y

~~ Division of Mi ui

vail Section roy eu Tx sshaus iy . 1 wi’? aoe KQow” 1 hee a Votume VII. APRIL, 1891. Wuo te No. 59. pe gS rs HN =

A popular monthly review and record for the Pacific Coast.

CONTENTS: gos (LIK! WP Ce amelie RAGE GR Mt ORY Ee Nant aC Wet SR OL R. Orcutt. 153 AY Visit ‘to; Lake Maguata. yee eis calie dol . &. Orcutt. 158 Pacific Coast Bulbs in the East ............ F. i. Horsford. 164 Wid ward: Mis ER enh ee Fs es a a EES 0.) R.. :Oreutt. 165 Crotalus Pyrrhus in California......... Leonhard Stejneger. 165 Notes on Pacific Coast Plants .............. I’. H. Horsford. 167

ICEISIT APA NEC TOR iy Lot ue Loin acataye Se F. H, Horsford. 168

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The Tuna. 155

ETE), TVUUINEA.. (From the Pacific Rural Press, xli. 189.)

Probably no class of plants is more greatly admired or more thor oughly detested than the Cactacee—admired for their oddity, for their beauty of form, for their lovely flowers and for their luscious fruit, the cacti are detested to almost an equal extent by the average -cattleman or rancher as a useless cumberer of the ground.

The flattened oval or elliptical stems of the tuna, abundantly armed with a formidable array of spines, is the type of one of tlre most familiar forms of cactus, and perhaps better known to English} speaking races as Indian figs or prickly pears.

Among the numerous known forms of Opuntia there are several! species which are very generally known to the Mexicans by the name of tuna. O.tuna and O. ficus-indica are the two species: te which this name is more frequently applied, but the common wild varieties or species of flat-stemmed Opuntias are very generally ine cluded without distinction.

These cacti are very widely utilized in Mexico and in portiomws of the United States along the Mexican border in a countless number of ways. The cattleman, after burning the spines from the tender; succulent joints, will feed them to his stock with profitable resultss; or, in a treeless region, he will plant them as hedges around his corrals or cultivated fields, thus utilizing what in the previous case he destroys—the plant’s natural defense against total exterminatiom

Growing in dry, sandy or rocky soil, they thrive where searce any other vegetation can exist. Planted around the Californiam Missions in the most fertile spots, they attain a most luxuriant: growth. Thus, they are naturally adapted not only to thrive im sterile districts and to prepare the barren soil for other classes:oft vegetation, but they are equally at home under the most advanced stages of cultivation.

The Cactacee are without exception, I believe, indigenous to the American continent and the adjacent islands, but the tunas ii numerous varieties have become extensively naturalized and are also cultivated with considerable profit in the south of Europe. Tir Sicily, Opuntia vulgaris is said to thrive in voleanic districts, which would otherwise be barren of vegetation.

The Mexican names nopal and tuna refer to the same species ‘of plants, but nopal refers to the leaf-like stem, while tuna refers to 1 fruit. From being used to indicate a part only of the plant they have come to be generally applied to the whole.

The tunas, naturalized around the Missions of Southern Califor: nia, were brought from Mexico by the Spanish padres, who trained them into hedges around the Mission gardens and buildings. They grow from ten to fifteen feet high, producing an abundance of large,, well-flavored, edible fruit.

154 The Tuna.

P. W. Reasoner, in the American Garden (xi. 532), in writing of ‘native Florida cactuses,’ gives the following interesting account of the occurrence of two species of tunas in that State:

‘Next, and of more importance, is Opuntia tuna. This famous species, so well known as a hedge plant in Mexico and the West Indies, abounds on every high, sandy beach from Tampa bay around Miami, and, perhaps, still farther north on the east coast. It quite often grows in impenetrable masses, four or five feet high, and is characterized by large oval joints, six or eight inches long. Itis covered with two sets of spines, some small and chaff-like, but whose close acquaintance is not to be courted, and others an inch or more long, as sharp and strong as needles, and quite as formidable as any cactus we have seen. The yellow flowers almost invariably have a rosy tinge, and the plant is beautiful, both when in bloom and when covered with the large, rich, purple berries or prickly pears.

‘Besides its use in tropical America as a hedge plant, it is used as one of the principal cochineal plants. It is quite hardy and will stand several degrees of frost unharmed. The fruits, covered with occasional tufts of small chaff-like prickles, are two or three inches long, somewhat pear-shaped and pumpkin-colored. They are pro- duced in the greatest profusion. We know of an array of glasses of marmalade, and jars of the richest wine-colored sweet-pickles, made from the fruit, and as tempting as an epicure could wish.

‘Equally famous is O. ficus-indica, the ‘Indian fig’ cactus. This species has escaped from cultivation and has become naturalized in a few places in south Florida, especially on Key West. It, also, is very hardy, and would doubtless prove so in north Florida. It is a most striking and picturesque plant, attaining, in a few years from the cutting, a height of ten or twelve feet, with immense flat joints a foot or even fourteen inches in length. The scale-like spines often drop off and leave the surface perfectly smooth, so it is not very prickly nor difficult to handle. The fruits are larger than those of Opuntia tuna, and are yellow in color. The pulp is sweet and has very few seeds. It is very much liked by most people who are familiar with it, and we have seen those who preferred it to such popular and delicious fruits as the orange and banana The fruits are known as ‘Indian figs’ in the West Indies, and stray specimens occasionally find their way into the New York market from some West Indian vessel.’ ‘

In Garden and Forest I have called attention in a note to the possibility that the manufacture of syrup from the fruit of the opuntia may at no far distant day become an important industry in Southern California. The juice of the fruit which these plants pro- duce in great abundance, may be extracted in a cider press like the juice from apples, and boiled down to a fruity syrup indistinguisha- ble in flavor from that manufactured from the watermelon. Excel- lent vinegar or wine may also be made from the juice. Three

156 The Tuna.

varieties or more are found naturalized around the California Missions, called the tuna, tuna colorado (red tuna), tuna manse (tame tuna) respectively by the inhabitants of Mexico. They are extensively cultivated in Mexico for their fruits, and a great variety of forms occur in that, their native country. Dr. Edward Palmer, a noted botanical explorer, has contributed an interesting article on opuntia fruit as an article of food to the West American Scientist (VI 67), which has been widely quoted and is reprinted in the annual report of the California State Board of Horticulture for 1890, page 133, and elsewhere. In the same report is given a plate illustrating the fruit of the tuna colorado and the tuna manse, and also of the wild tuna (opuntia engelmanni). See engravings used herewith.

Gerald Hastings (American Garden XI, 475) says: ‘Several species of opuntia, particularly O. tuna, yield the red, green or yellow fruits known as prickly pears. These are sweet and juicy and extensively used as dessert by the Mexicans and inhabitants of Southern Europe. Their juice is used as a water-color at Naples, and for coloring confectionery in the West Indies.

OPUNTIA FICUS INDICA—Haworth.

‘During the eighteenth century Mr. Philip Miller, of Chelsea Gardens, England, brought several cacti into notice, at least eight being credited to him and described in his Gardeners’ Dictionary in addition to those already known. Martyn’s edition of Miller’s Gar- deners’ Dictionary enumerates among others, Cactus ficus indica and C. tuna. Not having access to the above works, I am unable to learn with any degree of certainty as to the characteristics of the types of these species. Apparently the most reliable description accessible to me is in Forster’s ‘Cacteen,’ of which the following is a free translation:

‘Native of South America, cultivated south of the Rio Grande under the name Nopal ecastillano; naturalized in Italy and Sicily; tall, broad-spreading plant, with a cylindrical, woody, thick stem when old (up to 45 cm. long and 30 em. broad in size), green, thick (214 em.), thinner on the edge, elliptical, with small reddish leaves;

“a/9 Am

areolee regularly distributed, sunken, thornless or rarely covered with a few single, small, bristly, white spines. Flowers large, brim- stone yellow. Fruit very large and edible. Grown in large quanti- ties in Sicily for its delicious fruit. Four varieties, with yellowish, blood-red, whitish and seedless fruit respectively, the two latter considered the best.’

The tuna colorado naturalized atthe old Mission of San Diego, which I take to be a type of O. ficus indica, produces a rather insipid fruit, not very sweet, mealy, closely resembling in taste and flavor a frozen apple. The color is a crimson lake inside and out, the epider- mis slightly dulled by a glaucous blush. Seeds numerous, over 200, easily separated from the pulp. The fruit is ovate, 34 inches long,

The Tuna. 15

ee

21'5 inches in diameter, smooth, with over sixty areolze of fine spines distributed over its surface, a fourth bordering the deep-brownish umbilicus which is an inch across. Spines usually few, short and weak; whitish, often entirely absent.

OPUNTIA TUNA—Linn.

‘A native of Mexico and Columbia. ‘Tall, broad-spreading plant, large, rather long (10 to 20 em.) ovate or elliptical stems. the edges curving, with pointed green leaves seven mm. long. Covered with bunches of spines growing close together at base of stems,and wider apart at top, like gray felt in color, the upper spines brownish- yellow, underneath four to six stiff, bodkin-like, light yellow spines of umequal length (9 to 21 em.) Petals the shape of rose leaves, mucronate; stamens yellow; stigma five-lobed; green.’— Forster’s Cacteen.

The tuna which I take to be this species bears a very juicy, sweet, delicious fruit, yellowish-green when mature, nearly ‘three inches long and two inches in diameter, with fewer seeds (about 150). The greenish-white, firm pulp is very cool and refreshing, from which the seeds do not readily separate as in the tuna colorado. The slightly glaucous enidermis of the fruit is similarly armed with an equal number of areole of fine, short spines, very disagreeable, but easily disposed of by an expert—though dangerous to a novice if he should stand to windward while brushing them off the fruit, when they are liable to blow into the eyes with disastrous results. The average Mexican or Indian learns to handle these fruits with utter indifference to the spines.

The spines are abundant and rather formidable in appearance on this beautiful plant, but are really one of the most useful charac- teristics of the plant, making it very useful for hedges and fences.

OPUNTIA TUNA MANSE.

The color of the fruit of this tuna outside is of a deep orchra- ceous-buff, slightly glaucous, irregularly mottled and blotched with crimson, giving it a bloodshot appearance; inside the outer coating is of the same coloring, but the pulp inclosing the seeds is of a light greenish-yellow.

This is the most abundant of the three forms of tunas natural- ized at the San Diego Mission, and like the others is credited with a Mexican nativity. The fruit is nearly globose, with a yellowish umbilicus, pitted in the center, an inch in diameter and smaller proportionally than in tuna or tuna colorado. Seeds more numerous (about 250). Areole and spines on fruit and stems differ but slightly if any from O. tuna, from which the plants may not be readily dis- tinguished except when in fruit. OO: Be Orcutt,

158 A Visit to Lake Maquata.

A VISIT TO LAKE MAQUATA.

It was in August, 1884, that I first learned of the existence of Lake Maquata. Leaving the forest of the pinone pine (Pinus Pan- yana), on the table lands of northern Lower California, behind us, my father and I had descended the abrupt eastern slope of the mountains, into the great Cantilles canon, among thousands of lovely Blue palms and stately Washington palms that line the bottom of this famous canon, which justly rivals the Yosemite in the beauty and grandeur of its scenery.

Near the mouth of the canon, our Indian guide, Captain Jose, told us of the big lake beyond us where thousands of large fish might be had for the catching. He described the fish as fully two feet in length, and very good eating, but told us in Spanish it was a ‘long ways’—I think he said five leagues. We could not prevail upon this unusually intelligent Indian to accompany us to the shores of the lake, and rather reluctantly we retraced our steps from the land of the palms to the region of the pines.

It was in July, 1884, that the Colorado river floods inundated extensive portions of the New river district, and other sections of the great Colorado basin, or desert, as it is commonly called. Where the Colorado river mingles its water with the Gulf of California are many millions of acres of fertile, alluvial lands but slightly raised above sea level. With a high tide in the Gulf the Colorado river back-waters, and in seasons of unusual summer floods overflows its banks near its mouth for many miles. New river thus had its origin, the overflow forming a channel for itself from the banks of the Colo- rado, in a northerly direction, to the lowest portion of the great depressed basin, which at Salton, on the Southern Pacific railway, is two hundred and fifty feet below the level of the sea.

Laguna Maquata isa smaller depressed basin, within the area of territory known as the Colorado desert, its northern end lying perhaps ten miles south of the United States boundary, in the Mexi- can territory of Lower or Baja California, between the Peninsula and Cocopah ranges of mountains. Its surface is doubtless below sea level, but the sediment deposited by the muddy waters of the Colorado has created a permanent barrier between it and the Gulf of California, whose waters in the pliocene age unquestionably rolled over the whole region for fully two hundred miles north of its present shores.

In January and February, 1890, in explorations on horseback on the Colorado desert, I came several times into full view of a portion of Laguna Maquata, which on maps of Baja California is usually designated as muy salada—very salt. At that time it was entirely dry, at least as far as my members of the party I was with could observe in closer inspection which they gave it. Probably in no place does the lake exceed a few—say five—miles in width, but in length, this then dry lagoon apparently extended to the southward for

A Visit to Lake Maquata. 159

sixty or seventy miles, along the western base of the Cocopah moun- tains—a low range of barren hills of forbidding aspect. Along the shores of the dry lake were found numerous remains of the unfor- tunate fish, the former denizens of the defunct lagoon. All the skeletons observed were of the mullet (Mugil Mexicanus), and of these the coyote, or desert wolf, had left but the barest evidence.

Millions of fresh water snails and clam shells were strewn over the bed or along the former shores of the lake, sufficient evidence that it had once been filled with fresh water.

During the summer of 1890, apparently reliable reports reached me to the effect that the Colorado river had again overflowed its bank, inundating anew the New river country as in former years, and filling to the brim the Laguna Maquata with water teem- ing with fish—like unto the season of 1884. The barren, but natur- ally fertile, desert plains had been transformed—so ran the reports— into a jungle of tropical luxuriance, a Paradise for man or beast. The mesquite trees were loaded with their crisp bean pods, the grass was growing as high as a horse’s back, and all the sloughs and lagoons were full of water and delicious fish.

With the coming of cool autumn weather, early in October, I again entered the confines of the Colorado desert with a suitable outfit and an efficient companion. En route from San Diego we had received slightly conflicting reports from parties who claimed to have recently crossed the plains of the desert from Yuma, Arizona. Several white men affirmed that there was an abundance of fresh water both in the lagoons of New river and in Maquata lake. One aged Mexican, whose acquaintance I had previously made, kindly advised me to depend on the large canons in the Peninsula range of mountains for my water—not on lake Maquata. I learned that a friend of mine, with nearly twenty years’ experience in the region, came near perishing from not finding water at Las Posas de los In- dios—Indian wells, while others reported an abundance of water in the adjacent lagoons. The water at Coyote wells, however, was universally condemned as unfit for man or beast, from being so strongly impregnated with the deadly alkali.

Reaching the ruins of the old Rock house, on the Summit sta- tion on the old Ft. Yuma and San Diego stage line, we filled our cans with the pure water from the mountain springs—a solitary spring in the solid granite, really about half way between the desert plains and the summit of the first barren mountain ridge. The ‘nine miles’ from here to Coyote wells, through a deep, rocky canon and over a sandy plain, proves to be fifteen long and weary ones. At Coyote wells the dark-colored, repulsive pool of water wouldzhave been a delight to the thrifty New England housewife, since, with it, she could easily dispense with her ash barrel and lye! Two{small mes- quite trees alone mark the vicinity of Coyote wells, the old adobe stage station being completely razed to the ground, and the alkali

160 A Visit to Lake Maquata.

pnt are otherwise almost destitute of vegetation. A little patch of salt grass (Distichlis maritima) grew in the vicinity of one of the mesquie trees, and here my former acquaintance with the region stood me in good stead, for I knew that comparatively good water eould be obtained in this vicinity. Cleaning out a small hole near tihe tree, by the moonlight (we had reached the place just at dusk), I had the pleasure the following morning of finding a limited supply of water, sufficient for our needs. It was very suspiciously sweet at first (alkali water is sweet to the taste) and we had to use it sparingly, but after a while it became sufficiently pure for us to drink with impunity, after we had dipped it dry a dozen times or more.

The first night our horses were without hay, and had only a feed of grain. Of necessity we hitched them to one of the mesquites, and by morning we found they had gnawed off all the bark on the tmunk of the tree that they could conveniently reach, and eaten the twigs and leaves that were in reach also. The day after our arrival we traveled to the southward over the desert for two or three miles and cut a supply of hay with our p.cus! The only true grass in this grid region of agricultural value isa very rigid species, that grows im scattering clumps, one to tiree or four feet high, and generally called gietta (Hilaria rigida). This grass is very nutritious, rich in tihe starch elements, and very brittle. It is not specially attractive at first to horses or cattle, but they soon learn to eat it with avidity, and a single cluster is often sufficient for an animal fora night. A tout grubbing hoe is the best implement for the haymaker when harvesting gietta, but a pick is almost equally useful, or in the absence of either it can be easily broken off with the foot—but the foot needs ito be well protected by a heavy boot in the latter case!

Leaving Coyote wells early the following morning, after we had completed our haying, we travelled to the southward over a but little travelled natural road, sandy and gravelly or stony in places, toward fMignal mountain—the northern end of the Cocopah range. We Game in sight of the Maquata basin early in the afternoon, the lake being some thirty miles from Coyote wells, and became con- vimeed that reports of water in the lake were true, a long and nar- now strip of water being plainly visible along the western base of ‘tine Cocopah range and glistening in the sunlight. Evidently only a portion of the lake bed, however, was thus covered with water, but as we approached the shores of the lake our anticipations rose higher and higher.

As we approached the shores of the lagoon we traversed broad gandy arroyos in which numerous ironwood trees (Olneya Tesota) were growing. Nearer the lake were a few shrubby clusters of mes- quite, but only occasionally was a bean pod visible. Arrow weed (Piluchea Corealis) and mock willow, and a few other plants usually considered good indications of fresh water, were soon observed. ‘Nese plants grew in considerable luxuriance, and fresh water may

A Visit to Lake Maquata. 161

almost invariably be obtained by sinking wells in their vicinity at less than twenty feet depth.

Leaving the belt of mock willows we drove into the hard sun- baked bed of Laguna Maquata proper and struck out straight for the nearest visible water. A mile was traveled in silence, yet another mile, and still a third, and then the truth burst upon us. We were following the deceitful wiles of the ever alluring, ever delusive mirage! We were still, apparently, as far from the edge of the water, which at first appeared scarce half a mile distant, as when we started, and when we stopped our team in disgust, the beautiful phenomenon revealed itself to us fully.

Gradually, like a bank of fog, it reeeded to the southward, and rose above the sarrounding banks of theiake. Fantastically shaped rocks seemed to rise up in the background, and a vision of a city in the desert might well have been imagined. Many a time before had I seen this interesting phenomenon and equally as inviting, myth- ical lakes of water, but never before had I been so thoroughly deceived and misled. Well might a lonely wanderer on the sands of the desert, half crazed by the heat and thirst, be enticed on to his death by such a deception, though in rational moments one acquainted with death by the region would not be thus cruelly defrauded.

The surface of the lake bottom was bare of vegetation, but strewn with fragments of fish bones and fresh water snail shells in countless millions. Now and then a coyote could be seen leisurely trotting along on his way home from dining out, or perhaps in search of his supper—or both.

Driving to the westward toward the Peninsula range, we soon left the bed of the lake behind us, and entered a series of sand dunes like those on our ocean beaches, that seemed to border the western shores of the lake far to the southward. Among these sand hills absolutely no vegetation was observed, but now and then fragments of salt water clams or snail shells were found, particularly of the genera venus and cerithidea—probably the last organic vestiges of the former dominion of the sea over this region. Beyond these sand dunes we reached a mesa-like formation, resembling the famous citrus lands of Southern California. Here on a little rise or prom- inence, near a patch of luxurious gietta grass we decided to camp for the night, and leaving my companion to prepare our evening meal, I started to search for water in the canon a few miles distant.

It was a little after three in the afternoon when I left the wagon on my self-imposed quest. If water was not found I knew that in the morning we should have to retrace our steps to Coyote wells, as our water supply would by that time be exhausted. As we left the bed of the lake we had seen what appeared like water in the same direction as at first observed, but after our experience with the mirage we were naturally skeptical. Near the summit of the Penin- sula range, in one of the long canons on its abrupt eastern slope, we

162 A Visit to Lake Maquata.

had also observed what was unquestionably pure running water, but it was too far away to be practically available for our needs, except in dire necessity.

Taking my bearings in relation to the more prominent landmarks afforded by the mountains surrounding the vast amphitheatre in which we were encamped, I started in a direct line for a huge finger rock that rose perhaps a thousand feet above the plains, near the mouth of one of the great canons that rise in the pine country on the top of the Peninsula range. In light walking trim, with only a small canteen partially filled with water, and my light pick, which answered well for a cane, it took me to nearly seven o’clock before I had reached the foot of the mountain range. After traversing the plains for two or three miles I had struck the fresh trail of five or six deer, which greatly encouraged me as they were travelling in the same direction as I had planned to follow, and were evidently going to water. I consequently followed this trail as long as daylight lasted, but lost it before the stars came out distinctly.

About this time, when daylight vanished, I realized the fact that Thad not dined. During the whole day I had felt not the slightest inclination to drink, but having left water behind me I felt an insuf- ferable thirst, as if I could have easily emptied a gallon canteen. But a little water remained in my canteen and this I decided to hus- band in case I should be unable to return to the wagon in the dark before morning. Fortunately, however, I just then run against a tall eactus belonging to the genus Echinocatus, and by the aid of my pick I cut a generous slice out of its top, and removing the spines and skin I found a refreshing repast at my hand. The crisp, fleshy pulp of this cactus will quickly allay thirst and is an important arti- ele of food with the Indians. The Mexicans make a preserve of it similar to the citron of commerce. I[t is juicy and tender, and the first taste was as grateful to meas an apple would have been, and, after satisfying myself, I put a chunk in my pocket for future use if desired.

Thinking that I must be near to water, I ventured on by the star- light (the moon I knew would not rise before morning), but after stumbling over huge bolwders and crossing a ravine where I had to descend a nearly perpendicular bank, twelve or fifteen feet in hight, I decided that it was unwise to continue my exploration for water. Following down one of the sandy arroyos till I came to the open plain, I took my bearings the best I could from the stars—the mountains, which I had at first depended upon as landmarks, hav- ing disappeared or become unrecognizable in the dark, and was soon making a bee line for camp.

Once IT stumbled against a dead cactus which had been washed down from some of the canons I had left behind, and from the per- sistence of the spines, which quickly developed an attachment for my leg, l was made rather painfully aware that it belonged to the

A Visit to Lake Maquata. 163

genus Opuntia—which I always detested. Fortunately the open plains of the desert which I had traversed were nearly destitute of cactus growth or this experience might have been repeated oftener than agreeable. Once a diminutive fox crossed my path, and fol- lowed me for a ways a few steps behind me, but no other sign of animal life was encouutered.

About eleven o’clock I caught sight of the light of a lantern on my wagon, nearly a mile away, and directly in live with the star which I had been using as a guide for several hours past, and I soon joined my companion and we had turned in together for the night— or for what remained of it.

After sunset my friend and I had both observed that there really was water in the lake, as the phenomena of mirage are visible only by sunlight. I had, however, previously decided that the mirage had doubly fooled us, and had led us away from the genuine water. Early the following morning, therefore, we again faced the water, and in an hour had approached as near the edge of the lagoon as the muddy margin along the water would permit with a team. Approaching nearer on foot I finally reached the water, which at the outer edge was scarce a quarter of an inch deep. Digging a hole in the mud and allowing the water to accumulate I was able to dip up a little in my hands and to taste. One taste was enough. The Mexican maps were correct—it was muy salada, in fact, as salt as ordinary brine is usually made, rendered much salter by evaporation than the water of the ocean.

On the further bank of the lagoon, which was probably consider- ably deeper than the shore I visited, there was a flock of birds resem- bling sea gulls, but at the distance of perhaps half a mile or a mile (so deceitful are the distances) I could not positively identify them. We spread not our net for the wary fish in this dead sea of the new world, we fired not a shot, we cast not a line, but silently and quickly we turned our faces in the direction of the north star, and made the best time practicable back to Coyote wells. Brilliantly shone the sun above our heads and sent the thermometer in the bottom of our grub box above 100° F. Old Boreas, as if to celebrate our return, gathered from far and near, and concentrating his forces around Coyote wells succeeded well in diverting our minds from the igno- minious end of our fishing (or rather, botanical) excursion to the land of Laguna Maquata. My companion could not light his fire, and we went supperless to bed—he could not even light his pipe, and conso- lation there was none.

The next morning, after a day of fasting in the wilderness in good earnest, we enjoyed a hearty breakfast and set our faces into the west where lies San Diego. That night we camped at Dos Cabesas springs, which proved to be the manufacturing and distributing cen- tre of winds and cyclones for the Pacific coast. A little stout hut of stones proved a very agreeable place of refuge from the wind and ra

164 Pacific Coast Bulbs in the East.

which succeeded the typical sandstorm of the desert, while the pure mountain water which flowed from the granite cliffs somewhat recon- ciled us to our fortune. Thus ended a visit to Laguna Maquata.

C. R. Orcutt.

PACTERIGC GOAIST BWURE SEN VAEHGE. TE-AGS i. From Garden and Forest, iii. 480.)

Many of the species of Calochortus and Brodizea from the Pacific _ Coast, especially those from California, are somewhat difficult to manage in our cold Eastern climate. The ocean currents of that coast have such an influence on the climate that even in the northern portion of Washington aiong the coast the winters are quite mild as compared with the same season further eas:. Some of these bulbs when wintered in an ordinary cellar begin to grow about the last of February, and by the time the ground is ready for them in spring this early growth has so exhausted them that they have little vigor left. They are not hardy, and if planted in autumn without protection will not survive our severe winters. Perhaps a very cool cellar might prevent this winter growth, but I question it. The only way I have been able to flower many of them has been to plant early in autumn and protect with three or four inches of leaves. If planted before the weather is too cold they become well rooted before winter. I believe that most of them will bear some freezing, and it seems to me that it is che alternate thawing and freezing of plants that winter kills so many. If they can be kept from thawing before spring after they have once been frozen, the cold is not so injurious. By covering them with three or four inches of leaves, though not enough to keep out all frost, they will remain frozen and dormant until it is time to remove the covering in spring.

Mexican bulbs are quite different in their manner of growth, and may be wintered in a cellar with perfect success. They will not usually start to grow before the last of May or first of June, even if planted as early as the ground can be prepared in spring. The Frit- illarias from California and Oregon have done much bettex planted in autumn and treated in this way; and the lilies, though much more hardy than the other bulbs, seem to do better when covered. No doubt deep planting may answer for some of them, but if the soil is of the right kind I would prefer to plant five or six inches deep, with a light covering, to eight or ten inches.

Most early: flowering plants, if not all of them, should be plante early the previous autumn. August or July even, is not too early for some of them. The Dog’s tooth violets, Chionodoxas, spring beau- ties, Trilliums, ete., are never as strong the first season when planted in spring or late in autumn as when set in August and September. They do uot flower so early nor last so long.

The lilies from the Pacific coast are most of them early bloomers,

Crotalus Pyrrhus in California. 165

in flowering Lilium Washingtonianum or L. Humboldtii when planted in spring, and they seem to require more time to become and should be planted in early autumn. We have seldom succeeded established than most plants. L. pardalinum has been the hardiest species. Ina light loamy soil L. parvum and L. rubescens do finely, but in clay or clay loam they refuse to thrive. L. Parryi is a more southern species, yet it seems hardy with deep planting, and is not hard to grow. Its beautiful canary-yellow flowers appear with those of the earlier flowering sorts. It needs more moisture, however, than the other species. I. H. Horsford.

EDWARD M. HAIGHT.

It is with deep sorrow that we have to record the early death of our valued friend and associate, Edward M. Haight, late of River- side, California, on the eighth of May, 1891, at the home of bis father, Mr. A. D. Haight. E. M. Haight was born in Mound City, Kansas, removing to Riverside with his parents over fifteen years ago, and at his death was twenty-eight years of age. He wasof a retiring disposition, devotedly atttached to his chosen studies in the natural sciences. Ornithology and oology were his favorite branches, and he was widely known as a taxidermist and naturalist. The Golden State Scientist and the Collectors’ Illustrated Monthly were maga- zines issued by him for a time, and later he purchased the Old Curi- osity Shop, a monthly, which he was compelled to dispose of on account of failing health.

He gained many personal friends, and his loss will be felt by a large circle of correspondents, among whom he had gained a reputa- tion for honest dealing. C. R Oreutt.

CROTALUS PYRRHUS IN CALIFORNIA.

One of Mr. Oreutt’s most interesting additions to the herpet- ology of California is the rattlesnake mentioned in the above head- ing. It belongs to the group characterized by the rostral and prenasal being separated by small scales and not in contaet with each other.

So far as I am aware only six specimens of this snake have ever been collected. The type was obtained by Dr. Elliott Coues in Canon Prieto, near Fort Whipple, Arizona, and was described by Professor Cope in 1866 (Proc. Phil. Acad., XVIII, pp. 308-310) as Caudisona pyrrha. It was afterwards figured in the fifth volume of Wheeler’s Report on the Explorations and Surveys west of the 100th meridian, pl. xxii, although at the time of the publication of that volume it was supposed that no specimen was collected by any of the parties of Wheeler’s expedition. However, it was afterwards found that a head of a small specimen sent home by Dr. O. Loew from the Mojave Desert, Arizona, belonged to this species. We next

166 Crotalus Pyrrhus in California.

hear of a specimen in Dr. T. H. Street’s account of reptiles collected by him during the cruise of the U. S. Steamer ‘Narragansett,’ en- gaged in the survey of the coasts of Lower California (Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No 7.) A large specimen (total length 1.070 meter) was captured on Angel Island in the Gulf of California and deposited in the National Museum. The fourth specimen was obtained in the same place by Mr. Chas. H. Townsend during the visit of the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross in 1889 (Pr. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIII, p. 144) and is likewise one of large proportions (length 1.230 meter). : These were all the known specimens up to 1890, during which year Mr. Orcutt obtained two specimens in the Colorado Desert, San Diego Co., Cal., which with usual liberality he presented to the National Museum. One of these, a fine example, intermediate in size (0.940 m.) between the type and the large specimens from Angel Island, was caught ‘near Mountain Springs’ in June, while the other, a much smaller individual (0.480 m.), with a head about the same size as that collected by Dr. Loew, from the same locality, was col- lected in October. These are, so far, the only Californian specimens. The species received its systematic name from the unusual color of the type specimen, which is described as being ‘pale vermillion’ (though in another connection the ‘general tint’ is said to be ‘bright salmon red’) ‘varied with yellow on the sides of the belly, with numerous large reddish-bay hexagons, which become transverse bands on posterior two-thirds of length; yellow below.’ Though haying been kept in alcohol for more than twenty-five years the specimen still retains a good deal of its original brilliancy.

. None of the specimens obtained since show a similar coloring. So far from being ‘red’ rattlesnakes, they are decidedly ‘white,’ and in Mr. Orcutt’s letter his specimens are in fact referred to as the ‘white rattlesnake.’ In all of them the ground color is a slightly buffy white, more or less sprinkled with black dots, giving it a kind of ‘pepper and salt’ appearance. The large blotches on the back are very wide (transversely) and of a brownish clay color, becoming brighter posteriorly; the borders of these blotches are marked with more or less isolated blackish spots. In Dr. Street’s report the pale- ness of his specimen is attributed to fading in alcohol, but as Mr. Orcutt’s specimens were received quite fresh, it is evident that it is the type which is unusually colored and not the others. As might be expected, the markings are better defined in the smaller speci- mens than in the two larger ones from Angel Island

The affinities of the present species are decidedly with Crotalus mitechellii from the southern extremity of Lower California, as already pointed out by Prof. Cope. Garman has referred it to C. confiuentus as avariety, at one time even expressing the opinion that it might be only an individual variation, bnt the’additional material proves its distinctness from C. confluentus and nearest allies beyond

Notes on Pacific Coast Plants. 167

a doubt But whether the acquisition of more specimens may not eventually result in the necessity of uniting C. pyrrhus with mitchellii is another question.

The original character relied upon for the distinction of these two species, viz.: The number of loreals, there being one in the type of C. mitchellii and four in that of C. pyrrhus breaks down upon an examination of the specimens which have come to light since. In this respect Mr. Orcutt’s larger specimen is particularly interesting inasmuch as on one side of the head it hasa very long lower preorb- ital, the condition which obtains in C. mitchellii, while on the other side this plate is divided as in the other specimens of C. pyrrhus.

I have not the type of C. mitchellii at hand now, but a second specimen was collected by Mr. L. Belding, at La Paz, L. C., in 1882, and judging from this the chief difference seems to consist in the double row of small scales interposed between the rostral and the prenasal, while in all the known specimens of C. pyrrhus there is

only a single series. By this means the nostrils in C. mitchellii ap- pear to be placed further back, and the space between nostriland eye is correspondingly shortened. Leonhard Stejneger.

NOTES ON PACIFIC COAST PLANTS. (From Garden and Forest, iii. 286, ete.)

One of the prettiest Brodizeas we have seen came from Oregon under the name of B. Hendersoni. Its flowers, six to twelve, are in an umbel three-quarters of an inch wide, creamy white witha yellow- ish centre. A prominent dark purple stripe runs the whole length of the sepals both outside and inside. The leaves are from the base, long and narrow, and the naked stem is about a foot high. It would be useful for cutting.

Another showy little plant is the Allium serratum, from Cali- fornia. It is about ten inches high, with a naked stem and a many flowered umbel of rose-purple flowers half an inch wide. Like our A. tricoccum the leaves die down at time of blooming, leaving only the flower-stalk visible. It may not be hardy. Ours were covered with leaves during the winter.

Calochortus pulchellus, now in bloom, has pretty nodding yellow flowers an inch wide, on short stems. The plant is low, only four to six inches high, bearing in succession two to five flowers. It is not suitable for bouquets, but is well worth growing as a garden plant. It probably needs protection in winter.

Geranium incisum, from Oregon, is alsoa pretty species, with rose-purple flowers, with darker stripes {than G. naculatum], an inch wide. The plant is usually about a foot high, is hardy and well worth growing.

Brodiza multiflora bears a close, round umbel of sessile, bluish- purple flowers half an inch wide, but they are so close together that

168 Fritillaria Recuroa.

they havea different appearance from most of the Brodiwas. The long naked stems grow about twenty inches high from a bulbous root, and the leaf islong and grass-like. It is a strong-growing species, but should be protected in winter.

Allium foleatum, from Oregon, grows only four inches high, but its umbel of dark rose-purple flowers is very large for its height. The flowers are about half an inch wide. The divisions of the flower are very narrow, which gives it an odd appearance. Its very short stems make it worthless for cutting, but it is an interesting garden plant, remaining a long time in flower. It is probably not hardy.

Allium acuminatum is usually a low plant, six to eight inches high, with a good-sized umbel of pretty rose-purple flowers. The flowers are half an inch long, and about as wide at the opening, on pedicels three-fourths of an inch in length.

Zygadenus venenosus has a bulbous root and long grass-like leaves. Its flowering stem is usually a foot or more high, almost naked, and bears at its summit a dense short panicle or head of nearly white flowers a third of an inch wide, and having a yellowish centre. It is perfectly hardy in this climate, and will do well in light or heavy soil in the sun.

Allium heematochiton, from Southern California, is a small spe- cies, six or eight inches high, bearing an umbel of six to twelve small white flowers with greenish stripes and reddish-brown centre. It is a tender plant and should be wintered in sand in the cellar.

Camassia esculenta, now in flower, grows from ten to twenty inches high, with long, grass-like leaves from near the root, and bearing at the top a loose spike of violet-blue flowers, five inches long. The flowers are an inch or more wide and there are from ten to twenty ona spike. These are valuable for cutting. The bulb is easily wintered by protecting with a thin covering of leaves.

Too much cannot be said in favor of the white California Tril- lium (T. sessile var. Californicum), with beautiful dark green leaves, and large, almost pure white petals, often two inches long by three- fourths of an inch wide. The durability of both flowers and foliage and its perfect hardiness makes it second in value to T. grandiflorum alone. F'. H. Horsford. FRITILLARIA RECUROA.

(From Garden and Forest, iii. 264, May 28, 1890.)

Fritillaria recuroa, which has been mentioned in a former num- ber of this paper, is now in bloom, and it is certainly one of the most attractive plants from the Pacific coast. The plant can be grown readily ina light loamy soil, with a thin protection in winter. It blooms early, and its scarlet, lily-like flowers are of long duration, and it will be useful for cutting. I’. H. Horsford.

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wucapina crenulata Sby .......5.-. 0.56.64. $0 08 Glyphisidspera Wsehi: he) eu es, 05 eine RCE Ag gh 21) 0 RIAD a OM ane i lea 03 spectrum Nutt........ Bird 100 _ 02

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Orcutt Seed & Plant Co.

The West American Scientist.

When Brown-Sequard was in America the Vitalized Phosphites was presented to him. His remarks were much to the effect that the giving of the active principle of the brain of animals to man should be conclusive of the most happy results and he had no doubt would largely improve brain and nerve power. He then made the observa- tion, “I do not think the principle need end here.”

There has been much jeering at the results which Brown-Sequard’ : discovery produced, but those who have studied the matter (our chem- ist amongst others), say that there are wonderful results yet unwritten about.

It is nearly thirty years since the Vitalized Phosphites were first used and physicians accept the fact that this brain material is the most perfect rejuvenator of the tired human brain. While the “Elixir” from the glands of animals was expected only to increase Virility, the Vitalized Phosphites, the special food from the brain of the ox, restores brain power and vitality as well as virility. It rejuvenates all weakened bodily and mental functions, and by its Shs toed yal power to the blood prevents nervous affections.

When the brain of an active man is tired it is a common aueuyat

tion, “Do nothing for a while and rest.” In most instances this is an |

impossibility and nothing but leaving home and all its duties will be of any avail. But when the brain is using a large amount of Vital Phosphites and the food does not, nay cannot, suppLy all that is — needed, then, if recourse is pee to. Z

the brain and nervous system will be fed and brain work can easily be

continued. Brain Fatigue, Nervous Exhaustion is nothing but Brain |

Hunger, often it is Brain Starvation and Vitalized nee ptie) will always relieve it. | is ‘

It cured and is Helis $e Galmatidatt by Bishops Peters, Shavers and Ke Robertson, Presidents Mark Hopkins, Willard Parker Dudley, Orton, x Drapers’ Beard and thousands of the world’s best brain workers.

All Phosphates are inert, this j is a vital nutrient ae from the brain of the ox, and the embryo of wheat.

Fr. CROSBY co.

56 W. 25th Street, New York. : | ‘For Sale By Druggists, or. sent by Mail, $1. 00.

Ti) —,

SMITHSONIA

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