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Ant soa lates a a noe =i oy ts == . ed ~ none apace erates é pate STS ‘ t See RE eo eos ‘ a rae a ee eee a ee eer ——w ewe Oe mie er Ra a ace ee ore a ne es RE ee aioe erro = ¢ nee + Ue r= Bast Oe rec eee’ = oo ot « ¥ B22 dr tot (sell pine poy for ee : ng atts Sey F v oe ¢ a tic ees a ~—_ paws : as A Fg lawea notes ae oe eee anit wey . 5 =e ee» eres mS erste “< © y Age oo ~ o> x. - ¥ _ t r 5 ed eo 7 @: weve — F a ey ee 7 : > neat Ee ax 4 ~e a ty Aw e - ~ “ 7 - —_ a = POR dew bet Gm b 6 Bert eee TT we , 8 pe Oh an a ee RE ee 1 Se er on gape Pee ee eee Ae ee ee eee ee ees eee f VOLUME IW. THB aac AMERICAN SCIENTIST. C. R. OncuTtT, Editor and Publisher, Orcutt and San Diego, California, U.S. A. Price 10 cents; per year, $1 00 Advertisements 50 cents per line nonpareil. " BULBS & Allinm hematochiton Watson: fine......... $ Bloomeriaaurea: rich yellow flowers...... Clevelandi watson: delicate lemon... LBrodiza capitata: large heads, lavender... _ eapitata alba: charming, pure white.. congesta: violet purple, 2 to 3 ft high... coccinea: Vegetable fire cracKer............ grandiflora: dark waxy 1xioides (Caliproa lutea): i lactea: white banded wit laxa (blue milla, Ithuriel’s eben blue minor: fine royal purple umbels... multiflora: umbels of violet flowsrs...... Orcuttii; lavender colored fis............. peduncularis: waxy porcelain white... stelaris: rich purpie, white centers..... terrestris; royal purple, 2 inches high... volubilis: Twining _ mixed varieties $6 Calochortus albus: Benthamii: open cups aaped ‘flowers Gunnisoni: ight lilac, purple banding “Howellii’ (apiculatus): white, 2 1t high Kennedyi: magnificent dazzling scarlet Leichtlinii: much like Nuttallii........... ae purple, showy, llow, pretty pa OO bb A th ot BD bod Dd OD tt ap sanstvabeebavstie 2 25 hie climbing 4 50 he 1000 Bell, “pearly Ww. longibarbatus: fine purple, a foot high... 6 00 luteus: yellow i dotted with brown... 1 50 v. concolor: large bright yellow flowers 7 50 litacinus:; lilac shadins to purple, fine... 1 50 macrocarpus: large purple flowers......... 4 50 maweanus: white, silky blue hairs, fine 1 50 ~nitidus: purple apd green fis., flexuous 7 50 nudus: dwarfish in habit, purple fis... 4 50 Nuttallii: large white fis, green banded 4 50 _Palmeri: a rare and beautiful sort...... 7 50 _ pulchelius: star tulip, pendant flowers 1 50 ' splendeéns: lavender cColor.................0++ 3 00 _ V. atroviolacea: purple, with red spots 3 00 _ venustus oculatus: finely marked fis 1 50 _ venustus purpurasceas; purple centers 2 25 _venustus citrinus: lemon yellow......... 1 50 -venustus roseus: creGiny inside .:......... 2 40 _ Weedii:; orange butterfly tulip, fine...... 4 50 . Tolmlei: very large white pendant Hse pie. 2D | fl vus (Cyclobothra flav&): golden shell 2 00 Plummere (Weedii pu purascpns) eh ee Purdyi Greene: pale lilac fils, new......... 4 59 flexuosus: lilac fils, a fine butterfly tulip 10 00 Bay bardianus: drooping purple and yel, _mixed ‘yarieties, choice selections......... 12 ORcUTT, CALIF.. _Erythronium grandiflorum (gsganteum)... SHI N me aoe JUNE, 1895. WDE STEER DNL isc i scans cacaehae: tastes Siddast aioe Cusickii: purple pes great novelty... esculenta: dark blue fis, edible bulbs... Merah bliin. 3 pas, eh ioe, hs oe 0. ea Chlorogalunr angussifolium, dwarf. size:.. parvifolium and pomeridianum, each... 7 50 Hartwegii, large yellow fis, beautiful... Hendersonii, pink fils, center blackish... montanum, 3 to 4 large pure white fis... Howellii, white turning pink; Gregson. Smithii, “white fis turning purple... ue grandifiorum minor, yellow flowers...... purpurascens. rare ‘and beautiful......... Freesia retracta alba: seed $3 per ®......... Fritillaria atropurpurea ... biflora: chocolste lily, wine purple ‘fis... coccinea: much like recurva&, pretty fis lanceolata, curious mottled colornig...... ve gracilis, nearly black, pretty ........- eube: liliacea, white, otherwise like biflora.... DEMURE cose oc cSacncat legen Ldcaceraasodecavepepeewest pudica, charming yellow or orange fis... recurva, scarlet. belli shaped flowers..... Hesperocallis undulata, desert lil Leucocrinum mon tanum, delicate white... ee MMOS CETETEL SONG, cn 2accc oc se aghias sacoses: saedrate cadan Lilium Bolanderi, Oregon; quite rare yet... Colum bianum. like dwart ee epee igee Humboldtii, orange, with black spots... maritimum; blood red flowers................ pardalinum, red and Orange.:.....6.......-06 Vv. minor, canary yellow, spotted fis........ Vv. Bourgzi, lustrous fiery. red.. seven 20 00 Parryi, delicate lemon yellow, fragrant. 15 00 parvum, scarlet spotted with brown... 12 40 rubescens, opens white, very fine........... 20 00 _ Washingtonianum, white, very fragrant 12 50. Muilla maritima, small whitish flower...... 3 Trillium sessile californicum.. 3 ovatum, white, turning to wine pur ple. ; 4 > op eR RD eeseseseses BGR FAs Sen Be SS SSeS SSS SSS SSS SSS SSSSSZSRSSss Zygadenus Fremontii, creamy white fis..... paniculatus, stouterand taller... os... AMAYYI1iS FOTMOSISSIMNA..........ceceeseesesecenne ces Bighardia africana: Calas..ciiccccsccccseccase csene 4 00 THE WEST AMERICAN SCIENTIST, Orcutt California, pleases botanists, horticulturists, & naturalists everywhere. ¢la year, 10c. a copy. CATALOGUES Sorgomachinery and fruit evaporators, the Blymyer iron works. Cincinnati, Ohio. BOOKS SH HLL on natural history, botany and horticulture. Write this oftide’ R. ORCUTT, Gaahate C abif. ® of travel, blackboar - r sessessssssesserscssscs: $100.00 i Given Away } Every Mouth ; ‘to the person submitting the tiost meritorious invention during the preceding month. WE SECURE PATENTS FOR INVENTORS, and the object of this offer is to en- courage persons of an invent- ive turn:.of mind. At the same time we wish to impress the fact that = “5 ee It’s the Simple, Trivial Inventions That Yield Fortunes —such as De Long’s Hook and Kye, “See that Hump,” “Safety Pin,” **Pigs in Clo- ver,” “Air Brake,” etc. Almost every one conceives a bright idea at some time or other. Why not put it in prac- tical use? YOUR talents may lie in this direction. May uae your fortune. Why not ry ae 35 ce oe eo ey Waite for are information and THE PRESS GLAIMS 60. 618 F Street, Northwest, | WASHINGTON, D. ¢. €& The responsibility of this company may be judged by the fact that its stock is held by over one thousand of the leading Dewspapers in the Ualted States. ussssssessetsssstssessee:. CHILD-GARDEN A monthly kindergarten magazine for children. Edited by Andrea Hofer and Amalie Hofer. The only magazine for children, gathering up the pure literature of the current kindergartens. No other children’s magazine discriminates so scientifically in its choice of contents, having a deep purpose behind all that it brings to the child. Full of helps to kindergartners and moth- ers. Written entirely by kindergartners from their daily experience. Beautiful illustrations, myth stories, science stories, trade stories, games, songs, talks, Sunday lessons, busy work, letters lessons, drawing, kindergar- ten occupations, etc. Send ten one-cent stamps forasample. Anyone desiring to get up aclub for the purpose of popularizing the kindergarten in any community write for rates and suggestions to the KINDERGARTEN LITERATURE CO., Chicago. “» THE WEST AMERICAN SCIENTIST, Psychology made practical by the study of the ‘for introducing the KINDERGARTEN into your - . de MUR i wk if ae NR SSC) eR iN) Mae ACO ML d Neneh ys ae atte Tn is ' KINDERGARTEN MAGAZINE $2.00 PER YEAR. A monthly for parents and teachers. Edited b Andrea Hofer and Amalie Hofer, Chicago. 4 Devoted to kindergarten theory and practice. Keeps its readers in touch with te best demon- strations in the entire kindergarten field. New kindergarten songs. Nature studies and investi- eaulon. _Typical work with gifts and materials. iscussions by live educators on best methods. child. Typical stories acs kindergartners. How to study Froebel’s Mother-play Book. DEPARTMENT FOR’ PARENTS.— Correspond- ence with mothers, discussing all practical and vexing questions. Typical chats with the chil- dren on natural history, domestic life, stories, songs, and plays. Hints of how to keep active fingers employed. Hand work and busy ways for children in the home, adapted to the needs of busy mothers How and why to answer children’s guestions. Lullabys, home songs, and nurser rhyznes. A pure home magazine, with a high standard of family life:as. its objective point, and sound purposes in early education. Thinking mothers are most practically supported in their efforts to give children rational training. Send 15 one-cent stamps for sample, and ask fon plans neighborhood. KINDERGARTEN LITERATURE Co., CHICAGO. ' LITERARY NOTES fhe Open Conrt Pub. Co., of Chicago, have just issued a second ediiion of their authorised translation of Th. Ribot’s * Diseases of personal- ity,’ the first having been exhausted in 3 years. No other author displays such originality : in plaeing under lucid points of view the disor- dered mass of data gathered by the psychologi- . cal specialists. (Pp. 164, cloth 75c; paper, 25c.) THK DELINEATOR, woman’s favorite maga- zine, issued by the Butterick Pub. Co,,7W.13th st., N.Y., at $l1a y year, isa marvel of freshness beauty and utility, the great cater to domestic needs. ; A CHECK-LIST OF CACTI. A preliminary list of all known species, and — their authors, habitat, value, etc. 4 ANHALONIUM Lemaire. r | #9 100: | Name and author: Habitat: areolosum Lem, MEXICO... cee eee elongatum Salm—see pulvilligerum. Engelmanni Lem. Texas...............0 fissipedum Mony.—see sulcatum. fissuratum Eng.—see Hngelmanni. furicracenm (Watson) Coulter. heteromorphum Eng.—see Eng’m’ni. Jouradanianum hort. Pitt . Kotschubei Lem,.—see sulcatum. i Kotschubeyanum Lem.—see sul’tm. ‘ Lewinii Hennings—see Lophophora. prismaticum Lem.. San Luis Potosi, pulvilligerum Lem... cceee cree a retusum Salin—sce prismaticum. = Gee ’ Rungei Hildm. Me@XdCO.....ccccdoanes 4 sulcatum S. My Te peedioomeees turblniforme W.—see Echinovcactus, 1 Williamsii Web.—see Lophophora W. ASTROPHYTUM Lemaire. ¥ asterias Lem.—see Echinocactus a, he capricornis hort.—see KE. ¢. Tae x myriostigma | | Lem.—see E. myrio- 4 prismaticum stigma. _ CEREUS Linneus. at ae (Including Echinocereus Engelmann, Echinopsis Zucc. and Pilocereus Lemaire.) _ ae " 23 abnormis Sweet—see peruvlanus. — i é 1A is) SONS OF Cobh e *$30 ; CVs “i\ha AS winrkee * J? The Quicksilver Mines of Oregon. 65 THE QUICKSILVER MINES OF OREGON. The quicksilver mines that have been worked in Oregon, are — situated in the northeastern part of Douglass county, on the head waters of the Umpqua river. There are three that have been worked, the Nonpareil, Bonanza, and Elk Head. The former ‘is situated on Calapooia creek, eight miles northeast of Oakland. The main lead, or deposit, is at the juncture of the sandstone on the west and basalt on the east, which is of a hard quality, and in some places partakes of the col-. umnar structure so common in other parts of the state. There are, however, afew places where sedimentary rocks are on both sides of the lead, yet they seem to be only in spots, forming, perhaps, only cap rocks of no great depth. The veins of ore are much distorted, running a little east of north and west of south, of uneven widths, composed of volcanic tufous rock intersected by veins or ribs of jas- pery iron ore formed by infiltration through crevices of water con- taining iron protoxide and silicic acid. The dip of the ledge is from west to east, though it is difficult to follow on account of its sinuosity and its swelling and pinching. The walls are both voleanic rock. The sandstone on ihe west not reaching quite to the vein proper, neither does the hard basalt, as a rule, reach the vein on the east, there being a softer tufous rock, of varying character and hardness, composing the walis, gradually emerging into the other rock as they recede farther from the vein, which is from a few inches to many feet in thickness. The cinna- bar being in spots, specks and streaks throughout the entire vein, which is richer in some places than others. A small body of limestone has been found within afew yards of the vein inthe sandstone. There is in a few places what appears to be a cap rock of sandstone and conglomerate overlying the basalt to the eastward near this mine, as also the Bonanza. This, however, is not without doubt as to its extentin depth. The trap appears to have pushed the sedimentary rocks out of their original position. The Bonanza mines are situated some three miles southwest of the Nonpareil. The walls of the Bonanza are the footwalls of the sandstone on the west, but on the east it is usually slate. However, this slate is most likely only a cap on the basalt, which evidently underlies the slate at no great depth. The mountain being several hundred feet high, it has been worked mostly by tunnels instead of shafts. There are many small veins of very rich ore running in various directions through the main vein or lode, which is in places two or three hundred feet wide. Many fine specimens of the sul- phides of mercury have been taken from this mine. It contains the mettacinnabarite, found only in this mine and, the St. John’s mine in California, which ore is more of a mechanical mixture than a chem- ical compound; but is, however, more or less mixed with the red sulphuret, as its streak is often quite red. 66 Immigrant Plants in Los Angeles County, Cal. This mine also contains a considerable amount of native mercury,. usually in fine particles disseminated throughout the various rocks.. The Elk Head mines are situated thirteen miles north from. Bonanza, and differ from the others in having the trap, which in this case is amygdaloid, usually containing natrolite crystals and other zeolites on the west, and the sandstone in large areas on the: east. The dip is slightly to the east or southeast. A few fine spec-- imens have been taken from this mine, but the ore, though a splendid working ore from its large vein of soft tufa being easily worked, is not noted for fine specimens. Somewhat to the south of this mine, cinnabar has been found: directly in the trap rock without any apparent vein, but no large amount. All three of these mines agree in having large mountains of volcanic tufa or ocherous rock on the north, all of which usually contains a little cinnabar. A small deposit of cinnabar ore in the southwestern part of Douglass county on the divide between the southern head waters of the Looking Glass creek, and those of Cow creek, eight miles west of Riddle, differs from the foregoing in having a large deposit of ser- pentine on the east, taking the place of the traps in the other mines. Deposits of granite in the serpentine are a leading feature of this locality. All the foregoing agree in having the contiguous sand- stones much metamorphosed. The former three are in formations supposed to be not older than Eocene, probably lower Eocene, but the latter is thought to be much older, and not later than lower cretaceous, as some fine fern leaf im- pressions in the adjacent shale have been on good authority, pro- nounced carboniferous. I have now a number of these specimens among my collections. Small deposits of cinnabar have been found in Baker and Jose- phine counties, but [am not aware of any other deposits of note. Aurelius Todd. IMMIGRANT PLANTS IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY, CALIFORNIA. To the European visiting California it is cheering to find that ‘though 6000 miles from home some of the flowers so familiar to him in the old country still greet him here. Under such varied condi- tions of soil and climate, these Old World immigrants have consid- erably changed; some, like the genus homo, have been improved racially and individually, while others, under the same conditions, have shown little increase, or have even depreciated. Certain immigrant plants are so identified with the invasion of the Anglo Saxon race that their presence may be considered a proof of commencing colonization. ’Twas the constant association of Plantago major, the broad-leaved plantain, with the homes of the Immigrant Plants in Los Angeles County, Cal. 67 early pioneer, that led the Indian to eall it the “ white man’s foot.” A farther traveled and more constant:-companion of civilization is the Shepherd’s Purse (Capsella Bursapastoris), already abundant in California. ; This hardy and prolific weed accompanied the Roman legions in their conquest of Gaul and Britain; and, after the lapse of cen- turies, followed the Anglo Saxon in the peaceful conquest of the West. The more useful European species have, of course, been pri- marily introduced for agricultural or domestic purposes. Of these the most valuable and most interesting historically is the Medicago sativa Lin., the alfalfa of the Spaniard, and Lucern of the French. Thishas been so long and so commonly cultivated in Spain that it seems but natural they should have introduced it here in the early days of the conquest. Though cultivated before this time by the Greeks and Romans, it is not indigenous to Italy, having been brought from Media at the time of the Persian war, 470 years before the Chris- tian era. The very name (Alfalfa) indicates its origin, being the - Arabie derivation of the Persian name. The history of Alfalfa is but the history of many of our now supposed indigneous plants; they have by accident, or otherwise, followed the path of civiliza- tion westward, till it becomes difficult to discriminate between what is indigenous, or otherwise. Among the other useful fodder plants, abundant around Los Angeles, are: EHrodium cicutarium and Erodium moschatum, or Filaree, better known in Europe as the Stork’s bill and Melilotus parviflora, the Melilot. Whether these, like Alfalfa, were inten- tionally introduced, I have no m2ans of knowing, but the proba- bility is their introduction was accidental, and once introduced, and their value recognized, their wide-spread distribution is easily ac- counted for. Around Los Angeles, it seems to me its introduction, useful though it is, is not altogether’ an unmitigated blessing, as it has crowded out the natural and more enduring native grasses that otherwise would afford grazing supplies long after the filaree has disappeared. Of grasses, I have observed Lolium perenne (rye grass), Dactylis glomerata (cock’s-foot), Phleum pratense (cat’s-tail), Festuca myu- rus, Phlaris canariensis and Poa annua, in the lawns and waste places within the city. Eragrostis pcoides and Panicum crusgalli are not infrequently near the river. Lolium temulentum exists spar- ingly at San Pedro; Bromus racemosus general, and in many parts common, and seems the only important grass that tends to naturalize and increase. Of the clovers, Medicago deticulata, the Burr clover alone is com- mon, the nature of its fruit ensuring its maintenance and continued extension; Medicago lupulina and Trifolium arvese, or Dutch ' clover, are merely casuals, and rare at that. First cultivated, as useful plants, Brassica nigra (wild mustard), 68 Immigrant Plants in Los Angeles County, Cal. B. campestris, Mentha piperita or peppermint, Marrubium vulgare, (Hoarhound) and Nasturtium officinale, (common watercress), have passed control and become firmly naturalized. The peppermint and watercress, from the lack of water or marshy ground, are not very abundant, but the others have multiplied to such an extent as to become the commonest and most injurious of weeds, covering acres of ground, to the entire exclusion of more useful species. Malva borealis, the common mallow of the district, like Brass- ica nigra, grows so rank here as to be scarce recognizable as the EKuropean species, and springs up annually in most cultivated local- ities. Around town, in some of the drier, localities, the field Convol- vulus (Convolvulus arvensis), has secured a foothold. Its creeping habits and extensive rootlets make it one the most noxious and ine- radicable of weeds, and should it secure itself in the cultivated districts the farmer’s life will be no sinecure. The Caryophyllacee order has three representatives: Silene gallica, not uncommon in waste ground. Stellaria meadia, around yards, and Cerastium triviale, found occasionally in the lawns. Anthemis cotula, the May weed, is not uncommon on railway banks. Silybum Marianum, the milk thistle, grows along the San Gabriel. Centaurea meletensis, Sonchus oleracea and Sonchus asper are common in the city, the latter, contrary to the usual experience, is as common here as S. oleracea. The common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) may be observed in the lawns among imported grasses, but it does not take kindly to _ the dry soils. A few specimens of Vicia sativa, the tare of cultivation, Dip- sacus fullonum, vae fuller’s teazel, are annually found as escapes from cultivation. Around the gardens and roadsides Polygonum aviculare and Chenopodium album are very common. The Plantago major may be found in moist ground, near zanjas, while its lesser brother, the _P. lanceolata, or rib-grass, struggles for a casual existence in the grounds in the city. Last of all, comes the Urtica urens, the lesser nettle, clinging, ’ according to its Old World custom, around the haunts of man. These, so far as I have observed, comprise all the Kuropean immigrants present in and around Los Angeles, but as time rolls on, we shall, no doubt, see the importation of many others. A. Davidson. The White Prairie Lily. 69 LEUCOCRINUM MONTANUM. The generic name of this dainty little plant means white lily; translating the entire scientific name it might be called, White Lily of the Mountains. It seems more appropriate, however, to name it White Prairie Lily; for it is the most attractive of the spring flowers of the eastern Colorado plains. In the vicinity of Denver the plants are quite common during May, and in some localities can be seen for miles; great clumps of snowy flowers nestling in a bed of grass-like leaves. It is not un- usual to find many plants in onecluster from which fifty blossoms could be easily gathered. These six rayed starry lilies spring from ground the surface of which is often as hard as a rock and unfold to the blue sky, breath- ing forth their adoration in a delicate, exquisite perfume. They seem to be as hardy and brave as beautiful; for a tempera- ture away below zero does not freeze them, nor do the hot, dry days of summer deprive them of life. It will be wondered, perhaps, how it is possible for this fragile looking flower to live and bloom in such adverse surroundings. The secret lies buried deep in the ground at its roots. During the spring rains and snows, the warmth and moisture awaken this sleeper from its ten months’ repose and soon it shoots up, immediately beginning to form roots for the next year. Onone plant can be found three sets of roots. The lowest are ghosts of roots that gave up their life to feed the growth of the previous spring; next are numerous long fleshy roots that are rapidly being exhausted; and uppermost the tender white roots are just beginning to collect the supply for the next year. Most lilies store their nourishment in bulbs, but this indepen- dent prairie flower, has instead a short erect root stock and many long, fleshy roots. The tube of the perianth extends down among the leaves and bracts for about two inches and its divisions are nearly an inch long, making the expanded flower about two inches in diameter. The seed vessel is at the very bottom of the tube and underground. I know of no other plant that naturally ripens its seeds underground, and have been greatly puzzled to explain this peculiar habit, which would seein to effectually check its distribution. The only reasonable hypothesis that has occurred to me is this: the plant requires to be some depth below the surface so as to obtain sufficient moisture; it is found where the signs of gophers and prairie dogs abound; so, probably, the underground portions serve as food for these little animals and the seeds are thus properly distributed. Alice Hastwood. 70 The Forest Tress of Oregon. THE FOREST TREES OF OREGON.—III. The timber of the following forest trees is specially adapted for cabinet work: THE OREGON BROAD-LEAVED MAPLE (Acer Macrophyllum),— The wood of this tree is dense and handsome, polishing well, with a rich variety of grain. For household furniture it is a valuable material. As a shade tree it is superior. It grows rapidly, trans- plants easily, and if left to itself forms a handsome head. ACER CIRCINATUM (the Vine Maple).—As its name indicates, it is too small for anything larger than barrel hoops, for which purpose it is sometimes sent to San Francisco. OREGON ASH (Fraxinus Oregona).—This ash ‘is abundant along the streams of western Oregon, sufficiently so to give it a place as a wood of commerce. Specimens of it may be seen in our cabinet shops that will vindicate this claim. The U.S. custom house at Portland is finished inside with Oregon ash. It loves moist places, and is on this account not suitable for shade or ornament. OREGON ALDER (Alnus Oregona).—The Oregon alder is abun- dant along stream beds and other damp places. So marked is its love for springs and streams that the presence of a clump of these aiders will often reveal to the thirsty explorer a spring of water. Its trunk is often two feet through. Its wood is often used in our eabi- net shops, where it is prized for inside work such as drawers. OREGON MYRTLE or California Laurel (Oreodaphne Californica). This handsome, fragrant tree is abundant along the Umpqua river and through Rogue river valley. It is at its best around Coos bay, where it is shipped to San Francisco. As it is so heavy that it will not float in water it is difficult to bring this wood to market. It is durable and susceptible of a fine polish, and in every respect isa wood to be prized in commerce. As an ornamental tree it is highly valued, but is difficult totransplant. Its fruit is fairly abundant and the tree may be raised from the seed. | THE OREGON LAUREL or Madrona (Arbutus Menziesii).—The madrona is frequent in Jackson county and occasional in the Willa- mette valley. For purposes of commerce it is not abundant enough. It is a handsome, dense, close-grained wood that bears a good polish and is durable. As an addition to the lawn or dooryard it is a real ornament, resembling the European laurel. THE DoGwoop (Cornus Nuttallii).—This tree is ordinarily too gmall and is too seldom met to be of any importance to commerce. But its wood is a very handsome one for furniture or parts of furni- ture requiring narrow boards. It often grows to be twelve or fifteen inches through and is capable of a high polish. In all respects it isa fine wood for the turning lathe. THE CoTronwoopb (Populus trichocarpa or Balsamifera).—This tree is very abundant along the rivers and smaller streams and often Pacific Coast Woman's Press Association. V1 reaches a large size. Recent experiments in making paper from the fibers of this wood have been so successful that there is but little doubt of its future importance. This wood is soft and its fibers so silky as to insure the best results for paper making. WILD CHERRY (Prunus emarginata, variety mollis). In the Willamette valley this tree is often in small groves of slender, straight form, eight to ten inches through; more seldom one finds a single tree twelve to eighteen inches through. Its wood is a hand- some smooth material for furniture. In the coast mountains it is often seen in groves of considerable extent of long, straight and slender poles. Thomas Conden. PACIFIC COAST WOMAN'S PRESS ASSOCIATION. This Association formally announced its organization to the public by holding its first semi-annual meeting in San Francisco, on the 16th, 17th and 18th of March. It was organized in September dast, and has a membership of about two hundred. The officers were wisely chosen, and are: President, Mrs. Nellie B. KEyster; first vice-president, Mrs. Jeanne C. Carr; seconds vice- president, Mrs. Kate Douglas Wiggin; third vice-president, Mrs. Sarah B. Cooper; corresponding secretary, Mrs. K. T. Y. Parkhurst; recording secretary, Mrs. Sam Davis; assistant recording secretary, Mrs. Emily Brown Powell; treasurer, Mrs. Mary O. Stanton; audi- tor, Mrs. Isabel Raymond; librarian, Mrs. 8. HE. Reamer. Only those having cards of admission were allowed to enter the hall where the exercises were held, but of these there were enough to fill the room at each session of the Association. The program was sufficiently varied to give interest to each session, while some of the papers were able and of unusual merit. Among the notable women participating in its exercises—one of whom has a world-wide fame, and others of more than local honor— were, Mrs. Rose Hartwick Thorpe, Mrs. Charlotte Perkins Stetson—a most worthy descendant of Lyman Beecher and niece of Kdward Everett Hale, Mrs. Sarah B. Cooper, Mrs. Wiggin, Mrs. Eyster, the president, Mrs. Parkhurst, the founder of the Association, and others. Madame Modjeska is an honorary member of the Association. San Diego was represented by three delegates, Mrs. Rose Har- wick Thorpe, Mrs. Evelyn M. Ludlum, Mrs. John R. Berry. Mrs. Thorpe’s thoughtful poem, “ Progress,” deserves a careful reading be- fore its beautiful depths are sounded and the poem fully appreciated. Mrs. Berry read a short paper upon the topic assigned her, “Woman's Work in San Diego.” There were banquets, excursions, and receptions given to the As- sociation by the cordial citizens of the city. The next, which will be the annual meeting of the Association, will be held during the third week in September, at Hotel Del Coro- 72 California Trees and Flowers. nado, when it will receive from San Diegans as cordial a receptiom as that accorded to it by dwellers about the Golden Gate. ‘ Mary S. Berry. CALIFORNIA TREES AND FLOWERS.—III. LIBOCEDRUS. Li. DECURRENS Torr. California White Cedar. A tall tree, con- ical in shape, in foliage and habit resembling Thuya gigantea. LILI UM. There are about fifty species of lilies in the world, California possessing eight handsome species, which are widely sought for their showy and often fragrant fiowers. They are better known in European than in American gardens, but are worthy of greater attention in their native land. L. WASHINGTONIANUM Kellogg. The Washington Lily isa tall, stately plant, with whorls of dark green leaves and many pure white fragrant flowers. A beautiful species, growing in loose soil on ridges or lightly shaded hiilsides. L. PARRYI Watson. This fine and exceedingly rare lily, named in honor of the late Dr. C. C. Parry, produces lovely clusters of large and very fragrant flowers of a clear lemon yellow. L. RUBESCENS Watson. A rare form resembling the Washington Lily, except in the color of its exceedingly fragrant flowers, which change from white to dark ruby red after opening. L. PARVUM Kellogg. A low, slender, graceful plant, bearing from two to fifty or more bell-shaped flowers with light yellow centers dotted with brown, the petals tipped with scarlet or crimson. L. MARITIMUM Kellogg. The Marine Lily resembles the last, small, with dark green foliage, and usually fewer deep crimson or blood-red flowers, dotted with black. L. PARDALINUM Kellogg. Hardy and very handsome, preferring a rich moist soil; bearing large and brilliant crimson flowers, dotted with black and with a yellow center. A favorite. L. Humpoutit Rk. & S. Large and tall, stout, with orange-red flowers, spotted with brown. ‘Thrives in dry open places. The Humboldt Lily is very stately and handsome. L. COLUMBIANUM Hanson. A graceful miniature of the last. LOBELIA. L. SPLENDENS Willd. Two or three feet high, growing in moist situations, producing a many-flowered raceme of intense red blos- soms. LOESELIA. L. TENUIFOLIA Gray. A showy plant, a span toa foot high, pro- ducing abundantly brilliant poppy-red or carmine flowers. Peren- nial. California Trees and Flowers. "G L. EFFUSA Gray. An equally beautiful species of the mountains of Lower California, low in habit with light rose purple flowers. Like Phlox and Gilia, Loeselia is a genus of lovely flowers, well worthy of cultivation. LUPINUS. Showy annuals or perennials, a few shrubby, bearing conspicu- ous flowers in terminal racemes. The great majority are indigenous to West America. Many have long been cultivated and grown popular. The California species best known in cultivation are the following: L. AFFINIS Agard. A foot or two high, often growing very rank, producing large spikes of brilliant blue flowers. L. DENSIFLORUS Benth. Less than a foot high, with white flow- ers arranged in umbel like clusters on the terminal spike. Some- times light sulphur yellow. L. MICRANTHUS Dougl. Low in habit, with racemes of small light blue and white flowers. The cultivated form is considered quite pretty. L. NANUS Dougl. A slender plant, with bluish, purple or white flowers. L. NANUS ALBUS. The white flowered form. L. ARBOREUS Sims. The Tree Lupin is a shrub four to ten feet high, with lilac colored flowers. L. ARBOREUS LUTEUS. With sulphur yellow flowers, perhaps the typical form. A very ornamental shrub. L. ELEGANS. What its name signifies. L. GRANDIFLORUS. A perennial form, with blue, white or purple flowers. L. POLYPHYLUUS Lindl. Perennial, similar to L. grandiflorus if the two are not identical or forms of the same species. L. POLYPHYLLUS ALBIFLORUS. The white variety. MAMILLARIA. Very general favorites among the lovers of the odd or the beau- tiful are these unique little plants, most exquisite in form and finish. The scarlet edible berries, which cluster among the spines of our California cacti of this genus add also to the beauty of these plants, though the blossoms are often inconspicuous. | M. DESERTI Hngelm. A little gem, from the Mojave Desert, of which we have as yet seen but a single plant. One of the choicest of the genus and we hope to rediscover the beauty soon. M. GoopRIpDGit Scheer. Sometimes called the Strawberry cactus, from the delicious flavor of its clubshaped fruit, but also called the Fish-hook cactus from the hooked central spines produced from the mamillae. The spines are sometimes of an ivory whiteness, but oftener of a rich brown color. M. PHELLOSPERMA Hngelm. A handsome plant, worthy of a place in any lady’s parlor. California Trees and Flowers. “2 SS MIMULUS. M. CARDINALIS Dougl. A showy perennial species, with bril- liant large scarlet flowers. M. GLuTINOSUS Wendi. A low shrub, with bright evergreen foliage and a profusion of buff or salmon colored showy flowers. M. MOSCHATUS Dougl. Musk. A low, musk-scented plant, bear- ing large lemon yellow flowers. MONARDELLA. A genus of many beautiful flowers, well worth extended cultiva- tion, showy, often sweet scented, either perennial or annual. M. MACRANTHA Gray. An evergreen species with dark glossy foliage, a span high, producing showy heads of orange-red flowers. M. NANA Gray. Almost identical in habit and general aspect with the last, the flowers pure white, sometimes suffused with rose. Very beautiful but less showy than the last. : M. LANCEOLATA Gray. A showy annual, producing masses of bright phlox purple flowers, six to eight inches or a foot high, branch- ing, with a strong but pleasant pennyroyal perfume, similar in aspect with numerous related forms, like M. Pringlei and many others, all of which are well worthy of a place in any garden. NEMOPHILA. Very pretty annuals, mostly Californian, with tender herbage and lovely flowers of delicate blue, violet or white colors. N. AuRITA Lindl. Large violet flowers, one of the finest species introduced into cultivation. N. AURITA ALBA Dougl. A beautiful white form. N.INSIGNIS Dougl. Bright blue flowers an inch in diameter. N. MACULATA Benth. White, with a strong violet blotch at the top of each lobe of the corolla. ‘Love Grove.’ NICOTIANA. N. GLAUCA Graham. A slender shrub, a native of South Amer- ica, very light green foliage and yellow flowers, considered very striking and ornamental among the sub-tropical foliage plants. Naturalized in Southern California. NOLINA. Perennial liliaceous plants, with a thick woody trunk, in aspect somewhat resembling the Yucca. The stout flowering stem bears a panicle of numerous small creamy white flowers. N. BIGELOVII Watson. The flowering stem six to ten feet high, bearing a dense panicle. The plant sometimes grows ten or more feet high. 3 N. PALMERI Watson. A cluster of these plants will cover a con- siderable area, and with the coarse, grass-like foliage may well be mistaken for a patch of some coarse species of grass at a distance. Less ornamental than the preceding. ~ Qo California Trees and Flowers. GQONO'TITE RA, An almost exclusively American genus of over one hundred species, many with showy flowers, and some long in cultivation as ornamental. (i. BIEFNNIS L. The Evening primrose, with its large showy fiowers, is too well known to need description. CH. BISTORTA Nutt. Showy yellow flowers, usually with a dark brown spot at base of each petal. A low decumbent annual, the variety Veitchiana being the form commonly seen in cultivation. Ci. CALIFORNICA Watson. Low flowers, large white, becoming pinkish, fragrant. One of the loveliest and most delicate of flowers, often two or three inches across. ORTHOCARPUS. A large genus of low, branching annuals, nearly related to Castilleia. O. PURPURASCEUS Benth. An erect, diffusely branched annual, a span to a foot high, producing numerous dense and thick terminal oblong or cylindrical spikes of flowers. Corolla yellowish, tipped with crimson or red and the whole encircled by the brilliantly colored crimson-purple or rose-purple floral bracts. Hundreds of acres are often transformed into brilliant fields of purple by the abundance of this, one of the handsomest of the spring annuals of California. PAPAVER. P. CALIFORNIGA. Gray. While one of the latest discoveries, this plant ranks among the prettiest of our annuals, the fine bushy plant, a foot or more high, bearing large showy flowers of an average of two inches in diameter. The color isa bright saturn red to orange chrome, with a center of delicate sulphur yellow. PENTACHAETA. P. AUREA Nutt. This small hardy annual, with its large golden yellow heads of almost double flowers, introduced into cultivation in 1884, is a pretty dwarf composite that may be readily grown. PENTSTEMON. Hardy perennial plants with showy panicles of brilliantly col- ored flowers. Several of the numerous California species have long been in cultivation. P. CENTRANTHIFOLIUS Benth. A showy species, two or three feet high, bearing long slender spikes of bright carmine-colored flowers, an inch long. Acres in extent of our mountain lands are sometimes a solid mass of carmine during the summer, when this handsome plant isin bloom. It was introduced in 1858. 76 California Trees and Flowers. P. CLEVELANDI Gray. One to three feet high, with dark green foliage and bearing a spike of lovely bright solferino-colored flowers, each an inch long. ‘ P. PALMERI Gray. A tall growing species, with a long panicle of large white flowers delicately veined with purple. P. SPECTABILIS Thurber. Corolla an inch long, broad, bluish- purple. Plant two or three feet high, glabrous. Flowers in a loose elongated panicle. A very showy species. This genus contains nearly a hundred species, nearly all worthy of cultivation, and many native to California. PHACELIA. P. CAMPANULARIA Gray. One of the finest species in the genus yet known in cultivation. Has received a first-class certificate in England, where it was introduced a few years ago. P. CONGESTA. A useful plant in bee-gardens, like the rest of the genus, and one of the best known species in cultivation. P. TANACETIFOLIA Benth. ‘The Tansy-leaf Phacelia has long been in favor in cultivation for its beautiful foliage. An erect hardy annual, one to three feet high, bearing cymosely clustered spikes of light bluish flowers. P. TANACETIFOLIA ALBA. A fine cultivated variety, with white flowers. P. ORCUTTIANA Gray. One to three feet high, branching, bear- ing a profusion of small white flowers with brilliant yellow centers. P. PARRYI Torr. One of the loveliest and most desirable of the many pretty annuals of Southern California for cultivation, second only in value to P. campanularia. The plant delights in warm sunny exposures, and produces large brilliant royal purple flowers with an open rotate corolla. Everyone admires this modest flower, whose bright face looks out at one with something akin to a human expression. P. WHITLAVIA Gray. Large bell-shaped blue flowers. PICEA. P. SITCHENSIS Carr. Probably the tallest spruce known, grow- ing 150 to 200 feet high, and of pyramidal form. An excellent timber tree. PLATYSTEMON. P. CALIFORNICUS Benth. A low annual, a span high, with deli- eate sulphur-yellow flowers, called Cream-cups by the children. Belongs to the Poppy family. PROSOPIS. P. JULIFLORA DC. The Mesquit tree of the desert regions, some- times planted for hedges. The bean-like pods of this tree are useful for forage, and form an important article of food among some Indian tribes. Very sweet and nutritious. California Trees and Flowers. 17 P. PUBESCENS Benth. The Screw-bean. A smaller tree than the Mesquit, with curiously twisted pods. PRUNUS. P. rmuicrFOoLIA Walp. The Holly-leaf cherry. A beautiful dark evergreen shrub, yielding a pleasant edible fruit. Useful for hedges or ornamental planting. PSEUDOTSUGA. P. Dovueuasit Carr. The magnificent Douglas spruce, better known commercially, perhaps, as the Oregon pine. A gigantic tree, 200 to over 300 feet in height, and very beautiful. Var. macrocarpa Engelm. A small form. RHUS. R. ovATA Watson. A handsome evergreen shrub, noted for its glossy foliage and graceful form. The small dark red berries make a cooling drink, pleasantly flavored, resembling lemonade, and the Indians formerly gathered sugar from this species. Thus it may be appropriately termed a Lemonade and Sugar Tree. R. INTEGRIFOLIA Nutt. The dark evergreen foliage of this shrub or small tree, locally known as the Mahogany, is very handsome, while the larger bright red berries, coated with a white waxy sub- stance also make a refreshing and cooling drink. The Californians formerly gathered and dried the berries for this purpose. ROMNEYA. This large white-flowering perennial poppy, named in honor of Dr. T. Romney Robinson, a noted astronomer, is one of the stateliest of California’s contributions to horticulture. It is quite a hardy shrub with us, requiring only a sheltered position to protect its flowers; in England it is classified as half-hardy. A rich loamy soil is most suitable to its needs. In early spring vigorous shoots start from the dormant roots, growing from six to fifteen feet high, which do not die down but need to be pruned well back in the fall. A single species. R. CouuTER! Harvey. This magnificent wax-like flower has be- come very popular wherever known. The large hairy buds open at daylight, the crimped petals slowly unfolding from over the huge bunch of bright yellow stamens (as large as a walnut), until they spread out from six to nine inches. The flowers last several days and the buds open well in water. The foliage is very effective and makes with the flower an artistic study. Grown from either seed or euttings with difficulty, but a well established root will well repay the attention bestowed upon it. ROSA. R. CALIFORNICA C. & S. The wild rose of California, with its "8 California Trees and Flowers. large, single, lovely pink flowers, is as pretty as its more showy cul- tivated sisters, and equally admired by those who love the beauties of nature. R. MINUTIFOLA Hngelm. Parry’s wild Mexican rose, with its small, finely incised foliage, and small pink or white flowers that closely nestled among the leaves, met with a warm welcome when discovered in Lower California in 1882, but has steadily repulsed the kind advances of the gardener and refuses to long survive away from its native sky. SALVIA. | S. GARDUACEA Benth. The Thistle-leaved sage, known to the Mexicans as Chia, is densely white-woolly, with prickly foliage, and showy lavender colored flowers, an inch long, in many-storied head- like whoris on a stem a foot or two high. Cultivated in Hurope. since 1854. S. CoLUMBARI@ Benth. Smaller and less conspicuous. Also known as Chia. The seeds of either species infused in water form a pleasant mucilaginous drink; used largely by the aborigines medi- cinally as a beverage. SAMBUCUS. S. guauca Nutt. The California Elder forms a large bush or small tree and bears prolifically of its edible berries, Pres by some for making pies or sauce. SCHINUS. S mMoLuE L. A graceful evergreen tree, a native of Mexico and South America, with glossy light green drooping leaves in twenty or more pairs of slender leaflets. The small white flowers in large panicles followed by lovely clusters of small red berries. The Pepper tree, as it is called, is very ornamental, and planted extensively for shade or avenues. SEQUOIA. A remarkable California genus, including the noted Redwood and Big-tree for which California is famous. S. GIGANTEA Deciasne. This giant of the California woods, is the largest and tallest tree known to exist on the American conti- nent, attaining a height exceeding 300 feet, only exceeded in size by some of the gums of Australia. S SEMPERVIRENS H/ndl. The California Redwood is the most valuable timber tree on the Pacific Coast, attaining a height of 200 to 300 feet, with light but strong and durable wood, susceptible to a handsome finish, of a walnut brown color. SIMMONDSIA. S CALIFORNICA Nuttall. re ~* LP on din Se dean ae \ at eH « >a tah * ‘ Tek,