n Scientific Papers Natural History Museum The University of Kansas 16 June 2003 Number 29:1-47 West Indian Mammals from the Albert Schwartz Collection: Biological and Historical Information By Robert M. Timm1 and Hugh H. Genoways2 LIBRARY JUL 2 3 'Natural History Museum & Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7561, USA. -University of Nebraska State Museum & School of Natural Resource Sciences, W436 Nebraska Hall, University of Nebraska— Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0514, USA. CONTENTS ABSTRACT 2 INTRODUCTION 2 Acknowledgments 4 METHODS AND MATERIALS 4 SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNTS 5 Family Didelphidae 5 Family Noctilionidae 5 Family Mormoopidae 7 Family Phyllostomidae 10 Family Natalidae 28 Family Vesperttlionidae 31 Family Molossidae 34 Family Capromyidae 4(1 Fuim Dasyproctidae 42 Family Herpesttdae 43 LITERATURE CITED 44 Museum of Comparaave Zoology © Natur.nl History Museum, The University of Kansas ""* , , . . L-^^aiHj >ss\ No 1094 Harvard University L_i Scientific Papers Natural History Museum The University of Kansas 16 June 2003 Number 29:1-47 West Indian Mammals from the Albert Schwartz Collection: Biological and Historical Information By MCZ Robert M. Timm1 and Hugh H. Genow/Vis; 'Natuml History Museum & Department of Ecology mid Evolutionary Biology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7561, USA. llnroersity of Nebraska State Museum & School of Natural Resource Sciences, W436 Nebraska Hall, University of Nebraska— Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0514, USA I CONTENTS ABSTRACT 2 INTRODUCTION 2 ACKXOWI I IX, Ml NTS 4 METHODS AND MATERIALS 4 SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNTS 5 Family Dim i phidae 5 Family Noctilionidae 5 Family Mormoopidae 7 Family Phm i ostomidae 10 Fwnn N\i\iin\i 28 Family Vespertilionidae 31 Family Moi ossidai 34 Family Capromyidae 40 Family Das\proctidae 42 Family Herpestidae 43 LITERATURE CITED 44 Museum of Co. » /e Zoology © Natural History Museum, The University of Kansas "—•** " \ ._,,»., ISSN No 1094-0782 Harvard University Scientifk Papers, Naturai History Museum, Thj University of Kansas \F>s I RAC 1 In the period Il>M 1976, Albert Schwartz and several students working with him made extensive collections of mammals (ca. 2,000 specimens), reptiles and amphibians, birds, and butterflies in the West Indies. Schwartz's private collection of mammals from the West Indies is among the most comprehensive and important mammal collections from the region, vet much of it has never been reported in the scientific literature. Schwartz's original intent was to fully document all of the terres- trial mammals oi the West Indies. In P>SC>, Schwartz transferred his mammal collection of some 6,500 specimens to the University of Kansas, and included in that collection were more than 1,400 specimens from the West Indies. It is our purpose herein to present a catalogue of the West Indian mammals assembled by Albert Schwartz, to titter critical comments on the taxonomic status o\ several species, as well as to report new biological information based on his specimens and field observations. Hie Albert Schwartz Collection represents a unique sample of West Indian mammals that includes new island records and significant series ot poorly known species that contribute to systematic and /oogeographic studies of the region. Detailed measurements and ecological information are presented in accounts of the following species: one species of marsupial, one species of noctilionid bat, five spe- cies of mormoopids, IN species of phyllostomids, three species of natalids, three species (>i vesperti lion ids, five species of molossids, three species of capromvid rodents, two species of dasyproctid rodents, and one herpestid carnivore. Discussions are focused primarily on the Antillean populations ot these taxa and when sufficient material is available taxonomic recommendations are presented. KEYWORDS: West Indies; Mammalia; Chiroptera; Carnivora; Didelphimorphia; Rodentia; Systemat- ics; Taxonomy; Biogeography. INTRODUCTION Albert Schwartz (1923-1992) amassed what is almost independent as a graduate student and used his resources certainly the most important private collection of mam- to fund scientific collecting trips with fellow students. He mals from the West Indies that has ever been assembled. Kneel Florida and lived in Miami for much ot his lite, both For more than two decades, from 1954 through 1976, a time for the climate and the easy access it provided him to the period when travel and collecting were easy in many ar- West Indies. For additional details on Albert Schwartz's eas, Schwartz was able to collect throughout the islands of life and scientific endeavors, see Duellman et al. (1493), both the Greater and Lesser Antilles. In the West Indies, who provided an informative oven iew. he c ollected nearly 2,000 mammal specimens with associ- As a Ph.D. student in the mid-1940s, Schwartz began ated locality data, standard field measurements, and field assembling a personal collection of mammals, amphibians, observations. Schwartz's original intent was to document and reptiles, a labor of love that he would continue for the fully all of the terrestrial mammals of the West Indies so as next tour decades. In building his collections to be as to update G. M. .Allen's (1911 ) classic work on the mam- broadly representative as possible, Schwartz exchanged malsol theWesI Indies. Remarkably Schwartz's efforts in specimens with a number of colleagues. Specimens he the West Indies were focused primarily on reptiles and obtained from the West Indies are deposited now at the amphibians, and nearly 80,500 specimens were obtained Academia de Ciencias de Cuba; the Royal Ontario Mu- over this time period, in addition to collections of mam- seum (ROM; these specimens originally exchanged to mals, birds (7,200 specimens), and butterflies. Duellman Russell E. Mumford then at Purdue University and later et al. I 1993:927) considered Schwartz to be "the greatest transferred to ROM); the University ot I lorida (LI); the contributor to West Indian zoology" that evei worked in University ot Michigan (IMMZ); the University ot Utah the region and reported that he had published more than (UMNII); the Reading Public Museum, Reading, Pennsyl- 230 papers ^n the West Indian biota. vania (RI'M); the U.S. National Museum ot Natural His- Albert Schwartz was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in L923. ton (USNM), in addition to the material at Kansas (K.U). We have been unable to locate a tew ot the specimens clearly marked in his catalogs as exchanged. Schwartz obi, imed some bats from the Virgin Islands collected by I larry A. Beatty who had deposited them in the Reading Public Museum; this exchange took place when Schwartz was leaching at Albright College in Reading. Beatty was stationed at Christiansted, St. Croix, ,ind employed by the Wildlife Research branch ot the United Stales 1 Vpartment He attended private schools and was well trained in the classics, lie was fluent in German, French, ^nd Spanish c]]-[d could read I atin and Greek. Schwartz's M.S. studies were i ompleted at the I niversit) of Miami, where his the- sis was on the parasites ot sharks. His Ph.D. work was undertaken at the University ot Michigan under William 1 1. Burt. 1 lis dissertation was The land mammals of southern Florida and the uppei F/i . Schwartz was financially \Yi si Indi \\ M \\i\i \i s ] of Interior in the 1940s. Schwartz allowed researchers, es- pecially doctoral students, to study specimens in his col- lections, and a number of publications resulted; often new taxa and generic treatments were handled as collabora- tive papers (e.g., de la Torre and Schwartz, 1966; fones and Schwartz, L967; LaVal and Schwartz, 1974). Schwartz stored his collections at his home in Miami. In 1984 he transferred the mammal collection of some 6,500 specimens to the University of Kansas. Included in that collection were more than 1,400 specimens from the West Indies. Herein we document the West Indian mammals assembled by Albert Schwartz between 1954 and 1976 and provide critical comments and suggestions on the taxo- nomic status of several species; furthermore, we report new ecological information that resulted from his field work based on his specimens, personal recollections, and field notes. The reptiles and amphibians he collected are now deposited at the Universitv of Kansas as well. The birds are deposited at Louisiana State University, Batton Rouge. The extant mammals of the Antilles are relatively few and are predominantly bats, so the region did not attract great attention by mammalogists until the 1950s and early 1960s with the advent of mist nets. The first and classic comprehensive discussion of the mammalian fauna of the West Indies was that of G. M. Allen (1911). Following the publication of Allen's list, and especially immediately fol- lowing, a number of smaller papers dealing with the de- scriptions of new taxa and reports on collections from vari- ous islands appeared. More thorough studies were few, with the notable exceptions of Anthony's ( 1918) report on the mammals of Puerto Rico, Shamel's (1931a) analysis of the status of the American members of the free-tailed bat genus Tadarida, and Mohr's (1939) revision of the endemic capromyid rodents Capromi/s and Plagiodontia. Beginning in the late 1950s with such publications as those of Simpson (1956), Koopman et al. (1957), Koopman (1958, 1959, 1968), Hall and Bee (1960), Jones and Schwartz (1967), Schwartz and Jones (1967), Choate and Birney ( 1968), and Jones and Phillips (1970), there was an explo- sion of descriptive work on West Indian mammals, espe- cially bats. Varona's (1974) comprehensive work on living and extinct, terrestrial and marine Antillean mammals con- tains some generic reassignments that are not well docu- mented; probably this is because only Cuban specimens were accessible to him. By far the most significant single contribution is Silva Taboada's Los Murci'elagos de Cuba (1979), the authoritative compendium on Cuban bats. Other significant contributions include the revisions by Smith (1972) of the family Mormoopidae, LaVal (1473) on \eotropical Myotis, Jones and Phillips (1976) on Antillean Sturnira, Swanepoel and Genoways (1978) on Brachyphylla, Often walder and Genoways (1482) on Natalus micropus, and a series of papers on Artibeus jnmanciisis (Jones, 1978; Pumoetal., 1988, l*K>; Phillips et al., 1484, 1991).Anum- ber of papers have dealt with the bats of several of the islands, including the Bahamas (Buden, 1475a, 1475b, 1976, 1977, 1985, I486; Andersen, 1990; Clark and Lee, 1999), Dominica (Genoways et al., 2000), Haiti (Klingener et al., L978; Woods, 1986), Grenada (Genoways et al., 1998), Guadeloupe (Baker et al., 1478), Marie-Galante (Masson et al., 1990), Montserrat (Jones and Baker, 1979; Pedersen et al., 1996), St. Vincent (Vaughan and Hill, 1996), and the Virgin Islands (Koopman, 1975). Baker and Genoways (1978), MacPhee et al. (1983, 1989), Morgan and Woods (1986), Jones (1984), Koopman (1484), Morgan (1484), Woods (1989), MacPhee and Iturralde-Vinent (1445), Hedges (1446), MacPhee (1996), Rodriguez-Duran t\n^\ Kunz (2001 ), and Woods and Sergile (2001 ) presented ma- jor zoogeographic analyses of West Indian mammals. Morgan (2001 ) provided a useful overview of the zooge- ography of the West Indian fossil bats. Although the Chiroptera is the major group of mam- mals in the West Indies, there also are many extinct (and a few living) rodents and insectivores, especially on Cuba. Much of our knowledge of these mammals comes from the work of Luis S. Varona and Orlando H. Garrido. Varona (1974; and papers cited therein) recognized seven species of Capwmys on Cuba and its islets. Garrido (1971) sug- gested a taxonomic arrangement in Capromys based on the si/e, shape, color, and texture of fecal pellets. Woods (1986) discussed the data on the 1 lispaniolan capromyid rodent Plagiodontia and the insectivore Solenodon and later the zoogeography of West Indian rodents (Woods, 1484). Most intriguing are Woods' (1986) suggestions that other "ex- tinct" Hispaniolan insectivores and rodents may still be extant. Relatively recent (1983-1984) sightings of "un- known" mammals and "unknown" fecal pellets add sub- stance to Woods' contentions. Unfortunately, much of Schwartz's material has not been reported previously. At the time it was obtained, it was truly unique, but in the intervening years some of it has been superceded by other collections. Nevertheless, the Albert Schwartz Collection represents a unique sample of West Indian mammals that will not be duplicated. It is appropriate to report on the collection as a unit in order to document its unique nature and Schwartz's vision of a survey of West Indian mammals. It is not our intention here to produce a Mammals of the West Indies, although a thorough revision of Allen's (1411) outdated work is sorely needed. Schwartz did amass ci quantity of valuable data, including new island records and new and confirmatory information on several species. Specimens of four genera in the collection (Ardops, Monophyllus, Myotis, and Sturnira) already have been uti- lized for reviews and descriptions (see de la Torre, 1966; de la Torre and Schwartz, 1966; Jones and Schwartz, 1967; Scientii k Papers, N \n r \i History Mi mi \i. The University 01 Kansas Schwartz and Jones, L967;LaVal, 1973 I a Val and Schwartz, 1974), but most ol the collection has no! been reported, rhe major contribution oi this collection is in systematic and zoogeography analyses, and the emphasis herein is directed to those two disciplines. I Hscussions are restricted to specimens from the Antilles wherever possible and little reference is made to specimens from mainland excepl where decidedly pertinent. We have limited ourselves in most cases to information from material in the Schwartz Collection, although we have studied comparative mate- rial in most other major North American collections. Where the collections are sufficiently comprehensive, we make taxonomic decisions when warranted. A( KNOWl I DGMI MTS Over the \ ears Schwartz was accompanied in the field or provided specimens by Patricia A. Adams, Philip M. Baker, Robert 1. Balfour, Robert K. Bobilin, David A. I )aniels, lames R. Dennis, Warren R. Faust, John R. Feick, William 1 1. Gehrmann, Jr., Ronald F. Klinikowski, David lolin K I cwis, [van Narodny, Lewis D. Ober, I any 1 1. Ogren, Dennis R. Paulson, Thomas Pope, James A. Rodgers, Jr., James D. Smallwood, Barton L. Smith, Wil- liam W. Summer, Daniel R. Stanland, Michael H. Strahm, Richard Thomas, Peter J. Tolson, and George R. Zug. Schwartz's field work in Cuba was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation. For loans of or access to comparative material we thank: Linda K. Gordon and Helen L. Kaufka (U.S. Na- tional Museum of Natural History-USNM); Phil Myers ( University of Michigan Museum of'Zoology-UMMZ);Eric A. Rickhart (Utah Museum of Natural History-UMNH); Michael A. Feyers (Reading Public Museum-RPM); Bar- bara Lawrence (Museum of Comparative Zoology-MCZ); Kristof Zykowski (Peabody Museum of Natural His- tory, Yale University-YPM); the late Pere Robert Pinchon (Seminaire College de Fort-de-France-SCFF); and Mark D. Engstrom, Burton K. Lim, and Susan Woodward (Royal Ontario Museum-ROM). The collec- tions made by Pere Robert Pinchon on the Antilles ncaises are of extreme interest, and although the mammals included therein are not numerous, they con- stitute a large number of new island records for the Lesser Antilles. We also acknowledge the cooperation of Cilberto Silva Taboada, Aurelio Sanchez Agramonte, Kenneth A. Symington, and Marco Zorilla in Cuba. J. Knox Jones, |r. and Karl F. Koopman contributed information that is per- tinent to the present paper; their passing has left a huge- void in mammal systematics, and we are grateful to both tor having inspired us to become better researchers and teachers. Timm is grateful to Robert 1 lenderson, Milwau- kee Public Museum, and Michael Strahm, Cambridge, Massachusetts, for their assistance in locating long mis- placed specimens and documents in Schwartz's estate that relate to the conservation and curation of this important collection. Neal Woodman examined specimens for us in the Reading Public Museum, and C. Richard Robins gen- erously assisted with numerous details concerning the West Indies. Michael Gaines, Biology Department of the University of Miami at Coral Gables and Andy Mack and Deb Wright of the Wildlife Conservation Societv gener- ously made a number of Schwartz's specimens available to us for study. Philip S. Humphrey and William E. Duellman were largely instrumental in making the trans- fer of the Schwartz Collection to The University of Kansas possible. Funding from the Burt Memorial Fund of the Natural History Museum made the transfer of the Schwartz Collection to The University of Kansas possible. Thorvald Holmes and Michael K. Stokes assisted in the transfer of this collection from Miami to Lawrence. The conservation and curation of this important collection that had been deteriorating in a garage in South Miami for de- cades was enthusiastically and expertlj provided by Holmes and Errol D. Hooper. The conservation and recuration of the entire collection was made possible by a NSF grant (DEB-9301021 ) to The University oi Kansas. Jerry R. Choate, William Duellman, Thomas 1 1. Kunz, and Carleton J. Phillips provided constructive comments on an earlier version oi this manuscript. A sabbatical leave for Timm provided by The Universit\ of Kansas was instrumental in the completion of this paper. METHODS AND MATERIALS In the following species accounts, detailed measure- ments (in millimeters) are given whenever possible for specimens in the collection. All external measurements were taken in the field from fresh animals with the excep- tion of length of forearm in bats, which was taken later in the laboratory from preserved specimens. Cranial measure- ments are those customarily used; the measurement of test length of skull includes upper incisors, and length ol upper toothrow includes the canines. In instances where there are only one to three individuals of a taxon, the indi- vidual measurements are listed. We have studied the speci- mens listed under "Specimens examined." The specimens listed under "Additional specimens" were studied by Schwartz and not us. In most cases these are specimens that lie collected and we include his morphological and ecological data herein. All formal color designations are from Maerz and Paul (1950). Our nomenclature follows Mall (1981), Wilson and Reeder (1993), .md Koopman (1994). However, it should lie noted that Schwartz, as a 1 atin scholar, would have West Indian Mammals adamantly disagreed with a few points. He would have followed Varona (1974) and Silva Taboada (1979) in the spelling of the names of some species and used blainvilki rather than blainvillii, macleayii rather than macleayi, parnelli rather than parnellii, and waterhousei rather than waterhousii. Through some undetermined misfortune, many of the skulls of Schwartz's Cuban material collected from 1956 to lc)57 have been lost. Additionally, a sizable number oi Cuban skins and skulls collected during this same time period were exchanged long before it seemed likely that these Cuban bats would be the subject for research. Con- sequently, data on several Cuban species (which Schwartz never did recollect in any numbers in subsequent years) are less comprehensive. Family Didelphidae SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNTS Specimen examined ( 1 ). — GRENADA. St. George Parish: Beausejour, 1 (KU 147047). Didelphis marsupialis marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758 Southern Opossum Southern opossums are well known to residents of those Lesser Antillean islands where it occurs — Grenada, St. Vincent, St. Lucia, Martinique, and Dominica, as well as on some of the Grenadines (Mustique, Bequia, Cannouan, Union, Carriacou, Isle Ronde — G. M. Allen, 1911; Varona, 1974). It is locally known as the manicou. We follow Varona (1974) and Husson (1978) in treating Didel- phis marsupialis insularis, originally described based on material from Trinidad, as a junior synonym of D. m. marsupialis, as opposed to Hall (1981), who considered it to be a valid taxon. A male from Grenada has the follow- ing external and cranial measurements: total length, 715; length of tail, 375; length of hind foot, 61; length of ear, 46; greatest length of skull, 86.8; condylobasal length, 85.7; zygomatic breadth, 46.9; postorbital constriction, 11.6; mastoid breadth, 26.0; length of maxillary toothrow, 36.3. Southern opossums are not especially common throughout the Lesser Antilles. Schwartz observed them occasionally crossing roads at night on Martinique (in the Pitons du Carbet near Deux Choux) and in the mountains and in similar situations near Fresh Water Lake on Dominica. Schwartz also observed a live-captured indi- vidual on Carriacou in the Grenadines. De Vos et al. (1956) considered that Didelphis originally was introduced into the Lesser Antilles from Trinidad. As G. M. Allen (1911) pointed out, this notion apparently origi- nated with J. A. Allen (1902:260), who at the time of the description of D. in. insularis, stated "St. Vincent, Grenada, and Dominica specimens. . .were most likely derived from the Trinidad stock, having doubtless been introduced into these islands from Trinidad." The lack of mention of the opossum by Du Tertre (who published on the fauna of sev- eral of the Lesser Antillean islands in 1667) on islands other than Grenada possibly means they did not occur elsewhere at that time. Evenso, the current Antillean distribution of D. m. marsupialis (Grenada to Dominica), and the presence of the species on several of the Grenadines, suggests to us that opossums are native to these southern Antillean is- lands. Alternatively, if opossums were introduced, this may have occurred during pre-Columbian times. Family Noctilionidae Noctilio leporinus mastivus (Vahl, 1797) Greater Fishing Bat We follow Davis (1973), who considered all circum- Caribbean greater fishing bats (including those on the Cen- tral American and northern South American mainland ) as Noctilio leporinus mastivus. The tvpe locality for N. I. mastivus is St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Fishing bats are known to occur from Cuba and Jamaica east to St. Thomas and St. Croix, and then southward through the Lesser Antilles; they are known from St. Martin, Barbuda, St. Kitts, Antigua, Montserrat, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Barbados, Grenadines, and Grenada (Jones, 1989; Koopman, 1989; Genoways et al., 2000). The Schwartz Collection includes specimens taken by Richard Thomas, who collected nine N. leporinus at 1 km W of Copey on 12 September 1963. This series includes one male (skull not available) and eight females. External measurements for the nine specimens are: total length, 109- 123 (x = 115.3); length of tail, 20-28 (x = 23.7); length of hind foot, 28-36 (x = 31.6); length of tragus, 6-7 (x = 6.2); length of forearm, 81.7-85.3 (x = 83.6). Cranial measure- ments for the eight females are: greatest length of skull, 24.6-27.8 (x = 26.7); condvlobasal length, 24^4-25.6 (x = 24.9); zygomatic breadth, 18.7-19.9 (x = 19.3); postorbital constriction, 7.3-7.7 (x = 7.5); mastoid breadth, 16.8-18.5 (x = 17.6); length of upper toothrow, 10.2-10.5 (x = 10.4). Five N. leporinus (2 males, 3 females) from the cave at Salt Pond Hill, Great Inagua Island, represent the first specimens of this genus from the Bahamas; this series was collected by Richard Thomas on 9-10 February 1967 and was reported by Buden (1986). External measurements for the series are: total length, 114-130 (x = 121.6); length of tail, 25-31 (\ = 28.4); length of hind foot, 28-33 (x =29.6); length of ear, 26-27 (x = 26.6); length of tragus, 6-7 ( \ = 6.2); length of forearm, 82.7-87.1 (x = 85.4). Cranial mea- surements for one male and three females are: greatest length of skull, 25.8-27.6 (x = 26.5); condvlobasal length, 24.7-26.1 (x = 25.3); zygomatic breadth,' 19.3-20.4 (\ 19.7); postorbital constriction, 6.9-7.4 (x = 7.2); mastoid breadth, 17.4-19.0 (\ = 17.9); length of upper toothrow, Scientifk Papers. Nam km History Mi si i \i. The 1'\i\i Rsrn oi Kansas 10.1—10.6 (\ ld.4). Both externa] ^nd cranial measure- ments oi these tv\ o series oi fishing bats are quite compa- rable, and, despite slight differences in moans and ex- tremes, we assume them to represent the same taxon. Specimens oi V. leporinus from I lispaniola agree, with some exceptions, in size with those reported by Anthony (1CMS) from Puerto Rico; the Hispaniolan bats are some- what smaller in total length ( L18-135 in Puerto Rican; 10L>- 123 in I lispaniolan) and length of tail (30-35 in Puerto Rico; 2s 36 in I lispaniola). Forearms are similar in length. The greatest length of skull in bats from Puerto Rico is slightly greater, ,uid the postorbital constriction is distinctly smaller, than in the I lispaniolan bats. When data from the Baha- mas series are combined with those from 1 lispaniola, dit- ferences between these two samples and that from Puerto Rico are e\ en less pronounced. The concordance oi measure- ments betw eon the two lots of specimens is remarkable given the geographic distance and insular distribution. The Hispaniolan bats are a sample of many individual found in both living and dead royal palms {Roystonea hispaniolana) adjacent to a small cattle pond in a stand of tank mesic woodland in an otherwise xeric region in the w estern end of the Valle de Cibao. In one oi the snags, the bats inhabited an abandoned West Indian Woodpecker {Melanerpes superciliaris) nest-hole; when burning material was stuffed into the opening of the cavity, the Noctilio quickly poured forth with their strong and deliberate flight in the bright sun of the afternoon, and after circling the roost tree and flitting about the pond, they quickly disap- peared. A single Molossus molossus also inhabited the same cavity, but when this bat left the opening, it merely sidled down the side ol the trunk and halted, where it was cap- tured. I he presence ot fishing bats in this particular snag was indicated by a conspicuous V-shaped (with its apex at the hole) stain ot fecal material and urine along the side of the trunk. In a second tree at the same locality, Noctilio were vis- ible from the ground; the bats were packed into an open slit in the side of the dead trunk about 3 m above the ground and were more or less exposed to daylight. At this tile, the bats were collected by shooting with .22 dust shot. A tew ot the many other living and dead Roystonea at this 1 also were examined cursorily, but none was found to be oi i upied In Noctilio [from Schwartz's field notes]. I he siTios from Inagua was collet ted in a cave at Salt Pond Hill, where the bats were in a cavity in the ceiling near the entrant e. No other No( tilio were seen, but Artibeus jamaicensis was extremely abundant there. A female N. leporinus taken on l» Februar) Ic|b7 contained a single fe tus with a i low n rump length of 12 mm. Klingener o( al. ( 1978) took lour greater fishing bats a) ( harlierand I km \\ of Miragoane in southwestern Haiti, fhe two fishing bats from Charlier were netted over a shal low stagnant pond where small fishes were active at the surface. The two specimens from Miragoane were taken over a marine lagoon. Ottenwalder (1978) reported a colony ot about (■>() Noctilio on Isla Beata (off the southern coast of Dominican Republic) in the Cueva de Duran, where three males were netted. The bats were in a narrow cavity in the form ot a vertical tunnel with an oval open- ing about 20 by 28 cm. Ottenwalder ( 1979) also reported an adult female from 4 km E of La Descubierta, Domini- can Republic, between 0130 and 0200 hr along the shore ot Lago Enrquillo. Despite the relatively few Hispaniolan locality records, N. I. mastivus is not uncommon, especially along the coasts. Schwartz saw them foraging over the ocean at Monte Cristi, over a slowly flowing pool in a lowland rushing stream near Paraiso, and over a placid low land stream near Otra Banda, all in the Dominican Republic. The localitv where they were by far the most common was in Petionville in Haiti, where they came to a hotel swimming pool to drink immediately after dusk. Schwartz tried to secure specimens by various means (shooting w as out ot the question). 1 lis most complex net arrangement used tour nets: two hori- zontal ones the length of the pool side-bv-side with per- haps ten cm separating them and about five cm above the water, and one vertical net at each end of the pool. Despite this elaborate arrangement, Schwartz secured no speci- mens. The bats flew over the vertical nets and drank from the small space between the two flat nets, without any obvious hesitation. A single Cuban experience of Schwartz's is worth re- counting. Several Noctilio were seen coursing along a slowly flowing stream through a pasture. An old cement bridge about three m in length crossed the stream, and the bats regularly flew under it. A single net, suspended from the bridge caught nothing; the bats merely shifted their tactics and flew over (rather than under) the bridge so as to avoid the net. Hie Hispaniolan specimens have a prominent cream to pale orange' (depending on the intensity oi the dorsal pelage color) median dorsal stripe, the dorsal pelage it self varies in intensity of color from dull orange-brown (PI. l4E9)to [xi le tan (PI. 14133), whereas venters \ ar\ from bright orange (PI. 11 F10) to pale tan (PI. 1 K 3). 1 he single male and two females are at the brighter extreme, and the remaining females form a graded series from this bright condition to the pale coloration. No obvious sexual dichro- marism is present. Ottenwalder ( 1978) des( ribed the col oration of males from Isla Beata as grayish brown to brown or orange. Schwartz's li\ e specimens from Inagua are dis- tinctly more drab in pelage color than those from Hispaniola; the middorsal line is white, ^nd the dorsal pelage is grayish tan with no e\ idence ol orange. A pair ol fluid-preserved \m tilio are from 7 km SW ol Wi si Indian Mamm \i s San lose de las Lajas, Provincia de La Habana, Cuba; those specimens, collected on 24 February 1955 by Gilberto Silva Taboada, are part ot a larger series taken from a cavity in a Roystonea. The forearms of these two bats measure 89.7 (male) and 89.1 (female). We examined three fluid-pre- served ,\'. /. mastivus (1 male, 2 females) from Le Carbet, Martinique, through the courtesy of Pere Pinchon. Pinchon (1%7) also reported the species from Desirade. Specimens examined (16). — BAHAMAS. Great Inagua: Salt Pond Hill, 5 (KU 150728-32). CUBA. Provincia de La Habana: 7 km SVV San lose de las Lajas, 2 (KU 151198-99). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Provincia de Monte Cristi: 1 km W Copey, 4 (KU 150733-40, KU 151757). Additional specimens (3).— MARTINIQUE. Le Carbet, 3(SCFF). F-wiin Mormoopidae Mormoops blainvillii Leach, 1S21 Antillean Ghost-faced Bat We follow Smith (lc'72) in the use of the name Mormoops blainvillii for this species rather than Aello atvieri, as used by Hall (1981). Mormoops blainvillii is found throughout the Greater Antilles. External measurements of eight males and eight fe- males from Cuba are: total length, 77-86 ( v = 80.0); length of tail, 23-30 (x = 27.0); length of hind foot, 8-11 (x = 9.1 ); length of ear, 11-14 {\ = 12.3); length of tragus, 4-7 (x = 5.5); length of forearm (16 males, 13 females, 2 unsexed), 43.4-47.5 (x = 45.9). Cranial measurements from a series of five males, four females, and two unsexed specimens are: condylobasal length, 13.1-14.0 (x = 13.6); zygomatic breadth, 8.2-8.8 (x = 8.5); postorbital constriction, 4.2-4.8 (x = 4.5); mastoid breadth, 7.2-7.5 (\ = 7.4); length of up- per toothrow, 7.3-7.8 (x = 7.5). A female from the Domini- can Republic has the following external and cranial mea- surements: total length, 86; length of tail, 28; length of hind foot, 10; length of ear, 12; length of tragus, 5; length of fore- arm, 47.3; condylobasal length, 13.8; zygomatic breadth, 8.6; postorbital constriction, 4.4; mastoid breadth, 7.4; length of upper toothrow 8.0. A fluid-preserved male from Haiti has a length of forearm of 48.7. The bats from Cuba are more or less dichromatic, al- though most of the specimens are a rich orange-brown above. Two individuals are pale tan above. An adult male (KU 150662) is unique in that the wing tips lack the cus- tomary dark pigment and are white; also there are unpig- mented areas on the uropatagium and elsewhere on the wing membranes. Other bats from this same locality are normally pigmented. The color of Hispaniolan specimens differs strongly from the Cuban specimens; Hispaniolan animals are dark mahogany brown above with no trace of the bright orange pigment typical of Cuban Al. blainvillii. The hairt>ases, which in bright Cuban specimens, are deep orange, are buffv, grading to medium brown tips. We found no differences in morphological measure- ments between five specimens (two males, two females, one unsexed) from Jamaica, which is the type locality ot M. blainvillii, and the corresponding measurements ot a series from Cuba, for which the name cinnamomeum is available. Ranges of the measurements of Jamaican speci- mens are: length of forearms, 46.3-47.2; condylobasal length, 13.3-13.8; postorbital constriction, 4.2-4.5; mastoid breadth, 7.3-7.4; length of upper toothrow, 7.4-7.8. The single skin available to us from Jamaica is a rich orange- brown, like most Cuban specimens, and not so dark (ma- hogany) as specimens from the Dominican Republic. These data support Smith's (1L)72) conclusion not to recognize cinnamomeum. Varona (1974) and Silva Taboada (1979) also did not use the subspecific designation Al. /'. cinnamomeum. Comparisons of our measurements of Cuban bats with those of a series of five females from Puerto Rico as given by Anthony (1918) demonstrate that these two samples are quite similar both in means and extremes, although in most external and cranial measurements, the Puerto Rican series averages slightlv larger. Earlier Rehn (1902) had dif- ferentiated cinnamomeum, on the basis of the form of the first upper premolar, but Anthony (1918) commented that this character was inconsistent and of little value as far as differentiating this subspecies. Our examination of skulls of both forms confirms Anthony's conclusion. Based upon these data we are in agreement with Smith (1972) that A'l. blainvillii should be considered a monotypic species. Most of the Cuban specimens were taken from, or at the entrances of, caves. The species was abundant in Cueva del Rio at San Vicente and equally so at a cave near Guanajay. At the former locality, M. blainvillii occurs with Pteronotus macleai/ii. P. parnellii, P. quadridens, and Phyllonycteris, and at the latter with Matalus lepidus, P. parnellii, and P. quadridens. One specimen from Pan de Guajait>on was netted in open hardwood forest at night. The single Hispaniolan individual, examined through the courtesy of Pere Pinchon, was captured by a local resident at an elevation of 610 m in an unknown situation. Specimens examined (45). — CUBA. Provincia de Pinar del Rio: Cueva de William Palmer, Guanajay, 11 (KU 150668, KU 1 51 1 56-60, KU 1 523 1 s>-23); Cueva del Rio, San Vicente, 12 (KU 150667, KU 150669-71, KU 151148-55); north side Pan de Guajaibon, 1 (KU 152324); Provincia de Sancti Spiritus: Cuevas de los Masones, Trinidad, 6 (KU 150662- 66, KU 152318). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Provincia de La Vega: 12km NE Jarabacoa, 2000 ft, 1 (KU 150672); Provincia de Pederuales: 8 km N, 2 km E Cabo Rojo, 12 (KU 1 50673- 83, KU 151147). JAMAICA. Moneague, 1 (USNM 96197); Kingston, 1 (USNM 113254). Additional specimens (7). — CUBA. Provincia de Pinar del 8 Sin \mi u Papers, Naturai History Museum, The University 01 Kansas Rio: C ueva de William Palmer, 3 (UMNH 16504-05 [= AS 4691-92]; RPM 2002C-5-223 | A 4695]; AS 4693-94 ex- changed Mum tor J i. 1'ie. im ia de Santiago de Cuba: Frank Crest, Sierra de Cristal, 1 (YPM). HAITI. D'epartement de est: Port-au-Prince, 1 (SCFF). Pteronotus davyi davyi Cray, 1838 Davy's Naked-backed Bat Smith (1972; see also ( ,. M. Allen, 1911) summarized the previous records of Davy's naked-backed bat in the West Indies, whence it has been known from the islands i 'I Dominica since 1892 and Grenada since 1894 (Jones, 1951 ). Through the courtesy of Pere Pinchon, Schwartz was able to examine five fluid-preserved specimens of Pteronotus davyi from the islands of Marie-Galante and Martinique, reported by [ones and Phillips (1970). The four specimens (one subsequently donated to Schwartz) from Marie-Galante were taken at Trou-a-Diable on 23 August 1964, and the one specimen from Martinique was captured from the village of Tartane on the Presqu'ile de la Caravelle on 18 April 1964. Martinique is the island just south of Dominica in the Lesser Antilles, and Marie-Galante, al- though contiguous with Guadeloupe, lies just north of Dominica and between that island and Guadeloupe. Thus, /'. davyi has a fairly compact distribution in the I esser Antilles; probably it will be found on other is- lands in the chain, at least between Martinique and Grenada. Schwartz visited the large cave at Trou-a-Diable on Marie-Galante; the entrance to the moist cave is in a mesic, forested ravine. No bats were seen. Although Schwartz also had been to Tartane on Martinique, he did not visit the cave there. The countryside in general was and, with xeric forest in undisturbed regions. Ap- parently, from the distinct contrast in habitat of these two regions, /'. davyi 0( < upies suitable caves regardless ot their environs. Schwartz found the cave at Trou-a- Diable also closely agreed with the statement by Goodwin ^nd Greenhall ( 1961 ) that on Trinidad /'. davyi roosts m large, dark, damp caves where the air is hu- mid. Schwartz never collected P. davyi on Dominica, perhaps because the only cave v isited there was a sea e adjacent to the ocean and thus not at all compa- rable to the l\)yv at Trou-a-Diable. 1 lie live /' davyi reported here are three males and two females. I he forearm measurements vary from 45.8 to 47.4. Goodwin .\nd Greenhall (1961) gave extremes oi 46.8 and 1^ 1 for six topotypical /'. davyi from frinidad. Specimen examined (I). — MARIE-GALANTE. Trou a- Diable, 1 (KU 150684). Additional spei imens (4).- MARIE-GALANTE. Trou-a- Diable, 5(S( I 1 i MARTINIQl I . lartane, 1 (SCFF). Pteronotus macleayii macleayii (Gray, 1839) Macleay's Mustached Bat Pteronotus mat leayii is know n from Cuba and Jamaica, but we have no material from the latter island for com- parisons with the series of 17 specimens from Cuba. Ex- ternal measurements (14 males, 3 females) are: total length, 63-70 (x = 66.8); length of tail, 19-25 (x = 22.3); length ot hind foot, 9-11 (x = 10.0); length of ear, 16-18 (x = 17.0); length of tragus, 5-7 (x = 6.1 ); length of forearm, 40.5—13.7 (x = 42.0). Cranial measurements for two males are: great- est length of skull, 16.0, 16.0; condvlobasal length, 15.1, 15.4; zygomatic breadth, 8.0, 7.9; postorbital constriction, 3.3, 3.3; mastoid breadth, 8.2, 8.4; length of upper toothrow 6.8, 6.7. As far as our series is concerned, P. in. macleayii does not show quite the variation in dorsal color as does P. auadridens torrei, with which it may be easily confused ( see account of latter for methods of differentiation). The dor- sal pelage is always some shade of brown, commonly with a distinctly grayish cast, so that P. in. macleayii generally is paler (more gray) than the brown phase occurring in P. ll>i (Thomas, 1891 ) I esser Antillean Fig-eating Bat The tour Antillean endemic stenodermatine genera, \rdops, Ariteus, Phullops, and Stenoderma were all placed in the genus Stenoderma by \ arona ( 1974); how e\ er, all subse- quent authors have regarded these genera as distinct. I our West Indian Mammals I I species in the genus Ardops endemic to the Lesser Antilles were recognized prior to the taxonomic revision by Jones and Schwartz (1967), who arranged these taxa as the sub- species of a single species and described one additional sub- species based in part on specimens in the Schwartz Collec- tion. Ardops nichollsi nichollsi, the subspecies on Dominica, are the smallest members of the species. This bat is repre- sented in the Schwartz Collection by the skin of an adult male taken in a mist net over a stream in rainforest on Dominica by R- F. Klinikowski on 15 February 1962. External measurements are: total length, 60; length of hind foot 11; length of ear, 16; length of tragus, 5; length of forearm, 43.2. Specimen examined (1).— DOMINICA. St. Paul Parish: 6 mi NE Roseau, 1 (KU 152362). Ariteus flavescens (Gray, 1831 ) Jamaican Fig-eating Bat Richard Thomas netted a single male at Long Bay, 6.5 km N of Negril, Jamaica on 3 July \LUi7. The immediate vicinity was coastal woods {Coccoloba, Terminalia) on sandy soil, and there are probably no caves in the vicinity for several kilometers. Measurements of this individual are: total length, 52; length of hind foot, 10; length of ear, 16; length of tragus, 6; length of forearm, 39.1; greatest length of skull, 18.9; condylobasal length, 15.5; zygomatic breadth, 12.9; postorbital constriction, 4.5; mastoid breadth, 10.7; length of upper toothrow, 5.2. The adult male is tan above with small white epaulettes and only slightly paler tan below. Wing membranes and uropatagium are concolor with the dorsum. Specimen examined (1). — JAMAICA. Hanover Parish: Long Bay, 4 mi N Negril, 1 (KU 151327). Artibeus Three members of the large Neotropical stenodermine genus Artibeus currently are recognized as occurring in the West Indies — A. glaucus, A. jamaiceusis, and A. lituratus. Artibeus glaucus is much smaller than the other two spe- cies and, although widely distributed in northern South America, is known in the West Indies only from Grenada at the southern-most tip of the Lesser Antilles. This spe- cies is represented by one specimen in the Schwartz Col- lection. Artibeus jamaicensis is represented in the Schwartz Collection by tour subspecies. Artibeus lituratus is the larg- est of the three species, although it is often confused with A. jamaicensis. Artibeus lituratus also has a very limited dis- tribution in the West Indies, being known only from Grenada and St. Vincent (Genoways et al., 1998), and it is not represented in the Schwartz Collection. Artibeus glaucus bogotensis Andersen, 1906 Small Fruit-eating Bat Koopman (1958; also Jones and Phillips, 1470) reported a smgle specimen of this species from Grenada and re- garded it as possibly ^n accidental record, because it oth- erwise is unknown from the Lesser Antilles. However, Genoways et al. (1998) reported five specimens from Grenada, including the specimen from the Schwartz Col- lection, a male that was netted at a locality 8 mi NE of St. George's on 19 November 1961. This locality is on the ex- posed southwestern slopes of the mountains on the road to Grand Etang. The net was placed across a small grassy clearing adjacent to cut-over forest; one Artibeus jamaicensis was the only other bat netted at this locality. External and cranial measurements ot this specimen are: total length, 60; length of hind foot, 12; length of ear, 15, length of tragus, 7; length of forearm, 40.5; greatest length of skull, 21.2; condylobasal length, 18.8; zygomatic breadth, 11.8; postorbital constriction 5.4; mastoid breadth, 10.7; length of upper toothrow, 6.9. Genoways et al. (1998) compared the measurements of their sample from Grenada with a sample from Trinidad and found that there were no significant differences. The pelage is brown above with the hairs buffy gray basally. The ventral fur is brown, paler than that of the back, and the hairs lack grayish bases. Two pairs of buffy facial stripes are prominent. Specimen examined ( 1 ). — GRENADA. St. George Pai ish: 8 mi NE St. George's, 1 (KU 151328). Artibeus jamaicensis Leach, 1821 Jamaican Fruit-eating Bat Jamaican fruit bats are among the most widely dis- tributed and locally abundant of all Neotropical bats (Ortega and Castro-A., 2001). Artibeus jamaiceusis occurs from Mexico to Central and tropical South America and is common throughout much of the West Indies. Generally, it is by far the most common bat encountered, either dur- ing the dav in caves or in mist nets at night. In many in- stances, it is taken to the exclusion of any other species. Because it is represented by large numbers of specimens in most collections from the West Indies, various names have been proposed for presumably distinct insular popu- lations. The geographic ranges ascribed to the Antillean subspecies recognized herein are: A. j. grenadensis (Grenada), A. j. jamaicensis (Jamaica, Isla San Andres, Isla Providencia, Hispaniola [including He de la Gonave], Puerto Rico, and eastward and southward through the Virgin Is- lands and the Lesser Antilles as far south as St. Lucia and Barbados), A. j. parvipes (Cuba, Isla de la Juventud, Mayaguana, and Great Inagua), and A. j. schwartzi (St. Vincent and some of the Grenadines). Recent molecular stud- ies strongly support this taxonomic arrangement within A. jamaicensis (Phillips etal., 1989, l991;Pumoetal., 1988, 1996). Artibeus jamaicensis grenadensis Andersen, 1906 Genoways et al. (1998) demonstrated that Artibeus jamaicensis grenadensis Andersen is worthy of distinction 12 Si ii ntific Papers, Natural History Museum, The University oi Kansas [able I. External and cranial measurements (in mm) oi Antillean populations ol Artibeus iamaii ends. In each column, the mean is followed b} the Island and Statistics Total length of hind foot 1 ength ot ear Length ol tragus 1 ength oi forearm 1 Ireatesl length of skull Condylo- basal length Ml. Ill, breadth Post- orbital con itriction Mastoid Length of upper toothrow [amaica i.V 1(7,8 9) 87.6 84.0-91.0 17.7 16.0-20.0 21.7 20.0-23.0 7.6 7.0-9.0 60.6 57.1-64.3 28.5 27.9-29.2 25.5 24.8-26.3 17.6 17.1-17.8 7.3 6.6 7.7 15.2 14.8-15.8 10.1 9.8-10.7 Cayman Islands 1 (?) 77.8 74.0-82.0 15.8 15.0-17.0 19.7 19.0-21.0 6.9 6.0-8.0 57.5 56.3-59.2 27.3 26.8-28.1 24.2 23.5-25.0 16.5 16.3-16.8 7.0 6.8-7.1 14.4 14.0-14.7 9.2-9.9 Cuba \ 22 25.1-26.9 17.6 17.0-18.1 7^ 7.1-7.7 15.2 14.9-15.5 10.2 9.8-10.6 Dominica Cf, 119) 82.8 75.0-90.0 15.7 14.0-18.0 20.7 IS. II 23.0 hS 6.0-8.0 60.5 57.5-62.7 28.9 28.2-29.6 26.0 25.3-27.0 17.S 17.1-18.6 7.2 7.0-7.4 15.3 14.9-15.9 10.4 10.0-11.0 nc enl icf,10 9) 92.6 88.0-97.0 20.0 17.0-23.0 22.8 21 II 24.11 8.7 8.0-9.0 63.9 60.8-66.6 30.8 30.2-31.3 27.7 27.0-28.2 19.6 18.9-20.1 7.3 7.0-7.7 16.3 15.7-16.7 11.4 11.0-11.7 Barbados (A'=5(?. 1 9) 82.2 78.0-87.0 16.0 13.0-18.0 19.S 18.0-22.0 6.8 6.0-8.0 59.0 57.3-60.9 2S.S 28.1-29.5 25.4 24.9-26.1 17.2 16.6-17.8 7.3 7 2_7.4 15.2 14.9-15.5 10.3 9.8 in 5 Grenada n ( , re.it [nagua, a nursing juvenile male (length of fore- arm $4. 4 land a subadult male (50.6) Artibeus j.parvipes were collected on 6 February 1967; a gravid female taken on the same date had a fetus $2 mm in crown-rump length. Adult males from <. ayman Brae, collected on 24 March, had en- larged testes (7 9by 10-11 mm). Buden (1974) recorded a gravid female (fetus crown-rump length 12.8) on 25 February. Specimens examined (43). — BAHAMAS. Great Inagua: Salt Pond I lill. IS (KU 1 =. 1 5 111-24, KU 151526-28); 2 mi N Matthew [own, I (KU 1=>1 32=0. CAYMAN ISLANDS. Cay- man Brae: south shore, 3.5 mi NE West End, 5 (KU 151529- 33); southern escarpment, 10.5 mi NE West End, 1 (KU 151534); southern escarpment, 8.4 mi NE West End, 1 (KU 151533); southern escarpment, 2.8 mi NE West End, 3 (KU 151536-38); Grand Cayman: Georgetown, 1 (KU 151539). CUBA. Provincia de Cienfuegos: 4.5 mi E Soledad, 5 (KU 151565-64); Guajimico, 12 (KU 151572-83); Provincia de La Habana: Cue\ a de Cotilla, 9 km SVV San Jose de las Lajas, 11 (KU 151540-50); Ma de Juventud: Cueva de los Indios, near Nueva Gerona, 14 (KU 151551-64); Provincia de Holguin: Banes, 7 (KU 1515595-601); Cueva de los Americanos, 5 (KU 151590-94); Provincia de Pinar del Rio: north side of Pan de Guajaibon, 1 (KU 151602); Cueva de Santo Iomas, 10 km N Cabezas, 2 (KU 151603-04); Provincia de Sancti Spiritus: Cueva de los Masones, Trinidad, 6 (KU 1 51 584-84); Provincia de Villa Clara: 6 mi S Manicaragua, 1 (KU 151570); Playa de Ingles, 1 (KU 151571). Additional specimens (12). — CUBA. Provincia de Cienfuegos: Guajimico, 2 (UMNH 16481-82 [= AS 3046-47]); 4.5 mi E Soledad, I (ROM 78590 [= AS 3015]; Provincia de La Habana: Cueva de Cotilla, 9 km SVV San Jose de las Lajas, 2 (RPM 2002C-5-274-75 [AS 4743-44]); Ma de la Juventud: PasodePiedras, I (YPM); Finca La Abra, 5 (YPM); Provincia 'inardel Rio: Rio Los Palacios, I (YPM). [rtibeus jamaicensis schwartzi Jones, 1978 [ones (1978) described the distinctive subspecies Artibeus jamaicensis schwartzi from St. Vincent based upon imens in the Schwartz Collection, and it now is known from islands in the ( Irenadines. This subspecies is easily distinguished by its large si/e, massive skull, and the fact that it almost always lacks Ml It exceeds specimens ol some populations ol Artibeus lituratus in si/e, but it can be distinguished from A. lituratus by having conspicuously less fur on the uropatagium and forearm. Measurements ol I 5 individuals are given in Table 1. .Although slight varia- tion exits in the intensity ol the color ol the dorsal pelage, all specimens are dark gray or brown. Silvery gray to white tips ol the ventral hairs are characteristic of all specimens from St. Vincent; most specimens kick any indication ol the supraorbital pale line, whereas in some the line is weakly indicated. Genetically, the sequenced mitochon- drial DNA in Artibeus from St. \ incent is identical to the mtDNA sequenced from South American A. planirostris, rather than other A. jamaicensis from the Antilles (Pumoet c\\., 1906). This remarkable finding suggests the origin of the unique St. Vincent population lies at least in part u ith the South American A. planirosti Twelve individuals were netted above a swimming pool at the Sugar Mill Inn at Ratho Mill, St. Vincent bv D. R. Paulson; the area is cultivated and generallv rather mesic. [wo Molossus molossus were collected at the same time, but no other bats were secured, [ones (1978) noted the capture of Artibeus j. schwartzi in mist nets set in ba- nana groves, near fruit trees in a residential area, and in clearings near trees or banana plants. No reproductive!) active females were collected in August bv Jones or in December bv Paulson. However, in August, one juvenile and two subadult animals were collected. In August, adult males had testes 8.5-11 mm in length. Specimens examined (13).— ST. VINCENT. St. Cm Parish: Ratho Mill, 13 (KU 112003, KU 151605-15; USNM 395029 [= AS 5328]). Brachyphylla cavernarum Gray, 1834 Antillean Fruit-eating Bat Until 1970, four nominal species of the genus Brachyphylla were recognized in the West Indies: B. cavernarum Gray, 1834, from Puerto Rico, throughout the Virgin Islands, ond south to St. Vincent (type localit) i in the Lesser Antilles; B. nana Miller, 1902, from Cuba (type localitv land Isladela [uventud; B. minor Miller, 1913, from Barbados; />. pumila Miller, 1918, from Hispaniola. Jones and Phillips (1970) placed B. minor as a subspecies ot B cavernarum, and Varona ( 1974) considered all named taxa to be subspecies ot B. cavernarum. This arrangement also was followed by Buden ( 1977). However, Swanepoel and ( lenoways ( 1978) considered B. nana to be specifically dis- tinct from B. cavernarum; they distinguished the species bv tile much larger external and cranial si/e oi cavernarum. In sample's studied bv Swanepoel and Genow a\ s ( 1978), there was no overlap in length of maxil- lary toothrow and mandibular length between the two species; and also there was no overlap in palatal length, breadth across upper molars, orcond) lobasal length in males ol the two species. Swanepoel ^nd Genoways ( 1978) reCOg nized three subspecies in B. cavernarum — B. c. i a\ a nai um, B. i . minor, and a new subspec ies, />'. t . intermedia; all three are represented in the Sc hw art/ C ollection. Brachyphylla cavernarum cavernarum Gray, 1834 Brai hyphylla cavernarum is the only Antillean endemic- bat that o.i lie- on both the Greater and Lesser .Antilles. West Indian Mammals 15 Brachyphylla cavernarum cavernarum is the most widely dis- tributed subspecies of Antillean fruit-eating bat; it has been reported from St. Croix (in the Virgin Islands), Saba, St. Eustatius, Monserrat, St. Martin, Barbuda, Anguilla, Antigua, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent (the type locality). Pinchon (1967) reported the species from Desirade. We have examined material from St. Croix (S speci- mens), Dominica (3), St. Martin (4), Desirade (2), and Martinique (3), as well as from Marie-Galante (I ). whence the species has not been reported previously. Brachyphylla cavernarum cavernarum is the largest mem- ber of the species in all cranial measurements. The indi- viduals from Dominica were taken in a mist net set across a stream in dense rainforest. Specimens examined (4).— DOMINICA. St. Paul Parish: 6 mi NE Roseau, 3 (KU 150743-13). VIRGIN ISLANDS. St. Croix: no specific locality, 1 (KL 150746). Additional specimens ( 17).— GUADELOUPE. La Desirade: Ravine Kikali, 2 (SCFF). MARIE-GALANTE. Trou-a-Diable. 1 (SCFF). MARTINIQUE. Fort-de-France, 1 (SCFF); Fond Cremeau, Tratane, 2 (SCFF). ST. MARTIN. Terre Basse, 4 (SCFF). VIRGIN ISLANDS. St. Croix: no spe- cific locality, 7 (RPM). Brachyphylla cavernarum intermedia Swanepoel and Genoways, 1978 This subspecies is common on Puerto Rico, as well as on three of the Virgin Islands (St. John, St. Thomas, and Norman Island); it is replaced on St. Croix by the nomi- nate subspecies. On Puerto Rico it occurs throughout the island, from the arid region about Guanica in the south- west to the Cordillera Central in the central portion of the island. As the name of this subspecies indicates, these are populations of B. cavernarum that are intermediate in size between individuals representing B. c. cavernarum and B. c. minor. External measurements of 22 specimens (7 males, 15 females) are: total length, 84-95 (\ = 89.2); length of hind foot, 16-23 (x = 20.8); length of ear, 19-23 (\ = 21.0); length of tragus, 8-9 ( \ = 8.5). Cranial measurements of IS specimens (6 males, 12 females) are: greatest length of skull, 2^.9-32.3 (\ = 31.3); condylobasal length, 27.8- 29.1 (\ =28.6); zygomatic breadth, lb. 6-18.0 (\ = 17.2); postorbital constriction, 6.4-6.4 (\ = 6.7); mastoid breadth, 14.3-16.6 (x = 15.0); length of upper toothrow, 10.3-11.2 (v7 = 10.9). All of Schwartz's specimens were taken in mist nets. Specimens from near Utuado were taken in the same net as Stenoderma rufum in a mesic coffee grove on the Cordil- lera Central. Those from near Guanica were netted in low- land xeric forest. A female taken 15 March 1965 near Utuado was gravid with a single fetus; Anthony (1918) noted nursing females taken on 5 July. Specimens examined (22).— PUERTO RICO. Guanica: 7.5 km E Guanica, 12 (KU 150747-58); Utuado: 17.7 km NE Utuado, 1100 ft, 10 (KU 150759-64, KU 151201-03, kl 152363). Brachyphylla cavernarum minor Miller, L913 Known only from the island of Barbados, Brachyphylla cavernarum minor is represented by 12 topotypes in the Schwartz Collection taken in Cole's Cave, St. I homas Par- ish. External measurements (2 males, 10 females) are: total length, 85-94 (\ = 90.2); length of hind foot, 14-23 (x = 20.7); length of ear, 20-23 (x = 22.0); length of tragus, 9-10 (x = 9.3); length of forearm, 59.9-62.8 (x = 61.4). Cranial measurements of one male and eight females are: greatest length of skull, 29.4-31.0 (\ = 30.3); condylobasal length, 27.2-27.9 (v = 27.6); zygomatic breadth,' 16.2-17.1 (x 16.6); postorbital constriction, 6.2-6.7 (\ - 6.4); mastoid breadth, 14.0-14.6 (\ = 14.3); length of upper toothrow. 10.9-11.3 (x =11.0). Individuals of this subspecies are the smallest in cra- nial si/e of any population of the species. In the analyses by Swanepoel and Genoways (1978), the samples of B. c. minor averaged the smallest in all cranial characteristics except palatal length for females and postorbital breadth in males. The bases of the dorsal hairs are cream colored in B. e. minor as they are in the nominate subspecies. Schwartz's specimens from Cole's Cave represent a small sample of the large numbers he observed therein. The bats were extremely abundant at the time of Schwartz's visit (14 February 1961) and were scattered throughout much of the cave in small groups in solution holes and crevices in the ceiling. The cave is moist and somewhat humid, but not so extremely hot as are caves inhabited by Brachyphylla nana on Cuba. Myotis martiniquensis was also taken in a net placed across the entrance of Cole's Cave at night, but none was observed within the cave in daytime. Specimens examined ( 12).— BARBADOS. St. Thomas Par- ish: Cole's Cave, 12 (KU 150765-74, KU 152364-65). Brachyphylla nana Miller, 1902 Cuban Fruit-eating Bat Remarkably, Brachyphylla nana, and B. pumila consid- ered herein to be conspecific with B. nana, originally were described on the basis of fragmentary cave remains. This is especially surprising for B. nana because, on Cuba, it is an exceptionally common bat. Living B. nana were found and the external features were clarified by Miller ( 1902b). Brachyphylla pumila, described by Miller (1918) from mate- rial from Hispaniola, was later found living (Goodwin, 1933) and its external features were described. We examined 20 specimens of B. nana from Cuba and eight from the Dominican Republic. Measurements of the Cuban hats (7 males, 1 1 females) are: total length, 80-40 ( \ 16 S< ii \ i ii u Papi rs, N mi r \i History Mi sei m, The University of Kansas x= 82.9); length of hind foot, 17 21 (x L8.9); length of ear, 20-23 (a 21.3); tragus 8- 1 1 ( \ - 9.0); forearm 55.1-62.4 ( x = 58.2); greatest length of skull, 27.0-28.9 (x = 28.2); condylobasal length 24.7-26.3 (x = 25.7); zygomatic breadth, 14.0-15.7 I x 14.8); postorbital constriction, 6.0- i 6.2); mastoid breadth, 13.0-14.3 (x 13.5); length of upper toothrow, 9.0-9.8 (x= 9.5). Measurements of seven Hispaniolan specimens (4 males, 3 females) are: total length, 76-85 (x= 79.6); length of hind foot, 16-19 (x= 17.6); length of ear, 17-21 (x= 18.3); length of tragus, 8-10 (x 8.8); length of forearm, 56.3-59.7 (x= 58.1); greatest length of skull, 28.1-29.4 (x = 28.7); condylobasal length, 23.1-26.3 (x= 25.9); zygomatic breadth, 14.8-15.6 (x = 15.4); postorbital constriction, 6.2-6.9 (x= 6.5); mastoid breadth, 13.5-14.0 (x= 13.8); length of upper toothrow, 9.5-10.0 (x = 9.7). Externally, the dorsal pelage of Hispaniolan B. nana is cream basally, in contrast to the yellow bases of Cuban bats; there seems to be no difference in the depth of dark brown pigment on the dorsal hair tips. As mentioned previously, B. nana is distinguished from B. cavernarum by its much smaller cranial size, the two species do not overlap in length of maxillary toothrow and mandibular length. Brachyphylla nana and B. pumila were considered to be ei- ther distinct species or subspecies until the work of Swanepoel and Genoways (1978), who did not concur with the characters used by previous authors to distinguish the taxa. They found that variation in size of individuals from Cuba encompassed the range of variation within the spe- cies, and that other characters used previouslv were indi- vidually variable or not present. (. >n Cuba, B. nana is abundant in hot, moist caves. None of the females was lactating or gravid. Brachyphylla nana lias been rarely collected on Hispaniola. Seven specimens from near Sosua, RD, were caught in a mist net set tor seven nights in a small patch of trees near a hotel (no longer ex- tant) on the coast. Other bats taken in tine same net were Artibeus, Phyllonycteris, Pin/Hoys, and Pteronotus; of these, hyphylla was outnumbered only by Artibeus. None of the three females was lactating or gravid. Specimens examined (25). — CUBA. Provincia de Camaguey: 12 mi E Moron, 3 (KU 150775-77); Provincia de La Habana: Cueva de Cotilla, 9 km SW San Jose de las Lajas, 8 (Kl 152366 -73); Cueva de los Indios, San Vincente, 1 (KU 152374); Provincia de Sancti Spiritus: Finca de Morales, 8 mi MY rrinidad, 5 (KU 150778-82). DOMINICAN RE- PUBLIC. Provincia de Barahona: 8 km W Paraiso, 500 ft, I (KU 152375); Provincia de Puerto Plata: Sosua, 7 (KU 150783- 89). Additional specimens (3) CI BA. Provincia de La Habana: [apaste, Cueva tie los Indios. 3 (ROM 78442 | AS 4652]; RPM 2002-5-226 | AS 4653]; \s 4651 marked in Schwartz's catalogue as exchanged to I >. A. stock). / rophylla Until the work of Buden in 1976, two species of Erophylla were recognized — E. bombifrons, with two sub- species, and E.sezekorni, with four subspecies. Buden (1976) considered E. bombifrons to be a subspecies of E. sezekorni. Hall (1981) continued to recognize two species, as did Koopman (1484, 1993). In his authoritative Chiroptera of the World, Koopman (1993:182) stated "Based on differences in size of ears, shape of rostrum, inflation of braincase, and certain dental characters, E. bombifrons (Hispaniola and Puerto Rico) probably should be regarded as a distinct species." We have chosen to follow this arrangement. Erophylla bombifrons Brown Flower Bat Both currently recognized subspecies — E. b. bombifrons and E. b. santacristobalensis — are represented in the Schwartz Collection. Erophylla bombifrons bombifrons (Miller, 1899) Three males and three females of Erophylla bombifrons bombifrons were collected on 30 August 1962 in a cave on the northern flank of the Cordillera Central, Puerto Rico. Erophylla were greatly outnumbered by Tadarida brasiliensis; at the same cave in February 1965, only the latter was col- lected. Measurements for the series are: total length, 74-77 (x= 75.2); length of tail, 11-14 (\ 12.8); length of hind foot, 13-15 (x = 13.5); length of ear, 17-18 (x= 1 7.2); length of tragus, 7-8 (x= 7.5); length of forearm, 43.5-48.8 (x = 46.9); greatest length of skull, 23.3-24.3 (x = 23.9); condylobasal length, 21.6-22.3 (\ = 22.0): zygomatic breadth, 10.9-11.4 (x= 11.2); postorbital constriction, 4.5- 4» (x = 4.7); mastoid breadth, 10.5-10.4 (x= 10.6); length of upper toothrow, 7.h-7.4 (\ = 7.8). Anthony (1918:358) described the adult pelage of E. b. bombifrons as "...above hairs distinctly bicolor, being white for rather more than half the basal length, then tipped with chestnut-brown: from shoulders posteriorly the color is darker than on the foreparts where white of the basal part shows through; rather lighter on head and face, the hairs unicolor and shorter; below uniform wood-brown, the bases of the hairs whitish." Our specimens agree with this description and are consistent in the hue of the dorsal brown hair tips; none shows any tendency toward the pale reddish tan colora- tion of specimens from the Bahamas. Specimen- examined (6).— PUERTO RICO. Utuado: 5.5 mi NE Utuado, 6 (KU 107873, KL 150404-13). Erophylla bombifrons santacristobalensis Elliot, L905 Erophylla bombifrons santacristobalensis has never been diagnosed properly; in the original description, where it was named as a full species of Phyllonycteris, santa- cristobalensis was differentiated from "all others of the ge- Wi si Indian Mammai s I" nus and from P. poeyi in addition in having a complete zygomatic arch" (Elliot, 141)5:236). This is a character that is currently regarded as separating Phyllonycteris (arch in- complete) and Erophylla (arch complete). We examined 35 specimens (USNM and 16 in Schwartz's collection — 1L' males, 15 females, 1 unsexed). Length of forearms ot 2L| E. /'. santacristobalensis is 42.3-49.4 (\ = 47.5). Cranial measurements of 18 specimens are: greatest length of skull, 23.0-25.1 (x = 24.2); condylobasal length, 21.5- 24.0 (v =22.4); zygomatic breadth, 11.2-1 2.0 (v = 11.7); postorhital constriction, 4.6-4.9 (\ = 4.7); mastoid breadth, 10.5-11.5 (x = 11.1); length of upper toothrow, 7.5-8.2 (x = 7.9). Comparison of these data with those of six Erophylla b. bombifrons from Puerto Rico leads us to suspect that E. b. santacristobalensis may not be subspecifically different from the Puerto Rican bats. In our samples, length of forearms in E. b. bombifrons are completely encompassed by those of E. b. santacristobalensis; means and ranges of cranial mea- surements are comparable, and parameters overlap broadly. One exception is zygomatic breadth (10.9-1 1 .4 in E. /'. bombifrons, 11.2-12.0 in E. b. santacristobalensis). In pelage, specimens of E. b. santacristobalensis collected in 1968 are quite different from those of E. b. bombifrons collected in 1962; the former are much more reddish than the pale tan E. b. bombifrons. For the present, we accept E. b. santacristobalensis as a valid subspecies be- cause of its greater zygomatic breadth and more red- dish brown coloration. The single cranial difference seems tenuous at best, but the pelage hues are constant, and even older (1928) specimens of E. b. santacristo- balensis have the same color as more recent specimens. Given these relatively small differences based on our restricted samples, we encourage others to thoroughly analyze the systematic relationships of the populations of this species. The cave near Boca de Chavon, RD, where the series of E. /'. santacristobalensis was taken, lies on a wooded but xeric limestone ridge that parallels the coast. The cave is exten- sive and an inner chamber, opening by a flue to the outside, harbored large numbers of Erophylla and a few Macrotus waterhousii. Klingener et al. (1987) took five specimens near Lebrun on the Haitian Tiburon Peninsula. Woods ( 1 986) collected two males at 975 m on the Haitian Mas- sif de la Hotte. Specimens examined (52).— DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Provincia de Barahona: 12 km SW Barahona, 1400 ft, 2 (KU 150792-93); Los Pa tos, 12 (KU 1 50794-805); 8 km W Paraiso, 500 ft, 8 (KU 1 50806-13 ); no specific locality, 7 (KU 1508 1 4- 18, KU 150827-28); Provincia de La Romana: 1 mi N Boca de Chavon, 16 (KU 15081 4-26, KU 150829-34, KU 152376- 77). HAITI. Departement de V Artibonite: St. Michel de LAtalyae, 7 (USNM 252618-21, USNM 252634-36). Erophylla sezekorni Buffy Flower Bat Three ot the four currently recognized subspecies of E. sezekorni are represented in the Schwartz Collection — E. s. planifrons, E. s. sezekorni, and E. s. syops. Erophylla sezekorni planifrons (Miller, 1899) This subspecies was described from Nassau, New Providence Island, and has since been reported from the islands of Great Abaco, Eleuthera, Long Island, Cat Island, Great and Little Exuma, San Salvador, Crooked Island, Acklin's Island, and Great Inagua, as well as three islands in the Caicos group (Buden, 1976). We have five specimens from New Providence, 12 from Eleuthera, 29 from Andros, one from Long Island, 12 from Cat Island, and two from San Salvador. External measurements of lc> specimens (3 from New Providence, 12 from Eleuthera, 4 from Cat; 10 males, 9 fe- males) are: total length, 69-83 ( v = 76.3); length of tail, 11- 16 ( \ = 12.8); length of hind foot, 13-17 (x = 14.7); length of ear, 17-22 (x = 18.3); tragus, 7-9 (x = 8.1); length of fore- arm, 44.6-49.9 (\ = 47.2). Cranial measurements (same series as above but including 5 additional males from Cat and 13 males, 10 females, and 5 unsexed from Andros) are: greatest length of skull, 23.3-25.4 ( v = 24.7); condylobasal length, 21.9-23.6 (\ = 22.8); zygomatic breadth, 10.9-12.0 ( \ =11 .4); postorbital constriction, 4.3-4.9 (x = 4.6); mas- toid breadth, 10.0-11.8 (\ =11.0); length of upper toothrow, 7.7-8.8 (x = 8.1). In contrast to our sample of Erophylla bombifrons bombifrons, the series of £. sezekorni planifrons is extremely variable in dorsal color; some specimens are as dark dorsally as the Puerto Rico specimens, and cithers have the dorsal hairs tipped with pale reddish fawn. Koopman et al. (1957) commented on the extreme varia- tion in series from Little and Great Exuma islands, but none of our specimens has the gray dorsum that thev describe. Three females collected on 13 June 1966 from the cave at Cave Junction on New Providence were lactating, and two young collected on 22 October 1961 on Eleuthera Is- land were volant. One of these young (KU 150885; fore- arm 46) was molting from the soft juvenile/subadult pel- age into the adult pelage; the anterior third of the bod) is the typical adult pelage, whereas the posterior two-thirds is a uniformly light brown, soft, fluffy juvenile coat. Two gravid females from Andros (Mangrove Cay) were taken on 27-28 April 1968. A female from San Salvador was lac- tating when captured on 26 June 1966. The specimens from Eleuthera and Andros were taken from caves, whereas the two from San Salvador were netted in a formal garden. Bats from Cat Island were taken from a cave with two entrances, at one of which were found the Erophylla and at the other Macrotus; the Erophylla were roosting in dif- fuse clumps over a semi-permanent pond in the cave floor. 18 Scientifk Papers, Naturai History Museum, The University of Kansas \k ave Junction the) also were roosting over a semi per manent pond. Shame! ( 1931b) named .1 nev\ subspecies ol / , planifrons (= £. sezekorni) from Mariguana (= Mayaguana) Island in the southern Bahamas. Shamel's subspecies, £. s. mariguanensis, was stated to differ from E. s. planifrons by its larger size, darker coloration, and smaller teeth. Erophylla s. mariguanensis has been reported from Ma) aguana and East Caicos Island, in the extreme south- eastern portion of the Bahaman archipelago; Shame! had 50 specimens (but only 8 skulls from this lot of fluid-pre- served specimens) from Mayaguana and 16 from East c aicos. Of his material, we have examined two skulls from East C aicos (USNM 255636-37) and 13 specimens (USNM 255586-87, 255589, 255591, 255594-96, 255599, 255601-2, 255604, 255607, 255609; 7 males and 6 females; only 2 skulls) from Mayaguana. The length of the forearm in £. s. mariguanensis, 46.5-50.8 (x = 48.0), is slightly greater than in £. s. planifrons, 44.6-49.9 (x = 47.2). Cranial measure- ments likewise are close, except that the average measure- ments of £. s. mariguanensis are slightly greater than those of E. s. planifrons except mastoid breadth. This is especially true of length of upper toothrow, which is 7.7-8.8 (x = 8.4) in E. s. planifrons and 8.1-8.9 (x = 8.4) in £. s. mariguanensis. I rophylla s. mariguanensis has smaller teeth than E. s. lifrons; Shamel (1931b) gave upper toothrow measure- ments of 7.6-8.2 for £. s. mariguanensis and 8.2-8.8 for £. s. planifrons. So far as color differences are concerned, speci- mens oi / . s. planifrons from any single locality are quite variable; this, plus the tact that Shamel's color data were derived from dried fluid-preserved specimens, makes us suspicious that no reasonably constant chromatic differences exist between these two taxa. We doubt that £. s. guanensis is separable from £. s. planifrons on the basis of any cha racters or combinations of characters, but refrain from making this taxonomic change because fresh topotypes of both are needed before proper comparisons can be made. We have not included measurements ot two specimens ol / , ekorni from San Salvador within the computations ot measurements for more northern bats. San Salvador is on its own bank about 75 km east of the southern tip of Cat Island, about 100 km east-northeast ot the northern lip "i I ong Island, and about 200 km northeast ot Ma) aguana. Considering its isolation, we entertained the notion that Erophylla on San Salvador might be referable to E. s. mariguanensis, it such a taxon is recognized. The length of forearm ol one specimen (44.2) is less than the lower extreme ol length ol forearm tor both subspecies, whereas that ol the other (48. J) falls within the ranges of length ol forearm ot both subspecies. 1 he bats from San Salvador have upper toothrow lengths ot 8.2 and 8.3; these are within the ranges ol both subspecies. Chromatically, the two bats from San Salvador are like other /.. s. planifrons. Possibly these two specimens are intergrades between E. s. planifrons and f . s. mariguanensis; however, because we are uncertain of the status ot the latter taxon, we herein consider them E. s. planifrons. Specimens examined (60). — BAHAMAS, Andros Island: 2.5 mi S airstrip, Mangrove Cay, 29 (KU 150835-63); Cat Island: E end of Cutlass Bay, Bain's Town, 12 (KU 150864 75); Eleuthera Island: Hatchet Bay Plantation, 12 (KU 107874, KU 150876-86); Neio Providence: Cave Junction, Nassau, 5 (KU 150887-91); San Salvador Island: 6.9 mi NE Cockburn Town, 1 (KU 150892); 4.2 mi N Cockburn Town, 1 Ikl 150893). Additional specimens (2).— BA1 lAMAS. Cat Island: E end of Cutlass Bay, Bain's Town, 1 (AS 5704, exchanged); Lon^ Island: Pinder's Settlement, 24 mi NVV Clarence Town, 1 (exchanged). Erophylla sezekorni sezekorni (Gundlach, 1861) Nine bats taken by Ronald F. Klinikowski on 2b Au- gust 1961 5.6 km NE of West End, Cayman Brae, Cayman Islands are assigned to the nominate (Cuban) subspecies of Erophylla sezekorni. These were collected from an open "cave" along the escarpment of the central plateau; the bats were found in the company of Macrotus waterhousii minor in the well-lighted and shallow openings in the limestone cliff forming the escarpment. Schwartz also examined a specimen (YPM 241) from Santa Fe, Isla de la Juvenrud, collected by George E. Watson on 14 November 1935. The bats from Cayman Brae (6 males, 3 females) ha\ e the following measurements: total length, 79-84 ( \ - 81.3); length of tail, 10-15 (\ 12 1); length of hind foot, 12—16 (Jx = 14.8); length of ear, 18-21 (x = 19.9); length of tragus, 8- 9 (x = 8.6); length of forearm, 47.5-19.7 (x = 48.5); greatest length of skull, 24.3-24.8 (\ = 24.5); condylobasal length, 22.4-23.3 (x = 23.0); zygomatic breadth,' 10.3-11.8 (\ 11.3); postorbital constriction, 4.4-4.7 (x = 4.5); mastoid breadth, 10.3-11.1 (x ■■= 10.7); length of upper toothrow, 7.5-8.4 (x = 8.1). The skull of the specimen from Isla de la [uventud is badly broken, and there are no measurements from life for the skin; the forearm has a length of 4S.3, the postorbital constriction is 4.S, and the upper toothrow is 7.8. I he specimens from Cayman brae show the same sort of pelage variation .is does ! . s. planifrons. The color of the dorsal hair tips varies from dark brown to red- dish tan, although none is so pale as some of the Bahaman specimens. In order to determine the differences between Erophylla s. sezekorni on Cuba and E. s. syops on Jamaica, we exam- ined 12 specimens from Cuba (5 males, 5 females, 2 unsexed) and IS specimens from [amaica (2 males, 10 fe- males USNM; (-> females in Schwartz's collection from 3 mi SI ol Whitehouse, St. Elizabeth Parish). According to 1 \1 Allen (1917), the skull of E. s. syops has a conspicu- Wi si Indian Mammals 19 ouslv wider rostrum with the molar rows nearly parallel rather than converging anteriorly and the profile is less elevated than in £. s. sezekorni, but with a narrower palate, more swollen lachrymal region, and teeth slightly broader. Measurements were given only tor the holotype; presum- ably, from Allen's comment, the balance of his original se- ries of eight specimens was in spirits also as was the holo- type. Measurements of 12 E. s. sezekorni are: length of fore- arm, 43.0-44.3 (x = 47.0); greatest length of skull, 23.9- 25.0 (v = 24.3); condylobasal length, 2L9-22.9 (\ = 22.3); zygomatic breadth, 10.7-11.4 (v = 11.0); postorbital con- striction, 4.4-4.S (\ = 4.6); mastoid breadth, 10.4-10.8 (x = 10.6); length of upper toothrow, 7.6-8.0 ( v = 7.8). Eighteen £. s. syops have the following data: length of forearm, 46.5- 49.7 (\ = 48.3); greatest length of skull, 23.6-25.2 (x = 24.6); condylobasal length, 21.6-23.4 (\~ = 22. <->): zygomatic breadth, 10.1-11.0 (x = 10.8); length of upper toothrow, 8.0-8.2 (x = 8.1). The two samples are extremely close in both means and parameters in all measurements taken. Allen's characteristics oi the skull of £. s. syops, based on a single specimen, do not seem to be valid when a series of either £. s. sezekorni or £. s. si/ops is studied. Clearly the rela- tionships of Jamaican and Cuban populations need to be analyzed further with large samples from both islands. Specimens examined (20).— CAYMAN ISLANDS. Cay- man Brae: South Shore, 3.5 mi NE West End, 9 (KU 150894- 902). CUBA. Provincia tie Guantanamo: Guantanamo, Guaso, cave near power plant, 7 (USNM 300513-17, USNM 300519-20); Provincia de Santiago de Cuba: Seborni, 1 (USNM 200863); Province Unknown: San German, 1 (USNM 254715); cave at Siboney, 2 (USNM 300509, USNM 300512). .Additional specimen (1). — CUBA. Isla de la Juventud: Santa Fe, 1 (YPM241). Erophylla sezekorni syops G. M. Allen, 1917 Six females were taken by Schwartz and Richard Tho- mas on 13 July 1967 at 4.8 km SE Whitehouse, Jamacia. Measurements of two of these individuals are: total length, 77, 78; length of tail, 1 5, 1 2; length of hind foot, 20, 2 1 ; length of ear, 14, 15; length of tragus, 8, 8; length of forearm, 45.0, 47.9; greatest length of skull, 24.4, 25.1; condylobasal length, 22.4, 23.2; zygomatic breadth, 11.1, 11.5; postorbital con- striction, 4.4, 4.6; mastoid breadth, 10. S, 11.0; length of upper toothrow, S.O, 8.3. Specimens examined ( 1 5). — JAMAICA. St, Elizabeth Par- ish: 3 mi SE Whitehouse, 6 (KU 150903-08); St. lames Par- ish: Montego Bay, 9 (USNM 172428-30, USNM 172433-38). Glossophaga longirostris rostrata Miller, 1913 Miller's Long-tongued Bat Glossophaga longirostris rostrata was described from Grenada, and has been reported from three islands in the l irenadines (Union, Mustique, Carriacou), St. Vincent, and Tobago (Webster and Handlev, 1986). I he Schwartz Col- lection contains specimens from Grenada and St. Vim enl A male taken at Belmont, on Bequia, the northernmost of the Grenadines, establishes the presence of Glossophaga on another of the Grenadine islands. On St. Vincent, G. longirostris was collected by netting over a swimming pool in cultivated land at Ratho Mill, and by netting in a cacao grove at Lower Bellewood. On Grenada, Miller's long-tongued bats were taken in the French ammunition tunnels at St. George's (where they also had been reported by G. M. Allen [1911]), which they shared with Artibeus jamaicensis, and in an abandoned shack near the ocean at Salt Pond on xeric Point Saline. Of two females taken on 25 December 1961 on St. Vincent, one was carrying a single young, and the other was gravid with a single fetus. Adult females from Grenada (Febru- ary and March) and others from St. Vincent (28 Decem- ber) were neither gravid nor carrying young. Three males and five females from Grenada have the following external and cranial measurements: total length, 60-67 (v = 64.3); length of hind foot, 10-12 (x = 10.6); length of ear, 12-15 (\ = 13.9); length of tragus, 6-7 (x = 6.4 ); length of forearm, 37.8-40.3 (x = 38.8); greatest length of skull! 22.6-23.5 (x = 23.1); condylobasal length, 21.2- 22.4 (x = 21.8); zygomatic breadth, 9.6-10.2 ( v = 9.9); pos- torbital constriction, 4.7-5.0 (\ = 4.9); mastoid breadth, 9.3-9.7 (\ = 9.5); length of upper toothrow, 7.7-8.4 (\ = 8.0). Seven males and six females from St. Vincent have the following external and cranial measurements: total length, 59-83 ( \ = 64.4); length of tail, 4-9 ( \T = 6.6); length of hind foot, 11-12 (\ = 11.6); length of ear, 13-15 (\ 14.1); length of tragus, 6-7 (\ = 6.8); length of forearm, 36.3-40.1H \ = 37.5); greatest length of skull, 2 1 .2-22.9 ( \ = 22.3); condylobasal length, 19.9-22.4 ( v = 21.3); zygomatic breadth, 9.0-10.0 (\ = 9.7); postorbital constriction, 4.4- 5.1 (\ = 4.S); mastoid breadth, 8.8-9.6 (x = 9.3); length of upper toothrow, 7.4-S.2 ( \ = 7.7). The two series are iden- tical in coloration; the hairs are tipped with dark brown and have pale tan to buffv bases dorsallv, and ventrally are paler brown with paler buffv to tan bases. Specimens examined (22).— GRENADA. St. George Par- ish: French Ammunition Tunnels, 6 (KU 150936-41); Salt Pond, 1 (KU 150942); Fort Frederick, 2 (KU 150943-44). CRENADINES. Bequia: Belmont, 1 (KU 150923). ST. VINCENT. Sf. George Parish, Ratho Mill, 10 (KU 150924- 33); Sf. Patrick Parish: Lower Bellwood, 2 (KU 150934-35). Glossophagn soricina antillarum Rehn, 1902 Pallas' Long-tongued Bat Koopman and Williams (1951) regarded Glossophaga soricina antillarum as rare and localized by habitat on Ja- maica and did not find the genus represented by fossil material despite the abundance of chiropteran fossils avail- 20 Si [entific Papkrs. Nvhral History Museum, Thi University oi Kansas able to them, rhe only previously published locality for this bat on famaica is Port Antonio, on the northeastern coast. Schwartz's specimens are from three additional lo- calities, two oi which (Negril and Portland Cottage) are xeric, in contrast to the mesic conditions at Port Antonio. 1 lie population of Pallas' long-tongued bats on Jamaica is the only Antillean representative of this species, which is widely distributed in the mainland tropics and subtropics. Externa] and cranial measurements of tour males and tour females are: total length, 57-67 (x = 61.4); length of tail, 7-8 (x = 7.6); length of hind foot, 10-11 (x = 10.1); length of ear, 14-21 (x = 16.0); length of tragus, 5-6 (x = 5.5); length of forearm, 37.2-38.7 (x = 37.7); greatest length oi skull', 21.8-23.0 (x = 22.2); condylobasal length, 20.5- 21.5 (x = 20.8); zygomatic breadth, 9.2-9.8 (x = 9.6); per- iorbital constriction, 4.4-4.9 (x= 4.7); mastoid breadth, 8.9- ">.2 (x = 9.0); length of upper toothrow, 7.4-7.7 (x = 7.5). The dorsal pelage is some shade of brown, varying from dark to pale brown; on some specimens there is a faintly reddish tinge, and the dorsal hairs are cream to pale buffy basally. Ventrallv, the fur is grayish tan distally with bases ranging from buffy to grayish. ;ophaga soricina antillarum can be differentiated externally from Monophyllus redmani redmani Leach, which also occurs on Jamaica, in that the former is much paler than the latter and the tail in Monophyllus extends beyond posterior edge of the uropatagium, whereas in Glossophaga it does not (Baker et al., 1984). Glossophaga has a shorter upper toothrow (7.4-7.7 in Glossophaga, 8.3-8.9 in Monophyllus; Schwartz and Jones, 1967) and relatively larger lower incisors. One male and two females were collected in an open, well-lighted, cave near Portland Cottage; the interior of the ca\ e was distinctly moist. A few other bats were seen in the entrance chamber where the Glossophaga were taken; I hev m,iv have been Mncivtits, which was abundant at this site. three males and one female from Whitehouse were secured in the same cave in semi-xeric forest as Macrotus waterhousii. Specimens examined (8). — JAMAICA. Clarendon Parish: 5.6 mi SE Portland C Ottage, 3 (KU 150945-47); St. Elizabeth Parish: 3 mi SE Whitehouse, 4 (KU 150948-51); moreland Parish: Negril, I (KU 150952). Macrotus waterhousii Gray, 1843 Waterhouse's Leaf-nosed Bat otu: waterhousii occurs from southern California and Nevada and northern Arizona through Mexico and into* luatemalaand eastward through the( Ireater Antilles and Bahamas as far east as Hispaniola (Anderson and Nelson, 1965). Choate and Birnej ( 1968) reported the spe i ies from Puerto Pico based on sub-Recent fossils. Seven subspecies were recognized by Anderson and Nelson ( 1965) with the forms M. w. compressus, M. w. jamaicensis, A I w. minor, and M. w. waterhousii occurring in the Antilles. However, Buden (1975b) recognized onlv two subspecies on the islands, AL w. minor and M. w. waterhousii, with M. iv. compressus and M. w. jamaicensis as junior synonyms re- spectively. We follow Koopman's (1994) recognition of tour subspecies on the islands, as proposed by Anderson and Nelson (1965). Macrotus waterhousii compressus Rehn, 1904 Schwartz's material of the Bahaman subspecies of Macrotus waterhousii consists of one male from Great Exuma Island, a male and a female from Long Island, and eight males and 21 females from Cat Island. External measure- ments from seven specimens and cranial measurements from 27 specimens are given in Table 2. Anderson and Nelson (1965) suggested that M. w. compressus is larger than M. w. minor in most external measurements, except the forearm; the measurements of our much larger series from the Bahamas confirm theirs. The most noticeable external mensural difference between these two subspecies is in ear length, which is 26-30 (x = 26.8) in M. w minor and 30- 33 ( \ = 31.6) in M. w. compressus. The forearms (means 51.0 in minor, 51.5 in compressus) are comparable. Cranially, \I w. compressus averages larger in all measurements except that of postorbital constriction; length of upper toothrow virtually separates skulls of the two subspecies (8.6-9.4 in minor, 9.3-10.0 in compressus). The forearm of Macrotus w. jamaicensis is longer than M. w. compressus (mean 52.8 in the former, 51.5 in the lat- ter), but all external measurements overlap so broadly that differences in size are obscured. In cranial measurements, all means are comparable between these two subspecies, with M. w. jamaicensis having a slightly longer upper toothrow. Compared with AL w. waterhousii, the Bahaman subspecies has longer ears (2h-2c) in waterhousii, 30-33 in compressus) and a distinctly smaller skull. Comparisons of Macrotus w. compressus with bats that we assign to Al. w. waterhousii from Great Inagua reveal the latter average larger in all cranial measurements, most distinctly so in length oi upper toothrow (9.3-10.0 in compressus, 9.9-10.6 in Great Inagua waterhousii). External measurements are not so diagnostic of these two subspe- cies, although the forearms of specimens from Inagua have a slightly higher mean (53.5) than those of compressus (51.5). In pelage, AL re. compre»us is darker (more grayish) than brown-phase specimens of A I. w. iamaicensis, A I. w. minor, and AL w. waterhousii. However, these differences may be the result oi longer time since preservation of the specimens of the latter three subspec ies. All of the Bahaman A I. w. compressus were taken in caves. A young, but volant, male was in the twilight /ono of a very high cave on Great Exuma. A cave at Bain's low n, West Indian Mammals 21 Table 2- External and crania] measurements (in mm) of Antillean populations ol Mai rotus waterhousii. In each column, the mean is followed by the range. Length Length Length Greatest Island and Total Toil of hind Length of of length Statistics length length foot ol ear tragus forearm ot skull Condylo- Zygo- Lost- Length of basal mafic orbital Mastoid upper length breadth constriction breadth toothrow [amaica 99.5 (N = llcf,5 9) 92.0-107.0 Cuba; I luventud 97.4 (N = lOtf, 9 9) 91.0-103.0 Grand Cayman L|~ 4 (N = 79) 91 0-103.0 Hispaniola 96.1 (N = 6cf, 29) 93.0-99.0 Inagua 100.2 (N = 9cf, 20 9) 97.0-105.(1 North Bahamas L>6.7 (N= 10(7,22 9) 91 0 102.0 32.2 1 3.3 30.0-36.0 12.0-14.0 52 7 14.0 28.0-39.0 12.0-16.0 35.0 14.1 32.0-39.0 13.0-15.0 12.4 14.3 29.0-37.0 12.0 lh.0 36.0 14.? 12 11-40.0 12.0-16.0 33.3 14.6 30.0 -39.0 14.0-16.0 30.0 11.7 52.8 28.0 -On 10 0-13 0 49.7-55 5 26.6 51.0 25 3 2 I 3 26 2 26.0-30.0 11.0-14.0 48.3-53.4 22.8-24.3 2d.7 12.3 51 0 23.5 25.0-29.0 11.0-14.0 48.3-53.4 22.8-24.5 26.7 11.6 53.9 26.1 25.0-29.0 10.0-13.0 51 5-55.6 25.2-26.6 30.8 11.2 53.5 26.3 27.0-34.0 10.0-12.0 47 4-36.2 25.1-27.0 "In 12.9 51.5 25.0 30.0-33.0 10.0-16.0 49.1-53.0 23.6-26.4 22.2 12.2 4.3 11.0 9.6 21.4-23.4 11.6-12.7 4.0-4.6 10.4-114 9.3-10.0 20 _ 11.0 4 2 1IUI 9.|| 20.0-21.3 10.7-ll.n 40-4.4 9.6-10.5 8.6-9.4 20.3 11.2 4 0 10.0 8.9 19.6-20.9 10.7-11.6 3.8-4.2 9.6-10.3 8.8 8.9 226 12.3 4? 11.1 9.9 22.2-22.7 11.9-12.5 4.4-4.7 10.8-11.4 9.4-10.3 23.3 12.7 4.4 11.1 in I 22.2-23.7 12.3-12.9 4.3-4.6 10.3-11.5 9.9-10.5 22.0 119 4.2 10 7 9.5 21.6-22.4 11.5-12.4 3.9-4.5 10.3-11.1 9.3-10.0 Cat Island, has two entrances; Macrotus were congregated at one end and Eropln/lla sezekorni at the other. An adult male from Clarencetown was taken in a tall chimney in the ceiling of an extensive (but not deep) cave. Specimens examined (32). — BAHAMAS. Cat Island: 4.1 mi N Tea Bav, 1 (KU 150958); E end Cutlass Bay, Bain's Town, 15 (KU 150959-73); 3 mi NE Cutlass Bav," 13 (KU 150974-86); Great Exuma: 1 mi SSVV Forest, 1 (KU 150987); Long Island: 4.9 mi SE Clarence Town, 1 (KU 151017); Finder's Settlement, 24 mi NW Clarence Town, 1 (KU 151080). Macrotus waterhousii jamaicensis Rehn, 1904 Sixteen specimens from Jamaica agree well with this subspecies as defined by Anderson and Nelson (1965). Macrotus waterhousii jamaicensis is easily distinguishable from M. w. minor from Cuba by its larger skull (Table 2). In coloration, five bats are in the red and 11 in the brown phases; of eight bats taken at the same locality on the same date, five are distinctly reddish, and three are brown. Al- though Anderson and Nelson (1965) wrote that M. w. jamaicensis possibly is darker than M. w. minor, differences in depth of pigmentation between the various subspecies are so subtle that it is difficult to state definitively which subspecies is paler or darker. Specimens from Clarendon Parish, Jamaica, were col- lected in the same open and well-lighted cave as Glossophaga soricina. Two specimens from Westmoreland Parish, Jamaica, were netted in semi-xeric forest with abun- dant limestone outcroppings, boulders, and low cliffs; the entire region was one of alternating pastureland and woods. Specimens examined ( 1 =0. — JAMAICA. Clarendon Parish: 5.6 mi SE Portland Cottage, 8 (KU 151018-25); Portland Parish: Port Antonio, 1 (KU 151026); St. Elizabeth Parish: 3 mi SE Whitehouse, 4 (KU 151028-31); Trelawny Parish: kinloss, 1 (KU 151027); Westmoreland Parish: Negril, large cave in town, 1 (KU 151032). Additional specimen ( 1 ). — JAMAICA. Westmoreland Par- ish: Negril, 1 (exchanged). Macrotus waterhousii minor Gundlach, 1865 Anderson and Nelson (1965) gave the distribution of Macrotus waterhousii minor as Cuba, Isla de Pinos (now Isla de la Juventud), and the Cayman Islands. Thomas ( lc'(ih) referred two specimens from Navassa to this subspecies (also see Koopman, 1994). We have examined material from all these islands and agree that all are correctly assigned to the Cuban subspecies. Macrotus waterhousii minor is the smallest of the Antillean subspecies of M. waterhousii. It is readily differ- entiated from Al w. jamaicensis, because skull measure- ments of A I. w. minor (greatest length, condylobasal length, zygomatic breadth, mastoid breadth, upper toothrow ) show little or no overlap with those of Al. w. jamaicensis. External mensural differences are not so clear, but the ears of Al w. minor are distinctly shorter than are those ot A 1. w. jamaicensis (Table 2). A male and female taken on 2d April 1965 on Navassa are clearly referable to Al. w. minor; length of upper toothrow measurements of 9.0 and 9. 1 fall within the range of Al. w. minor (8.6-9.4) and below that of M. w. jamaicensis (9.3-10.0). 1 low ever, the forearm lengths of the specimens from Navassa (50.4, 50.5) are within the range of both M. w. minor (48.3-53.4) and A I. w. jamaicensis (49.7-55.5). Other external and cranial measurements of these specimens 22 Scientific Papers, Nati r \i Histor\ Museum, Thi University 01 Kansas i onfirm the alloc ation ol the population to M. w. minor total length, 91, 90; length ol tail, $4, }5; length of hind foot, 16, 15; length ol ear, 30, 29; length of tragus, 12, 12; greatesi length ol skull,-, 23.8; condylobasal length,- 11.2; postorbital constriction, 4.1, 4.1; mastoid breadth, -, 9.9. Anderson and Nelson ( 1965) examined five specimens from Grand c ayman, ,\nd we have studied seven addi- tional females from that island. C ranial measurement of these bats agree well \\ i tK those of Cuban M. re. minor, ex- cept that in two characters (condylobasal length, postor- bital constriction), the bats from Grand Cayman have lower extremes than do specimens from Cuba. Externally, the ( ,i\ man specimens are slightly larger than Cuban speci- mens— total length (x= 93.1 on Cuba and 97.4 on Grand Cayman), and have distinctly longer ears (x= 26.8 on Cuba and 30. 1 on Grand Cayman). Because the Cayman Islands are virtually equidistant between Cuba and Jamaica, it is possible that these slight differences from M. w. minor are reflections of occasional dispersal from Jamaica; however, the concordance of skull measurements between specimens from Cayman and those from Cuba seems to negate any influence of M. re. jamaicensis, and tine mean external dif- ferences may well be due merely to the smaller Caymanian sample. On Cuba, M. re. minor was found regularly by Schwartz in well-lighted and often shallow caves. At times, even superficial "caves" are utilized; in such instances the bats retreated to the most remote portion of the depression so as to avoid direct sunlight. Evidence of occupancy of ca\ es by Macrotus was often revealed by the presence on the cave floor of the dissociated wings of lepidopterans and odo- nates, as well as the wings of a variety of other insects. rhese result from the habit of Mai rotus of returning dur- ing the night to a feeding perch, where prey captured on the wing is devoured while the bat hangs suspended. An adult male from San Vicente was consuming a large moth in a cave when captured. Two bats from Charco Mono in eastern Cuba were taken from within the arches and tun- nels of a newly constructed dam. The specimens from \a\ assa were collected inside the lighthouse on that islet; occasionally, M. w. minor utilizes man-made structures rather than natural caves. Six skins ol A I. w. minor show the reddish phase; these are from t uba, Isla de la [uventud, ond Grand C ayman. The rest ol the skins are brown to brownish tan. Brown- phase M. w. minor seem to be slightly paler than brown- phase Al. w. jamaicensis, but possibly this is because the spec imens ol Al. w. minor have been preserved for a longer period of time. imens examined (28).— ( Vi MAN 1S1 ANDS. Grand ra«:6.6miSl Georgetown, 7 (KU 151033 39). CUBA. i amagiiey: I os Paredones, 10 mi NE Banao, 1 (KU 15104 to de Cienfuegos: Guajimico, 2 (KU 151051-52); Provincia de Guantanamo: U.S. Naval Base, Guantanamo, 1 (KL' 151058); Provinciade La Habana:Cueva del Rincon de Guanabo, 2 mi 1 l'la\ a de (. luanabo, 10 i KL 151041-48, KU 151055-56); Isla de la Juventud: 4.7 mi SV\ Santa Fe, 1 (KU 151049); 8.8 mi SSW Nueva Gerona, 1 (KU 151050); Provincia de Pinar del Rio: San Vicente, 1 (KU 151057); Provinciade Santiago de Cuba: Charco Mono, 13 mi NW Santiago de Cuba, 2 (KL 151053-54). UNITED STATES. Navassa Island: The Lighthouse, 2 (KU 151061- 62). Additional specimen (1). — CUBA. Provincia de Camagiiey: Los Paredones, 10 mi NE Banao, 1 (ROM 78502 [= AS 4953]). Macrotus waterhousii waterhousii Gray, 184 5 Three Macrotus waterhousii from Haiti, 78 from the Dominican Republic, and 2*-> from Great Inagua in the southeastern Bahamas are assignable to the nominate sub- species. The 29 bats from Great Inagua are larger than the four specimens examined by Anderson and Nelson ( 1 L|h^> |, The specimens from Great Inagua average larger than our I lispaniolan specimens in all external measurements ex- cept tragus and forearm (see Table 2), in which the means are slightly less in the bats from Inagua. Judging only from cranial measurements, the Inagua bats average slightlv larger than our series from Hispaniola in most measure- ments, but the differences are not pronounced. The two large Inagua bats commented upon by Anderson and Nelson (1965) are larger than any from our series from that island. Three of eight skins from Hispaniola and two from Inagua are in the reddish color phase. The remaining five I lispaniolan skins are brown dorsally The bats from Great Inagua are pale, dusty, grayish brown and are quite dis- tinct from both phases ol M. waterhousii from Hispaniola. On Hispaniola. Al. waterhousii was found in caves \ cave at Diquini is a simple, open, and well-lighted dome- shaped cavern and is precisely thesorl of cave that Mai rotu- customarily inhabits. Specimens from near Azua were taken from a widely open shell-like cavern on a wooded hillside in semi-arid country. At a large cave at Boca de Chavon, Macrotus were collected in an interior chamber that opened by a flue to the outside. The large series from Great Inagua was taken from the interior of an abandoned and well-lighted kiln building; the bats were taken prima- rily from aggregations along the roolbeam and on the < eil ing, but a few were observed in bricked kilns nvov the floor. A female taken on 2d |ul\ 1975 and nine individuals collected on 1 August N74 at Los Patos and two females obtained i^n 6 August 1974 near Calm Rojo were volant young o\ the year as evidenced by their open ephyseal phalanges. I wo females from 21 km northeast of Cabo Rojo were described by the collector as having "at term fetuses" Wtsi Indi \\ Mammals 23 when taken on 19 May 1969. A female horn Los Patos was lactating when obtained on 1 August 1974. Specimens examined (111)). — BAHAMAS. Great Jnagua: 7 mi NE Matthew Town, 5 (KU 1 30988-92); Windsor Lake, 8 mi N Matthew Town, 24IKU [ 50993-016). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Pivvincia de Azua: 8.9 mi N, 1.8 mi VV Azua, 800 ft, 2 (KU 151063, KU 132427); 4 km NW Barreras, 9 (KU 151064-72); Loma El Numero, 1 (KU 131073); Provincia de Barahona: Los Patos, 55 (KU 151074-108, KU 151112-31, KU 1 52428); no specific locality, 3 (KU 151109-1 1 ); Provincia de La Romana: 1 mi N Boca de Chavon, 3 (KU 151132-34); Provincia de Pedernales: I'Eglise, 21 km NE Cabo Rojo, 1300 ft, 2 (KU 151135-36); east of Cabo Rojo, 3 (KU 151137-39). HAITI. Departement de I'Ouest: Diquini, 3 (KU 151059-60, KU 152426). Monophyllus Long-tongued Bats In a systematic revision of the genus Monophyllus, Schwartz and Jones (1967) recognized two species — M. redmani and M. plethodon. The former is confined to the Greater Antilles, whereas living representatives of the lat- ter are known only from the Lesser Antilles, although it is known as a fossil on Puerto Rico (Schwartz and Jones, 1967). The two living subspecies of A [onophyllus plethodon — luciae and plethodon — each are represented in the Schwartz Collection by single individuals. A fossil subspecies, M. />. hater, is known from Puerto Rico, where it occurs sympa- trically with M. redmani. Monophyllus plethodon luciae Miller, 1902 Insular Long-tongued Bats One adult female was taken in a mist net set across a stream in dense rainforest on Dominica on 21 February 1962. The subspecies Monophyllus plethodon luciae is dis- tinguished from the nominate form by its overall larger size. External and cranial measurements of the female are: total length, 71; length of tail, 8; length of hind foot, 13; length of ear, 15; length of tragus, 5; length of forearm, 42.6; greatest length of skull, 23.4; condylobasal length, 21.8; zygomatic breadth, 9.7; postorbital constriction, 4.5; mas- toid breadth, 9.5; length of upper toothrow, 7.9. Specimen examined (1).— DOMINICA. St. Paul Parish: 6 mi NE Roseau, 1100 ft, 1 (KU 151216). Monophyllus plethodon plethodon Miller, 1900 The single representative of the nominate subspecies is an adult male taken on 16 November 1961. Because Schwartz and Jones (1967) had measurements from only two specimens from Barbados, they were uncertain as to morphological distinctiveness of the population on the is- land. Thev continued to recognize the population on Bar- bados as a separate taxon because of the smaller measure- ments of the holotype, which fell below the known range of Monophyllus plethodon luciae. Schwartz and Jones ( 1967) did point out, however, that the specimen in the Schwartz Collection had measurements that fell within the range ot those tor AT p. luciae. External and cranial measurements ot this male are: total length, 67; length of tail, 9; length of hind foot, 12; length of ear, 14; length of tragus, 5; length of forearm, 40.6; greatest length of skull, 23.0; condylobasal length, 21.5; zygomatic breadth, 10.2; postorbital constric- tion, 4»; mastoid breadth, C>.L); length of upper toothrow, 7.5. Based on a comparison of this specimen with other Antillean populations, Schwartz and Jones (1967) con- cluded that there were no color differences between M. p. plethodon and M. p. luciae. The specimen was taken in a mist net set between the supports for the road bridge at Jack-in-the-box Gully. The gully was a steep-sided ravine containing dense riparian woods. The surrounding area was flat and devoted primarily to cultivation of sugarcane. Artibeus jamaicensis was the only other species of bat captured in the ravine. Specimen examined (1). — BARBADOS. St. Thomas Par- ish: fack-in-the-box Cully, 1 (KU 151217). Mouopln/llus redmani Leach's Long-tongued Bat Mouopln/llus redmani has three recognized subspe- cies, all of which are all represented in the Schwartz Collection. Mouopln/llus redmani clinedaphus Miller, 19(H) Schwartz and Jones (1967) reviewed the systematics and distribution of Mouopln/llus, and restricted the name Mouopln/llus redmani clinedaphus to populations on Cuba and Hispaniola. Specimens collected by Schwartz prior to 1967 were utilized in that study. Subsequently, two males and six females were netted in Julv 1968 and 1969 in pine forest at NE of Jarabacoa, Dominican Republic (2000 ft). At two localities near Carrefour Marmelade (3400 ft), 28 adult males were captured by J. W. Norton on 1-3 July 1974. Woods (1986) netted three individuals at 2100 m over a small stream that flows downhill and enters a large cave on the Massif de la Selle, Haiti, and took 23 females at el- evations of 975-2300 m in the Massif de la Hotte, Haiti. The ecological situation from which these specimens were taken is unusual because all previous specimens from Hispaniola and Cuba had been collected in lowland ca\ es, such as Cueva de Cotilla, Cuba, and Grotte la Foret, Haiti (Schwartz and Jones, 1967). At Les Cayes, 1 laid, Schwartz took three females and a male on 3 August 1976. The two specimens from Los Patos, RD, are both juveniles; ano is a female taken on 26 July 1975 and the other is a male captured on 1 August 24 Scientific Papers, Naturai History Museum, Thi University oi Kansas 1974. Lactating females were taken 9 July 1976 at Paillant, 19 July !974atConstanza, RD, and 23 and 29 July 1969 NE oi farabacoa, RD. imens examined (57). — CUBA. Provincia de La Habana: Cue\ a deCotilla, 9 km SW San fose de Lis Lajas, 5 (KU 151218-22). DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Provincia de Barahona: Los Patos, 2 (KU 151241, KU 152401); Provincia Lie La \ ega: 12 km NE Jarabacoa; 2000 ft, 8 (KU 151242-48, KU 152403); 19.3 km SE Constanza, 6200 ft, 1 (KU 152402). 11 Mil. D'epartement de I'Artibonite: 2.2 mi E Carrefour Marmelada, 3400 It, 9 (KU 151223-31); Grotte de Paudin, 2.2 mi H Carrefour Marmelada, 3400 ft, 19 (KU 152378- 96); D'epartement du Sud: Grotte la Foret, 9 km WSW Jeremie, 8 (KU 151232-39); Les Cayes, 4 (KU 151240, KU 152398- 400); Paillant, 1900 tt, I (KU 152397). Monophyllus redmani portoricensis Miller, 1900 Monophyllus redmani portoricensis, which is character- ized by its small size, is known only from Puerto Rico. Of 12 specimens collected by Richard Thomas, four females and two males were collected near Cidra on 4-5 February I %i, three females and a male were taken at Guanica on 6 March 1965, and a female and a male were obtained on 15-16 March 1965 near Utuado. One of the females taken on 5 February at Cidra was pregnant with an embryo mea- suring 15 in crown-rump length. Specimens from near Cidra were taken in mist nets set in a wooded ravine. Near Guanica in southwestern Puerto Rico, mist nets were set in a ravine and across an unused road, both in xeric forest and scrub near sea level. Specimens from near Utuado were collected in a net in a cafetal near the edge of the northern escarpment of the Cordillera Central at 335 m. This area supports mesic for- est. Because the habitats near Utuado and Guanica repre- sent the extremes on the island, this glossophagine can be expected to occur throughout Puerto Rico. Spei imens examined ( 12).— PUERTO RICO. Cidra: ea. 1 km NE Cidra, 1300 ft, 6 (KU 151249-52, KU 152404-05); nea: 7.5 km I C aianica, 4 (KU 151253-56); Utuado: 17.7 km XI I tuado, 1 100 It, 2 (KU 151257-58). Monophyllus redmani redmani I each, 1N21 Monophyllus redmani was described by Leach in 1821 based on a single specimen from Jamaica. Schwartz and [ones (1967) differentiated the subspecies M. r. redmani by its large body ^nd cranial si/e, but relatively short foreai m. I luce males and a female were captured on 4 July 196 1 in Windsor t ave, [amaica, where Schwartz observed the bats clinging to, or IK ing jusl below, the high ceiling, well away from the entrance of this moist i ave. Specimens examined (4). — JAMAK A. Trelawny Parish: Windsor Cave, 4 (KU I U259 62). Phyllonyi teris poeyi Gundlach, 1861 Cuban Flower Bat Until 1976, the genus Phyllonycteris was thought to be composed of four spec les, two of which were known from modern preserved specimens (/'. ppeyi on Cuba and P. aphylla on Jamaica) and two from sub-Recent fragmentar) fossil skeletal remains (/'. obtusa on Hispaniola and P. ma- jor on Puerto Rico), [ones and Carter (1976) placed P. obtusa as a subspecies of P. poeyi. Klingener et al. ( IL»7S) reported living individuals of P. p. obtusa from Hispaniola and pre- sented additional evidence to support this taxonomic ar- rangement. Koopman (1993) also considered P. poeyi and P. obtusa to be conspecific. Scfwartz was fortunate in se- curing living P. p. obtusa on Hispaniola, as well as a series of P. p. poeyi on Cuba; unfortunately, many of the skulls of the latter have been lost. In addition to Schwartz's speci- mens, we examined 11 specimens of P. p. poeyi from Provincia de Pinar del Rio; data from both series are com- bined herein. Phyllonycteris poeyi obtusa Miller, 1929 Three female Phyllonycteris poeyiobtusa were netted 16- 17 October 1963 by Richard Thomas and Schwartz at Sosua, RD. Details of the locality and other bats taken are given in the account of Brachyphylla nana. Specimens were col- lected at Paraiso, RD, on 4-5 August 1975 and at Rio Arbonite, RD, on 18 June 1975 by M. H. Strahm. Measure- ments of the three adult females from Sosua are: total length, 80, 83, 84; length of tail, 10, 9, L»; length of hind foot, 15, 16, 17; length of ear L6, 17, 16; length of tragus, 6, 8, 7; forearm 45.4, 47.2, 50.3; greatest length of skull, 24.2, 24. 1, 25.0; condylobasal length, 22.5, 22.5, 23.6; zygomatic breadth, 11.1, 11.4, 11.5; postorbital constriction, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5; mastoid breadth, 11.5, 11.4, 11.5; length of upper toothrow, 7.2, 7.4, 7.8. There is nothing striking about the pelage ol these three Hispaniolan Phyllonycteris. As in Cuban Phyllonycteris, the ears are pale tan and in general match the hue oi the back, the wing membranes are brown- ish black, jnd the ventral fur is grayer than that of the dor- sum. In external characters, the three Hispaniolan speci- mens do not differ from /'. poeyi from Cuba. Woods ( 1986) netted a male at 1650 h on the Massif de la I lotte in Haiti. Phyllonycteris obtusa was described on the basis oi three skulls and a single mandible from three eaves in Haiti (at St. -Michel de I'Atalaye, Port-de-Paix, and Diquini). As \m- as we are aware. /'. p. obtusa had not been reported from living specimens until Klingener et al. ( lc'78) took 37 speci- mens on thel laitian Tiburon Peninsula in 1973-1974. Miller (1929:10- 1 1 ) differentiated P. obtusa from P. poeyi (to which he admitted /'. obtusa was closely related) by the smaller incisive foramina .\nd "less narrowly curved" anterior border ol the premaxillaries in /'. ;». obtusa. In ,\n attempt to West Indian Mammals 25 quantify the latter character. Miller stated that the ratio of the distance between the anterior border of the premaxilla and the posterior border of the incisive foramina divided by the width of the palate at the inciso-canine diastema is 56.6-59.5 in P. p. obtusa, whereas the average is about 82 in P. p. poeyi. Stated another way, "The curve of the anterior premaxillary border of the palate forms part of a circle which, if completed posteriorly, would pass close behind the foramina in P. poeyi, but in P. obtusa it would be so much larger that the hinder edge of the foramina would scarcely extend beyond its center" (Miller, 1929:11). Miller also noted that the mandible and upper and lower molars of P. p. obtusa do not differ appreciably from those of P. p. poeyi. We agree with previous authors that were unable to verify the differences attributed to fresh material by Miller to P. p. obtusa. Comparison of a large series of skulls of Cuban P. p. poeyi with Hispaniolan specimens, does not reveal cranial differences. There are no differences in the premaxilla-foramen /palatal width ratio between Hispaniolan bats (range 53.6-68.0) and Cuban P. p. poeyi (46.7-75.0). All cranial measurements are quite comparable, and in most cases the range of variation in Cuban P. p. poeyi encompasses that of the Hispaniolan females. Pelage differences do not exist. We conclude that the recent speci- mens from Hispaniola are identical with the Cuban speci- mens and should be referred to P. poeyi. Based on these observations, we are following Jones and Carter (1976) and Klingener et al. (1978) in considering living Phyllonycteris from Cuba and Hispaniola to be conspecific. Klingener et al. (1978) caught their Hispaniolan bats in ravines, as well as on dry hillsides. One individual was carrying a fruit. Three females taken 17 December were gravid, each with one embryo ( 1 5, 20, 22 mm). One of our specimens from Rio Arbonite carried a single embryo 10 in crown-rump length when taken on 18 June 1975. Specimens examined (27).— DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Provincia tie Barahona: 8 km W Paraiso, 500 ft, 22 (KU 151263-82, KU 152406-07); Provincia do La Estrcllita: Rio Arbonite, 15 km SE jet with Rio Lupis, 2 (KU 151758-59); Provincia de Puerto Plata: Sosiia, 3 (KU 151283-85). Phyllonycteris poeyi poeyi Gundlach, 1860 Measurements of tour males and 11 females from Cueva de los Indios and six females from Guanajay, Cuba as well as one female from Guaso, Guantanamo, Cuba are: total length, 75-87 (v = 81.4); length of tail, 8-12 (\ = 9.8); length of hind foot, (16-20) 17.4; length of tragus, 7-8 (,\ = 7.5); length of forearm, 44.3-49.0 (x= 47.0); greatest length of skull, 24.0-25.8 (x= 24.7); condylobasal length, 21.8- 24.0 (x= 22.8); zygomatic breadth, 10.8-11.8 (x = 11.3); pos- torbital constriction, 5.1-5.7 (x = 5.4); mastoid breadth, 10.7- 11.8 (x = 11.1); length of upper toothrow, 7.5-7.9 (v= 7.7). Miller's (1904) comments about the uniformity of pelage color in a large series of P. poeyi 'are fullv confirmed by our material. This species is an exceptionally attractive one; the hair bases are pale cream and the dorsal hairs are tipped with grayish brown. Schwartz's experience with Phyllonycteris poeyi on Cuba was extremely limited. At Cueva de los Indios, a cave on a forested limestone ridge, the bats were encountered in the high, vaulted, and unvenrilated chamber at the end of the cave. In the cave, P. poeyi was abundant, more so than Brachyphylla, which also prefers hot and humid cav- erns. As described by Palmer (in Miller, 1904), the interior of the cave was extremely hot and humid; once the bats were disturbed, the cave atmosphere quickly became ex- tremely uncomfortable and suffocating. Specimens examined (14). — CUBA. Provincia de La Habana: Tapaste, Cueva de los Indios, San Vicente, 14 (KU 152408-21). Additional specimens (17). — CUBA. Provincia de La Habana: Tapaste, Cueva de los Indios, San Vicente, 6 (ROM 78764 [= AS 4657]; RPM 2002C-5-269-70 [= AS 4659-60]; UIMNH 16403-04 [= AS 4655-56]; AS 4658 marked ex- changed to Mumford); Provincia de Pinardel Rio: Guanajay, 11 (USNM 103537-39, USNM 103544-51). Phyllops falcatus haitiensis (J. A. Allen, 1908) Cuban Fig-eating Bat The genus Phyllops is one of four endemic Antillean genera (along with Ardops in the Lesser Antilles, Ariteus on Jamaica, and Stenoderma on Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands) that are poorly known. Of the two currently rec- ognized living species of Phyllops — P. haitiensis from Hispaniola and P. falcatus (Grav) on Cuba — the latter is known from 26 published localities. Phyllops haitiensis has been reported previouslv from only 10 localities, eight in Haiti (cave near St.-Michel de 1' Atalave, Massif de la Hotte, Massif de la Selle, Paillant, Petionville, Port-au-Prince, and 4 in the vicinity of Lebrun) and two in the Dominican Re- public (Cana Honda and 6 mi E Arenosa; Armstrong and Johnson, 1969). Cana Honda lies on the south side of the Bahia de Samana on the north coast of Hato Mayor Prov- ince, RD. Hall and Kelson (1959) misplaced the locality svmbol for Cana Honda; the name is common in the Do- minican Republic, but the correct locality is evident from the collector's (A. H. Verrill) itinerary (Wetmore and Swales, 1931). The locality is a well-known sea cave (lo- cally known as Cueva de Cana Honda), and presumably the other species reported by J. A. Allen (1908) from this locality (Pteronotus quadridens, Macrotus waterhousii, Artibeus jamaicensis) were secured in the same cave as the holotype of P. haitiensis. However, the latter is not known to use caves as diurnal retreats. At present, we see no reason to regard P. falcatus and P. haitiensis as two species and hereby treat haitiensis as a 26 Scientifk Papers, Naturai History Museum, The University oi K\\s\s subspecies oi /'. falcatus. rheir characters in most cases lap broadly, and differences in length oi forearm and pelage color may be more realistically considered as sub- species chara( ters. Accordingly we combine the Cuban and I [ispaniolan Phyllops asP I Mi atus (Cuba)and P. f. haitiensis ( I lispaniola). 1 his relationship also has been suggested by Klingenerel .il. (1978). The only published measurements for Phyllops f. haitiensis are those oi two females and one skull (Sanborn, L941) and those of Klingener et al. (1978) and Swanepoel and Genoways (1979) based on specimens from Paillant and the vicinity ot Lebrun, Haiti. Thirty specimens are from the Dominican Republic: two females from Sosua collected by Richard Thomas on 17 and 18 October 1963, six females and one male from 12 km northeast of larabacoa taken bv John K. Lewis between 18 and 24 July 1968, two females from 8 km west ot Paraiso obtained by M. H. Strahm on 5 August 1975, three males and six females from 12 km southwest of Barahona collected by Schwartz on 10 Au- gust 1975, a male and a female from Manantial Pepe taken by M. H. Strahm on 5 July 1975, two males and two fe- males from 21 km southwest of La Vega taken by J. W. Norton between 21 and 24 July 1974, a female from 13.5 km southwest of Piedra Blanca taken by Schwartz on 22 August 1973, two females from 1 .6 km south of Constanza collected by Schwartz on 9-10 October 1971, and a female from Rio Bao taken by Schwartz on 20 June 1975. From Haiti, there are a male from 6.5 km south of Terrier Rouge taken by Elie Cyphale on 8 April 1966, a male and a female netted at Cap I laitien bv J. W. Morton on 15 and 30 June 1974, respectively, a male taken at Petionville bv J. W. Norton on 4 May 1974, and a male taken at Les Caves by Schwartz on 3 August 1976. Externa] measurements of the seven fresh specimens 1 2 in, lies first, followed bv 5 females) are: total length, 55, 55, 65, 63, (A 60, 58; length of hind foot, 10, 12, 13, 12, 12, 13, 12: length of ear, 16, 13, 16, 18, 17, 17, 16; length of tra- gus, 5, 6, 7, 8, 7, 7, 7; length of forearm, 40.7, 39.6, 42.2, 41.6, 42.2, 42.3, 40.4. Cranial measurements of eight individuals (2 males, 6 females) are: greatest length of skull, 19.3, 19.7, 20.3, 20.6, 19.6, 20.8, 19.3, 20.3: condylobasal length, 17.4, 17.5, 18.1, 18.3, 18.4, 18.1, 17.7, 18.4: zygomatic breadth, 13.3, 13.1, 13.0, 13.5, 13.1, 1.3.7, 13.1, 13.4; postorbital con- ion, 5.0, 5.3, 5.2, 5.4, 5.0, 5.7, 5.1, 5.5; mastoid breadth, 11.4, 11.6, 11.7, II. I, 11.4, 12.4, 11.4, 11»; length of upper toothrow, 5.9, 5.6, 5.9, 6.2, 5.6, 6.1, 5.5, 6.0. Dorsally the general aspeci ol Phyllops f. haitiensis is drab tan (I 'I I4D6, PI 13B6), but some specimens are some- what darker brown (PI 15A10). I he hairs are gray basally ,in^\ tipped with brown to tan. The head is paler than the back, due both to tin' paler gray hair bases and the pale tan or brown hair tips I he ears are the same color .is the head fur, and the tragus is moderately bright yellow, in sha rp cc mtrast to the pinna. The membranes a re d a rk brown. The ventral Kir is clearer than that of the back, because the hairs on the belly lack gray bases. There is a small white patch on the shoulder abo\ e the insertion ot the forearm. Our measurements, when combined with those of fi\ e other specimens (USNM 218351, USNM 26711 39-42 ), show that Phyllops f. haitiensis has the following mensural char- acters: length of forearm, 39.6-42.3 (x = 41.3); greatest length ot skull, 18.9-20.8 (x = 19.9); condylobasal length, 16.8-18.8 (x = 18.0); zygomatic breadth, 12.4-13.7 (x= 13.2); postorbital constriction, 5.0-5.7 (x = 5.3); mastoid breadth, 11.1-12.4 (x= 11.7); length of upper toothrow, 5.5-6.2 (x = 5.8). J. A. Allen's (1908) measurement of the length of fore- arm of the holotype (39.0) is below the range given abo\ e. According to Hall (1981), one of the two key differences between P. f. haitiensis and P. f. falcatus is that the length of forearm length is less than 40 mm in the former, more than 40 mm in the latter. Obviouslv this difference will not sepa- rate all specimens of the two species. We examined one male, two females, and five unsexed skulls of Phyllops f. falcatus from Cuba (USNM 123187, 143844, 300504-5, 300591, 300593-5). Data from this series are: length of forearm, 42.7-45.8 ( v = 44.2); greatest length of skull, 17.4-19.0 (x= 18.3); zygomatic breadth, 13.2-14.2 (x= 13.7); postorbital constriction, 5.2-5.6 (x = 5.4); mas- toid breadth, 11.7-12.4 (x= 12.0); length of upper toothrow, 5.9-6.2 (,v = 6.1). In this small, sample P. f. falcatus and /'. f. haitiensis are separable on the basis of shorter forearm in P. f haitiensis (39.6 to 42.3 as opposed to 42.7 to 45.8 in /'. f. falcatus). The other supposed key difference between the two species is the shape and extent of the palatal emargination. In Phyllops f. haitiensis (Hall and Kelson, 1954; Hall, 1981), the emargination is V-shaped and extends anteriorly ap- proximately to the level of the anterior edge ot \12, whereas in P. f. falcatus the emargination is U-shaped and extents forward approximately to the level of the middle of M2. Anthony (1919) noted that, in his series of fragmentary skulls oi P. f. falcatus, there were minor variations in the breadth, extent, and shape ot the postpalatal notch. Both our and Schwartz's examination ot six skulls ot /' and 13 of P. f. haitiensis readily confirmed Anthonj 's com- ments. For example, one skull (USNM 218351) ol P. ' haitiensis has the anterior margin oi the notch U-shaped rather than V-shaped, and one specimen ol /' ' falcatus (I 'SN.V1 300591) has the notch much more V-shaped and attenuate than any /'. f. haitiensis. The anterior extent oi the emargination likewise varies considerably within both samples. It is obvious that this cranial character is not con- stant or even especially significant. In addition to the forearm measurements, which sepa- rate P. f. falcatus from /'. f. haitiensis, there seems to be a distinct color difference. I he dorsal pelage of P. f. fah West Indian Mammai s 27 is considerably darker (more brown) than that of P. f. haitiensis. Although the three P. f. falcatus skins are much older than the seven P. f. haitiensis, the former are quite consistent in color. This apparent pelage difference offers another useful character for differentiating these two taxa. The two specimens were taken at Sosua in a mist net set in a small patch of mesic deciduous forest near the coast. At Jarabacoa, bats were netted in open pine forest at an elevation of ca. 610 m (2000 ft). The two females from 1.6 km south of Constanza were taken at an elevation of 1220 m (4000 ft). An individual (one of two) observed from Ter- rier Rouge, a western extension of the xeric Dominican Valle de Cibao, flew from a dense tangle of vines during; the day. Woods (1986) netted a female at 2150 m in the Hai- tian Massif de la Selle and two males at 975 m in the Massif de la Hotte in an area of native gardens and fruit trees. A female from Sosua taken 17 October 1963 and one from 8 km west of Paraiso taken on 5 August 1975 had fetuses with crown-rump lengths of 21 and 28, respectively. Three females from Jarabacoa were gravid; the fetuses near term on 20 and 23 July 1968 and 29 July 1969. A female from 21 km southwest of La Vega was gravid on 21 July 1974. Lactating females were taken on 20 June 1975, 23 Julv 1969, and 10 October 1971. Klingener et al. (1978) reported that P. f. haitiensis was second in abundance to Artibeus jamaicensis, but that P. f. haitiensis was netted more frequently than A. jamaicensis in thickly vegetated ravines. Thev reported gravid females taken 4-9 January (6; embryos 6.5-14 mm), 14-17 August (14; embryos 10-43 mm); and 27 May (5). Apparently, P. f. haitiensis has an extended orbimodal reproductive period. Specimens examined (35).— DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Provincia de Barahona: 8 km W Paraiso, 500 ft, 2 (KU 151289, KU 151291); 12 km SW Barahona, 1400 ft, 9 (KU 151290, KU 151292-99); Provincia de La Altagracia: Manantial Pepe, 3 km SW Punta Cana, 2 (KU 151300-01); Provincia de La Vega: 21 km SW La Vega, 2100 ft, 4 (KU 151302-05); 12 km NE Jarabacoa, 2000 ft, 7 (KU 151306-12); 13.5 km SW Pie- dra Blanca, 1200 ft, 1 (KU 151313); 1 mi S Constanza, 4000 ft, 2 (KU 152424-25); Provincia de Puerto Plata: Sosua, 2 (KU 151314-15); Provincia de Santiago: Rio Bao, 5 km SE Los Montones Abajo, 1 (KU 151316). HAITI. D'epartement dit Nord: Cap Haitien, 2 (KU 151286, KU 152422); 4 mi S Ter- rier Rouge, 1 (KU 151287); D'epartement de VOuest: Petionville, 1500 ft, 1 (KU 152423); D'epartement du Sud: Les Caves, 1 (KU 151288). Additional specimens (5).— HISPANOLA. 5 (USNM 218351, USNM 2671139-42). Stenoderma rufum darioi Hall and Tamsitt, 1968 Red Fig-eating Bat Stenoderma rufum was described by E. Ceoffrov St.- Hilaire in 1818, and no additional living specimens of the red fig-eating bat were collected until 1943, when Harry A. Beatty secured a specimen on St. Thomas in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Three more specimens were collected by James W. Bee on St. John in the same island group in 1957 (Hall and Bee, 1960); at that time, no additional Recent specimens were available from Puerto Rico, where they assumed that the bat still existed, because fossil material had been found there by Anthony (1918). On 15 and 19 March 1965, two Stenoderma rufum were taken by Richard Thomas at 17.7 km NE Utuado (335 m), Puerto Rico. Other S. rufum have been collected on Puerto Rico (Tamsitt and Valdivieso, 1966), and Schwartz's speci- mens and those taken bv Tamsitt served as the hvpodigm of S. r. darioi described by Hall and Tamsitt (1968). Choate and Birnev (1968) described S. r. anthonyi from sub-Recent cranial material from Puerto Rico. Jones et al. (1971) re- ported on morphometric variation in a sample of 30 Stenoderma from Puerto Rico and documented that males are significantly smaller than females in nine cranial mea- surements and length of forearm. The two Stenoderma rufum in the Schwartz Collection were collected in a mist net set between two large shade trees in the cafetal of Sr. Miguel Roses near the northern slope of the Cordillera Central in central Puerto Rico. Five nights of netting yielded only two Stenoderma, but Artibeus, Brachyphylla, and Monophi/Uus also were taken in the same net, along with diurnal birds (Coereba flaveola, Tardus plumbeus, Geotrygon montana, Vireo altiloquus). The net was set in the mouth of a short and open gully — like a small amphitheater — that had only a herbaceous understory and lacked both trees and shrubs. During the day, as in most Puerto Rican cafetales, the forest canopy provided ample shade for the lower coffee trees. The area is generally ex- tremely mesic and humid in the summer, hot during the day but cool (due to the elevation) at night. A male and a female, respectively, have the following measurements that are within the range reported by Jones et al. (1971): total length, 65, 66; length of hind foot, 10, 12; length of ear, 17, 20; length of tragus, 7, 6; length of fore- arm, 48.0, 49.7; greatest length of skull, 22.8, 23.0; condvlobasal length, 18.9, 19.7; zygomatic breadth, 15.1, 15.6; postorbital constriction, 5.8, 5.6; mastoid breadth, 12.7, 13.2; length of upper toothrow, 6.9, 7.0. In pelage color, the Puerto Rican specimens differ from the bats from St. John described by Hall and Bee (1960). They noted that specimens from St. John were Buckthorn Brown (Ridgway, 1912), which equals PI. 17L8 of Maerz and Paul (1950). The two Puerto Rican specimens lack the reddish tones ascribed to the bats from St. John; the Puerto Rican female has a pale brown dorsum (PI. 7A8), and the male is much darker brown (PI. 16A10). The wing mem- branes and uropatagium are blackish brown in the male and brown in the paler female. A white subauricular cres- 28 Scientific Papers, N \n ral History Museum, The Universitv oi Kansas cent is present, and there is a white patch where the ante- rior edge of the patagium joins the body, rhe ventral pel- is paler than the dorsum in both hats, and the ventral fur oi the male is, m consonance with its darker pelage, darker than that of the female. Spet imens examined (4). — PUERTO RICO. Luquiollo: 1 mi NW II Yungue Peak, 355 m, 2 (KU 114009-10); Utuado: 17.7 km NE Utuado, 1100 ft, 2 (KU 151320-21). Sturnira lilium Yellow-shouldered Bat In addition to the widely distributed Sturnira lilium, three species have been named in the genus Sturnira from the West Indies — S. angeli, S. paulsoni, and S. thomasi. Jones and Phillips (1976) placed the first two of these species as subspecies of the widespread main- land Neotropical species s. UUum. They also described two additional subspecies from the islands (S. /. luciae from St. Lucia and S. /. zygomaticus from Martinique). Genoways ( L998) recently described another new sub- species, S. /. serotinus, from Grenada, bringing the total forms of yellow-shouldered bats recognized in the Lesser Antilles to five. Two of these subspecies are rep- resented in the Schwartz Collection. Jones and Phillips (1976) continued to treat S. thomasi as a distinct spe- cies, which is the course of action followed by most subsequent authors. Genoways (1998) recently de- scribed a new subspecies of S. thomasi, S. I. vulcanensis, from Montserrat, but only the nominate subspecies is represented in the Schwartz Collection. Sturnira lilium angeli de la Torre, 1966 L)e la Torre (1966) based his description of this taxon on specimens in the Schwartz Collection, which contained the holotype and five of the eight paratypes. Jones and Phillips ( 1976) placed Sturnira angeli as a subspecies of S. lilium and distinguished it from other subspecies by its medium si/e, relatively narrow zygomatic region, and details ol the morphology of the molars. Measurements of specimens m the Schwartz C ollecrion were given by de la lone (1966). Describing the site of the type locality where Schwartz captured these specimens, de la lone (1966) stated that the bats were taken in mist nets set across a 8-m and a 5-m wide stream that was fairly placid and torrential, respectively, at locations of nets. The streams were in rainforest with no cultivated fields in the vicin- ity. Other bats taken in these nets between 15 and 21 I ebruary 1962 were Artibeus jamaicensis and Brachyphylla milium. Specimens examined (6). — DOMINK A. St. Paul Parish: 6 mi NE Roseau, 6 (KU 151322 26; USNM 361881— holo- type I \S5354]). Sturnira lilium paulsoni do la Torre and Schwartz, 1966 The holotype ot this taxon Jesi ribed by de la lone and Schwartz ( 1966) was originally in the Schwartz Col- lection, but now is deposited in the National Museum of Natural History. Measurements ot the holotype were given by de la Torre and Schwartz (1966). Jones and Phillips (1976) distinguished the taxon from other populations ot Sturnira lilium by small to medium overall external and cranial size, pale coloration, and details of the molar teeth. The adult female was captured in a mist net set at ross 6-m wide fast-flowing stream in montane rainforest. Additional specimen ( 1 ).— ST. VINCENT. St. Andrew Par- ish: Lowrt, 1 000 ft, 1 (USNM 361882— holotype [= AS 5333] ). Sturnira thomasi thomasi de la Torre and Schwartz, 1966 Sofai'a Bat Sturnira thomasi was described by de la Torre and Schwartz (1966) from a single specimen in Schwartz's col- lection, which now is deposited in the National Museum of Natural History. Measurements of the holotype were given by de la Torre and Schwartz (1966). This species is distinguished from other Antillean members of the genus by its large size and long, narrow cranium (Jones and Phillips, 1970; Genoways and Jones, 1975; Pedersen et al., 1996; Genoways, 1998). The single adult male in the Schwartz Collection (the holotype) was taken in a mist net set in a deep ravine in dense forest. Additional specimen (1).— GUADELOUPE. Basse-Terre: Sofai'a, 1200 ft, 1 (USNM 361883— holotype [= AS 5413]). F.wtm Natai [Dae Natalus lepidus (Gervais, 1837) Gervais' Funnel-eared Bat Natalus lepidus is the smallest of the West Indian bats, and occurs on Cuba and Isla de la fuventud, and in the Bahama Islands on long, Cat (G. M. Allen and Sanborn, 1937), Eleuthera, and Little I xuma islands (Koopman et al., 1957). Morgan (2001) suggested that this species was distinct from the other members ol the genus Natalus, warranting recognition as the sole member of the genus Nyctiellus, which is a departure from all other recent taxo- nomic treatments (e.g., koopman, 1993). .Although we con- cur that there are a number oi characters that distinguish this species, we retrain from taking this step until we've had the opportunity to examine spei imens from through- out the range as well .is genetic data. No subspecies are recognized. Schwartz's material is from mainland Cuba ( In specimens) and Isla de la [uventud (8 specimens), and Long Island in the Bahamas (8 specimens). I xternal mea- West Indian Mammai s 29 surements for specimens from Cuba and Isla de la Juventud are: total length, 63-70; length of tail, 24-34; length of hind foot, 5-7; length of ear, 10-12; length of tragus, 4-5; length of forearm, 28.0-30.6. Cranial measurements of specimens from Isla de la Juventud are: greatest length of skull, 13.4 (2 skulls); condylobasal length, 12.8-13.2 (x = 13.0); zygo- matic breadth, 6.4-6.5 (2 skulls); postorbital constriction, 2.6-2.8 (x = 2.7); mastoid breadth, 6.3-6.4 (x = 6.4); length of upper toothrow, 5.2-5.4 (x= 5.3). The length of forearm measurement of the eight Long Island bats averaged 28.4- 29.9 ( v = 28.9); means for length of forearm of Cuban and Isla de la Juventud samples are 29.2 and 29.8, respectively- Alien and Sanborn (1937) recorded means of 27.6-30.4 (\ -= 29. 1 ) for 20 Cuban specimens and 27.2-30.0 (x= 28.8) for 112 specimens from Long Island. Despite our much smaller series, there is close agreement in the mean length of fore- arm in samples from the Schwartz Collection and those of Allen and Sanborn (1937). Apparently, Bahaman specimens have slightly shorter forearms than do those from Cuba, whereas N. lepidus from Isla de la Juventud has slightly longer forearms. All but one of the Cuban specimens are ridi orange- brown dorsally; the bases of the hairs are deep orange and the tips, dark brown. On the other hand, specimens from Isla de la Juventud are much paler and have the hair bases creamy color rather than orange. The single exceptional Cuban individual, an adult male from the Peninsula de Guanahacabibes in extreme western Cuba, is like speci- mens from Isla de la Juventud. Bahaman specimens are preserved in fluid, but the dorsal coloration seems to have been pale like bats Isla de la Juventud, rather than like the deeply pigmented bats from Cuba. The series from Isla de la Juventud was collected un- der unusual circumstances. During the dav, George R. Zug and Schwartz discovered an abandoned mine shaft on the eastern slopes of the Sierra de las Casas near Nueva Gerona. The shaft sloped steeply at an angle of 45" for about 30 m, ending in a deep pool of fresh water. At the end of the shaft there was a short side shaft at right angles to the main shaft. Twittering of bats was heard within this side shaft, but during the day the animals were inaccessible. Returning to the mine before dusk with a mist net, they approached the mine opening along a fairly wide path through mesic woods and were greeted by a steady and abundant flow of bats along the path. The sun was still shining, but the path itself was shaded. Rather than put- ting up the net at the mine mouth, they merely stood, one on either side of the path, holding the net very briefly across the path, and immediately caught many N. lepidus. The eight specimens represent only a small portion of the Natalus caught in the net in 30 s. One of the females taken on 3 July 1958 was pregnant with an embryo described by the field preparator as "term." On Cuba, Schwartz encountered N. lepidus only at the cave near Guanajay, despite visits to many other caves. The single individual from the Peninsula de Guanahacabibes was shot near the coast in xeric habitat. Specimens examined (32). — BAHAMAS. Long Island: Pinder's Settlement, 24 mi NW Clarence Town, 8 (KU 151173-80). CUBA. Isla de la juventud: E base Sierra de las Casas, west of Nueva Gerona, 8 (KU 150708- 1 1 , KU 1 51181- 84); Provincia de Pinar del Rio: Peninsula de Guanahacabibes, 40 km W El Cayuco, 1 (KU 150712); Cueva de William Palmer, Guanajay 15 (KU 151185-93, KU 152351-56). Additional specimens (7). — BAHAMAS. Long Island: Pinder's Settlement, 24 mi NW Clarence Town, 5 (UF 12833-12837 [= AS 662, 661, 672, 674, 667]). CUBA. Provincia de Pinar del Rio: Cueva de William Palmer, Guanajay, 2 (ROM 78779-80 [= AS 4681, 4689]). Natalus micropus macer (Miller, 1914) Cuban Funnel-eared Bat Natalus macer was described by Miller (KM 4) as a spe- cies; subsequently it was treated as a subspecies of N. micropus by Vina Bayes and Deas Diaz (1970) and Varona (1974), as well as more recent authors (Silva Taboada, 1979; Hall, 1981). Ottenwalder and Genoways (1982) reviewed the systematic relationships of members of the N. micropus complex, and recognized two species, N. micropus and N. tumidifrons, the former with two subspecies, N. m. micropus and N. in. macer. Natalus m. macer, which is confined to Cuba and Isla de la Juventud, was distinguished from the nomi- nate subspecies by a combination of a longer length of fore- arm and shorter length of Phalanx 1 (Digit III). Ottenwalder and Genoways (1982) examined 28 specimens of N. m. macer (including 4 in the Schwartz Collection) from five Cuban localities and Isla de la Juventud. The length of forearm (32.8) and cranial measurements of the female holotype agree well with those of one male and three females from San Vicente, Provincia de Pinar del Rio, Cuba, which have the following external measure- ments: total length, 89, 92, 89, 85; length of tail, 44, 52, 45, 48; length of hind foot, 7, 7, 8, 7; length of ear, 15, 16, 14, 13; length of tragus, 4, 3, 4, 4; length of forearm, 32.9, 32.8, 32.3, 30.9. Cranial measurements of two females (second and fourth above) are: greatest length of skull, 14.5, 14.3; condylobasal length, 13.2, 13.7; zygomatic breadth, 6.5, 6.7; postorbital constriction, 3.0, 2.9; mastoid breadth, 6.5, 6.5; length of upper toothrow, 6.1, 6.0. Two of the individuals were collected within Cueva de los Indios, a large and extensive river cave in the lime- stone mogotes to the south of the village of San Vicente, and the two were secured by chance (in different vears) when they flew into the same room in the hotel at San Vicente. Natalus is not infrequently encountered in build- ings. Despite the large numbers of bats in Cueva de los 30 Scientific Papers, Naturai History Museum, Thi University oi Kwws [ndios, N. m. macer seems to be distinctly uncommon there, perhaps the least common oi the species lh.it regularly occur in the- cave — Mormoops blainvillii, Pteronotus macleayii, P. parnellii, /'. quadridens, Phyllonycteris poeyi, and / ptesicus fust us. Of the four specimens o\ N. m. macer, one female is pale orange-tan dorsally and ventrally; this tint is due to the buttv hair bases in combination with the darker (me- dium brown) tips. Two other females and a male are dark brow n dorsally and ventrally; the hair bases are creamv gray. Specimens examined (4). — CUBA. Provincia de Pinar del Rio: San Vicente, 2 (KU 152358-59); Cueva de los [ndios, San Vicente, 1 (KU 152357, KU 152360). Natalus stramineus Funnel-eared Bat We depart from the usage of Goodwin (1959) regard- ing Natalus stramineus and N. major as two species and com- bine (as did Varona, 1974; and Hall, 1981) several named taxa (\. jamaicensis, major, mexicanus, natalensis, primus, saturatus, and stramineus) as subspecies of N. stramineus. Natalus stramineus major Miller, 1902 Comparison of skulls of Natalus from Dominica I \titalus stramineus stramineus), Hispaniola (N. s. major), and Isla Cozumel (N. s. saturatus) reveal no differences that can onsidered specific; in fact, the differences are prima- rily in size of skull rather than any structural feature. Goodwin (1959) associated three populations (N. jamaicensis, major, primus) under N. major. The only stated differences between these subspecies and N. stramineus involve the relative size and shape of the braincase and the rostrum and the posterior extent of the palate ("long and extending backward more than halfway to posterior border of pterygoid wings" in N. stramineus— Goodwin, 1959:4). Koopman and Williams (1951:17-18) noted (of mexicanus, stramineus, "dominkensis," major, and primus): "These forms constitute a series showing a gradual increase in si/e, mexicanus being the smallest, primus the largest." The difference in si/e between the various populations grouped by Goodwin as subspecies of N. stramineus and N. major indicate that they are much more logically re- garded as subspecies than as two spec ies. Like most Antillean natalids, \'. s. major is poorly rep- resented in col lei tii ms. The subspecies has been reported from Sa\ aneta (the type locality near the northern coast of the Dominican Republic) and from Port-au-Prince, Dept. de I'Ouest, Haiti (Sanborn, 1941). Goodwin (145*-)) listed erial from two additional localities in the 1 )ominican Republic Los Patos and Maniel Viejo, both in llarahona Province. I low ever, Ins data include forearm and cranial measurements of onl) tour specimens. Our material is from two new loi alities: a male is from ( amp Perrin at about 300 m elevation on the southern slopes of the Massif de la 1 lotte, near the extreme tip of the southwestern Tiburon Peninsula and seven males and two females w ere collected b) Richard Thomas at 5 km SE Pepillo Salcedo, RD, where they were taken from the interior of a large hollow tree in well-forested but semi-arid lowlands (near sea level) adja- cent to Laguna de Salodillo on the Dominican-Haitian bor- der. The tree was sufficiently large to allow a person to enter, and the bats were seen during the day clinging to the upper portion (about 3 m above ground) of the smooth dome-like ceiling of the hollow. Despite the height of the interior of the cavity, the entrance hole (through which the collector had to crawl) was at ground level. External measurements tor the entire series is males, 2 females) are: total length, 102-110 (x = 107.0); length ot tail, 52-59 (x= 56.0); length of hind foot, 8-11 (x = 9.0); length of ear, 13-17 (x = 15.0); length of tragus, 3-5 (x = 4.6); length of forearm, 43.1-45.8 (\ = 44.1 ). Cranial mea- surements of eight specimens are: greatest length of skull, 17.0-18.6 (x = 18.0); condylobasal length, 15.4-17.4 (x = 16.7); zygomatic breadth, 9.0-9.7 (x= 9.5); postorbital con- striction, 3.1-3.7 ( v= 3.4); mastoid breadth, 7.7-9.0 ( \ 8.7); length of upper toothrow (7 males, 1 female), 7.6-8.0 (x = 7.9). The male from Camp Perrin lies at the lower extreme of the series in every cranial measurement and is also the smallest of the series in total length and length of forearm, although it is approached very closely by two males from Pepillo Salcedo (43.1 versus 43.2 and 43.3). The locality where the bat was taken suggests that it may represent an undescribed subspecies of N. stramineus on the Tiburon Peninsula. No structural differences exist between V "major" and N. stramineus, but Goodwin's data indicated a difference in length of forearm between the two taxa. Collating his data for N. stramineus from throughout its range gives measurements ranging from 35.4 (\. s. mexicanus from Raja California, Mexico) to 40.5 (N. s. saturatus from Oaxaca, Mexico), whereas combined forearms for " V S. major" \ ary between 42.0 (N. s. major) and 45.2 (\. s. iamaicensis). Al- though Goodwin's data (1959) indicate non-overlap in some cranial measurements (greatest length of skull, condylobasal length, length of upper toothrow) between N. S. stramineus and N. "major," the cranial measurements of our N. s. major obliterate the dichotomy in condylobasal length, thus, we recognize \. major as a subspecies ot \ '. stramineus occurring on Hispaniola. I w o color phases are evident in the specimens ot X . s. major (as in N. s. stramineus). two males are grayish tan above and paler tan below. 1 he remaining specimens are law ny orange above and below; the ventral tints vary from tan to dull orange. The difference in dorsal hue apparently is due to the color of the ban bases, which vary in color from creamy or very pale gray to deep buffy or orangish. Wi si Kin w M wi\i \i s 31 Specimens examined (10).— DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Provincia de Monte Cristi: 5 km SE Pepillo Salcedo, 9 (KU 150713-20, KU 152361). HAITI. D'epartement du Surf: Camp Perrin, I (KU 130721). Natalus stramineus stramineus Gray, 1838 Goodwin (1959) reviewed the bats of the subgenus Natalus and showed that the lesser Antillean bats, previ- ously called (V. dominicensis Shamel, should be referred to N. strammeus. The nominate subspecies is restricted to the Lesser Antilles, whence it is known from Anguilla, Antigua (the restricted type locality; Goodwin, 1959), Dominica, Guadeloupe, Montserrat, and Saba (Koopman, 1968; Varona, 1974; Baker et al., 1978; Genoways et ak, 2000). Its distribution likely includes several other (if not all ) islands in this northern portion of the drain. Its occurrence on Anguilla and Antigua indicates that it is not restricted to the mountainous and mesic inner-chain islands, but that it occurs also on the lower, drier, and less well-forested outer-chain islands. Work on Anguilla would indicate that the availability of cave, caverns, and other suitable roost- ing habitats may be the key limiting factor. We have only a single N. s. stramineus from Dominica, but have data on three fluid-preserved specimens from Guadeloupe (one of which was donated to the Schwartz Collection); one fluid- preserved specimen from Martinique was examined by Schwartz. Measurements of the male from Dominica are: total length, 100; length ot tail, 50; length of hind foot, 7; length ot ear, 1 5; length of tragus, 5; length of forearm, 40.2; great- est length of skull, 16.4; condylobasal length, 15.3; zygo- matic breadth, S.7; postorbital constriction, 3.1; mastoid breadth, 7.2; length of upper toothrow, 7.4. Lengths of fore- arms of the five specimens (4 males, 1 female) are: 38.0- 40.8 (v = 39.8). The Dominica specimen was taken at night from a room within the plantation house at Springfield Estate, much in the same fashion as the two specimens of N. micropus were collected at San Vicente in Cuba. Pere Pinchon (in litt.) informed Schwartz that the bat from Martinique is the only individual he had seen on that is- land in his many years' of residence there, whereas the specimens from Guadeloupe were taken from a large colony in a cave near Le Moule. The skin of the specimen from Dominica is a rich red- dish orange above; the tips of the dorsal hairs have only the barest touch of darker brown. The venter is slightly brighter orange than the dorsum. The fluid-preserved specimen from Martinique agrees in color with the speci- men from Dominica, but the three fluid-preserved speci- mens from Guadeloupe are much less orange above. Goodwin (1959) pointed out that N. s. stramineus has both a red and gray color phase. Pere Pinchon (in litt. to Schwartz, 1 1 October 1966) stated that, in the large colony ol N. s. stramineus at Le Moule on Guadeloupe whence the three Guadeloupe specimens were secured, he had never observed any individuals in the reddish phase. Specimens examined (2).— DOMINICA. St. Paul Parish: (-> mi NE Roseau, 1 (KU 150726). GUADELOUPE. Grand- Terre: Le Moule, 1 (KU 150727). Additional specimens (3).— GUADELOUPE. Grand -Tare: Le Moule, 2 (SCFF). MARTINIQUE. Usine Petit Bourg, 1 (SCFF). Family Vespertilionidae Eptesicus fuscus (Beauvois, 1796) Big Brown Bat Big brown bats are widelv distributed in the New World with several subspecies recognized, including five in the Antilles — Eptesicus fuscus bahamensis in northern Bahamas; E. f. dutertreus on Cuba, the southern Bahamas, and the Cayman Islands; E. /". hispaniolae on Hispaniola; E. f. petersoni from Isla de la Juventud; E. /". wetmorei on Puerto Rico, Dominica, and probably Barbados (Koopman, 1994). Burnett (1983a, 1983b) examined geographic and sexual variation and climatic correlates of morphology in E. fuscus from throughout North America and found that the Antillean subspecies were well differentiated from the mainland subspecies, as well as from each other, and that both sexes increased in size eastward across the Greater Antilles, although morphological distance from the main- land decreased. Genowavs and Baker (1975) argued that E. fuscus colonized the Antilles from the west, either from the Yucatan Peninsula or from mainland Central America. Eptesicus fuscus bahamensis (Miller, 1897) For comments on the taxonomic relationships of Eptesicus fuscus bahamensis and E. f. dutertreus, see the fol- lowing account. Eptesicus fuscus bahamensis was described from New Providence, and its range, as currentlv under- stood, is restricted to two non-adjacent islands in the Ba- hamas— New Providence and San Salvador (Buden, 1986; Andersen, 1990). Specimens from San Salvador were taken along the rafters of a small, abandoned church in extremely arid country on the southern portion of the island, whereas on New Providence, bats were collected in the open and moist cave at Cave Junction along the northern coast, and in the dungeons of Ft. Charlotte. Andersen (1990) did not find the diurnal roost of big brown bats on San Salvador, but as many as 40 bats were observed in a nocturnal roost in the ceiling of an open unused building constructed of concrete block in January. On San Salvador on 24 June 1966, three females were gravid, each carrying a single fetus, whereas five were actively lactating and carrying newly born young. On New Providence on 13 June 1966, two females were gravid and a third was lac tating. The same collector, Rich- n Scientific Papers, Naturai History Museum, Thi University 01 K\\s\s ard I homas, examined the females from New Pro\ idence and San Salvador and recorded the females from the lartei island carrying single embryos, whereas those from X™ Providence were each carrying twins, fuvenile hats also were taken with adults. No other species of bat was taken with Eptesicus on San Salvador, but a few Erophylla occurred in the cave at Cave function on New Providence. Imens examined (59). — BAHAMAS. New Providence: C ave Junction, 29 (KU 151649-77); Fort Charlotte, Nassau. L2 (KU 151678-89); San Salvador: 9 mi S Cockburn Town, L8 (KU 151700-17). Additional specimens (2). — BAHAMAS. New Provi- dence: I ort Charlotte, Nassau, 2 (UF 12838, UF 12839 | AS 646, 651]). Eptesicus fuscus dutertreus (P. Gervais, 1837) In their treatment of the bats of the Bahama Islands, Koopman et al. (1957) considered that Eptesicus fuscus in those islands was represented by two subspecies — £. /'. dutertreus throughout most of the Bahamas and E. f. bahamensis on New Providence and San Salvador (Buden, 1986; Andersen, 1990). Eptesicus f. dutertreus is primarily a Cuban subspecies, which also occurs throughout most of the Bahamas. Silva Taboada (1979) found little variation throughout Cuba in this subspecies; however, there were a number of significant differences between the Cuban subspecies and smaller E. f. petersoni on nearby Isla de la Juventud. We examined E. f. dutertreus from Little Exuma (1 speci- men), Great Exuma (9 specimens), and Cuba (15 speci- mens). In the Bahamas, E. f. dutertreus has been reported from Andros, Great and Little Exuma (Koopman et al., 1957), Crooked and Acklin's islands (Buden, 1986), and Long Island and San Salvador (G. M. Allen and Sanborn, 1937; Andersen, 1990). G. M. Allen and Sanborn (1937) suggested that the San Salvador specimens might be in- termediate between E. f. dutertreus and E. f. bahamensis in length of forearm. In measurements ol our series, the dif- ferences among samples from New Providence, the Exumas, San Salvador in the Bahamas, and Cuba and the Isla de la fuventud ( E.f. petersoni Silva Taboada) are slight ( [able }). 1 lie length ol forearm ol bats from New Provi- dence varies from 42.4 to 47.1 (\ 44.6), on the Exumas from 43.4 to 47.6 (\ 4^.9), on San Salvador from 42.6 to 46.2 (\ 44.7), ,md on C uba from 41.2 to 48.6 (\ = 45.6). I he greatest length of skull varies in the Schwartz Collec- tion series from New Providence from l6.3tol7.8(\ Id. 7), on the Exumas from 17.4 to 17. l> (\ 17.7). on San Salva- dor from 17.0 to 17.8 (a 17.5), and on Cuba from 16.0 to 17.9(x= 17.4). Mastoid breadth averages more on Exumas and San Salvador (8.9, 8.8), than it does i^\ Cuba (8.7—2 spec imens), .wd less is 5) on New Pro\ idence. It is < lear that the relationships among West Indian populations ol [able. 3. Means and extremes (in parentheses) of length of forearm and greatesl length of skull in five Antillean samples of / ; I kinds arranged from north to smith. faxa and islands \ I ength of Greatest length forearm of skull / pte iii u fusi us dutertreus Nev. Providence 22cf, 169 Exuma i aj s s.ui Salvador 3cf, 79 lef, 129 Cuba 8d\ 10 9 Eptesicus fust us petersoni Isla delajuventad 2cr, 29. 1" 44.6 16.7 (42.4-47.1) (16.3-17.8) 17.7 (43.4-47.6) (17.4 17.9) 44.7 17.5 (42.6-16.2) 117.0-17.8) 45.6 17.4 (41.2-48.6) (16.9-17.9) 414 17.1 (41.2-44.8) (16.9-17.3) the Eptesicus fuscus group, including the recently discov- ered population on Dominica (Hill and Evans, 1983) and Eptesicus lynni of Jamaica (Arnold et al., 1980), need to be reassessed using modern genetic and multivariate mor- phometry techniques. On Great Exuma, the bats were in a dense clump in a solution hole (avon) in the low ceiling of a cave. On Cuba, E. f. dutertreus was encountered with some regularity (but seldom abundantly in any one location) in the well-lighted entrance portions of caves, where the bats were hanging, usually singly, on the walls. Specimens examined (25). — BAHAMAS. Great Exuma: 1 mi SVV Forest, 9 (KU 151691-99); Little Exuma: Robeson Cave, SE Forbes Hill, 1 (KU L51690). CUBA. Provincia de La I labana: 9 km SVV San lose de las I ,ajas, C ue\ a de Cotilla, 1 (KU 151718); Provincia de Pinar del Rio: Cueva de Santo Tomas, 10 km N ( abezas, 1 (KU 151729); San Vicente, 3 (KU 151730-32); Provincia de Sancti Spiritus: Cariblanca, 25 km SW Cabaiguan, 8 (KU I M 719-26); Finca de Morales, s mi NVV Trinidad, 2 (KU 151727-28). Additional specimens (3). — CUBA. Provincia de I a I labana: 9 km SW San lose de las Lajas, Cueva de Cotilla, 1 (ROM 78214 | AS 4731]; Provincia de Pinar del Rio: Rio los Palacios, 1 (YPM); Provincia de Sancti Spiritus: Finca de Morales. S mi NW Innidad. 1 (ROM 78213 [= AS 4lM8| I. Eptesicus fuscus hispaniolae Miller, 1918 twelve specimens of I ptesicus fuscus from Dominican Republic and I laiti are referred to E. f liispamolac. A male and a female from Camp Perrin, Dept. du Sud, Haiti, ,md ,i male from 12 km Nl larahacoa, I a Vega Province, Do- minican Republic have the following external and cranial West Indian Mammals 33 measurements (first 2 males): total length, 104, 98, 113; length of tail, 42, 33, 40; length of hind foot, 10, 9, 9; length of ear, 15, 15, IS; length of forearm, 46.8, 47.4, 47.9; greatest length of skull, 18.1, 18.6, 18.2; condylobasal length, 17.4, L7.5, L7.3; zygomatic breadth, 12.1, 12.1, 12.7; postorbital constriction, 4.3, 4.1, 4.4; mastoid breadth, 9.4, 9.2, 9.7; length of upper toothrow, 6.8, 6.4, 6.8. These data indicate that E. f. hispaniolae is intermediate between £. f. dutertreus and E. f. wetmorei in measurements, as it is geographically. In dorsal color, £. f. hispaniolae seems closer to E. f. wetmorei than to £. /'. dutertreus; our specimens are quite dark (blackish brown) and lack the reddish or golden tints of E. /'. dutertreus. The bat from Jarabacoa was shot in the early evening as it rested in a well-lighted and busy anteroom to a hotel kitchen. Most previous records for Haiti have been from north of the Plaine de Cul de Sac (Port-de-Paix; near St. Michl de 1'Atalaye) with the exception of one specimen from Port-au-Prince (Sanborn, 1941). Klingeneret al. (1978) took four males at Zapoti on the Haitian Massif de la Hotte. Woods (1986) observed £. /". hispaniolae in a cave at 2100 m on the Haitian Massif del la Selle and took five males at 1040-1230 m on the Massif de la Hotte. Three females from Petonville, Haiti, were lactating when captured on: 5 May 1974; 20 May 1974; 9 June 1974. Specimens examined (12).— DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Provincia de Barahona: Hotel Guarocuya, Barahona, 1 (KU L44610); 12 km SW Barahona, 1400 ft, 1 (KU 151733); Provincia de La Estrellita: Puerto Pyramide 204, 5900 ft, 1 (KU 151734); Provincia de La Vega: 12 km NE Jarabacoa, 2000 ft, 1 (KU 151735). HAITI. D'epartementdel'Ouest: Petionville, 1 300 ft, 6 (KU 151736-41 ); Departement du Sud: Camp Perrin, 2(KU 151742-43). Eptesicus fuscus petersoni Silva Taboada, 1974 The subspecies Eptesicus fuscus petersoni, which is re- stricted to Isla de la Juventud, differs from £. /'. dutertreus primarily in the shorter length of forearm (Table 3) and the shorter occipito-premaxillary length. Buden (1985) stated that the two specimens examined by him were paler and more yellow than most Bahaman specimens, and the measurements of £. f. petersoni given by Silva Taboada (1974) averaged smaller than those from the Bahamas and mainland Cuba (£. f. dutertreus). Measurements of two females from 8.8 mi SSW of Nueva Gerona are: total length, 100, 104; length of tail, 38, 42; length of hind foot, L>, 10; length of ear, 13, 12; length of tragus, 8, 8; length of forearm, 43.0, 44.8. Cranial measure- ments of these and two males and one unsexed individual from Finca la Abra (YPM) (only postorbital constriction and length upper toothrow included all specimens) are: greatest length of skull, 16.9-17.3 (x= 17.1 ); condylobasal length, 16.5-16.8 (\ = 16.7); zygomatic breadth, 10.9-11.8 (x = 11.5); postorbital constriction, 3.8-4.0 (\ = 3.9); mas- toid breadth, 8.8-9.3 (x = 9.1 ); length of upper toothrow, 6.1-6.4 (x = 6.3). Spei imens examined (2). — CUBA. />/w de la juventud: 8.8 mi SSW Nueva Gerona, 2 (KU 151744-45). Additional specimens (3). — CUBA. Isla de la juventud: Finca la Abra, 3 (YPM). Eptesicus fuscus wetmorei Jackson, 1916 Nine specimens demonstrate the distinctness of the Puerto Rican subspecies Eptesicus fuscus wetmorei. Measure- ments of the series (2 males, 7 females) are: total length, 105-120 (x = 113.3); length of tail, 42-47 (x = 44.5); length of hind foot, 10-13 (x = 10.3); length of ear, 18-21 (x= 19.4 ); length of tragus, 8-10 (x= 9.1 ); length of forearm, 45.6-50.0 (x = 48.5); greatest length of skull, 18.5-19.5 (x = 19.0); condylobasal length, 17.5-18.5 (x = 18.1); zygomatic breadth, 12.8-13.6 (x = 13.1); postorbital constriction, 4.3- 4.6 (x= 4.4); mastoid breadth, 9.8-10.3 (x = 10.0); length of upper toothrow, 6.9-7.5 (x = 7.2). In general, E. /'. wetmorei is a distinctly larger bat than £. f. dutertreus and has a longer ear and tragus. The forearm is slightly longer, but there is overlap in this measurement (41.2-48.6 in £. f. dutertreus). Cranial measurements of the nine specimens reveals com- plete separation between £. f. dutertreus and £. f. wetmorei in greatest length, zygomatic breadth, mastoid breadth, and length of upper toothrow, and virtually complete sepa- ration in postorbital constriction (3.7-4.3 in £. f. dutertreus, 4.3—1.6 in £. f. wetmorei). Eptesicus f. wetmorei is distinctly darker (more brownish) than £. f. dutertreus; the latter sub- species is more reddish or golden brown, although some specimens are nearly as dark as £. f. wetmorei. Anthony (1918) noted that the bats were collected only in caves. Likewise, bats from near Mavagiiez were taken from shallow caves on the face of the cliffs near Rosario on the western slopes of the Cordillera Central; they were associated with Artibcus jamaicensis. At the moist, open, and well-lighted Cueva de Aguas Buenas, Eptesicus was uncommon; only one individual was taken along with many A. jamaicensis. Specimens examined (9).— PUERTO RICO. Aguas Buenas: Cueva de Aguas Buenas, 3.5 mi SW Aguas Buenas, 1 (KU 151746); Mayaguez: 5 mi SE Mayagiiez, 8 (KU 151747-54). Lasiurus borcalis minor Miller, 1931 Eastern Red Bat A single skin of a volant subadult male was taken by J. W. Norton at Petionville, Haiti on 10 June lc>74. Mea- surements are: total length, 88; length of tail, 40; length of hind foot, 7; length of ear, 10; length of tragus, 6; length of forearm, 38.3. Specimen examined {]). — HAITI. Departement del'Ouest: Petionville, 1500 ft, 1 (KU 152257). 34 Scientifk Papers, Naturai History Museum, Thi University oi Kws\s otis martiniquensis I aval, 1973 Schwartz's Myotis Myotis martiniquensis is restricted (LaVal, 1973) to the southern I esser Antilles and consists oi two nominal sub- species \Ayotis martiniquensis martiniquensis on Martinique and Myotis martiniquensis nyctor on Barbados. Myotis martiniquensis martiniquensis LaVaL 1973 three fluid-preserved females from Fond Ceremeau, Iartane, Martinique, in the collect ion ol theSeminaire College de Fort-de-France are assigned to this subspecies. Length of forearm of these individuals is 37.9-38.3 (x = 38.1 ). Additional specimens (3).— MARTINIQUE. Fond Ceremeau, Iartane, 3 (St I 1 I. Myotis martiniquensis nyctor LaVal and Schwartz, 1974 One male and females from Cole's Cave, St. Thomas Parish, Barbados, form the hypodigm of this subspecies described by LaVal and Schwartz (1974). Measurements of these individuals are: total length, 78-85 (x = 81.1); length of tail, 34-38 (x = 35.4); length of hind foot, 7 (7); length of ear, 13-14 (x = 13.9); length of tragus, 6-8 (x= 7.1); length of forearm, 34.9-36.6 (x = 35.7). Cranial measurements of one male and four females are: greatest length of skull, 13.9- 14.8 (v= 14.3); condylobasal length, 13.4-13.9 (x= 13.6); zy- gomatic breadth, 8.4-8.8 ( x 8.6); postorbital constriction, 3.3- 3.4 (x"- 3.4); mastoid breadth, 7.1-7.4 (\ = 7.3); length of up- per toothrow, 5.5-5.7 (x= 5.6). The specimens were netted at night across the small entrance to Cole's Cave; the bats were not especially com- mon, at least at this entrance, although the eight specimens are the result of about one hour's netting. No Myotis were observed within the cave during a diurnal visit; only Brat Inqwi/lla was then seen. None of the latter genus w as taken by netting at the cave mouth at night. The entrance to< ole'sC ave lies near the bottom of a small and sparsel) wooded ravine, which coursed through cane fields. Spei imens examined (8). — BARBADOS. St, Thomas Par- ish: Cole's Cave, 7 (KU 109473— holotype; 151761-66; USNM 395028 [AS 5145]). Family Moi ossidae Eumops auripendulus (Shaw, 1800) Shaw's Mast, ill Bal I gei ( 1977), in her review the species oi / umops, rec- ized two subspecies oi Eumops auripendulus with the nominate subspecies, / ,, auripendulus, occurring on famacia, as well as throughout Mexico, I entral .America, and northern South America. Ronald Klinikowski and Schwartz collected two adult female / auripendulus on Jamaica on 2 August 1961, which represent the first spei i- mens to be obtained on the island. I xternal ~u\d cranial measurements of a mature adult female (kl 150206) are: total length, 127; length of tail, 44; length of hind foot, 15; length of ear, 20; length oi forearm, ".2; greatest length of skull, 23.9; condylobasal length, 21.1; zygomatic breadth, 13.7; postorbital constriction, 4.6; mastoid breadth, 12.0; length of upper toothrow, t 42 adult females taken on 23-28 [uly, 18 were gravid with fetuses from microscopic to 30 mm. this is the tirst report of Al. molossus from the satellite islands of Guadeloupe. Specimens examined ( 1 1 ). — DOMINICA. Sf. Joseph Par- ish: California Estate, 1 (KU 1521 13); St. Paul Parish: 25 mi S Layou, 7 (KU 152106-12). ST. VINCENT. St. George Par- ish: Ratho Mill, 2 (KU 152115-16). TRINIDAD. Centero, 1 (KU 152117). Additional specimens ( 1 1 ).— GUADELOUPE. Ha^c-Tmv. Sofaia, 1 (SCFF); Grand-Terre: Le Moule, 1 (SCFF); Gardel, 1 (SCFF); La Desirade: Le Bourge, 1 (SCII I. MARIE- GALANTE. St. -Louis, 2 (SCFF). MARTINIQUE. Le Diamant, 4 (SCFF); Pointe Ferret, 1 (SCFF). Molossus molossus tropidorhynchus Cray, 1S,>L| Nine Molossus molossus tropidorln/nchus from Grand Cayman establish the occurrence of the genus on the Cay- man Islands. Varona (1974) listed the species from Grand Cayman without reference to specimens and subspecies, probably because of his knowledge of the material in the Schwartz Collection. Measurements of two males and seven females are: total length, 87-96 (x = 90.1); length of tail, 31.0 (29-36); length of hind foot, 8-10 (\ = 9.2); length of ear, 11-13 (x= 11.6); length of tragus, 3-1 (x= 3.7); length of forearm, 35.0-36.2 (x = 35.6); greatest length of skull, 15.0-16.3 (x = 15.5); condylobasal length, 13.6-15.0 (x = 14.2); zygomatic breadth, 9.6-10.4 (x= 9.8); postorbital con- striction, 3.3-3.8 (x= 3.6); mastoid breadth, 9.2-10.1 (x = 9.5); length of upper toothrow, 5.4-6.0 (x = 5.7). Compa- rable measurements of five males and 10 females from Cuba are: total length, 83-90 (x= 86.5); length of tail, 27-33 (x= 29.3); length of hind foot, c».b (8-10); length of ear, 7-9 (x = 8.1); length of forearm, 32.8-36.4 (\ 34.6); greatesf length of skull, 14.7-16.2 (x= 15.5); condylobasal length, 13.3-14.9 (x = 14.1 ); zygomatic breadth, 9.4-10.2 (x= 9 7); postorbital constriction, 3.3-3.7 (x = 3.5); mastoid breadth, 9.0-9.9 (x = 9.5); length of upper toothrow. 5.2-6.0 (x = 3.6). The two samples have close or identical means and ranges, except length of ear; this discrepancy most likely is because of differences in measuring techniques between our fresh material from Grand Cayman and older material from Cuba, that was collected and measured by others. VYe con- sider the Grand Cayman bats to be identical to those from Cuba. Molossus molossus tropidorhynchus is the most easily definable subspecies of Al. molossus. Its small size is dis- tinctive; upper extreme o\ forearm length (36.4) overlaps only the lower extreme o\ the population from Guadeloupe-Dominica (36.2). Cranial measurements are less distinctive, but invariably Al. m. tropidorhynchus has lower mean measurements than other populations in the Antilles. Specimens examined (24).— ( VYM \\ IS1 KNDS.Grand Cayman: Boddentown, 6 (KU 152128 32); Georgetown, 3 (KU 152125-27). CUBA. Provincia de Guantanamo: no spe- West Indian Mammals 37 cific locality, 1 (USNM 300575); Provincia de La Habana: Santiago de las Vegas, 2 (USNM 260682-83); Provincia de Matanzas: Matanzas, 11 (USNM 101373-75, USNM 103748- 50, USNM 103753-55, USNM 103757-58); Provincia de Pinar del Rio: no specific locality, 1 (USNM 103746). Molossus molossus verrillii}. A. Allen, 1908 The Hispaniolan subspecies resembles Molossus molossus fortis in length of forearm (37.9-40.2 versus 37.5- 4( 1.6), but differs in smaller size (total length 92-100 ver- sus 100-1 18), shorter upper toothrow (5.7-6.2 versus 5.9- 7.1), and broader postorbital constriction (3.7-4.2 versus 3.4-3.7). Measurements of three males and 1 2 females (from Barahona, Copey, and Petionville) are: total length, 92-100 (x = 96.7); length of tail, 30-10 (x = 33.9); length of hind foot, 9-11 (\ = 10.3); length of ear, 11-12 (\ = 11.7); length of tragus, 3-4 (x = 3.9); length of forearm, 37.9-10.2 (\ = 38.8); greatest length of skull, 15.6-17.4 (\ = 16.4); condylobasal length, 14.2-16.1 (x = 14.9); zygomatic breadth, 10.2-1 1.5 (\ = 10.8); postorbital constriction, 3.7- 4.2 (\ = 4.0); mastoid breadth, 10.1-11.3 (\ = 10.4); length of upper toothrow, 5.7-6.2 (x = 5.9). The specimens of M. m. verrillii from Petionville, Haiti, were collected by netting over a swimming pool. The speci- men from Copey was taken from a tree in which a colony of Noctilio leporinus also was living; two of the bats from Barahona were taken in a hotel corridor. Klingener et al. (1978) took 14 specimens near Lebrun, Beaumont, and Charlier in southwestern Haiti. Nine females from Petionville were pregnant with a single embryo when taken on 5 May 1974. A female from Barahona also carried a single embryo measuring 10 in crown-rump length when obtained on 12 July 1975. Specimens examined (54).— DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. Provincia de Barahona: Barahona, 23 (KU 152055-77); Hotel Guarocuva, Barahona, 2 (KU 144607, KU 152080); 8 km W Paraiso, 500 ft, 1 (KU 152078); Provincia de La Vega: 1 km E Bonao, 2 (KU 152198-99); Provincia de Monte Cristi: 1 km W Copey, 1 (KU 152079). HAITI. Departement tie I' Quest: Petionville, 1500 ft, 25 (KU 152081-105). Nyctinomops macrotis (Gray, 1839) Big Free-tailed Bat We follow Freeman (1981 ) in use of the generic name Nyctinomops for this species, which previously was in- cluded in the genus Tadarida. Nyctinomops macrotis is a strong flying and widely distributed species ranging from the southern United States to northwestern Argentina and Uruguay. In the Antilles, it is known from Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola. No subspecies are recognized. In nomen- clature, we follow the action of Husson (1962) and others in using the specific epithet N. macrotis (Cray, 1839) for this large New World species. In the Dominican Republic, seven female N. macrotis were collected by Richard Thomas at La Cruz, lour males and four females were taken by J. W. Norton at 21 km SW La Vega, and one male and two females were taken by John K. Lewis at 12 km NE farabacoa. Shamel ( 1931a) re- ported this species from eastern Hispaniola [no specific locality]; therefore, Schwartz's specimens are the first re- ported from Hispaniola with precise locality data. Nyctinomops macrotis is known from Cuba (type locality); Hall and Kelson (1959, map 154) indicated its occurrence on Isla de la Juventud, but we are unaware of any pub- lished reports of (V. macrotis from that island, and Silva Taboada (1979) did not report the species from Isla de la Juventud. Apparently these bats are uncommon in the West Indies; fossils are known from Provincia de Camagiiev, Cuba (Koopman and Ruibal, 1955). Measurements of one male and nine females from La Cruz and Jarabacoa, RD are; total length, 117-131 (x = 125.1 ); length of tail, 42-50 (v = 46.5); length of hind foot, 10-12 (x = 11.4); length of ear, 24-28 (x = 25.8); length of tragus, 4-6 (x= 5.0); length of forearm, 56.0-59.4 (x = 57.7); greatest length of skull, 21.0-23.1 (x= 22.4); condylobasal length, 20.1-21.7 (\= 21.3); zygomatic breadth, 11.4-12.4 (x= 12.0); postorbital constriction, 4.0-4.3 (v = 4.2); mas- toid breadth, 11.0-11.5 (x= 11.3); length of upper toothrow, 8.2-8.8 (x = 8.6). Two individuals are distinctly reddish brown above and below, whereas the others are plain me- dium brown with no reddish cast. The forearms of our sample are shorter (56.0-59.4) than those reported by Shamel (1931a) for specimens from the Dominican Republic and Jamaica (58.2-61.8), but are more comparable to lengths (56.6-63.8) given by Husson (1962) for specimens of unstated provenance. Cranial measure- ments likewise are slightly smaller than those given for the species by Shamel (1931a). The series from La Cruz was taken in the large, ex- tremely hot and humid attic of an occupied modern build- ing. The occupants of the building told Schwartz and Tho- mas that the attic was inhabited by bats; upon entering the attic through a trapdoor in the floor, the unmistakable odor of molossids was at once apparent. Assuming that the species involved was the commoner Tadarida brasiliensis, they were pleasantly astonished to discover that it was the much rarer N. macrotis. The colony was somewhat larger than the series suggests; the residents of the dwelling had made several attic forays to deplete the colony, but there still were many bats present. The fact that all specimens are females suggests that this may have been a parturient female aggregation, but none of the specimens showed obvious reproductive activity when collected on 7 Octo- ber. The series from Jarabacoa, RD was netted in open pine forest; although there was an immediately adjacent hotel, 38 Scientific Pah ks. N mi r \i History Mi si i m. I'm University of Kansas there was noe\ idence tli.it the bats were using it as a diur- nal retreat. I wo females from [arabacoa were actively lac- tating on 19 and 20 ful) as were three females from La Vega w hen collected on 23 fuly 1974. ' Specimens examined i IS).— DOMINICAN REPUB- LIC I ega: 1 2 km NE Jarabacoa, 2000 ft, 3 (KU 151989-91); 21 km SW La Vega, 2100 ft, 8 (KU 151992 99); Provincia de Monte Cristi: La Cruz, 7 (KU 152000-06). Tadarida brasiliensis (I. Geoffroy, 1824) Brazilian Free-tailed Bat All five of the subspecies of Tadarida brasiliensis that are currently recognized in the Caribbean region are rep- resented in the Schwartz Collection. As far is known, these populations do not undertake long-range migrations as are known in the mainland Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana. Tadarida brasiliensis antillularum (Miller, 1902) This is the most widespread of the Antillean subspe- cies of Tadarida brasiliensis. It has been recorded (Shamel, 1931a) from Puerto Rico, St. Kitts, Barbuda, Antigua, Montserrat, Cuadeloupe, Dominica, St. Lucia, and St. Martin (I lusson, 1960), St. Barthelemy (G. M. Allen, 1908), St. John (I tall and Bee, 1960), St. Eustatius and Martinique ( Koopman, 1968), and St. Vincent (Vaughan and Hill, 1996), as well as from Tobago (Goodwin and Greenhall, 1961). We have specimens from Puerto Rico (12), Guadeloupe (14), Desirade (1), Dominica (19), and Martinique (6). Of these, Desirade represents a new record for the species in the Lesser Antilles, although the bat presumably occurs throughout the entire Lesser Antillean chain from St. Vincent northward. The tvpe locality of T. b. antillularum is Roseau, Dominica, midway in the chain of islands between Puerto Rico and South America. I ven though we have not examined material from all the islands within the known range of the subspecies, skins and skulls (rather than fluid-preserved specimens) from Puerto Rico, Cuadeloupe, and Dominica show some marked differences. In general, length of forearm measure- ments for the subspecies in Puerto Rico, C luadeloupe, and Martinique bats are similar, ranging from 36.8 to 41.0, with the largest forearms in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rican and ( luadeloupean bats likewise are comparable in overall size (means 89.7 and 87.1, respectively, in total length) as well as other external measurements, with the specimens from Guadeloupe generally averaging slightly smaller. Excep- tions are that the measurements of length of tragus are (mean 4.6) on Guadeloupe than on Puerto Rico I 1 hi, .\\)k\ the length ol ear is longeron ( luadeloupe (mean 14.9) than it is on Puerto Rico (14.2). No external or cranial measurements are available from the Martinique speci- mens, which are all fluid preserved. Topotypes ol I . b. antillularum from Dominica differ so strikingly from more northern / . b. antillularum that in some measurements complete separation (on the basis ot our series) is possible; this separation is only slightly weak- ened by Shamel's (1931) measurements for bats from Dominica, Cuadeloupe, and Puerto Rico, so that our ma- terial is not unusual. Bats from Dominica are distinctly smaller than more northern T. b. antillularum; total lengths are 79-87 (83-94 to the north), shorter tails (23-30 verses 25-35), shorter hind foot (6-9 verses 6-10), and shorter fore- arm (34.7-39.4 verses 37.7-41.0). Dominica specimens agree with Puerto Rican speci- mens quite closely in both means and extremes of all cra- nial measurements; the greatest differences (0.2 mm in each case) are between the means of greatest length, condylobasal length, and length of upper toothrow. On the other hand, bats from Dominica are completely sepa- rable from Guadeloupean specimens by the greatest length of skull (15.0-15.7 Dominica, 15.8-16.4 Guadeloupe), condylobasal length (14.2-14.9 Dominica, 15.1-15.7 Guadeloupe), and virtually so in mastoid breadth (8.6-8.9 Dominica, 8.9-9.3 Cuadeloupe). Specimens of T. b. antillularum from Puerto Rico differ cranially in the same ways from Guadeloupean bats as do Dominican speci- mens. Bats from Puerto Rico are completely separable from Guadeloupean T. b. antillularum in greatest length of skull (15.0-15.8 Puerto Rico), condylobasal length (14.1-14.9 Puerto Rico), and virtually so in length of upper toothrow (5.4-5.7 Puerto Rico). Dominican bats are distinctly reddish brown in ion trast to dark blackish brown bats from Puerto Rico. Guadeloupean specimens, on the other hand, are about intermediate in dorsal pelage color between these tw o ex- tremes, although geographically they are closer to Dominica than to Puerto Rico. A case could be made, in light of the above, tor the description of a subspecies of Tadarida brasiliensis from Puerto Rico (and presumably the Virgin Islands and the Leeward Islands, but not Montserrat, judging from Shamel's data) as distinct from a smaller form (antillularum) from Dominica southward. In fact, Shamel's data lor bats from Montserrat, Cuadeloupe, Dominica, and St. Lucia (so far as length of forearm is concerned) and Anthony's (1918) data tor Puerto Rican specimens tend in general to sup- port this division. The short length ot forearm reported by Goodwin and Greenhall ( 1961 ) for their one Pobagan speci- men suggests that it, too, properly belongs with a smaller southern subspecies (antillularum, sensu stricto). We are deterred from this course of action by two tacts: (1) the strange combination of characters involved in the three major populations whence we have specimens, and (2) the six bats from Martinique. 1 hese latter specimens have not been discussed in detail because the) aic fluid-preserved; Wi si Km w M \\i\i \i s 39 lengths of forearms (3 males, 3 females) vary from 36.8 to 39.2. Martinique lies next in the Lesser Antillean chain south of Dominica. Thus, it would be logical to expect that T. brasiliensis from Martinique would be like their Domini- can relatives to the north. Although the length of forearm of the three Martinique males are included within the range of those from Dominica, they lie at the upper extreme of the latter. Martinique females, by contrast, have longer length of forearms (36.8-39.2 verses 35.7-3S.2 on Dominica), and thus are precisely comparable to Guadeloupe and Puerto Rican females. At the present, we believe it is inadvisable to separate the populations, which currently are designated as T. b. antillularum, into two sub- species, although we suspect that such a division can and will be made with additional material. Compared with the western subspecies, T. b. antillularum differs in smaller size (especially on Dominica). At present T. b. antillularum and T. />. constanzae females are completelv separable on this basis, although males ot these two subspecies are not so distinguishable. Male Puerto Rican T. />. antillularum are intermediate between more southern specimens of this subspecies and T. b. constanzae in length ot forearm. It is not useful to pursue these differences taxonomically. It has vet to be confirmed that: ( 1 ) the four western subspecies bahamensis, constanzae, murina, and muscula are nameworthy, and (2) the name antillularum is being applied to but a single entity. Until these two premises can be confirmed or denied, detailed comparisons between the eastern and western subspecies is unwarranted. Tadarida brasiliensis antillularum inhabits caves and human dwellings. On Puerto Rico, T. brasiliensis and Eropln/lla bombifrons were taken from a cave on the north- ern face of the Cordillera Central on 30 August 1962; in 1965 only T. brasiliensis was present in the cave. On Dominica, bats were in an open cave adjacent to the coast south of Layou and in a residence at La Haut Estate, where the bats inhabited the space beneath the metal roofing and the ceiling and behind pictures hanging on walls in the main living quarters; others were taken in a mist net set across a mountain stream in mesic forest. On Guadeloupe, T. /'. antillularum was netted over the Riviere Salee at Sotaia and removed from an abandoned forester's cabin. All records are from mesic forest; at Sofai'a the mist net and cabin were in dense rainforest. Schwartz's impression was that 7. /'. antillularum was abundant in its Lesser Antillean range, in contrast to 7. b. muscula on Cuba. 1 lowever, Baker et al. ( I c>78: 13 ) considered it "much less common" than Molossus on Guadeloupe. It is worth noting that mist nets set in xeric woods in southwestern Puerto Rico yielded no T. b. antillularum. Specimens examined (40). — DOMINICA. St. George Par- ish: La Haut Estate, 0.5 mi E Loubiere, 11 (KU 152140-50); St. Paul Parish: 2.5 mi S I avou, fa (KU 152134-39); fa mi \l Roseau, 2 (KU 152151-52). CUADELOUPF. Basse-Terre: Sotaia, 1200 ft, 9 (KU 152157-65). PUERTO RICO. Utuado: 5.5 mi NE Utuado, 12 (KU 152166-77). Additional specimens ( 12).— GUADELOUPE. Basse-Tare: Sotaia, 5 (SCFF); La Desnade: Lebourg, 1 (SCFF). MARTINIQUE. Arises d'Arlet, 2 (SCFF); llet a Ramiers, 4 (SCFF). Tadarida brasiliensis bahamensis (Rehn, 1902) This subspecies is represented in the Schwartz Collec- tion bv eight females and two males obtained on 7 Octo- ber 1966 by Richard Thomas and Schwartz on Little Exuma. Cranial measurement of two females followed by two males are: greatest length of skull, lfa.2, 15.6, lfa.4, lfa.5; condylobasal length, 15.4, 15.0, 15.5, 15. fa; zygomatic breadth, -, 9.1,9.5, 9. fa; postorbital constriction, 3.7, 3.7, 3. 9, 4.0; mastoid breadth, S.3, 8.8, 9.1, 9.1; length of upper toothrow, 6.0, 5.7, 5.9, 5.9. Specimens examined (10). — BAHAMAS. Little Exuma: Christian Farm Cave, 1 mi S Ferry, 10 (KU 152178-87). Tadarida brasiliensis constanzae Shamel, 1931 The Hispaniolan subspecies is represented by four specimens from the Dominican Republic. A female from Restauracon was found as a mummy. A male was taken at Puerto Pyramide on 24 July 1975 and preserved in fluid by M. H. Strahm. The lengths of forearm of these two speci- mens are 41.1 and 40.7, respectively. Schwartz examined a fluid-preserved specimen from Furcy (considered to be a separate species, T. constanzae, prior to Schwartz [1955]) in the collection of the Seminaire College de Fort-de-France. The elevation at Furcy is 1769 m (5800 ft) and, so far as we are aware, this elevational record for Tadarida is exceeded in the West Indies only bv a record at 1872 m in the Sierra Maestra, Cuba (Silva Taboada, 1979) in the Antilles. The type locality of T. b. constanzae (Constanza, La Vega Prov- ince, RD) is at 1220 m. Ottenwalder (1979) took two males at 2 km SW Las Baitoas under the dry loose bark of Prosopis (Leguminosae) near the shore of Lago Enriquillo at or be- low sea level, and two others at La Plava, 2.4 km S Los Rios, also at the edge ot the lake. Thus, T. b. constanzae is not restricted to uplands. Woods (1986) netted three Bra- zilian free-tailed bats on the Haitian Massif de la Selle and one gravid female (27 May) at 1250 m near Pic Macaya on the Massif de la Hotte, Haiti. The length of forearm of the specimen from Furcy is 39.6. The forearm is slightly shorter than measurements given by Shamel (1931a) for eight males and lour females (41.0-43.0). Greatest length of skulls in Tadarida brasiliensis constanzae as reported bv Shamel (4 males, 5 females, 1 unsexed ) are 16.0-16.6. We are unimpressed with the pos- tulated differences between constanzae on one hand and muscula jnd murina on the other. As far as measurements 40 Si if ntific Papi rs, N \ii km Hiskik^i Mi si i m. Tin l'\i\i i. antillulamm, bahamensis, constanzae, muscula, murina). Our material is still too limited in several respects to un- i lei take critic al a review .is may be ultimately necessary as far as West Indian subspecies are concerned, but it is suffi- cient to point out several peculiarities within c\nd among the named subspec ies. Because our material is limited In some cases, we have combined measurements, both exter- nal ,\nd cranial, for males c\nd females. In general, how- ever, .is stated by Schwartz (1955), males are usually slighlK larger than females at least in the mainland sub- spec ies, although in our material the secondary sexual dif- ferences are not striking. External measurements of three I . b. muscula are: total th, S3 S7 (\ S5.3); length of tail, 25-32 (x - 28.0); length of hind foot, 8—9 (a 8.7); length ot ear, 15-17 (x = 16.0); length oi tragus, 6 in all specimens; length of fore- arm ( 12 specimens), 37.3 41 A ( \ 10.0). Cranial measure- ments horn a single male are: greatest length oi skull, 15.8; condylobasal length, 14.9; zygomatic breadth, 9.6; postor- bital constriction, 3.8; mastoid breadth, 9.0; length of upper toothrow, 5.8. The cranial measurements do not agree espe- cially well with those of Shamel (1931a); our single male is slightly smaller than Shamel's series of two males and four females, and the /vgomatic breadth is greater in our spei men (S.5 to 9.2 fide Shamel). Combining our data and those of Shamel, length of forearm in 7". />. muscula varies between 37.3 and 41.3 (data from S males, 17 females, and 1 unsexed), and greatest length of skull ranges from 15.8 to 16.4. Mensurally, the subspecies murina and muscula seem notably poorly defined or incapable of definition. Accord- ing to Shamel ( 1931a), murina differs from muscula in hav- ing a smaller ear. Our length of ear measurements do not demonstrate such a difference, and if it exists it must be a mean difference. Skulls of the two sexes of muscula are approximately identical in measurements. Length of fore- arm of both sexes of muscula have longer ranges than do forearms of murina, and the ranges in each sex (39.2-42.6 male murina, 37.3-41.3 male muscula; 40.2-41.8 female murina, 39.4-41.3 female muscula) show considerable over- lap, and this feature would be only of questionable sig- nificance in differentiating the two subspecies. One of our skins of murina is distinctly darker (more blackish brown ) than the short series of four muscula skins, but the remain- ing murina are slightly paler than specimens oi muscula. If Jamaican bats are consistently darker in series than Cuban specimens, this may well be the best character for distin- guishing the two subspecies, along with slight average differences in length of forearm. The bats were in caves. This bat seems especially un- common on Cuba; Palmer (as reported bv Miller, 1904) secured only ID specimens; however, Silva Taboada ( 1979) showed an island-wide distribution. Specimens examined (14). — CUBA. Provincia de Cienfuegos: Guajimico, 1 (KU 152121); Provincia de Guantanamo: leeward fort at Playa C onde, U.S. Naval Base, 2 (KU 152122-23); Provincia de La Habana: Cueva deCotilla, 9 km SVV San lose de las Lajas, 2 (KU 152118-19); Provincia de Holguin: Cue\ a de los .Americanos, 0.5 mi SW Gibara, 8 (KU 152190-97); Provincia de Sancti Spiritus: Finca Morales, 8 mi NWTrinidad, I (KU 152120). Additional specimen (I). — CUBA. Provincia de I a Hal Cueva de Cotilla, 9 km SW San [osedelasl ajas, 1 (UMNH I6503| AS 4732]). Famiia Capromyidai In a revision of the chewing lice (Phthiraptera: c iyropidae) parasitic on capromyid rodents, based in large part on specimens in the Schwartz c ollection, Price and limm (1997) recognized nine species from hurias, all in the genus Gliricola (subgenus Hutiaphilus). Phey found West Indian Mammals 41 these species to be a well-established clade, and to be ex- tremely host specific. This chewing louse-host association is parallel to others that thev documented for caviomorph rodents in that there are two (and in one case, three) spe- cies of lice on each host species and typically two even on single host individuals. The Hutiaphilus they described as a derived clade is well supported by several synapomorphic features, and they proposed that its posi- tion within the genus Gliricola suggested that the rodent family Capromyidae may be nested within what is now recognized as the Neotropical family Echimyidae. Capromys pilorides pilorides (Say, 1822) Desmarest's Hutia Desmarest's hutia is known from Cuba, Isla de la Juventud, and some of the small associated islands. On Cuba, it was noted to be common (Woods, 1993). Woods' (1993; Woods et al., 2001) arrangement of capromyids, listed this species is the sole representative of the genus Capromys. Ten of the 14 specimens in the Schwartz Collec- tion are represented only by skins, including the nine speci- mens from Sibanicu (3 males and 6 females), all obtained on 12 June 1958, and the female from Arriero taken on 11 June 1953. The remaining five specimens include an adult male from west of Camagiiey taken on 27 June 1958 and two adult females (1 at UMMZ) and two juvenile females collected at Samalloa Farm on 15 June 1952. Measurements of the adult male and two females, re- spectively, are: total length, 700, 685, 664; length of tail, 142, 202, 210; length of hind foot, 100, 82, 87; length of ear, 35, 36, 35; greatest length of skull, 89.8, 89.4, 89.5; condylobasal length, 84.0, 82.7, 81.9; zygomatic breadth, 43.0, 42.4, 40.4; postorbital constriction" 26.1, 26.2, 24.0; mastoid breadth, 30.5, 31.3, 28.8; length of maxillary toothrow, 18.5, 19.3, 19.2. The two juvenile females seem to be littermates be- cause their state of development matches very closely. The P4/p4, Ml /ml are erupted in both specimens and show some wear. It is impossible to determine visually whether the premolar is deciduous or permanent. The alveolus of M2/m2 has eroded away and the unerupted tooth can be seen. M3/m3 are not visible in either specimen. Measure- ments of these two juveniles are: total length, 307, 330; length of tail, 1 1 5, 1 12; length of hind foot, 50, 50; length of ear, 22, 26; greatest length of skull, 48.7, 51.1; condylobasal length, 43.8, 46.0; zygomatic breadth, 2ft. 4, 27.2; postorbital constriction, 20.0, 20.9; mastoid breadth, 21.8, 22.8. Specimens of Desmarest's hutia in the Schwartz Col- lection were found to harbor two species of chewing lice of the genus Gliricola {Hutiaphilus) — G. (H.) capromydis and G. (H.) cubanus (Price and Timm, 1997). Specimens examined (15). — CUBA. Provincia de Camagiiey: 20 km VV Camagiiey, 1 (KU 147700); Sibanicu; 12 km S central highway, 9 (KU 147691-99); Provincia Las Tunas: Samalloa Farm, 29 km W Victoria de las Tunas, 3 (KU 147702-04; UMMZ 99445 [= AS 2326]); Provincia Santi Spiritus: Arriero, 15 km S Cabaiguan, 1 (KU 147701). Mysateles melanurus melanurus (Poey, 1865) Bushy-tailed Hutia The bushy-tailed hutia occurs in the eastern provinces of Cuba, where it is considered to be rare except in the area of Giiisa where it is locally abundant (Woods, 1993). Two of the specimens in Schwartz Collection previously had been in the Coleccion "Evangelina," which was the collection of M. Diaz-Piferrer of Santiago de Cuba. Both specimens are represented only by skins and were obtained on 11 July 1949 on the Rio Giiira and on 24 August 1951 at Santa Maria. Both appear to be adult males. A note bv the collector of the specimen from the Rio Giiira indicates it was taken in "high tree over river." The other two specimens are adult males. An indi- vidual from near Banao was taken on 18 August 1957 and the one from Ventura was obtained on 26 December 1954. Measurements of these two specimens, respectively, are: total length, 560, 688; length of tail, 245, 220; length of hind foot, 81, 68; length of ear, 27, 25; greatest length of skull, 71.4, 70.7; condylobasal length, -, 66.0; zygomatic breadth, 36.6, 36.7; postorbital constriction, 23.7, 20.5; mastoid breadth, -, 24.6; length of maxillary toothrow, 16.4, 16.2. Price and Timm (1997) described three new species of chewing lice that inhabited specimens of bushy- tailed hutia in the Schwartz Collection, including Gliricola (Hutiaphilus) schzoartzi (KU 147707-09), Gliricola {H.)pinei (KU 147709), and Gliricola (H.) wemecki (KU 147707). Specimens examined (5). — CUBA. Provincia de Camagiiey: 2 km SE Banao, 1 (KU 147706), Provincia de Holguin: Giiira River, Cueto, 1 (KU 147708); Santa Maria, Gibara, 1 (KU 147709); Provincia Santiago de Cuba/Granma: Ventura, 22 km S Bueycito, 2 (KU 147706-07). Mysateles prehensilis gundlachi (Chapman, 1901) Gundlach's Hutia Mysateles prehensilis gundlachi is confined to the north- ern part of Isla de la Juventud, where it is described as being common in forested areas of the island north of the central savanna; it appears to be confined to forests includ- ing the palms Roi/stonea regia, Colpothrinax wrightii, and Copernicia hospita (= curtisii) (Varona, 1986). South of the savanna, where the forest composition is quite different, it is replaced by the closely related Mysateles meridionalis. We follow Woods (1993) in use of the name Mysateles at the generic level, rather than at the subgeneric level as used by earlier authors. Gundlach's hutia historically has been recognized as an insular species; however, Woods et al. (2001) recently concluded, based on sequence diverange 4: Sin \m it Papers, Naturai History Museum, Thi University 01 k\\s\s of the cytochrome /' gene, that it should be treated as a subspecies of the widely distributed Mysateles prehensilis. \ resident ol the island obtained the single specimen on 2^ December 1957. I lie adult female has following measurements: total length, 6 12; length of tail, 261; length dnd foot, 71; length of ear, 26; greatest length ol skull, 76.5; condylobasal length, 74.0; zygomatic breadth, 40.6; postorbital constriction, 21 .7; mastoid breadth, 27.3; length of maxillary toothrow, 16.8. Specimen examined ( 1 ). — CUBA. Made la Juventud: Paso dePiedras, 1 (KU 147705). Mysateles prehensilis prehensilis (Poeppig, 1 S24) Prehensile-tailed Hutia The tvpe specimens of Mi/sateles prehensilis were ob- tained from the wooded south coast of Cuba. Currently the species occurs primarily in western Cuba, where it has been reported as common (Woods, 1993). The specimens in the Schwartz Collection were collected by Cuban resi- dents tor him at: Arriero, 14 June 1953 (2 adult males, 1 adult female, and 1 subadult female); San Vicente, 24 De- cember 1956 (adult and subadult males) and 26 December 1956 (adult female); Cueva del Rio, 21 June 1957 (adult and subadult males) and 16 August 1958 (subadult male). Measurements of four adult males and two adult fe- males, respectively, are: total length, 700, 656, 588, 625, 645, 680; length of tail, 330, 295, 173, 192, 291, 180; length of hind foot, 78, 77, 87, 90, 75, 95; length of ear, 2b, 2b, 33, 36, 25, 37; greatest length of skull, 83.4, 79.5, 85.8, 86.7, 76.7, 94.7 condylobasal length, 77.0, 73.7, 79.8, 82.1, 72.2, 88.5; zygomatic breadth, 41.4, 38.6, 41.8, 44.0, 37.2, 43.9; postor- bital constriction, 21.4, 21.1, 23.0, 25.2, 22.0, 24.6; mastoid breadth, 26.5, 26.4, 29.2, 30.4, 25.0, 30.5; length of maxil- lary toothrow, 16.8, 1 5.6, 20. 1, 20.7, 15.8, 20.8. External and cranial measurements of three subadult males and one subadult female, respectively, are: total length, 425, 470, 517, 596; length of tail, 1 1 =., ISO, 164, 293; length ot hind foot, 70, 75, 76, 70; length of ear, 28, 32, 32, 25; greatest length of skull, 68.4, 74.6, 72.4, 69.3; condylobasal length, 64.5, 68.4, -, 64.4; zygomatic breadth, 33.2, 35.2, 38.8, 33.8; postorbital constriction, 23.4, 19.9, 23.2, 21.8; mastoid breadth, 25.5, 23.8, 26.1, 23.9; length ot maxillary toothrow, 15.5, 14.6, 17.0, 14.0. Specimens examined (10). —CUBA. Provincia Santi Spiritus: Arriero, 15 km S Cabaiguan, 4 (KU 147716-19); Provincia Pinar del Rio; San Vicente, 3 (KU 147713-15); c ueva del Rio, San Vicente, 5 (KU 147710 12). ! i , I ) XSYPRCX riDAl Dasyprocta leporina noblei ( .. M. .Allen, 1914 Brazilian Agouti Three spec ies ol Dasyproi ta originally were described from the Lesser .Antilles; however, it is now belie\ ed that all of the West Indian agoutis are descendents ot animals that were introduced on the islands by humans. Woods (1993:781) summarized these introductions and the cur- rent taxonomy as: "The pattern appears to be D. leporina aguti (from Brazil) to the Virgin Islands; D. /. albida on St. Vincent and Grenada; D. I. fulvus on Martinique and St. Lucia: and D. 1. noblei on Guadeloupe, St. Kitts, Dominica, and Montserrat." Schwartz collected only a single D. I. noblei, a young adult male, on Dominica. Measurements of this individual are: total length, 414; length oi tail. 10; length of hind foot, 103; length of ear, 36; greatest length of skull, 88 1 condylobasal length, 80.1; zygomatic breadth, 44.2; pos- torbital constriction, 25.2; mastoid breadth, 32.5; length of maxillary toothrow, 14.0. The specimen agrees well w ith G. M. Allen's ( 1914) description of measurements and col- oration. The dorsum is dark blackish brown, with the deep ochraceous tips to the hairs most prominent on the rump and across the middle of the back. The neck is dark, and the crown of the head black with scattered ochraceous hair tips. Both fore- and hind feet are dark blackish-brown, the hairs without ochraceous tips. In 1966, J. Knox Jones. |i., was given the skull of an old adult male (KU 105053) that had been shot on 8 March 1966 near Wotten Waven, St. George Parish, Dominica. Selected cranial measurements of this animal are: greatest length of skull, 97.2; condylobasal length, 88.2; zygomatic breadth, 47.7; pos- torbital constriction, 30.7; mastoid breadth, 33.4; length of maxillary toothrow. 14.1. Schwartz had visited all the islands where Dasyprocta has been reported in the Lesser Antilles (St. Kitts, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Dominica — noblei; Martinique, St. Lucia — fulvus [= antillensis]; St. Vincent, Grenada — albida), but never encountered agoutis on any of them. The Dominican specimen w as brought to him by a local hunter; on several occasions Schwartz encountered Dominicans in the forests of that island, armed with guns and accom- panied by dogs, in search ol agoutis for food. Richard Tho- mas saw an agouti on Montserrat at Cassava Ghaut on 1 August 1965, but was unable to capture it: the habitat was dense terns in hardwood forest. Agoutis still seem to oc- cur on St. Vincent, but apparently they are rare. We have no recent reports of them on the other islands, but they may persist on any of the islands that still offer sanctuary for these forest animals. The absence of the mongoose on Dominica probably has been a salvation tor these rodents. (in Dominica, the) form at least part ot the prey base ol the boa, Boa constrh lor nebulosus Lazell; an agouti was re- moved from thedigesth e tract ol oneol these large snakes thai S( hw art/ set ured there. Specimen examined (2).— DOMIMC A. St. George Par- ish: Wotten Wax en, I (Kl 10=i(lS3); S/. Paul Parish: 7 mi NE Roseau, 1 (KU 148945). Wist I\di \\ Mammals 43 Dasyprocta punctata richmondi Goldman, 1917 Agouti The presence of agoutis on Grand Cayman was pointed out by Swabey and Lewis ( lL'4o). De Vos et al. (1956) questionably assigned agouti from Grand Cayman to Dasyprocta punctata. We can confirm their dubious iden- tification based on a female agouti taken 6.5 km W of East End, Grand Cayman. Measurements of this individual are: total length, 452; length of tail, 17; length of hind foot, 105; length of ear, 32; greatest length of skull, 94.8; condylobasal length, 86.9; zygomatic breadth, 44.5; postorbital constric- tion, 28.2; mastoid breadth, 32. L>; length of maxillary toothrow, 17.8. Caymanians agree that the "rabbit" was introduced (Woods, 1993) for hunting purposes from British Hondu- ras (Belize); de Vos et al. ( L956) gave the 1890s as the date of such introduction. Although local residents claimed that agoutis are abundant on Grand Cayman, Schwartz saw only one during a stay of 22 days. The rodent was shot as it foraged among sparse and open growth on sandy soil near the coast. Comparison of the specimen with specimens at KU and the USNM collections confirms the identity of the Grand Cayman specimen as Dasyprocta punctata richmondi from the Caribbean coast of Central America, including Belize. However, the specimen in the Schwartz Collection is smaller in all measurements, than the data given for two females of this subspecies from Costa Rica (Goodwin, 1946). Specimen examined (1).— CAYMAN ISLANDS. Grand Cayman: 4 mi W East End, 1 (KU 148946). Family Herpestidae Herpestes javanicus (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818) Common Mongoose The common mongoose, Herpestes javanicus, originally w as restricted to Southeast Asia but has been introduced on many tropical islands including most West Indian is- lands. Much of the literature on this species is under the name H. auropunctatus (Hodgson, 1836), and many authori- ties continue to recognize the two as separate species (e.g., Corbet and Hill, 1991; Hoagland et al., 1993; Nellis, 1989; Nowak, 1999). We follow Wozencraft (1993) in use of H. javanicus. Introduced mongooses occur on Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Vieques, St. Thomas, Water Is- land, St. John, Jost van Dyke, St. Croix, Buck Island, Tortola, St. Martin, St. Kitts, Nevis, Antigua, Guadeloupe, La Desirade, Marie-Galante, Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenada, Barbados, and Trinidad (Nellis and Everard, 1981; Hoagland et al., 1989; Horst et al., 20(11 ). Mongooses are absent from the Bahama Islands, Isla de la fuventud, Navassa, Mona, Culebra, Virgin Gorda, Anegada (and from most of the smaller Virgin Islands), Anguilla, St. Barthelemy, Saba, St. Eustatius, Redonda, Barbuda, Les Saintes, Dominica, and the Grenadines. Mongooses have not reached (or been introduced to) most (if not all) of the smaller islets of both the Greater and Lesser Antilles; thus these islands are potential havens for the birds or reptiles, which have become rare or extinct on the larger islands because of predation by the mongoose. Schwartz observed this carnivore widely on the islands, as have we. The abundance of the mongoose on each island ap- pears to vary greatly. In all of Schwartz's field work in Cuba (1954-60) and the Dominican Republic (1964-77), only a few mongoose were observed. However, Richard Thomas observed Herpestes fairly commonly in Haiti in 1966. On Puerto Rico and Antigua, however, Schwartz encountered several to many mongooses regularly on daily field trips. Schwartz collected an adult female on 29 April 1961 that was lactating from Puerto Rico. The boldness of mongooses in the Antilles hardly can be overstated. Schwartz had them, on several occasions (Grenada, Puerto Rico), respond fearlessly to his squeak- ing for birds. On Antigua, mongooses were observed regu- larly foraging in the garbage and trash in the immediate vicinity of a hotel at Dutchman Bay. On St. Thomas, a mongoose was seen repeatedly to enter a large concrete roadside bin, which was used for temporary storage of garbage, despite heavy motor and pedestrian traffic. Oc- casionally, foraging mongooses were observed busily searching for food, completely oblivious to people. There seemed to be no methods in use for wholesale and sys- tematic extermination of these introduced pests. However, on some islands (Antigua) they were live-trapped in home- devised traps, wetted with gasoline, set afire, and released to run through the stubble fields whence the sugar cane had been removed. Local people claimed that by this method they are able to destroy (by fire) larger numbers of mongoose that have sought refuge or may be foraging in the bagasse (the crushed, juiceless remains of sugarcane as it comes from the mill). Although extremely cruel, this technique was at least partially successful. Herpestes has been accused, with at least some truth, as a major factor in the rarity or destruction of some of the native avifauna and herpetofauna of the islands on which it has been introduced (Nellis, 1989; Nellis and Everard, 1983). It has been blamed for the extermination, decline, or extinction of four species of ground-nesting goatsuck- ers (Caprimulgidae): Jamaican Poorwill (Siphonorhis americanus) on Jamaica, and presumably for the rarity of White-tailed Nightjars {Caprimulgus cayennensis) on Martinique, Rufous Nightjars {Caprimulgus rufus) on St. Lucia, and Whip-poor-wills (Caprimulgus vociferus) on Puerto Rico. The absence of the Burrowing Owl (Athene 44 Scientific Papers, Naturai Histor\ Museum, Thi University oi Kansas cunicularia) from its former Lesser Antillean range (St. Kitts, Ne\ is. Antigua, Marie-Galante) presumably is due to mon- goose predation. I he terrestrial habits of Burrowing Owls make them a prime and accessible target for mongoose. Based on Schwartz's notes and our observations, these are the only cases where the mongoose has likely been the major reason for the depletion or extinction of resident land birds in the West Indies. Other possibilities, less clearly definable, are the extinction of House Wrens flodytes action ) on Martinique and Guadeloupe, and the rarity oi White-breasted Thrashers (Rhamphocinclus hyurus) on Martinique and St. Lucia, Grenada Dove (Leptotila wellsi) on Grenada, House Wrens on St. Lucia and St. Vincent, and Forest Thrush (Cichlherminia Iherminieri) and Semper's Warbler (Leucopeza serrrperi) on St. Lucia. House Wrens are abundant on Dominica (no mongoose), relatively common on Grenada (mon- goose present, but not in high numbers), uncommon on St. Vincent (mongoose present), extremely rare on St. Lucia (mongoose present), and extinct on Martinique and Guadeloupe (mongoose present). Obviously, blame for avian extinctions cannot unqualifiedly be placed exclusively upon Herpestes. The correlation of mongoose presence and the extinc- tion, or at least extreme rarity, of some reptiles has been documented by Henderson and Crother (1989). Schwartz observed that diurnal snakes and diurnal terrestrial liz- ards art' tine prime herpetological targets oi Herpestes. The extinction or rarity of snakes of various genera (Alsophis, Chironius, Liophis, Mastigodryas, Pseudoboa) have been at- tributed to mongoose predation, but with few exceptions the affected snakes have been found to persist, even in some numbers (Alsophis and Arrhyton on Puerto Rico) de- spite large numbers of Herpetics. The two lizard genera whose fate is determined by the mongoose are Ameiva and Mabuya; both fell easy and early prey to the mongoose, and Mabuya apparently does not easily recover from this initial onslaught, because members of this genus have be- come rare (persisting possibly in large urban areas I throughout most of their Lesser Antillean range, and in Puerto Rico as well. Mabuya is abundant on Dominica and Virgin Gorda, where the mongoose does not occur. Liz- ards of the genus Ameiva likewise suffer greatly from pre- dation by the mongoose. Near extinction within this ge- nus includes only Ameiva polops on St. Croix (but even there a very small residual population persists), but the follow- ing species are either rare or exist in particularly favorable (protected) localities, often within or adjacent to human habitations: Ameiva ameiva (Grenada; presumably extinct on St. Vincent where no recent specimens have been taken), A. dorsalis (Jamaica), A. erythrocephala (St. Kitts, Nevis), A. exsul (Puerto Rico, St. Thomas, St. John), .4. griswoldi (Antigua), and A. pleei (St. Martin). The ground-dwelling diurnal lizard Gymnophthalmus pleei may owe its rarity on Martinique to the presence of Herpestes; on St. Lucia it is moderately common in non-urban situations. As with birds, one must be careful in attributing the rarity or ex- tinction of reptiles solely to mongoose predation. So many other factors may affect the survival of a species on a par- ticular island, especially small islands that the mongoose may be being blamed without cause. Baskin and Williams (1966) have detailed data on the relationships of mongoose and tlie Antillean ground-dwelling lizards of the genus Ameiva. Specimens examined (3). — CUBA. Provint ia de Puiar del Rio: 4.3 km NE Guane, 1 (KU 151837). GRENADA. St. Andrew Parish: Grand Etang, 1 (KU 151838). PUERTO RICO. Guanica: 3 mi S Ensenada, 1 (KU 151839). LITERATURE CITED Allen, ( .. \l 1908 Notes on Chiroptera. Bulletin of the Museum ol Com- parative Zoolog) 52:25 62 Allen, G. M. 1911. Mammals of the West Indies. Bulletin of the Museum imparative Zoology 54: 175 263 Allen, (,. M. 1414. A new agouti from Guadeloupe Island, West Indies, Proceedings ol the New I ngland Zoological Club 5:69-71. Allen, G. M 1916 \ Muni species ol I hilonycteris from Cuba, Proceed- "i the New England Zoological C Iub6:l -7. Allen, ( , M 1917. two undesi ribed Wesl Indian bats. Proceedings ol the Biologii a ty ol Washington 50:165 170, Allen.t, \l and ( ( Sanborn 193 Notes on bats from the Bahamas Journal ol Mammalogy 18 .' Ii Allen, I A. 1902. A preliminary study ol the South American opossums of the genus Didelphis. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natu ral I listen 16:249 279. Allen, I A 1908, Bats from the island ol San Domingo. Bulletin ol the American Museum ol Natural History 24 i80 i82 : ■ Bal of San Salvador Island. Occasional Paper ol the Bahamian Field Station San Salvador, Bahamas 1 1 1 I \ systematic re\ ision ol U,\ rotn (Chiroptera). American Museum Novitates 2212:1 39. Anthony, H. E. 141S. The indigenous land mammals ol Porto Rico, living and extinct. Memoirs of the American Museum ol Natural His- tory, New series 2 (part 21 131 135 Anthony, II 1 1919. Mammals collected in eastern Cuba in 1^1 7 With descriptions of new species. 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Systematics of Miller's long- tongued bat, Glossophaga longirostris, with description of two new- subspecies. Occasional Papers the Museum, Texas Tech University 100:1-22. Wetmore, A., and B. H. Swales. 1931. The birds of Haiti and the Domini- can Republic. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 155:1- 483. Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder (eds.). 1993. Mammal species of the world: A taxonomic and geographic reference. 2nd edition. Smithsonian Insti- tution Press, Washington, DC xviii + 1207 pp. Woods, C. A. 1986. The mammals of Pare National La Viste and Pare National Pic Macaya, Haiti. U.S. Agency for International Develop- ment/Haiti, Port-au-Prince, Haiti 80 pp. Woods, C. A. 1989. The biogeography of West Indian rodents. Pp. 741- 798 in C. A. Woods (ed.), Biogeography of the West Indies: Past, present, mid future- Sandhill Crane Press, Inc., Gainesville, FL xvii + 878 pp. Woods, C. A. 1993. Suborder Hystricognathi. Pp. 771-806 in D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder (eds.). 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Reeder (eds.), Mammal species of the world: A taxonomic and geographic reference Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC xviii + 1207 pp. , I I II I I I I II II I I I 3 2044 072 228 737 PUBLICATIONS OF THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS The University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History, beginning with Volume 1 in 1946, was discontinued with Volume 20 in 1971. Shorter research papers formerly published in the above series were published as The University of Kansas Natural History Museum Occasional Papers until Number 180 in Decem- ber 1996. The Miscellaneous Publications of The University of Kansas Natural His- tory Museum began with Number 1 in 1946 and ended with Number 68 in Febru- ary 1996. Monographs of The University of Kansas Natural History Museum were initiated in 1470 and discontinued with Number 8 in 1992. The University of Kan- sas Science Bulletin, beginning with Volume 1 in 1902, was discontinued with Vol- ume 55 in 1996. 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