars.

$1199. Incase any person or persons, railroad or other cor-
poration, owning or occupying any lands within this State, under
his or her or their control, as the case may be, shall refuse or neg-

WEEDS OF MONTANA. 22

lect to destroy any Canada, Scotch bull or Russian thistle or
thistles growing or standing upon any land or lands so owned, oc-
cupied or controlled, on or before the fifteenth day of August, it
shall be the duty of the county commissioners, road supervisors,
or other person or persons having control of the public highways,
streets or alleys where any such thistle or thistles may be found
growing or standing, to immediately destroy or cause the same to
be destroyed, and pay therefor at the same rate that is paid for
road labor; and every supervisor or other person hereinbefore
authorized to destroy said thistles shall keep a correct account
of all moneys paid out for that purpose, and charge the same to
the person or persons or corporation owning, occupying or con-
trolling the land or lands upon which such thistle or thistles were
destroyed, and the person or persons or corporation owning, oc-
eupying or having control of such iands shall be liable in a civil
action for the amouut so charged against them and costs of suit;

Provided that if any supervisor or other person having, under
authority of this Act, destroyed any of the said thistles, and is un-
able to find the owner of the land, or is unable to collect such
money, the same shall be paid by the authorities of the town, vil-
lage, city or county where such thistles were destroyed; and pro-
vided further, that in case any railroad company becomes charge-
able under the provisions of this Section, the supervisors of tne
township where same has become chargeable may certify to the
same to the county attorney of their county, whose duty it shall
be to bring and prosecute a civil action against the railroad com-
pany tor the amount so charged and costs of suit aforesaid.

$1200. It is hereby made the duty of every person having
knowledge of any Canada, Scotch bull and Russian thistle or
thistles growing or standing upon the lands of another to immedi-
ately destroy the same, or give the person owning or occupying
such lands immediate notice thereof.”’

24 THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION.

lil. ANNOTATED LisT -OF MONTANA, WEE

In order to note the introduction and spread of weeds in this
state, and to give the farmer some idea as to the names of the
weeds troublesome in any particular locality and facilitate their
destruction, if dangerous, the following enumeration of the known
weeds of Montana, with brief popular descriptions of the more
troublesome species and notes of their origin, occurrence and dis-
semination is appended. Incase of doubt, specimens of any weed
with flower or fruit and leaves should be sent this Station for
determination.

In a general work of the nature of this bulletin, it seems desir-
able, in the main, to use the older, more conservative nomencla-
ture and to adopt the wider limitation of species, not necessarily
because they are better or more accurate, but because they are
more easily understood by the ordinary reader and are more
readily found in the usual works of reference. For the same
reason technical terms have been avoided as far as possible, and
the popular names of plants have been employed wherever it could
be done without ambiguity. Yet, ascommon names are frequent-
ly used here, for two or more very different species, or for different
plants in other sections of the Union, as in the case of the pursely,
cucklebur, horseweed, ragweed, milkweed, ironweed, poverty-
weed, &c., it is necessary to make the scientific name the basis of
classification and description. Hence the plants hereafter enumer-
ated are arranged alphabetically according to their scientific
names, but the index of popular names appended will enable these
to be used with equal facility.

A few terms need explanation. Flowers and fruit are ar-
ranged in a spike when they form a close slender column like those
of the plaintain and timothy; they form a panicle when they are
scattered on slender stalks, like the oat, and they are called a head
when they are aggregated in a dense cluster, as in the case of the
clover and the sunflower.

In the list below the weeds most troublesome in the state are
printed in black letter and the rare introductions are starred (*).

WEEDS OF MONTANA. 25

I. ACHILLEA [MILLEFOLIUM L. Wi_p Tansy; MILFOIL.

A perennial. plant about two feet high with finely divided
leaves and white flowers in a level-topped cluster. Frequent in
pastures and meadows, where its bitter herbage makes it dis-
tasteful to stock.

2. AGROSTEMMA GITHAGO, L. CorRN COCKLE.

A purple-flowered annual occasional in grain fields, but hardly
troublesome here, as it is in the East. Notedin but few localities.
It has narrow leaves and fewer and more scattered flowers than is
the case with the ordinary cockle (Saponaria Vaccaria) and is
silky hairy throughout.

3. ALLIONIA NYCTAGINEA, Michx.

A tall (2 to 4 teet high), smooth,
much-branched perennial with heart-
shaped opposite leaves and clustered
purplish flowers. Occurs as a weed in
gardens in the extreme eastern part
of the state (Calais and Wibaux) and
promises to spread westward.

4. ATARANTHUS ALBUS, L.
TUMBLE-WEED.

A widely-spreading annual weed,
common in loose or _ cultivated
ground. It begins blooming in early
spring and produces seed all the seas-
> on. It is killed down by the first

\¢ heavy frost and the large globular
mass breaks off from the root and is
driven about by the wind, scattering
its seeds throughout its course. Ap-
Fig. 1. Amaranthus albus,L. parently native east of the Divide.

Branch ¥% natural size. Hybridizes with the next. [Fig. 1].

26 THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION.

5. ATMARANTHUS BLITOIDES, Wats. PIGWEED-PURSLEY.

A prostrate-growing, reddish annual, closely related to the
preceding and much resembling the eastern ‘“‘purseley”’ (Portulaca
oleracea, L.) Common in waste places and roadsides east of the
Divide and not infrequent as a weed in cultivated ground. Forms
mats sometimes three feet in diameter; apparently native.

6. *AMARANTHUS CHLOROSTACHYS, Willd. Picweep.

Closely resembling the next in habit and appearance and popu-
larly confused with it, but its fruiting spikes are long and slender
and it is much more rare in gardens and waste places. At Colum-
bia Falls and Troy; here apparently coming in from the West.

7- AMARANTHUS RETROFLEXUS, L. PIGWEED; CARELESS WEED.

A fleshy annual common in our gardens and imported from
the East in garden seed; shows little tendency to spread to fields
except in rich and moist situations. These four species of amar-
anth are easily uprooted and should not be allowed to seed in our
gardens. They should be piled, dried and burned to prevent the
seeds matured from re-seeding the ground from which they have
just been removed.

8. AMBROSIA ARTEMISIZEFOLIA, L. RacwEep; Hocween.

An annual weed, one or two feet high, with opposite many-
divided leaves and slender, green-flowered terminal spikelets. This.
is now coming in from the East along the railways. Frequent on
the Great Northern from Havre eastward and occasional as far
west as Kalispell. Often abundant in waste places, but with little
disposition to take to fields and gardens.

9. AMBROSIA PSYLOSTACHYA, DC. CREEPING RAGWEED.

Occurs occasionally in the eastern part of the state, but has
not yet been found very troublesome. It is very similar to the one
above, but has long perennial rootstocks which make it difficult to_
eradicate.

WEEDS OF MONTANA. 27

10. AMBROSIA TRIFIDA, L. HORSEWEED; TALL RAGWEED.

A large annual with opposite
three-lobed leaves and flowers
very Similar to the two above.
It is here rarely more than two
or three feet high, and is found
occasionally with leaves entire.
Like A. artemisizfolia it is com-
ing in from the Mississippi valley
along the railways and is found
principally in waste land about
the stations, but in low situa-
tions is spreading to adjacent
fields and gardens. Extends as
far west as Havre and Savoy on
the Great Northern and to Boze-
man on the Northern Pacific. In-
frequent except eastward. Seeds
disseminated by water and in
mud. [Fig. 2.]

11. ANTHEMIS COTULA. DC.

Doc FENNEL; MAYWEED.

An annual ill-scented weed Tat
about a foot high, with a level- °§ we
topped mass of white-rayed Fig. 2. Ambrosia trifida, L.
flowers; leaves alternate and fine-
ly divided. Not infrequent in waste places in nearly every part of
the state and shows some disposition to spread and become troub-
lesome as it does in the more humid climate of the eastern states.

12. *ARCTIUM LAPPA, L. Burpock.

A coarse biennial about three feet high, with large leaves and
purple flowered heads disposed in a many-branched terminal panicle
each surrounded with a bur-like involucre. A European introduc-
tion common in the eastern states, but noted here only at Libby,
Thompson Falls, Plains and Big Timber, along roadsides and

28 THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION.

in waste places, where it shows a strong disposition to spread
and become troublesome to the sheep industry.

13. *“ARENARIA SERPYLUIFOLIA, L.

A small, inconspicuous annual two or three inches high, or
prostrate, of European origin, well established about the streets
and waste places at Columbia Fails, but not otherwise noted in
the state.

14. ARTEMISIA BIENNIS, Willd. WormMwoop; IRONWEED.

An annual or biennial coming in from the west, two or three
feet high, with a slender, reddish stem, finely divided leaves and a
narrow terminal spike-like panicle of inconspicuous flowers. Be-
coming common in streets and waste places about the larger
towns and thence spreading to the highways and neighboring
fields, where it is beginning to be a troublesome pest.

15. ARTEMISIA LUDOVICIANA, Nutt. WHITE SaGE.

A native perennial sage with long creeping rootstocks which
tend to persist in new ground and meadows and is often difficult
to eradicate.

16. *ATRIPLEX HORTENSIS, L, ORACHE.

Escaped from cultivation, particularly the ornamental variety
atrosanguinea, Hort. Not infrequent in yards and waste places
about Helena and Bozeman, but not likely to become troublesome.
An annual much resembling its relative the Lamb’s-quarter.

17. ATRIPLEX PATULA HASTATA, Gray.

An annual much resembling and often confused with Lamb's
Quarter; occurring along streets and in waste places; apparently
introduced from the East. Occurs occasionally in nearly every
part of the state but is rarely troublesome in cultivated ground.

18. AVENA FATUA, L. WILp Oats.

This is one of the most common, if not the worst weed in the
state. Introduced from the Old World, but now common through-
out most parts of arid America where oats have been cultivated.
The wild oat differs from the cultivated variety in its usual ranker
growth, deeper color of the foliage, more diffuse panicle, earlier

ruit, natural size.

F

Avena fatua, L.

Fig. 3.

30 THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION.

ripening and prompt shelling of the fruit, its black hul! (flowering
glume), hairy at base and with a twisted awn and in its smaller
and lighter seed. Its fecundity, rapid growth and self-seeding
qualities soon enable it to take a field sown continuously
in any kind of grain and the persistent vitality of its seed in the
soil makes it difficult to eradicate. It can best be combatted by
sowing down infested fields in clover, timothy or alfalfa, or by
close pasturage by sheep for several years of such fields, planted in
some annual grain suitable for forage. There is a general belief
among farmers that the wild oat often originates as a degenerate
form of the cultivated variety with which it seems to intergrade,
and, while it is propagated in general from .its own seed, its gen-
eral occurrence and abundance in fields sown in oats throughout
the arid region seems to favor the idea of such reversion. More-
over, the cultivated oat is supposed to have been derived from the
wild species, and several authenticated instances are known of the
production of the tame varieties from the wild form by cultivation
and reversion under suitable climatic conditions is much more
probable, as ig certainly the case with many other cultivated
plants, such as the radish, carrot, turnip, mustard and parsnip,
which in many places readily revert to the wild form and become
troublesome weeds. [| Fig. 3. |

19. BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS L. Ka Le; WILD TURNIP.

An annual closely resembling and usually confused with the
wild mustard (Brassica Sinapistrum, Boiss.), but is smooth
throughout and is rarely so common or troublesome as the latter
species, though occasionally found in grain fields and waste places.
Its smooth, bluish stem and upper leaves, sessile and clasping,
easily distinguish it from the two below.

20. *BRASSICA NIGRA, Koch. BLack MUSTARD.

An occasionai escape from gurdens, but nowhere troublesome
or difficult to restrain. Rarely persistent.

WEEDS OF MONTANA. 31

21. BRASSICA SINAPISTRUM, Boiss. W1LD MustTarp; CHARLOCK.

Resembling the B. Campestris above, but is more or less hairy
throughout. One of the worst weeds of the state, fairly taking
many of the grain fields in low land.
Should be combatted like the wild oat
and the sunflower. Hand pulling
may be employed when it occurs only
in small patches. Every effort should
be made to prevent its introduction
into a community and combined ac-
tion should be taken to clear infested
fields, as the seeds appear to be
spread largely by irrigation. [ Fig. 4. |

22. BROMUS RACEMOSUS, L.

An annual Brome-grass not in-
frequent as a weed in fields and waste
places; commonly confused with the
next, which it closely resembles.

23. BROMUS SECALINUS, L.
CHEAT; CHESS.

Differs from the last in its more
diffuse panicle and its larger and flat-
ter spikelets. Not rare in agricultural
districts of the state and often a very
bad weed in grain fields in the Flat- Fig. 4. Brassica Sinapistrum,
head valley. Boiss, 4 natural size.

24. *BROMUS TECTORUM, L. Downy BRoOME-GRass.

A small annual grass with long-awned pendulous spikes well es-
tablished at Columbia Falls and Missoula, in streets and waste
places and promises to spread into other parts of the state. In-
troduced from Europe.

25. CAMELINA SATIVA, Crantz. FaLseé Fiax.

An annual with light yellow flowers and a pear-shaped pod of
the Mustard family and resembling somewhat the cultivated flax.
A frequent and occasionally troublesome weed in grain fields
throughout the state. Usually imported in the grain seed sown.

32 THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION.

26. CAPSELLA BURSA-PASTORIS, Moench. SHEPHERD’S PURSE.

A common annual of yards, gardens and waste places. Blooms
throughout the season. A foot or two high with white flowers
and a triangular pod. A European introduction. Seeds develop
a mucilaginous coat when wet and thus facilitate their dispersion.

27. *CERASTIUM NUTANS, Raf.

A small inconspicuous chickweed with sticky foliage and
curved pods notched at the orifice. Occasionally introduced from
the East. In waste places infrequent.

28. *CERASTIUM VULGATUM, L. MOoOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED.

Found very troublesome in lawns at Kalispell, where it forms
patches and crowds out the grass and its perennial habit makes it
difficult to exterminate, except by dig-
ging up and removing every plant.
Also in waste places at Thompson Falls
and Borax; coming in from the West.

29. CHENOPODIUS1 ALBUS, L.
LAMB’S QUARTER.

A common and troublesome annual in
waste places and cultivated ground in
nearly every part of the state. It fairly
takes uncultivated fallow land in many
localities. An Old World species. [ Fig. 5]

30. *CHENOPODIUM BOTRYS, L.

JERUSALEM OAK.

A bitter, ill-smelling annual from Eu-
rope locally established in waste
places at various points in the state,
and seeins well adapted to our climate.
Resembling the preceding species in size
and appearance, but the leaves are more jy,

Chenopodium Album,
deeply lobed. L. ¥% nat. size.

WEEDS OF MONTANA, 33

21. CHENOPODIUM CAPITATUM, Wats. STRAWBERRY

BLITE. RED PIGWEED.

- An annual weed in yards and waste places coming from the
west along the railways; rare east of the Divide. Somewhat like
the Lamb’s Quarter, but the fruit is in red globular clusters re-
sembling the strawberry.

32. CHENOPODIUM GLAUCUM, L. OAK-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT.

A prostrate or spreading annual much resembling the Poverty-
weed (Monolepis chenopodioides), frequent in low grounds by
roadsides, in alkali places and occasionally troublesome in gardens
and cultivated ground. Possibly native here, although it has
the habit of a true weed.

33. CHENOPODIUM HYBRIDUM, L. MAPLE-LEAVED GOOSE-

FOOT.

Another of the introduced Pigweeds, two or three feet high
and with a widely spreading panicle of fruit, found occasionally in
waste places about the towns along the railroads. Its leaves have
little resemblance to those of our native maple. It is probably
truly indigenous nowhere in America.

34. *CHRYSANTHEMUM LEUCANTHEMUM, L.

OX-EYED DaAlIsy.

A European perennial found troublesome in the Eastern states.
Apparently persistent in meadows here in a few isolated localities
in small numbers, and showing no disposition tospread. Imported
in grass seed from the East.

34 THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION.

35. *CICHORIUM INTYBUS, L. Cutcory.

Fig. 6. Cichorium Intybus, L. Flower natural size.

A tall, widely branching European perennial with large blue
flowers which close in the afternoon, related to and somewhat re-
sembling the lettuce. A few specimens seen near Holt, in the Flat-
head region; but observed nowhere else in the state. This weed is
adapted to growth in dry situations and should not be allowed to
become established in the state, lest it become a dangerous pest.
[ Fig. 6.]

. WEEDS OF MONTANA. 35

36. CLEOME INTEGRIFOLIA, Torr & Gray.
INDIAN PINK; STINKWEED.

A native annual about two feet high with 3-foliate leaves and
pink flowers, often troublesome in sandy soil. Frequent in grain
fields and waste places east of the Divide and now spreading
westward along the railways, where it threatens to become
a bad weed.

37. CNICUSARVENSIS, Hoffm

CANADA ‘THISTLE.

A perennial European spec-

We oy ies with long creeping root-
ens 22, stocks most difficult to extir-
SEI IE pate. Very similar to our na-
tive thistles, but the heads are
much smaller and the plants
tend to grow in clumps or
patches, never scattered. In-
frequent as yet in the state
but becoming established
along railroads and in waste
Dlaces. Occurs at Helena,
Bozeman, Libby, Craig and
Demersville. Can be _ eradi-
cated only by persistent dig-
ging. by smothering with
straw, manure heaps, &c., or
by choking out with a rank
ence etter / a growth of clover. Attack on
: first appearance and do not
y SS permit it to become establish-
ed. One ofthe three plants out-
lawed in this state. [ Fig. 7. ]

LL | kA La y
"EAA i 0d yy eo Drm. ;
ag YW itzgyen Zi ‘
ON ne “LYE Wa ji Oe ee
Ly

A>

Fig. 7. a. Cnicus arvensis, Hoffm. Plant
one-fifth.

36 THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION.

38. CNICUS ERIOCEPHALUS, Gray. MOUNTAIN THISTLE.

A tall unbranched thistle with a mass of heads aggregated at
the top of a thick, hollow, leafy,
stalk, frequent in mountain
meadows and pastures above
5,000 feet altitude. Rarely so-
abundant as to be trouble-
some.

39. CNICUS LANCEOLATUS,

Willd. ScotcH BULL THISTLE.

The second outlawed weed
of the state. A European
biennial sparsely introduced.
along the railroads of the
state, but nowhere observed
to be troublesome except in
the Flathead valley about
Demersville. It is easily des-

Fig. 7. b. Cnicus arvensis, Hoffm. Leaf troyed by digging up the
and head about natural size; ; 3

plants before they bloom and
should not be allowed to secure a foothold. The plant is very
similar to our native thistle described below, but has much less
of the cottony tomentum on the under side of the leaves and the
leaves and heads are exceedingly prickly with long yellow spines.
[ Fig. 8.]

40. CNICUS UNDULATUS, Gray. FIELD THISTLE.

The common thistle of the plains and valleys throughout the
state and troublesome in many places, particularly in fallow land,
old fields, pastures and meadows, replacing C. eriocephalus below
5,000 feet; biennial, or sometimes apparently perennial with
deeply penetrating roots. A tall, branched thistle with scat-
tered heads and leaves’covered with a dense cottony tomentum.

WEEDS OF MONTANA. 3

~]

41. *CONVOLVULUS ARVENSIS, L. Witp MorNING-GLORY.

A European perennial vine similar to the cultivated morning-
glory, but with small white flowers; occasionally established in

ny

‘
FM
a ~

Fig. 8. Cnicus lanceolatus, Willd. Leaf and head
natural size.

gardens and waste places; quite as difficult to exterminate as the
Canada thistle and should be treated like it. Noted at Manhat-
tan, Helena, Missoula, Flathead Lake, Kalispell, Bozeman and
Crow Agency.

38 THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION.

42, *CUSCUTA EPITHYMUM, Murr. ALFALFa DODDER.

Specimens of this species have come in from Livingston re-
ported as troublesome in alfalfa fields. It is a golden yellow para-
sitic vine on alfalfa and the clovers; imported from Europe, where

Be it is often a most pernicious weed.
eee ah The infested spots should be.
mowed closely and the plants
burned when dry; they should not
be allowed to seed as it may he dif-
ficult to clear the field of the para-
site. A native species of dodder
(Cuscuta arvensis) also occurs
sparingly on the clovers and alfalfa
in this state, but is not apt to take
the fields like the European species.
[Fig. 9.}

43. *CYNOGLOSSUM OFFICIN-
ALE, L. Hounn’s TONGUE.

A European biennial established -
in waste places at Big Timber.

44. DRABA NEMOROSA, L.
FIELD DRABA.

A small annual of the Mustard
family with yellow flowers and
spreading pods, native of this reg-
ion but inclined to multiply and
grow rank in gardens and waste
places. .

45. DRACOCEPHALUM PARVI-
FLORUM, Nutt. DRAGON-HEAD.

Fig. 9. Cuscuta Epithymum, Murr. An annual plant with dense

Plant natural size. square stems, opposite leaves and a
terminal flowering spike inclined to frequent streets and waste
places and occurs occasionally in cultivated ground. Doubtfully
native here.

WEEDS OF MONTANA. 3Y

46. ECHINOSPERMUM DEFLEXUM AMERICANUM, Gray.
BEGGAR TICK.

A slender annual one or two feet high, widely branching above
and with small blue flowers and slender racemes of reflexed burs.
At Deer Lodge and Helena (Rydberg), Box Elder Creek,on the Ft.
Peck Reservation, Arlee, Plains and abundant and troublesome
in the streets, highways and waste plaees about Kalispell,
where it is rapidly spreading into the country adjacent. It
threatensto become a bad pest throughout the state. Certainly
an introduced species in this region and doubtfully native in
America. |

47. ECHNOSPERMUM REDOWSKII, Lehm.
TICKSEED: BEGGAR TICKS.

A native annual resembling the preceding, but is smaller and
has fewer erect fruit; common in loose soil about gopher hills, ant
hills and prairie dog towns. A common weed in waste places
throughout the Yellowstone region and in many places east of the
Divide, but more rare westward. Occurs here as the varieties
occidentale, Wats, and cupulatum, Gray, the latter much niore
aeare..

48. ELLISIA NYCTELEA, L.

A small, diffusely branched, spreading annual with deeply
lobed leaves and inconspicuous flowers. Not infrequent in low
grain fields and waste places. Rarely abundant enough to be
troublesome. Doubtfully native here.

49. EPILOBIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM, L. IRONWEED; FIREWEED.

A tall, slender plant, about three feet high with a terminal
raceme of large purple flowers, blooming about the first of August.
Common in the foothills and mountains and the large perennial
rootstock is often difficult to kill out in new ground.

50. EPILOBIUM PANICULATUM, Nutt. Corron WEED.

A tall and very slender, smooth, widely branching annual with
inconspicuous leaves and small red flowers, spreading eastward
from the Pacific along the railways and principal lines of travel.
Common along streets, highways and waste places in the western
part of the state; the cottony seeds are distributed by the winds.

40 THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION.

51. ERIGERON CANADENSIS, L.
RAGWEED; FIREWEED; HORSEWEED.

A slender, hairy annual with narrow leaves and a large ter-
minal broom of greenish flowers and cottony fruit imported from
the eastern United States. Becoming frequent in waste places,
gardens and grain fields, and a serious pest in the Flathead valley.
Size varies from a few inches to several feet; seed spread by
the wind.

52. EUPHORBIA GLYPTOSPERMA, Engelm. Carpet WEED.

A small, much- branching annual, lying flat on the ground and
forming circular carpets a foot or more in diameter. Apparently
native but frequent by roadsides and in grain fields and waste
places; rarely troublesome.

53. EUPHORBIA MARGINATA, Pursh. SNow ON THE MOUNTAIN.

An annual, one to two feet high, with milky juice and upper
leaves white margined. In waste places and along railway
grades from Miles City to Glendive. Coming in from the east-
ward. Reputed poisonous.

54. FRANSERIA HOOKERIANA, Nutt.

An annual weed very much like the Ragweed (Ambrosia arti-
misizefolia), but with fruit of conspicuous burs. Frequent in sandy
soil along highways and in streets and waste places in many
parts of the state east of the Diyide. Possibly native, although it
has all the habits of an introduced weed,

55. GAURA COCCINEA, Nutt... BUTTERFLY WEED.

A native perennial with long, deeply penetrating rootstock,
frequent in new ground and occasionally found in grain fields and
fallow land, mainly as the variety glabra, T. & G. Leaves nar-
row, flowers white or rose-colored, turning to scarlet in fading.

56. GAURA PARVIFLORA, Dougl.

A tall, hairy annual or biennial, two or three feet high, with
small flowers and long, slender spikes of spindle-shaped fruit, oc-
casionally troublesome in grain fields and waste places in the Mis-
souri river region. Apparently introduced from eastward.

WEEDS OF MONTANA. 41

57. GERANIUM CAROLINIANUM, L. CRANE’S-BILL.

The typical form occasional in waste places; the form G. Bick-
nellii, Britt. not infrequent in waste places in many parts of the
state.

58. *GERANIUM PUSILLUM, L.

Well established as a weed in fields and waste places about
St. Ignatius, Flathead Reservation, and at Plains.

59. GLYCYRRHIZA LEPIDOTA, Pursh. WiLp LIQUORICE;
CUCKLEBUR.

A native perennial in low ground with pea-like leaves and
bearing clusters of burs very like those of the true cucklebur
(Xanthium). Its long, creeping, underground stem makes it
difficult to eradicate from new land, and it is frequently abundant
and troublesome in meadows and pastures. Persistent cultiva-
tion or digging seems to be the only remedy other than close
pasturage.

60. GRINDELIA SQUARROSA, Dunal. RosIN-WEED; WILD ARNICA.

A biennial doubtfully native in this region. About 18 inches
high with a stiff stem and many heads of yellow-rayed flowers
covered with a gummy secretion. Common in the plains and val-
leys east of the mountains and spreading westward. More fre-
quent along roadsides and waste places and troublesome in mead-
ows and pastures, where it is difficult to eradicate after having
once obtained a foothold. Stock rarely will eat it in any situation.
Just being introduced in the Flathead and Bitter Root valleys
by roadsides and should be exterminated before it becomes
established. Old settlers say the plant has come into much of
this region since the advent of civilization and there seems now
to be a steady advance westward, although its distribution is
effected mainly by the’conveyance of its seeds in the mud on the
feet of animals and the wheels of vehicles and in hay.

61. HELIANTHUS ANNUUS, L. SUNFLOWER.
An annual weed, three or four feet high, with large notched

leaves and large vellow-rayed heads three inches in diameter, com-
mon everywhere east of the Divide and one of the worst weeds in

42 THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION.

grain fields and cultivated ground. Occasional along the rail-
ways in the western part of the state, but not troublesome there
except in the Bitter Root valley. It is confined to one or two
small areas in the Flathead valley and shows small disposition
to spread in the absence of irrigation, but if the farmers are wise
they willstamp out this pest at once, lest it become as trouble-
some there as it has in other parts of the state. Seeds seem to
be distributed largely by irrigation and in the mud adhering to
to feet and to the wheels of vehicles. Its seeds seem to le in the
ground many years before losing their vitality and it can best be
combatted by sowing the infected fields in some annual grain
suitable for forage and pasturing with sheep for several years.

62. HELIANTHUS NUTTALLI, T. &. G.

A native perennial sunflower, more
slender and with narrower leaves than
the last; roots tuberous and with
frequent underground stems. Usually in
small patches, and can best be destroyed
by pulling or digging after irrigation.
Often troublesome in grain fields and
low ground in the western part of the
state.

63. HELIANTHUS PETIOLARIS,
Nutt.

An annual very like and commonly
confused with H. annuus above and fre-
quent in dry, sandy situations in the
Milk River and Yellowstone valleys. It
has smaller heads than the common sun-
flower (H. annuus) and narrower, en-
tire leaves.

64. HORDEUM JUBATUM, L. FoxtTalL;
SQUIRREL-TAIL GRASS; SLOUGH-GRASS.

Fig. 10. Hordeumjubatum, L. An annual or biennial grass with a
Natural size. large, bushy spike of fruit, whose long

WEEDS OF MONTANA. 43

awns when ripe pierce the lips and tongue of stock and cause ex-
tensive ulceration. A common weed in pastures and waste places
seemingly introduced from the east; doubtfully native. It makes
little headway against the native vegetation, but tends to become
established in low ground wherever that vegetation has been dis-
turbed or kept down by close pasturage. Said to make fair hay,
if cut before heading out or after the head breaks away in August.
It may be killed out in most situations by plowing it under in
June or by seeding the fields in grain for a few seasons. It is also
doubtful if it can make much headway against a good stand of
clover, timothy or alfalfa. [Fig. 10.]

65. *HYOSCYAMUS NIGER, L.
BLacK HENBANE.

A coarse European annual or
biennial established in waist
places at Billings (E. V. Wilcox),
_ Big Timber, and rarely about
Bozeman. Poisonous.

66. *HYSSOPUS OFFICINA-
LIS, L. Hyssop.

A sage-like perennial with nar-
row leaves and clustered blue
\fe2——=- flowers, occasionally escaped

from gardens. Roadsides in Flat-
head valley, rare. |
67. IVA AXILLARIS, Pursh.

BAZZLE-WEED; POVERTY-WEED.

A native perennial a foot or
two high growing in clumps or
forming extensive patches in low
ground, particularly in alkaline
soil. Its long creeping under-
ground stems make it most dif-
ficult toeradicate. Probably best
Fig. 11. Iva xanthiifolia, Nutt. Plant COmbatted by seeding down in

1-12 natural size; leaf and fruit 1%. meadow.

os THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION.

68. IVA XANTHIIFOLIA, Nutt. CARELESS-WEED; HORSE-WEED;

GIANT RAG-WEED.

A tall, coarse native annual, three to six feet high, with large,
heart-shaped toothed leaves opposite on the smooth stem.
This is one of the worst weeds in the Gallatin valley, by roadsides,
in waste places and cultivated ground, and is not intrequent in
low ground east of the Divide, but apparently rare west of it.
Its smalJl, black seeds seem
to be distributed wholly by
water and the mud of pas-
sage andsoitisnotaptto be
very troublesome except in
irrigated districts. | Fig. 11. ]

69. . KRINITZKIA CRAS-
SISEPALA, Gray.

Frequent in loosesoil with
Echinospermum Redowskiu
in the Yellowstone region;

apparently not west of the
Divide.

70. LACTUCA PULCHEL=-
LA, DC. MILKWEED;
WILD LETTUCE.

A native perennial of the
lettuce family common in
_all situations throughout
the eastern part of the
the state; leaves smooth,
often with long, slender
teeth; flowers blue, closing
Big; 132 Lactiuca Scariola, Av.\a,"9-9; +b, nar se the afternoon. In low
ural size; c, enlarged. ground the long’ under-
ground rootstocks makes its extirpation difficult. The black seeds
with a tuft of hairs at apex are distributed by the wind.

WEEDS OF MONTANA. 45

71. LACTUCA SCARIOLA, L. PricKLY LETTUCE; CHINESE
LETTUCE.

A European biennial resembling the preceding species, but
the flowers are light yellow and the leaves are prickly-fringed
and not lobed, and have a curious habit of twisting to the vertical
with a tendency toward a north and south direction, like a ‘‘com-
pass plant.’’ A most pernicious weed introduced along the rail-
roads in nearly every part of the state but most frequent from
Missoula west and south and worst about Plains and Hamilton.
It should be destroyed in the localities in which it is established
and not permitted to spread and increase the number of our
already too numerous European pests. [ Fig. 12.]

72. *LAMIUM AMPLEXICAULE, L. DEaAp NETTLE.

A European annual introduced with garden seed from the east
and well established near Ennis. A prostrate or creeping plant
resembling the Ground Ivy, having small, rounded, opposite leaves
with purple flowers in the axils. Unlikely to become trouble-
some except in irrigated gardens. |

73. *LEONURUS CARDIACA, L. MoTHErRwort.

A European perennial well established in waste places about
Missoula, and one or two other points in the state.

74. LEPACHYS COLUMNARIS, T. & G. CoNE-FLOWER.

A native perennial of the plains region, one or two feet high,
with rough divided leaves and long-stalked flowers with a dark
columnar disk and drooping yellow rays. Spreading westward
and often troblesome in meadows, pastures and waste places,
particularly in dry sandy soil.

75- LEPIDIUM APETALUI1. Willd. Brirp-sEED; PEPPER-GRASS.

A small acrid-tasting annual a few inches to a foot high,
frequent in dooryards, waste places and cultivated ground.
Doubtfully native, although well distributed throughout the
plains region. Seeds become mucilaginous when wet and thus
facilitate their distribution by animals.

46 THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION.

76. LUPINUS PUSILLUS, Pursh. DwarrFr LUPINE.

A small bulbous-rooted perennial, less than a foot high, with
a long-stalked seven-foliate leaf and spike-like racemes of blue
flowers, frequent in sandy soil in the Yellowstone and Milk River
regions, and often troublesome in grain fields and cultivated
ground. Native.

77. LUPINUS SERICEUS, Pursh. LUuPINE; PRAIRIE BEANS.

A native pérennial common in dry ground throughout the
state. Like the last but larger, one to three teet high. Persistent
with long, creeping rootstocks in new ground and difficult to ex-
terminate except by digging or long cultivation.

78. LYGODESMIA JUNCEA, Don. WiLp ASPARAGUS; SKELE-
TON-WEED.

A slender-stemmed branching native plant, one or two feet
high, apparently leafless, with purplish flowers and long penetrat-
ing rootstocks, often troublesome in cultivated ground in the
region east of the Divide. [Fig. 13.]

79. *MADIA FILIPES, Gray. SMALL TARWEED.

A small, slender Pacific Coast tarweed, which has reached our
borders along the railways in the western part of the state. Weil
established in waste places about Troy, Libby and Thompson
Falls. Annual.

80. MADIA GLOMERATA, Hook. TARWEED.

Another Pacific Coast annual similar to the last but much
larger, about two feet high, with sticky, ill-smelling herbage and
terminal clusters of inconspicuous flowers. In waste places, pas-
tures and along roadsides eastward as far as Bozeman and ap-
pears to be rapidly spreading eastward in the state.

81. *MALVA PARVIFLORA, L. RuNNING MALLOW.

A small annual European mallow, noted in waste places about
Conrad on the G. F. & Can. Ry. (R. S. Williams), Thompson Falls
and Plains. .

“ve

ee a

}
\

Fig. 13. Lygodesmia juncea, Don.

Plant natural size; b-e enlarged.

48 THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION.

82. MALVASTRUM COCCINEUM, Gray. Wi_p HoLLyHock.

A small native perennial about six inches high, with divided
leaves, and brick-red flowers, not infrequent in waste places east-
ward, and often persistent in new ground; hardly large enough or
sufficiently abundant to be troublesome.

83. MARRUBIUM VULGARE, L. HoOREHOUND.

A white-woolly European perennial, one or two feet high,
with opposite, roundish leaves, and the flowers and fruit clustered
in the axils of the upper leaves. Seeds disseminated by the bur-
like calyx. This has been found to be one of the worst weeds in
Idaho and Utah, and is becoming very troublesome in streets,
roadsides and waste places along the railroad from Missoula west-
ward, but rare elsewhere in the state, Coming in from the west.

84. MATRICARIA DISCOIDEA, DC. RayLeEss DOGFENNEL.

A Pacific Coast annuat resembling the dog-fennel (Anthemis
Cotula) and similarly ill-scented, but without the white rays and
mucn smaller. Frequent in streets and waste places and along
highways throughout the western part of the state. Introduced
from the west and rapidly spreading eastward.

85. MELILOTUS ALBA, Lam. SWEET CLOVER; WHITE MELILOT;
HONEY CLOVER.

An annual or biennial, three to six feet high, frequent in many
places along irrigation ditches and in waste places, particularly in
the Yellowstone valley, where it has been found most troublesome.
Much resembles alfalfa, but is taller and more slender and has
white flowers, while its value as a forage plant is questionable.
It appears to grow best in alkali ground. Introduced from Europe.
Seeds appear to be scattered by water and in hay.

86. *MELILOTUS OFFICINALIS, Willd. YELLOow MELILOT.
Like the preceding, but with yellow flowers. In waste places
at Helena (F. D. Kelsey), White Sulphur Springs (R. N, Sutherlin),
and Miles City. Infrequent.
87. MONOLEPIS CHENOPODIOIDES, Moq. POVERTY WEED.

A native annual prostrate or ascending with green inconspicu-
ous flowers and abundant fruit; fruiting throughout the season,

<i oe it a “Ai,
oe : ay,
: ‘

WEEDS OF MONTANA. 49

much resembling Chenopodium glaucum. One of our most troub-
lesome weeds in yards, gardens and waste places.

- 88. *NASTURTIUM ARMORACIA, Fries. Horst RapisuH.
In waste places an occasional escape from cultivation.
89. *NEPETA CATARIA, L. CartTNIP.

A well-known European perennial becoming established in
_waste places at Helena (F. D. Kelsey), Columbia Falls, Holt,
Thompson Falls, Plains and a few other places in the state.

90. CENOTHERA BIENNIS, L. YELLOW EVENING PRIMROSE.

- Asslender biennial three or four feet high with yellow flowers
and spindle-shaped fruit about an inch long, introduced along the
railroads and highways in most parts of the state and frequently
so common as almost to appear native in low ground (O. depressa,
Greene and Onagra strigosa, Rydberg).

91. PANICUM CAPILLARE, L.. TuMBLE-GRass.

A hairy annual grass with a widely spreading panicle of fruit
easily detached when ripe; occurs occasionally in fields and waste
places particularly in the Plains region. Here doubtfully native.

92. *PANICUM CRUS-GALLI, L. BARNYARD GRASs.

An introduced annual rare in fields, yards and waste places;
here usually prostrate and spread by irrigation. At Ulm (R. S.
Williams), Bozeman, Malta and Chinook.

93. “PANICUM SANGUINALE, L. CrRaB-GRAss.

_ Occasionally imported from the east in grass seed, but shows
little or no disposition to spread. Noted at Great Falls and
Bozeman.

94. PASTINACA SATIVA, L. PARSNIP.

Often escapes from cultivation and is found occasionally in old
fields, waste places and along irrigation ditches.

95. PLANTAGO ASIATICA, L. Native PLANtain:

The common plantain in ditches and low ground by roadsides
and in waste places, apparently native.

50 . THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION, ~

96. PLANTAGO MAJOR, L. PLANTAIN.

A European perennial abundantly introduced in lawns, pastures
and waste places about Deer Lodge, Columbia Falls, Bozeman and
most of the larger towns and cities of the state. Like the dande-
lion, 1t is difficult to eradicate from lawns except by digging. It
should not be allowed to secure a foothold inacommunity. This
species is very difficult to distinguish from the one above, except
that it is smaller and more smooth, has shorter and more abrupt
spikes of fruit, central dehiscence of the capsule and a more
pestiferous habit of frequenting lawns, yards and waste places.

97. PLANTAGO PATAGONICA GNAPHALIOIDES, Gray.
RIBGRASS.

A native annual of the plains region, frequent in dry ground
and with a decided tendency to crowd out the grasses in pasture
land, when close cropped. The variety aristata, Gray, occurs with
the other form but is much less frequent. This has been quoted as
a weed from this state, but has value as a forage plant. The seeds
of all these plantains becomes mucilaginous when wet, adhere to —
everything they touch and so are easily transported in the niud of
passage.

98. *POA ANNUA, L.

A small annual grass from Europe, a few inches high in streets
and waste places at St. Ignatius, Columbia Falls and a few other
places in the state, but of no special importance.

/

99. POLYGONUM AVICULARE, L. KNoTGRASS; YARDGRASS;
GOOSEGRASS.

An introduced annual forming carpet-like patches in yards,
waste places, streets and along highways, often trailing for several
feet. It has a smooth, wiry stem, small leaves and inconspicuous
flowers. Common in beaten ground throughout the state: mainly
in the coarser, blunt-leaved form (P. littorale, Link.), though both
occur.

100. POLYGONUM ERECTUM, L.

An introduced weed very similar to the last, but is usually

WEEDS OF MONTANA. 51

erect and with bioad oval leaves. Noted at Bozeman, Malta, the
Ft. Peck Reservation near Calais, Forsyth and Glendive.

101, POLYGONU!1 CONVOLVULUS, L. Wi_p BuCKWHEAaAT.

A climbing or trailing vine with heart-shaped leaves and buck-
wheat-like fruit common in yards, waste places and cultivated
ground in the settled parts of the state. An annual introduced
from Europe and the East and now become one of our worst weeds.

102. POLYGONUM LAPATHIFOLIUM, L. SMARTWEED.

A smooth annual with swollen joints and small terminal spikes
of purplish or white flowers, one to three feet high. Introduced
about waste places, gardens and in cultivated ground; not in-
frequent.

103. POLYGONUM PERSICARIA, L. SMARTWEED.

A not infrequent introduction in wet places, but hardly trouble-
some. Like the last, but lower and with thicker and more brightly
colored spikes.

104. *PORTULACA OLERACEA, L. PURSELEY.

A brittle, fleshy annual with small yellow flowers, forming broad
mats. This eastern pest has appeared in gardens occasionally, in-
troduced with garden seed, and grows vigorously in irrigated
ground. Not likely to be morethan locally troublesome, but should
be exterminated in every case lest it become established and difficult
to control. Noted in gardens and in waste places at Bozeman,
Ennis, Craig, Forsyth and Glendive.

105. RUMEX ACETOSELLA,L. SHEEP SORREL.

A perennial one or two feet high with small leaves, having ear-
like lobes on each side near the base and a strong acid taste, and
with slender terminal naked sprays of small green flowers or fruit.
Forms patches in meadows, pastures and waste land, spreading
by means of long underground rootstocks, and, like the Canada
thistle, very dificult to exterminate after it gets established. This
is going to be one of the worst weeds in the state, as it is well
adapted to our climatic conditions and has a footing in many
places over the state, particularly westward. It has fairly taken

; 1 and 2 enlarged.

a
“Se

Plant natural siz

eetosella, L.

Ru nex A

ig. 14.

=
>

WEEDS OF MONTANA. 53

some grain-fields in the Gallatin Valley and is bad in several parts
of the Flathead Valley, while itis common along the railroad from
Missoula westward, apparently coming in from the Pacific coast.
This should be included among the outlawed weeds of the state.
[Fig. 14.]

foo. RUMEX CRISPUS, L. CURLY-LEAVED Dock; BURDOCK.

A large perennial dock established in streets and waste places
about most of the larger towns of the state but not as yetcommon
or very troublesome. The large thick roots must be removed by
digging.

107. RUMEX SALICIFOLIUS, oo VILLOW-LEAVED DOCK.
. %
A coarse weed like the last but 5 with narrower leaves; frequent
along roadsides, in waste places and. pastures. . Apparently intro-
duced from the west; possibly indigenous.

108. SALSOLA KALI TRAGUS, Mog: ‘ Russian THISTLE.

An introduced annual with little or no resemblance to a thistle.
It has awl-shaped leaves, a green stem, striped with red, and
prickly truit-bracts, becoming hard and spiny in age; flowers and
fruit small and inconspicuous. It often forms a large globular
‘mass a yard or more in diameter, which finally becomes detached
and is rolled about by the wind like the tumble-weed. It favors
sandy or alkali soil for growth and frequents railway grades,
streets and waste places about towns and cities; seems to make
no headway against the native vegetation in the open fields and
plains. This is one of the three outlawed weeds of Montana and
doubtless well deserves to be included in the list, but, as far as my
observation goes, it has not yet become a pest here in cultivated
ground, although well scattered over the state, and hardly deserves
the bad reputation givenit. Inits younger growth it makes fair
forage and is occasionally cut for hay, so that it may yet provea
valuable forage plant adapted to alkali situations, where little
else will grow. Well scattered in the Milk River and Yellowstone

(a “merch Ann eects co! a
. se ANY Si 2 oh eee ence A mates ete, anaemia ne
AA Oy SUT OLONA i : : . Mi. : : *:

. : é

Py ty pnts
ee
“ mead

Fig. 15 b.

Salsola Kali Tragus, Moq. Seedling and branch natural size;

flower and fruit enlarged.

56 THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION.

regions; at Missoula and Helena and reported from Manhattan,

Livingston, Billings, Cinnabar, Great Falls and at points along |

the railway in Silver Bow and Beaverhead counties. It is easily
uprooted with a hoe and should be piled into heaps and burned
when dry, as the smallest plants bear fruit and will serve to re-
stock the soil, if simply dug up and left. Mowing the plants, as
is frequently done, is of little aid toward their extermination, as
the stubs remaining will bear enough fruit to replant the soil for
the ensuing season. It is better adapted to the conditions existing
in the Milk River and Yellowstone Valleys than elsewhere in the
state and may there prove a serious menace to the agricultural
interests, but should be exterminated wherever found, as the law
requires. Seeds distributed principally by the railways, irrigation
ditches and mud of passage. [Fig. 15 a and b.]

109. SAPONARIA VACCARIA, L. CocKLE; Cow COcCKLE.

A smooth European annual, one or two feet high; with opposite,

clasping leaves and conspicuous pink flowers terminating the level-_
topped spread of branches. A common and pernicious weed in
grain fields in the eastern part of the state, but rare westward. |
It should not be allowed to secure a footing in regions not yet in-
fected and may be hand-pulled where the plants are few or its dis-
tribution limited. Usually introduced and spread in the grain
seed and, apparently, by irrigation. [Fig. 16.]

110. *SENECIO VULGARIS, L. GROUNDSEL.

An annual, about a foot high, with divided leaves and incon-
spicuous heads of flowers, somewhat resembling a thistle. In
waste places at Columbia Falls and Big Timber. From Europe.

111.. *SILENE. NOCTIPLORA, L. “CATCHES:

An introduced annual noted in fields and waste places about
Bozeman. An herb one or two feet high, with sticky hairs, op-
posite leaves and white flowers. Unlikely to become troublesome
in this state. "

/

Ol
QO

THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION.

112. SISYMBRIUM ALTISSIMUM, L. TumBiinc MusTarp. -

ee. sao 32 A European annual of
Ry a , the mustard family, two
ESS or three feet high, with
upper leaves narrow or
. fineiy divided and the
lower broader-lobed, and
having a widely branch- —
ing, level-topped spread
of yellowish flowers and
slender fruit pods two
or three inches long. This
has been found to he a
most pernicious weed in
Canada north of this
state and is extending
southward. Specimens
have been collected at
Great Falls, Helena, Cen-
tral Park and Belgrade,
and it is fairly taking the
grain fields in some parts
of the Bitter Root and
Flathead valleys. It
should not be allowed to

: ; secure a footing in any
Fig. 17a. Sisymbrium altissimum, L. a and d agricultural section, as
lg; b and c natural size. ©

its enormous fertility,
tumbling habit, and special adaptation to our climate will
probably make it far more dangerous to the farmer than any of
the weeds already outlawed in the state. [Figs. 17 a and b.]

113. SISYMBRIUM INCISUM, Engelm. Tansy MUSTARD.

A slender annual of the mustard family, one to three feet high,
having small, yellow flowers, short spreading pods and finely
divided leaves. Common along roadsides, in grain fields and
waste nlaces.. Has the appearance of a native in some parts of

WEEDS OF MONTANA. 59

Fig. 17b. Sisymbrium altissimum, L. Fruit
¥% natural size; b enlarged.

the state east of the Divide, but is local in its distribution. Seeds
scattered by water and in mud.
114. *SISYMBRIUM OFFICINALE, Scop, HEpGE Musrarp.

Another introduced annual, occasional in waste places, but
not likely to become troublesome. At St. [gnatius, Troy, Helena,
Bozeman and Missoula.

115. *SOLANUM NIGRUM, L. DEADLY NIGHTSHADE.

An introduced annual in waste places at Columbia Falls (R. S.
Williams), and Selish (V. K. Chesnut).

60 THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION.

116. SOLANUM ROSTRATUM, Dunal. BuFFALO Bur.

A prostrate annual, with vellow flowers and a bur-like fruit,
thickly covered with long, yellow spines. Coming into the state
from the east along the railways and becoming troublesome in
vards, waste places and cultivated ground. At various points
along the Yellowstone, Missoula, Box Elder Creek, Glasgow and
Culbertson. It should be killed out in all localities before it be-

comes a pest. It spreads slowly, but holds well where established. —

17. SOLANIUM TRIFLORUM, Nutt. Witp Tomato; STINKWEED.

A prostrate spreading annual with lobed leaves, small white
or pale blue flowers and numerous green, many seeded berries.
Frequent in gardens, waste places and cultivated ground through-
out much of the region east of the Divide. The host of the Colo-
rado potato beetle. Doubtfully native. [Fig. 18].

18. SONCHUS ASPER, Vill; Sow THISTLE; YELLOW THISTLE.

A thistle-like annual with spiny clasping leaves and yeliow
flowers; two or three feet tall. Introduced from Europe by way
ot the eastern states and now frequent and often troublesome in
gardens and cultivated ground, particularly about Bozeman and
Kalispell. Seeds feathery and scattered by the wind.

119. *SONCHUS OLERACEUS, L.

Very similar to the last and commonly not distinguished from
it. It is more slender, less prickly and has cross-ribbed seeds. It
occurs with the other species, but is far less frequent.

120. *SPERGULA ARVENSIS, L. FIELD SPuRRY.

An annual introduced from the Old World with’ slender,
branching stems and numerous clusters of thread-like leaves. In
grain fields at Bozeman but not elsewhere noted.

121. *STELLARIA MEDIA, Smith. CHICKWEED. ©

A small, spreading annual naturalized from Europe, in yards
and waste places; occasional about Bozeman and other towns of
the state.

122. *SUCKLEYA PETIOLARIS, Gray.

A prostrate annual, very much resembling the pigweed-pursely

(Amaranthus blitoides, Wats.) but with larger and more orbicular

SS a ee

Fig. 18. Solanum triflorum, Nutt. Branch natural size.

62 ~~ THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION.

leaves. It has as vet been noted in this state only in the Milk
River region and, as far as my observation goes, only in a single
locality in the town of Glasgow. Its abundance and decided weed
habit may hereafter makeit a pestin that region. Although the
type locality, it is doubtless introduced here from the southern
plains.

123. *SYMPHYTUM OFFICINALE, L. CoMFREY.

A large coarse European perennial sparingly introduced in
waste places about Bozeman.

Fig. 19, Taraxacum officinale, Weber. Plant about 4 natural size.

124. TARAXACUM OFFICINALE, Weber. DANDELION.

A perennial of European origin, with a long, deeply penetrat-
ing root which makes it difficult to eradicate. It has a cluster of
lobed ground leaves trom which arise the slender flower stalks
with yellow flowers and round balls of plumose fruit, which are
carried long distances by the wind. One of the worst weeds in the
state in lawns, waste places and pastures about the larger towns,

WEEDS OF MONTANA. 63

and can be exterminated only by cultivation or by digging; the -
latter is most effective when the roots are cut off just below the
crown of leaves during the flowering season. Apparently well dis-
tributed in the state about towns. [Fig. 19.]

125. *THLASPI ARVENSE, L. PENNYCREssS.

An introduced annual of the Mustard family much resembling
the birdseed (Lepidium apetalum) but having larger pods. Oc-
casional in grain fields and waste places.

126. *TRAGOPOGON PORRIFOLIUS, L. Sastry; OYSTER-PLANT.

In gardens and waste places; not infrequently escaped from
_ cultivation.
| 127. *URTICA DIOICA, L.

ky a y A perennial nettle about barn-
Sh Ne) Ty yards and in waste places in the
eg AY Koutenairegion. Infrequent. Ap-
SS A parently here, coming in from

A A Re: /
= ay ; | the west.
SSS) / 128. URTICA GRACILIS, Ait.

STINGING NETTLE.

A tall slender unbranched per-
ennial with green fruit clusters
in the axils of the upper leaves,
and with stinging hairs. Not in-
frequent in streets and waste
places and along highways in
the region east of the Divide, but
sparsely introduced westward.
Usually regarded as native, but
in this state its habit is wholly
that of an introduced species and
occurs only where its seeds may
have been transported in hay,
Fig. 20. Urtica gracilis, Ait. Branch Water or mud from points. of

\% natural size. settlement. [ Fig. 20.)

64 THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION.

129. VERBASCUM THAPSUS, L. MUuLLEIN.

A thick, woolly-leaved biennial with a tall (two to six feet) |
unbranched stem and a terminal spike of yellow flowers. An in-
troduced vlant well established in many places about the state in
fields and waste places and by roadsides. Most troublesome from
Missoula south and west along the railroads. Common in the
Flathead valley near Columbia Falls, along the Missouri below
Craig and occasional in the Gallatin valley near Bozeman. Seems
well adapted to our climatic conditions and is liable to become a
serious pest.

130. VERBENA BRACTEOSA,
Michx. TRAILING VERVAIN; VERVAIN.

A perennial, native in the region
east of the mountains. It forms
broad mats along roadsides, in
yards and waste places. A pros-
trate and bristly hairy plant with.
small blue fowers along the ends
of the branches.

131. VERONICA PEREGRINA, L.
, A small annual not infrequent
4ere as a weed in grain fields and
cultivated ground, but hardly
troublesome.

132. *VERONICA BYZANTINA,
Bose
A small weed occasionally intro-
ducedin garden seed, but has not -—
yet become well established. Noted .
at Bozeman. :

133. XANTHIUM CANADENSE;
Mill... COCKLEBUR.

A coarse annual with heart-

Fig. 21. Xanthium Canadense, Mill,
Branch 1%; bur natural size. shaped leaves and clusters of burs

in their axils. Locally established along ditches and in low

WEEDS OF MONTANA. 65

ground in many parts of the state and seeds spread by stock and
by irrigation. Rarely troublesome here in cultivated land.
[Fig. 21.]

134. *XANTHIUM SPINOSUM, L. THORNY CUCKLEBUR.

Specimens of this weed have been sent in from the vicinity of
Victor and the plant is said to be well established about
sheep camps in the Bitter Root region, probably brought in
from the Pacific Coast with imported sheep. It has burs like the
preceding but the leaves are more lobed and white beneath with
long, three-divided yellow thorns in the axils. It should not be
allowed to secure a footing in the state lest it become a serious
pest to the wool industry and to agriculture.

66 THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION.

ADDENDA.

135. *ERODIUM CICUTARIUM, L’Her. ALFILARIA; PIN CLOVER.

A prostrate or spreading, much-branched annual with finely
divided leaves and rose-colored flowers; fruit similar to that of the
Geranium. Well established*in waste places at Thompson Falls
and Plains and is a fair forage plant. Imported from the Pacific
Coast.

136. *MADIA SATIVA, L. TaLi TARWEED.

Resembling M. glomerata, but is a taller plant (2 or 3 feet high)
with heads terminating slenderscattered branches. Frequent along
roadsides and waste places at Thompson Falls, coming in from
the Pacific Coast.

137. *VERBASCUM BLATTARIA, L. Mota MULLEIN.

A smooth slender biennial 2 to 4 feet high with a cluster of tooth-
ed basal leaves and a terminal raceme of white (rarely yellow)
flowers. Established along the railroad at various points west of
Missoula and exhibits a strong disposition to spread. Noted at
DeSmet, Weeksville and Thompson Falls.

138. *VICIA SATIVA, L. Vetch.

A European pea established along the railroad at Plains and ©
its growth here would indicate that it might be profitably em-
ploved as a forage plant, as it is in Europe.

WEEDS OF MONTANA.

67

SUBIECT INDEX.

Figures Refer to Pages.

Adaptations cf weeds, 5, 6, 9.

Alluvial weeds, 9.

Animal transportation of seeds, 8, 9.

Annuals, 6, 7, 12, 13.

Biennials, 7, 12, 13.

Burs, 8.

Characteristics of weeds, 4, 11.

Classification by situation, 13—-17.

Crop-rotation, 17.

Cultivated ground, weeds of, 15.

Dissemination; Distribution, 7.

Eastward extension of weeds, 12.

Eradicaticn, 17—22.

Fire weeds, 9.

Fleshy habit. 6.

Foreign origin of weeas, 12.

Gardens, weeds of, 5, 9, 15.

Grain fieids, weeds of, 5, 9, 16, 17,

Head, 24.

Impure seed, 8, 9.

Indigenons weeds, 10, 11.

Introduced weeds, 10, 11.

Introduction, 3.

Irrigation in weed dissemination, 7, 9.

Lawns, weeds of, 5, 9, 15.

Legislation needed, 21, 22.

List of the weeds of Montana, 24—66.

Man as agent in weed dissemination,
9, 10.

GENERIC INDEX OF

Meadows, weeds of, 5, 6, 15.

Mud in weed dessemination, 14.

Native weeds, see “Indigenous weeds.”

Origin of the weed flora, 9—13.

Panicle, 24.

Pasturage, 18.

Pastures, weeds of, 5, 6, 15.

Perennials, 12, 13.

Railways in weed dissemination, 8.

Reproduction, 6.

Root-system, 15.

Rules for recognition of introduced
weeds, 11].

Seeds of weeds in food, 5.

Special methods of eradication, 18—20.

Spike, 24.

Subindigenes, 11.

Summer fallow, 18, 21.

Tumble-weeds, 7.

Vitality of weed seeds, 6, 21.

Waste places, weeds of, 5, 13, 14, 15.

Water in weed disse mination, 7, 9.

Waysides, weeds of, 5, 6, 13, 14, 15.

Weed flora, origin of, 9, 12.

Weed law, 22, 23.

Westward extension of weeds, 12.

Wind in weed dissemination, 7, 9.

Wool industry, relation of weeds to, 8.

Yards, weeds of, 5, 13, 14, 15,

SCIENTIFIC NAMES.

Achillea, 12, 15, 25.

Agrostemma, 25.

Allionia, 12, 25.

Amaranthus, 7,11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 25, 26, 60.
Ambrosia, 13, 14, 26, 27.

Anthemus, 14, 27, 48.
Arctium, 14, 27.
Arenaria, 14, 28,
Artemisia, 12, 14, 16, 28.
Atriplex, 14, 28.

68 THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION,

Avena, 16, 28, 29.
brassica, 14, 16, 30, 31.
Bromus, 14, 16, 31.
Camelina, 16, 31.
Capsella, 14, 16, 32.
Cerastium, 12, 20, 32.

Chenopodium, 11, 12, 14, 16, 32, 33.

Chrysanthemum, 33.

Cichorium, 34.

Cleome, 9, 11, 12, 14, 16, 35.
Cnicus, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 35, 36, 37.
Copnvolivulus, 19, 37.

Cuscuta, 38.

Cynoglossum, 38.

Draba, 11, 16, 38.
Dracocephalum, 11, 38.

Echinospermum, 9, 11, 12, 14, 39, 44.

Ellisia, 11, 14, 39.
Epilobium, 12, 14, 16, 19, 39.
Erigeron, 7, 13, 14, 16, 40.
Erodium, 66.

Euphorbia, 11, 12, 14, 17, 40.
Franseria, 11, 12, 14, 40.
Gaura, 11, 12, 17, 40,
Geranium, 41.

Glycyrrhiza, 12, 16, 19, 41.
Grindelia, 11, 12, 15, 20, 41.

Helianthus, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 41, 42.

Hordeum, 11, 12, 14, 15, 42, 43.
Hyoscyamus, 43.
Hyssopus, 43.

Iva, 7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 19, 43, 44.

Krinitzkia, 9, 11, 12, 44.
Lactuca, 12, 14, 16, 17, 19, 44, 45.
Lamium, 45.

Leonurus, 45.

Lepachys, 12, 15, 45.

Lepidium, 11, 12, 14, 16, 45, 63.
Lvupinus, 12, 16, 19, 46.

Lygodesmia, 12, 16, 19, 46,47.
Madia, 12, 14, 46.

Malva, 46. :

Malvastrum, 9, 11, 48.
Marrubium, 14, 48.

Matricaria, 12, 14, 48,
Melilotus, 48.

Monolepis, 11, 12, 14, 16, 33, 48.
Nasturtium, 49.

Nepeta, 49.

(Enothera, 11, 49.

Onagra, 49.

Panicum, 7, 12, 14, 49.
Pastinaca, 49.

Plantago, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 49, 50.
Poa, 50.

Polygonum, 14, 16, 17, 50, 51.
Portulaca, 26, 51.

Rumex, 12, 15, 17, 20, 51, 52, 53.
Salsola, 7, 15, 53, 54, 55, 56,
Saponaria, 17, 25, 56, 57.
Senecio, 56.

Silene, 56.

Sisymbrium, 7, 11, 12, 15, 58, 59.
Solanum, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 59, 60, 61.
Sonchus, 16, 60.

Spergula, 60.

Stellaria, 60.

Suckleya, 60, 62.

Symphytum, 62.

Taraxacum, 15, 62, 63.
Thlaspi, 63.

Tragopogon, 18, 63.

Urtica, 15, 63.

Verbascum, 15, 64,

Verbena, 12, 15, 64.

Veronica, 64.

Vicia, 66.

Xanthium, 12, 13, 15, 41, 64, 65.

WEEDS OF MONTANA.

69

INDEX OF POPULAR NAMES.

Alfalfa Dodder, 38. [Fig. 9].

Alfilaria, 66,

Arnica, 41.

Barnyard Grass, 4°.

Bazzle-weed, 43.

Beggar-ticks, 14, 39.

Birdseed, 14, 16, 45.

Black Henbane, 43.

Black Mustard, 14, 30.

Brome-grass, 31.

Buffalo-bur, 15,316, 60.

Burdock, 14, 27, 53.

Butterfly-weed, 40.

Canada Thistle, 6, 8, 9, 14, 15, 16, 19,
20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 36. [Fig. 7].

Careless-weed, 16, 26, 40. [Fig. 11].

Carpet-weed, 6, 40. °

Carrot, 5, 30.

Catchfly, 56.

Catnip, 49.

Charlock, 31.

Cheat , Chess, 16, 31.

Chick weed, 9, 20, 60.

Chicory, 34. [F ig, 6].

Chinese Lettuce, 45. [Fig 12].

Cockle, 9, 17, 25, 56, 67. [Fig. 16].

Comfrey, 62.

Cone-flower, 15, 45.

Corn Cockle, 25.

Cottonweed, 14, 39.

Cow Cockle, 56; see “Cockle,”

Crabgrass, 49.

Cranesbill, 41.

Creeping Ragweed, 26.

Cucklebur, 15, 24, 41, 64. [ Fig. 21].

Curly-leaved Dock, 15, 53.

Dandelion, 6, 7, 9, 15, 19, 20, 62. [Fig. 19].

Dead Nettle, 45.

Deadly Nightshade, 59.

Dock, 6, 7, 53.

Dodder, 38. | Fig. 9].

_ Dog-fennel, 14, 27, 48.

Downy brome-grass, 31.

Draba, 38.

Dragon-head, 38.

Dwarf Lupine, 16, 46.

Evening Primrose, 49.

False flax, 16, 31.

Field Draba, 3s.

Field Spurry, 60.

Fiela Thistle, 36,

Fireweed, 7, 39, 40.

Foxtail, 14. 15, 42. [ Fig. 10].

Giant Ragweed, 44. [Fig. 11].

Gocsegrass, 50,

Ground Ivy, 40.

Groundsel, 56.

Hedge Mustard, 15, 59.

Henbane, 43.

Hogweed, 26.

Honey Clover, 48.

Horehound, 14, 48.

Horseradish, 49.

Horseweed, 7, 9, 14, 16, 17, 24, 27, 40, 44.
(Fig. 2].

Hound’s-tongue, 38.

Hyssop, 43.

Indian Pink, 14, 16, 35.

Ironweed, 16, 19, 24, 28, 39.

Jerumsalem Oak, 14, 32.

Kale, 14, 30.

Knotgrass, 6, 14, 50,

Lamb’s-quarter, 32, 33. [ Fig. 5].

Liquorice, 41.

Little Lupine, 16; see “Dwarf Lupine”’.

Lupine, 16, 19, 46.

Mallow, 47.

Maple-leaved Goosefoot, 14, 33.

Mayweed, 27.

Milfoil, 15, 25.

Milkweed, 6, 7, 16, 17, 19, 24, 44.

Morning-glory, 37.

Motherwort, 45.

Moth-mullein, 66.

70

Mountain Thistle, 36.

Monse-ear Chick weed, 20, 32,

Moilein, 15, 64.

Mustard, 30; see “Black Mustard”.

Native Plantain, 49.

Nettle, 63. [Fig. 20]. .

Nightshade, 59.

Osk-ieaved Goosefoot, 33.

Orache, 7, 28.

Ox-eyed Daisy, 33.

Oyster plant, 63,

Parsnip, 49.

Pennyeress, 7, 63.

Pepper-grass, 45.

Pigweed, 7, 14, 16, 26.

Pigweed Purseley, 6, 14, 15, 26.

Pin clover, 65.

Plantain, 6, 9, 14, 15, 19, 20, 50.

Poverty-weed, 14, 16, 19, 24, 33, 43, 48,

Prairie Beans, 46.

Priekley Lettuce, 45. [Fig. 12].

Purseley, 24, 26, 51.

Radish, 5, 30,

Ragweed, 7, 9, 14, 16, 24, 26, 40.

Rayless Dogfennel, 14, 48.

Red Pigweed, 14, 33.

Ribdgrass, 50.

Rosin-weec, 15, 20, 41.

Running Mallow, 46.

Russian Thistle, 7, 8, 16, 20, 22, 22, 53,
m4, 55, | Fig. 15].

Salsify, 15, 63.

Sandwort, 14.

Seotch Bull Thistle, 8, 14, 20, 22, 23, 36,
37.{Fig. 8].

Sheep Sorrel, 6, 15,
{[Fig. 14]

Shepherd’s-purse, 14, 16, 32.

Skeleton-weed, 46, 47. [Fig. 13).

Slough-grass, 42. [ Fig. 10].

Small Tarweed, 46.

Smartweed, dl.

Snow on the Mountain, 40.

Sow ‘Thistle, 7, 9, 16, 60.

Spurge, 17; see “Carpet- weed”.

17, 19, 20, 51, 52.

THE MONTANA EXPERIMENT STATION.

Squirrel-tail Grass, 42. [ Fig. LOT.

Stinkweed, 38, 60.

Stinging Neitle, 15, 63. | Fig. 20].

Strawberry Blite, 33.

suntlower, 6, 7, 9, 14, 16, 17 18, 20, 41, 42.

Sweet Clover, 7, 48.

Tall Ragweed, 27. [ Fig. 2].

Tall Tarweed, 66. :

Tansy Mustard, 15, 58.

Tarweed, 14, 46, 66.

Thistle, 6, 7, 8, 15, 16, 19, 36.

Thorny Cucklebur, 65.

Tickseed, 14, 39.

Trailing Vervain, 64.

Tumble-grass, 7, 14, 49.

Tumble- weed, 6, 7, 14, 15, 25. [ Fig. 1].

Tumbling Mustard, 7, 18, 20, 58, 59,
[ Fig. 17].

Turnip, 5, 30.

Vetch, 66.

Vervain, 6, 15, 64.

White Melilot, 48.

White Sage, 16, 28.

Wild Arnica, 41.

Wild Asparagus, 16, 19, 46, 47. [ Fig. 13].

Wiid Buckwheat, 16, 17, 51.

Wild Hollyhock, 48.

Wild Lettuce, 14, 44.

Wild Liquorice, 6, 16, 19, 41.

Wild Morning-glory, 6, 19, 37.

Wild Mustard, 6, 7,9, 14, 16,
31. [Fig. 4].

Wild Oat, 6, 9, 16, 17, 18, 20, 28, 29. [Fig.
3 |.

Wild Potato, 15, 16. [Fig. 18].

Wild Tansy, 25.

Wild Tomato, 6, 60, 61. [Fig. 18].

Wild Turnip, 5, 30.

Willow-leaved Dock, 15, 53.

Woolly Plantain, 15.

Wormwood, 14, 16, 28.

Yardgrass, 50.

Yellow Evening Primrose, 49.

18, 20, 30,

Yellow Melilot, 48.

Yellow Thistle, 60.

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