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Sb ae ee - ~— =a fy . += aw Pe a i ‘ aor te + bd bd => oe 7 = ad = aa ~~ - = ~& =F - walt” < - ° - . al ‘ at et a a ss - - - - io & =, ¢ =, & 2 ; - . = ‘ - ~ - - -* fi 7 ae My - « . _ = 8S = We a were ee ~ a oa * = pre 2 Pe = OF ® - 7 a . -- - * o eam a a* ts LS . i - eee “ +9 ais ~ Z a = © ’ ote a 8 eh ae Ae “aw Pm ws 7 “te s - - - » = 7 he rai ee ’ - = ie . 7+ * = -e 7 . 22 «- = "2 tf. 4, 8 . - <= © © a. * $,* _ « a . “ - > e-- < se Se i Tied - a? i, fae ” 7 wy et gt 7 we > + . eo ’ me whe = ee : Fee 7 > <. =¥ - a 7 7 os = Poa - yor. 2 « =~ ‘ = = male, see 7 “+ ~ # iad ent 2 . 5 o + f e see = = = a - so =e w-" re oy = - 7 £ _—e Fe “sr ® cae te oe ~ Ew ad * eter ~ : ; -. « « i + we fos ¥ =< # = = ~ n me i ~w@s Se 4 Sam * se = i eo 8 Ki - - ee 5 o ar er oo me Se « le 7 z ps Pete , = 3 sy 7 = 7 Lo. i) ge J 3 fe e: . Ny Py > - # Sie, “Th et B oP - 7. oe 4 4 he 7 = . ms - ” ; +. > re $s Cr ee - A - - a “ ” 7 “ . = ry * a eo _ = = - ‘ ‘ ‘ - * >, 4% a. Pa 7 ” - “s « » * > © * - “ - = i, ¥ 4 Teeet ~ ‘ = < ion - s - ’ » J ae . ae ‘a4 Sy, = Ry het a >. . us ee tS Fons i 7 1h if - « ‘, hein 4 oT el A Sav OCTOBER, 1889. WHOLE No. 48. fe a> yi as ag ‘West + American . Scientist. Re S “Sa | A popular monthly review and record for the Pacific Coast. a) a A ia Organ of the San Diego Society of Natural History. Gek: ORCUTT,» >=) >.-. > EDITOR. CONTENTS: ; PAGE ly Bugs of the United States.......... bosons D. W. Coquillett 121 es from the San Diego Biological Laboratory.........-.--.+. rg Je Desc csegtscese nee enees ey Sey a C.. & R. S. Picrmnaak 123 ' bi of the Alamo...... pA IRAE ae a ..C. R. Orcutt 132 ae Flora of Colorado—Il............. .T. D. A. Cockerell 134 ions to West American Botany.—ll.......... CR. Orcutt 137 smth” “Nacia Mitchell; A Rival of Indian Corn; A Bur- ted City; Intelligent Swallows; Artificial Silk; Flowers in ae ae (EES SEU e arpa se eR ee 137 s of Scientific Societies......-....+..-+- ee yh ae ear 141 cae aveh vis ehee oa Pe EOP Pe, NERS sie Saas Pha" © a's een a) X44 hg - sew eeev eee * «eee ee weeee @aneemeerenetoeeeevee eee ee eevee eee eeee 145 . Note and News. epee ewer ee eeeee Seeereeeeret eves ‘ee wesw eaee wwooeneesene 146 SAMUEL CARSON & CO., PUBLISHERS. No. 208 Post STREET, - SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF, No. 1134 Fifth Street, San Diego, Calif. 10 CENTS. PER YEAR, $1.00. {Entered at the Post Office at San Francisco as second-class matter. ANGLO-NEVADA ASSURANCE + CORPOR ATION, OF SAN FRANCISCO, CAL, FIRE AND MARINE. Capital Fully Paid, $2,000,000. OFFICE, 410 PINE STREET. LOUIS SLOSS, : - - - - - : - President. C. P. FARNFIELD, - - : - - - : - Vice-President. PoP CURR is ae ers Sie i raed kk eo - + + | Secretary. BANKERS: The Nevada Bank of San Francisco. 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In the Consolidated Bank Building, corner of He Fifth streets. CAPITAL, - - - $100,000. ; :-:0FFICERS:-: E. W. Morse, - - - - - President. J. H. Barbour, - - - - Vice-President. John Ginty, - - Secretary and Treasurer. : {DIRECTORS:-: O.S. Witherby, H. Mabury, E. W. Morse’ James McCoy, Bryant Howard, Interest Allowed on. Deposits. Loaned on Real Estate, ORCHIDS, CYCADS. Bulbs, Seeds and _ Roots. Money o-— Denarobium maccarthese; D. aureum; D. crumin- /atum; D. macrotachyum; Vanda spathulata, etc., etc.: ' $5.00 to 50 cents. each cluster, 50 cents—by- mail, 75 cents. Cycas revoluta and Cycas circinalis stems of all sizes from Lilies—Pancartium, Gloriosa methonica, each, 50 cents, by mail. Price list on ap- plication. NATURAL HISTORY. Biri skins of over 40 species peculiar to Ceylon, Curiosities, bird’s eggs, An assorted collection of 24. species of bird skins by mail for $45. All orders should be be sent to C. R. 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Under this title it is proposed to publish a series of quarto volumes upon the Fauna and Flera of the whole of Mexico, from the valleys of the Rio Grande and Gila on the north, Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, British Honduras and the Columbian state of Panama as far south as the Isthmus of Darien. The Biologia is being issued in Zoological and Botanical parts, which, when completed, will form an exhaustive work upon the subjects therein treated. Each Zoo- logical part contains ninety-s:x pages of letterpress, and an average of six plates, most of which are lithographs colored by hand. Each Botani- cal part also contains ninety-six pages of letterpress, and an average of six plates, a few of which are colored. The work is published by subscrip- tion, and subscribers will be at liberty to take the whole work, or the Zoology or Botany separately, The Zoological parts, 78 in number, issued thus for are as follows : MAMMALIA. By E. R. Alston. Pp. 1. xx., 1-220, plates i. xxii, complete. AVES. Vol. I. By O. Salvin and F. DGodman. Pp. 1-512, plates i.- XXXV. REPTILIA. By A. Gunther. Pp. 1-56, plates 1.-xxv. ARACHNIDA ACARIDEA. By O. Stoll. Pp. 1-16, plates i.-x1. COLEOPTERA. Vol. I, part 1, (Adephaga.) By H. W. Bates. Pp. x. and 316, plates 1.-xiii. Title and index. Complete. Vol. I, part 2, (Adephaga continued, Hydrophilide, etc.) by D Sharp. Pp. xvi and 824, plates xix. Complete. Vol. Il, part 1, (Pselaphide, etc.) By D. Sharp and A. Mathews. Pp. 1-136, plates i 1.-ill. Vol. IJ, part 2, (Pectinicornia.) By H. W. Bates. Pp. 1-176, plates i 1.-1X. Vol. II, part 1, (Serricornia.) By C. O. Waterhouse. Pp. 1-160, plates i 1.-Vill. Vol. Ill, part_1, (Serricornia.) By C. O. Waterhouse. Pp, 1-48, plates i.- -Ili. Vol. II, part 2, (Malacodermata). By H.S. Gorham. Pp. xii.and 1-372, plates 1.xiii. Complete. Vol. IV, part 1, (Heteromera.) By G. C. Champion. Pp, 1-368. plates i 1.XV. Vol. V, (Longicornia.) By H. W. Bates. Pp. xii and 1-526, plates i.-xxvi. Complete. Vol. VI, part 1, ( Phytophaga.) By M. Jacoba. Pp. 1.-584, plates 1,-XXXil. Vol. VI, part 2, (Phytophaga continued.) By J. S. Baly. . Pp. 1-124. plates i 1-iv. Vol. VII, (Erothylide.) By H.S. Gorham. Pp. 1-48, plate ii. DIPTERA. By Baron R. Von Osten-Sacken. Pp. 1-216, plates i.-iii. HYMENOPTERA. By B. Cameron. Pp. 1-448, plates, i-xviii. LEPIDOPTERA RHOPALOCERA. By F. D. Goodman and O. Sal- vin. Vol. I, pp. 1-487, plates ea Vol. II, pp. 1-112, plates. xlvili-lvii. LEPIDOPTERA HETEROCERA. By H. Druce. Pp. 1-304, plates i.-VXViil. RHYNCHOTA HETEROPTERA. By. W. L. Distant. Pp. 1-304, lates i.-xxviii. RHYNCHOTA HOMOPTERA. By W. L. Distant. Pp. I-40, plates i.-v. The Botanical parts, 25 in number, thus far issued are as follows: Vol. I, pp., 1-619 and title-page, plates i 1-XXXV. . Vol. ih Pp., 1-621 and title page, plates xxvvi-lxix. Vol. III, pp., 1-711, plates lxx.-cix. Vol. IV, pp. 1-410, plate cx. roRSALE BAMUEL CARSON & CO., Z2OS Fost Street, San E"rancisco. Tie West American Scientist. VoL VI J/OCTOBER: 1880: No. 48. te foes YO BUGS Of THE UNITED STATES. The mealy bugs derive their name from the white, mealy powder with which their bodies are covered. They are furnished with six legs and two antenne; the adult male is provided with a single pair of wings, but the female never acquires these or- gans. ‘The following tables will aid in determining the different species known to occur in this country. Adonidum longifilis, and the male of citri are unknown to ime, and their places in the following tables are assigned to them in accordance with the ex- cellent descriptions of these species given by Prof. Comstock in the Report of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture for the year 1880, The male of Ryani is at present unknown. FEMALES. t.—Joint 6 of antenne longer than 3; the two anal append- ages as long as the entire body....... adonidum, Linn. en a Onamtennce Shorter than 3 i: i004 jai. Ad. 3 2. 2.—Seventh antennal joint much shorter than the second. . 3. Seventh antennal joint as long as the second; anal ap- pendages never one-half as long as the body; eggs de- Bosted. In 8 COttony mass... 1...) 06.00% citri, Boisd. 3.—Anal appendages as long as the entire body RE Sth bt, bb abe ca. bbe esas inca hep bmrigenere-<) longifilis, Com. Anal appendages never as long as the body......... 4. 4.—Body thickly covered with mealy matter, first antennal joint shorter than the fifth; young brought forth alive; MOOI YE SS-MNASSs was dep fod tena ed ons es Crawii, n. sp. Body nearly naked, first antennal joint longer than the fifth; eggs laid in a cottony mass........ Ryani, n. sp. MALES. ) Beeremy © Ol aliteniia ShOfer that, to. 7). 2 wom © lonper tha lO: 2 te... 53 A plat be al eon pate 3 2.—Antennal joint 8 longer than 7........ adonidum, Linn. Antennal joint 7 as long as 8...........-.. citri, Boisd. 3.—Expanse of wings 7mm. (over one-fourth of an inch) Eas Rew hen ee vert tae 6s oe ne ae +s TAWI, 1, Sp Expanse of wings 2.6 mm. (about one-tenth of an inch) MM AINES Site Oi eae) wie i cre, v0 '9 a Das wicis: sig ce 5, « longifilis, Com. THE ORANGE MEALy-BuUG (Dactylopius citri, Boisduval; Synonyms: 0D. destructor, Comstock, Coccus phyllococcus, 122 The West American Scientist. Ashmead). This species is sometimes very destructive to orange trees in the Southern States, and also in the south of Europe. It is the only described species known to me to occur on the Pa- cific Coast, where it also infests orange trees. 4 THE Cypress Meraty-puG (Dactylopius Ryani, n.°sp.). Adult temale rounded-oval, or ellipsoidal, posterior end of abdo- men convex; dull salmon-brown, legs and antennz lighter; very sparsely covered with a white, mealy powder not concealing the ground color; white cotiony appendages along sides of body very short; the two at the posterior end never more than one- third as long as the body; antennal joints 2, 3 and 8 sub-equal in length, longer than any of the others, the eighth twice as long as the seventh; joint 1 is next in length and is much thicker than either of the others; then 4, 5 and 7 sub-equal in length, joint 6 being the shortest, scarcely one-third as long as the eighth; tu- ' bercle of proboscis one-half as long as the tibia, situated slightly in advance of a line drawn betweenthe front coxa; tarsi one-third as long as tibiz, no tooth on underside of the claw, upper and lower digitules knobbed at the tip; length of body nearly 3 mm. (about one-eighth of an inch). | Recently hatched female larva elongate-ellipsoidal, posterior end of abdomen truncated and bearing two quite long white cot- tony appendages between which is a pointed projection;. body pale yellow, tip of proboscis-tubercle purplish ;antenne six-jointed, but the first four joints not well defined, the sixth about as long as the first three taken together. | 3 Egg elongate-ellipsoidal, minutely granulated; pale yellow. The eggs are deposited in a mass of loose white cottony matter which is sometimes twice as long as the body of the female. Named in honor of its discoverer. Mr. F. G. Ryan, of Ana- heim, Cal., who reports finding it on Monterey cypress (Cupres- sus macrocarpa), Chinese arbor-vitee (Thuja orientalis), and on Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria excelsa). Later I received speci- mens from Col. F. H. Keith, of the same place. This is the only species of mealy-bug known to me to infest Conifers. THE SaGE MEALyY-BUG (Dactylopius Crawii,; n.sp.). Fe- male elongate-ellipsoidal, posterior end of abdomen slighty con- cave; wholly light yellow; above thickly covered with a white, mealy powder, the margins furnished with about thirty-four white cottony appendages, the two at posterior end of body the long- est, about equalling one-third length of body; antennal joints 2, 3 and 8 sub-equal in length and longer than any of the others, the eighth twice as long as the seventh; the fifth is next in length, then the fourth and seventh, the sixth and the first being the shortest, but the difference in length between them and the fourth and seventh is slight; tubercle of proboscis and the tarsi as in Ryani; length of body 4 mm. (about one-sixth of an inch). _ The female brings forth her young alive,and simply secretes a layer of white cottony matter, on which she rests. ° - The Mealy Bugs of the United States. 123 Male larva, fully grown, same as the adult female above de- scribed, except that the legs and antennz (excepting apices of joints 3 to 7) are dark brown, and there is a large brown spot on the breast in front of a line drawn between the front coxe, anda smaller brown spot behind a linedrawn between the middle coxe; antennal joints 3 and 8 the longest, each nearly twice as long as the second; joint 4 next in length, then 5, then 6 and 7 sub- equal, then 1 and 2 the shortest; tarsi one-half as long as the tibize the claws with a distinct tooth slightly beyond the middle; length of body 3% mm. , The cocoon of the male is elongate-ellipsoidal, of a uniform close texture, and pure white; it measures 4 mm. long by 14% mm. in diameter. Adult male blackish-brown, abdomen lighter towards the tip, covered with a mealy substance; antennal joints 3 to 9 be- coming successively shorter, the ninth being about four-fifths as long as the tenth, the latter much constricted at its first fourth; joint 1 nearly one-third as long as Io, joint 2 the shortest, being -as wide as long; joints t and 2 more robust than the others; joints 3 tog much constricted at their tips, each witha large swelling at the base and with three or four smaller swellings, the . apical one but slightly smaller than the one at the base, each -bearing long bristles somewhat arranged in whorls; thorax three-fourths as long as the abdomen; wings smoky-gray; the two veins black except their bases, which are yellowish, and there is a dark brown fold on either side of each vein; poisers furnished at tip with four hooked bristles; tarsal claw much swol- len below, the swelling bearing two short spines on its apex, and in front of these are the knobbed digitules; upperdigitules not knobbed; length of body 3 to3'% mm..,of anal appendages 7 mm.., expanse of wings 7mm. © I found this species in large numbers near Los Angeles, on the leaves of wild sage (Audibertia polystachya) as kindly deter- mined for me by the editor, Mr. C. R. Orcutt, to whom I am in- debted for many similar favors. The males issued early in May from larve found on the 14th of March, the larve, as in the other species, secreting a white cottony cocoon in which to pass their transformations. I take great pleasure in dedicating this fine species in honor of my friend, Mr. Alexander Craw, of this city, who has aided me much in my entomological studies. D. W. Coqutllete. Los ANGELES, CAL. NOTES FROM THE SAN DIEGO BIOLOGICAL LABORALIORY. ) THE FISHES OF CORTEZ BANKS. By C. H. and R. S. Eigenmann. _ During the winter of 1889 the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross conducted investigations about San Diego. Part of 124 The W st American Scienttst. the work consisted in exploring the Cortez Banks. The results of this exploration have not yet been published. The older charts show them to be situated about a hundred miles from San Diego. The shoalest water is on Bishop Rock, two and one-half fathoms. In some unaccountable way the rumor was spread that the Albatross had discovered a Cod Bank. This rumor was scarcely dispelled after Lieutenant Tanner’s published enumera- tion of the food fishes of the Cortez Banks, and the state- ment that no cod-fish were found there. One of the outcomes of the rumors thus set afloat was the establishment of the Pacific Ocean Fish and Canning Company, whose immediate object is the exploration of the economic value of the Cortez Banks. Through the courtesy of Mr. D. Schuyler, I was enabled to accompany the company’s schooner Azalene on one of her ex- ploring trips. Although the expedition was highly satisfactory from an economic standpoint, the scientific results were more so. Twenty species have been added to the fauna of the San Diego region; eight species of these are new; eight have been known from the north only; several from north of Point Conception; three are from the south, and one from the open sea. The following list of the species obtained may prove of interest: Those new to the locality are marked with an asterisk. Some of these have been noticed by us in the San Diego markets the past winter. I. *SQUALUS ACANTHIAS L.—A school of this species was en- countered in forty-five fathoms. About a dozen were captured. Some of them contained eggs nearly ready to be deposited. This species is at once recognized by its teeth and by its white spots. 2. *CARCARHINUS GLAUCUS(L.)—One specimen from forty-five fathoms. 3. STOLEPHORUS DELICATISSIMUS (Girard.)—One specimen from the stomach of an albicore near the banks; several others from velellas. 4. “MYCTOPHUM CALIFORNIENSE sp. nov.—Several speci- mens from forty-five fathoms. .095 m. This species is evi- dently very closely related to M. boops (Richardson),from Van- couver's Island. The chief point in which our specimens differ from the descriptions of boops is the length of the pectorals. The position of the adipose fin differs also from the figure in Giin- ther’s ‘“‘Study of Fishes” and the tail is much slenderer. DD) 14; A. 213 lat i.a2; depth Giheadiesje Body compressed-elongate, deepest above the pectorals; dorsal and ventral outlines equally arched. Caudal peduncle long,slen- der, its depth about 3 in the greatest depth. Head short and deep, its depth about 134 in its length. Eye very large, with over-arching supraorbitals and raised postorbitals; nasal ridge 34 thelength of the eye. Eye 3 in head, 34 in interorbitai. Pre- opercular margin but little oblique, opercle and sub-opercle Notes from the San Diego Biological Laboratory. 125 with a rounded margin. Maxillary considerably dilated behind, about 134 to 1% in head. Scales entire. Origin of dorsal fin much nearer tip of snout than to origin of caudal; base of dorsal 21%4 in distance from base of middle caudal rays to last dorsal ray. Adipose fin equidistant from caudal and dorsal. Ventrals about reaching vent; pectorals not to second third of ventrals. Phosphorescent spots placed as follows: One on each ramus of the mandible below the anterior margin of the eye; two on each side of the gill membrane, the first below the posterior margin of the pupil, the second below the end of the maxillary; one just behind the margin of the pre-opercle near the maxillary; another between the opercle and sub-opercle just behind the pre- opercle; five pairs on breast, four pairs between ventrals and anal; eleven pairs along the anal; four or five pairs along the caudal peduncle; two pairs on caudal peduncle behind the first accessory ray of the caudal; one just below the twenty-seventh scale of the lateral line, another just below the eighteenth scale; one midway between the latter and the last of the abdominal pairs; one about midway between the lateral line and second pair of the abdominal series, another similarly placed above the ven- trals, one on lower margin of base of pectoral; one just above the second of the breast pairs, and another above this near the lateral line; the three last forming an isosceles triangle. Caudal ped- uncle superiorly with six large phosphorescent spots which in our specimens appear as white fatty spots. Black, the sides lighter, with numerous black dots. All the scales which are present and the head strongly coerulescent or steel blue. Pectoral smutty at base; dorsal, ventrals and anal white. Caudal white, with black cross lines. 5. *“MYCTOPHUM TOWNSENDI sp. nov. Several specimens, the longest .og m.from forty-five fathoms. These specimens were col- lected with those of M. californiense. D.- 13-14; A. 14-15; lat. 1. about 35; depth 414-5; head 3-34. Similar in form to M. calitorniense, the head longer, the caudal peduncle deeper, the eye infringing less on the profile. Depth of caudal peduncle little more than two in the greatest depth. Head long, its depth about one and two-thirds in. its length. Eye large, with broader supraorbitals than in califor- niense. Nasal ridge long and very high. Eye 3% in head, interorbital somewhat wider than an orbital diameter, opercles as in californiense; maxillary not dilated behind, 1% in head. Origin of dorsal about equidistant from tip of snout and first caudal fulcrum; base of dorsal somewhat more than two in the distance from middle caudal rays to last dorsal ray. Highest dorsal ray about two in head. Ventrals reaching vent. Pectorals nar- row, reaching origin of anal. Several recurved spines on caudal peduncle above and below. Phosphorescent spots of the head as in californiense, the spots in 126 | The West American Scientist. the ventral series fewer in number; five pairs on breast; four pairs. between ventrals and anal; six pairs along base of anal; six pairs along caudal peduncle; two pairs on caudal peduncle above the spines. Spots of the sides as in californiense with: an additional spot on base of middle caudal rays, and another between the last of the anal pairs and the one below the twenty-fourth(?) scale of the lateral line. Ventral surface of the caudal peduncle white; a similar light area along the base of the anal fin and another on middle of belly. A V-shaped spot in front of the anal in one specimen. Color chiefly black; cheeks, opercles and scales metallic blue; mandibles barred with light, base of caudal black, the rest of the caudal fin and the other vertical fins light with black lines; ven- trals and anal light, spotted with black. We dedicate this species to Mr. Charles H. Townsend, Natur- alist of the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross. NoTOSCOPELLUS or gen. nov. ' Pectorals much smaller than the ventrals, placed low, their upper margin scarcely above the ventrals. Eye comparatively small; dorsal longer than the anal, the anterior rays elevated. On ? BRACHYCHIER sp. nov.— Types three specimens from forty-five fathoms. .09 m. D. 20-23; A. 18-20; depth 434 head 3%; lat. 1. about 4o. | Elongate, compressed; dorsal and ventral outlines equally arched. Head long, slender, the snout pointed, the profile only moderately rounded. Preopercle extending very obliquely back- ward and downward, its margin parallel with that of the opercle ° Sub-opercle extending back beyond base of pectoral. Mouth’ large, maxillary not dilated posteriorly,one and two-fifths in the head. Eye four in head, about one in interorbital. Iris black. Dorsal falcate, the highest ray one and two-fifths in head; highest anal ray two in head. Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of snout and end of anal, end of dorsal equidistant from its origin and base of middle caudal rays. Ventrals not reaching to vent. Pectorals minute: not nearly reaching ventrals. A large elongate white spot on the dorsal surface ofthe caudal peduncle. Chiefly black, fins dark with lighter bars; base of caudal black. 7 EXOC@TUS CALIFORNICUS Cooper.—Several seen flying over the banks. | 8. *XIPHIAS GLADIUS L. Sword fish. One individual seen. 9. SCOMBER COLIAS Gmelin. Mackerel. Several schools seen between San Diego and the banks. 10. SCOMBEROMORUS MACULATUS (Mitchill.). Spanish Mack- erel, Several seen. : II. SARDA CHILENSIS (Cuv. and Val.) Several schools seen. - 12. *ORCYNUS ALALONGA (Gmelin.) Albicore. Surface fish; a number captured. : | Notes from San Diego Biological Laboratory. 137 13. - TRACHURUS PICTURATUS (Bowdich.) Large specimens of this species were taken from the stomachs of Sebastichthys miniatus. 14. SERIOLA DORSALIS (Gill). Yellowtail. A number pro- cured at one locality in fifteen fathoms. 15. SERRANUS CLATHRATUS (Girard.) On sandy bottom near San Clemente Island. 16. STEREOLEPIS GIGAS Ayres. Twoindividuals of about 300 pounds each, one at a depth of fifteen fathoms, the other of twenty-three fathoms. These fishes are always found in company with the ‘‘white fish’’ on which they feed. 17. GIRELLA NIGRICANs (Ayres.) Occasionally found in from fifteen to twenty-five fathoms. 18, *DITREMA ORTHONOTUS sp. nov.—A single specimen much digested. .18 m. to base of caudal; forty-five fathoms. We judge this species to belong to the genus Ditrema from its single series of conical teeth and the size of the scales preserved above the anal fin. An absolute identification cannot be made from this specimen. This species seems to differ in the straightness of its back from all others of the family known. D. X, 22; A. III, 29; head 4; depth above origin of anal about three in the length. Greatly compressed, dorsal outline almost straight from tip of snout to caudal; ventral outline greatly arched. Mouth small, very oblique, on an angle of 45°; maxillary not reaching front of orbit. Teeth ?; those of the upper jaw truly conical, those of the lower jaw truncate. Eye large, 3 in head, placed in the middle third; interorbital little convex. Gill rakers about 4 in the eye. Highest dorsal spine 2 in the head, the highest ray but little longer. Caudal deeply forked. Anal spines graduated, the third 1% ineye. Ventrals? Pectorals reaching to near vent. A large area above anal silvery; color elsewhere obliterated. This species is closely related to and may be identical with D. atripes J. and G. It differs from it especially in the slightly convex interorbital and the higher premaxillary. Ig. TROCHOCOPUS PULCHER (Ayres. ) Fat head.—This is one of the most abundant of the food fishes. It is always found in shallow water and on rocky bottom. 20. PSEUDOJULIS MODESTUS (Girard,) Sefiorita. Ranging from the surface to forty-five fathoms. Several from the stom- achs of rock fish. | | 21. CAULOLATILUS PRINCEPS (Jenyns)White fish. Important food fish, This species goes in schools, though single individuals are occasionally caught. Some of the specimens with empty ovaries, others with ripe eggs. 22, *SEBASTODES PAUCISPINIS (Ayers.) This is one of the most abundant of the rock fishes, and on account of its large size is an a food fish. As is the case with the other 128 7 The West American Sczentist. species of this family, the younger forms are found in shallower water. The largest were found in forty-five fathoms, the smaller in fifteen fathoms. ese The old frequently have large black blotches irregularly placed. The lateral line is usually light, this light area being bordered by two series of dark spots. The sides are salmon colored, some | individuals being profusely spotted with dark.. The young are more uniform in color. 23. SEBASTICHTHYS FLAVIDUS Ayres. Found with the pre- ceding species. This species does not attain a large size, the largest not weighing over two pounds. It resembles Serranus clathratus,the sand bass,in shape and color and can readily be dis- tinguished from the other rock fishes by its yellowish fins. The sides are gray, darker above. A series of large, light blotches, along the back. These are sometimes quite white. 24. *SEBASTICHTHYS MELANOPS (Girard.) A small species not very abundant; in shallow water. Oval in shape; side slate- colored with darker markings; belly white. .D. XIII, 15%; A. III, 8% org%. Jelly fish found in the stomach. 25. *“SEBASTICHTHYS OVALIS (Ayres.) Abundant in deep water. (48 fathoms.) This is the deepest and thinnest of the rock cods. Sides and fins with many small black dots. The young of this species was frequently found in the stomachs of other more strongly armed species of this genus. Its color is quite different from that of theadult. A specimen .19 m. long, is yellowish gray, white below, darker above. A dark ashy spot on lateral line below sixth dorsal spine; another just below the lateral line below the tenth dorsal spine; a larger one above the lateral line below posterior part of soft dorsal; another on caudal peduncle just behind the dorsal. Dorsal fins colored like the dark spots, caudal like the body. __Pectorals, ventrals and tip of anal pink; baseof anal yellowish. .Three dark lines radiating from eye. A dark line on maxillaries. A silvery spot on opercle. Iris pearl colored. D. XIII, 14%; A. III, 7%. '26. SEBASTICHTHYS MINIATUS Jordan & Gilbert. The most abundant species. 35 to 50 fathoms. Feeds on other fishes, chiefly other species of Sebastichthys. - Back and upper parts of sides bright lemon yellow, with num- erous dark spots, which, in the smaller individuals are united to form mottlings or vermiculations. Lateral line deep red; lower part of sides and belly light red; all the fins deep red,the color of the back sometimes encroaching on the dorsal fins. Sides of head deep red, three yellow lines radiating from eye. D. XIII, Wid goeve veal yea | 7 , 27. “SEBASTICHTHYS RUBER (Ayres.) Not very abundant. All the individuals caught were of a large size and found in deep water. One female with young—probably several million. _ This species can best be distinguished by the rough ridges on the head. Rosy above becoming lemon yellow on belly; fins all dark brick-red, narrowly edged with black. Notes from the San Diego Biological Laboratory. 129 28. *SEBASTICHTHYS LEVIS sp. nov. Type one specimen .67 m. D. XIII, 13%; A. Ill, 7%; lat. 1. 50; head 234; depth 3. . Head very large, pointed; its upper and lower outlines equally inclined. Mouth large, lower jaw projecting and entering the profile; a well developed symphyseal knob. Maxillary reaching to below posterior margin of pupil, greatly dilated behind, its width about equal to the diameter of the eye. Eye 12 in snout, 5% in head, 1 in interorbital which is very slightly convex. Cranial ridges low and smooth, each one ending in a sharp spine. Preocular, supraocular, postocular, tympanic and _ occi- pital spines present. Occipital ridges diverging backward, long- er than eye. Suborbital stay weak; opercular spines strong, pointed. , Gill rakers all short, about twice as high as wide. Scales of the head all cycloid, each scale with numerous small accessory scales. Mandible, maxillary and tip of snout naked, preorbital with scattered patches of scales; scales of the body weakly ctenoid. Highest dorsal spine little less than half length of head, the membranes very deeply incised, those of the first three spines meeting the succeeding ones on their basal fifth, the incisions be- coming gradually shallower backward, the tenth membrane meeting the eleventh spine on its upper third. Dorsal rays con- siderbly lower than the highest spine. Caudal emarginate. Second anal spine greatly thickened, 4% in head. Ventrals about two in the head. Pectorals 1$. Peritoneum white. Pink, with four interrupted cross bars ot black, the first below origin of dorsal, second below sixth dorsal spine, third below tenth spine, fourth below seventh dorsal ray. Back sometimes dusky. One specimen has a large black blotch on anterior part of soft dorsal. , This is one of the largest ofthe rock cods. It was occasion- ally brought into the San Diego markets during the winter, but for lack of sufficient material for comparison we did not venture to publish a description at the time. It is moderately abun- dant in deep water and can always be readily distinguished by the color, the shape of the head and the deeply incised dorsal. Those caught would average about eight pounds each. 7 29. SEBASTICHTHYS CONSTELLATUS Jordan and_ Gilbert. Next to miniatus the most abundant species, averging much less in size; 25 to 50 fathoms. Orange colored, the back usually with olive green markings, sometimes colored like the sides. Sides and back with many white or pale blue dots. A rose colored spot under the fourth dorsal spine, another under the eighth dorsal spine; one under last dorsal spine, another under end of soft dorsal. 30. *SEBASTICHTHYS ROSACEUuS (Girard.) A small species not rare. 20to 40 fathoms. Sides brightest orange red, inter- spersed below with white. Four lightspots on sides surrounded by purple. Back with many purple markings; sometimes the 130 The West American Scieniist. orange, sometimes the purple predominates on the back and on head. All the fin rays purple, the membranes greenish yel- low. Jaws purple. 31. *SEBASTICHSHYS CHLOROsTICTUS Jordan and Gilbert. Very abundant with S. miniatus, somewhat larger than S. con- stellatus. Upper parts of sides with many olive green spots. 32. *SEBASTICHTHYS ELONGATUS (Ayres,) Rather rare; in deep water. White overlaid with rosy; sides with three irregula horizontal bands of olive green, the lower two united posteriorly. 33. *SEBASTICHTHYS RUBROVINCTUS Jordan and Gilbert. Rare; two specimens from 35 fathoms. One of the brightest of the rock cods. Silvery tinged with rose color, sides with five bright scarlet cross bands. 34. SEBASTICHTHYS CARNATUS Jordan and Gilbert. Rather common in twenty fathoms. Large specimens of Otophidium taylori were found in the stomach which is not protruded as in the other species. Back yellowish green, a flesh colored spot between second and third dorsal spines, extending upon the back but not meeting a band of similar color extending along the posterior part of lateral line. Sides flesh colored, sometimes with scattered scales of black. Interorbital colored like the back, the region between it and the dorsal fin flesh colored. a dusky iine dividing this region into a narrower anterior and broader posterior part. Two dark bands extending back from eye, another below the eye from snout to opercle. Spines of the head not raised above the sur- rounding parts. D. XIII, 12%; A. III, 6%. 3 About a dozen much darker individuals of this species were caught, all of them with one or another fin mutilated. They were at first supposed to be S. chrysomelas, but no specimens ee as it was hoped that a whole specimen might be found. | 35. “SEBASTICHTHYS CHRYSOMELAS PURPUREUS var. nov. Two specimens. This seems to us to bea variety distinct from chrysomelas. A large number of both this variety and of chry- somelas were brought into San Diego market, August 16th. 'The supraocular spines are raised much above the surround- ing parts. Dorsal in one specimen XIII, 13%4,in the other XIV, 12%. Membranes of all the fins dark greenish tipped with pur- ple. Base of anal yellow. Head and back dark brown; lower portions of sides purple; base of pectoral and its upper half brown tinged with yellow. A purple bar extending from eye downward and backward to subopercle, below which is a greenish band. Gill membranes and membranes below maxillary, the breast and belly dirty yellow. Mandibles purple, the lower lip yellow, the upper slate-blue. Membranes between third and fourth and seventh and eighth dorsal spines purple, the color extending on the back; a similar spot on and below last dorsal spine; sides irregularly blotched with purple, this color not form- ing a band along the posterior part of the lateral line. Notes from the San Diego Biological Laboratory. i3t- 36. SEBASTICHTHYS SERRICEPS Jordan and Gilbert. Several : specimens from 15 to 25 fathoms. The ground color of the beck | varies from almost black to very light lavender. The back and the fins of the lighter specimens with many dark spots; the usual black cross bands. | 37. SCORPAENA GUTTATA Girard. One specimen. 38. *ICELINUS AUSTRALIS sp.nov. Types two specimens .o4 and .o5 m. to base of caudal. 45 fathoms. These specimens were taken from the stomach of Sebastichthys miniatus and are partly digested. The anal and dorsal fins have all disappeared. The dentition and armature of the head indicate that this species is closely related to I. quadriseriatus, of which it is possibly the young. Its relationship to Chitonotus cannot be made out as we have no specimens of that genus for comparison. Body rounded in transverse section, scarcely compressed in the abdominal region, tapering from the shoulders to the slender tail. Mouth large, the maxillaries reaching beyond pupil. Oc- ciput without ridges or spines. Interocularspace slightly grooved, very narrow, its width about one-fourth the diameter of the pupil. Profile straight, upper preopercular spine rather short, simply dilated at the extremity or witha single upward directed spine near its tip, three simple spines below it. Belly and an interrupted band along the sides white; a series of blackish spots or interrupted band along the sides. Head about three in the length; depth about seven; maxillary two in length of head; eye about three. PARICELINUS gen. nov., Cottidae. Type Paricelinus hopliticus sp nov. V. I. 5. Spinous dorsal well developed; gills 3%, no slit behind the last; vomer and palate with teeth. Gill membranes (probably) forming a fold across the isthmus. Sides covered with stiff villiform prickles. A series of large plates each ending in a large recurved spine along the bases of the dor- sals. Head well armed, the occiput, preopercle, suborbital stay, preorbital, and part of the supraorbital with spines. Nasal spines present; chin with two barbels. Br. 6. Soft dorsal and anal long. This genus is related to Icelinus, but differs in the num- ber of ventral rays, armature, etc. | | 39. *PARICELINUS HOPLITICUS sp. nov. Type, a single well preserved specimen .15 m. ;from the stomach of Sebastichthys levis from 48 fathoms. D. XII-19; A. 23. Head 4, depth 6%. Elongate, subcylindrical forward, somewhat compressed _be- hind; region between dorsal armature flat. : Snout pointed. Eye large, elevated, 1 in snout, 3% in head. Interorbital region with a deep median groove and two shallower grooves, its width less than diameter of pupil. Upper posterior portion of orbit strongly serrate. Posterior margin of pre- orbital serrate. Suborbital stay with two strong upward directed spines behind the eye. Top of head depressed, a series of 132 The West American Scientist. . three spines on either side, the posterior two removed from the anterior one. Two small spines above posterior part of each eye. Mouth large, maxillary reaching to below anterior margin of pupil, 3%4 in head. Both jaws with bands of teeth, the outer anterior ones recurved. Vomer and palatines with smaller teeth. A barbel on either side of the lower jaw about as long as the pupil. Origin of ‘spinous dorsal above the posterior portion of the opercle, its end above the origin of the anal. Caudal broad rounded, Ventrals reaching to second analray. Pectoral very broad, reaching the fifth anal ray. A narrow stripe along base of anal naked; head?. Prickles along the lateral line enlarged, forming two series of spinelets along its anterior portion; 34 pairs of strong recurved spines along the sides of the back. Sides ashy with scattered rusty spots; a series of conspicuous purple spots below the lateral line; lower surface white; dorsal and caudal marked with rusty bars. 4o. *BRACHIOPSIS sp.? Fragments of the tail from stomach of some rock cod. AI. PORICHTHYS MARGARITATUS (Richardson.) A number taken from the stomachs of rock cod. 42, OTOPHIDIUM TAYLORI (Girard.) Many small specimens from stomachs of various rock cods; two large ones from stom- achs of S. carnatus. 43. PARALICHTHYS CALIFORNICUS (Ayres.) One small specimen much digested. | 44. ? One specimen, all but the caudal digested beyond recognition, the caudal well preserved, black, a white spot near its middle, its margin white. FLORA OF THE At aie: _I write these notes on the back of my horse while it slowlyfol’- lows the well beaten trail to Alamo and Mexican Gulch, Baja California. A landscape gardner might here gather a few ideas by noting the contrasts and shades of coloring presented in the foliage of the native vegetation. The light pea green of the finely divided even foliage of the deer brush (Adenostoma sparsifolium) forms a strong contrast with its congener, A. fasciculatum, which is clothed ina dark, olive green. Both are evergreens. Each groups itself separately and naturally, and covers large areas of contiguous land, and are as characteristic of the country and as beautiful as the heaths ot the old world, which they somewhat resemble. yi Only recently the deer brush, so called because deer are said to be fond of browsing on its tender branches, was covered with a multitude of delicate sprays of pure white flowers, now turned to a light chocolate brown in its fruiting state. 2 The shaggy bark is of a cherry red color, which adds consid- Flora of the Alamo. 936 erably to its beauty. The young bushes are exceedingly orna- mental, and once known would be greatly prized for cultivation. The broad valley which I have just passed through was over- grown with emerald green grass, closely cropped by a multitude of horses, mules and burros in passing to and fro from the mines. In earlier spring it must have been a lovely spot, as seen from the top of the hill, with the edge of the valley bordered with a Strip of the glaucus mountain Artemisiz (A. tridentata), forming a band of white around the green, and it in turn surrounded by bushes of olive green. On account of the bluish-white foliage of this graceful bush it also might be used with great effect by land- scape artists. The Golden Rod is just coming into bloom, reminding me of autumn in New England, but scarcely in keeping are the fresh catkins of the ‘‘pussy-willow.’’ Patches of the beautiful deep red Zauschneria (Z. Californica) occasionally enlivens the dry slopes of some of these valleys. A dead beef carcass, swarming with bees, just passed, is a re- minder of the parable: “Out of the strong came forth sweet.’’ Wild bees are abundant all through these hills, swarming among the rocks, in holes in the ground, and in one place they had at- tached their comb to a bush simply, not able to find even a vacant crevice for a lodging. The great bee feed, the white sage, is abundant, but now out of bloom. Another great source of honey for the bees, the wild buck-wheat, (Eriogonum fasciculatum) is likewise nearly out of bloom, but its more modest congener, (E. Wrightii), is in full bloom, but the slender spikes of white blossoms might easily es- cape observation. The cardinal mimulus is one of the striking flowers now to be foundalong the water courses, growing in large masses or border- ing running streams with a profusion of showy flowers. It grows abundantly in moist places froma foot to four feet in height, with a light green, slightly sticky foliage. Above it rise the tall slender stems of a species of wild sun flower (Helianthus Californicus), ten to a dozen feet in height, surmounted by golden disks. Since writing the above I have followed up a little stream of clear running water, for a couple of miles and passed a lovely waterfall. Clumps of the tea fern are fresh and green, as also patches of selaginelia moss (S. rupestis’. Willows border the creek, with occasionally a live oak tree, an elder or other species of trees or shrubs along the banks. A species of wild lilac (Ceanothus) turns its leaves to the sun, conspicuous among the other shrubs for the silvery lustre on its foliage. As I approach Mexican Gulch, I find numerous clusters of the silver and the Cleveland ferns, both as green and fresh, owing to a recent shower, as they are in the spring. The wild almond, the tree poppy, the oak-leaved cherry, the sugar tree (Rhus ovata), and manzanitas are among the other 134 The. West American Scientist. notable shrubs. The flor7s de asusana of the Mexicans, our own | magnificent Romneya, is also abundant on these hills. Among the cacti are to be found a species of Echino cactus, a wild tuna anda cholla, and the beautiful Cereus Engelmann. The wild date (Yucca baccata) and the coyote plant (Y. whipplei) with Nolina Palmeri, the latter the sotote of the Mexicans, or vegetable soap, are all abundant. Lovely beds of verbenas were abundant through Mexican Gulch, as beautiful as if they were cultivated in a hothouse. . Live oaks were not rare near the trail in places, and two varieties of scrub oaks were abundant, the Quercus pungens and Q. palmeri of botanists. The low bunches of Quercus pungens were frequently covered with small round galls of most beautiful and delicate coloring, red, white and green in different tints. The whole bush was frequently covered with these, which some very naturally mistake for the fruit of the shrub. Juniper is perhaps the most abundant shrub near the mines and furnishes the main supply of wood at Alamo. It forms a low bushy tree, with dark green foliage, easily distinguished from the other brush at a distance. It would seem to be well adapted for -cultivation as an ornamental shrub but may not prove desirable. . .The color of the rocks in‘a landscape is often one of the characteristics of a country, and ano small factor in producing the pleasing eftect upon the eye in the scenery of California is the great variety of rock lichens everywhere prevalent. Red, yellow, grey and white are the prevailing colors observable here, and the whole side of a cliff. is often covered by lichens of the same tint. “How many valuable mines may be hid from the prospector’s keen eye by these deceptive colorings? Quartz, however, is not a fav- orite rock with the lichens and consequently is seldom concealed, ‘while the lichens also frequently imitate in coloring the natural color of the rocks on which they are found. , Cise: Orcutt. (CONTRIBUTIONS LOWARDS. A, LIST Ai ee FAUNA AND FLORA OF WE2 MOUN- TAIN VALLEY, COLORADO. I. (Compiled for the Colorado Biological Association.) 111.—MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. This list will be greatly augmented when the various species: of grasses and sedges collected have been identified. For the Lili- ‘aceze and Orchidacez it is probably fairly complete. - For identi- fications we are indebted to the kindness of Dr. Geo. eee ae ‘J. M. Coulter, and Miss A. Eastwood. ar Calypso. bulbosa, L. Porter and Coulter, “FI. Colorado.” This is C. borealis, Salisb. - oe. Corallorhiza multiflora, Nutt. Collected rie Mrs. ie How- ~ardof Ula. - The Fauna and Flora, Wet Mountain, Colorado. 135 3. Listera convallarioides, Nutt. Near Short Creek (Mrs. M. E. Cusack.) | 4. Habenaria hyperborea, R. Br. Common by creeks over 8,000 feet in the Sangre de Cristo Range. = He dilatata, Gray. Porter arid Coulter, “FI. Colorado.” 6. H. obtusata, Richardson. Collected by Mrs. M. E. Cu- sack. i 3 apes anthes romanzofhana, Cham. Near Ula, in open damp ground, not rare. 8. Cypripedium parviflorum, Salisb. Near Swift Creek, ete. g. Iris missouriensis, Nutt. Very abundant. 10. I. missouriensis albiflora, CkIl., sparingly with the type. It. Sisyrinchium anceps, L., abundant in damp meadows. 12. S. anceps pallidiflorum, “flowers very pale bluish, almost white. Near Ula, locally common. 13. S. mucronatum, Michx., near Short Creek, rather 1 fare: Grows on drier ground than anceps, and is probably a variety of it. 14. Hypoxys juncea, Smith, found near West Cliff by Miss Eastwood. 15. Allium mutabile, Michi: ones and Coulter, ‘‘FI. Golo- rado-” 3 ) 16. eAfieam uichiatim, Fraser, id. loc. cit. We doubt whether this occurs below 10,000 feet. 17. Allium nuttallii, Wats. A species referred to this is found at West Cliff. 18. Allium cernuum, Roth, var., West Cliff. 1g. Leucocrinum montanum, Nutt., common in early ane. 20. Yucca angustifolia, Pursh., very common. 21. Polygonatum canaliculatum, (Willd.), Pursh. From in- formation received from Mrs. M.E. Cusack it appears that this grows near Brush Creek. | 22. Smilacina amplexicaulis, Nutt., ine Derby Wie He Cusack, collected in 1888. 7 ~ 23. Smilacina stellata, Dest., exceedingly abundant. 24. Streptopus amplexifolius De. Pink common at about 8,300 feet. . Rete’ 25. Lilium philadelphicum, Ls ihandant [in 26. Lilium philadelphicum puichrum, Aldrich, With . the type, rare. 27. Calochortus gunnisoni, Wats., ,abundant. A parasitic fungus (Vermicularia dermatium, Fr. ) occurs upon it. | 28. C. gunnisoni ‘mactilatus, Ckll.. frequent, being the form with the markings of the flower best developed. +29: €: gunnisoni immaculatus, Ckll., not rare, near Short Creek. : 30. C€. gunnisoni purus, CkIll., near. abe: Creek, often on drier ground than the other forms. 31. Veratrum californicum, Durand. Apnndent. ‘this year (1889) severely attacked by Puccinia veratri. 136 The West American Sctentist. 32. Zygadenus elegans, Pursh. Common. 33. Zygadenus nuttallii, Gray. Porter and Coulter, ‘FI. Colorado.”’ 34. Luzula spadicea, D. C. 35. Luzula spadicea parviflora, Meyer. 36. Juncus balticus, Deth. Very abundant, . 37. Juncus mertensianus, Meyer. Porter and Coulter, “FI. Colorado.” 38. Typha latifolia, L., id. loc. cit. 39. Sparganium simplex, Huds., id., loc. cit. 4o. Lemna trisulca, L., West Cliff. 4t. Lemna minor, L., West Cliff. 42. Cyperus filiculmis, Vahl. 43. Cyperus schweinitzii, Torr. Porter and Coulter, “Fl. Colorado.” 44. . Scirpus maritimus, L,, id., loc. cit, . 45. Eriophorum polystachyum, L., var., with channelled leaves. West Cliff. 46. Hemicarpha subsquarrosa, Nees. Porter and Coulter. ‘‘Fl. Colorado.”’ 47. Carex douglasii, Boott. A species abundant in spring in open ground is referred with doubt to this. ag. Carex aurea, INI. 4g. Carex echinata microcarpa, Bcklr. Porter and Coulter, ‘Fl, Colorado.” 50 Andropogon scoparius, Michx. 51. Hierochloa odorata (L.)=borealis, R.and S. 52. Stipa spartea, Trin. Porter and Coulter, ‘‘Fl. Colorado.” 53- Phalaris canariensis, L. West Cliff, introduced. 54. Danthonia sericea, Nutt. Porter and Coulter, “FI. Col- 55. Phleum pratense, L- Cultivated, and occasionally an es- caped casual. 56. Sporobolus depauperatus, Torr. Porter and Coulter, “Fl. Colorado.’’ 57. Agrostis scabra, Willd. 58. Boutelona oligostachya, Torr. Very abundant on dry, open ground. 59. Catabrosa aquatica, Beauv. Porter and Coulter, ‘‘FI. Colorado.” ; | 60. Poa andina. Common on open ground, spring. 61. Bromus ciliatus, L. Porter and Coulter, “Fl. Colorado.’ 7. D. A. Cockerell. Contributions to West American Botany. Lay weal: OFIONS TO WEST AMERICAN BOT- peu EMER LENNOACE£. PHOLISMA ARENARIUM, Nutt., Hook Ic. Pl. t. 626; Watson Bot. Calif., i., 464. A purplish-brown fleshy herb, parasitic on the roots of various shrubs, most commonly growing in sandy soil. The usually simple stems puberulent, an inch or more thick, clothed with small erect scales, three to six inches in height above ground and penetrating the earth or sand to a depth of three to twelve inches where connection is made with the foster root. Spike more or less capitate, dense, the purplish sessile flowers about four lines in length. No doubt this plant like the Ammobroma, was utilized by the Indians for food, but the scarcity of Indians has prevented my verifying this supposition. It extends from near Montery (Doug- las), southward to San Diego (Nuttall and others) into Lower California. C. G. Pringle collected it in 1882 on the roots of a species of Bigelovia in the Mojave Desert, San Bernardino county. I have found it in the vicinity of San Quintin bay, Lower California; in proximity to Quercus Dunnii, Kell..in the mountains; and in other parts of the peninsular. It is found abundant near San Diego on the roots of Eriodictyon tomentosum, Benth., flowering in May, and I found it very plentiful on the Colorado Desert in April of this year (1889) and at intermediate points in the moun- tains. AMMOBROMA SoNnoRAE, Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vill, 51, t. 15 Watson, 1. c. Dr. Edward Palmer re-collected this interesting plant this year at the head of the Gulf of California. It is a plant much resembling Pholisma in size and character, growing from twelve to eighteen inches deep in very sandy soil, and parasitic on the roots of several species of plants. The plant is watery and eaten raw by the Cocopa, Yuma and Diegeno Indians. Dr. Palmer describes the taste as resembling that of the heart of a cabbage. The original discoverer, Col. A. B. Gray, described the fresh cooked plant as “‘luscious, resembling the sweet potatoe in taste, only more delicate.’’ It is also eaten by the Papago Indians, of Sonora, after roasting or drying in the sun. The Indians call it “sand-food’’ in their language, and in that arid region seek it on account of its juicyness. | C. R. Orcutt. BRIPPILE An LICLES. (From Demorest’s Monthly Magazine.) MARIA MiTCHELL.—The noted astronomer Maria Mitchell died at Lynn, Massachusetts, on June 28, of a brain disease from which she had been suffering from some time. The career of this talented woman began early in life and lasted an except- ionally long time. Miss Mitchell was born on the island of Nan- 138 The West American Scientzst. wcket, Massachusetts, on August 1, 1818. Her father was William Mitchell, a teacher and astronomer, and Maria, when only eleven years of age, became his assistant in his astronomi- cal observations and computations, and acquiued her education under her father’s tuition, At eighteen years of age, Miss Mitchell was appointed librarian of the Nantucket Athenzeum, which position she filled for twenty years. She still pursued her studies and researches in astronomy, and on October 11, 1847, she discovered a comet, and this discovery introduced the young astronomer to the notice of the world; she received a gold medal from the King of Denmark and a copper medal from the Repub- lic of San Marino, Italy. In 1858 she visited Europe, and while there was the honored guest of Sir John Herschel and Sir George B. Airy, Le Verrier and Humboldt. The women of America, under the leadership of Miss Elizabeth Peabody ot Boston, presented Miss Mitchell, upon her return, with a large telescope. In 1865 she was appointed Professor of Astronomy and Director of the Observatory at Vassar College, which post she retained until January, 1888, when she offered her resigna- tion. This the trustees refused to accept, but granted her an in- definite leave of absence. She was employed in certain work for ‘‘The American Nautical Almanac” for some time, even after her appointment asa profcssor at Vassar. Of late years Miss Mitchell had made the study of sun-spots and the satellites of Jupiter and Saturn her special object. She was the first woman elected to membership in the American Academy of Arts and Sciei.ces. In 1852 Dartmouth College conferred upon her the degree of LL. D., and Columbia honored her with the same degree in 1887. Her published writings were wholly upon scientific topics, if we except a few poems contributed to a book entitled ‘‘Sea-weeds from the Shores of Nantucket,’’ published in 1853. : A Riva. oF InprAN Corn.—A possible rival to Indian corn has been lately added to the fod-plants prooduced in this coun- try. This new plant is called sweet cassava, and is closely related to the Azcimus, or castor-bean, which it resembles, al- though it is a handsomer plant than Azeznzus. It bears very little seed, and is not propagated from seed, but from cuttings of the larger stems; and the roots produce great tubers, sometimes: three or four feet in length, which seem to be a most wholesome article of food for men or cattle. By manufacture, cassava may be converted into starch, tapioca, aud glucose, with scarcely any waste. In the tropics, cassava flour is used for making crackers or wafers, which are very platable and will keep for months; and Florida housekeepers have used it for making bread. puddings, custards, etc., while as a vegetable it may be cooked in all ways that white potatoes are. On the southern border ot the United States there are considerable areas admirably adapted to growing this remarkable piant as a staple article of home con- Briefer Articles. 139 sumption; and its manufacture into starch, tapioca, and glucose, may become a leading industry in Florida. As to the yield per acre, no satisfactory estimate has yet been made; it will probably vary greatly under various conditions. A single plant has been known to produce fifty pounds of tubers, but this is exceptional. Certainly, however, the plant will yield enormously under favor- able conditions, and its uses are so numerous that it cannot fail to soon become a staple product. A Buriep City.—A buried city. hitherto unknown to the civilized world, has been lately discovered in Olancho, Honduras, and Mr. A. J. Miller has obtained from the Honduras govern- ment the exclusive right of excavation. The ruins were found in the new Department of Mosquito, about two hundred and fifty miles from the mouth of the Partook River. They may be ap- proached only by the river, no path or track leading to them for miles. The Central American Indians of this region are the Peyas, but none of their traditions point to the existence of these ruins, which antedate the oldest civilization. The ruins, half- buried under the debris of ages and overgrown by a great forest, are about two miles square in extent, and show evidence of hav- ing been a city surrounded by a wall. Within the city was dis- covered an immense workshop where ancient Indian sculptors worked. Many beautiful designs in white granite—a stone which is found nowhere else in this immediate section of Honduras— have already been found. Immense tablets of stone, bowls on three legs, carved blocks of various sizes, weighing from twenty- five to six hundred pounds, urns and vases ornamented with curious hieroglyphics, or heads of snakes, turtles, tigers or rude human forms, were found among the relics. Further excavations will undoubtedly reveal still more rare treasures of great antiquity. INTELLIGENT SWALLOwS.—France is threatened with a pecu liar calamity, and has been warned thereof by the Zoological Society. It seems that the fancy for using swallows as a millinery arniture has led toa line of campaign against them which the intelligent little migrators have noticed. Wires connected with electric batteries have been laid along the coast of the Depart- ment of the Bouches du Rhone, which is one of the great land- ing places for swallows coming from Africa, and the birds, - wearied with their flight across the Mediterranean, perch upon the wires and are struck dead. Their bodies are then prepared for the milliner and sent by cratefuls to Paris. Thousands of swallows have been yearly disposed of in this way for some years; but this last spring the swallows demurred against this wholesale manner of electrocution, and landed further east and west. The gnats and other flying insects on which they live did not join in the boycott, however, and the loss to agriculturists threatens to be very serious unless the swallows again take up their summer quarters in France. Ao The West American Scuentist. ARTIFICIAL SILK.—An eminent French chemist, M. Char- donnet, has succeeded in producing a new textile fabric which bears thesame relation to silk that celluloid does to ivory,—in short, an artificial silk. The production from celluloid of photo- graphic films for the Eastman dry-plate process is one of the latest triumps in that line of manufactures, but this new material seems yet more wonderful. It is prepared from cellulose (cotton, or other available substance of that nature), which, after being treated with a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids in equal proportions, as for the making of gun-cotton, is dissolved ina mixture of alcohol and ether, to which is added some perchloride of iron or protochloride of tin and tannic acid. The solution thus obtained is placed in a vertical vessel terminating in a small tube, or ina diaphragm pierced with fine holes, so that it can run out into a vessel full of water slightly acidulated with nitric acid. A fine fluid filament comes out from this, which immedi- ately takes on a solid consistency and forms.a thread which can be wound onaspool. The thread thus obtained resembles silk very closely, and has the same tenacious, elastic qualities. Water, cold or warm, has no effect on it, nor have acids and alkalies moderately concentrated. Any desired shade of color may be obtained by introducing coloring materials into the solu- tion. One objection to this artificial silk is that it is extremely inflammable. Possibly this objection may be overcome by re- placing the nitric acid with some other which will render it less combustible. When this is accomplished the new fabric will be- come useful. FLOWERS IN IcE.—At expositions where medals of honor and prizes have been given for artificial ice, flowers may have been seen in ice. The exhibitor has had the children of the sun frozen in the ice to show how beautifully clear and transparent it was. But there are flowers that grow in the ice and unfold their blossoms there. To see such a wonder one must climb high in the Alps, to those regions where the glaciers are formed of the snow which becomes ice. The Alpine guides call the halfform- ed ice, frn. Coming in August to the edge of a firn-field, if fortune favors us we shall be surprised by a rare sight. Out of the snow fresh blooming flowers lift their heads, often in such quantities that ten or twenty flowers may be seen in the space of a square yard. One of these flowers especially attracts us,—the blue blossom of the soldanel. Its evergreen leaves grew on the earth beneath the sheet of firn; the stalks have been already pre- pared the year before, and have attained a scarcely perceptible height at a zero temperature. But when the summer sun again begins to melt the firn, and little rills ot water flow under its covering, ata temperature never exceeding the point at which ice melts, the plant awakens to new life. The flower-stalks begin to grow buds, the warmth generated by the breathing of the plant melts the granular ice in the firn-field, and the soldanel Briefer Articles. 141 bores a way through the ice, until its violet buds reach the upper surface and unfold into blossoms. But all the soldanels do not reach the surface; many of them remain prisoned in the ice, ye} they do not perish. Cutting with ax and spade through the firn, single soldanels will be found, which have opened their blossoms before reaching the top. Such soldanels actually blossom ina little cavity in the ice, and resemble those plants or insects that are found empoedded in amber or blown into glass balls. But the ice-flowers are alive, although they are somewhat crowded for room, and only push out their anthers while their petals re- main folded. But if the soldanel blossoms are carefully taken out of their little ice-houses and their closed petals blown apart, the pollen may be seen to fly out. SNIPE SURGERY.—An interesting account of how birds treat wounds by surgical methods was recently presented to the Physi- cal Society of Geneva by M. Fatio. In this it was stated that the snipe had been observed to apply a dressing of feathers to wounds, and even to bandage a broken leg. Any creature with legs as long and brittle as a snipe’s ought really to know how to take care of them. A case recorded of a snipe, both of whose legs had been broken by a misdirected shot, is the most interest- ing example of snipe surgery. The poor creature contrived to apply dressings of feathers and a sort of splint to both limbs, but unfortunately, in doing so, its beak got wound fast with feathers, and, as it could not use its claws to get rid of them and open its mouth, it was nearly dead from hunger when it was found. In another case, a snipe that flew away witha broken leg was afterwards found to have forced the fragments into a parallel position and secured them by a ligature of a kind of flat-_ leaved grass wound around the limb spirally and fixed by a glue- like substance. | meee DINGS OF SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. SAN Francisco MicroscopicaAL SociEty.—August 28, 1889. President Payzant occupied the chair. A large and inter- rm budget of current microscopical literature was added to the es. The library was augmented by a number of valuable works on optics and microscopy, while the cabinet was enlarged by a series of mounted slides, mounting material and miscellaneous ac- cessories, a gift from the society’s late associate, F. L. Howard. The donation was accompanied by a letter from Mrs. Howard, setting forth the wishes of the departed member. A sincere vote of thanks and appreciation for the testimonial was tendered the lady by the members, and the collection will be known as The Howard Memorial. 7 Mr. Wickson presented a large collection of diatoms in situ, a donation from Professor George Davidson of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. They come from the northern end 142 The West American Scientist. ‘of Lopez Island, in Washington Sound, W. T., and will form a valuable addition to the society’s working material. The dia- toms were accompanied by a sample of supposed diatomaceous earth found near Santa Rosa. E. H. Griffith, of Fairport, N. Y., one of the society's corresponding members, donated a beautiful series of mounted slides, illustrating the gorgeous skeleton of the Diamond beetle or Aupholus Linnet. The glittering scales covering the body of this member of the weevil tamily form one of the most brilliant objects that can be presented to the eye un- der the microscope. C. C. Riedy exhibited a large collection of mounted dia- toms from the hand of the noted specialist in that line, C. L. Pet- ticolas. A slide prepared by that gentleman of the recently dis- covered Redondo Beach earth found some miles south of Santa Monica, is thought by him to be fully equal to the celebrated piece discovered at Santa Monica several years ago and pub- lished to those interested in this branch of microscopical research by the investigations of the late Professor William Ashburner. Another remarkable slide in the collection exhibits what is known as the Eight-street Tunnel diatomaceous deposit of Richmond, Va., one of the finest deposits of strewn diatoms ever found. The slides of fossil marine diatoms from Syzran, Russia, and Kekko, Hungary, are also notable for the variety of their forms and the skillful manner in which they have been prepared before mount- ing. A request from the Richmond Microscopical Society for an exchange of material was cordially responded to and the secre- tary instructed to effect the desired exchange. F, W. Dunning of Battle Creek, Mich., forwarded a box ot diatomaceous earth from Lyons creek, Calvertcounty, Md. The same gentleman also sent a sample of diatomaceous earth broken from a piece found by a fisherman some time in June last float- ing in the Pacific Ocean, about two miles off the coast of Santa Monica. The latter material will be examined and compared with the original Santa Monica diatoms to determine whether it contains the same variety of forms. Dr. Riehl exhibited a pure culture of Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus; also, a stained and mounted specimen of same. GC. P. BATES, Recording Secretary. SANTA BARBARA SOCIETY OF NATURAL HisTory.—August 31,1889. Dr. I. G. Yates presented specimens of Helix Ayer- siana, Newc.,aland snail peculiar to the Channel Islands, and stated that he had planted a colony of. these snails on the mainland near Montecito valley. Prof. H. C. Ford, the president, re- ported the discovery of a probably new species of bird in Brit- ish Columbia, by Clark P. Streator. : A preliminary paper on the Geology and Natural History of the Anacapas was read by Dr. L. G. Yates, who exhibited beau- Proceedings of Scientific Societies . 143 tiful specimens of chalcedonic quartz, showing cavities lined with drusy crystals, from thc islands, and also amygdaloid basalt, the cavities of which were filled with fine chalcedony. _—Photo- graphs of the scenery, insects and curiosities were also shown. The president and corresponding secretary were appointed a committee on publication, to consider the question of issuing other bulletins. 13 4G, VATEs, Corresponding Secretary. NEVADA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.—September 6, 1889. At this meeting a paper was read on the Circulation of Air Cur- rents in Western Nevada, by Gen. C. W. Irish. This was the first working meeting of this new scientific association, organ- ized at Reno, Nevada, with the following officers: President, Gen. C. W. Irish, Surveyor-General of Nevada; Vice-President, C. W. Friend, Director of Nevada State Weather Service; Sec- retary, Prof. R. D. Jackson, State University; Treasurer, Dr. J. M. Rankin, Bishop Whitacre’s School for Girls; Executive Committee, Gen. C. W. Irish, Prof. R. D. Jackson, Dr. Le Roy D. Brown, Prof. W. McN. Miller, E. M. Van Harlengen. W.S, Deve.. THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PAcIFIc.—July 28, 1889. Lick Observatory, Mt. Hamilton. It was announced that the report of the solar eclipse of last January now being printed by order of the Regents of the University, had reached page 60, about a third of the volume. It contains reports from more than 150 persons distributed at twenty-five different ob- serving stations. C. F. Crocker has offered to bear the expenses of an expe- dition from the Lick Observatory to Cayenne, South America, next december, and it is expected at that time to confirm and extend some of the discoveries made at the last eclipse. The announcement was also made that Joseph A. Donohue of Menlo Park had founded a medal to be given for the discovery of com- | ets, and had provided a permanent fund for the purpose. This gift was gratefully accepted by the society. The papers read either by title or in full were as follows: “The Possibility of Photographing the Corona in Full Sunshine,’’ by Mr. Keeler; ‘‘The Orbit of Comet Barnard,” by Mr. Leusch- ner; and “The Occultations of Jupiter to be Expected in 1889,” by Mr. Hall. A photograph of the Milky Way near Jupiter, taken the 24th inst., with one hour and forty-eight minutes ex- posure, was exhibited by Mr. Barnard. This picture was shown to illustrate ‘‘The Real Shape of the Nebule,’’ by Mr. Holden. Its purpose is to show the real shape of the so-called spiral neb- ulz in a space of three dimensions as deduced from their appar- ent shape as projected in two dimensions on the background of thesky. This is a problem that has had no solution up to this time, and it is one that has important bearings, not only 144 The West American Sczenizst. upon the question of the construction of the spiral nebule, but also upon the much larger question of the constitution of the solar and stellar systems, and of the universe as a whole. The affairs of the society are in a prosperous condition, owing to the great interest taken in its progress by the members. It 1s essentially a society for amateurs, and desires to include in its membership every person in California who takes an interest in astronomy, whether he has made studies in this direction or not. Several ladies are already members. The annual dues are $5 and there is no initiation fee. | Life membership $50. The pub- lications are sent to every member, and three of its six meetings are held in San Francisco. The scope of the society is defined so that it can have no possible rivalry with any other. Its sole object is to forward the study and the science of astronomy. PABLIOG RAPES C. C. PARRy.—Ceanothus, L., recent field notes, with a par- tial revision of the species. Proc. Davenport Academy of Nat- ural‘Sciences, V. pp. 185-194. C. tomentosts; ©) umaous and C. Orcuttii are three new Pacific Coast forms described in this paper. Tu. Ripot.—The Psychology of Attention. This interesting contribution to psychological literature, by the author of the “Diseases of the Will,’ the “Diseases | of, Mlem@n amr the ‘‘Diseases of Personality,’ has, like them, been translated into English and presented in the Humboldt Library (28 Lafay- ette Place, N. Y). The present work, like the others, is a study of very recondite problems of psychology—the nature and work- ings of fhe mind of man—presented in language understandabie by every intelligent reader, and is both instructive and highly entertaining. SHERMAN F. DEnTON.—Incidents of a Collector’s Rambles in Australia, New Zealand, and New Guinea. Lee & Shepard, Boston, 1889. Price, $2.50. This very attractive volume of 272 pages, with numerous illustrations by the author, artist to the U. S. Fish Commission, Washington, D.C., consists of an enter- taining narrative of a true naturalist’s experiences, intermixed with notes on the birds, animals, insects and flowers of the lards visited. Many amusing anecdotes are related and altogether it is a delightful and instructive book to peruse—not ‘‘too scientific’ for any reader. : E. L. BERTHOUD.—Birds, Their Migration and Uses. Golden, Colorado, 1887. 8vo. 22 pp. This little paper, just received from the author, treats of the geological history of birds, and es- pecially of their economic and industrial relations to cereal and fruit culture. | HORACE F. CARPENTER.—A catalogue of the shell-bearing Bibliograhphy. 145 mollusca of Rhode Island, second edition, 1889. The list enum- erates 216 species in the State. P. C. REMoNDINO.—The climate of Southern California in its relation to renal diseases. Reprinted from Southern California Practitioner. An able discussion of the effects of climate on health. The writer sums up his conclusions as follows: ‘‘The even equable temperature of insular regions, where for a whole year the weather is about alike in temperature, is the best and healthiest of climates. The localities where such a climate exists, with the temperature sufficiently low to meet all requirements, and at the same time having soil, sunshine, rainfall,winds and other climatic conditions favorable, are not many. There is possibly one place in the United States that such conditions obtain—a bit of country of about forty square miles, at the extreme southwest- ern part of the United States,’ says Gen. Greely, Chief Signal Officer of the United States. One all important benefit of our climate not to be lost sight of is the fact that it is not a climatic season resort—zt has no season—it is for the whole year—a fact that permits of removal to this region with a view to a permanent home as the rapid developments of its varied resources prom- ises to make Southern California the home for millions of inhab- itants.” EDITORIAL. The earlier numbers of the WEsT AMERICAN SCIENTIST are rapidly becoming rare. A few copies, especially numbers I and 2, are greatly desired to complete sets, and a liberal price will be paid by the publishers to anyone who can oblige us by supplying these. The larger portion of September was spent by the editor in Lower California, revisiting many interesting localities. _ Several places were reached that had not before been explored and some remarkable discoveries were made. A fine species of Pinna was discovered measuring two and a half feet in length, fairly well preserved, with many other fossils. A species of Nautilus over two feet in diameter, at least four species of coral, and numerous other interesting fossil remains were discovered and will form material for future articles for this magazine. NOTES AND NEWS. The Crnithogists and Oologists’ Directory, just issued by Messrs. Menefee & Corlees, San Jose, Cal., gives the addresses of seventy-two collectors in California. The National Magazine begins an existence in Chicago this month, as the organ of the National University, an institution said to be modeled after the London University, with extensive non-resident courses,-teaching many subjects by-mail. | Published at 182 Clark street. ‘146 The West American Scientist. New York, Chicago and St. Louis are rivals for the honor of the next great World’s Exposition, which will commemorate the 4ooth anniversary of the discovery of America. <- Wm. C. Strong, in Garden and Forest, favors transplanting evergreen trees in August instead of in spring. The latter foe oe is often unsatisfactory. A new powder has been invented in Europe wine in firing gives out but a slight vapor and hardly any report. Troops furnished with this smokeless and noiseless powder executed all movements with ease without annoyance of obscuring clouds of smoke. A schooner recently picked up in the Atlantic ocean what resembled a chunk of grease floating in the water. It proved to be amberegris, worth thirty dollars an ounce. The mass weighed about fifty pounds. Watches are now being made to run by electricity, that re- quire no attention for a year after starting. Typewriters will soon be placed on the market so small that one can carry one in his vest pocket without inconvenience. They will do as good work as the large and expensive machines, it is claimed, and will cost less than $2.50. A young man in Virginia is reported to be absolute proof against electricity. '. Henry Shaw, of St.’ Louis) founder of they Shang sboraaic Garde n, died recently at hishome. The Agave Shawu, of San Diego, was named for him by his friend Dr. Engelmann. The publishers of Sz cholas announce that that popular childrens’ magazine is to be enlarged, beginning with the new volume, which opens with November, 1889, and that a new and clearer type will be adopted. Four important serial stories by four well-known American authors will be given during the com- ing year, During the coming volume 7he Century is to have an illus- trated series of articles on the French Salons of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, including pen portraits of many of the leaders and a detailed account of the organization and composi- tion of several historical salons. A great number of interesting portraits will be given with the series. The Italian Admiralty have recently caused to be carried out a number of experiments with a view of testing the comparative merits of castor oil and olive oil for lubricating purposes on board ship. From the results obtained they have given orders that henceforth all exposed parts of machinery are to be lubricated exclusively with castor oil, while mineral oils are to be used for cylinder and similar lubrications. Persons who have been experimenting as to the comparative value of trees in different localities are inclined to the opinion that the willow and the Norway spruce are the most valuable varieties for planting on the vast plains of the west for protection of crops and houses against destructive winds, The West American .Scientést. IMPORTANT NOTICE. THE WORLD Botanists, Nurserymen, SEEDS MEN AND FLORISTS. o—— Cyeas reyoluta, C. circinalis (tree ferns), Al ophila, | crinata, A, gigantea, Cythea hemiti!ia, Dendrobium | maccarthee, D. Aureum, D. cruminatum, D. macro, | stachys, Vanda spathulata, Vanilla phalarnopsis, Eria bicolor, Cleistoma maculosum, and over 40 of | the best varieties of Lycopopiums, Ferns, Palms, | Pandanus, Euphorbia, Opuntia, ani other varieties | of seeds and plants supplied. We will pack and deliver free at any | sea-port: | TYPE-WRITER YOU CAN BUY THE ORLDron$10.00 Single case Machine $Io.00; double case Machine A case of 250 Orchids, 20 varieties:...... .....$100 | writes 72 characters, Price $15.00; walnut case, = 500 =a 30 a 150 “§ 20° Cycas circinalis, stems 6 inches.. 100 sc 500 “ec ‘e se 4 to 1D PmRBUES IEEE S oes ois hhc cide deeds wees os 250 »| A case of 1,0U0 Bulbs, 10 different varieties, such as Crium Oranatum, ©. Asiaticum, Pan- cartium, Gloriosa, Methonica, Alocasias, &c. 175 | Coffea arabica, C. Liberica, Thea Asamica, T. Hy- brida, T. in-igenians, Cichona, Legeriana, Cardamo- num pinernigram, Myristica, Clove of Commerce, Caselpinia sappan, C. Davidivi, E. coca, | 125 BH Bee Gon Francisca ‘ cooa, Cocoas mucifera, Vanilla planifolia, Sarcinia maugestana, and over 50 different varieties of FRUIT | TREES. Price list of seeds and plants can be had on | Writer Supplies, and Agenus for the ““Caligraph” | $2.00 extra. _ dimple, Practical, Durable, Rapid. — Machines sent by express, C. O. D., upon receipt | of $1.co or more to guarantee charges. Send: for’ Descriptive Circulars and Testimonials. THE SAMUEL HILL COMPANY General Agents, i { General Dealers in Fine Linen Papers and Type- application to C. R. ORCUTT, Seedsmaan, San | Type Writing Machine. Diego, California, to whom all orders shoud be . addressed. | Also, Bird Skins and Eggs, Shells Bones, etc., | upplied from Ceylon and elsewhere. Mention the Publication, She OPEN OC OUR | J. P. ABRAHAM, Published Weekly at 169 LaSalle Street, | Chicago. II's. Grand Pass, Colombo, Ceylo. | A Journal devoted to Science, Philosophy & Morals "gape from Ohio. Here isa S - 4 IGE portrait of Mr. Garri- | son, of Salem, Ohio. | (oe) = Belle writes: “Was at work on a farm for j to | %20 a month; I now have an agency > cations and often make &2@ a day.” < A (Signed) W. H. GARRISON. William Kline, Harrisburg, Pa., ‘writes: “I have never known | anything to sell like your album. 9 Yesterday I took orders enough to pay me over $25.” W. J. El- more, Bangor, Me., writes: ‘I | take an order for your albumat almost every house I visit. My profit is often as muchas ®2Q aepior a single day's work.” 97 Others are doing quite as well; | we have not space to give ex- : — ~tracts from their letters. Every one whio takes hold of this grand business piles up grand profits. | Shall we start YOU in this business, reader? Write tous and learn all about it for yourself. We are starting many: we will start you if you don't delay until another gets ahead of you in your part of the country. If you | take hold you will be ableto pick up gold fast. gg-Read— On account of a forced manufacturer's sale 125,000 ten dollar Photograph Albuis are to be sold to the people for #2Zeach. Bound in Royal Crimson Silk Velvet Plush. Charmingly decorated insides. Handsomest albums in the world. Largest Size. Greatest bargains ever known. Agents wanted. Liberal terms. Big money for agents. Any one can become a successful agent. Sells itself on sight—little or no talking necessary. Wherever shown, every one wants to pur- chase. Agents take thousands of orders with rapidity never before known. Great profits await every worker. Agents are making fortunes. Ladiesmake as much as men. You, reader, can doas wellasanyone. Full information and terms free, to those who write for same, with particulars and terms for our Family Bibles, Books and Periodicals. After you know all, ' should you conclude to gono further, why no harm is done. | Address KE. C, ALLEN & CO.,, AUGUSTA, MAINE. Send for Free Sample Copy. oy : | Price $2.00 a Year. P. O. Drawer F. BOOK. CHAT IES Book Chat contains montbly a complete index to the periodical literature of the world. Indispensable to Botanists, Conchologists, Geologists and Scientists generally. $1 ayear; 1Uc. for a single copy... - 1 ah THE——_ AMERICAN GEOLOGIST |! IS A MAGAZINE Devoted to Geology and Allied Sciences--the only one in America—published by a number of Professioral Geologists distribute] over the central part of the United States. ‘Yhree Dollars a Year. Address THE AMERICAN GEOLOGIST, Minneapolis, Minn. The Combination Microscope,—With insect holder, be used asa Flcroscope for examining Flowers, as well ag Insects and Water. One small insect can be seen with this Microscope of which twenty-seven mil- | lion would only equal a mite. It is simple, durable, powerful and cheap. Every boy and girl wants one, Price by mail, $1.50. Agents wanted. Liberal dis— count given, Address, H. A. MUMAW, M., D., ORR- | VILLE, OHIO. | | | | ) | | ! ( if i | | | | . eae 2 a for B.C. Allen & Co's albums and publi, | Brentano's, Publishers, 5 Union Square, N.Y. | magnifying fifty diameters, or twenty-five hundred we _ times, is truly a wonderful optical discovery. It can The West American Scientist. \é Si6 I co-operation f melness Cost WAWatch=$38 | WAlFully EQUAL for a Accuracy, Dura- Mbility, Appearance ieyjand Service, to iellany $75.00 Watch. is Philadelphia’s building associa- tions have done much toward building it up|; and making It thecityofhomes. Thesamesystenz 14-Karat Gold Karat Gold Filled CHAIN uaranteed to wear Years, and is 33% Taeiarat Solid Gold a of co-operation | Look for the stamps Raya ; carefully & eco- —K.W.C. Co. 14K. FLO.— Sa nomically man- | and buy the BEST. ch iy aged, has builtup Zhe Keystone Watchinm i dl HUD. - Clzeb ‘Co. until they are now selling more Gite) | an Keystone Dust-proof Watch ul which is deservedly regarded as theff al I own and climax of Pennsylvania’s Z manufactures. This Watch containsime ‘every €ssential to an accurate time-|fiam keeper, and many important improve-[IFi@} Popa natpntee by the Company. They|[izie are Dust and Damp Proof, ix a quality possessed by now ; a ! other movement in the world. life. 1, Jeweled with genuine rubies. | Patent Stem Wind & Set, |ici= mi strongest and simplest. Sold ce through authorized agents atlfal=™ $38.00. Either all cash down al < or $1.00 per week. An Ajax Watch Insulator giveniimi N Sree with each Watch. i a8 Keystone Watch Club Con | || Wain Office in Company’ s\iim Own Building, vz NIG Qanw ~ 1904 Walnut St. i, Oy Ik ne ie ih’ j | PHILADELPHIA,PA na Bena cones aauettian gainst magnetism. by mail on receipt of price. 4 y We refer to any Commercial Agency jane T. Whittle. JONES & WHITTLE HOUSE AND SIGN PAINTING, Paper Hanging and Decorating, Kalsomining and Oil Finishing Graining and Marbling a Spec ialty. ___ 821 Seventh St., San Diego, Cal. BOOKS. —_Oo-— A LITERARY EVENT. ee eo A library of American literature from the earliest settlement to the present time —edited and compiled by E. C. Stedman and Miss E. M. Hut.hinson. A complete library in 10 vols. A. L: BANCROFT & CO. 132 POST STREET, San Francisco. AGENTS WANTED. D. F. Jones. ALL FOR 25 CENTS. A fine Ind‘an Arrew-head, Piece of Pottery, Star- fish, Sea-urchin, Shark’s Egg, 8 minerals, Chinese Coins, 14-page price-list of curiosities, ete., copy of COMMON SENSE, a 16-page magazine for collectors, 35c per year. F. A. THOMAS, Publisher, — Mexico, New York. ROYAL PALM NURSERIES The fluest anil most extensive. col’ection of T'ropi- ew and S mi-Tr. pical Plants in America.. Many. . aday ted to Southern california. More than 20 varie- ties of bananas. 150,000 one year old palms. Fru t, ornamental :nd economical plants. from Australi, Japan, Hong-Kong, India, South Africa, South Ameri- ° ca and all parts of the tropical world. New and va‘u- able descriptive catalogue of 100 pages, mailed to any address, upon receipt of 10 ets. Address, REASONER BROS., Manatee, Florida. Geological and Archeological Specimens -——-ANDiaas Scientific Books. ——_O0——_ Corals from the falls of the Ohio:a specialty. Can furnish froma single ex- ample to one hundred thousand. Cor- respondence with advanced collectors - and professors of colleges solicited. Best of reference given and satisfaction guar- anteed or money refunded. G. K. GREENE, 170 East Third St., New Albany, Ind. PORTRAITS. YOUR HOME MADE BEAUTIFUL By adorning them with the FACES OF* LOVED” ONES. The New York Artists’ Union is the only organiza-~ tion doing genuine Crayon, Pastels and Oil Portraits of friends living or dead, from photographs, tin-ty sper , or any correct likeness, They can fill, and therefore solicit orders from all parts of the United States. Con- scientious work on the smallest as well as the largest contracts is their rule. Satisfaction guaranteed or no pay required. All work done by Graduated Artists, Now zs the time to send your order. Send for our illustrated circular of prices, etc., to _ The New York Artists? Union, » Mention this paper] 10 East 14th St, New. Yorks . Shells, Minerals and Fossils. —ALSO=— SBRDS AND PLANTS. CO. R- ORGU DTA; Editor ‘West American Scientist.” SAN DIEGO, CALIF. The West American Sctentist. ACID PHOSPHATE Prepared according to the directions of Pror. E. N, HORSFoRD, ESPECIALLY RECOMMENDED FOR Dyspepsia, Nervousness, Exhaus- tion, Headache, Tired Hrain, And all Diseases arising from Indigestion and Nervous Exhaustion. O This is not a compound “patent medicine,” but a prepara- tion of the phosphates and phosphoric acid in the form: re- buired by,the-system, It aids digestion without injury, and is a beneficial food and tonic for the brain and nerves. It makes a delicious drink with water and sugar only, and agrees with such stimulants as arc necessary to take, Dr. E. W: Hitt, Glens Falls, N: Y., says: ‘An excellent remedy for a tonic Dyspepsia, nervous and general debility, or any low’state of the system.” Dr. D. A. Stewart, Winona, Minn, says: “Entire satis- faction in cases of perverted digestion, ‘loss of nerve- -power, mal-nutrition and kindred ailments,”’ Dr» G. H. Leacu, Cairo, Ill; says: “Of great power’ in dyspepsia and nervous prostration.” | . Wee Descriptive Pamphlet Free. Rumfcrd Chemical Works. Providence,::R..L. Beware of Substitutes and Imitations’ gee Be sure the word ‘‘HorsForp’s” is printed on the Jabel. —All others: are spurious —-Never sold in bulk, The - West American Screntist DR. LORYEA’S NEW HAMMAM FoR LADIES AND GENTLEMEN. | 218 POST STREET, Bet. Dupont and Stockton, SAN FRANCISCO. -—ot— The Finest. Turkish, Russian, Electric, and Medicated. Baths in the City. Sh. ‘Six Wickets, $5. Open for Gentlemen, Dav and Night, Sundays incluc- ed. For Ladies, aes 8 A. M. to 19 P.M. oa THE NAUTILUS: “ae For CONCHOLOGISTS. Sing” e Bath, (Formerly ‘““The Conchologists’ Exchange.’’) IMPROVED | ENLARGED! ILLUSTRATED! Issued monthly. Subscription $1.00 pcr annum , H.A. PILSBEY, Editor, > -W. D. AVERELL, Manager. Mt. Airy, Philadelphia Pa. dees 3 BIRDS, SKINS AND EGGS. NEw PRICE LIST OF FRESH SOUTHERN CAL- ifornia Bird Skins sent for stamp. Charles H. Marsh, Dulzura, Cal Our A, B, C’s—Accuracy, Brevity, Comp'eteness. WEST AMERICAN SCIENTIST “Decidedly the best of its class.” An illustrated monthly magazine of popular science— the only one in the West. $1.00 year; 10 cents a copy. | For shells, fossils, plants, bulbs, ferns, cacti, seeds, etc., address the editor, Chas, Russell Orcutt, San Diego, California. The Acme No, 3 Microscope, FOR FINEST, "WORK : With 3-5 inch and 1-5 inch objectives, 2 eye- pieces power 60 to 700), glass slides and covers, in CAC... os ose. | ae 83.00 With same outfit, but with addition of the 1-15 oil immersion objective and WE coudetieg (power 50 to OO 150.00 ee ee eat The Acme No. 4 Nleoacltes, As illustrated, a thoroughinstrument. for professional or educational use: With 1 in. & 1-5 in. objectives, tivo ere-pieces (power 40 to 600), glass slides and cov- ers in case .$55.00 ia The Acme No. 5 Microscope, An instrument of simple but thorough construction, with good lenses, and at a minimum cost : With 1 inch and 1-5 inch cbjectives, 1 eye- piece (power 40 to 860), in case........-. $28.00 f&zg Send for complete catalogue of Microscopes, ¢am- ple copy of the Microscopical Bulletin, and clearance- at list. In the Acme Microscores, we especially pride our- selves on the accurate sitting and smooth working of the focal adjustments, which are vital points in a microscope. Our rack and pinion is unexcelled for perfect action. JAMES W. QUEEN & CO., Manufacturing Opticians, 924 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. I> esas aero sean THE COsM OPOLITAN, That Bright, Sparkling Young Magazine. The € heapest Illustrated Monthly in the World. 25 Cents a Number. $2.40 per Year. THE COSMOPOLITAN is literally what the press universally calls it, “he Best and Cheape:t ‘Lilustrated tagazine” in the Worla. Subseribe—-AN UNUSUAL OPPORTUNITY—Subseribe The Cosmopolitan, per year THE West AMERICAN SCIENTIST, per year The price of the two publications We wilt furnish both for only toe eecee poe e © 8 & © oO 6 © we ew ow Pe ee ee eo ee ee oo COON Mery On iCenicy Oh CRO Qc, -o8rr moO) d Ce eC The Cobmopentan’ furnishes, for the first time in magazine iterature, a plendidy Hlustrated Periodica!, at a Price hitherto deemed impcssioe. te TRY TTF FOR A YEAT.& Do you want a first-class Magazine, giving annually 1300 pages by the ablest writers and cleverest artists--as readable a Magazine as money can make—a Magazine that © makes a specialty of live subjects ? Send $2.75 to Samuel Carson & Co., 208 Post St., San Francisco, and se- ce cure both “The Cosmopolitan” and “The West American Scientist.” The West American Sctentzist. Books for SCIENTISTS and NATURALISTS. BEGINNINGS WITH THE MICROSCOPE. A Working Handbook containing Simple Instruc- tions in the Art-and Method of Using the Mi- croscope, and Preparing Articles for Examin- ation. By Walter P. Manton, M. D. Illustra- ted. 50 cents. FIELD BOTANY. A Handbook for the Collector Containing Instruc- tions for Gathering and Preserving Plants, and the Formation ofa Herbarium. Also. complete instructions in Leaf Photography, Plant Print- ing, and the Skeletonizing of Leaves. By Walter P. Manton. Illustrated. 50 cents THE HUNTERS’ HANDBOOK. Containing lists of provisions and camping para- phernalia, and hints on the fire, cooking uten- sils, etc.; with approved receipts for camp cookery. By ‘An Old Hunter.” 50 cents. WHAT IS TO BE DONE. A Handbook for the Nursery, with Useful Hints for Children and Adults. By Robert B. Dixon, M. D., Surgeon of the Fifth Massachusetts In- fantry; Physician to the Boston Dispensary 50 cents; Paper, 30 cents. INSECTS. How to Catch and How to Prepare Them for the Cabinet Comprising a Manuel of Instruction for the Field Naturalist. By Walter P. Manton. Illustrated. 50 cents. TAXIDERMY WITHOUT A TEACHER Comprising a Complete Manuel of Instruction for Picparing and Preserving Birds, Animals, and Fishes, with a Chapter on Hunting and Hy- giene; together with instructions for preserv- ing Eggs and Making Skeletons, and a num- ber of valuable Receipes, By Walter P. Man- ton. IJlustrated. 50 cents. OUR COMMON INSECTS. _By A.S. Packard, Jr. New Edition, with illustra» tions. 1 vol., r2mo, cloth, $1.50. FERNS IN THEIR HOMES AND OURS. A popular introduction to the study of this fascina- ting subject. Fully illustrated. 1 vol., 12mo, cloth, $1.50. KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. By Elliott Coues, "M. A., M. D., Ph. D. Contains a concise account of every species of living and fossil bird at present known on the continent north of the boundary line between Mexico and the United States, including Greenland. Third edition, revised to date. With which are incorporated General Ornithology, and outline of the structure and classification of birds; and Field Ornithology, a manual of col- lecting, preparing and preserving birds. ‘The new edition presents the nomenclature of the American Ornithologist’s Union, tn the most conventent form for comparison with that of other editions, Illustrated, Coues’ “‘Key”’ is too well known as a lead- ing and authoratative treatise to require re- ~ mark, having for twelve years held its place as the standard work ot reference for profes- sional ornithologists as well as for students and amatuers. The latest and most exhaustive American Ornithology. Indispensable to every sportsman, amateur] and working orn- ithologist. 1 vol, royal octavo,vellum cloth, $7+50 THE COUKS CHECK LIST UF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. With‘dictionary of the etymology, authography and orthoepy of the scientific names. Revised to date and entirely rewritten by the author 1 vol., royal 8vo, cloth, $3.00 52 ot a oi TR PeeMiEL, CARSON & CO. 208 POST STREET. San Francisco, The West American Scienttst. ‘“My Soul, I mean that bit of Phosphorus that takes its‘place.”’ JOHN RUSSEIL LOWELL. POS ae on a NS The conception of Brown Sequards’ ‘‘Eiizxzir of Life’? was borrowed | from Crosby’s Vitalized Phosphites, which for over twenty years has been made from the Braiz of the Ox. Physicians have accepted the fact that this vital nutrient from the | ‘Brain of animals is the true restorer of vigor to the human system. The ‘‘ Elixir” from the glands of animals was intended only to.in- crease vitality, whereas Vitalized Phosphites restores vitality and reno- vates all the weakened functions of both brain and body. It is the true Elixir of Youth. <8 VITALIZED PHOSPHITES @- is carefully prepared from the nerve giving principles of the Ox brain, and the embryo of the wheat and oat ; and for more than twenty years has been the standard remedy with physicians who treat mental and nei vous disorders. It has been the great defence of those suffering from Nervous Ex- -haustion, Brain Fatigue, Loss of Memory, Nervous Dyspepsia, and all mental and bodily weaknesses. It is a vital nutrient Phosphite, not an inert acid phosphate. Itiaids in the bodily, and wonderfully in the mental growth of chil- “dren. ° WF EON ‘“Every one speaks well of VITALIZED PHOSPHITES.”—Christian at Work. 56 West 25th Street, New York, For Sale by Druggists. . ‘Or sent by mail, $1.00 The West American Scientist. San Francisco Chronicle, The Leading Newspaper on the Pacific Coast. The Daily Chronicle Gncluding 16 page Sunday Edition) de- livered. by carrier for The Circulation of ' the CHRONICLE is equal to that of ali the other San Francisco Morning _ Newspapers com- bined. ~ {5 Cts. per week, r fh ai: in all principal Cit- ewes pA: it ies and Towns on —THE— var’ if the Pacific Coast. SAN FRANCISCO Bale peels ee ile ieee BY MAIL, DAILY CHRONICLE =f x (| : ha POSTAGE PAID. is the most impor- (ey as Daily Chronicle, tant newspaper on fie } - I year, $6 70 the Pacific Coast, i aie 435 _ one of the few in the - United States that may be said to stand gaifg in the front rank of Bhige@ American Journal- Begg; ism, Vocal igh Fhe Harpers Mag. Oct: , 1838. Weekly . Chronicle, I year, $I 50 6 mos. 75 {= o 1 Send for Premium List A M: BR. DE YOUNG, PRopr. SAIT FRaArersco, cAD. NEW DIRECTORY |! 5 abana engaged in compiling a NEW Oologists’ and Ornithologists’ Direc tory, to be issued August sth, 1889. j We desire the addresses of all Collect- ors. Names inserted free. Do not neglect this opportunity to increase your col- lections by exchanges from all parts of the world. Exchange notices a special feature, 10 cents each for 25 words or less. Extra words at same rate. This will be the largest and best Directory ever published. Order now. A limited num- ber of reliable advertisements inserted at reasonable rates, Write for terms Address all communications to MENEFEE & CORLESS, SAN JosE, CALIF. ANGLO-NEVADA | ASSURANCE + CORPORATION. OF SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. FIRE AND MAKENE. Capital Fully Paid, $2,000,000. OFFICE, 410 PINE STREET. LOUIS SLOSS, 2 4 + 60) + ae President, CR PRR NRTED De 20e te ho eo fe eis . % “= Vice-President, BR IE G3 G8 C8 - Sih Sie : - - - +)» Secretaryas BANKERS: The Nevada Bank of San Francisco. THE KVENING QBULLETIN: SAN FRANCISCO, CAL . ESTABLISHED 1855. Is the leading evening journal in circulation and influence west of the Rocky Mountains. Itis the recognized authority in mercantile and financial circles. Its high character, tone, and general worth and has obtained for it, an entrance into the refined and cultured home circles, ane commends it to, The only journal publishing the Supreme) made it the most popular family newspaper in California. Court decisions in full. SS THE WEEKLY BULLETIN Is the largest and best weekly newspaper published in the west, and is in every respect a first-class | amily paper, appealing to the interest of every member of the household The Semi-Weebly Bulletin is the regular Weekly, Bulletin, iil Friday’s issue of each week. Sa TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION THE DAILY BULLETIN is served by carriers in San Francisco and the large towns of the interior at 25 cents per week. Daily, by mail or express, as ee aa ee per year, $6.00 Weekly Done, oye he my ae eps Neto ie 1.50 «ee Weekly, with Daily of Friday, - - . 2.00 Parts of a year in proportion Advertising Rates made known on application. SAN KRANGISGO BULLETIN GO. 622. MONTGOMERY STREET, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL, The West American Scientist. Books for SCLENTIOES and NATURALISTS. BEGINNINGS WITH THE MICROSCOPE. A Working Handbook containing Simple Instruc- tions in the Art and Method of Using the Mi- croscope, and Preparing Articles for Examin- ation. By Walter P. Manton, M. D. Illustra- ted. 50 cents. FIELD BOTANY. A Handbook for the Collector Containing Instruc- tions for Gathering and Preserving Plants, and the Formation ofa Herbarium. Also; complete instructions in Leaf Photography, Plant Print- ing, and the Skeletonizing of Leaves. By Walter P. Manton. Illustrated. 50 cents THE HUNTERS’ HANDBOOK. Containing lists of provisions and camping para- phernalia, and hints on the fire, cooking uten- sils, etc.; with approved receipts for camp cookery. By ‘‘An Old Hunter.” socents. WHAT IS TO BE DONE. A Handbook for the Nursery, with Useful Hints for Children and Adults. By Robert B. Dixon, M. D., Surgeon of the Fifth Massachusetts In- fantry; Physician to the Boston Dispensary 50 cents; Paper, 30 cents. INSECTS. How to Catch and How to Prepare Them for the Cabinet Comprising a Manuel of Instruction for the Field Naturalist. By Walter P. Manton. Illustrated. 50 cents. TAXIDERMY WITHOUT A TEACHER Comprising a Complete Manuel of Instruction for Pieparing and Preserving Birds, Animals, and Fishes, with a Chapter on Hunting and Hy- giene; together with instructions for preserv- ing Eggs and Making Skeletons, and a num- ber of valuable Receipes. By Walter P. Man- ton. Illustrated. 50 cents. OUR COMMON INSECTS. By A. S. Packard, Jr. tions. New Edition, with illustra- I vol., 12mo, cloth, $1.50. FERNS IN THEIR HOMES AND OURS. A popular introduction to the study of this fascina- ting subject. Fully illustrated. 1 vol., 12mo, cloth, $1.50. KEY TO NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. By Elliott Coues,‘M.A., M. D., Ph. D. Contains a concise account of every species of living and fossil bird at present known on the continent north of the boundary line between Mexico and the United States, including Greenland. Third edition, revised to date. With which are incorporated General Ornithology, and outline of the structure and classification of birds; and Field Ornithology, a manual of col- lecting, preparing and preserving birds. The new edition presents the nomenclature of the American Ornithologist’s Union, tn the most convenient form for comparison with that of other editions. Illustrated. Coues’ “Key” is too well known as a lead- ing and authoratative treatise to require re- mark, having for twelve years held its place as the standard work ot reference for profes- sional ornithologists as well as for students and amatuers. The latest and most exhaustive American Ornithology. Indispensable to every sportsman, amateur and working orn- ithologist. 1 vol, royal octavo,vellum cloth, $7-50 THE COUFS CHECK LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. With dictionary of the etymology, authography and orthoepy of the scientific names. Revised to date and entirely rewritten by the author | 1 vol., royal 8vo, cloth, $3.00 : pe eS TE — 0s mt ay SAMUEL CARSON & CO., 208 POST STREET. San Francisco. The West American Screntist. San Francisca Chronicle, The Leading Newspaper on the Pacific Coast. The Circulation of the CHRONICLE is equal to that of all the other San Francisco Morning Newspapers com- bined. Se —THE— SAN FRANCISCO DAILY CHRONICLE is the most impor- tant newspaper on the Pacific Coast, one of the few in thé United States that may be said to stand pg in the front rank of fff American Journal- tul ism, ee Harpers Mag, Oct:, 1888. HIECAMCLIE ) As TOI) fey Saiinnyi me == a aT T 1 ROMO law rar ll The Daily Chronicle (including 16 page Sunday Edition) de- livered by carrier for {5 Cts. per week, in all principal Cit- ies and Towns on the Pacific Coast. BY MAIL, POTSAGE PAID. Daily Chronicle, = ii iS La AI I year, £6 70 q Ay \ 6 mos. © 3 35 i ag BA fh fase Weekly Chronicle, yee at a il 1h I year, GI 50 H Ae -te FATAL (A || Send for Premium List fi AG ME. DE YOUNG Pease SAT FRAWCISCO, CAL. NEW DIRECTORY !! WWE are engaged in compiling a NEW Oologists’ and Ornithologists’ Direc tory, to be issued August 5th, 1889. We desire the addresses of all Collect- ors. Names inserted free Do not neglect this opportunity to increase your col lections by exchanges from all parts of the world. Exchange notices a special . Extra words at same rate. This will be the largest and best Directory ever published. Order now. A limited num- ber of reliable advertisements inserted at reasonable rates. Write for terms Address all communications to eature, 10 cents each for 25 words or less. MENEFEE & CORLESS, SAN JOSE, CALIF. a oe a a see ee ae THe West American Serene. VoL VI NOVEMBER, 1889. No. 49. NOTES FROM THE SAN DIEGO BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY... II. ADDITIONS TO THE FAUNA OF CORTEZ BANKS. In a trip to the Cortez Banks, subsequent to the one on which the fishes noted in the first part of these notes were collected, _ Captain Carte: obtained the following species. 45. SPHYRNA ZYGAENA. (L.) August. 46. ECHENEIS REMORA. L. On Sphyrna zygaena. 47. DITREMA ATRIPES, Jordan & Gilbert. A_ single spec- imen of this species was caught with hook and line in 45 fathoms. August, 1889. It differs somewhat from the description of atripes. The lips are black, a black spot at root of mandible. Pectorals hyaline, a narrow black bar at their base, especially well defined on their inner surface. Ventrals dusky, most so at tip. Upper third of first ten anal rays black. Caudal dark. Sides gray, lighter below, the back being bluish. D. X, 22; A. Ill, 28%. Scales 7-70-15. From D. orthonotus, this species differs in its arched back and less inclined anal basis. 48. CHROMIS PUNCTIPINNIS (Cooper)—A single specimen. It is undoubtedly identical with Cooper's Ayresia punctipinnis It differs from the specimens described by Jordan and Gilbert. (Syn. Fish. North Am. 61 t) i in having the dorsal XIII, 11 instead of XII, 11 and the depth 27 instead of 24%. Since writing this, Dr. Jordan has examined a specimen in his collection with the dorsal as above XIII, 11 and the depth 27. 49. OPHIODON ELONGATUS Girard—One specimen from the Cortez Banks. 50. ZANIOLEPIS FRENATUS sp.nov. Type, one specimen, .165 m. Cortez Banks, Capt. Carter, Coll. This species is very closely related to Z. latipinnis of Girard. It differs from that species in the less convex profile, the more slender shoulder, lower dorsal spines and color. D. XX, 1-12; A. III, 16%; head 4%; depth 634. General form of Z. latipinnis, the body less compressed, the dorsal outline less arched. Profile gently arched; nasal spines 148 The West American Scientist. prominent. Eye longer than snout, 3 in the head. Mouth small, lower jaw included, maxillary reaching to the anterior margin of pupil. Three preopercular spines, the lowest flat, triangular, the others conical. | ‘. Second and third dorsal spines highest, 1} in length of head, the spines gradually shortened to the 20th. Ventrals reachin front of anal; pectorals scarcely to tip of ventrals. | Color in alcohol, olivaceous; suborbital and preorbital black, (the corresponding region in latipinnis, bluish silvery.) Dorsal and anal with large blackish spots; posterior half of pectorals dusky. 51. FIERASFER DUBIUS Putnam—A mass of larve and eggs imbedded in a transparent jelly-like matrix may be provis- ionally referred to this species. ; } ADDITIONS TO THE FAUNA OF SAN DIEGO, WITH NOTES ON | SOME RARE SPECIES. SPHYRNA ZYGAENA (L.) MycTorpHuM—Sp. Ai single specimen from the Cortez Banks which was reterred to M. townsendi differs from that species in some respects. The occiput is more elevated, the preop-rcular margin is less inclined, agreeing with M. californiense. As far as evident, the sphosphorescent organs agree with those of town- sendi; there is, however, no light area along the base of the anal. D. 13. A. 15. A single specimen of this species was taken out of the mouth of a Rock Cod caught a few miles off Point Loma. MENIDIA TENUIS (Ayres)—This species has not been ob- served by us during the past year before Sept. 11th, when a large number were brought into the market. All the specimens examined by us have distinct bands of teeth and if the alleged absence of teeth in this species is the only character, as stated by Jordan and Gilbert., Syn., N. A. Fishes, 405, separating this species generally from Menidia, it must be placed in that genus. ECHENEIS REMORA L.—Found on every specimen of Sphyrna zygaena. XENISTIUS CALIFORNIENSIS (Steindachner)—Raspers. | This species has so far been very rarely found. Steindachner found it in San Diego Bay, (Ichthyol. Beitr. III. 3. 1875) and Streets at Cerros Island,(Bull U. S. Nat.Mus., VII. 49),since then the species has been noted but once, having been collected by Rosa Smith in ’85. The specimens collected by her are now in the Museum of the Indiana University. On May 3d, ’89 we procured a single specimen; the latter part of August and during © September of this year they were very abundant about the wharfs in San Diego Bay, as many as twenty being caught in a day by a single person with hook and line. When they are pulled from the water they grate their pharyngeals together pro- ducing a noise like that ot a rasp, Silvery below, steel blue above, lateral stripes rust color. The West American Scientist. 149 __ RHACOCHILUS TOXOTES Agassiz—A. single specimen. Octo- ber 3d. SEBASTICHTHYS MELANOPS (Girard)—Not rare in the mar kets in Summer and Fall. SEBASTICHTHYS OVALIS Ayres—Not rare. SEBASTICHTHYS RUBER (Ayres)—Not rare, usually large in- dividuals brought to the market. SEBASTICHTHYS LEVIS Eigenm and Eigenm—Equally abun- dant as S. ruber, none but large individuals seen. _ SEBASTICHTHYS ROSACEUS (Girard)—Common. -SEBASTICHTHYS ELONGATUS (Ayres)—Not rare. SEBASTICHTHYS -RUBROVINCTUS Jordan and Gilbert—The rarest of the Rock Cods. XYSTREURYS LIOLEPIS Jordan and Gilbert—Three speci- . mens, Sept. 30th and Oct. 3d. , FISHES OF AATNA SPRINGS, NAPA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA. PHoxINus (Tigoma)CLEVELANDI sp. nov.—Types, three spec- imens .10-.12 m. to base of caudal. D. Cleveland, Coll. Closely related to Ph. hydrophlox (Cope) associated with ‘Leucus bicolor (Girard) D. 9%; A. 10%; head 4-4%; depth 334-44; teeth 2, 4—5 or Teer scales 10-59-6. Mouth oblique, jaws equal, maxillary reaching front of. eye _or somewhat farther in the largestspecimen. Eye 4-4% in head, _1¥% in theinterorbital space. Pectorals reaching ventrals in male, much shorter in female. Color in alcohol; chocolate above, bordered on thes des by a darker stripe; a black band from tip of snout to base of middle caudal running along the lateral line in front and on the tail, above the lateral line along the abdominal region; a light band from upper angle of eye between this and the dark of the back. Sides below the dark lateral band silvery, more or less peppered with black or chocolate. Dorsal and caudal dusky. Anal and ventrals light. the rays chiefly dusky. Upper surface of pectorals dusky, the color becoming more intense toward the outer ray which is black; lower surface of ee white. All markings most intense on male. FISHES OF ALLEN SPRINGS, LAKE COUNTY, CALIFORNIA. A few specimens were collected by Mr. D. Cleveland, at Allen Springs, Lake County, California. PTYCHOCHEILUS OREGONENSIS (Richardson. ) SALMO IRIDEUS (Gibbons. ) URANIDEA SEMISCABRA CENTROPLEURA var. nov. Two specimens .072 and .o8 m. long. | Head 3%; depth 4% D. VIII, 17%; A. 14; V. I, 4. | Pec- torals 3-3% in length; ventrals 5, caudal 4. Spinous dorsal pale at base and tip, the median region black. A band of prickles along the median line of the body to near pos- 150 The West American Sctentist. terior margin of anal; the rest of the body without villi or prickles. Lateral line complete. Ventrals reaching 3-3 to vent, which is nearer to base of caudal than to tip of snout, otherwise as 1n semiscabra. THE YOUNG STAGES OF SOME SELACHIANS. SQUALUS ACANTHIAS L. Captain Carter of the Azalene ob- tained the young of this species from its mother in August. They were far along in their developement. Total length .22 m; dimensions of the yolk. 02x.04m The upper surfaces are blue, the lower white; a series of white spots along the sides. A light streak cn sides above the ventrals. An- terior portions of dorsals black, the posterior margin and tip white. Upper margin of caudal and anterior margin of its lower lobe white; tip of upper lobe black; a white and then a black band between the black tip of the upper lobe and the anterior margin of the lower lobe. Upper basal portion of ventals dark blue, the remainder of the fin white. Pectorals largely blue above, the. posterior margin being white, their lower surfaces largely white a median blue spot on its outer ha'f. Snout broad and rounded. TRIACIS SEMIFASCIATUS Girard. A female of this species about 1.5 m. long, caught Sept. 6, 1889, contained a number of young measuring .0g5-.105 m. Each embryo is surrounded by a delicate membrane filled with a hyaline watery albumen. The yolk is pyriform and measures .03 x. 07 m. In the smallest indi- viduals the external giils are still present; the spiracular gills have, however, disappeared. In the proportions, position of find and coloration these embryos greatly resemble the adult. The asperities of the skin are entirely wanting. The ventral surface with the paired fins, the anal and lower lobe of the caudal are _ plain. A dark cross bar between the spiracles; three cross bars between this and the first dorsal fin, one on the middle of the first dorsal, another at its posterior margin, two between the dorsals, a dark cross bar on the anterior and posterior margins, of the second dorsal, four behind the second dorsal fin. In the larger specimens there is a spot on the middle of the lower caudal lobe and two or three along the sides anteriorly. The remaining color marks of the adult are not yet developed. RHINOTRIACIS HENLEIGill. A specimen of this species about 1.5 m. in length was caught off the wharf Sept. 7th, 1889. It Contained six young, three in either uterus. They are .115 m. long and possess most of the characters of the adult. The tips of the caudal and dorsal fins and a median dorsal band behind the second dorsal are dark blue, otherwise the embryos are color- less. The external gills have disappeared. The umbilicus is very long .14m. The yolkis bright yellow; it is intimately con- nected with the walls of the uterus. As the young of this species are attached bya placenta it may be generically distinguished Triacis from in which the young are free. es ewe © SS The West American Scieniist. I51 GALEORHINUS ZYOPTERUS Jordan and Gilbert. This spec- ies is common in San Diego Bay, but, as with most sharks it is most abundant in the latter part of Summer. Few males ar- caught; all the specimens examined by us were females. Two individuals taken August 30th, 1889, were with young which - average .o5 m.in the one,.o8 m. in the other. The yolk is alarge spheroid measuring: .05 x .o8 m., and, as in the case of Triacis, is surrounded with a loose, delicate membrane. The embryos are colorless. The position of the fins agrees with the adult. All the young, including the largest, have external gills still per- sisting at the gill openings and spiracles. The head is compara- tively shorter and broader than in the adult and the eye much _ larger. SCYLLIORHINUS VENTRIOSUS Garman. On _ January roth, 1885, Mrs. E. D. Buell hatched a shark from a flat egg case which she gave to Rosa Smith. The shark may be said to have heen ‘‘hatched” although the embryo had not absorbed the vitel- line sac and it may have been not quite matured as Mrs_ Buell pried open the case to let out the shark which was still alive. The shark was provisionally identified as Scylliorhinus ventriosus and the egg case sent to Mr. S. Garman to be figured. The young shark difters from the description of the adult sharks in a few very prominent characters, 1. e., the caudal is not con- tinuous around the tail, the tip of the tail is margined by a series of flat spines and there isa series of rather strong spinelets along . the sides of the back from in front of the second dorsal forward to the head. The central portion of the dorsal fins, the anal and the paired fins dark blue. Back and sides with dark blue double cross bars which are more or less interrupted, those of the tail extending upon both lobes of the caudal. Length .085 m. Diam. of yolk about .o2 m. Greatest depth .12 of total length; greatest width .14; length of head .17; width of head .18; length of snout .06; length of branchial area .09; width of mouth .14; distance from snout to first dorsal .49; length of base of first dorsal 07; length of caudal .26; length of pectoral .12; length of ventral . ro. CA SK. Si ingenmann, OBSIDIAN CLIFT. Obsidian Cliff is at the northern end of Beaver Lake, in the Yellowstone National Park, about eleven miles south of Mam. moth Hot Springs, The cliff extends for half a mile, rising from one hundred and fifty to two hundred feet above Obsidian creek and falling away gradually to the north; the upper half is a ver- tical face of rock, the lower portion a talus slope of the same material. The southern end is formed of nearly vertical columns of black #) From the seventh annual report of the U. S. Geological Survey. ee The West American Scientzst. 153 obsidian, or volcanic glass, which has resulted from the rapid cooling of a perfectly fused, igneous rock. From this, great blocks have fallen and accumulated at its base in a talus slope, over which has been built what is popularly known as the glass road, the material of which it is made, being as true a glass as any artificially produced. The colors and structure of this nat- ural glass not only make it the most interesting rock the visitor will find, but the phenomena of its occurrence in this locality are of special scientific importance. What was the original thickness of this lava sheet it is not possible to say. The dense glass or obsidian forming the lower portion is from seventy-five to one hundred feet thick; the porousand _ pumiceous upper portion has suffered more or less erosion; which was in part the result of ice action, the evidence of glaciation be- ing more marked along the lower western slope of the plateau than on the top of it. The surface of the plateau is mostly pum- ice, with little, if any glacial debris scattered over it; but along the western slope the rock has been worn down to the massive obsidian, and the top of the cliff is covered with planed and striated glacial drift from a great variety of sources. Half a mile southeast of Obsidian Cliff, on the plateau, about five hundred feet above the level of Beaver Lake, is a circular pit one hundred feet deep, the mouth of it being three hundred feet wide by three hundred and fifty feet long; its sides stand at an an- gle of thirty-five degrees and appear to be formed of pumiceous obsidian, the angular masses in the bottom being pumice. The rim of the pit does not rise above the level of the surrounding surface, and one comes upon it quite unexpectedly in the timber. The general appearance is that of a small crater which has been but slightly affected by glaciation. In the Solfatara Creek valley, the lava flow is exposed ina cliff the iower portion of which is black and red obsidian. CONTRIBUTIONS ‘TOWARDS A. LIST. OF: THE FAUNA AND FLORA OF WET MOUNT- MIN VALE YY, COLORADO. (Compiled for the Colorado Biological Association.) III ALGA. The locality cannot be said to be rich in forms, although the irrigation ditches and creeks yield a certain number of species. Most of the species are of general distribution elsewhere. For identification we are greatly indebted to the Rev. F. Wolle, while one species was kindly named by Dr. W. G. Farlow. 1. Conferva vulgaris, Rab., near Ula. is 2. Cladophora glomerata, Kg., well distributed; also found in © Pueblo Co. 3. Mesocarpus scalaris, DeBy., near Ula. 4. Hyalotheca disilliens. | 5. Draparnaldia plumosa, in Swift Creek, over 8,000 feet alt. 154 The West American Scientist. 6. Zygnema anomalum. 7. Spirogyra quinina, Ag., near Short Creek, 8,200 feet; West Clift. 8. Spirogyra nitida, West Cliff. g. Oscillaria froelichi, Kutz. 10. mn gracillima , Kg. 11. Vaucheria geminata, Short Creek. 12) a dichotoma, West Cliff. 13. Nostoc sphcericum. TA ie interruptum. 15. Navicula viridis, Kutz, near Ula. 16. i rhomboides, (Ehrenb), Greg, near Ula. ne one dactylus, West Cliff. 18. Nitzschia amphioxys, Sm., near Ula. 19. Epithemia turgida. Sm., near Ula. 20. a gibba, Kutz, Short Creek, 8,200feet alt. 21. Synedra ulna, Ehrenb., near Ula and Short Creek. 22. Gomphonema acuminata, Ehrb. 2 i dichotomum. 24. Cocconeis pediculus,common, and also foundin Pueblo Co. 25. Fragilaria capucina, Sm., West Cliff and Short Creek. 26. Diatoma (Odontidium) hiemale, Kutz., Short Creek. 27. Closterium acerosum, Ehr., near Ula. 28. a leibleinii, Kutz. ce cucumis, Short Creek. 30. Cosmarium nitidulum, DeNot. 31, Euastrum ansatum, Ehr. IV. PTERIDOPEWAA- 1. Botrychium lanceolatum, Angst., Willow Creek, 8,200 feet (M. E. Cusack.) A syrphid larva, about to mill. long, pale, the dorsum dull orange, was found on this plant. 2. Cryptogramme acrostichoides, (Spreng.) R. Br., Porter and Coulter, F]., S. Colorado. 3. Woodsia oregana, Eaton, Porter and Coulter, “Fl. Color- ado.”’ | ie Pteris aquilina, Linn., somewhat local at about 8,400 feet alt. S-, Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh., Porter and Coulter, ‘‘Fl. Col- orado. 6. Equisetum pratense, Ehrh., West Cliff. Equisteum loevigatum, Braun, Grape creek (Demetrio), Ellis and Everhart. This species has priority over E. loeviga- tum, Lesqx, fossil at Golden. The fossil species may be amended to E. perleevigatum, so as not to conflict with the recent one. 8. Equisetum arvense L , Willow creek and elsewhere. Some of the specimens are not typical. 9g. Equisetum hiemale, L., Willow creek and elsewhere, com- mon. The West American Scientist. 155 V—GYMNOSPERM. I. Juniperus communis L., abundant. at 8,200 feet and up- wards. The berries form part of the food of robins (merula migratoria). 2. Picea engelmanni (Parry) Eng., Short creek and Willow creek. 3. Picea pungens, Eng.,Short Creek and Willow Creek. _4. Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum, Eng., abundant, Short Creek, Willow Creek, etc. T. D. A. Cockerell. WEst CuIFF, October 7, 1889. Pere wVARY NOTES ON THE ..GEOLOGY.. OF THE” ANACAPAS: (Read before the Santa Barbara Society of Natural History, August, 1889.) The group of islands known as the Anacapas are more exclu- sively of volcanic origin than any other of the Channel Islands, the base from the exposure above the level of the ocean being composed of black vesicular basalt, capped in many places by a trachytic rock of a more recent lava flow, and at some points on the most elevated portions of the islands covered by a drift formation, among which are found jasper, chalcedony, and other fragmentary metamorphic rocks. Where these metamorphic rocks are found there is abundant evidence that the aborigines, who inhabited the islands, fre- quented the place of deposit for the purpose of selecting rocks suitable for the manufacture of their arrow and spear points. An unimportant deposit of limestone exists on the middle island, anda vein of chalcedonic quartz was found near the east- ern end of the larger island; this was also used for the manu- facture of weapons and knives. Amygdaloides of chalcedony are very abundant, filling the almond-shaped cavities in the basalt. An article on the geology of the Channel Islands, including the Anacapas, with geological sections, the result of the studies of the islands during the past twelve years, is being prepared, and will be presented to this society at its next meeting. There are many things connected with the fauna and flora of these islands which are of much interest to students of natural history, and the scenery equals in variety and grandeur many of the most noted localities of other countries, a fact which our local artists are making known. The land shells of the islands are peculiar; the only helicoid land shell found on the Anacapas, Helix Ayresiana, heretofore noted from San Miguel, Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz, is found but sparingly on the Anacapas, but the writer brought a few liv- ing specimens and planted a colony in the foothills of the Santa Ynez Range, back of El Montecito, where it is hoped they may 156 The West American Scientist. increase and furnish specimens of this beautiful snail for future generations of conchologists. Owing to the steep and rugged shores, and a lack of suitable conditions, marine mollusks are not plentiful, except a few lit-_ toral species, which attach themselves to the rugged surface of the basalt rocks. A list of the known mollusca of the islands is also in prepara- tion. We did not find any ferns upon the Anacapas, but, as adverse circumstances prevented our landing upon the western extremity of the group, where the conditions seem the most favorable for their growth, we cannot state positively that no ferns grow there. An article on the ferns of the Channel Island will shortly be pub- lished. Lorenzo G. Yates. BRIEFER ARTICLES (FromgDemorest’s Monthly Magazine.) EARLIEST AMERICANS.—The knowledge that America was in- habited by a highly civilized people many centuries before its occupancy by the race of red men which the earliest European | settlers found here, is not new. Yet it was not until lately that — actual records of information concerning this people were found, and for more than four hundred years all that we have known of them was gathered froma careful study of the relics of their greatness, —the ruins of their edifices, which have been found scattered over the entire western hemisphere. But the earthen tablets found in Peru, Central América, and Mexico, engraved - on plastic clay in perfect Phoenician characters, and afterwards burned to render them imperishable, extend back nearly two thousand years before Christ. Accordng to these records, these people, the Toltecs, came from some remote country and settled in South America. They were an eminently civilized and re- ligious people, vesting the laws of their government and their theology in the same persons, and believing in one God, the cre- atorand ruler of all, and in a mediator (Tzuma) who was to come to guide and teach them aright. Two distinct classes existed among them, the ‘‘Olptecs,’’ or workers, and the ‘“‘Orptecs,”’ or thinkers, the latter including not only their priests and rulers, but their architects, artisans, engineers, andnobility. The ““Olptecs”” were serfs with no voice at all in the government or public affairs. These people rapidly increased, and by the year 400 B. C. had- settled nearly the entire South American continent and spread over Mexico, where they found an aboriginal race dwelling on the banks of the streams and living upon the natural produce of the soil and upon fish and game. For over a thousand years the Toltecs occupied the land, until in the last century before Christ, the Aztec invaders sailed up the Amazon, claiming to have come from an Oriental country which they called “Aztlan.” The Az- tecs soon overruled. the Toltec government, and in the course of two' or three centuries the Aztecs were the dominant people. The West American Scientist. 157 Their supremacy lasted for seven centuries, and then, through luxurious abundance, their commerce and industries became less active and extensive, and their power commenced to wane. In 800 A. D.a savage horde from the north and west came down upon the Aztecs, and wiped out the primeval civilization in a sav- age war of extermination, lasting for years. The remnants of the stricken people fled to the mountains, where they became cliff and cave dwellers, and others became amalgamated with the de- stroying race, the Chicimecs. This is but a sketch of the wonderful history these long-hidden records relate. It was re- served for the progressive and enduring Indo-European branch of the Aryan race to open the pages and read for us the instruct- ive history of these thirty forgotten centuries during which Amer- ica was peopled in turn by the Hamitic branch of the Semite race, then by the Semites proper, and these finally exterminated by the flerce Turaneans from Chinese Tartary, until to-day nearly every vestige of their existence is being crushed out of the world’s history by the rapid paces of an advancing civilization. gigs be COMMUNISM IN OuIo.—In Tuscarawas county, Ohio, about eighty miles south of Cleveland, in a quaint little village called Zoar, is an obscure communistic colony of about three hundred inhabitants. It was founded in 1817, by two Germans, who se- lected this location, comprising some of the richest land in Ohio, and called their settlement Zoar, because it was to be to them a place of refuge from the world. The people, descendants of the pioneers who first settled there, are frugal and industrious, .. strongly attached to their beautiful home, and work for the com- munity, which owns and controls not only the village proper. but thousands ot acres outside. The money is received into one common treasury, and the necessaries of life, including food and clothing, are furnished by the officials, consisting of three trus-. tees and a committeee of five, who are annually elected by bal- lot. They are Christians, accepting the Old and New Testa- ments, but they have no minister or ceremonies of any kind, and their place of worship is not called a church, but a ‘congregation- house.’ In marriage, the contracting parties procure a license, ' according to the laws of the State, and the marriages are solem- nized by a Justice of the Peace, who isa member of the com- munity. Years ago their rules were very strict, and the members all dressed alike; but now, although simplicity is the rule, they. are not uniformly attired. They manufacture their own wool garments, and boots and shoes, and each family raises its own produce. If any need money for any reason, they make applica- tion for it. They runa flouring mill, two grist mills, two woolen mills, andatannery. They have two good schools, and keep’ a large hotel accommodating many summer boarders. Alto- gether they are a happy, independent people, content to live apart from the world. Every person in the community knows his place, is assigned to his duty, and performs his work accord- ing to his ability. | Nearly all the present members were born in. 158 The West American Scientzst, Zoar, although outsiders may join if they can pass satisfactorily the year’s probation which is demanded. Yet this quiet, secluded life does not seem to accord with the desires of most men and women, although the Zoarites profess to be perfectly satisfied, THE SALT MOUNTAINS OF THE COLORADO.—Upon a tributary of the Colorado River, the Virgin, are situated the salt mountains which are destined to be the source of great wealth to someone. They cover a stretch of about twenty-five miles on both sides of the Virgin River, seven miles up from the Colorado. __ The salt they contain is pure and white, and clearer than glass, and it is said that a piece of it seven or eight inches thick is sometimes clear enough to see through to read a newspaper. Over the salt is a layer of sandstone from two to eight feet thick, and when this is torn away the sait appears like a huge snowdrift. How deep it is has not yet been ascertained; but a single blast of giant powder will blow out tons of it. Under the cap-rock have been discovered charred wood and charcoal, and matting made of cedar bark, which the salt had preserved, evidently the camp be- longings of prehistoric men. The rocks toward the salt moun- tains are painted and carved with hieroglyphics, the meaning of which is known only to the Mojave, Yuma, Piute and other In- dians. From the reports of recent explorers it seems that there are stretches of hundreds of miles on the Colorado River as lit- tle known as the heart of Central Africa. The walls of the El Dorado Canyon, where the river is three hundred and fifty feet wide, are so high that neither the sun nor the moon can shine in. The Colorado is the greatest field for explorers on the North American Continent beside the Arctic regions, and the wonders yet to be unearthed there will probably much more richly re- ward the attention of the scientist than even the unknown spaces of the frigid North. THE CABLE CIRCUIT OF AFRICA.—The report of the United States Vice-Consul to St. Paul de Loando, concerning the dis- trict of Mossamedes, on the West Coast of Africa, practically an unknown country to Americans, includes the important informa- tion that a cable has just been laid between the Cape of Good Hope and Mossamedes, touching at Port Nolluth, and contin- ued from Mossamedes to Loando, completing the telegraphic circuit of Africa. It is expected, since the completion of this new line, that a message can be sent vza the West Coast more expe- ditiously than by the old route to the Cape wza the Red Sea and Zanzibar. The district of Mossamedes, of which a consider- able portion of territory has been lately ceded by Portugal to Germany, is situated between 13° 50’ and 17° 25’ south latitude. The principal port and town is called Mossamedes. It has an- chorage for any number of vessels, and good pier facilities. Its commerce chiefly consists of the exchange of cattle, dried and salted fish, dried beef, and agricultural products for goods and provisions that come from Europe, Ai line ot railway from Mos- The West American Scientist. 159 samedes to two hundred miles into the interior has been pro- jected. It will cross the Schella Mountains at a distance of one hundred and twenty miles from the coast, beyond which the country is said to be magnificent, and salubrious for Europeans, who are ableto work in the fields. MODERN CAVE-DWELLERS IN GERMANY.—Cave-dwellers in civilized Europe? It seems incredible; and yet, just above the thriving village of Langenstein, in the Hartz Mountains, and forming a part of it, are about ten dwellings hewn in the rocks. They are calledthe “Burg,” or ‘‘castle,” and here some forty per- sons have their home. In the face of the solid rock is to be seen a row of regular-shaped doors and windows, one door and one window belonging to each dwelling. The most ancient of these dwellings is the work of a young married couple whose extreme poverty gave them no other choice than to seek a home in the rugged mountain-side. Their work must be held deserving ot respect, for it was no light task to pick away the rock bit by bit, as one workman must with no tool but his pick-ax. Through the doorway one enters a narrow, straight hallway, at the right of which another doorway leads into a good-sized room witha window, the only one in the dwelling, | Opposite this doorway, at the left of the entry, is a shell-shaped hollow, which serves as a sleeping-room, in which, however, straw supplies the place of a bed. Back of this, at the lett, is a store-room; opposite it, ad- joining the living or sitting-room, is the kitchen, with fireplace and chimney; and back of the kitchen is another sleeping-room. The latter has no opening for light, yet, as the house-door is usu- ally open the greater part of the year, there is light enough to see by. The walls are of the natural rock, and the apartments are perfectly dry, and not badly ventilated with the door, window, and chimney, which create a slight draft through the dwelling at all times. The place is warm in winter and cool in summer, and the inmates are rosy and healthy. Some of the cave-dwellers have whitewashed their houses, and made little gardens outside, so that the exterior does not display a forbidding appearance. At any rate, these cave-dwellings are quite as comfortable (and certainly more sanitary) habitations as the cellars of our cities, which are leased to wretched inmates, and are only caves of ma- sonry. A WONDERFUL LAKE.—‘The ‘Walled Lake,’ as it is called, is the greatest wonder in the State of Iowa. It is situated in Wright county, twelve miles north of the Dubuque and Pacific Railway, and one hundred and fifty miles west of Dubuque City, and occupies a surface of two thousand eight hundred acres, with a depth of twenty-five feet insome places The lake is from two to three feet higher than the earth’s surface, and in some places the wall surrounding it, which gives it its name, is ten feet high. The stones used in its construction vary in weight from one hundred pounds to three tons, and the wall is fifteen feet wide 160 The West American Scientist. at the bottom and five feet wide on top. The mystery about the lake is that no one knows who built these massive walls that inclose it, or where the stone was obtained from, unless _they were taken trom the immediate vicinity; for surrounding the lake, to the extent of five or ten miles, there are no stones, although everywhere else in Wright county there are plenty ot them. Another singular fact is that, although the water in the lake is always clear and fresh, no one has been able to ascertain where it comes from or where it goes. AN ELEectrac PLant.—In the forests of India there has been discovered a very strange plant, which manifests a most aston- ishing magnetic power. Anyone who breaks a leat from it re- ceives immediately a shock equal to that which is produced by the conductor of an induction coil. A magnetic needle at a dis- tance of twenty feet is affected by it, and near by becomes very much deranged. The intensity of this singular influence is very variable. It is most powerful about two o’clock in the after- noon, and almost without force at night or during rain. No bird or insect is ever seen to alight on the electric plant; some instinct seems to warn them of the danger of sudden death. | None of the magnetic metals, iron, cobalt, or nickel, are found where this plant grows, so that the electric force undeniably be- longs exclusively to the plant. The mysteries of light and heat, magnetism and electricity, make the leaf and blossom of this wonderful Indian plant a rare botanical problem. PROCEEDINGS OF SCIENTIFIC ‘SOCIETIES. (San Diego Society of Natural History, October 4. 1889.) The meeting was held at the residence of the Vice-President, Rev. B. F. McDaniel. Dr. C. H. Eigenmann made some re- marks on his trip in the Azalene to the Cortez Banks, describing the embryology of the rock cods and the surf perches, both of which bring forth their young alive. The vice-president presented fine specimens of Indian relics from El Cajon valley, describing the locality whence they came. Tourmaline in quartz was scattered over the hillside and it was evident the Indians had mined there for flints for arrow heads. BIBLIOGRAPHY. _ Marva RotunpiFouia, The occurrence of this imported weed in a pasture at Trinidad, Colorado, is announced in Fie/d and Farm, September 21, 1889. It is exceedingly abundant in some localities in the East, as at Niagara Falls, but we had not definite news of it before in Colorado. TT) Dane JosEPH P. Nunn. The Fertility and Coloring of Birds’ Eggs. Sczence Gossip, September, 1889, p. 204. Statistics are given of The West American Scientist, 161 various clutches of AZevula merula, and the author concludes that ‘‘the greater the fertility, the darker the color of the eggs,”’ THE MammoTH Not Extinct. In Sczence Gossip, Septem- ber, 1889, p. 214, is quoted a clipping from the Satu day Journal, to the effect that the mammoth (£4/ephas primigenius) still exists in Alaska! A certain Mr. Fowler, it seems, has interviewed a man who killed two of them. But the public unkindly scoffs and makes mention of the horse marines! DIORCHIDIUM TRACYI, DE Ton. /ourn. of Mycol., June, - 1889, vol. 5, p. 95 and pl. x. Good figures are given of this species from New Mexico, which is the only North American species of its genus known. We confess, however. that we do not quite see on what grounds it is called D.tracyi, since it was appa- rently first described by Tracy and Galloway as Puccinia verti- septa, last year. The name ought surely to be Diorchidium verti- septa, (T. & G.), verti-septa not being preoccupied or otherwise inappropriate. Dr. De Toni’s ideas of priority are; we hope, not those of most other mycologists. The same number of the Jour. of mycol. that contains the description of P. verti-septa has anarticle on Doassansia by him in which he proposes to alter D. puncti- formis (Niessl, 1872) to D. Niesslu,De Toni, because an Austra- lian species was named D. punctiformis by Winter in Les737 Ip: punctiformis Niess] not being at that time recognized as belong- ing to the genus! It is the Australian D. punctiformis, Wint., that must be changed—say to D. Lythri, as it was found on Lythrum. ie Dee. _R. K. Macapam. North American Agarics. /, of MQcol., June, 1889, p. 58. Descriptions and localities are given for 11 species of Russula, only three of which are quoted from any- where on the Pacific Slope. There is probably a great deal yet to be done amomg the Western Agarics. LAS Cy H. J. E_twes. Notes on genus Erebia. Trans. Entomological Society of London, 1889, p. 317. This very interesting paper deals with this genus of butterflies at considerable length, and gives a list of the species. There are also remarks on the geo- graphical distribution of the genus, which number altogether 57 species. A new var. brucei of E. epipsodea is described from Colorado. It is smaller, without ocelli, and the red band is almost obsolete. It is possibly a distinct species. T.D.A.C. D. W. CoguiLLeTT. The Imported Australian Ladybird, (Vedolia cardinalis). /zsect Life, Sept. 1889, p. 70. Of this article on the imported Australian Coccinellid, and the wonderful work it is doing in destroying that pest, the Icerya, in California, we need only say that it is of the greatest interest, and ought to be read by all who care for the welfare of agriculture on the Pacific Slope. AO 8 id eae 162 The West American Scientist. BDITORAL. The development of asystem for the utilization of the arid lands of the west is-one of the most promising of. numerous pro- jects now under consideration for the material improvement of the condition of mankind. Not only is the west interested in the numerous discussions and actions taken on this subject, but the whole nation is becoming awakened to the necessity of rendering this vast area capable of sustaining human life. It has been estimated that within historic times some seven millions of square miles along the shores of the Mediterranean, once highly fertile, have been changed into worthless deserts, and for nearly 2,000 years the inhabitable portion of the earth has decreased at the average rate of 3,500 square miles. This has been produced by the direct agency of man, the evil being chiefly due to river floods caused almost “exclusively by the destruction of land-protecting forests. It is right that America should set the example of reclaiming desert lands and thus increase earth’s capacity for supporting the human race. /77gation and tree-culture must go hand and hand in this work. The value of irrigation has been abundantly proved by the past experience of the human race and is to-day sufficiently demonstrated in Southern California to convince the most skeptic. Not only is irrigation recognized in the west as the solution of the arid lands question, but agricultural papers are already pointing out the desirability of the system for the eastern States, where it is much less vital and was long considered need- less. The necessity for tree-culture is equally imperative with irriga- tion, and the arid lands question will never be satisfactorily set- tled without the recognition of this principle in its solution. The men who advocate the construction of a vast system of storage reservoirs for irrigation purposes, refuse to recognize the value of mountain forests as natural storage reservoirs and distributors of the water supply, and hold that it would be just as well to destroy them entirely, are not the men needed in this exigency of our country. The system of irrigation pro- posed is well, but if left to their own devices in the latter respect, the country will have reason for regret. America can ill afford to ignore the experience of other nations in this respect and forestry should receive equal consideration with irrigation, NOTES ANDES. An event anticipated in Plymouth for more than fifty years took place there on the rst of August. It was the dedication of the Es a er ae The West American Scientist. 163 monument in honor of the Pilgrims, by the Masonic Grand Lodge which laid the corner-stone thirty years ago. The four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by Columbus will be celebrated by a World’s Fair in 1892. New York city is confident of being selected as a site for this great ex- position, but Chicago and St. Louis are both rivals for this honor, St. Louis claims to be more centrally located than any other city of its size in the United States, and to possess a greater population and two and a half times as many miles of railroad within a radius of 500 miles, than either New York or Chicago. Rev. M. J. Berkeley, a distinguished English cryptoga:nic _ botanist, is dead. Prof. F. H. Knowlton is collecting fossil plants in Western | New Mexico, Arizona and California, according to the Botanical Gazette. Prof. E. L. Greene spent the summer months in an explora- tion of the torests of Colorado, Montana, Oregon, Washington .- and California. Dr. George Vasey has returned to Washington, D. C., from his tour through the West. There are about 100 species of mosquitoes in the world, occur- ring in all climes. Eight or ten species have been known to in- habit England for more than fifty years—in fact since they were first studied—and no new species have been recorded in Britain in that time. One well-known British species has been recorded from Mexico; though no tropical species has ever visited England Dr. Field, a celebrated physician, is reported to have used nothing but common flour of sulphur, a teaspoonful mixed with the finger in a wineglassful of water, and given as a gargle, when diphtheria was raging a few years ago. In ten minutes the pa- tient was out of danger, and he never lost a case of this disease. Sulphur destroys the fungus in man and beast. In extreme cases dry sulphur was blown down the throat through a quill, and sul- phur burned in a shovel so that the patient could inhale it, when _ a gargle could not be used. About 150 colors are obtained from coal tar, which has now almost entirely supplanted vegetable and animal dyes. The IMPORTANT NOTICE. aio Botanists, Nurserymen, SEEDS MEN AND FLORISTS. —_— 9 ——_ Cycas revoluta, ©. circinalis (tree ferns), Al ophila, crinata, A. gigantea, Cythea hemiti'ia, Dendrobium maccarthes, D, Aureum, D. cruminatum, D. macro, stachys, Vanda spathulata, Vanilla phalarnopsis, Eria bicolor, Cleistoma maculosum, and over 40 of the best varieties of Lycopopiums, Ferns, Palms, Pandanus, Evphorbia, Opuntia, an1 other varieties of seeds and plants supplied. We will pack and deliver free at any sea-po:ts A case of 2&0 Orchids, 20 varieties............ $100 | 10 | $2.00 extra. (73 300 6é 8U oe ae 20‘) Cycas circinalis, stems 6 inches.. 100 36 500“ a BGs oi Deon IL Thavel o(achul ov (os) | eaten ec caeoiO nicticicrs Chom Soe 250 A case of 1,000 Bulbs, 10 different varieties, such as Crium Oranatum, C. Asiaticum, Pan- cartium, Gloriosa, Methonica, Alocasias, &c. 175 esee ees reeee Coffea arabica, C. Liberica, Thea Asamica, T. Hy- brida, T, insigenians, Cichona, Legeriana, Cardamo- num pirernigram, Myristica, Clove of Commerce, Caselpinia sappan, C. Davidivi, E. coca, Theobroma cooa, Cocoas mucifera, Vanilla planifolia, Sarcinia maugestana, and over 50 different varieties of FRUIT TREES. Price list of seeds and plants can be had on application to C. R. ORCUTT, Seedsmau, San Diego, California, to whom all orders should be addressed. Also, Bird Skins and Eggs, Shells upplied from Ceylon and elsewhere. J. P. ABRAHAM, Grand Pass, Colombo, Ceylo. Bones, etc., from Ohio. Here isa A VOICE portrait of Mr. Garri- : son, of Salem, Ohio. He writes: ‘‘Was at work on a farm for $820 a month; I now have an agency for E. C. Allen & Co's albums and publi- Macations and often make $2@0 a day.” (Signed) W. H. GARRISON. William Kline, Harrisburg, Pa., writes: “I have never known anything to sell like your album. ™ Yesterday I took orders enough to pay me over $25.” W. J. El- “more, Bangor, Me., writes: ‘I take an order for your album at almost every house I visit. My profit is often as muchas ®2O Sfor a single day’s work.” Yf Others are doing quite as well; @awe have not space to give ex- a - “tracts from their letters. Every one who takes hold of this grand business piles up grand profits, Shall we start YOU in this business, reader? Write tous and learn all about it for yourself. We are starting many; we will start you if you don’t delay until another gets ahead of you in your part of the country. If you take hold you will be able to pick up gold fast. ga" IRead— On account of a forced manufacturer's sale 125,000 ten dollar Photograph Albums areto be sold to the people for §%8@ each. Bound m Royal Crimson Silk Velvet Plush. Charmingly decorated insides. Handsomest albums in the world. Largest Size. Greatest bargains ever known. Agents wanted. Liberalterms. Big money for agents. become a successful agent. Sells itself on sight—little or no talking necessary. Wherever shown, every one wants to pur- chase. Agents take thousands of orders with rapidity never before known. Great profits await every worker. Agents are making fortunes. Ladiesimake as much as men. You, reader, candoas wellasanyone. Fullinformation and terms free, to those who wiite for same, with particulars and terms for our Family Bibles, Books and Periodicals. After you know. all, should you conclude to gono further, why no harm is done. Address E. C, ALLEN & CO,, AUGUSTA, MAINE. | eation with each other. | the periodical literature of the world. Any onecan | West American \Scientis?. THE WORLD TYPE-WRITER YOU CAN BUY THE WORLDFor$10.00 Single case Machine $Io.00; double case Machine writes 72 characters, Price $15.00; walnut case, dimple, Practical, Durable, Rapid. Machines sent by express, C. O. D., upon receipt of $1.00 or more to guarantee charges. Send for Descriptive Circulars and Testimonials. THE SAMUEL HILL COMPANY General Agents, Marke tre 10n4 125 History quid San Franciscd. General Dealers in Fine Linen Papers and Type- Writer Supplies, and Agenus for the *‘Caligraph”’ Type Writing Machine. Mention the Publication, REAL ESTATE—Bought, Sold, Rented and Exchanged. Buyers and Sellers are placed in direct communi- Stamp for Terms. ADDRESS, THE NATIONAL EXCHANGE, Orrvilie, Ohio. BOOK CHAT! Brentano's, Publishers, 5 Union Square,N.Y. Book Chat contains montbly a complete index to Indispensable to Botanists, Conchologists, Geologists and Scientists | generally. $1layear; 1Qc. fora single copy. THE—— AMERICAN GEOLOGIST ! IS A MAGAZINE Devoted to Geology and Allied Sciences--the only one in America—published by a number of Professior al Geologists distribute 1 over the central part of the Un'ted States. Three Dollars a Year. Address THE AMERICAN GEOLOGIST, Minneapolis, Minn. The Combination Microscope,—With Insect Holder, magnifying fifty diameters, or twenty-five hundred times, is.trulv a wonderful optical discovery. It can be used asa Flicroscope for examining Flowers, as well as Insects and Water. It is simple, durable, powerful, and cheap. Every boy and girl wants one, Price by mail, $1.00. Agents wanted. ; Address, H. A. MUMAW, M.D., ORR- VILLE, OHIO. oe we ee The West American Screntist DR. LORYEA’S The Acme No. 3 Microscope, FOR FINEST WORK: | \ EK With 3-5 inch and 1-5 inch objectives, 2 eye- pieces power 60 to 7UO), glass slides and COMENS WIM. CASE. ota tl clean co sich as ch $ 83.00 For LADIES AND GENTLEMEN. | With same outfit, but with addition of the : 1-15 oil immer-ion objective and substage 218 POST STREET, condenser (power 5U to 1600)........... 150.00 Bet. Dupont and Stockton, SAN FRANCISCO. 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Azz Send for complete catalogue of Microscopes, sam- ——_ A _ ——— | ple copy of the Microscopical Bulletin, and ciearance- Our A, B, C’s—Accuracy, Brevity, Compteteness. _ sale list. : : .ryy | In the Acme Microscopes, we especially pride our- WEST AMERICAN SCI ENTI ST selves on the accw ate sitting and smooth working of “ Decided ly the best of its class.”’ / the focal adjustments, which are vital points in a An illustrated mcnthly magazine of popular science— on SE UE NO Os TUS ne) the only one in the West. | x $1.00 year; 10 cents a copy. JAMES W. QUEEN & CO., For shells, fossils, plants, bulbs, ferrs, cacti, | Manufacturing Opticians, seeds, etc., address the editor, Chas. Russell Orcutt, (924 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. San Diego, California. wor OU. BEAD THE COSMOPOLITAN, That Bright, Sparkling Young Magazine. The Cheapest Illustrated Monthly in the World. 25 Cents a Number. $2.40 per Year. THE COSMOPOLITAN is literally what the press universally calls it, “The Best and Cheapest Illustrated magazine” in the Worla. Subscribe-AN UNUSUAL OPPORTUNITY~—Subscribe The Cosmopolitan, per year............. 2 One ei hee $2 40 THE WEsT AMERICAN SCIENTIST, per year............ I 00 me price Ob the two publications... 77... 50.4.2. ...... $3 40 We will furntsh both for Only ..cccccccccccvees V5) ay eh 2” 75 The Cosmopolitan’ furnishes, for the first time in magazine iterature, a plendidy /lustrated Periodical, at a Price hitherto deemed impcssiobe, tz TRY IT FOR A YEAR& Do you want a first-class Magazine, giving annually 1300 pages by the ablest writers and cleverest artists--as readable a Magazine as money can make—a Magazine that makes w specialty of live subjects ? Send $2.75 to Samuel Carson & Co., 208 Post St., San Francisco, and se- cure both “The Cosmopolitan” and “The West American Scientist.” _ The West American Scientist. Horst’ Prepared according to the directions of Pror. E. N, HorsSForD, ESPECIALLY RECOMMENDED FOR Uyspepsia, Nervousness, Exhaus- tion, Headache, Tired Hrain, And all Diseases arising from Indigestion and Nervous Exhaustion. O Fa Chis is not a compound “patent medicine,” but a prepara- tion of the phosphates and phosphoric acid in the form re- buired by the system. It aids digestion without injury, and is a beneficial food and tonic for the brain and nerves. ~zzit makes a delicious drink with water and sugar only, and agrees with such stimulants as arc necessary to take. Dr. E. W. Hirt, Glens Falls, N. Y., says: ‘An excellent remedy for a tonic Dyspepsia, nervous ‘and general debility, or any low state of the system.” Dr. D. A. Stewart, Winona, Minn, says: “Entire satis- faction in cases of perverted digestion, loss of nerve-power, mal-nutrition and kindred ailments.”’ Dr. G, H. Leacu, Cairo, Ill, says: “Of great power in dyspepsia and nervous prostration.” Yee Descriptive Pamphlet Free. Rumford Chemical Works Providence, R, I. Beware of Substitutes and Imitations aaa Be sure the word “HORSFORD’ s” is printed on the Jabel. —All others are spurious.—Never sold in bulk. The West American Scteniist. Steel Plews FOR eet ric USE in fine drawing Nos. 659 (Crowquill), 290 at oI. FOR FINE WRITING, Nos. - 303 and Ladies’, 170. FOR BROAD WRITING, Nos. 294, 389 and Stub Point, 849. FOR GENERAL WRITING, Nos. 332, 404, 390 and 604. Joseph Gillott & Sons, 91 John St., N. Y. ' HENRY HOE, Sore AGENT, Soid by ALL DEALERS throughout the World. Gold Medal Paris Exposition, 1878. A. WENTSCHER, GENERAL COMMISSION FORWARDING AND SHIPPING. San Diego, Cal. RE YOU FOND OF USING TOOLS OR Tinkering? If So send One Dollar for THE UNIVERSAL TINKER AND AMATEUR’S ASSIST- ANT. Tells Amateurs about turning and lathe-work, Painting, Staining, Book Binding, French Polisning, Wood Finishing, Fretwork, Amateur Printing, the Magic Lantern, etc. Single copies iO cts. 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These samples, as well as the watch, we send ' Free, and after you have krpt them in your home for 2 months and shown them to thuse who may have called, they becomeyour own property. Thoso Pate write at once can be sure of receiving the atch and Samples. We pay all express, freight, etc, Address Stinson & Co., Box 812, Portland, Maine. ~ £85 Solid Gold Watch Aa Sold for % Gunstidated National Bank | CAPITAL PAID IN, = $250,000. SURPLUS FOND, - - 20,000. | ‘Undivided a = = 79,961 ! = | BRYANT HOWARD, - - - President. | J. H, BARBOUR, - 3 Vice-President. JOHN GINTY, - - - - - Cashier. | W. R. ROGE> S. Assistant Cashier. — DIRECTORS.--— O. S. Witherby, John Ginty, James McCoy, Bryant Huward. i | t | | Hiram Mabury, | E. W. Morse, J. H. Parbour, a eg &@ Exchange on all the Principal Cities of America | and Burope bought and sold. The Savings Bank. OF SAN. DIEGO COUNTY. In the Consolidated Bank Building, corner of Hand 1 ifth streets. |'CAPITAL, = - = $100,000. : :OFFICERS:-: E. W. Morse, - - - - - Presid ent J. H. Barbour, - - - - Vice-Presid ent John Ginty, Secretary and Treas urer : :DIRECTORS:-: E. W. Morse Bryant Howard, O.S. Witherby, H. Mabury, James McCoy, Interest Allowed on Deposits. Loaned on Real Estate, ~ ORCHIDS, CYCADS, Bulbs, Seeds and Roots.. —_0o--——- | Dencrobium maccarthee; D. aureum; D. crumin- _atum; 9. macrotachyum; Vanda spathulata, etc., etc.: each cluster, 5U cents—by mail, 75 cents. Cycas revoluta and Cycas circinalis stems of all sizes from $5.00 to 50 cents, Lilies—Pancartium, Gloriosa methonica, each, 50 cents, by mail. Price list on ap- | plication. NATUFAL HISTORY. Biri skins of over 40 species peculiar to Ceylon, | mounted or unmounted. Curiositiv-, bird’s eggs, | shells, bones, etc., etc. An assorted collection of 24 | species of bird skins by mail for $45. All orders should be be sent to C. R. ORCUTT, Editor The West American Scientist, San Diego, Cal- | cfornia, of whom nurserymen and florists can obtain | circular on application. Coffee, Thea, Cocoa, Cin- | nhona, Peppers, Palms, etc., etc. Fresh seed always |in stock, '‘I'ree Ferns and Lycopods. J. P. ABRAHAM, Nurseryman & Florist Grand Pass, Colombo, Ceylon. IT TS: IMPORTANT For collectors to know where they can purchase spec- mens the cheapest. We invite all to send for our illustrated price lists, etc. STEARNS’ CURIO SHOP, Headquarters for Low Prices, ELKADOR, IOWA. Money The West American’ Scientist. / NAWatch $38 BEA|Fully EQUAL forX\\ aap) Accuracy, inl @ ay pi Dility, Appearance Q “yjand Service, to any $75.00 Watch. Philadélphia’s building associa- tions have done I | 4- Karat 14-Karat Gold much toward Filled Filled CHAIN building it UP is uaranteed to wear and making it Years, and is 334% ee cot ene a 14-Karat Solid Gold pee ee ate nce full - nomically man. |_a2d buy the BEST. aged, has built up 7he Keystone WatcHl Club Co. until they are now selling sore Watches to consumers than all others combined. ‘They handle only the Keystone Dust-proof Watch (7) which is deservedly regarded as thefk crown and climax of Pennsylvania’s manufactures. This Watch contains every essential to an accurate time- keeper, and many important improve- ments patented by the Company. They are Dust and Damp Proof, , 2 quality possessed by no other movement in theworld. i; Jeweled with genuinerubies. Patent Stem Wind & Set, fgmy strongest and simplest. Sold i et | through authorized agents atlfmi= m $38.00. Either all cash downlf or $1.00 per week. S An Ajax Watch Insulator given\it le Sree with each Watch. nit i: ae THEE Keystone Watch Club Co}; Main Office in ao ii Own Building, 904 Walnut St. jeg: | PHILADELPHIA, Pad a eeeuemanied s6 AK “s Watch “Insulator, | A the es ection | against magnetism. Fit any watch. Sent \ by mail on receipt of price. 4 We refer to any Commercial Agency James T. Whittle. D. F. JONES & WHITTLE HOUSE AND SIGN PAINTING, Paper Hanging and Decorating, Kalsomining and Oil Finishing Graining and Marbling a “specialty. 821 Seventh St., San Diego, Cal. The California S = Jones A weekly 28 column Journal, devoted to | the cause of Prohibition and Politi- cal and Social. Reform. ‘Takes the clean and right side of all | the labor and other questions that con- cern the public welfare. $100............4 YEAR. Address, CALIFORNIA VOICE, 328 Pacific Street, 1no pay required. | Artists, San Francisco, Cal: | ALI; FOR 25:CPENTS. A fine Indian Arrew-head, Piece of Pottery, Star- fish, Sea-urchin, Shark’s Egg, S minerals, Chinese Coins, 14-page price-list of curiosities, etc., copy of COMMON SENSE, a 16-page magazine for collectors, 35c per year. F. A. THOMA®, Publisher, Mexico, New York. ROYAL PALM NURSERIES The finest and most extensive collection of T'ropi- cat and Semi-Tropical Plants in America. Many adayted to Southern California. More than 20 varie- ties of bananas. 150,000 one year old palms. Fruit, ornamental and economical plants from Australia, Japan, Hong-Kong, India, South Africa, South Ameri. ca and all parts of the tropical world. New and valu- able descriptive catalogue of 100 pages, mailed to any address, upon receipt of 10 cts. Address, REASONER BROS., Manatee, Florida. Geological and Archeological Specimens ——AND == Scientific Books. —_-Oo——_ Corals from the falls of the Ohio a specialty. Can furnish from a sing]e ex- ample to one hundred thousand. ai or- respondence with advanced coll ctors and professors of colleges solicited. Best of reference given and satisfaction guar- anteed or money refunded. G. K. GREENE, 170 East Third St., New Albany, Ind. PORTRAITS. YOUR HOME MADE BEAUTIFUL By alorning them with the FACES OF. LOVEDZONES: The New York Artists’ Union is the only organiza- tion doing genuine Crayon, Pastels and Oil Portraits of friends living or dead, from photographs, tin-types or any correct likeness. They can fill, and therefore solicic orders from all parts of the United States. Con- scientious work on the smallest as well as the largest contracts is their rule. Satisfaction guaranteed or All work done by Graduated Now zs the time to send your order. Send or our illustrated circular of prices, etc., to The New York Artists’ Union, Mention this paper] 10 East 14th St , New York, sllells, Minerals and Fossils —ALSO— SEEDS AND PLANTS, C.R- ORG as: . Editor “West American Scientist.” San Disco, CALIF. The West Americun Scientist. Pawnee Hero Stories and Folk-Tales, With the Notes of the Origin. Customs and Character of the Pawnee People. By Groras BIRD GRINWELL, CLOTH, 417 PAGES. ILLUSTRATED. PRICE, $2,00. These tales are as unique as the “Uncle Remus” stories and quite as original, ingenuous, characteristic and full of human nature. The race here pictures itself with unconscious fidelity. No such absolutely faithful portrayal of the Indians has ever before been given. For this quality, apart from the popular interest of the stories, the book is destined to make a more profound and lasting impression than eyen that created by “Ramona.” 00 CABINS. How to Build and Furnish them. By WILLIAM S. WICKS. a5 The book is thoroughly practical, Every step in the process of construction is ex- plained. The author is an architect who has himself built log cabins, and very handsome _ ones, too, as shown in the plates. The designs are numerous aud varied. Plans are » . -)° given for eabins, large andsmall, with details of exterior and interior finish; and there are also some very useful directions for constructing temporary shelters—the Indian ~ eamp, brush house and bark camp. The furnishing consists of tables, chairs, bedsteads ___ and other articles, all made of the material at hand, and all in keeping with the style of a the house. ‘The illustrations are numerous and helpful. Price $1.50. - Canoe and Boat Building. A Complete Manual for Amateurs. Containing plain and comprehensive directions _ for the construction of Canoes. Rowing aud Sailing Boats and Hunting Craft. er ae a SBE By Ww. 1 SrurHens, Canoeing Editor of Forest and Stream. a) Cloth. Fourth and enlarged edition, 264 pages, numerous illustrations and fifty *: » plates in ere Price $2.00. 611 Hints and Points for Sportsmen. wv. . herd Em os. r Spacer BY SENECA, Price $1.50. —_ *: ° ct Of this book the New York Herald says: ‘Tf there are any sportsmen so wise that _ they cannot learn something from this little book, their modesty prevents their fellow men if) Wet knowing it. The compiler seems to have thought of everything from managing fine gums to snelling hooks, tying knots and skinning eels. He has chapters on rifles and sho hunting and_trapping, fishing, camping, dogs, boating, yachting, camp making, peas surgery and medicine, and ra headed “miscellaneous” seems to include every- vee the others have omi | “ANY i THE ABOVE SENT POST_ PAID BY THE PUBLISHERS. The West American Sctenttst. ‘‘My Soul, I mean that bit of Phosphorus that takes its place,”” Jas. RussELL LOWELL, The conception of Brown Sequards’ “Eiixir ef Life’ was borrowed from Crosby's Vitalized Phosphites, which for over twenty years has been made from the Lraim of the Ox. Physicians have accepted the fact that this vital nutrient from the Brain of animals is the true restorer of vigor to the human system. The “Elixir” from the glands of animals was in- tended only to increase virility; whereas VWitalized Fhosphites restores vitality and renovates all the weakened functions of both brain and body. It is the true Elixir of Youth. —t VITALIZED PHOSPHITES is carefully prepared from the nerve giving principles of the Ox brain, and the embryo of the wheat and oat; it for more than twenty years has been the standard remedy with physicians who treat mental and neryous disorders, | It has been of great benefit of those suffering from Nervous Exhaustion, Brain Patigue, Los of Memory, Nervous Dyspepsia, and all men- | tal and bodily weaknesses, It is a vital nutrient Phosphite, not an inert acid phosphate, It aids in the bodily, and wonderfully in the mental growth of children. “Every one speaks well of VITALIZED Phosphites” — Christian at Work. 56 West 25th Street, New York. For Sale by Druggists. 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