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J ba - Ps : * a » Sad Me - . s : . 4 + . : _ ba ‘ = 7 2 7 © . : . s . , @ . . “he & 2 ra t 7 ' . » * $e. ca oS ye” * 5, “6 : “2 yee ye to . t 4 - 0% a> Ne - ‘ . = Vv + Mee wed Sit VoLuME VI. MAY, 1889. WHOLE No. 43. pi yo > West + Kmerican + Scientist. A popular monthly review and record for the Pacific Coast. Official Organ of the San Diego Society of Natural History. SR ORCULT, ine: =) EDITOR. CONTENTS: - PAGE I IMMOMMELUME IMG. cece b ccs. c vcs wo cid endian ecunts ae nee ba Deas Loko 21 The Deer of Southern Lower California................ L. Belding 26 TERS DPC (LOCI) 055.56... sb asbicdesscccicevechens Wych Elm 27 Changes in the Color of Grapes Grown in North-western Mexico EM MU Gaia’ dias cc ulate co e.o'¢'be'e de:e 05's Edward Palmer 28 Pee w pectes Of COTCUS 2.6. iu cite ee eeceececes C. R. Orcutt 29 Some Native Forage Plants of Southern California..... C. R. Orcutt 30 On the Phosphorescent Spots of Porichthys Margaritatus....... BEG RS a Sa Pieehe eam ere Ses CHS RS. Eigenmann 32 ae SLI S weik aaa wie a sd sinc wo ves kee eo ne Wee m waves 34 Briefer Articles:—Protective Coloring; Colors in Plant Life; The Whistling Tree; Moss Marble...........00 00sec cee ee wen ceens 35 Bibliography............. are REE SP oe Paiwcuc reac set's es y Pe AA ey ERTS 2 cos’. Ve pb. nhc 4 bee's ede Pea ctoahiahienenccee ies vdleambesiads o 37. Notes and News....-.. MED atbh ee Raine ds MAMET wh ka ek a ekg Pa a 38 SAMUEL CARSON & CO., PUBLISHERS. No. 208 Post Street, - SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF. Wo. 961 Fourth Street, Plaza, San Diego, Calif. PRICE 10 CENTS, PER YEAR, $1.00: {Entered at the Post Office at San Francisco as second-class matter.] ag . yt e | | | The West Anos enti ao) ANGLO NEVADA - | ASSURANCE + CORPORS | OF SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. Nes FIRE AND MARI N Capital Fully Paid, $2, 000. 000. OFFICE, 410 PINE STRE} | PLOUIS SLOSS, 4 is Vee) ye ee GC. PAFARNFIELD, +) 389. (4003) or 2 P. 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ILLUSTRATED! - plidesandeov- oe | ers im case.$55.00 he Bien No. 5 es 4 An instrument of simple but thorough cons with good lenses, and at a minimum cost: : With 1 inch and 1-5 inch objectives, 1 eye- : piece (power 40 to 360), in case...... a Send for complete catalog > of Micros pod, sam ple copy of the. Kicroscopoat Bulletin, and ¢ tance- ae, sale list, ANAS eas Sh In the hes Aideuasnbea: we leapodel ‘pride our- selves on the accurate “fitting: and ath working Ob the focal adjustments, which are vital points i microscope. Our ee ane Pune i | perfect action. Issued monthly, Subscription $1.00 per annum) H. A. PILSBEY, Editor, © Address . WM, D. AVERELL, Manager, ae _ Mt. Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. A Letter From Dr. Hans you Bulow ‘The Knabe pianos, which I did not know before, have been chosen for my present concert tour in the | United States by my impressario and accepted by me on the recommendation of my friend Bechstein, ac- |. ‘quainted with their merits. Had I known these | merits as now I do, I would have chosen them my- | self, ag their sound and touch are more sympathetic ito my ears and hands than all others of the eae , DR: Hans von BULOW. - New York, April 6, 1 880. ‘ To Messrs. Wm, Knabe & Co. The Pacific Coast agents for the Rnabe Pianos sate A. L. BAN ak & OU., 132 Post en San raldasuints ) ae The West American Scténtist. orsiords ACID PHOSPHATE Prepared according to the directions of PRor. E. N, HorsForp, ESPECIALLY-RECOMMENDED FOR Dyspepsia, Nervousness, Exhaus- tion, Headache, Tired Hrain, And all Diseases arising from Indigestion and Nervous Exhaustion. O This is not a compound “patent medicine,’ but a prepara- — tion of the phosphates and phosphoric acid in the form re- quired by the system. . It aids digestion without injury, and is a beneficial food siitk tonic for the brain and nerves. : It makes a delicious drink with water and sugar only, and agrees with such stimulants as arc necessary to take, Dr. E. W. Hitt, Glens Falls, N. Y., says: ‘An excellent ' remedy for a tonic Dyspepsia, nervous and general debility, — or any low state of the system.” : Dr. D. A. Stewart, Winona, Minn., says: “Entire satis- faction in cases of perverted digestion, ‘loss’ - nerve-power, mal-nutrition and kindred ailments.” | or Dies ti eleacu, Cairo, Ill., says: “Of great power in dyspepsia and nervous prostration.’ ” Wee Descriptive Pamphlet Free. Rumfcrd Chemical Works, Providence, R. i Beware of Snbatitites and Imitations gee Be sure the word ‘‘HorsForD’s” is printed on the label.—All others are spurious.—Never sold in bulk. PUBLICATIONS OF SAMUEL CARSON & C0, No. 208 Post Street, San Francisco. The San : Frranciseo al Book- House aoe A History of the College of California. BY 8. H. WILLEY, D. D. “It is now more than twenty years since the College of California was merged into The California Uni- versity. The History of the old College is largely contemporaneous with the Early. History of the State. The work is published by subscription. 1 vol., 8vo, 400 pages, cloth, paper label, - $4.00 Huss sé a6 “pound in sheep, - 5,00 California Tourists’ Guide. Revised and brought down to date; containing just | : | A Book for the Sea- side, the Lake, and such information as every Tourist wants, The Guide will contain two maps of the city—one a bird’s-eye view of San Francisco and surroundings, the other a street map. Table of distances, rates of fare, hotels and routes of travel, etc, 170 pages, 16mo, cloth limp, $1.00; illuminated paper covers, 50 cents. California Pictures in Prose and Verse, ‘BY BENJAMIN PARKE AVERY. Quarto, cloth, 344 pages, beautifully illustrated with | Engravings after drawings from Nature. $3.00. California, Three Hundred and Fifty Years Ago. MANUELO’S NARRATIVE. Translated from the Portuguese by a California Pioneer. 1 vol., 12mo. cloth, $1.50. The above book purports to be a translation of a recently discovered Portuguese Ms. giving a Sailor’s Narrative of a Sojourn in California and Life Among the Indians 300 years ago. Publishers, Booksellers, and Stationers, The Island Worlds of the Pacific Ocean. BY CHARLES MARION TYLER. With Maps and Illustrations. 1 vol., 8vo, 537 pages, cloth, Pe aa kd $2.00 Some pains have been taken to make this work standard and _ reliable, especially with reference to | the History, Discovery, Ethnology, Chronology, Ge- ography, Area, Population, and Products of various Islands of the Pacific Ocean. The work is profusely illustrated both with wood-cuts and lithographs. — —_—__ the Forest. West Coast Shells. A familiar description of the Marine, Fresh Water, and Land Mollusks found in the United States, west of the Rocky Mountains. BY JOSIAH KEEP, A, M. (Professor of Natural Seience, Mills College), At the sea-side, many pick up and admirea few shells without knowing anything of their name or nature. By the aid of this book such aimless shell- gathering may happily be changed into 1 source of intelligent and elevating pleasure. The Frontispiece is a hand-painted engraving of the very rare ard beautiful Surcula Carpent-riana. The book Contains upwards of 230 pages, and 200 Engravings, and is carefully printed on fine, heavy paper, and neatly bound in cloth. Price, Postage Paid, $1.75, net. ae 3 © THE West American ScleNtIs. VoL. VI. : MAY, 1889. No. 43 THE’ DESERT! IN JUNE. At this season of the year, that desolate, barren waste, gener- ally called the Colorado Desert, is not a very inviting field for the botanist. During the months of June and July, 1888, the editor improved an opportunity for traversing a portion of this region, and a few notes on the very limited, but necessarily character- istic vegetation at this season, will perhaps best illustrate the bo- tonical aspects of the region visited. From San Diego city we proceeded to Warner’s ranch, hance to the Colorado Desert through a branch of the San Felipe canyon, where we began to take notes of the vegetation, and then across the big basin—the desert proper—into the Chucka- walla mountains, in the northeastern portion of San Diego county. We will divide the route traversed into ten sections, treating each independently so as to speak more accurately of the distri- bution of plants that are characteristic of the region. I.—SAN FELIPE CANVON. Upon reaching the divide near Warner’s ranch, where the waters flow towards the Desert and the Pacific Ocean respect- ively, we commenced a descent into what we called Grapevine canyon, a branch opening into the San Felipe canyon that in turn opens out upon the plains of the desert proper. -Cotton- wood or Grapevine springs, receiving these respective names from the presence of two fine cottonwood trees and a luxuriant growth of vitis californica, Benth., are situated at the head of this canyon where we first entered it, Around these springs were naturally observed many plants that are found west of the mountains, but the greater portion were characteristic of the des- ert flora. The following is a list of the species noted in this canyon. Those in italics we may consider as belonging to the desert flora; those marked with an asterisk, as growing around _the spring: Argemone hispida, Gray. Erodium cicutarium, L’ Her. Isomeris arborea, Nutt. Lizyphus Parryi, Torr. Krameria canescens, Gray? *Vitis californica, Bth. Houquiera sblendens, Engelm. II. | *Rhus ovata, Watson. Larrea Mexicana, Moric. II. *Melilotus parviflora, Desf. 22 The West American Scientist. . Hosackia glabra, Torr. Dalea californica, Watson? : 1L Prosopis julifiora, DC. Acacia Greggii, Gray. _Olneya Tesota, Gray... Prunys ilicifolia, Walp. | Adenostoma fasciculatum, H.&A. Ribes Menziesii, Pursh ? Eulobus californicus, Nutt, Petalonyx Thurbeu, Gray. Cucurbita californica, Torr.? II. Mamillaria Etchinocactus Wislizent, Engelm. var. Cereus Engelmanni, Parry. Opuntia basilaris, II. a Bigelovii, Engelm. II. Opuntia occidentalis, Engelm.? “—____]J, *Sanbucus glauca, Nutt. Gutierrezia californica, T. & G. Bigelovia brachylepis, Gray. ce graveoleus, Gray. Pluchea Corealis, Gray. Vigutera Parishi, Greene. Porophyllum gracile, Bth. Artemisia tridentata, Nutt. Senecio Douglasii, DC. Stephanomeria virgata, Bth.? *Cressa cretica, L. *Cuscuta Californica, Choisy. *Datura———II. *Nicotiana *Scrophularia Californica, Cham. Pentstemon antirrhinoides, Bth, antes centranthifolius? - Chilopsis saligna, Don. It. Cheilanthes myriophylla, Desv. Pellaea Ornithopus, Hook. Beleperone Californica, Bth. *Salvia Columbariae, Bth. Andibertia polystachya, Bth. Mirabilis multiflora, Gray. Eriogonum fasciculatum, Bth. rb trichopodum, Torr. rs nudum, Dougl. Oxvtheca trilobata, Gray. (dried) Chorizanthe laciniata, Torr(dried) Atriplex canescens, James. II. SimmondsiaCalifornica, Nutt., var, Euphorbia polycarpa, Bth. II. *Houttuynia Californica, B. & H. *Salix ? *Populus Fremonti, var. Wislizeni ? Quercus pungens, Engelm. -Phoradendron juniperinum, Eng.? Ephedra Californica, Watson. Pinus monophylla, Torr. & Frem. Agave deserti, Engelm. II. Yucca baccata, Torr. ‘© Whipplei, Torr. *Distichlis maritima, Raf. ° Asclepias eriocarpa, Bth. : ; Juniperus Californicus, Carr. Phacelia —-——-? (dried). *Heliotropium Curassavicum, L. A few of the above, like the pine, were confined to the sides of the canyon; of others only a single individual was noticed, and many were not in condition for positive identification. Some few grasses and perhaps a few other plants escaped attention. II.—Moutu oF San FELIPE CANYON TO BORREGO SPRINGS. The second stage of the journey was along the dry washes and along the base of the foothills bounding the desert. In the wash from the canyon were naturally found many of the same species as are noted above, and these we have marked (II) in the above list. No additional species were observed in this section, except a few composite which we failed to recognize as they were not ‘in condition.’ It will be noted that the variety of vegetation had become greatly reduced, and many of these were confined to the San Felipe wash. III].—BoRREGO SPRINGS. These springs are situated near the propcsed line of the San Diego, Cuyamaca and Eastern railroad, at the base of the moun- tains. More or less salt and alkali are held in solution in the The Desert in June. 23 water, and incrust the surface of the ground. The springs are simply holes dug two or three teet, in a broad, marshy tract that is covered with grasses and junci. The following plants were observed around the ‘ spring:’ Cleome lutea, Nutt. Houttuynia Californica, B. & H, Melilotus parviflora, Desf. Opuntia ; Prosopis juliflora, DC. Pluchea borealis, Gray. Lycium ? Xanthium strumarium, L. Salicornia ? Distichlis maritima, Raf. _ Suaeda ? ‘Cane grass.’ Euphorbia polycarpa, Bth. Helianthus ? Thousands of acres of good, arable lands lie around these springs that may sometime be available for cultivation. Pure water can be obtained on portions of the tract probably, or at least could be brought into the tract from the mountains for irri- gating purposes. The surrounding hills are mostly absolutely - bare of vegetation. IV.—BoRREGO SPRINGS TO INDIAN OR FISH SPRINGS. Between these camping places we noted the following plants; Krameria canescens, Gray? Atriplex canescens, James. V. Larrea Mexicana, Moric. V. hymenelytra, Wats. V, ? Hoffmanseggia sp. (dried). '| Sida hederacea? Dalea Cucurbita Californica, Torr,? Prosopis juliflora, DC. Salicornia ?V. Petalonyx Thurberi, Gray. Suaeda PAY: Opuntia Bigelovii, Engelm. ? Croton GN Bigelovia ? Distichlis maritima, Raf. V, Franseria dumosa. Gray? V. Hilaria rigida, Thurb. V. Coldenia Palmeri, Gray. V. Washingtonia filifera, Wend. V, Chilopsis saligna, Don.° Asclepias erosa, Torr. V. With the addition of a few composite and other species not recognizable, no other species were met with in the thirty miles traversed between these springs. A few palm trees were seen at a distance among the hills, and one was growing by the road- side which proved to be a robust form of Washingtonia filifera. Wend. My companion informed me that a single dead plant of cereus giganteis, Engelma., was to be found near the route we traveled, but on a trail off trom the wagon road. V.—CLay HILLs To FISH SPRINGS. This section is included in the last, but is well worth noting separately. These clay hills are found between Borrego and Indian springs. For eight miles franseria, hilaria, and a few bushes of larrea formed the sum total of the vegetation, and franseria was often alone and without ‘near neighbors,’ even of its own species.“ The clay hills were totally devoid of vege- tation, but a few interesting plants were observed in the washes and deep canyons which we traversed. Some of these are indi- cated in the preceding list (V), 24 The West American Scientist. VI. INDIAN oR FISH SPRINGS At Indian springs, some fifteen miles northwest of the South- ern Pacific railway station called Salton, were found several large pools of rather warm water, surrounded with an almost im- penetrable mass of tules, cane grass and mock willows (plushea borealis). A little fish was found quite abundant in these pools, and also at the similar pool at Dos Palmas springs, on the other side of the railroad. _ The mesquite and screw bean, coldenia. palmeri, heliotropium curassavicum, distichlis, and the 7ze¢ta grass, (Hilaria rigida, nunb.), sedges and junci, formed the bulk of the wild vegetation. A tall cottonwood and two or three young palms were growing at the Indian rancherie, where a white man had planted a small grove of fig and other fruit trees; some years ago. The figs are doing well and the Indians raise early vegetables, melons, etc.—enough for their own needs. They were harvesting a good supply of the mesquite beans at the time of our visit, picking the pods from the trees and grinding into meal, forming large cakes, and baking them in the sun, for future use. 3 VII.—THE BasIN. The next stretch of country, from Indian springs to Salton, is quickly described. Salton is said to be 250 feet below sea. level, and the intervening land between the station and Indian: springs is lower still, and strongly impregnated with alkali. The vegetation on this low land consists almost exclusively of sali- cornia——and that very scattering, or wholly absent in many places. A dead mesquite, a suaeda and two atriplex plants: were the only additional plants observed. ‘Dry Lake’ lies south- east of the route followed, adjoining Salton on the south, and is totally devoid of vegetation. The ground is too soft to allow of man or beast crossing——the ‘ dry bog’ swallowing up anything that ventures upon it. The dry bogs may be considered one of the greatest dangers connected with the desert. VIII.—-SaLton To Dos PALMAS SPRINGS. Between Salton and the Dos Palmas springs the vegetation was found similar to that between Borrego and Indian springs. At Dos Palmas springs we leave the desert basin and enter into the Chuckawalla (or Lizard) mountains. Lee PALMAS SPRINGS. At Dos Palmas springs (so called from its two fine palm trees) were hundreds of mesquite, screw bean and other trees of the same order, and luxuriant cane grass and tules around the pools of water. The following is a list of the principal plants noted in the vicinity: The Desert in June. 25 Larrea Mexicana,Moric. Franseria dunosa, Gray.? Dalea Asclepias subulata, Decsne. a *Eustoma exaltatum, Griseb. Prosopis juliflora, DC. ; Coldenia Palmeri, Gray. “pubescens, Bth. Eriogonum trichopodum, Torr.? Olmeya Tesota, Gray. Chilopsts saligna, \)on. Parkinsonia Torreyana, Wats. Atriplex hymenelytra, Watson. Petalonyx Thurberi, Gray. os =? Opuntia Croton———?. *Sesuvium Portulacastrum, L *Washingtonia filifera, Wendl. *Pluchea camphorata, DC. Fitlaria rigida, Thurb. *Baccharis Douglasii, DC.? *Distichlis maritima, Raf. _ Those found around the water only are marked with an aster- isk; those which are in italics belong exclusively to the desert flora. X.—Paciric MINING DistTRICT:—CHUCKAWALLA MOUNTAINS. The Chuckawalla mountains form a portion of the Colorado Desert, and are virtually devoid of vegetation except in the washes. Ai few hills support a sparse vegetation. The Pacific - Mining District is in the midst of these mountains or hills, where a much greater variety ot plants was found than on the plains of the desert, as will be seen by the following list: | Krameria ? Hyptis Emoryi, Torr, Fouquiera splendens, Engelm. Eriogonum trichopodum, Torr. Fagonia Californica, Bth. a Larrea Mexicana, Moric. Simmondsia Californica, Nutt. Dalea ; Euphorbia polycarpa, Bth. ‘s Ephedra Californica, Watson. Parkinsonia Torreyana, Watson. Olneya Tesota, Gray. Opuntia Bigelovii, Engelm. Prosopsis juliflora, DC. Es Acacia Greggii, Gray. ab Petalonyx Thurberi, Gray. Cereus Engelmanni, Parry. Cucurbita Californica, Torr.?’ Echinocactus Wislizeni, Engelm. Mamillaria Grahamii. Franseria dumosa, Gray.? Nolina Bigelovii, Watson. Nicotiana ? Hilaria rigida, Thurb. Chilopsis saligna, Don. Notholaena Parryi, Eaton. Beleperone Californica, Bth. Echinocactus polycephalus, No water is found on the surface in that portion of the areas, visited. A few lichens were found on the ground in favorable situations, but none were noticed on the rocks—they may have been abundant without attracting my attention, however. The presence of the mesquite (prosopisjuliflora, D C.) is con- sidered an indication of water near the surface (within twenty feet), while the presence of pluchea borealis indicates that water is not over five feet from the surface. The palm is found only near water—usually beside springs. 7 The general impression existed in my mind that cacti in great variety abounded on the Colorado Desert, asso many species are credited to this region. But I found them restricted almost 26 The West American Scientist. wholly to the washes and rocky slopes among the hills bordering the desert, while the broad, sandy or gravelly plains that con- stitute the big basin were almost destitute of these plants, pre- senting only a few stray Opuntias that maintained a very pre- carious foothold. But in the Pacific Mining District I found them in great variety and abundance, growing among the crevices in the fone and often forming impenetrable thickets along the washes. | , THE DEER OF SOUTHERN LOWER CALIFORNIA, (Written for the West AMERICAN SCIENTIST.) Judge Caton, in his excellent work, The Antelope and Deer of America, Second Edition, year 1881, page 337, says: ‘‘The mule deer in the Rocky Mountains is four times as large as in Lower California, which difference is also supplemented by the fact that the change in the antler is quite as great, for, on all of the small variety the antler has ceased to be bifurcated, but presents a spike like that of the yearling deer of the north; or if ever bifur- cated, that feature is as rare as on the first antlers of the better developed variety of the north, and yet I do not hesitate to rank them in the same species, from their exact similitude in all other respects, according to the reliable information received ofthem.”’ On page 119,he refers to it as ‘‘a remarkable variety of the mule deer, found by Mr. John Xantus, as I am informed by Professor Baird, one of the most reliable collectors of the Smithsonian In- stitute, who forwarded several specimens to Washington, from Cape St Lucas, Lower California. With all the other indicia of the mule deer, they are very diminutive in size” and have spike antlers about six inches in length. I have not been able to. learn that this diminutive mule deer has been met with except in the lower part of the peninsula, and the extent of its habitat there, is as yet uncertain.” | | ; I have no doubt that the specimens Xantus forwarded to the Smithsonian were yearling males, which are generally known as “Spike Bucks” though I have not seen thosespecimens. There is but one species of deer in the Cape region, and that is a fine large animal, quite equal in size to the mule deer of the Rocky Mountains, and the males have antlers as perfect, as profusely branched, and not materially different from the antlers of the deer of California, of corresponding ages. I saw more than a hundred pairs of antlers in various parts of _ the Cape region, and ot these but one pair deserves special men- tion. The unusual pair were from a ‘‘Capon,’’—so the hunter who had them said. They were vertical, thick, angular, very rough and in velvet. One prong was twelve inches long, the other three inches longer. It is well known that these unfortunates rarely or never have The Deer of Southern Lower California. = 27 perfect antlers, consequently these oases antlers signify nothing. The Mexican hunters, of whom I inquired concerning the deer of the country, invariably told me there were ‘‘tres classes’’ (three kinds) of males, . which they distinguished by the antlers, and I suppose they said there were three species ot deer there; but after I became convinced from much observation that there was one species of deer in this part of the peninsula, I asked how many classes of females there were. “Uno, no mas, Senor” - (one, no more) was the invariable reply. yf I saw askin at Miraflores, in possession of Senor Vidal Collins, which must have been taken froma deer that would have weighed over three hundred pounds, live weight, if in good condition; and I shot a buck in the Victoria mountains, which probably weighed two hundred-.and fifty—so heavy, in fact, that Dr H.. ten Kate, myself and Francisco Amador, the guide, had much difficulty in dragging it, with united effort, up the canon about one hundred yards. L Belding. THE DIGGERS DUFF. If every day were Sunday, And Sunday always fine I’d ask no spacious mansion Wherein to sit and dine ;—— The digger’s canvas palace For me were large enough, Where, happy, free and healthy, I’d live on ‘ digger’s duff!’ ° If every day were Sunday, And Sunday always fine, If youth were but eternal, Such freedom should be mine But sickness or bad weather Would spoil it sure enough ; I’d pine beneath the canvas, And shirk the ‘digger’s duff!’ So farewell, wooded gully, And digger’s camp farewell; Of you in scenes far distant This pinch of gold shall tell ; And fancy oft shall lead me Where down the pathway ciate In Santa Clara’s ’campment I tasted ‘ digger’s duff!’ Wych Elm. 28 The West American Scientist. CHANGES IN THE COLOR OF GRAPES GROWN IN NORTHWESTERN MEXICO. (Written for the WEsT AMERICAN SCIENTIST.) The village of San Jose de Guaymas is nine miles north of Guaymas proper. At the village are numerous gardens, which supply the city of Guaymas with fruit and vegetables. As there is no certainty when rain will fall, or the amount, the cultivators have recourse to. wells. The soil has more the appearance of that found about old dry river beds than anything else, and one unacquainted with its quality would decide it was worthless; but with water and heat, many of the finest varieties of grapes are grown—not surpassed in size of bunches or flavor of fruit by the grapes of California. | Some kinds of grapes, known in other localities by their dis- tinctive colors, are here so modified or entirely wanting in their natural color as to be unrecognizable. FLAMING TOKAY. Here this beautiful grape belies its name, for it gradually and variously changes its color until the fifth year, when the original color is an exception, and a greenish white is the new hue taken on. Sometimes all the bunches of a vine are of that color; on another vine a bunch may have a few berries with a slight tinge; then another with three or four together nearly as deeply tinged as the original. Then a large bunch may have a number of ber- ries very slightly shaded, or there may be here or there one tinged; while several bunches on the same vine are not the least tinged. In fact, the fruit of some entire vines is a greenish white, and they are therefore not easily recognizable. OLD MISSION GRAPE. This grape is remarkable for its eccentricity of coloration. On the same vine and bunch, the berries may be of every shade of reddish black or purple to greenish white. On some vines all bunches will be nearly of the original color, while the bunches on another vine may be purely greenish white; or a vine will have a bunch or two variable in color. BLACK PRINCE. This well known black grape is seldom seen here in his gen- uine black dress, but in every shade of black or brownish black ‘—or with the slightest tinge of those colors, or not at all colored, being more like the Sweetwater in hue, yet perfectly ripe There are vines that grow side by side with the changeable ones, yet their fruit is not the least affected in color; for instance, the Sweetwater, Malvadeir, the Rhine-wine grape and a large one 4 New Species of Cereus. 29 from the coast of Africa. Some of. these, are as dark in their color, naturally, as the grapes before mentioned, that change color so variably, yet are not the least altered in hue; while the others last mentioned, some being white or nearly so, have no dark color infused through the berries. Why should the berries of certain dark-colored grapes be de- prived of their usual color, and others, that are light in color not have any dark shades added to them? Yet they grow in precisely the same soil and climate, and are watered alike. Edward Palmer. ANEW SPECIES OF CEREUS. CEREUS COCHAL,n. sp. Plant three to ten feet high, much branching from a short woody trunk, widely spreading; stems one to ten feet long, two and one-half to six inches or more in diameter, with six or eight obtuse ribs and wide shallow intervals between; areolz slightly woolly and widely separated on the ribs; the ligneous spines stout, straight and flattened, grayish or black, the central spine erect, nine lines long or more, the five radical spines shorter; flowers appearing on old and young branches alike and remain open both night and day, an inch long or less and of the same width when fully expanded; petals spreading, light green tinged with purple on the outer ones, usually sixteen or more in number, oblong; ovary small with six to thirteen scales with woolly axils and a few almost obsolete slender spines an eighth of an inch or less in length; filaments white, anthers brownish white; the five or six stegmata also white; fruit edible (said to be collected by Indians for food), of a pleasant acid taste, nearly globular, six to nine lines in length, blood red in color (or frequently of a grayish or yellowish brown on the outside) with numerous rather large seeds; corolla often persistent, when de- ciduous leaving a small, rough umbilicus. This species is found abundant among the hills of Pier Cali- fornia from Todos Santos bay southward to the Rosario and San Fernando missions, or further, where it was found in bud, flower and fruit during April and May, 1886. Well known to the Mex- icans and Indians asthe cochal. Two flowers were found growing on one plant from the woolly area above a single cluster of spines; a few small spines usually precede the flowers in this area. The short woody trunk is often a foot in diameter, and the ligneous portion of the older branches become several (two or three) in- ches in diameter, of a firm hard texture, making excellent fire- wood. The spines are deciduous on the older branches. A small six-inch cutting was easily rooted in our garden in San Diego, and bore about twenty blossoms before it had made many roots. It has since been transplanted and still thrives, showing that it is an excellent species for cultivation. C. ke. Orcuit. 30 The West American Scientist. SOME NATIVE FORAGE PLANTS” OF SOUTE- ERN CALIFORNIA. A. feature of the Paris Exposition, apanet the first of May this year, is a display of the native forage plants of the United States, with such notes on each species as were available. As the editor was called upon for material and information concerning the for- age plants of Southern California, and especially concerning the burr clover and alfilaria, we have prepared the following notes, which we should be pleased to have su gle ene by any of our readers. ALFILARIA. Spanish or pinclover, more generally known as alfilaria or ‘fil- aree,’is now abundant throughout Southern California and south- ward in Northern Lower California. It is supposed to be a native of Southern Europe, but must early have been introduced into this country by the Spaniards, if not, as some contend it is, in- digenous to our soil. There are two species popularly included — under this name, Erodium cicutarium, L’ Her., and E. moschat- um, L’Her., of botanists, belonging to the geranium family. The latter species has less finely divided leaves, and is more ro- bust and rank in its growth, but both species may usually be found growing together. It is a valuable forage plant for the dry regions of the west, and may be found in equal abundance in the valleys, and on the table lands or mesas. _In even the driest seasons it does not fail to mature its seed, thus being prepared for a more favorable year, by husbanding its resources and utilizing the little moisture at its command, content to flower and mature its seed when scarce an inch high if necessary. In favorable seasons and locali- ties it attains a height of two to three feet or more, deferring the act of fruiting until the last thing. A quantity of this plant was gathered to’ dry for the Paris Ex- position in the last of February, before it had thought it neces- sary to flower. But little time remained for it to reach its desti- nation and we could not wait for it to attain the proper condition. Owing to the abundant rains, the season was especially favorable to vegetation. The alfilaria plants were cut off at the roots and placed in the hot sun away from the ground todry. But they were not inclined to adapt themselves to our wishes. The leaves independently persisted in remaining as bright as ever, erecting themselves partly in the hot sun, only a few of the older, lower leaves even wilting. The plants promptly realized the change i in their conditions and began flowering profusely and holding up well developed seed heads to the sun, determined to mature all the seed they had intended to produce, and so they lost the one opportunity for visiting the brilliant French capital ! Alfilaria is unwilling to be made hay of before it is ready, and Some Native Forage Plants of Southern Caltfornia. By. when it is ready it cures itself on the ground without the assist- ance of man. It furnishes in this way excellent pasturage for stock during the dry weather, remaining as well cured hay onthe ground. Itis seldom cut and stored ‘up for stock, other plants being more easily utilized in this way. The seeds are admirably adapted to stocking the ground anew each season, screwing themselves into every crack and crevice in the sun-baked earth where they patiently await the winter rains. Alfilaria is not only one of the more valuable of our wild forage plants, but has become one of the most common weeds in our gardens; it is not especially troublesome, even when most abun- dant, and is much less objectionable than the plants which would probably take its place were it absent. Probably the most abun- dant and troublesome weed with us is a species of Malva. : A friend recalls seeing the alfilaria eee freely on the roofs of houses in Switzerland. BURR CLOVER. Like the alfilaria, this is credited with being a native of South- érn Europe, early introduced to this coast. It is now widely distributed, and by its so well adapting itselfto our soil, we might well overlook its not being strictly American, even if we were quite sure that it is not indigencus. This plant grows abundantly in many of our fertile valleys and canyons, and, like the alfilaria, it makes well cured hay in the sun. It produces an abundance of burr-like seed pods, from which it receives its name, and itis its seed that makes it a valu- able and nutritious hay, especially valuable for horses. Unlike the alfilaria, it is frequently cut for hay, and may be considered a more valuable forage plant—one that is perhaps worthy of exten- sive cultivation. THE MESQUITE. The mesquite tree (Prosopis juliflora. Dc.), the screw pan (P. pubescens, Bth.), and other allied trees are, in a sense, the most valuable forage plants indigenous to the arid regions of the west, producing as they do an abundance of fruit of great nu- tritive value both for man and for his dependents, while even the foliage for browsing has often proved valuable to the traveler. The ripe pods of the mesquite bean are light straw color, thick and mealy, pleasantly pungent and sweet. Horses and mules, and probably other stock, eat them with avidity and grow fat on this diet without other forage, and wild animals appreciate their value, even the coyote, failing of a rabbit, not despising a meal of them. Among the Indians, who occupy the borders of the Colorado Desert, the pods of the mesquite tree form a no small nor unim- portant part of their harvest. They collect in pods in great quantities, and grinding them into a coarse meal, sifting out and ee The West American Scientist. flinging away the small, hard seed (which are passed undigested by animals). The meal is then made into large cakes and baked in the sun, making a very palatable and nutritious bread. The crisp mealy pods are not unpleasant eating for a hungry man, and when prepared as above are almost as agreeable as sweet cakes. The large yield of this tree, which grows in the hottest por- tions of our so-called desert lands, in this county, must render it worthy cultivation when these regions are further developed. Hundreds of bushels of these pods or fruit are now allowed to go to waste on the Colorado Desert—sufficient to support a large population, and there is but little doubt that in the past history of that region large bands of Indians thus derived a part of, if not their principal support. Would it be strange if history should repeat itself in this instance? The mesquite tree grows about twenty feet high, and a grove of them, when out of leaf, reminds one of an old New England apple orchard in the fall. The leaf is of a delicate green, finely divided like most Acacia leaves, and grows easily wherever water (even if salt or alkali is held in solution) may be found near, or within twenty feet of the surface. The pods are six inches toa foot or more in length. The tree seems to require the dry at- mosphere of the interior arid regions, for near the coast, in a moister atmosphere, it is only a stunted shrub. West of our mountains, where it is reached by the sea breezes, the fruit seems _to lack almost entirely those qualities, which make it so valuable when grown on the desert. The pods are tough, thin, and bit- ter, not mealy and sweet. The screw bean is less abundant and less valuable in many re- spects. The wood of both trees is hard, valuable for fire wood, and would be useful in wood work on account of the deep, rich coloring. | 3 Parkinsonia Torreyana, Watson, the alo verde of the Mexi- cans, the iron wood (Olneya Tesota, Gray), and Acacia Greggii, Gray, are allied trees found growing in the more sterile regions of the west and share some of the useful qualities of the mesquite. C.R. Orcute. ON THE PHOSPHORESCENT SPOTS OF PORICH- THYVS MARGARITATUS. _ Professor J. S. Kingsley has given a short account of the phosphorescent organs of Porichthys margaritatus, describing them as constituting a new type. The fact that most of the fishes possessing similar organs live in deep water and are therefore dead when they reach the surface renders problematical the func- tion of their so-called phosphorescent spots; these spots have generally been considered to be phosphorescent. The fact that On the Phosphorescent Spots of Poricthys Margaritatus. 33 a fish possessing such organs lives in shallow water is, therefore, of considerable interest. : Porichthys is nocturnal in its habits. It probably remains in the deeper water of the bay during the daytime, not having been caught in the fishermen’s nets in daylight so far as we are aware, but is reported to be quite frequently taken at night. We have it from hearsay that specimens have been owen with hook .and Jineé during the day. In March, 1889, we saw the fishermen draw their seine after 8 o'clock P. M., when they caught four specimens. The fish were not phosphorescent when brought ashore. Two of them were taken in a bucket of sea-water to our laboratory, but they showed no signs of phosphorescence. One was dissected; the spine was cut and the spinal cord irritated; neither these methods nor local irritation of the spots caused any phosphores- cent gleams. The other specimen was kept alive several days in fresh sea-water. It was watched at night when undisturbed and when irritated, but there was no phosphorescence in either case. The phosphorescent spots must either be continually and in- voluntarily phosphorescent or they must emit gleams at the will of the fish. Thac the first proposition is not correct we have seen. The voluntary gleams would probably be emitted under one of the tollowing conditions; 1. During the breeding season; 2. On capturing prey; 3. In escaping from enemies. The spots are so conspicuous and invariable in outward appear- ance at all seasons and in both sexes that it is not probable that these organs were developed to attract the other sex. ; Under the second condition no individuals have come under our observation; the only way in which the phosphorescence would be likely to aid in capturing prey would be by the attrac- tion of other fishes by a continuous glow (Stolephorus delicatissi- mus was found in the stomach of one individual). If this were the case the individual watched should have shown this glow as it was not fed during confinement. A single flash, or successive flashes would more probably scare away fishes than attract them. The general distribution of the spots makes it improbable that they would serve to enable the fish to see its prey; the water above, beneath and on the sides of the fish would be pretty evenly illuminated. There remains only the last condition suggested, which may, perhaps, be discarded with the statement already made, that all attempts at irritation failed to give any flashes. It may be stated in this connection that the fishermen here have not seen any phos- phorescence from these fishes when capturing them. What the function of the spots may be we are unable to say. Aquarium facilities for making extensive and long-continued ob- servations are, at present, wanting. Further observations will be made as soon as practicable. A description of the spots is not necessary here as their posi- 34 The West American. Scientist. tion and external appearance have been well described by Jordan and Gilbert in their Synopsis of N. A. Fishes, and their minute structure 1s the subject. of a paper in press by Mr. Frederick C. Test. Carl Ff. Exgenmann and Rosa S. Eigenmann. SAN DIEGo BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, April 1, 1889. COLORADO NOTES A form of pisidium pusillum, a minute fresh-water bivalve, is reported from Delta county. Among the fifteen species of liverworts known to Colorado is Marchantia polymorpha, which is reported as being exceedingly abundant on the banks of streams on the east slope of the Sangre de Cristo range in Custer county. A perfectly black example of the black-tailed deer has been reported from Piney river, and it is said that : an albino was found some years ago near Canon city. Wolverines have lately been reported as occurring in Gilpin and Eagle counties. ~The wild mountain goat is said to have formerly existed in Middle Park. The common harebell (campanula rotundifolia), although of a deep blue color, often turns white in the process of drying for the herbarium. There is, however, a white variety, and a most curious fact, first observed by Mrs. M. E. Cusack, is that the flowers of this variety turn blue in drying. All observant people must have seen the yellow spiders ¢ on yel- low flowers, and white spiders on white flowers, that catch bees and other insects which visit the flowers—not noticing their ene- mies because of their deceptive coloring. | These spiders live by their looks, and never go to the trouble of spinning a web. James Angus considers that these white and. yellow spiders be- long to the same species, and that they can change their color according to the flower they select. The bulbs ot Calochortus are frequently destroyed by an orange-colored maggot, which feeds upon them. The mountain rat (neotoma cinerea) is troublesome in western Custer county, from about 8,400 feet to 10,000 feet altitude. Some snails collected at West Cliff are identified by C. F. Ancey as Pupa hebes, P. ingersolli, Vallonia n. sp., Physa n. sp. (?). Among the animals now known to exist in Colorado are forty species of mammals and five varieties; three hundred and fifteen species of birds and forty-seven varieties; four species of rep- tiles; two species of fish; fifty-six species and eleven varieties of mollusca; four hundred and seventy-six species and twelve va- Briefer Articles. =P) rieties of coleoptera; one hundred and eighty-six species and twenty-seven varieties of butterflies; five hundred and seventy- three species and four varieties of moths: ten crustaceans; thirty- four species of arachnida (spiders, etc); and the other classes of invertebrates are well represented. Piimrnnk ARTICLES: - PROTECTIVE CoOLoRING.—I made a little experiment lately with some larve of vanessa urtia. They were placed ina rose arbor, of course in the shade ; the chrysalids were nearly black, with but little gold marking. I then removed the remaining caterpillars in the cage to my greenhouse and the chrysalids produced were very light, pinkish, and freely marked with gold —the different light ea causing this difference in the tint. J. Jenner Weir BECKENHAM, ENGLAND, in Report C. B. A. CoLors IN PLANT LiFrE.—I have often meant to ask whether you have ever noticed that in gooseberry bushes which bear yellow fruit the leaves turn yellow in autumn, and in those which bear red berries the leaves turn red. I have noticed this, and wondered whether there was any reason for it. Another ob- servation of mine is that at different periods of the year there is generally a predominant color among wild flowers, or so it seemed to me at Ewhurst. For instance, first. I think, comes a yellow period—primroses, lesser celandine, tussilago, etc.; then a purpleor lilac period—wistaria, lilac, purple orchids, etc. ; ‘next, a red period—ragged robin, rose, campion, and geranium. I am not quite sure where the others come, but think the year winds up with yellow again. Does this seem to you mere fancy? Of course there are always other colors at the same time, but in fewer numbers. LISS AS SSL CHIL. ISLEWORTH, ENGLAND, in Report C. B. A. THE WHISTLING TREE.—Acacia fistula grows in dense groves in Nubia and is known among the natives as the ‘ whistling tree.’ It owes its name to the fact thit a gall insect selects for the site of its operations the ivory white shoots, which the development’ of the larva distorts and causes to swell at the base into a bladder- like gall, about an inch in diameter. The insect, upon emerg- ing, leaves a circular hole, and the wind playing upon the shoot is said then to produce a flute-like sound. Amateur Collector. Moss MARBLE.—There has been discovered, four miles south of Rattlesnake springs, Washington Territory, an extensive ledge of marble, in which beautiful trees or plants of moss are as fre- quent and as clearly defined as in the moss agate, though the marble is nof translucent. The body of the stone is mostly white, with splotches of pink and blue between the bunches of moss. 36 The West American Scientist. BIBLIOGRAPHY. A. Biytt. On variations of climate in the course of time. Christiania Videnskabs-Selskabs Forhandlinger, 1886, No. 8. The probable cause of the displacement of beach-lines; an attempt to compute geological epochs. 1. c., 1889, No. 1. From the author. h . LiIFE-LoRE. 4 Essex street, Strand, London, W. C., Vol. 1, No. 8, February, 1889. An excellent monthly magazine, full of things interesting to the naturalist, especially adapted in style, like our American Sw7ss Cvoss, to interest the young student. R. W. SHUFELDT. The Navajo Tanner, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XI.; 59-66 (with six plates). An interesting account of the process of tanning and preparing of buckskin practiced among the Navajos. as performed directly under the author’s personal observation by an Indian at Fort Wingate, New Mexico. ) Jas. G. STEELE. Notes on California medicinal plants. Pharm Rec... 1xey7—3) THE JOURNAL OF Myco.LocGy. It is announced that this magazine will be issued quarterly during 1889, edited under the direction of the Commissioner of Agriculture, and distributed free to all the present subscribers. C. E. Bessey. A few notable weeds of the Nebraska plains. American Nat’l., X XII, 1114-1117. BULLETIN om the laboratories of natural history of the State University of Iowa. Vol. 1, No. 1, lowa City, November 1888. A valuable ‘contribution to the natural history of Iowa. The principal papers are by S. Calvin, on geology; T. H. McBride, on botany; B. Shimek, on mollusca; and H. F. Wickman, on coleoptera. | THE CENTURY MAGAZINE, April. This is issued as the cen- tennial number of Washington’s inauguration. ‘Some aspects of the Samoan question,’ by Geo. H. Bates, is of especial interest at this time. THE NavutiLus. A monthly journal of conchology is an- nounced to take the place of the Conchologist’s Exchange, with H. A. Pilsbury as editor. W.H. Epwarps. The Preparatory Stages of Colias meadit Canad. Entom., March, 1889. In this paper the egg, larva in all its stages, and pupa are described with the author’s custom- ary precision. The larva is darker than any other Colias larva known to Mr. Edwards. The locality given (p. 42) as ‘ Marshall Peak’ should be Marshall Pass. ZL. DD Ae JAMEs Cassipy. Notes on Insects and inacermitee (Bull. 6, Agricultural Exper. Stn., Fort Collins, Colorado, January, 1889. ) In this twenty-four page bulletin, Prof. Cassidy gives Bibliography— Editorial. a7 interesting details about many species of injurious insects found in Colorado in 1888. Several appear to have been very recently introduced into Colorado, and this suggests the enquiry whether the Exper. Station itself may not be unwittingly bringing insect pests on imported shrubs and herbs, which would never other- wise cross the arid plains to the east of Colorado. Pieris rapz is said to have established itself in Colorado, although Prof. Cassi- dy’s description does not read like rape; sesia tipuliformis is an- other presumed introduction. Among insecticides; powdered ‘veratrum albrem is recommended. We wonder whether the V. californicum (called albrem by Watson), which is common in parts of Colorado. would suffice in its stead? The report is un- fortunately marred by several misprints in the spelling of scien- tific names, but altogether, is both interesting and valuable. | LD). wa OG, T.D. A. CoCKERELL. Preliminary remarks on the Mollus- can Fauna of Colorado. ‘Journal of Conchology,’ Vol. VI, 1889, pp. 60-64. A preliminary survey of the Mollusca of Colo- rado, several species are added to the State list, and a new spe- cies of Physa is described. ForcE AND ENERGY. A Theory of Dynamics; by Grant Allen. Humboldt Publishing Company, 24 East 4thstreet, New York. The author defines Force and Energy as the two mani- festations of power, tending to initiate aggregative motion, find- ing its expression in gravitation, adhesion, chemical affinity, and imperfectly comprehended electrical affinity, and showing its vi+ tality in the separative powers classified as molar, molecular, chemical and electrical modes or manifestations of motion. . HDITORTAL: The lichens collected by the editor have been placed in the hands of a specialist, who will carefully identify them and pub- lish the results of his studies in this magazine. The duplicate sets of these lichens will be offered for sale or in exchange and distributed whenever a fascicle may be prepared. Those desir- ing the more complete sets should apply at once, as many, likely the new and rarest species, were sparingly collected. We should be pleased to have collections of lichens from’ any of our West American correspondents to include in our own series and for distribution. We enjoyed recently a pleasant visit from Dr. C. C. Parry, whois again on the Coast, persistently following up his acquaintance with some of our equally modest and retiring wild flowers. A new species of eriogonum, of which our readers will learn more soon, rewarded his search through our herba- rium. Our Colorado notes are selected from the reports of the Colorado Biological Association, prepared by the Secretary and 38 The West American Scientist. published in a local newspaper. ‘The Digger’s Duff,’ given in one of our Australian exchanges, has been adapted to this coun- try and may be appreciated by some of the miners returning from the Lower Californian placers. The rich discoveries that caused the recent excitement and exaggerated reports, proved very limited in extent, but many evidently find enough to keep up their courage. Other discoveries will surely reward the pa- tient prospector, and the discovery of many valuable quartz veins containing gold have already resulted from the prospecting. We would suggest that descriptions of new species or varieties, whenever possible, should be accompanied by a type specimen for preservation in our West American Museum of Nature and Art, which already contains type specimens of many species. We desire to make it especially complete as regards the fauna and flora of the Western States. ‘ The Desert in June,’ gives the botanical aspects of an uninviting region at the most desolate season of the year (in that section). We hope to give our read- ers a different picture of the same region soon, as it appears after abundant rains, when itis literally transformed into a gar- den full of the choicest flowers. NOTES AND NEWS. Seeds of the most valuable varieties of cinchona bring $1,000. per ounce in Ceylon. There are nearly 100,000 seeds in an ounce. It has been computed that the great smoke cloud daily hang- ing over the city of London contains fifty tons of solid carbon and 250 tons of hydrocarbon and carbonic oxide gases. This waste would be valued at $10,000,000 per annum. St. Nichotas for April figures and describes the largest egg in the world, laid by Aepyornis maximus, the largest bird ever. known to exist. This bird, a relative of the ostrich, although much larger, towering above the tallest giraffe, was practically wingless and a swift runner. It formerly inhabited Madagascar, and is now extinct. The eggs sometimes measured over three feet the largest way around, two feet six inches around the mid- dle, and held eight quarts of meat (equal to 140 hen’s eggs }), with a shell at least half an inch thick, nearly six times the size of an ostrich egg! Only one complete egg, in the Jardine des Plantes, Paris, is known to exist. © Stachys tuberifera, a native of North Africa, comes to this country from Japan where it is called Chiro-Gi. This new veget- able has lately attracted considerable attention in Europe and this country. — It yields edible tuberous roots, which boiled and seasoned in the way of-the egg plant, become a novel dish, having a pleasant and somewhat spicy flavor, midway between the Jerusalem artichoke and boiled chestnuts, . Notes and News. | 39 One tree of Psiadia rotundifolia on the island of St. Helena, seems to be perfectly alone in the world—the last of its race. It is about twenty feet high, formerly common on the island, form- ing large groves, but the woodman’s axe and the ravages of goats have left only this single specimen. It is the only known tree of | the Composite, a family which, with this exception, comprises only herbaceous plants. Flowers of the magnificent Romneya Coulteri, in cultivation in San Diego, have been measured that were nine inches across. This is one of the finest of the native plants of Southern Cali- fornia. A Swede di nis to be masta to convert wood into stone, but the present cost is about $500 per cubic inch. A German scientist forces oil into the pores of soft wood, then subjects it to intense pressure, thereby solidifying it, rendering it as good as lignum vite for such purposes as stern bearings for propeller shafts, etc. The electrical process of refining sugar turns out to be a swindle of gigantic proportions, Sir James Hector maintains that the chief use of the antlers is not for fighting so much as for facilitating the progress of the stag through dense woods. In his experience with the elk he finds that by throwing up the head, thereby placing the horns along the back, the animals were enabled to go forward with great rapidity and follow the hinds. The experience of others in India and New Zealand seems to confirm this view, An ornithologist and odlogist’s directory is being compiled by Messrs. Menefee and Corless, of San Jose, California, who desire the names and addresses of every student and collector to render their work complete. The California State Fruit Growers’ ley anea session convened at National City on April 16, 17, 18, and Ig. The tin mines of Dakota are now considered beyond doubt of immense value, and it is expected that English capitalists will soon take steps toward their development. Pueblo, Colorado, has decided to erect a mineral palace, 200X290 feet, constructed of heavy timbers entirely concealed in- side and outside by minerals, epecially iron, coal, copper, galena, coke and manufactures of iron and steel. Within, it is hoped to have specimens from every gold and silver mine of. ‘any import- ance in the United States and Mexico. Gold has been recently reported as having been iouney in sev- eral provinces of Japan. At the last summer fair of Irbit, which is a market for only a part of the furs exported from Siberia, skins of 3,180,000 squir- rels, 11,000 blue foxes, 140,000 marmots, 30,000 polecats, 10,000 badgers, 1 1,300,000 hares and 2 ,000 foxes, were offered tor sale, 4O The West American Scientist. The product of crude petroleum in California during 1888 is estimated at 300,000 barrels of forty two gallons each. tae The famous Temescal tin mine, of Southern California, has been purchased by an English syndicate. There are fifty-three ledges of tin ore on the property secured by the syndicate, which can supply the entire coast with all the tin consumed, as the sup- ply of ore is said to be inexhaustible and the quality of the tin that can he produced is of the very best. : i There are as many Indians in the State of New York as in Minnesota—-about. 500. : Physicians of Paris havecondemned the use of saccharine as a food, and find that its antiseptic qualities render indigestive, whatever food it is mixed with. : : A Spring of natural cologne has broken out in the southern part of Algiers, it is said. . Ventriloquial powers which they sometimes use to their advan- tage, have been detected in some birds, especially sparrows, thrushes, and robins, by Ernest E. Thompson of Canada. ~The greenish color of some of the sloths is attributed to the presence of an alga upon the hair. Two genera and three species of these parasitic plants have been recently described. The new genus, tricophilus, is green, the other, cyanoderma, with its two species is violet... From 150,000 to 200,000 individuals of these algze may occur upon a single hair. . | . The number of wolves killed in France in 1888 was 701, for which nearly $10,000 were paid in bounties by the government. The French wolf isshy, and does not scour the country in bands, like the Russian kind. The peasants say it quite understands that there isa price set on its head, and so keeps out of their way, and it is only in very hard winters that it leaves the forests to at- tack flocks. Only two, of the 7o1 killed, had attacked human beings. ei, | | Dr. Carl Zeiss, the world-famed optician, whose death at the age of seventy-three years has been recently announced, was es- pecially successful in the manufacture of microscopical lenses pos- sessing unusually long focal distances. His simple microscopes early became famous onaccount of their extraordinary wide aper- tures, and hence their resolving power was almost relatively un- equalled even by the compound instruments then in existence. Oxytropis lagapus, Nutt., is reported from Augusta, Montana, as a ‘loco’ or ‘ rattle weed,’ credited with being the cause of kil- ling horses. F. D. Kelsey (Bot. Gaz., XIV: 20) doubts that this is the plant that does the mischief. In Southern California sev- eral species of astragalas have the same unenviable names and reputation, while in Arizona, we have been informed, species of oxytropis and hosackia respectively share the blame. The: sub- ect is worthy of the attention of the Department of Agriculture. — The West American Sctentist. yosePl GILLOTP-S Steel Jlews FOR ARTISTIC USE in fine drawing, Nos. 659 (Crowquill), 290 and 291. FOR FINE WRITING, j EAT: ; Nos. 303 and Ladies’, 170. FOR BROAD WRITING, ; ; ge Nos. 294, 389 and Stub Point, 849. FOR GENERAL WRITING, ay Nos. 332, 404, 390 and 604. Joseph Gillott & Sons, 91 John St, N. Y. p HENRY HOE, Sore AGeEnT, Sold by ALL DEALERS throughout the World. Gold Medal Paris‘Exposition, 1878. A. WENTSCHER, GENERAL COMMISSION FORWARDING AND SHIPPING. San Diego, Cal. RE YOU FOND OF USING TOOLS OR Tinkering? If So send One’ Dollar for THE UNIVERSAL TINKER AND AMATEUR’S ASSIST- ANT. Tells Amateurs about turning and lathe work, Painting, Staining, Book Binding, French Polisi ing, Wood Finishing, Fretwork, Amateur Printing, the Magic Lantern, etc. Single copies iO cts. ‘Address HODGSON & BARWOOD, 294 ‘Broadway, New York, N.Y: Sah ee oaaaty YOUR IT WILL PLEASE %% or girl and your neighbor’s boy- or girl to receive a paper ‘‘all their own.” Try sending them the YOUNG IDEA The best low-priced juvenile magazine published; 12 pages, 36 columns, monthly, illustrated, only 50 cts. a year; sample free. Address THE YOUNG IDEA, Grant C. Whitney, publisher, Belvidere, Ill. a. $8 solid GOLD WATCH “Pn Sold for $100 un- | my til lately, Best $S8&5 4 watch inthe world. Per- j g~ fect time- 5 = CA keeper. Warranted. Heavy 8Solid Gold Hunting Cases, *Y Elegant and magnificent, § Both ladies’and gents’sizes with works and cases of equal value. ONE PERSON in each locality can secure one ‘EREE. How is this possible? We answer—we want one per- son in each locality, to keep in YN GA GD their homes,and show to those who call, a complete line of our valuable and very useful HOUSEHOLD SAMPLES. These samples,as well as the a hy send free,and after you have kept them in your home for 2 months and shown them to those who may have called;they become your own property; it is possible to make this great offer, sending the SOLID GOLD watch and COST Y samples free, as the showing of _ the samples in any locality, always results in a large trade for us; after our samples have been in a locality for a month or two We usually get from $149000 to $5000 in trade from the surrounding country. This, the most wonderful offer ever known, is made in order that our saroples may be placed at once where they can be seen, all over America, Write at once, and make'sure of thechance, Reader it will be hardly any trouble for you to show the samples to those who may call at your bome aud your reward will be most satisfactory. A postal card on which to write us costs but 1 cent and after youknow all,if you do not care to gofurther, why noharm isdone, But if you do send your address at once, you can secure FREE one of the best solid gold watches fn the world and our large line of COSTLY SAMPLES. We pay all express, freight, etc, GEO. STINSON & 00,, Bow'812, PORTLAND, MAIN, Gousolidated National Bank. CAPITAL PAID IN, - $250,000. SURPLUS FUND, - = 80,000. Undivided Profits -—-— - 73,961 BRYANT HOWARD, - - - - President, E. W. MORSE, = = - - Vice-President. JOHN GINTY, - - - - - - Cashier. W. H. CLARKE, : - Assistant Cashier. ——DIRECTORS,—— O. S. Witherby, John Ginty, James McCoy, Bryant Howard. E. W. Morse, Hiram Mabury, S. Levi, osm. ae Exchange on all the Principal Cities of America and Burope bought and sold. ‘The Savings Bank In the Consolidated Bank Building, corner of Hand ! ifth streets. CAPITAL, - - - > :OFFICERS:-: , James M. Pierce, - > _ President. Geo. A. Cowles, - + - - Vice-President. John Ginty, -- = Secretary and Treasurer. ; {DIRECTORS:-: H. Mabury, E. W. Morse, James M. Pierce, Bryant Howard, $100,000. 0,8. Witherby, Geo. A. Cowles, James McCoy, Interest Allowed on Deposits. Money _ Loaned on Real Estate. Every Student of Nature should Sub- scribe for ‘THE SWISS CROSS’ Organ of the Agassiz Association; Edited ty the president, Harlan H. Ballard. Beautifully illustrated, simple, popular in style, reliable and accurate. $1.50 a Year. Issued Monthly, With this magazine, $2.00 a year. WEST AMERICAN SCIENTIST, San Diego, California. Address, OF THE VICINITY NOTES ON MOLLUSKS oF 28, vioneirs and Todos Santos Bay, Lower Cal fornia, by C. R. ORcouTT, with comments by W. H. DatL. With plate. Price, 25 cents C.R.Orcurt, San Diego, Cal. SUBSCRIBE FOR The West American Sclentist The Oldest and Best Scientific Monthly published on the Coast. PRICE, $1.00 PER ANNUM. SAMUEL CARSON & CO., PUBLISHERS, 208 Post Street, San Francisco. The West American Scientist. a 66 Gaceomen Raines Cost | Be WAWatch 2338 \% IG5ilFully EQUAL forX\\f ica) Accuracy, \! bility, Appearance imittiand Service, to CA ig} any $75.00 Watch. ‘Philadelphia’s (1 y Filled CHAIN building associa- tions have done 3 | much toward fl is guaranteed to wear \20 Years, and is 33)4% 14-Karat Solid Gold building it up and making it thecityofhomes. of co-operation| Look for the stamps O carefully & eco- —K.W. C. Co. 14K. FLO.— : | nomically man-|_@nd buy the i | VhXa| Club Co. until they are now ining 5 | Watches to consumers than all others} j combined. They handle only the [igi | Keystone Dust-proof Watch iris which is deservedly regarded as thelff at “PHILA. 14-Karat Gold gy 3) 7] FADS HINT, Nada EEA At BI Pp ‘Thesamesystevz il aged,has builtup 7he Keystone Watc ra crown and climax of Pennsylvania’siig manufactures. This Watch contains every essential to an accurate time- keeper, and many important improve- ments patented by the Company. They ! are Dust and Damp Proof, ish , 2 quality possessed by nomi other movement in the world. Jeweled with genuine rubies. Patent Stem Wind & Set, my Strongest and simplest. Sold fei) through authorized agents atiigie Sem $38.00. Either all cash downliges E | i or $1.00 per week. An Ajax Watch Insulator given\itR NE Sree with each Watch. € WATCHES Keystone Watch Club Gc Main Office in Company's es} Own Luilding, m= 904 Walnut St. PHILADELPHIA,PA AgentsWanted u Ee 24 : $2.00 perfect ‘protec tion itany watch. Sent by mail on receipt of price. J erefer to any Commercial Agency THECGIANT CALCUS. ar ete Living plants of this ‘Monarch of the Desert” supplied at from $5.00 to $100.00 each, according to size. B. F. JOHNSON & SONS, ' J> 2. ZENOS; A. T. For trade prices address C. R. OncuTT, San Diego, Cal. “NEW DIREC NATURALISTS’ SUPPLY DEPOT. Send for Price Lists of BIRDS’ SKINS, BIRDS’ EGGS, GLASS EYES, and Supplies for TAXIDERMISTS, OOLOGISTS & ENTOMOLOGISTS Frank B. Webster, 409 Washington St., Boston, Mass. ROYAL PALM NURSERIES The finest anil most. extensive collection of J'ropt- cul and Semi-Tropical Plants in America. Many adarted to Southern California. More than 20 varie- ties of bananas. 150,00U one year old palms. Fru t, ornamental and economical plants from Australia, Japan, Hong-Kong, India, South Africa, South Ameri- ca and all parts of the tropical world. New and valu- able descriptive catalogue of 100 pages, mailed to any address, upon. receipt of 10 cts. Address, REASONER BROS., ‘Manatee, Florita. Doubly Terminated Quartz Crystals Or the So-Called American Rhine Stone. We have spent much time and money during the past summer ‘collecting the celebrated crysta's of Herkimer County, the only locality in the world where they are found so perfect and brilliant, and now have a complete stock, from the common var- ieties.to the rarest forms, which we are selling at prices that. guarantee satisfaction. Our $1 trial lots for amateurs (40 crystals) are the best ever put up for the money and our $5 to $25 ‘lots for advanced collectors were never equalled in ' quality. Correspondence with colleges especially desired. KLOCK & GRISWOLD, _ East Schuyler, Herkimer Co, N. Y. Edgar J.. Klock. D. Griswold, A. B. PORTRAITS. YOUR HOME MADE BEAUTIFUL By adorning them with the FACES OF .LOVED ONES. The New York Artists’ Union is the only organiza- tion doing genuine Crayon, Pastels and Oil Portraits of friends living or dead, from photographs, tin-types or any correct likeness, They can fill, and therefore solicit. orders. from. all. parts.of the United States. Con- sctentious work onthe:smallest as well.as the largest contracts is thetr:rule..' Satisfaction guaranteed or no pay required. ‘All-work done by Graduated Artists, Now is the time'to send your order. Send for our idustrated-circular of prices, etc., to The New York. Artists’ Union, Mention’ this, paper] 10 East 14th St , New York. 7 4 t ’s a O : i ee. @ % MG ew E are engaged in compiling a NEW ‘Cologists’ and Ornithologists’ Direc” tory, to be issued August 5th, 1889. We desire'the:addresses of all Collect- ors. Names inserted free. Do not neglectithis:opportunity to increase your col- lections by exchanges from all parts of the world. ‘Exchange notices a special feature, 10 cents each for 25 words or less, -Extra words at.same rate. This will be the largest and best Directory ever published. ‘Order now. A limited num- ber of reliable advertisements inserted at reasonable rates. Write for terms, Address all communications to ' MENEFEE & CORLESS, SAN JOSE, ‘CALIF. The West American Sczentist. THE OPEN COURT. Published Weekly at 169 LaSalle Street, Chicago, Ills. A Jourual devoted to Science, Philosophy & Morals. Send for Free Sample Copy. Price $2.00 a Year. P. O. Drawer F. BOOK CHAT! Brentatio’s, Publishers, 5 Union Square,N.Y. Book Chat contains montbly a complete index to the periodical literature of the world. Indispensable to Botanists, Conchologists, Geologists and Scientists generally. $1 ayear; 10c. fora single copy. THE—— AMERICAN GEOLOGIST! IS A MAGAZINE Devoted to Geology and Allied Sciences--the only one in America—published by a number of Professio: al Geologists distribute] over the central part of the United States. Three Dollars.a Year. —_—_- THE AMERICAN GEOLOGIST, Minneapo'is, Minn. NATIONAL + EDUCATOR, A. R. Horne, Editor and Proprietor. —Oo—— Established by the present proprietor in 1860. Circulation general throughout the United States. ADVERTISING RATES REASONABLE. ‘a= Send for Sample. NATIONAL EDUCATOR, ALLENTOWN, PENN. VARIETIES of Geaded Buckskin and War Rel- ics of the Sioux of Dakota, Apaches, Pueblos A large stock of Ore- All the leading Minerals and Fossils of the Black Hills 10 and Navajoes of New Mexico. gon and other States’ Stone Relics of all kinds. and Dakota Bad Lands. Wholesale and retail. Send for large, illustrated catalogue. L. W. STILWELL, Dead“ood, D> T. COLLECTORS! Large stock in (Mamnals (skins, skele- tons and skulls), Bird Skins and Eggs, Amphibia, Myriapods, Crustacea, Echin- oderma, Insects, Fossils, Shells (marine, land, fresh water), etc. ,etc., from various trans-oceanic countries, especially *’Fhe Ancient World.”’ “‘Linnea’’ Institution for Natural History, | _ BERLIN, GERMANY. Our Agent in the U.S, A.: HERMANN ROLLE, 33 Ave. A, New York City, __Will send Catalogues on application. HELLS, MINERALS AND FOSSILS, SEEDs, Bulbs and Plants, C. R. ORCUTT, San Diego, California, GARDEN AND FOREST. — o——, The new illustrated weekly journal of Horticulture, Garden Botany, and Forestry is indispersable to every botanist and botanical library. Each number con- tains a figure of a new or little known plant (North American) not before figured, drawn by C. E. Faxon, with description by Mr. Lereno Watson. The paper . is edited by Professor C. S. Sargent, of Harvard, with Professor W. G. Farlow and Professor A. S. Packard, as associates. The early numbers have contained ar- ticles by Professors Wolcott Gibbs, G. L. Goodall, W. J. Beal, G. W. Hilgard, Jchn Macono, L. H. Bailey, Herbert Osborne, J. L. Budd, W. Trelease, H. Mayr, W. W. Bailey, D. P. Feahallow, C. R. Orcutt, Abbot Kinney, and other eminent contributors. Special attention has been devoted to Califurnia subjects. With the second number was published as a supple- ment a beautiful photogravure of Mr. A. St. Gaudens’s bronze medallion of Asa Gray. No American scientist should be without a copy. The price of this number, with supplement, to non-subscrivers, is now 25 cents. Subscription Price, $4.00 a year. Garden and Forest Publishing (Co. TRIBUNE BuriLpiIne, NEw YORK. Our A, B, C’s—Accuracy, Brevity, Completeness. . WEST AMERICAN SCIENTIST “ Decidedly the best of tts class.” An illustrated monthly magazine of popular science— the only one in the West. $1.00 a year; 10 cents a copy. For scientific books, shells, fossils, plants, bulbs, ferns, cacti, seeds, etc:, address the editor, Chas, a ae oie wee | Diego, SEO ALL FOR 25 CENTS. A fine Indian Arrew-head, Piece of Pottery, Star- fish, Sea-urchin, Shark’s Egg, 3 minerals, Chinese Coins, 14-page price-list of curiosities, etc., copy of COMMON SENSE, a 16-page magazine for collectors, 35c per year. F. 4. THOMAS, Publisher, Mexico, New York. HE GEOLOGISTS’ GAZE’ r'TE is the heck 25c paper publi-hed for collectors of natural his- tory specimens. Send firfree sample copy. It will please you. GAZETTE PUBLISHING COMPANY, Elkader, lowa. SHELLS OF THE COLORADO DESERT $1.00 for valve of Anodonta Californiensis and specimens of Physa humerosa, Amnicola longinque, and Tryonias. C. R. ORCUTT, San Diego, Cal. THE MUSEUM. ASX illustrated magazine for Young Naturalists and Collectors, containing articles by eminent Scien- tists. 25 sets (consisting of the only four numbers published) still on hand. These will be sold for 40 cents per set; original price 15 cents per number. Address E. A. BARBER, Box 2118, West Chester, Penn’a RUBBER STAMP AGENTS, ATTENTION! It will be to yonr autereee to havea copy of our ENCYCLOPEDIA, or Improved Catalogue of Rubber Stamps, [212 te oes which, with its adieed prices, thousands of new Nov ‘elties, Cuts, Borders, Designs, etc., is intended to take the placeof all other stamp books. Every Page entirely new. Mailed on receipt of 33 cents. None free. Jan. 10th, 1887. Address—THALMAN MEG. CO., Balto., Md, The West American sate ia! CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS. TWO LINE CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENT, only 25 centsa month; $3.00 a year payable in advance. Each additionai line, 10 cents a month, $1.00 a year. Must be acceptable and paid in ad- vance. Copy of paper free to each advertiser each month while advertising continues. BOOKS. QCIENTIFIC BOOKS AND MAGAZINES FUR- nished by C.R. Orcutt, San Diego,Cal. _Old Books wanted. in exchange. ALMAGE’S SERMONS (14) TO THE WOMEN OF America, with practica' hints to men, 10 cents. The Gospe) ‘Hergid, 333 Day street, Princeton, N. J. SAN DIEGO. CLIMATE, TOPOGRAPHY, PRO- ductions, etc. By Dovenas GUNN. 78 pp, with map, 25 cents. PLoka OF SOUTHERN AND LOWER CALIFOR- nia. A Check-List of the flowering plants, ferns, lichens and marine alge. By C. R. Orcurr, Price, 25 cents. C. R. ORCUTT, San Diego, Cal. THE UNITARIAN A 48-page monthly maga- jy zne, edited by Rev. J. T. Sunderland, with Rev. Messrs. Brooke Herford, Robt. Collyer, and 30 other prominent ministers as con- |' tributors. Subscription price, one dollar a year. “‘THE UNITARIAN more than meets my expectations, and these were not iow. It is indeed most excellent; and in the very line of our fondest hopes.” H. W. Tuomas, D. D. ‘THE UNITARIAN is by all odds the best religious monthly in the United States.’’— Universalist Record. ' Address, THE UNICARIAN, ANN ARBoR MICH. SHELLS. Y PRICE LIST OF LAND SHELLS FOR 10 cents. Over 500 varieties. C. R. Orcutt, San Diego, Cal. SEEDS. R. ORCUTT, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA, COL- * lector and importer of all kinds of tree, shrub and flower seeds. Californian seeds, bulbs and plants a specialty; also ferns and rare cacti, MINERALS. LARGE STOCK OF FINE AMERICAN AND foreign minerals, Western minerals and fossils a specialty. - Diego, California. BIRDS, SKINS AND EGGS. EW PRICE LIST OF FRESH SOUTHERN CAL- ifornia Bird Skins sent for stamp. Charles H. Marsh, Dulzura, Cal. IT 1S IMPORTANT For collectors to know where they can purchase spec- imens the cheapest. We invite all to send:for our illustrated price lists, etc. STEARNS’ CURIO SHOP, Headquarters for Low Prices, ELKADOR, IOWA. Shells, Minerals § Fossils, —ALSO— SEEDS AND Tn a Cie; ‘ORCUTT, Editor ‘The West Amercian Scientist.” SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA. Lists in preparation. C. R. Orcutt, San _ Pacific Coast Steamship Compnay The Elegant and Thorauslile Equipped Steamers of this Company sail in Sight of Land the whole distance from San Diego to Alaska, Leave San Diego: CITY OF PUEBLA—December 8, 15, 22, and 29. SANTA ROSA~— December 4, 11, 17 and 24. Leave San Francesco: CITY OF PUEBLA—December 3, 5, 19 and 27—at 8 A. M.- SANTA ieee Sina 1, 9, 14, 22 and 28—at 2 P.M. Freig hts reecived for all paints North and East, from 7 A. M. to 5 P. M., every day except sailing days and Sundays. For further information apply atthe Company’s offices at the wharf, foot of Fifth street. _ J, H. SIMPSON, Local Agent. Ancient Red Man's Tools. 1 large game point, 1 small game point, 1 bird point, 1 barbed base arrow, 1 deep notched base arrow, 1 stemmed base arrow, 1 serrated edge arrow; all 7 are fine and well wrought implements, neatly arranged on card and labeled with date, etc., and sent post paid for 75 cents. List ‘free. Catalogue 7c., or free with order. DEALERS SUPPLIED. J. R. NISSLEY, Ada, Hardin Co., O. Le Naturaliste Canadien 32-page, 8-in , illustrated monthly. $2.00 A YEAR, ‘The only publication in the French Language, on Natural History on this continent. It is actually pursuing a revision of Hymenoptera with descriptions of several new species and the history of Hemiptera of the Province of Quebec. | L’Abbe Provancher, Caphrouge, Q., Canada. DR. LORYEA’S NEW HAMMAM For LADIES AND GENTLEMEN. 218 POST STREET, SAN FRANCISCO. Address, Bet. Dupont ang Stockton, —_ o0-— The Finest Turkish, Russian, Electric, and Medicated Baths in the City. Single Bath, $1. Six Tickets, &5. Open for Gentlemen, Day and Night, Sundays includ- ed. For Ladies, from 8 A. M. to 6 P. M. The West American Sczentist. Be NESE RE RST Rat ae SEE mT eee Fs EEE RAS PIES ve er oe er of F and Eighth Streets. east corn | SEND FOR!CATALOGUE AND PRICE LIST. —PROPRIETORS:—— ‘ Cash Capital eee essere BL aes 000 OC SAN FRANCISCO, actin URRY TOTO DAVID J. STAPLES, President. . Di WM. J. DUTTON, Secretary. _ ALPHEUS BULL, BERNARD FAYMONVILLE, Assistant viata . CENTRAL DEPARTMENT, _ ; EASTERN DEPAF THOMAS S. CHARD, Manager | CHAS. W. KELL 157-159 LaSalle St., Ohicago, I. Mason Building, ‘a F. MoLatian, Agent, Huew. ee age Hexry Hewerr & Co., Agents, Portland, Or. W. P. Coreman, Agent, - Sacramento, Cal. : Bishop & Co., Agents, - - Honolulu,H.I, Ben. H. Wiuson & Bro., Agts., Denver, Colo, | & BOR oe a St a 1G 423 . VoLumE VI. JUNE, 1889. WHOLE No. 44. a A ee West + Kmerican + Scientist, A popular monthly review and record for the Pacific Coast. Official Organ of the San Diego Society of Natural Fstory. SOC by ee ss BDETOR: CONTENTS: PAGE Some Native Forage Plants of Southern California..... C. R. Orcutt 41 a eI MIE Flee gig SP God oa vin o's el ohiia dele a's geal need a E. £. Orcutt 43 TUN 15 brs ae .0 8a. d wa gC ueoba Ws wi pis e's ¥,0°6 lie vere C. R. Orcutt 43 Contributions from the San Diego Biological Laboratory....... PRRE ODE Gee cpus cb ies pasnee CALS Rk. S. Figenmann 44 List of Beetles of the Genus Amara Taken Recently in Colorado, 0 EN ss i a ESR a eee re PRN T. D. A. Cockerell 47 PB menne Gl SCIETENIC SOCIETIES. 60650 oe. ie cee le ee ce wees ieee. 48 Briefer Articles—The Loco Weed; A Thorny Path; Michel Eu- SOON Sc CSAS a! ule viv 9 o hints wie ne eeleaniy.s Syaaia ds eed at ed 59 ~Le SAMUEL CARSON & CO., PUBLISHERS. No. 208 Post STREET, - SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF. No. 1134 Fifth Street, San Diego, Calif. PRICE 10 CENTS. PER YEAR, $1.00. {Entered at the Post Office at San Francisco as second-class matter.] ony ie coh ican base bau OF SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. RI RE AND MAR IN oe | Capital Fully Paid, $3,000 6e Sen Se OFFICE, 410 PINE STREET. — LOUIS SHORS (yh eer ce aioak aly Chee fame et Bae ssh A pene : C.P. PARNPIBED Sf jes fies thn et oii tn ean Vice- -President. Z.P. CLARK) 20a) 5 GS Se nN oe "Secretary BANKERS: The Nevada Bank of San Pan. " Do Tou Bea | ae o That Bright, Sparkling Young Magazine. | The Cheapest Illustrated Monthly in the ree 25 Cents a Number. $2.40 per Year. THE Cosmopo.iran is literally what the press universally calls it, “The Bost and ‘ohoapest Illustrated Magazine” in the aoe ee Subseribe AN UNUSUAL OPPORTUNITY—Subseri : The Cosmopolitan, per year sds Minera sane ee 40 to THe West AMERICAN SCIENTIST, per year...... debi cae OO The price of the two publications.......-......- ee tad ee 40 Bs We will furnish both for BRI 8 on oy eae Ane ca ees fae ‘The Pasa anouinnt dcvaioeee for the first time in magazine ienaeire, a Splendiaty mustrated Pevedeat . at a Price hitherto deemed shila euthidad ' i a ‘1m TRY 0 Oe by FOR A YEAR Do you want a Ribak Magazine, giving tahdselty 1300 sages by the ablest pe and cleverest artists—as readable a Magazine as money Cam make—a seme? sae meet a teeta of live subjects p Send $2.75 - to Samuel Gioca & Co., 208 Post St., Bau Francis cure both “The niggaanes irri and late) hal baetana's mt ete The West American Scientist. ACID PHOSPHATE Prepared according to the directions of PRor. E. N, HorsSForD, ESPECIALLY RECOMMENDED FOR Dyspepsia, Nervousness, Exhaus- tion, Headache, Tired Brain, And all Diseases arising from Indigestion and Nervous Exhaustion. Oo This is not a compound “patent medicine,” but a prepara- tion of the phosphates and phosphoric acid in the form re- buired by the system. It aids digestion without injury, and is a beneficial food and > tonic for the brain and nerves. It makes a delicious drink with water and sugar only, and agrees with such stimulants as arc necessary to take. Dr. E. W. Hitt, Glens Falls, N. Y., says: ‘An excellent remedy for a tonic Dyspepsia, nervous and general debility, or any low state of the system.”’ Dr. D. A. Stewart, Winona, Minn., says: “Entire satis- faction in cases of perverted digestion, loss of nerve-power, mal-nutrition and kindred ailments.” fered, LEACH, Cairo, Ill., says: “Of great power in dyspepsia and nervous prostration.”’ ¥Ye&s=— Descriptive Pamphlet Free. Rumford Chemical Works, Providence, R. I, Beware of Substitutes and Imitations fee Be sure the word “‘Horsrorp’s” is printed on the label.—All others are spurious —Never sold in bulk. The West American Scientist. = ae The San + Francisco Book -House. Publishers, }Booksellers, and Stationers. No. 208 Post Street, San Francisco. THE WESTERN EXCHANGE BUREAU. Co) Books, Magazines, Indian Relics, Minerals, Stamps, etc., bought, sold or exchanged. Send two-cent stamp for a copy of the Monthly Bulletin. Address THE EXCHANGE BUREAU, Orrville, Ohio. OME TREATMENT FOR CONSUMP- TION AND NERVOUS DEBILITY.— Medical and Hygienic. Address with stamp. H. A. MUMAW, M. D., Homeopathic Physician and Sugeon, ORRVILLR, OHIO. THE NAUTILUS — For CONCHOLOGISTS. (Formerly ‘““The Conchologists’ Exchange.’’) IMPROVED ! ENLARGED! ILLUSTRATED! Issued monthly. Subscription $1.00 per annuni H. A. Pi_sBey, Editor, WM. D. AVERELL, Manager Mt. Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. Address BIRDS, SKINS AND EGGS. EW PRICE LIST OF FRESH SOUTHERN CAL- ifornia Bird Skins sent for stamp. Charles H. Marsh, Dulzura, Cal. Our A, B, C’s—Accuracy, Brevity, Completeness. WEST AMERICAN SCIENTIST “Decidedly the best of its class.” An illustrated monthly magazine of popular science— the only one in the West. ’ $1.00 a year; 10 cents a copy. For shells, fossils, plants, bulbs, ferns, cacti, seeds, etc., address the editor, Chas, Russell Orcutt, San Diego, California. ° The Acme No. 3 Microscope, FOR FINEST WORK: With 3-5 inch and 1-5 inch objectives, 2 eye- pieces power 60 to 7UO), glass slides and COVETS,..iN/CaS@..,. cman aeons eee $ 83.00 With same outfit, but with addition of the 1-15 oil immersion objective and substage condenser (power 50 to 1600) 150.00 eecee eee ese e The Acme No. 4 Microscope, As illustrated, a thorough instrument for professional or educational use: With 1 in. & 1-5 in. objectives, two eye-pieces (power 40 to 600), glass slides and cov- ers in case. $55.00 7 ! I} The Acme No. 5 Microscope, An instrument of simple but thorough construction, with yood lenses, and at a minimum cost: With 1 inch and 1-5 inch objectives, 1 eye- piece (power 40 to 360), in case Ave Send for complete catalogue of Microscopes, sam- ple copy of the Microscopical Bulletin, and clearance- sale list. In the Acme Microscopes, we especially pride our- selves on the accurate fitting and smooth working of the focal adjustments, which are vital points in a microscope. Our rack and pinion is unexcelled for perfect action. JAMES W. QUEEN & CO., Manufacturing Opticians, 924 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. WH THe Weet American Scerey tis. Vor. VI. JUNE, 1880. No. 44 SOME NATIVE FORAGE PLANTS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA: One would scarcely look at the Colorado desert to furnish any valuable additions to the list of forage plants. The value of the mesquite and allied trees has been mentioned in a former paper, but we now have to treat of other plants which have borne the test for over three years. A portion of the month of April this year’ was spent on the borders of this desert, where we were fortunate in making the acquaintance of Mr. Marion D. Haydon, whose hospitality we enjoyed for several days. From this reliable observer we learned many interesting facts, especially concerning the following plants, which information may prove of great economic value in the arid portions of the west. ALFILARIA. Alfilaria (Erodium cicutarium, L’ Her.) was found abundantly around Mr. Haydon’s desert ranch, which is located on the edge of a sandy plain, surrounded by granite hiils on several sides and locally known as the DosCabesas from two hugh rocks above the spring resembling human heads in their general contour. He had a small band of horses and cattle which he proposed to pas- ture all of this summer on the surrounding plains. To a stranger the alfilaria might seem to have been the only food obtainable by the cattle. While at this season it was doubtless relished by the stock better than anything else, yet it will be seen later that it was not the only available forage. Eight years ago not a plant of alfilaria was to be seen growing on this desert where now it is so abundant. It made its first appearance on the desert slope at about that time around the old stage station at Mountain Springs, where it is now luxuriant. Erodium moschatum was not ob- served, although near the coast it is usually mixed with the other species, especially in moist valley land. It will be seen how easily the alfilaria may have been introduced from Europe and have spread so rapidly as to be now considered by some as act- ually indigenous to our country. MOABTTA<:; RASS. Only one true grass was found growing on these sandy plains of the desert, although a few others grew among the rocks in the canyons. This grass is Hilaria rigida, known to the ranchmen 42 The West American Sctentzst. in the mountains as the “‘gietta’’ grass—a name furnished by the Mexicans, the true spelling of which I was unable to determine. It grows abundantly on the open plain to a height of one to two feet, forming dense bunches which are, however, rather scatter- ing asarule. It seemed to delight in the finest sand that was apparently free (at the surface) from all foreign substances and where no other plants could be found growing. I easily cut it for my horses with a pick, and could with this implement form quite a bale ina few minutes. Ass its specific name indicates, it is a rigid, unbending grass which will break sooner than yield. The large amount of starch embodied in its stalks may be con- sidered to account for this stiff nature which it possesses. For several years Mr. Haydon has cut this grass for hay, and fed it to his horses and cattle, with satisfactory results. Horses soon learn its good qualities in spite of its rather discouraging stiffness. DEER WEED. Another plant extending through our hills and mountains from the sea shore to the sandy plains of the desert, where it is equally abundant with the last, is the deer weed (Hosackia glabra). Each plant forms a dense spreading bush, one to three feet high, bear- ing a profusion of small yellow flowers followed by small pods. It belongs to the pea tamily.and nearly related to the alfalfa and clovers. It grows in dry situations, among the brush on our driest mesas and on the open plains of the Colorado desert, where it blossoms in April and ripens fit to cut by June. Its name among the mountains indicates that it is a favorite with deer, but its value might not have been suspected, except for the necessity of using everything available when on the desert. Mr. Haydon was probably the first to utilize it, having cut it for hay for three years, and reports it as fattening for stock, and good, strong forage. The plant in bloom also supplies an excellent pasture for bees. FRANSERIA. A little boy in Nevada, writing to the editor of the Swzss Cvoss, say of the sage brush: ‘‘When cattle can get nothing else, they eat the young shoots.’? We would suppose that no horse or cow, in the presence of other food, would touch the allied Fran- seria dumosa, a common bush among the hills bordering the Colorado desert, and extending also over a large portion of the plains. It is very bitter, usually stiff and dry—but quickly re- viving after a little shower. Still we are informed by Mr. Hay- don that this forms one of the most valuable of the native plants, and that without having learned its value he could not have ex- plored the desert as he has done. It is a strong, healthy food, and horses acquire a taste for the burr-like fruit, which it produces in abundance. C. &. Orcutt. fis Praise. 43 HLS PRAILSE. Even the desert hath a flower, His praise to offer up, } Who fashioned it in beauty there, And filled its fragrant cup. Even the desert hath a flower, A lily formed to breathe His praise upon the glowing air, Sweetly at morn and eve. And o’er it bends the starry night, And from the distant sea, From beaming star and throbbing wave, His praise makes melody. And yet the little desert flower, As far as in it lies, His praise and glory spreads abroad As much as seas and skies ! ee OLGUIE, ZINC OLNIDLAIN DEV T A. In approaching the confines of the Colorado desert this spring, we found a snake story in circulation among the mountain men that surpassed any similar tale that had reached my ears, and which in one sense is worthy of record. The story or myth seemed to lose nothing in being repeated, and the two rattle- snakes—the subject of the myth—had reached the final length of “forty feet and were still growing’ when last heard from ! The Indian myth, from the first narrator (as given to him by the Indians themselves) is substantially as follows: Two immense rattlesnakes, measuring from sixteen to seventeen feet in length, inhabit a cave in a rocky mountain on the desert, known as the “mysterious mountain.”” This mountain is partially (and at times wholly) covered by drifts of sand which are formed and whirled on the mountain by the wind storms frequent in that region. For eight years the mouth of this cave where the rattlesnakes live has been stopped by sand, which has now been blown away, so that the snakes are virtually on ‘‘free exhibition,” and, it is said, will not offer to disturb any one who may wish to visit them. But if any one offers to disturb their majesties, the snakes will begin to rattle furiously and raise a terrific sandstorm on the mountain that will bury the disturber of their peace in sand. After the victim has been thus suffocated, the sand will be again blown away, exposing him for the delectation of their palate. No Indian will venture to show the cave to a white man without he agrees not to offer to disturb these snakes, and some 44 The West American Scientist. say that the snakes feed only on human beings—those only, who from cupidity or malice, attempt to disturb them. At the base of the mountain a large Indian burying ground is said to exist. Upon a death in a camp the body would be placed in the sand, and then a large and heavy stone would be placed on the dead person’s breast. After that every relative or friend would break an olla on the stone, thus forming a mound of broken pottery to mark the spot, and to prevent either coyotes or the strong winds from exhuming the body. The largest of these cemeteries is reported as about one hundred feet in circumference. These Indian tribes have now virtually passed away, and to-day the places which knew them is an uninhabited waste of sand. (Gy sg Orcutt. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE SAN Di GO mame - LOGICAL EAB OF TOs ISESTHES GILBERTI JORDAN.—The eggs of this species are quite remarkable in structure and coloration. To the unaided’ eye they appear opaque, of a purplish pink, inside which is a spot of brownish red and upon this a dot of white. The greater portion of the egg is covered by a simple thin, transparent mem- brane, but at one pole of the egg the membrane is provided with a white cushiony cap formed of numerous filaments which are slightly thickened at their tips and woven together at their free ends. In the small size of these filaments, their great number and aggregation at one pole, they differ from all other appenda- ges of fish eggs yet described. The egg fastens itself to foreign bodies by means of this cushion; when once fastened the egg be- comes depressed, the longer and shorter axis measuring .8 and .5'mm, respectively. The yolk is composed, Of eather mance spheres; on its upper surface are imbedded an equal number of pale yellow and bright purple oil globules, in the midst of which - is the white body referred to above. Younger ovarian eggs are entirely purple, while still younger ones are colorless. The ger- minal disk invariably hes beneath the cushiony cap, whether the cap lies above, below or at one side of the egg. The relative specific gravity has, in this case therefore, nothing to do with the position of the germinal disk. The first segmentation is completed in about ten hours and re- sults in much -elongated elliptical cells. Most of the stages are obscured by the peculiar cap. After one hundred and thirty-two hours the eyes. are well tormed and the embryo embraces about one-half the yolk; several pigment cells are formed on the yolk at this time. On the seventh day the heart beats slowly, the pig- ment spots have increased considerably and the embryo has be- come independent of the “cap.” The embryos were kept sixteen days when they died. | ; Contributions from the San Diego Biological Laboratory. 45 OLIGOCOTTUS ANALIS GIRARD inhabits rocky pools on the ocean beaches about San Diego. Its eggs, hke those of many other cottoids, are glued together as they are extruded from the ovarian duct. The spawning period of this species probably ex- tends from January to April. The egg measures 1.2 mm., is of a brownish-yellow color and has one large, and from five to nine smaller oil globules. The egg is surrounded by a thick zona, which appears to be perforated by two sets of canals—the usual fine ones and fewer, much coarser canals. In optical section, the latter appear as black lines. The eggs hatched in from eighteen to twenty-four days, under seemingly identical conditions. The following peculiar pigmentation distinguishes this. species on hatching; a pigment cell above each eye, that over the left eye always larger; a group of pigment cells on the nape, the upper two being somewhat removed from the rest, a broad black shield of pigment cells overlying the body cavity; about thirty-four pig- ment cells along the lower margin of the tail. MICROMETRUS AGGREGATUS GIBBONS.—In dissecting the ova- ries of this species, nodules in the ovarian stroma, were repeat- edly observed, which were much larger than the ripe eggs of 2m m. diameter. On sectioning these nodules, they were found to be eggs, much larger than the normal size, measuring .5 mm. in diameter. From the fact that the young of these fishes remain in the ovary from four to five months and are abundantly sup- plied with food from the time of hatching to the time of leaving the ovary, it may be inferred that a great amount of food is not needed in the egg, and that the eggs are consequently reduced toa minimum size. The comparatively frequent presence of the larger eggs suggests that they area reversion to a condition when these fishes were oviparous and required more yolk. The nucleus in the larger eggs does not differ in size from that of the smaller, the increase in size being entirely restricted to the food portion of the egg. another fact tending to prove that the smaller eggs have been reduced from formerly larger eggs. STOLEPHORUs.—There are three species of this genus found in San Diego Bay; ringens, compressus and delicatissimus. In May, great numbers of Stolephori which are probably the young of ringens, are swarming in the bay and are especially abundant near the wharf of the Pacific Coast S. S. Company, the eggs of the first and last of these species are oval in shape and pelagic. Slightly oval pelagic eggs have been recorded before, but none in which the longer axis is so strikingly greater than the shorter. We have detected three sizes, having the longer axis to the shorter as 7 to 5, as 8to 4, and as 8to5. As variations between the last two are found in great abundance, they probably are identi- cal. The germ for obviously mechanical reasons always collects at one end of the longer axis, most probably the micropylar end. If this is so, these eggs will serve well to study the relation of the 46 The West American Scientist. animal pole of the ovum to the ovary. The eggs can be collected in great numbers in April and May, but we have not succeeded in finding more than two or three eggs in which the gastrula did not cover at least half of the yolk. The eggs are deposited in the evening, just where we have not been able to find. The later stages are abundant about the P. CS) (Sys@oseesmienn: The yolk is collected in large masses and is perfectly transparent. The embryos hatch in two days. We have succeeded in keeping the fishes two days after hatching. At this time the yolk is nearly absorbed. TYPHLOGOBINS CALIFORNIENSIS STEINDACHNER.—This is the most remarkable of the fishes found at San Diego. It is very abundant under large rocks, on the southern shore of Point Loma. It lives in the holes made by a Carideoid crustacean, with which it is usually found associated. It is very tenacious of lifeand many individuals were kept in confinement several months. Some which were gradually placed in fresh water, remained active for a week, when they began to swell. On being again transferred into salt water all but one survived. They frequently swim (in confinement) at the surface of the water, back down, their ventrals using the surface of the water as a plane for attach- ment. The fully grown individuals are entirely destitute of vision and seem merely to have an uncomfortable feeling in direct sun- light. Ordinarily they will hide under transparent objects as readily as under a dark one. A test tube which was accidentally placed ina vessel containing them was completely filled with them. In individuals four centimeters long, the eyes are not covered by so thick a layer of epide-mis and they can see some distance in front of them. Any object thrust in front of smaller ones usually causes them to turn when the object is about three centimeters from their eyes, while it does not disturb the larger ones. The eye is very small, the crystaline lense comparatively large. The optic nerve is extremely thin, but has been traced to the brain, both by maceration and by dissection. There seems to be no difference in the structure of the visual organs between the smallest and largest individuals. The early stages have not been observed, but we doubtless are here dealing with a case of retardation rather than of degeneration. The eggs of this species present some thoroughly new features. Several females spawned while in confinement, but did not de- velop. The eggs are oval. They are surrounded by the usual zona radiata and a network of threads. The meshes of this net are coarsest near the vegetable pole of the egg and finer toward the animal pole, near which they form a second membrane, per- forated by a few holes only. This xetwork of threads ts attached to the zona radiata around the micropylar region. This condition is approached most nearly in osmeus eperlanus, where a second Contributions from the San Diego Biological Laboratory 47 membrane seems to bear the same relation to the zona, as the network of filaments does in this case. Before the eggs are de- posited, this net work is stripped off the egg and forms a strand. The strands of different eggs serve to bind them together. The eggs thus come to be laid in clusters resembling bunches: of grapes. The yolk is bright lemon yellow, the germ granular and opaque white. There are many oil globules imbedded in the yolk. On comparing these eggs with those of the crustacean, with which they associate and whose eggs are deposited at the same date, they are found to resemble them to a marked degree, and the thought naturally suggests itself that the first eggs mimic those of the crustaceans. In many cases, when for some reason or other, the eggs were injured they expanded greatly in the di- rection of their long axes, so that they became canoe-shaped, measuring in one case .8x1.8mm. Carl H. & Rosa S.' Eigenmann. Pee Pee TLES OF THE. GENUS: AMARA pam RECENTLY IN.COLORADO. (Compiled from the Record Book of the Colorado Biological Association.) For the identification of the species here enumerated the asso- ciation is indebted to Dr. John Hamilton, Prof. C. V. Riley and the U, S. National Museum. Amara polita, Lec., Custer Co., Wet Mountain Valley. Amara confusa, Lec., W. Custer Co., W. Fremont Co. Amara n. sp., Fremont Co., W. Custer Co. Amara musculus, Say, W. Custer Co. Amara terrestris, Lec., W. Custer Co., Fremont Co., Canyon City, N. E. Mesa Co. | Amara cylindrica, Lec. ?, W. Custer Co. Amara interstitialis, Dej., Summit Co., Slate Creek, W. Cus- ter Co., Pueblo Co. Amara fallax, Lec., S. Pueblo Co. Amara erratica, “ Sturm’’ var., W. Custer Co. Amara laticollis, Lec., W. Custer Co. Amara remotistriata, Dej., E. Montrose Co. Amara gibba, Lec. ?, W. Fremont Co. Amara obesa, Say, W. Custer Co. Amara aenea, W. Custer Co. near Ula. Amara latior, W. Custer Co. Z. D. A. Cockerell. West CuirFF, CoLo., May 16, 1889. 48 The West American Scientist. HOURS £OR VISTTORS. LO THE DIG. SHR VA OKs The Observatory buildings will be open to visitors during office hours, every day in the year. Upon their arrival, visitors will please go at once to the visitor's room and register their — names. An hour or so can be profitably occupied in viewing the vari- ous instruments, and the rest of the stay can be well spent in walks to the various reservoirs, from which magnificent views of the surround.ng country can be had. At least an hour anda half of daylight should be allowed for the drive from the Summit to Smith Creek. There are no hotel-accomodations at the Summit. For the present, visitors will be received at the Observatory to look through the great telescope every Saturday night, be- tween the hours of 7 and zo, and at these times only. Whenever the work of the Observator will allow, other tele- scopes will also be put at the disposition of visitors on Saturdays between the same hours (only). At zo p. M. the Observatory will be closed to visitors, who should provide their own conveyance to Smith Creek, as there is no way of lodging them on the mountain. It is expected by setting apart these times for visitors (which allow freer access to the Lick Observatory than is allowed to any other observatory in the world) that all interested may be able to arrange their visits in conformity to them; and that the remaining hours of the week will be kept entirely uninterrupted, in order that the Astronomers may do the work upon which the reputation and the good name of the Observatory entirely de- pends.— Edward S. Holden, Director. PROCEEDINGS OF SCIENTIFIC, SOGE IES SAN FRANCISCO MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY-—APRIL 10, 1889. Mr. A. B. Leckenby spoke briefly of the difficulties often experi- enced by the tyro in manipulating the numerous forms of insect life for slide-mounting and lantern projection, and described the method pursued by him as embodying the result of many years of patient application to the subject. Starting with the coleop- tera, or beetle family, the first step is to devitalize them quickly and while they are in flight, which the gentleman accomplishes by dropping them through a long glass tube into boiling water. The elytra and wings are by this means immovably fixed in the extended position, and remain unaltered during the subsequent operations. The body of the insect is then injected hypoder- mically with a strong solution of caustic potash and allowed to remain three or four hours, then transferred to a glass slip and gentle pressure applied, when the vicera and other tissues form- Proceedings of Scientific Societies. 49 ing the interior of the body will be expelled. To dehydrate or remove the watery portion, absolute alcohol is generally recom- mended, but the lecturer contended that it was expensive and not always at hand, while equally good results would follow by placing an ounce or two of refined gelatine in a vessel, pouring on alcohol of 95 per cent. and immersing the object for a short time—-the gelatine, from its affinity for water absorbing that fluid from both the object and alcohol. The insect is then placed in oil of cloves to clear or render it transparent, and is ready for mounting permanently in balsam. By this method, the insect is rendered entirely transparent, the peculiar geometrical markings of the wings, the abdominal and thoracic rings and the various parts forming the head and lhmbs, are beautifully displayed. In preparing the Lepidoptera, a somewhat different course is pursued, as the wings of ail butterflies and moths, being covered with easily detached scales, must be protected. The butterfly or moth is placed on a square of glass and liquid paraffine flowed carefully over the entire insect. After cooling, a small aperture is made, exposing a portion of the body and caustic potash in- jected; the subsequent operations being the same as for beetles, excepting that sulphuric ether must be used to dissolve off the paraffine, leaving the soft velvety covering of the wings unim- paired. In this manner are prepared the beetles, dragon-flies, bees, wasps, caterpillars, etc., and when mounted in balsam, they form some of the most beautiful and instructive objects imagina- ble whether viewed through the microscope or projected on the screen. Mr. Leckenby exhibited many fine specimens of his handiness in preparing and mounting the different orders of-the ‘insect world, noticeable among which were a gigantic tarantula, several gorgeous Papilios, fierce-looking dragon-flies, beetles, wasps and a large collection of small objects. APRIL 24, 1889.—A fine series of photographs was exhibited, containing come graphic enlargements on the new Eastman bro- mide paper. This process of enlarging on bromide paper pro- duces excellent results, the effect when exposure and negatives are properly manipulated being almost equal to steel engravings. Examples were shown of Pleurosigma Angulatum the negatives of which were taken at a magnification of sixteen hundred diameters. The bromide process commends itself to those interested in photomicography by its simplicity compared with the tedious work of printing from silver paper. Mr. Lickenby concluded his practical demonstration of pre- paring and mounting insects in balsam. It is quite difficult in preparing many of the smaller forms of insects to remove the de- 50 ~The West American Scientist. bris from the surface of the specimen without injuring the delicate portions. This the gentleman accomplished by the aid of albu- men, flowing the white of an egg over the object and immersing the slide in hot water till the albumen is coagulated, when it will generally crack open and may be removed in two portions carry: ing with it all the foreign matter and leav:ng the surface of the specimen perfectly clean. Another thing strongly advocated is thorough washing of the objects in running water and a final rinsing in either filtered or distilled water before placing in alcohol. In mounting, the insect is placed under the cover glass ar- ranged in proper shape, the clearing solution applied, and when sufficiently transparent the oil of cloves is drained away and Canada balsam introduced at one edge of the cover glass, the slide being held over the flame of a lamp to gently warm the bal- sam and allow it to flow in and displace the remaining oil of cloves. No annoyance need be felt at the presence of bubbles of air, as they all will gradually disappear. The mount, when filled with balsam, is placed in a warm oven or incubator and kept at a temperature of from 120° to 130° Fahrenheit for twenty-four hours, when the balsam will be thoroughly hardened and all the air bubbles driven out. . Mr. Lickenby does not advocate the use of volatile solvents with balsam, he being convinced that a certain amount of gas is always retained in the mount in a latent state, requiring only a slight amount of heat to produce bubbles and disfigure the speci- men. The outer skeleton of insects is composed of a substance called chitine, which is quite unique in its chemical composition. It appears to be, within certain limits, very resistant to acids and alkalis, and it is owing to this fact that caustic potash can be used in such varying proportions in treating them for microscop- ical study. It is said, however, that chztine succumbs to the ac- tion of chlorine compounds, which would render that substance unfit for use in bleaching many of the delicate forms. MAY 8, 1889.--The microscope has scored another point in bringing to light the hidden treasurers of the Golden State. Among the visitors present were A. W. Craig and W. E. Brain- bridge. The latter gentleman gave a good description and ex- hibited samples of a remarkable find located by him in Ventura county, near the head of the Sespe river. It consists of what is called ‘‘gem sand’’ ,which,when examined with a power of about fifty diameters, is seen to consist largely of garnets, zirconite and what parties to whom the material was submitted in the Eastern States pronounced to be diamonds. The gems, to be sure are small, appearing only the size of a rape seed when magnified fifty diameters, but the presence of such quantities of minute stones surely indicates the existence of larger members of the same family. Proceedings of Scientific Societies. fel Mr. Brainbridge remarked that he had no doubt thrown away numbers of the larger stones, thinking them loose quartz crys- tals, as he was only panning out the sand to find gold or large garnets, Professor Hanks stated that the small stones, said to be dia- monds, had all the characteristics of a California diamond, and his opinion is worthy of attention, as he has made a close study of the gem. The metal platinum is also present in this sand, but whether in quantity sufficient to make it of commercial importance, has not yet been ascertained. The zirconite occurs in square prisms with pyramidal termina- tions, and the stones are of a light-brown color and very trans- parent. Altogether, the discovery of Mr. Brainbridge is a re- markable one, and its future investigation will be watched with great interest. It might be mentioned that the sand, of which samples were shown last evening, extends over a space of one- half to three-quarters of a mile wide by several miles in length. Mr. Wickson exhibited a peculiar entomological phenomenon —the common aphis attacked by the ‘Fly cholera’, Lmpusa musce. The gentlemen explained how the tungus spores lodge on, or become attached to the body of a fly, immediately com- mence growing and penetrate through the skin. Once inside, the spore rapidly increases by self-division,in the manner of yeast cells. The first stage of the disease is indicated by the restless- ness of the attacked flies; they soon, however, became weak and slow in their motions. Having securely fastened themselves with their broad tongues to the object upon which they happened to be when attacked by the last stages of the disease, a succes- sion of spasmodic tremors pass through their wings and legs-and they stiffen themselves out to fly no more. The abdomen of the victim of this disease, previously already swollen, becomes more and more distended, and a fatty, whitish substance pushes through the softer membranes between the chitinous rings or segments. Soon after a whitish halo of spores is formed around the dead body, readily seen, if the fly happens to have fastened to the glass of mirror or window-pane. These spores gradually cover the whole insect with a white dust and they appear in ever-increasing numbers as the body of the vic- tim dries up, until at last its whole interior is empty and only a shellremains. From anexamination of the affected aphis, there appeared no reason to doubt but that the fungus developed and ran its cause the same as in the fly, their bodies being distended and surrounded with the white halo of filaments bearing ripe ee ready to be thrown off and carry on their work of inocu- ation _It was suggested that here might be found a remedy for these annoying pests by systematically inoculating Aphis colonies 52 The West American Scientist. when existing epidemically, and Mr. Wickson stated that such a course had been spoken of, but could not say that it had ever been carried out. Unfortunately, the more destructive of the fruit and grain pests, do not seem to be seriously attacked by this fungus, although the chinch bug has an inveterate enemy in an allied fungus termed Lxtomophthora, which also carries off the larvee of certain butterflies.--C. P. Bates Recording Secretary. NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, WASHINGTON, D. C.— APRIL 17, 1889.——Prot. Othaniel C. March was re-elected Presi- dent, and Prof. S. P. Langley,,Secretary of the Smithsonian Insti- tution, elected Vice-president. After the election, the members of the Academy called on the President of the United States, at the White House The papers presented at this meeting of the Academy were as follows: On Composite Coronography, by I. P. Todd; Memoir of Prof. 5..F: Baird, by Dr. Billings;; Memoir of Dr, Asay Graye ay Or. W. G. Farlow; Determinations of Gravity, by Mr. C. S) Peirce; On the N. A. Probocidita, by Prof. E. BD: Cope. @mgiter tas. of Saturn, by M: A. Hall, Jr.; On the Nature and Composition of the Double Hallides, by Prof. Ira Remsen; On the Rate of Re- duction of Nitre Compounds, by Prof. Ira Remsen; On Some Con- nection Between Taste and Chemical Composition, by Prof. Ira Remsen; Recent Researches in Atmospheric Electricity, by Prof. T. C. Mendenhall; Measurements by Light Waves, by Profs. A. A. Michelson and E. W. Morley; On the Feasibility of the Establishment of a Light Wave as the Ultimate Standard of Length, by Profs. Michelson and Morley; Additional Expert- mental Proof that the Relative Coefficient of Expansions Between Baily’s Metal and Steel is Constantly Between the Limits of Zero and 95 Degrees of Temperature, by Prof. W. A. Rogers. THE CoLoRADO BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.—The recent election of officers has resulted as follows: — President, C. F.. Morrison; “Secretary, . 1-1. - A. (Cocketrell aise aaiiigete H: G.- Smith, Jr.; Council, Dr. C.. A. Merriam, (avs Nasir Prof. A: S. Packard, D. W. Park, Prof. |. M> Coulter ana Ie: Gale. : 3 The membership is now sixty-three, the following having joined during the last six weeks: Dr. E. B. Landis, H. Toden- warth; J.. Bentley,. LU. Stejneger, S..C. ‘Cockereiy Bac) amies Cassidy, Dr. D. O'Brne, Miss E. LE. Morton, ©. a Cooper Miss Alice Eastwood, B. T. Galloway and H. A. Pilsbry. The additions to the fauna and flora of Colorado, as recorded in the books of the association, have been during April, 1889: Mammalia, tr; Birds, t.var.; ‘Reptiles, 2; Amphibia) o;iishes; 1. Mollusca, 2 vars. and 1 fossil species; Coleopter, 4; Hymenop- Briefer Articles. 53 tera, 749; Thysanura, 1 fossil; Phoenogamia 1 and 5 vars. and 2 fossil. Among recent records entered in our books, the following are especially noteworthy: Pityophis sayi mexicanus, Arapahoe Co., (H. G. Smith, named by L. Stejneger. } Bufo lentiginosus woodhousei, Arapahoe Co., (H. G. Smith, named by L. Stejneger.) Sucemca lineata, Binney., Kremmling, Grand-Co., (T..D. A. feemaned by R. E. C. Stearns.) mesomseuerosus, Lec: West Cliff, Custer Co, (T. D. A.C. named by Dr. John Hamilton.) Lachnosterna crinita, Burm., near Swift Creek, Custer Co. Seer named by Prof. C. V. Riley.) Orchester minutus, near Swift Creek, Custer Co., above 8,000 ieee ©, named by Dr. J. Hamilton.) Chrysomela montivagans, Willow Creek, Custer Co., 8,400 ft. eee on. CC.) named by Dr. |. Hamilton.) Callidryas philea L., 3’, Arapahoe Co., (H. G. Smith, named by H. W. Nash ) Semameeaeticiclius, Tell., W. Custer Co., (i, D. A. C.,. named by Hy. Edwards. ) DITA Cockerell, SECcver ary West CLiFF, CoLo., May 16, 1889. feel eile he An AIO LS. THE Loco WEED—The disease commonly termed loco among stock men, which especially affects the horses throughout the West, is one generally to be dreaded. It is usually ascribed to the diseased animal having fed upon some one of the many large species of Astragalus of which different species are found in dif- ferent parts of our country. If eaten green the plants seem to have no injurious effect—at least not so noticeable—but eaten dry it soon proves fatal. A tea made from the Astragalus found in New Mexico, given in three doses of a pint each to an old but perfectly healthy horse, caused death in thirty eight hours, according to one man, whose veracity is. however, open to doubt. According to the same authority, an Indian mistook a bottle of the tea for whiskey, resulting in a rush of blood to the head and death in three hours. At Fort Whipple barracks, A. T., alfalfa hay mixed with the loco weed rendered the horses crazy and foolish, refusing to be led. and relief was only afforded by bleed- ing in the neck veins. But no evidence agreeing with the above yet known to have been placed on record, that is sufficient to convict any plant. Some have ascribed the loco disease to the presence of ticks in the horses ears, and their penetrating to the brain, but the symptoms do not seem to agree with the genuine “loco.” This subject is worthy of careful study and investigation, and any further evidence or discussions are invited. C. 2.0. 54 The West American Scientist. A TuHorny PatH—This morning I found under a piece ot cactus in a canyon a beautiful mottled shell of Helix Stearnsiana. The original tenent had not moved from this little home and I soon transferred both house and lodger to my basket. I added a few fungi, some other shells, and two or three plants of the fish hook cactus to the contents of the basket. Ina short time I noticed that the snail was restless, and, after investigating the newspaper that lined the basket. as well as the fungi, he found the cactus which was evidently a pleasant discovery to him. The heads of the cacti were closely set with clusters of fine white spines and larger central hooked spines which give the variety the name of the fish hook cactus. Carefully feeling his way, the snail ventured upon this sea of spines soon drawing his shell after him, and leisurely crossed the several heads over the needle points of the spines (on which the reader would doubtless hesi- to rest a finger) and evidently without the least inconvenience. Reaching the spineless base of the farther plant, he rested from his travels—content to remain near the friendly cactus, which fury nishes both food and shelter to our Californian snails. C.2.O. MicHEL EuGENE CHEVREUL.—The distinguished French ‘chemist, Michel Eugene Chevreul/died in Panis @aapaiiouas ile was born before the outbreak of the French revolution, studied at Angers with the young Wellington and Napoleon, and went to Paris to push his fortunes a year before the latter became Em- peror. Chevreul was born August 31, 1786, in Angers, and lived to see France twice an empire, twicea monarchy and thrice a republic. His father was a well-to-do physician in Angers, professor in the medical faculty and a talented writer. Chevreul was a very tall man, square in the shoulders and walked quite erect and straight. In 1803, Chevreul entcred Vauquelin’s laboratory in Paris, where his aptitudes were quickly noticed, and in 1806 he was ap- pointed the director of the laboratory, and professor in the Lycee Charlemagne. In 1810 he was appointed azde-naturaliste in the Museum of Natural History, then examiner for the cole Polptechnique; and at thirty he was professor of chemistry in the Gobelins, the world-known manufactory of tapestry, and director of the department of tinctorial baths. In 1826, after the death of Proust, Chevreul was appointed member of the Academy of Sciences, Not one of his colleagues at that time is now living. He never missed a meeting of the Academy, up to his hundredth birthday, and it is not long since he might have been seen walking to the Institute, hat in hand, and nands behind his back. As a man, Chevreul had a pleasant expression, amiable, kind- hearted and good-natured, devoid of pedantic manners. His life was a very quiet one, devoted wholly to work and study. Mineralogical Notes. 55 He possessed ample means, enjoyed society, where he was a fa- vorite. The chemistry of fatty substances, and theory of complemen- tary colors were the two most important lines ot study followed and developed by him, Millions have been earned by the ap- plication of his methods for obtaining a number of useful sub- stances, such as stearine and glycerine. THE LATER Dew TuHEory.—It is now held by the best phy- sicists that, instead ot falling {rom above, the dew rises from the earth. The generally-received opinion that the dew is formed of vapor exisiting at the time in the atmosphere must be given up for the established fact that the vapor which rises from the heated earth is trapped by the cold surface earth. Besides, when we imagine that, on a cool evening after a sultry day in summer, our feet are being wet by the dew on the grass, we make a grave mistake. For that moisture on the grass is not dew at all, it is not dew at all, it is false dew—in reality the transpired humor of the plants. The drops at the tips, which glisten diamond-like, are not dew; close examination shows that these crystalline spheres are all situated at the points where the veins of the leaves cut the outer edges. These drops only give evidence of the vi- tality of the plant. The difference between the true dew on the grass and the exuded drops through the veins from within the grass can be easily distinguished; for the former is distributed all over the blade in a moist film; whereas, the latter are of some size, and are situated near the tips of the blade. Altered then is the meaning of the line, ‘‘Ilka blade o’ grass keps its kin drap 0’ dew;”’ for those brilliant globules, shaking to the same sweet air, and often “gliding at once all fragrant into one,” are not dewdrops, but are the exudations of the healthy plants. They give evid- ence of the elixir vite of vegetation;: whereas the true dew is the pearly luster, varnished in flimy humidity over the blades by that wondrous alchemy which transforms the water vapor rising from the ground into the plant-refreshing dew.— Good Woras. VANE RALOGICAL: WOTLS. PHENACITE FROM MAINE—In May, 1888, some crystals o phenacite were found near Stoneham, in a vein of coarse albitic granite, associated with crystals of smoky quartz, topaz and muscovite. ARAGONITE PSEUDOMORPH—Among a collection of minerals from Pima county, Arizona, was a crystal originally aragonite, which had been almost entirely changed and impregnated by oxide of manganese and red oxide of iron. It has an outer coating of white cacholong over some simple rhombohedral crystals, now entirely changed to an oxide of manganese. The crystal is hol- low on top to the depth of three-fourths of an inch. The sides of 56 Lhe West American Scientist. the cavity are lined with cacholong, but the bottom of the cavity is partly filled in with a white compact chalcedony The interior of the crystal is radiated, but is of a dark chocolate color :nd almost entirely altered to hematite. ZIRCON—This mineral is now mined by the ton in the United States, and about $150 per ton is paid for it, because of the earth it contains (Zirconia) which is used in the hoods for the new in- candescent gas burners. The Zircons are obtained by washing out the soil resulting from the decomposition of felspathic rocks. OBSIDIAN— Obsidian has been found in British Columbia, but it has little value, except for the cheaper jewelery, and is rarely used for that purpose. PaRIs Exposirion—Messrs. Tiffany & Co. exhibit a collection illustrating the occurrence of precious and ornamental stones in North America, containing all the more important varieties, in their natural state and in cut examples. The 352 labels include crystals of gold, gold and silver ornaments from Indian mounds, diamonds, rubies, sapphires, topaz, emerald, beryls, garnets, tourmalines, zircon crystals, peridot, quartz, amethyst, opal, agate, rutile, turquoise, amber and many other minerals not so well known to the public as gems. Tur QuoisE—Additional evidence of the antiquity of the tur- quoise workings of New Mexico and Arizona has been gathered by the Hemenway Expedition under the direction of Mr. Frank H. Cushing. About ten miles from Tempe, Arizona, a shell en- crusted with turquoise and garnet, representing the form of a frog, was found in the excavations. CHRYSOPHRASE— Beautiful semi-transparent chrysophrase ot fine color occurs in Tulare county, California. This gem has also been found in Douglas county, Oregon. George: Fe Kunz: BBA TOW ad tad J. JENNER WerrR—Exhibited a female example of Danais plexippus from Custer county, Colorado, to South London Entom. Society. This specimen differed from the examples from more northern localities, in having all the spots on the black apical patch on the fore wings white, instead of fulvous. Mr. Wier also exhibited Pieris oleracea, and stated that he had heard from Mr. Scudder that this species could be readily distinguished from P. Napiin the larval and pupal stages. xtomologist, Feb- ruary, 1889; page 52. TD AA J. W. DoucLas—Notes on some British and exotic Coccide. Ent. Mo. Mag., March, 1889. page 232. Notes on Icerya pur-— chasi, partly quoted from: Prof. Riley and Mr. R. T. Lewis (in litt.) with figure of the larva of Icerya. Hippodamia ambigua Bibliography. a7 preys upon Icerya in California, and in South Africa its increase is checked by Rodolia iceryoe and Chrysopa iceryce. die, We tA, GeorGE D. Hutst— ‘The Epipaschiince of North America,’ 1889. Reprinted from Lntomologica Americana, with a plate illustrating structural characters. Twenty species of this family of moths are described as occuring in North America, and very full details are given, both descriptive and synonymical, although the distribution is very slightly treated. There is also a catalogue of the species, in which, however, one species described in the body of the work (E. Zelleri) has been omitted. Yuma gen. nov., is founded on a species (adulatalis) from S. California and Texas, and Attacapa, gen. nov.,on a Texan species. A. calli- Bente Several other species are recorded from the West. NID Aso. ULTIMATE FINANCE—A true theory of wealth. By William Nelson Black. The Humboldt Publishing Company, 24 East 4th street, New York. The first two chapters treat of the origin of property and the evolution of wealth, the third and fourth discuss the principles and possibilities of banking and insurance, and the fifth, sixth and seventh are devoted to a correction of the many misconceptions that abound on the nature of accumulation, and the administration of property. The book defines asystem which, if found organically practicable, will enable men to carry insur- ance always without sacrifice of personal resources and some- times with considerable gain. H. F. WickHAm—‘“A list of the Coleoptera of Iowa city and vicinity.’ Bul. Lab. Nat. Hist., State Univ. of Iowa, Vol. I, No. I, pp. 81-92. A check list of the Coleoptera of this district, in- teresting for comparison with the fauna of the central region, from which it very markedly differs, The present recorder took two species, Melanophila atropurpurea and Chrysochus cobal- tinus, which are not entered in Mr. Wickham’s list, ona C. B. and Q. train near Chariton, Iowa, 1887. It is not certain, how- ever, that they may not have boarded the train in some other State. I Ee ha Svs uel Ge THE JOURNAL oF MycoLtocy—Vol. 5, No. 1, March, 1889. This is the first number of the new series of this journal, to be published quarterly by the Department of Agriculture, under. the supervision of B. T. Galloway. It extends to fifty pages, with eight plates, and like all the other work of the department is thor- oughly welldone. A new genus, thirteen new species, and two new varieties are described, and there are also articles dealing with the economic side of the question, and reviews of new litera- ture. The most interesting paper to western botanists is one by Mr. W. F. Anderson, on the fungi of Montana. LE DvAy C THE NaAvutizus—No. 1, May, 1889. The first number con- tains an one contribution Dy WT, Wall on. a species 58 ! The West American Sctentist. of Trochus from the Atlantic; and of matters interesting to the west, a note on the occurrence of Limosina sp. in Texas, and a classification of the varieties of Patula cooperi. On page 9g the de- scription of Bulimulus hemphilli, Wright, is referred to, and it is suggested that it might be compared with B. marielinus, Poey. TD Ae WALTER E. BRYANT—New subspecies of song sparrow from Lower California (Melospiza fasciata rivularis-Brown’s song sparrow). Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., I, 197. This subspecies is dedicated to Mr. Herbert Brown, of Tucson, Arizona. WALDEMAR LINDGREN—Geology of Baja California, 1. c. I, 173. An interesting outline of the geology of the vicinity of Todos Santos bay, extending eastward to the border of the Col- orado desert. Asso little has been published on the subject, this fragmentary work is a valuable contribution, containing the results of a special trip made in 1888 by the author, who is con- nected with the U.S. Geological Survey. The cretaceous ex- posures at Punta Banda were the special attraction as tending to throw more light on similar exposures in the United States, but for which this foreign territory may not have been explored at this time. CPO: E. B. WEBSTER— The preservative (embalming) method of taxidermy, with chapters on making skins and skeletons. The author, Cresco, Iowa, 1889. A brief treatise, by the editor of the Hawkeye Ornith. and Odlogist, of special value for the young collector, being clear and concise. CR, MELVILLE C, Krity, M. D.—Diseases of children. Part II, Minneapolis, 1889. A valuable treatise tor parents and nurses on the care of children, recipes and other medical information. The author is also editor of Mother and Child, a useful magazine for the family, and author of other medical books. Cie FAT FORIAL: A friend asks which we ‘‘found the mightier, the pick or the pen?’’ The pick was decidedly the heavier! In the April issue , (VI: 8, lines 22 and 23 from the top) read mz/dimeters instead ot inches, in the description of Bulimulus Hemphilli. We are in- debted to Mr. F. Stevens for a number of scientific papers. We spent an evening in May at his home, looking over some of his fine bird and mammal skins, among others his new fox, the desert pouched rat, and other rare things. Dre Edward Palmer returned successful from his excursion to the mouth of the Colorado river. Charles T Simpson, in the Mauzzlus for May, enters a protest against the indiscriminate genus making, now fashionable among certain conchologists. The same remarks would apply equally well to some of the work of West American Votes and News. 59 botanists. Our trips during the last few months have added thou- sands of insects, shells, plant specimens and a host of other objects to our private museum, which will furnish subjects for numerous contributions to science as soon as they can be placed in the hands of specialists for study. Our correspondents must pardon any seeming neglect on our part, as we are away much of the time. The condition of our post-office and its management furnishes us with -a still further excuse frequently, ana corres- pondents should write again if they fail of a reasonably prompt reply. The mineralogical notes in this issue are selected from several papers received from George F. Kunz, to whom we are indebted for many favors and who keeps us posted on mineralogical news. The San Francisco Microscopical Society, again shows signs of activity. We have missed their interesting reports for some time, WOLTES- AND NEWS. There were only two sun spots during November and Decem- ber, 1888, this being the year of sun spot minimum. Rev. J. G. Wood, F. L.S., the well-known naturalist, and author of popular works on natural history, died early in the year. Of the territory of Africa, England has the controlling influence over 1,000,030square miles; Germany, 740,000; France, 700,000. Bee ee. Curran, M. )., recently visited San: Diego, col- lecting numerous plants for the herbarium of the California Academy of Sciences. W. G. Wright has returned from his trip into Mexico. T. S. Brandegee has made an extended botanical exploration in Lower California, in company with Walter Bryant, the ornith- ologist, and others. S. B. Parish is trying to raise certain classes of plants at his home from seed, to study the constancy of some of their char- acteristics. Dr. C. C. Parry devoted some time this spring tothe plants of Santa Barbara. Papaver Californica has been observed abundant in San Diego county by the editor, and also by Mrs. Curran. No trace of staminodia could be detected in fresh flowers of Hookera Orcutti, Greene, numerous specimens of which were lately carefully examined by the editor. The segments of the perianth are tipped with royal purple; the tube is white. A large and life-like engraving of Prof. W. O. Atwater em- bellishes the American Agriculturist for March. Prof. Atwater is one of the most prominent agricultural scientists of the times. His articles on science applied to farming, in the American Agri- 6) The West American Scientist. culturist in previous years, and his extensive field experiments inaugurated (through the same magazine) in many parts of the country, were the most extensive co-operative enterprises of the kind ever undertaken. Huis articles on food in the Century Magazine have gained him a wide reputation. He is now director of the Storrs Agricultural School Experiment Station in Connecticut and chief of the Experiment Station Bureau in the Department of Agricultureat Washington. In the latter capacity especially he has a large field for usefulness, and enjoys the con- fidence of practical farmers as well as of scientific workers. A specimen of Haliotis Cracherodii was recently seen in a San Diego shell store, with a brilliant red epidermis like that of H. rufescens. Another shell belonzing to H. corrugata possessed an equally curious epidermis, of a purplish or violet color. The color in both of these shells was natural and a most beautiful freak of nature. Boys will be strongly attracted by E. H. Barbour’s biography of a two-headed turtle, in S4 Micholas for May, and regret the “Queer Pet’s’’ early decease; and they will share with their sisters keen enjoyment of the mischievous ‘‘Cuff, the Orphan Bear-cub.”’ A new volume of Zhe Century began with the May number, the frontispiece cf which is one of Mrs. Foote’s pictures of the Far West, ‘‘Cinching Up.’’ The most timely papers are a series on ‘Samoa: Ths Isles of the Navigators.’’ The first is by Dr. HR. W. Whitaker, of the U. S. Navy, and is profusely illustrated. The second, also illustrated, is on “Our Relations to Samoa,”’ by Mr. Geo. H. Bates. The third paper in this series is a brief one by. Captain Erben of the. U. S Navy, who commanded. the ‘“‘Tuscarora’’ when it took Steinberger to Samoa in 1875. From forty careful drawings of the planet Mars at the Lick Observatory in July and August, 1888, showing the details of the canals as seen through the great telescope, none has been seen doubled, as asserted and drawn by European observers of late years. The submerged continent had also reappeared in the great telescope in its former contour. Dr. David Dietrich, author of the extensive Forest-Flora, and curator of the herbarium of the University of Jena, died October 23, 1888, in his ninetieth year. C. G. Pringle’s distribution for 1888 includes about 300 species of plants, mainly collected in the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Nuevo Leon, and Jalisco, Lists will be furnished on application. (His address is Charlotte, Vermont). On April 6th, 1889, at Wichita, Kansas, the Wichita Academy of Science was organized. Its object is ‘to promote the study of science and stimulate original investigation.” The correspond- ing secretary is Fred. L. Johnson, M. D. oe The West American Scientist. Shells For Sale by C. R. Orcutt, San Diego, Calif. Aemaea, Esch. ..depicta, Dall ..insessa, Hds _.mesoleuc1, Mke ..paleacea ..pelta, Esch _. var. elevati, Orcutt . .testudinalis Acus, Humphrey. 50..aureola, Gray _ caerulescens, Lam ..crenulata, L . denudata ..dislocatus, Say .. maculata, L . .strigillata, Gray 2U..subulata, Lam Adeorbis, Wood. 25..subcarinatus, Mont lula, H.& A. Adams 20. .taleata, Gld 15..stylina, Cpr Alexia, Leach. 10..personata, Midd .05..setifer, Cooper Alvania. 20. .aequisculpta, Cpr Amalthea, Schum, ,60..conica, Schum Amiantis, Cpr. .00..callosa, Conr mnicola, Gld.& Hid. .U&, .cincinnatiensis, Anth . cubeniana, D’Orb ..decisa, Hid . ..grana, Say . integra, Say . lapidaria, Say . .limosa, Say ..longinqua, Gld .. lustrica, Say. «pallida, Hld ..panamensis, Tryon ..parva, Lea . porata, Say . |25..sp. indet, Utah m 20, .fragilis, L 12..nux-ave'lana, Chem mphissa,H. & A. Ad. 1U,.corrugata, Rye .10..versicolor, Dall Ampullaria, Lam. 5U..chigintensis, D’Orb 00..cumingii, Sby 00. .olivacea, Spix 50. .scalaris, D’Orb mycla, H. & A. Ad. U5..carinata, Hds 10..var. hindsii, Rve 15..chrysalloidea, Cp 10..gausapata, Gid nachis, H. & A. Ad. 10..coronata, sby 10..fluctuata, Sby 10...guatamalensis, Sby 10..penicillata, Cpr 20..pygmaea, Sby 20..rugosa, Sby 20, .rugulosa, Sbv 20..subturrita, Cpr 20... varia, Sby Ancillaria, Lam. 5U..accuminata, Lam 15..ampla, Gmel 20. candida, Lam 20..cinnamon a, Lam 15..fulva, Swains 75..glabrata, Swains 0. -Montronzieri, Sby 15. rubiginosa, Swains 40. .tankervillii, Sby 40, .torosa, Mensch 20... vesicula, Gmel wale phibola, Schum. Anapa, Gray. .5U, .triquetra. Hawley Anculosa, Say. .10..ampla, Anthony .05..plicata, Conr .10..rubiginosa, Lea Ancylus, Geoffroy. .05.. fluviatilis, L m .20.. lacustris .15..rivularis Angitrema, Hald. .50..angulata, Wetherby Angulus, Schum. .10..gouldii .10..mo lestus .10..obtusus, Cpr .15..variegatus Anodonta, Cuvier. 2.00..bridgesii, Lea ..ca iforniensis, Lea ..corpulenta, Cp ..cygnaea, L ..var inflata ..var, limpida ..edentula, Say . .ferrusaciana, Lea .. fluviatilis, Dillw . grandis . .Jjewettii, Lea ..oregonensis, Lea ..wahlametensis, Lea Anomia, L. .20..aculeata, Gmel .10..ephippium, L .29..glabra Verrill .20..lampe, Gray Aporrhais, Dillw. .25..occidentalis, Beck .25..pes-pelecani, L Asaphis. . detorata, L Arca, L. ..americana . .incongrua ..mutabilis .. noae, L ..ponderosa. Say .. Solida, B& S .. tetrazona .3Y..virescens, Rve Assiminia, Leach. .1U..californica, Tryon Astarte, sby. .15..castanea, Sby .25..conradi, Shuttl .25..equimalti, Baird .15..sulcata, Da Costa Astyris, H. & A, Ad. .10..aurantiaca, Dall .10..chrysalloidea, Cpr .10..tuberosa, Cpr .10..variegata, Stearns Atys, Montfort, .20..cylindrica Auricla, Lamarck. .OU.. parva, Swainson .50..aurismidae, L -25..elongata, Parr .05..fasciata, Desh .25..solida, Swainson Avicula, Lam. .25..brevicauda, Desh ° .20..hirundo, L -20..margaritifera, Brug .25..tarentina AXinaea, Poli. -50..maculata, Brod Bankivia, Beck. -10.. varians, Beck Barleeia, Clark. -10..haliotiphila, Cpr Bithynia, Gray .15..leachii, Shep .05, .tentaculata, L Bela, Gray. .2/)..brachystomoides Bittium . filosum, Gld . lawleyanum, Crosse .05.. nigrum, Tottem .15..quadrifilatum, Cpr .05,.reticulatum, DC 05..secabrum, Olu Blauneria, Shuttl 1.00..pelluci ia, Pfr Bryophila, Cpr .15..setosa, Cpr Buccinum, L .25..glacialis .20..undatum, Lam .25..undulatum. Moll Bulimnea, Hald .25..nmaegasOnva Bulinus, Adams .LO..hypnorum, I. Bulla .20.,.Adams3i, Mke , .20..ampulla, L .15..occidenta is, Adams .20..solitaria, Say Busycon, Bolten .50..pe:versum, L Caecum, Flem .10..californicum Dall .285..crebricinctum, Cpr Calliostoma, Sun .50..annulatum, Mart .20_.canaliculatum Mart .L5..costatum, Mart .o0..gemmulatum .50..exiguus, Pult .15..striatus, L .59..tricolor Callista, Poli .25..gigantea, Chem .25..maculata, L .50..lupisearia. L Callopoma, Gray .50..fluctuo.um, Gray .60..fokkesii, Jones .25..tessellatum, Reeve Calyptraea, Lam .25..coniea, Brod .10..chinensis, L .00..dilleyani, Gast .20..equestris 29. .striata Cancellaria, Lam .oo..reticulata, L .00..similaris, Sby Canthurus, Bolten .o0..tincta, Conr Cardita, Brug .290..affinis, Sby .25..floridana, Conr .15..sulcata, Lam Cardium, L. O..aculeatum, L ...blandum, Gld ..corbis, Mart ..consors, Brod ...islandicum ...lsocardia, L ..magnum, Born ..Muricatum . mortoni, Conr .4O..norvegicum, Speng 1.00..paucicostatum, Sby .25...serratum, L Casmaria, H. & A. Ad. .00.,.vibex, L Cassidula, Ferrussac. .oU..crassiuscula Cassis, Lamarck. 1.00. .abbreviata, L ..eburneus, Brug .-undatum, Mart .00...testiculus, L 1,C0...tessellata Ceratisolen, Forbes. 1.00...lezumen, & Cerithidea, Swains. 20..ambigua, C B Ad .10..californica, Nutt 15...decollata, Lam .10..icstoma, Pfr .20...mazatlanica, Cpr .25..montaguii, D’Orb .20. obtusa, Lam - . ornata, Ads ..pulchra, C B Ad . scalarifornis, Say ..tenuis, Pfr ...varicosa, Sby .15..mamillata, Risso Cerithiopsis, F. & H. .15..tuberculata, Mart .15...tubercularis, Mart Cerithium, Brug. .20...carbonar1um .20..echinatum, Lam .05..ferrugineum, Say .20.. fasciatus, Wood .10...fusciitum, Risso .1O. Jiteratum, Born .25...maculosum, Kien .20...mamillatum, Risso .LO...morus, Lam .10..muscarum, Say .10..nigiescens, Mke .40..nodulosum. Brug .o...obeliseus, Brug .25...polygonum, Sby .20..:reticulatum, DaCosta .Ud...rupestre, Brug 15..scabrum .10...stercus-muscarum .15..var ..05...septemstriatum, Say .10..uncinatum, Gmel .2\)..versicolor, C B Ad .20...violaceum .25...vulgatum, Brug Chama, L.. .50,.acnella, L .22...arcineila, L- 5&..exogyra, Conr .25..macrophylla, Chemn ..Spinosa .00...sp indet Gu'f Cal Chemnitzia, D’Orb. .20...castamea, Cpr . 25...stylina, Cpr .25..tenuicula, Gld .25..torquata Chilina, Gray 1.00...fluctuosa, Gray 1.09...finviatilis, Gray Chione, Megerle 5...californiensis, Brod ..cancellata, L ..dombei, Lam . .granulata, Gmel . grata, Sby ..paphia, L Chiton, L ..acuta, Cpr . apiculatus, Say ..c.nereus, L . decoratus ...circulus ..gemmer, Cpr ...lamuginosa, Cpr . tunicata, Sby .50..hindsii, Gray .30..mertensii 1. QO. .wassnessenskii, Midd 1.00...stelleri, Midd .50...stokesii .15..lineata, Wood .30...rugatus .70..lignosa, Gld .40..merckii, Midd 1,00.. acrior Chiton, L.—Cont.° .20. .3d... .o0. .OD.. 15. 1.00. Circe, Schumacher 25... .50... .35. -rivu'aris, Clypidella. Swainson 1.00... 1.v0. .Strratus piceus, Gmel -cooperl -palmulatus, Cpr Chiorostoma, Swains 10.,.ater, ..argyrostomus, ...aureotinctum, Fb3 ...brunneum, Phil .. lineata, Da Costa ...pfeifferi, Phil Chrysodomus, Swain Lesson .dirus, Rve _kennicotti, Dall divaricatus, Lam vibba, Lam Born bimaculata, Dall -callomarginata Collonia, Gray By for 12 : granulosa, Pse .Vitiensis, Bar Columbella. Lam ...carinata, Hds ; -cribraria, Lam ..concinna, Sby ..duclosiana, Sby . flava, Lam ; fulgurans, Lam ..fuscata, Sby ... gausapata ,.liaemastomi1, Sby . lunatia, Sby .lutea, Suoy ...maculosa, Sby ..-Mmajor, Sty ..mercatoria, L . nitiela, Lam . .obesa ..paytensis, Lesson ~ ..rustica, L ..scripta, L ..scump icata, Stearns ..strombiformis, Lam ..Semiconvexa, Lam ..varian3, Sby . versicolor, Sby .. zebra, Gray Cominella, ‘Gray 50. .costata, Suoy Concho!lepas, Lam .25.. peruviana, Lam Jonohelix, Swains 00. .conicus, Schuin Conus, L . abbreviatus, Conr .achatinus, Chemn . amadis, Mart ..ammiralis, L ..arachnoides, Gmel . .araneosus, Hivass . arena ..arenatus, Hwass --arehiepiscopus, Hw ..aristophanes, Ducl . | -augur, L . .aurantius, Hwasg . australis, Lam ..bandanus, Hwass .. betulimus, L . .capitaneus, Hwass . .catus, Hwass . cedonulli, . .ceylonensis, Hwass ,. cinereus, Hwass . cingulum, Mart .-concinnus, Brod — ..costatus, Chem . daucus, Hwass . distans, Hwass . eburreus, Hwass . figulinus, L . flayidus, Brug . floridensis, Gabb . franciscanus, ..fuscatus, Born . gabrieli; Kr Brug Gmel Hwass The West American Scientist. . generalis, L ..geographus, L ..gladiator, Brod . glans, Hwass ..granulatus, Hwass3 5...¢ubernator, Brus .-hebraeu:, L . byena, Brug 5..imperialis, L . interruptus, Sby ..lacteus, Lam ..legnarius, Rve ..leoninus, Brug ..lineatus, Chem . literatus, L . .lithoglyphus, Mesch .-livilus, Brug ..maculatus, Sby ..mahogani, Sby ..- marmoreu3, L ..mediterraneus, Brug ..mennomtaraon, Ch ..-menotus, Brug ..miles, L .. miliaris, Hwass ..millepunctatus, L .- minimus, L .-monile, Brug ..mus, Hwass ..mMusicus, Hwass . nebulosus, L ..nussatella, Bure O..nux, Brod ..obesus, Brug .omaria, Brug ..parius, Rve ..papilionaceus, Brug ..pealii, Green .. planorbis, Born ..princeps, L . prometheus, Hwass ..proteus, Hwass ..pulicarius, L .. punctatus, Ch ..puncticulatus, H wass .. purpurascens, Brod . .pusillua, L d..pusio L ..quercinus, Hwass 5,.rattus, Brug . regularis, Sby ..senator, L . spectrum, L )J..Ssponsalis, Chemn ..8purius, Gmel . .Stercus-muscarumCh .. Stellatus, Rve .Stramineus, Lam ..Striatus, L .. sulcatus, Hwass ..Ssumatrensis, Lam . .taemiatus, Br 9..terebra, Br .. terminus, Sby ...tessellasus, Brug . .testudimeus, L . textile, L ..tiaratus, Brod . .tigris, L . tornatus, ..tulipa, L .. varius, Brug ..venulatus, Hwass ..vermiculatus, Brug ..verruzosus, Brug 5..vexillum, Mart . victoriae, Rve ..virgo, L . yitellus, L - ..vitulinus, Br ..vulpinus, Brug Cooperella, Carp .25..scintillaeformis, Cpr Br -|Coralliophila H &A Ad .50..costulata, Bld Corbicula, Magerle .00..pusilla, Bourg Corbula, Brug .15..contracta, Say 10..gibba, Olioet .10..inoequioalois .20...lineolata, Say .15..nucleus, L - Crassatella, Lam .20..marginata, Cpr Crenelita, Brown .10O..glandula, Totten .29..marmorata, Fbs Crepidula, Lam .95..aculeata, Gmel ..-CONVeXa, Say . dorsata, var . dilatata, Lam .. elongata .15..excavata, Brod ..fornicata, Gmel ..marginalis, Brod ..onyx, Sby .. plana, Say O...unguiformis, Lam Crucibulum, Schum 3d...corrugatum, Brod -20.. trigonale, Ad & Rve .15...quinquinum, Les ~ Cryptogramma, Mech 2U..impressa, Hanley 25. -macrodon, ‘“ .25..squamosa, ‘* Cuma, Humphrey .290..coronatum, Lam .29...imperialis, Lam .25..kiosquiformis, Ducl .25.,.sacellum, Lam .25..tectum, Wood Cumingia, Clessin .15..tellinoides, Coast Cycias, Brug d..vivalis, Drap ®..rivico!a, Leach d..similis, Say 5..staminea, Con O...transversa, Say ymba, Brod 1.00..neptuni, Gmel .20...porcina, Brod 1.00...proboscidialis, Lam oe Linn 5,.abella, Lam _.achatina, Solard ..acicularis’ - adusta ..albuginosa, Maw .. amathystea, L ..annulus, L . annulata, Gray ...approscimans ..arabica, L 5..arenosa. Gray ..argus, L . arenaria .armadina ..asellus, L ..angustata, Gmel ..aurantium, Mart ~ . .arabicula, Lam . atomaria, Gmel . australis, Gray .. bartheley = Di. REED, Jr., 2 Ryhope, Sunderland, England. — — — = $85 Solid Gold Watch. \, Sold for ®£ OO. until wa AR \ Best $85 watch in the world. Perfect timekeeper. War- : = ranted. Heavy Solid Gold and gents’ sizes, with works ® One Person in each lo- together with our large and val- uable line of _Househola& Samples. These samples, as well as the watch, we send Free, and after you have kept te at once can be sure of receiving the atch adc Co., Box 812, Portland, Maine. CS Hunting Cases. Both ladies’ | and cases of equal value. | caltiy can secure one free, | 8 in your home for 2 months and shown them to thoso nay have called, they become your own property. Those | Sa mples. We pay all express, freight, etc, Address | The West American Scientist. Cunslidated National Bak CAPITAL PAID IN, = $250,000. SURPLUS FUND, - = 50,000. Undivided Profits - - 79,961 BRYANT HOWARD, - - - - President, EK. W. MORSE, = - - - Vice-President. JOHN GINTY, - c - - - - Cashier. W. H. CLARKE, : - - Assistant Cashier. —DIRECTORS.— Hiram Mabury, O. S. Witherby, John Ginty, E. W. Morse, . James McCoy, 8. Levi, Bryant Howard. se ey fees’ Exchange on all the Principal Cities of America and Hurope bought and sold. The Savings Bank. OF SAN DIEGO COUNTY. In the Consolidated Bank Building, corner of Hand Fifth streets. ; CAPITAL, - - = $100,000. : :;OFFICERS:-: James M. Pierce, - - - - President. Geo. A. Cowles, - - - - Vice-President. John Ginty, ae - Secretary and Treasurer. : IDIRECTORS:-: O.S. Witherby, H. Mabury, E. W. Morse, Geo. A. Cowles, James M. Pierce, James McCoy, Bryant Howard, Interest Allowed on Deposits. Money | Loaned on Real Estate ~ ORCHIDS, CYCADS, Bulbs, Seeds and Roots. Dencrobium maccarthee; D. aureum; D. crumin- | atum; D. macrotachyum; Vanda spathulata, etc., etc.: | each cluster, 50 cents—by mail, 75 cents. Cycas | revoluta and Cycas circinalis stems of all sizes from $5.00 to 50 cents, Lilies—Pancartium, Gloriosa _methonica, each, 50 cents, by mail. Price list on ap- | plication. NATURAL HISTORY. Birl skins of over 40 species peculiar to Ceylon, mounted or unmounted. Curiosities, bird’s evgs, shells, bones, etc., ete. An assorted collection of 24 | species of bird skins by mail for $45. All orders | should be be sent to C. R. ORCUTT, Editor |The West Ameri€an Scientist, San Diego, Cal- ifornia, of whom nurserymen and florists can obtain | circular on application. Coffe>, Thea, Cocoa, Cin- chona, Peppers, Palms, etc,, etc. Fresh seed always 'in stock. Tree Ferns and Lycopods. J.P. ABRAHAM, Nurseryman & Florist Grand Pass, Colombo, Ceylon. IT 1S IMPORTANT For collector, to know where they can purchase spec- mens the cheapest, We invite all to send for our illustrated price lists, etc. STEARNS’ CURIO SHOP, Headquarters for Low Prices, | ELKADOR, IOWA. i Wateh 538 , WAlFully EQUAL forS\\é ioel Accuracy, Dura: ey B ISibility, Appearance WON agiand Service, to \chlany $75.00 Watch. : Philadelphia’s building associa- tions haye-.done much toward building it up and making it thecityofhomes. ‘Thesamesystev fl (4-Karat Gold ) Filled CHAIN is guaranteed to wear 20 Years, and is 334% 14-Karat Solid Gold of co-operation| Look for the stamps carefully & eco- —K.W. C. Co. 14K. FLO. — nomically man- |_ and buy the BEST. se aged,has builtup The Aeystone Watch y 7 Club Co. until they are now selling #zorepalle Watches to consumers than all others# crown and climax of Pennsylvania’sfieé manufactures. ‘his Watch contains|SiESe every essential to an accurate time-|fia} keeper, and many important improve- ments patente by the Company. They (o}e0 combined. They handle only the Keystone Dust-proof Watch are Dust and Damp Proof, -» a quality possessed by no which is deservedly regarded as thefR H other movement in theworld.|[| ——— p SEER ——F=nF ll Sree with each Watch. . 4 Jeweled with genuine rubies. MMi || Patent Stem Wind & Set, ‘tea | strongest and simplest. Soldl ale j through authorized agents at|halue $38.00. Either all cash down|fales or $1.00 per week. 2) An Ajax Watch Insulator given|iil a 4) ' fey wl | (Zain Office in Laelpaeence| a | Own Building, @~ vie 904 Walnut St. r, oe iS uaa AEDS AJAX ne i ree A iM Watch Insulator, $2.00 ‘0 A perfect protection t See Sergea against magnetism. Fitany watch. Sent Dilly, by mail on receipt of price. A> y y Wer ae to a) COTTON Agency” iN THE GIANT CATCUS. SDE eae Living plants of this ‘‘Monarch of the Desert” supplied at from $5.00 to 3100. 00 each, according to size. B. F. JOHNSON & SONS, ZENOS, A. T. For trade prices address C. R. ORCUTT, San Diego, Cal. NEW DIRECTORY !! \ X )E are engaged in compiling a NEW ologists’ and Ornithologists’ Direc tory, to be issued August 5th, 1889. We desire the addresses of all Collect ors. Names inserted free. Address all communications to The West American Scientist. Do not neglect this opportunity to increase your col lections by exchanges from all parts of the world. Exchange notices a specie feature, 10 cents each for 25 words or less. be the largest and best Directory ever published. Order now. A limited num ber of reliable advertisements inserted at reasonable rates. MEN SESS, & CORLESS, ALL FOR 25 CENTS. A fine Indian Arrow-head, Piece of Pottery, Sta fish, Sea-urchin, Shark’s Egg, 3 minerals, Chines Coins, 14-page price-list of curiosities, etc., copy ¢ COMMON SENSE, a 16-page magazine for collector 35c per year. F. A. THOMAS, Publisher, - Mexico, New York ROYAL PALM NURSERIKS The finest anil most extensive collection of Tropi cul and Semi-Tropical Plants in America. Man aday ted to Southern California. More than 20 varie ties of bananas. 150,00U one year old palms. Fruit ornamental and economical plants from Austr; Japan, Hong-Kong, India, South Africa, South Am ca and all parts of the tropical world. New and valu able descriptive catalogue of 100 pages, mailed f any address, upon receipt of 10 cts. Address, REASONER BROS., Manatee, Fiona Geological and lchanlogc Specimen Scientific Books. —o—-——_ Corals from the falls of the Ohiol specialty. Can furnish from a single e: ample to one hundred thousand. Cor respondence with advanced collector, and professors of colleges solicited. Best of reference given and satisfaction gua ur anteed or money refunded. G. K. GREENE, 170 East Vhind Se, New Albany, Ing PORTRAITS. YOUR HOME MADE BEAUTIFUL By adorning them with the FACES OF LOVED ONES. ‘The New York Arti:ts’ Union is the only organi tion doing genuine Crayon, Pastels and Oil Port of friends living or dead, from photographs, tin-t or any correct likeness. They can fill, and therefo solicit orders from all parts of the United States. scientious work on the smallest as well as the large contracts is their rule. Satisfaction guaranteed 6 no pay required. All work done by Graduate Artists, Now zs the time to send your order. Sem for our illustrated circular of prices, etc., to The New York Artists? Union, Mention this paper] 10 East 14th St , New Yor! I 1 Extra words at same rate. This wil “Write for terms SAN JOSE, Cali IE The West A merican Sctentist. IMPORTANT _ NOTICE. Botanists, Nurserymen, SE asian AND. FLORISTS. —)o— ‘Oycas revoluta, C, circinalis (tree ferns), Alsophila, erinata, A, gigantea, Cythea hemitilia, Dendropium maccarthes, D, Aureum, D. cruminatum, D, macro- stachys, Vanda ‘spathulata, Vanilla phalarnopsis, Bria bicolor, Cleistoma maculosum, and over 40 of the best varieties of Lycopopiums, Ferns, Palms, Pandanus, Euphorbia, Opuntia, and other varieties of seeds and plants supplied. We will pack and deliver free at any LITERARY EVENT. ‘ i aon ‘ vey fo; American literature from | arliest settlement to the present time and « compiled by E.C. Stedman | Miss E.M. Hutchinson. A complete a . Io vols. _ A. L. BANCROFT & CO., st Street, San Francisco, Cal. é * Pb Ay leas Lent at a ; sea-port: AGENTS WANTED. A case of 250 Orchids, 20 varieties. . osiee vane + oPLOO Stet 600 8 earn ne y bert sae 150 6 20') Cycas ciroinalis, stems 6 inches.. 100 bid . | B00 4° to 12 hed Weekly at 169 LaSalle Street, WICH OS MI ie shige ho cua ak da coer wi ae 250 A case of 1,000 Bulbs, 10 different varieties, such'as Crium Oranatum, ©. Asiaticum, Pan- cartium, Gloriosa, Methonica, Alocasias, &c, 175 a aa ie Coffea arabica, ©, Liberica, Thea Asamica, T. Hy~ brida, T, invigenians, Cichona, Legeriana, Cardamo- num pipernigram, Myristica, Clove of Commerce, -Caselpinia sappan, ©. Davidivi, BE. coca, Theobroma cocoa, Cocoas mucifera, Vanilla planifolia, Sarcinia maugostana, and over 50 different varieties of FruiT Trees. Price list of seeds and plants can be had on application to C. RvORCUTT, Seedsaman, San Diego, California, to whom all orders should be addressed. Also, Bird Skins and Eggs, Shells, Bones, etc., nenbhie? from Ceylon and elsewhere. J. P. ABRAHAM, Grand Pass, Co Colombo, lombo, Ceylon. ee 892 Sewing-Machine Prto at once sect, te mis) trade in all parts, b Nay placing our ikehitice je i! and goods where the people can see =~" them, we willsend free to one : —— ay in each locality,the very ng-machine made in the poreetst with all the attachments. We will also send freea complete line of our. costly and valuable art samples. In return we ask that you ag show what we send, to those who ® may call at your home, and after S ‘months all shall become your own \property. This nd machine is made after the Singer patents, which have run out: before patents run outitsold for 8B, with the jattachments, and now sells for $50, Best, strongest, most use- 4 ful machine in the world. All ie e. No capital required. Plain, brief instractions given. Those who write to us at once can se~ cure free the st sewing-machine in the world, and the finest line errors of high “ ey aan ns togetherin “America, TRUE & CO., 3 40, Rs me Maine- DR. LORYEA’S ‘NEW HAMMAM For LADIES . AND GENTLEMEN. io 8 POST STREET, _ Bet. Dupont and ‘Stockton, SAN FRANCISCO, The Finest Turkish, Russian, Electric, and | Medicated Baths in the City. P.O. Drawer F. - ak CHAT! 5 tan 8, Publishers, 5 Union Square, N.Y. A opie Book Chat ieuseicia montbly a complete index to "the periodical literature of the world. Indispensable = to Botanists, Conchologists, Geologists and Scientists we a year; iy for a single copy. cin Ny 5 see "AMERICAN GEOLOGIST ! _ ~ IS A MAGAZINE Devo oted to Geology and Allied erences thd only one } a America—published by a number of Professior al distribute 1 over the central part of the nited States. Three Dollarsa Year. © | ie pete {THE AMERICAN GEOLOGIST, _ Minneapolis, Minn. TARTCHRES 0 of Beaded Buckskin ipa War Rel- D Se of tne Sioux of Dakota, Apaches, Pueblos | Vave of New Mexico. A large stock of Ore- nd other States Stone Relics of all kinds. All| g Minerals and Fossils of the Black Hills ane Bad Lands. Wholesale and retail. Send fo ‘age, illustrated catalogue. oe I. W. STILWELL, Deadwood, D- T. ae BOL veceer 3 From Dr. Ha s you Bulow e The iit pianos, which I did not. know before, | chosen for my present concert tour in the | — States by my ‘impressario and accepted by me | . “Fecommendation of my friend Bechstein, ac- inte erits, Had I known these} 8 as now I do, I would have chosen them my- ‘their sound and touch are more pananede b ¥ ‘acme ycipe all others of the country. Dr. tai yon PPLONy ee Single Bath, $1. - Six Tickets, $5. | Me a for Gentlemen, Day ne Night, Sundays includ- ed. For Ladies, from 8 A. M. to6 P. M nts for the Knabe Pianos are | O0., aoe ded Py San Bresiolecd.| DAVID I. STAPLES, President. a WM. J. DUTTON, Secretary, | ALPHEUS BULL, Ve President, BERNARD FAYMONVILLE, Assistant Sa He tetit CENTRAL DEPARTMENT, THOMAS 8S. CHARD, Manager 157-159 LaSalle St., Chicago, Il. Huxey Hewert & Co., Agents, Portland, Or. a. F. Meare Agen W. P. Coteman, Agent, - Sacramento, Cal. a Huew ANDERSON, Agent Bisnor & Co., Agents, - - Honolulu, H.I. c. F, Sh sin giana Brn. H. Witson & Bro., Agts., Denver, Colo, « ES Agents i in all Principal Localities throughout the pacar : _ JULY, 1889. Wore No. 45. soap ary Fossils a California. SPOT Nt as R. Orcutt Rss opensctis 7 by Pete teense ere eee ES ALM TE NS * Sg ai Meat ll Wick A tet eevre 75 | ing the Colors of Flowers; A Petrified ism Among Flowers...... .. Lenin sue ee RO OCHS onsen een eer eveeees cere ete 77° runes eenece sateen teens weeees Dither hn He Aca ler aie 79 | CARSON ¢ & CO, ieee e "PER Year, $r. 00. | "her LOUIS" BEOSS, 1) sik tee Shi, atlas iar a ECP SHA BINETELDD co.cc: eed ch meee 2. PCL ARRAS vai gas esc AS a as ee meh ‘BANKERS: The Nevada Bank of San Francisco. TBE RVENING. Sunk _ ESTABLISHED “1865. Me “Is ae leading evening polity in circulation and influence west of t recognized authority in mercantile and financial circles. Its high charac commends it to, and has obtained for it, an entrance into the refined an made it the most popular family Cia cb tea in California. ive ‘ie journ: il u ui: Court decisions i in full. Seas ; Tee WEEKLY “Buuber ie ‘family paper, appealing to the interest of every member ih the household. She Semi-Weehly SButletinr | is the regi a Friday’ s dese of each week, ay ae TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION ia abana at ab cents per we ye Daity, by mail or uc tae i 2 BOY eR ihn i, | ihe CERI IOTIE Sat boi Fly oh ag ere Weekly, with Day, of Fridéy, Rola be OL | Parts af « a year in proportion SS t Advertising Rates made known on 4 Me 4 f h The West American Sctenttst. ACID PHOSPHATE Prepared according to the directions of Pror. E. N, Horsrorp, ESPECIALLY RECOMMENDED FOR Dyspepsia, Nervousness, Exhaus- tion, Headache, Tired Brain, | And all Diseases arising from Indigestion and Nervous Exhaustion. O _ This is not a compound “patent medicine,” but a prepara- tion of the phosphates and phosphoric acid in the form re- buired by the system. It aids digestion without injury, and is a Beene food and | tonic for the brain and nerves It makes a delicious drink with water and sugar only, and agrees with such stimulants as are necessary to take. Dr. E. W Hitt, Glens Falls, N. Y., says: ‘An excellent remedy for a tonic Dyspepsia, nervous and general debility, or any low state of the system.” Dr. D. A. Stewart, Winona, Minn., says: “Entire satis- faction in cases of perverted digestion, ‘loss of nerve- -power, mal-nutrition and kindred ailments.”’ Sewer. td. LEACH, Cairo, Ill, says: “Of great power. in dyspepsia and nervous prostration.”’ _ Wee Descriptive Pamphlet Free. Rumfcrd Chemical Works, Providence, Bid, | a of Substitutes and Imitations bay Be sure the word “‘HorsForp’s” is printed on the label.—All others are spurious —Never sold in bulk. PUBLICATIONS OF, SAMUEL CARSON & CO. re The San + Francisco’ Book -House. A History of the College of California. BY S. H. WILLEY, D. D. It is now more than twenty years since the College of California was merged into The Caiifornia Uni- versity. The History of the old College is largely contemporaneous with the Early History of the State. The work is published by subscription. 1 vol., 8vo, 400 pages, cloth, paper label, - $4.00 boundin sheep, - 5,00 1 (3 66 ee 66 California Tourists’ Guide. Revised and brought down to date; containing just such information as every Tourist wants, The Guide will contain two maps of the city—one a bird’s-eye view of San Francisco and surroundings, the other a street map. Table of distances, rates of fare, hotels and routes of travel, etc, 170 pages, 16mo, cloth limp, $1.00; illuminated paper covers, 50 cents. California Pictures in Prose and Verse. BY BENJAMIN PARKE AVERY, Quarto, cloth, 344 pages, beautifully illustrated with Engravings after drawings from Nature. $3.00. California, Three Hundred and Fifty Years Ago. MANUELO’s NARRATIVE. Translated from the Portuguese by a California Pioneer. 1 vol., 12mo. cloth, $1.50. The above book purports to be a translation of a recently discovered Portuguese MS. giving a Sailor’s Narrative of a Sojourn in California and Life Among the Indians 300 years ago. re Stationers, The Island Worlds of the Pacific Ocean, BY CHARLES MARION TYLER. With Maps and Illustrations. 1 vol., 8vo, 537 pages, cloth, ~~ - - $2.00 Some pains have been taken to make this work standard and_ reliable, especially with reference to the History, Discovery, Ethnology, Chronology, Ge- ography, Area, Population, and Products of various Islands of the Pacific Ocean. The work is profusely illustrated both with wood-cuts and lithographs. A Book for the Sea- side, the Lake, and the Forest. West Coast Shells. A familiar description of the Marine, Fresh Water, and Land Mollusks found in the United States, west of the Rocky Mountains. BY JOSIAH KEEP, A, M. (Professor of Natural Seience, Mills College). SSS WWI At the sea-side, many pick up and admire a few shells without knowing anything of their name or nature. By the aid of this book such aimless shell- gathering may happily be changed into 1 source of intelligent and elevating pleasure. The Frontispiece is a hand-painted engraving of the very rare ard beautiful Surcula Carpent-riana. The book contains upwards of 230 pages, and 200 Engravings, and is carefully printed on fine, heavy paper, and neatly bound in cloth. : Price, Postage Paid, $1.75, nef. THe West American Scientist. Vor. VI. JULY, 1880. | No. 45 meevenia U//ION PROUW THE SAN DIEGO BIOLOG: PCA LABORA TOR Y—/7. Pe GHNVESTS OF: 72 COLOR-CELLS OF FISHES. So far as I am aware the origin of the color-cells or chromato- phores of fishes has never been discussed. A. Agassiz (on the Young Stages of Bony Fishes,ii) has described the color changes of young flounders, and Agassiz and Whitman have promised a discussion of the genesis of the chromatophores in the second part of their paper on ‘'The Pelagic Stages of Osseous Fishes’’ which has not yet appeared. My observations have been based on the embryos of many species, but for the present purpose only those of Sciaena sat- urna, Hypsopsetta guttulata and Pleuronichthys coenosus (?) are available. Naturally the genus Stolephorus and many other Isospondylous fishes in which no color is observed forty-eight hours after hatching, are not available for a study of the origin of the color-cells; nor can any use be made of such genera as Oligo- cottus, Isesthes, Atherinops and Atherinopsis, in which the color appears in the egg after several days, and then appears at some- times widely separate portions of the embryo, The eggs of Hypsopsetta and Sciaena may always be collected in greater or less abundance in San Diego Bay during the latter part of April, the whole of May, and at least a part of June. The eggs are deposited at about five o’clock in the evening. They are pelagic; the only difference between the eggs of the two species seems to liein the slight difference in size and in the num- ber of oil-globules, Hypsopsetta invariably having one, Sciaena from two to eight. The eggs were carried a mile before they could be studied, so that, in the earliest stage observed the blastodisk was segmented into four cells. The embryonic ring and shield appear in about twelve hours; the blastopore closesin about eighteen hours; the embryos are freed from the membrane in less than thirty-six hours. At the closing of the blastopore, the embryo and a part of the yolk are covered with scattered chromatophores. At this time the individual chromatophore is a large cell with a distinct nucleus and a few color granules; there may be present one or 62 | The West American Sctentisé. two pseudopods; the dendritic form is not developed for some time. The color granules of most of the cells are brownish- yellow; those of comparatively few cells being black. The cells are so large that they may readily be distinguished before any color is deposited in them. The term chromatoblast may prop- erly be restricted to them at this colorless stage. There are no chromatoblasts distinguishable when the embryonic shield begins to form; they first appear when the gastrula covers one-third or one-half the yolk. They are proliferated into the segmentation cavily from the embryo, where the latter joins the embryonic ring ana from here they migrate to various portions of the embryo. Just how they arise I cannot say, as means for sectioning are not athand. Further observations of living eggs may clear. this point. As the gastrula advances over the yolk they increase in number very rapidly, but, as far as I have observed, by the pro- cess of proliferation only. They are somewhat angular in shape, the angles being some- times prolonged into pseudopods. Their depth at this time is equal to that of the segmentation cavity. In their migration the pseudopods are usually foremost; amoeboid changes in shape were not observed, the whole cell moving forward. Most ofthe chromatoblasts are collected along the margin of the embryonic shield. When the embryonic shield narrows and the embryo becomes more definitely outlined the chromotophores rapidly mi- grate inward and cover the embryo, while others collect about the oil-globules and but few remain over the yolk. Shortly after the closing of the blastopore in Scieana the oil-globules unite and the eggs of this species can then be distinguished from those of Hypsopsetta only by the very slight difference in size. The chromatoblasts cannot be confounded with any other elements. They are approached in structure and position by the cells of the epiblast when about to divide. Such cells rise out from among the surrounding cells and project into the seg- mentation cavity, divide, and again sink to the ordinary level. As chromatoblasts cannot be observed continuously from their origin to the chromatophore stage, should this process extend over several days or weeks, it is not possible to say positively whether the color-cells of the genera Oligocottus, Isesthes, etc., have a similar origin. The fact that their genesis in so widely different genera as Hypsopsetta and Sciaena is identical, would indicate that the color-cells in all fishes are developed in a similar manner. Carl H. Ligenmann. * Preliminary Notice, CONTRIBUTIONS TO WEST AMERICAN BOTANY. In this series of papers it is proposed to present in a “connected form, such botanical observations as may be made by the writer, that may seem to contribute to a fuller knowledge of our West American flora, It is hoped that these may become worthy of the Contributions to West American Botany. 03 above title as herbarium material and available literature increases. While much still remains to be done by the systematic botanist, it is believed that our flora offers a wider field for observations in other directions and of greater value to botanical science. HOSACKIA (SYRMATIUM) HAyDon!.—Suffrutescen!, six inches to a foot or more high, the slender stems woody at base, at first slightly spreading, then recurving inward and slightly intertwin- ing, forming a loosely-compact bush, glabrous or nearly so throughout: leaflets three or less, oblong, obtuse, one to two mm. long: flowers single or more rarely in pairs, short pedunculate, two mm. long: calyx of equal length, the teeth narrowly subulate, erect, a half to one-fourth as long as the tube: pod but slightly incurved, usually twice the length of the persistent calyx, one seeded: seed dark olive-green, two and a half mm. long, slightly curved. , I take pleasure in dedicating this delicate species to Mr. Marion D. Haydon, in return for his hospitality and tor his directing my attention to various forage plants whose valuable qualities had. previously been unsuspected. Collected in April, 1889, growing among the rocks in a canyon leading into the Colorado desert, on the old stage line from San Diego to Ft. Yuma. With H. glabra, Torr., this plant is commonly known as the deer weed, but its smaller growth will render it less valuable for cultivation and it is apparently too limited in its distribution to assume im- portance as a wild forage plant. STAMINODIA AND STAMENS.—In examining a large number of the flowers of Hookera minor, Britten, in the field this spring, I was somewhat surprised to find numerous specimens in which the staminodia were changed to perfect, fertile stamens, The first instance noticed was in a flower evidently injured by some insect. but so many examples were found later, where the stam- inodia were partially or wholly changed into anther-bearing stamens that I cannot ascribe it to the work of insects. This illustrates how little value can be placed in this genus on the un- reliable characters of the stamens and staminodia. HooKkeERA OrcuTTIUI.—Greene, Bull., 6, Cal. Acad. Sci. 138. This species has been well characterized by Prof. Greene and is a very distinct species. Having examined a large number of the flowers in the field this season, I can speak positively of the ab- sence of any traces of staminodia in any that I collected, and only three stamens were ever present. I first collected this species in 1882 in a valley about thirty miles north of San Diego, and later in the unusually wet seasons of 1884 and the present year. I found it abundant on our mesas, often associated with H. minor, Brit. The bulb is large, witha thick, fibrous envelope. 64 The West American Scientist. TREES AND, SHRUBS. OF SAN DIEGOWGOGCR Gs CAL TROT TEA: In the first bi-ennial report of the California State Board of Forestry, (1885-86), I contributed at the request ot Hon. Abbot Kinney, a short paper under the above title. In it I briefly noted the general distribution in the county, of the ligneous plants that were known to me; thus it was necessarily incomplete, and some species were omitted as being scarcely worthy of mention. The article was further marred by a multitude of typographical errors and even whole pharagraphs by other authors were wrongly in- serted under my signature. | Botanical science would not have been seriously affected, how- ever, had the history of this unfortunate paper ended with the report of the California Board. But Hon. B. E. Fernow, chiet of the Forestry division of the U. S, Department of Agriculture, saw fit to criticise my gratituous work as incomplete, in his second bulletin,(page i198), and, without consulting the writer or others who have had opportunity for an acquaintance with the subject, presented ‘a complete list’ of the trees and shrubs of San Diego county (pp. 202-5). This ‘complete list’ was compiled mainly from Watson’s Botany of California, by Mr. Geo. B. Sudworth, and fully seventy species belonging to our flora was ommitted, and nearly a score of species were erroneously admmitted by him. Thus its scientific value was wholly destroyed, and curiously enough the compiler of this ‘complete list’ omitted nearly all the species enumerated in my paper, that were not mentioned in Watson’s Botany. The very evident worthlessness ot this ‘complete list’ was enough to render criticism almost needless. But now a second edition of Bulletin No. 2, of the Forestry division comes to hand containing a list purporting to be a ‘modification of that in the first edition.’ In an editorial note the Chief says: ‘‘The modifications have been made upon the authority of Mr. “C..R. Orcutt and Dr: S.B. Parish; both of San Diego county, ‘California. Thanks are «specially due to Dr. Parish, who is ‘writing a flora of this region, for the addition of several unpub- ‘lished species. The cacti, and other plants not truly shrubs or ‘trees, have been omitted. A few species, however, not always ‘woody throughout, have been inserted. The fact that Mr. Kin- ‘ney submitted a list confined to San Diego county must explain ‘the insertion of such a limited list, while it would have been de- ‘sirable to embrace the flora of Los Angeles and San Bernardino ‘counties as forming a true botanical region.”’ This explanatory note of the Hon. B. E. Fernow is almost as unfortunate as the rest of the history of this article. A letter to the Chief criticising the ‘complete list’ (by which the first edition may most conveniently be designated) with his apologetic reply, forms the whole of the correspondence between us, and the mod- Trees and Shrubs of San Diego County, California. 65 ified list has nearly the same omissions as the‘complete list,’ nota- bly, the Rhus ovata, Cixpressus Guadaloupensis, Berberis Fre- montii, and other well known trees and shrubs of our county, and-even the palm was ommitted from the ‘complete list.’ Mr. S. B. Parish, of San Bernardino, (70¢ San Diego), who has an ex- tensive acquaintance with the flora of Southern California, re- quested information relative to certain species that were included in the ‘complete list’ and after furnishing him with my notes, he informed me that a revision of the ‘complete list’ was in progress and that he would forward my notes for use in the revision. Evidently Mr. Parish has had as little to do with the ‘modified’ list as myself and should not be held in any way responsible for its errors. Only one species, Euonymus occidentalis. Nutt., is directly credited to me, and the unpublished name of Dr. Treleas, (E. Parishii) which is proposed for doubtless the same shrub, is given asa second species of this genus. It is sincerely to be regretted that sueh inaccuracies should appear in even this comparatively unimportant paper in a publi- cation of our government, as it tends to throw suspicion upon all the work of the Forestry division, and perhaps not with injustice in this case. So important an interest as our forests is worthy of the most careful and intelligent treatment, such as it receives at the hands of foreign countries. It is not advisable at present to compile even an appro indict complete list of our ligneus plants, pending the elaboration of recently collected herbarium material and copious field notes. Our FORESTS. The true forests of San Diego county are, properly Spence? restricted to the higher mountainous region, comprising the La- guna, Cuyamaca, Smith’s and San Jacinto mountains, usually at an altitude of 5,000 to 7,000 feet or greater. Considerable timber exists inthese mountains, and at San Jacinto, saw-mills are con- tinually at work, supplying the immediate vicinity with lumber, but none is exported. The timber is less valuable as a rule than that found atthe north. Pine, and a little spruce and cedar, is the principle timber utilized. These forests are composed mainly of the following trees: Pinus Lambertina, Doug]. Pseudotsuga Douglasii, Carr. ’ Pinus ponderosa, Dougl. Libocedrus decurrens, Torr. Pinus Coulteri, Don. Abies concolor, Lindl. Pinus Sabiniana, Dougl. Quercus chrysolegis, Liebur, Pinus Jeffreyi, Murr. Ouercus Kelloggii, Newberry. Pinus Sabiniana, Dougl., is not known to the writer but has been credited to the county. The only form of Pseudotsuga Douglasii, Carr., known by me to occur in the county, is the variety macrocarpa, Engelm., which does not approach in size the grand spruces of the north. GT. OF Gis. 66 The West American Scient?st. EPOCH OF THE MASTODON IN NORTH AMERICA. The most interesting of the animals that have recently, (in a geological sense), become extinct, is probably the American mastodon, {Mastodon gigantes) which, in connection with the mammoth, or fossil elephant, (Elephas primigenius) appears to have attained a great numerical development upon this continent at about the close of the Pleistocene, or the commencement of the Post-tertiary epoch. Geologists are enabled to determine with certainty the age at which these colossal herbiverous ani- mals existed in this country, ftom the circumstance that their bones are found in a partially petrified or sub-fossil state, in superficial deposits, lying above the drift formation, as for exam- ple in peat-bogs or the mud and marl deposits of existing ponds and lakes, the origin of which, it seems, cannot extend far back of the introduction of man upon this continent. Some have thought that the mastodons and mammoths did not become entirely extinct in this country until after the advent of man, and find a support for their opinion in various traditions of the North American Indians. which represent their ancestors as warring against certain colossal animals, which are described as tree- eaters, and as never lying down, but leaning against a tree when they slept. Sir Charles Lyell, however, after a review of all the facts in the case, has arrived at the opinion that the period of the extinction of the mastodon, although geologically modern, must have been many thousand years ago. Judging from the dis- tribution of their bones the mastodons appear to have existed most numerously in the valleys ot the Ohio and Mississippi, and from thence to have roamed as far to the northeast as New York and New England. Their remains, however, have been but rarely found in New England, and it has been conjectured that the Hudson river may have acted as a barrier to their migrations. The mammoth, or fossil elephant, appears to have roamed over the same territories contemporaneously with the mastodon, but in much smaller numbers. In the western States the bones of these animals are found most commonly in the low places around the salt-lick spots, that are still frequented by deer and other wild animals that come to lick up the saline waters. At one such locality in Kentucky, known as the ‘‘Big Bone Lick”’ about twenty miles south west from Cincinnati, it is esitmated ° that the bones of one hundred mastodons and twenty mam- moths have been dug up together with the bones of the mega- lonyx,buffalo,deer and other animals. The most complete skele- tons of the mastodons have, however, been found in swamps and peat-bogs,in which the animals were probably accidently mired and suffocated. The finest and largest skeleton in existence was dis- covered by some laborers engaged in digging marl from a swamp in Newburg, N. J., in the summer of 1845. It occupied a stand- ing position, with the head raised aud turned to one side and the © (tron ai Opuntia Fruit as an Article of Food. 67 tusks thrown upwards the position natural to a quadruped when sinking in the mire. In the place where the stomach lay, and par- tially enclosed by the ribs were found about seven bushels of veget- ablematter—-1.e., bruised and chopped twigs and leaves—- which, with out doubt, represented the food last eaten by the animal Some of these twigs, subjected to microscopical examination proved to be those of a coniferous tree, probably the white cedar. This skeleton was purchased by the late Dr. John C. Warren of Boston and is now preserved in that city. Its dimensions are as follows: Length, twenty-five feet; height twelve feet; length of tusks, ten feet. The total weight of the bones is two thousand pounds, and so slightly changed are they that they still retain a large pro- portion of their animal matter. In some instances there have been found in connection with the skeletons of the American mastodon, tufts of hair of a dun-brown color, varying in length from two to seven inches—thus indicating that the animal, like the Siberian mammoth, might have been fitted to endure a clim- ate considerably colder than that in which the present elephant lives. C.D Story: OPUNTIA FRUIT AS AN ARTICLE OF FOOD. One of the most attractive fruits in the markets of Mexico and one that is always in demand is the fruit of the Opuntia, or Zuna as itis known to the Mexicans. Both the foreign and native inhabitants consume it. and with many, it forms the principal article of food for months in the year. The seeds of some of the choicest varieties sold in the markets of Mexico were obtained and grown by the U. S. Department of Agriculture for distribution in localities suited to their cultivation. The Zuna of the Mexicans must not be confounded with Opuntias found in Arizona, New Mexico and Southern California the fruit of which is not utilized. What is known as the cactus belt of Mexico furnishes many very fine species of Opuntia adapted to cultivation. When brought together, and each variety receives a name, as other cultivated fruits are distinguished, they will severally be sold and esteemed for their respective merits. Then especial growers of this cactus will appear and new varieties be produced by cross- fertilization and other means as in our northern fruits. The potato and tomato when first introduced were little valued because their qualities were unknown; now the world would not care to do without them. The Opuntia fruit will be prized wherever known. CULTIVATION. Scarcely a plant known to man requires so little care in its cultivation as the cactus. It will grow in nearly any soil, but best in light sandy or gravelly combinations. The Opuntia reaches 68 The West American Scientist the greatest perfection on the table-lands of Mexico, where own- ers of estates have assured me that they have realized beyond all expenses $3,000.00 to $5,000 oo annually from the sales of this fruit and its products. The Opuntia takes root readily when a piece of plant is laid on the ground, or a little soil may be thrown on the top ofa joint, so easily is it cultivated. It will stand considerable cold, and draught does not effect it beyond causing the plant to wilt at times, from which it quickly recovers. The dryness during the mor protracted drought seems to increase the sweetness of the ruit. Give the Opuntia one-tenth of the care in its cultivation that the peach requires and it will repay you with a delicious fruit that lasts for a much longer period for market; one better for ship- ment; one with good keeping qualities. No insects to molest it no dangers from frost, as it blossoms after the time of frost, and protected ftom thieves by its spines, you can enjoy its fruit un- molested. There are some who dislike all forms of cactus be- cause of their spines, and consider them useless, but this is a mis- take. All cacti are useful to animals and birds and may be utilized by man, and the spines simply prevent their rapid de- struction by animals that would greedily devour these succulent growths were they not protected. REMOVING THE SPINES. When the fruit of the Opuntia is ripe, the fine spine upon their surface are readily removed by taking a bunch of grass, or any other suitable thing and switching the fruit, thus removing easily the downy spines, which, if not removed, would cause a little pain for a short time in handling the fruit. I have seen persons born among the Zzzas, catch the fruit suddenly near the sum- mit and wrench them off with their fingers apparently without suffering any evil consequences. If the spines are not removed at gathering, the fruit will have to be wiped before the rinds are removed, to prevent pain to the operator. GATHERING THE FRUIT. There are three methods resorted to in gathering Opuntia fruit; one with the hands; second, by wooden tongs; third, with a knife. The first method can only be resorted to when the plants are low, or in gathering from the lower branches of a tall plant. By taking hold of the fruit with the fingers and giving it a sudden twist it at once detached. This is no doubt the best method of gathering for market, as there is less’ bruising, and if the spines were previously removed, can be at once packed for market or the “jackets” removed for immediate use. The second method of gathering the fruit by means of wooden tongs is, so Opuntia Fruit as an Article of Food. 69 far as the writer knows, only resorted to by Indians, who gather for their own consumption. The knife in the hand of an experienced gatherer,can be made to detach a great quantity of fruit ina day. It is much used along the table-lands of Mexico on the great estates where the Opuntia grows to perfection; and the fruit by various means rendered profitable to the owners. The blade of the knife is made of steel and is inserted into the split end of a long strong stick, the length - of which enables the gatherer of Zuzas to reach with the knife blade the joint bearing ripe fruit. The plants are often eight to fifteen feet high. The fruit is arranged around the outer rim of the joints, so, when the gatherer brings the knife blade to the joint,he separates by a quick turn that part bearing the fruit,and as quickly thrusting the blade into the severed part, brings it to the ground, when the fruit it soon denuded ofits fine spines and removed. Plants present an odd appearance after the terminal joints have been thus removed, but suffer no injury and the frag- ments readily take root and form new plants. REMOVING THE SKINS FROM THE FRUIT. It is surprising what a quantity of fruit can be deprived of skins and prepared for the palate by one pair of experienced hands. A thin slice is removed from each end of the fruit; a slit isthen made through the peeling along the length of thefruit. The fingers press downward quickly the separated skin leaving the pulpy fruit exposed ina tempting manner. Thus prepared, the fruit is one of the sweetest,most nutritious and refreshing of fruits, mealy and juicy, most agreeable for the warmer seasons of the year in the United States. Especially is this fruit adapted for the breakfast-table, when the languid body needs something to aid digestion. If kept as cool asa watermelon, it will prove far more agreeable than that fruit. being of a similar flavor with that of the strawberry added, and it is healthier, more nutritious and longer in season than the watermelon. This fruit is to be found in the Mexican markets in abundance and very cheap five months in the year, and is consumed by all classes and conditions of people. Venders are to be seen along all the roads. Along the Mexican Central Railroad the earliest Tuna is ripe in June and the latest varieties disappear in Novem- ber, and you are offered them in small dishes, with the epidermis _ removed, a thorn from the mesquit tree to carry the tempting morsel to the mouth. | This fruit is finding its way all along the frontier of the United States, and this winter I saw some fine fruit on a stand in Jack- sonville, Fla., for sale. Americans and foreigners consume this fruit with equa] avidity with the Mexican and praise the flavor. When as well known in this country as in Mexico it will be utilized to the fullest degree. Edward Palmer. 70 The West American Scientist. SOME NOTES ON TERTIARV FOSSILS OF ig IFORNIA. PACIFIC BEACH. An exposure of a deposit of tertiary fossils occurs at Pacific Beach, San Diego, California, on the ocean bluff north of the pavillion, extending for about a mile along the ocean beach and from five to twenty feet above tide water. In May and June, 1888, I made a small collection at this point, of re the follows: ing is a partial list:— livella biplicata. Lucina Nuttaliii. J boetica. Cerithidea sacrata. S sp. indet. Amphissa versicolor. Conus Californicus. Amycla carinata. surcula Carpenteriana. Dentalium hexagonum. Monoceros engonatum. _Cardita subquadrata. cs var. Spivatum. Littorina scutudata. Ranella Californica. Pteronotus festivus. Opalia anomala, Stearns. Crepidula adunca. a varicostata, is os unguiformis. Siphonalia Kellettii. Nassa coopert. Janira bella. ‘“ perpinguis. Pecten hastatus? ‘“ — fossata ‘* equisulcatus. . Omphalius aureotinctus. ‘“ 3 sp. indet. Chlorostoma Pfeiferi. Tapes staminea. ss gallina. Scalaria sp. indet. Haliotis splendens (fragment. ) Neverita Reclusiana. Tellina bodegensis. Norrista norrisit. Pomaulax undosus. Pandora (mold only). Macron lividus. Fusus ambustus.? ; Ocinebra poulsonit. Acmea mitra. Calliostoma gemmulatum. ‘ InNSeSSQ. Tivela crassatelloides. Anomia lampe. Drillia penicillata. Ostrea lividus. Myurella simplex. There were about a dozen other species, not identified as yet, among them a curious form resembling an oyster valve, very thick, but too imperfect for me to determine its character. A whale barnacle, a fine shark’s tooth, numerous bones of some large animal, caseings resembiing those surrounding the shells of Lithoglyphus, calcareous tubes of Serpulorbis squami- gerus, and numerous specimens. of Echinarachnius excentricus were also obtained in this stratum. The locality is worthy of much more careful study than I have yet given it, but the above will prove sufficient to indicate its character. Three imperfectly defined strata can be here detected:—The older turned to sand- stone, containing molds of various bivalves, and the imperfect valves above referred to as. slightly resembling the oyster; the second containing the Opalias, Janiras and Pectens and a species of Terebratula (?); the third, more recent in character, contain- ing the most of the other species. ie ekg he RR ee we ‘ “0 ape ae — Some Notes on Tertiary Fossils of California. Ves FALSE BAY. Along the shores of False Bay, which bounds the tract known as Pacific Beach on the south, are found numerous large deposits of shells, formed largely of Donax Californicus in places, and containing remains of echinoderms, besides other mollusks. These need to be studied in connection with those before men- tioned, -but I have as yet given them but small attention. OCEAN BEACH. Ocean Beach lies south of Pacific Beach, with False Bay be- tween them. Both lie within the limits of San Diego city. About two miles south of Ocean Beach, near the top of the cliff, about forty feet above tide water, I found another exposure in- June, 1888, where I made a collection of about fifty species of shells, including those species given in italics in the Pacific list, and the following additional shells. Omphalius fuscescens. Hipponyx sp. indet. Monoceros lugubre. Chiton (valves). Lottia gigantea. Haliotis cracherodii. Acmaea spectrum. Drillia moesta? PE Aspelta: Monoceros sp.? ‘““ scabra Leptothyra sp. indet. Gadinia reticulata. , Volvarina varia. Fissurella volcano. Bittium sp. indet. Calliostoma canaliculatum Cumingia Californica. Glyphis aspera. Lucina Californica. Crepidula lingulata. Platyodon cancellatum. 2 dorsata? Zirphoea crispata. Petricola carditoides. Septifer bifurcatus. Chama exogyra. Pachypoma yibberosum. Balanus 3 sp. indet. Strongylocentrotus sp.? Vermetus ? sp. Serpulorbis squamigerus. This isa very promising locality, and a much greater variety may be expected after a more careful and thorough examination of the whole exposure—only a small part having been examined by myself. ROSEVILLE. From a cliff at Roseville, nearly east of the Ocean’ Beach loca- lity and on the shore of San Diego bay, were numerous valves of Pecten zequisulcatus, Chione simillima and C. fluctifraga, im- bedded in the soil a few feet above tide water. Other similar deposits are not rare along the bay shores. C. R. Orcutt. Leaver UpIdC OF SALVADOR. A little over thirty miles south of San Jose de Guatemala be- gins the republic of Salvador, the smallest, though the second in point of population of the countries of Centrai America. The little republic is indeed the most densely populated country in both Americas, with exception, perhaps, of some of the lesser 42 The West American Scientist. Antilles, for the Salvadorian Republic contains only an area of a little over 7,000 English square miles, while the number of in- habitants is nearly 800, OOO. Salvador was always regarded as a very rich country, and before the conquest was called by the natives, ‘“‘Cuscatlan,’’ or the land of abundance. The country was already at that pe- riod very densely populated, and its inhabitants were warlike and fierce. They defended their independence in such a spirit that it required all the energy of such a man as Pedro Alvarado to conqueror and to bring them under the Spanish dominion. Nowadays, though Salvador suffered and suffers still from constant wars and insurrection, the country is fairly prosper- ous, well governed, and the best educated republic of Central America. Agriculture is extensively and successfully practiced, and the export of the products of the country is augmenting every year. As I leave the shores of Guatemala and approgen those of Salvador I remark the difference between these countries. The coast of Guatemala is low and sandy with the mighty chain of the Andes far in the interior; that of Salvador is high and rocky and of volcanic origin. There is no sandy beach here, but the. hills descend to the waters’ edge and form a steep fantastic shore, not barren and wild, but green and covered with a crown of the | most exquisite trees and parasitic plants. The first harbor I meet on the coast of Salvador is Acajutla. It is a considerable town as the export place of the northwestern part of the republic. It is connected by railway with the city of Sonsonatte, further in the interior, one of the most important places in the republic. Acajutla looks half like a city and half like an Indian village. The houses as usual are low, but the streets are paved. But what a pavement! I believe that even the streets of San Fran- cisco have a better pavement than those of Acajutla. It is a tor- ment for the poor barefooted Indians to walk on those streets, and even those who use shoes or boots are very anxious to avoid them. The houses of Acajutla, and senate outside of the town proper, form avery curious sight. They are constructed of bam- boo or rather coyoles branches and are protected by enormous and very high fences. But those fences are neither of wood, nor of stone nor wire, but of cactus. The cactus and especially the giant cardon grows here to an enormous size and very rapidly. Planted around the house ina short time it will grow to aconsiderable hight and will form a most magnificent and durable fence. No animal and no snake can force such a form- idable fence and the inmates of the house can rest secure. Some- times the giant cardon reaches the stupendous height of sixty ai aie The Republic of Salvador. 73 feet, and when this is the case, you cannot see the house, but only a green and high palisade of tall and prickly cacti. From Acajutla to La Libertad the shore of Salvador is known under the name of Costa del Balsamo, or Balsam Coast. It is a magnificent part of the republic, green and fresh, fragrant from the odor of numerous gorgeous flowers, watered by many mountainous creeks, covered with numerous haciendas and fincas. The hills, not too high or too steep, run in soft undulations to the ‘shore, while toward the east they become higher and higher until they meet the principal chain of the Andes. The Balsam Coast itself produces indigo, sugar, cotton, tobacco, coffee and maize, and is of extreme fertility. But the glory of the coast is the famous balsam, known as ‘‘Balsam of Peru,’’ which is produced in the woods of this coast in such quantities a over ous 000 pounds are annually exported. Speaking about balsam, I must mention Wee under this term we understand now the balsams of Peru and of Tolu. Both balsams have a very fragrant odorand they are used in confection- ary, in perfumery and cspecially in medicine. The two balsams mentioned are very similar to each other in their properties and both are produced by trees of the genus Myroxylon, or My- rospermum of the Leguminosae, Myrospermum peruiforum, commonly called the ‘‘Quinquino,”’ growsin abundance in Central America, and chiefly from this beautiful treeis prepared the cele- brated balsam of the coast of Salvador. Myrospermum toluiferum is a very similar species to the former, but grows mostly on the banks of the Magdalena river and in the mountains of Venezuela and New Granada. The mountains of Tolu gave the name to this balsam. At the end of Costa del Balsamo we meet the fair town of La Libertad, the second harbor on the coast of Salvador. The scenery around the town is magnificent; in fact the prettiest on the coast, for just behind the harbor begin the hills, covered with the most costly woods and with magnificent fruit- bearing trees of the topics. The cool stream, the river Chillama, runs close to the town; and on its banks the luxuriant vegetation reigns in its supernatural beauty. Over the houses of the town tower the high cocoanut trees laden with fruit, and close to them lingers the graceful curica, papaya, ceiba, henisaro, mata- palo, guayago del monte, euiscoyol, mahogany, and nispero form dense groups; feathery, delicate leaves of banana and plaintains shine withthe color of purest emerald under the glowing sun, and the taller columnar cardon cactus shoots like an arrow towards the blue sky. The town ot La Libertad i is a small, delightful place, composed of low adobe houses,surrounded by luxuriant gardens. It is the harbor of San Salvador, the capital of the “republic, and all merchandise destined to that place has to go through La Liber- 74 The West American Scientist. tad. The coach runs from the harbor to the capital, which is situated further in the mountains, on a_ high volcanic plateau. San Salvador is now a fine and well built city, though it has none of its former splendor. In 1854 it was a magnificent city, with many churches,palaces and splendid buildings, but on the night of. April 16th, of that year, it was completely destroyed by one of those terrific earthquakes which are so frequent in Cen- tral America. The city was rebuilt and was again partly destroyed in 1873. It remains, however, always the seat of government and the capital of the republic. | The inhabitants of San Salvador pride themselves on being the most polished and the most cultured in Central America. They read a great deal and study much, and are, without question, better posted on all social and political questions than are their neighbors of Honduras or Guatemala. The ladies study also a little, and willingly discuss all known, or unknown questions with anybody who happens to come in their way. With strangers they are free, bold and very anxious to know what the ladies in other countries do, how they dress and how they spend their time. The Salvadorian ladies flirt a little more than their sisters in other Spanish-American republics, and are very anxious to marry early. In fact, it is regarded as a dis- grace if the lady does not marry. The Salvadorian ladies com- pare favorably with their sisters in Guatemala or Nicaragua. They are affectionate; generous. but quick tempered; brilliant, but superficial; vain and vacillating; courageous in the highest degree, but capricious. They like the song and dance, but not so much as the ladies of Leon. South of La Libertad the coast is very rocky and steep, and contains no harbors until we reach the beautiful gulf of Fonseca. In that magnificent expanse of water Salvador possesses the old Spanish town and harbor of La Union. La Union has a suffocating climate, for the harbor is land- locked and the fresh sea breeze seldom enters. It is burning hot everywhere and you breathe the air of a furnace. Had Charles Dickens been in La Union he would never have de- scribed Marseilles as he did in‘ ‘Little Dorrit,’ for Marseiles com- pared with La Union would have been an arctic place. Here in La Union everything is hot; the wind, if there is any, the staring dusty streets, the sandy beach, and even the water within the harbor. The people do not walk on the streets in the daytime if they can avoid it, but remain at home smoking and swinging in large comfortable hammocks, for the hammock in this Zzerra caliente takes the place of a bed and very often of a chair. ; La Union is a considerable but a very lazy and lifeless place. Only when the fair takes place-and this happens a few times every year—the inhabitants loose their lethargy and are as gay and The Republic oy Salvador. eS frivolous as the inhabitants of Leon and Puntarenas. They sing and dance and make love like veritable children of the sun. The Andes of Salvador form a highly volcanic central range with no less than sixteen volcanic peaks from four to eight thousand feet high. The volcano Isalco near Acjutla is always in eruption, and the traveler can constantly see the fire and smoke, and hear the roar of ejected lava. Salvador pos- sesses also many lakes and rivers, as for instance the lakes Guya -and Llopango and the river Lempel and San Miguel. There are many considerable cities and towns in the interior, and among others are Sosonatte, Santa Ana and San Miguel. The richness of the country consists mainly of the products I mentioned be- fore, and especially of tobacco, the best in Central America. The mineral wealth is not great, although there are some silver and iron mines near Santa Ana and Tabanco. The government of the republic is carried on by a president, vice-president and two ministers. The legislature consists of two chambers, an upper one ot twelve senators and a lower of twenty-four representatives. The standing army is only 1,000 men, though in case of necessity everybody is called to arms. In the last struggle with Guatemala (1885) Salvador in the short space of a few days had an army of 12,000 men, and what an army it was the battle of Chalchnapa has shown.— MZ. Lopateckt. WALIVE PLANTS OF AUSTRALIA. Australian plants have proved in many cases equally well adapted to the soil and climate of the Pacific Coast. The direc- tor of the Technological Museum, Sydney, furnishes an interest- ing book on the useful plants of that continent, from which we glean the following notes of some, as yet unknown to this coast. It may not be generally known that Australia produces an in- digenous hop, which in the early days of settlement, was exten- sively used for making yeast and beer. Eucalyptus dumosa yields a kind of manna, which is eaten by the natives in some parts of Victoria. It is the nidus of an insect and is a starch-like substance resembling small shells, white or yellowish-white in color and sweet to the taste. The settlers of Tasmania obtain a kind of cider from a species of gum, and another species (Eucalyptus Viminalis) also yields a sweet manna. The native cherry (Exocarpus Capressiformis), has excited considerable attention in Europe from the fact that, contrary to the usual order of things, the stones grow outside of the fruit. Baron von Muller recommends the culture of Geitonoplesium cymosum as a substitute for aspargus. The native peach or guandong, Fasauns accuminatus, makes 76 The West American Scientist. an excellent preserve or jelly and may be dried and used like preserved apples. In waterless localities the fleshy roots of the needle or pin-bush Hakea leucoptera, yield good drinking water tothose who under- stand how to get it. | The Rumquat or desert melon, Atlantia glanca, may be made into a fair preserve. An infusion from the fragrant bark of the sassafras, (Athero- sperma moschata) is used in the form of a beer and has a pleas- ant taste when taken with plenty of milk. The natives of New South Wales and Queensland prepare a cake which resembles a coarse ship biscuit from a bean tree known as /talic or Bogum. In cases of severe thirst much relief may be obtained by chew- ing the leaves of the shingle oak (Casnarina stricta.) Being of an acid nature the chewing of the leaves produces a flow of saliva. The native currant (Coprosura Billardieri), the oor of the natives of Coranderrk station was formerly used by the settlers in making puddings. BRIEFER ARTICLES: PRESERVING THE CoLors OF FLowERsS.—A process of preserv- ing the colors of flowers in dried specimens, as used in Berlin, consists of steeping the plants in a solution of sulphurous acid con- taining one-fourth of its volume of methylated spirit. Delicate flowers require an imersion of but five or ten minutes, and thick leaves as much as twenty-four hours. They are then removed, the fluid is allowed to evaporate, and the plants are dried between paper in the usual way. - Sct. American. A PETRIFIED BrRD’s NEst.—Harlan H. Ballard, President of the Agassiz Association, describes in S¢. Wcholas for June, his experience with a petrified bird’s nest containing three eggs. It is a useful article and a timely warning against being “taken in’’ by any apparently wonderful production of nature. These nests it seems, are prepared in Italy by immersing in water impregnat- ed with mineral salts, thus producing an artificial petrifaction. It may be well to note the distinction between the words, petri- faction, and fossil, which are too often used as synomyns: a petrifaction may be defined as anything ‘‘turned to stone,’’ or en- crusted by a mineral substance, and may be either natural or art- ificial; a fossil is ‘‘a substance dug from the earth,” or plant or animal remains (petrified or otherwise), from the strata compos- ing the surface of the earth. It would not be strange if the nest described by Prof. Ballard had been a natural petrifaction as he supposes it may be but for the presence of ¢hvee eggs. It would be possible for a bird in our western country to build and hatch its young in such a situation as he describes, where the nest at a different season might be subject to the overflow of a non-peren- —« Bricfer Articles. TH nial spring, and one egg failing to hatch, might have remained in the nest. I have seen such a locality where the still green and growing moss was slowly but surely becoming petrified (z. e., in- crusted by a mineral, deposited on its surface, by the water flow- ing over it), while other mosses had become wholly petrified. The vegetable substance in some specimens had decayed, while in others, only the fibres, incrusted by a calcareous substance, still remained. Specimens of petrified moss are not rare from the State of Michigan, but the locality I refer to was in the moun- tains of Lower California, and I am confident that the ‘‘water is dry’ a great portion of the year and would not interfere with nest building, shoulda bird select the site and begin operations before the rainy season. Ce Once: ALBINISM AMONG FLOwERS.—The editor has‘collected speci- mens of each of the following plants bearing only pure white flow- ers. Usually the whole plant was of a lighter green than that of the other plants which bore flowers of the normal hue. Delphinium decorum, F. &. M. Brodiza capitata, Bth. Linaria Canadensis, Dum. Sidalcea humilis, Gray. Mirabilis Californica, Gray. Gilia dianthoides, Endl. Orthocarpus purpurascens, Benth. Erythrzea venusta, Gray. A single plant of Mimulus cardinalis, Dougl., was once found in Lower California, with yellow flowers, which a well known botanist proposed to call a new species, but I advised him of its true character in season. The Erythrzea venusta, Gray, is often pure white and runs through the lighter shades of purple into its normal color. In the wet spring of 1884 I secured so many large and beautiful white-flowered specimens of this, as to lead Dr. Gray to inquire if it was not a valid species. The plant is very variable otherwise as to size and shape of foliage and flowers. C. R. Orcutt. EO eDINGS OF SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. SAN FRANCISCO MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY,—June 12th, 1889. A. H. Beckenfeld, the Vice President, was present for the first time since recovering from his severe illness, and was cordially wel- comed. His contribution to the evening’s programme represented some fine specimens of Melacerta ringens, a tube-building rotifer, belonging to the family of wheel animalcules. This variety is considered the mcst beautiful of the species, and builds for its protection an ingenious tube, which it forms of round pellets that are elaborated in the interior of the animalcule, and securely gummed together with asecretion derived from the same source. This rotifer, when feeding, extends itself partly from its tube and by means of several rows of cilia produces a rapid rotary motion one set of cilia drawing a current of water containing food to its mouth, while another row ejects the debris by a current produced 78 The West American Sczentist. in an opposite direction. The tube and occupant are highly transparent and viewed by dark ground illumination never fails to excite astonishment and wonder at the sagacity displayed by nature in protecting these minute organisms from their enemies and furnishing them with such elaborate means for obtaining their subsistence. Mr. Breckenfeld also exhibited a slide of A*cidium or ‘“‘cluster-cup fungus’’ found infesting the scanty vegetation on Signal Peak, Yosemite Valley, some seven thousand feet above sea level. Dr. E. G. Clark exhibited some interesting slides of Cinnabar ore in Chalcedony, showing {ree mercury, a rare thing in the natural state. The gentleman also showed a beautiful mounting of chrystallized gold, displaying the peculiar fern-leaf disposition of the chrystals produced by the galvanic current. The most notable feature of the evening was the exhibition by Charles C. Riedy of his collection of old and rare works of the early writers on microscopy. To the student and ali interested in micrographical literature this was an opportunity seldom offered to examine many volumes published by the pioneers in this branch of science, that are now very scarce. Mr. Riedy is devoted to the study of the Infusoria, and to facilitate his inquiries in that direction the present collection has been slowly accumu- lated, though not without great difficulty and perseverance, many of his orders for special works having been several years in the hands of European book-dealers before they were obtained. The different volumes cover the entire field of microscopical research from its very beginning, and contain a complete resume of the evolution of optical science, together with the progress of me- chanics as applied to the microscope. Many of the editions, in fact a majority of them, contain a high grade of illustrations con- sidering the date when they were executed, while some are em- bellished with fine-lined copper-plate engraving that wouid do credit to our own day. The oldest publications, belonging to the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, are all bound in heavy parch- ment, and mostly written in the scholarly language of the time— Latin. The printing is remarkably good and legible, there being no perceptible fading of ink or paper. The authors represented were Adams, Baker, Baster, Bonanni, Descartes, Ellis, Eichhorn, Gleichen, Gotze, Grew, Hill, Hooke, Joblot, Ledermulier, Leeu- wenhoek, Martin, Needham, Power, Redi, Schaffer, Glapber, Smith, Spallanzani, Schott. Swammerdam, Trembley. Notable among these are Decartes’ works, with numerous wood-cuts, small quarto, Amsterdam, 1650. This work contains an illus- tration of Descartes’ gigantic microscope eight feet high. In the collection is Powers’ ‘‘Experimental Philosophy,in three books, containing new experiments, microscopical, mercurial, magnetical.’’ London, 1664. This last work is the earliest vol- ume on the microscope in the English language. Before adjourning a unanimous vote of thanks was tendered jpapel Bibliography. 79 Mr. Riedy for his interesting exhibition of what is certainly the most unique collection of rare microscopical literature in the United States. CUP BAIS WIRCC.. SCl. SANTA BARBARA SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISToRY.—May 25, 1889. Dr. L. G. Yates presented a specimen of Allanite from Santa Barbara county, and read a paper on this new and rare mineral. Mr. Goodyear, of the State Mining Bureau, in a letter to Dr. Yates, stated that the portion of Santa “Cruz Island already "examined to be mostly volcanic rock. TO Gan ihe L.H.BAILEy. Studies of the types of various species of the genus Sarex. Mein. Torr. Bot. Club, Vol. 1, No, 1., New York, 1880, 8vo pp. 85. Price, $1.00. The author presents the results of an examination of the existing types of the North American species, which are widely scattered, largely in European herbaria. Nu- merous changes in nomenclature are naturally found necessary. R. W. SHUFELDT. Observations upon the osteology of the North American Anseres. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. xr:215-251. Washington, 1889. From the author. Be erecne.- Pittonia Vol., 1, Part 6. March.May, r88o. The present number completes the first volume and contains an account of the vegitation of San Benito islands, off the Lower Californian coast, a treatment of some Californian Umbelliferae, descriprions of new species, and various botanical notes and dis- cussions. Miss Mary Graham also contributes to this number her interesting ‘‘Reminiscences of Major John E. Le Conte.”’ NeEw MEXICAN SPANISH ANTIQUITIES. Zhe Nation. March 8. COLONIZATION OF LOWERCALIFORNIA. Science. Apr. 5. THE SAN FELIPE SINK, (California.) Am. Meteorological Journal. March. D. MarRiaAGerR. A Zuni Genesis. Overland Monthly. April. W. Cross. Denver Tertiary Formation. Am. Jour. Sci., April. F. A. Fernow. Science and ‘Christian Science.’’ Pop. Sez. Mo., April. | foes t Dyer, .Plantsin Witcheratt. Pop. Sez: A7..,- April. SENATOR STEWART. Reclaiming the Deserts of the West. Forum. April. EMIN PASHA IN CENTRAL AFRICA. A collection of the White Pasha’s letters and journals is issued by Dodd, Mead & Co., containing invaluable information gathered by him on his explorations. “On the geography of plants and animals”; and‘‘On the state of civilization and politics” are the titles of two of the several headings under which the work is arranged. BNO por- traits of Emin ‘Pasha, and a map are given. 80 The West American Scientist. EOLA OTR Ae Each year presents a startling record of terriple loss of life and property by the elements. But 1889 surpasses any previous year in the history of the English race. Early in the year came the news of disaster at Apia, where our American navy suffered so severely. The sympathy of the whole civilized world is now aroused by the fearful calamity at Johnstown, Pennsylvania, on May 31st. Ten thousand people hurled into eternity by the piti- less torrent escaping from the Conemaugh artificial lake, upon its dam giving way, and two thousand more roasted alive in the conflagration that succeeded the flood, Before this loss of life, the twenty-five millions of property destroyed is insignificant. The whole Conemaugh valley is a scene of desolation, not only Jchnstown, but other towns and villages and farm houses along this beautiful river have been washed away with thousands of their inhabitants. It is impossible at this time to estimate the total loss of life and property sustained by this section of country. Our contributors will please note that MSS. should reach us as early as the first of the month preceding publication to secure the earliest insertion. Reports of societies and scientific news may be sent later but should reach us as early as possible, that they may not loose in interest by delay. When possible, articles, especially if ofa technical character should be prepared by a type- writer. Proofs are not read by the Editor but we have engaged careful and experienced readers for this service. Europe, Asia and Africa has each contributed to the Editor’s mail of late. As four months were consumed in transit by a let- ter from Asia, we shall ‘not be burdened by correspondence from that quarter, but now that San Diego is likely to be soon in di- rect communication with China and Japan, through the Peninsula and Oriental Steamship line, we may hope that the SCIENTIST may become still better known in those countries. Two or more new steamship lines are being inaugurated be- tween San Diego and Mexican ports, which we hope may soon be in operation. The west coast to the south of us has been but little known to naturalists, and with these increased facilities for transportation, we may hope to learn more of its natural history in the near future. Numerous naturalists have already done what they could under existing difficulties, and each has found much of interest in every branch of science. NOTES LAND NES. TATA-ALBUMEN is a variety of albumen, studied by Dr.Helbig which is transparent, even when boiled. It was first found in the egg of a certain species of sand marten. Later it was ascertained that by the action of soda or potash, ordinary egg albumen could Notes and News 3ST be converted into tata-albumen, it thereby becoming doubled in bulk and glassy in appearance. It is eight or ten times more di- gestible, more stable, and allows the addition of any spice. “The Land of the Midnight Sun” must indeed be an interesting portion of the earth’s surface to visit if we may judge from the ex- tremely interesting and beautifully illustrated article about that region that appears in Demorest’s Monthly Magazine for July. The sound of the axe and the hammer, not only on the assem- bly grounds, but all around the lake is responded to by the people near and far in notes of preparation for the season’s great annual festival at Chautauqua. Fifteen years have passed since the opening of this summer school in the woods. Chautuaqua has ever refused to do any but thorough work, its power has become international, and it has bound friends by the thousand to itself All the year round, through its literary circles and otherwise, its influence is felt not only in every state in the union but beyond the sea and the great gatherings of the summer are but the logi- cal results of this vital under current. The botanist of our U. S. Department of Agriculture is referred to by an English contemporary as S77 George Vasey. His de- scriptions of grasses adapted to arid districts are widely copied. Lentils and tares are receiving considerable attention in South Australia, where they are cultivated for fodder, \ Rabbits, sparrows, kangarcos, paddymelens, hares, foxes and kangaroo ratsseem to be the more troublesome of the animals in Australia, on which the Government offers bounties. A thick shower of small frogs is reported in the ‘‘Western dis- trict’ by the Victorian Farmers’ Gazette, of April 29th. The rabbit diseases commission of New South Wales has re- ported unfavorably on M. Pasteur’s proposal to extirpate rabbits by means of chicken cholera. The commission finds that the use of the microbes in the food does not cause the disease to spread rapidly from infected to healthy rabbits. The latest maritime curiosity in British waters is a torpedo boat burning petroleum or tar refuse in place of coal. The ves- sel has made nineteen knots an hour without permitting any per- ceptible smoke, and is said to move quite noiselessly. She is 137 ft. in length and her crew numbers only seven men. The wax-scale of Florida, (Ceroplastes floridensis) has been discovered in California, on trees imported this season from Flor- ida, according to a note in Jnsect Life. It is not noted as a pest in Florida, but occasionally it will increase upon an individual tree sO as to arouse apprehension. Samuel Lowell Elliot died February 12, aged forty-five years. He was a careful student of the habits of insects and very suc- 82 The West American Scientist. cessful in contriving methods for rearing and studying living in- sects. Mr. T. S. Brandegee and Mrs. Mary K. Curran, both of San Francisco, surprised their friends by a quiet wedding on May 29th. They were married in San Diego by Rev, Dr. Noble. THE SCIENTIST offers them its heartiest congratulations. Messrs. T. S. Brandegee and Walter Bryant returned in May from an extensive trip through Lower California. We failed to meet Mr. Bryant and so did not learn the extent of his success, but Mr. Brandegee reported the collection of about thirty species of cacti; and altogether nearly a thousand species of plants, while his field notes will give the most southerly stations for many of the Californian plants. 3 Proietti ae Ward, (Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus.), shows that the genus Platanus, of only seven existing species, was at its zenith in the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods. Chlorogalum parvifolium is abundant on portions of the San Diego mesas, where it grows scarcely six inches high. We re- cently measured a specimen of this lily which we collected in a canyon among our foot hills—the loose, spreading panicle of flowers, of which, stood seven feet high! The bulbsare frequently as large as onions, and the height above recorded is not excep- ional. Frederick A. P. Barnard, President of Columbia College, died April 27th. He was born May 5th, 1809, at Sheffield. Mass. He ranked with the most advanced thinkers of the day, and did much to enhance the scientific standing of the United States. In mic- roscopy and astronomy he did excellent work, and his labors were recognized by the conferring of honorary degrees from many universities. The seeds of the alfilaria are gathered by the ants in Southern California, in considerable quantities, judging from the hulls which they pile around the openings to their nests. The Century for June contains an interesting and instructive illustrated sketch of an “American Amateur Astronomer,’ Mr. Burnham, formerly of Chicago, now of the corps at the Lick Ob- servatory. Among the articles in SA Mcholas, for June that will interest young naturalists, is one by Anna Botsford Comstock, on “ Hid- den Homes.’ Prof. H. H. Ballard, President of the Agassiz Association, also contributes a suggestive paper on “Amateur Photography.”’ Aemaea, Esch. .depicta, Dall ..insessa, Hds _.mesoleuc?, Mle . paleacea .. pelta, Esch ..var, elevata, Orcutt . bestudinalis Acus, Humphrey. .50,,aureola, Gray - 25, caerulescens, Lam .25,.erenulata, L .20; denudata 05, .dislocatus, Say .20..maculata, L .20..strigillata, Gray .2,.subulata, Lam _Adeorbis, Wood. .25..subcarinatus, Mont pts H.& A. Adams 20... falcata, Gid ,16..8tylina, Cpr -. | Alexia, Leach, © LOK -personata, Midd .05..setifer, Cooper A Alvania. © 20. .aequisculpta, Cpr _ Amatlthea, Schum. — ,60..conica, Schum Amiantis, Cpr. 1,00. .callosa, Conr Amnicola, Gld. & Hild. .U8, .cincinnatiensis, Anth cubeniana, D’Orb decisa, vag - grana, Say .. ntegra, Say . lapidaria, Say . llimosa, Say ‘18, -longinqua, Gld .05. .lustrica, Say -10...pallida, Hid -20,.panamensis, Tryon -05..parva, Lea Ud. -porata, Say .25..sp. indet, Utah Amphibola, Schum. 20, fragilis, L. 12. .nux-ave'lana, Chem Amphissa, H. & A. Ad. «LW, CO. rugata, Rve .»0..versicolor, Vall Ampullaria, Lam. .6U. -chigintensis, D’ Urb 1.00. .cumingii, Sby 2.00. .olivacea, 'Spix 0. ti PRlo at once establish 3 Festi) trade in all parts, by 4 Soa piacing Our machines and goods where the people can see them, we willsend free to one a= person in each locatity,the very best sewing-machine made in i the world, with all the attachments. W\ line of our costly and valuable art E samples. In return we ask that you show what we send, to those who . may cal? at your home. and after 2 months all shall become your own x N property. This grand machine is aimade after the Simger patents, >My which have run out: before patents = Ses aitachments, and now sells for ; : $590. Best, strongest, most use- F ful machine in the world. All is -y Se free. No capital required. Plain, drief instructions given. Those who write to us at once can se~ cure gree the best sewing-machine in the world, and the finest line of works of high art ever shown together in Amewca, TRUE & Of... Box 740, Augusta, Maine- DR. LORYEA’S For LADIES AND GENTLEMEN. 218 POST STREET, Bet. Dupont and Stockton, —o-— SAN FRANCISCO. Medicated Baths in the City. Single Bath, $1. Six Tickets, $5. Open for Gentlemen, Day and Night, Sundays includ- ed. For Ladies, from 8 A. M. t) 6 P. M. Cycas revoluta, C. circinalis (tree ferns), Alsophila, brida, T. in igenians, Cichona, Legeriana, Cardamo- ~~ | We will also send free a complete. % run out it sold for R93, withthe — NEW HAMMAM The Finest Turkish, Russian, Electric, and ¥ The West American Serentist. THE WESTERN EXCHANGE BUREAU. Books, Deeatinda,2 a. Relics, Minerals, Stamps, etc., bought, sold or exchanged. Send two-cent stamp for a copy of the Monthly Bulletin. Adress THE EXCHANGE BUREAU, 23 Orrville, Ohio. OME TREATMENT FOR CONSUMP- =™* TION AND NERVOUS DEBILITY.— Medical and Hygienic. Address with stamp, H. A. MUMAW, M. D., Homeopathic Physician and Sugeon, OnrrvituR, OHTI0,. fe NAUTILUS — For CONCHOLOGISTS. (Formerly ‘‘The Conchologists’ Exchange.’’) IMPROVED! ENLARGED! ILLUSTRATED! Issued monthly. Subscription $1.00 per annunt H. A. PILsBEy, Editor, WM. D. AVERELLU, Manager Mt. Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. Address BIRDS, SKINS AND EGGS. EW PRICE LIST OF FRESH SOUTHERN CAL- ifornia Bird Skins sent for stamp. 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The Acme No. 4 Microscope, As illustrated, a thorough instrument for professional or educational use: With 1 in. & 1-5 in. objectives, two eye-pieces (power 40 to 600), glass slides and cov- ers in case.$35.00 150.00 The Acme No. 5 Microscope, An instrument of simple but thorough construction, with good lenses, and at a minimum cost: With 1 inch and 1-5 inch cbjectives, 1 eye- piece (power 40 to 360), in case.......... $28.00 fgg Send for complete catalogue of Microscopes, sam- ple copy of the Microscopical Bulletin, and clearance- sale list. In the Acme Microscopes, we especially pride our- selves on the accurate fitting and smooth working of the focal adjustments, which are vital points in a microscope. Our rack and pinion is unexcelled for perfect action. $L.0O0 year; 10 cents a copy. JAMES W. QUEEN & CO., For shells, fossils, plants, bulbs, ferns, cacti, Manufacturing Opticians, seeds, etc, address the editor, Chas. 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If So send One Dollar for THE UNIVERSAL TINKER AND AMATEUR’S ASSIST- ANT. ‘Tells Amateurs about turning and lathe work, Painting, Staining, book Binding, French Polis: ing, Wood Finishing, Fretwork, Amateur Printing, the Magic Lantern, etc. Single ccpies 10 cts. Address HODGSON & BARWOOD, 294 Broadway, New York, N. Y. YOUR IT WILL PLEASE coy or girl and your neighbor’s boy or girl to receive a paper ‘‘all their own.” Try sending tiem the YOUNG IDEA The best low-priced juvenile magazine publishel; 12 pages, 36 columns, monthly, illustrated, only 50 cts. a year; sample free. Address THE YOUNG IDEA. Grant C. Whitney, publisher, Belvidere, Il. COLLEGIORs Who wish to obtain first-class Eus opean or African Natural History Specimens will oblige by sending class of desiderata to DR. REED, Jr., Ryhope, Sunderland, England. ——_—_—. Sold for $2 GQ. until lately. Best $85 watch in the world. Perfect timekeeper. ranted. Heavy Solid Gold 4 Tlunting Cases. Both ladies’ and gents’ sizes, with works and cases of equal value. wy One Person in each lo- caltiy can secure one free, | together with our large andval- | uable line of Household Samples. These samples, as well as the watch, we send Free, and after you have kept them in your home for 2 months and shown them to those who may have called, they become your own property. ‘Those whe write at once-can be sure of receiving the ateh and Samples. We pay all express, freight, etc, Address Stinson & Co., Box §12, Portland, Maine. . £85 Solid Gold pai War- | The West American Sctenttst. SURPLUS FUND, .| Shells, bones, ete., ete. /in stock. | For collectors to know where they can purchase spec- — -W. R. RUGE §, | methonica, each, 50 cents, by mail. Consolidated National Bank. $250,000, 50,000, 715,961 CAPITAL PAID IN, Undivided Profits President, Vice-President. Cashier. Assistant Cashier, — DIRECTORS.—- O. S. Witherby, John Ginty, James McCoy, Bryant Howard. BRYANT HOWARD, J. H, BARBOUR, JOHN GINTY, Hiram Mabury, E. W. Morse, J. H. Parbour, os. fae Exchange on all the Principal Cities of America and ‘Europe bought. and sold. The Savings Bank. OF SAN DIEGO COUNTY. In the Consolidated Bank Building, corner of Hand Fifth streets. CAPITAL, = $100,000. : {OFFICERS:-: ; - President. Vice-President, Secretary and Treasurer, — K. W. Morse, J. H. Barbour, John Ginty, ; -~DIRECTORS:-: H. Mabury, Bryant Howard, E. W. Morse? d z 1° O.S. Witherby, James McCoy, Interest Allowed on Deposits. Money — Loaned on Real Estate ORCHIDS, CYCADS, Bulbs, Seeds and Roots. =o Denarobium maccarthez; D. aureum; D. erumin- atum; ). macrotachyum; Vanda spathulata, etc., ete.: each cluster, 5VU cents—by mail, 75 cents. Cycas revoluta and Cycas circinalis stems of all sizes from — $5.00 to 50 ceits. Lilies—Pancartium, Gloriosa ~ Price list on ap- plication. aoenl NATURAL HISTORY. = Biri skins of over 40 species peculiar to Ceylon, — mounted or unmounted. Curiosities, bird’s eggs, An assorted collection of 24 species cf bird skins by mail for $45. All orders — should be be sent to C. R. ORCUTT, Editor — The West American Scient st, San Diego, Cal- — ifornia, of whom nurserymen and florists can obtain circular on application. Coffee, Thea, Cocoa, Cin-— chona, Peppers, Palms, etc,, etc. Fresh seed always Tree Ferns and Lycopods, J. P. ABRAHAM, Nurseryman & Flor Grand Bees Colombo, Ceylon. IT IS IMPORTANT — mens the cheapest. We invite all to send for our — illustrated price lists, etc. STEARN S’? CURIO SHOP, — Headquarters for Low Prices, ELKADOR, IOWA. The West American Screntist. ~ SAMUEL CARSON & C0, KE a specialty of supplying Libraries, for which they have ex ption: ui facilities, because of their counection with many of the largest ng houses aS special agents, and by carrying the stock of all ~an publishers. They will be glad to give prices on lists of pro- d purchases and solicit correspondence with librarians and other buyers on points of interest to them. Noted for their Prompt- . Carefulness and Low Prices, they will send to any dress, on application, Catalogues of Standard Miscellane- is W Vorks or Juvenile Books. Books for District School i aries 3, School and pind Text Books constantly on hand; also SAMUEL CARSON & sSOxe; Publishers, Booksellers and Stationers, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, 208 Post Street, San Francisco. (School Warrants taken in payment). Cash cable ASSORS its one 2. Losses Paid in 26 Years . DAVID J. ‘STAPLES, President. i WM. J. DUTTON, Secretary. : ALPHEUS| BU [ BERNARD FAYMONVILLE, Assistant Secretary. CENTRAL DEPARTMENT, ) EASTERN D THOMAS S. CHARD, Manager CHAS, W, KELLOG 157-159 LaSalle St., Ohicago, Ill. Rea Shine Mason sagt Bostor W. P. Coueman, Agent, - Sacramento, Cal. _ Huai ANDERSON, Agent, -Bisnor & Co., Agents, - - Honolulu,H.I. j C.F. Exis, Agent, - Ben. H. Witson & Bro., Agts., Denver, Colo, HAMILTON & bisdiitas Henry Hewett & Co., Agents, Portland, Or. | G. F. McLunuan, a veal 4h ue ; Agents in all cas ee throu 7 out jeyy An f 4 ety Lalas Ye Con : VI. AUGUST, 1889. WHOLE No. 46. h TELE e popular monthly-review and record for the Pacific Coast. | Official Organ of the San Diego Society of Natural History. pee er ORY ORCUTT. s-- EDITOR. CONTENTS: ey PAGE osis of a New Species of Snake (Lichanura Orcutti) from - San Diego County, Cal... yet eM Leonhard Stejneger. 83 the Medical “es ta of uae California Panis eis. eee SC ees Tu, Pe N ui cees Paree, bones Cr Co. St Some Notes on Rentiary Fossils of California Hh... CR. Orcutt 84 ah 5 * > Oak of Cuyamaca SONIED deal cute cea Riel a tials ce tae, sh 8a SMO hg! MAD! Oe BR rf om > Beetles enoan Diego County) Calis) ls sc. L. O. Howard 87 e Trees of British Columbia ........... he oie is .M. Lopatecki 88 fer Articles—Presentiments; Encouraging Science; Recent At y and Sub-fossil Shells of the Colorado Desert; Ants in TIS SO GEISER at od fly 1s ag May oP Fite Gifs, Oak rose abhi of Scientific Seca Pee sm nna OM nt. yoiha Wy LSD gs ON ge I A Re tea SiG Sd anes VON ata Vy abla aS ae so riz ee ey CSF eee teen en cow eee erreseve eee e cee eee wees 95 N Sand News....-.0e1e oeeeeeeeeeeceeene Ve ged CM REPRE a ita’ SAMUEL CARSON & CO., iA j PUBLISHERS. _ No. 208 Post Street, - San Francisco, Cauir, ye | No. 1134 Fifth Street, San Diego, Calif. t 10 CENTS. | PER YEAR, $1.00. {Entered at the Post Office at San Francisco as second-class matter.] Nh ge LOUIS SLOSS, §- - oe ee ae a 4 CO-OP ARNE URI seis a he ae ee a Be POCL ARR ie peek en ae aa SAN FRANCISCO, CAL, : ESTABLISHED 1866. Is the leading evening journal i in circulation and influence west ie the Rocky M un recognized facedcpancut in mercantile and financial circles. bod ‘Migs charact te and made it the most popular family newspaper in California. The only journal one decisions in Bes ae Sas Che Sete Rulletinn is the: oe Hpday, s issue of each week. . - interior at 25 cents per week, putts dy mail or cine ee neice | : Weekly, alone, - eet Ie ip e WEERD; wath Daily of Friday, ae tA lis. Me ae igi Advertising | Rates made known. on n applicat . The West American Scientist. yosePH G/! LLOT Tg Steel Plens FOR ARTISTIC USE in fine drawing, Nos. 659 (Crowquill), 290 and 291, FOR FINE WRITING, Nos. 303 and Ladies’, 170. FOR BROAD WRITING, Nos. 294, 389 and Stub Point, 849. FOR GENERAL WRITING, _ Nos. 332, 404, 390 and 604. Joseph Gillott & Sons, 91 John St., N.Y. : HENRY HOE, Sore Acent, Sold by ALL DEALERS throughout the World. Gold Medal Paris Exposition, 1878. A. WENTSCHER, _ GENERAL COMMISSION FORWARDING AND SHIPPING. San Diego, Cal. RE YOU FOND OF USING TOOLS OR Tinkering? If So send One Dollar for THE UNIVERSAL TINKER AND AMATEUR’S ASSIST- ANT. Tells Amateurs about turning and lathe work, Painting, Staining, Book Binding, French Polishing, Wood Finishing, Fretwork, Amateur Printing, the Magic Lantern,etc. Single ccpies i0 cts. Address HODGSON & BARWOOD, 294 Broadway, New York, N. Y. | tae Setiteviatar War ice ter bel eeeti i you H andmai a will Cut This Out! to us mm with only ten cents, (silver or stamps) & awe will send you for six months, ‘THE & a Y OUNGIDEA, the brightest and best juv- S mm enile magazine published. Itis handsomely HITNEY, Pub., Belvidere, 111. RES Salbae COLLECTORS Who wish to obtain first-class Eus opean or African Natural History Specimens will oblige by sending class of desiderata to . DR. REED, Jr., Ryhope, Sunderland, England. A Sold for#£ GO. until lately. hte i\ Best $85 watch in the world. $85 Solid Gold Watch. Ai) Perfect timekeeper. ea CS Hunting Cases. Both ladies’ b ite, @ and gents’ sizes, with works IE Q\%\ 200 cases of equal value. caltiy can secure one free, together with our large and val- vabdle line of Household Samples. These samples, as ‘ well as the watch, we send Free, and after you have kept them in your home for 2 months and shown them to those who may have called, they become your own property. Those who write at once can be sure of receiving the atch and Samples. We pay all express, freight, etc, Address Stinson & Co., Box 812, Portland, Maine. ranted. Heavy Solid Gold | 9 One Person ineach lo- | Consolidated National Bank. CAPITAL PAID IN, = $250,000, SURPLUS FUND, - - 50,000. Undivided Profits - - 73,961 BRYANT HOWARD, =- ’ - - President. J. H, BARBOUR, : - - Vice-President. JOHN GINTY, - - - - - Cashier. W. R. ROGEsS, . “ Assistant Cashier. —DIRECTORS.—— O. 8. Witherby, John Ginty, James McCoy, Bryant Howard. Hiram Mabury, E. W. Morse, J. H. Barbour, ne me a en ae &egs’ Exchange on all the Principal Cities of America and Burope bought and sold. The Savings Bank. OF SAN DIEGO COUNTY. In the Consolidated Bank Building, corner of Hand Fifth streets. CAPITAL, - ~ = $100,000. ;-;OFFICERS:-: EK. W. Morse, - - “ - - President J. H. Barbour, = - - - Vice-President John Ginty, - - Secretary and Treasurer : SDIRECTORS:-: O.S. Witherby, H. Mabury, E. W. Morse, James McCoy, Bryant Howard, Interest Allowed on Deposits. Money Loaned on Real Estate ORCHIDS, CYCADS, Bulbs, Seeds and Roots. a) Dendrobium maccarthese; D. aureum; D. crumin- atum; D. macrotachyum; Vanda spathulata, etc., etc.: each cluster, 50 cents—by mail, 75 cents. Cycas revoluta and Cycas circinalis stems of all sizes from $5.00 to 50 cents. Lilies—Pancartium, Gloriosa methonica, each, 50 cents, by mail. Price list on ap- plication. NATURAL HISTORY. Biri skins of over 40 species peculiar to Ceylon, mounted or unmounted. Curiosities, bird’s eggs, shells, bones, etc., ete. An assorted collection of 24 species of bird skins by mail for $45. All orders should be be sent to C. R. ORCUTT, Editor The West Ameriéan Scientist, San Diego, Cal- ifornia, of whom nurserymen and florists can obtain circular on application. Coffee, Thea, Cocoa, Cin- chona, Peppers, Palms, etc., etc. Fresh seed always in stock. Tree Ferns and Lycopods. J. P. ABRAHAM, Nurseryman & Florist Grand Pass, Colombo, Ceylon. IT IS IMPORTANT For collectors to know where they can purchase spec- mens the cheapest. We invite all to send for our jllustrated price lists, etc. STEARNS’ CURIO SHOP, Headquarters for Low Prices, LKADOR, IOWA. The West American Scientist. bay fon SCRNTISTS and NATURAL BEGINNINGS WITH THE MICROSCOPE. A Working Handbook containing Simple Instruc- tions in the Art and Method of Using the Mi- croscope, and Preparing Articles for Examin- ation. By Walter P. Manton, M. D. Illustra- ted. 50 cents. FIELD BOTANY. A Handbook for the Collector Containing Instruc- tions for Gathering and Preserving Plants, and the Formation ofa Herbarium. Also complete instructions in Leaf Photography, Plant Print- ing, and the Skeletonizing of Leaves. By Walter P. Manton. Illustrated. 50 cents THE HUNTERS’ HANDBOOK. Containing lists. of provisions and camping para- phernalia, and hints on the fire, cooking uten- sils, etc.; with approved receipts for camp cookery. By “An Old Hunter.” 50 cents. WHAT IS TO BE DONE. A Handbook for the Nursery, with Useful Hints for Children and Adults. By Robert B. Dixon, M. D., Surgeon of the Fifth Massachusetts In- fantry; Physician to the Boston Dispensary. 50 cents; Paper, 30 cents. INSECTS. How to Catch and How to Prepare Them for the Cabinet Comprising a Manuel of Instruction for the Field Naturalist. By Walter P. Manton. Illustrated. 50 cents. TAXIDERMY WITHOUT A TEACHER. Comprising a Complete Manuel of Instruction for Pieparing and Preserving Birds, Animals, and Fishes, with a Chapter on Hunting and Hy- giene; together with instructions for preserv_ gs and Making Skeletons, and a num- By Walter P. Man- ing. Eg ber of valuable Receipes. ton. Illustrated. 50 cents. OUR COMMON INSECTS. By A. S. Packard, Jr, tions. New Edition, with illustra: 1 vol., 12mo, cloth, $1.50. FERNS IN THEIR HOMES AND OURS. A popular introduction to the study of this fascina- ting subject. Fully illustrated. 1 vol., r2mo, cloth, $1 50. KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. By Elliott Coues,-M. A., M. D., Ph. D. Contains a concise account of every species of living and fossil bird at present known on the continent north of the boundary line between Mexico and the United States, including Greenland. ~ - Third edition, revised to date. With which are incorporated General Ornithology, and outline of the struéture and classification of birds; and Field Ornithology, a manual of col- Jecting, preparing and preserving birds, The new edition presents the nomenclature of the American Oruntthologist’s Union, tn the most convenient form for comparison with that Ap other editions, Illustrated, . Coues’ ‘‘Key’’ is too well known as a lead- ing and authoratative treatise to require re- mark, having for twelve years held its place ag the standard work of reference for prefes- sional ornithologists as well as-for students and amatuers, American Ornithology. Indispensable to every sportsman, amateur and working orn- ithologist. 1 vol.,.royal octavo,vellum cloth, $7-50 THE COUES CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS: With dictionary of the etymology, authography and orthoepy of the scientific names. Revised to date and entirely rewritten by the author. © 1 vol., royal 8vo, cloth, $3.00 Form SALE BY SAMUEL CARSON & Coe 208 POST STREET. San Francisco. The latest and most exhaustive | —— ae eS ee PF) yt J UL THE Weert AIMERICAN Se1ENTIsT. VoL. VI. Pe AUGUST, 1360. No. 46 meeevOSIS “OF ANEW SPECIES OF SNAKE (LICHANURA ORCUTTI), FROM SAN DIEGO COONTY,. CALIFORNIA. The snakes belonging to the superfamily, Boioidez or Pero- poda, the “‘ boiform’’ snakes characterized by the presence of rudiments of posterior extremities, are represented in the North American fauna by a few forms only. ‘On the whole continent north of Panama there are only known about fourteen species belonging to seven genera, but of these only one species has hitherto been recorded from the United States, viz: Charina plumbea, B.and G., which ranges from Sonora to British Colum- bia. To this we may nowadd Lichanura myriolepis, Cope,which occurs in the neighborhood of San Diego, and a new species of the same genus, which I have named in honor of its discoverer, Mr. C.R. Orcutt. A detailed description with figures and com- parison with allied species will shortly appear in the ‘‘ Proceed- ings of the U. S. National Museum.” The Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution in charge of the museum, Professor G. Brown Goode, has kindly permitted the following reprint of the diagnosis of this interesting species, copied from advanced sheets of the ‘‘ Proceedings :”’ “LICHANURA ORCUTTI sp. nov. ‘“ Scales in 33 to 35 rows; eye encircled by 9 or 10 scales; ‘“loreals 4; labials 13-15; gasterosteges 232; anal entire; uros- teges 45, entire. ‘““ HapitatT:— Colorado Desert, San Diego county, California. ooeeee O75. Nat.’ Mus. No. 15503; ©. R: Orcutt coll., April, “1889. “Rostral plate very prominent, recurved, pentagonal, its ‘“nasal border twice as long as its labial. “Of the forms which compose this genus the present species “appears to be the most highly differentiated, the most distinc- ‘“tive feature being the elongation of the snout, and the promin- *“ence and shape of the rostral.’’ Leonhard Stejneger. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, } WASHINGTON, D. C., June 24, 18809. 84 : The West American Scientist. ON THE MEDICAL) PROPER TIES OF Sova eae PORNLIA PLAN TS. Editor of the WEST AMERICAN SCIENTIST:—We beg to ac- knowledge receipt of your favor, and in reply thereto, we beg to state as follows: Conchalagua or canchalagua is, as you mention, the Erythraea venusta, Gray, but more popularly known as California Centaury, Californian Pink, etc. Medicinally it posesses valuable antiseptic and febrifuge prop- erties and is in high repute as a bitter tonic and stomachic, but we see no reason for considering it to be the “August Flower’’ so extensively advertised. [We have been informed that such was the case—EDITOR. | In regard to the other plant mentioned by you, Golondrina, we find that several species of Euphorbia, mostly the E. albomar- ginata, Torr. and Gray, and the E. prostata, Ait., have acquired a reputation as antidotes for Snake poisoning, under the names of “Golondrina” and “Gollindrinera”” [E. polycarpa, Benth. is thecommon Golodrina of the Mexicans of Southern and Lower California.—EpITor.] The latter name has been applied also to the Chelidonium majus, Linné, and the Euphorbia maculata, Linné, is known in some districts as Golondrina de Filipinas, or Gatas-Gatas de Filipinas. In the case of these last two plants however, we find no record of their having been employed as snake-bite remedies. Larrea Mexicana, Moricand, is popularly known as the creosote-bush or stinkweed, and is credited with being possessed of valuable properties for the treatment of rheumatism and. syphilitic diseases. Trusting that the above will be of interest, we are, very truly yours, Parke, Davis & Company. SOME: NOTES ON THE TERTIARY OSs 72S CALIFORNIA.—I1. THE SAN DIEGO WELL. In the early days of the present city of San Diego, California, a well was sunk to a depth of 160 feet, at the corner of Ash and Eleventh Streets, which for a time formed the source of the water- supply of the then small town. The depth reached was not far from the present sea-level, and it may be well to add that the well is situated at the mouth of one of the small canyons, opening out upon the lower mesa, upon which is built the business portion of our city of to-day. Mr. Henry Hemphill, the indefatigable student and collector of our west coast mollusca, was then, as now, a resident of San Diego, and present to examine the debris as it was brought up from the well. At the depth of about ninety feet a stratum of Some Votes on the Teritiary Fossils of California. 85 indurated sandstone was passed through, in which was found casts of various shells, together with a few well preserved fossil shells. ; At a greater depth, from 140 to 160 feet, came a rich variety of well preserved shells imbedded in a usually rather soft matrix, composed of loosely aggregated grains of sand or fine sandy mud, occasionally hardened by infiltration of lime-bearing water. The following is a list of the species obtained from this well by Mr. Hemphill, as they were identified and published in the Pro- ceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Vol. V, pp. 296-299, 1874, by William H. Dall. Glottidia albida, Hinds. Xylotrya sp. indet. (Tubes only.) Cryptomya Californica, Conr. Dentalium hexagonum, Sby. | ~ semipolitum, B. and S. Solen rosaceus, Cpr. Solecurtus Californianus, Conr. Myurella simplex, Cpr. Macoma expansa, Cpr. Callista sp. indet. (smooth, thin and inflated. Much like C. Newcombiana. ) Cardium centifilosum, Cpr. Venericardia. borealis, Conr. Lucina Nuttallii, Conr. eee pocealis,1.: a tenuisculpta, Cpr. Cryptodon flexuosus, Mont. Modiola recta, Conr. Arca microdonta, Conr. Nucula sp. n. Cpr. (like N. tenuis. ) 3 Acila Lyalli, Baird (frequently reported as A. castrensis, Hds.) Leda caelata, Hds. Pecten hastatus, Sby. Amusium caurinum, Gld. Janira florida, Hds. Ostrea conchaphila, Cpr. Placunanomia macroschisma, Desh. Tornatina eximia, Baird. Cylichna cylindracea, L. Siphonodentalium pusillum ? Gabb. Calliostoma annulatum Martyn. Galerus filosus. Gabb. Crepidula navicelloides, Nutt. cA princeps, Conr. (not C. grandis of Midd.) Turritella Jewettii, Cpr. Bittium asperum, Cpr. 86 The West American Scientist. Drillia sp. indet. a «6 ¢¢ 66 ¢¢ cs Surcula Carpenteriana, Gabb. Mangilia variegata, Cpr. se sp. indet. ce 43 66 a3 66 66 ce 6 Clathurella Conradiana, Gabb. Odostomia straminea, Cpr,, var. an sp. indet. Turbonilla torquata, Cpr. Eulima rutila, Cpr. Scalaria subcoronata, Cpr. Cancellaria sp. indet. 66 66 66 66 (. ¢¢ 66 66 Neverita Reclusiana, Petit. Sigaretus debilis, Gld. Ranella Mathewson, Gabb. Olivella boetica, Cpr. Nassa fossata, Gld. “ mendica, Gld. Astyris tuberosa, Cpr. Sa sp. indet, Ocinebra lurida, Cpr. Pteronotus festivus, Hds, Trophon orpheus, Gld. Fusus (Colus) Dupetit-Thouarsi ? Kiener. Chrysodomus Diegoensis, Dall, n. sp. n. sp (too imperfect to describe.) The following additions to the list of species from this well were reported by Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1, pp. 1c-16; Venericardia monilicosta, Gabb, Janira dentata, Sby. Cylichna alba, Brown. Turritella Cooperi, Cpr., var. Turbonilla stylina, Cpr. Other additions to the list are incorporated by Dail (1. c. pp. 26-30) in substantially the same list as was published in the Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci,, which I note as follows; Clementia subdiaphana, Cpr. Lucina acutilineata, Conr. Nucula exigua, Sby. Volutopsis sp. indet. Some Beetles of San Diego County, Cal. 8 Mamma nana, Moller. Cadulus fusiformis. Pecten expansus, Dall. The stratum from which these fossils came is probably at least seventy feet in thickness in places, and the bed is of wide extent as is shown by the fossils which have been found in nearly every well that has been sunk in San Diego. The fossils from this San Diego well will be found of great im- portance in the study of both recent and fossil shells from other localities: C. R. Orcutt. eee OAk OF CUVAMACA. [A MEMORY OF A CAMPING TRIP. | A grand old oak of the mountains gave as Free-hearted, both Jight and shade, and fuel; - Its sturdy boughs, rich draped with foliage, Were a screen by day from the sun’s red rays, And at night, when moon and stars were o’er us, The heart of the brave old tree was aglow With flame, as if it would the stars outvie In beautiful play of color and light. For fire was kindled its branches beneath, And its grand trunk, as a chimney-back served, And seemed destruction to defy; From its radiant glow, the night winds caught A genial warmth, and with magic power Diffused the sweetness of repose around The tired traveller, and restful slumber Brought unto the weary-eyed. Thus, a shade by day and a light by night, Like the pillar of fire and the cloud, that For a favored race, from bondage led the way, Was the grand old oak in its majesty. With all our thoughts of beauty and grandeur, The memory of that mountain monarch Of the woods, is cherished and treasured now. Z.£. SOME BEETLES OF SAN DIEGO COUNTY CAL. [The following is a list of some beetles collected on the Colors ado desert and in the vicinity of San Diego city,during April and May, 1889, by the editor. Our field notes as to the host plants, exact localities, and date of capture were unfortunately lost. | : EDITOR. | Calosoma peregrinator, Cotalpa ursina,. Eleodes armata. Saprinus lugens. “« acuticauda, Podabrus comes. 88 The West American Scientist. Necrophorus nigritus. Telephorus ingenuus. % marginatus. Leptura sphericollis. Cantharis magister. Creophilus vitlosus. He lugubris. Platynus cupreus. smaragdula. Silpha ramosa. Calospasta perpulchra. ‘“ opaca. Phodaga alticeps. Cysteodemus armatus. Epicauta puncticollis. Megetra opaca. Tetraopes femoratus. Telephorus consotrs. Argoporis bicolor. Trichodes ornata. Cerenopus concolor. Scyphophorus yucce. Dermestes mannerheimi. Chrysochus cobaltinus. Pterostichus lustrans. Hippodamia convergens. Cycloneda abdominalis. Gastrophysa cesia. Haltica carinata. Carpophilus pallipennis. Pristoscelis suturalis. Schizopus letus 4 & 2S sordidus, Hololepta yuccateca. L. O. Howard. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, JUNE 11, 1889. THE. TREES OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. (For the WEST AMERICAN SCIENTIST.) The great island of Vancouver, the largest isle on the west coast of America, surrounded by many satellites of smaller order, especially in the Strait of Georgia, and the mainland of the province, compare favorably in respect of forests, to any State, province or country, either in North America or in Europe. This great and magnificent province of British Columbia, now brought into communication with eastern parts of the Dominion through the Canadian Pacific Railway, contains such a variety of plants from the magnificent Douglas fir to the modest cow- slips that the future botanist of British Columbia, will find here a most luxuriant field for study. The short account of some of the trees and other plants given here is written with the purpose that the numerous readers of the West AMERICAN SCIENTIST may form an idea of the magnitude of botanical life in this remote province. The writer of these lines has been but a short timein British Columbia, consequently the account of plants will be found to be very incomplete; still the author will endeavor to present as many facts as possible, either from his own observations, or from those gathered by the Government Department of Agriculture. In the province of British Columbia the Coniferz are to be found in great profusion. Among them the first place belongs to the Douglas Spruce, sometimes called Douglas fir, Douglas pine, and Oregon pine (Pseudotsuga Douglasi1), a magnificent tree, often over 250 feet high and 30 feet in circumference, and whose bark is sometimes 9 or 10 inches in thickness. This tree grows very rapidly, and is divided by the woodman into two kinds, yellow and red. The first has a reddish-yellow, knotty The Trees of British Columbia. 89 heart, and is less durable than the red one. Pseudotsuga Doug- lasii grows mostly in the southern parts of the province, also on the mainland coast and on Vancouver Island, but is not to be found on Queen Charlotte Islands. Menzies’ or Western Spruce (Picea Sitchensis), very similar to the Pseudotsuga Douglasii, grows chiefly on the coast, and is found also in the Gold and Selkirk ranges. The wood is white, and the tree grows to a very large size. The Western Hemlock or Hemlock Spruce (Tsuga Mertensi- ana) occurs on the coast, also on Fraser river and the Selkirk and Gold ranges. On Queen Charlotte Islands it reaches the the height of 200 feet. Its timber splits obliquely, and decays in the atmosphere, but the bark is very valuable for tanning. Engelmann’s Spruce (Picea Engelmanni) occurs in the eastern and interior parts of the province, and forms dense forests in the mountains to the. level ot nearly 4,000 feet in elevation. The tree is very tall and straight, and the wood durable. The Great Silver or Western White Fir (Abies grandis) clings to the coast, but reappears also in the southeast of the province. It isa large tree, but the wood is soft. Abies amabilis, a species most resembling it, grows in the valley of the Fraser river, and on Silver Mountain, Yale. This tree is in some cases confounded with Abies Subalpina or Mountain Balsam. The Mountain Balsam (Abies Subalpina) is found in the Gold and Selkirk ranges, in the Rocky Mountains, and in the northern portion of the interior plateau; sometimes in localities nearly reaching 4,000 feet in elevation. The Mountain Weymouth or Western White Pine (Pinus monticola) is found inthe Columbia River region, and also inthe interior of Vancouver Island. It makes excellent masts, and its wood resembles that of the eastern white pine. The so-called White-barked Pine (Pinus albicaulis) is a small tree, and grows at a very great elevation. Not always distinguished from this species is Pinus flexilis, the Rocky Mountain Pine. The Yellow Pine, sometimes called red, and pitch pine, is Pinus ponderosa, var. scopulorum. It is a magnificent tree, remarkable for the heaviness of its timber. Its bark is reddish- brown, and half the shaft branchless. It is found in the dry regions of the mainland, and on the slopes up to 3,000 feet. The Scrub Pine (Pinus contorta) is a coast tree, and grows on sandy dunes and rocky points. The “‘interior’’ variety of this tree, the so-called Black Pine (Pinus Murrayana) extends further north than any other pine; it covers great areas of poor soil, and sometimes is found on the hills over 3,500 feet high. In the in- terior of British Columbia, the trees are 100 feet in height, but their diameter is only about two feet. The Western Cedar, also called red or giant cedar, (Thuya gigantea) abounds on the Columbia river, on the Gold and Sel- Go The West American Scientist. kirk ranges, along the coast, and also in the northern interior. It is a stupendous tree, sometimes 150 feet high and 15 feet thick, generally hollow. The wood is reddish-yellow, and splits easily into plank, and is used for shingles. The Indians use it for ‘canoes, and out of its fiber they weave their blankets. The Yellow Cypress, commonly called yellow cedar, (Thuya excelsa) grows principally on the coast, also in the interior of Vancouver Island and on the west coast of Queen Charlotte Islands, It is ofa pale-yellow tint, and has a strong resinous smell, so that the voracious toredo will not attack it. It is used for ornamental purposes, and also for boats, and the indians use it for making their carved totem-stick. The Red American Larch or Western Tamarack, (Larix oc- cidentalis) is a noble tree, and its timber is highly valued. It occurs in the interior, on the Gold and Selkirk ranges, and in the Rocky Mountains. The Mountain Larcn, (J.arix Lyallii) grows in the Cascade and Rocky Mountains, and forms the last belt of timber above 7,000 feet high. There is a third species of larch in British Columbia,the Black Larch(Larix Americana),which grows in the Rocky Mountains, in the Peace River region. It is a very small tree. The Juniper, or Western Red Cedar, (Juniperus occidentalis) abounds in the Columbia Valley, on the east coast of Vancouver Island, and also along the shores of the lakes in the interior. The Common Juniper (Juniperus communis, var. Alpina) is found from the Rocky to the summit of the Selkirk Mountains. Among other trees, valuable as hardwood, the most important is probably the Maple (Acer macrophyllum), found on Van- couver and Queen Charlotte Islands, and also on the mainland coast up to 55° Itis a magnificent tree, and grows to a very large size. The Vine Maple (Acer circinatum) yields strong, white wood, suitable forhelves. It is very common in the val- ley of the Fraser River, on the west coast, and on Vancouver Island. The Torrey (Acer glabrum) grows chiefly on the west side of the Rocky Mountains, about the sources of the Columbia and on Vancouver Island. The Yew (Taxus brevifolia) occura on Vancouver Island, in the vicinity of Fraser River, and spars ingly on Queen Charlotte Islands. The wood is tough and of - beautiful rose color. The Alder is abundant everywhere in tha. province. The Western or Red Alder (Alnus rubra) is a large tree in the valley of the Fraser River, and in the coast ranges ane islands. The Mountain Alder (Alnus rhombifolia) is common id the southeast of the province, the Common Alder (Alnus inn cana, var. virescens) in the Rocky Mountains, and the Green Alder (Alnus viridis) in the northern districts of the province. The Crab or Wild Apple (Pirus rivularis) occurs in the valley of the Fraser, on the coast, and on Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Briefer Articles. gl Islands. Its wood takes a good polish. From the Birch family we find the Western Birch (Betula occidentalis) very common in the Columbia Valley. The Dwarf Birch (Betula glandulosa) a small shrub, abundant all over the mainland; and the Canoe Birch (Betula papyrifera) which grows on Vancouver Island and in the region of the Fraser and Peace rivers, It is used by the Indians for baskets, boxes, canoes, etc. Except a few small trees, a mile and a half above Yale, on the Fraser, the only oak in the province is the Western White Oak (Quercus carryana), which is found on Vancouver Island, chiefly in its southeastern part. It is sometimes seventy feet high and three feet in diameter, though many of the trees are scrubby. The Westering Flowering Dogwood (Cornus nuttallii) is very common in the neighborhood of Yale and areund Victoria, Van- couver Island. Cornus pubescens is abundant also at Victoria and in the Fraser River valley. The wood of the dogwood, or dogberry as it is sometimes called, is used for inlaying and orna- mental work. The Arbutus or Madrona (Arbutus menziesii), sometimes fifty feet high and twenty inches in diameter, is chiefly found on Vancouver Island and neighboring isles; in the vicinity of Victoria, on the Esquimalt road, the arbutus is very common. It is a beautiful tree, with evergreen leaves and reddish bark. The Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) is a small trailing and evergreen shrub, growing in dry and rocky places, chiefly in the northwest of the province. The berries are mealy and form a principal part of the food of bears, grouse and prairie chickens. Arctostaphylos tomentosa grows in dry and rocky localities of southern British Columbia and on Vancouver Island. From the Poplar family, the American aspen or Tremulus. poplar (Populus tremuloides) abounds inthe interior, and also in the north. It reaches sometimes a thickness of two feet. The other varieties of poplar in British Columbia are commonly called the cottonwood. Populus trichocarpa is common in Columbia and Fraser River valleys. Populus monilifera and Populus balsamifera are to be found in the northern and north- eastern parts of the province, and also in the valley of the Lower Fraser. Herewith IJ conclude this article on some of the trees in British Columbia. It is only a general outline I give to the readers of the West AMERICAN SCIENTIST,though at some future time I in- tend to furnish a careful description ofall the plants,if possible,which are to be found in this magnificent province. M. LoPpATECKI. BRIEFER ARTICLES. PRESENTIMENTs— From an article by Rev. J. M. Buckley in the July Century on“ Presentiments, Visions and Apparitions’’ we quote the following: “Since that experience, in many voy- g2 The West American Scientist. ages I have made it an object to inquire of travelers and others - concerning presentiments, and have found that they are very | common, occasionally tulfilled, generally not so; and that it is the tendency with practically all persons who have had one presenti- ment come true to force themselves into all, and to become ty- rants over those dependent upon them or those traveling with them. It is to be frankly admitted that no matter how vivid the supposed presentiment might be, its non-fulfillment would not demonstrate that there are no presentiments which must have originated external to the mind of the subject; but having been led by my experience to induce many persons to defy such feelings without a single instance of reported evil results, it confirms strongly the hypothesis of their subjective origin. “That presentiments are governed by no moral principle in the character of the subjects to which they are applied, the persons who receive them, the occasions upon which they are given, and their effects, is apparent. The most immoral have claimed to have them, have communicated them to others, and they have sometimes been fulfilled by events from which the persons hay- ing them have derived great personal advantages. The best of men have had presentiments, but the great majority of good people have not; and the greatest calamities which have befallen most persons have come without any warning whatsoever, except such as could be inferred from existing situations. Experience, foresight and guidance by ordinary sagacity have been all that mankind have had to rely upon; and to be governed only by these, combating or disregarding presentiments, impressions and powerful impulses for which no foundation can be found in the nature of things, is the only safe and stable rule. ENCOURAGING SCIENCE— The Vermont Microscopical Associa- tian has just announced that a prize of $250, given by the Wells ®& Richardson Co., the well-known chemists, will be paid to the first discoverer of a new disease germ. The wonderful discovery by Professor Koch of the cholera germ, as the cause of cholera, stimulated great research throughout the world, and it is believed this liberal prize, offered by a house of such standing, will greatly assist in the detection of micro-organisms that are the direct cause of disease and death. All who are interested in the sub- ject and the conditions of this prize, should write to C. Smith Boynton, M. D., Secretary of the Association, Burlington, Vt. RECENT AND SUB-FOSSIL SHELLS OF THE COLORADO DESERT —lIn crossing the basin of the Colorado Desert in June, 1888, the editor made a considerable collection of the fresh water shells, in a sub-fossil state that are found strewn in such numbers over portions of the desert. Amnicola protea, Gould, was found by the million, and several quarts of this small shell were easily gathered—scraped up off the ground where the wind had blown them together. With them were numerous specimens of Amni- Proceedings of Scientific Socteties. 93 cola longinqua, Gould, Anodonta Californiensis, Lea, and a species of Physa and Planorbis were also abundant. At Salton, 250 feet below sea level, we were greatly surprised to find numerous valves of Solecurtus Californianus, Conr,, along with the fresh water shelis. It is a difficult problem to solve how boti marine and fresh: water shells, apparently of the same age should be found together at this place. A few miles away a sin- gle valve of an indeterminable marine shell was also found, and Dr. R. E. C. Stearns reports finding not only Solecurtus, but also a single specimen of Ocinebra Poulsoni at Indio, a station on the Southern Pacific Railway, a few miles west of Salton. It will be necessary to study the topography ot the whole region very carefully before it will be safe to form theories based on these facts. : In a spring at Dos Palmas the Physa and Amnicola protea, Gould, were both found living in water at about eighty degrees of temperature. Anodonta Californiensis, Lea, has been found living in Arizona, and is reported also from the Mohave River in the Mohave Desert. We may expect to find it therefore in some portion of the Colorado Desert when that region is more fully explored. The miocene beds along Carisso Creek furnish marine forms in great abundance, but are of a different age and formation from the fossils obtained at the above locality. C. R. Orcutt. ANTS IN GARDENS.—Regarding the damage done by ants in gardens and seed beds, the remedy depends to some extent upon the species of ant and its method of work and manner of living. If it is a species which nests in the ground, it can best be attacked with bisulphide of carbon. Pour a table-spoonful mto each of several of the orifices, covering the nests with a wet blanket, and after ten or fifteen minutes exploding the vapor at the mouths of the holes by means of a long handled torch. L. O. Howard, Acting Entomologist. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. : Division of Entomology, WASHINGTON, D. C. JUNE 28, 1889. EROCHE DINGS. OF SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. San Fraicisco Microscopical Society, June 26, 1889. President Payzant occupied the chair. Frank E. James, M. D. and Professor H. M. Whelpley of St. Louis were present as visi- tors; also, M. R. Roberts of San Francisco and L. M. King of Santa Rosa, The President announced, with regret, the death of F. L. ‘Howard, for many years a member of the society. O04 The West American Scientist. Dr. James, who is attending the convention of the Americar Pharmaceutical Association in this city is well known to all mi- croscopists by his able contributions to this branch of science. He gave an interesting account of a phenomenal class of cry- stals produced from salicine by the extreme cold method as dis- covered by him several years ago, and exhibited a series of slides with the polariscope, which were pronounced by all to be the most beautiful crystallizations ever seen, The process de- pends on bringing a saturated solution of salicine made with dis- tilled water in contact with cold below the freezing point, and Dr, - James’ explanation is, that the rapid congelation of the water in- terferes with the usual arrangement of the crystals, producing the wonderful series before alluded to, which are entirely unlike any ~ forms resulting from crystallization at the ordinary temperature. The proper manner of making white zinc cement and permanent oxydized enamels for ringing slides formeda portion of his inter- esting contribution to the meeting. H. M. Whelpley of the St. Louis Microscopical Club also addressed the society on the subject ot the microscope in its relation to pharmacy, pointing out the rapid progress being made in the detection of adulterations and the interest manifested - generally among pharmaceutists in studying the character and acquiring a correct knowledge of the crude constituents of the materia medica. Pond life was illustrated by numerous specimens of Ceratium longicornis, and the beautiful little organism, Artemia salina, or brine shrimp. Entomology was represented by prepared slides of the larva of several varieties of the Papilio family. Professor Hanks presented for examination a venerable edition of a work on Pharmaceutics published by Robert Lowell in 1661. Mr. Riedy donated a copy of Trembley’s work on fresh water Polypes, an exceedingly rare and valuable book, published in . 1744. ; Cre Bates, RCG= SCG. BIBLIOGRAPHY. ANTHONY WoopwARD.—Preliminery list of foraminiferae from the post-pliocene sand at Santa Barbara, Calif., Journal of the N. Y. Micro. Soc., Jan, 1889. Twenty-eight species are given. WyoMmING’s RESOURCES.—An official publication, compiled by the Secretary of the Territory, has been issued as a guide for home seekers to the vacant public lands and contains descriptions of soil, climate, productions, topography, minerals, ete. Chey- enne, Wyo. TA 1889. 78 pp. 8 vo. ill. R. W. SHUFELDT.—Observations upon the development of the skull in Neotoma fuscipes; a contribution to the morphology of the rodentia. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Phil. 1889. pp. 14-28. _ two colored plates. From the author. Editorial, 95 RICHARD CHENEVIX TRENCH D. D.—English Past and Pres- ent. Humboldt Pub. Co., 28 Lafayette Place, New York. Nos. 108 and 109 of the Humboldt Library. This is another standard work added to the Humboldt Library Series—a work that has had a sale second only to “THE Stupy or Worps’’ by the same distinguished author. Twenty editions of the latter and thirteen of the former, are the best evidences of the popularity of the works. The English language is spoken in almost every country of the globe, and seems destined to be the universal language of thenext century It was the language used at the late conference in Berlin, supplanting ‘French, until now the language of di- plomacy. A most interesting study, therefore, is the history of the English language past and present. THE ENGLISH SPARROW (Passer domesticus)—Bull. 1, Divi- sion of economic ornithology and mammalogy, U. S. Dept. Agric. Prepared by W. B. Barrows, 1889. This work of over 400 pages shows how rapidly this bird has spread throughout the Eastern United States, and presents the larger portion of the lit- erature written from different stand points relative to its introduc- tion. It as yet has gained but a small footho!d on this coast, where it is confined mainly to the vicinity of San Francisco. C. H. EIGENMANN— On the development of California food fishes. Amer, Naturalist, X XIII, 107-110. H. R. TavLor—Nesting of the white-tailed kite. Ornith and Oologist, xiv, go. E. D. CopE—On the mammalia obtained by the Naturalist ex- ploring expedition to Southern Brazil. Extracted from the American Naturalist, February, 18809. ) The vertebrate fauna of the Equus beds. Extract from the same, Gives a list of the species found in the Oregon Desert, (2) in the country of the Nueces, S. W. Texas, and (3) in the valley of Mexico. | BDITORIAL, The tin mines of the United States are beginning to attract the attention of both American and foreign capital. The annual im- portation of tin in the United States exceeds $21,000,000 ; while vast deposits of ore exist in California, Nevada, Dakota and Texas, awaiting development. Several large English syndicates, and also a heavy Chicago company, are now preparing to make these mines produce the tin consumed in this country. The editorial association of Southern California held its mid- summer convention in San Diego on the gth, roth and 11th of July, devoting the days to excursions in the vicinity of San Diego and the evenings to business sessions. The oth we par- ticipated in a pleasant excursion from Hotel del Coronado over 96 The West American Scientist. the Coronado Railway to National City and thence to the Mexi- can boundary in the Tyuana valley, where the ladies received the official stamp of the Mexican customs on their handkerchiefs. Returning, a beautiful spread of fruits and flowers. and more substantial edibles, provided by the ladies of National City, was found awaiting us under the olive trees of Mr. Warren Kimball, to which ample justice was done. On the 1oth an excursion around San Diego bay in the steamer Manuel Dublan was en- joyed through the courtesy of Capt. Scott. The 11th, the asso- ciation visited El Cajon and Lakeside, viewing a section of the famous San Diego flume and the orchards and vineyards of the valley. | | A report of a discovery of a member of the great boa con- strictor family having reached the daily press, our friends rather cruelly hint that we are in the habit of ‘seeing snakes.’’ Such is fame ! Dr. Stephen Bowers, of the California Mineralogical and Geo- logical Survey, was in attendance at the editorial corvention, and we had the pleasure of making his personal acquaintance. He recently visited the Colorado Desert at Indio, where a new spec- ies of Helix in a sub-fossil condition was found among the granite boulders of the hills. A still more important discovery was made by the doctor in his ethnological researches on the side of the San Jacinto mountain at the edge of the ancient lake, His Indian guide here pointed out to him numerous stone “fish-traps,’’ made by the ancestors of the present race of Indians. We hope to give our readers soon a more detailed description of this interest- ing discovery. ; : The kindly words of the editor of the Standard of Chicago, one of the leading religious weeklies of America,showing an apppeci- ation of our work upon the SCIENTIST,are very gratifying to our vanity. We shall hope and strive to merit all the praises of our contemporaries, but we have not yet been able to present our ideal magazine. We must look to our contributors and corres- pondents for friendly criticism and assistance in making the SCIENTIST all that its friends would desire. NOTES AND NEWS. Henrich Gustav Reichenbach died at Hamburg, Germany, May 6th, at the age of sixty-five. He was the recognized authority on orchid nomenclature, and was widely known for his extensive knowledge and writings on orchids, to the study of which he devoted a great portion of his life. Reichenbachia, the sumptuous periodical devoted to orchids, was named for him and he was connected with it at the time of his death. Charles Fasoldt, the well-known maker of clocks and scientific News and Notes. 97 apparatus, died at his home in Albany, N Y, May 13th, aged seventy years. He was born in Dresden, Saxony, February 23d, 1819. Professor Walley states as his belief that tuberculosis might be transmitted by fowls’ eggs. The foundation walls of the front building of the Academy of Sciences are now completed, so that work on the superstructure of both front and back buildings is now in progress.— Buz/ding Aavertiser, San Francisco, June, 1889. The California Florist and Gardener has been consolidated with the Pacific Rural Press. “Our Greatest Inventor” is the title which John Habberton gives to a comprehensive article upon Ericsson in the July num- ber of the Lippincott’s Magazine. The builder of the Monitor, and the inventor of the propeller and the caloric engine, has cer- tainly great claims upon the gratitude not 7 of this country but of the world. An instructive article upon ‘‘ Farming among the Pueblo In- dians,’’ describing the primitive methods of agriculture and the happy- -go-lucky manner of life among that ancient Indian tribe, is given in the American Agriculturist for July. A quaint illus- tration shows the buildings of a Pueblo Indian community at Taos, New Mexico, the houses joined together, even built one on top of the other, having few windows and doors and generally entered through the roof by a ladder — just as their ancestors built their homes centuries ago. Their farming methods are equally behind the times, but are carried on in a manner fully satisfactory to themselves. Dr. Edward Palmer has been severely sick at the hospital of the Good Samaritan in San Diego. His friends will be glad: to learn that he is better at this writing. The Department of the interior, Census Office, Washington, D. C., requests all members of the medical professions to apply © for physician’ s registers, now ready. Every M. D. should assist in furnishing the statistics called for, and should apply at once. The only way to identify the nest and eggs of any small bird is to shoot either parent. This is especially true of humming- birds. L. Belding. Dr. Eigenmann reports an earthquake at San Diego at 3 A. M. June 25th. Dr. Parry has been visiting the Lemmon herbarium at Oakland. Dr. Harkness, president of the California Academy of Sciences, recently visited San Diego. The West American Scientist. =- “| | pesteation Reduces Cost Service, any $75.00 atc, ON Philadelphia’s - building associa- || tions have done much towar building it up and making it s thecityofhomes. Thesamesystemz [4. Karat 14-Karat Gold Filled CHAIN illed CHAIN uaranteedtowear Years, and is 33% aacreee Solid Gold of co-operation Look for the stamps carefully & eco- —K.W. C. Co. 14 K. FLO.— nomically man-|_22d buy the BEST. aged,has built up The Keystone Watcha Club Co. until they are now selling wore Watches to consumers than all: others combined. every essential to an accurate time- keeper, and many important improve-[IRIZ ments patented by the Company. They/|fzsit are Dust and Damp Proof, isk a quality possessed by noB ap j Other movement in the world. 5 Jeweled with genuinerubies. seq Patent Stem Wind & Set, strongest and simplest. Sold Ril through authorized agents at mi $38.00. Either all cash downlks Li or $1.00 per week. An Ajax Watch Insulator given Sree with each Watch. = (eu Keystone Watch Club pl i Main Office in Contpany’s fe Own Building, [| retitreee 904 Walnut St. ~ ZY ar ‘Spey Sop | PHILADELPHIA,PA (A |e eles a a Agents Wanted Nes a | eR against magnetism. © ( sed uN Fit any watch. Sent : ™“ 5 | by mail on receipt of price. f ; y We refer to any altel bal of AJAX Watch frentater, $2.00 A perfect protection més T. Whittle. JONES & WHITTLE HOUSE AND SIGN PAINTING, Paper Hanging and Decorating, Kalsomining and Oil Finishing Graining and Marbling a “Specialty. §21 Seventh St., San Diego, Cal. D. F. Jones. ALL FOR 25 CENTS. A fine Indian Arrew-head, Piece of Pottery, Star- fish, Sea-urchin, Shark’s Egg, 3 minerals, Chinese Coins, 14-page price-list of curiosities, etc., copy of COMMON’SENSE, a 16-page magazine for collectors, 35c per year. F, A, THOMAS, Publisher, Mexico, New ee ROYAL PALM NURSERIES The finest and most extensive collection of T'ropi- cal and Scmi-Tropical Plants in America. Many aday ted to Southern California. More than 20 varie- ties of bananas. 150,00U one year old palms. Fruit, ornamental and economical plants from Australia, Japan, Hong-Kong, India, South Africa, South Ameri- ca and all parts of the tropical world. New and valu- able descriptive catalogue of 100 pages, mailed to any address, upon receipt of 10 cts. Address, REASONER BROS., Manatee, Florida. i Geological and Archeological Specimens AN Dae Scientific Books. ——_o——- Corals from the falls of the Ohio a specialty. Can furnish from a single ex- ample to one hundred thousand. Cor- respondence with advanced collectors and professors of colleges solicited. Best of reference given and satisfaction guar- | anteed or money refunded. G. K. GREENE, 170 East Third St., New Albany, Ind. PORTRAITS. YOUR HOME MADE BEAUTIFUL By adorning them with the FACES OF LOVED ONES. The New York Artists’ Union is the only organiza- tion doing genuine Crayon, Pastels and Oil Portraits of friends living or dead, from photographs, tin-types or any correct likeness, They can fill, and therefore solicit orders from all parts of the United States. Con- scientious work on the smallest as well as the largest contracts is their rule. Satisfaction guaranteed or no pay required. All work done by Graduated Artists, Now zs the time to send your order. Send for our illustrated circular of prices, etc., to The New York Artists’ Union, Mention this paper] 10 East 14th St., New York. NEW DIRECTORY !! VE are engaged in compiling a NEW Cologists’ and Ornithologists’ Direc- tory, to be issued August 5th, 1889. Do not neglect this opportunity to increase your col- ors. Names inserted free. We desire the addresses of all Collect- lections by exchanges from all parts of the world. Exchange notices a special feature, 10 cents each for 25 words or less. Extra words at same rate. This will be the largest and best Directory ever published. Order now. A limited num- ber of reliable advertisements inserted at reasonable rates. Address all communications to Write for terms. MENEFEE & CORLESS, SAN JOSE, CALIF. The West American Screntis. THE WESTERN EXCHANGE BUREAU. 0 Books, Magazines, Indian Relics, Minerals, Stamps, etc., bought, sold or exchanged. Send two-cent stamp for a copy of the Monthly Bulletin. Address THE EXCHANGE BUREAU, Orrville, Ohio. OME TREATMENT FOR CONSUMP- TION AND NERVOUS DEBILITY.— Medical and Hygienic. Address with stamp, H. A. MUMAW, M. D., Homeopathic Physician and Sugeon, OrrvituR, OxIo. — THE NAUTILUS :— For CONCHOLOGISTS. (Formerly ‘““The Conchologists’ Exchange.’’) IMPROVED! ENLARGED! ILLUSTRATED! Issued monthly. Subscription $1.00 per annum H. A. PILSBEY, Editor, W. D. AVERELL, Manager. Mt. Airy, Philadelphia Pa. BIRDS, SKINS AND EGGS. EW PRICE LIST OF FRESH SOUTHERN CAL- ifornia Bird Skins sent for stamp. Charles H Marsh, Dulzura, Cal. Address Our A, B, C’s—Accuracy, Brevity, Completeness, WEST AMERICAN SCIENTIST “* Decidedly the best of its ciass.”’ An illustrated monthly magazine of popular science— the only one in the West. $1.00 year; 10 cents a copy. For shells, fossils, plants, bulbs, ferns, cacti, seeds, etc., address the editor, Chas. Russell Orcutt, San Diego, California. The Acme No, 3 Microscope, FOR FINEST WORK: - - With 3-5 inch and 1-5 inch objectives,2eye- = pieces power 60 to 700), glass slides and | COVES; INCASE! Fis )caiewwatateci aie se eee $ 83.00 — With same outfit, but with addition of the sa 1-15 oil immersion objective and substage ease (power 50 to 1600) 150.00 | The Acme No.4 | Microscope, - As. illustrated, a thorough instrument for professional or educational use: With 1 in. & 1-5 in. objectives, two ey e-pieces (power 40 to 600), glass | slides and cov- ers in case .$55.00. The Acme No. 5 Microscope, An instrument of simple but thorough construction, with good lenses, and at a minimum cost: With 1 inch and 1-5 inch objectives, 1 eye- 3 piece (power 40 to 360), in case...... ..-. $28, 00 AzsSend for complete catalogue of Microscopes, sam- ple copy of the Microscopical Bulletin, and clearance- sale list. In the Acme Microscopes, we especially pride our- selves on the accu: ate fitting and smooth working ot the focal adjustments, which are vital points in a microscope. Our rack and pinion is unexcelled for perfect action. JAMES W. QUEEN & CO., | Manufacturing Opticians, 924 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa, DO You EA. THE COSMOPOLITAN, That Bright, Sparkling .Young Magazine. The Cheapest Illustrated Monthly in the World. 25 Cents a Number. $2.40 per Year. THE CosMOPOLITAN is literally what the press universally calls it, “Mhe Best and Cheapest Illustrated Magazine” in the Worla. Subscribe—AN UNUSUAL O PPO RTUN PY —Subserae The Cosmopolitan, per year...........,++-+-- .» 2s peep eeO THE WEST AMERICAN SCIENTIST, per year........-.-- The price of the two public ions Ais gee MarR Res ia We will furnish both for only.. The Cosmopolitan’ furnishes, for the first time in magazine iterature, a plendidy /lustrated Periodical , at a Price hitherto deemed impcssibe, = ss ETRY IT FOR A YEAR. Do you want a first-class Magazine, giving annually 1800 pages by the ablest writers and cleverest artists--as readable a Magazine as money can make—a Magazine that makes a specialty of live subjects ? Send $2.75 to Samuel Carson & Co., 208 Post St., San Francisco, and se- cure both “The Cosmopolitan” and “The West American Scientist. The West American IMPORTANT NOTICE. Botanists, Nurserymen, SEEDS MEN AND FLORISTS. —_——Oo——_ Cycas revoluta, C. circinalis (tree ferns), Alsophila, crinata, A. gigantea, Cythea hemitilia, Dendrobium maccarthee, D. Aureum, D. cruminatum, D. macro, stachys, Vanda spathulata, Vanilla phalarnopsis, Eria bicolor, Cleistoma maculosum, and over 40 of the best varieties of Lycopopiums, Ferns, Palms, Pandanus, Euphorbia, Opuntia, and other varieties of seeds and plants supplied. We will pack and deliver free at any sea-port: A ease of 250 Orchids, 20 varieties............ $100 + 50 . 30 ss Boo ARC 150 ** ~—sS« 2209 Cycas circinalis, stems 6 inches.. 100 “ec 500 ée 66 se to 12 inches high........ BRN ATER yen clehete aictoel Sie avers? avecels 250 A case of 1,000 Bulbs, 10 different varieties, _such as Crium Oranatum, ©. Asiaticum, Pan- cartium, Gloriosa, Methonica, Alocasias, &c. 175 Coffea arabica, C. Liberica, Thea Asamica, T. Hy- brida, T. invigenians, Cichona,- Legeriana, Cardamo- num pipernigram, Caselpinia sappan, C. Davidivi, E. coca, Theobroma cooa, Cocoas mucifera, Vanilla planifolia, Sarcinia maugostana, and over 50 different varieties of FRUIT TREES. Price list of seeds and plants can be had on application to C. R. ORCUTT, Seedsmaan, San Diego, California, to whom all orders shou'd be addressed. Also, Bird Skins and Eggs, Shells upplied from Ceylon and elsewhere. J. P. ABRAHAM, Grand Pass, Colombo, Ceylo. $923 Sewing-Machine f & @plo at once establish Bones, etc., m4 )\trade in all parts, by bY piacing Our machines and goods where the people can see them, we will send free to one | person in each locality,the very | best sewing-machine made in the world, with all the attachments 1, We will also send free a complete ZA line of our costly and valuable art | ssamples. In return we ask that you @ show what we send, to those who may cali at your home.and atter 2 months all shall become vour own | property. This grand machine is S@ made after the Singer patents, \ which have run out: before patents run outit sold for 8933, with the )aitachments, and now sells for. 5D. Best, strongest, most use- F ful machine in the world. All i» al : free. No capital required. . Plain. brief instructions given. ‘Those who write to us at once can se.~ cure ¢ree the best sewing-machine in the world. and the finest line of works of high art ever shown together in America. CE &CO., Box 740, Augusta, Maine. Myristica, Clove of Commerce, | Sczenttst. THE WORLD TYPE-WRITER YOU CAN BUY THE WORLDFor$10.00 Single case Machine $Io.00; double case Machine writes 72 characters, Price $15.00; walnut case, $2.00 extra. pimple, Practical, Durable, Rapid. Machines sent by express, C. O. D., upon receipt of $1.00 or more to guarantee charges. Send for Descriptive Circulars and Testimonials. THE SAMUEL HILL COMPANY General Agents, 725 uistory Building. Nall Francisca, istory Building. General Dealers in Fine Linen Papers and Type- Writer Supplies, and Agenus for the *‘Caligraph’’ Type Writing Machine. Mention the Publication, Poel tte OPEN COURT; | Published Weekly at 169 LaSalle Street, Chicago. Ills. A Journal devoted to Science, Philosophy & Morals. Send for Free Sample Copy. Price $2.00 a Year. P. O. Drawer F.. BOOK CHAT! Brentano's, Publishers, 5 Union Square,N.Y. Book Chat contains montbly a complete index to the periodical literature of the world. Indispensable: to Botanists, Conchologists, Geologists and Scientists. generally, $1 ayear; 10c. fora single copy. THE—— AMERICAN GEOLOGIST! IS A MAGAZINE Devoted to Geology and Allied Sciences--the only one in America—published by a number of Professional DR. LORYEA’S NEW HAMMAM For LADIES AND GENTLEMEN. 218 POST STREET, Bet. Dupont and Stockton, —_ Os The Finest Turkish, Russian, Electric, and Medicated Baths in the City. Single Bath, $1. Six Tickets, $5. SAN FRANCISCO. Open for Gentlemen, Dav and Night, Sundays includ- ed, For Ladies, from 8 4. M. to6 P.M. Geologists distribute] over the central part of the United States. Three Dollars a Year. Address THE AMERICAN GEOLOGIST, Minneapolis, Minn. VARIETIES of Geaded Buckskin and War Rel ics of the Sioux of Dakota, Apaches, Pueblo and Navajoes of New Mexico. A large stock of Ore zon and other States’ Stone Relics of all kinds. All the leading Minerals and Fossils of the Black Hills and Dakota Bad Lands. Wholesale aud retail. Send for large, illustrated catalogue. L. W. STILWELL, Dea wood, D*-T 10 The West American Scientist. = orston ACID PHOSPHATE Efepated according to the directions of Pror. E. N, HoORSForp, : ESPECIALLY RECOMMENDED FOR , Dyspepsia, Nervousness, Exhaus- tion, Headache, Tired Hrain, And all Diseases arising from Indigestion and Nervous Exhaustion. O This is not a compound “patent medicine,’ but a prepara=~ tion of the phosphates and phosphoric acid in the form re-" buired by the system. a It aids digestion without injury, and is a beneficial food and tonic for the brain and nerves. | It makes a delicious drink with water and sugar only, and | agrees with such stimulants as arc necessary to take. \ Dr. E. W. Hit, Glens Falls, N. Y.; sayeaeesem excellent remedy for a tonic Dyspepsia, nervous “and general ceil or any low state of the system.” Dr. D. A, Stewart, Winona, Minn, says: “Entire satiol faction in cases of perverted digestion, loss of nerve-power, mal-nutrition and kindred ailments.” 1 Dr. G. H. Leacu, Cairo, Ill, says: “Of great power im dyspepsia and nervous prostration.” 4 ¥e=> Descriptive Pamphlet Free. ; Rumfcrd Chemical Works Providence, R. iF Beware of Substitutes and Imitations p@"Be sure the word ‘‘HorsFoRD’s” is printed on the label.—All others are spurious.—Neyer sold in bulk. ihe West ee ican Sctzntist. The Daily. Chronicle, (including 16 Sunday Edition a livered by * carrier for . {5 Cts. per week, in all principal Cit- ties and Towns on the Pacific Coast. rey Eo Lt TTD BY MAIL, ; = = ~ ‘Ss SS eI Ss = * mm (1 Ss .¥ = —_ } Ail | ! POSTAGE PAID. <. Hea Daily Chronicle, yee | a | I yéar, $6 70 , ms | 6 mos. 3 35 ee “Weekly Chronicle, af ty I year, $1 50 6 nos. A 75 M. joes piel Dc! YOUNG. PROPR. SAW £ RADCISSO, CAL. f aia: specialty of a ate Libraries, for which they have ea- septic al yes lad because of their connection: 1 with many of the miter spe on aasioteastonk Catalogues of Standard Miscellane- ous Works or Juvenile Books. Books for District School Libs , School and College Text Books constantly on hand ; also id School Apparatus. eee doen SAMUEL CARSON & CO., ‘Publishers, Booksellers and Stationers, - WHOLESALE ‘AND RETAIL, hin Post Street, San Tranctece. - (School Warrants taken i in a payment), seg Bde : aki tncit Le of ‘ Ce n PUBLICA TIONS Or SAMUEL CARSON & 0@ No. 208 Post & A History of the College of California. BY §, H. WILLEY, D. D. It is now more than twenty years since the College of Califcrnia was merged into The Cai:fornisa Uui- versity. The Hi:tory of the old Colleve is largely contemporan:ous with the Early History of the State. The work is published by subscription. 1 vol., 8vo, 400 pages, cloth, paper label, - $4.00 | Ea AME, a, dak Gag “ bound in skeep, - | &,00 California Tourists’ Guide, Revised and brought down to date; containing just such information as every Tourist wants, The Guide will coutam two maps. of the city—one a bird’s eye view of Sun Franc’sco and surrounding-, the other a street map. Table of distances, rates of fare, hotels and routes of travel, etc. 170 pages, 16mo, clcth limp, $1.0; illuminated paper covers, 50 cents. California Pictures in Prose and Verse. BY BENJAMIN PARKE AVERY. Quarto, cloth, 344 pages, beautifully illustrated with ' Engravingsafter drawings from Nature. $3.00, California, Three Hundred and Fifty Years Ago. MaNUELO’S NARRATIVE. * ‘Translated from the Portuguese by a California Pioneer. 1 vol., 12mo. cloth, $1.50. The above book purports to be a translation of a recently discovered. Poituguese ms. giving a Sailor’s Narrative of a Sojourn in California and Life Among © Indians 300 years ago. Baie San Francisco. % A Book for the Sea- side, the Lake, af the Forest. f West Coast Shells. — 2 A familiar de-cription of the Marine, es and Land Mollusks found in the United States, ; west of the Rocky Mountains. BY JOSIAH WEEP, A.M. (Professor of Natural Science, Mills College). At the sea-side, many pick up and adit sheils without knowing anything of their r name nature, By the aid of this book such aimle gathering may happily be changed into a sou intelligent and clevating pleasure. Ki g' The Frontispiece is a hand-painted. en in| the very rare ard beautiful Surewla Carpentara The book contains upwards of 230 oe 200 Engravings, and is carefully printed BF heavy paper, and neatly bound in cloth. BZ 24 ¢ 290 VoLuME VI. SEPTEMBER, 1889. WHOLE No. 47. yh Rig Sa WE = West + Kmerican Scientist. A popular monthly seview and record for the Pacific Coast. Official Organ of the San Diego Society of Natural History. MeO bly hiae ay DITOR: CONTENTS: PAGE ie CMINOIMIA GrCYSETS. 600 6.6 esse cc cence Prof. Josiah Keep. 99 A New Species of Erigonum............ pieeaiena's De, Party. “102 Fauna and Flora of Colorado—I.............. T. D. A. Cockerell. 103 Anlaysis of Water from Buckman’s Springs........ Geo. H. Colby, 107 To Working Entomologists................. Robert H. Lamborn. 107 Humming Birds of the Pacific Coast..............005- L. Belding. 109 On the Distribution of Planorbis Bicarinatus...Dr.R.Z.C.Stearns. 110 Briefer Articles—A Moving Lake of Ice; the Sorghum Industry; Desiccation of the Dead; the Cliff Dwellers; Another Mammoth Cave; to Break up the Slave Trade; Uncertainty IOTOCUIEION So sce ve ricd abe vivid pcec ns eer aah af II2, I13, 114, 115 Proceedings of Scientific Societies......... Libud POR ARSE Ae ela6 II5 ES Oe OD a Ma aemeniics te vk Mirbwclls's ne 116 Ns rete Ig Ly v kis WS ning Fd o's: 01s voids ois wees Save ee bees 118 EIU Sc heh sins 0ig.¥ dibie 5 dius Wao 5.4 da par ohGe see Kees Tig*\2, SAMUEL CARSON & CO., PUBLISHERS. No. 208 Post STREET, - SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF. No. 1134 Fifth Street, San Diego, Calif. PRICE 10 CENTS. , PER YEAR, $1.00. [Entered at the Post Office at San Francisco as second-class matter. J LOUIS SIOSS, 86cm oo) ore ns eee CLP BARNFIBDD lene) ats ao ie ae ae TigPo CLARK 8) Ge et eee im Eo ne ei eg BANKERS: The Nevada Bank of San Fri ce Mier a ESTABLISHED 1855. made it the radek popular family newspaper in California. The sid j Court decisions in full. eee Ter WEERLY Bune - She “Som Wealthy Bulletin. ste Be ve ; pe sine s issue of each week, ; hs i aha aoe tees ay HSAs we SUBSCRIPTION. interior at 25 cents per week, Daily, by mail or CXPFESS, My Ee bat, Sale 10h aa Weekly, alone, == = Weekly, with Daily of Pride: ray alee Aaah _ Parts of 4 a year in Lic Grace yh he West American Scientist. ~ Steel Plews "FOR ARTISTIC USE in fine drawing, 1 Nos. 659 (Crowquill), 290 and 2or. OR FINE WRITING, ‘ : 303 and Ladies’, 170. |FOR BROAD WRITING, M Nos. 294, 389 and Stub Point, 849. R GENERAL WRITING Nos. 332; 404, 390 and 604. HENRY HOE, Sore AGENT, }. Sold by ALL DEALERS throughout the World. ‘Gold Medal Paris Exposition, 1878. m™ WENTSCHER, FORWARDING AND SHIPPING. San Diego, Cal. s | A RE YOU FOND OF USING TOOLS OR Tinkering? If So send One Dollar for THE UNIVERSAL TINKER AND AMATEUR’S ASSIS'T- NY. ‘Tells Amateurs about turning and lathe work, gs Staining, Book Binding, French Polishing, Wood Finishing, Fretwork, Amateur Printing, the Mavic Lantern, etc. Single copies i0 cts. Address eS & BARWOOD, 294 Broadway, New Werk, N. Y. an TART REL ut This Out! 8's" will tous with only ten cents, (silver or stamps) Awe will send you for six months, ‘THE YOUNG IDEA, the brightest and best juv- & enile magazine published. Itis handsomely ustrated and contains the most delightful stories. We make this offer to introduce, ig GRANT C. WHITNEY, Pub., Belvidere, Till. PRR BASS SEAS SAA TS ~ COLLECTORS Who wish to obtain first-class European or African Natural History Specimens will oblige by sending class of desiderata to DR. REED, Jr.;, Ryhope, Sunderland, England. £55 Setid Geld Watch. Wd RY Sold for £GO, until lately. Lest $55 watch in the world. Cu) Perfect timekecper. ar- e ranted. Heavy Solid Gold ce lluntin Cases. Both ladies’ WAR 2 : y, and cases of equal value. » One Person in each lo- ~ caltiy can secure one free, together with our large and val- uable line of Mlousehol? Samples. These samples, ag well as the watch, we send Free, and after you have kept é em in your home for @ months and shown them to those _ Who may have called, they become your own property. Those who write at once ae be sure of receiving the atch and Samples. ay all express, freight, etc, Address Stinson & Co., i le $12, Portland, Maine. one: ¢ é GENERAL COMMISSION gand geuts’ sizes, with works ~ Consolidated National Bank. CAPITAL PAID IN, - $250,000. SURPLUS FUND, - - 50,000. Undivided Profits - - 79,961 BRYANT HOWARD, - ~ - - President. J. H, BARBOUR, - - - Vice-President. JOHN GINTY, - - - - - Cashier. W. R. ROGERS, : - - Assistant Cashier, — DIRECTORS.-—— O. S. Witherby, John Ginty, James McCoy, Bryant Howard. Hiram Mabury, Kk. W. Morse, J. H. Barbour, o> -s- fizs Exchange on all the Principal Cities of America and Wurope bought and sold. The Savings Bank. OF SAN DIEGO COUNTY. In the Consolidated Bank Building, corner of Hand Fifth streets. CAPITAL, =< « « :-:OFFICERS:-: E. W. Morse, - - - - - President J. H. Barbour, . - - - Vice-President John Ginty, - - Secretary and Treasurer : :DIRECTORS:-: H. Mabury, E. W. Morse , Bryant Howard, $100,000. O.S. Witherby, James McCoy, Interest Allowed on Deposits. Loaned on Real Estate. ORCHIDS, CYCADS, Bulbs, Seeds and Roots. —O0-——_ Denarobium maccarthee; D. aurcum; D. crumin- atum; 9. macrotachyum; Vanda spathulata, etc., etc.: each cluster, 50 cents—by mail, 75 cents. Cycas revoluta and Cycas circinalis stems of all sizes from $5.00 to 50 cents. Lilies—Pancartium, Gloriosa methonica, each, 50 cents, by mail. Price list on ap- plication. NATURAL HISTORY. Bird skins of over 40 species peculiar to Ceylon, mounted or unmounted. Curiosities, bird’s eggs, Shells, bones, etc., ete. An assorted collection of 24 species of bird skins by mail for $45. All orders should be be sent to C. R. ORCUTT, Editor The West American Scientist, San Diego, Cal- ifornia, of whom nurserymen and florists can obtain circular on application. Coffee, Thea, Cocoa, Cin- chona, Peppers, Palms, etc,, etc. Fresh seed always in stock. 'I'ree Ferns and Lycopods. J. P. ABRAHAM, Nurseryman & Florist Grand Pass, Colombo, Ceylon. IT IS IMPORTANT — For collectors to know where they can purchase spec- mens the cheapest. We invite all to send for our illustrated price lists, etc. STEARNS’ CURIO SHOP, Headquarters for Low Prices, ELKADOR, IOWA Money The West American Scientist. Doak fa SCIENTISTS and NATURALISTS BEGINNINGS WITH THE MICROSCOPE. A Working Handbook containing Simple Instruc- tions in the Art and Method of Using the Mi- | croscope, and Preparing Articles for Examin- ation. By Walter P. Manton, M. D. Illustra- ted. 50 cents. ‘FIELD BOTANY. A Handbook for the Collector Containing Instruc- tions for Gathering and Preserving Plants, and the Formation ofa Herbarium. Also, complete instructions in Leaf Photography, Plant Print- ing, and the Skeletonizing of Leaves. By Walter P. Manton. Illustrated. 50 cents THE HUNTERS’ HANDBOOK. Containing lists of provisions and camping para- phernalia, and hints on the fire, cooking uten- sils, etc.; with approved receipts for camp cookery. By ‘‘An Old Hunter.” 50 cents. WHAT IS TO BE DONE. A Handbook for the Nursery, with Useful Hints for Children and Adults. By Robert B. Dixon, M. D., Surgeon of the Fifth Massachusetts In- fantry; Physician to the Boston Dispensary 50 cents; Paper, 30 cents. INSECTS. How to. Catch and How to Prepare Them for the Cabinet Comprising a Manuel of Instruction for the Field Naturalist. By Walter P. Manton: Illustrated. 50 cents. fi! AXIDERMY WITHOUT A TEACHER. Comprising a Complete Manuel of Instruction for Pieparing and Preserving Birds, Animals, and Fishes, with a Chapter on Hunting and Hy- giene; together with instructions for preserv- ing Eggs and Making Skeletons, and a num- ber of ‘valuable Receipes. By Walter P. Man- ton. Illustrated. 50 cents. ' OUR COMMON INSECTS. New Edition, with illustra. r2mo, cloth, $1.50. By AS, Packard. jit: tions. I vol., FERNS IN THEIR HOMES AND OURS. A popular introduction to the study of this fascina- ting subject. Fully illustrated. cloth, $1.50. I vol., 12mo, KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. By Elliott Coues, M. A., M. D., Ph. D. Contains a concise account of every species of living and fossil bird at present known on the continent north of the boundary line between Mexico and the United States, including Greenland. Third edition, revised to date. With which are incorporated General Ornithology, and outline of the structure and classification of birds; and Field Ornithology, a manual of col- lecting, preparing and preserving birds. The new edition presents the trae EE of the American Ornithologist’s Union, in the most convenient form for comparison with that of other editzons, Illustrated. Coues’ “‘Key”’ is too well known as a lead- ing and authoratative treatise to require re- mark, having for twelve years held its place as the standard work ot reference for profes- sional ornithologists as well as for students and amatuers. The latest and most exhaustive American Ornithology. Indispensable to every sportsman, amateurjand working orn- ithologist. 1 vol., royal octavo,vellum cloth, $7-50 THE COUKS CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. With*dictionary of the etymology,authography and orthoepy of the scientific names. Revised ’ to date and entirely rewritten by the author t vol., royal 8vo, cloth, $3.00 \ FoR Sane BZ SAMUEL CARSON Gee 208 POST STREET. San Francisco. THe West American Screntis?. oe ann SEPTEMBER, 1889. No. 47 Pee CALIMORNIA GEY SERS. The remarkable hot springs, which are commonly called by the above name, are situated in the north-easterly part of Sonoma county, some twenty miles from the southern extremity of Clear lake. The writer recently visited this spot, and so greatly en- joyed both the journey and the scenery that he would fain induce hundreds of others to go and do likewise. To reach the Geysers is not a difficult undertaking. We will suppose you are in San Francisco and that you come to the ferry at half-past seven in the morning. Step on board the large ferry-boat ‘‘Tiburon,”’ take a comfortable seat on the upper deck, and in a few moments the journey will begin. The whistle blows, the wheels revolve, the rudder directs the course of the boat to the north, and you are swiftly speeding past the city front with its crowded wharves and ware-houses and in a little time are feeling the gentle swell which comes in through the Golden Gate. On past Alcatraz, with its ramparts and its guns, and you are soon skirting along the western side of Angel Island. Ina little hol- low which comes down to the water’s edge is the military settle- -ment, and there may be seen barracks,officers’ houses and store buildings prettily grouped around a central park, while on the side of a hill stands a little church, nestling among the oaks, and above this may be seen the white stones and crosses which mark the last resting places of soldiers who have died in the service. The whole forms a very peaceful picture, though the subject is grim and warlike. A few minutes more brings you to Point Tiburon, where you leave the boat and take the train, and presently you are speeding along the track of the San Francisco and North Pacific railway. The road winds among the oak-dotted knolls where it can, and plunges through the very heart of the hills where it must, until it reaches the pretty town of San Rafael. Quite a long tunnel is necessary to let you out on its northern side, and then you glide along the edge of salt marshes, with here and there a turn behind low hills, till you reach Petaluma. Some of the land which you have just passed is as rich as any in the State, as the sleek herds of cattle and heavily laden orchards plainly testify. And now you enter the broad Sonoma valley, where level and productive fields spread out for miles on either side; you pause a moment at the county seat, Santa Rosa, a thriving city in the 100 The West American Scientist. midst of fertile plains, hasten past smaller towns, cross the Rus- sian river below Healdsburgh, where it turns away to the west to seek the coast among forests of redwood, and following its western bank you come to the town of Cloverdale. You are now near the head of the valley; the green slopes of the mountains are close upon you on the west and broken hills rise to the east. You have already passed in the distance the noble Saint Helena and many lesser peaks belonging to this eastern range of moun- tains, but here the valley has become so narrow that you are not surprised to learn that for many years this was the terminus of the railroad. Within a year, however, it has been extended some thirty miles further to Ukiah, the county seat of Mendocino county. Should you continue your excursion to that point, you would be amply repaid, for the road winds along the bank of the river in a most romantic fashion. Now you can look down into the clear water and see startled trout,ynow you pass under the boughs of giant oaks, again you are in the darkness of a tunnel, and in a moment look back on a huge cliff, whose base the river has been assaulting for centuries. The valley broadens at length, and the rich fields are green with hop-vines or covered with ripened grain or set with young fruit trees. A few miles beyond .the city of Ukiah the hills close in again, and you are at the source of the Russian river, while just across the divide are the brooks which flow northward and form some of the numerous branches of the Eel river, which empties into the ocean near Eureka. But this part of the journey, though interesting, is not essential to a visit to the Geysers. The stage for the springs. leaves Cloverdale soon after noon, and makes the journey of | eighteen miles in from three to four hours. You first cross the Russian river, and as you proceed to the hills you soon meet and ford one of its tributaries, the sulphur-tinctured Pluton. This stream comes down a great lateral valley trom the eastern hills, and along the side of this valley, first on the north and then onthe south, has been constructed the stage toll-road. It would be hard to finda wilder and more beautiful road in any of the val- leys of California. The curves are innumerable, the precipitous descents which it barely but safely avoids are sufficient to stir the blood of the boldest. while the grand old trees, oak, maple, and laurel, are majestic and inspiring. Especially as one is com- ing down the valley in the cool of the morning does the view seem superb. Were there no wonders beyond to be seen, the ride up and down the Pluton gorge is well worth the moderate price which is asked. But at length you smell sulphur, and know you are near the end of your journey. The hotel is be- fore you, a series of low but comfortable buildings in the midst of fine old trees, and on the other side. of the brook you get a glimpse of columns of steam ascending from unknown sources, You are anxious to explore at once, but are advised to wait till the early morning; meanwhile you can visit the commodious “ ——— se The California. Geysers. Tot bath-house, and refresh yourself with a bath of steam, “hot from Tartarus,’’ and a swim ina tank of lukewarm mineral water, heated in nature’s own kettle. The next morning you are up before the sun, and taking a bas- ket of breakfast on your arm you set out to explore the mysteri- “ous canyon. At various intervals along your path are springs of cold or warm water, each one having its own peculiar taste ac- cording to the nature of the minerals which are held in solution. Sulphur compounds, soda and alum, with salts of iron and mag- nesium are the principal ingredients. From some of the springs the beverage is so hot that you must cool it before putting it to your lips, and in general you are satisfied to sample the water rather gingerly. The product of one spring is called ‘‘hot lem- onade,’’ and it flows forth in a copious stream from the subterra- nean mixing bowl. You acknowledge the ‘“‘hor,’’ but are in- clined after a trial to discredit the appropriateness of the latter name. You prefer the somewhat more technical term “An acid- ulated solution of the double sulphate of aluminium and potas- sium.’ However some people like to drink it. Hot springs: and steaming banks abound over quite a large region, but the largest and most violent manifestations are found in the bed of a side canyon, which comes down from the north to Pluton river. It is a deep, V shaped gorge almost devoid of vegetation, and iis steep walls are covered with masses of mineral matter, mostly of brownish yellow color, though varying in hue from white to jet black. Along the bottom tumbles a stream of hot water, which receives accessions from each new spring. Various small hot springs attract your attention as you enter the canyon, but your interest centers in the ‘Witches’ Cauldron,” about half way up the gulch. This is a basin some twenty feet square, partly filled: with rocks and showing different degrees of activity on two of its sides. Next to the path, it is moderately quite, but near the bank it is in most violent commotion. A hugecolumn of steam continually ascends from its surface somewhat obscuring the view, but as the wind shifts it a little, you get a view of the water, jumping, boil- ing, foaming, dashing, while from a cleft in the rocks at brief in- tervals spurts out a fountain of hot spray, which falls into and is mixed with the seething water below. The vastness and violence of the chemical changes which are going on underneath are no- where shown so clearly as at this point. The points of interest are numerous; one wishes to spend hours in examining these re- markable phenomena. Here is a kind of oven opening into the hill; you listen, and from within you hear the hoarse gurgle and groan of the imprisoned steam; here it comes whizzing out from beneath a rock, reminding you of the safety-valve of a locomotive; there on the bank is a gently steaming cleft, and around the out- let are the most delicate needle-shaped crystals of sulphur ar- ranged like frost work on a cold pane. In the water of one spring is a black, inky mud; in another are layers of rich brown, 102 The West Amcrican Scienist. : pink, and purple, while a bright green water moss seems to thrive in the warm flow, and forms another color in the mass of brilliant tints. Here are layers of delicate, snowy crystals of Epsom salts, there are coatings of green copperas, and all about you are sug- gestions for a wondrously beautiful and harmonious carpet. Farther up the hill you find cool, shady trees, where you are glad to stop and rest,and then if you are disposed you can climb tne mountains and look off upon the blue waters of Clear lake. On your return to Cloverdale, you pass several bands of campers, who have pitched their tents near the river, and you commend their wisdom in selecting so romantic and attractive a spot. Deer are on the hills, trout in the streams, cool waters and shady streams abound, and the peace of nature is over all. From a scientifiic point of view the California Geysers are of great interest. To some they suggest the heated condition of the interior of the earth, but the irresistable conclusion which comes to the mind of one who studies all the phenomena is that the heat is caused by the decomposition of immense quantities of sulphur- ets contained in the surrounding and underlying rocks, and that the various minerals with which the waters are charged are the results of the varied and extensive chemical changes which are constantly taking place. Josiah Keep. A NEW SPECTES OF “ERIOGONUM (ese GIATUM) FROM LOWER CALIFORNIA. Eriogoneae, so prevalent on the Pacific Slope of North Amer- ica as to give a peculiar feature to the vegetation of certain dis- tricts, diminish rapidly south of 32° N. Lat., being comparatively scantily represented in the ncrthern tier of Mexican States and disappearing entirely within the tropics. Being specially adapt- ed in their vegetative characters to a climate of winter rains and summer droughts, their southern extension is most prolonged along the line of the California coast range into the peninsula of Lower California. Here the peculiar conditions of growth bring to view a variety of interesting forms, many of which have been made known from recent explorations. Having been supplied with very complete material by Mr. C. R. Orcutt, the following addition to the list is herewith submitted. | ERIOGONUM FASTIGIATUM N. SP. Fruticose 3-6 inches high, fastigiatly branched from near the base and dichotomous above, younger stems densely /anose; leaves crowded below, more scattered above, linear lanceolate 3-5 mm in length, loosely hairy above, densely tomentose beneath strongly revolute, tapering below into a slender petiole witha broad membranous clasping base; involucres sessile in the upper axils, or terminal on the dichtomous branches, 2 mm in height, deeply five parted with accuminate segments, united below into Fauna and Flora of Cotorado.—T. 103 a membranous tube; perianth with broadly oval segments nearly equal, with short turbinate tube; bracteoles linear-hispid shorter than the pedicels; stamens nine, anthers redish, akenes narrowly winged, embryo not seen. A low, densely branched shrub, its slender fastigiate branches forming a flattened summit, with the remains of dead foliage be- low, flowers rather conspicuous, intermixed with the projecting dichotomous branches. To be placed inthe virgatae section though the inflerescence is mainly reduced to a single terminal involucre. Is apparently near to E. taxifolium, Greene,Pi Honia Pees ke. Orcutt, No’ 1501 La Salada, Lower California, April, 1886. CLOo Parry. Pema 7I0OVS TOWARDS A LIST: OF THE FAUNA AND FLORA OF WET MOUNT- PM VALLEY, COLORADO. 7. (Compiled for the Colorado Biological Association.) In studying the problems of geographical distribution, it is es- pecially necessary to consider the fauna and flora of any given region as a whole in order to come to sound and permanent con- clusions. The forms of organic life are so intimately related, one -with another, and have so important an influence in determining each others distribution and development, that a mere examin- ation of any single group with a view to ascertaining the why and wherefore of its geographical range, is certain to present us with many apparent anomalies,which would readily be cleared up could we but know the distribution of other different but in this connection influential groups. The distribution and abundance of lepidoptera for instance, is most plainly influenced by the dis- tribution of the plants on which the larve feed, and these plants are again influenced by the presence or absence of fertilizing in- sects and by parasitic fungi, by the browsing of animals and in endless different ways other than those of soiland climate. It is supposed that thefertilization of Yucca is dependent on a little moth Pronuba. Now a finespecies of butterfly, Megathymus yucce, feeds in the larval stage upon the Yucca. Suppose that ali the Pronu- bas were by some means exterminated, this would effect the Yuccas and so the Megathymus, as well as the Yucca Aphis, and many other insects—so that we may say that the distribution of Megathymus is actually dependent of that of Pronuba. And the same sort of thing can be demonstrated in endless different ways throughout organic nature. The present series of lists will be prepared with these facts in view and it is hoped that they will form a basis for just conclusions respecting the origin and nature of the tauna and flora of this re- gion. Though necessarily at present incomplete, they will at least offer fuller details than have been published hitherto respect- ing any one region in the Rocky Mountains, while every effort 104 _ The West American Scientist. will be made to add to and complete them in the course of time. The identifications have nearly all been made by able specialists and are hence as reliable as can be expected in the present some- what chaotic state of systematic biology, i The district under consideration is about thirty miles in length and fifteen miles across at its broadest part. To the east it is bordered by the Wet Mountains and to the west by the Sangre de Cristo Range. The altitude is about 8,000 feet lower to the north and rising to over 13,000 feet on the peaks of the Sangre de Cristo. The northern portion of the valley is in Fre- mont county, the main portion being however in Custer county. The present papers will deal only with the Custer county portion of Wet Mountain valley (which embraces the whole of the valley proper, the northern part being really different in character) and only with altitudes below 10,000 feet, the higher altitudes proper- ly deserving separate consideration. A full account of the to- pography, geology and climate of the valley may be prepared later. LEPIDOPTERA HETEROCERA. : For identification in this group we are indepted to Messrs. Hy. Edwards, H. Strecker, Rev. G. D. Hulst and Lord Walsingham, while some Rosita records have been contributed by Mr. H. W. Nash. Many species not yet clearly identified are for the present omited. | 1. Deilephila lineata, Fab., abundant up to 8,300 feet. 2. Smerinthus cerisii var. astarte, Streck., one at light, by Swift Creek. Larvz without reasonable doubt belonging to this species, occur on Populus tremuloides.. S. astarte, larva; forty- seven mill. long, apple green. Head dull, pale green, with a rather broad yellow stripe on each side of face, these stripes con- verging above, to the slightly bifid crown. Body vivid yellowish- green, tapering anteriorly, with numerous pale yellow points scattered somewhat thickly over its surface. In the subdorsal region these points are somewhat larger and are arranged so as to form a distinct but narrow subdorsal pale band, reaching from the second to the tenth segment. Obliquely placed above each abdominal spiracle (except the last) is a somewhat narrow, pale yellow band, the first of these bands being almost obsolete and the last widened and elongated, reaching up to the anal horn, which is about three mill. long aid straight, blue at the base above, otherwise purplish inclining to pink, with a black tip. Prolegs pink,claspers green; near Short Creek, September 5, 1888. Pupa, thirty-one mill. long, very dark brown, shiny, somewhat rugose. It is possible that this species also feeds on willow, as an empty egg-shell of a Smerinthus was found on a willow leaf at West Cliff. 3. Hepialus pulcher, grote., near Willow Creek. 4. Gnophaela vermiculata, gr. and Rob., abundant near Swift Creek. When freshly emerged, the normally white parts Fauna and Flora of Colorado.—z 105 of the ,wings are tinged with a delicate primrose yellow. The white parts of the body are not so tinged. The yellow color is probably due to the fluid within the wing-membranes. 5. Euprepia parthenos; occurs at 8,400 feet aititude. 6. Arctia blakei, grote., one specimen August 10, 1887. AS. -deretia pallida, Strecker, frequent at 8,400 feet near Short Creek. . 8. Leptarctia lena, Bdv., not rare on open ground. g. Alypia lorquini, Rosita, (H. W. Nash.) to. Clisiocampa californica, Pack., abundant near West Cliff, larve on Ribes aureum, Pursh and willow. Rosita, (Nash.) 11. Samia gloveri, Strecker, near Ula, (T. D. A. C.) Rosita, (Nash. ) 12. Halisidota maculata, Harris, near Swift Creek. 13. Antaplaya dimidiata, grote, near Swift Creek. 14. Sesia,n.sp. This has been turned over to Mr Hy. Ed- wards for description 15- Agrotis clandestina, Harris, near Swift Creek. 16. Agrotis saucia, Hb., not rare. 17. Agrotis auxiliaris, grote, very abundant in houses, etc. 18. Argotis auxiliaris var. introferens, grote, with the type. 1g. Ufeus satyricus, grote, abundant in houses during the colder months. — 20. Calocampa cineritia, grote, not uncommon in the spring. 21. Plusia brassicce, Riley, not rare, larva on ee 22. Heliothis armigera, Hubn, frequent. 23. Heliothis armigera, var, umbrosa, grote, more rare. 24. Caradrina civica, grote, West Cliff. 25. Anthcecia tumida, grote near Swift Creek. 26. Drasteria erechtea, Cramer. not rare. ae 27- Metrocampa margaritata var. perlata, guen., not rare. This is considered to be quite the same as the European mar- garitata by Mr. I. W. Tutt, to whom I sent an example so the name perlata will probably have to be entirely dropped. 28. Tetracis angulifera, one specimen, named by Mr. H. Ed- wards. ; 29. Aplodes junctolinearia, graef, near Swift Creek. 30. Cidaria populata, L., near Swift Creek, rather common. 31. Larentia coesiata, L., near short Creek, one, expanse thiry-five and one half mill. 32. Cabera variolaria, guen., near Swift Creek. 33. Cabera erythemaria, guen., near Swift Creek. 34. Eupithecia miserulata, grote, one specimen. 35. Bleptina caradrinalis, guen., var. not common. 36. Homopyralis ducalis, one specimen. 37: Botys insequalis, guen., near Swift Creek. 38. Botys plumbofascialis, Short Creek, named by Rev. G. D. Hulst, 39. Eurycreon cereralis, Zell., extremely abundant 106 The West American Scientist. 40. Eurycreon chortalis grote, not so common. 41. Crambus luteolellus var. ulce. Ckll; the type of C. ulce was sent to Prof. Fernald, who referred it to luteolellus. I have not had access to the description of C. luteolellus, but Prof. Fernald gives duplicatus, grote and zeellus, Fernald, as synonyms also, and so far as one can tell from the entirely insufficient descriptions published of these they differ trom C.ulce. I have therefore compromised matters by quoting ule as a variety. 42. Crambus sericinellus, Zeller, near Swift Creek. 43: Alucita hexadactyla, L., very common. 44. Lophoderus persicana, near Short Creek. 45. Carpocapsa pomonella, L.,larva in an imported apple at West Cliff. 46. Psecadia semilugens, Zell., common. 47. Psecadia dicostrigella var. subccerulea, Walsm, near Short Creek. 48. Laverna definitella, Zell., near Swift Creek. II—DIPTERA,. The following list is, of course, the merest fraction of what is to be found, but the difficulty of naming Diptera has hindered the preparation of any list worthy of thename. Wehopeto take the matter up to better purpose sometime in the future. For identifications of Diptera we are indebted to Prof. C. V. Riley and Mr. L. O. Howard. 1. Cecidomyia salicis-strobiloides, O. S., galls abundant on willow at West Cliff, many Hymenoptera as well as cecids reared from them. . . 2. Cecidomyia bigeloviz, n. sp.,a small species, about four mill. expanse, reared from wooly Trypetid galls on Bigelovia. Probably undescribed, but description deferred until further com- parisons with described species have been made. 3. Lucilia cesar, L., not very common. 4. Musca domestica, L., very abundant. 5. Scriptotricha culta, common, breeds in flower-heads of thistles: 6. Melanostoma ccerulescens, Williston, near Swift Creek. 7. Eristalis hirtus, Loew, near Swift creek. 8. Microdon globosus, a fly, presumed to be this, bred from pupa found in nest of Formica integra, nyl., at West Cliff. g. Dejeania vexatrix, O. S., one specimen. 10. Gonia frontosa var. ater, Ckll., thorax and abdomen almost entirely black; near Swift Creek. 11. Gonia exul. Williston, West Cliff. T. D. A. Cockerell. Analysis of Water from Buckman’s Springs. 107 ANALYSIS OF WATER FROM BUCKMAN'’S SPRINGS. In 1879 the editor of the SCIENTIST first visited the canyon where are found the delightful mineral springs, well known in San Diego county as Buckman’s soda springs, situated some ten miles north of Campo and fifty miles east of San Diego. During a two weeks pleasure trip in July we again visited this resort and were favored by our friend,the proprietor, with the following analysis of the water from one ot the many springs, which analysis was made by Mr. George E. Colby at the Uni- versity of California, and was endorsed as correct by E. W. Hil- gard. “The water is only very slightly turbid and tastes strongly pungent from the presence of free carbonic acid gas, of which it contains 418.2 cu. in. per gallon, keeping in solution the sub- stances marked with an asterisk (*). “On evaporation the water yields a solid residue at the rate of 119.33 gains per gallon; of this amount 11.80 grains is chemi- cally combined water, with a very small quantity of organic mat- ter, which is driven off by ignition, leaving 107.53 grains of strictly mineral matter, of which 62.38 grains was again soluble in water, 45.15 grains being insoluble. ‘‘The composition of the residue is as tollows:— Grains per Gallon Me ho 58 cigs oy Ok ws. pec dew the wey welG i ANN EY ais ci Save = ofS aie i | alate SH ere 6% ods 2452 LS LE EEE Ss Pal Sg ae er Sie4s Calcium sulphate...... ri MEL 2. ot Pl Yaa 08 eds rege bP Bel eae aE 8.26 EONAR UR ree Ga clon ek 4s ieee set se ee et 31.65 MEME CArDONALE Y 2. se. ee See Sa pian cote 4.63 Cae Si ie Se eee er gn en sete OT Chemically combined water and organic matter .......... 11.80 entra se a ioace Sere ee seo ESS 119.33 (Signed) GEo. E. Co.sy.”’ Physicians unhesitatingly recommend the use of this water, and it has often proved very beneficial in cases arising from impure blood and debility. As a pleasure and health resort these springs are destined to become widely and favorably known. TO WORKING ENTOMOLOGISTS. Mosquitoes and house flies are perhaps the most numerous, widely distributed and persistent of the creatures that attack the health and comfort of human beings. Of their attacks upon our comfort every one is aware. Scientific investigation favors the belief that tuberculosis and ophthalmia are carried from deseased persons to healthy ones by the house fly, and German experi- 108 _. . The West American Scientist. menters have shown that serious blood maladies may be trans- mitted by the mosquito. | Certainly, therefore, any suggestion however remote, of a means of decreasing the numbers of or exterminating these pests should be followed with all possible skill and patience. I have observed dragon flies gathering in scores around my camp in Minnesota to feed on the mosquitoes. I recently saw a dragon fly that had devoured over thirty house flies still voracious for more. Entomologists have observed the larvz of the dragon fly swallowing undeveloped mosquitoes in large numbers. Now may we not have in the active, voracious, harmless “mos- quito-hawk,’’ an agency for greatly diminishing the numbers of the smaller insects? 7 Professor Baird’s success in producing millions of healthy fish in a few laboratory boxes and jars, the propagation of silkworms by scores of millions from eggs carried half around the world to Italy, the success of the plan for breeding foreign humble-bees in Australasia to fertilize the red clover,—these and many other similar facts seem to show that scientific methods have reached a stage where it is reasonable to hope that a plan may be devised whereby whole tribes of noxious insects may be exterminated by the artificial multiplication of their innoxious enemies. For the purpose of drawing the attention of entomologists to the subject mentioned, I have placed in the hands of Morris K. Jesup, Esq., President of the American Museum of Natural His- tory, New York city, $200, to be paid by him in three prizes of $150, $30, and $20, for the three best essays based on original observations and experiments on the destruction of mosquitoes and flies by other insects. The following suggestions are made as to the direction in which the investigation should be-carried and the essay formulated. 1. Observations and experiments upon various insects that destroy mosquitoes and house flies, stating the method of and capacity for destruction. 2. Observations and experiments to determine the best dragon flies to be artificially multiplied for the two above named objects— probably species of Aeschna, Libellula, or Diplax. 3. Give detailed statements of the habits and life history of the species chosen, based on original and careful experiments and ob- servations. 4. Suggest a plan for breeding the insects in large numbers with a sketch of apparatus, and estimated cost of producing them per thousand. 5. Formulate a plan for using the insects in the larva, pupa, or perfect state for the destruction of mosquitoes and flies, (@) in houses, (4) in cities, (¢) in neighborhoods. In awarding the prizes clearness of statement obtained by ac- companying sketches and new and purely scientific facts in the The Humming Birds of the Pacific Coast, etc. 109 life history of the Libellulidze.of which so little is known, will be duly considered. All the essays received may be published wholly or in:part at the discretion of the judges, and full credit will in all cases be given to each observer. The essays should be forwarded by December 1, 1889, t to Mr. J. H. Winser, at the American Museum of Natural History 77th street and 8th Avenue, New York to whom all communications should be addressed. Robert H. Lamborn. THE HUMMING BIRDS OF THE.PACIFIC COAST NORTH OF CAPE ST. LUCAS. Your correspondent asks, among other questions, how many species of humming birds there are in California. Six species occur in and west of the Sierra Nevada mountains and their south- ern extensions besides which, one if not twostragglers have been captured in this district, and three or four Mexican species are likely to be found, occasionally at least, in the Colorado Desert, as they have already been taken in Southern Arizona, The single eastern species, T. colubris, has not been taken on the Pacifie Coast. -A single example of T. floressii (Loddiges) was taken near Oakland by Mr. W. E. Bryant. pe known distribution of the six species is as follows: TROCHILLUS ALEXANDRI. Black-chinned humming bird. Paciie Coast region from California east to Utah and Arizona, and southward. 2. TROCHILLUS cosTc:. Costce humming bird. Southera Calitornia, Arizona and Western Mexico. 3. T. ANNcz. Anna’s humming bird. California, Southern Arizona and Mexico. ) 4. T. RUFUS. Rufous humming bird. Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, north to Sitka, south to Mexico. 5- IT. ALLENI. Allens humming bird. Pacific Coast north to British Columbia, east to Southern Arizona. 6. T. CALLIOPE. Calliope humming bird. Mountains of tie Pacific Slope from British Columbia, south to Lower California, and east to Montana, Nevada and New Mexico. With the exception of T. anne, all the above leave California in the fall or early winter and gosouthward. T. costce, however, is the only one of them that I found as far south as La Pazin winter, at which time it is abundant in the cape region. Xantus’ humming bird, a beautiful species so far collected only in the peninsula between La Paz and Cape St. Lucas, may yet be dis- covered in summer in the mountains of San Diego county. It is a mountain loving species, usually found near fresh water. IIO The West American Sczentist. T. alexandri breeds, on this coast, from San Diego county, or farther south, to British Columbia; T. costce from Cape St. Lucas to San Bernardino county, perhaps as far north as Santa Barbara. T. annee breeds mostly in the agricultural districts of Califor- nia. I have found both sexes in Butte county in December, and occasionally in the foot hills of Central California in all months of winter. My most southern Lower California record for this species is Cerros Island. T. rufus is mostly a mountain and northern breeding species. It probably breeds in the coast range as far south as Santa Cruz and still farther south in the Sierra Nevadas. It is rather rare in the high Sierras in latitude 38°, in breeding time, but is then abundant in some localities about a degree of latitude farther north. T. Alleni was named by Mr. Henshaw in honor of Mr. C. A. Allen of Nicasio, Marin county, in 1877. It much resembles T. rufus and was treated as such previous to 1887 and is with diffi- culty distinguished from it in the field. I collected both sexes ot T. alleni at San Diego in the spring of 1884 soon after I noticed the arrival of .T. rufus, the latter having been first seen on March 10, and about the same time I saw fresh specimens in the posses- sion of Mr. Carl H. Danielson of San Diego. Mr. Skirm says it is a raresummer resident at Santa Cruz, and I do not know that it breeds south of that place. ; | According to Mr. F. Stephens a few individuals of T. calliope breed as far south as the pine region of the San Bernardino mountains. It is moderately common in the fir forest of Calaveras county in the breeding season and very common during this time in the high Sierras of Butte and Plumas counties. A few individuals migrate through the low parts of California, but it ap- pears to breed only in the mountainous parts of this State and northward. From the foregoing it will be seen that the nest found near Pasadena was probably the nest of T. alexandri, T. — costce or T. annoe, but without the parent positive identification is impossible. A nest and eggs without its owner may be a thing of beauty but usually it has no scientific value. | August 1, 1889. L. Belding. NOTES AND COMMENTS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF PLANORBIS (HELISONMA) BICAKM Ae | LOS SA 4 : This well-known pond-snail first detected on the west coast of North America at Portland, Oregon, by Mr. Henry Hemphill, must also be credited to another west coast locality, namely to the region about the mouth of the Yaqui river near Guaymas, on the easterly side of the Gulf of California, about fourteen hundred miles south of the first named place where it was collected a few Distribution of Planorbis (Hetisoma) Bicarinatus. Say. 111 years ago by Dr. Edward Palmer (U.S. Nat. Mus. 53,677). The National Museum series of this species is an interesting ex- hibit of the geographical distribution of this, for a Planorbis, well- marked form, as may be seen by the following: Without making a list of the several States, Territories or localities represented by and included in the museum series and a- tested by numerous specimens, a simple geographical outline will be indicated by the exterior points herein named. Commencing at Cape Elizabeth, Maine, thence westerly, through Lake Simcoe ' Canada, thence to Manitoba! and Winnipeg? lakes, still west- erly to Portland,3 Oregon; thence southerly to the Yaqui river near Guaymas, Mexico, thence easterly through Kansas, Alabama and Georgia, nearly to the Atlantic sea-board by the way of Vir- ginia, the Dristrict of Columbia, Pennsylvania, New York and Massachusetts to the point first mentioned, Maine! Its occurrence at a point so far to the west as Portland, Oregon, where Hemphill found it and the extreme southwesterly point on the easterly shore of the Gulf of California (Yaqui river), the Palmer locality, may be regarded as phenominal. It will now be in order for parties who are inclined to make species, apparently upon no other ground than the fact of the remoteness of speci- mens in hand from the source or habitat of specimens already named or as species already described, to halt a little and lend a hand to the more useful and higher work of seeking by further researches and the accumulation of further geographical data to solve the interesting and fundamental problems included in the general term, the distribution of species. It would be well to observe the substantial hints offered by the Hemphill and Palmer locality to collectors to diligently seek whenever opportunity occurs for other localities within the territory indicated by these extreme outposts of its specific area. In the central region the National Museum contains specimens from Ft. Stevenson, Dakota and the Yellowstone Park. Its dis- tribution to the eastward of these is pretty general and reasonably well known, but between these interior localities and the west coast, a glance at the map will more clearly impress the reader, as it will give a definite idea of the vast extent, of the enormous area that offers an ample reward to the field worker not only as to this species, but who can say as to how many others. Not many years ago without doubt, these west coast speci- mens would have been honored with a specific title, for the mat- ter of distribution was seldom considered. The great high-way furnished by the Colorado of the West, the extensive drainage system of which said river is the main channel includes no doubt within its northerly limits the source or scources from which the colony detected by Dr. Palmer, the first settlers we may call them migrated. Not one by one grand leap or by a single and direct 1—Collected by Miller Christy; 2—teste Bell; 3—H. Hemphill. t12 | The West American Scientist. movement, but step by step, gaining one year and losing the next,but gradually through centuries extending the area of its ter- ritory until this extreme southerly and westerly outpost was reached. The same force which in its torrential fury carved-the great cafions in the past, at times in milder moods, assisted by its distributing current to the extention of the territory of an in- significant form of animal life. So too with the colony found by Hemphill at Portland, Oregon. Follow the course of the Colum- bia on the map, trace its meanderings and note the remoter con- fluents that combine to make the greater stream and the extent of the drainage system and the area drained thereby. The same suggestion to the student of geographical distribution. presents itselfand affords a reasonable clue by means of which similar phenomena are explainable. Robert £. C. Stearns, U.S. National: Museum. : , Washington, July 29, 1889. BRIEPER. ARTICLES (From Demorest’s Monthly Magazine.) A Movine LAKE oF IcE.—The Muir glacier,so named af ter Professor John Muir, the noted geologist who has described it most satisfactorily, is the most wonderful of the glaciers in southeastern Alaska. It is forty miles long, and is moving at the rate of sixty feet a day through the basin of the mountains. The greater portion of this crystal river, about an eighth of a mile wide, is billowed into rounded hills and beetling precipices, quite resembling the sea in a storm; and at the centre it is splintered into turrets and pinnacles of amethist, turquoise and sapphire tinted ice with spires of dead-white crystal. All its surface is riven by countless crevasses, in the bottom of which streams of clear water find their way. These chasms are frightful gaps to anyone looking down between their walls. From this moving lake of ice, bearing rocks and long lines of detritus on its sur- face, vast masses break away as it emerges from a narrow gate- way of mountains into the open bay. These icebergs fall off from the huge glacier and dash into the waters, making navigation perilous to craft of all kinds, even when miles away. Among the detritus frozen amid the ice masses, are veins of porphyry, jasper, chalcedony, and quartz;and blocks of finest marble, gran- ite, and basalt are strewn upon the surface of the icebergs and the frozen lake in which they find their source. The traveler or explorer amid Arctic snews finds something appalling in the frozen wonders of our contradictory planet. THE SorGHUM INDUSTRY-—The results of ten years of ex- periment and investigation by the Agricultural Department at - Washington on the cultivation and manufacture of sorghum and Briefer Articles. vane, its products, do not appear to encourage the prosecution of the industry as an independent branch of business. According to recently published reports on the subject, it has been ascertained that the cultivation of the plant for sugar and syrup dces not pay. The cost of machinery and the difficulty of obtaining that which is especially suited for the purpose, the high cost of skilled labor required for the success of all departments of the work, and the difficulty of finding a market for the necessarily crude product, are likely to prove obstacles that the ordinary farmer will not _ readily overcome. Kansas, which is one of the leading States in sorghum raising, reports for last year a yield of about ten tons per acre, for which growers received tendollars per ton delivered at the factories. This gives but a small margin of profits; indeed, none at all, if labor must be hired. Experts are, however, of the opinion that there is a future for sorghum, and that with new and improved machinery its culture may be made profitable. DESICCATION OF THE DEAD.—A unique plan for the dispos- ition of the dead, with reference to the preservation of evidence in capital criminal cases, was recently laid before the Medico- Legal Convention. This system consists-of a scientific process of desiccation by which the tissues are deprived of moisture and kept in a state of complete preservation, and in a condition which renders a critical examination and a chemical analysis of them at anytime asimple and easy matter. The bodiesare to belaid away in sepulchers arranged in tiers and rows in a great mauso- leum, with more or less privacy, according to cost, each body to be perfectly accessible at all times. The sepulchers will each have one opening for admitting the body. In this there will be a plate-glass door, and, outside,‘ a’ marble or metal door for safety. When the outer door is open the body may be seen, without discoloration or decay, but of course exceedingly emaci- ated. The preservation of the body is affected by means of a current of dry air passing through conduits formed in the con- crete of which the sepulchers are composed, which bring the dry air into the sepulcher at one end, while at the other the air-cur- rent passes out laden with gases and moistures of the body which are carried to a furnace and consumed, so that no deleterious gases or Offensive odors can escape to the outer air. A moder- ate current of such dry air accomplishes the desired purpose in about ninety days. After the work is finished, the conduits are hermetically closed; oxidization and decomposition are prevent-. ed, and the body remains in view through the glass door. . This mode of disposing of the dead avoids allthe unpleasant features of earth burial and its attendant unsanitary evils through poisioning the earth and water and storing disease geims to break out in tu- ture epidemics. The Mausoleum System, asthe projectors call it, meets all the objections which cremationists urge against burial, and also meets the objections to cremation, by the preserva- 114 The West American Scienist. tion of the body, avoiding the shock to the sensibilities which revolt at the thought of the destruction by fire of the remains of loved ones. Other advantages of this new process are that it He prevent premature interments, and secure the body from theit. THE CLIFF-DWELLERS.—The cliff or cave-dwellers, reported extinct by the Smithsonian Institution, have been discovered by thousands in Northern Mexico, by Lieutenant Schwatka, in charge of America’s expedition into Mexico. In exploring the wild regions of the Sierra Madre Mountains, living clift-dwellers were found in abundance, wild and timid, and flying at the white man’s approach. Their habitations are precisely similar to the old, abandoned cliff-dwellings of Arizona and New Mexico,whose inhabitants were supposed by archzologists to antidate the mound-builders, and to be quite extinct. But Lieutenant Sch- watka’s discovery makes it clear that these are probably descend- ants of the ancient cliff-dwellers, who were driven from their more northern habitations, and retired to Southwestern Chihua- hua, where they have been living for centuries, undisturbed, fol- lowing the primitive habits and customs of their ancestors, about whom there has been so much speculation Schwatka, there- fore, gives to the world the first information relating to these curious people, and is about to set out on an expedition to fol- low up his discoveries and investigate them more thoroughly. » He estimates that the cave and cliff-dwellers number from three to twelve thousand; and they are armed only with bows, arrows, and stone hatchets. They are tall, lean, and well-formed, with blackish-red skins, nearer the color of the negro than the Ameri- can Indian. They are sun-worshippers, and practice several forms of devotion to that luminary. ANOTHER MAMMOTH CAvE.—An exploring party attracted by the reports of a discovery made by a farmer in Wyandot County, Ohio, of a mysterious hole in Limestone Ridge, visited the place and made a descent to find out what was at the bottom of the story and the hole. The place proved to be an immense cavern, sixty feet in width at the landing the party made, they having gone down by rope 1co feet through a hole varying in diameter from three to thirty feet, through limestone rock. The ceiling rose like a dome to a height of at least fifty feet. Explor- ing the recesses of the cave, the party suddenly emerged into another mammoth chamber, apparently much larger than the first, and, like it, set with numerous stalactites and stalagmites of beautiful formation and marble like whiteness, sparkling brilliant- ly in the light of the Roman candles fired into space by the visit- ors. Ata long distance from the entrance they came upon a lake of pure, crystal clear, cold water. of unfathomable depth. To BrEAK Up THE SLAVE-TRADE.—About $4,150,000 have Proceedings of Scientific Soctettes. IL5 been subscribed to build a railroad in Africa, between the lower falls of the Congo river and Stanley pool. The project of building this road, which will cover the distance of 262 miles, was formed by the King of the Belgians, whose interest in African exploration and in the abolition of the slave-trade in Africa is known throughout the world. He found a warm ally in Mr. McKinnon, the great Scotch ship-owner, an immensely wealthy man—said to be the-largest individual ship-owner in the world— and another in Mr. Collis P. Huntington. This scheme is said to be actuated more by sentiment than by motives of gain, for the projectors believe that only by such means as opening. up the Congo to travel can the fearful traffic in slaves be ob- literated. UNCERTAINTY OF “ ELECTROCUTION.’’—The prophetic utter- ance of Professor Brackett. of Princeion College, in his address to the Electrical Club of New York last fall: ‘‘ Notwithstanding the fact that in New York it is the law that all persons convicted of offenses that are punishable by death are hereafter to be exe- cuted by electricity, my belief is that never a single man will die, except by accident, by that method,’ seems likely to be verified. All the electricians of New York are asking to have the new exe- cution law declared unconstitutional, The legality of the sen- tence passed upon the murderer William Kemmler, who was to have been the first executed by electricity, has been disputed on the ground that the punishment is cruel. Evidence will be taken before a referee, and persons interested in electricity are now eagerly awaiting the result of the case and the evidence taken. TROUCEEDINGS OF SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. (San francisco Microscopical Society, July 10, 1889.) The semi-monthly meeting of the San Francisco Microscopical Society was held at its rooms 120 Sutter street, last evening. Vice-President Breckenfeld presided and spoke very feelingly ot the death of F. L. Howard, one of the old time members, and offered the tollowing resolutions, which were unanimously adopt- ed: WHEREAS, Our late esteemed friend and fellow-member,F. L. Howard, has been called from earth by the final summons, and we who have been associated with him in the San Francisco Microscopical Society are desirous of placing on record some fitting expression of the high regard in which we held him and of the sorrow we feel at his loss; be it Resolved, That in the death of Mr. Howard this society is call- ed upon to mourn the loss of one who, for many years, has been untiring in his devotion to its work and his interest in its welfare, T16 ~The West American Scienttst. and who endeared himself to its members by his quiet enthusiasm | in microscopical research and by his genial and kindly disposition. Resolved, That these resolutions be spread upon the minutes of the society and a copy conveyed to his bereaved consort, with the assurance of our warmest sympathy and most sincere con- dolence. C. P. Bates, Recording Secretary. SANTA BARBARA SOCIETY OF NATURAL Hisrory.—July 26, 1889,Dr.L.G. Yates was elected corresponding secretary. Dr. Yates gave notice of the presentation for reading of papers on the ancient history of Mexico and Central America. Selections were read by several members on the discovery of Rafflesia Schaden- bergia in the Philippine Islands; on the discovery of the nest and eggs of a rare bird, by Mr. Bryant in Lower California; on Mastodon gigantea, which Dr. Yates stated had been found more frequently in the foothills of the Sierra Nevadas in central Cali- iornia than in other localities; and on the edible fruit of the Opun- tia ‘from the West AMERICAN SCIENTIST) followed by discus- sions. News from Mr. Clark Streator, now collecting in British Columbia for the American Museum of Natural History was re- ported; Mrs E. Beckman, Secretary BIBLAOGRAPTS: THE STORY OF CREATION. A _ plain account ot evolution by Edward Clodd.F.R.A.S. Illustrated. The Humboldt Publishing Co., 28 Lafavette Place,New York. Writing of this book a cele- brated: London critic says: ‘‘Surely the asounding history of the evolution of the visible universe has never been told more popu- larly perspicuously and pleasantly than in this volume,’ an opinion in which we entirely concur. Those of our readers who have neit- her the time nor the couragé to read the more voluminous works on the subject of evolution will be much pleased with the concise and vigorous account given in this latest work by Mr.Clodd. There are over eighty illustrations, tables etc., and taken, all in all, we predict for it the largest sale of any book ina library already fam- ous for its excellent list of subjects and low prices. Itis No. 110 of the Humboldt Library, Price, 30 cents. | THE PLEASURES oF LirE, Part 2. By Sir John Lubbock, Bart. This is No. r1r of the Humboldt Library, No. 97 of the same Library being Part 1. The author divides his subject into thirteen sections ot which the titles are: Ambition, Wealth, Health, Love, Art, Poetry, Music, The Beauties of Nature, The Troubles of Life, Labor and Rest, Religion, The Hope of Progress and The Destiny of Man. Such of our readers as got the first num- ber will be sure to get the second and those who did not should order both. Price, 15 cents each. at ORANGE CULTURE. Some facts relating to orange culture in, Southern California, consisting of «statements of experienced. Bibliography ~ Wig sae 1L7 orange growers obtained by personal interviews, has just been is- sued by Scipio Craig for the Redlands (Cal.) Orange Grove and Water Co. It is well worthy of a perusal at the hands of would- be-growers. HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.—Annual publication of 1888-9. This issue is truly a_ historical pamph- let (fifty-five pages) containing no contributions to natural science, but of interest to the student of our State history, as it treats of some of the earlier political movements. JoHN HamiILton. Catalogue of the Coleoptera common to North America, Northern Asia and Europe, with distribution and bibliography. (Philadelphia, 1889;reprinted from Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.) This valuable catalogue, enumerating as many as 484 species of Coleoptera common to the northern regions of both hemispheres will be of great assistance to all students of geograph- ical distribution. The general conclusions to which the author is led by the abundant facts thus marshaled in orderly array are “that Europe and America were formerly as widely separated by water as they now are; that eastern and western North America were divided by water centrally (the north-eastern part probably submerged in whole or in part); that the area now occupied by Behring sea from Kamschakta to Alaska and far west of the Aleutian Islands was . land and possessed a more temperate climate than at present.’’ For be says ‘‘The large number of native species in common and the intimate relation between the Coleoptera of North-west- ern America and North-eastern Asia is brought out very promin- ently, while on the other hand the paucity of native common species on both the Atlantic Coasts is as plainly presented.’’ This view, although contrary to that of many authors,is not new and is supported by many facts in distribution other than those presented by the Coleoptera. Among ferns we have Pteris serrulata common to North America and China—but on the other hand what is to be said of Woodwardia radicans occurring at San Diego, Cal., and in Madeira? Among fishes the remarkable resemblance between the sturgeon of Asia and America (of the genera Scaphirhynchus and Polyodon) has been pointed out; of Phcenogamic plants, Fragaria vesca, although common to North America and Europe is found also in Japan, while W. O. Focke states that Sout Chinese and North Indian types of the genus Rubus occut Mexico and Peru. These are only a few instances—many oth of like nature might be given. Indeed, in an article on Cerv luchdorfi, the Asiatic representative of our wapiti, printed. ‘‘Nature” in 1881. we read that ‘‘Taken in connection with oth similar phenomena which have lately come to light, it tends | show very evidently that north America owes its many resen blances to the Palcearctic fauna, not to any former land connectio between Europe and North America, as was formerly suppose: 118 The West American Scientist. by the advocates of the fabulous “‘Atlantis,’’ but to a bygone ex- tension of land between East Asia and West America. Taking Dr. Hamilton’s catalogue more in detail, we notice the general resemblance of the list to the whole Coleopterous fauna of an oceanic island. The Staphvlinidoe are remarkably numer- ous, and the Carabidce very well represented, but the Curculioni- doce and Chrysomelidce are much less numerous than might have been expected. Additional localities might be given for many of the species, as for instance, the present writer has taken the fol- fowing species in Colorado which are not recorded from that State in the catalogue; Necrophorus vespilloides, Dermestes lar- darius var. signatus, Meligethes brassicce, Chalcophora virginien- sis, Eros aurora, Aphodius granarius, A. lividus and Hylotrupes bajulus. It seems almost impossible that such species as Apho- dius granarius, A. lividus and Hylotrupes bajulus can have been imported into America by human agency as suggested in the catalogue. Many species were supposed to have been imported by the older authors who imagined that quite identical forms did not occur naturally in both hemispheres, but the evidence of importation is often quite wanting. In certain cases the fact of a common eastern species not having yet crossed the great plains east of the Rockies, is strongly in favor of the view that its advent into America was a recent one (taken in con- junction with its occurrence in Europe), but in the present in- stances this is not the case. IRE BNO BE EDITORIAL. From June to September the residents ot Southern California almost unanimously decide that they “need a change of air,’’ and all who can,spend trom one to eight weeks away from their city or suburban homes, indulging themselves in the luxury of camp- ing out in the woods. Some choose one locality, some another, but all seek more or less isolation though rarely with success. Such gay parties ot old and young are usually equipped with a mul- titude of “ necessities” which often prove more troublesome than useful. The editor formed one of these annual parties and can speak from a long experience of similar excursions, and we are tempted to parody some well-known lines after this fashion: The woods were full of campers out, And maidens red as deer, two lines is considered sufficient of this style of literature. e young lady was found so wicked as to repeat something like following: ‘¢ Teachers to right of them, Teachers to left of them, Teachers in front of them, Ordered and hungered,’’ etc Notes and News. 11g but we don’t care to remind her that we overheard these classic lines. The daily paper recently noted a remarkable curiosity found in the vicinity of San Diego, which, it was announced, was to enrich the U. S. National Museum. It was nothing less interest- ing than a ved bat. whose bite is reputed to be invariably fatal. A friend of the editor carefully examined this specimen, and gave us an accurate description, which we are pleased to furnish our readers in advance of any of our scientific contemporaries. (Diagnosis: a brick-bat. ) ‘«Bre this reaches our readers we expect we shall have wel- comed many prominent eastern scientists who have notified us of their intending visits to our coast. Dr. George Vasey, botan- ist of the Department of Agriculture, Major J. W. Powell, and others connected with the scientific work at Washington are among the number. We feel greatly encouraged at the present indications of an increase in interest and activity in scientific sub- jects in the west. NOTES AND NEWS. . T. V. Munson of Denison, Texas, special agent of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and C L. Hopkins assistant pomolog- ist of the Department visited San Diego about August Ist, for the purpose of investigating the wild grapes and other native fruits and nuts of this section. The results will be published in a special report for free distribution by the Department. Queen & Co., of Philadelphia have issued a new catalogue of their clearance sale of microscopes, objectives, etc. —A chance to obtain an outfit or accessories and sundries at low cost. _ The cotton tree (Rhus cotinoides) is said to ‘‘kill other trees and to then commit suicide,’’—hence the planting of this tree is not recommended. Dr. C. C. Parry has returned to his home in Davenport,Iowa, much to the regret of his California friends. A genuine midsummer number is 7he Century for August, with its opening article on ‘‘The Stream of Pleasure—the River Thames’”’ by the Pennells,—husband and wife. Vacationists will find matter of interest in Dr. Weir Mitchell’s profusely illustrated article on ‘‘The Poison of Serpents’’—a line of inquiry in which he has made important discoveries. Remington, artist and writ- er, describes with pen and pencil his outing with the Cheyennes; and a group of well-known wood-engravers describe with draw- ings and engravings by each, a wood-engraver’s camp on the Connecticut River, as well as the methods of the American school of wood-engraving. Dr. Dight,who is Professor of Anatomy in the American Col- lege of Beirut, Syria, has made a careful comparison of a collect- 120 The West American Sctentist. ion of human skulls which are stored away in an old monastary in the Kedron Valley midway between Jerusalem and the Dead Sea, with skulls of the same race at the present day. The meas- urements show some significant differences. The Caucasian skull has, during the past thirteen centuries, increased in circum- ference nearly two inches, and has gained in cranial capacity chree and one-half inches. There has been no increase in width. The brain has gained in height and length—z. e., there has been a de- velopment. of the upper and anterior parts of the brain, the parts which we should expect to increase by education and civilization as they preside over the moral and intellectual functions. The lower portions of the brain, in which the lower or more selfish propensities are centered, and which give breadth to the head, have, in the march ofthe centuries, failed to grow as rapidly as the higher brain centers, hence the non-increase in the width of our skulls. Professor Palmieri anounces from the Vesuvian observatory that the eruptive cone of Vesuvius has fallen into its very depths, and that at the same time a copious stream of lava has issued form the north-east and has already arrived at the foot of the great cone. About the same time the volcanic mountain of Lipari made an extraordinary display. From the crater of the moun- tain smoke issued mixed with ashes,which was changed into very fine rain over the whole of the AZolian Islands. The air was thick and unbreathable; all the horizon was obscured by the black- | est clouds and by ashes. The Grotto della Signora, to the west of Lipari, which has defied the ruin of centuries, is now destroy- ed, It appears that the volcano by its frequent shocks has com- pleted the work of demolition. According to the /zdzan Marl, the Madras Museum now pos- sesses the skeleton of the largest elephant ever killed in India. This elephant was the source of great terror to the inhabitants of South Arcot, by whom it was killed and buried. The museum authorities dispatched a taxidermist to the spot to exhume the bones and transfer them to Madras. Theskeleton is exactly ten feet six inches in height, being eight inches higher than the high- est hitherto measured. — The Swedish government has decided to send a man-of-war to New York to take home the body of Captain Ericsson, who expressed a strong desire to be buried at Langbanshyttan, in Vermeland, the place of his birth. In his will no directions are given as to ‘the disposal of his valuable collection of models, but Swedish journals state that the executors will present them to the Smithsonian Institution. Dr. Eigenmann has succeeded in hatching fish eggs in thirteen hours—seven hours quicker than previous recor ds. The West American Scientist. i a kina Seine Cost t | 2 AWatch= $38 | | fi|Fully EQUAL for ach|Accuracy, Dura- Siibility, Appearance and Service, to any $75.00 Watch. 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Either all cash down/faes wer] or$1.0coper week. -- =r he An Ajax Watch Insulator giveniiin Sree with each Watch. A Keystone Watch Club Col il Main Office in pei 5 ne Own Building, sai|"4 904 Walnut St. g PHILADELPHIA,PA EER ew eates are AJAX = Watch “insulator, $2.00 | A perfect protection against magnetism. Fit any watch. Sent by mail on receipt of price. fits We EES to any Pomencncin Agency h) mes I. Whittle. D. F. Jones. JONES & WHITTLE HOUSE AND SIGN PAINTING, Paper H.nging and Decorating, Kalsomining and Oil Finishing Graining and Marbling a “specialty. 821 Seventh St., San Diego, Cal. BOOK 5. — 0 — A LITERARY EVENT. A library of ee literature from the earliest settlement to the present time —edited and compiled by E. C. Stedman and Miss E M. Hutchinson. A complete library in ro vols. A. L. BANCROFT & CO. 132 POST STREET, San Francisco: AGENTS WANTED. ALL FOR 25 CENTS. A fine Indian Arrew-head, Piece of Pottery, Star- fish, Sea-urchin, Shark’s Egg, 3 minerals, Chinese Coins, 14-page price-list of curiosities, etc., copy of COMMON SENSE, a 16-page magazine for collevtors, 35c per year. F. A. THOMAS, Publisher, _ Mexico, New York. ROYAL PALM NURSERIES The finest anil most extensive collection of T'ropi- ext and S«mi-Tropical Plants in America, Many aday ted to Southern California. More than 20 varie- ties of bananas. 150,000 one year old palms. Fruit, ornamental and economical plants from Australia, Japan, Hong-Kong’, India, South Africa, South Ameri- va and all parts of the tropical world. New and valu-. able descriptive catalogue of 100 pages, mailed to any address, upon receipt of 10 cts. Address, REASONER BROS., Manatee, Florida. Geological and Archeological Specimens AN Scientific Books. ——-O ———__ Corals from the falls of the Ohio a specialty. Can furnish from a single ex- ample to one hundred thousand. Cor- respondence with advanced collectors and professors of colleges solicited. Best of reference given and satisfaction guar- anteed or money refunded. G:- K. GREENE, 170 East Third St., New Albany, Ind. PORTRAITS. YOUR HOME MADE BEAUTIFUL By adorning them with the FACES OF LOVED ONES. The New York Artists’ Union is the only organiza- tion doing genuine Crayon, Pastels and Oil Portraits of friends living or dead, from photographs, tin-ty pes or any correct Jikeness, They can fill, and therefore solicit orders from all parts of the United States. Con- scientious work on the smallest as well as-the largest contracts is their rule. Satisfaction guaranteed or no pay required. All work done by Graduated Artists, Now 7s the time to send your order. Send for our illustrated circular of prices, etc., to The New York Artists’ Union, Mention this paper | 10 East 14th St , New York; Sells, Minerals aud Fossils ASO SEEDS AND PLANTS. GiPsorR CU fT; Editor ‘West American Scientist.” SAN DIEGO, CALIF The West American Scientist THE WESTERN EXCHANGE BUREAU. (a) Books, Magazines, Indian Relics, Minerals, Stamps, etc., bought, sold or exchanged. Send two-cent stamp for a copy of the Monthly Bulletin. Adcres THE EXCHANGE BUREAU, : Orrville, Ohio. OME TREATMERT FOR CONSUMP- TION AND NERVOUS DEBILITY.— Medical and Hygienic. Address with stamp, H. A. MUMAW, M. D., Homeopathic Physician and Sugeon, OrrvinuR, OHIO. STARE «NAUTILUS. For CONCHOLOGISTS. (Formerly ““The Conchologists’ Exchange.’’) IMPROVED! ENLARGED! ILLUSTRATED! Issued monthly. Subscription $1.00 per annum H. A. PILsBey, Editor, W. D. AVERELL, Manager. Mt. Airy, Philadelphia Pa. Address BIRDS, SKINS AND EGGS. EW PRICE LIST OF FRESH SOUTHERN CAL- ifornia Bird Skins sent for stamp. Charles H. Marsh, Dulzura, Cal. Our A, B, C’s—Accuracy, Brevity, Completeness. WEST AMERICAN SCIENTIST ** Decidedly the best of its class.” An illustrated monthly magazine of popular science— the only one in the West. $1.00 year; 10 cents a copy. For shells, fossils, plants, bulbs, ferns, cacti, seeds, etc., address the editor, Chas, Russell Orcutt, San Diego, California. The Acme No. 3 Microscope, FOR FINEST WORK: With 3-5 inch and 1-5 inch objectives, 2 eye- pieccs power 60 to 7UO), glass sldes and ' COWES; InGASey le sie cre Grek orate eg oe $ 83.00: With sane outfit, but with addition of the 1-15 oil immer:ion obj-ctive and substaze condenser (power 50 to 1600)........ nth The Acme No. 4 Miroscopes, As illustrated, a. thorough instrument. for professional or educational use: With 1 in. & 1-5 in. objectives, two ere-pieces (power 40 to 600), glass slides and cov- ers in case .$55.00: 150.00: =! nalisette The Acme No. 5 Microscope, An instrument of simple but thorough construction, with good lenses, and at a minimum cost: With 1 inch and 1-5 inch objectives, 1 eye- piece (power 40 to 360), in case...... ..-- $28. 00: &zeSend for complete catalogue of Microscopes, sam- ple copy of the Microscopical Bulletin, and ciearance- sale list. In the Acme Microscopes, we especially pride our- selves on the accurate fitting and smooth working of the focal adjustments, which are vital points in a © microscope. Our rack and pinion is unexcelled for perfect action. JAMES W. QUEEN & CO., Manufacturing Opticians, 924 Chestnut St., IO SS OW ae ae THE COSMOPOLITAN, That Bright, Sparkling Young Magazine. The Cheapest Illustrated Monthly in the World. 25 Cents a Number. $2.40 per Year. THE CosMOPOLITAN is literally what the press universally calisit, “The Best and Cheapest Illustrated Magazine” in the World. Subscribe—AN UNUSUAL OPPORTUNIT Y—Subscribe The Cosmopolitan, per year....... ee Ae o's) s vat Aiea SRomeE ES THE WEST AMERICAN SCIENTIST, per year........-+0% I 00 The price of the two publications. ............. areca $3 40 We will furnish both for ONLY vccscccvescccrnsons « + a spongy The Cosmopolitan’ furnishes, for the first time in magazine iterature, a plendidy /lustrated Periodical, at a Price hitherto deemed impcssio?, te TRY IT FOR A YEARS Do you want a first-class Magazine, giving annually 1300 pages by the ablest writers and cleverest artists--as readable a Magazine as money can make—a Magazine that makes a specialty of live subjects ? Send $2.75 to Samuel Carson & Co., 208 Post St., San Francisco, and se- cure both “The Cosmopolitan” and “The West American Scientist.” OE Eee Philadelphia, Pa. I The West American Scientist. restora ACID PHOSPHATE Prepared according to the directions of Pror. E. N, HoRsForD, ESPECIALLY RECOMMENDED FOR Dyspepsia, Nervousness, Exhaus- tion, Headache, Tired Hrain, And all Diseases arising from Indigestion and Nervous Exhaustion. O This is not a compound “patent medicine,” but a prepara- tion of the phosphates and phosphoric acid in the form re- buired by the system. It aids digestion without injury, and is a beneficial food and tonic for the brain and nerves It makes a delicious drink with water and sugar only, and agrees with such stimulants as are necessary to take. ieee yy iii, Glens Falls, N.-Y., says: “An’excellent remedy for a tonic Dyspepsia, nervous and general debility, or any low state of the system.” Dr. D. A. Stewart, Winona, Minn., says: “Entire satis- faction in cases of perverted digestion, loss of nerve-power, mal-nutrition and kindred ailments.” Wie eit EACH, Cairo, Il, says:~ “Oi great power in dyspepsia and nervous prostration.” wee Descriptive Pamphlet Free. Rumifcrd Chemical Works Providence, R. I. Beware of Substitutes and Imitations hay Be sure the word ‘““HORSFORD’ Seis printed on the label. —All others are spurious —Never sold in bulk. The West American Sczentist. IMPORTANT NOTICE. Botanists, Nurserymen, SEEDS MEN AND FLORISTS. —_—— 0 — Cycas revoluta, C. circinalis (tree ferns), Al-ophila, crinata, A. gigantea, Cythea hemitiiia, Dendrobium maccarthee, D. Aureum, D. cruminatum, D. macro, stachys, Vanda spathulata, Vanilla phalarnopsis, Eria bicolor, Cleistoma maculosum, and over 40 of the best varieties of Lycopopiums, Ferns, Palms, Pandanus, Euphorbia, Opuntia, and other varieties of seeds and plants supplied. We will pack and deliver free at any sea-port: A case of 250 Orchids, 20 varieties............ $100 ee 500 ss 3U hE ks 150 100 et 209 Cycas circinalis, stems 6 inches.. 6é 500 Ce 66- 66 4 to 12 INCHES hI Oday SA ees os aeeke: sethns Aaa Oe A case of 1,0U0 Bulbs, 10 different varieties, such as Crium Oranatum, ©. Asiaticum, Pan- cartium, Gloriosa, Methonica, Alocasias, &c. 175 Coffea arabica, C. Liberica, Thea Asamica, T. Hy- brida, T. in igenians, Cichona, Legeriana, Cardamo- num pirernigram, Myristica, Clove of Commerce, Caselpinia sappan, C. Davidivi, E. coca, Theobroma cooa, Cocoas mucifera, Vanilla planifolia, Sarcinia maugostana, and over 50 different varieties of FRUIT TREES. Price list of seeds and plants can be had on application to C. R. ORCUTT, Secd=man, San Diego, California, to whom all orders shou'd be addressed. Also, Bird Skins and Eggs, Shells upplied from Ceylon and elsewhere. J. P. ABRAHAM, Grand Pass, Colombo, Ceylo. $93 Sewing-Machine a Plo at once establish f Hose )\ trade in all parts, by piacing Our machines .and goods where the people can see ~~ them, we will send free to one =e Person in each locatity,the very best sewing-machine made in H & the world, with all the attachments. a \ We will also send freea compiete Zl 2a line of our costly and valuable art ay q samples. In return we ask that vou Bones, etc., & may cal: at your home.and after 3 *\ months ali shall become yvcur own property. This grand machine is mimade after the Singer patents, P& which have run out: before patents %, run outit sold for FB, with the attachments, and now sells for ? $M. Best, strongest, most use- FR ful machine in the world. Ail is 5 free. No capital required. Plain. brief instructions given. Those who write to us at once can se~ cure ¢ree the best sewing-machine in the world. and the finest line of works of high art ever shown together in America, TRUE & CO., Box 740, Augusta, Maine. DR. LORYEA’S NEW HAMMAM For LADIES AND GENTLEMEN. 218-POST STREET, Bet. Dupont and Stockton, —o-— The Finest Turkish, Russian, Electric, and Medicated Baths in the City. — Single Batb, $l. _ Six 'Yickets, $5. Open for Gentlemen, Dav and Night, Sundays includ- ed, For Ladies, from 8 A. M. to6 P. M. SAN FRANCISCO. THE WORLD -TYPE-WRITER YOU CAN BUY THE WORLD ror$10.00 Single case Machine $Io.00; double case Machine writes 72 characters, Price $15.00; walnut case, $2.00 extra. - plmple, Practical, Durable, Rapid. Machines sent by express, C. O. D., upon receipt of $1.co or more to guarantee charges. Send for Descriptive Circulars and Testimonials. THE SAMUEL HILL COMPANY General Agents, Market Street, 7 125 History Building. Sal Francisca . General Dealers in Fine Linen Papers and Type- Writer Supplies, and Agenus for the ‘‘Caligraph”’ Type Writing Machine. Mention the Publicatior, THE OPEN CORI Published Weekly at 169 LaSalle Street, Chicago. Ills. A Journal devoted to Science, Philosophy & Morals Send for Free Sample Copy. Price $2.00 a Year. P. O. Drawer F. BOOK CHAT Brentano's, Publishers, 5 Union Square,N.Y. Book Chat contains montbly a complete index tc the periodical literature of the world. Indispensable to Botanists, Conchologists, Geologists and Scientists generally. $1 ayear; 10c. for a single copy. —THE—— AMERICAN GEOLOGIST |! IS A MAGAZINE Devoted to Geology and Allied Sciences--the only one in America—published by a number of Professio: al Geologists distribute] over the central part of the United States. Three Dollars a Year. Address THE AMERICAN GEOLOGIST, ‘ Minneapolis, Minn. VARIETIES of Beaded Buckskin and War Rel 10 ics of the Sioux of Dakota, Apaches, Pueblo and Navajoes of New Mexico. A Jarge stock of Ore won and other States’ Stone Relics of all kinds. All the leading Minerals and Fossils of the Black Hills and Dako‘a Bad Lands. Wholesale and retail. Send for large, illustrated catalogue. L. W. STILWELL, Dead“ood, D: T } has pa 7 Lhe West American Scientist. = San Francisco Chronicle, # nt * nk ms _ _ The Leading Newspaper on the Pacific Coast. The Daily Chronicle. (including 16 p Sunday Edition) Fo livered by carrier for {5 Cts, per week, in all principal Cit- ties and Towns on the Pacific Coast. Ha Lmhet PGietation of the CHRONICLE | ag) equal to that of all the other San. _ Francisco Morning up —— com- x bined. 7 " ae _THE— Y = SAN FRANCISCO - DAILY CHRONICLE is the most impor- —_— BY MAIL, POSTAGE PAID. A ce Daily Chronicle, Varn J /= _ tant newspaper on | t year, ’ the Pacific Coast, uy 6 ve $6 70 bo fA : Sao one of the few in the : - United States that # Weekly Chronicle, may besaid to stand gait Quy I year, $1 50 in the front rank off my © mos. 75 . ah Sth 3 American Journal- fRay Pay ism, rence hla 1S | de : Harpers Mag, Oct:, 1888. . | M. HK. DE YOUNG, Propr. SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. NEW DIRECTORY /E are engaged in compiling a NEW Oologists’ and Ornithologists’ Direc * tory, to be issued August 5th, 1889. We desire the addresses of all Collect- ors. Pats inserted free. Do not neglect this opportunity to increase your col- q i lections by exchanges from all parts of the world. Exchange notices a special as _ feature, to cents each for 25 words or less. Extra words at same rate. This wil] Peak, we the largest and best Directory ever published. Order now. A limited num- a es ber of reliable dsb ba ag inserted at reasonable rates. Write for terms MENEFEE & CORLESS, SAN JOSE, CALIF. PUBLICATIONS OF ap SAMUEL CARSON & COmm No. 208 Post aire % at The San + Francisco Be Book -House. A History of the College of California. BY 8, 4. WILLEY, D. D. It is now more than twenty years since the College of California was merged into The California Uni- versity. The History of the old College is largely contemporaneous with the Early History of the State. The work is published by subscription, 1 vol., 8vo, 400 pages, cloth, paper label, - ¢ 4,00 oC abe boundinskeep, - 5,00 «é ec «c California Tourists’ Guide. Revised and brought down to date; containing just such information as every Tourist wants, The Guide will contain two maps of the city—one a bird’s-eye view of San Francisco and surroundings the other a street map. Table of distances, rates of fare, hotels and routes of travel, etc, 170 pages, 16mo, cloth limp, $1.60; illuminated paper covers, 50 cents. California Pictures in Prose and Verse, BY BENJAMIN PARKE AVERY. Qarto, cleth, 344 pages, beautifully illustrated with Engravings after drawings from Nature. $3.00. California, Three Hundred and Fifty Years Ago. MANUELO’S NARRATIVE. Translated from the Portuguese by a California Pioneer. 1 vol., 12mo., cloth, $1.50. The above book purports to be a translation of a | recently discovered Portuguese ms. giving a Sailor’s | Narrative of a Sojourn in Californiaan Life Among | the Indians 300 years ago. a - Te hist i ‘ et, San Francisco. © ey” ave Publishers, a i a iyi Wi) th é i } ‘oan Booksellers, and 7 STATIONERY ape: Tay ees if ~ Stationers, ae ce » ca The Island Worlds of the ~ Pacific Ocean, BY CHARLES MARION TYLER. With Maps and Illustrations. oe 1 vol., 8v0, 537 pages, cloth, - : $2.00: “a Some pains have been taken to make this work standard and reliable, especially with reference to the History, Discovery, Ethnology, Chronology, Ge- ography, Area, Population, and Products of various Islands of the Pacific Ocean. The work is profusely llustrated both with wood-cuts and lithographs. —_—— A Book for the Sea- side, the Lake, and r. the Forest. “a West Coast Shells. A familiar description of the Marine, Fresh Water, = and Land Mollusks found in the United States, Pe west of the Rocky Mountains. BY JOSIAH KEEP, A, M, (Professor of Natural Science, Mills College). WAS SS "RATS At the sea-side, many pick up and admirea few shells without knowing anything of their name or 7 nature. By the aid of this book such aimless shell- ~~ gathering may hapyily be changed into a source Of intelligent and elevating pleasure. x The Frontispiece is a hand-painted engraving of ~ the very rare and beautiful Surcula Carpent:riana. The book contains upwards of 230 pages, and © 200 Engravings, and is carefully printed on fine, ~ heavy paper, and neatly bound in cloth, Price Postage Paid, $1.75 nef. «a > “are _ : 7 7 7 a ee > 7 al - @ : - . + : . a : | - i. | - 4 © - 7 - ; : - < - » 7 > - 7 7 c ; - - ° : ; 7 ” ’ - o- 4 ane : | ; 4 = > nq * co bd - 7 7 ie feo ; | : : %, > ee . . - - 7 ~ - 7 . if 7 - oe. : 4 . . 4 re es - 7 : a * ve 7 . oy ; ; : ~-" coe % - 2 7 Pry ne 7 = ‘ x = ie : : : 7 7 ” 7 7 : : | | | . : | : » ~~ - , . . * S - ad _ ¥ = a hal - - e - : - = : - + a ’ vi 3 et x 7 bad _ a : : : ; ; - — - 7 . ws a 7 : a> ms A ” are) “ - = ‘ » ~ . si « ee £ ira ” : 5 4 ; : ;, , | inom ; + ” * 5 ~ = _* e na © ‘ > he a ren ae ote pit : : 7 é ‘ a 6; te > ie Se de es Se ee - A be . emon B _ rs = - s - 7 1 7 7 - = Pak * = ist ce a) Caer ™ Py os | ‘ ; : ; : - : : a ~~ * *-e . » : “ Sat. © : 7 7 ’ - + oro ers MOK S : - : : . < a > an > +. et ete an n 7 Sf * F; eee eg 7 - _ - x . a re ” = os = 7 ’ ; ~ + = 3 oda : 7 : 7 . 2 . = ne 7 a aa : a - - = ~« +> - ‘ * * “ - > . - ry ~ oe on. 4 - a 7 : ¢ = od ote : : : Oe ~ . 4 » 27 er. 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Pe ee 2 ane i A eee oe ean et ice OO Ci A ae eT pean wh ate oe oh Reety Se REF WS Aone ge en wows al we — ears eg me pe ee ey Fen ae ee en cae ee ee ee A ie long tne GG AE Rm we ~ peters SL Ey ic Se eS Gnas ie TR Oe EE EE ve Be ere on a ee 7 oe eR ym OF OY tt RE A ee te ee Fa rg Re a Be ee een PO EC yO Sanna eee nas - ~ bad ee ee ee ee ee — ee ee a OO Re 2 et eye te = ee ere ~Pune — ~— — iott ————————E— a aol née - _ 7 iat. ed cc —~wee tS dees