« ayo) eee hired s . es. Weed blo SEE ne Bb Py aoteas | oom a J ‘es yi - ~ ay reeeme Le yey j ae he 4 . a £ rs Ny 7 PLae “ ! Peat » 4 Pattee are fe ye RY a aS eS i RAL win cvartinrs ERE: fy: aay ai My @ Ry } ro! ty a) ae r ‘ ee ar " Ke, tay p in i De, |) ae Pull Pa T™, it: tat i : tod * oN tae NC ary ae rato We wn Oe Qs! 3 ni 0 0 oe ea. -\ ne, € 63 y se pm ‘ 5 MS DY oar fats a heey ay ‘ FPP Te rs a Re ATIAM petty ti fn M ‘Sree cE ‘ He ‘aw ‘aie ie rt = rant oa 2.7 NRE + é fi ae a) mahi ; | SRA TIES Be ; vs ‘ 4 PAINE nha. 72 nh t 5 - . ’ . ‘ t y \. , ‘ Q / [ :" 4 +, oan ‘ee | ‘ \ Pay ete MA, oe ee ! Web de bah RP [ ria bs, ee Fle Lh e rye i ne ry hy “9 fa Nei Page X ‘< ig! * /] At a ‘ ve | ‘ ay is a) t sf OP ya ‘ie mys of RR RTE a cin ie, Peat ey het ee ok Sata) SRE eae aR alin hi Pes aed, A vate ey Reis pre Re , GLE See bat e moog n'y at RAR we ia i . yy _ " i ad m Cee, rT Pea c “i “i ’ zat a HES ; 1 a4 5) Re. f J a 2 . a.) tay hee » yD Beri 21% 4 Fi Sa ? " hy 4 tig i" “4 4 i Over | a by ; hy) ys he be bet y Naat ih { | M a 4 iy’ aR thy ee } AD, P . i : Bi “ if an gent ; ( 7 5 ik yy ie j Wa (yee Aes ef y Soe? Tey « Pan i ih 4 aa if Le Wa ae asd ee ra atERS’ ) thE. Lah ae ae ae ts patty t rt aA J 4 | ok OLN ae ER ee res. I ha’ ers, but n Da Me ee a" od-purif Ayers VoL. VII. OCTOBER, 1890. WHOLE No. 54. THE COLORADO DESERT. (From the S. / Chronicle, August 31, 1890.) ‘(ll bet my head that Yuma is south-east of here,’ said an old, gray-haired prospector to me at the old Larkin ranch in Jacumba Valley in April, 1889. We parted. He was never again seen alive by man. He staked his head—and lost. One of his horses reached Flowing Wells, on the Southern Pacific Railway, and following back on the horses’ tracks old Olsen was found beside the fatal waters of Fish Creck, with life extinct. His other horse was found cruelly tied to a mesquite tree, from which death alone had released it, forty miles away in the midst of the great Colo- rado Desert. Tragedies of this nature have not been rare in the past in this desolate and terribly forbidding region, and they can usually be traced to the same causes, ignorance or indifference to the dangers before the traveller and misplaced self-confidence. The arid region that forms the eastern portion of San Diego county, and known as the Colorado Desert, comprises about 5,000,000 acres of plain and mountainous country. In Decem- ber last the writer proceeded in an easterly direction from San Diego, reaching the little frontier village of Campo on the fol- lowing day, fifty miles distant from the coast. Thence to the confines of the Colorado Desert is a distance ot thirty miles, which brings us to the deserted ruins of the old stage station known as Mountain Springs. The walls of the old stone house and the stone corrals are still standing about half-way down the precipitous canyon grade, and 200 yards to the right is the last mountain water that we shall see Up and down the long, rocky grade, two to four full coaches drove at a reckless pace in the old days, carrying passengers and mail between Fort Yumaand San Diego. For the last dozen years, however, the road has scarcely felt the horse’s hoof. A few venturous prospectors with their pack trains have passed along the historic route, many never to return; but, considering these years of neglect, the road is still in excellent condi- tion. The cactuses stand like grim sentinels among the rocks, which rise in perpendicular masses on every hand. The hoco- tiillo plant stands out picturesquely from the canyon slopes. Mosses and ferns look out timidly from the crevices of the rocks, quickly retiring before the burning rays of the summer sun, while the rattlesnake basks in the congenial heat or lies coiled beside a rock ready for its prey. From the old stone house on an elevated bench against the side the granite mountain, the Colorado Desert lies spread out to the view ina grand panorama. The San Bernardino Range and its eastern continuation to the northward, the mountains of Arizona and Sonora to the eastward, Old Signal and the Cocopa Range at the south, with the plains of the great basin between, with the sleet and snow of the mountain range we had just crossec behind us, BO enh The West American Scientist. it was a sight never to be forgotten. The balmy breeze quickly lulled our party to sleep on that January night as we reposed beneath the stars beside those old stone walls. Coyote Wells was the next of the series of stage stations on the old Fort Yuma route, and there our party pitched its tents the following night. Only a pile of adobe shows the site of the old station-house, and a solitary mesquite tree is the only in- dication of water in the alkali plains surrounding the wells. The place receives its name from the fact that the water is so near the surface that the coyote wolf could dig in the clay soil and quench his thirst. The water is strongly impregnated with alkali; and when it gets low during the summer is nota desirable beverage. | For nearly six weeks our party made use of this water, and many a night the odors from the well. were wafted into my tent and lulled me to sleep. Marion D. Haydon and his son, Samuel, win- tered about 500 head of cattle at Coyote Wells and at their ad- joining camp at Dos Cabesas. The surrounding plains are sparsely covered with several varieties of brush, on which both cattle and horses browse with avidity. Foremost among these shrubs may be mentioned the franseria bush, with its burr-like seed, which is very nutritious. This grows in large oval masses a foot to three feet high, and usually in clumps several feet in _di- ameter. The horses and mules in our party would snatch a -bite _of this whenever opportunity presented. The deer weed is another promising forage plant for the arid regions of the West, the value of which I learned from Mr. Hay- don, who has had an experience of fifteen years’ residence on the desert and in the adjacent mountains. The deer weed is botan- ically known as Hosackia glcbia and belongs to the same family as the alfalfa and clover. Itis a saffruticent perennial, one to four feet in height, forming large, bushy plants, which, when cov- — ered with its numerous small yellow flowers is conspicuously brill- iant and beautiful. It receives its name from the reputed tond- ness that the deer exhibits for its nutritious branches. The plant is found throughout San Diego county blooming] simultaneously in the dry streets of San Diego and on the burning plains of the desert, always choosing the dryest situations and usually the poorest soils, though it attains great size on our ‘‘red’’ lands. Mr. Haydon has cut and fed this for hay for three or four years with excellent results, and it is closely cropped by the stock on his range on the desert. The gietta grass is the only true ' grass that I have yet seen on the arid plains of the Colorado Desert in quantity to render it of any economic value. Hilaria. rigida (its botanical name) is a stout, brittle grass, growing two to three feet in height, in large scattering bunches over a large portion of these sandy plains. It seems to only grow in the sandy soils along the arroyas at the base of these mountains, and was not observed on the rich alluvial soil along the New River. It can be readily cut in great quantities with a grubbing hoe, and se ene The Colorado Desert. | 57 is naturally dry enough without the necessity of curing for hay. The stems are so full of starch as to be very brittle, and the grass’ is consequently exceedingly nutritious and hearty for horses or cattle. One good bunch was a good feed for an animal, and our horses and mules soon learned to like it and were kept in good working condition during our six weeks’ experience in this ap- parently (at first glance) inhospitable region. The alfilaria or Spanish clover has gained a permanent foot- hold in the vicinity of Dos Cabesas and promises to be one of the most useful forage plants for this arid region. It has not yet become very widely distributed, however, though it would doubt-. less succeed wherever once given a start. If other forage plants can be successfully introduced in this region, it will doubtless become an important stock-producing section, as there are. mil-. lions of acres equally as well adapted to this industry as are the plains around Coyote Wells. If the United States would estab- lish an experimental forage station in that en it would doubt- less prove a profitable investment. Nature is exceedingly provident and thoughtful for all her sub- jects. One who has crossed the dreary basin through which the Southern Pacific Railway runs would scarcely look for a new gar- den vegetable to have its origin there. There can be little ques- tion that the desert once supported a comparatively large Indian population. Along the New River, within the memory of man, the Indian cultivated extensive gardens, and traces of their work can yet be seen on those rich alluvial bottoms. Corn and melons and other products of the soil were produced by them in bounti- ful profusion and they had enough and to spare. But, like his race in many other sections of our coast, the Indian cultivates the soil no more. The hundreds and thousands who formerly roamed over our mountains and occupied the valleys have disappeared, and only a few are left to represent them. Among the native plants which are known to have contributed to the support of the desert tribes the wild onion or ‘day lily of the desert’ (Hespero- callis undulata) was unquestionably one of the most important. It is not rare on both the Mojave and the Colorado Deserts, and is known as far south as the southern part of the California pen- insula. It is one of the most beautiful and characteristic plants of the arid region of California, and is destined to prove a wel- come addition to the garden because of its white fragrant flowers, if not an acquisition to the farm. It producesa large edible bulb, varying from one to four inches in diameter, nearly round, of a fine texture and with a pleasant taste, whether eaten raw or cooked like onions. Our party of seven had them cooked at nearly every meal after we first tested their qualities, and in the lack of other vegetables found them very acceptable. The bulb is found in sand or fine, gravelly soil, in which the plant thrives best, and is usually resting on cravel or a clay subsoil. The Indians obtained both food and drink from this plant, and the 45E The West American Scientist. traveler is safe if he knows how to search successfully for it, for. once found he need not fear either hunger or thirst. During January we experienced very cool nights and usually found ice every morning at Coyote Wells. Vegetation was con- sequently very backward and few flowers wers seen. Forests of ironwood, mesquite, palo verde and other trees were found not far away, ‘and some beautiful country was traversed. Game was plenty. Antelope, deer, mountain sheep, quail, rabbits and coy- otes are to be found between the Cocopa Mountains and the main range of the peninsula, and, not being accustomed to being hunted, they were comparatively easy to approach. Lake Ma- quata, the mythical lake west of the Cocopa Range, was dry. . Four years before it was full of water, the overflow of the Colo- rado River, and teeming with millions of fish. Its dry banks and beds are now strewn with the bones of fish that. were evidently fully two feet in length, on i the coyote feasted for many a day. Oyster shells as large as dinner plates, now turned to stone are to be found in the low clay and sand hills. Large mounds of smaller oyster shells, several hundred feet in height, exist near the . Carisso Creek, and prove conclusively that this basin was once a great inland sea. Vast quarries of beautiful marble, the finest sandstones for building purposes,and excellent granite exist among the surrounding hills. What wealth of precious minerals exists beneath the weather-stained rocks we may never know. Of this we can be certain, however, that this great region is yet destined to be of service to mankind, and it may support a great popula- tion and supply our tables with the horticultural products of the tropics. C. RR. OGL LINES FOR AN ALBUM OF SEA ALG. A hint of the beautiful plants, That grace the blue waves of the sea; Just fragments adrift from the shore, Are gathered my dear, here for thee. The algz, alive and aglow, Sparkling, dripping with the salt spray, In their own bright ocean home, Make a brilliant and free display. And as much more graceful are they, Than the dry, dim specimens here; So much more the love of my heart, Than words can assure thee, my dear. A Marine Laboratory. 59 A MARINE LABORATORY. (From San Diego Wxioz, Sept. 8, 1890.) One of the institutions for which the Pacific Coast stands in ur- gent need isa marine biological laboratory, for the prosecution of original investigations and for study of marine life. The fauna of the Pacific waters of the United States is very little known, and the facilities for work in this direction at present in existence are practically none. On the Pacific Coast, from Alaska to Cape Horn, the labors of the systematic zoologist are by no means at an end. New spe- cies and forms of life are almost daily observable in our waters, and in no portion of the coast region reterred to are there greater opportunities for the prosecution of this work than at San Diego. San Diego stands next to Monterey in the number of recorded forms of marine life. Our San Diego fauna, I believe, has of late years found to possess even a greater variety of marine life than Monterey. The San Diego fauna possesses additional advan- tages, however. in not only having a fair admixture of northern types, but in also yielding a large number of forms belonging to the warmer waters to the southward. In the vicinity of San Diego there are two localities every way adapted to the needs of a biological station. One of these is at La Playa, on the west side of San Diego Bay, near the en- trance to the harbor. At La Playa a great diversity of conditions of the beach exist—such as shingly and sandy beaches, rocks and clayey shales adapted to the requirements of the burrowing mol- lusks, and broad stretches of sand and mud to the northward. [The other locality adapted to the needs of a marine zoological laboratory especially, is a point on False Bay, between Pacific and Ocean Beaches, which from its proximity to the San Diego College of Letters, at Pacific Beach should be easily established and equipped by friends of that institution. This could be done without financial loss to any party, and with very material gain to San Diego interests. Of the twostations mentioned, La Playa is preferable, however. | The subject was recently brought before the California Academy of Sciences at San Francisco, by Mrs. R. S. Eigenmann, and among all the places suggested for such an institution, San Diego was mentioned as the most desirable location. San Diego should not be backward in utilizing the natural advantages which she possesses. The establishment of such an institution would mark an important era in the history of education not only in San Diego, but on the whole Pacific Coast. To fully present its claims upon the public for the benefits which a marine biological labora-_ tory would confer, would occupy more space than is at my dis- posal, and can best be understood by actual observation of it in operation. C. R. Orcutt, 60 The West American Sctentist. CORRESPONDENCE. EDITOR WEST AMERICAN SCIENTIST: | S1R:—By mail to-day, I send you a specimen of moth, (Colo- radia pandora Blake), one of a large number captured on our streets, attracted by the electric lights. They surround the lights in vast numbers, flying against and into the glass globes, filling them up to such an extent as to darken the lights. They have an expanse of wings about three and a half inches, length of body one and one-half. Beautiful plumose yellow an-: tennz about one-halt inch in length. General aspect dark gray-_ ish brown above, with pink and grayish brown under wings on which are four dark spots and wavy lines of lighter and darker shades and with a faint marginal trimming of white. Abdominal rings conspicuously marked with white and also a white trans- verse mark across the prothorax. Being nocturnal in their habits they have never been observed before by the inhabitants and are considered by them to be a strange visitation of bugs that have never been here before, while the fact is they have been all around us in large numbers all the while and until the glare of the new electric light has attracted them almost by millions they have remained unnoticed, reminding us of how much there 1s iramie diately around us which we never see. Truly yours, Aurelius Todd. Eugene, Oregon, July, 1890. EDITORIAL. Exploring the Colorado Desert in the interests of botanical science, our editorial duties have necessarily to be slighted. Our readers must be contented with a witty editorial (brevity is the soul of wit) this month. NOTES AND NEWS. Mr. John Muir, the California naturalist, has contributed to The Century two papers on the region of the Yosemite. These will be illustrated and will appear in the August and September numbers of the magazine. The August paper is entitled the ‘Treasures ot the Yosemite’ and deals exclusively with the val- ley itself, including graphic descriptions of the waterfalls, in each of which Mr. Muir finds a distinct individuality. A touch of ad- venture is imparted to the article by the author’s account of his observations at the brim of the Yosemite Fall and behind it, and by his description of a sublime winter storm, a feature of which was fifty-six temporary falls in the upper end of the valley alone —as Mr. Muir says, ‘probably the most glorious assemblage of waterfalls ever displayed from any one stand-point.’ Mr. Muir sounds a warning note as to the destruction in the Yosemite region by the ‘sheepmen’and by the operations of the large mills upon the ~ p Library Catalogue. 6I trees of the lower part of the Sequoia belt. He strongly endorses the project for the creation of a National Park about the Yosem- ite, and among the illustrations of the article are views of the valley itself and a map of the proposed boundary of the new Park, besides three process reproductions showing destructive work in the present Yosemite reservation, of the conduct of which there has recently been so much criticism. Zhe Century's series on ‘The Gold Hunters of California,’ which will be a leading feature of the season of 1890-91, will be begun in the November number. LIBRARY.CATALOGUE. (Scientific books and periodicals may be ordered through « our Book and Subscription Department). Recent accessions to the library of the West American Mus-: eum of Nature and Art will be catalogued monthly. 4021. West American Oaks, illustrations of, from drawings by the late Albert Kellogg, M. D., the text by Edward L.Greene. Published from funds provided by James M. McDonald, Esq., San Francisco, California, May, 1889 (issued April 25th). Part II, dated June, 1890. Quarto, 84 pp., 37 plates. Mr. James M. McDonald, in presenting this contribution to American botany, has rendered a great service to the science, and a worthy memorial to the life and labors of Dr. Kellogg. As a monograph, it is to be regretted that Prof. Green could not have rendered the work more complete, and it is especially un- fortunate that he should have seen fit to ignore wholly the work of some of his cotemporaries. The bibliography isthus rendered incomplete and as far as it relates to Southern Californian species the work is far from perfect. Quercus Palmeri is figured for the first time. Quercus pungens Liebmann (as identified by the late Dr. Engelmann) is described as new under the name Q.turbinella. The existence of Quercus Emoryiin Baja California is overlooked, while various forms are described by Prof. Greene as new species or varieties, some of which, it would seem to the writer, would be difficult to recognize. However, it is asa whole, a very valuable contribution to West American botany, and we shall welcome the companion monograph on West American Coniferae, which we understand is to appear later. 4022. The Marine Climate of the Southern California Coast and Its Relations to Phthisis. By P.C.Remondino, M.D. Re- printed from Proceedings of Southern California Medical Society. Octavo, 58 pp. 1890. From the author. 4023, Longevity and Climate:—Relations of climatic condi- tions to longevity, history and religion.—Relations of climate to ‘national and personal habits.—The climate of California and its effects in relation to longevity. By P.*C. Remondino, M. D. Read before the Medical Society of the State of California, at Los Angeles, April 17, 1890. Octavo, 44 pp, From the author. 62 _ The West American Sricntist. 4024. Essay onthe Use of Nitrate of Soda for Manure, and the Best Mode of Its Employment. By Joseph Harris, M. S., More- ton Farm, Monroe Co., N. Y. Copyright 1890. Octavo, 96 pp. Price ro cents. From the author. | 4025. The Sugar-beet Industry. Culture of the sugar-beet and manufacture of beet sugar. By H. W. Wiley, chemist. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Weeaiiieren:; D. C. 1890. Divi- sion of chemistry, bulletin No. 27. Octavo, 255 pp., 11 plates. - 4026. Notes on Some Species of Gall-gnats (Cecidomyiae). By T. D. A. Cockerell. Reprinted from the Entomologist, Lon- don, 1890, pp. 278—282. The notes are ety on gall- oe found in Colorado. From the author. SAN FRANCISCO MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY. At the regular meeting of the society held at its rooms October ist, Carl H. Eigenmann, Ph. D.,called attention to the results of some recent investigations in cell division made by Dr. S. Watase of Clarke University, which the speaker illustrated with drawings on the black-board. The observations noted were somewhat at variance with those formerly observed by scientists, and led to some new theories. Previous researches have shown that the nucleus in the tissues of the higher class of plants and animals consists of acapsule containing a plasma cf ‘‘achromatin’”’ not deeply stained by reagents, ramifying in which isa reticulum of “chromatin,” consisting of fibers which take a deep stain. When the cell is about to divide into two, definite and remark- able movements take place in the nucleus, resulting in the disap- pearance of the capsule and the arrangements of its fibers first in the form of a wreath and subsequently in the form of a star. Dr. Watase’s observations have been made chiefly on the embry- onic cell, and he finds that the phenomena are quite different from what have previously been accepted as the mode of separa- tion and division of these fibers. Instead of assuming the form of a wreath, the fibers form a longitudinal zone, gradually sep- arating at the terminal and finally through the whole mass of protoplasm, when complete division takes place. Each of these bundles then arranges itself, together with the associated achro- matin into a nucleus such as was present in the mother cell to commence with: This Phenomenon is termed‘‘Karyokinesis.’’ Dr. Eigenmann’s remarks were attentively listened to, and called forth questions and remarks from members. ‘Dr. J. M. Selfridge presented to the society, on behalf of Dr. C. M. Selfridge of Port Townsend, a small quantity of mud dredged from the bottom of the sea off the coast of Queen Char- lotte’s Isiand at a depth of 1,566 fathoms, by the scientific corps of the steamer Albatross. Mr. Riedy exhibited a beautiful slide of Buczllus Tuberculosts from sputum, prepared and stained by Dr. Sherman of Merced. The bacilli were very numerous and well developed, and the work of the preparer was very favorably commented on. — i i The West American Scientist. H. F. PRIEN. —AND AT— Cor. 4th and D Streets, DR UGG IS I HOTEL DEL CORONADO. Opp. Herton House. THE DELAWARE Farm and Home. IS DOING AN EXCELLENT WORK FOR AGRICULTURE. ALL FARMERS SHOULD READ IT. Weekly, $1.00 a year. SAMPLE Copies FREE. Agents will be paid a liberal commission on Subscriptions. It is a profitable paper to advertise in the year through. Delaware Farm and Home, Wilmington, Delaware, MINERALS. Our 100 page Illustrated Catalogue Free to those who mention this Journal. (a) Scientific Papers and Notes, 41 pages. (0) A classified list of all Mineral Species, giving Chemical Composition and Crystallographic Form, 31 paves, (c) AnIndex of some 30UU Mineralogical names, Paper-bound Copies, Free. Handsome cloth-bound copies, 25cts., postpaid. n our tw» stores will be foun’ the largest, finest and most. complete-stock -of -Minerals in the U. S. We are the only firm in the Country who confine their business exciusively to Minerals. GEO. L. ENGLISH & CO., Dealers in Minerals, 1512 CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA, 739 & 741 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. —THE— Connecticnt Mutual Lite Ins. Co, OF HARTFORD, CONN. ASSETS,..........0..-....---- B57, 874,971.71 Furnishes Insurance at lowest net rates Surplus divided annually. The Contract grows more reliable with age. Policies non-forfeitable. With its well-knewn economical management and unequaled security, offers the safest and cheapest insurance. JEFF WILLIAMS, Agent, 922 Fifth Street, San Diego, Cal. | the month whose date it bears. | $4 QO a year. | Story Magazine. THE AMERICAN NATURALIST A MONTHLY JOURNAL Devoted to the atural Sciences in their widest sense. EDITED BY PROF. E, D, COPE...anpD..PROF. J. S. KINGSLEY. The July number of the AMERICAN NATURALIsT will be made especially noteworthy and valuable by an illustrated article by Prof. Cope, on The Cetacea, The illustrations for this article have largely been made from specimens obtained by Prof. Cope himself, and many of which are now in his possession. The article will be a masterly resume of the present state of the most advanced scientific knowledge in this highly interesting department of zoological investiga- tion. *.* The December number and index for . the year 1889 are now ready, and will be sent to any address on receivt of the regular price, 4Ucts. This is the last of the back numbers to be furnished, and the magazine will hereafter be published strictly in 40 cents a number; FERRS BROS., PUBLISHERS, S. W. Cor. Sixth and Arch Sts, Philadelphia, Pa. E. V. VAN NORMAN, M. D. Physician and Surgeon, OFFICE, 927 SIXTH STREET, Office Hours—10 to 12 a,m., 1 to 3p.m.. and Evenings. Residence, Corner 5th and Maple Streets Telephone 174. = . F. P. BRUNER, NOTARY PUBLIC, CONVEYANCER OF DEEDS, Etc. With Wells, Fargo & Co. Sixth and F Sts., San Diego,Cal. ESTABLISHED 1882. THE OLD CURIOSITY SHOP. A Journal devoted to Philately, Numismat- ics, Natural History and Bric-a-Brac. Subscription, 25 cents a year, SAMPLE FREE. (Mention paper) A. McDONALD, Publisher, San Francisco, Box 1782. The Wisconsin Naturalist, A Monthly Magazine devoted to the numerous branches of Natural History. 5O cts. Per Year. Sample Copy 5 cents, Address, WISCONSIN NATURALIST, Madison, Wis. Make Money Young Friend.! Write for an agent’s outfit for our Magazine, Only condition, you must be a regular yearly subscriber, TEACHERS—We have something special to say to you. YOUNG FOLKS AT HOM#.—A Clean Price 50 cents a year in advance. BR. 0. BUTTERFIELD, Publisher, Dixon, Il, The West American Scientist Consolidated National Bank. CAPITAL PAID IN - $250,000 SURPLUS FUND - - 50,000 Undivided Profits ml oi oe BRYANT HOWARD, J. H. BARBOUR, VieeeProstaent & Cashier. W. R. ROGERS, - - Assistant Cashier '___ DIRECTORS. —— Hiram Maybury. O.S. Witherby, | John Giaty E Morse, James McCoy, J. H. Barbour, Bryant Howard. 4&2 Exchanges on all the Principal Cities of America and Europe bought and sold. The Savings Bank OF SAN DIEGO COUNTY. n the Consolidated Bank Building, corner of JI and Fifth streets. $100,000 CAPITAL, “ ; —:OFFICES: — E, W, Morse, - - - - President J. H. Barbour, - = ne te Vice-President John Ginty, - - Secretary and Treasurer | —- DIRECTORS :-— H. Mabury, O. S. Witherby, Bryant Howard. James McCoy, Interest Allowed on Deposits Money Loaned on Real Estate. CO OSSCOE COCO SOO CS FEET ofSeys = Gis lopedias THE (MANUFACTURES AND PRODUCTS OFTHE UNITED STATES. @ comprises Every”Article made in this @ Country -Indexed and Classified -and ; under each article ths names and addresses: © THE BEST MANUFACTU RERS. « @ (omplete in One Royal Octavo Vol of over 1300 pp . . Price in (loth *6-Inz Morocco *6-In Flexible Leather*10. “4 INDISPENSABLE ° to Buyers of Articles in all lines and ° e Invaluable as a Statistical work. r) e@ Orders received at office ofthis Paper- @ 29000000608 068000808 C. BK. CARR; Natural History Store, Marine and Fresh Water Shells, Corals, Bird Skins, Eggs, Minerals, ete. Supplies for Taxidermists, Entomologists, Oologists. Botanists, ete. Send Stamp for Catalogue. 126 STATE ST. , Maison, Wis. 15,961. President. . E, W. Morse, | | about the mails. One ae the. - BEST Tel- escopes in , the world. Our facilities are nequaled, and to introduce our ., Superior goods we will sendFREE _ to ONE PERSON in each locality, = asabove. Only those who write = tous at oncecan make sure of ej the chance. All you have to doin Ma” return is to show our goods to : -f! == those who call—vour neighbors - = and those around you. The be- ginning of this advertisement about the’ Aftieth part of its bulk. ti isa find: double size tele gcope, as large as is wee to carry. We will also show you how you gan make from 1@ a day at least, from the start,with- out experience. Hotter: write at once. We pay all express charges. Address, H. HALLETT & CO,, Box S$@, PORTLAND, MAINE. Seniesa nine SESS Naturalists Supply Depot Brewster & Knowlton, Boston; - Aldrich & Capen, Boston; A. L. Ellis & Co. , Pawtucket. Couselidaten: 1884, by Ellis & Webster, Succeeded, Sept. 1, 1885, by FRANK B WEBSTER, BOSTON. Dealers in all Articles required by Naturalists Oologists and Taxidermists, also ‘Bird-Skins, Birds’ Eggs, Curiosities, and Stuffed Specimens, Sole Agent in the United States for Rae THOMAS HURST'S ARTIFICIAL GLASS EVES. RR Established by. Publisher of the ORNITHOLOGIST AND ~ Send 10 cents for Sample Copy and OOLOGIST. Catalogues. FRANK B. WEBSTER, 409 Washington St , Boston, Mass The Stamp Collector’s Journal, LAKE VILLAGE, N. H. (= Original throughout. Stamps, not to postal statistics nor items Ouly TEN ety. a year. 12 Nos. guaranteed or money refunded. Sample FREE. Advertisements, 20 cts. per inch. | Papers insert above for like space] . We have the Latest Improvements ir WELL DRILLS For all Formations and : for any De Depth. ° a a _ Send 20. cts. for mailing Catalogue. F.C. AUSTIN MFG. CO, CHICACO. Reolgta and Archazological Specimens AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS 0 Corals from the falls of the Ohio a specialty. Can furnish from a single ex- ample to one hundred thousand. ~ Cor- respondence with advanced collectors and professors of colleges solicited. Best of reference given and satisfaction BHAI, anteed or money refunded. G. K. GREENE, 170 East Third St., New Albany, ta shows the small end of the tele- _ | scope. The following cut gives the appearance of it reduced to Devoted to OS a te ee ee —— bis ‘ 5 an et The West American Scientist. D Fires orate ee. Hy Cor. 6h —_ D ating ; San igs cs | we 0. Box 935. HENRY ee LANGREHR, COUNTY SURVEYOR,—Homestead, Tim-| aay 2 “gout ture, and su tries : AA ings Made. Railroad | WJ ee _ Water Supply and Irrigation Location and eat thal 1 ee ae eee aie ‘alee pspnee Plans and Lent Furnished. ee | i e's ‘REET, SAN ra he CAL. ," 0. Box 84d che aay fet} n BIRD'S BAGS, 2 200 KINDS; Tarr - Euro ean 2 ptera, 400 varieties; Conchologi. | simens, 300. different kinds” ‘from Jenpepe, 1 Porc re, Mier and Australia; Tertiar Fossil Shells, 100 kinis. ma? g28A Oh » all good specimens and localised; Brices. etc.y a Mie Pitney deat ee oe ee: Les 9g ards. Dr. E e } | - Ryhope, Sunderland, nglan ’ a Ht you desire. to: make ‘money a ‘MONEY! » no use As! Feige time on ‘ae i on 0 not pa vibe beeen OU at once, for | a it tfit of th TE a \ . _Bagnifelent MoROG LATEST STAN 4 tfit and ter he ot satitacto § * we will rfund your money. NO Rit Ky “ITAL required. Ladies and Gatianen en pe delay, time is money. He cee ee Cc, R. PARISH & co, ‘ Broad St.,Philapelph ~—oeifth s Near D, ven a il = a a mi i “Gut This Out! “nse +e 0 Si Ula Bch oni ce » (silver or stam | we iRetly ten Noa eee six month 8 oe YOUNG IDE. re zine publ : — transacted i in val | Zee ' stories. We make this offer to in fraduce, @ | | eR eae ha be hlveula le Cc. WHITN EY, Rap b Sts ee ie ee ee a ORs ee Oe Cee Cen OE boas boas eas atas bees bos d asia Net ak i * ‘ t is cA, ‘ be, AL '4 Fa at ; , : sae 0b 5) Ua ae 1) othe ; earn ui at tet ‘ : ive by re! sp Re? iP MS “RR Pee GY hg 5 dtc eee A a el YS ; Rt Serer aan i" AR | i's, y* ia. Oh ee Ps J AS Le i a, ; ‘i + VPA bee th ry aoe } bel Ry i . . 16 , we ‘J F. ' are. a (a* ‘ t cy 1 t , 1s Bae. OTS ry tar ee 2 Shel nost iz ° > £ es RETF 4 Ry > ib tey -E ROS ee 57 pa Sg Bay hs A! ad tea 4 relie tin Weg dads sae yi etd eT " RY i ith mah ca rn) PALSY Auge oe pt , r 4 f Kirst ide. be ke ber , : pole > F by Bt + Py arise 4 He Y of. 3. VotumME VII. “DECEMBER, 1890. - WHOLE No. 55. a W 6 | e f e ; ‘ West + American + Scientist. — A popular monthly review ae record for the Pacific Coast. Official Organ of the San Diego Society of Natural Firstory. CONTENTS. i PAGE Parry’s Lotus Tree, illustrated, by the late Dr. Albert Kellogg......... 63 | PLUTO MIUMIT ARO oS, ii aks Pat ARMs on CO gs a wo etls'eaede Carl Purdy 66 Some Notes on Echinocactus, illustrated................4. C. R. Orcutt 67 Pmt Wie ALIOOTNCUIIN 5 0's Sipe win vie 4 Via Le EN A. SENG \ S Ses \\ Nie >) ZIZYPHUS PARRYI, Parry s Lotus Tree. 65 or served as desserts like dates and figs; in short, one way or an- other they are eatable and mostly excellent. It would be sate to say that four hundred to five hundred trees to the acre—of almost any soil—could be planted, that at two or three years old would yield five to ten pounds to each bush. With any market at ali, the fresh fruit would be cheap at a dime a pound for jelly- ing in the rural way; they would thrive well with less care than a common corn patch; would double, quadruple and quintriple in four or five years at the furtherest, and thence onward for ages, would pay better than strawberries, with half the labor and nota tithe of the trouble in harvesting, nor risk of loss; would even utilize the worst land; have the world for a market, ot the dried fruit and jelly, with other uses to be noted further on. Ciassic LoTE TREE (ZIZYPHUS LOTUS). This is a small tree common to Persia, Africa, Sicily and Spain, and is now culti- vated in all regions of the olive, the vine and the fig. Tunis was the ancient land of the renowned people known as Lotophagi. This sweet truit is of the size of sloes, with large stone, and is borne on every part of the plant like-gooseberries, purple-tinged; the farinaceous pulp—separated from the pits and sun-dried—is set aside for winter use; has the flavor of dates and figs. A kind of wine or beer drink is made by expression, diluted with a little water, but will keep only a few days; doubtless immoder- ately used in this or some similar way may have led toa devoted dissipation akin to the poet’s conception. It should be observed, in a general way, that this and all the species are eminently adapted to the borders of deserts—delight in arid sands, gravelly ravine sides and rocky ridges—would preserve embankments and prevent fearful washouts without serious obstruction to railroads or casting a length of blighting shadows; but they will grow in any soil, Fruit described as of delicious taste in the fresh state; also, after exposure to the sun a few days, they are pounded and made into bread. These paste-cakes are only sun-dried so as to well evaporate the little moisture used in making; it resembles, both in color and taste, what we designate as ‘gingerbread,’ and is noted as excellent food for long journeys. From the thorny nature of the Loti, one might well wonder how the fruit could be collected with facility, but as it is neither tender not watery, and somewhat favinaceous and leathery-like and the shrub hardiest of the hardy with tough and elastic twigs, a cloth is spread on the ground and the bush beaten with a stick. This Lotos of the Lotophagi must not be confounded with the Egyptian lotos (Nymphea lotus), nor with the lotos of Ho- mer and Dioscorides, which is a species of (amatory?) Trifolium, inciting, if not causing, a similar infatuation, as the one eaten by the natives of the Pacific in their season; nor with the lotos of Hippocrates (Celtis Australis), nor with the Italian lotos (Diospyrus lotois). COMMON JUJUBE (Z. VULGARIS).—This is a small tree, of twen- 66 : The West American Scicniist. ty feet in height, fruit blood-red or saffron, with a sweet granular pulp. Inthe south of Europe it is mostly served up in the dried state, as a choice sweetmeat of the winter season, known as jujube. The Turks plant these with other trees in front of their coffee houses that they may enjoy shade, shelter and fruit together, EAST INDIAN JUJUBE TREE (Z. JUJUBE).-—Also a small tree of sixteen or twenty feet, cultivated in China and Cochin-China, bears fruit of the size of a large cherry, smooth and yellow when ripe. There is however a variety of this, or perhaps another species, that produces an excellent fruit of oblong form, of the size of a hen’s egg, known by the name of (Va:zkellekool. PEAR-WOOD JUJUBE (Z.: XYLOPYRUS).—This tree abounds everywhere in the forests of Coromandel. Cattle eat the leaves, young twigs and fruit; the kernel, of which, the natives are very fond, has the fine flavor of filberts. The timber of the largest trees is also highly esteemed, is of yellow orange color, very | hard and durable, and withal very light. Most timbers combin-: ing such rare qualities for many uses proved too heavy. A kindred shrub (Paliurus), and one of this genus, the Christ Thorn (Z. Spina-Christi), are both equally common in Judea, — The former cap, or crown-fruited; the latter double-thorned ‘with fruit like a sloe. Rival authors refer to the plausible pliability of their exceeding flexible twigs, being readily wrought into any form, as having been the one put upon the head of our Savior. Lote trees may be multiplied by cuttings from the roots or ripe twigs, with care, from layers and root slips, suckers and. seeds. These budded or grafted from a few choice foreign parent trees would soon yield a progeny of many. millions, adding to the wealth of the Pacific, and an annual income to California alike counted by unnumbered millions. Our pen picture is from a specimen contributed by Dr. C. C. Parry, whose name it bears, and is furnished through the liberality of the California Academy of Science. Albert Kellogg. FPRITT TL tea nT AS. (From the Pacific Rural Press xxxviii, 418.) These comprise seven or eight Californian species, all very sim- _ ilar in stalk and leaf and shape of flower, but in great variety of color and mottling, and with curious forms of bulbs. Those who are familiar with lilies know that there are some bulbs which vie with the blossomsin beauty. The Fritillarias, too, have some beautiful bulb forms. One type is a round flattened disk, clean, shiny and white, beaded aid covered with litile rice-like, ivory white bulblets, which fall off at the touch. This is the bulb of F. recurva and F. lanceolata. F. biflora and F. Jiliacea have an- other form, in which the bulb is formed of.a few, rounded clear white scales, easily falling apart, and each section propagating the plant, as do the little grain like bulblets of the others. - p Fritidlarias. 67 The stalk of Frit- illaria is stout and erect) (le) sstalk leaves are arranged i in circles on the ai WIS 256 8) ele 7 or fifteen FM SA TOROS NO 5 9 ong leaves in a pel | v ae i Sa PEN ar 82 whorl. At the base > AON fb \ pens there is a single large leaf,sometimes in F. lanceolata as large as the hand. The Fritillarias are usually protuse bloomers; the blos- soms an inch or so across, pendant bells strung on the upper part of the flower stalk, sometimes a few but often a string afoot long,and com- prising a dozen or = more blossoms All FRITILLARIA RECURVA. are of elegant habit, one of those perfectly graceful forms which delights the eye in outline, all curves, and symmetry. Several species are more elegant in habit than rich incolor. Fritillaria lanceolata, F. biflora and F. pluriflora have curiously mottled flowers, in shades of green and brown, very odd but hardly pretty; but, on the other hand, F. recurva, with its scarlet bells, is as beautiful as any lily, The yellow bells of F. pudica are very attractive, and F. liliacea gives variety with its white blossoms. All are easily cultivated, preferring a gritty soil with leaf mold and partial shade, but doing well in almost any well drained soil. Well grown specimens will reach three and four feet in height, and I will hardly dare to tax the credulity of the reader with the number of flowers that have been grown on one stalk. : Carl Purdy. Me =< SS x% : i LU, ‘6h 3 Sane my i) HL Vi YX \" Mh ——— SOME NOTES ONE CHINOGACT US. : (From Garden and Forest, iii, 238.) The genus Echinocactus is represented in SouthernCalifornia by a great diversity of forms which nearly approacheach other. The Cactaceae are generally recognized as very difficult to study, not, perhaps because they are characterless, but because of the diffi- culty of making specimens and the usual lack of material for study. Only by very extended and close field observation can O84 The West American Scientist. one arrive at correct conclusions relative to species and varieties, and this none of our botanists have yet enjoyed. Near San Diego the genus is represented by E. viridescens Nutt., usually a low, depressed plant of about thirteen ribs, with pale straw-colored flowers and a slightly acid, pleasant fruit. This is a maritime species or variety almost wholly restricted to the immediate neighborhood of San Diego. | WAY \ NY Val G4 b dh S N= EN ECHINOCACTUS CYLINDRACEUS. Echinocactus Orcuttii, Engelm., is found a little further to the south and further inland from the coast. It differs in size, the number of ribs (usually twenty-two to thirty) and in the young plants, which are globose. It is inclined to grow in czspitose clumps of fifteen to twenty cylindrical heads, around which the ribs are often spirally inclined. It seems to form almost a con- necting link between E. viridescens and E.cylindraceus, Engelm., which latter was originally collected by Dr. Parry on the eastern slopes of the mountains bordering the Colorado Desert, in San Diego county. Dr. Engelmann was at one time inclined to doubt the right of E. cylindraceus to specific rank, as other botanists are still inclined to doubt. In 1882, I found what I determined was E. cylindraceus in the desert cafions of Lower California, and also west of the mountains near the San Rafael valley, and Dr. Engelmann wrote that he concurred with me in that opinion. This cactus was a fine cylindrical plant,encompassed by a fine net- work of its slender, recurving white spines, with lemon-yellow . flowers. Echinocactus Lecontei, Engelm., is another species originally credited to the Eastern slope of our mountains and to Arizona. Hundreds of plants annually reach the European market under this name, collected within the confines of the Colorado Desert, which differ only in a slight degree from E. cylindraceus. This form is more inclined to a grayish color, less flexible spines, and perhaps to a more globose shape. The demand in Europe for p Se eS ss ee eee a ee Eee ee Some Notes on Echinocactus. 69 this particular species makes it command a higher price than many others, and it was only recently that I learned whence the trade was supplied. As they are collected near the original locality cited for it, no blame can attach to those who endeavor to supply the demand, but I must consider it merely a ‘trade name’ for a form differing in no essential character from other plants yearly sent out under this, the preceding and the following names. Echinocactus Wislizeni, Engelm., is the oldest name applied to any of these torms of cacti. Some of the plants received un- der this name are beautiful, with white spines like those of E. cylindraceus; others have exceedingly handsome red spines; still others have dull spines of no special color. In young plants especially the color of the spines is very variable. Echinocactus Emoryi is the last of our Californian species to receive notice. It more nearly approaches the two first men- tioned species, the reddish spines and flowers being usually the most characteristic features. But along with the red-spined and y LMM WUIwc—0. Wie, J Zé 7 7 Ll 9 SSN SS\- == 70 The West American Scientist. red flowered plants, 1 have found other varieties, white, green, brown and other shades in flowers and spines—until no constant character can be found by which to distinguish between them. English cacti-culturists claim that E. Orcuttii is identical with the old E. Californicus, a name considered synonymous with E. viridescens by Dr. Engelmann. A great variety of plants have reached the European market under “the latter name, which, con- sidering its natural variations, is not to be wondered at. I have carefully studied every torm in Southern California, and northern Lower California that I. have been able to learn of, and I have been forced to the conclusion that only three true species exist within our limits: E. polycephalus (belonging to a distinct section of the genus,) E. Wislizent and E. viridescens. Under E. Wislizeni I would class as varieties E. cylindraceus and E. Lecontei; while under E. viridescens I would place E. Emoryi and E. Orcuttii as sufficiently well-marked varieties. Several other varieties of both these species could be sufficiently distin- guished to satisfy the foreign trade. Perhaps these views will not be retained when I become more familiar with Arizona, New Mexico and Mexican forms, but they are certainly in line with the later views of Dr. Engelmann, the greatest authority on the family that \ we have had. , CR. Orcutt. PAPAVER CALIFORNICUM. (From Garden ard Forest, iii, 385) This true poppy, the only one indigenous ‘to Chliforiia, was discovered in 1886 in the Santa Inez mountains by Mr. John Spence, of Santa Barbara. It was described by Dr. Asa Gray in the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. XXII, pp. 313-314, thus being one of the last Cali- fornia flowers to receive a name at the hands of that illustrious. botanist. Not only is it one of the latest discoveries, but it justly ranks among the handsomest of the annuals of the Pacific Coast. It is rarely found except on ground which has been burnt over, Mr. Spence first finding it far away from any cultivated fields at an elevation of 1,500 to 2,000 feet, on ground which had been covered principally with manzanita bushes, but had been burned over the year before. Probably for this reason and from its close resemblance in appearance to Meconopsis heterophylla, a less showy plant, but with flowers almost identical in size and coloring, it owes its escape from previous discovery. As Dr. Gray suspected, this is not a local species, but is ap- parently widely distributed in Southern California, having re- cently been collected by several botanists in “widely. separated localities, but everywhere under similar conditions as first found, on tracts of burnt brush-lands’at from one to two thousand feet elevation. This spring I observed it in great abundance back of San Diego, near Potrero, and also between the Cajon and Santa - ? Library Catalogue. ips Maria valleys on hillsides burned over by forest or brush fires last fall. Although I have traversed both sections repeatedly during the past ten years, this richly colored flower had never been seen before these fires had denuded the land. It forms a fine, bushy plant about a foot in height and bears a profusion of large showy flowers of an average of two inches in diameter. The color of the large delicate petals isa bright saturn red to orange chrome, with a center of a delicate sulphur yellow. In cultivation it is said to make a fine pot-plant, and if it im- proves as most of our wild flowers do under the attention of hor- ticulturists, it will prove a most desirable addition to American gardens. Associated with it is usually found Phacelia Orcuttiana, an- other so-called ‘fire-weed’ which is likely to prove a welcome acquisition to the garden on account of its masses of white flow- ers with conspicuous yellow centers. This Phacelia yrows into a tall, stately plant, branching freely from the base. It is an interesting problem why the seeds of these handsome plants should lie dormant so many years in the soil, awaiting the —to them—life-saving, destructive fire. After once starting in- to existence, the seed does not seem to require to pass through the ordeal of fire before growing, for the second year after a fire they appear in greater abundance than the first. Gradually, _ however, as other plants get re-established on the ground these become fewer and fewer, until other vegetation overcomes them, and their seeds again lie dormant in the soil awaiting another de- luge of flame. C. R. Orcutt. LIBRARY CATALOGUE. (Scientific books and periodicals may be ordered through our Book and Subscription Department.) Recent accessions to the Library of the West American Museum of Nature and Art will be catalogued monthly. 4027. Contributions to American Botany, XVII. _ I. Miscellaneous notes upon North American plants, chiefly of the United States, with descriptions of new species. II. Descrip- tions of new species of plants, from northern Mexico, collected chiefly by Mr. C. G. Pringle, in 1888 and 1889. By Sereno Watson. From Proc. Am. Acad. Art and Sci. XXV., pp. 123- 165 (issued Sept. 25, 1890).. From the author. 4028. A provisional host-index of the fungi of the United Sites py WG... Barlow. agg Ac. .B. Seymours, Part IF. Gamopetalae—Apetalae. Cambridge, Sept. 1890. From Dr. Farlow. 4029. Annual report of the State botanist of the State of New York. By Charles H. Peck, Albany, 1890. From the author. 4030. Report of the botanist onthe grasses and forage plants, and the catalogue of plants. By Charles E. Bessey and Herbert J. Webber. Extracted from the report of the Nebraska State 72 The West American Scientist. Board of Agriculture for 1889. Lincoln, Neb., 1890. From H. J. Webber. | 4031. Notes on slugs, chiefly in the collection of the British Museum. By T. D. A. Cockerell. From the Annals and Maga- zine of Natural History, October, 1890, pp. 277-288. From the author. | 4032. Colorado College studies: papers read before the Colorado College scientific society. First annual publication. Colorado Springs, Colo., 1890. From the society. 4033. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. Vol. III. Articles I to X. pp. 1-190 (separates). | 4034. A protest against the Supreme Court of Illinois. By Edward C. Hegeler. Chicago, 1890. From the author. 4035. Catalogue of the described Araneae of temperate North America. By Dr. George Marx. From Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XII, 497-594. Washington, 1890. From the Smithsonian Institution. otras ; 4036. Notes on the leaves of Liriodendron. By Theodor Holm. 4037. Birds from the coasts of western North America and adjacent islands, collected in 1838-’89. with deseriptions of new _ species. By Charles H. Townsend. 4038. Reptiles from Clarion and Socorro Islands and the Gulf of California with description of a new species. By Charles H. Townsend. . 4039. Plants collected in 1889 at Socorro and Clarion Islands, Pacific Ocean. By Dr. George Vasey and J. N. Rose. 4040. Ona new genus and species of Colubrine snakes from North America. By Leonard Stejneger. 4041. The osteological characteristics of the family Anguil- lidae. By Theodore Gill. 4042. The osteological characteristics of the family synapho- branchidae. By Theodore Gill. 4043. The osteological characteristics of thc family Muraeni- dae. By Theodore Gill. _ 4044. On the disappearance of the dick cissel (Spiza Americana) from the District of Columbia. By Hugh M. Smith. 4045. Description of a new species of bat, Atalapha semota. By Harrison Allen. 4046. On the snakes of the genus Charina. By L. Stejneger. 4047. Onthe North American lizards of the genus Barissia of Gray. By L. Stejneger. 4048. Notes on the occurrence of a young crab-eater (Elacate canada) from the Lower Hudson Valley, N.Y. By A. K. Fisher. 4049. Observations on the life history of the bottlenose por- poise. By Frederick W. True. 4050. Descriptions of new West American land, fresh water, and marine shells, with notes and comments. By Robert E. C. Stearns. : ee A er a KEES ao NWO) RIC = LITERARY AND EDUCATIONAL SUPPLEMENT, No. Res (Edited by the Students and Faculty of the San Diego College of Letters. ‘e A POETICAL MOSIAC. (Selected.) Why all this toil for triumphs of an hour ( Young’)? Life’s but a summer, es a flower (/ohn- Son | By turns we catch the vital breath and die (Pope) — The cradle and the tomb, alas! so nigh ( Prior.) To be is better far than not to be (.Sewe/¢) Though all man’s life may seem a trag- edy (Spencer); But light cares speak when mighty cares are dumb (Dazzel2); The bottom is but shallow whence they come (Raleigh). Your fate is but the common lot of all (Longfellow.) Unmingled joys here to no man befall (Southwed?,) Nature to each allots his proper sphere ( Congreve.) Fortune makes folly her peculiar care ( Churchill.) Custom does often reason (Rochester;) And throws a cruel sunshine on a fool (Armstrong.) Live well—how long or short, permit to Heaven (Mlton;) They who forgive most shall be most forgiven { Bazley’. Sin may be clasped so close we cannot see its face ( 7vench), Vile intercourse where virtue has no place (Somerville). Then keep each passion down, however dear ( 7, hompson), Thou pendulum betwixt a smile and tear (Byron). Her sensual snares let faithless Pleasure lay (Smollett) overrule - With craft and skill, to ruin and betray (Crab be); Soar not too high to fall, but stoop to rise (Massenger. \ We masters grow of all that we despise (Cowley. ) Oh, then, renounce that impious self- esteem (Peattte, ) Riches have wings and grandeur is a dream ( Cowper.) Think not ambition wise because brave ( Davenant;) The path of glory lead but to the grave Gray). ’Tis a glorious cheat (Wilits,) Only destructive to the brave and great (Addison. ) What’s all the gaudy glitter of a crown (Dryden. ) The way t> bliss lies not on bed ot down (Quarles.) How long we live, not years, but actions tell ( Watkins.) The man lives twice who lives the first life well (Herzick.) Make then, while yet you may, your God your friend (Mason.) Whom Christians worship, yet not com- prehend (AidZ.) The trust that’s given guard, and to your- selt be just (Daza,) For, live we how we can, yet die we must (Shakespere. ) tis What is ambition? ——:0:—— WAITING. By the mossy old stone wall, From the trees the blossoms fall Bright the starlight burns above, While I’m waiting for thee love Waiting, waiting, In the golden even-tide. By the mossy old-stone wall, On thy grave the dead leaves fall; Soft the starlight beams above I am lonely waiting love Waiting, waiting For the golden even-tide. Fiulalie Woods. 32 At Home. LOCALS AND PERSONALS. We are glad to welcome back Theodore Barnes, a former student. We have been entertained with some every excellent debates in the Literary Society, lately. A short while ago we students made a visit to that place of histori- cal interest, Old Town, sometime afterward, to take advantage of the extreme low tide, we walked along the beach to “Pomtiot Rocks.’ tne coloring of the sea and glittering sands, the silvery, slender new moon and the gleaming evening star burn- ing in a sky that still glowed with the glory of sunset could have been done justice only by the-pen of Black. It is certainly true that the students in our college have the benefit of beauties of nature not to be met with elsewhere. Miss Gover had an appreciative | audience in her room, the other day, looking at some of her pictures— water-colors, designs, copper-plate etchings of Colorado scenery, paint- ings in oil, etc. Last Friday in replacing officers in the Excelsior Society Miss Ida Lowe was chosen President; Henry Frey, Vice-President; Miss Belle Jacoby, re-elected Secretary; E. N. Groh, Chaplain; Misses Niles and Pease, Critics; the Executive Committee will remain unchanged for the term. The College students under Prof. Davidson’s care went on a picnic to La Jolla Caves, during the recent low tide to gather mosses, shells and in- formation. A Fox always is a sly creature, and Lewis was true to his name in the. management of his debate of last week. By-the-by it was a very good debate. The West is making great strides in educational matters. All who wish to understand the great subject of education as it affects America! The West American Scientist. must keep ex rapport with our west- ern country. One of the western schools has a travel class which vis- ited Washington recently. Travel classes, if managed properly, must have distinct effect upon culture. The Englishman who, in Chester- field’s time, scrupulously sent his son on the “‘grand tour,’’ and the young German of Goethe’s time who ‘finished’? witha ‘‘wander-year,’’ understood this. The teacher of Art. Miss M. E. Gover, from London, has exhibited in all the principal exhibitions in England, among which are the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Lon- don; the Institute of Painters in Water Colors, Picadilly, London, and the Society of British Artists, Certificated as Art Master at the South Kensington School of Design. She also holds certificates with hon- ors, from the Trinity College, Lon- don. Since she has been in America her line of work has been etehing, chiefly from western scenery. EDITORIAL. The “nz, the old college paper of the University of Illinois, this fall, enters on its twentieth volume. The lliint grows and improves with the institution with which it has so long been identified. In its issue of Sep- ember 27th, the ///zu7 said: A fact ever to be borne in mind about the College of Letters is the salubriousness and healthfulness of the climate and location. Not only do those who are in good health, or entering college retain their health! but invalids of other climes and localities attend school at Pacific Beach, able to live comfortably, pur- sue. their studies, and constantly gain in health. es — ’Tis always morning, somewhere and above The awakening ebiueae from shore to shore, Somewhere the birds” are singing ever- more. ohepiiee: ——— i on —————— Literary and Educational Supplement. | 33 School and Colleqe. NOTES AND, NEWS. The debate is the Society grind- SCHOOL AND COLLEGE. stone.— Whitt nberger. The tunnel under St. Clair river, The Westfield, Mass. High School| between Canada and the United is to organize an Agassiz Science States is completed, and soon will be Club elo opened with a‘ ‘hole’ ’lot of ceremony. ; jastaes A thirty-four mile 0,000,000 A party of students of California |, anel is pianabea Bbw: i ie a College, Oakland chaperoned by a}jand and Scotland. An eight or ten professor, lately paid a visit to their | year job. noted neighbor, Joaquin Miller,‘‘The| A cheap luminous paint is now in Poet ofthe Sierras.’ who has his/ tse in Germany, designed for paint- characteristically odd home in the|ing cellars, railway tunnels, dark hills of East Oakland, or on what he| rooms, etc. It is now produced in calls ‘‘Oakland Heights.’’ Likej|various colors, white, red, blue, other notables, the blond old. singer | yellow, etc , at a cost of about seven. of the mountains, is intruded upon | teen cents to the square yard of wall. by a great many gaping sight seers,| ‘‘It is not intellectual work that in- who go to look at him as they would |jures the brain,’ says the London some abnormal curiousity in a} Hospital, ‘‘but emotional excitement. noisy side show to a menagerie. |Most men can stand the severest So this party found Joaquin too/|thought and study of which their much indisposed to receive them as| brains are capable, and be none the he preferred the role of an interest-| worse for it, for neither thought nor ing invalid to that of a (mountain) | study interferes with the recupera- lion. Mr. Miller is excentric or noth-| tive influence of sleep. It is ambition, ing. A few years ago while making] anxiety, and disappointment, the his home temporarilly in Washing-| hopes and fears, the loveand hates of ton, D. C., he perched his “cabin” | our lives, that wear out our nervous in the prongs of a treé and had the), system and endanger the balance of distinguished people who would run| the brain.”’ after him, climb a ladder to gain his Mr. Kessler, Chief Forest Master latch string. in Germany, makes the. striking English universities derive only comparison that the United States one-tenth of their support from stud-| has only 11 per cent. of its area cov- ents, while the students of American | ered by forests, while of the entire Colleges contribute two-fifths to) German empire there are 26 per cent. their maintainance. _of area covered. A number ot the students of the, ‘‘Woodman spare that tree!” ‘university of Kansas have formed a} Dr. Koch’s cure for consumption “Modern Language Club.’ All the|is a healthy medical fad, just now. business correspondence, conversa-} Medication is said to be by the in- tion and exercises of the meetings] jection, of ‘‘lymph,”’ under the sur- are to be conducted in the language | face of the body. to which the session of the Club 1S! Whales are becoming scarce and devoted—French, German, etc. ‘whalebone is $10,000 a ton. Per- The university of Illinois has 450} haps raising whales is to become an students. 177 of them being new industry, like that of raising buffaloes. ones, this fall. _Buftalees not very long ago clouded The university of Moscow is 135/the plains of this country. In the years old, and has 88 regular pro-| November Cendury, Gen. John Bid- fessors, 85 private instructors and/ well, one of our interesting pioneers, 3,805 students. writes of the buffalo of only about 7 forty years ago: I think I can truly say that I saw in that region in one day more buf- faloes than I have seen of cattle in all my life. I have seen the plain black with them for several days’ journey as far as the eye could reach. They seemed to be coming north- ward continually from the distant plains to the Platte to get water, and would plunge in and swim across by thousands —so numerous were they that they changed not only the color of the water, but its taste, until it was unfit to drink ; but we had to use it. One night when we were en- camped on the South Fork of the Platte they came in such droves that we had to sit up and fire guns and make what fires we could to keep. them from running over us and trampling us into the dust. We could hear them thundering all night long; the ground fairly trembled with fast approaching bands; and if they had not been diverted, wagons, animals and emigrants would have been trodden under their feet. Bret Hart, who is growing old and white-haired, is living in England, where he is still quite popular. Among the new exchanges is the WeEsT AMERICAN SCIENTIST, pub- lished at San Diego College of Let- ters, Pacific Beach, California. The paper is divided into two depart- ments, a scientific, and a literary and miscellaneous. It is published monthly. The scientific department _ of the August number begins with a review of the life and services of Mathew Cook, a prominent western naturalist whose investigations of the Codlin moth and other insects injuri- ous to fruit attracted considerable at- tention. An article on ‘‘The Beach and Its Effects on the Climate,’’ and another on “The Fishes,” are also of special interest. An article on the flora and fauna of that region is valuable to anyone in- terested in botany and zoology. The literary and miscellaneous depart- ments contain useful and humorous articles which convey many valuable Roper, Chas. hints. | Havermale, Wm., San Diego, Jacoby. Belle, Coloration of! Niles, Ruby, The West American Scientist. College of Letters. FACULTY. Samuel Sprecher, L. L. D., Presi- dent. F. P. Davidson, Sciences. Lucia Powers Woods, Languages— Ancient.and Modern. Thos. J. Penfield, A. B., Mathematics. Mary Edith Gover, Art Master—Art and English. Carl Vane Music—Violin, Piano, Vocal. E. N. Proh, Asst. Instructor of Latin, Katie Woodford and Lita Kidwell, Asst. Insts. Preparatory. A. M., Natural ——:0:-—— STUDENTS. Alexander, Jesse, Ames, Nellie, Los Angeles, “ Barbour, Frank, Coronada, «-“ Barbour, Fred, as + Barnes, Theodore, Madison, Neb. Blakeman, C. B. San Diego, Calif. Bottsford, Addie, La Jolla, ‘‘ Brown, Bessie, San Diego, ‘‘ Cogewell, Mary, Pacific Beach, Davidson, Charles, ‘“‘ i Davis Fox Lewis Colton, ‘“‘ Frey, Henry H., Cincinnati, Ohio. Gabrielson, Wm., San Diego, Calif. Gearn, Laura, Groh, E. N., Hall, Maria, San Diego, Calif. Boyertown. Penn. E] Cajon, Calif. Hewlet, Fannie, Cascade, Colorado. San Diego, Calif. Jones, C. Lily, Kidwell, Lita, Kirby, Edith, Lovett, Horace Lowe, Ida, ahae ru ce ims National City, ‘! — Sau Diego, Calif. 66 Oliver, Jacqueline, Punta Banda, L. C. Pauly, James, San Diego, Calif. Pauly, Nettie, a a Pease, Fannie, Valley Centre, Pease, Minnie, ba Reed, Oliver, San Diego, “‘ ~ Dublin, Ireland. Roper, Samuel, SEMA igre Literary and Educational Supplement. 3S Rowe,Evangeline, Pacific Beach, Calif. Rowe, Mabel, Stockton, Samuel, San Diego, Sprecher, James, r Suits, Rodney, " Thomas, Fred, Thope, Lulo May,Pacific Beach, Thoustrup, Della, San Diego, ~ Thoustrup, Rosa, = 5 Thresher, Marian, Pacific Beach, Townsend Maud, Calico, VanNormanVernon,San Diego, ‘“ Wagner, Pearl, Pacific Beach, * Wescott, Maud, + ps Wood, Harry, National City, ‘‘ Woodford, Kate, San Diego “ Woods, Eulalie, Pacific Beech Woods, Percival E. CHILDREN’S LITERATURE. cc cc Victor Hugo calls this ‘the women’s century,’ and he might have added that it is the children’s century as well, for never before the world’s history has so much thought been paid to children—their schools, their book, their pictures and their toys. Childhood, as we understand it, is a recent discovery. Up to the time of the issue of the St. LNicholas Magazine seventeen years ago literature and children’s magazines were almost contradictory terms, but the new periodical started out with the idea that nothing was too good for children; the result has been a juvenile magazine genuine with conscientious purpose—the greatest writers contributing to it, with the best artists and engravers helping to beautify it—and every- thing tured to the key-note of youth. It has been the special aim of SZ. Nicholas to supplant unhealthy liter- ature with stories of a living and healthful interest. It will not do to take fascinating bad literature out of boys hands and give them in its place Mrs. Barbauld and Peter Par- — Ean a ley, or by the work or writers who think that any ‘good-y’ talk will do for children, but they must have strong interesting reading, with the blood and sinew of real life in it— reading that will waken them to a closer observation of the best things about them. In the seventeen years of its life St. Nicholas has not only elevated the children, but it has also elevated the tone of contemporary children’s liter- ature as well. Many of its stories, like Mrs. Burnett’s ‘Little Lord Fauntleroy,’ have become classic. It is not too much to say that almost every notable young people’s story now produced in America first seeks the light in the page of that maga- zine. The year 1891 will prove -once more that ‘no househould where there are children is complete with- out S# Micholas.’ |. T. Trowbridge, Noah Brooks, Charles Dudley War- ner and many well-known writers are to contribute during this coming year, One cannot put the spirit of St. Nicholas into a prospectus, but the publishers are glad to send a full announcement of the features for :8g1 and a single sample copy to the address of any person mentioning this notice. The magazine costs $3.00 a year. Address the Century Co., 33 East 17th St., New York. A GREAT AMERICAN MAGA- ZINE. The Century magazine is now so well know that to tell of its past success seems almost an old story. The N. Y. Z7:dune has said that it and its companion, S¢. Vicholas for Young Foiks, issued by the same house, ‘are read by every one person 36 The West Ameican Scientist. in thirty of the country’s population,’ —and large editions of both are sent beyond the seas. Itis an interesting fact that a few years ago it was found that seven thousand copies of The Century went to Scotland— quite a respectable edition in itself. The question in England is no long- er ‘Who reads an American book?’ but ‘Who does not see the Ameri- can magazines?’ A few years ago The Century about doubled its circulation with the tamous War Papers, by General Grant and others, adding many more readers later with the Lincoln His- tory and Kennon’s thrilling articles on the Siberian Exile System. One great feature of 1891 is to be ‘the gold hunters of California,’ de- scribing that remarkable move- ment to the gold fields in ’49, in a series of richly illustrated articles written by survivors, including the narratives of men who went to Cali- fornia by the difterent routes, ac- counts of the gold discoveries, life in the mines, the work of the vigilence committees (by the chairman of the committees) etc., etc. General Fre- mont’s last writing was done for this series. opening article ‘The First, Emigrant Train to California,’—crossing the Rockies in 1841—by General Bid- well, a pioneer of pioneers. Thou- sands of American families who had some relative or friend among ‘the Argonauts of ’49’ will be interested in these papers. Many other good things are com- ing—the narrative of an American’s travels through that unknown land Tibet (for 700 miles over ground never before trod by a white man); the experience of escaping War-Prison- ers; American Newspapers described In November appears th by well-known journalists; accounts of the great Indian Fighters, Custer and others; personal anedotes of Lincoln, by his private secretaries; ‘The Faith Doctor,’ a novel by Ed- ward Eggleston, with a wonderfully rich programme of novellettes and stories by most of the leading writ- ers, etc., etc. : : It is also announced that Zhe Century has purchased the right to print, before its appearance in France or any other country, ex- tracts from advance sheets of the famous Talleyrand Memoirs, which have been secretly preserved for half a century—to be first given to the world through the pages ofan Amer- ican magazine. All Europe is eager- ly awaiting the publication of this personal history’ of Talleyrand— greatest of intriguers and diplomats. The November Century begins the volumne, and new subscribers should commence with that issue. The subscription price ($4.00) may be remitted directly to the publishers, The Century Co., 33 East 17th St., © New York, or single copies may be purchased of any newsdealer. The publishers offer to send a free sample copy—a recent back number—to any one desiring it. s SCIENCE FOR YOUNG PEO- PLE: The Youth’s Companion of Boston the well-known weekly, filled with choice stories and miscellany, an-_ nounces for 1891 an interesting and instructive series of papers by emi- nent scientists on the latest discover- ies in science. Tk Among the subjects are, ‘The Stars,’ ‘The Moon,’ ‘Vhe Earth, ‘The Ocean,’ and ‘The Sun.’ ‘The Trap- persand Hunters of the Insect Tribes,’ by Dr. H. C. McCook, is sure to be especially fascinating to the natural- ists old and young. Subscription price, $1.75 per year in advance, for this unique journal. — CCC Literary and Educattonal Supplement. Among the Wits. IN LIGHTER VEIN. Produced without irrigation—a dry joke. A watch factory can’t run on tick any better than any other factory can. The _ r-oystering months with ‘‘r’s” months — the > in them. Many a poor man with a large. family has found that any number of dogs will not keep the wolf from the. door. Work educates the body—Cole- WOR En.2 16 How ignorant a _ tramp’s ‘body must be. Little Dot—°Mamma, what does ‘transatlantic mean?’’ Mamma— ‘‘Across the Atlantic of course. ’’ Little Dot— ‘‘ Does ‘trans’ always mean ‘across’?’” Mamma — ‘‘Yes. Now don’t bother me any more, or ] shall put you to bed.’ Little Dot — "Well, Mamma, does ‘transparent’ mean a cross parent? ”. Young Humorist (to the editor)— Have you looked over the comic sketches I left with you? Editor—I have. Young fitter ain’t as good as I might do if I hadn’t so many other irons in the fire. Editor (handing back the manu- script)—Here they, are and I advise you— Young Hiemerees wae Editor—Put them with the other irons.— Zexas Siftings. Girls—Plant the mind with learning, Water the heart with culture and grace; Keep the fires of conscience burning, And paint and powder off your face. Boys—Rule your own spirits, If you can’t, its a sad, sad pity; And scripture says it you do, You’re ‘‘greater than he that taketh a city,”’ Ne Ss ....600SSSS>S 37 —_——_———. By Ail Odds The most generally useful mediciné is Ayer’s Pills. Asaremedy for the various diseases of the stomach, liver, and bowels, these Pills have no equal. Their sugar-coating causes them not only to be easy and pleasant to take, but preserves their medi- cinal integrity in all climates and for any reasonable length of time. The best family medicine, Ayer’s Pills are, also, unsurpassed for the use of travelers, soldiers, sailors, campers, and pioneers. In some of the most critical cases, when all other remedies have failed, Ayer’s Pills prove effective. ‘In the summer of 1864 I was sent to the Annapolis hospital, suffering with chronic diarrhea. While there, I became so re- . duced in strength that I could not speak and was compelled to write everything I wanted to say. I was then having some 25 or 30 stools per day. The doctors ordered a medi- cine that I was satisfied would be of no benefit to me. I did not take it, but per- suaded my nurse to get me some of Dr. Ayevr’s Pills.. About two o’clock in the after- noon I took six of these pills, and by mid- night began to feel better. In the morning the doctors came again, and after deciding that my symptoms were more favorable, gave me a different medicine, which I did not use, but took four more of the pills instead. The next day the doctors came to see me, and thought I was doing nicely, (and so did I). I then took one pill a day fora week. Atthe end of that time, I considered myself cured and that Ayer’s Pills had saved my life. E was then weak, but had no return of the disease, and gained in strength as fast as could be expected.’”’—F. C. Luce, Late Lieut. 56th Regt. Mass. Vol. Infantry. ‘Ayer’s Pills are The Best I have ever used for headaches, and they act like a charm in relieving any disagree- able sensation inthe stomach after eating.” — Mrs. M. J. Ferguson, Pullens, Va. “T was a sufferer for years from dys- pepsia and liver troubles, and found no permanent relief until I commenced taking Ayer’s Pills. They have effected a com- plete cure.’”’— George W. Mooney, Walla Walla, W. T. Ayer’s Pills, PREPARED BY DR. J. €. AYER & CO., Lowell, Mass. Sold by ail Druggists and Dealers in Medicine, The West American Scientist. Consolidated National Bank. CAPITAL PAID IN - $250,000 SURPLUS FUND - - 50,000 . Undivided. Profits eae 75,961 BRYANT HOWARD, - - President. J. H. BARBOUR, . VieesPresident & Cashier. W. R. ROGERS, - 2 Assistant Cashier ”___ DIRECTORS. — - Hiram Mav bury. O. S. Witherby, John Ginty ay Ww. Morse, James McCoy, J. H. Barbour, Eryant Howard. fa Exchanges on all the Principal Cities of America and Europe bought and sold. The Savings Bank OF SAN DIEGO COUNTY. n the Conso'idated Bank Building, corner of II and Fifth streets. CAPITAL, __ - $100,000 President —!OFFIOES: — Vice-President E, W, Morse, 2. - = = J.H. Barbour, - - - - John Ginty, - - Secretary and Treasurer — ‘DIRECTORS :— H. Mabury, | E. W. Morse, O..S. Witherby, : Bryant Howard. James McCoy, ‘Interest Allowed on Deposits Money Loaned on Real Estate. eecceecceesesccece erge CHE yeteys y( jopaedia THE /VANUFACTURES AND PRODUCTS » OF THE UNITED STATES, @ comprises Every Article made in this @ Country -Indexed and Classified -and ° under each article ie names and addresses © THE BEST MANUFACTU RERS. @ (mplete in One Royal Octavo Vol. of over 1300p Drice in (loth *6 Ing Morocco °8-In Flexible Leather*10. INDISPENSABLE To Buyers of Articles in all lines and invaluable as a Statistical work. Orders received at office of this Paper - eee5uaeeecoaoe eeoeoeoeac9? O.F: CARR, aa een ee arbi a ER oe I et A ae a ee @ Natural History Store, Marine and Fresh Water Shells; Corals, ' Bird Skins, Eggs, Minérals, ete.’ Supplies for Tavn ents! Entomologists, Oologists. Botanists, ete. Send Stamp for Catalogue. pe 126 State Sr., eee Wis. ae wt a — One ofthe FE “BEST Tel- =escopes in the world. Our facilities are unequaled, and to introduce our. ,, Superior goods we will sendFREE to ONE PERSON in each locality, asabove. Only those who write =tous at oncecan make sure of the chance. All you have todoin = return is to show our goods to = those who call—your. neighbors — ginning of this advertisement. shows the small end of the tele- scope. The following cut gives the appearance of it reduced to about the fiftieth part of its bulk. {ti is a grand, double size tele- scope, as large as is easy to carry. We will also show you how you can make from Sb to SBE @ a day at least, from the start,with- out experience. Better write at once. We pay all express charges. Address, H. HALLETT & CO,, Box 880, PORTLAND, MAINE, Naturalists’ Supply Depot Brewster & Knowlton, Boston; — Aldrich & Capen, Boston; A.L Ellis & Co., Pawtucket. Consolidated) 1884, by Ellis & Webster, Succeeded, Sept. 1, 1885, by FRANK B WEBSTER, BOSTON. Established by Dealers in all Articles required by Naturalists Oologists and Taxidermists, also . Bird-Skins, Birds’ Eggs, Curiosities, and Stuffed Specimens. Sole Agent in the United States for «a THOMAS HURST'S ARTIFICIAL GLAS» EVES.-BR Publisher of the ORNITHOLOGIST AND OOLOGIST. Send 10 cents for Sample Copy ard Catalogues, FRANK B. WEBSTER, 409 Washington St , Boston, ues SAGA U9 CUS 6 6 ites: Magaane Ak seroinds to reer numerous branches of Natural Ilistory. 5O cts. Per Year. Simp’e Copy 5 cents Address, WISCONSIN NATURALIST, Madison, Wis. ESTABLISHED 1882, A Journal devoted to Philatel to Philately, Numismat- ics, Natural History and Bric-a- -Brae. Subscription, 25 cents a year, SAMPLE FREE. (Mention paper) A. McDONALD, Publisher, Box 1732. San Francisco, AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS | : | Corals fromthe falls of the Ohio.a specialty. Can furnish from a‘single ex- — Cor 4 ample to one’hundred thousand. respondence with advanced collectors and professors of colleges solicited. Best of reference given and satisfaction: guar- anteed or money refunded. G. K. GREENE, 170 East Third St., = and those around you. The be- — THE OLD CURIOSITY SHOP . New Albany, Ind. el rear " La i rr ; Seen ~ Sven” SPR >. , ° oe ve [" ee Sets , “hr SS can easily | a Sw pact VotumeE VII. _ JANUARY, 1891. WHOLE No. 56. We 120. pe os —— ob | West. American « Scientist, A popular monthly review and record for the Pacific Coast. oe CONTENTS. PAGE. » Edwin Wortham Doran, (with portrait)...... Ff. W. Goding, M. D., Ph. D. 73 ‘ EMME a diately dS <>'y x po o_o; eS AORN, © cus +o idle Bam pis alee Carl Purdy 75 meester island, (with Illustrations). ..ies- ss. s8 cs. .es cotceacdeees ovaceces 76 Ancella-Bearing Strata of Oregon. ..............05- Peper ane enka Todd 83 SREP W MASONS 6 os soe od haan av vedo eee e dus D. W. Coquillett 84 mane aN ORs UMM TLMMROAL ASTD v4 0h ahh Sin MUO Nie 0:4 6 v FEL o's ¥ ein w's.b 07 6 Alas oie sih a/c 86 Forest Trees of Oregon.—I....... He Whaat Ga a6 4 a Prof. T. Apa Condon 87 4 SOY Rule OT CS DOSET . 0's dad tine ocr a cece baneed aes ena C. R. Orcutt 88 NINES E NTAE ESSEME Cs idl 6. aii ps Siw: vig S BALM Tale cis ¢ d ciacu kbs o Ua wwreye hace’ opale eos 89. » California Flowers in England .... 20.11. -.0..0 1 eee ee cee e eee e eee e see enes 92 California Trees and Flowers.—I. (Illustrated.)........... c0se00 sees cues 93 ME eats Oia hs ial ko MCS ys COE AY > HIME wale amo icte «hfplale 08 02's IOI LRT RITE No on a's oi 4p VS MMEEEIN Rie we G4» Loelk Gao ew Vhs Map eiema ss 102 NTC URITUNE a ibig. aie een 5.5 4 Sioa MRIS os cel’ aa Nive cHNMAL Dot SIGs RU a 102 SM MUTED hag 045 <\.'3s CREME es «0 ema bie ba clne ce eon Ate ek he ee 103 ©, R. ORCUTT, Publisher. Corner Fifth and D Streets, - - SAN Disco, CALIFORNIA. EDITORIAL AND MAILING Rooms, ORcUTT, CALIFORNIA. No, 511 SANSOME STREET, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF. PRICE, 10 CENTs. PER YEAR, $1.00 [Entered at Orcutt, Calif, as second-class mail matter.] dwinter, articles on v ‘ eer | Morse, | } tf c 5s j a) nn. aa CAR eur Na —— Nh MAY 26 1891 EDWIN WORTHAM DORAN. Well-directed and sustained effort is always followed by suc- cess. Many times a varied preliminary preparation, with its broadening educational influence, is necessary to enable one to properly directed effort; but when one is blessed with a reason- able amount of talent, a large quantity of tact,together witha good education, such an one is expected to arrive at distinction. Edwin Wortham Doran, son of Samuel C. and Eliza A. Doran, first saw the light April 28, 1856, in Grayson county, Kentucky. When Edwin was four years old his parents re- moved to Coles county, Illinois, and purchased a farm five miles north of Mattoon. His school life began at the age of eight, at- tending the district school about three months each year until he was nineteen, when his course as a teacher began. He taught in the district schools of the vicinity winters, farming during the summers, at the same time pursuing, inde- pendently, the study of the natural sciences and reading some Latin. In this manner he was enabied to obtain informa- tion necessary to secure a first grade teacher’s certificate. Mr. Doran began a course of study at Lincoln (Ill.) University which was interrupted from lack of funds. Later he attended Westfield (Ill.) College where he spent some time, and after- wards he read law for some months. Buta change having been made in his religious views, after some preliminary preparation, he began to preach, receiving a license to do so from the Vanda- lia Presbytery of the C. P. Church. In that line of work he gave 74 E:dwin Wortham Doran. promise of ultimate success,’and was encouraged to continue by eminent divines. But he could not give up school work, though he continued to preach occasionally, and is now regularly or- dained. He attended normal institutes in various parts of the State, usually being placed in charge of some department of in- struction, and in every possible manner specially prepared him- self for a higher sphere of educational labor. In the early part of 1884 Prof. Doran was elected General Sec- retary of the Y. M. C. A., at Mattoon, resigning later to accept the principalship of the Ancona (Ill.) Public Schools. At this time he occupied his leisure moments in the systematic study of entomology under the direction of the writer, acquainting himself with entomological literature and rearing and classifying insects. The following year he was associated with a brother at Edwards Academy, White Pine, Tennessee. Later he was placed at the * head of London (Tenn.) College, soon afterward becom- ing a benedict.. He was married December 31, 1885, to Miss F. E. Beale, of Humboldt, Ill., an accomplished musician. During the year he continued his entomological studies, prepared popular articles for the press, and delivered addresses on economic ento- mology before various agricultural gatherings. | These labors soon attracted public attention. November 18, 1885, he was ap- pointed State Entomologist of Tennessee by Commissioner Mc- Whirter, and during his incumbency of nearly three terms he has formed a collection of the insects of the State, published one valu- able report, many bulletins.a catalogue ot the Insects of the State, and prepared a second report which is soon to be published. These publications have been reviewed by various critics and always mentioned with commendation. While State Entomologist, Prof. Doran saci the following positions consecutively: Professor of Natural Sciences in Cum- — berland Female College, Monteagle Summer School ot Science, and Bethel College. As an instructor his reputation has steadily increased and the best positions in the State were open to him. For a year he conducted a department of entomology in the Spirit of the Farm in which he gave, weekly, the results of his investigations in Tennessee entomology. In August, 1890, he resigned his office to accept the professorship of Natural Sciences in Pritchett Institute, Glasgow, Missouri, where he now resides. In 1887 he received the degree of A. M., from Grant Memorial University, Athens, Tenn., and of Ph. D. in 1890, from Cumber- land University, Lebanon, Tenn. In personal appearance Prof. Doran is rather under size, of slight figure, medium complexion, and sharp penetrating brown eyes. He is active, nervous, and rapid in his movements and thoughts. : While State Entomologist of Tennessee, Prof Doran did some grand good work in an almost unknown field, which will be greatly appreciated by those who follow in his footsteps, and Star Tulips. ae should the office be continued—and it now appears that Professor H. E. Sommers, of Knoxville, Tenn., will succeed him—his suc- cessor will find a good groundwork upon which to erect a sub- stantial superstructure. F. W. Goding. STA hee (PS: ‘(From the Pacific Rural Press, XX XIX. 11.} Though they belong to the same genus, Calochortus, the Mariposa or Butterfly Tulips, and the Star Tulips are distinct enough in general appearance to be thought quite Separate. While the Mariposa Tulips are marked by a stiff, erect stem, and erect cups of flowers, brilliantly colored, the Star Tulips have a droop- ing, flexuous habit, and flowers more delicate in form and color than brilliant. In these attributes, delicacy of flower and grace of form, the Star Tulips are excelled by no other flower in cultiva- tion. The general appearance is similar to the well-known snow- drop. They have only one leaf, a glossy green, lance-shaped leaf, often a foot long, proceeding from the bulb. ‘The flowering stem is slender and drooping, branched in most. species into many flower pedicels, with no leaves, and the bracts often colored like the flowers. The strongest growing species are as much as a foot high, in good specimens, while some of the small species are at perfection at three inches. Most of the species find their most congenial home in Woodland. In describing the species they can best be grouped. Calo- chortus albus and C.pulchellus are strong growing species, bear- ing numerous blossoms. The petals curve together and close, forming a flattened globe, which hangs pendalous. | On the ex- posed edges of the petals is a fringe of silky hairs. The blossom of C. albus is of a pearly white. The inside is filled with silky white hair. It has sometimes been called the ‘ Lantern of the fair- ies.’ A well-grown plant of this species will bear from ten to twenty or thirty flowers, one to two inches in diameter. Calochortus pulchellus differs from the preceding in its blos- soms being a golden yellow and hardly so large. _ Both species grow in dry, loose soils in open woods and are easily cultivated. In another group can be placed C. Benthamii; C. maweannus, C. elegans and C. coeruleus. In all of these the average speci- men is quite low and the flowers wonderfully delicate. A well- grown specimen is three to five inches high, but the single root leat is often much longer. The slender flower stem bears a few pendulous, open, bell-shaped flowers, filled with long silky hairs. All are plants of the cool woodlands. C, Benthamii is golden oo the others white to blue, and filled with hairs of the same color. In my last group of Star Tulips I would place a few species of plants growing in wet places, having the same long, glossy root leaf, but a stouter, more erect stem, and open, cup-like flowers in 76 _ Easter Island. solid colors, and but slightly hairy. These are C. Tolmii, with lilac flowers, and stem afoot high; C. nudus, with white flowers, a few.to ten inches high; C. lilacinus, with pale lilac flowers, a strong grower; and C. uniflorus, with lilac flowers, and low. In cultivation most of the Star Tulips will do well in a clay or sandy loam with a little mold, and dryness, shade or moisture, as I have hereinbefore indicated. Carl Purdy. EASTER ISLAND. — Bn ; (From the Wasliinotan: D.-C., Star, July 27, 1889.) HE hideous stone images and carvings in stone and wood at the U. S. National Museum ~ attract attention to the curious people who in- =, habit the Easter Island. The island was the «~~~ home of the image makers, and the products of their skill and imagination are emblems of -. hideous idolatry. Paymaster Thompson " gives an interesting description of these cu- Me, rious people and their relics. It is doubtful, he Xe See =. says, whether the present race are descend- ants of the image makers. He is inclined to think that there was an earlier prehistoric race. One of the most noteworthy facts discovered through their archeology is that they had a written language. ~ NATIVES — The collection from Eas- ter Island includes..images, stone. and wood. carvings, stone spear heads, various implements, weapons and utensils of industry illustra- tive of the ‘civilization’ of the people. In his descrip- tion of the relics of the Easter Island. collection Mr. Thompson. states that Nis does not appear that the y : \e ordinary stone and wooden . images, in which the island ay i i DY * abounds, were in any sense a y s A | ag idols. They seemed rather to:be erected as our bronze < 3), wp) is erected in the parks, to yh yy commemorate individuals. Be this as it may, the visitor at ae National Museum. must be - strongly. predisposed to look upon these monstrosities in carving Easter Island. Vi as the idols of a heathen race. The wooden images are of com-. paratively recent date. They are divided into three classes—the male, the female and the ribbed. The stone images are very rudely carved and are of earlier date than those of wood. There are three stone idols, however, of higher rank than these—nothing less than that of stone gods. These are the fish god, called by the natives ‘Mea ku,’ the bonit’s god, called “Mea Kahi; the fowl god, called ‘AZea Moa.’ These are all ill-shaped and apparently without distinguishing characteristics, but they are considered worthy of worship by the natives. While the various other images were intended as effigies of chiefs or other persons of importance, these received a profound religious homage. _ These gods were never common and were pos- sessed by communities or VW fi) TN ny Mal uy a PESTLE Wy G Dea Ly B clans, and never by indi- viduals. The legends all & a NS clam that they were SAS XY brought to the island by the first settlers. An espe- cial god being set apart for the bonits, as distinct from the other fish, is at- tributed to the fact that fish has always beenabund- ant and highly prized as food. Fish always consti- tuted an important article of diet with the natives, and the abundance in which they were found is ascribed HEAD DRESSES WLS Igoe NSS to the faithful and constant PP INN SS > adoration to the stone fish W, 4 \) \ Ay AW i. is gods. The fowl god was ; ‘CHieFS wANDbelieved to ward. off evil influences by being placed at night near where the chickens were accustomed to roost. It was moved about from one house to the other as the necessity for its services was felt. These stone gods show no attempt at carving in their construction. .The primitive sinkers and fishing hooks of these islanders shown in the collection are of stone. Some of the sinkers are fastened in a network of twine, while others are attached to. the fishing line by means of a hole bored in the stone. The hook is . a crude sort of contrivance, forming about .three-quarters of a circle, the security of the hold when a fish is caught depending upon the inward turn at the point. The manutacture of one of these hooks was an immense labor. Other hooks are made of a man’s thigh bone. Tradition onthe island describes how the 78 Easter Island. first bone hook happened to be made. In the pre- historic period of the im- age makers a youth named Ureraius was apprenticed to a fisherman of Hauga Pico. After having mas- gy” STONE Y FISH HOOK tained a canoe and went regularly into the business for himself. Somehow he was not successful. He worshipped the fish gods opgipan diligently, but his prayers Speaan and devotion failed to give HEADS. him luck. The finest fish escaped him. Ma _ lka and‘ Mea Kahi seemed of- fended at him. On one occasion, after a period of particularly bad luck, he determined to pray all night, by the god Mea Kah?. Atmidright, while still at his devotions, the spirit of an ancient fisherman named Tirakaka appeared and told him that his ill-luck was due to the imperfections of his hooks. The spirit told him to go to the tomb and get a piece of thigh bone from the remains of his father, and to construct a hook of this bone. The young fisher- man was much frightened, but he went to the cave the next day and got the thigh bone. For many days the time usual with him for fishing was spent in labor on the construction of this ‘en- chanted’ hook. His friends thought he was fishing, and they used to ridicule him because he bronght home no fish. He took this with more complacency than the modern fisherman receives such taunts, for his moment of triumph was near. ‘When he finished his hook he sought a place distant from his companions and in a few minutes had his canoe full of fine fish. ‘ The extraordinary success of the youth caused many questions to be asked of him and provoked jealousy, but he refused to im- part his secret. | His stubbornness led to serious quarrels and finally an attack was made upon him to force the secret from him, and in maintaining it he lost his life. In the manufacture ot these bone hooks the material used is in- variably the thigh bone ot an old fisherman. They are provided with barbs and are cunningly contrived. The stone axes of the Easter Island are made of hard slate— black, red and gray—called maca toke. Granite is used also STONE SINKERS \ for axes. The hardest and finest stone implements are made of | tered the profession he ob- . Sa Easter Island. 79 the flinty beach pebble, known as maca keng-rengo. The images were constructed of a stone called maca matariki, and the obsid- ian, from which the spear heads were made, is known as maca mataa. The spear heads of obsidian were roughly chipped and varied in form. Nine different forms are given by Mr. Thomp- son, some of which ave strikingly like in shape to the old battle- axes of our early ancestors. These stone heads were lashed on shafts eight feet long and formed the chief weapon of the ancient islanders. They were thrown ata distance as well as used to thrust with. These spear heads were got chiefly from old tombs and caves. A few were found on old battle grounds. Tradition imparts that the use of these stone spear heads was brought about by an accident. The natives used to make ineffective war armed with spears with heads of dried calabash. On account of the character of the weapon they used to fight long and desperately without much result. A man returning from a hard and fruitless battle stepped on a stone that cut his foot. He carried the stone home and discovered it to bea material suited for spear heads. Weapons were at once made with points CEREMONIAL. pappie Of this material and the ene- PADDLE mies of the clan were quick- — ly routed. Clubs from four to six feet long made of heavy wood are another ‘class of weapon or baton shown in the collection. The points of the clubs of one class are slightly wid- ened, and the handles are ornamented with double faced images. These were the batons or badges of of- fice of the chiefs, and the handles were supposed to represent the effigy of the owner of the club or one ot his illustrious ancestors. The clubs used as weapons of defense were from 20 to 30 inches in length and {from the handle are wid- Jiened out into a_ broad MVheavy blade. They were — used with great dexterity in battle. A wand carried chiefly by the women in their dances has upon its flattened side the effigy of some woman noted for her grace and skill in dancing. The hats of the Easter Islanders were crownless. They wore headdresses of feathers for ornament and to shade the face, per- haps. The collection shows six different styles. They are made CONJURERS CARVING. 80 Easter Island. of chicken feathers, secured by the quill end to a foundation of knitted hemp, intended to fit around the head closely. The hat worn by the dancing women is small and narrow with fine feath- ers of bright color overlapping all the way around. The hat worn by married women upon the occasion of a ceremony con- nected with a betrothal is large and broad, made of black feathers about six inches long, clipped evenly all the way around. The men at their food feasts wore a small hat of feathers with long tail feathers hanging behind. The hat of the chief worn as an insig- nia of office is very largeand heavy, the front made of short feath- ers set up on end and clipped evenly like a garden hedge, and the back ornamented with the largest and finest tail feathers to be had. The minor officials and chiefs ex-officio wear a lighter hat, made of short black feathers, with four tail feathers on end and tending outward at regular intervals. These headdresses are highly regarded by the islanders. From an early period the have used large fish nets, which are very well made and the strong ropes used stone images were made of this wild hemp. Wooden needles, called hika, were used in making the nets. The paddles used by the Easter Islanders for their canoes were eight feet long, made with double blades, frequently decorated with carving or painted heads, and for superstitious rea- sons made of drift wood CARVINGS whenever it could be had. Two curious relics are the fetish boards. The ‘timozka,’ or ordinary fetish board, is a broad flat paddle made of bone, 14 inches broad and 30 inches long. It is supposed to possess rare powers in working a charm upon an enemy. The individual working the charm performs a convulsive sort of dance, making mysterious movements with the wand and muttering incantations in amonotonous tone. Such a charm issupposed to bring speedy death upon its victim, | , A special potato fetish called ‘vaha’ has ascribed to it the power to protect the potato crop from insects, drought and evil spirits that might be interested in the injury: of the crop. natives of the Easter Island © of wild hemp. The nets. “used for fighting purposes | in handling the gigantic laa Easter Island. 8I These fetish paddles are only 24 inches long, with a blade at each end, and are painted a bright red. The baskets and mats of the Easter Islanders were made of bullrushes. The mats are used to sleep upon. Mr. Thompson secured two inscribed tablets of wood inscribed with hieroglyphics. These give to the island an especial interest as showing that the image and platform makers possessed a writ- ten language. These tablets are in a good state of preservation, and were supposed to be the only perfect ones to be found on the island The larger one is believed, from its shape, to have formed at one time a section of the side of a canoe. These tab- lets were common on the island until a few years ago, when Cath- olic missionaries, through excessive zeal, had them destroyed. The characters carry their signification in the image they repre- sent, and the manner of reading them is to begin at the left hand lower corner on the particular side which will bring the figures erect. Finishing the lower line with the figures turned toward the reading, and going to the next line above, the reading is continued from right to left. In order to have the images face the same way it is necessary, in reading a new line, to turn successively the right side of the tablet to the left. Arriving at the top of the first face of the tablet, the reading is continued just over the edge to the nearest line at the top on the other ) , facew » The-tablets; vary, in vH size from a few inches to «.: four or five feet in length. -* r % ' \ f tad y Wee The hieroglyphic characters fr” is \y are about half an inch in .: \' height, and are beautifully ae Ty). engraved in regular lines. ‘ f \t7 The engraving is supposed Ly Mf to have been done with ; ZY Ubi y” sharks’ teeth. The native Qo LZ, Mi traditions about these tab- A i lets are very doubtful, sim- ee , ply asserting that the first eo ey king possessed the know- Tene ‘ ledge of this language, and ee, Z Siege brought with him to the Crs = > eae island sixty-seven tablets ed Lene i oni SUN containing allegories prov- = erbs and traditions, relating to the land from which he came. A certain number of youths from each clan were instructed in the reading of these tablets, and once a year the people assemble to hear them recited. This was regarded as their most important fete day. These tablets are of undoubted antiquity. Some of the oldest platforms and 82 Fraster Island. the door posts of some of the ancient stone houses are inscribed with hieroglyphics that appear occasionally upon the tablets. The tablets secured by Mr. Thompson were, one 9% inches by 3%, and the other 24% i:ches in length by 4% in width. STONE |MAGES The houses found on the Q island were of the most ~ primitive style of architec- ture, built close together in parallel streets, facing the sea... Uhey. are builtigon small slabs of stratified rock, piled together with- out cement. They are not “ of uniform size. The aver- - age interior measurements “ would be about 14 feet in length by 6 in width, but a ' few were found of double IN : that size. The walls are has about 5 feet thick and the ilk . roofs are composed of long ie ie . flat slabs of granite upon Meee mounds of earth have been piled. They have no windows and the doorways are on a level with the ground and so small that it is difficult for a large man to gain an entrance. The distance between the floor and roof is about 5 feet 2 inches, and the interiors are generally lined with slabs, upon which are painted figures of birds and ani- mals. \ NY, ih * Ye ZG “Nl il in . The natives who occupied these houses were small of stature and the contracted entrances are believed to have been designed as‘ protection against their enemies. The most important sculptured rocks were found in the vicinity of these houses. The hard rocks are cut to represent human faces, figures, birds, fish, and animals. These sculptured rocks are very much decayed by time and they are evidently more an- cient than the houses. One figure, reproduced upon almost every rock, seemed to be half human and half beast, with bowed back and long claw-like legs'and arms. Some slabs taken from one of the houses which was torn open represented some sort of marine animal with a bird’s head and beak. Another represents the same sort of an animal with another head. Another repre- sents the animal with two heads, turned toward each other. The natives say there is a significance in the position in which these heads are placed. A number of roof and wall slabs were taken from these houses carved with nondescript figures. Some ancient skulls were found among the ruins with mystical figures carved on them. These were supposed to have come from the king’s platform. The workshops where the great stone images v were Easter Lsland. 83 made were in the craters of the volcanoes where the stone was had. The present race upon the island is almost extinct. It is said that at one time there were 20,000 people there. At present) there are “155 natives on the island, who are supposed to bear relationship to the Malays. The interest of the place is in its relics of antiquity, its tablets pre- Bit d a written language in hieroglyphics, and in fe immense stone ‘ plat- form’ and gigantic stone images, which are found in J great numbers and are of great antiquity. Mr. Thomp- son found 1:3 of the-e plat- forms, tke largest of which JN was 150 feet long. These are bopaniadl, as burial places. They are rude structures of stone, varying in height, not above g teet and very long and narrow in form. Upon these were placed the gigantic stone statues. On the largest platform were found 15 of these images. This plat- form was 150 feet long, 9 feet high and g feet wide. With the original wings it would have been 540 feet long. The images on these platforms are regarded as effigies of chiefs or distinguished persons. Some 552 of these images were found by Mr. Thompson and his party. The largest of these was 70 feet high. ANCELLA-BEARING STRATA OF OREGON. The genus Ancella belongs to the family Aviculideae. The species have recently been discussed at considerable length and a few notes at this time on the Ancella-bearing beds may be of in- terest. The genus is of wide distribution, extending in the hoger hemisphere from far within the Arctic circle to north forty-five degrees north latitude in Asia, and as far south in California as the thirty-fifth degree. The genus has also been recorded from two localities in the southern hemisphere. The distinguishing feature in the genus is the short and peculi- arly infolded anterior ear. It somewhat resembles Lima and Inoceramus, but lacks the transversely grooved hinge area and prismatic structure of shell of the latter genus. The numerous 84 Ancella- Roman Strata of: Se described forms pass from one to another by such er gra- dations as to render it doubtful whether we have in southern Ore- gon more than one true species. | The Ancellas are generally distributed through the sandstone. and limestone in the vicinity of Riddle, Oregon, at an elevation — of about. 2,500 feet—the lowest exposure known in this section. The rock is extremely hard, with a metallic ring, sometimes al- most wholly composed of fragments of these shells, none of which are found entire. . The exposures of these shell-bearing lime- stones are water-worn in appearance. the beds, full of _pot-holes, grooves and channels, like the bed of some mountain stream at a low stage of water, where the rocks are unequal in hardness and unequnally worn by the running water. S This exposure is about three miles west of Riddle, about three hundred feet above Cowcreek valley, on the crest: of a consider- ble ridge with a deep gorge on either side. If running water caused the erosion noted it must have been at a very ancient | date. The sandstone for some distance around contains numer- ous shells, imperfectly preserved. _ Above these exposures are vast bodies aad huge cliffs of con- glomerate, composed entirely of quartz pebbles. Adjoining and usually above the conglomerate are the nickel mines and the | country rock known as olivine, with iarge masses of serpentine and chromite in many places. Seven miles further west on the top of Big Buck mountain beds of coarse, soft sandstone occur, containing usually only the casts of these shells. The .Ancella:- bearing strata of Alaska and British Columbia are considered of the Cretaceousage. Some of the beds in Califor- nia have been referred to the Jurassic. Riddleis about twenty miles south of Roseburg, on the Oregon division of ‘the Sonthern: Pa- cific Railroad. The shells in the exposure nearest Riddle, where | they are most abundant, resemble those. from. near Knoxville, California. The shells from Big Buck mountain are allied to A.. erringtoni; some from the east of Riddle appear to be be A. pi- ochii, while others look like A. pallassii. Fine impressions of fern leaves occur in a shale of the carbon- iferous (?) age not far beneath the shell-bearing sandstone. Aurelius Todd. ' A NEW RHAPHIOMIDAS FROM CALIFORNIA. The Dipterous genus Raphiomidas was founded by the Baron ~ Osten Sacken (Western Diptera, page 281), who placed it in the family Midaside. No mention of this genus is made by Dr. | Williston in his excellent ‘ Synopsis of the Families and Genera of North American Diptera; in his Table of Families (1. c., pages 9-15) it would fall into the division (26) which contains the Asilide.and Midaside, agreeing nearest with the characters ac- corded to the latter but differing in that the labella aré not dis- tinctly fleshy. and the antenne lack the terminal lamella. From‘ A New Rhaphiomidas of California. 85 the characters accorded this latter family (1. c. page 33) the genus Rhaphiomidas further differs in that the third antennal joint is no- composed of several segments, and the ocelli are sometimes prest ent. Still this genus has evidently more affinity with the Midasi- dee than with any other family. The only described species, Raphiomidas episcopus, Osten Sacken, occurs sparingly in Los Angeles county in midsummer, hovering over flowers like a humming-bird. Only the female was known to Osten Sacken; the male agrees in all respects with _ his description of the female (Western Diptera, page 282) except that the last three abdominal segments are destitute of black pile; in both sexes each abdominal “segment is bordered posteriorly with yellowish. In perfect specimens the proboscis is not cleft, as stated in the generic diagnosis (1. c. page 282), and the mar- ginal cross-vein between the end of the anal cell and the tip of the wing is present in all of my examples. | While on a collecting trip in the northern part of this (Los An- _geles) county in July last, | captured a singe male specimen of a species closely related to the above, but clearly distinct. As it will be easiest recognized by showing in what respects it difters trom episcopus, I give the following comparison between these '. two species: RHAPHIOMIDAS ACTON N. Sp: RHAPHIOMIDAS EPISCOPUS,O. S. Lower edge of third antennal Lower edge of third antennal joint much less convex than joint as convex as the upper the upper edge. Apex of.third antennal joint destitute of a tubercle. No ocelli present, their places occupied by sunken, not shin- ing spots. Bristles of posterior angles of thorax and of sa yellow. Abdomen shorter , than: ‘he wings. Abdomen orange-yellow, base of first two segments and a medio-dorsal spot at the base of the other segments black. Segments 5, 6 and 7. together _not longer than the third. Aypopygium two-fifths as long as the abdomen. edge. Apex of third antennal joint provided with a distinct tu- bercle. Three convex, shining ocelli present. Bristles of posterior angles of thorax and of scutellum black. _ Abdomen half the length of the hypopygium longer than wings, Abdomen, black, posterior margin of each segment yel- lowish. . Segments 5, 6 and 7 together much longer than the third. Hypopygium . one-fourth as long as the abdomen. 86 lce Caves. Macrochaeta of legs wholly Macrochaeta of legs largely yellow. black. Eyes in death deep green. Eyes in death dark brown, with a purplish tinge. Length, excluding the pro- Length, excluding the pro- boscis, 22 mm. boscis, 27 mm. Expanse, 40 mm, Expanse, 46 mm. D. W. Coqguillete. ® LOERGA Y FS: (Written for the Oregon Naturalist.) Caverns in recent lava flows are often observed by travelers. In the neighborhood of Mt. Adams, in Washington, there are some singular caves in basalt which were lately described to the writer by a friend who has visited them and who offers the fol- lowing explanation of their formation. One of these possessed the unusual features of a fine supply of the purest ice, hanging in great pillars from the roof of the cave, and swelling out in great masses from the sides. | These caves are quite numerous in the region drained by the upper waters of the White Salmon river. Years ago sufficient ice was obtained from one of these to supply the city of Portland, Oregon, the ice being packed on mules to’ the Columbia river, and thence by steamer. A curious fact was observed, that the ice was formed in the spring and not in the winter season. These caverns are long pas- sages through which lava once flowed in diminished volume after an eruption. Insome of these passages the opening through which the lava entered the chamber would become choked up, or the flow otherwise interrupted or diverted into another chan- nel, and the liquid portion remaining would then flow out, leav- ing an empty chamber. Some of these passages extended from the crater above to the plains below, and such are the ice caves according to the following evidence. First, the unquestionably volcanic character of the cave ex- amined, with its ropy masses of hardened lava, all trailing in the direction of the lava flow. Second, a cold, freezing wind escaping from the mouth of the cave, cold enough at night in August to freeze. Third, the observed tact that the ice cut away was replaced in spring and early summer, through April, May and June The lower opening being in a warmer atmosphere than the up- per opening, causes a downward draft through the passage of cold air, which, it is obvious, freezes the water trickling from the sides and roof of the passage as it passes. The corest Trees of Oregon. 8&7 17. FOREST PRALS OF ORECON—TZ. (From Res urces of Oregon ) There are two directions in which economical botany may find with the public special interest: One, the need of timber for com- merce and in manufacture; the other, the home demand for shade trecs and landscape gardening. For both of these lines of demand, that Oregon is well endowed may be seen in even a brief enume:ation of the native trees suitable for these objects. Beginning with the demands of our market, we place first on our list of timber the pines. The principal of these is the Sugar Pine (Pinus lambertiana.) It is at home along the northern slopes of the Siskiyous, is fairly abundant along the line of the Oregon & California railroad near Grant’s Pass. It is also very fine and very abundant on the foothills of the Cascades that overlook Klamath Marsh. The timber is not inferior to that of the white pine of the eastern slope of the continent. The tree is large, often growing to the height of 150 to 175 feet. It bears a large cone, often 15 to 17 inches in length, suspended from the extremities of the limbs and therefore scattering. The timber of this sugar pine is highly prized fir finishing, scarcely distinguishable from the best eastern white pine. Another pine, the Pinus ponderosa (Oregon yellow pine), flour- ishes in many regions, a good marketable timber in and out of Oregon. It is abundant in central Oregon from the Dalles along the eastern slopes and foothills of the Cascade mountains and southward into Lake county. It is met with seldom in the . Willamette valley and is there of inferior quality for timber Farther south one meets it more frequently. It is quite abundant on the eastern slopes of the Cascades throughout Oregon and Washington, and in many places is so finea timber that its boards are often equal to the best of any market. The supply of this timber in Eastern Oregon is very great. The black pine (Pinus contorta) is abundant along the coast, along the eastern slopes of the Cascades and on the more ele- vated of the plains beyond. It is a small tree, used for fuel, but is of very little value for timber or for dressed lumber. The tuberculated pine (Pinus tuberculata) is only found on the mountains and isa small tree of but little economic value. It is remarkable for its habit of retaining all of its old cones attached to the body of the tree. Small groves of this tree may be seen on the upper slopes of the Siskiyous and many places on the Cascades. It rarely reaches the height of 60 feet; its cones, six inches long, never open of their own accord to show their seeds as do other pine cones. Pinus Muricata and Pinus Sabiniana are rarely found in Ore- gon. A good deal of confusion of names has fallen on this group of trees, not only in the popular names they have received but 88 The Forest Trees of Oregon. in the scientific as well. The American R. R. surveys in their reports of our forestry named the trees of this group having pen- dant cones, Adzes, and those bearing upright cones, Picea. The popular names are spruce and fir. The popular maintenance ot this distinction became easy, and inasmuch as a popular descrip- tion of their place in economic botany is what is here attempted, we will retain this distinction of the R. R. surveys and call those bearing pendant cones, spruce; all bearing upright cones fir;— the former Adézes, the latter Picea. Abies Douglasii—Pseudotsuga Douglasii. Popularly and es- pecially in the lumber market this ought to be called Douglas’ spruce. In Oregon and Washington we have it in two varie- ties—‘red fir’ and ‘yellow fir.’ The yellow is a fine grained wood, and its boards are often as smooth as pine, while the red _ variety is more stiff and splintery. But red or yellow, this fir is one of the grandest trees of the continent and one of the most important to. commerce. For spars, for bridges or for framing for buildings, its strength and great length make it the first in the market. Its great abundance and rapid growth ensure a long continued supply. Douglas’ spruce will raise more com- mercial timber to the acre than any other tree on the continent. Abies Menziesi—Menzies’ or Tideland Spruce. This fine for- est tree is seen in its best condition along the coast, where it often reaches the height of 100 feet or more. Its lumber is soft and heavy and coarse, but is so tasteless and odorless that it is found to be the best materia] for barrels and boxes for packing, and for these purposes is now finding a wide market. It is a handsome ornamental tree and easily transplanted. Abies Canadensis—Tsuga Canadense—Hemlock Spruce. In any country less favored in commercial timber the hemlock of our mountains or that of our coast would rank well. It reaches its finest growth in Tillamook county. The young trees are graceful ornaments in landscape gardening and are easily trans- planted. Abies Williamsonii—Williamson’s Spruce. A handsome tree of elevated mountain habits and so out of reach of present com- mercial demands, All these spruces have pendant cones Zhomas Condon. THE DAY LIU OF FAR DESE TET (From Garden and Forest, III, 128.) One of the most beautiful and characteristic plants of the des- ert region of California is the Day Lily (Hesperocallis undulata). Its flower stems rise from one to two feet above the sand, and bear from a few to thirty or more fragrant flowers, in color, I should judge, of a pearly or greenish white, with greenish stripes. I have seen only one in blossom, and that was too far gone to show the genuine tint. This interesting species is one of the most promising novelties The Day Lily of the Desert. 89 of the present season, not only for its promise of furnishing us with another lovely garden flower, but also for its probable eco- nomic value in the arid regions of the west. It produces a large edible bulb, varying trom one to four inches in diameter, nearly round, with firm flesh. The bulb hasa pleasant taste, eaten either raw or cooked like onions. Our party of severi have had them cooked at nearly every meal since we first tested their quali- ties, and in the lack of other vegetables find them acceptable. The bulb is found from six to eighteen inches below the sur- face of the sand or fine gravelly soil, in which the plant thrives best, and is usually found resting on moist gravel or a clay sub- soil. It is not rare on the Colorado and Mohave deserts, and usually blossoms on the Mohave in the month of May. Near the boundary line it bloomed in 1889 as early as February, and was in seed in April. This year (1890) only a few plants are found showing as yet any signs of a flower stem, but a few weeks of warm weather will doubless bring them forward. The Indians are said to obtain both food and drink from this plant when crossing the plains. For eighty or a hundred miles along our southern border one may travel at certain seasons. with- out finding water. The traveler, is safe, however, if he knows how to search successfully for this important vegetable, and once found he need not fear either hunger or thirst. Should it prove susceptible of easy cultivation in the arid regions of the west, it will prove a valuable addition to our list of vegetables. It will certainly prove a welcome addition to the gar- den, if not an acquisition to the farm. C. R. Orcult. CALIFORNIAN LILIES. (From the California Florist and Gardner, Il, 66) Eight distinct species of lilies are natives of California, besides varieties. They are Lilium Columbianum, L. Humboldtii, L. pardalinum, L. parvum, L. Parryi, L. maritimum, L. Washing- tonianum, and L. rubescens. No other country in the world is so rich in these floral beauties, except Japan. Their range is from the sea-coast of Mendocino county to the edge of perpetual snow in the Sierras. Old Shasta’s sides are the home of several species. I have found L. Humboldtii in the rich alluvium of the upper Sacramento valley, and L. Parryi, one of the most beauti- ful. is a native of the high mountains of San Bernardino and San Diego counties. | As a collector | have taken many thousands of the bulbs of six of these species from their native homes, and I have grown all but L. Parryi. In the soil in which they flourish and in the manner of root growth they vary greatly. Briefly, it may be said that L. maritimum, L. pardalinum, L. parvum and L. Par- 90 Ce alifornian Y ites ryi are bog lilies with running or rhizomatous roots; that L. Humboldtii and L. Columbianum are native to rich clayey soils. and that L. Washingtonianum and L. rubescens rot easily in cold or wet soils, that they are true bulbs, and that they thrive in well drained soil of leaf mold mixed with disintegrated sandstone or gravel. Lilium pardalinum, often called tiger lily by the country peo- — ple, is the most easily grown of all. It has an erect stem with many long, lanceolate, pale green leaves, in whorls. The flower is large and showy; the petals, bright crimson at tips, orange dotted or blotched with black at center,and recurved tothe stem. There are few more brilliant sights than a well bloomed plant of this lily.- The root is hardy and little subject to rot. It prefers a rich sandy mold, but adapts itself to varying conditions. Ina shaded pond I saw fine specimens on the mold of old logs, the fibrous roots running down into the water. They were six to seven teet high with the finest of, blossoms. In the rich mold be- low mountain springs, or in the alluvium on the banks of small streams, they grow to perfection... I have seen them doing well in a sandy soil which in midsummer was as dry asa brick. In cultivation I have seen the best results from planting in a sunken . barrel filled with sand well mixed with leaf mold or bog soil. It should be kept moist, not wet, and is better in the shade. The bulbs should be planted about four inches:deep. Under such conditions I have seen strong plants grown five to seven feet high, with an abundance of bloom. Once planted, the roots should be undisturbed. They spread rapidly in geometrical ratio. The bulb of this year throws out two glowing roots this fall, each of these throws out two next fall, etc. When the clump gets too thick, the soil can be taken off it,and the smaller roots removed without disturbing the ones.to be left. I have seen clumps of four or five hundred in the wild state, the product of one bulb. Both leaf and flower of L. pardalinum have wide varia- tions, and three or four varieties are named, but it is hard to lay down a dividing line, as the varieties run into each other. L. Californicum is a variety with narrow leaves, and a brilliant flower; the tips of the petals a rich crimson and the dots small. Variety puberulum has paler flowers and broad leaves. The English florists have found a clear yellow form which they call — L. Wareii, but I have never been able to secure a specimen Lilium maritimum is one of the rarest in cuitivation; this is for a double reason, The bulb is difficult to handle, being particu- larly liable to decay in handling. Then, too, its range of growth is limited. It grows in and around peat bogs, on the coast of Mendocino county—rarely farther north or south. It is seldom seen farther than two miles from the ocean. The surface of these bogs is dotted with clumps of ferns and azaleas. Around the bogs is a waste of gray, ashy looking sand, densely covered with heath, cypress and pines. On the edges of the bogs the lily isa Californian Lites. oI dwarf, often blooming at three or four inches. In the bogs it roots itself in the tufts and grows a lovely plant, five feet high with ten or fifteen fine blossoms. The leaves are dark glossy green, and the blossom crimson. At Ukiah, Calif, I have grown > it easily in a reclaimed swamp in the shade. The soil is of vege- table matter and sand, and always moist. In the same situation L. parvum, L. pardalinum, L. Columbianum and L. Humboldtii, as wellas the Japanese L. auratum, make a vigorous growth, and what is not usual for the latter, strong bulbs. At Ukiah there is little fog, and there are days in the summer when the thermom- eter will register above 100° F. ~ Lihum Parryi is similar to L. pardalinum in leat and bulb, but the bloom is lemon yellow and very fragrant. Of its cultivation I cannot speak, but believe it easy of culture under the same con- ditions as L. pardalinum. Lilium Columbianum is L. Humboldtii in miniature. The bulb is small and compact. The stalk is two feet or so high, and the flowers true lily-shaped, the petals recurved. In color it is a light orange-yellow, dotted with dark spots. This lily has for its native home the plains of the Columbia river. It is easy to grow in cultivation, only needing a well-drained loam and or- dinary moisture. The bulb of Lilium Humboldtii is often a pound in weight, and is very compact. The stalk is strong and stiff. The leaves are arranged in circles or whorls and are many in number. Eight or ten blossoms to the stalk are not unusual. These are of a reddish orange with round dark spots. Ordinarily this lily will grow to a height of three or four feet. The finest speci- men it has been my fortune to meet grew in the debris by the side of a Sierra stream. It was over eight feet high and had an enormous bulb. This lily increases by seeds only, in its na- tive state, and where the natural conditions happen to be ex- actly suitable is found in great numbers. I took over eight thousand good bulbs from one place some years ago. It was on a hillside in volcanic soil, where years ago the gold miners had cut the timber. I had spent the previous week in hard traveling to find five hundred. I once found fine bulbs in an oak grove near Chico. They were doing splendidly in the black adobe of that section. In cultivation I find it will thrive in clay loam or sandy soil. In hot sections it does better planted in the shade. It needs to be planted six inches to a foot deep, and will give the grower value received. High up in the Sierras above the pine timber on those grand slopes crowned with a mixed growth of wild cherry, manzanita and ceanothus, Lilium Washingtonianum finds its most congenial home. The soil is loose decomposed granite and mold. The snow lies very deep in the winter and is late in melting. It keeps the bulbs moist in their early growth, and when it is gone they make a very rapid growth, often blooming six or eight weeks 92 Californian Lilies. after the snow has melted. Thestalk grows up from three to five feet, densely leaved in whorls, and with from a few to twenty-five flowers, pure white and with a mosi delicious fragrance. I have seen places fairly white with this lily and the air heavy with per- fume. The bulb is large. I have bloomed it at Ukiah, but find it rather harder to bloom than any of the other native lilies. I believe, however, that it is quite successfully grown in England. It should be given a loose soil and abundant moisture during the growing season. Lilium rubescens is like L, Washingtonianum in every particu- lar excepting that the flower blooms out pure white, blotched with purple, and gradually gets darker till itis of rich ruby color, hence its name. Similar as the two lilies are in habit, their native homes are very different. L. Washingtonianum is a lily of the high Sierras, L. rubescens of the Coast Range. It is found in the redwoods close to the coast, on shaded hillsides in sandstone gravel, and on high ridges in the chapparal. The finest I have ever seen in numbers were ona chapparal ridge in a soil of gravel mixed with mold, of the ordinary chapparal soil. The bulb grows deep and has abundant moisture in winter and spring, but in the summer such places get very dry. A friend grows and blooms them readily in half barrels filled with sand and mold and placed in the shade. The first essentials with them are per- fect drainage anda loose, porous soil. Of all our California lilies it is the most beautiful, and of all lilies the most deliciously fra- grant. A flower will perfume the leaves of a book for months, and a well grown plant is the admiration of all beholders. Carl Purey. CALIFORNIA FLOWERS IN ENGLAND. (Extracts from correspondence,) Phacelia Parryi, with dark violet purple flowers, is now well- known. It has been in cultivation here several years and seed is cheap. Itis lower in price and much less in request than P. campanularia, which I introduced through Messrs. Parish. The latter is more delicate. If the season happens to be wet, the: plants die off. If the Californian seeds like the European climate they soon get cheapened, through the competition which prevails here. But they are not all at home, in England at least. I failed to do eny good with Gilia aurea, which Messrs. Parish once sent me. But G. dianthoides, G. dichotoma, and others do very well. Mimulus glutinosus has long been grown here under its early name of Diplacus (Nuttall’s), also a form with red flowers (puni- ceus); they outlive mild winters, but perish in severe ones. I[ may make the same remark of Dicentra chrysantha. It is only seen to advantage in a climate like yours—which would suit me well, but I am too old to transplant. California Trees and Flowers. 93: I have also grown Mimulus brevipes. Monardella lanceolata is grown on the continent of Europe by some of the large seed growers. | Dodecatheon Clevelandi has grown well, and much more quickly than theeastern forms usually do. The eastern forms do not usually grow until after a considerable interval, but the seed of D. Clevelandi germinated in afew days. The plants do not get beyond the seed leaf the first season in any of the varieties. Wm. Thompson. A fine red lynx (Lynx rufus) was recently caught in a steel trap at Coburg, Oregon. It was eighteen inches in height at the shoulders, two feet and three inches long from the nose to the root of the tail, and the tail was seven inches long. CALIFORNIA TREES AND FLOWERS. ‘In all parts of the civilized world, the refinement, innocence and happiness of the people may be measured by the flowers they cultivate,’ says an eloqgucnt author. I would add, that the wild flowers of a country must furnish a truthful index to the adapta- bility of that land as a home for the human race, for, where they abound, there too man may seek for fruitful toil, pleasure and rest. Where may lovelier flowers, more brilliant tints, or more deli- cate coloring be found in greater profusion than on the mountains and mesas, in canyon and meadow, throughout the length and breadth of California! And where may a more perfect abiding place be found for man! It is to the beautiful annuals which in springtime cover the hills and mesas, that California owes her just fame as a land of flowers. Perhaps in no country in the world do the early spring flowers so change the face of the earth from a desolate waste to a beautiful garden, as on the Pacific coast—hills, mesas, mountains and val- leys, and the arid plains of the desert, alike, quickly responding . to the vivifying rain. California has probably already furnished to the horticulturist a greater variety of beautiful flowers and stately trees than any other State in the Union. Yet many others are awaiting the appreciation of man, or wasting their sweetness on the desert air. In this essay it is intended to give brief descriptions of those already introduced into cultivation, with reference to the varieties produced by cultivation, together with notes on many that are well worthy of introduction. A few trees and plants, not natives of California, but now closely identified with our flora, either by cultivation or naturalization, are also noticed. *) An asterisk indicates that the colors have been carefully determined by comparison with Ridgway’s ‘Nomenclature of Colors.’ Of California Trees and Flowers. ABIES. The firs are magnificent trees, of pyramidal form and rapid growth. | A. BRACTEATA Vutfall. A tall,slender, strictiy pyramidal tree, 100 to 150 feet high and one to two teet in diameter. Unknown in cultivation. A. CONCOLOR Lindl. The Silver Fir is a very ornamental tree, growing from 80 to 150 feet high, attaining a diameter of three or four feet. F oliage of a pale silvery green, whence its name. A. GRANDIS Lindl. The White Fir attains a height of 200 to 300 feet, with a diameter of three or four feet, and is (eae gue nes by the glossy, green upper surface of the leaves. A. MAGNIFICA Murray. The Red Fir exceeds 200 feet in height, and reaches a diameter of ten feet. Foliage rigid, bark fee of a reddish brown color, from which it receives its vernacular name in common with the following species. _ A. NoBILIs Lind/. Red Fir, scarcely distinguishable from the preceding species. ABRONIA. The Abronias are charming trailing plants, sometimes called wild verbenas from the resemblance between the verbena and their showy umbels of brilliant flowers, which are of great fra- grance, and produced abundantly. A. LATIFOLIA Fschscholtz. Waxy lemon yellow flowers, pos- sessing the odor of orange blossoms. A hardy annual in ‘culti- vation, perennial in its wild state, like the following species. A. UMBELLATA Lam. The finest species, producing a pro- fusion of large umbels of bright rose-purple flowers. * A. vitLosA Watson. A slightly smaller plant, but producing equally large umbels of bright rose-purple flowers.* ABUTILON. The Abutilons are highly prized green-house plants, of elegant habit. California offers one of the most beautiful species, as yet unknown in cultivation. A. AURANTIACUM Watson, A low compact shrub,a foot high, with large, velvety, light green leaves and showy ‘golden flow- ers. Found near the southern border of the state, in Lower California. ACACIA. Several Australian species of Acacia have been extensively grown in California, either for their beauty or utility. Only one species is a native, and that, A. Greggii, or Cat’s Claw, cannot be recommended for trial. These are mostly small trees or shrubs of rapid growth. California Trees and Flowers. 95 ‘ A. DECURRENS Wildenow. The Black Wattle is one of the most prized, and is largely planted for forest culture, because of its rapid growth, the value of its timber, its beauty and the bark which is rich in tannin. A. DEALBATA Link. Silver Wattle. Very ornamental. A. FARNESIANA Wzldenow. Oppopanaxis prized for its deli- cate, delicious and wonderfully persistent perfume, for which it is often grown. It is valued for other reasons, and is of especial historic interest, since it is credited with having iurnished the crown of thorns with which the Savior was crowned. A. MELONOXYLON. Make one of the finest of sidewalk trees, sturdy and symmetrical in form. A. PYCNANTHA Bentham. The Golden Wattle is second only to A. decurrens in importance for its yield of tanner’s bark. ACANTHOMINTHA. A. ILICIFOLIA Gray. A showy mint-like annual, abundant on the mesas near San Diego, and well worth attention. A span high, with white flowers marked with purple. ACTINOLEPIS. A. CORONARIA Gray. A low annual bearing numerous yel- low flowers. ADENOSTOMA. Evergreen shrubs, belonging to the rose family, two to ten feet high, which produce an effect upon the landscape similar to that of the heaths of the Old World. By studying the natural blending and contrasts of our wild shrubs and trees in their na- tive haunts, the landscape artist could gather some useful hints, and the species of this genus would prove useful in his work. A. FASCICULATUM Hooker G Arn. This Chamisal often covers large areas of country so densely as to be almost inpene- trable. The foliage is very dark green. A. SPARSIFOLIUM TZorrey. Foliage light pea green; flowers in large terminal panicles, white and fragrant. , AGAVE. The so-called Century Plants are among the best known of the succulent ornamental plants that are in cultivation. California {furnishes several beautiful species. A. DESERT1 Engelmann. A glaucous-leaved species, peculiar to the Colorado Desert. Flower stalk seven to ten feet high, sur- mounted with a large panicle of flowers of a chrome yellow.* These plants, also known as Mescal or Maguey, from which the alcoholic liquor mesca/ is made, are useful for their strong fibre. A. PRINGLEI Engelmann. A mountain form of A. deserti, rare and beautiful. 96 California Trees and Flowers. A. SHawil Engelmann. One of the most striking and orna- mental species of the genus, prized for its compact dark green leaves. | _ A. Parry Engelmann. Native of Arizona,as also the follow- ing species. © A. PALMERI Engelmann. A. ScHotTtTi Engelmann. ALFILARIA. Erodium cicutarium and E. moschatum are about equally well known by the name Alfilaria, and are valuable forage plants. The foliage is finely divided like a fern leaf,and the rose-purple* flowers are half an inch across. The two generally grow together so that the seed is generally mixed. A considerable demand has sprung up, and Alfilaria is being extensively sown in arid local- ities fcr forage . 2 ALLIUM _ A large genus, including the onion of the vegetable garden. Some of the wild forms native to California are very pretty, but mostly with small flowers and worthless for cutting. Inter- esting garden plants. A. ACUMINATUM /fook. Usually a low plant, six inches high, with a good sized umbel of pretty rose-purple flowers. 3 _ A. cusick1. Watson. A dwarf vernal form, with white flowers commonly tinged with purple. , A FALCIFoLIUM Hook G Arn. Flowers rose colored. A FIMBRIATUM Watson. A pretty plant, abundant in the mountains of Southern and Lower California, bordering the Col- orado Desert. It sends up astout scape afew inches. high,— rarely more than three inches—bearing twenty-five or thirty flowers of a deep rose purple*, sometimes of a light shade. Its Mexican name is Lavina. ! A. HAEMATOCHITON Watson. A small species, six or eight inches high, bearing an umbel of six to twelve small white flowers with greenish stripes and a reddish brown centre. It isa tender plant. A. SERRATUM Watson. . A showy little plant, about ten inches high, with a naked stem and a many-flowered umbel of dark, bright rose-purple* flowers half an inch wide. A. untIFoLIuM Kell. A unique little species, with white to rose-purple flowers. Three inches to a foot high. ANTIRRHINUM. A. ORCUTTIANUM Gray. A. tall, slender annual, with long spikes of either white or violet flowers, discovered in 1882. Per- haps the prettiest of the wild Snapdragons of California. . Caltornia Trees ana flowers 97 AQUILEGIA. Graceful perennial plants, hardy and very ornamental. Columbine. A. CAERULEA /ames. Two feet high, with large showy blue or white flowers. A. CAERULEA FLORE PLENO. Double flowers. A. CHRYSANTHA. A fine species, with long yellow spurred flowers. The most graceful and beautiful for cultivation. A. TRUNCATA F. G& JZ The form in cultivation is a hybrid, with large yellow flowers, the sepals and spurs of a deep orange red. ARBUTUS. A. MenztEsiI Pursh, The Madrofia is a handsome tree, some times a hundred feet high, with reddish bark and lovely white flowers. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. The Manzanitas are handsome shrubs, with reddish exfoli- ating bark, evergreen—usually light colored—foliage, and lovely clusters of bell-shaped snow-white or rosy blossoms, which often appear even before the snow is off the ground, If these could be coaxed into the same graceful habits of growing under man’s care as obtain with them in their wild state, they would be among the most popular of the ornamental shrubs of the Pacific Coast. A. BICOLOR Gvay. A coast species, a few feet high. A. GLAucCA Lindl. A fine but variable mountain torm. A. Manzanita Parry. The Manzanita, one of the largest and most beautiful species, peculiar to the Pacific Coast. A. OPPOSITIFOLIA Parry. A willow-leaved species from Lower California. A. PRINGLEI Parry. A peculiar mountain form. Very beautiful. | A. Uva-ursI Spreng. Bear berry. ARGEMONE. A HispIDA Gray. Thistle Poppy A stout prickly annual three to six feet high, producing numerous large, showy, white flowers, four to five inches in diameter, almost rivaling the Rom- neya in beauty, and conspicous by night or day. Foliage bright green. A very decorative plant, recommended for large grounds. A. Mexicana Z. Flowers yellow. Otherwise similar. ASTER. | A beautiful perennial species, a foot high, with large conspicu- ous flowers, two inches across, and of a delicate mauve or laven- der, has lately been discovered on the Colorado Desert. It is likely to prove an acquisition to horticulture. w 98 California Trees and Flowers. - BAERIA. The Baerias (named in honor of Prof. Baer of the University of Dorpat) are very pretty annuals, of pe culture in ordinary soil. B. GRACILIS Gray. A span or more high, producing many small heads of small, yellow flowers, BLOOMERITIA. - Bloomeria is a genus of beautiful liliaceous plants related to Brodiza, and peculiar to California. B. AUREA Kellogg. The broad glossy leaf three or four feet long. The large bulb, an inch in diameter, grows six inches deep in the soil, producing a tall scape bearing a large umbel of showy orange colored flowers. B. CLEVELANDI Watson. A smaller plant, seldom over six inches high, with umbels of bright yellow flowers. Named in honor of Mr. D. Cleveland, of San Diego, BREVOORTIA. B cCOccINEA Watson. Vegetable Firecracker. A showy plant, producing a tall grass-like stem two to three feet high, bearing a pendant umbel of richly colored flowers, blood crim- son tipped with white, one to three inches in length. BRODIAA. The Brodizeas have narrow grass-like leaves and slender stems bearing an umbel of bright colored flowers. Allare easily grown and forced, doing well in clayey, rather moist soils, but should be dried off at time of blooming. I.—BRODIAA. B. cAPITATA Benth. Flower stalks slender, a foot high, bearing a dense head of purple flowers. Sometimes called Wild Hyacinth. B. CAPITATA ALBA. A pure white form, prized in cultivation. B cONGESTA Smith. Twoto four feet high, with deeper, bril- liant purvle flowers B. MULTIFLORA Benth. Low, six inches high, bulb produc- ing several slender stalks, bearing umbels of purple flowers. IIl.—HOOKERA. The following species are considered by some botanists to form a distinct genus named Hookera. H.GRANDIFLORA Smith. Produces a few very large glossy purple flowers. H. MINOR Wat on. Bears a loose, spreading umbel of large royal purple flowers from a short stem. A general favorite. California Trees and Flowers. 99 H. Orcuttu Greene. A foot or two high, with large laven- der to royal purple flowers, discovered in 1882. One of the choicest species. H. sTELLARIS Gr ex’. Flowers rich purplewith white center, in a star-like cluster. H. TERRESTRIS A-//ogg. Flowers red-purple. IlI.—TRITELEIA The following species are included by Prof. Greene in the genus Triteleia, but they are best known in cultivation under the old classification. T. HYACINTHINA Greene. Flowers milky white, banded with green. T. 1x1oipes Watson. Low, bearing numerous light yellow flowers banded with gr2en. Very pretty T. raxa Benth. Tall, with umbel of 15 to 30 large blue flow- ers. T. PEDUNCULARIS Lind/. Flowers glossy purple on long stems. Rare. CALANDRINIA. C. Menziesit Hoek. A low, succulent annual, very variable, with pretty red or purple flowers. C. MENZIESII ALBA. Flowers pure white. C. RosEA. A form in cultivation, presumed to have originated in California. CALOCHORTUS. * I.—MARIPOSA TULIPS. These Tulips, excepting the true lilies, are the finest of the beautiful liliaceous plants of the Pacific Coast. The Mariposa or Butterfly Tulips are highly recommended for winter flowering and are gaining great popularity in the East and in Europe. Each species varies greatly in color, and the erect, cup-like flow- ers are of large size, and of the richest and most brilliant color- ing. The stout, slender flower stalks vary from eight inches to two or three feet in height, each bearing from a few to fifteen or twenty flowers. | C. AUREUS Watson. Three to six inches high, flowers clear yellow, or with a narrow crescent of purple above the well-de- fined roundish gland, which is densely covered with reflexed hairs. C. GuNNISONI Watson. Petals light lilac, yellowish green be- low the middle, banded and lined with purple. C KeENNEDyI Porter. A rare species only known in the Mo- jave Desert where it is very difficult of access. The large flow- ers two inches across, of a deep orange vermilion,* produced on short stout scapes. A magwuzijiceni species OOo | ( x: Zig Wy Y] / California Trees and Flowers. CALOCHORTUS. Editorial. ror EDITORIAL. There is a wide field on the Pacific Coast for the SCIENTIST. The botanist, the zoologist and the geologist may each keep his hands well employed, discovering and recording new facts, each in his special division. Inseparably connected with the sciences, pure and applied, are all the industries of the human race. The stockman and farme: may glean many items of interest and prac- tical value to him from the note-book of the zvologist. The miner and the manufacturer will be well repaid in a fund of use- ful information if he but consults the field notes and general con- clusions arrived at by the geologist; in the laboratory of the chemist or mineralogist other useful intormation will be found. Still more intimately connected with the science of botany are the many industries embraced in the general terms, agriculture and horticulture. And those dependent upon these, the most important of the industries of the world, must also give attention to many related branches of knowledge if they would reap the greatest returns. Recent investigations have led to a better realization of the in- timate relations between the sciences, and pointed out how, by studying one from a standpoint of investigation, we may better ap- ply our knowlege of another science in industrial enterprises. We refer especially to the biological survey of the San Fran- ciscO mountain region, in Arizona, by Dr. C. Hart Merriam, chief of the division of mammalogy of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture. In North American Fauna, No. 3, Dr. Merriam publishes the results of this exploration and presents im- portant facts bearing on the geograpical distribution of plants and animals. Instead of the usual outline of faunal districts he conclusively shows that distribution of species is more intimately connected with altitude than upon the geographical location. He points out how the horticulturist may materially profit by study- ing the natural vegetation around him; how the stockman may know what breeds of animals are best adapted to a given region, by noting the existing conditions of soil and climate, the wild ani- mals which abound, and in instituting comparison between differ- ent sections of country. This magazine will devote a considerable number of its pages during the coming year toward arriving at a better acquaintance with the fauna and flora and other natural resources of the Pacific Coast. It will be our aim each month to present something of interest and practical value not only to the naturalist—amateur or professional—to the botanist and horticulturist, but to all who are interested in attaining to a truly liberal education. _ There is a recognized field for a journal of the character we have roughly outlined. True literature—instructive and enter- taining—on any branch of science is comparatively rare and diffi- cult of production. We hope through industry and perseverance to attain the end in view with the assistance of those whom we are well pleased to call friends. To2 Notes and News. NOTES AND NEWS. Aspidiotus rapax, a scale-like insect, has _ recently tee re- ported for the first time as occurring on the fruits of the orange and the lemon in Southern California. A fine specimen of a Cycad was discovered in some gravel from the bed of the North Umpqua river, near Roseburg, Oregon, by Mr. Russell, of Yoncalla, Oregon. The Oregon Alpine Club has for its objects the acquirement of information about the rivers and mountains of the northwest coast, and relating to the geological tormation, mineral resources, and the fauna and flora of that region, together with the forma- tion of amuseum. Its membership already includes hundreds of the best learned men and women in the State, and other lo- calities may profit by its example. We hope to publish the pro- ceedings of this and other societies as they may be furnished. The hop crop of Oregon and Washington for 1890 was nearly 60,000 bales, valued at $1,800,000, while the loss sustained by this crop from the hop louse (Phorodon humuli) is estimated as fully one-fifth of that amount. The ability to destroy $360,000 worth of crops in a single season renders this eastern pest, ap- parently so insignificant in itself, worthy of careful study and in~ vestigation as to methods for its destruction.. Coloradia pandora, the large moth which was attracted the past season by the electric lights in southern Oregon in such vast numbers, was originally described from Colorado (whence the name) by Chas. A. Blake, one of the older members of the American entomological society of Philadelphia. The larva (presumed to be of this species) has lately been described as fol- lows, from a specimen found feeding on sage brush in Montana by Mr. Wiley: Mature larva all black, with shiny spines which sting the hand like Hyperchiria io. | Pupa somewhat resembles that of H. io, but smaller, and less robust, nearly black. LIBRARY CATALOGUE. (Scientific books and periodicals may be ordered through our Book and Subscription Department.) Recent accessions to the library of the West American Muse- um of Nature and Art will be catalogued monthly. 4051. Descriptions of two new species of mammals from Mt. Kilima-Njaro, East Africa. By Frederick W. True. 4052. Osteological characteristics of the family Muraenesoci- dae. By Theodore Gill. 4053. On the family Ranicipitidae. By Theodore Gill. 4054. The osteological characteristics of the family Simen- chelydae. By Theodore Gill. 4055. The characteristics of the Dactylopteriodea. By Theo- dore. Gill. : 4056. Notes on the birds observed during the cruise of the U. = Library Catatogue. 103 S. Fish Commissioner schooner Grampus in the summer of 1887. By William Palmer. 4057. Description ofnew forms of upper Cambrian fossils. By Charles D. Walcott. (Nos. 4036-4057 inclusive are extracts from the Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII (1890) and received from the Smithsonian In- stitution. ) 4058. American Journal of Numismatics and bulletin of American Numismatic and Archaeological societies, XXIV, No. 4, April, 18go. ' 4059. Same, XXV., No. 1, July, 1890. Contributions of alchemy to numismatics. By Henry Carrington Bolton, Ph. D., forms the leading article in this and the preceding number. From the author. 4060. Bibliotheca Polytechnica. Directory of technical litera- ture. A classified catalogue of all books, annuals, and journals published in America, England, France and Germany including their relations to legislation, hygiene and daily life. By Fritz von Szczepanski. First annual issue, 1889. Price 75 cents. The author, St. Petersburg and Leipzig. The International News ‘Com IN? ¥; The catch-words are given in English, French and German; a compact, handy little book, which will be very useful to those having to consult technical literature. 8vo. 80 pp. 4061. Annual report of the State Board of Horticulture of the State of California. for 1890. 8vo. 522 pp. A most useful volume with invaluable information relating to the olive, orange, lemon, fig and other fruits, handsomely embel- lished with colored plates and numerous engravings. The Mis- sion olive is thus illustrated, and numerous injurious and benefi- cial insects are figured. | 4062. Le Nov Latin, international scientific lingua supernat- ural bases. By Dr. Daniel Rosa, Royal Zoologic Museum, Torino, Italy, 1890. From the author. GOOD LITERATURE, The publishers of Zhe Youth's Companion have sent us a handsome souvenir with the announcements of authors and arti- cles for the next year’s volume, It has seven illuminated pages, one for each day in the week, very quaint in style, the whole forming a ‘Book of Days,’ and each page illustrating a line of the old rhyme: ’ Monday for Health, Tuesday for Wealth, Wednesday the Best Day of all, Thursday for Losses, Friday for Crosses, Saturday No Luck at all; Sunday the Day that is Blest With Heavenly Peace and Rest.’ Io4 . Good Literawwure. This novel and unique Calendar is sent free to all new sub- scribers to Zhe Companion who send $1.75 for a year’s subscrip- tion and request it at the time they subscribe. The most beautiful frontispiece ever produced in an American magazine, appears in the January number of the Cosmopolitan. It is a reproduction in colors of Francoise Flameng’s famous pic- ture “‘ The Cake Seller,’ and can scarcely be distinguished from the imported photogravure which is exhibited in the dealers’ win- dows, at the price of $7 acopy. It is one of the most charming of subjects, and is well worth framing and preservation. The Cos- mopolitan has become noted of late for its frontispieces and this very much excels its previous efforts. The first installment of the selections from Tallesycand? s long- expected Memoirs is the mcst striking feature of the January Century. Asketch of Talleyrand by Minister Whitelaw Reid prefaces this installment. The opening pages tell of Talleyrand’s neglected childhood, and his entry into Parisian society. They also give his views of La Fayette, and the effect of the American on the French Revolution; some account of the beginnings of the latter; a very contemptuous opinion of the Duke of Orleans; a sketch of the author’s stay in England and the United States, and a highly interesting conversation between himself and Alex- ander Hamilton on Free Trade and Protection. Outing for January is a superb Holiday number, seasonable in matter and elegant in illustration. ‘The Mystery of a Christmas Flunt’ is a story pervaded by such sportsmanlike spirit and do- mestic felicity as to lend a charm to the well-drawn pictures that follow in rapid succession from the first page to the last. No better Christmas story has appeared in any magazine for years. ‘Lost. in the Rockies,’ a midwinter adventure, stirringly and powerfully told, follows, and ‘ Honeymooning Under Difficulties,’ — a true story of the snow-swept plains of Manitoba, completes a trilogy of fact and fiction hard to beat; and just now, when cross-country running is a pastime supported with all the enthu- siasm of its devotees, ‘The Last Paper Chase,’ by Wm. Earle Baldwin, enriches the incidents of the field with the interest of a most excellent bit of social fiction. In the January Sz. icholas—the second of the Holiday num- bers of this magazine—Charles Dudley Warner calls up the thousands of its readers to hear ‘A Talk About Reading,’ which is delivered with all the earnestness of a true humorist when talk- ing of graver matters. The Pratt Institute. Brooklyn’s Great Industrial School,’ is fully described by a well-informed writer, and explained by the artistic illustrations of Mr. Wiles, and the young people will marvel at this wonderful school wherein are taught al] things teachable, from high art to dusting a room. Advertisements. DON'T Give UP The use of Ayer’s Sarsaparilla. One bottle may not cure ‘right off” a complnint of years; persist until a cure is effected. Asa general rule, improvement follows shortly ‘after beginning the use of this medicine. With many people, the effect is immediately noticeable; but some constitutions are less susceptible to medicinal others, and the curative process may, there- fore, in such cases, be less prompt. Perse- verance in using this remedy is sure of its reward at last. Sooner or later, the most stubborn blood diseases yield to Ayer’s Sarsaparilla “For several years, in the spring months, I used to be troubled with a drowsy, tired feeling, and a dull pain in the small of my back, so bad, at times. as to prevent my being able to walk, the least sudder motion causing me severe distress. Fre cently, boils and rashes would break 3ut on various parts of the body. By the advice of friends ~ and my family physician, I began the use of Ayer’s Sarsaparilla and continued it till the poison in my blood was thoroughly eradica- ted.”—L. W. English, Montgomery City, Mo. “My system. was all run down; my skin rough and of yellowish hue. I tried various remedies, and while some of them gave me temporary relief, none of them did any per- manent good. At last I began to take Ayer’s Sarsaparilla, continuing it exclusive- ly for a considerable time. and am pleased: to say that it completely Cured Me. I presume my liver was very much out of order, and the blood impure in consequence. I feel that I cannot too highly recommend Ayer’s Sarsaparilla to any one afflicted as I was.”—Mrs. N. A. Smith, Glover, Vt. _ “For years I suffered from scrofula and blood diseases. The doctors’ prescriptions and several so-called blood-purifiers being of no avail, I was at last advised by a friend to try Ayer’s Sarsaparilla. I did so, and now feel like a new man, being fully restored to health.” —C. N . Frink, Decorah, Iowa. Ayer’s Sarsaparilla PREPARED BY DR. J. C. AYER & CO., Lowel, Mass, Sold by Druggists. $1, six $5. Worth $5 bottle. bes te eS a + seope. The following cut gives the appearance of it reduced to influences than. oS 8, tins cur Qne of the : the world. Our facilities are ~~ unequaled, and to introduce our -,, Superior goods we will sendFREE _ to ONE PERSON in each locality, = =§|== asabove. Only those who write - to us at oncecan make sure of =] the chance. All you have todoin = returnis to show our goods to = and those around you. ‘The be- “ginning of this advertisement shows the small end of the tele- il about the fiftieth part of its bulk. {t is a grand, double size tele- out experience. Better write at once. We pay all express charges. haat, H. HALLETT & CO,, Box 88@, PORTLAND, MAINE. waturalists’ Supply Depot Brewster & Knowlton, Boston; Established by } Aldich & Capen, Boston; A. L. Ellis & Co., Pawtucket. Consolidated, 1884, by Ellis & Webster, Succeeded, Sept. 1, 1885, by FRANK B. WEBSTER, BOSTON. Dealers in all Articles required by Naturalists Oologists and Taxidermists, also Bird-Skins, Birds’ Eggs, Curiosities, and Stuffed Specimens. Sole Agent in the United States for Bas THOMAS HURST’S ARTIFICIAL GLASS EVES. RR Publisher of the ORNITHOLOGIST AND OOLOGIST. Send 10 cents for Sample Copy and Catalogues. FRANK B. WEBSTER, 409 Washington St , Boston, Mas A Monthly Magazine devoted to the numerous branches of Natural History. Sample Copy 5 cents. Address, «< WISCONSIN NATURALIST, Madison, Wis. ESTABLISHED 1882. “THE OLD CURIOSITY SHOP. A Journal devoted to Philately, Numismat- ics, Natural History and Bric-a-Brace. Subscription, 25 cents a year, SAMPLE FREE. (Mention paper) A. McDONALD, Publisher, San Francisco, Box 1732. Geological and Archeological Specimens AND SCIENTIFIC BOOKS 0: Corals from the falls of the Ohio a specialty. Can furnish from a single ex- ample to one hundred thousand. Cor- respondence with advanced collectors and professors of colleges solicited. Best of reference given and satisfaction guar- anteed or money refunded. G. K. GREENE, 170 East Third St.. New Albany, Ind Advertisements. CALIFORNIA TREES AND FLOWERS ILLUSTRATED WITH DESCRIPTIVE NOTES AND OTHER INFORMATION. THE CHOICEST SEEDS AND PLANTS. ARE: OURS °AND) MAY BE a Oia: a __- ee THE ORCUTTSEED AND PLANTCo. | SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA. | PRICE J0-CENTS.”. 32 OCTAVO PAGES | Mention this Magazine] 5 a os a ‘ — ae ae ee ee a ee —_—" >=" = Ah ites fake Yes ’ i As (0) 559 San "Voxume VII. FEBRUARY, 1891. | Wwotz No. 57. es 5% {2 ‘a oh if TELE West + American + Scientist. A popular monthly review and record for the Pacific Coast. eee | CONTENTS. | ; PAGE. Laboratory Work in School and College; from the standpoint of a meee Geologist... +. 4... RcdGts Gane OMeMMAe ) cess od POPy My OL, OSROETEH: KOs On Accidentally Introduced Forms of Animals...... Dr. R. E. C. Stearns 107 The Orange for.Health, Pleasure and Profit.................. C. R. Orcutt 109 ITERATOR ON etic, 2 aly SoM LL, Lin d's v4 Aig Ae sim ope em ne ae rie see 114 Borest Trees of Oregon—Il.. .. 6s) vandibing es - oes Prof. Thomas Condon 115 HRemarks upon the Stenini.........../405......5 . Dr. Hrank E. Blaisdell 117 The Morning Glory, Bush,......... AMES os Vkepee Alice Eastwood 119 Sem Arrow Poitits.—Illustrated.............. Be OA ais M. W. Stilwell 117 ORS Seals Lead ch ey bass. 0: a 24h eee BE c's AULD hte Carl Purdy 121 Phe Yellow-haired Porcupine... ... 6.).0y es... eee gene Aurelius Todd \22 California Trees and Flowers.—Il. (Illustrated.)....-..-......+6- 2+. yas tae Proceedings of Scientific Societies...., SMUGF Gb alata. wes ROPE UT REIS Dy ah 134 INES OS dink COG CO IEEE Gk SIIB era Se aaa 135 eT eat PREC EE RIES ER CIE Te 136 ‘ibr NR ei i vac Iie RAMA Ia «51g Ses cai tay niniahe fda) © th 136 C_R. ORCUTT, Publisher. 5 : | Corner Fifth and C Streets, —- - SAN DrgGo, CALtFornta. EDITORIAL AND MAILING Rooms, Orcutt, CALIFORNIA. No, 511 SANSOME STREET, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIF, PRICE, 20 CENTS. Per YEAR, $2.00 a Bh . [Entered at Orcutt, Ca&s., as second-class mail matter.] The West American ‘Scientist. Consolidated National Bank. |THE AMERICAN NATURALIST $250,000 50,000 15,961 CAPITAL PAID IN SURPLUS FUND Undivided Profits BRYANT HOWARD, . - - President. J.H, BARBOUR, “ Vice-President & Cashier, W. R. ROGERS, - - Assistant Cashier —— DIRECTORS. —— Hiram Maybury. 0.8. Witherby, | ‘John Ginty E, W.. Morse, James McCoy, J, H. Barbour, Bryant Howard. as Exchanges on all the Principal Cities of America and Europe tought an’! sold: The Savings Bank OF SAN DIEGO COUNTY, in the Consolidated Bank Building, corner of Ti and Fifth streets, CAPITAL, - $100,000 — iF FICES:— EE. W, Morse, - - 4 President J. H, Barbour, met - - Vice-President John Ginty, - - Secretary aud Treasurer —iDIRE C RS;— 0.8, Witherby, H. Mabary, James McCoy, E. W. Morse, Bryant Howard, Interest Allowed on Deposits Money Loaned on Real Fstate. ———— @000CO0COOOCO8289080 Cs) . 9 z 3 re rT eASeys = Ore Guo): ) di @ e rs) = (Ylopadiar $S THE/ANUFACTURES AND PRODUCTS © @ SOF THEINITED SIMES, 0m): $ & SUP agen EveryArticle madeinthis @ @ Country -Indexed and Cassified-and @ @ wundereacharticle the namesandaddresses @ © : of” @ © THE BEST MANUFACTURERS. e ® (mpleie in One Royal OctavoVol of over 1300p) @ @ Pricein (oth *6 Inz Morocco *8-In Flexible Leaher*0. @ ® INDISPENSABLE ® @ to Buyers of Arhclesinalllines and @ ¢€ Invaluable a5 4 Statistical work. @ @ Orders received at office ofthis Paper: @ @e@eeee0200060800080000009 C.F. CARR, Natural History Store, Marine and Fresh Water Shells, Corals, Bird Skins, Fggs, Minerals, ete. Eupplies for Taxidermists, Entomologists, Oologists. Botanists, ete. Send Stamp for Catalogue. 126 State S1,, Mapion, Wis. Will contain during the fall and winter, ~ among other interesting matter, articles on” THE EVOLUTION OF MIND, from a Neo-Lamas ian Standpoint, by Prof. E. D, Cope. THE MECHANICAL CAUSIS OF THE EVOU TION UF ‘THE BIVALVE MOLLUSOA, by My ackson, THE WILD BUFFALO OF MINDORO, by Prof, EK. Steer. THE PHYSIOLOGICAL FORM OF THEA CAN NEWT. by Prof, Sinion Gage. ON THE LANGUAGES AND LORE OFTHE ZUS PUEBLOS, by Prof, A. J. Fewkes, $1.00 a year, 4U cents. Subscription, - Single numbers, - FEU RIS BROS. Publishets, 8. W. Cor, 6th and Arch Sts, - Philadalphia,® BIRD'S EGGS, 200 KINDS; LE European duptera, «UU varieties; Concholl dal speciinens, SU cifferent kinds trow Borey Atrica and Australia; Tertiary Fossil Shells, 100 kil all good specimens and localised; prices, ete., on plication, No postal cards, Dr. REED, Jr; Rj hope, sunderland, Fngla Better than ever Before IMPROVEMENT: IN EVERY DEPAK IMENT LITERARY AND MECHANICAL THE OBSERVER A Medium of Interchange and Ubservatious 7 For all students and Lovers of Natax Devoted tu 1) Depts. 1 f Nature Studies. K. F. BIGELOW, Editor and Pub ASSOCIATE EDITORS, CG. A. Hargrave, Corchoicgy,...... - Danville, Frederic V. Gorham, Geoluxy,..... Providence, a M.A, Booth, F.RLM.s8., Micro-copy, Longmeadow, Ma A. W. Vearson; Ev'tomology,......-. Norwi h, Cor C. Antoinette Shepard, Botany, ..... New Britan, ‘keep Your Eyes Open,” (to obs: rve ihe won and beauties of tLe Out-door wcrld) is the mothe, THK OBSERVER, Vo yuu enjoy roaming over hills fields or through ihe woods; are )Ou interested) the birds, flowers, insects, rocks, e!c., or have yOu) mliscroscoye, then subscribe for THR OBSERVER, Subscription 0O Cis, @ year. Address, THE OBSERVER, Portland, Comp Removed to 4116 Elm Avenu % PHILADELPHIA, PA. MINERALS, SCIENTIFIC AND MECICAL BOOKS; For Sale ty A. BE. FUO1TE,M. D. Prof. Min. and Chem.,Fellow Am Ass'n Ady See! and Ami, Geological Society, Lite Mens bir At BN seum Nat. History, New York, and Acad. of Natur pclences of Philadelphia. } Specin«n op} of : 2yage NAT URALISTS’ L z UKE HOUR and Catalogues sent free. "i In 1eque-ting catalogues of books,please menws in wl et branch of Natv ral Science ) ou ae ef pecraes intererted. The © page ilurtiated catalogue min rals is sent free to all persens request ng it UPS hiaded pap:r to orhers vpon rece pt of 5 cen printed 0 beavy poper, + certs; printed on Dem paper and bound in cloth; 25 cents, MAY 14 1891 Laboratory Work in Schools and Colleges. 105 LABORATORY WORK IN SCHOOLS AND _ COL- LEGES. FROM THE STANDPOINT OF A ZOOLOGIST. ‘The system now in use in our high schools is all wrong.’ So spoke, recently, a prominent educator in Oregon. ‘Parents,’ he continued, ‘are giving up each year more and more of the oversight they ought to give their child’s education and putting the responsibility entirely upon the public schools. As it stands now, if a child leaving our schools is weak mentally, morally or physically, we, the teachers, are blamed, whereas we, in our turn, are obliged to put each and every student through a certain course of study without consideration as to the student’s ability, temperament, character, or mental tendencies; they are forced through this public school curriculum, w2ély nzlly, at the expense of individuality. Now, since parents are giving up home teach- ing, sg invaluable in bringing out the best points in a child and encouraging him away from his weak points, and since this seri- ous responsibility is placed upon the public schools, where nu- merous scholars and lack of time prevent proper attention being given to each one, what remedy is there tor this individuality- destroying system which we now find in these institutions?’ The writer, overhearing, takes this text and opportunity to try to show the value of laboratory work in high schools as well as in colleges, hoping, however, that some educator in this state will supplement his rather brief treatment of laboratory work in high schools with more complete details of possibilities. The value of laboratory work has been long appreciated in the universities of Germany and in all the advanced institutions of learning in America. This work means, in the case of zoology for instance, that each student taking that course must spend a large proportion of his or her time in the laboratory studying the structure or the physiology, or both, of certain typical, well- known animals. He must see with his own eyes, think with his own brain, do his own theorizing and draw his own conclusions unaided, independent of book or fellow scholar, and must show that his work is correct by neat original drawings and original de- scriptions. One animal finished, another from a different group is given and the student encouraged to describe the differences and resemblances between this animal and the previous one stud- ied, and so on trom the lower to the higher forms. No one but an enthusiastic adherent to this teaching principle can appreciate the phenomena that appear in the cases of differ- ent students in this work. Some, so brilliant in recitation that they repeat pages, are almost complete failures; others though slower in committing text, have eyes and minds alert. It isa case where, frequently, ‘the last shall be first and the first last.’ For this reason firmness is necessary on the part of the would- 106 Laboratory Work in Schools and Colleges. be successful teacher; the weaker students must be obliged to stand on their own ground, they must learn to train their own powers of observation, exercise other mental gifts than that of memorizing, and become as far as possible as proficient in the laboratory as in the class room. We would not, by the above statement, wish to lay ourselves liable to the accusation of being in favor of abolishing text books; on the contrary we believe that the judicious use of good text books and reference books is a valuable adjunct to laboratory work. But, certainly, we only truly learn that which we make our own, part of ourselves, and many a book learned lesson and principle has taded from mem- ory to give place to something actually seen. A trained biologist inan eastern college, having charge ofa zoolog- ical laboratory with which we were fortunately connected, rarely looked over his pupils’ examination papers, ‘for,’ said he, ‘by almost daily contact with each student, by observing their meth- od of work, their faithfulness or the contrary, the accuracy or in- accuracy of their observations, I become conversant with their mental status and can grade them as they deserve’ ' The same principles of laboratory work, as above outlined for zoology, hold in physics, chemistry, geology, botany, household economics and other branches. Independent observation and thought is the keynote in them all. As previously intimated, a student blind to the beauties of zoology (if the reader will pardon the conceit) profits from work in a zoological laboratory just so far as he acquires there habits of originality and independence in mental and manual work which will help him in after life.. It has been the writer’s expe- rience and observationthat many a student promising little at the beginnining of a laboratory course, has, by being held rigidly to the principle at stake, developed into a capable worker, pleas- ing and astonishing his teacher by bringing to the surface latent gifts not suspected to exist. } Advanced workers in zoology, botany, chemistry, etc., seek and find opportunities in our seaside laboratories and post-grad- uate universities to carry out their ambitions in the way of origi- nal research, but it is only those workers who have learned hab- its of independence in earlier training that can hope to rank with those from whose efforts come reports of wonderful discov- eries which delight scientists and aid humanity. It would be, indeed, a difficult and radical move to attempt to introduce into our high schools any such system as above out- lined, and yet it would seem, to the writer, that a modification of the present system, coupled with laboratory methods to such an extent as: to do away with a large proportion of the in- discriminate cramming, for such it is, now present in these in- stitutions, might be possible. Laboratory work as now practiced in the best colleges and universities, is only a very much ad- vanced kindergarten, for children of.a larger. growth; an oppor- Laboratory Work in Schools and Colleges. 107 tunity for a student to develop his individuality under the imme- diate direction of a capable teacher. The educational ladder which has its lowest rung in the kin- dergarten and its higher steps in the universities and among ad- vanced thinkers, includes, not quite a third of the way up, the high school. Why must there be, at this point, such a complete interrup- tion of a system so well begun? Whycan we not substitute charts, relief maps, models and modelling, specimens of anatomy and natural history, manikins and pictures, for a large part. of our present text books, placing the work table in place of the desk and the machine-shop in the place of the class-room, and pay, further, more attention to physical culture, more attention to the health, morals and manners of such students than these branches now receive? In the present state of school education heresucha move looks radical, even to an enthusiast; yet a sentiment in this direction is already being felt in the most progressive schools of our older states, lessening, thereby, the desire on the part of well-to-do parents to cut short the high school training of their children and place them where they can get a broader and more just educa- tion. | In conclusion let us hope that the time is not far distant when the selfhood within us will get more of a chance to assert itself, when the natural gifts which now lie latent within’ us may be en- _-couraged to kinetic force and originality may conquer parrotism. . ELL. Washburn. ON ACCIDENTALLY INTRODUCED FORMS OF ANIMALS. f it Illustrations ot the way in which exotic species are acciden-: tally introduced into a country,have at various times attracted my attention. . Some years ago one of the local papers. in an interior county ot California, contained a paragraph giving anaccount of the dis- covery, by a resident of the place, of asmall egg in a bunch of bananas. The egg, it was stated, subsequently hatched, and a young alligator made its appearance. Of course the alligator conclusion was altogether absurd, and the mental picture of an alligator climbing a banana or any other kind of tree is highly amusing, unless the bunches of bananas in some parts of the world are considerate enough to come down and await the pleasure of Mrs.: Alligator, etc., and afterward -re- turn to their proper places. It goes without saying that these large saurians do not climb trees or frequent tree-tops. Again, the eggs of these huge monsters are not small, but are about the size of a goose egg, though more cylindrical or elongated, and 108 On Accidentally Introduced Forms of Animals, are laid in the’sand, as are those of the smaller allied forms gener- ally, where they are hatched by the heat of sun, thesame as. the eggs of the turtles. The alleged alligator was simply a harm- less lizard. _I have found these small reptiles in Havana sugar, into which they had crawled, between the time of filling the boxes, in which this sugar is often paghess and the nailing on of the covers. I remember of reading an item in a New York paper several years ago which gave an account of an Italian fruit vendor hay- ing been bitten by a tarantula. He was in the act of cutting a banana from a bunch on _ his stand when the insect, which was. evidently hidden on the stalk of the bunch, stung him on the right thumb. The peculiar arrangement of the stems of the banana, radi- ating in several series from a ceniral stalk, and the clusters of the fruit being so compact, make an exceedingly favorable pica: place for small animals. Not long ago the National Museum received a specimen of the peculiar slug Veronicella, which had oe found by the giver in a bunch of bananas. © In 1866 or 1867 I received several examples of two different species of land shells belonging to the genera Bulimulus and Or- thalicus, which were brought to San Francisco in a cargo of dye woods from the Gulf of California. The dyewoods had been - hauled from the place where they were cut, and piled up near the embarcadero on the gulf shore, and afterward transferred to the vessel. . These snails had crawled into the hollows and crev- ices of the wood, and were discovered when the cargo was un- loaded and put on the wharf in San Francisco. When the sticks were thrown ashore therough handling shook out the snail shells; many also were found in the hold of the vessel after the cargo was discharged. _ Though I obtained several specimens none of them were alive. — It may be presumed with some basis of probability that. while in the majority of cases forms thus transported and intro- duced fail to gain a foothold ‘and’ multiply and replenish the earth,’ in these new regions,so far from their native haunts, where different environmental conditions exist, etc., yet, some- times, occasionally, it is otherwise, and the stranger becomes ac- climatized and established. . That this is not an infrequent result in connection with the distribution of insect life, both in the ma- ture and larval stages, is shown by the phenomenal appearance of some insect whose pestiferous habits forces the knowledge of its presence upon those who are.damaged or annoyed by it, and who.not only feel the habits or operations of’ the: ‘unwelcome alien deeply in their pockets, but are also stirred: to the utmost limits of their-wrath, by reason of ap Rea fruitless efforts cae circumvent its ravages: es : An investigation of the effectsof the aidtaitedree of what may a ee ———————E—eEei On Accidentaily Introduced Forms of Animats. stele) be termed the faunal equilibrium that exists in Nature, by the in- tentional. incidental, or accidental interference of man, would prove to be not only an interesting and*curious study in itself, but would show how intimately interwoven are the various forms of animal life, as well as animal and vegetable life,:and further demonstrate the necessity of looking ahead to detect if possible what advantage or disadvantage may follow in the train of causes and effects, through the modification of the fauna of any region by the introduction and permanent addition of a new species, an exotic, strange and not to the region born. The rabbit pest-in Australia is an appropriate illustration, where failing to look be- fore the leap was made it has,to use an old-fashioned phrase, ‘cost a pretty penny,’ and conspicuously indicates the practical value of a thorough and philosophical knowledge of natural history as related to ‘the affairs of mankind.’’ The absence of carnivorous predaceous animals in the faunal species of that region has sim- ply, to use a common expression, made the rabbit ‘ master of the Situatioa,’ and it would seem as if it were likely to remain so. Robert E. C. Stearns. — oe THE ‘ORANGE FOR HEALTH, PLEASURE AND PROFIT. The orange has well been called the Queen of Fruits, and is certainly deserving of that title in southern California. For more than a hundred years the crange has thrived in the genial climate with which we are favored, and throughout historic time this beau- titul tree has paid tribute to mankind. The history of the orange is intimately connected with ro- mance and mythology, and not only has it been prized for its luscious fruit, but for its beauty of form, the fragrance of its blos- soms, and other characteristics that commend it to the care of man. . The cultivation of aE orange may be made pvofitable in any clime where the temperature does not fall below forty degrees F. in Winter. Seedlings are as a rule more hardy than grafted or budded stock, and are consequently to be preferred in the colder climates. Some varieties will easily stand a temperature that will prove destructive to others. The orange is now cultivated in most warm countries with success. California and Florida are the two states in the Union where they are. most extensively planted, but Arizona and New Mexico give promise of taking a high rank in the production of this fruit. In all the Gulf States the orange is also planted to some extent, but usually more for ornament than for profit. A deep, rich soil is required by the orange to insure a prolific yield of fruit and a vigorous growth to the tree. A stunted tree will not produce fine fruit. “Yet, the orange tree is not very par- ticular in regard to soil, but will grow luxuriantly in sand or very IIO The Orange for Health, Pleasure and Profit. inferior soils, if well manured and not stinted for water in the summer. The soil which it seems to take to most kindly, in southern California, is a reddish loam, consisting of disintegrated granite, such as forms a good proportion of our mesa lands near the coast. Some varieties will doubtless thrive better in the rich black loam of our larger valleys. The Japanese varieties are said to prefer a sandy or yellow clay loam, richly manured, in open: ground or ona hillside, with a southeastern exposure. Valleys are colder and more liable to damaging frosts than the uplands, and therefore less adapted for orange planting. The soil should be kept moist, but not wet, as the tree will stand a considerable drouth. The orange arrives at maturity at nine years or less from the seed. Seedlings will remain fruitful and profitable for over a hundred years, but grafted or budded trees are supposed to be- come unprofitable at half that age. The tree has been known to live and bear fruit tor four hundred years, and a tree at Nice is said to be over six hundred years old. Some of the trees, planted over.a century ago, around the missions of California are still liv- ing in spite of the neglect of fifty years. The experience of orange growers at Riverside, California, shows conclusively that an orange orchard may become profitable at four years. The navel orange will bear, under favorable circumstances, on an average two and one- half boxes per tree at four years from the nursery. An orange grove of selected, carefully cultivated trees will yield a greater income, for the investment and current expenses, than almost any other horticultural industry. Unimproved _ orange lands,with water, at Riverside, California, are considered worth from $o 50 to $600 per acre, according to location, ‘but in other sections can be bought at lower prices. The same lands improved are valued at $1,000 to $3,000 per acre, according to- the size of the trees and other circumstances. One hundred to one hundred and fifty trees may be planted to the acre, fifteen or twenty feet apart. Riverside orange grow- ers generally. preter to plant twenty feet apart, as giving better and more lasting results. The expenses connected with cultivat- ing an old orchard is estimated at not less than $35 annually, if properly cared for; and to secure the best results an expense of $25 additional per annum, for fertilizers, should be incurred. At present prices for Calitornia fruit an orchard five years old will yield from $200 to $400 per acre net. One box to the tree is a moderate estimate of the yield of the navel orange at the end of five years, and at the rate of one hundred trees to the . acre the product would sell for $300 readily. At ten years of age an orchard will net as high as $1,000 to $1,500 to the acre. Such returns have actually been realized by more than one Cali- fornia orange grower, but $300 to $500 is probably nearer the average return to the producer. The industry, however, is stilk in its infancy. The Orange for Health, Fteasure and Profit. III The orange tree is commonly propagated in this country from the seed, and by grafting or budding. The tree can also be propagated from cuttings Seedlings are much more likely to produce fruit of a quality inferior to that of the parent tree, than fruit of an equal or superior quality; but the most of our supe- rior varieties of oranges we owe to this tendency to sport. When a superior variety has been produced it is propagated by graft- ing or budding onto the roots of other seedlings. The Chinese have acurious method of propagating desirable varieties. ‘A branch of the diameter of four or five inches is chosen, around which a circular incision is made. Around this straw matting is wound in the shape of a funnel, and filled with beaten earth. Roots soon begin to push, and by the following season it is pro- vided with sufficient to support it when detached from the parent stem. The young tree thus obtained often bears fruit at the end of two or three years.’ Pruning of the orange tree is denounced by some growers, but the more experienced advocate the inteligent use of the shears, for the shaping of the tree,for the removal of dead wood, or branches growing in the wrong direction, projecting limbs or those touching the ground, and for the removal of the small branches and suckers which choke up the inside of the tree, ex- cluding needed light and air, and forming dangerous places for the multiplying of injurious insects. An ideal orange tree, at eight years of age, may be described as twelve feet high, symmetrical in shape, with limbs projecting evenly on all sides, about eight feet in diameter; of compact growth, the dense foliage hiding the larger limbs, and the trunk visible for about a foot above the ground. To secure an ideal tree some pruning is necessary at times, but should be very spar- ingly indulged in and not overdone. Too little is better than too much pruning. The early spring is conceded to be the best season of the year to do the heavy pruning., They may be lightly trimmed at other seasons as they need the attention. _ The yield of the orange tree is very great. The usual yield is 600 to 1,000, sometimes, but rarely, as high as 6,000 to the tree. ‘In Malta and Naples as many as 15,000 oranges have been picked trom a single tree; in the Sandwich Islands a tree was estimated to bear 20,000 fruits; while 33,000 oranges have twice been re- ported from one tree in southern Europe!’ The tree comes into bearing at three to five years of age from the seed, in some places arriving at maturity much earlier than in other countries. The yield at Riverside, California, per tree, in merchantable fruit, has been given as follows: Ninth year from seed, half box; tenth year, one to three boxes; eleventh year, one to five boxes; twelfth year, same; thirteenth year, three to five boxes; fifteenth year, six to eight boxes; with an average increase of a half box there- after up to the twentieth year. The fruit has sold at from $1.40 per box on the tree, to $6 per box, according to quality and sea- son. 112 Le he Orange yor fiealth, Pleasure and Profit. The orange was highly esteemed by the ancients for its medici- nal qualities—a fact which seems to be lost sight of by the pres- ent generation. . In cases of tevers and malarial complaints this delicious fruit is more useful than drugs, and.is often very helpful in alleviating the ills of mankind. Ay prominent physician once remarked that were his patients to eat an orange or two every morning, they would require but little medical attention. In France immense quantities of orange blossoms are annually consumed in distilling orange- flower water. One firm alone is reported as using 350 tons of the flowers for this purpose in a single season. Tons also are candied green. Neroli, so much used by perfumers, is extracted from some varieties. -Curacoa is manufactured from dried orange peel. The leaves are frequently used as a substitute for tea, in health as well as. in cases of sick- ness. Thus, it will be seen, that the fruit is not the one useful product of this handsome evergreen tree. Citrus aurantium is the botanical name of the. orange of com- merce, but there are several other species now known, and hun- dreds. of varieties are in cultivation. Among. these varieties the following may be considered as having been received in Cali- fornia with the greatest favor, among growers for profit. WASHINGTON NAVEL.—Originated in Bahia, Brazil. Gener- ally considered the most profitable orange for the market, ripens early, commences to bear at one year from the bud, prolific, the fruit large, solid, heavy, skin smooth, of very fine texture. Fruit very juicy, highly flavored, with melting pulp sweet, seedless. The tree is.a rapid grower, but does not attain to a large size. MEDITERRANEAN SWEET.—One of the very best, introduced from the region of the Mediterranean sea,,a regular and heavy bearer, ripens late, and generally very evenly. The tree grows to medium size, and thornless. Fruit medium to large, pulp and skin of very fine texture, solid. few seeded, richly colored deep orange. One of the most delicious of fruits, and well eee plant- Je on a large scale. | TAHITI SEEDLING:—A large tree and a good bearer, one of thie most profitable oranges grown after it comes into full bearing. Will yield twelve to fifteen “boxes per tree when from fifteen to twenty-five years old. | Fruit can be shipped the first of Febru- ary, but can be left on the trees without injury until the first a June, Joppa.—A vigorous, thornless tree, from Palestine, Fruit large, firm, nearly seedless, rind thin, pulp very fine, sweet and juicy, of a ‘deep red “color.” "Can ve marketed early or late with- out deterioration in quality. Not generally known. Some call it the Jaffa orange. ? ee TANGERINE OR KID pee —A dwarf, symmetrical tree, of a weeping habit. Fruit small, deep red, very sweet and aromatic, The rind, when ripe, is very easily separated from ‘the pulp, hence is called the ‘‘Kid Glove orange. The Orange for Health, Pleasure and Profit. 113 St. MicHAEL.—The ‘paper rind’, .is a small, round orange, very firm and juicy, and with very thin pale-colored skin. Rip- ens late, keeps well on the tree, and does not drop when mature. This orange is from the Azores. The tree is dwarf, and a pro- lific bearer. The Azorean St. Michael is a larger tree, a rapid grower and very prolific also. The fruit ripens early. keeps well ‘on the tree, few seeded. larger than the ‘paper rind’ St. Michael, solid, flattened in shape. T he pulp is fine and melting. and the rind medium thin. The Washington Navel, the Mediterranean Sweet, the Tahiti Seedling and the St. Michael are the four varieties which those of widest experience recommend most highly for extensive planting, as sure to be standard varieties in the market for years to come. ‘Other varieties are either little known or more curious oe orna- mental than profitable. | | Among the numerous varieties aie fave been tried or are being tested, the following are some most worthy of noticec%or most prominent. — The descriptive notes of the above varieties. and the following are freely-compiled from various’ reliable sources, ‘as.the w riter is not personally familiar with them all.” WOLFSKILL’ s Brst.—Considered identical - with the Tahiti Seedling. - Konan.—Fruit large, rough. and nals skin. Tree very thorny. Ripens early. Raised in California from seed grown in Konah Island, and has few, if any, good qualities to recommend it for cultivation. Kinc.—A_ Chinese a, ae highly flavored, medium- sized fruit, with rough rind. Ripens late. OonsHIv.—This Japanese dwarfis very hardy and ornamental, producing small, flattened fruit, of exceedingly fine texture, sweet and seedless, the rind easily detached. Wrongly called the Satsu- ma orange. Not likely to prove of any great commercial value. A prolific bearer, of a drooping, willowy habit, and very hardy. as was proved in Florida in the great freeze of 1886. Probably one of the most useful of the many varieties of Japanese oranges. ~ KumQuat.—The very small, obleng or olive-shaped fruit of this bushy tree is peculiar in being edible throughout—rind and ail. Therind is thick, yellow, smooth, and sweet-scented. The pulp contains many seeds. Prolific. but more odd _ than useful, as there is very little pulp about the fruit. Other ornamental va- rieties are the following: =". MANDARIN.—A_ very ornamental tree. Fruit red, flattened at the ends. © POMELO OR GRAPE Pham —Fruit very large, from two to five pounds each in weight. pale yellow, resembling the citron. Skin smooth, juice sub-acid. — A variety of shaddock. ‘9 ep anhe age dwarfish, ornamental. _ Fruit very large, It4 The Orange for Health, Pleasure and Profit. with smooth skin, pale yellow and very glossy. Rind thick and spongy and very bitter. Ornamental only. BouguEt.—The large and fragrant flowers are of commercial value, as also in the following species. Fruit very bitter. BERGAMOT.—Fruit Jarge and rough, flattened, ornamental only. Grown for the blossoms. The oils of Neroli and Bergamot are expressed or distilled from orange blossoms. The fragrance of orange blossoms is very agreeable, and is thus utilized by perfumers. In the poetic lan- guage of flowers the orange blossom is the emblem of chastity,. ane is the recognized bridal flower among English speaking peo- ple. | _ The question as to whether there is danger of over-productiotw is always to be heard in connection with any. industry, long be- fore the market is nearly supplied. | Nearly five million bushels of oranges were imported into the United States in 1884. South- ern California expoited in 1890 nearly 3,000 carloads of this fa- vorite fruit. The quality of our California oranges is recognized as superior to the product of Florida or of the foreign importa- tions. That there is or ever will be any danger of an over-pro- duction of a fine quality of fruit need not be entertained for a moment. The product of the 6,000 acres under cultivation at Riverside, in 18go0, realized for citrus fruits (oranges and lem- ons) one million dollars, and for raisins and other dried fruits halfa million dollars—a handsome income for any community. While it cannot be hoped to maintain the present profits of orange culture for all time, yet no diminution need be feared for years to come, and the industry is likely to continue one of the most pro- fitable among horticultural pursuits. Success requires careful judgment in many directions. Of pri- mary importance is the selection of the site of an orange orchard, with suitable soil. Care in the selection of the best trees is of second importance. The planting requires dexterity and careful management, and May is recommended by some as the ‘best month in southern California for this work. Cultivation, irriga- tion and fertilizing are other subjects which demand attention— and the details of each of these subjects would each requiie a vol- ume for their proper presentation. And last but not least is it desirable to be posted on the useful and injurious insects which aid or hinder the horticulturist. as wellas a knowledge of fungous or other diseases which may beset the orange. The orange, for health, pleasure and profit, however, can scarcely find a rival among the fruits of the earth. C. R. Orcute. 9 WALDEMAR (GG) KLE: W. G. Klee, late Inspector of the Agricultural Experimental Stations in California, died in the early part of February, of con- ‘sumption,in his thirty-eighth year. He was born in Copenhagen, Waldemar G. Klee. : I 15 Denmark, where he was educated in horticultural arts, and where his biothers and sisters still reside. He came to America when about nineteen years of age, and secured employment in a public park in Chicago. About fifteen years ago he came to California. Attending the State University at Berkeley his ability was recognized by Prof. Hilgard, and he was given employment on the experimental grounds of that institution. | Mr. Klee was appointed to collect and arrange the living plants of California at the New Orleans Exposition, and made that fea- ture a credit to the state. In 1886 he was appointed State In- spector of Fruit Pests by the State Board of Horticulture. In 1889 he was appointed Inspector of Experimental Stations in the state, which position he was later compelled to resign on ac- count of his health. ; ' The horticultural writings of W. G. Klee are widely and fa- vorably known, and have mainly appeared in the reports of the University of Caltfornia, of the State Board of Horticulture, and of the U. S.. Department of Agriculture, aside from contributions to the horticultural press of the day. In 1885 Mr. Klee married Miss Jennie Barry who, with three children, survives. His death occurred at his ranch near Santa Cruz, where he had retired in hopes of regaining his strength through an out-door life. | 7HE FOREST TREES OF OREGON.—IL In the firs (Picea), the cones are upright, and in the distance they are sometimes mistaken for birds perched on the limbs. PICEA GRANDIs or Western Balsam Fir, or Abies Grandis or Oregon White Fir is found at its best along the shores of the Willamette river and its tributaries, but is widely dispersed along the mountain slopes of both ranges. Its commercial value falls below that of several other trees. It is conspicuous along our river bottoms for hight and beauty. It is easily transplanted. PICEA NOBILIS—Noble Fir, This fine fir is at home in places. remote from mills and railroad lines, and therefore does not fig- ure muchin commerce. Extensive groves of it may be seen among the Coast mountains where prostrate trees 200 feet in length are not rare. As an ornamental tree it well deserves its name of noble, and it is easily transplanted. It also has a large handsome cone. _ PICEA AMABILIS. Cones are dark purple. This, too, is out of the reach of commerce; abundant along the summit of the Cascade mountains. This is a very handsome tree for landscape gardening. THUYA GIGANTEA—Western Arborvite. This is the white cedar of North Oregon and of Washington. It is a grand forest. 116 Forest. Tr ees of Oregon lL. tree;.is durable, easily worked as finishing lumber and highly prized for its lightness. ‘The northern Indians build their largest canoes of it and use its bark for matsand cordage. In the south- ern portion of the Willamette valley itis called the smooth-barked cedar, to distinguish it from Libocedrus. LIBOCEDRUS DECURRENS—Rough- barked Cedar or Incense Cedar: ‘Asa tree for lumber this is inferior to the Thuya. It does not grow farther north than Lane county. It is abundant throughout Douglas and Jackson counties. THE Lawson Cypress—Port Orford Cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana) is not found north of the Umpqua river, It is at its best around Coos Bay and the Coquille river and the north slopes of the Siskiyous. It is called white cedar; is shipped extensively | for the California market. So completely marketable is this tree that one may see on the ‘Coquille the finest example of lum- ‘ber economy: The log is cut into boards and squared timber, the slabs into pieces for broom handles and lath, and the scraps into blocks for matches; and it deserves this fine economy of material. As atree for landscape gardening it is questionable whether North America has a finer tree than the Port Orford ce- dar. It is at its best along the northern slopes of the Siskiyous. [tis easily transplanted, will grow in a wide range of climate, -— will teach any one to love a tree. _ JUNIPERUS OCCIDENTALIS. © In many. of the dryer regions of Central Oregon this juniper, under the name of cedar, fur- nishes the chief and often the only supply of firewood. It is not abundant enough for extensive commercial demands.. It strongly resembles the red cedar of the Eastern States (Juniperus vir- ginianus). JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS.’ A stranger to this species seeing it for the first time experiences marked surprise. It is entirely pros- trate, often growing over a-‘space 100 feet square, the stem five or six inches in thickness. One could readily imagine many situa- tions in landscape gardening in which such a plant would filla want. It is often met on the coast. TAXUS BREVIFOLIA. The Oregon yew has a dense, durable wood, often used in western Oregon for fence posts. It is not abundant enough for commercial purposes. It is a handsome tree, pays for transplanting in the beauty it adds to a lawn. LARIX OCCIDENTALIS.—Oregon or Western Larch. This is a much larger tree than the tamerack of the Eastern States. Its timber is good. It is at home along a belt of foothills from the Upper De Chutes north into Washington, and abundant in the Blue mountains but not in western Oregon. Be ls ae larch, all the foregoing trees are evergreen. - We will now considei the deciduous trees that cane as valua- ble for shade or ornament as for commerce. Oregon has three oaks that are of commercial importance... Of these in abuaidatice and quality, the Oregon white oak. ranks: frst yl gt Remarks upon the Stenini. 117 QUERCUS GARRYANA “(Oregon White Oak). This seems at its best in the Willamette valley and along the Columbia river. For years past a large amount.of this timber has been shipped to San Francisco, and well authenticated cases have occurred of its being returned to Oregon as Eastern oak for our wagon builders. | QUERCUS KELLOGGII—Black Oak—Kelloge’s Oak. This handsome oak is found no further north than Lane county, but grows abundant in southern Oregon. __ [| have not seen it in cen- tral Oregon. It is at its best in Douglas and Jackson counties. It isa much handsomer tree than the white oak, but its timber is not so good. LivE Oak—Quercus chrysolepis. This tree is often used for wagon timber along the western slopes of the Siskiyous. but is. scarcely abundant enough to more than supply home want. : Thomas Conaon. REMARKS UPON THE STENINI OBSERVED IN SAN DIEGO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA. Among the Microcoleoptera, neglected by the majority of col- lectors, is that extremely interesting tribe of the Staphylinidea— the Stenini. The insects of this group are generally minute, va- rying between 1.7 mm. (Stenus atomarius) and. 5.5 mm. (Areus. annularis). They are to be sought for Soe the roots of plants; beneath decaying vegetable matter, and debris cast up by the water, along creek and river banks. They are generally abundant about all permanently moist places. Rarely have I taken them _on the wing. They are readily recognized - by their dark color, Mantis- like attitude, prominent eyes, abdomen decreasing rapidly in width from base to apex, and by their peculiar movements—run- ning with varying speed in the different species, for short or long” distances, then pausing for a time. They are said to be carnivorous in their habits, and my ob-- servations thus far confirm that statement; but not by abundant proof. On one occasion while searching about the roots of a partly broken down shrub, I discovered one with a small green, aphid in its jaws, that I had probably Sleds while disturbing. the plant. The species thus far collected in San Diego county are four in number, but they are by no means the sum total of those that can be taken. They can be collected from May: to December,. but are most abundant during the months of june, July, and Au- gust. The species are as follows: 7 | STENUS SCULPTIL, Is Casey,—A distinct ‘Grin, aw varying im length from 3: g mm. to 5.2mm, Decidedly. robust, Pubescence: | 118 | Remarks wee the Stenint. on abdomen visible, giving a x ae and fulvous ornamentation. Surface of prothorax and elytra, rough. The transverse tricus- pid carine of abdomen distinct. _ This species is readily differ- entiated from any of its congeneric associates. It is abundant at Poway (elevation 700 feet}, and I have not taken this form else- where, although its geographical distribution is quite extensive, occurring in Washington, Oregon, Nevada, and northern Lower California. STENUS PACIFICUS, Casey.—At first glance this species closely resembles S. arizonz, but a careful examination and com- parison cannot fail to readily distinguish between the two. In length it varies from 2.2 mm. to3.0mm. In form, moderately slender. Pubescence not appreciable. Prothorax is narrower than long, with anterior and posterior margins equal. Protho- rax and elytra irregularly and moderately punctured. Surface polished. Taken along the San Diego River in considerable numbers. I have not taken this species at Poway, yet it may oc- cur there. Atthe present state of our knowledge of its distribu- tion it appears to be peculiar to Southern California. STENUS ARIZONZ, Casey.— More robust than ae preceding species. Length, 3.0 to 4.2 mm. Prothorax wider with margins strongly arcuate. The traces of channels upon pronotum and elytra aid greatly in sepa- rating this species. Abundant along the San Diego River, in company with S. pacificus, and is recognized by its darker color—surface not being polished. These two species seem to be the characteristic species of the coast region, not hay- ing found them in company with the species of the interior. Prob- ably it is irregularly distributed, for it occurs in Arizona and’ Texas. ; AREUS PINGUIS, Casey.—I have found this species associated with S. sculptilis in the Poway region: ‘Very robust in form., Contrasting strongly with its associate species by its fine, closely placed, and evenly distributed punctures. In length this species varies but little, being close to 4.0mm. in all specimens méa-: sured. Distributed over an extensive area; according to Thos. L. Casey, it occurs in British Columbia, Washing ton, Oregon, Nevada, Colorado, besides California. . The consideration of the local distribution of species that. have such an extensive range, may seem unprofitable, but as a species may be very abundant in well defined localities, and en- tirely absent inan adjoining region, my notes may not be without value in pointing out the possibility of zrvegular distribution. It is strange that during many years collecting at Poway and vicinity that S. pacificus and S. arizone should have escaped my notice, while S. sculptilis and A. pinguis were abundant; and that during the past season I should fail to obtain the two latter species in the San Diego River region, where the former species were plentiful. Granting the possibility of regular distribution The Morning Glory Bush. 11g or error in observation, the question would then be explicable either upon the hypothesis of unfavorable conditions for the main- tenance of the species in certain localities at certain periods from deficient food, epidemics, or preponderance of natural enemies; ' or, in the case of error, time for the correction of the same. As any one of the causes mentioned is competent to account for the absence of the species from the localities, I shall have to rely upon time to point out the vera cause—be it the natural dis- tribution, absence of proper food, epidemics, influence of natural enemies, or error in observation. The larve ot any of the species enumerated are unknown to me. Pupz of S. sculptilis have been observed, but unfortunately I neglected to preserve any of the specimens. In color they were milky white, elongate and but slightly curved. They pass through their transformations in the soil, near the surface. I have not observed any cocoon more than the cavity formed in the soft leaf-mould, beneath the prostrate plants and decaying debris along water-courses. Frank £. Biatsdelt. CoRONADO, February 16; 1891. | THE MORNING GLORY BUSH, [LPOMALA oo Pe LLA. What brilliantly flowered shrubs! How beautiful! Great masses Of them, here and there, glorify the early morning of the Colorado plains. dive landscape for miles is, in some places, beautified by these large mounds of crimson flowers amid their bright green leaves. It is indeed a morning glory that does not twine; but, instead, grows in large shrubby clumps three or four feet in diameter and almost as tall as broad. However, it is an herb and not a shrub; for in winter no trace of it is to be found above ground, except perhaps the dry and withered twigs of the previous summer. Underground, its dimensions are enormous; for it has an immense roundish root that stores up sufficient nourishment so as to enable the plant to make a growth in early summer rivalling that of Jack’s famous bean stalk. _ The flowers are numerous and larger than an ordinary morn- ing glory; the leaves are long and narrow, glistening in the sun- light. Certainly the plant would well repay cultivation and seems especially adapted to the open lawn where a single plant when well grown would take the place of a whole bed of flowers. | Alice Laricog on: GEM ARROW POINTS | .(From the Great Divide, March, 1890.) N early everyone is more or less familiar with the common a Fleet arrow and ‘spear heads turned up by the plow or dug from the mounds sat the:ancient “redanen or Saiinianabuaaee of America; but 120 ~ Gem Arrow Points. comparatively few are acquainted with the tiny arrow heads of certain localities of the west. Thousands of farmers’ boys have gathered the flint forms from the soil of the farms over which they roamed, but the little semi-precious stone points are seen in the east only as purchases from some western collector. For delicacy of point and barb, perfection of workmanship and beauty of material, few of the Alints compare favorably with these chalce- dony, agate, jasper and obsidian gems of the west. | Archzeolo- gists well versed in the study of this science profess to tell us the manner in which these stone instruments were made. Of all the weapons made from stone these delicately formed arrows have created in my mind more grave doubts regarding the correctness. . of some of the advanced theories of the great students of Ameri- can archzology than all of the coarser material that has come un- der my observation. I have seen hundreds of Oregon gem arrow points so > delicately constructed that they seemed to preclude the idea that they could have been struck the gentlest blow with any chipping tool of stone, antler, or what not, and have preserved the sharp and slender points and barbs that gave them uniqueness or variety. I am more and more impressed with the thought that the mode of making these small arrow heads is a lost art. None of the oldest Indians of the western coast can give eS, information upon the subject. The most noted localities for these small arrow points are Ore- gon, Washington, New Mexicoand Nevada. A few small points are occasionally found in Arizona, Colorado and Montana. A greater number have been found upon the east bank of the Willa- mette river, Oregon, from one-half mile above to one-half mile below the falls of the same name, upon an area of about five acres—one acre being at the south extreme and the other four acres at the north extreme of this one mile of river bank. From the vast quantity of flakings found upon the former area we are led to the conclusion that the Indians had ‘ancient arrow makers’ stationed there. The favorite dwelling places of the red men were on the rivers near their mouths, or where natural obstructions made good fishing points. It is estimated by an old collector who has personally collected 35,000 of these gem arrow heads and purchased nearly as many more since 1878, that 20,- ooo have been gathered trom the one-acre spot and over 100,000 from the four acres of ground above mentioned. At the latter place is found a stratum of dark soil two and a half feet in thick- ness, composed of charcoal animal bones, fresh water clams, shells, etc. Above the dark stratum is a layer of wash sand two feet thick, indicating one or morehigher floods than we have any rec- ord of. From these facts, and from the fact that there is nothing on the ground to indicate a burial place, I draw the conclusion that a very ancient village of these aborigines existed here and remained a long tims. The tribes living near the locality in Brodieas. . 121 question are said to have been the Molalla, Clackamas and Klam- ath Indians. | | What may seem stranger still, the fine material from which these arrows were made does not exist at or near the site of this. village. Excepting petrified and agatized wood, the stones to make these arrow points were brought a considerable distance, and obsidian is not found nearer than 325 miles distant. Few large points worthy the name of spear are found here. The ma- jority of arrow heads found are of the little, delicate points. The most prolific, successes of the arrow seekers have been in the spring when the freshets have washed the sand loose upon the overflowed banks of the Willamette and upon recedence left in sight many new prizes to gladden the eye of the relic hunter. L. W. Stilwell. BRODIALAAS. (From Garden and Forest, 111, 636.) The range of this genus is almost as wide as that of Calochor- tus. California has most of the species; Oregon, Nevada and Utah have some representatives; northern California is the home of the greater number. A few of the Brodizeas are sometimes found insandy soil. B. terrestris always is, B. ixioides occasion- ally and B. laxa in depauperate specimens. I have also received bulbs of some Brodizas unknown to me from the Sage-brush sand of Nevada and Utah. BB. capitata and Brevortia coccinea luxuriate in the debris of loose rock and mouid on the hill-sides, and the remaining species are natives of clay soils from light to heavy; B. stellaris, B. congesta, B. multiflora in lighter, and B. grandiflora, B. minor, B. laxa, B. ixioides and B. lactea on rich clay or wash soils. B. peduncularis is found in the sand and mould in the beds and along the sides of living streams. All Bro- dizeas are lovers of water, while the last named species grows in situations where water is standing or dropping continually during the winter. The finest growth of B. grandiflora or B. ixioides I have ever seen was where winter streams broke over ledges of large loose rocks. The bulbs were in the rich mould in the inter- stices and catches, and subject to a drip of water until the bloom- ing season, and after that became dry. On the sunny sides of the deep precipitous canons, where the loose soil rock and leaves have slid down to the bottom of the slope, often growing on low underbrush, which its flower-stalks overtop, B. coccinea, the Vege- table Fire Cracker, grows most luxuriantly. In such situations stalks five teet high, and bearing from fifteen to thirty blossoms, are not unusual. _B. capitata delights in similar soil, but in a sunny exposure. Stropholirion californicum, or B. volubilis, a singular species in which the flower-stalks twine around any sup- porting object, delights in a soil like that suited to B. capitata in underbrush. So much for natural conditions. I have perfect success with 122 The Yellow-Haired Porcupine. Brodizas in shallow boxes, the same as described for Calochor- tus. For a covering I use clay and chip soil. With B. grandi- flora, B. capitata, B. coccinea and B. stellaris rich soil scraped from a wood-yard proves excellent covering. With others clay loam, with various mixtures, with chip soil, have been tried, and the bulbs thrive in all of them. In boxes one will hardly use too much water until the blooming season, when moderate moisture only is required, after which the plants should be dried off. They should be planted shallow—four inches is deep enough—and they need abundant sunlight. Here all are perfectly hardy, and I am satisfied that with slight winter protection they will prove so in the Eastern States. Carl Purdy. — THE YELLOW-HAIRED PORCUPINE. A very large and fine specimen of Erethizon epizanthus, one of some eight or ten individuals which have been taken in Lane county, Oregon, during. the past decade, has recently been brought to me for preparation. The animal was covered on the upper parts and sides with a dense growth of short spines, be- coming thinner and merging through thickened spinous hairs to coarse bristles on the sides, and especially on the inferior caudal surface. On the under portions of the limbs, as well as the me- dial portion of the belly and the muzzle there were no spines. Under fur rather soft, dark sooty-brown, almost concealed by the spines and bristles, which latter are in some parts six or even | eight inches long. The bristles in this specimen seem to differ from Brandt's type by being penultimately tipped instead of ex- tremely tipped with greenish yellow, the yellow in this individua being displaced at the tips by the prevailing color of dark brown in nearly all the bristles. The spines are greenish yellow tipped with dark brown. Brandt described the extreme bases of the bristles as yellowish, while in this specimen the yellow extended at least one-fourth the entire length of the spines, or in some of them two inches from the base. This porcupine lives in burrows formed in the ground by itself, is nocturnal in habits, and strctly herbivorous, the teeth being ad- mirably formed for a vegetable diet. Formula of the teeth: in- cisors, =; molars, = 20: They are reputed to be quite destructive in gardens in some places, but are too few in numbers in this region probably to be- - come greatly noted in this particular. The ruthless war waged upon them by man—almost their only foe after reaching maturity —reduces their number every year. Aurelius Todd. Miss Alice Eastwood, of Denver, Colorado, the present. Secre- tary of the Colorado Biological Association, has been extending her acquaintance with flowers by a botanical excursion through southern California. : | CALOCHORTUS—Continuea. 123 _C. LuTEus Doug?, Plant low, with clear lemon yellow flowers. C. macrocarPus Dougl. Stout and tall, the lilac flowers ‘banded with purple. C. NuTTaALtit 7. G& G. Tall, flowers large, of a creamy whiteness, banded with green on the back of the petals. A strong growing plant. | — C. Leicutiinit Hook. A low mountain form of the last. C, PALMERI Watson. Rose purple flowers, with maroon pur- ple spots at base of petals.* c SPLENDENS Dougl. Lustrous rose purple, with ‘often a maroon purp!e spot at base of petal*. Greatly admired. C. vENustus Benth. Regarding this species, considerable ‘confusion exists relative to the nomenclature of the numerous beautiful varieties. The following are the leading varieties known _ in cultivation, the first being considered the type of the species. t—Roseus. Creamy white inside, with rose-colored. blotch at top of petal, a beautiful tinted eye in center, and silky gland at base; rich carmine on back. A perfect gem. ; 2—Citrinus. Citron yellow. 3—Oculatus. White inside, with richly colored eye-like ‘Spots. 4—Purpurascens. Rich purplish lilac, with eye-like spots. C. WeEEpDII Wood. This isone of the finest of the Mariposa ‘Tulips, two or three feet high, producing several large and bril _ liant orange yellow flowers, delicately dotted with brown and covered with silky hairs, Peculiar to Southern California. II.—STAR TULIPS. The Celestial or Star Tulips differ from the Mariposa Tulips | in the slender drooping stems, bearing many bell-shaped or glob- : ular flowers. A single long glossy leaf’ is characteristic of both © sections of the genus. C. asus Dougl. A strong growing baat, with eee shire globular flowers. often an inch in diameter, lined with silky hairs. Very beautiful. : ; C. BentHamit Baker. eting two to six ‘delicate nearly. erect open bells, yellow, lined with silky hairs. S C. FLExuosus Watson. Petals clear lilac. C. yitacinus Kel/. Erect. cup-shaped flowers, light lilac. : C. MAWEANUS Lezchilin, - Delicate Sper miirg white lined with silky blue hairs. 7 Ot C. nitipus.Doug/. A foat high, awhite or purplisy Aowers, ~ C. nupus Watson. Low and often slender, white « or pale lilac, wholly without hairs ~ C. PULCHELLUS Dow, gi ' One of the kaiaicd’ and most hears 4 ful species, resembling albus, ‘but with rich: yellow: flowers. aie C. unirsorus Hi G& A. Latgeé white flowers. were ee California Fruits and Flowers. CALYCANTHUS. C. OCCIDENTALIS H. G A. Bech ees shrub. An erect shrub, ten feet high, dark green foliage ees purplish- red or white flowers. Deciduous. CAMASSIA, The Camass furnished to the Californian aborigine one of his. most valued articles of food, and to the white man it contributes a handsome flower. The Camassias are perfectly hardy in‘ the eastern states. They thrive best in a porous soil. C. Cusick Watson. The flowers of this ‘species, borne in a long raceme, when first expanded are white, changing to pale blue after they have been open a few days. N early a yard high at maturity; bulbs large. ‘Finest of the genus.’ C. ESCULENTA Lindl. The Indian Kamass grows from ten to twenty inches high, has long grass-like leaves, and bears a loose spike of violet- blue flowers, five inches long. The flowers are an inch or more wide, ten to twenty in a spike. and usetul for cut- tine. os CARPENTERIA. C. CALIFORNICA Zorrey.. An ornamental shrub related to. the syringa, with fragrant white flowers. CASTILLEIA. C. arrinis HG A. Painter’s brush: A stout annual one to three feet high, abundant along moist banks.of streams in Southern California, where the yel: owish flowers tipped with red, in a leafy spike, and with bright red floral bracts, renders the plant very striking and conspicuous. C. rotioLosa H. G& A. A perennial, one or two feet high, shrubby at base, clothed with a. matted white wool. The incon=- Spicuous yellowish or red tipped flowers outshone by the brilliant red of the floral bracts. Flourishes on dry hillsides. CEANOTHUS. The Wild Lilacs of the Pacific Coast are in endless variety. They are mostly graceful evergreen shrubs or small trees, bear- ing dense showy racemes of either blue or white flowers. C. nirsutus Wuttall. This is one of the most graceful of our Californian shrubs, with glossy foliage and bearing a profusion of campanula-blue flowers which fade to flax-flower and pearl blue.* C. pivaricatus Nutt. Pale glaucous leaves, and light. blue to white flowers. Very ornamental. C. INTEGERRIMUS 7. G A. Bears large open terminal ra- cemes of white fragrant flowers. C. ORCUTTII Parry. Flowers unknown. Native of the high mountains, of San Diego.county. C. THYRSIFLORUS Esch. Sometimes a small tree, with bright blue flowers. One of the best known in cultivation. California Fruits and Flowers. 125 CEREUS. Cereus includes over 200 species of the most beautiful cacti, the most of them producing an abundance of brilliant colored or exquisitely tinted flowers. Some are delicate trailing plants, others are erect and rigid, in the giant cactus attaining a height of sixty feet. Many of the species are beautiful and curious in themselves, not needing to blossom to repay the attention be- stowed upon them. C. EmMoryi Engelm. The Velvet Cactus isa cylindricai species covered with slender yellow spines, when young so soft and flex- ible as to suggest its popular name. The flowers are greenish yellow, not showy. In the United States only found near San Diego. C. ENGELMANNI Parry. One of the most beautiful of the Cushion Cacti, with long white or rich brown spines, growing in clusters of few to many cylindrical heads a few inches tall, and bearing numerous large and bright magenta colored flowers. The fruit is edible, an inch in diameter, possessing the flavor of the strawberry. C. GIGANTEUS Engelm. ‘The Giant Cactus is the largest species known. Attains toa height of sixty feet, bearing large flowers and edible fruit. CHAENACTIS. C. ARTEMISIAEFOLIA Gray. A viscid-pubescent annual, one to five feet tall, bushy, with white or flesh- colored heads of com- posite flowers, an inch in diameter. C. TENUIFOLIA /Vutfa//7. An erect or decumbent annual, a span toa foot high with composite heads of flowers an inch across, of a lemon yellow approaching orange in the center.* A coarse but rather showy plant, like the preceding, remaining long in flower. | CHAMAECYPARIS. C. LawsoniAna farlat. The Lawson Cypress is one of the most beautiful of the many native trees of the Pacific Coast, and is highly valued for its ornamental qualities. It sometimes at- tain a height of 150 feet. CHILOPSIS. C. SALIGNA Don. The Desert Willow is a gtaceful willow- like shrub, related to the Catalpa, with showy white flowers two inches long, veined with purple. CHLOROGALUM. C. ANGUSTIFOLIUM Kellogg. _Fiowers white with yellowish- green lines. C, PARVIFLORUM Watson, Flowering stems from six inches to six feet tall. Flowers not showy. 126 . California Fruits and Flowers. C. POMERIDIANUM Kunth. The common Soap plant or Amole produces a large, spreading panicle of rather inconspicuous white: purplish-veined flowers from an immense fibrous-coated bulb which is sometimes used as a substitute for soap. : CLARKIA. C. ELEGANS Dougl. ; 7 Pie ihe POO Bes Neth en ae ae 5 nee £1) a nea Fo Bin cy ce. Fs Je li ‘i tet. eee * 7 cata) Phe ah © oe Pere it Fi ae en ge Y i: i j a ; et. 1% nm } Se a ie A tie fia ’ ’ he ee ya Ae g ire ened aoe * 1 2 @ 4 4 . eg t ae 4} hs wy ROSES NaS Rr ent oP At 2 NG mRIG 1) pain LT thd cA An Me 2 ia ie dl JUL 22 1891 The Tuna. 153 THE TUNA. (From the Pacific Rural Press, xli. 189.) Probably no class of plants is more greatly admired or more thor- oughly detested than the Cactaceze—admired for their oddity, for their beauty of form, for their lovely flowers and for their luscious fruit, the cacti are detested to almost an equal extent by the average eattleman or rancher as a useless cumberer of the ground. The flattened oval or elliptical stems of the tuna, abundantly armed with a formidable array of spines, is the type of one of the most familiar forms of cactus, and perhaps better known to English- speaking races as Indian figs or prickly pears. Among the numerous known forms of Opuntia there are several species which are very generally known to the Mexicans by the name of tuna. O.tuna and O. ficus-indica are the two species to which this name is more frequently applied, but the common wild varieties or species of flat-stemmed Opuntias are very generally in- eluded without distinction. These cacti are very widely utilized in Mexico and in portions of the United States along the Mexican border in a countless number of ways. The cattleman, after burning the spines from the tender, succulent joints, will feed them to his stock with profitable results ; or, in a treeless region, he will plant them as hedges around his eorrals or cultivated fields, thus utilizing what in the previous case he destroys—the plant’s natural defense against total extermination. Growing in dry, sandy or rocky soil, they thrive where scarce any other vegetation can exist. Planted around the Californian © Missions in the most fertile spots, they attain a most luxuriant growth. Thus, they are naturally adapted not. only to thrive in sterile districts and to prepare the barren soil for other classes of vegetation, but they are equally at home under the most advanced stages of cultivation. The Cactacez are without exception, I believe, indigenous to the American continent and the adjacent islands, but the tunas in numerous varieties have become extensively naturalized and are also cultivated with considerable profit in the south of Europe. In Sicily, Opuntia vulgaris is said to thrive in volcanic districts, which would otherwise be barren of vegetation. The Mexican names nopal and tuna refer to the same species of plants, but nopal refers to the leaf-like stem, while tuna refers to the fruit. From being used to indicate a part only of the plant they have come to be generally applied to the whole. The tunas, naturalized around the Missions of Southern Califor- nia, were brought from Mexico by the Spanish padres, who trained them into hedges around the Mission gardens and buildings. They grow from ten to fifteen feet high, producing an abundance of large well-flavored, edible fruit. 154 The Tuna. P. W. Reasoner, in the American Garden (xi. 532), in writing of ‘native Florida cactuses,’ gives the following interesting account of the occurrence of two species of tunas in that State: ‘Next, and of more importance, is Opuntia tuna. This famous. species, so well known as a hedge plant in Mexico and the West Indies, abounds on every high, sandy beach from Tampa bay around Miami, and, perhaps, still farther north on the east coast. It quite often grows in impenetrable masses, four or five feet high, and is. characterized by large oval joints, six or eight inches long. It is. covered with two sets of spines, some small and chaff-like, but whose close acquaintancé is not to be courted, and others an incu or more long, as sharp and strong as needles, and quite as formidable as any cactus we have seen. The yellow flowers almost invariably have a. rosy tinge, and the plant is beautiful, both when in bloom and when covered with the large, rich, purple berries or prickly pears. ‘Besides its use in tropical America as a hedge plant, it is used as. one of the principal cochineal plants. It is quite hardy and will stand several degrees of frost unharmed. The fruits, covered with occasional tufts of small chaff-like prickles, are two or three inches. long, somewhat pear-shaped and pumpkin-colored. They are pro- duced in the greatest profusion. We know of an array of glasses of marmalade, and jars of the richest wine-colored sweet-pickles, made from the fruit, and as tempting as an epicure could wish. ‘Equally famous is O. ficus-indica, the ‘Indian fig’ cactus. This. species has escaped from cultivation and has become naturalized in a few places in south Florida, especially on Key West. It, also, is. very hardy, and would doubtless prove so in north Florida. It is a most striking and picturesque plant, attaining, in a few years from the cutting, a height of ten or twelve feet, with immense flat joints a foot or even fourteen inches in length. The scale-like spines often drop off and leave the surface perfectly smooth, so it is not very prickly nor difficult to handle. Thefruits*are larger than those of Opuntia tuna, and are yellow in color. The pulp is sweet and has very few seeds. It is very much liked by most people who are familiar with it, and we have seen those who preferred it to such popular and delicious fruits as the orange and banana The fruits are known as ‘Indian figs’ in the West Indies, and stray specimens occasionally find their way into the New York market from some West Indian vessel.’ In Garden and Forest 1 have called attention in a note to the possibility that the manufacture of syrup from the fruit of the opuntia may at no far distant day become an important industry in Southern California. The juice of the fruit which these plants pro- duce in great abundance, may be extracted in a cider press like the juice from apples, and boiled down to a fruity syrup indistinguisha- ble in flavor from that manufactured from the watermelon. Excel- lent vinegar or wine may also be made from the juice. Three 156 The Tuna. varieties or more are found naturalized around the California Missions, called the tuna, tuna colorado (red tuna), tuna manse (tame tuna) respectively by the inhabitants of Mexico. They are extensively cultivated in Mexico for their fruits, and a great variety of forms occur in that, their native country. Dr. Edward Palmer, a noted botanical explorer, has contributed an interesting article on opuntia fruit as an article of food to the West American Scientist (VI 67), which has been widely quoted and is reprinted in the annual report of the California State Board of Horticulture for 1890, page 133, and elsewhere. In the same report is given a plate illustrating the fruit of the tuna colorado and the tuna manse, and also of the wild tuna (opuntia engelmanni). See engravings used herewith. Gerald Hastings (American Garden XI, 475) says: ‘Several species of opuntia, particularly O. tuna, yield the red, green or yellow fruits known as prickly pears. These are sweet and juicy and extensively used as dessert by the Mexicans and inhabitants of Southern Europe. Their juice is used as a water-color at Naples, and for coloring confectionery in the West Indies. OPUNTIA FICUS INDICA—Haworth. ‘During the eighteenth century Mr. Philip Miller, of Chelsea Gardens, England, brought several cacti into notice, at least eight being credited to him and described in his Gardeners’ Dictionary in addition to those already known. Martyn’s edition of Miller’s Gar- deners’ Dictionary enumerates among others, Cactus ficus indica and C. tuna. Not having access to the above works, I am unable to learn with any degree of certainty as to the characteristics of the types of these species. Apparently the most reliable description accessible to me is in Forster’s ‘Cacteen,’ of which the following is a free translation: ‘Native of South America, cultivated south of the Rio Grande under the name Nopal eastillano; naturalized in Italy and Sicily; tall, broad-spreading plant, with a cylindrical, woody, thick stem when old (up to 45 cm. long and 30 cm. broad in size), green, thick (214 em.), thinner on the edge, elliptical, with small reddish leaves; areolee regularly distributed, sunken, thornless or rarely covered with a few single, small, bristly, white spines. Flowers large, brim- stone yellow. Fruit very large and edible. Grown in large quanti- ties in Sicily for its delicious fruit. Four varieties, with yellowish, blood-red, whitish and seedless fruit respectively, the two latter considered the best.’ The tuna colorado naturalized at the old Mission of San Diego, which I take to be a type of O. ficus indica, produces a rather insipid fruit, not very sweet, mealy, closely resembling in taste and flavor a frozen apple. The color is a crimson lake inside and out, the epider- — mis slightly dulled by a glaucous blush. - Seeds numerous, over 200, easily separated from the pulp. The fruit is ovate, 3’¢ inches long, The Tuna. 157 2's inches in diameter, smooth, with over sixty areole of fine spines distributed over its surface, a fourth bordering the deep-brownish umbilicus which is an inch across. Spines usually few, short and weak; whitish, often entirely absent. OPUNTIA TUNA—Linn. ‘A native of Mexico and Columbia. Tall, broad-spreading plant, large, rather long (10 to 20 cm.) ovate or elliptical stems. the edges eurving, with pointed green leaves seven mm.long. Covered with bunches of spines growing close together at base of stems, and wider apart at top, like gray felt in color, the upper spines brownish- yellow, underneath four to six stiff, bodkin-like, light yellow spines of unequal length (9 to 21 em.) ~- Petals the shape of rose leaves, mucronate; stamens yellow; stigma five-lobed; green.’— Forster’s Cacteen. The tuna which I take to be this species bears a very juicy, sweet, delicious fruit, yellowish-green when mature, nearly three inches long and two inches in diameter, with fewer seeds (about 150). The greenish-white, firm pulp is very cool and refreshing, from which the seeds do not readily separate as in the tuna colorado. The slightly glaucous enidermis of the fruit is similarly armed with an equal number of areole of fine, short spines, very disagreeable, but easily disposed of by an expert—though dangerous to a novice if he should stand to windward while brushing them off the fruit, when they are liable to blow into the eyes with disastrous results. The average Mexican or Indian learns to handle these fruits with utter indifference to the spines. The spines are abundant and rather formidable in appearance on this beautiful plant, but are really one of the most useful charac- teristics of the plant, making it very useful for hedges and fences, OPUNTIA TUNA MANSE. The color of the fruit of this tuna outside is of a deep orchra- ceous-buff, slightly glaucous, irregularly mottled and blotched with crimson, giving it a bloodshot appearance; inside the outer coating is of the same coloring, but the pulp inclosing the seeds is of a light greenish-yellow. This is the most abundant of the three forms of tunas natural- ized at the San Diego Mission, and like the others is credited with a Mexican nativity. The fruit is nearly globose, with a yellowish umbilicus, pitted in the center, an inch in diameter and smaller proportionally than in tuna or tuna colorado. Seeds more numerous (about 250). Areolee and spines on fruit and stems differ but slightly if any from O. tuna, from which the plants may not be readily dis- tinguished except when in fruit. C. R. Orcutt. 158 A Visit to Lake Maquata. A VISIT TO LAKH MAQUATA. It was in August, 1884, that I first learned of the existence of Lake Maquata. Leaving the forest of the pifone pine (Pinus Pan- yana), on the table lands of northern Lower California, behind us, my father and I had descended the abrupt eastern slope of the mountains, into the great Cantilles canon, among thousands of lovely Blue palms and stately Washington palms that line the bottom of this famous cafion, which justly rivals the Yosemite in the beauty and grandeur of its scenery. ' Near the mouth of the canon, our Indian guide, Captain Jose, told us of the big lake beyond us where thousands of large fish might be had for the catching. He described the fish as fully two feet in length, and very good eating, but told us in Spanish it was a ‘long ways ’—I think he said five leagues. Wecould not prevail upon this unusually intelligent Indian to accompany us to the shores of the lake, and rather reluctantly we retraced our steps from the land of the palms to the region of the pines. It was in July, 1884, that the Colorado river floods inundated extensive portions of the New river district, and other sections of the great Colorado basin, or desert, as itis commonly called. Where the Colorado river mingles its water with the Gulf of California are many millions of acres of fertile, alluvial lands but slightly raised above sea level. With a high tide in the Gulf the Colorado river back-waters, and in seasons of unusual summer floods overflows its banks near its mouth for many miles. New river thus had its origin, the overflow forming a channel for itself from the banks of the Colo- rado, in a northerly direction, to the lowest portion of the great depressed basin, which at Salton, on the Southern Pacific railway, is two hundred and fifty feet below the level of the sea. Laguna Maquata isa smaller depressed basin, within the area of territory known as the Colorado desert, its northern end lying perhaps ten miles south of the United States boundary, in the Mexi- can territory of Lower or Baja California, between the Peninsula and Cocopah ranges of mountains. Its surface is doubtless below sea level, but the sediment deposited by the muddy waters of the Colorado has created a permanent barrier between it and the Gulf of California, whose waters in the pliocene age unquestionably rolled over the whole region for fully two hundred miles north of its present shores. In January and February, 1890, in explorations on horseback on the Colorado desert, I came several times into full view of a portion of Laguna Maquata, which on maps of Baja California is usually designated as muy salada—very salt. At that time it was entirely dry, at least as far as my members of the party I was with could observe in closer inspection which they gave it. Probably in no place does the lake exceed a few—say five—miles in width, but in length, this then dry lagoon apparently extended to the southward for A Visit to Lake Maquata. 159 sixty or seventy miles, along the western base of the Cocopah moun- tains—a low range of barren hills of forbidding aspect. Along the shores of the dry lake were found numerous remains of the unfor- tunate fish, the former denizens of the defunct lagoon. All the skeletons observed were of the mullet (Mugil Mexicanus), and of these the coyote, or desert wolf, had left but the barest evidence. Millions of fresh water snails and clam shells were strewn over the bed or along the former shores of the lake, sufficient evidence that it had once been filled with fresh water. During the summer of 1890, apparently reliable reports reached me to the effect that the Colorado river had again overflowed its bank, inundating anew the New river country as in former years, and filling to the brim the Laguna Maquata with water teem- ing with fish—like unto the season of 1884. The barren, but natur- ally fertile, desert plains had been transformed—so ran the reports— into a jungle of tropical luxuriance, a Paradise for man or beast. The mesquite trees were loaded with their crisp bean pods, the grass was growing as high as a horse’s back, and all the sloughs and lagoons were full of water and delicious fish. With the coming of cool autumn weather, early in October, I again entered the confines of the Colorado desert with a suitable outfit and an efficient companion. En route from San Diego we had received slightly conflicting reports from parties who claimed to have recently crossed the plains of the desert from Yuma, Arizona. Several white men affirmed that there was an abundance of fresh water both in the lagoons of New river and in Maquata lake. One aged Mexican, whose acquaintance I had previously made, kindly advised me to depend on the large cafions in the Peninsula range of mountains for my water—not on lake Maquata. I learned that a friend of mine, with nearly twenty years’ experience in the region, came near perishing from not finding water at Las Posas de los In- dios—Indian wells, while others reported an abundance of water in the adjacent lagoons. The water at Coyote wells, however, was universally condemned as unfit for man or beast, from being so strongly impregnated with the deadly alkali. Reaching the ruins of the old Rock house, on the Summit sta- tion on the old Ft. Yuma and San Diego stage line, we filled our cans with the pure water from the mountain springs—a solitary spring in the solid granite, really about half way between the desert plains and the summit of the first barren mountain ridge. The ‘nine miles’ from here to Coyote wells, through a deep, rocky cafion and over a sandy plain, proves to be fifteen long and weary ones. At Coyote wells the dark-colored, repulsive pool of water wouldzhave been a delight to the thrifty New England housewife, since, with it, she could easily dispense with her ash barrel and lye! Twojsmall mes- quite trees alone mark the vicinity of Coyote wells, the old adobe stage station being completely razed to the ground, and the alkali 160 A Visit to Lake Maquata. plains are otherwise almost destitute of vegetation. A little patch -- of salt grass (Distichlis maritima) grew in the vicinity of one of the mesquie trees, and here my former acquaintance with the region stood me in good stead, for I knew that comparatively good water could be obtained in this vicinity. Cleaning out a small hole near the tree, by the moonlight (we had reached the place just at dusk), I had the pleasure the following morning of finding a limited supply of water, sufficient for our needs. It was very suspiciously sweet at first (alkali water is sweet to the taste) and we had to use it sparingly, but after a while it became sufficiently pure for us to drink with impunity, after we had dipped it'dry a dozen times or more. The first night our horses were without hay, and had only a feed of grain. Of necessity we hitched them to one of the mesquites, and by morning we found they had gnawed off all the bark on the trunk of the tree that they could conveniently reach, and eaten the: twigs and leaves that were in reach also. The day after our arrival we traveled to the southward over the de-ert for two or three miles. ° and cut a supply of hay with our p.cas! The only true grass in this arid region of agricultural value is a very rigid species, that grows. in scattering clumps, one to three or four feet high, and generally called gietta (Hilaria rigida). This grass is very nutritious, rich in. the starch elements, and very brittle. It is not specially attractive at first to horses or cattle, but they soon learn to eat it with avidity,,. and a single cluster is often sufficient for an animal fora night. A stout grubbing hoe is the best implement for the haymaker when harvesting gietta, but a pick is almost equally useful, or in the absence of either it can ys easily broken off with the fopeehat the foot aed to be well protected by a heavy boot in the latter case! Leaving Coyote wells early the following morning, after we had completed our haying, we travelled to the southward over a but little: travelled natural road, sandy and gravelly or stony in places, toward Signal mountain—the northern end of the Cocopah range. We came in sight of the Maquata basin early in the afternoon, the lake being some thirty miles from Coyote wells, and became con-- vineced that reports of water in the lake were true, a long and nar- row strip of water being plainly visible along the western base of the Cocopah range and glistening in the sunlight. Evidently only a ortion of the lake bed, however, was thus covered with water, but as. we approached the shores of ae lake our anticipations rose higher and higher. As we approached the shores of the lagoon we traversed broad sandy arroyos in which numerous ironwood trees (Olneya Tesota): were growing. Nearer the lake were a few shrubby clusters of mes- quite, but only occasionally was a bean pod visible. Arrow weed (Pluchea Corealis) and mock willow, and a few other plants usually considered good indications of fresh water, were soon observed.. These plants grew in considerable luxuriance, and fresh water may A Visit to Lake Maquata. 161 almost invariably be obtained by sinking wells in their vicinity at less than twenty feet depth. Leaving the belt of mock willows we drove into the hard sun- baked bed of Laguna Maquata proper and struck out straight for the nearest visible water. A mile was traveled in silence, yet another mile, and still a third, and then the truth burst upon us. We were following the deceitful wiles of the ever alluring, ever delusive mirage! We were still, apparently, as far from the edge of the water, which at first appeared scarce half a mile distant, as when we started, and when we stopped our team in disgust, the beautiful phenomenon revealed itself to us fully. 7 Gradually, like a bank of fog, it receded to the southward, and rose above the surrounding banks of thelake. Fantastically shaped rocks seemed to rise up in the background, and a vision of a city in the desert mighi well have been imagined. Many a time before had I seen this interesting phenomenon and equally as inviting, myth- ical lakes of water, but never before had I been so thoroughly deceived and misled. Well might a lonely wanderer on the sands of the desert, half crazed by the heat and thirst, be enticed on to his death by such a deception, though in rational moments one acquainted with death by the region would not be thus cruelly defrauded. The surface of the lake bottom was bare of vegetation, but strewn with fragments of fish bones and fresh water snail shells in countless millions. Now and then a coyote could be seen leisurely trotting along on his way home from dining out, or perhaps; in search of his supper—or both. Driving to the westward toward the Peninsula range, we soon left the bed of the lake behind us, and entered a series of sand dunes like those on our ocean beaches, that seemed to border the western shores of the lake far to the southward. Among these sand hills absolutely no vegetation was observed, but now and then fragments of salt water clams or snail shells were found, particularly of the genera venus and cerithidea—probably the last organic vestiges of the former dominion of the sea over this region. Beyond these sand dunes we reached a mesa-like formation, resembling the famous citrus lands of Southern California. Here on a little rise or prom- inence, near a patch of luxurious gietta grass we decided to camp for the night, and leaving my companion to prepare our evening meal, I started to search for water in the cafion a few miles distant. It was a little after three in the afternoon when I left the wagon ‘on my self-imposed quest. If water was not found I knew that in the morning we should have to retrace our steps to Coyote wells, as our water supply would by that time be exhausted. As we left the bed of the lake we had seen what appeared like water in the same direction as at first observed, but after our experience with the mirage we were naturally skeptical. Near the summit of the Penin- sula range, in one of the long canons on its abrupt eastern slope, we 162 A Visit to Lake Maquata. had also observed what was unquestionably pure running water, but it was too far away to be practically available for our needs, except in dire necessity. | Taking my bearings in relation to the more ania landmarks afforded by the mountains surrounding the vast amphitheatre in which we were encamped, I started in a direct line for a huge finger rock that rose perhaps a thousand feet above the plains, near the mouth of one of the great canons that rise in the pine country on the top of the Peninsula range. In light walking trim, with only a small canteen partially filled with water, and my light pick, which answered well for a cane, it took me to nearly seven o’clock before I had reached the foot of the mountain range. After traversing the plains for two or three miles I had struck the fresh trail of five or- six deer, which greatly encouraged me as they were travelling in the same direction as I had planned to follow, and were evidently going to water. I consequently followed this trail as long as daylight lasted, but lost it before the stars came out distinctly. About this time, when daylight vanished, I realized the fact that I had not dined. During the whole day I had felt not the slightest inclination to drink, but having left water behind me I felt an insuf- ferable thirst, as if I could have easily emptied a gallon canteen. But a little water remained in my canteen and this I decided to hus- band in case I should be unable to return to the wagon in the dark before morning. Fortunately, however, I just then run against a tall cactus belonging to the genus Echinocatus, and by the aid of my pick I cut a generous slice out of its top, and removing the spines and skin I found a refreshing repast at my hand. The crisp, fleshy pulp of this cactus will quickly allay thirst and is an important arti- cle of food with the Indians. The Mexicans make a preserve of it similar to the citron of commerce. It is juicy and tender, and the first taste was as grateful to me as an apple would have been, and, after satisfying myself, I put a chunk in my pocket for future use if desired. Thinking that I must be near to water, I ventured on “g the star- light (the moon I knew would not rise before morning), but after stumbling over huge bolwders and crossing a ravine where I had to descend a nearly perpendicular bank, twelve or fifteen feet in hight, I decided that it was unwise to continue my exploration for water. Following down one of the sandy arroyos till I came to the open. plain, I took my bearings the best I could from the stars—the mountains, which I had at first depended upon as landmarks, hav- ing disappeared or become unrecognizable in the dark, and was soon making a bee line for camp. Ounce I stumbled against a dead cactus which had been waaeitnd down from some of the cafions I had left behind, and from the per- sistence of the spines, which quickly developed an attachment for my leg, I was made rather painfully aware that it belonged to the A Visit to Lake Maquata. 163 genus Opuntia—which I always detested. Fortunately the open plains of the desert which I had traversed were nearly destitute of eactus growth or this experience might have been repeated oftener than agreeable. Once a diminutive fox crossed my path, and fol- lowed me for a ways a few steps behind me, but no other sign of animal life was encouutered. About eleven o’clock I caught sight of the light of a lantern on my wagon, nearly a mile away, and directly in line with the star which I had been using as a guide for several hours past, and I soon joined my companion and we had turned in together for the night— or for what remained of it. After sunset my friend and I had both observed that there really was water in the lake, as the phenomena of mirage are visible only by sunlight. I had, however, previously decided that the mirage had doubly fooled us, and had led us away from the genuine water. Early the following morning, therefore, we again faced the water, and in an hour had approached as near the edge of the lagoon as the muddy margin along the water would permit with a team. Approaching nearer on foot I finally reached the water, which at the outer edge was scarce a quarter of an inch deep. Digging a hole in the mud and allowing the water to accumulate I was able to dip up a little in my hands and to taste. One taste was enough. The Mexican maps were correct—it was muy salada, in fact, as salt as ordinary brine is usually made, rendered much salter by evaporation than the water of the ocean. On the further bank of the lagoon, which was probably consider- ably deeper than the shore I visited, there was a flock of birds resem- bling sea gulls, but at the distance of perhaps half a mile or a mile (so deceitful are the distances) I could not positively identify them. We spread not our net for the wary fish in this dead sea of the new world, we fired not a shot, we cast not a line, but silently and quickly we turned our faces in the direction of the north star, and made the best time practicable back to Coyote wells. Brilliantly shone the sun above our heads and sent the thermometer in the bottom of our grub box above 100° F. Old Boreas, as if to celebrate our return, gathered from far and near, and concentrating his forces around Coyote wells succeeded well in diverting our minds from the igno- minious end of our fishing (or rather, botanical) excursion to the land of Laguna Maquata. My companion could not light his fire, and we went supperless to bed—he could not even light his pipe, and conso- lation there was none. The next morning, after a day of fasting in the wilderness in good earnest, we enjoyed a hearty breakfast and set our faces into the west where lies San Diego. That night we camped at Dos Cabesas springs, which proved to be the manufacturing and distributing cen- tre of winds and cyclones for the Pacific coast. Solid ie Lr \A rsh écold Watch a Nad ENE ye ny iy j So say Leading Physicians and Worth BLOOLO’. nest ess ReJwatch in the worid. Terfect timekeeper. Warranted heavy. \SOLID GOLD hunting cases. ja Both ladies' and gent’s sizvs, @ # with works and cases of 7 foequal value ONE PERSONin A#eeach locality can secure one P free, together with our large Vand valuable lineof Mousehold ARR ess Sidra dees These Pate ae sepie i ; i . F s the watch, are free. the work you “Ayer’s Sarsaparilla has Ye its reputation need do is to show whit we send you to those who call—your by years of valuable service to the com- | - friends and neighbors and those about you—that always results munity. Jt is the best.,—R.S. Lang, Druggist, | in valuable trade for uss wiueh rede ASS hiebiy reiehticle, Atlee 212 -imack s Te SS r and thus we are repaid. We pay all express, freight, etc. ee ee oly aS you know all, if von would like to go to work for us. you can Dr. W. P. Wright, Paw Paw Ford, Tenn.,| earn from %20 to $60 per week and upwards. Address, says: “In my practice, I invariably prescribe | Stinson & Co., Box 812, Portland, Maine. Ayer’s Sarsaparilla for chronic diseases of E the blood.” Dr. R. R. Boyle, Third and Oxford streets, Philadelphia, Pa., writes: “For two years I AN ORMAN iI D have prescribed Ayer’s Sarsaparilla in num- : - j - : erous instances, and I find it highly effica- i eious in the treatment of all disorders of the blood.” PHYSICIAN - - + L. M. Robinson, Pharmacist, Sabina, O., eertifies: “Ayer’s Sarsaparilla has always been a great seller. My customers think there is no blood-purifier equal to it.” “For many years I was afflicted with scrof- j . f S U R G E O N ulous running sores, which, at last became so < bad the doctors advised amputating one of, my legs, to save! my life. I began taking OFFICE, 927 SIXTH STREET. Ayer’s Sarsaparilla and soon saw an im- : i provement. Wee using about two dozen Office Hours—10 to 12 a. m., 1 to 3 p. m., and bottles the sores were healed. I continue to| Evenings. Residence, Corner 5th and Maple take a few bottles of this medicine cach year, | streets for my hlood, and am no longer troubled with ; Telephone 174 sores. I have tried other reputed blood-puri- ; fiers, but none does so much good as Ayer’s SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA. Sarsaparilla.”—D. A. Robinson, Neal, Kansas. Don’t fail to get WHATIS GOING ON gay SC QOne of the FE KA BEST Tel- P fF | S—\== escopes im AY? Es Ayer’s Sarsaparilla| Bender cat PREPARED BY | | DR. J. C. AYER & CO., Lowell, Mass. shows the small end of the tele- scope. The following cut gives the appearance of it reduced to _ superior goods we will sendrrek ‘Sold by Druggists $l,six$5. Worth $5a bottle | 7° ga creer . Drueaists, and their opinion is in- dorsed by thousands cured by it or Scroftula, Eezema, Erysipelas, and other diseases of the blood. ca == I) iit to ONE PERSON in each locality, =- asabove. Only those who write v= to us at oncecan make sure of = the chance. All you have to doin return is to show our goods to those who-call—your neighbors == and those around you. The be- “ginning of this advertisement about the fiftieth part of its bulk. It is a grand, double size tele- scope, as large as is easy to carry. We willalso show you how you can make from #®3 to $2 @ a day at least, from the start,with- out experience. Better write at once. We pay all express charges. Address, H. HALLETT & CO.. Box 880, PORTLAND, MAINE. The West American Scientist. Inerease the beauty and convenience of Your GOLLECTION by using NHAT LABETS, Supplied by the OBSERVER, Portland, Ct. Perfect in quality, and acknowledged the standard in size and style. Send for Price List and Samples. Have you seen THE OBSER Ve A medium of interchange of observations for all Students and Lovers of Nature, de- voted to all departments of Nature Studies. Send for sample copy. Address EDWARD F. BIGELOW, Publisher and Printer, No. 5 Waverly Avenue, Portland, Conn. ECE eA Gitok diaw THE MANUFACTURES AND PRODUCTS OF THE UNITED STATES.. comprises Every Article made in this Country -Indexed and Classified —and — under each article the names and addresses of” THE BEST MANUFACTURERS. e (plete in One Royal OctavoVol.of over 300pp @ Price in (loth *6-Inz Morocco*8-In Flexible Leather*10, @ INDISPENSABLE to Buyers of Articles inall lines and Invaluable as a Statistical work. Orders received at office of this Paper - @@eeeseoddesdesedoe od @ Look! See! Buy! these Packets! S66e@eeGee€ceeseqoua Sees eeeseseeece ‘“*A” 950 varieties of stamps for 5c. “B” 25 varieties better for 10c. “CO” 10 varieties unused Kuropean, 1dc. “DPD” 10 varieties u used, FINE, 25c. _. “HY? 20 var. unused and an Asiatic coin, 50c. “S$” 50 varieties India, Ceylon, old U. &., etce., some new, 20c. “WW” 10 unused lic. MF Gumimed Hinges FREE. California Stamp Co., Santa Ana, Cal. Box 226 AGENTS WANTED! To sell our “UNITED STATES SECRET SERVICE” during the War, by Gen. L. C. Baker, its organizer and chief; and “HARD- TACK AND COFFEE,’ a story of the inner life of the Army. AJIso our indestructible. interchangeable ‘METAL BACK ALBUM.” Apply to The J. Dewing Company, 813 Market Street, San Francisco. Mention this paper. BOTANISTS. YE. desire afew more reliable collectors of — native West Amrican tree ani flower seeds, bulbs, ferns, cacti and other plants. Please write us what you can collect, season | of supply, prices, and descriptions of those most desirable for cultivation. THE ORCUTT SEED & PLANT CO., San Diego, California. HENRY C. LANGREHR, COUNTY SURVEYOR, Homestead, Timber Culture, and Entries and Filings Made’ Railroad, Water Supply and Irrigation Location and Construction, etc., Maps, Plans and Estimates Furnished. 1313 D STREET, SAN DIEGO, CAL. P. 0. Box 844. COWAN_ BROS., PINE WATCHMAKERS MAIN STREET, RIVERSIDE, CAL. PEOPLE'S ONE PRICE STORE Boyd Block, Main St., between 7th and 8th, RIVERSIDE, CAL. CLOTHIN Gents,’ Ladies’ and Children’s Shoes,Gents’ Furnishings, Hats, Boots, ‘trunks, Valtises, Blankets ete. Motto: Quick Sales and Small Profits. My JULIUS BERNSTEIN. F. P. BRUNER, NOTARY PUBLIC — Conveyancer of Deeds, Ete. With Wells, Fargo & Co. Sixth and F Sts., San Diego, Cal. “ait in G .namental and Farm Fences, Iron Posts,Tree Guards, Barbe , plain Wire, Nettings, Wire-work, &c #% = Hulbert Field J.oom for both Picket > and Netting Fences only $ 5. ; Galvanized Steel fence lasts foreve Donations for churches and ceme-§ TIS ge Sane SO SS YS DUR? EP Salk Se aS REL ED PO eS ES WERIMOS 7? Se SANS SF OE 01 7 MINERALS. F. CARR, 126 STATE ST., MADISON, Ne Wisconsin. 7 HE WORLD'S FAIR COLLECTION OF ala Minerals and Curiosities mailed by us is iv highly spoken of. New California Bulletin and lists, with box of curios, only ten cents. Naturalists’ supplies. U. L. Hertz & Co., ape City, Cal. a i’ NATURAL HISTORY. " 7 y . wa; in EYLON, JAVA, BORNEO AND NEW ‘Guinea’ insects, especially lepidoptera and 4 ree pee or in lots. Also orthoptera es,and land and fresh water shells. rices low. . Frubstorfer, care of German consulate, Soerabaia, Java. — in DE EDWARD GRAY, BENICIA, CAL, sole Pacific Coast agent of Gundlach O p- tical Co. Microscopic objectives of this com- P pany on hand and to order. Send for price Gundlach photograph lenses to order. ge The West American Scientist. SEEDS, WELVE VARIETIES OF CALIFOR- nia Wild Flower seeds, 50 cents. Orcutt ‘Seed and Plant Co., San Diego, Cal. SHELLS. 1%, Geprele IDA M. SHEPARD, LONG BEACH ngeles County, California, makes a Tapecialty of West American Mollusca. California Flowers. Many varieties mentioned in our deserip- tive list of “California Trees and Flowers,” we are at times unable to supply, but on the other hand, we are continually introducing Agent of Queen & Co’s Acme microscopes. | 2¢W and desirable trees and flowers to our 3 i novelty-loving friends. Descriptions of these, my URELIUS TODD, TAXIDERMIST, EU- / 224 supplementary notes on “California Trees a / gene, Oregon, offers the following shells | and Flowers” may be found in this journal. , and curios: Fy oo ‘ap ae Sie per os Et Gy hee Fh $0 o Penasapeta ee) 2. jo)... owe ately ' & ' Acmma oe eng SO uf cca 03 ANNUALS. “« spectrum Nutt........ per 100 $ ". ‘ sa : pela sch ea 18ers ye a es ch ABRONIA any species ................. ve mo “ Da meget. ties “ « 900 03| ACTINOLEPIS coronaria Sesbe Moses ek 10 a Nacella Tnstabilis SS RRS DE ay Pe eee AL PGA RELA. ai Wee's cosy) oh Sea eed ee ve 05 iF Mytilus Californica Conr.. Oto 20! ANTIRRHINUM Orcuttianum 10 Cardium corbis Mart ................. Cie > geet gegpetannae i ates ret of shte sia ae eae a ey sat, Saxidomus nuttallit ci eee ae $ 2 ARGEMONE any variety............... 10 squalidus Desh.. .... bt elon . Ny APIS UIE SER sake Zone ut dee 15 s ‘Tapes stamines alee PRENP De hashes ears CALANDRINIA any variety........... 10 a -Machaera Cate Dixon 2d class, Bie Bias ? 940] CASTILLEYTA affinis ...... 0... 0.02.6. .6 25 a net ¢ capt nuttallii Conr.....+.... 2to 40) CHASNACTIS any species .............. 10 ah fien'e SA eg Raa eh St a 2 CLARKTA any variety: .....00 sik, 05 S Ben asters or sand dolinrs:.........1....4 10|CUAYTONIA perfolinta............1... 10 a - In addition to the above, we have about Atty COLLINSIA any variety... ............ 05 Jia td os A anda ak one of the phe -|COLLOMIA grandiflora ................. 05 ch we offer a e remarka ow | “4 Prive of 73. cents eaeh for the former But $100 DATURA meteloides....)-...20.02...... 05 for the latter (postage extra.) EYRTHREA venusta........... Seats 25 i aae awe lot of eggs we will sell at a spe- | ESCHSCHOLTZIA any variety........ 06 Ten eB cent. discount on orders of $5. 00; GILIA any variety. nee eee anne en lee j 10 * and twenty per cent. on orders of $10.00. or, LASTHENIA glabrata .........6.6...6.. 10 more. — i Galen oirce tcs |. kup deo eae 15 Postage on shells will not be Be fee unless E Douglasii.......... Tee 20 a aie emount to $5.00 or over. LUPINUR an variety.. oi eae eae a i any variety.............. . os eu: Nes etre cs PSU URL. agen shtipeg ck oo oe 105 | ORTHOCARPUS purpurascens .......- 25 ne ;| PAPAVER WO AMON TOR 6 ae ais ty) AS es 18 BS i Ey 1 aren eee te 10 i, ne x a ee ke ranesertalia'S wipe tee 05 \ tenes ' ya ee Ra a Bist stuffed spec Bhs Oe inci ek cio Ree oe) $A Pt Pyare Californicus ... Mea ea (4) | SALVIA carduacea .....-.... SHYT be Ree: 20 ee fae Xy aang RoW Ne aM nee ere et x4 At ‘8 Gthend ° Sieken ‘4 Bt tf SAN DIEGO, ‘CALIFORNIA, ay CaN a , ne 7 oar s { The West American Scientist. When Brown-Sequard was in America the Vitalized Phosphites was presented to him. His remarks were much to the effect that the giving of the active principle of the brain of animals to man should be conclusive of the most happy results and he had no doubt would largely improve brain and nerve power. He then made the observa- tion, “I do not think the principle need end here.” There has been much jeering at the results which Brown-Sequard’s discovery produced, but those who have studied the matter (our echem- ist amongst others), say that there are wonderful results yet unwritten about. It is nearly thirty years since the Vitalized Phosphites were first used and physicians accept the fact that this brain material is the most perfect rejuvenator of the tired human brain. While the “Elixir” from the glands of animals was expected only to increase Virility, the Vitalized Phosphites, the special food from the brain of the ox, restores brain power and vitality as well as virility. It rejuvenates all weakened bodily and mental functions, and by its regenerative power to the blood prevents nervous affections. When the brain of an active man is tired it is a common observa- tion, ‘Do nothing for a while and rest.” In most instances this is an impossibility and nothing but leaving home and all its duties will be of any avail. But when the brain is using a large amount of Vital Phosphites and the food does not, nay cannot, supply all that is needed, then, if recourse is had to GHUSBY ) VITALICED PHOSPHITE the brain and nervous system will be fed and brain work can easily be continued. Brain Fatigue, Nervous Exhaustion is nothing but Brain Hunger, often it is Brain Starvation and Vitalized Phosphites will always relieve it. It cured and is highly recommended by Bishops Peters, Stevens and Robertson, Presidents Mark Hopkins, Willard Parker Dudley, Orton, Drapers’ Beard and thousands of the world’s best brain workers. All Phosphates are inert, this is a vital nutrient Phosphite from the brain of the ox, and the embryo of wheat. LEM Cl ECDs Es Ce 56 W. 25th Street, New York. For Sale By Druggists, or sent by Mail, $1.00. [a 7 Ss ay Ale xandepr Agassiz x . Waseiind of ( ompar Zooloor we, PORE Nie 8 Newer’ . Votume VII. MAY, 1891. WHOLE No. 60. YF Migigl =- i = West American Scientist. A popular monthly review and record for the Pacific Coast. CONTENTS: FACE Epiphyllum......... Lisi AEA REM e's Us Sle ic C. Rk Orcutt. 169 Acorns in Trees ...... Do NS he nee eae OR ee clere Tee 173 FIVER UTE SOFA cna en Li .. F. W. Goding. 174 Through Sau Gorgonio Pass... 0.0.22 oC. Ry Oreutt. 174 ERE POU SIA POTE. os, soc on ee nts From Garden and Forest. 177 FUIMM Wet OUOIG..) 3. ay aie te: Bg NY Be By LE ates) a od 181 The Guadulupe Palm,.............. Pa he RIN ey ES 7. Ted a 182 Notes and News SPR aR (ot > RE SI Re VERS SY Be ae Ke ome 182 inreary Catalogue ..°) 3. sce ae ROSY Rar A RL aR Gea en POLS 183 SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA: C. R. ORCUTT, Publisher, Cor. Fifih and C Streets. Editorial and Mailing Rooms; Oreutt News parse aha Orcutt, California. Redlands, Cal. PRICE, 20 CENTS. PER YEAR, $2.00 | Entered at the P, O. at Orcutt, California, as second class mail matter.| ONE LINE, ONE TIME. ONE DIME. ye aS Mee ‘Studio: Kubn Biase, Ban Wats 3, GOVER, Seas a ee Diego, Cal. Ph: ake OF W CALIFORNIA. TWO Sort 8, price, $12. ¢ one change: : Pannni Garden.. if Gardener’s Chronicle. re Magazine. tperae i American Florist. é Bet) + in Agriculturist, of the wick oh bn bia Dod pal “ + Gardener’s Monthly (also full set, 27 vols) Horticulturist. | +Florist and Fruitist, bound and unbound. « Pomologist, ‘bound. ay ~ West American Scientist, C6) BiG ag ; I desire numbers and "volumes. Geant: thus fe also Hovey’s Magazine of oa cosa ture. S. Miller, Floral ark, pose! ‘ HE KANSAS CITY SCIENTIST, FOR- merly the Naturalist. Established in 1885. Now B rapa pn by the Academy of Science Pub, at $1.00 per year. Sample to date ay ive subscriber free. Official organ of the Academy of Science. Devoted to Science, ae and Literature. Its readers will be ep abreast with the leading topics of the day. being used than are absolutely necessary. | - a we count you among the Diese: of} ) ONEY IN THE “BACKYARD. ae | our readers who live on a farm or have a backyard in. the vilage want to make money, and can do it if. they go at it right. There is probably nothing else on which so much money can be made} with asmall space of ground than by atten-. tion to poultry, and it don’t need to interfere with your other business. In asmall town in New Jersey (Hammonton) thousands of dol- iars are annually laid id from the sale of} poultry. One man, with less than an eighth of an acre of ground, annually clears over $1000; but, of course, he makes it his only | There are 40 broiler farms there, . business. the whole work being inaugurated by P. H. Jacobs, editor of the POULTRY KEEPER, who| lives at Hammonton. Now, to do these] things, you must study the question in all its | phases and know what others have done and | C are doing, and to do this there is probably no |} _ better or complete way than to read the} PoULTRY KEEPER, which is acknowledged to be the leading poultry paper of the bein being read by many thousands of people. is published monthly, at only 50 cents a year, by the Poultry Keeper Co., Parkersbu: Chester Co., Pa., and you ¢an get a sampl copy free, by writing a postal card to them, It is filled tall up with the experiences of |} those who are making the business a success. | Tells how to make and manage incubators | and brooders; how to build poultry houses; how to take care of poultry, how to cure dis- : eases; how to preserve eggs; and has special articlet on ‘ducks, geese turkeys, with pun- E f | Unsurpassed in quality and beauty, ¢ dreds of illustrations. Even the sample co ou will receive will be worth a dollar. i Sample copy free to all by y addressing as above. — sae) ONE LINE, TEN cbietlho! nial puns. | mi sic: C. R. Orcutt, Oreutt, Cal VOLUMES AND ODD NuM.| My ay “ books, minerals, ‘mount Wir mens, and supplies, IC finbet botanists, ete,’ f ‘ a popular character, no more technical terms | | of funds for clients a Gee ny, Pe aa ph ge -| ties from all over the world. ¥ i ih wh un a Ey re FRUITS AND. est es ; Grow Them. we a of m i lists of Sh ee 5 Ho sive, em Hees hn zrower's,, wanes Cosby fully. fie rated. Price, bya’ + pa 8, a mee ey, ai Diego, am C.% Canon i “Oreutt, Cal, i F. M. KINNE, TNORVILDE, Tow . OF fers. geological — 8) oe, scientific and iS adee relics shells, oolo cal speci- llustrated | list Stor stamp. F.CARR, NATURAL HISTORY STORE + 126 State St., Madison, Wis. Send stamp for catalogue. Marine and fresh water shell j corals, pird skins, eggs, minerals, etc. S ieee plies for taxidermiste Points sty ua (00. ato. by Confederate pres rADAGASCAR NATURA AL HI mene ; Specimens of all kinds. Prices low. cm a ceri} stamps for price lists. F. Sikora. nat- my: uralist, Fi tat ee hale ee Geeta sda Mar- seilles, France. CALIRORNTA TREES. “AND. FLOWERS. An illustrated 32-page book of descriptive notes. oy Ban for Ling cents. on Pines and Plant Co., San Diego, 0 al. ‘ BUSINESS CHANCES. aa sia oop CHANCE. FOR MAN OR WOMAN at own home, to coer’. in profitable bus- iness. Small capital required; fair Can ok needed. Address, ksi tmansiaurss C. R. rs yf cutt, San iano AED ics cs ea ea _ CONTRACTORS. Toran vy “RELLY, ‘CONTRACTORS — : for excavations, situminous walks, con- — ‘%" crete work, etc. Goo d rich soil cheap. — “Sewer — Wed pipes laid. Give us a call. “Satisfaction — 3 i guaranteed. Office, nee street, between Dees and D, ‘San Diego, Calif. eek ie if si _ EXCHANGES. ee OOKS WANTED IN EXCHANGE FOR ne A ey ih and. ana c. ‘R. Dh isecae bent ni a eee aege a foe nae Ney, IS THE TIME TO INVEST IN SAN < Diego. But remember, good counsel es always EAR, more than it costs. phi himie a aS San Diego, C ce ®. FULLER, LOOK Os ae. TAN e rence, ‘Kansas, offers choice eae Very. fea Catologue free. Fine chan, mens from Slope ch beeat ees eas ee, or ee cash. 7 elt, | -” : : 5 == Nee ee jUL 22 189) Epiphyllum. 169 EPIPHYLLUM. (From the Rural Californian, xiv. 133.) The Crab cactus is one of the most beautiful of garden plants, both for the clear green color of its tender, succulent stems and for the brilliancy of its flowers which are borne in great profusion during a large portion of the year. The genus Epiphyllum was established by Dr. Louis Pfeiffer, and contains but two or three species at most, by many botanists being in reality considered a monotypic genus. The stems are slender, succulent, leafless, and short-jointed; the joints somewhat flattened, two to three inches long and one or two inches broad. The flowers are produced from the points of these branches and not from their margin as in Phyllo- eactus. The crab or lobster cacti, as they are popularly called, are natives of Brazil, where they are usually found growing upon the branches of trees as epiphytes—not parasitical—deriving their nourishment from the air. In cultivation it is a common practice to graft the _ Epiphyllum upon the stem of a Pereskia or some hardy stout grow- ing cactus, by which an effect is produced not dissimilar to that of its natural condition, the slender jointed stems attaining a length of three or four feet and growing in a very pleasing, graceful manner. This cactus may be easily propagated by cuttings or by grafting as above or from the seed. New and very beautiful forms are often obtained from seed and the number of varieties which have thus become known in cultivation is very great. Cuttings of two or more joints readily strike root at any season in pots of rather sandy, dry soil and placed in a warm situation. Grafting on a Pereskia stock or on Cereus speciosissimus is the most popular method of treatment for increasing these plants, as by that means the drooping habit of the Epiphyllum is more gracefully and pleasingly displayed. Pereskia aculeata is a strong, quick growing cactus with leaves like those of an orange tree, popularly known as the Barbadoes gooseberry. It is upon this plant that the Epiphyllum is usually grafted, and as it rapidly absorbs the moisture and nutriment from the soil it is advisable to fertilize the ground thoroughly. About one-fourth of the bulk of the soil in which it is planted has been recommended as a good proportion, and when supporting a large head of the Crab cactus the soil may be further enriched by a top dressing or the application of liquid manure from time to time, especially when the Epiphyllum is in bloom. After flowering the soil may be allowed to become partially dry until the plant resumes its natura] growth after a few weeks of rest. EPIPHYLLUM TRUNCATUM Haworth.—This is the type of the genus and by some counted as the only species—the two following species being considered mere varieties of this by many botanists, it has been in cultivation in Europe for nearly a hundred years and 170 | Epiphyllum. was introduced into England from Brazil early in the nineteenth century. The original form is said to have had dark crimson flowers with a white throat. One of the varieties early imported was of a “uniform rich crimson hue” and was figured in the Botanical Mag- azine in 1825. About 1840 a variety (violaceum) with a distinct tinge of violet was first known in England. 9 / } | mi : oh aut il! EPIPHYLLUM. Among the numerous varieties which are now in cultivation, the result of natural variations in seedlings, perpetuated by cuttings or grafting are the following—known hybrids are marked with an asterisk (*): *1—Majus; flowers large, of a deep rose color. 2—Bicolor; flowers white, margined with delicate rose. Epiphyllum. 171 *3—Coccineum; a very beautiful form, with brilliant deep scarlet flowers; very rich in coloring. 4—Bridgesii; dull violet, petals of a dark violet or purple; a prolific bloomer with richly colored flowers. *5—Cruentum; dark-purplish red flowers. 6—Magnificum ; large white flowers, with rose Margined seg- ments, tips of petals bright rose. *7—Albolateritium; petals silky white, margined with brick red. 8—Amabile; white and faintly tinged with purple or crimson; an elegant form. 9—Aurantiacum; reddish-orange, large and brilliant. *10—Purpureum; deep purple. *11—Roseum; bright rose; very handsome, with streaks of deep red on the sepals. 12—Rubrotinctum; white and purplish-red flowers. 13—Ruckerianum; purplish-red, tinged with violet, with a rich violet center. *14-Splendens; a fine form, with deep rose fiowers. 15—Spectabile; white flowers, margined with purple. 16—Salmoneum; salmon-red flowers, tinged with purple. 17—Tricolor; flowers of a deep reddish-purple and white. 18—Violaceum ; silvery-white flowers, margined with light purple. A large flowered form (grandiflorum) and a form with pure white flowers with a deep purple edge (superbum) are highly valued. 19—Guedeneyi; a remarkable form, perhaps a good species ‘ with pure white flowers three’to four inches in diameter and exhaling a most delightful odor.’ 20—Elegans; a superb red and purple colored flower, bright orange-red with a center of rich purple. Some of the above forms may perhaps be worthy of specific rank, but as long as their origin and natural characteristics remain unknown they are best treated as varieties. These plants are all natives of the Organ mountains in Brazil, where they are found usually at an altitude under 4000 feet elevation, growing on trees in the vast forests of that region, not as parasites (as stated by some authors) but as Epiphytes—that is, deriving their nourishment from the moisture laden atmosphere and not from the host trees, where they are merely lodgers, not boarders. EPIPHYLLUM RUSSELLIANUM Hooker.—This differs from the _ preceding species in more slender branches and larger flowers of a generally lighter color. The segments of the flowers are straight and narrow, not refiexed as in E. truncatum. In its native forests it seems to reach a higher elevation, having been found up in an alti- 172 ELpiphylium. tude of 6000 feet in the Organ mountains. It is a profuse bloomer, the flowers three or four inches long, of a clear rose-crimson. It was: discovered by Mr. Gardner and named in honor of the Duke of Bed- ford to whose famous collection of cacti the first plants were sent about the year 1839. Mr. Gardner’s account of its discovery is interesting and is here- with copied from Lewis Castle’s little book on Cactaceous Plants: Through dense masses of bamboos with stems often more than half a foot thick and sixty to seventy feet high we had to cut our way up the Organ mountains till we came, after a toilsome day’s journey, toa small waterfall, where we encamped for the night. On the trunks of the large trees growing near this spot I saw abun- dance of Epiphyllum truncatum beautifully in flower; and higher up the moun- tain next morning I found a lovely new species belonging tothe same group as E. truncatum and much resembling itin many points, equally large, but with a more graceful mode of growth and lighter colorei blossoms, the stamens, too, being uni- formly pink. This species blooms at a dif- ferent period of the year than EK. truncatum naturally, and by hybridizing varieties have been produced that remain much longer in flower than either parent. The following distinct var- ieties of this have been in general favor in cultivation and are believed to have mostly originated by cross fertilization with EK. truncatum or by other hybridization. Those indicated with an asterisk (*) are known hybrids: EPIPHYLLUM TRUNCATUM. *1— Rubrum; flowers of Grafted on Cereus colubrinus. bright rose, double the size of the typical form. *2-Cupreum; flowers smaller, of a ‘coppery tinge, suffused with purple.’ *8—Superbum; ‘the purple of E. Russellianum and the reddish tinge of E. truncatum are beautifully blended’ in this form of hybrid. . *4Snowili; is a very pretty ae raised by Mr. Snow, an En- glish gardener. 5—Gaertneri; flowers bright scarlet. This appearsto be a hybrid between an Epiphyllum and a Phyllocactus, but its ogi is un- known. EPIPHYLLUM ALTENSTEINIL Pfeiffer.— The third recognized species of the genus has longer and slender stems than E. trunca- Acorns in Trees. 178 tum, with flowers of the same form, with reflexed segments of a pale pink or rose color, sometimes (?) ‘tipped with purple.’ It is com- paratively rare in collections and consequently not so well known as the two preceding species, though equally attractive in appearance. It seems equally deserving of specific rank. No collection of tropical plants however choice, but that would be enhanced in value by a representation of these elegant plants, which, when covered with charming pendant blossoms of brilliant tints or of delicate subdued shades, are scarcely surpassed by any greenhouse plants. For a window garden, conservatory or lawn, as an edging in beds, in small pots or hanging baskets or in more elabo- rate combinations the Epiphyllum is equally pleasing and graceful. In England this plant is made useful in many curious combina- tions. Pereskias, in one instance recorded by Lewis Castle, were trained toa height of twelve or more feet against the wall and up the roof of a house, and an Epiphyllum grafted thereon at intervals of a foot. And these in time formed good heads, producing a mag- nificent effect, clothing the roof and walls of the house with the pen- _ dulous stems and a mass of richly tinted bloom. Pyramids several stories in height are produced by a similar method of grafting, and while some may prefer less artificial effects, yet they are well worthy of the florists’ art, and are in fact but one way of imitating the work of nature. They have rapidly and deservedly advanced in the last few years from comparative obscurity into an increasing popularity among all classes. GC, LAOrceutt. ACORNS IN TREES. (From the Ornithologist and Oologist xvi. 64.) I have read that the California woodpecker sticks acorns in the trunks of trees in order that they may rot and so attract insects. I have had an opportunity to investigate this matter a little in the last few months, and as yet have not been able to find a single insect in these acorns. The acorns are very often cracked or split in two, and only half an acorn put in each hole. The object of the bird seems to be to let the nut become soft or start to decay, and then feed upon it. I have examined the gizzard of several of these woodpeckers and have found the acorn meat in them. All the holes made by this bird that I have seen were made in the trunks and larger branches of the live oak trees. They all seemed to have been used for years. These woodpeckers have the same habit as the Lewis wood- pecker, with which they associate, of perching on the top of the large sycamore and live oak trees, from which they dart into the air -after insects and return to the same spot in the same manner as the fly-catchers do. L. D. Kimball. 174 Through San Gorgonio Pass. | DAVID STARR JORDAN. Stanford University starts out with every prospect of becoming the great educational cen- ter of the far west, if not of the whole United States. It has by far the largest foundation endowment of any university in the world, and many old and noted institutions have received in all their history less than this university of the Golden State has at the start. Senator Stan- ford and wife, by deed of trust in 1877, conveyed to the use of the university their magnificent. estates, comprising 83,000 acres of the finest : wheat and fruit Jands in the State, cash enough DR. D. 8. JORDAN. to complete all the buildings and enough more to make the total endowment at least $25,000,000. AJl this as a memorial to their dead son. . For president of the institution they have selected Dr. David Starr Jordan, almost a giant in body as in mind, and he is now organ- izing the faculty which is to be composed of the most eminent spe- - cialists to be found in the world. Dr. Jordan was born in Gaines- ville, N. Y., about forty years ago, graduated at an early age from Cornell university, and soon became noted for scientific investiga- tions, especially in ichthyology. After experience as teacher and lecturer in various places, Dr. Jordan, in 1875, became professor of biology in Butler university, Indianapolis, and in 1879 was chosen president of the Indiana State University at Bloomington, a position he held until called to preside over the destinies of Stanford Univer- sity. Asan author he is well and favorably known. His numerous — memoirs on fishes, and his ‘ Fishes of North America’ in which every fish known to inhabit our waters is described, (with Dr. Gilbert’s co-labors) are well known to every person interested in ichthyolog- ical matters. His ‘Manual of the Vertebrates of North America’ is a cyclopedic work and is found in every naturalist’s library, where it is an every day helper. The ‘Leland Stanford, Jr., University’ as its full title runs, is located at Palo Alto, about thirty miles from San Francisco, in the loveliest section of the Santa Clara valley. The buildings now com- pleted and ready for occupancy, are among the most noble structures. on the continent, and are a lasting monument to the loved son and a phlianthropist’s generosity. ane F. W. Goding. THROUGH SAN GORGONIO PASS. (From Pacific Rural Press xli. 422.) From San Bernardino, eastward to the sandy plains of the Col-- orado desert, there is a gradual rise until one reaches the summit at Beaumont, and from there it is one slow descent until one reaches. the railway station at Salton, 250 feet below sea level. From San Through San Gorgonio Pass. 175 Bernardino, the Southern Pacifie railway traverses the San Mateo canon, where the cultivated fields are too frequent to be very inter- esting to a botanist. From Redlands, on the 9th of April, ’91, 1 took a wood road which led off to the left, among the unsettled hills, where nature still rules suprem-. The canon and hillsides were covered with a thick growth of brush, Rhus ovata, shrub oaks and California lilacs being especially conspicuous. Castilleia foliolosa grew in clumps among the bushes, a foot or more high, and forming a brilliant dis- play on the steep cafion sides. The floral bracts are of a bright orange—vermillion at the tips—each an inch or more long, forming a dense head, amoung which the shorter light greenish-yellow corollas of the flowers are entirely eclipsed. In open places, Nemophila insignis, with its bright ‘baby eyes,’ grew in clusters of surpassing beauty, and lined the roadside until - the eastern descent to the desert commenced. The flowers averaged nearly an inch in diameter, of a lovely cyanine blue, with a lighter or a white center. It covered the hillsides in places for acres in ex- tent, appearing like a patch of the blue sky refiected upon the earth. Growing on some of the steeper canon sides were clusters of a species of Phlox, suffrutescent, two or three feet high, with a pro- fusion of light rose-purple flowers, measuring one and one-fourth inches across. ‘The hirsute stem and foliage rendered the plant more admirable at a distance than in the hand, but is one which would command admiration and attention anywhere, and one well worth further cultivation. Among the annuals were Lupinus hirsutissimus, with hirsute stems and foliage, attaining a hight of three feet or more, with spikes of aster-purple flowers. In some of the open fields grew Sanicula bipinnatifida, with its dense, ball-like umbels of deep dahlia-purple flowers. This species of sanicle seems abundant in Southern Cali- fornia, especially on adobe lands, in grain fields, or scattered over the broad plains of the larger valleys. . Layia elegans,with a center of a cadmium-yellow color, the rays of aclear lemon yellow, tipped with white, grew abundantly on the western slope from Riverside to the summit of the pass, and for a ways down the eastern slope. At thesummit another Layia without the white tips to the outer rays made its appearance, while a third species of a clear white throughout, extended from the sandy plains around Colton to the eastern or desert slope. The Layias are all elegant plants, bushy and erect in habit, with flowers two inches across and of a metallic brilliancy. Layia elegans has already become favorably known in cultivation and the other varieties must soon follow. Orthocarpus purpurascens is a peculiarly beautiful and showy annual, a foot high, diffusely branching, erect in habit, producing 176 Through San Gorgonio Pass. numerous dense and ‘thick terminal oblong or cylindrical spikes of flowers. The yellowish corolla is tipped with bright lemon- yellow on the lower lobes, the upper part tipped with brilliant ma- genta, the whole encircled and crowned with brilliantly colored floral bracts of a rich magenta or crimson-purple. Poeonia Brownii (P. Californica Nutt.) with its coarse ‘brick-red’ flowers was observed in bloom on these hills, and rattleweed (Astra- galus) was also abundant. The delicate, lovely rose-purple flowers of Gilia dianthoides, growing in large patches by the roadside, com- manded the admiration they invariably elicit. The popcorn flowers (Krynitzkia species), of a snowy whiteness, dotted the fields of alternate green and blue and gold. At Beaumont, at the summit of the pass, single roots of the fra- grant Viola pedunculata formed masses of foliage and flowers two feet and more across, six inches high, and bearing hundreds of the peach-scented blossoms. The color of this violet is beyond compar- ison, being a shade between lemon and cadmium yellow, of a metallic brilliancy, deep and clear, the backs of the petals veined or tinged a rich prune-purple. The profusion and luxuriance of this violet was here greater than I had previously noted in any other locality, and it seemed to reach its maximum growth in the culti- vated fields. Other lovely annuals, noted in profusion at Beaumont, were the delicate sulphur-yellow cream cups (Platystemon Califor- nicus), the popcorn flowers, berias, wild hyacinth (Brodiza capitata), Nemophila insignis, orthocarpus, violets, sanicle, Sidalcea malvceflora and last, but not least, Eschscholtzia Californica—the State floral emblem of California. The Golden Eschscholtzia was here in the hight of its beauty. Single plants would measure one to two feet high, and over a yard across. I estimated that one of these plants would bear over 500 flowers, and each flower that I measured was fully four inches in diameter or over, some measuring five inches! This was evidently the typical form, as the large, succulent roots are perennial. The intensely brilliant coloring of the flowers, words cannot depict, and the artist has yet to correctly imitate and do justice to the coloring. It is most nearly described as of a deep orange color, and yet, a touch of crimson or scarlet exists in its composition, which makes itself felt when a large field of the flowers is seen at a distance. Single fields of this magnificent flower, hundreds of acres in extent, were observed, which, at a distance of five or six miles, were of a uniform vermilion hue—a lake of fire amid an emerald sea. Such a sight, viewed from near and from afar, is one never to be erased from memory, but the true artistic beauty of the flower is lost beside the magnificence of such a vast pee of brilliant, rich but; uniform coloring. From Beaumont to the Winewater river is a gradual descent and one continuous garden of flowers with now and then an alter- The Douglas Fir. 177 nate field of grain. Phacelia tanacetifolia, with its heads of pale blue or rather lavender-colored flowers, lends color to the bushes that border the roadside. Chia (Salvia carduacea) grows in profu- sion in the fields, and is conspicuous for its large, lavender-colored flowers. Berias and Cénotheras, popcorn flowers, Amsinckias, Lupins, and Gilias form alternate spots of orange, lemon-yellow, blue or purple amid the green of wild oats, alfilaria, clover and grasses. Spikes of brilliant flowers of a species of Delphinium, of a rich Berlin blue, rise among the clumps of bushes, over which also the delicate Megarrhiza vine with its clusters of white flowers trail in profusion. Last but not least among this vast garden of flowers rise the Spanish bayonets on every side, like sentinels of war, on the western margin of desolate sand, rendering due tribute to spring in clusters of waxy-white, bell-shaped flowers, that lend their sweetness to the busy bee. Beyond stretch the iron rails, where no flowers are, and where wind and sand reign supreme. Cy A. Orcutt. THE DOUGLAS FIR. (From Garden and Forest, iv. 205.) The Douglas Fir, from many points of view, is one of the most interesting trees of the American forest. Its monotypic character, its probably recent development in its distinct existing form, for the record of the ages has not divulged the secrets of its ancestry, the vastness of the region it occupies, its size and value to man, its beauty and capacity of adapting itself to new surroundings, all make the Douglas Fir an important inhabitant of the forests of west2rn Amer- ica—forests remarkable for the variety, size and value of the cone- bearing trees of which they are principally composed. The Douglas Fir is distinguished from the true Firs or Abies by its petioled leaves, which, in falling, leave oval sears, by its pendu- lous cones with persistent scales, and by its seeds, which are not fur- nished with resin vesicles. It looks, moreover, in general appear- ance, more like a Hemlock than a Fir; it differs from the Hemlock, however, in the absence of the permanent, persistent bases of the fallen leaves which roughen the branchlets of all Hemlock trees, and in its much larger cones, which may be always recognized by the large acutely two-lobed and long-pointed bracts extended beyond the scales. It can be readily known, too, by the flat, distinctly stalked leaves which are somewhat two-ranked by a slight twist at their base. Where climatic conditions favor the growth of large trees, as they do in the humid region of western Washington and Oregon, or 178 The Douglas Fir. on the middle western slopes of the northern Sierra Nevada, the Douglas Fir often rises, in the course of five or six hundred years, to the height of three hundred feet, and forms a trunk ten or twelve feet in diameter above its enlarged base. The bark, which, like that of the Hemlocks, contains a considerable amount of tannin, is. thick, deeply furrowed, and dark brown or red, or sometimes gray, in certain situations. Young trees, like young Spruces and Firs, are: pyramidal in form, and retain their lower branches for a consider-. able time, sometimes even for two or three hundred years, when the individual finds sufficient space for their lateral growth, as it does occasionally when it has stood on the margin of the forest or on the steep slopes of some mountain cafion. Usually, however, the trees. stand close together, especially in those parts of the country in which, under the favoring influences of a heavy rainfall, they. grow to the largest size, and then their great trunks tower upward, fur a hundred feet or more, without a branch. ‘The leaves are linear and generally obtuse, an inch or an inch and a quarter long, dark green and very abundant, covering the long, slender, graceful branchlets.. The flowers of the Douglas Fir are produced from the axils of the leaves of the previous year, the males surrounded by conspicuous bud-seales, the females much shorter than their narrow bracts. The cones, which are subcylindrical, ripen. the first year, and vary in length from two to four inches. The seeds are triangular, convex, and red on the upper side, flat, and nearly white on the lower side, with short wings, broad at the base and acute at the apex. The Douglas Fir extends from latitude fifty-five north, where it is found in the coast ranges and on the interior plateau of British Columbia, southward through all the regions west of the Cascade and the Sierra Nevada Mountains to Southern California. It is abundant in the Rocky Mountains from British Columbia far into Mexico, extending eastward to their eastern slopes in Montana, Wyoming, Colorado and Texas; it is common on the Wahsatch and Uintah Mountains in Utah, but is unknown on the ranges of the great basin and on the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada. It is most abundant and reaches its greatest size on the low glacial plain which surrounds the shores of Puget Sound. Here the Douglas Fir can be seen in all its majesty. It is the most common tree ina forest in which trees stand so close together that the traveler can barely push his way between their mighty trunks which support far above his head a canopy so dense that the rays of the sun never pierce it. Through these dark and awful shades the most thoughtless man cannot pass without experiencing that sense of solemnity and awe with which the human mind is impressed when confronted by Nature in her grandest manifestations. The Douglas Fir grows almost as large on some of the California mountain-slopes as on the shores of Puget Sound, and it is one of the remarkable things about this tree that it flourishes at the sea-level The Douglas Fir. HAS and on high mountains. In California it often grows to a great size at elevations varying from 6,000 to 8,000 feet above the sea, and some- times ascends on the Rocky Mountains of Colorado to even higher altitudes, although it is always smaller and less valuable as a timber tree in the dry interior portions of the continent than in the moist coast region. Other trees of the Pacific forest produce more valuable wood. than the Douglas Fir—the Port Orford Cedar, the Sugar Pine and the Redwood. These trees are confined to a comparatively small region, however, and the Douglas Fir, in view of the great territory over which it has spread, must be considered the most important. timber-tree of western America, and of no other tree is there now standing such a body of valuable and available timber. The wood of the Douglas Fir is hard, strong and durable; it may be recog- nized by the numerous spirally marked wood cells which distinguish it from the wood of allied conifers. The small cells which are devel- oped in the wood of conifers at the end of the growing season are very numerous, and form broad bands which often occupy half the width of the layers of annual growth. These bands of small cells are dark colored and conspicuous, and become hard and flinty with exposure, making the wood of this tree difficult to work except when it is freshly cut. Some trees produce light réd and some yellow wood, and individuals vary to a much greater degree than those of most other trees in the time required for their sap-wood to turn into heart-wood. The yellow wood is closer-grained and is considered much more valuable than the red wood. Lumbermen recognize these two varieties and pretend to be able to distinguish the trees which produce them, an assumption which still needs demonstra-: tion. The conditions which lead to the formation by the same spe- cies of such different wood are not well understood; in the case of the Douglas Fir they are probably due to soil and elevation, and, in part at least, to the age of the individual. The wood of the Douglas Fir is known in commerce as red fir, yellow fir and Oregon pine, the last name belonging, however, more properly to the wood of the Yellow Pine (Pinus ponderosa) of western America. It furnishes the principal product of the immense saw-miils situated on Puget Sound, and is manufactured, besides, wherever forests of this tree exist; it is used for all sorts of building purposes and for construc- tion, railway ties and fuel. ‘The Douglas Fir was discovered late in the last century by Arch- ibald Menzies, Vancouver’s surgeon and naturalist, on his voyage of discovery; anda few years later Lewis and Clark found it in Mon- tana during their transcontinental journey. David Douglas redis- covered it on the Columbia river in 1825 and introduced it into En- gland; and it is the name of this bold and enterprising botanist which has become associated with this tree, although, unhappily, it cannot bear it in the language of science. No treeis more unfortunate 180 The Douglas Fir. in its name; and there are few instances where the application of the rules which govern botanical nomenclature has produced a more unsatisfactory result. Lambert, who first named the tree, called it Pinus taxifolia, from the fancied resemblance of the leaves to those of the Yew-tree; then Lindley, disregarding Lambert’s specific name, named it Abies Douglasii in honor of its rediscoverer. Carriere, recognizing the characters which separate this tree from the true Firs, coined for his genus a bastard word, half Greek and half Japan- ese, and called it Pseudotsuga, a perfectly improper name, as it has little in common with’ Tsuga, the Japanese name for the Hemlock. Carriere retained, however, Lindley’s Douglassii, calling the tree Pseu- dotsuga Douglasii, but as Lambert’s specific name is the oldest, the Douglas Fir must be known as Pseudotsuga taxifolia, a name bad in every way, and especially bad in its failure to recognize the name of Douglas, which, more than that of any other man, should be asso- | ciated with it. The Douglas Fir has proved itself in cultivation to be an orna- mental tree of great value. The largest specimen in England is already more than 110 feet high, with a stout truok furnished with branches from ground to tip, and showing no signs of diminishing vigor or beauty. The earliest attempts at cultivating the Douglas Fir in the eastern states were not successful; the trees raised from ‘seed, gathered in the mild and humid climate of the northwest or in England, first planted here were unable, except in exceptional posi- tions, to support our climate for any length of time. The late Dr. Parry, however, in 1862 discovered the Douglas Fir growing on the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado in a climate dis- tinguished by the severity of the cold of winter and by the drought of summer; he sent seed to the Botanic Garden at Cambridge, and — the plants raised from this seed have proved hardy in the most try- ing situations in New England. Some of these trees are now more than twenty feet high, and although it is too soon to speak with any- thing like certainty in the matter, there is reason to hope that they will grow to a large size and retain their beauty for many years. Much attention has been given to the Douglas Fir of late years as a subject for forest-planting in Europe, although the best author- ities on such matters do not vet agree as to its value for this purpose. Large experimental forest-plantations are’ made every year, espe- cially in some parts of Germany, where some forest-experts believe that the Douglas Fir is to rival and finally replace the Larch in Eu- rope as a timber-tree. It has the merit of growing with surprising rapidity and of producing a large amount of timber in a compara- tively short time. Few coniferous trees grow as rapidly as the Douglas Fir, and it is not uncommon to see self-sown seedlings in Washington and Oregon producing, when they stand very close together in good soil, annual shoots twelve feet long. A remarkable form of the Douglas Fir, distinguished by its large Rosa Minutifolia. 181 cones, occurs on the San Bernardino Mountains, in California. It has been considered a variety of the typical tree, and by some bot- anists a second species—a view supported by the fact that no inter- mediate forms connecting it with the type have been found, while in the region north and south of that occupied by this large fruited tree the typical Douglas Fir abounds. ROSA MINUTIFOLIA. Parry’s wild Mexican rose was discovered by a little party of botanists in April, 1882, on the shores of Todos Santos or All Saints bay, Baja California, about forty miles south of San Diego, though it requires a full one hundred miles of travel to reach the spot by wagon road. The little town of Ensenada lies just south of where we first encountered this species and may now be reached by steamer in a few hours’ time. Dr. C. C. Parry, who was of the party, sent specimens of the little rose to his friend, Dr. George Engelmann, who described it in the Bulletin of the Torrey botanical club (vol. ix. p. 97) under the name, Rosa minutifolia. It has been figured in Garden and Forest, i. 102, accompanied with a few remarks by Prof. Sereno Watson, who says: ‘Our wild roses have an ill reputation among botanists for the uncertainty which often attends the determination of their species. But there are some, fortunately, about which there can be no doubt,. and we have here given the figure of one which carries its distinctive characteristics obtrusively to the front, and cannot be mistaken. — Not only is there no other American rose like it, but it stands alone in the genus, forming M. Crepin’s section, Minutifolize. Itscompact habit, its very small and deeply toothed leaflets, and its small, soli- tary flowers almost sessile upon the short branchlets, together make it a very distinct species. * * * Itis a much-branched, compact shrub, armed with numerous stout, straight spines, the small leaves often fascicled, and with numerous pink or white flowers along the branches. The globular base of the calyx is covered with short bris- tles. Evidently the flower in its wild state cannot be commended as well suited to the florist’s needs, but from its habit of growth the _ plant may well prove a decided ornament to the lawn and garden in our more southern States, where it would doubtless be hardy.’ This rose forms low, dense thickets, two to four feet high, on the dry hillsides and mesas from the shores of Todos Santos bay to southward of San Quintin bay, but Mr. Brandegee did not observe it much south of the latter place in his journey through the Cali- fornian peninsula, though it probably extends further southward in the region of the coast. The flowers are scarcely an inch broad, but very bright and pretty, visibly enlivening the dull brown of the mesa lands on which this rose commonly grows. 182 Notes and News. Although growing on dry, often sterile soil, this rose does not readily adapt itself to even a slight change of environment. Of a thousand roots, carefully planted in soil of a similar character in San Diego, only a few survived and none thrived. From the seed it is more easily grown, I believe, and may well repay the attention bestowed upon it. It blooms in ee and May, and from then on, during the summer, remains in aestivation, rooted in the sun-baked earth and apparently as dry. With the earliest rains it is again clothed with its tiny green leaves, ready to pay its annual tribute to Flora. C. R. Orcutt. ‘THE GUADALUPE PALM. (From Vick’s Magazine, xiv. 168.) Erythea edulis is one of the most beautiful of ornamental palms, a quick grower, with large fan- shaped leaves of a dark green. It is a native of the Isle of Guadalupe, off the coast of Lower California, where it is found in almost inaccessible canons near the sea. The fruit is jet black when ripe, nearly round and about two inches in diameter. Clusters of the fruit often weigh over forty pounds apiece. The pulp is sweet and pleasant eating, and encloses a. large and extremely hard seed about the size of a marble. The wild goats on the island eat the fruit with avidity. | Occasionally men surreptitiously visit the island to kill goats for their hides, and when they run out of provisions—as they sometimes do, since the island can only be approached in ‘good weather—goat meat and palm fruit, or wild dates, as they are called, comprise their only food. The bine palm (Higethea armata), with ‘16 beautiful sil- very or glaucous white foliage, is a near relative to the Guadalupe palm, and is found in the canons bordering the desert on the main- land. C. RB. Orcutt. NOTES AND NEWS. A fund of $3,000 has been raised for a monument to Audubon. Col. N.S. Goss, state ornithologist, of Kansas, died March 10, 1891. His chief contribution to science, ‘ Birds of Kansas,’ was issued but a few days before his death. The death of Edward Andre, F. E.S., the well known oa opterist, is announced. Prof. Philipe Poey, the eminent Cuban naturalist, and director of the Zoological Museum in Havana, has lately died. Library Catalogue. 183 LIBRARY CATALOGUE. (Scientific books and periodicals may be ordered through our Book and Subscripti Department.) “ats Recent accessions to the Library of the West American Museum of Nature and Art will be catalogued monthly. 4067. California State Mining Bureau: Tenth Annual Report of the State Mineralogist for the year ending December 1, 1890 Wai Trelan, Jr., State Mineralogist. 983 pp., 8vo., illustrated, febonsparien by Ptosical maps of the Iowa Hill mining ‘district, Placer county, of the Forest Hill Divide, of the Mother Lode region, etc. 2) 4068. Third Biennial Report of the California State Board of Forestry for the years 1889-90, 1890. From J. G. Lemmon, State Bot- anist to the Board. With thirty artotype illustrations of BEE reen A valuable contribution on the forest trees of the State. 3 i 4069. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smith- sonian Institution for the year ending June 30, 1888. Lie a of the U.S. National Museum. 1890. 876 pp. 4070. Entomological News and Proceedings of the Entomo- logical Section of the Academy of Natural Science of Philadel- phia. 1890; Svo., 168 pp. Annual aa hditees $1.00. Ten monthl numbers. vi 4071. The American Geologist, a monthly journal of geology and allied sciences. Vol. V, Minneapolis, Minn., 8vo., 398 pp. Jan- uary to June, 1890. 4072. Same. Vol. VI, July to December, 1890. 406 pp. Yearly — subscription, $3.50. y 4073. The American Naturalist,a monthly journal devoted to the natural sciences in their widest sense. Vol. XXIV. 1890. 8vo 1227 pp. $4.00 per year. Ferris Bros., publishers, Phila. i _ 4074. Report upon United States Geographical Surveys west of the one hundredth meridian, in charge of Lieut. Geo. M. Wheeler. Vol. II.—Astronomy and Barometric Hypsometry. 1877. From J. H. Barbour. 4075. Same. Vol. VI.—Botany. From J. H. Barbour. 4076. Same. Vol. ViI—Archeology. From J. H. Barbour. 4077. Same. Vol. IV.—Paleontology. 4078. History and work of the Warner observatory, Roch N. Y., 1883-1886. Vol. I. 8vo. 70 pp. 1887. y) chester, 4079. Sur un Isaria, parasite du ver blanc, par A. Giard. Extrait des comptes rendus des seances de la Societe de Biologie (April 11, 1891). From the author. 184 Library Catalogue. 4080. Sur la distribution geographique du Photodrilus phospho- reus Duges et la taxonomie des Lombriciens, par A. Giard. From the author. 4081. U.S. board on geographic names. Bulletin No. 2, issued May 25, 1891. 4082. Report of the secretary of agriculture, 1890. 4088. Eighth annual report of the board of control of the state agricultural experiment station at Amherst, Mass., 1890. 4084. Third annual report of the West Virginia agricultural experiment station, 1890. From Dr. C. F. Millspaugh. 4085. Special consular reports. Olive culture in the Alpes mari- time, 1891. 4086. Transactions of the California state agricultural society during 1889. 4087. Annual report of the light-house board to the secretary of the treasury, for the year ending June 30, 1890. 4088. Special consular reports. Fruit culture in foreign coun- tries. 1890. Part I1.—The orange and the lemon. Part II.—The olive. Part I1l.—The fig. Part IV. —The vine. Part V.-Supplement. Pp. 399-937. . 4089. A revision of the American species of Epilobium ocecur- ring north of Mexico. By William Trelease. From the second annual report of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Issued April 22, 1891. 4090. New species of fungi from various localities. By J. B.. i Ellis and B. M. Everhart. From Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. of Phil. 1891. From J. B. Ellis. 4091. New North American fungi. By J. B. Ellis and B. M.. Everhart. From Proc. Acad. N.S. of Phil.: 1890. From J. B. Ellis. 4092. Notes on the geology and scenery of the islands forming: the southerly line of the Santa Barbara channel. By Dr. Lorenzo Gordin Yates, F.G.S.A. Extract from Amer. Geologist, Jan. apv0es From the author. 4093. Instances of the effects of musical sounds on animals. By Robert E. C. Stearns. Extract from American Naturalist, Jan. 1890 From the author. 4094. New species of Montana fungi. By J. B. Ellis and F. W.. Anderson. Extract from Bot. Gaz. Feb. 1891. With plates vii. and x. From J. B. Ellis. 4095. A new Fomes from northern Montana. By F. W. Ander-.- son. Extract l.c., Apr. 1891. With plate xii. From J. B. Ellis. / The West American Scientist. Dont Give UP The use of Ayer’s Sarsaparilla. One bottle may not cure “right off” a complaint of years; persist unfil a cure is effected. Asa general rule, improvement follows shortly after beginning the use of this medicine. With many people, the effect is immediately noticeable; but some constitutions are less susceptible to medicinal influences than others, and the curative process may, there- fore, in such cases, be less prompt. Perse- verance in using this remedy is sure of its reward at last. Sooner or later, the most stubborn blood diseases yield to Ayer's sarsaparilla! “For several years, in the spring months, T used to be troubled with a drowsy, tired feeling, and a dull pain in the small of my back, so bad, at times, as to prevent my being able to walk, the least sudden motion causing me severe distress. Frequently, boils and rashes would break out on various parts of the body. By the advice of friends and my family physician, I began the use of Ayer’s Sarsaparilla and continued it till the poison in my blood was thoroughly eradicated.”—L. W. English, Montgomery City, Mo. “My system was all run down; my skin rough and of yellowish hue. I tried various remedies, and while some of them gave me temporary relief, none of them did any per- manent good. At last I began to take Ayer’s Sarsaparilla, continuing it exclusively for a considerable time, and pleased to say that it completely Cured Me. I presume iny liver was very much out of order, and the blood impure in consequence. I feel that I cannot too highly recommend Ayer’s Sarsaparilla to any one afflicted as I was.”—Mrs. N. A. Smith, Glover, Vt. “For years I suffered from scrofula blood diseases. The doctors’ prescriptions and several so-called blood-purifiers being of no avail, I was at last advised by a friend to try Avyer’s Sarsaparilla. I did so, and now feel like a new man, being fully restored to health.’”—C. N. Frink, Decorah, Lowa. Ayer’s Sarsaparilla PREPARED BY | Streets. and | JOSEPH GILLOTT’S Steel Pens FOR ARTISTIC USE in fine drawing, Nos. 659 (Crowquill), 29u and 291. FOR FINE WRITING Nos. 303 and Ladies’, 170. FOR BROAD WRITING Nos 294, 389 and Stub Point, 849. FOR GENERAL WRITING Nos. 332, 4u4, 390 and 604. Joseph Gillott & Sons, 94 John St., N. Y. HENRY HOEK, Sore AGENT. Sold by All Dealers World. Gold Medal Paris Exposition, 1878. FS0UKk NEW NZ fh) 3 o> Solid [= NGS ds ola Watch a REN Worth KAO... isest yoo Se Jwatchin the world. Dertect timekeeper. Warrauted heavy. ,SOLID GOLD hunting casvs fBoth ladies’ and gent’s sizcs, @with works and cases of #equal value ONE PERSONm each locality can secure one Stree, together with our large & ad valuable lineof Household LO samples. These samples, as well as the watch, are free. All the work you need do is to show what we send you to those who call—your friends and neighbors and those about you—thatalways results in valuable trade for us, which holds for years when once started, and thus we are repaid. We pay all express, freight, etc. After you know all, if you would like to go to work for us. you can earn trom #20 to %GO® per week and upwards. Address, Stinson & Co., Box 812, Portiand, Maine. K. VY. VAN NoRMAN, i. D, PHYSICIAN - - = — AND SURGEON. OFFICE, 927 SIXTH STREET. Office Hours—l1() to 12 a. m., 1 to 3 p. m., and Evenings. Residence, Corner 5th and Maple throughout the Telephone 174. SAWN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA. WHATIS GOING ON One of the Sager sat FREE MILES escopes in AROUND OY eller Hei eal bP ease, the world. Our facilities are 1s l) im unequaled, and to introduce our ib |... superior goods we will sendrrkk A i to ONE PERSON in each locality, 70 = asabove. Only those who write ==to us at oncecan make sure of THIg the chance. All you have to doin = return is to show our goods to those who call—your neighbors = and those around you. The be- “ginning of this advertisement shows the small end of the tele- ed to s a tele- out experience. Better write at once. We pay all express charges. Address, H. HALLETT & CO.. Box 880, PORTLAND, MAINE. The West American Scientist, Increase the beauty and convenience of Your GOLLECTION by using NEAT LABELS, Supplied by the OBSERVER, Portland, Ct. Perfect in quality, and acknowledged the standard in size and style. Send for Price List and Samples. Have you seen Leh, OBSHi rane A medium of interchange of observations for all Students and Lovers of Nature, de- voted to all departments of Nature Studies. Send for sample copy. Address EDWARD F. BIGELOW, Publisher and Printer, No. 5 Waverly Avenue, Portland, Conn. OF THE UNITED STATES.. @ comprises EveryArticle made in this @ Country -Indexed and Cassified—and @ under each article the namesandaddresses @ : Setae yeti Gidoediae oil [\ANUFACTURES AND PRODUCTS © of” ¢ THE BEST MANUFACTURERS. e @ (omplete in One Royal OctavoVol.of over 1300pp @ © Price in (loth *6-Inz Morocco *8-In Flexible Leather*10. @ © INDISPENSABLE © @ to Buyers of Articles inall lines and @ @ Invaluable as a Statistical work. r) @ Orders received at office of thisPaper- @ Look! See! Buy! these Packets! ‘A’? 50 varieties of stamps for 5c. “B” 25 varieties better for 10c. “CO” 10 varieties unused Huropean, lode. “DPD” 10 varieties uvwused, FINE, 25c. “AH” 20 var. unused and an Asiatic coin, dic. “Ss” 50 varieties India, Ceylon, old U. S., ' etc., some new, 20c. “WW? 10 unused 10c: @&-Gummed Hinges FREE. California Stamp Co., Santa Ana, Cal. Box 226 AGENTS WANTED! To sell our “UNITED STATES SECRET SERVICE” during the War, by Gen. L. CG. Baker, its organizer and’chief; and “HARD- TACK AND COFFEE,” a story of the inner life of the Army. Also our indestructible. - interchangeable “METAL BACK ALBUM.” . Apply to The J. Dewing Company, 8138 Market Street, - San Francisco.., Mention this paper. BOTANISTS. 7 E desire afew more reliable collectors of native West Am?rican tree and flower seeds, bulbs, ferns, cacti and other plants. Please write us what you can collect, season - of supply, prices, and descriptions of those most desirable for cultivation. THE ORCUTT SEED & PLANT CO., San Diegsu, California. HENRY C. LANGREHR, COUNTY SURVEYOR, Homestead, Timber Culture, and Entries and Filings Made Railroad, Water Supply and. Irrigation Location and Construction, etc., Maps, Plans and Estimates Furnished. 1313 D STREET, SAN DIEGO, CAL. P.O. Box 844. COWAN BROS., FINE WATCHMAKERS MAIN STREET. RIVERSIDR, CAL. PEOPLE'S ONE PRICE STORE Boyd Block, Main St., between 7th and 8th, RIVERSIDE, CAL. CLOTHIN Gents,’ Ladies’ and Children’s Shoes,Gents’ Furnishings, Hats, Boots, Trunks, Valises, Blankets ete. Motto: Quick Sales and Small Profits. My JULIUS BERNSTEIN. F. P. BRUNER. Conveyancer of Deeds, Ete. With Wells, Fargo & Co. Sixth and F Sts., San Diego, Cal. teries. SS HULBERT FENC oo Don’t BUY FENCIN Untilyou get our Price List of Or. .namental and Farm Fences, Gates Iron Posts, Tree Guards, Barbed and plain Wire, Nettings, Wire-work, &c ssseae Hulbert Field loom for both Picket m= and Netting Fences only $ 5. ‘ Galvanized Steel fence lasts furever. Donations for churches and ceme Your name on gates Catalogue free; write for estimates Weship every where. Agents wante [RE CO. ouive ay ST. aE So= r NOTARY PUBLIC Re. et 5 STATE St, MAD O . ao if:2 | “Mur WORLD'S FAIR COLLECTION OF _.£ Minerals and Curiosities mailed LA us is en of. New California Bulletit Heat box of curios, only ten es a eae son Orie rt ria & 65., Naps | ae be 34 Rrulistorter,¢ a sd setiens Java. MY p- tive ist of. “Californie pis | we are at times Saale Race , but aor te order. | ae Ouse | other hand, we are featinitnlis introduein, Co's Acme teroseo “| new and désirable trees and flowers | “tea | uy __— | novelty-loving tay notenonCalforsia ie | RELAIS TODD, TAXIDERMIST,, | and supplementary notes on “California Trees & ently Oregon, offers the ay dn: shel Is and ge ad maybe: “aye sa this journal. | hee | pier tng crenata Shy... dl Spend me cas - Kethwea n arena oi ia . Mee ee 6S. i" ‘ St spectrum Nutt tt........per 0 ; fel ek Ms a gt a oe ge on a aM : Dies persona, a REL SF 200 ee Vue fare Pa eae t ornica 26} ee eee ee um | Mart... 0B te at ee PRT 2 i mont roy te 1a, Dior 20 class... 5, S, - ( es cheers Feeees O ee, hay dP ah PL v¥ a 4p i BSE oe 2 ar Nea a sue in ke ioe it et Pues. ao fe) Tiye4e re view \ ee fy Poh. ei’ nin Gy eSiz 3 Sem Re foo a Voitume VII. AUGUST, 1891. Wauote No. 61. é LZ, 28, ae koe W A | , | | eSt AMerican oclentist. A popular monthly review and record for the Pacific Coast. CONTENTS: PAGE A Cactus Corner in the Missouri Botanical Garden.—Illus- MOONS hath Aia5 11a dors SP EPRE MEER Kel os ctr doP ions syeneaw C. R. Orcutt. 187 April Flowers in Northern California.................. Carl Purdy. 187 SEpies ROMMEL CAT EYEE STRCLIRE Pru eave dab aid cs Peaseptewsiiachsnnes C. R. Orcutt. 190 Se 8 0 9] a eR epee ee ty i W. F. Parish. 195 New Bombylide from California................. D. W. Coquillett. 197 The Thistle Poppies... /...5.cieriew d0's cadced ica)sy odabswwves ca’ 215 Meee RET Nes Bh DEL OMNG Ce aes eran a Ses ogo wv sie yea dsncr sduhuicee cedaencacaasdg 215 ¥ SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA: C. R. ORCUTT, Publisher, Cor. Fifth and C Streets. Editorial and Mailing Rooms: Orcutt News ee a 8 Orcutt, California. Redlands, Ca PRICE, 20 CENTS. Per YEAR, $2.00 {Entered at the P, O. at Orcutt, California, as second class mail matter.] Ow ne | -, _ ¥ . A ee: ae <- oe WERE: res Al ie 4 189) April Flowers in Northern California. “187 A CACTUS CORNER IN THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN. The garden maintained for many years in the private grounds of the late Henry Shaw, at St. Louis, is known to most people who have passed through that city, and few people traveling for pleasure have stopped there for a day without a visit to Shaw’s Garden. At the death of Henry Shaw, in 1889, this garden was left in the care of a board of trustees, to be maintained as a botanical garden, and is endowed with practically the whole of his large fortune. The accompanying view is from the first report on the garden under the management of the trustees, and represents one of the sev- eral groups of large cacti which are set out during the summer. Many of the specimens of Opuntia and Cereus are large and old plants, and possess historical interest for students of this group of succulents, since they came originally from Prince Salm Dyck, one of the greatest authorities on the cacti, and were closely observed by Dr. Engelmann, whose studies laid the foundation for the knowl- edge of our own species. The collection in this group is believed to be one of the largest and most complete in existence, and the library and herbarium of the garden are also very rich in material referring to the cacti. The managers desire that every species of cactus grow- ing in the United States, as well as Mexican species, shall be repre- sented in the near future. For botanical study, as well as popular observation, St. Louis is likely for some time to come to be the cag tus center of the country. In Southern California, however, the cactus is more at home,’ and the Arizona garden at Monterey famous among tray- elers. A large private collection is at Pasadena, comprising about two or three hundred species, and is in thriving condition. The proprietors of the Hotel del Coronado planted about five hundred varieties, furnished’ by the writer, who has personally collected, or received from correspondents, more than half the varieties as yet known to botanists. Nearly twelve hundred species have been de- scribed, of which many will doubtless have to be, ultimately, re- ferred to synonymy. The writer has recently added nearly two hundred species to his collections, including some new and many rare ones from Mexico and other localities, and hopes ultimately to have the most com- plete private collection in the world. CBR OfcnEe APRIL FLOWERS IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. (From Garden. and. Forest, iv. 214.) The middle of April, nm California, north of San Francisco bay, ~ finds the wild flowers, in hundreds of species, and often in vast quantities, covering acres on acres of ground. As yet the height of 188 April Flowers in Northern California. the season is not reached. The San Joaquin valley and Monterey are fully three weeks earlier, and Southern California earlier still. A month ago our common Buttercups, Ranunculus macranthus, were few in numbers; now the roadsides are yellow with them, and pastures are covered with them by the acre. In wet places R. Bloomeri takes its place with equal profusion. Yellow seems a favorite color here, and it is always seen in masses. In places a low-growing CEnothera, in profuse flower, shows the richest of yellows for a long period. Then the Eschscholtzia fairly monopo- lizes some vacant lots in this town where there is a deep gravelly soil. These beautiful Poppies appear, not in dozens or thousands, but turn whole acres into billowy masses of splendid orange; other acres glow with the darker orange of Amsinckia or the purple-blue of Lupines. The Eschscholtzia foliage is especially rich this season in -searlets and bronzes, which, if they could be relied upon as per- manent, would make it an interesting foliage plant. Nemophilas are largely used by nature as bedding plants here. N. insignis, Blue Eyes we call it, is everywhere in single plants or in beds, a few yards in extent, and occasionally by the solid acre. Gilia tricolor is another plant which now covers entire hillsides. Platystemon Californicus, another member of the poppy family, is also a favorite with nature. The flowers are a creamy yellow, borne separately on long stalks. In dry fields it covers large areas. White is the rarest color in these natural parks. Several species of Eri- trichium are here, with delicate, white flowers. Limnanthes Doug- lasii, long in cultivation, forms large white masses in moist places. Scarlet does not yet appear in abundance, although Calandrinia Menziesii, another cultivated species, is everywhere. Mendocino county and the region around the base of Mount Shasta have the richest flora in California. The Sierra Nevada range is largely volcanic. In the coast range clays prevail, with here and there volcanic projections. At Shasta these two ranges meet, giving in a small space great variations in soil, altitude, ex- posure and moisture. The -rainiest spot in California is closely adjacent to a lava desert, so at Mount Shasta the conifers have a wonderful development in species, and the flora as a whole is very rich. In Mendocino county the redwood forest furnishes shade and moisture. The dry Chemisal region is close at hand, giving the prevalent flora of the coast range, Elevations of 5,000 to 6,000 feet give alpine conditions, while isolated voleanic points add var- iety to soil. Add to this narrow valleys and deep canyons, and the variety of vegetation is not to be wondered at. Among shrubs the various Ceanothus are common, going far to April Flowers in Northern California. 189 make up the unbroken growth, from six to fifteen feet high, which, in an almost impenetrable thicket, clothes many of the mountain sides of the coast range, and gives them a smooth, Heath-like appearance. The local name for this low growth is chemisal when the shrub Adenostoma fasciculatum predominates; chapparal, if the growth is largely mixed. In the aggregate vast areas are so covered. One continuous belt is sixty miles long by eight or ten wide, with very small breaks in timber or grazing land. Ceanothus divaricatus is one of the commonest elements of chapparal, and is now in bloom. In the open Redwood C. thyrsiflorus, a fine shrub, often fifteen feet high, with flowers much like a lilac, and fully as beautiful, covers large areas in an almost impenetrable thicket. In my garden Erythronium grandiflorum is beginning to fade. It gave fine satisfaction this season, planted in chip mold, and rather shallow. E. giganteum, from Oregon, bloomed for the first time this year. The bulbs were strong and produced large blossoms, four to six to each, and several three inches across. Close observa- tion shows some difference between this and E. grandiflorum, but the distinction is not well enough defined to be satisfactory. The yellow of the flowers of E. giganteum has a slight greenish shade, while those of E. grandiflorum shade from light straw at tips ta rich yellow near the centre, and occasionally with markings. from, light brown to very dark. E. Smithiu lacks the elegance of form of the two former, and is one-flowered. Its color, at first, is white, with a pink tinge, and becomes pink-purple. E. Howellii has a straw-colored flower with a peculiar pinkish orange centre. With me it was quite small, but the bulbs may not have been strong. Brodiza multiflora and B. congesta blossomed together, and very beautiful they were. They were planted in shallow boxes, the top soil mold and clay with a light dressing of sand. The first Calochortus to flower was the dainty little C. coeruleus. It was. closely followed by C. lilacinus. The first is doing well in a com- mon clay loam. Fritillaria lanceolata seems to runs to many forms, which, to the gardener, would be good varieties. The prettiest I had this year was a light yellow one. They were in shallow boxes about three-inches deep, in clay loam, and shaded in the afternoon. Considering the quality of the bulb the flowers were as good as I have seen in the very best natural wild growth. There isa variety _of F. recurva which is unttsually fine. Some racemes were sent to me with fivé to nine blossoms, and I kave heard of one with eighteen. ae Carl Purdy. 190 The Golondrina Plant. : ? THE GOLONDRINA . PLANT. (From the San Diego Union, revised by the author.) — The rattlesnake is the most abundant and the most dreaded of the venomous reptiles of the United States. The Pacific coast is free from any other variety of known poisonous serpents, but sev- eral varieties of the rattlesnake abound in sufficient numbers to make up for.the lack of variety otherwise. | Our most venomous and ugly species is the black rattlesnake, (Crotalus lucifer) found near the coast, from Oregon to Lower California, smaller in size than the more common yellow rattler. It | is usually found in grassy valleys or canyons, and though smaller in size is-much livelier than the other form and not inclined to bear insults without showing fight. : The yellow rattler, or diamond-back, as it is sometimes called, (Crotalus enyo) is much larger, often five, more rarely six feet in length, sluggish, and not inclined to fight if it can avoid conflict, except at certain seasons when it also, is very pugnacious. . _.In April it is sometimes inclined to attack one, and will not readily run from you, but by June it shows a desire to escape—prob- ably because it is blind and knows itself to be at a disadvantage. Some say it is then more dangerous, as it will strike without warn- ing, which is probably true if it is disturbed. But the current belief that the rattlesnake will always give warning is a dangerous pop- ular fallacy, as such is not the case. It will rattle and strike simul- taneously, and often will await your near approach before giving warning. I will give a case to illustrate this point. In May, 1886, near San Quintin bay, I started to climb a steep bank to reach a certain plant growing above me. Just beside it was a large yellow _ rattler, coiled ready to strike and waiting for its probably expected prey. As I approached it made no motion, but the strong magnetic influence of its eye, as it wickedly watched my approach, caused me > to look up just in season, when my head was nearly on a level with its own, and to step back:out of danger.. Still it did not rattle until a pistol shot gave it its quietus. | In June, 1889, whileshaking the seed from the bush into a pan, held near the ground and'under the bush, I had the pleasure of see- ing a large yellow rattler quietly move from under. the bush out of my way, without giving any indication of its presence beforehand. Probably my movement of the bush above it had slightly disturbed the good-natured fellow without arousing his resentment. Another slim and exceedingly lively rattler, with alternate rings of black and white, is found in our mountains, bordering the desert. The Golondrina Plant. bine After observing the rapid locomotion of a particularly long indi- vidual one day, I considered discretion the better part of valor when it turned upon me and showed fight, especially as I chanced to have no weapon at hand. On the Colorado desert the rattlesnake closely imitates the color of the sand that surrounds it. The larger one resembles the » diamond-back in its markings and is the species known as Crotalus pyrrhus. The desert region possesses a smaller species (Crotalus cerastes) scarcely a foot in length, white as the sands beneath it, as pug- nacious as a terrier among rats, by no means sluggish in the hot sun, but inclined to honorable warfare by giving warning to its approaching enemy. One evening the operator at a station on the Southern Pacific railway stepped into his office with slippers on his feet and quickly stepped out again as he felt and heard one of these reptiles under his foot. The sand-viper, or side-winder, as these diminutive snakes are called by their acquaintances, kept his tail employed in a lively manner until the young man put on his boots, struck a light and dispatched him. On the Mojave desert this snake is exceedingly abundant in some localities. Their nocturnal habits render them especially dangerous where they abound. All the other rattlers, I believe, travel only in the daytime as a rule, when, if one is on the lookout, he can generally avoid unpleasant experiences with them. 4 ~ Dr. S. Wier Mitchell, of Philadelphia, who has made a special study of venemous serpents, and has studied our rattlesnakes espe- cially, claims there is no sure cure known for the virus of a rattle- snake. There is a popular article in the Century Magazine (Vol. 38, pp. 513-514) by this author. I will copy a few sentences. ‘When a man or an animal is bitten by a rattlesnake death may take place in a few minutes. It has followed in man within a minute, but unless the dose given is enormous, or by chance enters a vein, this is very unlikely. The bite is, however, popularly believed to be mortal, and therefore every case of recovery gives credit to some remedy, for it is a maxim with physicians that the in- curable and easily relievable maladies are those which have the most remedies assigned to them. * * * The deadly apothecary does not succumb to his own drugs. * * * We have never been able to poison plants with snake venom. * * * Itis possible to feed a pigeon on crotalus (rattlesnake) venom day after day and see it live unhurt. * * * A bite in the extremities rarely causes death.’ From the above it will be seen that the bite of the rattlesnake is 192 The Golondrina Plant. x extremely dangerous but not always fatal. The poison itself has. no effect on the rattlesnake, though deadly to other snakes, yet by biting itself in a vital part the snake has power to commit suicide. This has frequently been witnessed and abundantly testified to and given rise to the popular fallacy that it dies from tts own poison. Under normal conditions of health the venom is undoubtedly harmless to the human system if taken internally. Yet such experi- ments might prove fatal to some individuals or under unfavorable conditions of health. We will again quote Dr. Mitchell that a clearer view of the sub- ject may be obtained: : ‘If we mix any venom with a strong enough solution of potassa or soda we destroy its power to kill. A solution of iodine or per- chloride has a like but a lesser capacity and so also has bromo- hydric acid; but by far the best of all is permanganate of potash. If this agent be injected at once or soon through a hollow needle into the fang wound wherever it touches venom it destroys it. It also acts in like destructive fashion on the tissues, but, relatively - speaking, this is a small matter. If at once we can cut off the circu- lation by a ligature and thus delay absorption we certainly lessen the chances of death; yet, as the bites occur usually when men are far from help, it is but too often a futile aid, although it has cer- tainly saved many lives. The first effect of venom is to lessen sud- denly the pressure under which the blood is kept while in the vessels. Death from this cause must be rare, as it is active for so short a time. Any alcoholic ‘stimulants at this period would be useful; but, despite the popular creed, it is now pretty sure that many men have been killed by the alcoholism to relieve them from the snake bite, and it is a matter of record that men dead drunk with whisky and then bitten had died of the bite. For the conse- quences to the blood and to the nerve centers which follow an injection of venom there is, so far as 1 am aware, no antidote; but as to this I do not at all despair and see clearly that our way to find relief is by competently learning what.we havetodo. * * * We may hope to find remedies which will stimulate and excite the vital organs which venom enfeebles. In this direction lie our hopes of future help. Anything which delays the fatal effect of the poison is also a vast advantage in treatment.’ GOLONDRINA. Several cases of rattlesnake bites have been recently described to the writer, where five drops of ammonia taken in a glass of whisky every five minutes several times in succession resulted in relief and a cure. Ammonia and whisky, with sweet oil or any oily substance, The Golondrina Plant. 193 butter or even lard, are the most general popular remedies credited with curing the bites of venomous reptiles or insects. Other reme- dies, like black ash bark, caustic and bluestone, gunpowder ignited on the wound (in cases of horses or cattle bitten), and many others are often reported as efficacious in the cases where they were ap- plied. The Euphorbiacee or spurge family contains plants and shrubs, usually with a milky, acrid (poisonous) juice. In Euphorbia, the principal genus in America, the flowers are monoecious, included in a cup-shaped, four and five-lobed involucre resembling a calyx or corolla, usually bearing large and thick glands at its sinuses. In the species to which the name golondrina is usually applied the leaves are small, all opposite and similar, furnished with awl- shaped or scaly stipules; stems and branches usually forming a broad, spreading mat on the ground; annual, usually in blossom throughout the year. Messrs. Parke, Davis & Co., Detroit (WEsT AMERICAN SCIEN- TIST, vol. vi., p. 84), say of these plants: ‘‘We find that several species of Euphorbia, mostly the E. albo- marginata and the E. prostrata, have acquired a reputation as antidotes for snake poisoning under the names of ‘golondrina’ and ‘ gollindrinera.’ In Southern California Euphorbia polycarpa is the common golondrina of the Mexicans and Indians, and has the reputation of being a sure cure for all cases of venom poisoning, in common with other similar, nearly related species of this genus. It is abundant from the seashore to the Colorado desert, where a larger variety than ours is very abundant. The Herald, of Banning, Cal., Louis Munson, editor, under date of October 12, 1889, contained the following article on the varieties of this plant, which I consider worthy of reproduction: An article of Dr. S. Wier Mitchell, of Philadelphia, lately widely copied, announced that no sure cure was known for the virus of a rattlesnake. The doctor evidently had not consulted the lore of the Indians of Southern California. Nobody hears of an Indian dying from the bite of a rattlesnake, nor of his losing any stock from that cause. On the authority of Mr. I. K. Fisher, of Santa Barbara, we state that when a snake has bitten itself it resorts to the remedy which the Indians use, from which we infer that their discovery of the cure arose from observing the snake’s employment of the sante remedy. Mr. Frank Smith, of Whitewater, speaks the Indian language, and through that has come into possession of many secrets which 194 The Geoddrinn Plant. their reticence hides from most white men. From him we learned this remedy, and announce it with the assurance of Mr. Smith’s. entire responsibility and veracity. Indeed, so confident is he of the’ power of the remedy that he is willing, in true California eloquence, to wager Dr. Mitchell in any sum from $500 to $1000 that he can cure any case of rattlesnake bite, Dr. Mitchell himself furnishing the snake if he wants to be sure of its venomous character. The remedy is this: There is a weed which grows wherever the rattlesnake lives; it is green during snake season. When a creature is bitten the green weed is bruised in a little urine, the skin about the bite is scarified with a knife, and the bruised weed is rubbed over the scari- fied place for ten or fifteen minutes. A bunch of the bruised weed is. then bound on the scarified surface and left. Within forty-eight hours without fail all symptoms of the poison disappear. ‘The weed is a species of Euphorbia common in this country. It is a little, vinelike plant, radiating from a center, usually clinging close to the ground, with a light green round leaf shaped like a clover leaf, but only a half or a third as large. When a stem is broken, milk will drop out profusely. A few pieces of the weed grow just south of where the road leads from San Gorgonio avenue, in Banning, across the vineyard to the company’s barn north of town. There just at the edge of the road along the ditch it can be found and recognized. . . ‘Mr. Smith gave us three accounts of this cure: ‘1. In 1878 a snake charmer in Prescott, Arizona, was bitten by a rattlesnake on the back of the hand. Ten hours thereafter he was unconscious, his arm and whole side swollen, and the physi- cians gave him up to die. Mr. Smith then applied his remedy, and the next morning the man was walking the streets well. ‘2. In 1862 a Mexican boy was herding sheep in this pass for the Trujillos. He was bitten by a rattlesnake on the fiorefinger. When seen by Mr. Smith the next day he was swollen enormously all over, ‘as big as three boys,’ says Mr. Smith, and in great agony. This remedy cured him. ‘3. A horse was bitten on the nose. When found its head was swollen, and knots as big as nuts showed down its neck and on its. body. It had been bitten several hours, the fang marks showing on its nose. He cured it and rode it fifty miles the third day without injury. Hs ! | ‘The Mexicans call this weed golondrino. ‘If any one seeing this article knows Dr. S. Wier Mitchell’s ad- dress, we would be obliged by having him see this.article.’ In the first paragraph of the above article reference is made to 7 Yucca Whipple. 195° the snake using the plant itself in case of its repentiny of suicidal intentions. But this is open to doubt and it may be presumed that the snake resorted to the use of the plant for some reason unknown tous. That it is an infallible cure may also be doubted, notwith- standing the numerous cases which have been described to me by different.and reliable observers where it proved efficacious in pre- serving life. In Texas the plant is steeped in fresh milk and the tea given internally in cases where children are bitten by the rattle- snake. In Lower California the plant is first masticated and a por- tion of the weed then applied to the scarified wound and a part swallowed. In Mexico I am informed that among certain Indian tribes the men carry a little of this herb—dried—on their person constantly and say that where it is promptly applied a snake bite never proves fatal. All this cumulative evidence is not to be hastily discredited in a matter of so great importance, for, while the mortality from this cause in the United States is not great, yet in India and some por- tions of tropical America, many thousands annually lose their lives from venomous serpents. If this plant really possesses the qualities ascribed to it its introduction im those countries afflicted in this way would be of lasting benefit to the human race. It should be borne in mind that the milky juice of the golon- . drina is in itself poisonous, whether taken internally, or with many individuals, applied externally to the skin. A case of poisoning by this plant was lately brought to my attention. Several ladies and children thoughtlessly ornamented their hats with the pretty clus- ters of leaves and white flowers, getting the juice on to their hands and faces. In two or three of these individuals the effect was similar to a case of poisoning from the poison oak, while the others were not affected in the least. I have frequently had the milky juice on my hands, when collecting specimens for my herbarium, without any inconvenient results. C. R. Orcutt. YUCCA WHIPPLEI. (From Vick’s Magazine, a= 211.) The persistent reader of florists’ catalogues will sometimes find the name that heads this article at the tail end of the short list of yuccas. It received its name from the zealous and talented Lieu- tenant A. W. Whipple, who, in 1853-4, crossed the plains at the head of an exploring expedition of the United States government. - In the early summer one may see the Indians of our San Ber- nardino valley with bundles of some green vegetable substance 196 Yucta Whipplet. which has been formed into balls of two to four inches in diameter. This substance they eat green, by chewing and extracting the sweet juice and ejecting the white fibrous ‘cud’ left after the operation, or, to heighten the relish, they roast it over the coals, sometimes merely warming it through. They will tell you this is mesqual (mez-kal). A botanist would tell you that it is Yucca Whipplei. What’s in a name after all?) Mesqual will taste just as sweet to the © uninterested savage. Still earlier in the season you may see little bands of Indians on foot, and mounted on their wretched mustangs, bound for the hills; they are going after mesqual too. They will bring back with them many fibrous, spherical, sticky and dirty looking masses about as large as a cocoanut, fiber and all. If you have courage enough to taste it you will find it quite sweet, and the Indian will tell ycu it is mesqual, and muy dulce. When the mesqual is suitable for cooking they gather great quantities of it, at some convenient spot near their camp. They then make a slight depression in the soil, in which a fire is built and maintained for some time, until the ground, and a quantity of stones also, which have been thrown in, become quite hot. When this primitive oven is at the right temperature the mesqual, stripped of its leaves, is thrown in, the embers having been first raked to one. side. When a thick layer of mesqual has been placed in the oven, the hot stones, embers, ashes, soil and green grass are thrown over the whole pile and a fire kept.burning on top of it; this is kept going till the chief cook deems the mesqual to be thoroughly cooked, when the pile is pulled to pieces and the contents allowed to cool. In taste it has a faint resemblance to a baked sweet apple, and is about of the same consistency. The whole mass is a mixture of this sweet, soft pulp and coarse, white fibers, much like a manila rope yarn. Care must be taken not to eat much of it, for it has a medicinal effect similar to castor oil, though the Indians do not seem to mind this at all. I am told that the Indians on the desert north of us knead up the fresh-baked mesqual into cakes, and these are dried in the sun for future use. The Agave deserti is also called mesqual, and is cooked the same way, and I have good season to believe sev- eral other sorts of agave. In fact I believe that Yucca ‘Whipplei is the only yucca that is used in this manner. Mesqual seems to be the general name for all plants that are prepared as I have stated, -hence Whipple’s yucca also becomes mesqual, because eatable in this manner. : Should you wander along the sand washes and slopes of the higher parts of our valley you cannot help noticing a curious looke ing plant growing there in considerable numbers, From an upright New Bombylide From California. L197 spike, solid and hard, growing directly out of the ground, radiate in every direction long green leaves with sharp spikes at the ends— a hemisphere of rigid, bristling leaves. As the plant approaches maturity, and prepares to bloom, the base broadens and thickens till it has quite a bulbous appearance; when in this condition it is considered eatable by the Indians. Presently the central spike of close-clustering leaves grows taller and thicker, and from the center emerges the flower stalk, very tender and white, with the close- clustered buds so minute as to be scarcely recognizable; at this period of its growth it looks very much like a huge stalk of aspara- gus. The growth of this flower stalk is exceedingly rapid. The faster it grows the faster the flower buds develop, but it is not till the stalk is some five or six feet high that it begins to branch out from the central stem in every direction, and subdivides again into many smaller stems, each terminating in a perfect flower. When the plant is in full bloom there is a spike of creamy white flowers two feet across and tapering upward three or four feet to the top, where the delicate green buds are not yet open. The flowers are some two inches across, generally of a delicate cream color, or pure white, not infrequently with a line of green or purple down the center of each petal; instances are not rare where the whole flower is of a rich purple color. In texture the flower is thick and waxen looking. This yucca has the peculiarity of dying as soon as it has flowered, like the agaves. WF. Parish: [Yucca whipplei, common in Southern and Lower California, is better known among the native Californians as the ciote plant (pronounced ke-o-ty), and is also known as the mountain yucca.— EpIror. | ; NEW BOMBYLIDA; FROM CALIFORNIA. In ‘Entomologica Americana’ Volume I, pages 115 and 116, I gave a synoptical table of the species of Lordotus known to inhabit North America, and characterized three new species. Since the pub- lication of that paper no new species from this region have, to my knowledge, been described. I give below descriptions of two new species which I collected in Southern California, and present a new table of all the known species of Lordotus from North America: i) pcureihium not.crooved, commcded, belind..:,.........s2:00snsacntegaterne. 2 Scutellum with a deep, longitudinal groove............. Canalis Coq. 2. Wings hyaline, destitute of brown clouds or spots...............088 3 Wings with apical half of first basal cell (usually), and basal half of marginal and of first submarginal cells brown, a brown cloud on the small crossvein and another on the erossvein at base of fourth posterior cell................. Gibbus Lwe 198 New Bombylide From California. Wings hyaline except the brown clouds situated mostly on the ‘CrossWelass ay nee ay cece eae eee te Planus O. S. 3. Pile of breast and of legs largely white or yellowish................ 4 Pile of face, antennz, breast, legs and venter largely black....... . en er err er 3 ay pecan Net nM Weare sane fiser COUOEN SC 4.. Abdomen destitute of cob o Ete of white tomentumn.............. 5. Abdomen destitute of a crossband of fidel Phere eee dee eee 6 Abdomen with a crossband of black pile, costa of wings in the - male provided with teeth-like projections...............:. Zona Coq.. 6. Second antennal joint scarcely longer than wide, costa of wings in the male destitute of teeth-like projections, pile of body yellowish-white in both sexes.................06008 Junceus n. sp. Second antennal joint nearly twice as long as wide, costa of wings in the male provided with teeth-like projections, pile of body yellowish-white in the male, golden yellow in the ppg ice AK tne eS RIA reg lic He aS IARI Roel Ue I Sf a Diversus n. sp. LORDOTUS JUNCEUS fl. sp. Bie opaque. Front in the female densely gray pollinose, yellowish and white pilose, covered with minute black points; face in both sexes densely white pilose. First joint of antennz scarcely two-thirds as long as the third, second joint as wide as long; pile of upper side of first two joints brownish, that on the lower side more dense and white. Pile and tomentum of upper part of occiput in the male wholly yellowish- white, in the female mixed white and yellowish-white, that on re- maining part of occiput white. Thorax in the female grayish pol- linose and covered with minute black points, in the male the pollen and points are almost wanting; pile and tomentum of thorax mixed white and vellowish-white, mostly of the latter color in the male. © Scutellum rounded behind, its covering like that of the thorax. Pile and tomentum of pleura white, of the abdomen yel- lowish-white, that on the venter white; hind margins of abdominal segments two to five, sometimes yellowish in the female. Pile and tomentum of legs white, bristles of tibize and of tarsi black. Wings wholly hyaline, costa in the male destitute of teeth-like projections. : Stalk of halteres brown and yellow, the knob sulphur-yellow. Length, 5 to 9 mm. Los Angeles and San Diego counties, Cali- fornia. 6 male and 3 female specimens, in May and June. | LORDOTUS DIVERSUS 01. Sp. Male black, opaque. Second antennal joint twice as long as wide, but a trifle shorter than the first, the two together about equaling the third in length; base of the third joint yellowish; pile of upper side of first two joints short, sparse, mixed yellow and black, of the lower side yellow, long and dense. Pile of face yellow. Pile and sparse tomentum of occiput, thorax, ‘scutellum and abdomen wholly dirty-white, that on the pleura and. New Bombylide From Calitornia. 199 venter purer white. Scutellum rounded behind. Apex of femora, whole of tibize and base of tarsi, vellow; pile and tomentum of femora white, tomentum of tibiz and tarsi veliow, their bristles black. Wings wholly hyaline, the costa beset with large, black teeth-like projections. Stalk of halteres yellowish, the knob white. Female differs from the male as follows: First two antennal joints yellow, their pile wholly golden yellow. Pile and tomentum of front, face, occiput, thorax, scutellum, abdomen, pleura and venter golden yellow. Femora wholly yellow, its pile and tomen- tum yellowish. Length, 6.5 to 10.5 mm., the males, on an average, the largest. San Diego county, California. 4 male and 9 female specimens, in May. These two forms, although differing so much in coloration, are evidently the opposite sexes of the same species. I collected speci- mens of both forms at the same time and place, and did not take at the same time a single specimen of any other species of Lordotus having the same form of second antennal joint as both of these forms possess. In the same volume of the periodical above referred to, on pages 221 and 222,I1 gave a table of the known species of Toxophora occurring in North America, and described two new species; I give below a description of another new species, which makes it neces- sary to somewhat modify and extend the previously published table of species, as follows: Bee Wy tees wild CNTES Sitti eee RE COUS.. 5 ince dooce cece de cee cacem ge gateoes 2 Wings with only two submarginal cells; crossvein at apex of discal cell not angular, destitute of a stump of a vein........... Eee: Seen J. 6 o05lan sexe eee Peer isd... Leneapeeat Wied: 2. -Crossvein at apex of discal cell angular, and bearing a stump ES a eee Eo. Sa RAR a 3 Crossvein at apex of discal cell not angular, destitute of a Se) 0 ee is Corts Bae eo ae ee ee 4. 3. Wings hyaline, the costal half only slightly yellowish............. PERE Res +e Ae bes +7}) AL te 2 F- ee iP wry ea + lee Dee 4 ag we Pg e . Wate 4 gaa ‘ ~~" RE ana l f : j N aa ; ‘ r . f ds ‘ % eee 2. } .. , as he Pt asd alas, vi ATS. ad ore EP. ye y iw te gt mb vag ‘ y oe ‘ a ; b, 7 " e we] 7 : uy AGE bh, 4 rae pil be F } Bseecesee dg tote seeeere aie bd i i =e eh il . tfeneee sae * 7 ‘ Leary pir © dda si ae a oe a ae sy Twa i : haw : y 3 ens * Y: wa, oy ru * waa ere hats eee tsar aa Com nions. pf * MTD bw’ Ns pepe? # a aa torial ..... oT eee lS a Aosqresaes | = a een "1 a I eee + 7 a ee Tr + cy tS Dee BS oe Ea SE ee ee i eae), di) " "4 4. 4 4 es + » ie &; if 1% See ee | — ae 4% ? @ Perr, * * * peed le P 4 As. ie ® [ a See Ah, Beare > Wee OR ree it am Pe. 4 Sikh ae DAME Oo A She owns. J anal 6 fal ar hae a! 8 of fruit OY et Pacn f rE iJ ~ % ¥ , &. immediate-payment One aie. Ste a My at ae a Le ¥ ioe. tan 2 Pew a oe, A ~ PY ) { d 1 i 1 £ v 4 ¥ ew ¢ a A] xt . ‘ + zh { ’ r ~~ = i & i - , t f ' » ‘ Pia ’ \ , q } i ' ' eer ; / \ ; ’ 7 ou ! oe ¥ Wert ® 1 " " lore ‘ b { - be ’ % ‘ dem fk ‘ “e 4 + , 4 vs \ , é 4 4 - St, ‘ / . . . , Fe { i ‘ ‘ = ’ 2 ' * / ‘ ' , L . af Kripke Come itive uf : ed \ PS “ny £ Wy a | ; v aie i) - ae if ‘ ‘ . y , A, : ‘ ‘ 4 e . § A ’ i ‘bea ir 1 1 = A Ny - re ~ : j 1: x ; - a3 U , 7 y anand ‘7 ’ ba? - : ~ . , re Te WW. tv Pane | Ope = : } F a oe : , i; i) ‘ ‘ nt - ‘ ¥ 1 Gas y ¥ 4 t ; Aah fy +: e Lbc " i x { ‘e" ' - , us i : td Pad. “a ; Pe) ¢ « > i fe, U A Aen : h ae Mel , At | eae 4! yy . f | ; , ra! | . et * "Fee es : COT ep im rh fod ¥ 4 4p » a * ] ’ fy 4 pr? er: ms } a, ie t a. ‘ ‘ “ , . r sal) ee De . kh: ae OS UUs a Ba (Ona a) 2) ‘ ‘ : ‘ * © ie, oe, oe & hy are » De hg Lee ae A i Ry | eat Te, i thet Rye Ee ie Aa Cok mera ay CO tin eae YO or : gas oe ’ a> , ihe Seite wy aA: tA se ‘ ye AP's tr SR ares ; oe a cae ees wae uh pe Pe ‘ ‘ ' OF 2 eee Se SS be ¢ 4 f — > i First Olive Oil Mill in California New Bombylidz of the Group Paracosmus. 219 NEW BOMBYLIDA: OF THE GROUP PARACOSMUS. Among the Bombylide having a short proboscis is a small group of insects in which the body is elongated and nearly naked, being entirely destitute of flattened scales and of stout bristles, while the hair is so very short and sparse as to be scarcely dis- cernible with the naked eye. To this group belongs our only de- scribed genus, Paracosmus Loew, containing two described species, Edwardsii Loew, and Morrisoni Osten Sacken. I have collected three other species belonging to this group. One of these, to which I apply the generic term Amphicosmus, differs from all the others in having three, instead of only two submarginal cells in each wing; the structure of the antennze and the course of the second vein of the wings are the same as in Paracosmus. Another species differs from Paracosmus in the structure of the antenne, in the course of the second vein, and in that the ocellar tubercle is situated much farther forward upon the front; to this form I apply the generic term Metacosmus. This form is known to me only in the female sex. The third species agrees with Paracosmus in the course of the second vein and in the situation of the ocellar tubercle, but the tip of the third antennal joint is rounded instead of being truncated; still I am unwilling to found a new genus on so trivial a character as this, but prefer to place this species in the genus Paracosmus, at least for the present. I will now give a more extended characteriza- tion of these three new forms. AMPHICOSMUs n. gen. Body elongated, nearly naked, destitute of flattened scales and of stout bristles. Head subglobular, front in profile gently convex, not greatly projecting at base of antennz; face scarcely one-fourth as long as the front, projecting farther for- ward than the latter, with which it forms an obtuse angle. An- tennae somewhat approximate at base, about one-fourth as long as the head, first two joints subequal in length, together slightly shorter than the third; the latter tapers but slightly towards the apex which is obliquely truncated, the upper angle prolonged in a short tooth, the lower angle broadly rounded. Proboscis not projecting beyond the oral margin, labellz well-developed; palpi slender, clavate at the tips, slightly over one-half as long as the pro- boscis. Eyes narrowly separated in the male, very widely separated in the female. Ocellar tubercle close to edge of occiput. Scutellum rounded behind. Abdomen much narrower than the thorax, seven- segmented in both sexes; male genitalia exposed and very large. Wings with three submarginal and four posterior cells, all of the latter open, as is also the anal cell; bifurcation of second and third veins occurs before base of discal cell; tip of second vein curving 220 New Bombylide# of the Group ‘Paracosmus. forward and meeting the costa at right angle; costa of male des- titute of small points; small crossvein beyond middle of disacl cell. Tibiz destitute of terminal spurs, pulvilli pad-like, empodium wanting. AMPHICOSMUS ELEGANS n. sp. Male. Black. Front (except on the vertex) and sides of face whitish pollinose and short sparse white pilose, middle of face bare, shining black; posterior half of the oral margin whitish. Antenne wholly black, the first two joints sparse white pilose. Occiput white pollinose. Thorax short sparse white pilose, marked with two white pollinose stripes which extend from the front end to a point slightly beyond the middle; a large white-pollinose humeral spot extending to the root of each wing, and a’smaller spot on the pleura above the hind coxe. Scu- tellum, short sparse white pilose, destitute of pollen. Abdomen with hind margin of the first segment white, of the second segment and sides and hind margins of the third and fourth segments red- dish; pile of abdomen very short, sparse, white; venter reddish in the middle, the base and apex black. Femora black, the base and apex yellowish; tibiae yellowish, the apex black; tarsi black, the base more or less yellowish. Wings wholly hyaline. Halteres wholly white. Female same as the male with the following exceptions: Front in the middle, and upper portion of occiput destitute of pollen; lower part of front, sides of face broadly, and entire oral margin, white, as is also the lower part of the occiput next the eyes. Thorax destitute of the two white pollinose stripes which occur in the male, Abdomen with the second, third and fourth segments wholly red- dish, the hind margins of the fourth, fifth and sixth segments nar- rowly bordered with white, the end of the seventh segment broadly yellow. Femora largely or wholly yellowish. Length 4.5 to 7 mm. Los Angeles county, Cal. Two males and two females, in June. I caught these specimens while they were on the wing, hovering over the ground only a few inches from it among some low herhage. At the time of capturing them I supposed that they were Syrphids belonging to the genus Baccha, to which group of insects they bear a very close superficial resemblance. MeEtTacosmus n. gen. Body elongated, nearly naked, destitute of flattened scales and stout bristles. Head subglobular, front in profile gently convex, slightly projecting forward at base of an- tenne ; face less than one-third the length of the front, projecting forward nearly on a plane with the lower portion of the latter. Eyes very large, quite widely separated in the female. Antenne equal in length to the face, second joint scarcely visible, third joint New Bombylidz of the Group Paracosmus. 221° over twice as long as the first, gradually tapering to the tip which is blunt and bears several minute hairs. Ocellar tubercle situated neatly midway between the upper edge of the occiput and the insertion of the antennz. Proboscis not projecting beyond the oral margin, the labellz very large. Tibiz destitute of terminal spurs, pulvilli pad-like, empodium wanting. Wings with two submarginal and four posterior cells, all of them open, as is also the anal cell; tip of second vein not curving forward, meeting the costa at an acute angle; second submarginal cell nearly straight along its upper edge; bifurcation of second and third veins occurs before the proximal end of the discal cell; small crossvein beyond middle of discal cell. METACOSMUS EXILISn. sp. Female. Head black, anterior por- tion of oral margin and underside of head behind the mouth, white; front very sparse short white pilose, orbits lightly, face densely white pollinose. Antenne black. Occiput very short sparse white pilose. Thorax and scutellum polished black, very short sparse pilose. Abdomen polished black, hind margins of segments one to five narrowly bordered with white; abdomen laterally compressed, the posterior end truncated; venter black, hind margin of each seg- ment narrowly bordered with white. Legs yellowish brown, coxz black, tarsi brownish at the apex. Wings wholly hyaline, small crossvein at last third of the discal cell. Halteres brown, the knobs white. Length 6to 7 mm. Orange county, Cal. Two females, in May. ; These insects I captured about six years ago, resting on the ground in the hot sunshine, but I have never succeeded in obtaining another specimen since that time, although I have repeatedly looked for them. PARACOSMUS INSOLENS n. sp. Male. Black. Front and face densely white pollinose and very short sparse pilose; eyes widely separated. Proboscis not projecting beyond the oral margin, labelle very large. Antenne with first two joints subequal in length, together slightly more than one-half as long as the third, the latter compressed, broadly oblong in profile, rapidly tapering to the tip which is blunt but not distinctly truncated. Occiput bare in the middle above, elsewhere densely white pollinose. Thorax sparsely white pollinose, a stripe of white pollen above the coxe. Scutellum with a stripe of white pollen at its base. Abdomen with | hind margins of segments one to six bordered with white, becoming less extended on each sncceeding segment, sides of first segment with a cluster of white pile; in certain lights a large portion of the abdomen appears to be white pollinose; venter lightly white 222 West American Mollusca. pollinose. Tibiz with the extreme base yellowish; pulvilli very large, whitish. Wings wholly hyaline, small crossvein at or slightly beyond the middle of the discal cell; tip of second vein curving for- ward and meeting the costa at an obtuse angle. Halteres brown, the knobs light yellow; in front of each is a dense cluster of white pile. Genitalia consisting of a globular lower piece surmounted by a narrow shield-like piece which on either side is prolonged back- ward into two quite long and rather broad processes truncated at their tips, the latter curving toward each other. Length 3.5 to 4.5 mm. Los Angeles and San Diego counties, Cal. Eight males, in May and June, resting upon the bare ground in the hot sunshine. This species will be readily distinguished from the other two described species by the color of the legs, as well as by the rounded tip of the third antennal joint. . D. W. Coquillett. CONTRIBUTIONS TO WEST AMERICAN MOLLUSCA.—I, | In this series of papers it is intended to present in connected form stray notes on the mollusca of the Pacific Coast, with biblio- graphical references, and especial attention to geographical distri- bution. In this first contribution we have to enumerate various new species founded by my friend, Dr. R. E. C. Stearns, in a paper published in the Proceedings of the United States National Museum (xiii. 205-225), entitled ‘Descriptions of new West American land, fresh-water and marine shells, with notes and comments.’ HELIx (ARIONTA) COLORADOENSIS Stearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xiii. 206, pl. xv. figs. 6, 7,8. Grand canyon of the Colorado, oppo- site the Kaibab plateau, at an elevation of 8,500 feet. Allied to H. remondi. HELIx (ARIONTA) MAGDALENENSIS Stearns, |. c. 208, pl. xv. figs. 11,12,13. Magdalena, Sonora, Mexico. Allied to H. rowelli. HOLOSPIRA SEMISCULPA Stearns, 1. c. 208, pl. xv. figs. 1,4. Near San Carlos, Chihuahua, Mexico. Closely allied to, if not a variety of H. coahuilensis. HOLOSPIRA ARIZONENSIS Stearns, |. c. 208-9, pe KV. Hes. M2 o. Dos Cabesas, Arizona. MELANIA (? GONIOBASIS) ACUTIFILOSA Stearns, Il. c. 211, pl. xv. j¢.9. Eagle Lake, California, at an altitude of 5,115 feet. CycLotTuHyca Stearns, |. c. 212. New subgenus of Capulus, with C. corrugata for type. CYCLOTHYCA CORRUGATA Stearns, 1. c. 212, pl. xv. figs. 5, 10. From west coast of Nicaragua. West American Mollusca. 223 Mitra (? COSTELLARIA) NODOCANCELLATA Stearns, |. c. 213, pl. xv. fig. 14. Gulf of California. VENERICARDIA BARBARENSIS Stearns, |. c. 214, pl. xvi. figs. 3, 4. Off Santa Barbara islands, California, in green mud at 276 fathoms depth. VENERICARDIA BOREALIS Conrad, Am. Con., 39 (with fig.); Stearns, l. c. 215, pl. xvi. fig. 8; Gould, Inv. Mass.; Arcturus rudis Humphrey MS.; Cardita vestita Deshayes. Circumpolar. VENERICARDIA VENTRICOSA Gould. Stearns, 1. c. 216, pl. xvi. figs. 5.6. Puget Sound. MIoDON PROLONGATUS Cpr., Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 2d0-ser., xiv. 424; Stearus, {. c. 217, pl. xvi. figs, 7, 9. Neeah bay, and Middleton island. LUCINA ZQUIZONATA Stearns, l.c. 220, pl. xvii. fig. 34. Off Santa Barbara islands, California, in green mud at 276 fathoms depth. VENUS (CHIONE) EFFEMINATI Stearns, ]. c. 221, pl. xvii. figs. 1, 2. Panama bay. , PERIPLOMA Discus Stearns; i) ¢. 222, pl. xvi. figs. 1, 2. San Pedro, Long Beach and vicinity, Los Angeles county, California. PERIPLOMA ARGENTARIA Conrad, Jour. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci- ences, vii. pt. II (1837), 238, pl. 18, fig. 8; Stearns, 1. c. 223, 224. Dr. Stearns treats this as synonymous with P. PLArUscULA Sby. PERIPLOMA PLANIUSCULA Sby., Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1834, pote atgentania Cont, lvenaeeaita C: B. Adams; P. Centicu- laris Sby.; P. excurva Cpr.; P. excurvata Cpr., British Ass. report, 7 1856, p. 287. Synonymy as given by Stearns, |. -e: 2245 o Paciic coast south of Point Conception. ? PERIPLOMA PAPYRACEA Cpr., Proc. Zool. soc. London, 1856, p. 229. Stearns (1. c. 224), mentions this as a West American eo belonging to Carpenter’s Mexican and Panamic province. HeELIx (ARIONTA) CARPENTERI Newc. variety INDIOENSIS L. G. Yates, Nautilus, iv. 63 (also p. 51); Orcutt, Nautilus, iv. 67. Indio, San Diego county, California, in the Colorado desert region. Dr. Yates bases this variety on specimens collected by Dr. Stephen Bowers. Specimens collected in the same vicinity by the writer I have referred (Orcutt, 1. c.) to H. Traskii, of which I consider it to be a well marked variety. Dr. Stearns (1. c. 206) refers to H. car- penteri as a synonym of H. remondi, so that Dr. Yates’ variety will have to be referred to that, or a related species. HaLioTIs RUFESCENS Swains. Hemphill, Nautilus, iv. 59; Or- cutt, l.c. 67. The geographical range is quoted as from Mendocino county to San Nicholas island, California, and Santo Tomas land- ing, Lower California. 224 Lathyrus Splendens. CyYPRAEA (LUPONIA) SPADICEA Cpr., Nautilus, iv., 54, 71. The Santa Barbara channel is given as the most northern station yet recorded for this species. Seventy-five fine living examples are reported as found in one day some 15 or 18 miles northwest of Santa Barbara. Point Concepcion, forty miles north, is suggested as possibly its northern limit. Miss Ida M.Shepard (Nautilus, July, 1890) records it from near Long Beach, Los Angeles county. BYTHINELLA HEMPHILLI Pilsby, Nautilus, iv.63. Near Kentucky ferry, Snake river, Washington. Allied to B. aldrichi. : C. R. Orcutt. LATHYRUS SPLENDENS. © (From Vick’s Magazine, Xiv. 220.) California has doubtless furnished a greater variety of lovely wild flowers and beautiful plants that have gracefully yielded to cultivation than any other State in the Union. Annually new mem- bers of her floral circle win their way into our gardens and a per- manent place in our affections. One of these latest introductions, known for years among the simple mountain people of Southern California as the ‘ Pride of California, has become widely recognized as well worthy of the name. This is the deep rose-red to crimson flowered perennial pea, Lathyrus splendens, named many years ago by one of the charter members of the California Academy of Sciences, Dr. Albert Kellogg, whose memory is held in reverence by those who knew his pure life. For many years after this handsome vine had received its name it was completely lost sight of by botanists, until its very existence was doubted, and in the great work on the flora of California (Watson’s Botany) was treated as a synonym. . In the spring of 1882,a party of several botanists, including the late Dr. C. C. Parry, started from San Diego to explore the then little known peninsula of Lower California. Just below the line, in a rocky canyon, we discovered this magnificent flower ornamenting the evergreen bushes along the watercourse with its graceful and brilliant blossoms. Dr. Parry at once shouted, it is Kellogg’s Lathy- rus splendens, and such it~proved to be. Many times since have I seen it clambering over the bushes on the higher table lands of Lower California, beside some perennial stream, or bordering a dusty highway. In the mountains back of San Diego, this year (1890), it was one of the few wild flowers that had ‘ watched the old year out and the new year in.’ It was in its Puget Sound and Alaska. 905 greatest splendor in April, when the bushes for miles and miles were heavily loaded with its showy blossoms; on the 15th of Junel . plucked evidently the last cluster of the season. ; The beloved botanist, Dr. Asa Gray, had the pleasure of admir- ing and picking this flower in our garden, on his last visit to Cali- fornia. Though Dr. Parry, at the time of its rediscovery in 1882, introduced it to the attention of European horticulturists, by whom it was well received, it was not until last year that this, the loveliest vine in the west, received attention in America. It is considered hardy, blossoming the second season from the seed, forming a strong vine, capable of covering a veranda or arbor. Dr. Parry, after seeing it covering a porch in San Diego with its luxuriant foliage and profuse blossoms, pronounced it the hand- somest plant in the West. Well may it be called the pride of the two Californias—Upper and Lower—and a fit representative of two republics. C.-K? Orcutt. PUGET SOUND AND ALASKA. Nearly all the shores of Puget Sound are about alike. Wooded, rolling back to the mountains, they form a setting to a rather nice scenery. The height from the water’s edge to the top of the bluff varies from a few feet to a hundred. Every where you see evidences | of a vast glacial drift, composed of round pebbles, boulders and sandy loam. The general color of soil is reddish yellow. On top of this grows the gigantic firs, two to three hundred feet high. At Snohomish City, Wash., there is a cut in the railroad that is lined with marine fossils, Cretaceous, I believe. There are clams, razor shells, mussels, worm cases and tubes, and a trace of coal is found, also some broad leaves resembling flags. This cut is about 200 feet above Puget Sound, and the same shells are found there today. The coal fossils at Wilkerson are known and described. Coal is found plentifully, adjacent to the sound, and iron further back. The journey to Alaska should be taken by every naturalist that can do so. Its glaciers, mountain peaks, broad rivers and other novel features should be seen. The Treadwell gold mine, well known as one of the largest and richest in quantity of ore is opened in the side of a high hill. The ore is low grade, but easily got out and pays well. The fauna of this country is very interesting and varied. Black bear have been shot from the steamers’ decks, going through the Narrows. The glaciers, probably because they break off in the bay, cannot be surpassed in beauty and size. |) ORL, eréz, 226 The Method of Preparing Wool and Cotton. RHODODENDRON OCCIDENTALE. This beautiful flowering shrub extends from Oregon southward throughout California, to the mountains of San Diego, but has not. as yet been reported from Mexican territory. It grows from two to sometimes twelve feet high, rarely more than six feet, however, and covers the hillsides and tangled meadows of the sierras at from, three to six thousand feet altitude. , In its magnificent display of flowers during June and July it defies description, surpassing the finest oleanders and azaleas in its beauty and profusion. Its masses of beautiful and fragrant flowers are showy and attractive, the hundreds of flowers, two to three inches in diameter, completely covering the bushes for weeks at a. time. | _ The flowers are white, or commonly rose-tinged, variegated by a pale yellow band. The shrub is of easy cultivation in rich moist soil, and should receive treatment similar to our better known gar- den azaleas. Although deciduous, it is worthy of attention among ornamental plants on the Pacific Coast. ‘Like the oleander the plant is poisonous if eaten by children or animals, but no bad effects ever result from handling it or using the flowers.’ INDIAN METHOD OF PREPARING WOOL AND. COTTON. It was my misfortune to be sick with intermittent fever, in October, 1870, at the yillage of Achiabampo, Sonora, on the Gulf of California. The village of Achiabampo has two distinct divisions, one inhabited by Mexicans, the other by Indians. The Indians will trade with and work for the Mexicans, but will not allow their houses to be near the habitations of Mexicans. There was but one hotel in the village, kept by a Mexican, at the edge of the Mexican part and near the Indian portion of the village. During my convalesence I was interested in watching what transpired in the Indian quarters, and particularly in observing their method of preparing wool. The method was the same as applied to cotton by Indians on the Atlantic side of Mexico, which I had previously seen. An Indian’s blanket by day serves him as an overcoat, by night for cover, and wool is to him of great importance. He is willing to bestow much labor upon its preparation. I am of the opinion that the method of preparation is of ancient nrigin, though wool was unknown to the Indian before the advent Seuveaasics. | 997 of the Spaniard, since these same people, I was informed, clean cotton in the same manner, some growing cotton in their fields, or" buying from other Indians and Mexicans. | In the preparation of wool a small hide is piaeed in a convyen- ient place on the ground, with something beneath its center to raise it a few inches from the ground. The wool is, of course, previously washed and now placed in the center of the hide. The operator—a woman—takes a kneeling posture and proceeds to thrash the wool with a long, well seasoned stick, strong and slightly larger in the center than at the ends. } With each measured stroke the stick is brought low by the right hand while the left hand is brought in contact with the wool, the thumb and finger encircling the stick, which is withdrawn through the left hand, thus preventing the wool from scattering during the thrashing process. It is a slow process, but these patient people are equal to the task and the wool is brought into the same condition _as if prepared by machinery. In the preparation of cotton, the Indians have first the slow and tedious task of separating the seeds by hand, before submitting the cotton to the slow, measured strokes of the Indian lady who represents the Indian cotton gin. The steady measured stroke and the withdrawal of the stick through the left hand prevents the scat- tering of the lint, which one who has not seen the operation might expect. . ; Slow as the process is, it has for many years answered the requirements of these people, and by patient labor they are enabled to accomplish much in a single day. Toa stranger it is an interesting sight to watch these simple people prepare their wool and cotton for spinning, with only a stick, patience and long xyes’ to bring about the desired re- sults. Edward Palmer. SEA PANSIES. One of the most beautiful of the organisms on the Pacific Coast is the Renilla amethystina, or sea pansy, as it is very appropriately called.. It is really a community of coral-like animals living in a structure somewhat of the size and shape of a pansy flower, witha short stem that further carries out the resemblance. _The color of the main structure is of a rich royal purple, while the jelly-like animals themselves’ are white, and peeping out from their doorway appear like stars in the firmament of the heavens. These communities are not rare on our sandy shores, but may 228 The Loquat. only be found by accident by those who have not learned the secrets of marine life. At low tide they may be found buried in the sands, with nothing to indicate their presence but an imperfectly circular line in the smooth-washed surface of the beach that only a trained eye is likely at first to detect. If one of these sea pansies is removed from the sand and placed in a dish of sea water, the creatures that form the community will soon manifest life, and reveal a most beautiful structure showing plainly their relationship to the coral ‘insect.’ Each individual polyp in the community will be found to pos- sess eight long fringed tentacles around a narrow disk. ‘The numer- ous individuals of each community are arranged on the upper sur- face of a flattened cordate fleshy structure, to the lower surface of which is attached a stem like organ, useful alike as a means of locomotion and for the een ereee of the tenement house in the sand. | The sea pansy is a near ally of the sea pens and the sea fans— which latter are branched and resemble beautiful flowering shrubs or plants. The organ-pipe coral belong to the same group of polyps according to some systems of classification. A hundred years ago the corals were all thought to be plants, as they closely imitated almost all kinds of vegetation, but they are now regarded as true animals. THE LOQUAT. The loquat, a beautiful evergreen tree native to China and Japan, was first named by Joseph Hooker, Photinia eriobotrya. It has received other names, like P. japonica and Eriobotrya japonica, and is now generally known under the latter name, though the first has priority and there seems no good reason to give it generic rank. It is perfectly hardy on the California coast, south of Marin county, and may be grown further north if given slight protection. It has been incorrectly called the Japan plum, but this name has been wisely discarded by California horticulturists who unite in calling it by its proper name, loquat. It is remarkable for its refreshing fruit, which is Slvkzahet a in shape, about two inches in length, pale yellow in color, with a very peculiar flavor, ‘combining that of the tamarind and pineapple, and is highly agreeable.’ | The tree is easily raised from the seed or may be gtafted upon its own stock or on the quince. It does not require any particular soil apparently, and at maturity will bear from twenty to thirty The Pomegranate. 229 pounds of fruit to the tree. The fruit is in most demand among the Chinese, but when it becomes more generally cultivated and better known it will be in demand among all classes, and will readily bring a good price. Hitherto the loquat has been mainly planted for ornamental effect as it is a grand bush for scenic effects. The fruit begins to ripen in late spring and continues through several months. The seed forms the larger part of the fruit, and one who eats the luscious pulp only wishes there were more of it and less seed. Seedlings are very variable and a variety with a small seed might be produced and propagated from it by budding to the pecuniary profit of the originator. The tree seems to be free from insect pests. Photinia villosa is another native Japanese fruit, edible and pleasant, but not yet suffi- ciently known in this country. The loquat thrives in Santa Bar- bara, Los Angeles and San Diego counties, in California, and will doubtless do well in Arizona and New Mexico. THE POMEGRANATE. One of the most familiar of the mission fruits of California, is the ruby-red fruit of Punica granatum, a shrub native to the north of Africa, and to southwestern Asia, where it extends up the sides of the Himalayas to an altitude of 6,000 feet. | Its value as a hedge plant is great, but this use is often over- looked. As an ornamental evergreen bush it ranks high, its well- known showy habit recommending it to every eye. With its rich colored flowers, and the peculiar, cooling fruit, it is welcome and allowed to flourish in all the older Mexican gardens, and the fruit may be found for sale in our larger markets, mostly being in de- mand among the natonalities of the south of Europe. We believe the shrub is grown in Oregon and Washington, but only for ornament. The bark of the pomegranate contains 32 per cent. of tannin and is used for dyeing the yellow Morocco leather, and the outer rind of the fruit is also used as a dye. The pomegranate is perfectly at home in Arizona, ates it may be found in many gardens. The fruit varies in color from nearly white (inside) to dark ruby red or wine color, the darker fruits when crushed in water making a pleasing drink, like lemonade—the lighter colored fruits not being so sour. The commoner variety in cultivation is of a bright orange color. C. R. Orcutt. 230 Women in Science. THE GRANADILLA. There are several species of the Passion-flower grown in Mexico. for their edible fruit, that are deserving of a trial in California. The best known species of the granadilla is Passiflora edulis, a native of the southern part of Brazil, which has _already been planted in several places in California. The flower is of medium size, whitish with a faint tinge of blue, It is a strong-growing vine, bearing flowers and fruit almost the year through, the fruit of the size of a small hen’s egg, pale purple, useful for making into jelly, when ripe the ae has an ‘acid cooling flavor.’ There are about two hundred species of Passion-flowers recog- nized, native to various portions of America from the southern ~ United States to Brazil, in South America. Some of the species are exceedingly handsome vines and prized for their magnificent flowers. One of the most commonly cultivated species of the granadilla- fruit is Passiflora quadrangularis, also a native of Brazil. One species (P. macroptera) produces an edible fruit weighing eight pounds apiece. May-pops of the southern states is the fruit of Passiflora incar- nata. The fruit of P. ligularis has been pronounced as one of the finest fruits in existence. Many of the tropical species are natives of mountainous regions and will endure our mild temperate climates, and the strong-grow- ing vines, with the curious and beautiful flowers are well adapted for covering various structures and may be rendered both useful and ornamental. But nowhere in the United States do they attain a greater luxuriance than on the Pacific coast. Our national colors are reproduced in the red, the white and the blue flowers of the several rival varieties. C. R. Orcutt. WOMEN IN SCIENCE. (Read before the Pacific Coast Women’s Press Association.) Women eminent in Science have received more praise for what they have done than is their due. Comparatively speaking, so few women have entered this field of knowledge that when one does accomplish somewhat she is as loudly lauded as the precocious child. But in science as everywhere else in the domain of thought women should be judged by the same standard as her brother. Her work must not be simply very well done for a woman. In the limited time at my disposal today I shall confine myself almost wholly to those whom I have met or whose work more or Women in Science. 231 less closely touches my own. I shall not, therefore, be at all ex- haustive. But I cannot refrain from saying a few words of Mary Somerville whom I believe to have been not only the most eminent woman in Science of her time, but of all time. Her love of science was not the outgrowth of a regard for some person whom she might assist as was the case with her contemporary, Caroline Herschel, and most women who have entered the field of science. Indeed, love of scientific study, especially higher mathematics, led her to persevere against the wishes of her friends and the popular prejudice against the higher education of women which her first husband shared. She did not, however, begin to publish until urged to do so by friends who wished her to contribute a volume to the Society for Diffusing Useful Knowledge. In his letter to Dr. Somerville askingyf Mrs. Somerville could not be prevailed upon to write an account of Laplace’s Mechanism of the Heavens, which should give to the un- learned some insight into this work, Lord Brougham paid her the high compliment of saying that it must be left undone unless Mrs. Somerville would undertake it, as there was none other capable of | doing it. At the earnest solicitation of her husband she finally con- sented to undertake the work.. Of it she herself has written: ‘Thus suddenly and unexpectedly the whole course of my life was changed. I rose early and made such arrangements with regard to my chil- dren and family affairs that I had time to write afterwards; not, however, without many interruptions. A man can always com- mand his time under the plea of business, a woman is not allowed any such excuse.’ In this last expression has Mrs. Somerville shown why so few women have become eminent in science. While she was thoroughly a womanly woman devoted to her family, enjoying society and mingling freely in it, fond of the theatre and of travel, she despised the small talk of the gossip, and was one not to indulge in frittering away her time. I must also call your attention to the fact that Mrs. Somerville’s second husband, himself a classical scholar and a scientist, had no ambition for himself but chose to assist his illustrious wife in revising her MSS., correcting the proofs and verifying her results—in short, to do for her what most women of ability do for their husbands. Dr. Maria Mitchell, professor of astronomy at Vassar, has so recently been brought to the notice of everyone at her death that it is not necessary to recount her achievements. _ The direct influence of woman upon the natural and physical sciences has been little felt; but indirectly women have done a great deal. First, as helpers of their masculine friends; secondly, by 232 Women in Science. popularizing science, especially in compiling books for children; and thirdly, by subscriptions im aid of science. A very large per cent. of those pursuing biological researches have been led into these lines by a course in medicine, and it is rather rare to find a naturalist who may not claim the title of M.D. As women have not been admitted to medical colleges until during the past few years this fact may account very largely for the non-appearance of women’s names in the proceedings of museums and scientific societies. It is an almost startling fact that, among | the one hundred and fifty contributors to the pages of the proceed- ngs of the United States National Museum during the eleven years of their publication there appear the names of only three women— two. on ichthyology, one on mollusca. In the publications of the British Museum I am not acquainted with the papers of any woman, and it isso with most of the scientific societies of foreign lands. The Royal Society, however, is a notable exception, and during the five years between 1882 and ’87 four women have pub- lished papers on histological subjects in the Royal Society’s . ' proceedings. - Several of the western academies of science have women on their membership lists who write for the proceedings of these societies. A notable example is that of the Natural History Society of Wis- consin, which has published a number of contributions to our knowledge of the Attide or Jumping Spiders by Professor G. W. and Elizabeth G. Peckham. The work of Professor and Mrs. Peck- ham is not only descriptive, but they have carried on extensive experiments with regard to the habits of the arachnids. To Professor and Mrs. Louis Agassiz must the credit be given for placing an entering wedge for women in science not alone for the State of Massachusetts but for the United States as well. In 1873 Professor Agassiz inaugurated a summer school of science on the island of Penikese, in Buzzard’s Bay. Here 50 young students gathered, about 20 being women. A few of the young men from some of our eastern universities unused to seeing women in college, entered a protest against their presence at Penikese. Agassiz did not at all share their feeling and at once put a stop toit. Learning who the students were he announced the first morning at breakfast that the launch was then ready at the wharf and certain gentlemen, whose names he called, would leave. No entreaties on the part of both ladies and gentlemen of the school would alter Professor Agassiz’s decision. Women were here admitted to the study of na- ture on equal terms with men. | ; - Thave been personally acquainted with six of the women who Women in Science. 233 were at this island school of Agassiz. The wife of Dr. David S. Jordan, president of the Leland Stanford Junior University, then Miss Susan Bowen was professor of zoology at Mount Holyoke at the time of her marriage. Although Mrs. Jordan’s home and social duties took much of her time so that she did not carry on researches independently she was enthusiastic in aiding her husband in his scientific work. She died in November, 1886. Her chair at Mount Holyoke is filled by Professor Cornelia M. Clapp. Mrs. Fanny Bergen since studying with Agassiz has, with her husband, written a most readable little book on The Development Theory. For the past twelve years she has been an invalid and confined to the room. Notwithstanding this serious drawback to work of any kind Mrs. Bergen has steadily published on scientific topics and her series of papers on Animal Lore which appeared in the Popular Science Monthly have been a contribution to science. Prof. and Mrs. H. H. Straight spent their first days of married life at Penikese, which has been a delightful memory, as it was an inspiration for the two who were already turning to science teach- ing in the normal school at Oswego, New York. Prof. Straight was later at the head of the scientific department in a school of Illinois, but by exposure and overwork he brought on consumption whereupon Mrs. Straight took his place. At his death she was desirous of continuing the work to carry out the plans her husband had made; but she was appointed to a position in Japan, where, with her bie little children, she now is. Lydia W. Shattuck was the most notable teacher of botany Mt. Holyoke has had, but death has cut short her scientific career. Susan Hallowell has been professor of botany at Wellesley Col- lege ever since her summer at Penikese. Mrs. Zella Reid Cronyn, now living in Massachusetts, was for some time principal of the public schools of San Diego. She encour- aged her pupils to form a cabinet and to study the specimens col- lected and helped them to found the Historical Society, since merged with the Society of Natural History. Whether most of the women who had the good fortune to be among the number instructed by Agassiz have become teachers of science I do not know. Certain it is that now, after nearly twenty years, they are not prominently _ known in the world of science. Indeed not one of the number has made so brilliant a reputation as have many of the men, for we count among the most distinguished scientists of America some of those who shared the teaching of him whose genial face and almost magic gift of teaching are known throughout the breadth of his adopted land. | 234 Women in Science. Mrs. Louis Agassiz has contributed to scientific literature in. writing jointly both with her husband and son. ‘A Journey in Brazil’ is very largely the work of Mrs. Agassiz, who accompanied her husband during his entire journey and kept full notes of all that occurred. ‘Seaside Studies in Natural History,’ a most charming book, was written by Mrs. Agassiz and Dr. Alexander Agassiz, Mrs. Agassiz has also written on natural history topics for chil- dren. Her ‘Life and Letters of Louis Agassiz’ may well be classed with her scientific work. It is so happily written that it is as inter- esting as a novel, and one lays it down with a kinder feeling for Fhe world. ) The island school so auspiciously begun by Agassiz was Fipaae doned after the second year, as the island proved to be too inacces- sible. Outgrowths of this famous school of science are the various marine laboratories of the eastern United States, chief among which is the one at Woods’ Holl, Massachusetts, first opened to students in June, 1888. The present tendency in biology to investigate the life histories and to study the minute structures of plant and animal life is largely due to the influence of our Grays and Agassiz, and the opportunities afforded at these. schools by the sea-shore. Among the women who have been studying at Woods’ Holl during the three summers this laboratory has been open I may mention the following: Professor Cornelia M. Clapp, of Mount Holyoke Col- lege, who was also at Agassiz’s Penikese laboratory, has spent every summer at Wood’s Holl. She prepared her material for study during the first summer and is now writing her paper On the Lateral Line of Batrachus tau, one of the toad fishes. Miss Platt, a student at Bryn Mawr, formerly of Harvard, last summer at this laboratory was studying the development of the brain of the shark. She has gone to Germany to continue her investigations. Miss Marcella I. O'Grady, a professor at Vassar, was working on the problem of Kupfer’s Vesicle. Miss Randolph is now in Germany; at Woods’ Holl she was studying the embryology of Spirorbis. Science is exacting, requiring the devotion of months and even of years to the completion of a series of observations which, some- times, must be carried on with little or no interruption; therefore we much more often find women popularizing the results of stu- dents of science, rather than adding to the positive knowledge of the world by studies and researches of their own. So many women; have written popular books on natural history, BIS for chil- dren, that I shall not attempt to name them. ; There is the tendency at present for women to work out for; themselves problems in the physical world independently of their. Women in Science. 235 — brothers and husbands which is no doubt due to the training in our higher universities which young women now receive almost, or quite as fully as young men. The school for the collegiate instruc- tion of women at Cambridge, generally known as the Harvard Annex, gives to women as-full. advantages in scientific study and research as to men, except in the department of cryptogamic botany. Three or four of these Harvard women, if I may so term them, are now preparing papers embodying the original research of several years—Miss Henchman and Miss Platt in the department of animal morphology, and Miss Reul in botany. Although women, as a usual thing, have not pursued long con- tinued researches in science, they are furthering the progress of science very largely by bequests and special funds. Indeed, I do not know but they are doing more in this way than men. Professor Goodale, of Howard, conducts a large botany class of Boston women. Some of them in their zeal contributed so largely to that department of Howard College that it was possible to push to completion the museums and laboratories of botany as otherwise would have been out of the question. In 1881 a marine biological laboratory was established at Anisquam, Mass. This was the work of women of Boston. After- ward it was thought best to establish another at Woods’ Holl, but during the winter of 1887-8 these women were instrumental in organizing a lecture course in science in aid of the laboratory. They were eminently successful, and in June, 1888, the Marine Biological — Association opened the doors of the new laboratory to students. I have already given some account of the women who have studied here during the past three summers, which, like the earlier Penikese school, is open to both sexes. However, as might be expected, a larger number of men avail themselves of the unequalled advan- tages of the place. There have been attracted to it the most promi- nent biologists of America, professors and teachers of science whose ‘reputations are already established, finding here not only unexcelled facilities for prosecuting their investigations during the summer vacation, but also the opportunity to confer with their colleagues. Thus has this work of women—the Woods Holl Biological Labora- tory—been of paramount importance to science. | Mrs. Thompson, of Stamford, Conn., has created the Elizabeth ‘Thompson Science Fund ‘for the advancement and prosecution of science in its broadest sense.’ The fund now amounts to $26,000. The income from this amount is annually distributed by the trus- tees of the fund to applicants who are making scientific investiga- tions irrespective of the country wherein they are carried on, the . 236 The Rainbow Cactus. foreigner, then, having an equal chance with the American natural- ist. ‘This endowment is not for the benefit of any one department of science, but it is the intention to give the preference to those investigations which cannot otherwise be provided for, which have for their object the advancement of human knowledge or the benefit of mankind in general, rather than to researches directed to. the solution of questions of merely local importance.’ About 30 grants for specific purposes have been made from this fund to investigators in various parts of the United States, in England, Scotland, Ger- many, Italy and Canada. The investigations were in meteorology, chemistry, physics, medicine, psychology, paleontology, physiology, entomology, zoology, astronomy, history and cooking. Only one of these grants is for investigations by our own sex, and that one is $300.00 for experiments on cooking. Rosa Smith Eigenmann. THE RAINBOW CACTUS. (From the Rural Californian, xiv, 261.) The Echinocereus candicans of American catalogues is certainly one of the most beautiful of the many varieties of cacti now known in cultivation. In beauty of spines and brilliancy of flowers it can 7 | scarcely be surpassed or even , : as, Wy . equalled by any known species. Sy Ww) The plant is three or four inches in diameter and from a few inches to probably more than a foot in height. Plants in my possession are five inches high and about four inches in diam- eter. The plant is closely envel- oped by a network of stiff spines borne on the twenty or more narrow ribs of the plant, in clus- ters of twenty or more. The spines range in color from an ivory whiteness to deep crimson, the colors alternating in rings around the plant and thus giv- ing origin to its popular name of the rainbow cactus. It blooms profusely—a plant six inches in height often bearing a dozen flowers, and each flower measuring from three to five inches SiN HN Aas ne ae ij A RAINBOW CACTUS. The Rainbow Cactus. | 237 across. The flowers are of a bright crimson, shading to white to ward the center. Its culture is easy, as is the case with most cacti. It is a native of the southeastern part of Arizona and Sonora, Mexico. The spines are said to be in individual plants at times wholly white, and again, all the spines on a plant will be of a blood red or crimson color. The true Echinocereus candicans, Gill, is a native of the region of La Plata, South America, and when young is of a globular form like an Echinocactus, closely covered with very long spines. Our rainbow cactus has been described by Dr. Engelmann under the name of Cereus pectinatus var. (?) rigidissimus, but it seems to the writer as worthy of specific rank. The following detailed descrip- nn) C. PECTINATUS. tion is subjoined: Plant ovate-cylindrical; ribs 20 to 22, slightly interrupted; areolae linear-lanceolate, crowded on the ribs, some- what woolly when young; spines all radiating, interwoven, recurv- *ng from the bulb-like base, awl shaped, very sharp, rigid, white, yellow or red, pellucid; lateral spines long, stout, 12 to 16 in num- ber; the lower spines short, upper ones 3 to 6, bristly, shorter, fasciculate. Flowers produced from the side of the plant beneath the summit; ovary with 50 to 60 clusters of small rigid spines; sepals forming a tube, 60 in number, the 40 inferior ones subulate, the upper 20 lanceolate-acuminati; petals under 20 in number, pur- ple; stigmata less than 12, green; fruit ovate to globose, spiny; seeds tuberculated. From Sonora and Arizona. Differs from C. 238 The Rainbow Cactus. ‘pectinatus mainly in its larger and more robust growth, in the ab- sence of central spines and the rigidity of the long radial spinés, one fourth to one half inch long. i CEREUS PECTINATUS Engelmann. —Plaat ovate-cylindrical; ribs 18 to 23; areolae lanceolate; radial spines 16 to 20, subrecurved, pectinated, tips rosy; central spines, 2 to 5, short; flowers purple with 60 to 70 clusters of 10 to 15 rigid spines on the ovary. The flowets are two to three and a half inches across and very fragrant—one flower is said to scent a whole house. The plant is of cespitose growth as shown by the illustration and one cluster will bear a large number of flowers in a single season. Single plants will often bear a dozen or fifteen flowers, and four or five may open in one day. VAR. ARMATUS POosEL.—Ribs 15 to 16; radiating spines 16 to 20 with a single central spine longer than the rest. This variety is de- scribed from Monterey, Mexico, and is little known. Engelmann was in doubt as to whether it was a form of WEE species or of C. caespitosus. VAR. RUFISPINUS is a horticultural variety with beautiful pink spines, otherwise probably not different from the typical form. VaR. ROBUSTUS of Sonora and Arizona is another horticultural name for the rainbow cactus, for which Engelmann’s name should receive preference. Cereus pectinatus, and C. caespitosus also, are often grafted on Cereus grandiflorus, presenting a rather curious appearance. They are much more beautiful, however, in their natural condition, and there is nothing to be gained by the grafting process except an oddity and an unnatural growth. CEREUS CAESPITOSUS Engelmann.—A near relative to the preced- ing in this small but beautiful plant. One of the most profuse bloomers and in itself a perfect gem, it is not strange that the plant is a general favorite wherever introduced. It will retain vitality for a year without roots or potting. It seldom exceeds six inches in height, but when scarcely an inch high has been known to bear four large purple flowers at a time! CEREUS C4ESPITOSUS. Companionship. 239 Plant cespitose, ovate-cylindrical ; ribs 12 to 18; areolae lanceo- late; radial spines 20 to 30, straight or slightly recurved, pecte- nated, white; central spine rarely present, when present very short. Tube of the flower purple, 80 to 100 clusters of 6 to 12; fine hair- like spines on the ovary. VAR. MINOR Engelmann, spines short, flower small. VAR. MAJOR Engelmann, spines long, flower large. VaR. CASTANEUS Engelmann, spines red or chestnut color. This species inhabits Texas and northeastern Mexico as far south as Monterey, and is now common in cultivation. Cereus adustus, C. infispinus and C. longisetus are other red- flowered species of Cereus found in the United States, and belonging to this section of the genus. By some authors these species are placed in a separate genus, Echinocereus, but the writer prefers for the present to treat them as constituting only asub-genus of Cereus. C. R: Orcutt. COMPANIONSHIP. ‘He that walketh with wise men shall be wise, but a companion of fools shall be destroyed.’ Prov. 13: 20. *Tis said in tales of orient lands, The very soil exhales © The dainty fragrance of the rose, Whose bloom there never fails. Oh, if from the unconscious clod, Where beauty weaves its bower, Ambrosial air shall sweetly spring, To honor thus a flower; How wide the power of mind oe’r mind, And blest are they who know, The fragrant paths where wise men walk, And with them wiser grow. More than in classic groves to stray, _ The presence of wise friends, Sweeter than Asian sweet waters, / The blessing that descends.’ —Mrs. E. E. Orcutt. 24.0 us An Oregon Mouse. AN OREGON MOUSE. Frederick W. True has recently described a new species of mouse in the Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum (xiii, 303-4), from a specimen sent by the writer to the Smithsonian Institution, to which the name Phenacomys longicaudus has been given. The fol- lowing description of this interesting animal is taken from Mr. True’s paper: Size moderate, about equalling that of Hesperomys leucopus. Ears moderate, nearly concealed by the surrounding fur. Hind foot not relatively longer than in the other species of the genus. Tail long; with the hairs, equal to the body in length. Color above nearly uniform bright rusty brown; only the tips of the hairs are of this color, the remainder being dark plumbeous. Mixed with the brown-tipped hairs are numerous longer black hairs. Under surfaces white, slightly tinged with rusty brown, es- pecially on the abdomen. The hairs of the throat are white to the base, but elsewhere they are only tipped with light color, the lower portions being plumbeous. The tail is dusky chocolate-brown above and below. Fore feet brown, like the upper surface of the body; toes more or less dusky. ’ Hind feet similar, but the toes more dusky. A spot on the outside _of the metatarsus lighter than the rest of the foot. A portion of the whiskers dusky, the rest whitish. Nose dusky. Measurements. (Dry skin No. 33343, type). —Total enue 148™™; tail, with hairs, 62™m; inal foot, 20.2™™; ear from be- hind, 4. 6mm, The skull belonging to the type is badly broken, and it is only possible to give the dimensions of some of its parts. Measurements of the skull.—Length of the crowns of ig upper series of molar teeth, 5.8™™; lower molars, 5.7™™; length of nasal bone, 6.6™™; breadth of interorbital construction, 2.8™™. The molar teeth resemble those of P. intermedius, but the loz- enges are narrower, and the external re-entrant folds of enamel in the upper molars are directed less backwards and those of the lower molars less forwards than in that species. The molars are rooted. The skull is that of a youngish individual. Regarding the habits of this mouse, I would say that it seems to be almost exclusively arboreal, having only been taken, so far as I am able to learn, in the branches of the Douglas spruce. The type specimen was sent me from Marshfield, Coos county, Ore., by a friend, L. J. Cornelius, of Siuslaw River, alia had shown me a nest of thie: built about 60 feet from the ground in a small clump of An Oregon Mouse. 24.1 leaves and twigs, on a limb some six inches in diameter and about six feet from the body of the tree. On felling the tree about a year before he had captured one, which unfortunately had not been pre- served. Of course I requested him to obtain one for me if possible, with the result that last summer, while in Coos county, he secured the specimen on which the species is based. My first discovery of this animal was in June, 1886, in the val- ley of Elk Head, on the head waters of Elk creek, a tributary of the South Umpqua river, and some seven miles east of Voncalla, Douglas county, while out looking for birds’ nests. I saw a nest which I took to be an old bird’s nest, on the upper side of a branch in a clump of twigs some thirty feet from the ground. On throwing a stick at it to ascertain its character, I was surprised to see a mouse run out of it upon a twig, where it stopped. I threw again and succeeded in dislodging the little fellow, which, on capturing, I at once recognized as something new. I kept it for some time alive, secured the nest, and soon after sent it, with measurements, to the Smithsonian Institution, but unfortunately the package was lost, and I failed to secure another until the one described by F. W. True. Ihave, however, found their nests down Elk creek, along the Co- quelle river, in Coos county, in southern Douglas county, and also on the upper Willamette tributaries, in Lane county, and believe it will yet be found in Washington and perhaps through the whole of the northern Pacific coast. The nest is a novelty in itself, being aed the size of a robin’s nest, and built after the usual manner of mice in shape, but almost exclusively of the leaves of the tree in which it lives, which are split into threads from end to end, forming very slender filaments, sel- dom broken, and each leaf is frequently split twice or more, making from two to four threads of each leaf. These threads are soft, dry and apparently warm, and they show much ingenuity in the general make-up of the whole nest. Rarely has a few unsplit leaves, moss and twigs on the outside of the nest been found. For some reason which I have not been able to discover, these nests seem to be frequently changed or deserted, from the fact that we frequently find in the woods and under lone trees of this variety, on the ground, small parts and at some times almost, as it appears, the entire nest; and I know of noother animal that has been known to split the leaves of this tree, as this one certainly does. As to the food of this animal I can only surmise, as I did not dissect the only specimen I ever saw in the flesh, nor’have I any clue farther than its habits of living in trees, but think it must subsist on the fruit of the tree, which is usually in fruit more or less all the 242 The Mesquite Bean. year, especially on those isolated and much branched trees which are found away from thick timber, and in which I believe it to be most abundant. This conclusion is further verified by the relation of the teeth in the genus Phenacomys to the genus Hesperomys, which are rooted in both genera. The latter usually prefers grain to other food, and the teeth are more adapted for masticating hard food than the Arvicolas, whose teeth are not rooted and which feed on grass. From the tracks in the snow which I have seen at different times around the foot of the trees which it inhabits, and which tracks I think were made by this animal, I judge that it does not hibernate, and that it may to some extent feed on grass; but I have not been able to trace these tracks to any distance from the tree greater than two or three yards, neither am I positive that they were made by this animal. (a Any information leading to a further knowledge of this inter- esting creature will be thankfully received, and we will be very , grateful to anyone who will be kind enough to send us specimens or measurements. Alcoholic specimens or specimens in the flesh much preferred. Aurelius Todd. THE MESQUITE BEAN. (From the Pacific Rural Press, June 7, 1890.) One of the most useful and characteristic of the trees indigenous to the southern—Mexican—borders of the United States is the mes- quite tree, also known vernacularly in some localities as the Cashaw, or Algeroba tree. ; According to Dr. V. Havard of the United States army, this tree constitutes the principal growth of the wooded tablelands and high valleys throughout South and Southwestern Texas. It extends westward through New Mexico and Arizona to San Diego, Califor- 7 nia, and is found to the southward through Mexico, Central and South America to the southern parts of the Argentine Republic (exclusive of Patagonia). Prosopis dulcis (Kunth) is probably the correct botanical name of our tree, though it is usually called Prosopis juliflora D. C., by American botanists. Algarobia glandulosa, Prosopis horrida, P. juliflora, P. siliquastrum and P. glandulosa are either synonyms or mere varieties, according to Bentham. The mesquite is frequently nothing but a thorny, straggling shrub, growing in large impenetrable thickets near the coast or over the sandhills of the Colorado desert. Elsewhere in less exposed sit- The Mesquite Bean. . 243. uations, it becomes a low, wide-spreading tree, 20 to 30 feet in height, with a trunk seldom over a foot in diameter, although some- times found from two to three feet in thickness. In the arid regions, where this tree is found in its best estate, this tree is most useful for the excessively hard, durable wood, valu- able for fuel, in fencing or for other uses. Mesquite posts and rails are but slightly affected by exposure to the influences of ordinary. weather. The trunk and roots as well are unsurpassed for fuel, making a hot fire, and in many sections, from California to Texas, is the most common, often the only obtainable, fuel. The wood is also useful in cabinet work, being heavy, fine-grained, and taking a fine polish, when it has the appearance of mahogany. It is richly colored, varying from purplish black im the center to a reddish brown and yellow near the bark. The tree is also adapted for live fences; of rapid and easy growth in situations where scarcely any other tree will thrive, it can be made to form impenetrable hedges in a few years from the seed. Baron von Mueller says: ‘The variety glandulosa exudes a gum not unlike gum arabic, and this is obtained so copiously that chil- dren could earn two to three dollars a day in gathering it in Texas, latterly about 40,000 pounds being bought by druggists there.’ On the other hand, Dr. V. Havard in speaking of the mesquite tree of Texas, says: ‘During the summer months the bark secretes _ an amber colored gum which has the taste of gum arabic, and like it makes excellent adhesive mucilage. Its solution in water is slightly acid and astringent; it is a useful and palatable drink in the diarrhoea of children. The quantity of gum secreted by each tree is not large enough to make it an important article of commerce.’ In California I have never observed the gum in any quantity. I have collected specimens of this gum that closely resembled jet in color and very hard when found—evidently caused to exude by fire. The tree produces abundantly of its long and slender bean-like pods, with a thick and spongy mesocarp, sweetish to the taste. These pods contain from 25 to 30 per cent of grape sugar, 11 to 17 per cent of starch, 7 to 11 per cent of protein; of organic acids, pectin and other non-nitrogenous nutritive substances 14 to 24 per cent. They are also comparatively rich in potash, lime and phos- phoric acid. The pods of several varieties are said to be rich in tannic acid. Containing, as they do, more than half their weight in assimila- ble nutritive principles, these pods constitute a valuable article of food, and are one of the staples with many Mexicans and Indians. 244. The Tent Caterpillar. The Cahuilla Indians, and also the Cocopahs of the Colorado desert region in California, gather large quantities of the pods annually, the time of harvest lasting from June into August, when the trees are frequently loaded with their golden wealth. The squaws go out into the groves and bring back their ‘hotls’ (a large, coarse-mesh sack, resembling a hammock) and baskets full of the yellow pods. They then grind the pods in their stone mills or ‘matates,’ into a coarse meal or flour, remove the seeds and hard shells around the seeds, and then cook to suit their taste. Some- times they boil the flour in water and make a gruel or pudding, but the larger portion of the meal goes to form large, flat cakes or loaves of bread which may be made to supply food for many months to come, and are easy for the nomadic tribes to transport. This bread is very sweet and pleasant to the taste, with a pleas- ant, slightly acid and astringent, spicy flavor. A sparkling drink, called aloja, is also made from these pods. The Comanche and Apache Indians formerly used large quantities of an alcoholic drink —a weak beer—made by fermentation of the flour. The mesquite beans (as the pods are commonly called) are rel- ished by most herbivorous animals, and horses and cattle will eat them with avidity and thrive on them as a substitute for grain. They are likely to be more largely utilized as fodder for stock than as human food. In this connection, it is worthy of note that the pods of the mes- quite produced in the valleys near the coast are almost invariably thin and bitter instead of thick, sweet and nutritious, as are those grown in the more arid sections on the Colorado desert and east- ward. Evidently a warm, dry climate is necessary to the best de- velopment of the fruit, the fogs and coast winds causing a very in- ferior product. The delicate green, finely divided foliage renders this a very beautiful tree when in leaf, and it is well worthy of being extensively cultivated. | C. R. Orcutt. THE TENT CATERPILLAR. These common pests having been so very plentiful this year in this locality (Moosup Valley, R. I.), I resolved to make a study of them, not adding anything new, perhaps, to the cause of science, — but satisfying myself as to their habits. At the usual time in early spring the webs began to show upon apple and wild cherry trees. It is said that the young caterpillars feeding 'upon the tender leaves eat on an average two apiece each day. At this rate it does not Editorial: 24.5 take many days to make quite a showing of naked boughs. As the caterpillars grow a new skin is formed under the old one, which splits down the back and drops off. When fully grown the worm is not such an unsightly object to look upon, if one could forget what apestitis. They are then about two inches long, the black body covered with many yellow hairs, witha white stripe along the back, and many irregular light streaks down the sides. Between these and the white stripe is a row of pale blue spots on each side of the back. I brought in one of the spindle-shaped cocoons, which seems to be made of white silk, sprinkled with a sulphur colored powder. Having kept it for about three weeks my patience was rewarded by a sight of the full-fledged moth, which was about one and one- quarter inches across the upper wings, which were of a dark fawn color, crossed by two oblong lighter streaks edged with white. I was surprised to find such a tiny hole in the end of the cocoon; it seemed almost impossible that the moth could have escaped. It is _said that soon after the adult insects appear the females begin to lay their eggs. These are in clusters of about three hundred, ar- ranged in the form of a belt around a small twig. This is covered with a varnish-like substance which serves as a protection during winter, as the belt remains upon the twig until the following spring. The season when the branches are bare is therefore the best time to war against this pest. If the trees are carefully searched at this time these egg clusters may be easily found and destroyed. S. E. Kennedy. EDITORIAL. Our frontispiece this month is an illustration of the first olive mill on the Pacific Coast. We are indebted for it to the genial secre- tary of the California state board of horticulture, Mr. B. M. Lelong, The mill was built at the old mission at San Diego, the oldest mis- sion in California. Our new dress has been very favorably commented upon, and this magazine is the first to appear in this new style of self-spacing type. In beauty of typography we can now reasonably claim no superior in the world, and none of equal excellence in this respect on the Pacific Coast. We look to our contributors to assist us in making such a statement equally true of the matter presented our readers. The demands of the general public sustains our view that there is a field for a journal that shall maintain a high standard, reliable, 246 Notes and News. combining practical methods with scientific accuracy. It is impos- sible to divorce technical details from our work in this treatment, but we aim to give enough in popular style to repay the general reader. On the other hand, the specialist will find the journal indispensable from the quantity of original matter, whether it be in technical or popular language. NOTES AND NEWS. Lupinus NANus.—Of all the annual lupines, this dwarf Califor- nian species is one of the most charming, the shade of purple-blue being particularly pleasing. When in Essex recently, I saw a large patch of it ona seed farm, and was enabled to realize what a mass of pleasing color is formed when so grown. The seed farmers sow thinly, and then take out some of the plants if they deem them to be too crowded. The individuals, having room in which to develop, form dense tufts and bloom with surprising beauty and brilliancy. But in ordinary gardens the sower of seeds of annuals seems unable in most cases to overcome the bad habit of sowing too thickly, or of understanding the necessity for some thinning out. Only let any one grow this delightful annual in good soil in an open situation and give it plenty of room, and its beauty will astonish.—The Gar- den, x\. 53. Layvias.—These pretty hardy annuals were shown at Chiswick the other day in the Kew collection of cut flowers and attracted great attention. The one which in the Kew group attracted chief attention was Layia heterotricha, with flowers about the diameter of a half-crown piece, yellow eye, rich yellow ground, edged very evenly on the points of the petals with pure white. The edging is narrow and clearly defined, the ground a very beautiful shade of apricot-yellow. Out in the gardens and under a north wall there is — a small bed of Layia elegans, presumably the same thing. Both are lovely annuals and should be universally grown, especially to furnish flowers for cutting. Layia glandulosa in the Kew collection has charming pure white flowers. This is a lovely little variety also ani should become an immense favorite, scbgce Ly for vase or espergne decoration.— The Garden, xl. 53. A NEw ASTER.—Those who are interested in these beautiful fall blooming wild flowers, will find a new species illustrated and des- cribed in a recent number of the Botanical Gazette. It is called Aster Orcuttii, and is from the Colorado desert, in California. It Library Catalogue, 24.7 is a very handsome species, and well worth cultivating. The flow- ers are not borne in clusters or panicles, as in so many asters, but are singly on the ends of the stalks. The edges of the leaves are also so deeply cut as to be almost comb like, and very different in appearance to the ordinary run of the asters as we see them in the east.—Meehans’ Monthly, 1. 22. LIBRARY CATALOGUE. ( Scientific books and periodicals may_be ordered through our Book and Subscrip- tion Department.) Recent accessions to the library of the West American Museum of Nature and Art will be catalogued monthly. 4112. Second annual report of the Cornell University agricul- tural experiment station, Ithaca, N. Y. 1889. (The first annual report is wanted by the editor.) 4113. Reports on the observations of the total eclipse of the sun, December 21-22, 1889, and of the total eclipse of the moon, July 22, 1888, to which is added a catalogue of the library, pub- lished by the Lick observatory. Sacramento. 1891. 122 pp. 8vo. 4114. Proceedings of the American Forestry Association at the summer meeting held in Quebec, September 2-5, 1890, and at the ninth annual meeting, held in Washington, December 30, 1890. Washington, D.C. 1891. 111 pp., 8vo. (Copies may be obtained of Charles C. Binney, 218 South 4th street, Philadelphia, at fifty. cents each. ) 4115. Catalogue of the herbarium of the late Dr. Charles C. Parry, of Davenport Iowa. Printed by Mrs. E. R. Parry, Daven- port, Iowa. July, 1891. 82 pp., 8vo. The collection contains upwards of 20,000 specimens, represent- ing over 7,000 species, and is particularly rich in West American types. The herbarium, and an extensive botanical library, are now offered for sale by Mrs. Parry, and it is greatly to be hoped that they may be secured by some Pacific coast institution, where they most properly belong. 4116. The practical working of the Inter-state commerce act. By John A. Wright. Philadelphia. 1891. 40 pp., 8vo. 4117. Catalogue of economic plants in the collection of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. By William Saunders. Washington. 1891. 42 pp., 8vo. / 4118. The Chocolate-plant (Theobroma cacao ) and its prod- ucts. Walter Baker & Co. Dorchester, Mass. 1891. 40 pp., 8vo., with illustrations. 248 Library Catalogue. 4119. U.S. Dept. Agriculture: Forestry Division. Bulletin No. 5. What is Forestry? By B.E.Fernow. Washington. 1891. 52 pp. 4120. U.S. Dept. Agriculture. Papers on horticultural and kindred subjects. By William Saunders. Washington. 1891. Re- printed from reports of the department of agriculture. 1863-1889. 2121. Basket-work of the North American aborigines. By Otis T. Mason. Washington. 1890. From the report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1883-84, part ii. pp. 291-306 and plates i. to lxiv. 4122. GeMibeicgl survey ‘of Missouri. Bulletin No. 5. 1891. 4123. Illustrative cases of congenital club-foot. By H. Augus- tus Wilson, M. D. Reprinted from Annals of Gynecology and Pediatry. June, 1891. From the author. . 4.124. Directions for collecting birds. By Robert Ridgway. 4125. Acatalogue of the fresh-water fishes of South America. By C. H. and R. S. Eigenmann. 7 4126. Fishes collected by William P. Seal in Chesapeake bay, at Cape Charles City, Virginia, September 16 to October 3, 1890. By Barton A. Bean. 4127. Relations of temperature to vertebrae among fishes. By David Starr Jordan. 4128. On the structure of the tongue in humming birds. By Frederic A. Lucas. 4129. Contributions to American botany. xviii. By Sereno Watson. From Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., xxvi, 124-163. From the author. This paper consists (1) of descriptions of some new N. A. spe- cies, chiefly of the U. S., with a revision of the American species of the genus Erythronium; (2) descriptions of new Mexican species, collected chiefly by C. G. Pringle in 1889 and 1890; (3) upon a wild species of Zea from Mexico; and (4) notes upon a collection of plants from the Island of Ascension. Liebmann’s genus Llavea, of the Sapindacee, is named Neopringlea—worthily dedicated to the emi- nent Mexican explorer, C. G. Pringle. 4130. The relation of the Mexican flora to that of the United States. By Sereno Watson. From Proc. A. A. A.S., xxxix, 291-2. Abstract. From the author. 4131. Notes on North American Haloragee. By Thomas Morong. Reprinted from Bull. Tarr. Bot. Club, xviii, 229-246. From the author. Callitriche longipedunculata is herein described from the mesas near San Diego, California. This plant -was distributed by C. R. Orcutt under the name C. marginata in 1884. Advertisements. Wonders Are wrought by the use of Ayers Hair Vigor in restoring gray hair to its original color, promoting a new growth, prevent- ‘Mg the hair from falling, keeping it soft, silky, and abundant, and the scalp cool, healthy, and free from dandrudf or humors. The universal testimony is that this prep- aration has no equal as a dressing, and is, therefore, udispensable to every well furnished toilet. “T have used Ayer’s Hair Vigor for some time and it has worked wouders for me. T was troubled with dandruff aud was rapidly becoming bald; but since using the Vigor my head is perfectly clear of dandrudf, the hair has ceased coming out, and I now have a good growth, of the same color as when I was a young woman. I[ can heartily recom- mend any one suffering from dandruff or loss of hair to use Ayer’s Hair Vigor as a dressing.” — Mrs. Lydia O. Moody, East Pittston, Me. “Some time ago my wife’s hair began to come out quite freely. Ayer’s Hair Vigor not only prevented my wife from becoming bald, but i€ also caused an entirely new growth of hair. I am ready to certify to this statement before a justice of the peace.’— H. Hulsebus, Lewisburgh, Lowa. “Some years ago, after a severe attack of Drain fever, my hair all came out. I used such preparations for restoring if as my phy- sicians ordered, but failed to produce a growth of hair. I then tried. successively, several articles recommended by druggists, and all alike fell short of accomplishing the desired result. The last remedy I applied was Ayer’s Hair Vigor, which brought a growth of hair in a few weeks. I think T used eight bottles in two years; more than was necessary as arestorative, but L liked it as a dressing, and have continued to use it for that purpose. I believe Ayer’s Hair Vigor possesses virtues far above those of any similar preparation now on the market.” —Vincent Jones, Richmond, Ind. Ayer’s Hair Vigor PREPARED BY DR. J. C. AYER & CO., Lowell, Mass, Sold by Druggists and Perfumers. Pe GOOD REASONS WHY SHOULD TAKE HAE YOU Me Ss Me aS Most Locai News. Best Editorials. Latest Telegrams. It Has The People’s Confidence. we FOODIES Paper ‘Terms of Subscription: | Daily Sun, per he A * DET MAOULMne Nes a0 65 per yr, in advance, 7.50 Weekly Sun, six months..... 1.00 : Ape OLS Ved ta ae can 260- cl oad A WORD TO ADVERTISERS. THe Sun today has the largest circulation among the best people. In proportion to its charges Tur SUN guarantees better results to its advertisers than any other medium in Southern California. The proof of these two state- ments is in the fact that the Datny 'Sun has a larger number of the most discriminating local adver- tisers than any other paper in the |county. For rates of advertising, address ae _ San DieGo Sun. Classified. CLASSIFIED. ONE LINE, ONE TIME, ONE D(ME. ONE LINE, TEN TIMES, TEN DIMKHS. ART. ISS M. E. GOVER, CASCADE, COL- orado. Illustrator, copper plate etchings of western scenery. ISS TURNER, 1245 EIGHTH ST., SAN Diego, Cal. Lessons in drawing and painting. Orderstaken. Still life a specialty. BOOKS. OTANY OF CALIFORNIA. TWO VOL- umes, price, $12. C. R. Orcutt, Orcutt, Cal ISTORY OF CIRCUMCISION. BY P. C. Remondine, M. D. Send orders to F. A. Davis, Publisher, 1231 Filbert street, Phila- delphia. HE WISCONSIN NATURALIST, MAD- ison, Wisconsin. A monthly magazine, devoted to the numerous branches of natural plory: Fifty cents a year; sample copy, five cents. HE KANSAS CITY SCIENTIST, FOR- merly the Naturalist. Kstablished in 1885. Now published by the Academy of Science Pub. Co. at $1.00 per year. Sample to prospect- ive subscriber free. Official organ of the K.C. Academy of Science. Devoted to Science, Art and Literature. Its readers will be kept abreast with the leading topics of the day. Of a popular character, no more technical terms being used than are absolutely necessary. all we count you among the readers of ol. V? M. KINNE, KNOXVILLE, IOWA, OF- e fers geological specimens, scientific books, minerals, mound and Indian relics, Confederate money, Shells, oological speci- mens, and supplies. Illustrated list for stamp. F.CARR, NATURAL HISTORY STORE e 126 State St., Madison, Wis. Send stamp for catalogue. Marine and fresh water shells, corals, bird skins, eggs, minerals, etc. Sup- plies for taxidermists, entomologists, oolo- gists, botanists, ete. ADAGASCAR NATURAL HISTORY Specimens of all kinds. Prices low. Send postage stamps for price lists. F. Sikora, nat- uralist, Annanarivo, Madagascar, via Mar- seilles, France. ALIFORNIA TREES AND FLOWERS. An illustrated 32-page book of descriptive notes. Prepaid for ten cents. Orcutt Seed and Plant Co.,San Diego, Cal. BUSINESS CHANCES. OOD CHANCE FOR MAN OR WOMAN, at own home, to engage in profitable bus- iness. Small capital required; fair education EDUCATIONAL. M RS. M. L. T. CHISHOLM, EUROPEAN instructor. Organ, piano, singing and eer Mus. Bac. London, England. Terms oO suit. ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES. FEF S. HARTWELL, ELECTRICIAN, 924 e Sixth street, San Diego, Cal. Bells, bat- teries, ete. EXCHANGES. OOKS WANTED IN EXCHANGE FOR seeds and plants. C. R. Orcutt, Orcutt, Jal. FINANCIAL. OW IS THE TIME TO INVEST IN SAN Diego. But remember, good counsel always saves more than it costs. Investment of funds for clients a specialty. Hosmer P. MeKoon, San Diego, Cal. JEWELRY. GERMAN, THE LARGEST JEW- I e elry establisment on the Pacific Coast. Both wholesale and retail. JOB PRINTING. ILDRETH’S BOOK AND JOB PRINT- ing House, 930 Sixth street, between D and E, Sam Diego, Cal. EDDING INVITATIONS, VISITING cards engraved and printed at M. Ger- man’s, the leading jeweler, San Diego, Cal. ALER & SON, JOB PRINTERS. GOOD work at fair prices. Estimates furnished on application. No. 3816 West First street, Los Angeles, Cal. MINERALS. N. FULLER, LOCK BOX 638, LAW- e rence, Kansas, offers choice minerals. Unsurpassed in quality and beauty, 300 varie- ties from all over the world. Very Low prices. Catologue free. Fine specimens from Pacific Slope wanted in exchange, or for cash. F. CARR, 126 STATE ST., MADISON, e Wisconsin. HE WORLD’S FAIR COLLECTION OF Minerals and Curiosities mailed by us is highly spoken of. New California Bulletin and lists, with box of curios, only ten cents. Naturalists’ supplies. U. L. Hertz & Co., Napa City, Cal. K. GREENE, DEALER IN FOSSILS, e minerals, mound and Indian relies, marine shells and§ corals, U. S. and. foreign postage and revenue stamps, coins, medals and badges, old arms and curiosities of all kinds. 62 South Illinois st., Indianapolis,Ind. needed. Address, with references, C. R. Or- cutt, San Diego, Cal. CONTRACTORS. CONTRACTORS f RSs Se & KELLY, for excavations, bituminous walks, con- crete work, etc. Good rich soil cheap. Sewer pipes laid. Give us a ecall. Satistaction guaranteed. Office. Fifth street, between C and D, San Diego, Calif. NATURAL HISTORY. EYLON, JAVA, BORNEO AND NEW Guinea insects, especially lepidoptera and coleoptera, single or in lots. Also orthoptera and dragon flies,and land and fresh water shells. Prices low. MH. Fruhstorfer, care of German consulate, Soerabaia, Java. Advertisements. NATURAL HISTORY. R. EDWARD GRAY, BENICIA, CAL, sole Pacific Coast agent of Gundlach Op- tical Co. Microscopic objectives of this com- pany on hand and to order. Send for price lists. Gundlach photograph lenses to order Agent of Queen & Co’s Acme microscopes. URELIUS TODD, TAXIDERMIST, EU- gene, Oregon, offers the following curios: SUITE TAS 02's hg 3 § Beh Sen era epee 10to 15 Sea eggs 05to 20 Sea asters or sand dollars.................. 10 In addition to the above, we have about fifty sets of eggs and a few skins of the Tufted Puf- fin, which we offer at the remarkably low price of 75 cents each for the former and $1.50 each for the latter (postage extra.) The whole lot of eggs we will sell at a spe- cial bargain. Ten per cent. discount on orders of $5.00; and twenty per cent. on orders of $10.00 or more. ATURALISTS’ SUPPLY DEPOT, ES- tablished by Brewster & Knowlton, Bos- ton; Arldrich & Capen, Boston; A. L. Ellis & Co., Pawtucket. Consolidated, 1884, by Ellis & Webster, succeeded, Sept. 1, 1885, by Frank B. Webster, Boston. Dealers in ali articles required by Naturalists, Oologists and Tax- idermists; also, dird-skins, birds’ eggs curios- ities, and stuffed specimens. Sole agent in the United States for Thomas Hurst’s arti- ficial glass eyes. Publisher of the Ornitholo- gist and Oologist. Send 10 cents for sample copy and catalogues. Frank B. Webster, 409 Washington St., Boston Mass. 2 C.% ¢ Orcutt, Cal. NURSERIES. ALL’S ADDITION NURSERY, RIVER- side, Cal. Wholesale and retail dealers in all kinds of fruit trees. Send for price list. SEEDS. HIONANTHUS VIRGINICA, A VERY handsome ornamental tree, twenty to thirty feet high, now becoming very popular in the eastern states. The very showy and exceedingly beautiful flowers appear early in June and are white and fringe-like. The flowers are followed by plum-colored berries resembling bunches of grapes. The foliage remains green until late in the fall, and it is one of the handsomest of our small trees. I can supply clean seed about Sept. 10th by reg- istered mail at 20 cents an ounce, $2 per tb. or 10 ibs. for $18. Orders should be sent early. Write for prices of other tree and shrub seeds, stating your wants. J. H. H. Boyd, Cagle, Sequatchie county, Tenn. WELVE VARIETIES OF CALIFOR- nia Wild Flower seeds, 50 cents. Orcutt Seed and Plant Co., San Diego, Cal. SHELLS. ISS IDA M.SHEPARD, LONG BEACH, Los Angeles County, California, makes a specialty of West American Mollusca. TRUNKS. - J C. CUNNINGHAM, TRUNKS AND e traveling bags, 136 S. Main St., Los Ang- eles, Cal. Repairs and exchanges of new for old trunks, for all they are worth. CyALER & SON. JOB PRINTERS: Estimates fur- Good work at fair prices. nished on application. No. 316 West First Street, Los Angeles, Cal. (Between Broadway and Hill Street.) M@®- Advertisements and subscriptions re- ceived for Science and Horticulture. Canvassers wanted on liberal terms. J. D. BURCH & CO. Wholesale and retail dealers in Chive FMIlY Grocer les 829-881 Fifth Street. You will find bargains in our store. Call ORCUTT, SCIENTIFIC BOOKS, | and see us. ' Art Store! 944 SIXTH STREET, Between Dand E, - - SAN DIEGO, CAL. Manufacturer of and dealer in— Mirrors, Mouldings, PICTURES AND FRAMES. “OW 2S) 1A ee PEOPLE'S ONE PRICE STORE Boyd Block, Main St., between 7th and 8th, IVERSIDE, CAL. R CLOTHING Gents,’ Ladies’ and Children’s Shoes,Gents’ Furnishings, Hats, Boots, Trunks, Valises, Blankets, etc. My Motto: Quick Sales and Small Profits. JULIUS BERNSTEIN. F. P. BRUNER, NOTARY PUBLIC Conveyancer of Deeds, Ete. With Wells, Fargo & Co. Sixth and F Sts., San Diego, Cal. Oreutt Seed and Plant Comparery. a BULLETIN OF THE | (NO. 1.) San Diego Nursery. The Greutt Seed aud Plant Company, Nurserymen, Seedsmen and Florists, Corner Fifth and C Streets, San Diego, California. MISS KATH O. SESSIONS, Manager. P.O: Box. (ioe Orders will be received at the office of this magazine. "[O OUR PATRONS. (Introductiom to California '‘Trees and Flowers.’’y \UR specialty in dealing in native tree and flower seeds and. plants, many imperfectly or wholly unknown to the hor- ticultural public, leads us to offer the following descriptive notes of the more desirable West American trees and fiowers, which we hope may Jead to their extending their circle of admirers. Our facilities for obtaining whatever may be desired are excel- lent, and our reputation as botanists insures the greatest accuracy. : | No guarantee, however, expressed or implied, accompanies goods sent out. Orders received too late for the season’s supply will be filled the succeeding season, unless we are otherwise advised. 7 ORNAMENTAL TREES AND SHRUBS—native and foreign—such as Grevilleas, Cypress, Palms, etc., in choice variety. Cirrus AND DeEcrpuous Fruits, especially the Strawberry Guava, Figs, Oranges, etc., in all leading varieties can be sup- pled at ruling prices. Grapes and small fruits also furnished. Price list on application. We offer a great variety of seeds of desirable California wild flowers—both annuals and perennials. Advance orders from the trade for any quantities desired are solicited. Palm seeds, other ornamental tree and shrub seeds, etc., at lowest quotations. Contracts for growing seeds solicited. We also carry a great variety of choice flower seeds—not native— especially recommended for cultivation in California. The rose and chrysanthemum receive special attention, and permanent shrubs, vines and trees in choice varieties are always on hand. Correspondence solicited. | Oreutt Seed and Plant Company. 3 OEE ae rege ae as 1 1 PERENNIAL PLANTS. PER PKT. California Klowers A GEA NAB ay OVIARLCUY. Aa vcard: BO attain, AD 25 B.|/ AQUILEGIA ary variety fs). ecrn ck: 15 CAST TEE TAS fOlolosains ax. oF otha. ont 25 aa ae DELPHINIUM) any variety..5.0 24... 10 DICENTE.A. Chrysanthan roosts s... cena 15 Many varieties mentioned in our desecrip- | DODECATHEON Clevelandii.... 15 tive list of “California Trees and Flowers,” | FRASERA Parryi...... A ae rns oe 20 we are at times unable to supply, but on the | LOBELIA splendens......... ........... 50 other hand, we are continually introducing | MIMULUS ecardinalis.............. bc A 10 new and desirable trees and flowers to our PUTO SUSH yeh sees eke ae e's Geers ee 50 novelty-loving friends. Descriptions of these, moschatus (musk plant)......... 10 and supplementary notes on “California Trees | NOLINA Bigelovii....0........0.0...0... 20 and Flowers” may be found in this journal. PENTSTEMON any species............. 20 RO MIN EH YA OOUtGEIS Osc Aone ele 25 YUCCA baccata..20.0.. ead eet eer faa 15 ANNUALS WL Cinese te hone weheca Say, Mites 20 ABRONIA any species .............02. "§ PxIO ZAUSCHNERIA Californica........... 50 ACTINOLEPIS coronaria ...... 10 SHRUBS. N62 OF a ew 5 en ee md 05 J 4. pee 7 cone De aes ANTUERRHINUM Orcittanua ok 10 Any species Le oe Fe CORE RO NSE) Meee ARGEMONE any variety............... 10 VINES. Pecbiie, Sracllisoty ng Ali oye. los-ctecen BAY CO FAL SGapC Cone NE, ee te *s 10 See ee CU acycare sO LATHY RUS splendensa..6 046) ., 000064, 28 CASTILLEIA SERDETLIG ts. Wyld cee ae oes 25 TACSONIA, with pink alonnidele ts an noe 90 ee et beets Ton ae Te? (MINNA lobata, P2000 el. ea Bes 20 CLARKIA any variety.............-.... 95! One of the most satisfactory of rapid grow- CLAYTONIA Periolatar.. Kors see 10 ing vines and blooming abundantly. COLLINSIA any variety wited dai cea cae 05 MEXICAN MORNING GluOBY 2s: 728 10 COLLOMIA grandifiora eM ere eek 05 A rapid grower with very large and beau- eee meteloides ........ ar bee os 95! tiful flowers and abundant foliage. Plant HY RTARAA WETPUISUAL . Wann cow aria een 25 seed last week of April. ESCHSCHOLTZIA any variety........ 05 GLOLA eiy variety. to. ioe Cole ee 10 CACTI. LASTHENIA glabrata 1 nian irawosenay eter nee 10 HOICE CACTI. ORCUTT SEED AND PGE DA ClO RES) Stas. ie. VG eee ee 15 Plant Co., San Diego, Galifornia. . EHETOS YN Douglasit.:: 2sh2ia0s2 ee 20)) ANH ALONIUM lJewinii., .........2.4.: Spann 25 LUPINUS any variety...... 10 Willianaent Web ies vein au een 25 NEMOPHILAany variety .... cic. 0. cau 05 | CEREUS californicus Nutt... .......... 1.00 OERNOTHE RA, bistorta...... 07.00 29 10 SLTANGINGLUS ALONUL ae ait oneal 20 ORTHOCARPUS purpurascens........ 25 viridiflorus Hngelm............... 50 PAPAV DE Califormica, .. .' 380. ...eer 25 caespitosus Hngelm............... 25 PE NAO Hont A aurea...: +. ..hic ee 10 Engelmanni Parry........... ... 75 PHACELIA campanularia............. 10 “ Rainbow cactus”:............... 1.00 COMB CSUR 2 ays ares colo hats 05| ECHINOCACTUS viridescens ......... 25 tanacetifolia v. alba............ 05 Lecontei Hngelite. 6.0.0. cece vet 1.00 Orcuttiana ............... 20 Simpsoni Engelm...............-. 20 1:11 a RR URN IE 85 io) ECHINOPSIS oxygona..:. .... 0. 40 Withitlavin,.: 3 0. ky ee 10 qMmullert peace ee PR techies ae 9,¢ 40 PLATYSTEMON Californicus |... se 10 MUG plexs, ten tee ees 40 Ru VL ACarauaceay sso. 5524...) eae 10 BVTIGSIL «2 ee os ee ye 40 Columbariae ........0........... 15] MAMILLARIA Grahamii.............. 25 EVERGREENS. Goodrichit Senheer.. 3.2... -...... phellosperma Hngelm............ 1.00 . Our packets of evergreen tree and shrub! PILOCEREUS senilis, “Old Man” cac- seeds are liberal in size, usually one oz im| tus..:.....: .....e.ececseececeeee »...61 to 10.00 weight. Price, 50 cents each, of any species in | OPUNTIA tuna (cuttings)............... 50 stock. DASLIALICN Hi Bie se ioe 50 TREAT Prolene Seek CL eras Weta anaes 25, We will report any fruit or tree seeds in Serpentina. ....... da rise eae ee 25 any quantity desired. CIMOMMV Ts 05 eae hos AN ee A REIBE 25 STRAWBERRY GUAVA, per lb........ $ 3.00 elnrsoelmanmiri.ssouecdes se etek 50 We have handled over 600 varieties of cacti mee PER LB. and aim to supply collectors and the trade at PEPER PA AY MNAEA. ole N Beit da beaten 2.00 | reasonable prices. The above choice varieties Ch URhS FAs eta en ae 2.00 | are now in stock and can be supplied by mail WA SELINGTONITA. filifera.: 2ic25.5. 4. 1.00 | or express. Oreut€ Seed and Plant Company. SHELLS. RECEIPT OF PRICE AT THIS OF- N O fice we will send, postpaid: AGNGAGA mo1braeHischi ss ante et ee spectrum Nutt... -. sche ae aR ee Peltagw SOL ey ee Nee rate cae nee persoma Hscle 2.22.6. vi. eters Patina Pesehia es oii Ae ee eee 2 ASTON SCN honk eee ene cumingii Reeve.. scabra Nutt. SPAR RCH AR TUNE 20:5 AMIANTIS callosa Conte a ote Sabie AMY CLA) carinata Hids...... 8-527 ASTYRIS gausapata Glia tuberosa Cpr BARBATIA. gradata Sby eet BARLEEIA subtenuis Bog doz BITTIUM quadrifilatum Cpr.. BULLA nebulosa Gild.. BYTHINELLA binneyi Try yon. ; intermedia Tryon. ..........--.. A eARDIUM elatum S6y, $1.00 to une 00. quadragenarium Cor. substriatum Conr ......... ecorbis Mert... a OERITHIDEA sacrata Gld, doz. CEROSTOMA nuttallif Conr. erie CHIONE fluctifraga Soy.......-........ Sima, SOY. : vse 2e oe eee aay succincta Val CHITON scabra Reewve...... ...........- DAaTrivve sil Opry Noes ae: Pb aN dentiens Cpr... - .. CHORUS belcheir Hds......-... .... ... CRY PTOMYA Californica Conr .. -.-. ©AXCUM oreuttit Dall, doz...........+..+ CONUS Californicus Hds...-.+-........- CREPIDULA. rugosa Nutt. ... .... Tee DONAX Californicus Conr, doz........ sr flexuosis Gild fa a ee FISSURELLA: voleane Reeve.... ...... GLYPHIS aspera Esch...... EPR N PR ts eee GONIOBASIS plicifera Lea, doz........ HALIOTIS cracherodii Leach.........- rufescens Swains.........-...+..- corrugata Gray splendens ipeeue is 5 cents to $0. HINNITES gigantea Gray, 15 cts. to $1. HAMINEA vesicula GID: co LS OO virescens: S04 sii.) 22: Be Sedat Send HELIX newberryana Binn......-.+0.-.- : stearnsiana Glabb... .......... .. tudiculata Binn................... LEVIS Pp Ge pitt aan ea 03 to LASEA rubra Mont, doz .. ....-.... LEPTOTHYRA bacula Cpr.. LITORINA planaxis Nutt, heron Lr seutulata Gild, doz...... Pee ibe abh aii LOTTIA gigantea Gra ssh Gebcid ahi ace eee LUCAPINA crenulata Sby.. see oe LUPONIA: spadicea: Gray... ...... ve MA COMA secta: Connet. 2 as4 a see indentata Cpr......~. eta ery: ee oe inquinatalWesh.. i eee eee MACHAERA patula ee poe Teena MACRON lividus A. Ad.. Ee Wee MELAMPUS olivaceus Cpr, doz Be ee MUU ECA: maura. Saas. oc hee te MONOCEROS lugubre Sby............:. engonatum COI TE Ue Nets Ae ieee le var. Spiratum Blainv..... Wee te a paucilirata Stearns..... BEN alc MODIELA capax Conr. “10: to MYTILAS Californica Conr....... ..95 to bifurcatus Conran eee ee MYURELLA. simplex Cpr NASSA tegula Reeve CUE OR hs, UN to ln N EVERITA reclusiana Petit OCINEBRA poulsonii Cpr OLIVELLA a Cpr Sy boetica C Ce er ee By acl eC Ouran: 5 Oth fe fe,» oa, miychehe Bees be 0 08 6 8s oe Vis © we ene Gin v: ip eterna! wie OSTREA lur ioe Cee. wooG th bee a hee eo oees beree PECTEN aequisuleatus Cpr............. monotimeris Corr, doz POMAULAX undosus Wood Deut (ates 6) Sitter Ce ee ee a? PHASIANELLA compta Gld, doz..... 25. PTERONOTUS festivus Ads........ .. U5: RANELLA Californica Hds............. 25» SAXIDOMUS nuttalli Coz. . ae BO, squalidus Desh. . 30+ SCHIZOTHARUS nuttallii Conr Bi HUF SEPTIFER bifureatus Rve............ : 10» SOLEN rosaceus Gld.. 10% SOLECURTUS Californianus:| Conr Soe 10: TAPES staminea Conr. .... . Sao 10: var. ruderata Desh-e............... 10» | TLV ELA crassatelloides OREN. el taney 50s VOLVMARBRINA waria SOY ics -seo cues 05: LILIES... it PE R DOZ. - | ALLIUM any species..........-..- Aaa 25» ‘BLOOMERIA. any species....... Wee ee 50 BREVOORTIA eoeeinea.... .... ...... 50" _BRODIAAA any species... Ue ato PE si 40s i CALCIO ns any species. hh ease Nee 1.00 our choice mixed varieties....... 40: /CAMASSIA amy species... a 1.50: ‘\;CHLOROGALUM any species. . Sere we LOO 'ERYTHRONIUM any Bp ec Sais eereach 1.00 | PRITILLARIA GtlLy SWECIES et Shenae 1.00» OUT CHOICES. Hee euih. 2 ee cea 50 HESPEROCALIS undulata.. 5.00 FACH. t LILIUM DEE al Ga te eaten ede retiases roca il al ging 1.004 Washingtonianum.... pe Ue epaava pa D0: TUDESCEDIG ee. hb eee SR) ee 40s PALVUIM yoke me kate kay, Deore trapeme cones 30 ' maritimum . By SUG SP he iS se Se | 1.50 \ pardalinuma.. BEN BE AED ee oe ART 40s Humboldtii . 7 eee eS Ree io a 50> Columbianum. . LN eich oe ey ome bee 40) (ZYGADENUS Fremoenti..... Lae Ned oe Ve 10 [ PERENNIALS. , EACH. ‘ DELPHINIUM ecardinale.. et are ae 25: ‘DICENTRA chrysantha.. BPE et) 1.00: , DODECATHEON Clevelandi. Pai Hy RR aa a 10; Per Gow AK Nee ee ae eee 1.00: -ROMN EYA Coulterit eee eae 50e to =: 1.00 (Dormant roots). SISYRINCHIUM bellum.............. 10) ZAUSCHNERIA Californica.......... 5 LEWISIA. rediviva... . ea 23» CYPRIPEDIUM montanum.. gS Ee 50 GOODYEARIA Menziesii.. 5U A few rare or very desirable. cultivated plants for Southern California. Write for particulars. BOUGAIN VILLEAS. POINSETTIA puleherima............... BIGNONIA venusta....... 3 diet he As STREPTOSOLEN Jamesonii- MED Boat STEPHANOTIS floribunda. . Ae Ae TECOMA Mackenii rosea.... ........... LASIANDRA macrantha............... BUSA RELA ‘Spinosar. G2) a: Meeeeet ee ee: SEAFORTHIA elegans.................. PHCNIX eanariensis.-..-........2..... TECLUV AGA Reichert oh eae ners ERYTHEA armata..........-..... La ees BRACHYCHITON acerifolia............ STH BiCUIITEAS sesh a nee nolan FICUS elastics cys. c22 2: ee eos Mere eae macrophyllum.......-... CALIFORNIA WILD FLOWER SHEDS. Twelve varieties. Prarie ry So aed ny Pon ome Twenty-five varieties.-......-.........-. One hundred varieties.......22...¢+-ree ee A CENTURY OF FLOWERS. A choice collection of one hundred named varieties of flower seeds specially adapted to the Pacific Coast, including many rare or new plants. wild flower seeds will be included. THE SALTON SEA! Priee, $5.00. A choice assortment of One hundred shells from the shores of the famous Salton Sea for 50 cents. million in stock. Only a few Oreutt Seed and Plant Company. ESTABLISHED 1864. SG Sa ‘an —A full and vivid des- cription of frontier - life, including romance, == adventure and ali the var. ied experiencesincident to a life on the plains as cow boy, stock owner, rancher, etc., together with articles on cattleand she praising, how to make mvuney, des- criptionof the plains, etc. BOTANISTS. YE desire afew more reliable collectors of native West American tree and flower seeds, bulbs, ferns, cacti and other plants. Please write us what you can collect, season of supply, prices, and descriptions of those most desirable for cultivation. THE ORCUTT SEED & PLANT CoO., San Diego, California. Sia Mi tee My Aye " ete. Copiously illustrated, Price in cloth with gilt side and back stamp, $1.06 Paper cover 35 =_—- -- =e were me NK wows we ww ew eee ewe ee Orcutt Seed and PRACTICAL BOOKS. ARCHITECTURE, DRAWING, ETC, Plant Company. HOUSE PLANS. Cottages : | or, Hints on Economical Building, Containing 24 plates of Medium and Low Cost Houses, contributed by different New York Architects, together with descriptive letter-press, giving Practical Hints on Economical Building and a chapter on the Water Supply, Drainage, Sewerage, Heat and Ventilation and other Sanitary Questions Relating to Country Houses. By Wm. Paut GERHARD. Compiled and Edited by A. W. Brunner, Architect. One 8vo volume, cloth; Price. -.... Ayana beta’ a ales aos e'sie-ve PIsOO Interior Decoration. Containing, besides, introductory remarks, Chap-. ters on The Hall, The Staircase, The Library, The Parlor, The Dining-room, The Study, The Bedrooms. Fully Iliustrated with 65 Drawings. Price..... $3.00 : : Neer Inferior Woot-werk of Weuses of Moderate Coat.—Two China Closets: Details of China Closet; An Angle FWire-place and Parlor Mantel, with Details; Book-shelves, with Details; Staircase and Screen, with Details; Two Bedroom Mantels, with Details; Entrance Halland Staircase; Details of Entrance Halland Staircase; Bath-room, View from S.W PRACTICAL DRAWING BOOKS. > Ames’ Alphabets, (Fourth Revised Edition.) Adapted to the use of Architects, Engravers, Engineers, Artists, Sign Paint- ers, Draughtsmen, etc. This work has been prepared Price . ' 8 City Houses, The designs here presented were many of them the result of a competition, and show a large number of with especial reference to the wants of Architects, Sign Painters and Draughtsmen. Architects will find examples of the m st common words in use on their drawings, so that if di sired they may be transferred directly to their drawings, ‘“‘ with instructions in re- card to tracing and transferring, and the preparation of India Ink.’’ This will be especially valuable to architectural students and amateurs. will find fancy and shaded letters especially adapted to their wants, while every alphabet in the book will be found suggestive. One oblong volume, thirty- three 7x11 well-filled plates handsomely bound in Clot? Piieer owe Peck oa: cit sy sme eee te a ee $1.50 Gamp’s Draughtsman’s Manual : or, How CanT Learn Architecture? By F. T. Camp. Containing Hints to Inquirers and Directions in Draughtsmansiip. ConrEenrs: Introduction; Pre- liminary Words; Draughtsman’s Outfit; Technics of Planning; General Remarks on Planning; General Remarks on Exteriors; Drawing the Plan; Using the Instruments; Designing the Elevations; Tracing and Inking; Proportion of Rooms. New, Revised and Enlarged Edition, One small volume, cloth. ‘. Practical Book on Perspective, Architectural Perspective for Beginners. By F. A. Wricut, Architect. Containing 11 large plates, and full descriptive letter-press. One large quarto (page the size of Buitpinc), handsomely bound in cloth. | PRICE we MeN: ees wes Pee ora RArticciae! wide $3.00 Perspective, (Just out.) By A. L. Conr. A Series of Practical Lessons beginning with Elementary Principles and Carrying the Student through a Thorough Course in Perspective. 33 illustrations, One 12mo volume, cloth, (Prices. $1.00 ee ee en ae ae Tuthill’s Practical Lessons in Archi- tectural Drawing; or, How to Make the Working Drawings for Buildings. By Wm. B. Tut- Hitt, A. M., Architect. sth edition, 44 pages descrip- tive le.ter-press, illustrated by 33 full-page plates (one in colors) and 33 wood cuts, showing methods of con- struction arid representation. One large 8vo volume, Smlong,Cici” “Price oi0. tenis ben ee ee $2.50 Sign painters plans and many excellent fronts. One paper portfolio, 72 plates) (Price. nee sh thie Race wisiete as Seisilers saya 1.00 Houses, Low Cast. Including Prize Designs, with Elevations, Plans, Details, Specifications, Bills of Materials and Estimates of Cost. 12 large (11x14) Plates of Practical Designs, costing-from $500 to $3,000. Price....+....5+... $1.00 Notes or tho Prt cf House Planning, By C. Francis Ossorne, Architect, Assistant Pro- fessor of Architecture, Cornell University. One VOlUMe. D2MOveloud. TCS ae ache eee tae ete $1.00 Hauses from $509 to $2,500, The Suburban Cotizge ; Its Design and Construction. By W. B. TutTuitt, Architect. One 8vo volume, cloth. 117 illustrations, , Contents: Chap. JI.—1he Plan; its Designs and i Requirements. Chap. II.—Elevations. Chap.III.— i Masonry and Brick-work. Chap. IV.—Framing. | Chap. V.—The Roof. Chap. VI.—General Details. | Chap. WVII.—Plastering. Chap. WVIII.—Plumbing. Price, eeees $1.50 | STORES. | Store Fronts and Interior Details, 12 plates and Descriptive Letter-press. ’ i} Store Fittings. Counter and Showcase, with Plate Details; De- tached Case, with Details; Wall-shelving, with Details; Telephone Case, with Details; Counter for Druggist, with Details; Wall Cases, with Details; | Two Counters, with Jetails; Two Detached Cases, with Details; Prescription Counter, with Details; Perfumery Case, with Details, Wall-shelving, with Details; Cashier’s Desk, with Details. One vaper | portfolio, 12 plates. Pr.ce...... Si farce hucatsiretcate eee $1.00 Orcutt Seed and Plant Company. CALIPORNIA A TREES 4 FLOWERS. Descripti ons of the “Wild Flowers, Ornamental Trees and Shrubs, Ferns, Silies and Cacti, with other information. ILLUSTRATED. The Choicest Seeds and Plants are ours-=+ and may be yours. SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA: THE ORCUTT SEED AND PLANT COMPANY, CORNER FIFTH AND C STREETS. 1891, Price, 10 Cents, Orcutt Seed and Plant Company. West American Ferns. The ferns ot Southern California are especially noted for their beauty and grace. We collect the roots of these in the summer, when nearly all are perfectly dry, and they are then sent by mail or express in that condition. They require care‘ul treatment, but are well worth the care. Prices are per 100 roots, carefully packed. It is impossible for us to secure all the following species every year; those marked with an asterisk (*), howcver, are especially recommended and can generally be supplied with promptness. Collection of ten, our choice, for $1.00, postpaid. Per 100 * ADIANTUM EMARGINATUM.—Can be sent either dry or ina growing at a: 1c AMO EC RSE Were ci Lee PERS Acts Beha Ard GATS a dco aos $ 6 oo “ASPIDIUM MUNITUM.—Can be sent only in a growing condition.. 15 oo * ASPLENIUM TRICHOMANE SVAR. INCISUN.—F eather fern. Choice ro oo *CHEILANTHES CALIFORNICA.-—Lace fern. Exquisite........... 10 09 CHEILANTHES CLEVELANDI.—Cleveland’s Lip fern.... ......... 9 09 CHEILANTHES GRACILLIMA.—Grace2ful Lip fern...... .......... 5 00 CHEILANTHES VISCIDA.— Desert Mea fem... 5225-4 ese ee IO OO CHEILANTHES MYRIOPHYLLA.—Fendler’s Lipfern...... ........ 2° 19/00 *GYMNOGRAMME TRIANGULARIS.—California Gold fern........... 4 00 *GYMNOGRAMME TRIANGULARIS VAR. VISCOSA.—Silver fern...... 4 co NOTHOLAENA CRETACEA.—Formerly known as N. candida....... IO 00 *NOTHOLAENA NEWBERRYI.—Cotton fern. Very pretty......... 6 00 NOTHOLAENA PARRYI.—Dr. Parry’s cloak fern. Colorado Desert, Pare 0051 15 eae. eae eteae Pes tes itiaes 2 oye aes 2) 00 *PELAEA ANDROMEDIAEFOLIA.—Cliff brake. Wire fern 6 PELAEA DENSA.—A pretty alpine species, three to six inches in height; abundant in Yosemite Valley.. .. non eie ee eOROO) *PELAEA ORNITHOPUS —Tea fern. Ea_ily grown ........... ie AROS PELAEA BREWERI —An alpine species, growing six inches or less in heightinvclettsiohmockss Gu, -.s vere Lomi ker Nea ey ae Leta GOOD PH®GOPTERIS ALPESTRIS.— ( fine alpine species. attaining a height of two feet, from iOrecompes. s...).. 0 een eee ee eee -. TO 00 PoLypopiuM CALIFoRNICUM.—Californian polypody. Large..... 5 00 Woo°WARDIA RADICANS.—Chain fern. The immense fronds of this luxuriant fern sometimes measure ten feet in height...... I2 00 SELAGINELLA LEPIDOPHYLLA.—Resurrection plant. Mexico..... 4 00 The Orcutt Seed and Plant Co. SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA. Advertisements. Cc. R. DAUERR., President. C. N. FLATTERY, Secretary. San Diego Undertaking Company, Funeral Directors and Embalmers. Night Bell at Office. Particular. 758 and 76GO FOURTH STREET, F. A. SCHUEBEL, Vice-Pres. R. BREESE, Manager. T. P. SIMPSON. Satisfaction Guaranteed in Every Telephone 139. SAN DIEGO, CAL. (CALIFORNIA SaAvines BANK, OF SAN DIEGO. CAPITAL, - S. G. Havermale, Pres. DIBECTORS: J..W.. Collins,-S. G. Money loaned on real estate. est allowed on term deposits. or year. Special rates to depositors. Open Saturday evenings from 7 to 8p. m. Safety deposit boxes in fire proof vaults for rent by the month 6250,000. EF. T. Hill, Cashier. Havermale, Wm. Collier, D. D. Dare and F. T. Hill. 6 per cent inter- }Don’t BUY FENCIN Untilyou get our Price List of O namental and Farm Fences, Gates, Iron Posts,Tree Guards, Barbed and f lain Wire, Nettings, Wire-work, &c Frulbert Field Loom for both Picket and Nettin Fences only $ 5. Galvanized Steel fence lasts forever. } 7 Donations for churches and ceme- teries. HULBERT FENCE~! Vose & Sons Pianos. Established 1851. Among their numerous advantages,we take occasion to mention the following important patents: : The Repeating Action which will compare favorably with the Concert Grand Pianos. The Capo D’Astro Bar which gives that beau- tiful singing quality so wanting in other up- right Pianos. The Mouse Proof Pedal which is an abso- lute protection against mice getting into Pianos and making sad havoe with the felts. GEO. J, BIRKEL, Largest Piano House in the South. Agent for San Diego County, Cal. Warerooms, Chadbourne Bldg, 4th St. near C. DR. D. CAV Hi, DENTIST Office, Cor. Fifth and E Sts., upstairs, SAN DIEGO. : : aor ee on enter: Lorg, Catalogue free; write for estimates. ne may everywhere. Agents wante WIRE GO. oer. ST. LOUIS, MO. J. H. NEIMAN, Proprietor. Brewster « Pharmacy, Brewster Notel. Southeast Corner of Fourth and C Streets, SAN DIEGO, CAL. Physicians’ Prescriptions Filled. K. V. Van Norman, M.D. PHYSICIAN =: - - — AND — SURGEON. OFFICE, 927 SIXTH STREET. Office Hours—10 to 12 a. m., 1 to 3 p. m., and Evenings. Residence, Corner 5th and Maple Streets. Carefully _ Telephone 174. SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA. Advertisements. THE FIFTH AVENUE GROC BSTABTISHED 1877. THE MODERN STORE OF THE CITY. Carry a large and complete assortment of goods. Besides being second to none, we are: eheaper on prices, quality considered, than amy store in the city. Come and trade. HORACE BRADT, - [240-1248 Fifth Street. Ce a FINDLEY BROS The Leading’ Grocers. ee, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL. 1318 and 1320 D St M. E..Churech Block. SAN Eee aa CAL. TEE “TL TON” The Reliable Clothiers. Headquarters for Reliable MEN’S: AND BOYS’ Bere nOee 38. WEARING APPAREL, 945 and 947 Fifth St. SAW DINGO, - - J. S. BUCK, —IMPORTER AND DEALER IN— SEWER PIPE! Terra Cotta Chimneys, Stoneware, Ready Roofing and Building Papers. ELSINORE “POTTERY “SPORE, Cor.Fifth and K Streets, BAIN DIBGO, CAT ' standard in size and style. ‘List and Samples. TRE “OTs beta yet Cee: | HOME FOR INVALIDS. ' 1421 Columbia street, between Ash and Beech. | professional nurses. THE WORLD Mell and Curio CO. pa it TN Marine and Land Shells, Mosses, Ferns . AND ALL KINDS OF ‘SPECIMENS AND CURIOS. 1045 Fifth Street, between D and C, SAN DIEGO, CAL. Particular attention given ‘to supplying Col- lectors and Museums. Increase the beauty and convenience of YOuR: GOLLECTION by using NEAT DA BHLIS, Supplied by the OBSERVER, Portland, Ct. Perfect in quality, and acknowledged the Send for. Price Have you seen A medium of interchange of observations for all Students and Lovers of Nature, de- voted to all departments of Nature Studies. Send for sample eopy. Address EDWARD F. BIGELOW, Publisher and Printer, No. 5 Waverly Avenue, Portland, Conn. This Institution is under the supervision of Country patients can find pleasant rooms and careful attention during sickness. Terms moderate. All cor- respondence strictly confidential. “SHEP, The Hatter.” Hats Cleaned, Pressed, Trimmed and Dyed. Also Silk Hats Cleaned and Ironed. Ww. M. SHHPARD, 911 FIPTH STREET. Advertisements. ceneral Medicine and Surgery. |! Mporting Tea Co. . : - Importers and dealers in Special Attention to Diseases of the Eye: Ear, Nose and Throat. Ge! Pare Teas, Colles and Spices. OFFICE: Southwest corner Sixth and D 969 Fifth Street, Near D, streets, Bon Ton block: Rooms 3, 4, 5 and 6. OFFICE HOURS: $9ito 12 a. m., 2 to 5: p.m.; Sundays, 9 to ll a. m. : TELEPHONES: Office, 141, one ring; House, 141, three rings. RESIDENCE: Fifth street, above Spruce. aus a For Good Barber Work, Se DR. W. S. READ, | MARK’S SHOP. DENTIST Bootblack Stand in Front. Pierce-Morse Block, Rooms 7 to 10, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA. Forty Branch Stores in successful operation. Electrical Supplies. BELLS, BATTERIES, WIRE, ANNUNCIATORS, ETC. Incandescent Light Wiring a Specialty. Frandzen, Bumgardner & C0. ee 2 ee PRINTERS. ELECTRICIAN, 924 6th St., F Street. Cor. Sixth, San Diego. BINDING AND RULING, San Diego, = California. BLANK BOOKS, ss Se ee ee eee TUESDAY, 9th June. ENGRAVING, ETC. C h a ote 3 XX\ V. When you buy life insuranee you try hard 832-36 FOURTH STREET. | to select the line that will give you the great- est return. Why not use the same discretion LITHOGRAPHING, ; When you buy shoes? Telephone 18). | Some shoes make you spend more money | for their Kind, in one year, than others do . | in two. , ; Connecticut Mutual | —s shoes help to pay for the next pair you buy. If you are not already wearing “ H. &?R.” Lif il ( pigeee res ene lo MSUaloe a & Rossier, THE SHOEMEN. Assets +. ete $58 747 707 44 | 1427 D St., bet. Fifth & Sixth, Bon Ton block. , , ; . 0 _ PHILIPS & HARBISON, “deer this company’s well-known econ- | omic management and the unequaled | popes offered. it So pe ene safest = DENTISTS. chea insurance in the 2 — eee eee | Office cor. Sixth & D Sts., SAN DIEGO, CAL. JEFF WILLIAMS, Agent. ! 922 Fifth Street, - - SAN DIEGO, CAL.| We guarantee first-class work. A dvertisenrents- SPRING OPENING Arh JOE POHEIMS FHE FAELOR. Just received a large line of the latest spring suitings and trouserings Will make to order at prices within the reach of all: Scotch Tweed and Cassimere Suitings.. .$25 00 Blue and Black Cheviot Suitings .....-. 25 00 English Serge Cheviot Suitings..... .... 30 00 Fancy Silk-mixed Cassimere Suitings.. 32 50 English Clog Worsted Suitings..... ..-. 30 00 French Piqte Suitings...... 35 00 Meiton and Kersey Overeoats, silk-lined 30 00 . Pants to order 5rom $6 up. Catl and examine our stock. No trouble to show goods. JOE POHEIM, The Tailor, 916 Fifth street. {\FOR ARTISTIC USE in fire drawing, Nos. 659 (Crowgutll), 290 and aor. FOR FINE WRITING, Nos. 303 and Ladies’, 170. FOR BROAD WRITING, Nos. 294, 389 and Stub Point, 849. FOR GENERAL WRITING, Nos. 332, 404, 390 and 604. Joseph Gillott & Sons, 91 John Ct. N. Y. _. HENRY HOE, SoLtze AGENT, Sold by ALL DEALERS throughout the World. Gold Medal Paris Exposition, 1878. ge OUR NEW pws Solid Fe ee Gold Watch a Worth RL OO.G&. Lest $5 Se3watch in the world. lerfect timekeeper. Warranted heavy. /\\i SOLID GOLD hunting cases iy y Both ladies’ ané gent’s sizcs, Yyg with works and cases of #fequal value. ONE PERSONin @ each Jocality can secure one free, together with our large 7 and valuable lineof Household samples. These samples, as well as the watch, are free. All the work you need do is to show what we send you to those who call—your friends and neighbors and those about you—thatalways results in valuable trade for us, which holds for years when once started, and thus we are repaid. We pay all express, freight, etc. After you know all, if you would like to go to work for us. you can earn from %$2@ to &GO per week and upwards. Address, Stinson & Co., Box 812, Portland, Maine. WHATIS GOING ON 4 One of the | ; FOR MANY é = BREST Tel-Fs be MILES ped = escopes inE FF : noun’ . the werld. Our facilities ara is l NY: unequaled, and to introduce our V } superior goods we will sendFreEK | to ONE PERSON in each locality, T0 == asabove. Only those who write =—|== tous at oncecan make sure of THIg == the chance. All you have to doin return is to show our goods to = those who call—your neighbors and those around you. The be- =gfnning of this advertisernent shows the small end of the tele- scope. The following cut gives the appearance of it reduced to about the fiftieth part of its bulk. It is a grand, double size tele- scope, a8 large as is easy to carry. We will also show you how you can make from $3 to #20 a day at least, from the start,with- out experience. Better write at once. We ee all express charges. Address, H. HALLETT & CO.. Box 88O0, PORTLAND, MAINE, == || Nl | Two Excellent Papers. THE LoS ‘ANGELES EVENING and WEEKLY EXPRESS should be read by every one.in. Southern California who wants a good daily or weekly paper.. The daily contains. full Associated Press dispatches for the cur— rent day,or about two-thirds of the reports. which appear in the next. morning’s (Los An- geies)papers. It also contains the latest general and local news and speciakarticles on current topics. The weekly is the cheapest and best in Southern California and has the largest circulation. Sample copies of the daily or weekly sent free to any postoffice in the United Siates or British America. WHAT £ WANT IN MY WEEKLY PAPER, f WANT A reliable paper that I ean i Safely take into my family. WANT A paper which represents High Ideals And Sound Principles { WANT The latest Home News, The latest Forrign News, The Latest Political News. I WANT Reliable Market Reports, Reliable quotations of Farm Products, Live Steck Markets, Finuncial & Commercial. i WANT Sensibie and seasonable Editorials ; : on Political, Soeial, and Morak Questions 1 WANT ‘The cream of the best Editorials In New York and other daily and weekly papere To let me know what they think of matters. 1 WANT Good, reliable Farm and Garden Articies Written by Practical Men. |1 WANT To know something of the Home Life of The American people, and of their Life, thoughts, and experiences. I WANT Pleasant moral stories for the Young People, That the cbildren may look for tne paper As they do forafriend. 1 WANT Stories of Interest for us Elders, For we, too, like our hours of leisure. THIS IS WHAT |! DON’T WANT: {i DON’T WANT Long, padded News Articles; The padding doesn’t add to the value, And I haven’t time to read them, { DON’T WANT Fierce, one-sided Editorials, Written by special pleaders, Who ¢an see nothing good In any side but their own, NOW, WHAT PAPER WILL FILL THE BILt? WE ANSWER: THE NEW YORK WEEKLY WITNESS EVERY TIME. IS" ONLY $1 A YEAR. £&} The WITNEss is just the paper for Farmers, Farm- ars’ Wives, Farmers’ Sons, l'armers’ Dauguters, Coun- try Merchants, Country Store-keepers, Blacksmiths, Carpenters, Builders, stone Masons, anid all other laborers, who form the backbone of our Country and who want to be thoroughly posted in what is going on in the World. The WITNESS offers one of the most value able premium lists of any paper in America. Every article guaranteed and away below retail prices. Send for a free copy. Sample copies sent free to any address. Address JOHN DOUGALL & CO,, 150 Nassau St., New York, Advertisements. eae ieee FOR Telephone 201 for Drugs. Prompt Free Delivery to any part of the city. KNOX & VAN HAREN, Published by the Laurean and Eutaxian Societies of the STATE UNIVERSITY OF Prescription Drugeists. OREGON. Issued menthly during the school year. Address Cor. Sixth and D Sts.. SAN DIEGO. We have in stock everything usually found |E. H. LAUER, ~- Business Manager. fn a first-class drug store. P. O. Box 935. EUGENE, OREGON. M. A. WERTHEIMER & C0.|SCHILLER & MURTHA, THE LEADING Dry Goons : —AND— STATIONERS, Booksellers, Paper Dealers And School Furnishers. CLOTHING HOUSE. ee Se ee all Picco, Corner Filth ands |, SAN DIEGO. 600 TO 612. LLEWELYN'S SHOE STORE| Mrs. M. B. Averill, M. D. Is the best place in San Diego to buy your BOOTS & SHORmSs - All kinds and qualities at Eastern prices. Homepathic Pharmacy, LLEWELYN, @StbtF £6] o45 Sixth Street, - SAN DIEGO. HENRY C. LANGREHR, COUNTY SURWEYOR, RESIDENCE: Homestead, Timber Culture. and Entries 1934 F STREET, and Filings Made Railroad, Water Supply and Irrigation Location and Construction, | Between Tenth and Eleventh. etc., Maps, Plans and Estimates Furnished. 1313 D STREET, SAN DIEGO, CAL. Gives special attention to office practice, P.O. Box 844. and diseases of women and children. RANKIN & CO. Artists: Photography HUGENEH, OREGON. OFFICE AT THE Old and faded pictures enlarged to life-size and finished in India Ink, Water Colors or Crayon equal to the best done anywhere and at reasonable rates Instantaneous Pictures of children a successful specialty. Advertisements. [POMEA \f{ORTONIL The Ipomea Mortonii looks more like a woodbine than a morning glory, the leaf being a fine speci- men of a deeply-cut palmate leaf. The foliage is a very glossy dark green and always free from any pest or scale at any time of the year. The blossom is a dark lav- ender morning glory, three inches in diameter, but the blooming is scarce rather than profuse as with many of the Ipomeas. : It is without exception the fast- est growing vine that I have known and being an evergreen perennial is most desirable.. For those living in rented houses, and yet anxious to make the surroundings attract- ive, no vine can excel this “Jack the Beanstalk ” for covering sheds, barns, fences, trellises or porches. A vine but three months old has sent out runners over twenty feet long, and is a thick mass of foliage for more than six feet wide. _ - Specimens of this attractive and useful vine can be seen at the San Diego Nursery, corner Fifth and C streets, San Diego. | Or a strong plant will be mailed to any address on receipt of 25 cents. Address Miss K. O. SEssrons, P.O: Box Fis: San Diego, Cal. iy ms oa — a ri él ee ee 7 Tea . % e at “wi ¥ rn ae kos a > a nt a i | os c Ky OF bal PS NS i a M Fig. 4 tr up * ] es 4 i ay ee * eu t*), tas ne onl y, ’ : } ef Toa. , - eta hs \peenes pos wens. « Arty ark o> * ae aldiallla tat cat Xs os nut and Its Cultu ’ eT « . W. ‘Cogqu « 4 + . . -t ©: Stasions. Wenubeseats tgasarseesecsecessessssessesnssseseererseensetes reas r A OY ef Y ibe’ << ; ¢ een eesenes : ty: ‘ \ ae x aa ; AM: Pega eee Tae A rT ALE ose wenee +e seeeee pore ; ay x i " f Poy Pe i iat i a : ag nee, Tae, a +61 ob: ey ee: y Nault Re at ey Lar fr —p fae pe) * - 7 > haha >be A fy a bes? i Ha Pag + hae 7 oe rr > < fis oy ale x a, - Improved Soft-Shell Walnut. The English Walnut. 251 THE ENGLISH WALNUT. Before planting a walnut orchard select good, rich, deep valley soil, with an abundance of available water. Plant about forty feet apart—twenty-seven trees to the acre. An equal number of some other kind of fruit tree may be planted between if desired. At eight years of age the improved varieties of walnuts are estimated to yield one hundred pounds to the tree, which at present market prices are worth ten to fifteen cents per pound. But if you can’t market them readily, you have the whole year in which to crack them! Juglans regia is the botanical name of our English walnut or the Madeira nut of commerce, and many cultural varieties have been originated. In California have originated a number of so-called hard and soft shelled varieties. Some strongly advocate the hard shell varieties; others advance claims for the supremacy of the soft shell, which is now gaining in popular favor, especially in Southern California, where it is much more largely propagated than the other sorts. The soft shell walnut originated in the orchard of Joseph Sex- ton, of Santa Barbara, and Geo. W. Ford has since secured by selection his improved soft shell, which has proved very prolific and profitable, especially in Orange county. By courtesy of Mr. G. W. Ford, of Santa Ana, California, we give an illustration of his im-. proved variety. The following notes on the culture of this variety is extracted from an essay by Mr. Ford, read before the Thirteenth State Fruit Growers’ Convention: My improved soft shell nuts took the premium at the last Dow- ney fair. I had about one-third of a bushel there, and they averaged twenty-four to the pound. Last year a well-known fruit grower at Tustin raised some soft shells which ran as low as eighteen nuts to the pound. © I plant my walnuts in the nursery rows four feet apart by one foot apart in the row, and do not believe in planting nursery stock of any kind too close. Certainly cheaper trees can be grown by that method, but I have yet to find a stunted tree that ever gave good satisfaction when planted in an orchard. In planting trees in an orchard, first of all plow the ground deep, then go over it with a harrow ora pulverizer. Dig large and deep holes; plant two or three inches deeper than the trees grew in the nursery; lean them to the prevailing summer winds and you will not have to stake the trees to make them grow straight. Press the soil firmly around the roots, and if not very moist give each tree five or 952 The Walnut and Its Culture. ten gallons of water, which is sufficient to settle the ground firmly around the roots. Cultivate your orchard to the depth of four or five inches. If the soil is moist enough to keep the tree in good growing condition during the summer months, irrigation is not necessary; but to make a first-class walnut, in size and in the full- ness of kernel, if the ground is not naturally moist enough, artificial means will have to be adopted. My improved soft shell walnut commences to bear at four years from the seed; at six years my trees average fifty pounds of nuts to the tree, while some went as high as seventy-five pounds; at seven years, they averaged ninety-six pounds, and at eight years old, av- eraged as high as one hundred and twenty-five pounds, while some of the largest trees bear one hundred and fifty pounds of the finest walnuts I have ever seen. THE WALNUT AND. ITS CULTURE. The walnut is a genus of beautiful trees of the natural order Juglandaceee, named Juglans from Jovis, the heathen God, and glans a nut. The two most widely known of North American species are Juglans nigra (the black walnut) and Juglans cinerea (the butter nut). But the variety to which we wish to call particu- larnotice, and which is attracting attention among fruit growers in Southern California, is Juglans regia, the common English walnut or Madeira nut. It is classed among the hardy deciduous trees and is a native of Persia. It was introduced into England in 1562, thence distributed over a considerable portion of the globe, wherever the climate and soil is suitable. It is a lofty tree with large spreading branches. ‘Its foliage resembles that of the ash, and the leaves give forth a fine balsamic odor when bruised. By bruising and rubbing on the skin they are said to be a sure cure for the itch. Placed in wardrobes they prevent the ravages of moths. An excellent pickle and a kind of ketchup are made from the unripe fruit. Just before they are ripe they are much used in France with vinegar, salt, pep- per and shallots. Walnut oil is a commercial product of Persia and some parts of France, but has attained no proportions in this country. The timber of all kinds of walnuts is very valuable, that of the black walnut sometimes bringing fabulous prices. In California the English walnut is planted in orchard form for the purpose of raising nuts for the market, and the tree also has special value for shade and a great many streets and avenues are lined with this magnificent tree. Where shade is needed during the The Walnut and Its Culture. 253 summer and sunlight in winter this tree is found always satisfac- _ tory. It makes a splendid growth in California and has been known to have a spread of sixty feet in less than twenty years. The English wainut has proved very profitable along the coast in this state, but at the same time a great many fine groves in the in- terior give promise of heavy yields. It does best where a deep, rich, moist and loamy soil is to be found, but is doing very well in this climate where the soil is less favorable. Where water is to be had and irrigation is carried on splendid walnuts can be raised on any of the foothills and uplands, but moisture must be had, and a airy and neglected place will not do for the walnut. j The trees are propagated from the seed, which usually come true, being first planted about a foot apart in the nursery row. (The month of January is best for planting). When the seedlings are one year old they may be transplanted into orchard form, and should be set from forty to sixty feet apart each way. Some orchardists advocate leaving the walnut tree in the nursery row until it attains the age of three to five vears, but experience will soon show the fal- lacy of this operation. On the other hand if the seed is planted in orchard form and the seedling never molested, better results will undoubtedly be attained. Some experimenting has been done at different times in the way of grafting and budding the walnut and the result has well repaid the trouble as several new varieties have been secured that are improve- ments on the old sort. One new variety that has come into promi- nent notice is Ford’s Improved Soft Shell, which, without doubt, has more excellent qualities than any other. The kernel is of excel- lent flavor, firm, and always fills the shell well, and is a good keeper as well as a good shipper. Of other varieties we quote from Wick- son’s ‘‘California Fruits.”’ CoMMON ENGLISH WALNUT:—This is the ordinary English wal- nut of commerce and is considered very desirable for its shipping qualities, being medium hard shelled, The tree is not as reliable a bearer as the newer sorts and for that reason is not as widely planted as some others. 7 SANTA BARBARA SOFT SHELL:—The soft shell is a little later start- ing in the spring than the common nut, and blooms about ten days later. It fruits at from four to six years from seed, and usually pro- duces a full crop every year. This variety is not as strong a grower as the common walnut, and more trees can be placed to the acre, and more nuts can be pro- duced. The kernel is white and very fine. The shells are thin and 254 Revision of the Bombylid Genus Aphoebantus. break very easily, but cannot be shipped any BIS distance without damage. PROEPARTURIENS OR DwarF Pro LiFIc:—A choice French variety that has proved itself to be worthy of cultivation in California. It is not truly what its name implies, not being a regular dwarf nor such an early bearer, but the fruit is of an excellent quality and is always in demand where it is known. PERSIAN WALNUT OR KacGuazi:—Is very much larger than the ordinary kinds and thin shelled. The tree is late in blooming and therefore is especially good for places that are in danger of frosts. There are a few other varieties that will no doubt prove valua- ble in time, but are not worth while describing at present. The walnut tree is usually headed at a height of six to Sehe. feet, and requires considerable attention in the way of forming a head for the first three or four years. The tree is naturally of spreading habit but ifit is trained with an upward tendency more strength can be secured. L.C. Cummins. REVISION OF THE BOMBYLID GENUS APHOEBANTUS. In the May number of the Canadian Entomologist for the year 1886 I gave descriptions of all the species of Aphoebantus (five in number) then known to occur in North America. Since the publica- tion of that paper the Baron Osten Sacken has described six new species from this region, three of which occur in the United States (Biologia Centrali Americana, Part Diptera). In Southern Cali- fornia I have collected specimens belonging to twelve as yet unde- scribed species, making a total of twenty-three species now known to occur in this country. The following table will aid in identifying the species which occur in the United States. Osten Sacken’s Aphoe- bantus rattus from Texas is unknown to me in nature, and I have | given it a place in the accompanying table in accordance with his published description; all the other species of this table are repre- sented in my collection. I have included in this table my~Eucessia rubens, which might be mistaken for an Aphoebantus, although lacking the long, style-like prolongation of the third antennal joint: 1. Ground! colororithe abdomen Mnlackes + Sie. rsn eee 2 Ground colorr the abdomen syellow4i een eee ee 13 2. Thorax with two, abdomen with one white tomentose dorsal vittae; pile and tomentum of the face white; styliform por- tion of third antennal joint once and a fourth times as long as the thickemed: basal /pairt a52 5 -wcs.2 et aaees ee eee VITTATUS Coq. Thorax and abdomen destitute of white tomentose dorsal WATCHES, oii bae ch cuales cecpepte tse ti nthc temalee se Bis Rome ater a eee ET ae etn ie nee ea e ne 3. 10. Bil 6 12. 13. 14. Revision of the Bombylid Genus Aphoebantus. 255 Proboscis never projecting more than the length of its labelle Rey OGL S CRU) eV MM tet ic cecs cass secs scsebornacserssonedtenutceten ol 4. Proboscis projecting half its length beyond the oral margin; abdomen with black tomentum, pile of face yellow and ciate ter Sader on cde 20.0 hc OR Ee eae a eee ee LiTus Coq. Front with sub-erect pile, its tomentum when present, sparse. 5 Front destitute of sub-erect pile, densely white tomentose, pile and tomentum of face white, styliform portion of the third antennal joint two-thirds as long as the thickened basal 712.00 a eae RReR Rp enreech te 000, coo0c06(h Sete EEE eee ee an PAVIDUS Coq. Pale Or fice: whitle OT yello Wy tetereMILe... san ote oeeetdec nesters 9 ilesol 1ace WHOllty SOlPe MeO se)... sc. 5 ccs dodeteaneeutcestes daPheaneste 6 Pile of face black, that below sometimes reddish...................4. {i Styliform portion of the third antennal joint equal in length to the thickened basal part, scutellum and hind femora pro- WAGE Wii WETS CLES ate eRe cid. vce svee sede sect ndaters CAPAX 0. Sp. Styliform portion of the third antennal joint less than one- third the length of the thickened basal part.......... RATTUS O. S. Abdomen with crossbands of black tomentum..................00.08. 8 Abdomen destitute of crossbands of black tomentum; face sparse tomentose, hind femora with a few bristles but no Herat seblAt tS WWCLOW 910500 d EMS ooo. ss. ss sougveoeedynns TARDUS n. sp. Hind femora with long hairs besides the bristles below, face Sparse VEWOwis d LOMeN COSC ee. = .uc--..-0s-cceensntes DESERTUS Nn. sp. Hind femora with bristles but no long hairs below, face desti- tute of tomentum, abdomen with crossbands of black to- HIMeGUE LAN eden care detcee ou tego a MMMMMERCE Eras onic dive seve. otocsecnde SCRIPTUS nN. Sp. Hind femora with bristles on the lower surface..................ecee8: 21 Hind femora with long hairs but no bristles on the under SIAGCE: oe Pe etice foes ee Ree ECT auc vieic ons voccb eve deededaepaubblnae Jaa 10 Abdomen destitute Of blatletonmen tum: ....) 0... lise fos ccndeeeeeece cs ipl Abdomen with crossbands of black tomentum, styliform por- tion of the third antennal joint nearly twice as long as the paekvetted Asal airie cae menses lites use sl 0s... CARBONARIUS O. S. Styliform portion of the third antennal joint at least two- thirds as long as the thickened basal part.............::scseereeee 18 Styliform portion less than one-third as long as the thick- emeapeisa ls at, oa.e) rem ey tdlg ceueeewno ves ciatne BRADRUS OFS. Styliform portion of the third antennal joint equal in length ~ EGU tie MGC OLS al MRM AAEM scat Ueveesossesscasaercaueedesenadlqan 14 Styliform portion twice as long as the thickened basal part; dorsum of abdomen rather densely clothed with long SALAS ae, WHE HI Spel dl naval MMe Lad. 25 cds ca.s) sn 0s on cnwhaee st dando ondcioan 22 Abdomen with a white tomentose dorsal vittae, upper part of the face bare, pile of front disposed in two stripes........... Nan eae cn ste gain inaitedta ts cok tg ce NMR RCRA Cree Case S's we EUCESSIA RUBENS Coq. Abdomen destitute of a white tomentose dorsal vittae, upper part of the face pilose, pile of front not disposed in stripes.. wee Aas La epee: ioe ee Me Rr, oss Sac so seas ts VARIUS Nn. sp. Abdomen with crossbands of black tomentum, these some- TPL ALIN te Tale Me Ain pe Rees Nees PEN Toc 8 edo.) vons'er on ne ocasta yd epsge te Abdomen destitute of black tomentum Pe onl eecien cle dle LO 256 Revision of the Bombylid Genus Aphoebantus. 15. Black tomentose crossbands of abdomen interrupted in the MIA e . sanscu ieee eee ete scars se ku Ren eee in ed See ee a Ly Black tomentose crossbands entire, never interrupted in the mid dle ssi: ena R tena: ch eRe eee eae BREVISTYLUS Nn. sp. 16. Hind margin of the scutellum opaque, covered with tomen- EAE ooo 5 Se dade te eRe Ele oo vote nod Copier semoe SRE acne e meeeR ene goa aabraceee 19; Hind margin of the scutellum polished black and destitute of tomentum, excepram the middle. 2s ecco ee: CONURUS O. S. 17. Hind margin of the scutellum polished black and destitute of tomentum except in the middle; front destitute of to- PIRO NCUA se ied ae oe le ete 2 aia ce neat ee eee INTERRUPTUS N. sp. Hind margin of the scutellum opaque and clothed with to- mentum, front sparse whitish tomentose............. MIXTUS Nn. sp. 18. Styliform portion of the third antennal joint as long as the thickened basal part; tibize yellow; length of body 8 to 9 APUII haiecnn ce eid ar Mame nll aney ne he open Raig een Sa anu aA Bae MARCIDUS Nn. sp. Styliform portion only two-thirds as long as the thickened basal part; tibiz black; length of body 3 to 6 mm. (male) fad edible att a SOS MMM ole 95 Les Pen eo Var Svedesedebsnnet gain ALD DS Cn 19. Pile of front white, or yellowish white ................ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 20 Pile of front black, hind femora with bristles but no hairs TSO Ws deg SORE re ERR Seat het Rin os Se CDE ncn eee eee renee CERVINUS Lw. 20. Hind femora with several hairs besides the usual bristles below, hypopygium of the male only one-half longer than the last abdominal segment -...........00:-cssesceee SQUAMOSUS n. sp. Hind femora with a few bristles but no long hairs below, ‘hypopygium of the male unusually large, over one-half as long as the alpgioment 2.) ‘rss: se resee eat ee ABNORMIS Nn. sp. 21. Wings, except the subcostal cell, wholly hyaline.............0.0..... 1 Wings with the costal cell, bases, of first and second basal cells, and of the anal and axillary cells, brownish; femora reddish IDL OMaiped eh, sien sashes neers bearerarmeho me FUMIDUS n. sp. 22. Crossbands of black tomentum of abdomen of female very distinct and at least six times as broad as those of white COMEN LUM ane eno. Mis ce cces hic fesee bee epee Moe eaters meager Mus O. S. Crossbands indistinct and scarcely any wider than those of WHEE GTN G IN at) 57s accse ston ecdss sues teatvarg reoemoeme noes HIRSUTUS Coq. APHOEBANTUS VARIUS n. sp.—Female. Head black, front gray pollinose, sparse short white pilose, yellowish tomentose, that on the sides below white; face gray pollinose, white tomentose and sparse short white pilose. Antenne black, third joint over twice as long as the first two united, the stylitorm portion slightly over one- half as long as the thickened basal part. Proboscis not projecting beyond the oral margin. Occiput white tomentose, that on the upper part yellowish. Thorax black, yellowish tomentose, that on the sides and anterior end white; short sparse white pilose, the bristles also white; pleura dense white pilose and tomentose. Sceu- tellum black, rounded behind, yellowish tomentose, a spot of white tomentum each side near the base; the usual bristles white. Abdo- Revision of the Bombylid Genus Aphoebantus. 257 men yellow except sometimes a light brownish spot in middle of segments 2, 3 and 4, middle of segment 5 and greater portion of 6 and 7; hind margins of segments 2, 3 and 4 usually white; to- mentum of the abdomen pale yellowish, that on the first segment, on hind margins of the remaining segments, and on sides of abdo- men near the base, white; pile of abdomen white, very sparse and short, longer and more abundant on the sides; venter pale yellow, white tomentose. Legs light yellow, the front femora laregly brown, tomentum and bristles white, hind femora each with 3 or 4 bristles but no long hairs below. Wings wholly hyaline. Knob of halteres sulphur yellow, the stalk white. Male, same as the female, the eyes being as widely separated on the front; gn A op very small. Length 3.5to5 mm. San Diego county, Cal. Three males and five females in May. APHOEBANTUS PAVIDUS Coguillett. —Female. Black. Front densely white tomentose, destitute of erect pile; face densely white tomentose and sub-depressed white pilose. Proboscis not project- ing beyond the oral margin. Antennz with the styliform portion of the third joint two-thirds as long as the thickened. basal part. Occiput white tomentose. Thorax in front white tomentose, else- where yellowish tomentose, the bristles also yellowish; pleura gray pollinose, its pile and tomentum white. Scutellum opaque, vellow- ish tomentose, that on the margin white, the bristles yellowish. Abdomen yellowish tomentose, and with a crossband of white tomentum at the base of each segment except the first, where the band is at the apex; dorsum of abdomen nearly destitute of pile, that along the sides rather abundant and white; venter snow- white tomentose and pilose. Legs white tomentose, the bristles reddish ; hind femora each with two bristles and a few long hairs or weak bristles below; middle femora each with a single bristle in front and a fringe of white pile behind. Knob of halteres yellowish- white, the stalk darker yellow. Wings hyaline, apex of subcostal cell yellowish. Male differs from the female as follows: Front with sparse, sub-depressed white pile. Tibiz usually yellowish. Eyes meet each other for a short distance on the front. Hypopygium large, not dilated below, slightly longer than the last two abdominal seg- ments, its sides and lower surface white tomentose. Length 3to6mm. Los Angeles, San Diego and Kern counties, Cal. Three males and seven females, in May and June. I formerly regarded this as being a mere variety of cervinus 258 Revision of the Bombylid Genus Aphoebantus. Loew, and described it as such, but ‘there can be no doubt of its be- longing to a distinct species. APHOEBANTUS TARDUS n. sp:—Female. Black. Front and face gray pollinose, sparse yellow tomentose and black pilose. Pro- boscis not projecting beyond the oral margin. Antenne with the first two joints sparse black pilose; styliform portion of the third joint once and a half as long as the thickened basal part. Occiput white tomentose, that above yellowish. Thorax yellow tomentose and sparse short white pilose, the bristles also white; pleura white tomentose and pilose. Scutellum Sub-opaque, yellow tomentose, the bristles also yellowish. Abdoimen yellow tomentose, that on apex of each segment white; dorsum very short sparse white pilose, that on the sides longer and more dense; venter white tomentose and pilose. Legs white tomentose, the bristles yellowish; hind femora each with two bristles but no long hairs beneath; middle femora each with one or two bristles in front and numerous rather long hairs behind. Halteres wholly light yellow. Wings hyaline, apex of subcostal cell yellowish. Male differs from the female in having the pile of thorax and abdomen longer and more dense. Eyes meet each other for quite a long distance on the front. Hypopygium moderate, not dilated below, equal in length to the last two abdominal segments. Length 5to9mm. Los Angeles, San Diego and Kern counties, Cal. Four males and five females, in May and June. APHOEBANTUS MARCIDUS n. 8p.—Female. Black, the tibia and basi of tarsi yellowish. Front and face gray pollinose, sparse white tomentose and pilose. Proboscis not projecting beyond the oral margin. Antenne lightly gray pollinose, sparse white pilose; styli- form portion of the third joint equal in length to the thickened basal part. Occiput dense white tomentose and sparse white pilose. Thorax white tomentose and sparse white pilose, the bristles also white; pile and tomentum of. pleura white. Scutellum. opaque, white tomentose, the bristles also-white. Abdomen white tomen- tose and rather abundant white pilose; ventor snow-white to- ‘mentose and pilose. Legs white tomentose, bristles of tibiz red- dish; hind and middle femora with many long hairs but no bristles below. Halteres yellowish-white, the stalk darker toward the base. Wings wholly hyaline. Male differs from the female in having the tomentum of the front, thorax, scutellum and abdomen light yellowish, bristles of thorax and scutellum also yellowish. Eyes meet each other forsome distance on the front. Hypopygium large, scarcely dilated below, Revision of the Bombylid Genus Aphoebantus. 259 equal in length to the last two abdominal segments, gray pollinose except a large spot each side, the under surface white tomentose. Length 8 to 9mm. San Diego and Kern counties, Cal. A single male and female, in May and June. APHOEBANTUS MIXTUS n. sp.—Female. Black. Front gray pol- linose, Sparse whitish tomentose and black pilose; face destitute of tomentum, gray pollinose and white pilose. Proboscis not project- ing beyond the oral margin. Antennz with first two joints sparse white pilose; styliform portion of the third joint equal in length to the thickened basal part. Occiput white tomentose. Thorax yellow tomentose and sparse black pilose, that on the front end yellowish, | bristles reddish and black; pleura gray pollinose, the pile and to- mentum white. Scutellum opaque, yellowish tomentose, the bristles reddish. Abdomen black, white and light yellow tomentose, the white forming a crossband on the hind end of segments 2 to 5; the black forming crossbands, interrupted in the middle, on segments 2 and 3, being intermixed with light yellow tomentum which is most abundant on the posterior half of the body, the last two segments being destitute of black tomentum; pile of dorsum very short and sparse, that along the sides longer but very sparse except on the first segment where it is quite dense, white; venter white tomentose and pilose. Legs white tomentose, the bristles yellowish; hind femora with two small bristles but no long hairs below, middle femora destitute of bristles and of long hairs. Knob of halteres whitish, the stalk yellow. Wings hyaline, apex of subcostal cell yellowish. Length 6 mm. San Bernardino county, Cal. A single female, in July. APHOEBANTUS INTERRUPTUS n. sp.—Female. Black, the tibize and base of tarsi yellowish. Front and face gray pollinose, desti- tute of tomentum; pile of front black, reddish and white, the latter situated nearest the antenne; pile of face white. Proboscis never projecting more than one fourth the length of its labellea beyond the oral margin. Antenne with first two joints gray pollinose, pile above yellowish, that below white; styliform portion of the third joint equal in length to the thickened basal part. Occiput gray pol- linose, sparse yellowish-white pilose, next the eyes below white tomentose. Thorax yellow tomentose and sparse black pilose, that on the front end yellowish, bristles reddish and black; pleura gray pollinose and white tomentose, the pile yellowish and white. Scu- tellum rounded behind, polished black, the base and a median stripe reaching the apex yellow tomentose, the bristles black. Abdomen with first segment and base. of the second white tomentose, the 260 Revision of the Bombylid Genus Aphoebantus. remainder black and yellow tomentose, the black forming six inter- rupted crossbands; pile white, on sides of first segment very abun- dant, elsewhere very sparse; venter white tomentose and pilose. Legs white tomentose, that on apex of hind femora and on hind tibize yellowish; hind femora each with from four to eight bristles but no long hairs below; middle femora each with two or three bristles in front. Halteres dark brown, base of the stalk yellow.. Wings hyaline, apex of the subcostal cell yellowish. : Male differs from the female in having only five interrupted crossbands of black tomentum on the abdomen, and there is a crossband of rather long white pile on hind end of segments 2 to 6.. Eyes meet each other for a considerable distance on the front. Hypopygium very large, not dilated below, about equalling the last two abdominal segments in length, gray pollinose and very short sparse white pilose, destitute of tomentum. Length 5to 7mm. Los Ang?'e3 couaty, Cal. Seven males and three females, in June. APHOEBANTUS SCRIPTUS n. sp. Female. Black. Front gray pollinose, black pilose and sparse whitish tomentose; face gray pol- linose, destitute of tomentum, black and reddish pilose, the latter situated nearest the mouth. Proboscis never projecting more than one-fourth the length of its labella beyond the oral margin. An-. tennze with first two joints sparse black pilose; styliform portion of the third joint once and a half as long as the thickened basal part. Occiput white and yellow tomentose, the latter most abun- dant on the upper part. Thorax yellow tomentose and sparse black | pilose, that on the front end yellowish, bristles black and reddish; pleura gray pollinose and white tomentose, its pile yellowish and white. Scutellam sub-opaque, yellowish tomentose, the bristles reddish and black. Abdomen with alternate crossbands of light ‘yellowish and black tomentum, the black ones being five in number, the last or seventh segment being destitute of black tomentum; pile of dorsum very short and sparse, of the sides longer and that on the first two segments quite dense, white; venter white tomentose and pilose. Legs yellowish-white tomentose, the bristles reddish; hind femora each with three bristles but no long hairs below, middle femora each with three bristles in front. Halteres yellowish-white. Wings hyaline, apex of the subcostal cell yellowish. Male differs from the female in having the black tomentum of the abdomen confined to a medio-dorsal spot on segments 2 to 6, the yellowish-white tomentum rather sparse, the dorsum and sides with quite long and abundant erect whitish pile. Eyes meet each other for a short distance on the front. Hypopygium rather small, Revision of the Bombylid Geuus Aphoehantus. 261 not dilated below, about three fourths as long as the last two ab- dominal segments united. APHOEBANTUS DESERTUS n. sp.—Female. Black. Front and face sparse yellowish tomentose and erect black pilose. Proboscis not projecting beyond the oral margin. Antenne with the first two joints sparse black pilose; styliform portion of the third joint once and a half as long as the thickened basal part. Occiput whitish tomentose. Thorax yellow tomentose and sparse black pilose, that on the front end yellowish, bristles reddish and black; pleura gray pollinose and white tomentose, its pile yellowish and white. Scu- tellum yellowish tomentose, the bristles reddish. Abdomen with alternate crossbands of black and whitish tomentum, the dorsum with scattered quite long black pile, the sides with denser white pile; venter white tomentose and pilose. Legs with the femora whitish tomentose, the bristles reddish; hind femora each with from one to five bristles and numerous long hairs below, middle femora each with four or five bristles below and with many long hairs behind. Knob of halteres light yellow, the stalk brown. Wings hyaline, apex of the subcostal cell yellowish. Length 9 to 10 mm. San Diego county, Cal. Two females, in May. APHOEBANTUS CAPAX n. sp.—Female. Black, tibiz and base of tarsi yellowish. Front sparse yellow tomentose, black and reddish pilose, the latter situated next the antenne; face destitute of to- mentum, golden-yellow pilose. Proboscis not projecting beyond the oral margin. Antenne with first two joints sparse black pilose; styliform portion of the third joint equal in length to the thickened basal part. Occiput yellowish tomentose. Thorax yellow tomen- tose and sparse yellowish pilose, the bristles reddish; pleura gray pollinose and white tomentose, the pile yellowish and white. Scu- tellum yellowish-white tomentose, the bristles also yellowish white. Abdomen with alternate crossbands of yellowish-white and black tomentum, the dorsum almost destitute of erect pile, the sides very sparse pilose except on the first two segments where it is abundant, white; venter white tomentose and pilose. Legs yellowish-white tomentose, the bristles reddish; hind femora each with four bristles but no long hairs below, middle femora each with two bristles in front and a fringe of rather long pile behind. Knob of halteres yellowish-white, the stalk brown. Wings hyaline, apex of the sub- costal cell yellowish. Male differs from the female in having the pile of the front golden-yellow, of the first two antennal joints reddish, face sparse yellowish tomentose, pile of lower part of occiput white, tomentose crossbands of abdomen yellow and whitish, dorsum of abdomen 262 Revision of the Bombylid Genus Aphoebantus. with crossbands of rather long erect pile on hind end of each seg- ment, the sides quite abundant pilose. Eyes narrowly separated on the front. Hypopygium very small, not dilated below, almost con- cealed within the last abdominal segment. Length 7 to 10mm. San Diego county, Cal. A single male and female, in May. Although differing from each other somewhat in the coloring of the pile and tomentum, still it is highly probable that these two forms are the opposite sexes of the same species; they were cap- tured at the same time and place, are essentially alike in structure, and they are the only forms known to me in which the pile of the face is golden-yellow. APHOEBANTUS ABNORMIS n. sp.—Female. Black, the tibize and tarsi reddish. Front yellowish-white tomentose and reddish or yellowish-white pilose; face white tomentose and pilose. Proboscis not projecting beyond the oral margin. Antenne with the first two joints sparse yellowish-white pilose; styliform portion of the third joint equal in length to the thickened basal part. Occiput white tomentose, that above yellowish. Thorax yellowish-brown tomen- tose, that on the sides and front end white; bristles reddish; pleura white tomentose, the pile white and yellowish. Scutellum opake, yellowish-brown tomentose, the bristles numerous, reddish, some of them situated on the upper surface. Abdomen yellowish-brown tomentose, that on extreme apex of each segment lighter, apex of each segment with a crossband of short reddish pile, elsewhere the dorsum is almost destitute of pile; sides of abdomen short sparse reddish pilose, that on the first two segments longer, more abun- dant, white; venter white tomentose and sparse yellowish-white pilose. Legs white tomentose, that on the tibiz mixed with yellow; the bristles reddish; hind femora each with four bristles but no hairs below, middle femora each with three or four bristles in front and a fringe of short pile behind. Knob of halteres light yellow, the stalk dark yellow. Wings hyaline, apex of the subcostal cell yel- lowish. Male same as the female except the sexual characters. Eyes meet each other for some distance on the front. Hypopygium un- usually large, laterally compressed, more than half as large as the abdomen, divided lengthwise into an upper and a lower piece, the latter scarcely one-fourth as large as the upper one which is curved downward; apex of each piece bifurcated, the prongs on one piece projecting toward those on the opposite piece; hind end of upper piece provided with an elongated, nearly perpendicular piece of a jet black color narrowly bordered with white; hypopygium opaque, Revision of the Bombylid Genus Aphoebantus. 263 white tomentose and short sparse yellow pilose, the pile most abun- dant on the lower piece. Length 8to9mm. Orange county, Cal. Three males and two females. The hypopygium of the male is very much larger than that of any of the other males described in this paper; when viewed from the side it has a close resemblance to the beak of a parrot. APHOEBANTUS SQUAMOSUS n. sp.—Female same as above descrip- tion of abnormis with these exceptions: Bristles of scutellum con- fined to the margin—none on its upper surface. Hind femora each with three or four bristles and numerous short hairs or weak bristles below. Male same as the female except the sexual characters. Eyes meet each other for a considerable distance on the front. Hypopy- gium small, not dilated below, once and a half as long as the last, or sixth abdominal segment; opaque, white tomentose and sparse yellowish pilose. Length 7to10.6mm. Orange county, Cal. A male and female captured in coition. APHOEBANTUS FUMIDUS n. sp. Male. Black, the femora, tibize and base of the tarsi reddish. Front and face sparse yellowish- white tomentose and pilose. Proboscis not projecting beyond the oral margin. Antennz with the first two joints sparse whitish pilose; styliform portion of the third joint only half as long as the thickened basal part. Eyes meet each other for a short distance on. the front. Occiput white tomentose. Thorax light yellow tomen- tose, forming three indistinct light colored vittz where the tomen- tum is most dense; bristles reddish; pleura white tomentose, the pile white and yellowish. Scutellum opake, light yellow tomentose, the bristles weak and reddish. Abdomen light yellow tomentose, a crossband of white tomentum at apex of the first segment and a light colored one at the apex of each of the remaining segments; pile sparse but rather long, whitish, that along the sides more abundant and yellowish; venter white tomentose and pilose. Hy- popygium rather small, scarcely dilated below, nearly as long as the last three segments united, opake, sparse whitish pilose, desti- tute of tomentum; lower piece hollowed out, like a trough, to receive the upper piece which rests in it and is cleft in the middle from apex to the base, each piece tapering to the tip; apex of lower piece obliquely truncated. Legs light yellow tomentose, the bristles also yellow; hind femora each with two bristles and numerous short hairs below and with a row of five or six bristles behind; middle femora destitute of bristles below. Knob of halteres light 264 | The Convolvulus.. yellow, the stalk darker. Wings hyaline, the base tinged with smoky brown, which color fills the costal and subcostal cells, basal half of the first basal cell and bases of the second basal, anal and axillary cells, the outward limit of the brown coloring not well de- fined. | Length 6 mm. San a county, Cal. Two males, in July. Aes | APHOEBANTUS BREVISTY LUS n. sp.—Female. Black. Front gray pollinose, destitute of tomentum, its pile mixed black, reddish and white; face white pilose, destitute of tomentum. Proboscis not projecting beyond the oral margin. Antenne with the first two joints white pilose, the styliform portion of the third joint once and a fourth as long as the thickened basal part. Occiput white tomen- tose. Thorax light yellow tomentose, the bristles yellowish white, pile of the sides, pleura, breast and coxe white. Scutellum light yellow tomentose, the bristles yellowish-white. Abdomen with six alternate broad black and narrower light yellow tomentose cross- bands the latter situated at the apex of each segment except the first, the black crossbands bordered on the sides with light yellow tomentum beneath which and on the venter the tomentum is white ; pile of dorsum very sparse, that on first segment, sides of remaining segments and on the venter rather abundant, white. Legs white tomentose, hind femora each with two bristles but no long hairs beneath, middle femora each with one. or two bristles in front. Wings, except apex of subcostal cell, wholly hyaline. MHalteres yellow, the knob largely dark brown. Length 6.5to 8 mm. Los Angeles couuty, Cal. Two females, in June. : D. W. Coquillett. THE CONVOLVULUS. The morning glory is a flower, With smiles of welcome beaming, In red or white or blue arrayed, ’ Tis still of beauty dreaming. Oft I say to it, ‘good Or Pe. It really is so winning | With its companionship, ne day In glory, makes beginning. Mrs. E. E. Orcutt. oO Notes on Planting. 26 NOTES ON PLANTING. One of the most conspicuous vines of Honolulu is the Bougain- villea. It is seen growing all over a barn, a whole side of a house or to the top of some tall tree. To keep it within bounds is acare, so rank a grower is it in the tropics. This vine is a very interesting plant, brilliant with its profusion of rich magenta flowers, that are really not flowers at all, but only large bracts about the three small tubular cream colored flowers. At San Diego the Bougainvillza is more common than at any other place in Southern California. At San Francisco and the east it is only grown in the conservatory, and therefore is very attractive to the visitors here. There are three varieties, all natives of Brazil and in cultivation for about thirty years. The commonest and oldest variety in San Diego is the B. speci- osa, having very wooly leaves, and blooming during the winter. This sort is very hard to propagate and does not bloom freely until three to four years old. B. glabra has a bright, glossy green foliage, is as rank growing and blooms early and freely, and is virtually an ever-bloomer, but the flowering is most profuse during the summer. Owing to the dazzling magenta color of the flower and the pro- fusion of the bloom, this vine is a trying one for a small garden, as every shade of red and pink in the vicinity is ruined. ' It should be planted apart from other vines and given a whole veranda, trellis, barn or side of a house—even to the top—or an arbor at the back of the lawn or among trees. Don’t discard the Bougainvillza, but put it in the right place, and you will havea plant of oriental splendor. If other vines are planted near by, select the white flowering sorts. Palms are one of the most decorative and lasting of plants in cultivation and should receive a great deal more attention than has been given or thought of thus far by those planting in San Diego. The order being pre-eminently tropical in its distribution, every sort _ that can be grown here should be cultivated, for they give to our gardens a feature never possible in the cooler climates. Palms are not difficult of cultivation, but they need good drain- age and an abundant supply of water and considerable enriching during the summer, their growing season. It is always best to plant about April, rather than during the winter and they should be established in boxes or pots if the best results are desired. Young and thrifty palms are better than old and large ones, for the latter suffer so much in transplanting that it often requires years to over- come the effects. 266 Notes on Planting. | \ One of the hardiest and most effective of these dwarf palms is the Cycas revoluta, the extensive cultivation of which by the Jap- anese, the most artistic gardeners of the world, is one of its best recommendations. At the Coronado hotel court are two plants, three to four feet high, standingin the extreme southeast and south- west corners of the court. Though choice plants when set they have made a remarkable growth, and are now exceptionally handsome specimens. One has just thrown up a flower stalk over one foot high, and the plants will be most interesting during this summer, and well worthy of close observation. Such plants in boxes could not be duplicated in California for less than $100 each. ..The value of this palm is rated by the height and diameter of the trunk as well as by the condition of the foliage, and when exported from Japan are sent bare of leaves and sold by the pound. . It requires about three years for a small plant to become well petablsied: and after that the growth is quite rapid. ‘ | : Seaforthia keaaeis isa hdaeitl palm, well known by all lovers of decorative plants, and extensively grown in all large conserva- tories in the east and Europe. | It grows with a slim, bare trunk, free from leaf scars, the line graceful, plume-like leaves growing only from the top: It occupies, even when large, only a small amount of ground space, towers high and casts but little shade. This palm thrives well in the open air in San Diego and is deserving of extensive cultivation. As sheltered a location as possible is best, for the wind will often whip and break the pinnae of the large leaf. | : 7 Seaforthia robusta is an equally handsome palm and is shown by but one beautiful plant in the Hotel Coronado court. It bears more leaves and does not have as talla trunk as S. elegans. The leaves are very beautiful and graceful like plumes and are not easily broken by the wind. After observing these two sorts ot ge AnH ee: in ee Sadie hotel.court, as they grow side by side, turn to the two Royal palms, on either side of the fountain there growing.. They were brought from Honolulu when the stems were about six inches in diameter, and in three years you can see the change. They are a very fast growing palm and the larger one is now the tallest plant in the court. At Honolulu the sky is fairly brushed | with their regal plumes. Lower California and her Pacific islands. are the home of three handsome fan palms, all to be seen growing luxuriantly i in. 1 this city, and are well worth attention and study. Notes on Planting. 267 The Washingtonia filifera, the common fan palm, is sonamed on account of the thread-like filaments hanging from thefans and most conspicuous on the young growth. The oldest specimens are in the gardens of Mr. W. W. Stewart and Mr. E. W. Morse. They are not over twenty years from seed. Within a few years the double row on Orange avenue, Coronado, will be one of the sights of Southern California, every plant perfect and none missing to mar the sym- metry. This variety is better for large grounds, avenue and park culti- vation than for small gardens, where some of the rarer and slower growing palms are more desirable. In its native home it is found in canyons along the water course. The Guadalupe islands palm or Erythea edulis is so named be- cause of the edible fleshy pulp above the nut. This sort has very large, smooth, dark green fans and is more spreading in habit than the common fan. It is very beautiful, and more graceful when allowed plenty of room and should be grown extensively in parks and on lawns. Erythea armata, the blue palm, grows in canyons on the desert side of the mountains, about thirty miles below the U. S. boundary line. It is one of the most beautiful of cultivated palms, its very slow growth being an advantage. The delicate grayish blue color of its foliage and stems makes it a most effective palm for the lawn or for grouping with contrasting foliage and its cultivation in small yards should be much more extensive. The largest plants in the city are at Mr. E. W. Morse’s, and are about fifteen years old. This sort is dificult to transplant unless set from a pot or box. All of these three native palms are grown from the seed, which usually germinates in three to twelve months when sown in the open ground. The blue palm seed sometimes takes three years in which to germinate! The summer or growing season is the only time of year when the palms need care, plenty of water and enriching. As a rule the plants are trimmed too severely. Unless a leaf is dead or broken it should not be removed. The Ficus or fig family is a large and useful one, furnishing the fig of commerce, the India rubber producing tree of the tropics and not a few ornamental trees and shrubs. If you will observe the large rubber tree on Eighth street, between C and D, on the east side, with its large dark green leaves and strong, substantial trunk, and then compare the shrubby tree directly opposite on the west side with similar but smaller leaves quite a lesson can be learned. The former is the Ficus macrophyllum (meaning large leaf) or the 268 Apricots. Australian rubber tree often called the Moreton Bay fig. This does not produce the rubber of commerce, but it is one of the grandest trees in cultivation where a large and spreading shade tree ‘is needed. The smaller leaved variety is Ficus australis and is more desirable for a large shrub and for grouping than for shade. The Australian rubber tree is planted extensively on the side- walks and roadways of Melbourne, a city famous for her magnifi- cent avenues. On the park charity tract last spring a double row of 100 of these trees was set, which, I believe, is the only long avenue of them in the state. The cost has been a drawback to ex- tensive planting, while the climate of northern California is too severe for successful cultivation on streets. Ten years hence these rows will form grand avenues of shade, fully fifty feet high. The best Ficus for planting within the gardens of the city, un- less the grounds are spacious, is the true India rubber tree, the ficus elastica. It is of smaller growth yet, branching with the most beautiful foliage of all the rubbers, shading from the darkest green to russet brown. Miss K. O. Sessions. APRICOTS. California is peculiarly adapted for the growth of the apricot. Although the apricot has been grown here from the earliest days of the American occupation, and though since the opening of the ex- port trade in canned and dried fruits, the planting of apricot orchards has proceeded with great rapidity, present indications are that our distant patrons are only just beginning to recognize the desirability of the fruit, and that their demands will make it well- nigh impossible for us to extend our production beyond profitable limits. 7 The apricot is comparatively a long lived tree as well as a rapid grower and heavy bearer in California. A paying crop is usually secured the third year from planting. As a windbreak the apricot is a complete success. Most all trees shrink away from the trade- winds but the apricot leans a little toward it and is thickest of foliage on that side. Where the pits are sown in a row and the young seedlings thinned to about a foot apart in two years’ time a hedge and windbreak will be produced that will withstand any ordinary wind. | Of all California orchard trees the apricot needs more attention in the way of pruning than any other. It is a rampant grower, and in its zealous haste for size and fruitage it over-reaches itself and becomes the prey of specific gravity Contributions to West American Mollusca.—I. 269 and wind force. This excessive growth and consequent weakness of the apricot is greater in some parts of the state than others because of the indifference in degree of forcing conditions, but everywhere the apricot needs watchfulness and timely aid in building up its strength. Space forbids us going into details in regard to pruning this valuable tree. But we advise any one who seeks a knowledge of the business to purchase a copy of ‘California Fruits’, as it isa thorough treatise on this desirable fruit. We herewith give descrip- tions of a few choice varieties: RoyaL:—A French variety and at present the leading apricot in California; of large size, if well thinned, free stone, fine color and flavor; good hearer and ripens evenly. A favorite with the canners and an excellent variety for drying. Fruit roundish, large, oval, slightly compressed; skin dull yellow with orange check, flesh pale orange, firm and juicy with a rich vinous flavor. BLENHEIM:—A very good variety, above medium, oval; orange with deep yellow, juicy and tolerably rich flesh; vigorous grower and regular, prolific bearer, Fruit a little larger and ripens a little later than the Royal. EARLY GOLDEN:—Small roundish oval with suture well marked and extending half way around; skin smooth, pale orange, flesh yellow, with very good flavor, free stone; ripens before Royal. CONTRIBUTIONS TO WEST AMERICAN MOLLUSCA.—U. The object of this series of papers is to collect, and present in connected form, stray notes and observations on the mollusca of West America, with full biographical references and synonymy. PUPIDAE. PUPA DALLIANA Sterki, Nautilus, iv. 19. Clear lake, Lake Co., Cal. (Hemphill). Named in honor of Wm. H. Dall, of the United States National Museum. PuPa CALIFORNICA Rowell. San Francisco to Monterey, Cal. PUPA CALIFORNICA TRINOTATA Sterki, Nautilus,iv.18. Monterey, Cal. (Hemphill). PUPA CALIFORNICA DIEGOENSIS Sterki, Nautilus, iv. 18. San Diego, Cal. (Hemphill). PUPA CALIFORNICA CYCLopPs Sterki, Nautilus, iv. 18. Rocklin, Placer Co., Cal. PUPA CALIFORNICA ELONGATA Sterki, Nautilus, iv. 8. San Clem- ente island, Cal. (Hemphill.) 270 Phacelia Campanularia. PUPA CALIFORNICA CATALINARI Sterki, Nautilus, iv. 8. Santa Catalina island, Cal. (Hemphill). Pupa CALAMITOSA Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., 1889, p. 411. Near Santa Tomas, Lower California (Hemphill). San Diego, Cals (Orcipe) PUPA STERKIANA Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., 1889, p. 412. Near San Quentin bay, Lower California, on lichens (Orcutt). Distributed as P. chordata Pfr. by the writer. The largest known West American species. | | PuPA HEMPHILLI Sterki, Nautilus, ix. 27. Near Santa Tomas, Lower California, and San Diego, Calif. (Hemphill). PUPA ROWELLI Newcomb. Near Oakland, Monterey, San Ber- nardino, and in El Dorado county, Cal. (fide Binney). PUPA ARIZONENSIS Gabb, Amer. Jour. Con. 11. 331. Ft. Grant, Arizona; Nevada; Utah. Pupa HORDACEA Gabb, Amer. Jour. Con. ii. 331. Ft. Grant, Arizona. 4 Pura orcurtr Pilsbry, ined. Near San Quentin bay, Lower California, on lichens (Orcutt). PUPA CORPULENTA Morse. Nevada; Colorado. PupPA ALTICOLA Ingersol. Colorado. C. R. Orcutt. PHACELIA CAMPANULARIA. This California annual has received a first-class certificate from the Royal Horticultural Society of England, where, it was intro- ‘duced a few years ago through Messrs. Parish. In habit it resem- bles the well known Phacelia Whitlavia (Whitlavia grandiflora of seedsmen), but it has a more spreading and bushy habit of growth and produces a greater abundance of flowers. The campanulate flowers are large and numerous, violet purple or deep gentian blue, produced in terminal racemes of from twelve to twenty or more flowers which are developed in succession. Each flower is about three fourths of an inch across, of an erect campanulate form, with a spreading five lobed limb, and a short funnel shaped tube, marked in the throat with fine oblong white spots. An average plant will cover nine square inches of ground in cultivation according to an English grower. Its greatest attraction rests on its large and numerous satiny blue flowers, of a shade rivaling that of Salvia patens. It is ana- tive of Southern California, where it was first found, in the mount- ains back of San Diego, by Daniel Cleveland and described by Dr. Asa Gray in his Synoptical Flora of North America, vol. 11, p. 164. Letter from Dr. Geo. Engelmann to Dr. C. C. Parry. 271 A LETTER FROM DR. GEO. ENGELMANN TO DR. C. C. PARRY. St. Louis, Mo., Jan. 10, 1883. DeaR Parry: If you really leave the 15th these lines will scarcely reach you, but they will greet you on the return from a glorious trip. Thanks for the Cactus seed and Rose. You complain of my not writing—I think I have been doing nothing in all December but writing to you; at all events I wrote on the 27th which you ought to have had when you wrote last. My letter of the 19th has been already answered—I got yours on the 5th. You see that the Rose has made sensation in Rose circles and will, no doubt, be highly prized by cultivators, but whether you will be able to get it to Europe alive? I have been overhauling Plantago lately. You sent me Plan- tago Bigelovii from near San Diego some time ago. The small slender thing is correct, but there was another bigger woolly headed thing mixed with it, which is nothing but P. Patagonica, a dwarf form. When will I publish Cereus? Perhaps in the next world—for I see no possibility to get at it soon, and my time here may soon be out! What a mess of unfinished business will I leave behind. Remember me to Cleveland. I suppose-he has got my Boundary Cactacez now. So you will take the ladies along! Remember me kindly to both of them; I will be with you in spirit! I have only a few days ago handled Euphorbia misera which Miss Smith helped me gather on Point Loma two years ago. My herbarium is not only a source of scientific delight, but the best journal I could have; every specimen brings scenery and surroundings up like a magic lantern. There are the bushes of E. misera, and there the curious sea formations, and there Miss Smith and her father, and up and far west of us the light- house—and then the lunch—Oh, it was nice! But the big stick of Opuntia prolifera I could not master with my knife—could you with an ax get one! Between old-and new San Diego I believe I have seen them four or five inches thick. And now good luck for your trip. Will you also settle Agave Pringle. . Yoursever, G. Engelmann. [The above letter will be read with interest by many botanists, and is reproduced by permission from the correspondence of the late Dr. Parry. The rose referred to is Rose minutifolia, a remarkable new species discovered by Dr. Parry and others in Lower California in 1882. The charming reference to the pleasures derived from the possession of an herbarium will be appreciated by every collector.— Epiror. | 272 Weasels as Gopher and Squirrel Exterminators, COBCGZA SCANDENS. (From Vicks Magazine, xiv. 250.) On ‘account of its rapid growth Coboea scandens is one of the best of climbing annuals. It has attractive foliage and large, bell- shaped flowers which are, at first, of a greenish hue, changing rap- idly to purple. The plants commence to blossom when quite small, and-continue until frost. ~Under favorable -circumstances they-make an immense growth, sometimes making a height of twenty-five or thirty feet in a season. The seeds are hard to germinate and should be started in'the house. Make the soil moist and plant the seeds edge downwards, and give no water until the seedlings are up, un- less the soil in which they are planted becomes very dry. Sow seeds in March or April, and as soon as the plants are large and strong enough, remove a part of them to small pots and keep shaded a few days. As the weather grows warm gradually accustom them to out-door air, and plant out when all danger from frost is past. The soil where they are to grow should be well and deeply worked with plenty of old manure added. In dry weather water liberally, and an occasional watering with liquid manure will help them ‘rush’ business. Some people remove the plants from the gardén, where they have done duty all summer, to the house for winter blooming, but a better way is to plant seed in August for winter blooming, or secure young plants by layering, which can be done at almost any time of the year by the following method: ‘Cut a notch near a joint, place in a pot and fill with soil and keep the soil moist.” They will be from two to four weeks rooting. It is a fine vine for parlor growth, withstanding the effects of gas and coal-heated air. It is not what can be called. a tender plant, yet it needs sunshine, warmth, a rich, friable soil and plenty of water. If allowed to suffer for the want of water it will soon perish. Its tendrils are. very clinging and will seek to support themselves by clinging to anything it can reach. It branches very freely, thus enabling a single plant to quickly cover a large surface. Dorothy Lincoln. WEASELS AS GOPHER "AND ~SOUFRREL EXTERMINA TORS. An article has been going the rounds of the newspapers in Southern California to. the effect that weasels were used in some places for the extermination of squirrels and gophers. Thus being brought before the public, the qnery has been, are they a success, and if so, how can they be handled so as'to be of the miost benefit? The success ‘with us has been ‘very gratifying, as until about one Culterate Plants Exsiccatz.: 273 year ago gophers were very numerous all through our nursery, and an unused dwelling was literally alive with mice. When all at once, as if by magic, the mice left the building as we thought. WeZcould see that the gophers were getting scarce, and in irrigating the water would run clear through the lot, where before the gopher holes were a great annoyance. About the same time weasels were seen occa- sionally skipping along through the nursery rows or down over the hillsides near the nursery, and frequently little squads of from two to four would be seen together. They could be seen to dive into an open squirrel hole and there remain some time. Only one conclusion could be arrived at in noticing the actions of the weasels and the disappearance of the squirrels, and that is that the weasels have killed the squirrels. Such being the case we have not molested them, and they seem content in the killing busi- ness. Without a doubt we have proved that the weasels are killing off the gophers and squirrels around our place, but unless the weasel will migrate of his own accord and look for new fields to conquer he may get to be as big a nuisance as the vermin he has just van- quished. At some future time I may be able to give more informa- tion. L. C. Cummins. PLANTA, CULTERATA: EXSICCATAL. ; We take pleasure in announcing the commencement of the publi- cation of a series of the useful and ornamental plants of the world, especially of those known in, or recommended as worthy of culti- vation. It is our aim to grow each species in San Diego, and to prepare herbarium specimens that shall completely represent the species included in the publication. The specimens will be prepared with great pains, under the direction of C. R. Orcutt, who has enjoyed personal instruction in this line of work from such botanists as the late Drs. Asa Gray, George Engelmann and C. C. Parry, and of that prince of collectors, Mr. C. G. Pringle, and whose specimens during ten years of active field work have given satisfaction to the con- servators of many public and private herbaria. Labels will give botanical and vernacular names, country of nativity (when known), general description (drawn from the fresh plant), colors described by actual comparison with Ridgway’s Nomenclature of Colors, historical, economic and cultural notes—in fact, all the information necessary to render the representation of the species complete. 274 A Woodland Scene. The price of the first century is placed at $10.00 (unmounted). Specimens will be carefully mounted for the herbarium at a mod- erate advance. Published only by subscription. Fleshy parts of flowers, and fruits, will be preserved in alcohol when desired. Sections of ligneous plants made upon request. Living plants and seeds of all commercial species supplied; while we anticipate the introduction of many interesting species worthy of cultivation through the efforts of our collectors in Mexico, Central and South America, and elsewhere. Cultivated plants are usually neglected in herbaria and we trust our efforts in this direction will be appreciated by educational and scientific institutions, and that all interested in botanical or hor- ticultural science will improve this opportunity and lend assistance to the work. Orcutt Seed and Plant Company. San Diego, California. A WOODLAND SCENE. Roses wild and rushing waters, Made a refreshing place, Here the cedar bird came to drink, _ The fawn to see its face. . Blue was the sky above them all, The stars not far away, And weary Peace might here have slept Through all the livelong day. Far from human pride and sorrow, Dreamy was e’en the air, But soon the woodman’s axe was heard, That opened a path to Care! The rushing waters fled amazed, . Some feeble waves were caught, And to man’s way obedient Were in his service taught. ~The cabin and the busy mill, ‘Grew where the fawn had stood, The wild rose and the cedar bird Came no more to the wood. ‘ ee Rik, ‘Mrs. E.’E. Orcutt. San Francisco Microscopical Society. 275 SAN FRANCISCO MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY. [We are indebted to Mr. William E. Loy, the able recording secretary, for the following account of an instructive exhibition given by this society August 19, 1891.—Epiror. | A. H. Breckenfeld showed a beautiful live water spider, order Arachnidz, genus Hydrachnea, on a dark field, which attracted a great deal of attention. Henry C. Hyde gave a pleasing exhibit of diatoms, one slide showing one hundred different species of navi- culz, mounted in styrax. S. E. Taylor showed a single frustule of a species of Arachnoidiscus, a beautiful genus of diatoms, with a low-angled half-inch objective and dark field illumination. L. M. King had on his stand an arranged slide of diatoms prepared by Rinnbock of Vienna. Charles C. Riedy exhibited a Navicula lyra with a one-fourth inch apochromatic objective and dark field. R. H. Freund showed the only preparation of bacteria on exhi- bition, a species of pathogenic bacteria not identified. E.S.Runyon had a number of very attractive crystals, including the crystalizable principle from the prickly pear, Platino-cyanide of magnesium and Menthon crystals, all shown with polarized light and excellent effect. William E. Loy showed a young star-fish, Asterium gibbosa, with the aid of a spot lens. The exhibition was further enhanced by brief informal ad- © dresses. Mr. Hyde gave an outline history of the Diatomace, show- ing first their place in botany, how generally they are dispersed about the globe, where they may be found, and a comparison of the fossil and recent forms. The peculiar structure of the diatom has preserved very perfect skeletons from the earliest geologic eras in which it is found, and when properly treated these fossils may be cleaned and mounted, yielding the most beautiful of all microscopic | objects. He remarked that since the time of Ehrenberg many scien- tists had spent years of patient study in this captivating field, so that to-day many thousand species had been figured and described. Unlike some objects in nature, new beauties are seen with increased amplification, and the highest powers of the microscope only serve to increase the admiration of the beholder. A. H. Breckenfeld gave a brief demonstration of the optical qualities of what is known as dark-field illumination. By this method the light is thrown around and upon the object, but its tays do not enter the objective nor reach the eye of the observer. The object then is shown on a dark back-ground, with a brilliancy not possible where the light passes directly through the object. His remarks were fully illustrated by drawings on the blackboard, and proved instructive and interesting. Wiliam E. Loy. 276 Library Catalogue. CALIFORNIA FIELD NOTES. During the spring of 1889 I made a few field notes which it may be well to record without waiting to incorporate them into a more complete treatment of the respective plants. The colors mentioned were named by Ridgeway’s Nomenclature of Colors from actual comparison in the field. Hookera minor, a common bulbous plant on our mesas, had the segments of the flower colored a royal purple with the tube of a perianth white. Hookera Orcutti, a new and lovely lilaceous plant, first discovered in 1882 and later in 1884, possesses a white perianth, the tips (and sometimes nearly the » whole) of the segments lightly tinged with lavender, shading into a deep lavender to a royal purple. Allium serratum, a richly colored wild onion, has outer segments and the tips of the inner segments » of the perianth a phlox purple, the base of the inner segments white. Allium unifolium, another pretty wild onion, has rose or purple-colored anthers and stigmas and bore from fifteen to fifty- five flowers (by actual count) in a single umbel (the latter umbel of flowers measuring four inches across). The flowers are pure white, tinged with rose on the outside along the midrib. The bulbs are one to three inches deep; the flower stems from three to fifteen inches in height; and the two or three leaves one-eighth to one-half inch wide and six to fifteen inches long. Zygadenus Fremontii, has a bulb buried three to five inches deep with leaves one-fourth to one inch wide and nine to eighteen inches long, and four or five in num- ber. The flower stem varies from six to twelve inches high, bearing flesh-colored flowers with a greenish-yellow center. C. R. Orcutt. LIBRARY CATALOGUE. (Scientific books and pengdiealss may be ordered through our Book and Subscrip- tion Department.) Recent accessions to the library of the West American Museum of Nature and Art will be catalogued monthly. 4132. Mandioca. By Thomas Morong. Reprinted from Bul- letin of Pharmacy, June, 1891. From the author. 4133. Proceedings of the 16th annual meeting of the Amer. Association of Nurserymen, held at Minneapolis, Minn., 1891. Published by the Association. 160 pp, 8vo. 7 plates. 4144. The birds of Indiana, with illustrations of many of the species. By Amos W. Butler. Originally published in Trans. Ind. - Hort. Soc., 1890. 135 pp. 8vo. | 4145. American Society of Florists. Proceedings, 1886. 4146, Same, 1887. Advertisements. NCHITIS Is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes — the air-passages leading into the lungs. Few other complaints are so prevalent, or call for more prompt and energetic action. As neglect or delay may result seriously, effective remedies should always be at hand. Apply at once a mustard poultice to the upper part of the chest, and, for internal treatment, take frequent doses of Ayer’s Cherry Pectoral C. O. Lepper, Druggist, Fort Wayne, Ind., writes: ‘‘ My little sister, four years of age, was so ill from bronchitis that we had almost given up hope of her recovery. Our family physician, a skilful man and of large experi- ence, pronounced it useless to give her any more medicine, saying he had done all it was possible to do, and we must prepare for the worst. As a last resort, we determined to try Ayer’s Cherry Pectoral. and I ean truly say, With most happy results. After taking a few doses she seemed to breathe easier, and, within a week, was out of danger. We continued giving the Pectoral until satisfied she was entirely well. This indisputable evidence of the great merit of Ayer’s Cherry Pectoral has given me unbounded confi- dence in the preparation, and I recommend it to my customers, knowing it cannot disap- point them.”’ ““Aver’s Cherry Pectoral cured me of a bad cough and my partner of bronchitis. I know of numerous cases in which this preparation has proved very beneficial in families of Young Children, 80 that the medicine is known among them as ‘the consoler of the afflicted.’’’— Jaime Rufus Vidal, San Cristobel. San Domingo. “A short time ago, I was taken with a severe attack of bronchitis. The remedies ordinarily used in such cases failed to give me relief. Almost in despair of ever finding anything to cure me, I bought a bottle of Ayer’s Cherry Pectoral, and was helped from the first dose. I had not finished one bottle before the disease left me, and my throat and lungs were as sound as ever.”— Geo. B. Hunter, Altoona, Pa. Ayer's Cherry Pectoral, PREPARED BY DR. J. C. AYER & CO., Lowell, Mass. Sold by all Druggists. Price $1; six bottles, $5. ——]_———— ee -r so Tt Has The FOUR © GOOD: REASONS. WHY. YOU SHOULD TAKE Most. Local News. Best Editorials. Latest Telegrams. People’s Confidence. wy PBOMG'S Page. Terms of Subscription: Daily Sun; pérsweek.: 2... . - ‘per month 65 per yr, in advance, 7.50 4 ce Weekly Sun, six months...... 1.00 i “< OMe ear ante 2 00 A WORD TO ADVERTISERS. THE Sun today has the largest circulation among the best people. In proportion to its charges THE Sun guarantees better results to its. advertisers than any other medium in Southern California. The proof of these two state- ments is in the fact that the Datty Sun has a larger number of the most discriminating local adver- tisers than any other paper in the county. For rates of advertising, the San DieEGo SuN. address Classified. CLASSIFIED. ONE LINE, ONE TIME. ONE D'ME. ONE LINE, TEN TIMES, TEN DIMES. ART. ISS M. E. GOVER, CASCADE, COL- orado. Illustrator, copper plate etchings of western scenery. BOOKS. OTANY OF CALIFORNIA. TWO VOL- umes, price, $12. C. R. Oreutt, Orcutt, Cal ISTORY -OF CIRCUMCISION. BY = C. Remondine, M.D. Send orders to F. A. Davis, Publisher, 1231 Filbert street, Phila- delphia. HE KANSAS CITY SCIENTIST, FOR- merly the Naturalist. Established in 1885. Now published by the Academy of Science Pub. Co. at $1.00 per year. Sample to prospect- ive subscriber free. Official organ of the K.C. Academy of Science. Devoted to Science, Art and Literature. Its readers will be kept abreast with the leading topics of the day. Of a popular character, no more technical terms being used than are absolutely necessary. pas we count you among the readers of ol. V? R. ORCUTT, SCIENTIFIC.” BOOKS; e Orcutt, Cal. Qayene nines os TREES AND FLOWERS. ‘ An illustrated 32-page book of descriptive notes. Prepaid for ten cents. Orcutt Seed and Plant Co.,San Diego, Cal. BUSINESS CHANCES. OOD CHANCE FOR MAN OR WOMAN, atown home, to engage in profitable bus- iness. Small capital required; fair education needed. Address, with references, C. R. Or- cutt, San Diego, Cal. ? CONTRACTORS. UFKIN & KELLY, CONTRACTORS for excavations, bituminous walks, con- crete work, ete. Good rich soil cheap. Sewer pipes laid. Give us a eall. Satistaction guaranteed. Office. Fifth street, between C and D, San Diego, Calif. ELECTRICAL SUPPLIES. EF S. HARTWELL, ELECTRICIAN, 924 e Sixth street, San Diego, Cal. Bells, bat- teries, ete. EXCHANGES. 1 OOKS WANTED IN EXCHANGE FOR 7 seeds and plants. C. R. Oreutt, Orcutt, sal. FINANCIAL. OW IS THE TIME TO INVEST IN SAN Diego. But remember, good counsel always saves more than it costs.. Investment of funds for clients a specialty. Hosmer P. MckKoon, San Diego, Cal. JEWELRY. THE LARGEST JEW- Wie elry establisment on the Pacific Coast. Both wholesale and retail. GERMAN, JOB PRINTING. ILDRETH’S BOUWK AND JOB PRINT- ing House, 930 Sixth street, between D and E, San Diego, Cal. EDDING INVITATIONS, VISITING cards engraved and printed at M. Ger- man’s, the leading jeweler, San Diego, Cal. ALER & SON, JOB PRINTERS. GOOD work at fair prices. Estimates furnished on application. No. 316 West First street, Los Angeles, Cal. MINERALS. N. FULLER, LOCK BOX 63, LAW- e rence, Kansas, offers choice minerals. Unsurpassed in quality and beauty, 300 varie- ties from all over the world. Very Low prices. Catologue free. Fine specimens from Pacific Slope wanted in exchange, or for cash. HE WORLD’S FAIR COLLECTION OF Minerals and Curiosities mailed by us is highly spoken of. New California Bulletin and lists, with box of curios, only ten cents. Naturalists’ supplies. U. L. Hertz & Co., Napa City, Cal. K. GREENE, DEALER IN FOSSILS, e minerals. mound and Indian relics, marine shells and§ corals, U. S. and foreign - postage and revenue stamps, coins, medals and badges, old_arms and curiosities of all kinds. 62 South Illinois st., Indianapolis,Ind. NATURAL HISTORY. R. EDWARD GRAY, BENICIA, CAL, sole Pacific Coast agent of Gundlach Op- tical Co. Microscopic objectives of this com- pany on hand and to order. Send for price lists. Gundlach photograph lenses to order Agent of Queen & Co’s Acme microscopes. URELIUS TODD, TAXIDERMIST, BEV gene, Oregon, offers the following curios: Steric) oe Ge Oe eae A BN wal os, ek eee 1l0:to» 15 Sea SRST, Ss: CRNA yaa pe ee earns ee 05to 20 Sea asters or sand Collagen... os. Gee 10: In addition to the above, we have about fifty sets of eggs and a few skins of the Tufted Puf- fin, which we offer at the remarkably low price of 75 cents each for the former and $1.50: each for the latter (postage extra.) The whole lot of eggs we will sell at a spe- cial bargain. , Ten per cent. discount on orders of $5.00; and twenty per cent. on orders of $10.00 or more. Nee SUPPLY DEPOT, ES- tablished by Brewster & Knowlton, Bos- ton; Arldrich & Capen, Boston; A. L. Ellis & Co., Pawtucket. Consolidated, 1884, by Ellis & Webster, succeeded, Sept. 1, 1885, by Frank B. Webster, Boston. Dealers in all articles required by Naturalists, Oologists and Tax- idermists; also, ovird-skins, birds’ eggs curios- ities, and stuifed specimens. Sote agent in the United States for Thomas Hurst’s arti- ficial glass eyes. Publisher of the Ornitholo- gist and Oologist. Send 10 cents for sample copy and catalogues. Frank B. Webster, 409 Washington St., Boston Mass. Wie eee NATURAL HISTORY Specimens of all kinds. Prices low. Send postage stamps for price lists. F. Sikora, nat- uralist, Annanarivo, Madagascar, via Mar- seilles, France. Advertisements. | NATURAL HISTORY. | | EYLON, JAVA, BORNEO AND NEW ) Guinea insects, especially lepidoptera and | coleoptera, single or in lots. Also orthoptera | and dragon flies,and land and fresh water | shells. Prices low. H. Fruhstorfer, care of | German consulate, Soerabaia, Java. NURSERIES. PAS: ADDITION NURSERY, RIVEBR- | side, Cal. Wholesale and retail dealers | in all kinds of fruit trees. Send for price list. | | PRODUCE. M. MeCLAIN, DEALER IN COAL, | Wood, and Feed. S. E. Corner Fourth | and B Streets, San Diego, California. SEEDS. WELVE VARIETIES OF CALIFOR-| nia Wild Flower seeds, 50 cents. Orcutt Seed and Plant Co., San Diego, Cal. SHELLS. M: IDA M.SHEPARD, LONG BEACH, | Los Angeles County, California, makes | a specialty of West American Mollusca. TRUNKS. | C. CUNNINGHAM, TRUNKS AND) e traveling bags, 156 S. Main St., Los Ang- eles,Cal. Repairs and exchanges of new for | old trunks, for all they are worth. ROOFING. Gum-Flastic Roofing Frlt costs only $2.00 | per 100 square feet. Makes a good roof for | years, and anyone can putit on. Send stamp | for sample and full particulars. GuM ELASTIC | ROOFING Co., 39 and 41 We-t Broadway, New | Yorn. Local Agents wanted. : Aavt, Store) 944 SIXTH STREET, | SAN DIEGO, CAL. | | | Between Dand E, - - Manufacturer of and dealer in— is Murrors, PICTURES AND FRAMES. OW TS. 2A Ae PEOPLE'S ONE PRICE STORE Boyd Block; Main St., between 7th and ‘8th, RIVERSIDE, CAL. ‘ CLOTHIN Gents,’ Ladies’ and Children’s U Shoes,Gents’ Furnishings,Hats, | Boots, Trunks, Valises, Blankets ete. Motto: Quick Sales and Small Profits. My JULIUS BERNSTEIN. standard in size and style. GyALER & SON. JOB PRINTERS: Estimates fur- Good work at fair prices. nished on application. No. 316 West First Street, Los Angeles, Cal. (Between Broadway and Hill Street.) (1 Advertisements and subscriptions re- ceived for Science and Horticulture. Canvassers wanted on liberal terms. J. D. BURCH & CO. Wholesale and retail dealers in Choice F aMily GTOCBTIeS 829-831 Fifth Street. You will find bargains in our store. Call and see us. F. P. BRUNER. NOTARY PUBLIC Conveyancer of Deeds, Ete. With Wells, Fargo & Co. Sixth and F Sts., San Diego, Cal. Increase the beauty and convenience of YOuR GOLLECTION by using INHAT LABELS, Supplied by the OBSERVER, Portland, Ct. Perfect in quality, and acknowledged the Send for Price List and Samples. Have you seen THE OBSERVER, A medium of interchange of observations for all Students and Lovers of Nature, de— Mouldin OS, ears (oll dexaremens, oe ee | | ‘EDWARD F. BIGELOW, Publisher and Printer, No. 5 Waverly Avenue, Portland, Conn. HOME FOR INVALIDS. 1421 Columbia street, between Ash and Beech. This Institution is under the supervision of professional nurses. Country patients can find pleasant roqms and.careful attention duringsi¢kness. Terms moderate. All cor- respondence strictly confidential. “3s Advertisements. JOSEPH RODES, M. D. General Medicine and Surgery. Special Attention to Diseases of the Eye. Ear, Nose and Throat. The Great American 2 Importing Tea. Co, Importers and dealers in Pure Teas, Coffees and Spices, 969 Fifth Street, Near D, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA. OFFICE: Southwest corner Sixth and D streets, Bon Ton block; Rooms 3, 4,5 and 6. OFFICE HOURS: 9to 12 a. m., 2 to 5:30 p.m.; Sundays, 9 to lla, m. TELEPHONES: Office, 141, one ring; House, 14], three: Tings: :' : RESIDENCE: Fifth street, above Spruce. Forty Branch Stores in successful operation. For Good Barber W ork, —GO TO— MARK’S SHOP. 1333 D Street, : SAN DIEGO, CAL. Bootblack Stand in Front. Telephone 159. DR. W. S. READ, DENTIST Pierce-Morse Block, Rooms 7 to 10, TUESDAY, 9th June. ° Chapter XXIV. When you buy life insurance you try hard to select the line that will give you the great- est return. Why not use the same discretion when you buy snoes? Some shoes make you spend more money for their kind, in one year, than others do in two. Some shoes help to pay for the next pair you buy. If you are not already wearing ‘H. & R.” dependable shoes, you ought to be. ake your money earn money. (Signed), Havermale &_ Rossier, THE SHOEMEN. 1427 D St., bet. Fifth & Sixth, Bon Ton block. PHILIPS & HARBISON, DENTISTS. Office cor. Sixth & D Sts., SAN DIEGO, CAL. F Street, Cor. Sixth, San Diego. Frandzen, Bungarduer & Co. PRINTERS. BINDING AND RULING, BLANK BOOKS, LITHOGRA PHING, ENGRAVING, ETC. 832-36 FOURTH: STREET. Telephone 180. THE AETNA Life Insurance Go OF HARTFORD, CONN. We guarantee first-class work. pone FE ce Ee [ () N 29 The Reliable Clothiers, Headquarters for Reliable Assets, - - $36, 993.002. _ MEN’S AND. BOYS’ Teton ot, dorm ot Sts asia einen] WV EUG APPAREL, Policies at the lowest rates. 945 and 947 Fifth St. For information call on or address 922 Fifth Street, - - SAN DIEGO, CAL., GAIT DIEGO, - - CAL. JEFF WILLIAMS, Agent. Advertisements. C. R. DAUER, President. F. A. SCHUEBEL, Vice—Pres. R. BREESE, Manager. Oo. N. FLATTERY, Secretary. PE. SEMPSON- Sea Diese witeertakinge Company, Funeral Directors and Embalmers. Satisfaction Guaranteed in Every Particular. Night Bell at Office. Telephone 139. 758 and 760 POURTH STREET, - - SAN DIEGO, CAL. (CALIFORNIA Savines BANK, ._ OF SAN DIEGO. | Sf! LAL, - - S5250,000. S. G. Havermale, Pres. F. T. Hill, Cashier. DIRECTORS: J. W. Collins, S. G. Havermale, Wm. Collier, D. D. Dare and F. T. Hill. Money loaned on real estate. Open Saturday evenings from7 to8p.m. 6 per cent inter- est allowed on term deposits. Safety deposit boxes in fire proof vaults for rent by the month or year. Special rates to depositors Don't BUY FENCINGS 4 Until you get our Price List of Or- = namentaland Farm Fences, Gates, i ‘a [ron Posts,Tree Guards, Barbed and ¢& plain Wire, Nettings, Wire-work, &c == Hulbert Field I.oom for both Picket and Netting Fences only $ 5. [(RReiRes eee ee von Galvanized Steel fence lasts furever. Donations for churches and ceme- Lor Your nee 2 GRAVE Lots, a ogue tree; write for estimates. a ahi everywhere. Ag Agents wanted Bg “SEs=ce HULBERT FENCE. WIRE GO-o.iiear. ST. LOUIS. MO. Vose x Sons Pianos, |. H. NEIMAN, Proprietor. numer Brewster ° Pharmacy, Among their numerous dvaitanes: we take Brewster Notel. Me as occasion to mention the following important | patents: | The Repeating Action which will compare | favorably with the Concert Grand Pianos. The Capo D’Astro Bar which givesthat beau- ) tiful singing quality so wanting in other up- | right Pianos. The Mouse Proof Pedal which is an abso- | shee : 4 lute protection against mice getting into SAN DIEGO, CAL. Pianos and making sad havoe with the felts. GEO- JF EIR EEE, : | Largest Piano House in the South. Agent for San Diego County, Cal. Warerooms, Chadbourne Bldg, 4th St. near C. | | | : / | Southeast Corner of Fourth and C Streets, Physicians’ Prescriptions Carefully Filled. eb Aw |e Y- YAN NORMAN, MD. | ‘PHYSICIAN - - .- DENTIST | — anv — | - +» +» SURGEON. Office, Cor. Fifth and E Sts., upstairs, | OFFICE, 927 SIXTH STREET. Office Hours—10 to 12 a. m., 1 to 3 p. m.,and , Evenings. Residence, Corner 5th and Maple SAN DIEGO. Streets. | i Telephone 174. SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA Advertisements. Telephone 20! for Drugs. T Fides RE FPLECTOR Prompt Free Delivery to any part of the city. KNOX 8 VAN HAREN, Published by the Laurean and Eutaxian Societies of the STATE UNIVERSITY OF Prescription Dru gosts, OREGON. Issued monthly during the school year. Address Cor. Sixth and D Sts., SAN DIEGO. We have in stock everything usually found E. H. LAUER, - Business Manager. In a first-class drug store. LA. WERTHEINER & (0, THE WORLD stavionens, JANG AN GING Gt —DEALER IN— Booksellers, Paper Dealers arin and Land Shells, Mosses, Ferns | AND ALL KINDS OF | SPECIMENS AND CuRIOS. 1045 Fifth Street, between D and C, And Sehool Furnishers. 762) lee EL) Saas SAN DIEGO, OA a pay Particular attention given to supplying Col- SAN DIEGO. lectors and Museums. LLEWELYN'S SHOE STORE : Mrs. M. B. Averill, M. D. Is the best place in San Diego to buy your OFFICE AT THE BOOS 424 SLLOnsS- ; , All Kinds and qualities at Eastern prices. Homepathie. Pharmacy, LLEWELYN, @225etF*&) 946 Sixth Street, - SAN DIEGO. HENRY C. LANGREHR, RESIDENCE: COUNTY SURWEYOR, Homestead, Timber Culture, and Entries 19384 F STREET, and Filings Made Railroad, Water Supply and Irrigation Location and Construction, | Between Tenth and Eleventh. etc., Maps, Plans and Estimates Furnished. 1313 D STREET, SAN DIEGO, CAL. Gives special attention to office practice, P.O. Box 84. and diseases of women and children. ~ RANKIN & CO. Artists: Photography HUGEHNE, OREGON. , Uld and faded pictures enlarged to life-size and finished in India Ink, Water Colors or Crayon equa! to the best done anywhere and at reasonable rates Instantaneous Pictures of children a successful specialty. Advertisements. SPRING OPENING $ | E. H. HENDSCH. Sy E. H. WEDEKIND. ASSAY OFFICE JOE POHEIM’S HEenoscH & WEDEKIND, THE TAILOR. Just received a large line of the latest spring suitings and trouserings Will make to order at prices within the reach of all: Seoitch Tweed and Cassimere Suitings.. .$25 00 Blue and Black Cheviot Suitings . . 25 00 Eng'tish Serge Cheviot Suitings.. .. .... 30 00 Fancy Silk-mixed Cassimere Suitings.. 32 50 English Clog Worsted Suitings..... . er ea French Pique Suitings ..... + 35 00 Me ton and Kersey Overcoats, silk-lined 30 00 Pants to order 5rom $6 up. Call and examine our stoe show goods. JOE POHEIM, The Tailor, 916 Fifth street. Steel Plenz FOR ARTISTIC USE in fine drawing, Nos. 659 (Crowquill), 290 and 2gr. FOR FINE WRITING, Nos. 303 and Ladies’, 170. FOR BROAD WRITING, Nos. 294, 389 and Stub Point, 849. FOR GENERAL WRITING. Nos 332, 404, 390 and 604. Joseph Gillott & Sons, 91 John Ct., N. Y. HENRY HOE, Sore AGent, Sold by ALL DEALERS throughout the World. Gold Medal Paris Exposition, 1878. 2.38, BUCR —-IMPORTER AND DEALER IN— Terra Cotta Chimneys, Stoneware, Ready Roofing and Building Papers. ELSINORE «POTTERY «SPORE, Cor.Fifth and K Streets, IN JOT RIGO, Cars Two Excellent Papers. THE Los ANGELES EVENING and/| WEEKLY EXPRESS should be read by every | one in Southern California who wants a good | daily or weekly paper. The daily the eur full Associated Press dispatches for the cur- rent day, or about two-thirds of the reports which appear in the next morning’s (Los An- geles) papers. It also contains the latest general | | SEWER PIPE! | M.ning Engineers and Brokers. 1324 Dest San Diego, Cal. “SHEP, The Hatter.” 00 | Hats Cleaned, Pressed, Trimmed and Dyed. Also Silk Hats Cleaned and Ironed. k. Notroubieto| W- M. SEL RPARD, 911 FIFTH STREET. Hercules Gias Engine (GAS OR GASOLINE) Nlade for Power or Pumping Purposes. The Cheapest Reliable Gas Engiue on the Market. Cut cF ENGINE AND PuMP. For Simplicity it Beats the World. It oils itself from a Reservoir, No Carburetor to get out of order. No Batteries or Electric Spark. it runs with a Cheaper Grade of Gasoline than any other Engine SEND FOR CATALOGUE TO PALMER & REY, MANUFACTURERS, 495 Sansome Street, San Francisco, Cal, BOTANISTS. TE desire afew more reliable collectors of native West Amrican tree ani flower seeds, bulbs, ferns, cacti and other plants. Please write us what you can collect, season of supply, prices, and descriptions of those and local news and special articles on current | Most desirable for cultivation. topics. The weekly is the cheapest and best | in Southern California and has the largest | circulation. Sample copies of the daily or! weekly sent free to any postoffice in’ the | United States or British America. THE ORCUTT SEED & PLANT CO., San Diego, California. Orcutt Seed and Plant Company. NZ SZ WZ a% we SZ % ae iN as 7 “a> i 7S california Wild Flowe d California Wi ower Seeds: Twelve Varieties, - - - Bie a $ .50. Twenty-five Varieties, : : . - 1.00. One Hundred Varieties, - - - : 5.00. A Century ot Flowers! A choice collection of one hundred named varieties of flower seeds specially adapted to the Pacific Coast, including many rare or new plants. Price, $5.00. A choice assortment of wild flower seeds will be included. The Salton Sea. One hundred shells from the shores of the famous Salton Sea, for 50 cents. Only a few million in stock. ORCUTT SEED & PLANT COMPANY, - SAN DIEGO, CAL: Advertisements. ENT uthern California RAILWAY COMPANY. ‘The Most Direct And Comfortable route between the Pacific Coast and the East, because it is many miles shorter and runs the finest trains through from San Diego und Los Angeles to Chicago every day in the year. Excursions Personally Conducted. The Pullman Tourist Sleeping Cars carrying these parties are run through in both directions. Our Special Conductors accompanying these parties care for the passengers, look after their baggage. assist ladies, children, the aged and the infirm, and do all in their power to relieve passengers from anxiety in regard to the details of the journey. Second-class tickets are honored on these Excursions, and as the rates are much less than in the Pullman Palace Sleeping Cars for sleeping accommodations, a considerable saving in expense is made eee The Southern California Railway With its numerous lines and branches reaches all the principal points * oi interest in Southern California, including the Coast Resorts. It is the only line between LOS ANGELES and SAN DIEGO, LOS ANGELES and RIVERSIDE, and LOS ANGELES and SAN BER- NARDINO, and runs through trains between the ahoye points with re- clining chair cars between Los Angeles and San Di pp K. H. WADE, General Manager... ............ . Los AneEtgs, Cay W. F. WHITE, Passenger Traffic oat os ER EGU tan Cuicaao, IL. Ss. HYNES, General Passenger Agent.... ..... Los ANGELEKS, Cat. B. H. K. GREGORY, Assistant Gen’] Pasmaaer Ag’t.. Los ANGELEs, Car. ¥ ALG ee a yl ¥ a? eh.) = SF Eri 3 hed a | A =) ae ‘= er ei fa: ~ a