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APRIL. 18809. WHoLe No. 42.

+ Nmerieay + Scientist,

nt

i popular review and record for the Pacific Coast.
ffi ic an acta of the San Diego Society of Natural History.

aoa ORCUTT, - +: EDITOR.

CONTENTS:

PAGE

3 ee tee ceed sseewtae.. George William Barnes, M.D. 1
sids « Lower Paar Ha le ale coe eco CR Orcutt 4
i g Lepidoptera. eseaccevers..fvank E. Blaisdell, 6
scri p a nS: iad New Genera and Hae of Chara-

ee:
-
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= 2
$
= 8
“J

‘lo oe Custer County, Paden a r D. A. Cockerell, 10

r Abalone Fisheries; Colorado Beetles; Pro-
) | Scientific Societies; San Diego Society of

JT ‘5 LS SAS A BORGER MERE G STILE, Re oi MRT REE om
MAS i she Kui pha ewe Smee wee hee eee hee eae we Bene + T3
Steere Se eee Er LA gat ek MN eee ids) Ra val aig tale Vika wee file (pid 15

fA Es Or ee ee a ee ee) 17

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eee rere ee ee eee ee eee ee eer eee ee ee ee eee we eee ee ee he 19

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THE West AMERICAN SclENTIs?.

Vor. VI. APRIL, 1880. No. 42

CREMATION.

(Read before the San Diego Society of Natural History, March 1, 1889.)
BY GEORGE WILLIAM BARNES, M. D.

Having been asked for some expression upon the subject of
cremation, I beg the privilege of submitting, briefly, a very few of
the many and weighty reasons I have for favoring incineration in
preference to inhumation of the dead. :

First: reasons based on sanitary grounds are most potent. The
earth is the most convenient depository for putting out of sight
whatever is offensive or deleterious or cannot be tolerated above
its surface. The soil is not, however, always destructive, but
often preservative of the products o animal and vegetable decom-
position. It is more than a probability that pestilential diseases
are by earth-burial transmitted from one generation to another,
and thus perpetuated indefinitely. Ifthe seeds of plants can be
preserved for centuries, and then under favoring conditions be -
made to germinate and reproduce their kind, so thegerms of con-
‘tagious disease after having been entombed for ages may be
warmed into life under suitable environment, and spread contagion
among the living. To this source may often be attributed the
sudden outbreak of epidemics and the occurrence of forms of
disease not previously known in the locality. Evidence is not
wanting that bodies which had perished from infectious disease
on being exhumed or the products of their decomposition dis-
turbed many years after interment have communicated the same
disease to the living.

A full acceptance of modern theories of germ etiology need
not be implied in the belief that from this Pandora’s box or
mummy dust a flood of evils may desolate the land.

If phosphorescent and gaseous emanations may ascend from
decaying bodies through a considerable stratum of earth, whether
harmless in themselves or not, they may be the vehicles for con-
veying the seeds of disease to the living. In view, therefore, of
the frequency with which such products of decay are disturbed
and brought to the surface by voluntary and accidental agencies
there are the strongest reasons for the conclusion that the sum of
human suffering and the records of mortality are largely swelled
by these influences.

2 The West American Sczenttst.

Cemeteries are a growing evil and a danger. They encroach
upon the domain of living men and their uses. They pollute the
air and the water. One generation of men revels out its little life
upon the earth, passes away and gives place to a succeeding one.
But cemeteries seem designed to endure forever. Fifty millions
of people in our own land walk the earth to-day. Where shall.
they be laid, and where the millions of the next succeeding gen-
erations? The moving tides of living humanity will be turned

from their channels to give way to the advancing armies of the
dead.

Says Sir Henry Thompson, ‘‘No dead body is ever placed in
the soil without polluting the earth, the air and the water above
and about it.”’

The experiments of Pasteur and others have shown that earth-
worms bring to the surface myriads of bacteria from the bodies
of decomposing dead. |

No successful means of counteracting these destructive agencies
have been discovered. All known disinfectants are under some
circumstances imperfect and unreliable, or of difficult or impossi-
ble application. Those upon which the greatest reliance has
been placed are too often only deodorants. The only true dis-
infectant is fire. Correct principles of cleanliness require that’
filth likely to become dangerous which cannot be otherwise per-
fectly destroyed, should be burned. The value of this principle
in the sanitation of cities, is so well recognized that methods are
being introduced of destroying by fire garbage and all animal
and vegetable substances liable to decay.

With the general adoption of cremation there would likely fol-
low relief of one of the burdens of society in funeral reform. |
While there is nothing in the process of incineration of bodies
calculated to detract from a becoming reverence for the ‘‘ mold
once hallowed by the Almighty’s breath,’ it is calculated to de-
tract in some degree from the superstitious reverence now pre-
vailing for ‘‘this muddy vesture of decay which doth grossly close
us in,’ the barren casket trom which the gem-—the man himself
—has fled forever.

The method of cremation furnishes us with a residuum in the
ashes derived from the actual substance of the body of the de-
parted—a tangible memento—which may be inurned and pre-
served with all the care and reverence and adorned with all the
beauty which a refined taste can suggest. The preservation of
such a memento in the case of earth burial would be impractica-
ble and most undesirable.

Every consideration of value is in favor of cremation. Objec-
tions to it are of sentiment and not of reason. They exist usually

Cremation. 2

-only in the minds of those who have scarcely contemplated the
‘subject. In such minds it seems associated with the fagot, the
‘funeral pyreand the rude processes of the ancients. In imagina-
‘tion the dead body is still endowed with sensation, and in the
“crematorium are kindled anew the fires of the inquisition. The
»modern method accomplished by suitable apparatus has so little
-similarity to those heretofore practiced as to constituteit a very dif-
‘ferent process. The latter is conducted with all due regard to the
‘most tender sensibilities of the friends of the deceased, and though
‘carried on in the midst of a densely populated neighborhood, and
‘in the presence of such spectators as may be permitted to witness
iit, there is nothing in it to shock or offend the senses.

The body enveloped in a sheet saturated with a solution of
‘alum or asbestos is placed by delicately acting machinery ina
retort at white heat—2000° to 2500° Fahrenheit—and is quickly
-and beautifully diffused in the air without visible flame or vapor,
.all gases being consumed in the retort.

Contemplate fora moment the beauty of this transformation
‘compared with the stages of slow decay,through which the buried
body is compelled to pass in order to reach the same end,through
oxidation, which, in either case, is.a combustion by which it is
returned ‘‘earth to earth, ashes to ashes and dust to dust.” In
the latter case we contemplate the forms of loved ones presenting
spectacles too shocking to desire to witness or to permit the
thoughts to dwell upon; the ghastly remains of poor mortality
being even more repulsive by contrast with the pomp of funeral
pageant and the gaudy trappings of the grave.

There is some force, it is admitted, in the objection, the only
plausible one to cremation, that it would destroy evidences of
crime which might be obtained by the exhumation of bodies.
But instances are so rare of conviction of criminals brought about
by evidence thus obtained that the preservation of bodies in the
earth with their dangers to the living would hardly be justifiable
on that account. Ina portion of the instances in which poison
has been detected in the exhumed body, it was impossible to
determine whether it had been introduced into it before death or
after it, to thwart the ends of justice. Notwithstanding official
vigilance and the rigid application of legal processes, a very large
proportion of the criminals of our country go unwhipped of jus-
tice. It were better that a few more should escape the penalty
due to their crimes than that thousands of innocent children
should perish. ,

Death should be robbed of all its terrors. The shabbiest of
fears that weigh upon the minds of many who approach the
dark valley are those of premature burial and body snatching. ©
They may be dissipated as perfectly as can the body be.

4 The West American Scientist.

We might well exclaim with Goethe:

‘“O for the wise custom of the ancients to dissolve
- The perfect, the sublime dignity of human form,

Which nature earnestly and slowly built,

After the spirit, the efficient has been severed,

By the action of purest flame.

O treasure up in a most precious urn

The dull remains of ashes and of bones,

That these arms, in vain extended,

May hold but something that unto this heart,

Which anxiously is yearning into empty space,

I still may press what is its melancholy own.”

THE GOLD FIELDS OF LOWER CALIZOLRAT SE:

The present excitement in San Diego, in fact throughout

Southern California, over the reports of remarkably rich dis-
coveries of gold in Lower California placer mines, will render any
information on this subject of popular interest, even if not of real
scientific value.

The gold belt of Lower California, it the whole of the penin-
sular is not to be included in a general way, may be said to ex-
tend from near the United States boundary, south along the
mountains for two hundred or more miles, and an average of fifty
miles in width.

The old Juarez district lies some forty miles southeast of
Campo, and comprises many thousands of acres of auriferous
land, only a few hundred of acres of which has been even par-
tially worked or prospected. For possibly half a century these
Juarez placers have been worked ina primitive way by Mexicans,
Indians, and a few stragglers from the outside world, though at one
time several hundred men were employed in digging the gold.

These mines are located on broad table lands on the top of ~

the mountain system of the peninsula, with numerous depressions
and broad, shallow valleys, where the miners were usually most
successful. The mines consisted mainly of square holes dug from
two to five or six feet in depth, from which the lower layer of

clay-like soil was taken, and either carried a few miles to water

and washed out, or the water would be brought to the mine
in casks and used over and over until a new supply became

necessary. This slow and wasteful way of working the mines -

yielded the workmen from two dollars a day upwards, the aver-
age yield perhaps exceeding four dollars, but at present, or when
I last visited this district, less than a dozen men were engaged in
the work. I have myself washed gold out of the soil in these
mines, and it would be difficult to find ground that would not
yield at least a color in the whole of this vast district. |
Another equally extensive district is that east of the old Han-
son ranch, similar in general character, in fact, an extension of it,
but ata higher elevation being nearly six pus feet above the

eee

The Gold Fields of Lower California. 5

sea. Quite a camp was once established at this point, but owing
to the propensity of the miners for stealing cattle from Mr. Han-
son, the camp was finally destroyed and prospectors given little
chance to learn the true value of the district.

Other placers similar in character to the above are to be found
throughout this gold belt, back of San Rafael and San Quintin,
in various directions, but none of them have been well pros-
pected or worked by any experienced miners. The extent and
richness of these large tracts of land cannot therefore be foretold.
Doubtless, many fortunes await those lucky few who may first
prospect the gulches leading from the placers, or who may
select carefully their claims. If the reports now in circulaticn
prove reliable, this discovery exceeds any made in the days of ’49.

The gold belt may be said to be bounded on the north by San
Diego County, though gold is found in nearly all parts of San
Diego County in greater or less quantity; on the east the Colo-
rado desert is a sufficient barrier for the present, until transporta-
tion can be provided, while no southern limit is known, though
we may for convenience limit it to the peninsular range, ending
in the San Pedro mountain, about which our interests in the
gold developments must center. We may expect all sides of
this great mountain and its dependencies to be thoroughly pros-
pected in the near future, and no one need be surprised at some
rich developments.

The discovery of these rich placers, though they may be limited
possibly in extent, will result in the rapid development of the
mineral resources of this important territory. Even if the present
excitement is doomed to be short lived, we shall not see the day
when the placers of the peninsula will become wholly exhausted.

But it is not to the placers that we shall look for the greatest
returns, but to the ultimate discovery and development of the
many quartz veins known to exist below the line.

Promising quartz mines are now being developed at Los
Cruzes, at San Rafael, and near the Santa Rosalie Bay, two
hundred miles south of the first named, while numerous valuable
quartz veins are being denounced (located) around the Santa
Clara placer mines, around which the present excitement centers.
The Santa Clara placers are 150 miles from San Diego, and
already boast a mining camp variously estimated at from 300 to
2,000 population, where no one has been previously living,
while all the surrounding: towns are reported as virtually de-
serted.

If the reports continue favorable, the editor will debate the
question—which is the mightier, the pick or the pen? and give
our readers the latest news from the mines.

C. RR. 'Orcull,

6 The West American Scientist.

TINTS ABOUT KILLING LEPIDOPTEn Ay

It is important when collecting insects, to preserve their form,
color, and scale-covering. With Lepidoptera the importance of
such care is evident. Many rare and desirable specimens are
found to be, when captured, more or less diverted of their hypo-
dermal coloration; such individuals should always be preserved
until replaced by better.

Avoid hastily kiliing by pinching, as such a procedure
destroys the symmetry and relative position of the parts so
treated. Do not unthinkingly and carelessly grasp the wings;
but, on the contrary, handle gently with forceps or fingers, being
careful to grasp the sides of the thorax from the under surface of
the insect without applying too great compression; the append-
ages may often be utilized for this same purpose. The main ob-
ject being to preserve the natural appearance of the specimens for
study, and to give a neatness and perfectness to the collection,
which always reflects great credit upon the collector.

The use of chloroform, ether and cyanide of potassium as
agents for destroying life is not entirely satisfactory, as a rigidity
is imparted to the muscular structures, rendering a quick and
easy manipulation difficult, owing to the persistency of the posi-
tions assumed at death.

Exposure to the vapor of aqua ammoniae produces complete
flexibility, with the objection that it requires too long a time to
suffocate the larger species and the liability to bleach and destroy
the animal colors. An agent which will quickly kill and impart
relaxation to the muscles is a desideratum of great importance to
the collector of these fragile and delicately tinted insects. Such a
result can be obtained by the combined action of aqua ammoniae
and cyanide of potassium.

Every coilector of Lepidoptera should have two or three wide
mouthed bottles or jars of different sizes—-the smaller to receive
the micro-lepidoptera; the larger ample enough to contain the
larger species of Sphingidze and Bombycidz. Each jar or bot-
tle should be prepared in the following manner: First place a
layer of cotton in the bottom thoroughly saturated with the am-
monia, over this is to be placed a thicker layer of dry cotton,
upon which the potassium should be placed and the whole sur-
mounted by another mass of cotton, covered by a piece of thick
paper, previously punctured and neatly fitted into the bottle in
such a way as to hold the cotton in place.

The jars should at no time be long inverted. It is best to pre-
pare them a couple of weeks before using, then add a fresh sup-
ply of ammonia, and a good result can be expected.

Such is my method for killing Lepidoptera, and I have had
excellent success, as shown by the rapidity with which I can
mount my specimens, with the removal of scales reduced to a
minimum. F. £. Blaisdell.

CoRONADO, Jan. 6th, 1889.

Preliminary Descriptions of Characinide. 7

PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES
AND GENERA OF CHARACINIDAE.

CURIMATINAE.

. South American Characinidae with greatly convoluted intesti-
nal canal, short dorsal fin, and imperfect dentition. Limnopha-
gons. :

Division I. Teeth nour.

Psectrogaster gen. nov.-—Post ventral region trenchant, the
scales of each side with a narrow margin bent over the ventral
ridge and terminating medially in a spiniform process. Preventral
region rounded, predorsal region scaled. Scales 50-60. Typr.
_ Psectrogaster rhomboides sf. nov.—? Curimatus cyprinoides,
Steind. Flussfische Sudam. II 34, 1881 (Rio Putz). Types: Nos.
20,303, 20,304 and 20,306. Over fifty specimens collected by O.
St. John in the Rio Putz. No. 20,310, one specimen from San
- Goncallo.

It is our opinion that Dr. Strindachner erroneously identified
specimens with a serrate belly with the Salmo cyprinoids
Linnaeus. But whether cyprinoides has a serrate belly or not, the
specimens from the Rio Putz are quite different from those from
the Amazon, to which the name cyprinoids would have to be
restricted. Air bladder tapering backward, its tip extending to
origin of anal fin. Origin of dorsal about equidistant between
tip of snout and base of upper caudal fulcra. Depth 2%-2 3-5.
Bap 34-58. .

Psectrogaster amozonica sp. nov.—Types: many specimens
from Teffe, I¢a, Tabatinga; Obidos, Fonteboa, Lago: Alexo,
Jutahy, Tonantins, Sautarem, Hyavary, Curnpira. Air bladder
attennate backward, its tip reaching the end of the anal fin.
Origin of dorsal about equidistant from tip of snout, and from
tip to adipose fin. Depth about 2%. Lat. 1. 49-56.

Curimatopsis microlepis sf. nov.—Type: No. 20,344. One
spec:men collected by M. Navez at Jatuarana. Lateral line
developed on about twelf scales. Anterior dorsal rays prolonged,
reaching adipose fin.

Light brown with iridescent metalic reflections. Margins of
the jaws and inner surface of the lower jaw dark brown. Head
ae depth 234-34.- D. 11-12; A; 11, Lat. 1. 60.

The only other known species of this genus has but 30 scales
in the lateral line.

CURIMATUS. : :
1. Species with the caudal scaled to its tip. Curimatus serpae
sp.nov. Types. No. 20,320 four specimens from Serpa. 7
Predorsal region sharply keeled to the occipital crest. Head

&

8 The West American Sczentist.

3%-3 2-5; depth 3; scales 6, 39-41-5; color of stbueahe and
meyer. Curimatus lepidurus Sp. Nov.

Type: No. 20,291 and 20,292. Five specimens collected by
C. F. Hartt in the San Francisco below its fall.

Predorsal region with a distinct median and indistinct lateral
keels. Sides and lower parts yellowish, back bluish, each scale
of the sides with a narrow median line of golden. Head 3%;
depth 214-23 ; scales 9-43 to 45 Fe

C. H.. and R. S. Eigenmann.

A NEW FLORIDA BULIMULUS.

BULIMULUS HEMPHILLI, sp. nov., Fig. 449 of Binney’s
Manual of American Land Shells, Bulletin U. S. National Mu-
seum, No. 28.

Shell imperforate, very thin, transparent, amber colored and
marked by coarse lines of growth; body whorl with six revolv-
ing and slightly interrupted brownish-red bands; the lower two
being close together and upon the rounded base, spire obtuse,
whorls five, slightly convex, the body whorl constituting two-
thirds ot the entire length of the shell. Suture slight, base uni-
formally and gracefully rounded. Aperture direct and oval,
peristome thin. ‘Jaw and lingual dentition that of nitelinus”’
(B. Serperastris Says).” Dr. Binney. Length, 19 inches, diam-
eter, 8 inches. Hab. both coasts of South Florida.

Remarks: Mr. Henry Hemphill of San Diego, Cal., first
found a few dead and badly preserved specimens of this shell
in 1384 at Marco, West Coast of Florida. From these, Dr. Bin-
ney thought them identical with B. Floridanus, Pf. (See Manual
of American Land Shells, 1885.) Numerous specimens collected
during the past summer by the author and Mr. G. W. Webster
and son, prove beyond a doubt that this is not identical with the
shell figured and described on page 407 of Dr. Binney’s Manual.
The B. Hemphilli is more ventricose, not angular at base, imper-
forate, differs in color, and in fact, there is.a general difference,

| Berlin Hl. Wright.
LAKE HELEN, FLA.

DESCRIPTION OF NEW NEMATOGNATHOID
FISHES. FROM BRAM:

MICROLEPIDOGASTER, G. NOV.

Type: Microlepidogaster perforated, sp. nov.

This genus is closely related to Octocinclus, differing from that
genus in the armature of the belly and in the position of the dor-
sal fin.

Description of New Nematognathoid Fishes trom Brazil 9

Those genera of Plecostomine. destitute of an ‘‘adispose’’ dor-
sal fin, may be distinguished by the following key:

(a.) Temporal plate perforate. (Species of small size.)

(4.) Ventral surface covered by three series of large plates;
dorsal fin inserted over the origin of the ventrals.

| ; Octocinclus.

(66.) Ventral surface covered by minute granular plates;
dorsal fin inserted far posterior to the ventrals, its origin equi-

distant from tip of snout and base of caudal.
Microlepidogaster.

(aa.) Temporal plate imperforate.

(c.) Ventral surface covered by about three series of large
plates. (Species of small size.) fFfisonotus. (*

(cc.) Ventral surface naked or covered by minute granular
plates. (Usually species of large size. )

(d.) Margin of the snout granular. i Rhinelepis.
(dd.) Margin of the snout with spines; lateral. plates isolate.
Acanthicus.

Microlepidogaster perforatus sp. nov.

Type: No. 8,182; one specimen. .032 m. to base of caudal.
Rio Carandahy, Brazil. :

Broad and depressed anteriorly, the depth less than the width.
Head broad, depressed, its depth Jittle more than two in its
length to the end of temporal plate; its width 1% in its length.
Snout narrow, pointed ; loreal region concave. Eye 4 in snout,
8% in head; interorbital concave, equal to the post-orbital por-
tion of the head.

All of the plates hispid, most so on the tail, not keeled. Belly
entirely covered with small granular plates to between the ven-
trals. Lat. 1. 27.

Rhinelepis lophophanes sp. nov.

Type: No. 8,164; one specimen .o18 m. to base of caudal.
Santa Cruz, Brazil. Collected by Dom Pedro II.

Greatest depth equal to the greatest width. Occipital with
three strong spiniferous ridges, a short median one and two —
longer lateral ones ; similar crests extending from posterior mar-
gin of orbit to edge of temporal plate. Nasal pits margined by
spiniferous ridges. Lower surface of head naked, margined by
a series of recurved spines. Coracoid and scapula granular;
belly with a small granular plate between posterior margins of
ventrals; a larger plate behind the pectoral. Lateral and. dorsal
plates keeled. D. BF, 6; Wat. 122:

This species differs widely from the other species of Rhinelepis
as may be seen from the following comparison:

a. Ventral surface mostly naked.
*) Gen. Nov. in press.

to The West American Scientist.
6. Lateral plates not keeled; head not crested.
Parahybae.
66. Lateral plates all keeled ; occipital with three crests.
Lophophanes.

(aa.) Ventral surface entirely granular.

(c.) Eye 6-6% in, the head to end of occipital plate; head
arched above; opercle and interopercle with spiny margins; lateral
plates keeled; surface of all the plates entirely covered with spi-

niferous ridges. _ Agassizit.
(cc.) Eye small, 10 or more in the head; head flattish above;
lateral plates not keeled. Aspera.

The specimens belong to the Museum of Comparative
Zoology at Cambridge, Mass., and the numbers given refer to

the catalogue of the Museum.
C. H. & R. S. Eigenmann.

NOTES ON THE FLORA OF CUSTER COUNTY,
COLORADO. 1m

TOWNSENDIA SERICEA HOOK.—Common on the prarie, one
of the earliest flowers of the year. It is also recorded from Fre-
mont Co., and Miss M. Sidford has collected it at Colorado
Springs, El Paso Co.

SOLIDAGO MISSOURIENSIS NUTT.—Abundant at about 8,400
feet. The larvce of the beetle (Trirhabda flavolineatus) feed
upon it. These larvoe, which have not previously been de-
scribed, are about twelve millimetres long, moderately stout,
with all the segments approximately of equal size. The head is
very dark brown and shiny. The body is a dark metallic
greenish blue, pale yellowish green beneath, sparsely hairy with
short hairs, and having a row of raised tubercles on each side,
one on each segment. The legs are black, pale at their bases.

ASTER Loevis, L., VAR SIMPLEX.—This answers to the de-
scription of loevis, except that the flower head has only 17 to 18
rays. It is locally abundant at about 8,400 feet. A*cidium
compositarum, mart. is found upon its leaves. :

ERIGERON RADICATUS, Hook.—Common on the prairie, and
flowers early in the year.

ANTENNARIA DISICA, Goertn—Very abundant in open ground,
and very variable. The ordinary form has white flowers, but a
var. rosea is not unfrequent, in which the flower heads appear of
a beautiful pink color.

GYMNOLOMIA MULTIFLORA, (Nutt.)—Abundant; the homop-
terous insect, Publilia modesta uhler, occurred upon it in great
abundance just in front of my house. I also found G. multiflora

e
Notes on the Flora of Custer Co., Colorado.—I1l. ras

in Delta and Mesa counties. Bombus rufocinctus, cress, visits
its flowers in Custer Co.

ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM, L.—Exceedingly abundant in Cus-
ter County, and known also from the following counties:
Pueblo, Routt, Fremont, Lake, Eagle, Garfield, Mesa, Summit,
Delta, Gunnison, El Paso and Saguache. I have found Can-
_tharis compressicornis on its flower heads in Custer Co., also
Trichodes ornatus.

SENECIO FEUDLERI, Gray.—Frequent in open ground.

_TROXIMON AURANTIACUM, Hook.—Not rare at about 8,400
feet, but I fonnd it more commonly in Delta Co.

CAMPANULA ROTUNDIFOLIA, L.—abundant, and also found in
Mesa, Delta and Summit counties. There is a variety which
has white flowers, and it is a most singular fact, first noticed by
Mrs. M. E. Cusack, that these turn blue in drying for the her-
barium. Campanula uniflora, L., and C. planiflora, Eng., also
occur in Custer Co.

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS UVA-URSI, Spreng.—Covering large tracts
of ground in the woods, begins to flower in the latter part of
April. A var. alba, with the flowers white, and smaller than the
type, occurs rarely. The ordinary form was also found in Pueblo
and Summit counties, and Miss M. Sidford reports it from Colo-
rado Springs, El Paso Co.

PyROLA SECUNDA, L.—Not unfrequent in the mountains.

_DODECATHEON MEADIA VAR. ALPINUM, Gray.—In the mount-
ains, to 11,000 ft., abundant.

ANDROSACE SEPTENTRIONALIS, L., and A. occidentalis,
Pursh.—Abundant about the edge of the timber and in clearings
at 8,200 to 8,500 ft.

PRIMULA PARRYI, Gray.--Very frequent high up on the
range. The smaller species, P. angustifolia, Torr., was found at
over 11,000 ft., but so far, only on the other side—in Sagnache
County.

PRIMULA FARINOSA, L.—Years ago, I received an example
of this species, collected by Mr. W. West at Malham, Yorkshire,
Eng., and always regarded it as one of my most interesting
specimens ; but I had never found it growing until June 12th,
1888, when I quite unexpectedly came across it in flower by the
roadside near Ula.. This seems to be the most southern locality
recorded for it in Colorado.

GENTIANA HUMILIS, Stev.—In damp meadows; begins to
flower about the middle of April. The flowers vary in colour
from nearly white (albescens) to blue (ccerulea).

GENTIANA SERRATA, Gunner.—Abundant and very conspic-
uous. Found also in Mesa and Summit counties.

=
72 The West American Scientist.

MERTENSIA OBLONGIFOLIA, Don., and M. alpina, Don.—Very
frequent at about 8,200 feet and upwards.

SOLANUM TRIFLORUM, Nutt.—A common garden weed ; also
met with in Pueblo Co.

SOLANUM ROSTRATUM, Dunal. The only locality in Custer
Co. is in the eastern part, near to the boundary of Pueblo Co.
It probably does not occur even as high as 7,000 ft.

PENTSTEMON ACUMINATUS, Dougl.—Very common at about
8,300 ft., in open ground.

APHYLLON FASCICULATUM, Gray.—-On the prairie, at about
8,000 ft. T. D. A. Cockerelt.
WEsT CLIFF. CUSTER Co., COLO.

BRIEF ARTICLES.

Our ABALONE FISHERIES.—It is estimated that some three
hundred tons of the shells of the abalone were shipped from
San Diego during the past year. Fifty tons were handled by
Mr. A. Wentscher in January of the present year, but this does
not indicate an increase in the trade. The greater portion of
these shells are collected on the coast of Lower California. The
' Chinese are the principal gatherers, notwithstanding they are
prohibited by Mexican laws. The shells are sold at $20 to $35
per ton, according to the quality, and the dried meat of this
mollusk, which is in great demand in China, brings $110 per ton.
The species mainly collected in this vicinity (San Diego) are
Ualiotis splendens, Rve., and H. cracherodii, Leach, with occas- —
ionally a few specimens of H. corrugata, Gray. The red abalone
(H. rufescens, Swains) seems to be most abundantly obtained at
Monterey. I have never seen it at San Diego, though I have
found it on the Lower Californian coast at the Santo Tomas
landing. C. R. Orcutt.

CoLorRADO BEETLES.—I recently sent Dr. John Hamilton,
among other Coleoptera, a couple of species collected by Plateau
Creek, near Eagalite, Mesa Co., Colo., on Sept. 20, 1887. One
of them proves to be Trechus micans, Lec. (= Chalybeus Mann.)
while the other is identified somewhat doubtfully as the @ of
Eleodes quadricollis, Esch. Dr. Hamilton writes : ‘The Eleodes
quadricollis 9 ? agrees exactly with the 9? of that species from
near San Diego, Calif., in my collection, but as the females of
same species are almost inseparable without the @ belonging, and
E. quadricollis having never been recorded from Colorado, this
may be an abnormal 9 of E. extricata.’ Later, he writes that
E. quadricollis has been recorded in the report of Wheeler’s
Survey from South Park and Pagosa (Park and Archuleta
» counties), so mine will be only a new county record.

T. D. A. Cockerell.

Proceedings of Scientific Societies. —Bibliogrrphy. Ve
PROCEEDINGS OF SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES.

THE SAN DikEco Society oF NaturAL History.—March 1,
1889. Geo. William Barnes, M. D., on Cremation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

I. B. Ettis and B. M. EvERHART. New species of Fungi.—
Journal of Mycology. October 1888, Pp. 97-107. Several west-
ern species are described as new, viz.—Parodiella fruticola, Sphee-
rella applanata, Peziza clavigera and Phoma mamillarice from
Montana; Spheerella spartince from Nebraska; and Dermatea
pruinosa from Colorado. The precise locality of D. pruinosa is
not given, but the type specimen was on the bark of Populus
tremuloides, in Western Custer County, at about 8,400 feet.

PED) AIC.

JAMEs CassiDy. Report of experiments with Potatoes and
Tobacco. Bull 4. Colorado Experiment Station. On p. 13,
Solanum tuberosum var. boreale is added to the flora of Colo-
rado. Attempts were made to cultivate it. DO ASC.

C. H. anD R. S. EIGENMANN. New species of Cyprinodon
(C. nevadensis), from Inyo Co., Cal., Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2d
per, Vol. -1, 270. GRO,

THe NarTurRA.ist. No. 161, Dec., 1888. The December
number of this admirable periodical, devoted to the Natural
History of the North of England, contains some articles of
interest to the naturalist on this side of the water. On p. 354,
Mr. I. Cordeaux records the occurrence of an example of the
American Pectoral Sandpiper (Tringa maculata) on the York-
shire Coast—this being the fourth example which had been taken
in Yorkshire.

There is also a valuable Bibliography of Cryptogamic Botany
for the North of England, 1886 and 1887. It is remarkable how

many species we have in Western America which are common
also to England, and this resemblance is especially marked in

_ the mountain regions. Going somewhat casually through this

bibliography, we note the following species, for instance, common
to the North of England and Colorado: Thudium blandovii,
Bryum muhlenbeckii, Grimmia trichophylla, Mnium serratum,
Morchella esculenta, A®cidium compositarum, Dicranum fus-
cescens, Cladophora glomerata, Draparnaldia plumosa, Solorina
saccata, Hedwigia ciliata) Hypnum eugyrium, Iungermannia
bantriensis, I. cordifolia, Funaria hygrometrica, Webera nutans,
Mnium punctatum, Amblystegium serpens, and A. radicale.
Digs pA. PC.

H. 1. Etwes exhibited a number of butterflies, collected in
California and Yellowstone Park, at a meeting of the Entomol-
ogical Society of London, Eng.; among them was the species |

Id The West American Scientist.

known as Erebia haydenti, Edw., which, however, Mr. Elwes
considered would prove to be a Coenonympha. “ Entomologists’
Monthly Magazine,” Nov., 1888, p. 144. Sieg Oe ASG:

C. H. MERRIAM diate: a new fox, Vulpes macrotis n. sp.,
from S. California. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 1888. :
LD. Ake
I. W. DouG.as describes a new species of Coccus, which he
calls C. agavium n. sp., in Ent. Mo. Mag., Dec., 1888, p. 150.
It was from an Agave which had been brought to England from
one of the Southern States. Search should be made for the
“white cottony matter’? on the under side of the leaves of
Agaves in California, Arizona, etc., in the hope of meeting with
this species. 7 IDRARC.

I. P. Norris. A series of eggs of Sitta pygmoea. Orn. and
Ool., Nov., 1888, p. 173. Nine sets described, one from Estes
Park, Colo., and the rest from Fort Klamath, Oregon.
Dp piles Cigale

Cuas. F. Morrison. A list of the Birds of Colorado. Ovrnithol-
ogist and Oologist, Oct., 1888, p. 145; Nov., p. 165. This valu-
able list, of which the first two parts have appeared, was com-
piled for the Colorado Ornithological Association (now the Colo-
rado Biological Association). It gives full and interesting details
respecting every species of bird at present known from Colorado.
The only omissions we note at present are of the entirely light
cream-colored aberration (might be called albescens) of Anas
boschas recorded by W. G. Smith in 1887, and two hybrid ducks
recorded by the same author, and referred to Querquedula
Cyanoptera x discors, and Anas strepera x Americana respec-
tively. PD ALG

I. P. Norris. Nesting of Otocoris alpestris strigata Orn. and
Ool., Nov., 1888, p. 162. On the nesting of this bird in Oregon;
description of the eggs. yg hy Oe

H. R. Tavtor. Nesting of the Golden Eagle. Ovn. and
_ Ool., Nov., 1888, p. 172. The nesting of Aquila Chrysaetus
‘canadensis in Santa Clara County, California. LAS aaa

CALIFORNIA STATE BOARD OF ForeEstrRY. The second bien-
nial report (1887-88) contains an essay on the “ Pines of the
Pacific Coast,’’ particularly those of California, by the State
botanist, J. G, Lemmon, accompanied by numerous artotype
illustrations of the cones, seeds, leaves and trees of the various
species treated. Of special interest is the recording on pages
106 and 111-112 of the discovery by T. S. Brandegee, on the
east (the shore) end of Santa Rosa Island of about 100 trees of
Pinus Torreyana, Parry—a species hitherto only known from a
very limited area at Delmar, San Diego County. Mr. Brandegee
does good work wherever he goes, and this discovery of his dur-
ing the past season (1888) is not the least important of his con-

Bibliography— Laditorial. 15

tributions to botanical science. The form of pinus Jeffreyi found

on the mountains in northern Lower California at an elevation of
about 4,000 feet received from Mr. Lemmon the varietal name
peninsularis. Ci CO,

C. C. Parry. Ceanothus, L., a synoptical list comprising 33
species, with notes and descriptions. Proc. Dav. Acad. Sciences,
V., 162-174. C. intricatus, from summit of Mt. Tamalpias,
Cait. (Curran); .C. Andersoni, Santa Cruz mountains (C. L.
Anderson, 1887); C. divergens, from Napa Valley, are the new
species described.. The white-flowered species from the mesas
of San Diego and Lower California, are generally distributed as
C. Cuneatus, Nutt., is referred to C. verruccosus, Nutt., instead.
What has generally been referred to C. sorediatus, Hook and
Am., from Southern California (and so disributed) Dr. Parry
speaks of as *‘ an aborescent form of C. hirsutus, Nutt., or possibly
an undescribed species.” Dr. Parry also reviews certain species
of Chorizanthe in an accompanying paper (pages 174-176), des-
cribing two new California species. (SMe eu OP

W. G. FaRLow. On some new or imperfectly known algae
of the United States.—I Bulletin Torr. Bot. Club, xvi, 1-12.
Several new species from the California coast are described,
with notes on others. ayhts O.

TropicAL AFRICA. By Henry Drummond, L. L. D., F.R.
See ei. New York, 24 East -4th-street:) The. Hum-
boldt Publishing Company. Price, fifteen cents. A work of
almost thrilling interest, giving an account of the authors ex-
periences and observations in a trip through some of the most
mysterious portions of the continent which is now attracting so
largely the attention of the public. It is very racily written, and
and the author is both graphic in his descriptive passages, and
witty in his observations The very interior life of the country,
where civilization has just begun to wrestle with barbarism, is
laid open. Much of the book is devoted to a discussion of the -
slave trade, which has depopulated whole regions of the conti-
nent; and Professor Drummond Is very anxious to see a com-
bination of European powers for the pupose of bringing it to an
en

BOITORIAL:

With this issue, Messrs. Samuel Carson & Company, 208 Post
street, San Francisco, California, assume the entire business
management of the WEST AMERICAN SCIENTIST and become its
publishers, the editorial management remaining unchanged.
Comment is unnecessary.

San Diego is entering upon a new era in the history of her re-
markable development, as a glance at a tew great enterprises
will abundantly demonstrate. The completion of the great

16 The West American Scienttst.

flume, at a cost of nearly a million dollars, by which the pure,
mountain water is brought to our doors, is an event worthy of
record, and one which was fittingly celebrated on Washington’s
birthday.—The building from San Diego of the Cuyamaca
Railroad through the interior of our county, traversing the
fertile valleys of El Cajon, Santa Maria, Ballena and others,
and rendering our great mineral belts easily accessible, is an-
other enterprise of which we may well feel proud, and by
which hundreds of miles of travel can be saved in our over-
land communications._-The new management of the Interna-
tional Company of Mexico is actively pushing forward the pre-
liminary work of the peninsula railroad in a way that inspires
confidence, notwithstanding the frequent disturbing rumors that
gain circulation.—The discovery of remarkably rich placer gold
mines about 50 miles from Todos Santos Bay, Lower California,
in the latter part of February, has created as great an excitement
as we have known since the collapse of wild real estate
speculations. The actual development of valuable quartz mines
below the line is still more encouraging.—-A new land and water
company has been formed to develop the eastern half of San
Diego County by providing irrigation for the 5,000,000 acres em-
braced in the plains known as the Colorado Desert. The cause
of humanity is not being neglected among these great enter-
prises. The Hospital of the Good Samaritan will soon be open
to all creeds, all nationalities, all physicians, and all ministers,”’
in the support of which San Diego will bring credit upon her-
self. —-Nearly a million of dollars has been provided by the will ot
the late James M. Pierce and by Bryant Howard and E. W.
Morse {for the establishment of a series of benevolent and educa-
tional institutions in our city, which will be open to all classes
and will provide for a boy’s and girl’s home, kindergartens, a
school of technology, and other equally worthy departments.——
The San Diego College, at Pacific Beach, the College of Fine
Arts of the University of Southern California, the Southwest In-
stitute, and other schools, are all active in providing for the
present and future educational needs of the country. In view of all
the above, in connection with the natural and commercial advan-
tages of San Diego one may be pardoned for predicting concerning
the future, but we will resist the temptation.—P. E. Truman, of
Dakota, has spent his winter vacation from his law practice in
collecting the lepidoptera of Southern California. He has
promised to contribute to these pages the results of his labors.—
The California Ornithological Association was to be organized at
the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, on February
oth. We hope to report some good work for them.—-We are
advised that a scientific association has been formed in Washing-
ton Territory, but we have been able to gather no details.—
Prof. D.'S. Jordan, -of”-Indiana, writes concerning “te ish
discovered on the Colorado Desert, and described in these pages

Lditorial—Notes and News. 17

(V. 2-4): ‘They are certainly Cyprinodon macularins, B, and
G.; C. Californiensis, a later name, may be based on young
males. The description is too poor to be certain,’~—-The editor
collected in January, at Todos Santos Bay, Lower California,
two species of coral, one, a small branching red species, and the
other apparently identical (though the specimens were much
smaller) with a species collected by J. J. Rivers, at Monterey,
in 1884 (Ballanophyllia elegans, Verrill)._-We have to acknowl-
edge the receipt of valuable publications from many sources,
and our thanks are especially due for such favors to Drs. C.
Pees. VW ohtuteldt, D.’S: Jordan and-C. A. Greene,
Messrs. Coulter & Rose, William Danbar, 1. D. A. Cock-
eeesereno Watson, Geo. FP. Kunz, ')..G. Lemmon, W. G.
Farlow, Wm. Trelease, Alexis A, Julien, G. W. Lichtenthaler,
F. A. Sampson, S. W. Davis and others.--An interesting paper
on cremation is presented in this issue from the pen of Geo.
William Barnes, M. D., who for so many years has been presi-
dent of the San Diego Society of Natural History. The subject
is worthy of careful consideration.--The Colorado Biological
Association is doing good work for that State under its able sec-
retary and our valued correspondent, Theo. D. A. Cockerell,
who assists us with our Bibliography, which will hereafter be an
important feature of this magazine.—-It is not improbable that
the WEsT AMERICAN SCIENTIST will be adopted by the Asso-
ciation as its official organ. We aim to make the magazine a
true representative of the scientific activity of societies and
individua!s in the West, and shall cordially welcome co-opera-
tion.—In- securing the services of experienced publishers,
with every facility for its regular and creditable appearance, the
SCIENTIST enters upon a new era of prosperity. Our magazine
was the first to be issued from the City of San Diego, but it is
distinctively West American—not local—in character, and it is
fitting that we should be equally represented in what are destined
to be the two greatest cities of the Pacific Coast. '

NOTES AND NEWS.

Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, who has been stationed for a number ot
years at Ft. Wingate, N. M., where he has done much valuable °
work for science, has returned to his home in Washington,
De: .

W. G. Wright is making the acquaintance of the butterflies of
Mexico, and will no doubt return with many new and beautiful
forms from the islands and coast of the Gulf of California, beside
adding otherwise to the fauna and flora of the regions visited. |

Three new species of fish have been added to our San Diego
fauna the present winter; and two others, one a rock cod
(Sebastichthys chlorostictus), previously known from Monterey

18 The West American Sctenttst.

northward, and the other a blue cod (Ophioden elongatus),
known from Alaska to Santa Barbara, have been taken in our
waters.

The U.S. Steamer Albatross will spend the larger part of
March and April in the Gulf of California, investigating the tem-
perature and depth of its waters to determine if the conditions
are favorable to the shad, which have been planted at the mouth
of the Colorado river. The scientific staff will study the shore
fauna of Lower Calitornia on their return.

C. H. and R. S. Eigenmann have devoted the winter to the
study of the embryology of our fish, especially of the herring,
the smelt, the rock cods (the young. of which had never been
described), and of the Embriaticoids of San Diego, the eggs of
which had never been seen before.

EK. W. Roper, of the Bay State, has collected neath 200
species of mollusks at San Diego during his six weeks’ visit,
and will visit other localities northward before his return East.
He visited Todos Santos Bay, Lower California, in January, in
company with the editor, where we found a rich harvest of
marine forms to gather.

Pupa Californica, Rowell, has been added to our fauna by the
editor, who finds it abundant under the dead decaying plants of
the Beach Strawberry (Mesembrianthemum aequilaterale, Haw.),
both at San Diego and at Ensenada, Lower California.

California is to have another observatory to be located near
Los Angeles in connection with the University of Southern Calt-
fornia. They will seek to surpass even our famous Lick
Observatory in power of lens. |

F, Stevens of Ballena visited us recently. He will ‘ranch it’
by proxy, and collect birds the present season.

Dr. Edward Palmer has been exploring the vicinity of San
Quintin Bay, Lower California, and has added somewhat to our
flora.

C. H. Townsend, C. H. Gilbert and Mr. Alexander of the
scientific staff of the Albatross, and C. H. Kigenmann, visited
Ensenada, Lower California, in February, returning overland.
The common fresh water terrapin (actinemys marmorata) was
the only thing reported to us as being collected.

Robert Douglas, who with his son, Thos. H. Douglas, is in
charge of the grounds of the arboretum, to be established in
connection with the Leland Stanford, Jr., University, has favored
us with his society recently. Nine hundred acres, or more if re-
quired, are to be devoted to the arboretum at Palo Alto, Cali-
fornia, making this the largest similar establishment in the world.
Every known tree or shrub that can be made to thrive on the
Pacific Coast is intended to be included, and especially all of our
native species.

Notes and News——Exrrata. 1g

Each year the Youth's Companion presents its readers with in-
structive articles on science and natural history. The pros-
pectus for 1889 announces the following for the current volume:
The Wonders of a Crystal, by Prof. Tyndall; A Chapter on Ele-
phants, by Prof. Huxley, the eminent biologist; Insect Life, by
Prof. C. V. Riley, Chief of the U. S. Entomological Commis-
sion; Talks About Birds, by Miss E. F. Morrison, in which the
art of keeping and raising pet birds will be explained in a clear
and attractive manner; Bashful Drummers, by Bradford Torrey,
giving an account of some interesting birds; Papers on Elec-
tricity, by several eminent and practical writers; and articles on
interesting astronomical events, by Miss Emma M. Converse,
and other writers, including the directors of some of the great
observatories.

The especially interesting features of the March Century are
the essays on Rules of the House of Representatives, by Hon.
Thos. B. Reed of Maine; a full length portrait of the United
States, by Dr. Edward Eggleston—a review of James Bryce’s
famous work on the ‘American Commonwealth;’ and Lieut. W.
H. Beehler, on ‘The Use of Oil to Still the Waves.’

Garden and Forest is doing good work for the cause of Ameri-
can forests, and for the interests of North American horticulture,
not the least of which is the interest it is striving to arouse in
the developing of our arid regions of the West.

2S aS a ee

We have a larger list of errors, both of omission and of commission, to chronicle in this
issue than is pieasant for an editor. Those committed in our last number were so grievous
that we considered it adyisable not to distribute it to our subscribers, nor to attempt
another issue until sure of its appearing in a manner that would not bring discredit
to either the editor or his trusting contributors. Tune description of ‘A New Florida
Bulimulus,’ should have appeared in the suppressed number, but our printer mixed the
Mss. with others belonging to the Old Curiosity Shop, a magazine edited by E. M. Haighs,
of Riverside, Cal., so that the description appeared in the latter instead. Further comment
is useless, beyond adding that from some cause yet unexplained to us, proofs were seen by
neither our proof reader or by the editor until too late.

The more important corrections to be made in the fifth volume, are:

On page 10, 18th line from bottom read, maloaeflora, instead of maluceflora.

On page 10, 10th line fron the bottom, read Torr, instead of Tow.

On page 11, 11th line from the bottom, read Sedum, instead of Sedun.

On page 11, 9th line from the bottom, read Smitheus, instead of Smithens.

On page 12, 224 line from the bottom, omit oleander.

On page 12, 21st line from the bottom, read Canadensis, instead of canaelensis.

On page 12, 19th line froin the bottom, read Ginothera, instead of O. Enothera.

On page 12, 13th line from the bottom, read Heliotropium, instead of Heliotiopicum.

On page 12, 8th line from the bottom, read Eremocarpus, instead of Eremoceuyus.

On page 14, 13th line from the bottom, read Tineina, instead of Fineina.

On page 15, 4th line from top, read Confused, instead of Confessed.

On page 17, 3d line from top, read I. Var. Maculatus, instead of I. Var, Imaculatus.

On page 17, 1st line from top, add after Watson, ln this vicinity.

On page 18, 26th line from bottom, read Rubida, instead of Nebida.

On page 18, 9th line from bottom, read Locustidae, instead of Lecustidoe.

On page 19, 2d line from bottom, read Oncocenemis, instead of Oncoenemis.

On page 20, 5th line from top, read larva, instead of larval.

On page 2), 6th line from top, read fly, Trypeta, instead of flytrypeta.

LUPINUS PARVIFLORUS VAR, SERICEA. On page 11], a new variety of lupin is described and
nained sericea, but from some accident it has got placed under L. argenteus, whereas it
really belongs to L.. parviflorus, Nutt., having all the ezsential characteristics of that spec-
ies. Both L. argenteus and parviflorus seem very variable, especially the former.

December 22, 1888. T. D. A. Cockerell.

The West American Scientist.

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‘ aes S|
uilding associa- |

tions weve done ay 14-Karat Gold on Gold
muc toward
building it up! Filled CHAIN CHAIN

and making it e unranteedtowear
ecngotieines. |2 Years, and is 33}4%
Thesamesysteiz |* i4-Karat Solid Gold
Of co-operation Look for the stamps

carefully & eco- —K. W. €.Co. 14K. FLO.—
Bieteatesltiy man- and buy the BEST. ig

Club Co. until jae are now selling sore}
fea) Watches to consumers than all others
Bam combined. ‘They handle only the fg]

aq _ Keystone Dust-proof Watch (771)

which is deservedly regarded as thelfe Wi
crown and climax of Pennsylvania’ s
manufactures. Vhis Watch contains
€very essential to an accurate time-|pas
keeper, and many important improve-
ments patented by the Company. They
are Dust and Damp Proof, iehilll
a quality possessed by nobaty
other movement in the world.|j
Jeweled with genuine rubies.|f
=x Patent Stem Wind & Set, Halex
‘emis strongest and simplest. Sold i
Ei) through authorized agents atigi
$38.00. Either all cash downlfz
or $1.00 per week.

ope Ajax Watch Insulator given nk -
oO?

Sreé with each Watch.
BEST WATc Lal MADE

= eri Watch Club Con

Main Office in Company’ s\p is;
—<— > ad

Own Building,
Bet ot

904 Walnut St. ace
PHILADELPHIA,PA (AY :

Agents Wanted * d = x
i \

AJAX —
Watch Insulator,
$2.00
A perfect protection
against magnetism.
/ Fit any watch. Sent
fi by mail on receipt of price.

um We refer to any Commercial Agency

THE GIANT CACTUS. _

2
Living plants of this ‘‘Monarch of the
Desert” supplied at from $5.00 to $100.00
each, according to size.
B. F. JOHNSON & SONS,

ZENOS, A. dbs
For trade prices address C. R. Orncurt, San Diego, Cal.

“Edgar J. Klock.

NATURALISTS’ SUPPLY DEPOT.

Send for Price Lists of
BIRDS’ SKINS, BIRDS’ EGGS, GLASS f£YES,
and Supplies for
OOLOGISTS & ENTOMOLOGISTS

Frank B. Webster,
409 Washington St., Boston, MAss,

ROYAL PALM NURSERIES

The finest and most extensive collection of T'ropi-
cal and Simi-Trupical Plants in America. Many
aday ted to Southern California. More than 20 varie-
ties of bananas. 150,00U one year old palms. Fruit,
ornamental and economical plants from Australia,
Japan, Hong-Kong, India, South Africa, South Ameri-
ca and all parts of the tropical world. New and valu-
able descriptive catalogue of 100 pages, mailed to
any address, upon receipt of 10 cts. Address,

REASONER BROS.,

Manatee, Fiorida.

Doubly Terminated Quartz Crystals

Or the So-Called
American Rhine Stone.

We have spent much time and money during the
pa-t summer collecting the celebrated crysta!s of
Herkimer County, the only locality in the world
where they are found so perfect and brilliant, and
now have a complete stock, from the common var-
ieties to the rarest forms, which we are selling at
prices that guarantee satisfaction.

Our $1 trial tots for amateurs :40 crystals) are the
best ever put up for the money and our $5 to $25
lots for advanced collectors were never equalled in
quality.

Correspondence with colleges especially desired.

KLOCK & GRISWOLD,

East Schuyler, Herkimer Co, N. Y.
D. Griswold, A. B.

TAXIDERMISTS,

PORTRAITS.

YOUR HOME MADE BEAUTIFUL
By adorning them with the

PACES OF LOVED ONES.

The New York Artists’ Union is the only organiza.
tion doing genuine Crayon, Pastels and Oil Portraits
of friends living or dead, from photographs, tin-types
or any correct likeness, They can fill, and therefore
solicit orders from all parts of the United States. Con-
scientious work on the smallest as well as the largest
contracts is their rule. Satisfaction guaranteed or
no pay required. All work done by Graduated
Artists, Now 7s the time to send your order. Send
for our ‘illustrated circular of prices, etc., to

The New York Artists’ Union,
Mention this paper] 10 East 14th St , New York

THE LAKELAND NURSERY COMPANY

Offer the largest and most complete collection of Crrrus Fruit Trees to be had in

Florida.

Prices Very Low. Send for Descriptive Catalogue and

Price List.

Address,

E. H. TISON, Business Manager,

Lakeland, Polk Co., Florida.

=4,.700 ORANGE DRS

Shipped to California last season. They arrived in good condition. My new cata-
logue is now ready, containing descriptions of all the leading varieties
of Orange and Lemon Trees.

H. L. WHEATLEY, Altamonte Nurseries,

Palm Springs, Orange Co, Florida.

The West American Scientist.

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Published Weekly at 169 LaSalle Street,
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A Journal devoted to Science, Philosophy & Morals.
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BOOK Chia

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Book Chat contains montbly a complete index to
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generally. $1 ayear; 10c. fora single copy.

THE——

AMERICAN GEOLOGIST?

IS A MAGAZINE
Devoted to Geology and Allied Science3--the only one
in America—published by a number of Professioral
Geologists distribute] over the central part of the
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Address THE AMERICAN GEOLOGIST,
Minneapo is, Minn.

NATIONAL + EDUCATOR,

A. R. Horne, Editor and Proprietor.
== ==
Established by the present proprietor in 1860.
Circulation general throughout the United States.
ADVERTISING RATES REASONABLE.
ke Send for Sample.
NATIONAL EDUCATOR,

ALLENTOWN, PENN

i 0) VARIETIES of Beaded Buckskin and War Rel-
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and Navajoes of New Mexico. A large stock of Ore-
gon and other States’ Stone Relics of all kinds. All
the leading Minerals and Fossils of the Black Hills
and Dakota Bad Lands. Wholesale and retail. Send
for large, illustrated catalogue.
L. W. STILWELL, Dead“ood, D: T.

COLEBCTORS|

Large stock in Mammals (skins, skele-
tons and skulls), Bird Skins and Eggs,
Amphibia, Myriapods, Crustacea, Echin-
oderma, Insects, Fossils, Shells (marine,
land, fresh water), etc., etc., from various
trans-oceanic countries, especially ‘“The
Ancient World.”’

“Linnea” Institution for Natural History,

BERLIN, GERMANY,
Our Agent in the U.S. A.:

HERMANN ROLLE, .
33 Ave. A, New York City,
Will send Catalogues on application.

HELLS, MINERALS AND FOSSILS, SEEDS,
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——_o—-

The new illustrated weekly journal of Horticulture,
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botanist and botanical library. Each number con-
tains a figure of a new or little known plant (North
American) not before figured, drawn by C, E. Faxon,
with description by Mr. Lereno Watson. The paper
is edited by Professor C. 8. Sargent, of Harvard, with
Professor W. G. Farlow and Professor A. S. Packard,
as associates. The early numbers have contained ar-
ticles by Professors Wolcott Gibbs, G. L. Goodall, W.
J. Beal, G. W. Hilgard, John Macono, L. H. Bailey,
Herbert Osborne, J. L. Budd, W. Trelease, H. Mayr,
W. W. Bailey, D. P. Peahallow, C. R. Orcutt, Abbot
Kinney, and other eminent contributors. Special
attention has been devoted to Califurnia subjects.
With the second number was published as a supple-
ment a beautiful photogravure of Mr. A. St. Gaudens’s
bronze medallion of Asa Gray. No American scientist
should be without a copy. The price of this number,
with supplement, to non-subscribers, is now 25 cents,

Subscription Price, $4.00 a year.
Garden and Forest Publishing Co.
TRIBUNE BUILDING, NEW YORK

Our A, B, C’s—Accuracy, Brevity, Completeness.

WEST AMERICAN SCIENTIST
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the only one in the West.
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For scieatific books, shells, fossils, plants, bulbs,
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ALL FOR 25 CENTS.

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Coins, 14-page price-list of curiosities, etc., copy of

COMMON SENSE, a 16-page magazine for collectors, -

35¢ per year. F. A. THOMAS, Publisher,

Mexico, New York.
VHE GEOLOGISTS’ GAZETTE is the best

25c paper published for collectors of natural his-
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please you. GAZETTE PUBLISHING COMVANY, ~

Elkader, [owa.

SHELLS OF THE COLORADO DESERT

$1.00 for valve of Anodonta Californiensis and
specimens of Physa humerosa, Amnicola longinque,

“R. ORCUTT, San Diego, |
. BIOEES AD SSO Rane trod’ iat 1c aaa:

and Tryonias. C. R. ORCUTI,
San Diego, Cal.

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Address

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THE UNITARIAN. 4. 28-p2ge, monthly maga,

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Y PRICE LIST OF LAND SHELLS FOR 10
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R. ORCUTT, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA, COL-

* lector and importer of all kinds of tree, shrub and
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MINERALS.

LARGE STOCK OF FINE AMERICAN AND

foreign minerals, Western minerals and fessils a
specialty. Lists in preparation. C. R. Orcutt, San
Diego, California.

BIRDS, SKINS AND EGGS.

EW PRICE LIST OF FRESH SOUTHERN CAL-
ifornia Bird Skins sent for stamp. Charles H.
Marsh, Dulzura, Cal.

IT 1S IMPORTANT

For collectors to know where they can purchase spec-
imens the cheapest. We invite ali to send for our
illustrated price lists, etc.

STEARNS’ CURIO SHOP,
Headquarters for Low Prices,
ELKADOR, IOWA.

Shells, Minerals § Fossils,

—ALSO—
SEEDS AND PLANTS.

ck. ORCUTT,
Editor “The West Amercian Scientist.”
San DizGo, CALIFORNIA.

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Leave San Diego:
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Leave San Francisco:
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22 and 28—at
2P.M.

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Freights received for all points North and East,
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For further iaformation apply at the Company’s
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J. H. SIMPSON, Local Agent.

2 j
Ancient Ked Man's Tools.

1 large game point, 1 small game point, 1
bird point, 1 barbed base arrow, 1 deep
notched base arrow, 1 stemmed base arrow,
1 serrated edge arrow; all 7 are fine and
well wrought implements, neatly arranged
on card and labeled with date, etc., and
sent post paid for 75 cents. List free.
Catalogue 7c., or free with order.

DEALERS SUPPLIED.
J. R. NISSLEY,
Ada, Hardin Co., O.

Le Naturaliste Canadien

32-page, 8-in , illustrated monthly.

$2.00 A YEAR,

The only publication in the French Language, on
Natural History on this continent.
It is actually pursuing a revision of Hymenoptera
with descriptions of several new species and the
history of Hemiptera of the Province
of Quebec.

L’Abbe Provancher,
Capbrouge, Q., Canada.

GET exer

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Complete, with high-class
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} Send for complete catalogue
# Band sample of ‘The Micro-

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Address,

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Joseph Gillott & Sons, 91 John St., N, Y.
HENRY HOE, Sore AGENT,
Sold by ALL DEALERS throughout the World.
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, 170.

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RE YOU FOND OF USING TOOLS OR
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SFREE

$8 solid GOLD WATCH
\ Sold for $100 un-
i\\ til lately. Best $85

watch in the world. Per-
fect time-

= AN Osha and eae eg
&) Both ladies’and gents’sizes
’ with works and cases of
equal value. ONE PERSON
in each locality can secure one
FREE. How is this possible?
We answer—we want one per-
Gi son in each locality, to keep in
their Nees atl show to those who call, a complete lineofour |
valuable and very usefull HOWSEHOLD SAMPLES. |
These samples,as well as the watch,we send free,and after you
have kept them in your home for 2 months and shown them
to those who may have called,they become your own property;
it is possible to make this great offer, sending the SOLID
GOLD watch and COSTY samples free, as the showing of
the samples in any locality, always results in a large trade for
us; after our samples have been in a locality for a month or two
we usually get from $2000 to $5000 in trade from the
surrounding country. This, the most wonderful offer ever
known,is made in order that our samples may be placed at once
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makesure of the chance. Reader it will be hardly any trouble
for you to show the samples to those who may call at your home
and your reward will be most satisfactory. A postal card on
which to write us costs but 1 cent and after youknow all,if you
do not care to go further, why noharm isdopne. But if youdo
send your address at once, you can secure F REE one of the
best solid gold watches fn the world and our large line of ;
COSTLY SAMPLES. We pay all express, freight, etc,
Address GEO. STINSON & CO., Box's12, PORTLAND, MAINE,

|
|

'SURPLUS FUND,

| BRYANT HOWARD, -
| E. W. MORSE, -

| JOHN GINTY, -— -
We) CLARION “amen

_ Address,

NOTES ON MOLLUSK

-and Todos Santos Bay, Lower California, by C. R.

Consolidated National Bank:

CAPITAL PAID IN,

- $250,000,
50,000.

75,961

Undivided Profits

President.
Vice-President.
Cashier.
Assistant Cashier.

—— DIRECTORS.——

Hiram Mabury, - O. S. Witherby, John Ginty,
E. W. Morse, James McCoy,
8. Levi, Bryant Huward.

fey’ Exchange 01 all the Principal Cities of America
and eee bought ee sold.

The Savings Bank.

OF SAN DIEGO COUNTY.

In the Consolidated Bank Building, corner of Hand
| ifth streets.

CAPITAL, $100,000.

: :OFFICERS:-:

James M. Pierce, President.
Geo. A. Cowles, Vice-President.
John Ginty, - Secretary and Treasurer.
>; :DIRECTORS:-:
H. Mabury, E. W. Morse,
James M. Pierce,
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O.S. Witherby,
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James McCoy,

Interest Allowed on Deposits. Money

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Every Student of Nature should Sub-
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The West American Scientist.

OTHING SUCCEEDS LIKE SUCCESS,”

(Zdttortal from the Cosmopolitan, December, 1882.)

ore those famous taxidermists and hunters, the Verraux Freres,
aed themselves in Paris, natural history museums were compelled
Fupon picking up their specimens in all parts of the world. The
intelligence of the Verraux Bros. was not long in discovering a
ns of Servin the cause of science and of advancing their own fortunes
‘same time. They established a sort of clearing-house for wild
oid. fishes, and reptiles, with branches in every quarter of the
‘and from whom you could order a stuffed elephant, giraffe, a Ben-
yer as you would flitch a bacon from your butcher, or a boiled lob-
- from the fish-monger.
' While the Verraux Freres were gaining a world-wide reputation, an
merican lad, William ti. Winkley by name, was pursuing his studies
the famous technical schools of the French capital, and, when his
eans were all but exhausted, he left his lodgings in the Latin quarter
apprenticed himself under these famous masters. After serving a
and laborious apprenticeship in the study of animal forms, anatomy,
1 dre wing, he considered himself sufficiently equipped for the practical
k of his vocation Returning to America, and selecting a small in-
jor town where rents and living expenses were light, he set up anes-
lishment of his own, as large as his limited means would allow.

lo-day, he supplies the largest museums of the world with stuffed
imens from the elephant down to the smallest rodent, besides large
ities of minerals, rocks, fossils, casts of fossils, skins, and skeletons
nmounted) of animals of all classes, and often the wild animals them-
ves, alcoholic specimens, insects, crustaceans, shells, echmoderms,
sponges, and botanical specimens, from every quarter of the globe
nd in a great variety of form and price. Also anatomical preparations,
smical, philosophical and optical instruments, with Naturalists’ sup-
es of every description, and, the Verraux Freres being now dead, he
“has este blished, as they did, stations upon every continent for the col-
ection of naturai history specimens. The attaches of all the stations are
Over too in number, many of whom are specialists.
»_ Athis American headquarters at Clearfield, Iowa, there are not far
from 100,000 specimens of all classes. Besides mounting the skins sent
_by his own collectors, this eminently successful taxidermist takes cus-
m work in his department from those desiring the same, and many
idreds of persons and museums throughout the civilized world are
mtly sending him mammal and bird skins and skeletons for restor-
_ Especially is this true of those scientific persons and wealthy in-
als, who, while abroad, have shown prowess in the hunt.

it it is not alone in taxidermy that this cosmopolitan naturalist has
n unrivalled reputation. Years ago he devised a plan whereby
those of moderate means could possess a good cabinet. This, the
lment plan, has from the start been a success, und in hundreds upon
>ds of cases has proven itself an inestimable boon to those of
rate méans who desire a good collection. Many of the best col-
as in this gaged have been obtained entirely upon this plan and
its, professional men, schools and colleges have all expressed
themselves perfectly satisfied with its workings in their respective cases.
q Prof. Winkley is strictly honest and reliable, and ifany of our readers
want anything in his line (see advertisement elsewhere,) we would re-
“commend them to write to him.

‘ sn .
4% at ght.
ne oa ee Cn oe
eee ha 7
yo ee
1 be - ‘. “>

AY

ee

A.

+

*)

= |
4

3

Se

4
4
ia

*”~ <
’ +

“his unsolicited editorial was written more than seven years ago. In the interim

LN considerably, and to-day stand at the head of the museum furnishing busi-

he world. We are the only house outside of Paris, that sells collections on in-
Do you want to secure a good collection on easy terms? If so, write to us.

W.H. WINKLEY, Clearfield, lowa.

*

| The West American Scientist, i a

eterna See teh tah iad Gerd io

Picerrenkl ad yeh Sek tea gL ela rn se tect Sn cel ay fr gh SE eh 1 eM ge RE CEST Wal ok A Fn aca

Dysp Epsia, “epeananine ee mS us-
tion, Headache, Tiree bs Ry)

O a a

This is not a pained “patent medicine,” ’ but prepara-
tion of the phosphates and phere ene acid. oe the form re
quired by the system. ‘

It aids digestion without injury, and | is &
tonic for the brain and nerves,

agrees nes such aie as are necessary

ee E. W. Hitt, Glens Falls, N. ahi ea i

or any low state of the system.” agin:
Dr. D. A. Stewart, Winona, ee says . 7

faction in cases of perverted ana loss “of ner

mal-nutrition and kindred ailments.”

Dr. G. H. Leacn, Cairo, IIL, says:
dyspepsia and nervous prostration,”

Wes Descriptive Pamphlet Free, ae
- Rumferd Chemical | Works, t

saF-Be sure the word Chidaerode’ 3 j is panes ne caine
eat nines: sen ede in 1 bull.”

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