I

LISH3AINN

|

————
ae ~
—s

OLNOHOL 30

|

itl

Univ.ar
Toronto
LIBRARY

LIBRARY
FACULTY OF FORESTRY
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

DTC HY vio,

\

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2010 with funding from
University of Toronto

http://www.archive.org/details/westvirginiatreOObroo

at «3

,. u
Bulletin 175 September, 1920

Agricultural Experiment Station
College of Agriculture, West Uirginia Wnigersity

JOHN LEE COULTER, Director,
MORGANTOWN

West Virginia Trees

A Stand of Young White Pines,

BY b >
A.B. BROOKS 42 “4
4/2"
—— u/ i
Bulletins and Reports of this Station will be mailed free to any citizen of West Virginia
upon written application. Address Director of the West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station,
Morgantown, W. Va.

Ye 4.
WH 67)
THE STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA

Educational Institutions

THE STATE BOARD OF CONTROL

Hebe STERRBNSOMN, Bresident.22 25.224 = 8 ee Charleston, W. Va.
STACI SONS T AVR C4 5 = oy 8 oe oe ge ee Charleston, W. Va.
ae NT oY CUVETTES VAS CRIN 3 Sp) eee Se ae Charleston, W. Va.

The State Board of Control has the direction of the financial and business
affairs of the state educational institutions.

THE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION

Me SP (SECA-WHCELY -erkesident« == 26. = ae 2 ee Charleston, W. Va.
State Superintendent of Schools
GHORGH Seer 7A DID Y <= =. ae eS ee Sh eee Charleston, W. Va.
IN OPAtE es Gr-Se RGR Ge 2s 2 ee ee eee Elkins, W. Va.
HAUG Wie © Guu br AGY = = a eee 2 eee Wheeling, W. Va.
RVAIN Ge INE gS a 41.) O) Sih et ee ee eee ee Webster Springs, W. Va.
TEA ae EO ECIN eee eee a ce ei, Se ee 207s ee Grafton, W. Va.
Ve © rs © OO Res 2 Ee te oe ee ee Welch, W. Va.

The State Board of Education has charge of all matters of a purely
scholastic nature concerning the state educational institutions.

WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY

PRANK BUDE ERe-TROGTLNR: 1D ses252 Soe oe eee a —— President
Agricultural Experiment Station Staff
JOHN LEB COULTER, A-M., PhD: 2.2.22. =. - oe eee Director
BER THOR EIMDE eR Sipe eee ns ae en ee te Le Vice-Director and Chemist
BRAN KGB ORUNG TUAGh. oo be ae i ee eee Assistant Chemist
CRARTE SEWs WHAIST NN. ry 22. 52 = 2 ee eI 2 ee ee Assistant Chemist
We oe IM Se Be SSAp ye: ot aA hare ee a ee ee State Entomologist
IN. d-@ GUD DINGS PhD 22 oS oe Le ee ee Plant Pathologist
ANTHONY BERG, B.S. ____- we enn s Sao eee eee Soe ASSIS tan tea ee
ERNES® ie, ANTHON), UMS. qlee SN eee Dairyman
Hs 0] HENDERSON, MS, =. 52-2 == eS ee a ee eer
HORACH ATWOOD. MeStAcr. =o aa ee ee iii; Letant ou,
Gel NID BI Sho Sears ee oe en eel eB eR a Se Assistant in Poultry Husbandry
ROBERDTEM. SNALGER, MISC) 222 Bet es SE ek SS Se ee ee Soil Investigations
BR: Ex STEPHENSON AM:S:. =. 2 a ae SS Assistanbrinesen Investigations
Es Sap COOIG Ir: AR SAR ra S-DSRS ct a e Research Agronomist
Ty CaMchiVANE SMS Agr’ f-* Soe ae eae Se i eee Assistant Agronomist
EBB LED SOMME GS = fi sert op 2a Bo ee ee 2 i ee A er eran Agronomist
J. KS AWS PhD 2 2 ek ae ee oe i eee Horticulturist
HAL ONES; GE bet 2 oe nee a ee ee ee Assistant Horticulturist
Tiina SU LON Wb Sib ScA prema on fn en 18 87a ee Leas Secs Assistant Horticulturist
Be KNOW LLON. (6. Shor.) eee ee ee a ea ee Assistant Horticulturist
Hash eCRANE fo S Aer ss eee oe ee ee ea en ae Assistant Horticulturist
ROUSND SH: SP ATCH Ey tr Si 22-0 a. ol ee See poe See eee Assistant Horticulturist
I CHE Ve BSA.) 2 MRS <3 2h See ee Te ee Assistant Horticulturist
MENS TEANGE LORS Arn) Seer Soe ee es SOY ___-Assistant Horticulturist
eM ine AIS ti ee ae =e eee one Os ee oe eee ee Research Entomologist
NCR Aspe LDV GS Aven SME SSA gine a PE 0 ee ee Se Se ei Husbandry
aH PUCK LER EB ACh en = of is Se ee Assistant in Animal Husbandry
Cees LU SON Wh SoA Pree oe. > Se oa ee ee eee Assistant in Animal Husbandry
Are el) ADS VCAINem VCS AG TSS 28 22 Se es eee Farm Economics
Ceeske LOD DSN S8 de eee ee en en ee 2 ree ieee Veterinary Science
Cre Ss LOCISDAL EE, BiG AGE eees 2 oe.) ee ee eee Agricultural Editor
LD eNO ee ele. SO Se LE SS See Se eee ee a Financial Secretary
dCi OPIN SIL O Nee 2 28 5 oe Pe a. ee ee ee ee Chief Clerk
Ds Ves ENE Gal NST OUD eee SN Oe a eg RE EY Pe oe eS Assistant Librarian

*In co-operation with U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

PREFACE

The native trees of West Virginia number about 125, of which
101 are described and illustrated in this publication. The omissions
are principally species of unimportant willows and hawthorns which
can be identified only by specialists. Some of the more common
introduced trees are mentioned in the family descriptions on pages
13 to 27, and a few are illustrated in groups after the descriptions
of native species. It has been the object to simplify everything in
this publication as much as possible. The meaning of unfamiliar
words in the keys and Se a can be learned by consulting the
glossary beginning on page 237.

The keys are based principally on characters of leat and fruit
since these are usually available for study during several months in
the summer and fall.. The text, however, contains brief descriptions
of the flowers which often denote most surely the natural relationship
of species.

Scientific names and the order of arrangement are essentially
those of the seventh edition of Gray’s New Manual of Botany.

The drawings were made by the writer from specimens collected
during the past few years.

This bulletin has*been prepared mainly for those who desire
to become more familiar with our native and introduced trees, but
who do not have access to the larger publications on the subject.
It will serve also as a basis for future forestry studies in the State.
Popular interest in forestry, which is sadly lacking in West Virginia
at this time, will be stimulated by a more general “and more intimate
acquaintance with the different kinds of trees. It is hoped that this
bulletin will help to create the needed interest. If difficulty is found
in determining the name of any tree, specimens mailed to the West
Vi irginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Morgantown, West Vir-
ginia, will be named, if possible, without charge.

— A.B. BROOKS.

Morgantown, W. Va.

September 1, 1920.

CONTENTS

Page
Ipretace: 2222 ee ee Sn ee ee ee ee eee :
COnTOn tS ic sae ee See Se ee ee ee eee 4
NSOWEOY GCN CT ase 8 a eng ee ee eee ee 7
ipinaceae— lhe pine, WWamily 2-2 = 2 en eo ee ee 8 eee 13
Salicacede—_The Willow. Hamily 2-20." - 2 ee 14
Juclandaceae—irne Walnut Kamily, 2-22. 22222822 2 222 Ss See 15
ibetulaccac— Che Bireh! Pamily..- a a ee eee 16
Haraceqe—The, Beech Mamilys 24s oe ee ee ee eee 7
Urticaceae—The, Nettle: Mamily, .-..—- =< =+ =. 5... 26s eee 19
Maenoliaceae—The: Waecnolia Kamily. _----2- = ee eee 20
Anonaceae—The (Custard Apple Pamily2-9 2 4222 +2 eee 20
jauraeceae—The- Waurel (hamily 22222 2-2 = 21 35. o> = 24-2 eee 21
Hamamelidaccaec— ihe Witch Hazel Wamily, 222 2522-22) eee 21
Platanaceae— Che Plane: “Tree Bamily==-—..-—_..__-. =. -.. 2 eee 21
Rosaceae—The-Rose: Mamily.-2=—--—-—— 22-222. 2 eee 21
Meruminosae— che Pulse Mamily. ----—--.=-. 22) ie22.-- >. eee 22
Rutaccae—The' Rue Pamilyys #2. 2.202) besser eee 3
Simarupaceae— Lhe) Quassia, Hamily 2222 222252" eee eee =, 23
Anacardiacere— he. Cashew. Kamily, s=22--=—=- - 32) 2-2 ee 23
Aquitoltaceie— Thess lolly Wamily 222") 322 25S eee 24
Aceraceae— The Maple’ amily (222 2th eee 24
Sapindaceae—The Soapberry Hamily = -2=---2----_2--.-_-._-_ _- ee 25
Tilaceae—The Linden: ‘Mamily, 222-22... =. = eee 25
Aralaceae— phe Ginsensbamily 2222.2 S22 se ee =n 25
Cornacesze—The Doswood Mamily 22 3722) "= see 2 2) ose ee 3 eee 25
Hricacesae— ihe Heath Manviily.. 2-2 .- 22.22. 32586452 25
Ebenaceae—— lhe. Ebony, Pamily 222. --_ 9-2-3) =)... eee 26
Stynacaceae—_ The: Storax, Hamily:- 222 == 22 Sees eee 26
Oleaceae—— The’ Olive sMamily=_- *2 =~ = ee Se eee 26
Caprifoliaceae—rhe Honeysuckle Hamily -2-— = 22222 — = ee 27
SUV not Cpe SR a ENE re oe 29
IPitehneeine: == 22. oS ee ee ee he eee 31
apes vlountain. Pine 222 2s 9 ae es ee ee eee 33
Mellow: Pine. <2 | a8 hehe 2 oe ee See el eee ee 35
FeLSCysOL OCLUD URING sg 22 2s = ee ee ee eee on
ERAN AraC Kpees ee eee ee ee ee 39
VCS DRUCC eae ee OR oe ee oe ee ee 41
Hemlock... 4 =- 6 2 2 * 2. Bee a eee ee SS SS. eee 43
Balsam Burt) 2= 2-2 ees ee ee ee ee ee eee 45
FAT DOT MVC =e = ee ee ee potesset is 47
fede@edar.- --- 22 at oe ES eee ee ee eee 49
DlACK eV VALLOWine 222 s- = 2 2 a A oe ee ee a ee eee ai:
FAMOTICANwASDEN 222 2a <= 2. es ee ee eee ee 53
iWarce-toouned. Poplar” <s-_ = So ea ee ee eee 55
Cottonwoods. 3 Fs¢ .. 2 5h et en le ee ee eee 57
PEVMUGC EN) = Ae oo es ee 59
IBIAGK MV VidllnUt Somes 3 OS a ee Se eee oe ee eee 61
Shell Banke ENCKOLYi = = 2 = 2 ee es ee Ee eS 63
Bigasnell-BarkhiGkOryn == 6 285) 22. = ee ee 65
Moekernninenickonyars = 2: — = — aes = = 5 Sa a oe ee fe ee ee eee 67
PASM tL CKOLy pee eae a Pl Ne ee ee 69
Bittern pe ICK ORY A. os = = = ee ee Se ee ee ee 71
HOP Orn beam sae ee ks 4 ee ee ee ee ee ee 73
ATNORICAT MEL OLMD GAN an 2: eecas s oi see oe de 18

Bla Giggs Ite ls ste ee a ae Se Pt nee ees te ok ees C2

. Page
Ty eS SD eee ee ee ee ee er Se os 79
EL ote! ee ee ee eae Oe ee ee Ted a RO ee ee te 81
DL cai SE i ee ee ee ee ee Se a ie eae 3
Sr dD is a a le PA ee 85
TE Ee | SE ee ao ee el ee ot Ce Oe Oe ee 87
ELS GE Se a Se ee Se ee ee ye eens See ee 2 89
eS, (QMS 2 Ne Se Se ee ei ee Ae ee) Cer. ae ee 91
TST QE yes eS RS ae ee oe ee. Ste 93
SL U0 1 a eres a ann. Meee ns i 2,7 95
PRIUS? (RUE: 25 Se Se a ares OR a Ak Se eee ee EE “Sie at een 97
Pepin, CEN 2a Sa ee en, ST eT. 99
veh) (OSU. 2. 2s Se SS 5S ee ee oe ee Ses ee ee St 101
Lt CUES =n, < Se Re ee > tS Pet ayaa le 103
SEE, (ORI: <2 coe ON Re 9 ae ay eS ee EE ees. SY ae | 105
IEUECLE (QUES 2-5 Se =e ES aie ree es Coen eS gee eS 5 107
pene EE Es m0) 2a ome 8 ce 4 Ss ee A ee ee 109
YEE DDC pp ie oe i ee oe ey See ee ee a ee Pia te 111
HELONGLE o TELE: ORM See ee eee fo ene a ee ee 221 See OES oy, REE Ce 113
Live (QGIK 222 Ae ee ee ee poe re aes: eee eS Sm S 115
Suet Sy LDYNCA, ks ee ioe eT ce eee ae Se ok a Oe Oe SN eee pe 117
AAISE St Ogi ID Soh. SE ae oe foe ee ee ee eee a, 119
iFelicanatce tia meee ewe ee Soe CE ss ye a A ee a is, 121
eBid NGUIMGSIT (> teeta es Sd aE Pare apne eS fe eee ns OEE Oe ey 123
ARG Image MNS Seas 5 02) ecco en ee Se ae ee een ee as 125
Ul onomvaiii, (NAcye ye aE A ns ae eee ee nny cane See ERTS 20, t 127
WLVET DYED) TVG) Yo) Wee Se ee oe ae Lae ee 129
CD EUUD “IMTOG). 222 Spt ee ee a Se ee oe eee Se eT 131
SORE LawEC ATAU CONVYTE) WY ae ee ns ee, A ee eA Te se eed ee ee 133
SGGTGS: _ ees ae ee ea alee ei eA ewe Be 135
Wen cL SIR WAG) | 0 ae ee ae ee a ee ee A tte, Lee ERs Ra SY. 137
SRE: (OUT 2 le ee a ee ens ee ee ee eee See Lee eee 139
ae eK A SE ne a se Ys ee ee ee ee 141
Pac MG CAPA D1 Ole eae eS = Se ee ee 143
WG TTEES RTS TE) GANSU 32 Ses ee Ee ee Se ae a eee ee eS 145
ere LIER Layee en oe wae, Lee Sree Pe Se ee Le Je ae 147
SESS? MAO ny, = a ee eee ee ee ee ee ee ee 149
Lier eal Doria le ee a ee a ee eee ee Se eres 151
EV Sc blr (CUNES RG gat cet eS ae el ee ee ae aes een Poe 153
CTESETRE (QUAY AN)" te as 0 ee a 2 et ee eae oe eS eee eet. 155
COSTIID) TECEG | (CAIRTEV Gy)? <i Se Sa ES Se a a ee EN SP nope ot Et ar 157
CE TRIER 2 oS a a a ee a ee cee Oe ee 159
ReeCRE PCN OMMAUS CTIA (eres fe Sad Sse es Fe Se ee eee 161
Bead Bea Tl re ne ge cere ee Pe ee enone een Eee 163
CGA WoV), ILD GTU ISIE pena epee fee eS oa ee en eS AES SRE ee LS | 165
PRAETP) VIMASVE: a hal ee ai a a en Oe ee ee oe Ee eee sa: 167
PEP METOLTIME STAG Nie oe ee Soe ek. tek oe ee 2 ee tS oS ee a ee 169
LGAEIAT SAvCue(elle > ae) ES ee ee ee a cee re eer eo 171
[Pit i SUING tly ee eS Seed ee eg ee ee ee Se eee eS 173
SMcPPES TR setL TIME () DOr tae en Nae ES Se ee eee 175
Wah oxy Rania RIGA. SoS, 2a RS ee ae ee Re oa, 177
SONG WC eS eR a ee See ee ee en ee oe a ee Se ee 179
SECS SESE itor EPL REL TL a a es SS ee ea lps ae eh aS 181
Sob Ey UR PUS yore SS ec pg ge tee a ns ce 183
Lvtaeie AEG TSO See SE Se es ee eee een ee ee 185
see PES LEL pS a es a a a i a Ea lc ce ep 187
PU RIUUMRNT ELI) © recat ne a See kk OE ee es ee oe eek ante eee ence 189
Tas EAWGYS SUN CS a ee ne ere 191
LOLONbaL TEYRVGN eye ot Teas ee ay een an Sy eee eo 193
eS Et ES 1 FS er a wa 195
Wesel Swapp ee Se ee es 2 ee 197
SU DulagEy LEYDeS shy (oye kor 28 2s ES ES A es a a ee 19S

CPSC LARD QUT ty BE Ee See ee 2 Sere Sees eee Se ee enn eee 201

Page
LOL Pay eS gl ba eM D Yop ay' Cols ieee sees ee SE ee ee eee ee = 203
Alternate-ieaved’ Dorewood. 2-25 eae a eee 205
TRI eal OT oT eo een a ee Be Bi eS ee es ae eee A er 207
reat dtUlel oo Sas ee ee See ee ee ee 209
Riountain: Laurel = 39 9 a es ee eee 211
SOumWOOd) —= =. ee ee oe 213
Gommon: Persimmon. == 32. 2- oo oe ee ee eee 215
OOSS UT VVOO Gl es eee ee a Se eee aLT
BOUT T Hes CAG Fie a hs Oe rn Dr ee ee 219
RRGIER AST ee 8 ee Ae ee ee 3S ae eee 221
ipiaeie vASh. == 32. SS ee ee ee Se eee 223
MINS CG Ce peas ee ee a ee eee 225
Sweet VAbUrniliM) +. = 28528) eee eee 227
Biaclk wilaw:. 2222 en ot Se ee a ese eee 229
Red Pine. ee a Pe ee ee ee ee eee 230
Seoten? thine <2 2 ae eae ee ee ee eo re 230
Balas | C@presss ==. ee ee ee ee a a ee Se 230
Huropéan Lareh 222----—— Be eee ee et os Se eee 230
Norway . SDiUCe 822-22. 7 2 2s 2 ee oe eee 230
Wumnite: WW tllOW 2-22 == 2 et a ee ee eee 23
"Osage Oranee._--. 8 = sa eee 230
Norway Maple: ==... 5. 2 = oe ee SS eee 2a1
SrcamonremViaple <= 296 =. Se ee ee ae ee oe eee 231
Grayo Binch 39.5.2 42 Ss Sa ee eee 231
Horse: Ghestnitt, —— =e) 2 ee ee oe eee ee et 231
Catnigie fee 2 a2 22 a ee ee ee 231
ree Otel Cavell). 22-2 Sa oh 2 ee Se Se eee 231
Kentucky Coftee: Tree. 2.2 a= a ee es eee 231
Native Shrubs and Shrubby Vines: -_-.---=-=-+----=_-_-_______ eee Doe
GAOSSALY 9 2 ae a a ee ee Se eee Zot

West Virginia Trees

By A. B. BROOKS

KEY TO THE GENERA

(Based on leaves and fruit)

a.—Leaves simple.

b.—Leaves needle-shaped, awl-shaped, or scale-like, us-
ually evergreen; fruit a cone or berry-like.

c.—Leaves in bundles of 2-many; fruit a cone.
Leaves in bundles of 2-5, evergreen . Pinus,

Leaves in clusters of 8-many on short spur-like
branchlets, deciduous in autumn . . . Larix,

c.—Leaves not in bundles, solitary.

d.—lLeaves alternate or whorled.

Leaves 4-angled, harsh, needle-shaped . Picea,
Leaves flat, whitened beneath, %-1% inches
long, sessile, aromatic; cones 2-4 inches long
with deciduous scales; bark of twigs smooth,
and on old trunks with raised resin-filled blis-

ters

Abies,

Leaves two-fifths to one-half inch long, short-
petioled, flat and whitened beneath; cones
about 34 inch long with persistent scales; bark

of twigs rough

d.—Leaves opposite.

Tsuga,

Leaves scale-like, decurrent on the stem, all of
one kind; twigs flattened ; fruit a small elongat-
ed cone with 8-12 over-lapping scales . Thuja,

Leaves of two kinds, either scale-like or awl-
shaped, not decurrent on the stem; twigs near-
ly terete; fruit a bluish, berry-like strobile.

Juniperus,

b.—Leaves flat and broad, usually deciduous.

c.—Leaves alternate or clustered.

d.—Leaves without lobes.

e—Leaves with
undulate.

margins entire or slightly

14.

14.

14.

14,

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

f.—Leaves deciduous.

Leaves 2-5 inches long, oval; fruit an
ovoid, blue berry-like drupe, borne 1-3 in
a drooping elister =~ . 92 x. SNyssa, gee

Leaves 2-5 inches long, ovate; fruit a
spherical, blue berry-like drupe, borne
many in an upright cyme, (Cornus alter-
NEROLEEN ae): eae Tee Aa ee Cornus, p;. 2a;

Leaves 4-6 inches long, oval; fruit an ed-
ible berry 34-1% inches in diameter.
ae Data hare Diospyros, p. 26.

Leaves 4-12 inches long, obovate-lanceo-
late; fruit banana-like, 3-5 inches long,
with many flattened seeds in the yellow
flesh ts... wow. th “= ami... JST eee

Leaves 6-24 inches long, ovate-obovate ;
fruit a cone-like or cucumber-like cylin-

drical mass 2-4 inches long . Magnolia, p. 20.
Leaves 3-5 inches long, heart-shaped;
fruit a pod 2-3 inches long - . “Cercis;emezae

Leaves 4-6 inches long, oblong-lanceo-
late; fruit an acorn (Quercus wmbricaria)
Quercus, p. 17.
f.—Leaves evergreen.
Leaves 3-4 inches long; fruit many dry
spherical capsules in a corymb ee:
Bia Mek Cees ee et, cine Kalmia, p. 26.
Leaves 4-11 inches long, evergreen; fruit
an oblong, dry capsule, several in umbel-
like clusters .. . . . » Rhododendron, ‘pam

e.—Leaves with margins toothed.

f.—Branches armed with stiff, sharp thorns.
Leaves 1-3 inches long, serrate or doubly
serrate; fruit a small pome . Crataegus, p. 22.

f.—Branches not armed with thorns.
g.—Base of leaf decidedly oblique.
Leaf-blade broad, heart-shaped, ser-
rate; fruit a spherical woody drupe
on stalks attached to an _ oblong
braet’ =! 202 i, 2) a eee
Leaf-blade oval, doubly-serrate, pri-
mary veins straight; fruit an oval
Satara. «2 is ee mS eee
Leaves 2-4 inches long, serrate; fruit
a small sweet purple drupe . Celtis, p. 19.

September, 1920]

WEST VIRGINIA TREES

g.—Base of leaf nearly symmetrical.
h.—Teeth coarse, 2-5 to the inch.

Leaves smooth, oval, 3-5 inches
long; fruit a small bur with weak
prickles and 3-faced nuts %-%4

inch Jone"; . . . . » Bags,

Leaves 6-8 inches long; fruit a
bur with stiff prickles and 1-3

rounded, brown nuts . Castanea,

Leaves 2-4 inches long, broadly
ovate to sub-orbicular; fruit a
small capsule falling in spring.

Populus,

Leaves 4-8 inches long, lanceolate
to obovate; fruit an acorn :
Quercus,

Leaves wavy-toothed with sharp
spines, evergreen; fruit a small

red drapeiec.! sreb 2, s1)4 2») Dex,

Leaves 4-6 inches long, oval;
fruit a short woody pod with

black seeds . . . Hamamelis,

h.—Teeth fine, 6-many to the inch.
i—Leaves not doubly serrate.

Leaves 114-2 inches long, near-
ly as_broad, tremulous on long
petioles; fruit a small capsule.

(P. tremuloides) . . Populus,

Leaves 2-6 inches long, often
narrow; twigs easily separated
at the joints; fruit a small

capstile 2 . 2) « 9) Salix,

Leaves 5-7 inches long, 144-2!
inches wide, very smooth; bark
acid; fruit a 5-valved capsule
borne in clusters

Leaves 2-5 inches long, ovate to
lanceolate; bark often bitter;

fruita drupe . . . Prunus,

Leaves 3-4 inches long; fruit a
red berry-like pome in clus-

ters . . . . . Amelanchier,

Oxydendrum,

17.

Hs

|

if.

24.

21.

15.

14.

26.

22.

22.

W. VA. AGR’L. EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

Leaves 3-5 inches long, nearly
as wide, often heart-shaped,
sometimes 2-5-lobed; fruit ob-
long, about 1 inch long, com-
posed of many small drupes
Morus, p. 19.

Leaves 3-4 inches long, often
doubly serrate or lobed on ster-
ile shoots; fruit a greenish-
yellow pome about 1 inch in
diameter .. =< > . . . -Pyruas/ poe

Leaves 4-6 inches long, ovate-
lanceolate; fruit 1-2 inches long,
dry, 4-winged . . . Halesia, p. 26.

Leaves 4-5 inches long, ovate;
fruit scarlet berry-like drupes
on short stems and scattered
along the branches (Ilex mon-
Hicola) ... . . . . » dlexpaaeemeee

Leaves 2-5 inches long; fruit
cone-like, containing many dry
scales (B. lenta) -. . Betula, pote

iimlLeaves doubly serrate. “

Leaves 2-4 inches long, thin;

fruit a small nut enclosed in a

halberd-shaped leaf-like invol-

ucre; trunk smooth and fluted.
Carpinus, p. 16.

Leaves 3-5 inches long; fruit
hop-lke, composed of several
inflated bracts overlapping and
each containing a flat seed;
bark brown with loose scales.

Ostrya, p. 16.

Leaves 2-4 inches long; bark
peeling off in papery scales;
fruit oblong or ovate, 1-2 inches

long, composed of numerous 3-
lobed scales, bearing winged
MUS. so2fs 2.6 © » detplapipeeekes

Leaves 1-3 inches long, some-
times serrate or lobed; twigs
armed with stiff thorns; fruit a
hard»pome.-. .. Crataegus, p. 22.

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES

Leaves 3-4 inches long, often
serrate or lobed; fruit a sour
yellowish pome about 1 inch in
diameter ..4:°. «ay BPyrus,
d.—Leaves lobed.
e.—Margins of lobes entire.

Leaves oval often without lobes or with 2-3
lobes, smooth, aromatic; fruit a dark blue
drupe borne on a thickened red_ stem.

Sassafras,

Leaves broadly ovate, with truncate apex

2 apical and 2-4 basal lobes; fruit a cone-like

ageregate of dry, lance-shaped carpels.
Liriodendron,

Leaves variously lobed, some with bristle-
tipped teeth; fruit an acorn . . Quercus,

e.—Margins of lobes not entire.

Leaves thick, glossy, star-shaped, with fine
pointed serrate lobes; fruit a pendulous
spiny spherical head about 1 inch thick,
composed of numerous capsules . .
Liquidambar,

Leaves oval, pointed, often without lobes
thin, margins serrate or doubly serrate;
fruit a yellowish pome 1-114 inches thick.

Pyrus,

Leaves oval, pointed, often without lobes,
thin, margins serrate or doubly serrate;
fruit a pome about two-fifths of an inch
thick, often red; twigs armed with thorns
Crataegus,

Leaves often broadly ovate and not lobed,
sometimes with 2-5 lobes, serrate; fruit ob-
long, about 1 inch long, an aggregate of
many small dark purple drupes . Morus,

Leaves nearly round in outline, 3-5 lobed,
coarse sinuate-toothed ; fruit a round pendu-
lous head 1 inch thick; composed of many
hairy: -acheries 7). 8.1.4.2 “<6 Biatanus,

c.—Leaves opposite.

d.—Leaf margins entire or slightly undulate.

Leaves 3-5 inches long, ovate; fruit a bright red
ovoid drupe, two-fifths inch long in- small
eCHese oa et Oo leo ws CO oe 6 ACCOR,

th
th

12 W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

Leaves 4-8 inches long, ovate; fruit a dark blue
ovoid drupe, 34 of an inch long, in drooping,
loose clusters:2 iss Go.) «.) > ‘Ciionanthus, pee

d.—Leaf margins not entire.
Leaves 3-5 lobed, finely or coarsely toothed,
fruit a drooping samara’: ..') “0 2-°:'.-. SAeer, qaaean

Leaves not lobed, 1-3 inches long, oval, finely
toothed; fruit a dark blue drupe borne in
elasters™ Ot) Pe Sas A Wilbert ae

a.— Leaves compound.
b.—Leaves alternate.

c.—Margins of leaflets entire.

Leaves pinnate, 8-14 inches long; fruit a pod 2-4
inches long; limbs bearing short spines in pairs at
the nodes’, +... + 2.2.7 4. *. (Rebintasieaeeee

Leaves 3-foliate ; fruit a samara, winged all around,
in’ drooping ‘clusters 2-.%.> 0%. +.’ . Pteleasyaeeee

Leaves pinnate with 9-21 leaflets; fruit small, red
or white dry drupes in dense upright or loose
droopme clusters . 1. .% °. . . . . Rhusyipeee

a

c.—Margins of leaflets not entire.
Leaves pinnate with 11-23 serrate leaflets; fruit a
large -seulptured ‘nut 4 y2/*. 9% +. 2)’ Juelans- pene

Leaves odd-pinnate, with 3-11 leaflets; fruit a
smooth or angled nut : Carya, p. 15.

Leaves odd-pinnate, with 13-17 lance-shaped leaf-
lets; fruit a small red acid pome, borne many in a
flat-topped cluster. (Pyrus Americana) . Pyrus, p. 21.

Leaves doubly compound with many ovate serrate
leaflets; fruit a small ovoid black berry in large
branching clusters; twigs and trunk armed with
sharp spines she ie die does tue: Avaliaeapeeee
b.—Leaves opposite.
c.—Leaves pinnate, fruit a samara.
Leaflets, 3-5, samaras' paired ‘2°24 2’). Acer pan
Leaflets, 5-11, samaras, not paired = #raxinus,; p. 26:

c.—Leaves digitate, fruit a globular capsule contain-
ing large brown nuts’... .. 2. 49 5 ‘Aeseulus, py, 2ae

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 13

PINACEAE—THE PINE FAMILY

The Pine family comprises nearly 300 species belonging to 34
genera, distributed principally in temperate regions throughout the
world. This family is of great economic importance, supplying a
larger quantity of lumber than any other family as well as enormous
amounts of tannin, turpentine, resin, tar and pitch. Many of its mem-
bers also are highly useful for ornamental purposes.

The leaves of the trees and shrubs belonging to the Pine family
are needle-shaped, awl-shaped, or scale-like, and are usually persist-
ent for more than one year, the American Larch or Tamarack being
the only exception to this rule in West Virginia. ‘The seeds are borne
either in true cones, or in berry-like fruits such as are produced on the
cedars.

The following are the genera of Pinaceae represented in West
Virginia:

Pinus.—Of the 34 species of pines native to North America only
5 are found in West Virginia. ‘These are described and illustrated
on following pages. Besides the native pines several introduced
species are planted on lawns and in parks. ‘The most common of the
exotics are Red Pine (Pinus resinosa, Ait.) and Scotch Pine (Pinus
sylvestris, ,.), the former having smooth cones about 2 inches long
and leaves 4-6 inches long, two in a bundle, and the latter having
cones 114-214 inches long, and leaves 114-3% inches long, two in a

bundle. '

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PINUS

Leaves 5 in a cluster; cones smooth, 4-10 inches long . . P. strobus, p. 29.
Leaves fewer than 5 in a cluster; cones less than 4 inches long.
Leaves 3 in a cluster; cones with prickles . .. . . P. rigida, p. 31.

Leaves 2 in a cluster.
Leaves stiff, sharp-pointed, 2-4 inches long; cones 2-4 inches
long with very thick sharp spines . ... P. pungens, p. 33.
Leaves twisted 114-34 inches long; cones 2-3 inches long;

scales terminated with prickles . . . . P. virginiana, p. 37.
Leaves slender, not twisted, 3-4 inches long, often 3 in a clus-
ter, especially near the ends of twigs . . . P. echinata, p. 35.

Larix, (page 39).—There are 10 known species of Larches found
principally in the colder regions of the northern hemisphere. Three
of these are indigenous to North America and one extends as tar
south as the northern part of West Virginia. Unlike most of the
members of the Pine family the Larches shed their leaves each fall.
The European Larch (Larix decidua, Mill.) is frequently planted for
ornamental purposes. It can be distinguished from the native species
by its much larger cones.

Picea, (page 41)—Eight of the 18 or 20 known species of
Spruces are native to North America and one species is found in West
Virginia. The 2 introduced Spruces most commonly planted are

14 W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

Norway Spruce (Picea Abies, (1.) Karst.) and Colorado Blue Spruce
(Picea pungens, Kngl.). The Norway Spruce can be distinguished
from our native species by its much larger cones, and the Colorado
Blue Spruce by its blue-green foliage.

Tsuga, (page 43)-—This genus comprises 8 species, 4 of which
grow in Asia and 4 in North America. One of the 2 Eastern
Hemlocks is common in West Virginia, the other (Tsuga caroliniana,
Engl.) grows from the mountains of Virginia south to Georgia.

Abies, (page 45)—The 25 known species of Firs are found
principally in cold and temperate regions. Of the 10 species in North
America only 2 are found east of the Rocky Mountains and 1 in
West Virginia. The other Fastern Fir is Abies balsamea, (1,.) Mill;
which does not extend southward into this State.

Thuja, (page 47)—Four species of Arbor Vitae are known, 2
of which are native to North America, one in the West and the other
in the Kast. The limited distribution in West Virginia of the latter
is given on the page describing this species.

Juniperus, (page 49)—This is a large genus comprising 40
trees and shrubs. Of these, 16 species are found in North America.
Red Cedar, described in this bulletin, is common in West Virginia
and Juniperus communis, L.. has been reported from Wood, Mineral
and Fayette counties.

Other members of the Pine family which may be seén occtasion-
ally planted on-lawns in West Virginia are the following:

White Cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides, (1,.)B.S.P.)

Bald Cypress (Tucodium distichum, Rich.)

Ginkgo Tree (Ginkgo biloba, L.) and several other species and
varieties of Junipers, Pines, Spruces, and Yews.

SALICACEAE—THE WILLOW FAMILY

The Willow family, which includes also the Poplars, comprises
about 200 species, a large proportion of which are distributed in
temperate and arctic zones. Several shrubby species extend far into
the arctic regions.

On the whole this family is not important commercially, but with
the disappearance of the more valuable kinds of trees the rapid-grow-
ing and easily-propagated Willows and Poplars are receiving more
attention.

The 2 genera belonging to this family are given below:

Salix, (page 51)—This genus comprises no fewer than 175
known species, 100 of which are native to North America. The fol-
lowing species are reported from West Virginia: S. nigra, Marsh., 8.
amygdaloides, And., S. discolor, Muhl., S. humilis, Marsh., S. cericea,
Marsh, and 8S. cordata, Muhl. Doubtless several other species occur

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 15

in the State. The task of determining the different species of Wil-
lows is one for the specialist who has devoted much time to their
study. For this reason only one species, the common Black Willow
of our stream banks, is described and illustrated in this bulletin.
The most common introduced Willows are the well-known Weeping
Willow (Salix babylonica, lL.) and a yellow-twigged variety of the
White Willow (Salix alba, var. vitellina, (1..) Koch.).

Populus.—The species of Poplars and Aspens number 27 of
which 19 are native to North America and 3 to West Virginia.
White Poplar (P. alba, L.) and Balm of Gilead (P. candicans, Ait.) are
the principal introduced species planted in the State.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF POPULUS

Leaves broadly deltoid, acuminate, marginal teeth somewhat in-
curved; trees of stream banks and extensively planted along
Streets . SS and 1 a ae Ms 1. Gelteidess m:n. 5r.
Leaves ovate to sub- orbicular
Leaves coarsely sinuate-toothed, 3-5 inches long ane
; : : : ; : : ; > - " P. grandidentata, p. 55.
Leaves finely serrate, less than 3 inches long . . . P. tremuloides, p. 53.

JUGLANDACEAE—THE WALNUT FAMILY

The Walnut family, with its 6 genera and 35 species, is repre-
sented in North America by 2 genera (Juglans and Carya) and 19
species. This family is a very important one, contributing much of
the costliest and most durable timber as well as large quantities of
edible nuts. The wood of Black Walnut is especially adapted to
fine cabinet work and that of the Hickories to the manufacture of
vehicles, handles, etc., where strength and flexibility are desired.

Juglans.—The 15 species comprising this genus are found prin-
cipally in the north temperate zone. Five species are native to
North America and two are found in West Virginia. The English
Walnut (Juglans regia, lL.) which has been introduced and widely
planted in the United States yields the valuable Circassian Walnut
woods used in the manuacture of fine furniture as well as the walnuts
sold in our markets.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF JUGLANS

Leaflets 11-17, often viscid-hairy; pith chocolate-brown; fruit elong-

ated, ‘sticky- SNeIry: .) <. . J. cinerea, p. 59.
Leaflets 13-23, not viscid-hairy; pith cream- ‘colored: fruit globose, not
AhIGiVen sve. cubase Nps ei Siaolis, fee al wre Jcontare; Pp. 1.

Carya.—The Hickory species number about 10, all of which are
native to that part of North America lying east of the Rock moun-
tains. At least 5 of these are found in “West Virginia. Carya micro-
carpa, Nutt., not described herein is reported from Fayette County.

16 W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

The Pecan Hickory (Carya illinoencis (Wang.) K. K.), a southern
species prized for its nuts, is occasionally planted.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CARYA

a. Bark of trunk not deeply furrowed or shaggy; husk of fruit less
than 14 inch thick.
Leaflets usually 5-7, glabrous beneath; the upper 2-214,
inches broad; kernel of nut sweet .. . . C. glabra, p. 69.
Leaflets usually 7-11, somewhat downy beneath, the upper
1-14, inches broad; kernel of nut bitter. C. cordiformis, p. 71.
a. Bark of trunk deeply furrowed or shaggy; husk of fruit more than
1g inch thick.
Leaflets 5-7, scurfy or pubescent; bark rough but not
shagey; buds densely hairy ~ =. -)- = . GC: alba, psmoge
Leaflets usually 7; nuts 114-2 inches long, pointed at both

ends, dull white; bark shaggy ... . . C. laciniosa, p. 65.
Leaflets usually 5; nuts smaller, rounded or notched at
the base, white, thin-shelled; bark shaggy . C. ovata, p. 63.

BETULACEAE—THE BIRCH FAMILY

The 6 genera and about 75 species belonging to this family are
principally confined to the higher latitudes of the northern hem-
isphere. In North America there are 5 genera and about 30 species,
of which the 5 genera and at least 9 species grow in West Virginia.
The Common Hazelnut (Corylus americana, Walt.) and the Beaked
Hazelnut (Corylus rostrata, Ait.) are both common shrubs of the
State. The Smooth Alder (Alnus rugosa, (DuRoi) Spreng.) and the
Hoary Alder (Alnus incana, (L.) Moench.) are both to be found,
the former abundant along our streams, and the latter rare in upland
swamps. Alnus alnobetula (Ehrh.) K K. is also reported from Green-
_brier, Fayette, and Randolph counties.

This family produces products of great value. The wood of
Birches is used extensively for furniture and interior finish, and for
fuel. Black Birch supplies a volatile oil of considerable importance.
The wood of some of the Alders is becoming valuable on account of
its use in the manufacture of gunpowder, and the fruits of the
Hazelnuts bring a good price on the market. The following are our
tree genera:

Ostrya, (page 73)—Four species of Hop Hornbeam or Iron-
wood are known, 2 being found in North America. One of these is
limited in its range to the Grand Canon of the Colorado, in Arizona;
the other is widely distributed and is common locally in West Vir-
ginia.

Carpinus, (page 75).—Fleven species of Hornbeams are native
to Asia and Europe and only 1 species is found in North America.
This is abundant in most parts of West Virginia.

Betula. This genus comprises 25 known species of trees and 10
species of shrubs. About 15 of these are native to North America

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 17

and 3 to West Virginia. Besides our native species the Gray Birch
(Betula populifola, Marsh.) and varieties of White Birch (Betula alba,
L,.) are often planted for ornamental purposes.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF BETULA

Bark of the trunk light-colored with thin layers curling or peeling off.
Outer bark yellowish, fruits usually sessile; leaves usually round-

ed at base; twigs with slight wintergreen taste . . B, lutea, p. 79.
Outer bark reddish-brown, inner bark tinged with red; fruits on
slender stalks; leaves usually wedge-shaped at base; not

STILL COM deo bia danc) hee in ie os, wos ks cf os, ap ce, Det ee ee
Bark of trunk rough, dark gray, without thin outer layers; bark of
twigs with wintergreen taste .-. .. =... . . B. lenta, p. 77.

FAGACEAE—THE BEECH FAMILY

There are 6 genera and about 400 species of trees and shrubs
belonging to the Beech family of which 5 genera and about 60 species
are native to North America. Fourteen species of Oaks, 2 species
of Chestnuts, and 1 species of Beech occur in West Virginia.

This large family is second in importance only to the Pine family
and in some respects surpasses it. Nearly all its members, especially
the various kinds of oaks, produce wood of superior quality and
adapted to a great variety of uses.

Fagus, (page 83).—This genus comprises, in the world, 5 spe-
cies, only 1 of which is found native in America. The others are
Asiatic and European species. The European Beech (Fagus sylvatica,
L.), and its varieties having purple leaves, cut leaves or pendent
branches are often planted for ornamental purposes.

Castanea, (pp. 85, 87)—Of the 5 or more species of chestnuts
belonging to this genus, none is found in the western part of North
America and 3 species are native to the eastern part of the United
States. Castanea alnifolia, Nutt.,-1is a shrub found in the southern
Atlantic states. The European Chestnut (Castanea sativa), the Jap-
anese Chestnut (Castanea Japonica) and the Chinese Chestnut (Cas-
tanea mollissima) are all planted in this country for their nuts. The
Japanese and Chinese species are more or less resistant to the chest-
nut bark disease and for this reason they and their hybrids with
our native species are likely to receive much attention from nut-
growers. The common Chestnut and the Chinquapin, both of which
are natives of West Virginia, may be exterminated by the disease
mentioned above.

Quercus.—The Oak genus comprises 300 known species in the
world. Of these about 55 are indigenous to North America and 14
to West Virginia. The Oaks belong to two classes, namely, those
that mature their acorns in one season and those that mature them

18

in two

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION | Bulletin 175

their classes:

x

White Oak Class:
1.— White Oak (Quercus alba).
2—Post Oak (Quercus stellata).
3.—Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa).
4—Swamp White Oak (Quercus bicolor).
5—Yellow Oak (Quercus Muhlenbergu).
6.—Chestnut Oak (Quercus Prinus).

Black Oak Class:

1—Red Oak (Quercus rubra).

2.—Pin Oak (Quercus palustris).
3.—Scarlet Oak (Quercus coccinew).
4—Black Oak (Quercus velutina).
5.—Spanish Oak (Quercus falcata).
6.—Scerub Oak (Quercus tlicifolia).
7—Black Jack Oak (Quercus marilandica).
8.—Laurel Oak (Quercus imbricaria).

The following key will assist in distinguishing the species.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF QUERCUS

“

a. Apex of leaves or their lobes sharp-pointed, usually bristle tipped;

b.

b.

acorn maturing at end of second season.

Leaves entire, not lobed.
Leaves often pubescent beneath . . . . Q. imbricaria,

Leaves lobed.
Leaves very broad toward apex, with shallow lobes,
brownish tomentose beneath . . . . Q. marilandica,
Leaves not uniform, lobes usually long and lanceolate,
often! scythe-shaped i.5 228652 4 2.55 = JQ5sfalcata;
Leaves 2-5 inches long, densely white pubescent beneath;
tree_smalk often: a) shrubi -) = = ~ ae. 2) Qyilicifolias

Leaves with sinuses extending not over half way to the
mid-rib, dull green above; inner bark pinkish; acorn
Gulp) ‘saucer-shaped)! 2.9. =) eG). = -) Qs Rubra,

Leaves of upper branches similar in shape to those of
(). rubra but bright green above; those on lower limbs
and young trees often with lobes rounded; inner bark
yellow; acorn cup top-shaped .. . . . Q. velutina,

Leaves with sinuses extending at least % of the way to
mid-rib; acorn cup large and top-shaped . Q. coccinea,

Leaves similar to those of Y. coccinea but with acorn
cup small and saucer-shaped; a tree of low grounds
with lower branches drooping . . . . . Q. palustris,

p.

The West Virginia species are grouped below according to

5 Vilee

emaluilicn
= 109:

eal

> LO

ire

7105:

103.

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 19

a. Apex of leaves cr their lobes without bristle tips usually rounded:
acorns maturing at end of first season.

b. Leaves not deeply lobed.

Leaves coarsely sinuate-crenate; acorns on stems 1-2
inches long; bark of branches with papery scales
turning back Q. bicolor, p. 95.

Leaves coarsely crenate-toothed; acorns 1-1!/, incheg long,
glossy, cup deep and thin; bark of trunk deeply furrow-
ed, dark gray or black . . ere Geaerree A TT Bae rg

Leaves equally and sharply coarse-toothed; acorns less
than an inch long; bark of tree not deeply furrowed,
light gray, resembling that of White Oak ead

Q. Muhlenbergii, p. 97.
b. Leaves deeply lobed.

Leaves 6-12: inches long, cut near the middle almost to
mid-rib by two opposite rounded sinuses, 5-7 lobed,
the terminal lobe large; acorn %4-1'4, inches long; cup
deep, fringed around the outer rim . Q macrocarpa, p. 93.

Leaves thick, leathery, usually 5-lobed, bright yellow-
green above; acorns small, '%-% inch long Tr
3 Q_ stellata, p. 91.

Leaves 3-9 lobed, medium thin; acorn %-114 inches
OTT RI eee ee mee Ee Ral ale ee Age) aati ong Q. alba, p. 89.

URTICACEAE—THE NETTLE FAMILY

The trees and shrubs alone belonging to the Nettle family num-
ber 1000 or more, most of which are tropical. The herbaceous rep-
resentatives of this family in West Virginia are mostly unimportant
weeds, but the 3 genera and 4 species of trees have considerable
commercial value and are attractive ornamentally.

Ulmus, (pp. 117, 119).—There are about 15 known species of Elms
of which 6 are native in North America and 3 in West Virginia. The
English Klm (Ulinus campestris, L.) is planted for ornamental pur-
poses. The Cork Elm (Ulmus racemosa, Thomas) is reported from
Summers, Monroe, and Randolph counties.

Celtis, (page 121)~~—There are about 60 species of Hackberries,
9 being natives of North America and 2 natives of West Virginia,
Besides the species herein described Celtis pumila, Pursh, a shrubby
variety, grows at Harpers Ferry and other stations in the eastern part
of the State.

Morus, (page 123).—About 10 species of Mulberries are known,
of which 3 are native to North America and 1 to West Virginia. The
White Mulberry (Morus alba, L.) a native of Asia, introduced to tur-
nish food for silk worms, has become established in many sections.

20 W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

The Osage Orange (Maclura pomifera, (Raf.) Sch.), a member of
this family found native in the southwestern states, has been intro-
duced into many sections where it is planted for hedges.

Paper Mulberry (Broussonelia papyrifera, Vent.), a Japanese spe-
cies, is reported from Jefferson, Berkeley, Kanawha, and other coun-
ties. The Common Fig Tree (Ficus Carica, L.) is occasionally found
in the eastern part of the State where it has been planted.

MAGNOLIACEAE—THE MAGNOLIA FAMILY

The Magnolia family, comprising about 10 genera and 85 species
of trees and shrubs, is represented in North America by 4 genera,
two of which contain only shrubs. The other two include the val-
uable Magnolias and Tulip Tree which not only produce large quan-
tities of choice lumber but are among the most desirable of our orna-
mental trees.

Magnolia, (pp. 125, 127, 129).—Most of the 25 species of Magnolias
are tropical only one venturing as far north as southern Canada.
Three species are native in West Virginia. Magnolia virginiana, a
fragrant-flowered species growing farther east and south, is some-
times planted in West Virginia but is not hardy. Several shrubby
and arborescent Chinese and Japanese species are also grown for
ornamental use. ;

Liriodendron, (page 131)—The Chinese Liriodendron chinensis
and our common Tulip Tree are the only known species belonging to
this genus.

ANONACEAE—THE CUSTARD APPLE FAMILY

This family is essentially tropical, only a few of the 600 species
being found in temperate regions. It has 2 genera, Asimina (page 133)
and Anona, the former having 5 species of shrubs in the south Atlan-
tic and Gulf states, and one tree growing in the eastern half of the
United States. Anona is a tropical genus.

The trees of this family are small and the wood has no com-
mercial value. The fruit of our Common Pawpaw is sweet and
edible, but to many persons distasteful. The tree is highly ornamei-
tal and interesting when growing singly or in groups.

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 21
LAURACEAE—THE LAUREL FAMILY

_ The Laurel family, with about 40 genera and nearly 1000 species,
is represented in North America by 6 genera, of which 4 are arbor-
escent. Most of the species are tropical. The 2 genera represented
in West Virginia are Sassafras, (page 135) and Benzoin, the latter
having 1 shrubby species, the common Spice Bush. The Sassafras
described herein is the only member of this genus in North America.
Another species is found in China.

The members of this family are aromatic trees and shrubs, none
of which is important as a wood producer. Some of them possess
medicinal properties and all have ornamental value.

HAMAMELIDACEAE—THE WITCH HAZEL FAMILY

The Witch Hazel family comprises about 18 genera with 50
species most of which are native in Asia, South Africa and North
America. Of the 3 North American genera 2 are arborescent. The
genus Hamamelis (page 137) has 2 species in Asia and 1 herein
described. Liquidambar (page 139) also comprises 2 Asiatic and 1
North American species, the latter being found in West Virginia.

The species produce hard, dark-colored and handsome wood.

PLATANACEAE—THE PLANE TREE FAMILY

The Plane Tree family has a single genus, Plaltanus, (page 141)
with about 7 species, 3 of which are native to North America and 1
to West Virginia. Of the exotic species the Old World Platanus
orientalis, L,. is frequently planted along streets for shade.

ROSACEAE—THE ROSE FAMILY

The Rose family with about 90 genera and 1,500 species is one
of the largest and most important families of plants, including the
apple, pear, cherry, plum, quince, raspberry, blackberry, and straw-
berry. About 90 species, 30 or more of which are trees, are found in
West Virginia. The genera which include our tree species are given
below :

Pyrus, (pp. 143, 145).—This genus comprises about 40 species of
trees and shrubs, 10 of which are native to North America and 2 or
more to West Virginia. The apple and pear, introduced from Eu-
rope, are placed by some authors under the genus Malus, and Moun-
tain Ash under the genus Sorbus. The latter is included under Pyrus
jn this bulletin. The European Mountain Ash (Pyrus aucuparta, (L.)
Ehrh.) is often planted for ornamental purposes.

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 176

bo

Amelanchier, (page 147).—The Juneberry species number about
30. About 23 of these are found in North America, 6 of which
attain tree size. Besides the species described herein, variety botry-
apium has been reported from Preston County and a specimen col-
lected in Tucker County has been pronounced by Dr. C. S. Sargent
as the recently-named Amelanchier laevis. A shrubby species (Amel-
anchier oligocarpa, (Michx.) Roem.) is found in Tucker and Pocahon-
tas counties.

Crataegus, (pp. 149, 151)—A few species of this genus occur in
Kurope and Asia, but most of them are native to North America.
About 700 species of Thorns have been described. According to
some authorities there are fewer species than have been described,
while others affirm there are many yet to be found. Miullspaugh’s
Flora of West Virginia lists 22 species, and the writer has collected
several additional species that have been examined and identified by
Eggleston and others. Because the Thorns are of little commercial
importance and are very difficult to identify only 2 species are de-
scribed in this bulletin.

Prunus.—This genus includes the Plums and Cherries. Of the
100 or more species distributed in Asia, Kurope and America, about
30 are native in the United States, and 4 or 5 are found in West Vir-
ginia.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF PRUNUS

a. Fruit in long racemose clusters.
Leaves 2-5 inches long; fruit purplish-black . . P. ‘serotina, p. 153.
Leaves 2-4 inches long; fruit dark crimson . . P. virginiana, p. 155.

a. Fruit in 4-5 fruited, umbel-like bunches.
Leaves lanceolate, thin, 3-5 inches long; fruit 14, inch in

diamegfer, light red 2 - 8h - = > =| PR: pennsylvanicayspssior
Leaves obovate, thick, rough above, 1'%-4 inches long; fruit
1 inch in diameter, red or yellow . . . P. americana, p. 159.

LEGUMINOSAE—THE PULSE FAMILY

The Pulse family embraces over 400 genera with about 7,350
species of trees, shrubs, and herbs. Out of this number 100 genera
with about 1,400 species are found in North America, and about 25
“genera with 65 species are recorded for West Virginia. Only 3
genera with 3 species in this State can be classified as trees.

Gleditsia, (page 161).—About 11 species belonging to this genus
are distributed throughout the temperate regions of Asia and

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 23

eastern North America, 3 of which are native to the south-central
and eastern parts of the United States. One is found in West Vir-
ginia.

Cercis, (page 163)—This genus includes 7 species of small
trees and shrubs distributed in parts of Europe, Asia and North
America, 3 of which are found in the United States and one in West
Virginia. The genus is of little commercial importance.

Robinia, (page 105)—This is an American genus containing 7
species, 4 of which are shrubs, one tree species being found in West
Virginia. Locusts have been introduced into Iurope where they
are widely planted. The Rose Acacia: (Robinia hispida, L.) is ocea-
sionally planted for ornamental purposes.

The Kentucky Coffee tree (Gymnocladus dioica, (.) Koch.) has
been planted in many sections of the State, and is reported by Mills-
paugh as native in Randolph and Webster counties.

RUTACEAE—THE RUE FAMILY

This large family is confined chiefly to the Old World and the
southern hemisphere, and is largely made up of herbs. Four genera
have tree representatives in the United States. The species are not
commercially valuable. Plelea (page 167) is the only genus native
to West Virginia. Prickly Ash (Zanthorylum americanum, Mill.)
grows in Monongalia, Jefferson, and Taylor counties, probably as an
introduced species.

SIMARUBACEAE—THE QUASSIA FAMILY

The Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus glandulosa, Desf.), introduced
from Asia, has been extensively planted along streets and on lawns
from which it has escaped in many places.

ANACARDIACEAE—THE CASHEW FAMILY

The Cashew or Sumach family is mainly tropical comprising
about 50 genera with 500 species of trees, shrubs and woody vines.
Its members are not valuable as wood producers but in many cases
they have commercial importance on account of their acrid, milky, or
resinous juice, used in medicine, tanning, and the manutacture ot
varnishes and resins, and on account of their attractive appearance
when planted as ornaments. The genus Rhus, (pp. 169, 171, 173) is
the only one native to Northeastern America. ‘There are 120 known
species of Rhus, about 16 of which are found in North America and 6
in West Virginia. Besides those described in this bulletin the fol-
lowing shrubby species grow wild in the State: Smooth Sumach

24 W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

(Rhus glabra, L,.), Poison Ivy (Rhus Toxicodendron, ,.) and Fragrant
Sumach (Rhus canadensis, Marsh.)

The Smoke Tree (Rhus Cotinus, L.), an introduced tree, is planted
on lawns.

AQUIFOLIACEAE—THE HOLLY FAMILY

The Holly family with 5 genera and nearly 300 species is dis-
tributed in temperate and tropical regions of both hemispheres. Jlez,
(pp. 175, 177) which is represented in West Virginia by 4 species of
small trees and shrubs, is the only genus of this family which is im-
portant in number of species or is widely distributed. Our hollies,
not described herein, are Winterberry (Jlex verticillata, (1,.) Gray),
a low shrub common in high swamps; and a rare shrubby species with
long-stalked fruits (Ilex longipes Chapm.) recently collected in Ran-
dolph County. Nemopanthus mucronata, (1,.) Trel., also a member of
this family, is a common shrub growing at high altitudes in this
State.

ACERACEAE—THE MAPLE FAMILY

This family includes only 2 genera, one of which (Dipternia)
contains a single Chinese species. The genus Acer comprises about
70 species distributed principally in the northern hemisphere. There
are 13 species native to the United States, 6 of which.are found in
West Virginia.

The maples not only produce much valuable wood but are used
more extensively than any other group for ornamental purposes.
The principal exotic species are Norway Maple (Acer platanoides, L..),
and Sycamore Maple (Acer Pseudo-Platanus, L,.).

The following key will be of use in distinguishing the species:

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ACER

a. Leaves simple.
b. Leaf sinuses acute at base.
Leaf-lobes long and narrow, leaves silvery white beneath;
fruit in pairs, each key 1-2 inches long, falling in
May oy whe ee ee A scharingmei eee
Leaf-lobes short and broad, leaves white-downy beneath,
3-lobed; fruit small, several, persistent till fall, in long
drooping clusters; a small tree or shrub . A. spicatum, p. 181.
Leaves whitish and nearly glabrous beneath, 3-5 lobed.
lobes broad and short; fruit in small clusters, falling
ilseCaTLys SUMIMErs fa 22) 00s ee - . . A. srubrumy ps ise.
b. Leaf sinuses rounded at base, leaves 3-lobed, finely and
evenly toothed; fruit several in drooping racemes; a
small tree or shrub with striped bark Cates ttey Geoe Ps
0 eke ey es ss Ue le | AS pennsylvanicum) so-so:
Leaves usually 5-lobed (or 3-lobed in variety nigrum, p.
185), the lobes sparingly wavy-toothed; fruit in small
clusters, persisting until fall; a large tree A. saccharum, p. 183.
a. Leaves compound; twigs greenish; fruit in long drooping race-
MCSs oe «© wis = -- ba « oF = | Annegundo niga.

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES
SAPINDACEAE—THE SOAPBERRY FAMILY

This family embraces 100 genera and about 1000 species, chiefly
tropical in the Old World. Six genera of trees occur in North
America. The genus Aesculus, (pp. 193, 195) comprises 14 species, 10
of which are found in America and 2 in West Virginia. No other
genus of this family is represented in the flora of the State. The
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus Hippocastanum, L..) is a common introduced
species.

TILIACEAE—THE LINDEN FAMILY

The Linden family with about 35 genera and over 300 species is
chiefly tropical, having more representatives in the southern than in
the northern hemisphere. Of the 3 North American genera only one
(Tilia)is arborescent. Of the 8 species of Tilia (pp. 197, 199) found
in North America 2 are native to West Virginia. The uropean Lin-
den (Tilia Huropea, 1..) is occasionally planted.

ARALIACEAE—THE GINSENG FAMILY

This family having about 50 genera with over 400 species is chiefly
tropical, though widely distributed in other parts of the world. The
genus Aralia (page 201) contains the only tree species in North
America. This is common in West Virginia.

CORNACEAE—THE DOGWOOD FAMILY

The Dogwood family, with 15 genera, is widely distributed in
temperate regions. Cornus (pp. 203, 205) and Nyssa (page 207)
are the only genera having tree representatives in North America.
Of the 40 known species of Cornus 15 are native to North America and
7 to West Virginia. The shrubby species are listed on page 234.
Nyssa comprises 7 known species, 5 of which are found in North
America and | in this State.

ERICACEAE—THE HEATH FAMILY

The Heath family with its 90 genera and 1,400 species is widely
distributed in tropical and temperate regions. Of the 40 genera found
in the United States 7 have tree representatives. The flora of West
Virginia comprises about 22 genera and 40 species belonging to this
family. Many of these are shrubs, the names of which are given in
the list of native shrubs beginning on page 232.

Three small trees belonging to the following genera are described
herein.

26 W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

Rhododendron, (page 209)—This genus embraces about 100
species of shrubs and small trees in the Northern hemisphere besides
a large number in the southern. Of the 17 or more species native
to North America only 1 reaches tree size. In addition to the species
described herein the flora of the State embraces the Mountain Rose
Bay (R. catawbiense, Michx.) and several species of Azaleas.

Kalmia, (page 211).-—The genus Kulmia includes about 5 spe-
cies in North America, 2 of which are found in West Virginia. Kalmia
angustifolia, L,. is a rare shrub reported from several counties in the
State.

Oxydendrum, (page 213)—This genus contains a single species,
the Sour-wood, described in this bulletin.

EBENACEAE—THE EBONY FAMILY

The Ebony family with 6 genera and many species is distributed
chiefly in tropical regions of both hemispheres. The genus Duospy-
ros (page 215) is the only representative. of this family in the
United States and includes 2 species one of which is native to West
Virginia.

STYRACACEAE—THE STORAX FAMILY

This family embracing about 7 genera and comparatively few
species is distributed principally in North and South America and in
eastern Asia. Of the 3 North American genera only J/lalesia (page
217) is found in West Virginia.

OLEACEAE—THE OLIVE FAMILY

The Olive family comprises about 20 genera with 500 species dis-
tributed principally in the northern hemisphere. In North America
there are 5 genera with 20 species and in West Virginia 2 genera with
4 speeies. The Olive Tree (Olea Europaea, L.), which produces the
olives used for food, belongs to this family. This tree has been intro-
duced into the southwestern part of the United States. The Syringas,
(Lilacs), Forsythias, and Ligustrums (Privets) are extensively planted
in this State for ornamental purposes and for hedges. The two
genera described below have representatives in West Virginia.

Fraxinus, (pp. 219, 221, 223)—The Ashes, numbering about 40
species, are distributed chiefly in the north temperate zone. Of this
number 16 occur in North America and 3 in West Virginia. The
Kuropean Ash, (/. excelsior, L.) is occasionally planted.

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 27

Chionanthus, (page 225)—This genus embraces only 2 species
one of which is found in West Virginia. The other is native to north-
ern and central China.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE—THE HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

The Honeysuckle family, comprising about 10 genera with 275
species, is represented in North America by 8 genera and in West
Virginia by 7 genera and about 18 species. Of this number 15 are
shrubs or small trees. The species not described herein belonging to
the genera Viburnum (pp. 227, 229), Diervilla, Lonicera, and Sambucus,
are given in the list of native shrubs.

28

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

WHITE PINE

{Bulletin 176

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 29

WHITE PINE
Pinus strobus, L.

Form.—Height 50-100 feet, diameter 2-4 feet ; trunk when in close
stands long, straight, and free from limbs; limbs arranged in whorls.

Leaves.—Arranged in clusters of 5, slender, 3-sided mucronate,
3-5 inches long, blue-green when mature.

Flowers.—May; monoecious; the staminate oval, light brown
one-third inch long, clustered at base of new growth; the pistillate
catkins in small groups or solitary along the new growth, cylindrical,
about % inch long, pink. ;

Fruit.—Cones maturing in autumn of second year, drooping,
cylindrical, often curved, 4-6 inches long, scales thin without spines;
seeds red-brown mottled with black spots, %4 inch long with wings 1
inch long.

Bark.—On young branches smooth, green, often with red tinge;
on old trunks thick, divided by shallow fissures into wide flat-topped
ridges covered with purplish scales.

Wood.—Soft, weak, straight-grained, easily worked, not durable
in contact with the ground, light brown with whitish sapwood.

Range.—Newfoundland and Manitoba to Pennsylvania, Indiana
and Iowa, and south along the Alleghany mountains to northern

Georgia.

Distribution in West Virginia.—Originally abundant in parts of
Pocahontas, Greenbrier, Raleigh, and Tucker counties, and sparingly
distributed in all the counties east of the Alleghanies, and in Gilmer,
Jackson, Monongalia, Preston, Ritchie, Tyler, Wetzel, and Wirt
counties. Now becoming rare.

Habitat—Prefers fertile, well-drained soil, but will grow in all
soils and situations excepting swamps and dry wind-swept ridges.

Notes.—White Pine is easily distinguished from all other native
species by the leaves which are in clusters of five. This tree is one
of the most valuable and beautiful of the conifers. Its wood is ex-
tensively used for shingles, construction, cabinet work, woodenware,
matches, etc. As an ornamental tree it is especially attractive. A
fungous disease, the white pine blister rust, threatens to destroy
the species.

[Bulletin 175

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

30

“4S ey fe 4
Vary Sey eax
ai/*

om S,

‘ : ~ rm
Seite fae SS yi WS i
. SSK oS wh 5S

1 IY 2 iv XS yf If

PITCH PINE

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 31

PITCH PINE
Pinus rigida, Mill.

Form.—Usually 50-60 feet high, 1-2'4 feet in diameter; trunk not
straight, tapering; crown rounded, usually open; limbs coarse, gnarl-
ed, with thick bark, and persistent old cones.

Leaves.—In clusters of three; stout, rigid, somewhat twisted,
often standing at right angles with the branches s; yellow-green.

Flowers.—Appear April-May; monoecious; the staminate in
crowded spikes, at base of new growth, yellow; the pistillate short-
stalked, nearly round, green tinged with rose.

Fruit—Cones maturing autumn of second vear; ovoid, often
clustered, divergent from stem, 1-3 inches long, adhering for several
years; scales thin, armed with stiff recurved prickles; triangular
seeds %4 inch long with wing 34 inch long, one-third inch wide, dark
brown to black, sometimes spotted with gray or red dots.

Bark.— Twigs green becoming dull orange and then gray-brown
with age; trunk with rough, thick, deeply- and irregularly -furrowed,
red-brown bark.

Wood.—Light, soft, brittle, coarse-grained, durable, resinous;
with thick yellowish sapwood.

Range.—New Brunswick and Lake Ontario, south to Georgia,
and west to the Alleghany foothills of West Virginia, Kentucky and
Tennessee.

Distribution in West Virginia—Found locally in the following
counties: Boone, Braxton, Berkeley, Clay, Doddridge, Fayette, Gil-
mer, Grant, Hampshire, Hardy, Jefferson, Kanawha, Logan, Mercer,
Monroe, Mingo, Nicholas, Preston, Pocahontas, Randolph, Roane,
Summers, Tyler and Wayne. Rare in McDowell, Wyoming, and

Webster.

Habitat.—Prefers dry sandy soils of hillsides, sometimes found in
swamps.

Notes.—This is our only native pine having all the leaves in
bundles of three. It is of much less value than the White Pine but
will often grow where other pines will not, and is resistant to fire.
Wood used chiefly for mine props, fuel, charcoal, boxes, crates, and
construction. Tar is sometimes made from this wood, and the resin-
filled knots and wood are excellent for kindling fires.

[Bulletin 175

AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

W. VA.

32

TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES

i)
we)

TABLE MOUNTAIN PINE

Pinus pungens, Lamb.

Form.—A small tree 30-50 feet high, 1-214 feet in diameter ; trunk
sometimes with limbs almost to the ground, the lower drooping, the
upper ascending; often bearing cones when only a few feet tall.

Leaves.— lwo in a bundle, stiff, usually twisted, sharp-pointed,
114-3 inches long; dark blue-green.

Flowers.—April-May; monoecious; staminate in long, loose
spikes, anthers yellow; pistillate clustered on sides of new growth.

ff

Fruit.—Cones large, oblong-conical, oblique at base, 2-314 inches
long, hanging on for many years; scales with very stout, curved
prickles.

Bark.—On the trunk broken by fissures into irregular plates with
loose red-brown scales.

Wood.—Light, soft, brittle, coarse-grained, resinous, brown with
yellowish sapwood.

Range.—Pennsylvania and New Jersey to northern Georgia, in
the Appalachian mountains.

Distribution in West Virginia—Scattered sparingly in the coun-
ties along the Alleghany Mountains.

Habitat—Usually found on dry gravelly slopes and ridges.

Notes.—This species is most easily distinguished from the other
pines of the State by the very large and prickly cones and by the
bundles of two stiff, short leaves. The yellow pine which has some
of its leaves grouped in twos has very small and nearly smooth cones.
Not valuable for lumber; used chiefly for fuel and charcoal.

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

YELLOW PINE

[Bulletin 175

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES

ia)
ou

YELLOW PINE

Pinus echinata, Mill.

Form.—From 80-100 feet high, 2-314 feet in diameter; trunk
straight, slightly tapering; crown pyramidal or rounded; limbs not
tolerant of shade and in dense stands dropping off early leaving a
long, clean trunk.

Leaves.—In clusters of 2 and 3, the leaves in threes more often
near the ends of twigs; slender, flexible, 3-5 inches long, blue-green.

Flowers.—April-May; monoecious, pale purple, staminate flow-
ers in clusters at base of new growth; pistillate flowers 2-4 in a whorl
near end of new growth, pale rose-colored.

Fruit—Cones maturing at end of second year; ovoid, 114-2%
inches long; flat scales, armed with weak, often deciduous prickles;
seeds triangular, winged, brown mottled with black.

Bark.—On the trunk broken into large more or less rectangular
plates the scales of which readily peel off.

Wood.—Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, yellowish.
Range.—New York to Florida and west to Missouri and Texas.

Distribution in West Virginia——A scattered growth in the hilly
counties lying east of the Ohio river and in the counties along the
Alleghany Mountains.

Habitat.—Usually found with hardwoods and other pines on clay
or gravelly soil, on hills or stony slopes.

Notes.—The Yellow Pine can be distinguished from the other
pines by its clusters of two and three slender leaves and its small
cones. It furnishes excellent lumber for commerce and is extensively
used for many purposes in buildings.

[Bulletin 175

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT -‘STATION

36

Z

Wy “Wy
ia

0,
(
<i i
SEs
= = = PI |
aS ON
as SLE ts
> SASS ie/
Sh, \
Y) \
i

SF

SCRUB PINE

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 37

JERSEY OR SCRUB PINE

Pinus virginiana, Mill.

Form.—A small tree usually 30-50 feet high, diameter 1-2 feet;
trunk short and often crooked; crown pyramidal to flat-topped.

Leaves.—Clustered in twos, 114-3 inches long, twisted, rather
stout, sharp-pointed, gray-green.

Flowers.—April-May ; monoecious; staminate in clusters at base
of new growth, yellow-brown; pistillate near middle of season's
growth, pale green, the scale tips rose-colored.

Fruit.—Ovoid when open, sometimes slightly curved; scales thin,
nearly flat, bright brown, with persistent prickles.

Bark.—With shallow fissures, and dark brown loose scales.
Wood.—Light, soft, brittle, pale orange with whitish sapwood.

Range.—Southern New York to Georgia, west to Kentucky and
southern Indiana.

Distribution in West Virginia—Common in Berkeley, Jefferson,
Morgan, Grant, Mercer and other counties southward along the
mountains; less common in Barbour, Boone, Fayette, Kanawha,
Logan, Monongalia, Randolph, Ritchie, Wayne and Wyoming coun-
ties.

Habitat.—Prefers light sandy and thin rocky soils; often found
on exhausted farm lands.

Notes.—This species is most easily confused with yellow pine,
but can be distinguished by its uniform 2-leaf clusters, small prickly
cones. and comparatively smooth bark. The leaves are twisted and
divergent, giving the twigs a disheveled appearance. Of little value
as a timber tree; wood used chiefly for boxes, crates, fencing, ties,
and fuel.

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

TAMARACK

[Bulletin 175

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 39

TAMARACK

Larix laricina, (DuPoi) Koch.

Form.—A tree usually 30-60 feet high, 1-2 feet in diameter ; trunk
straight, tapering, and having numerous slender, upward-curving
branches ; crown narrowly pyramidal.

Leaves.—Scattered singly or clustered in dense fascicles on short
lateral spurs; linear, triangular in cross-section, 34-1% inches long,
light green, falling each year in autumn.

Flowers.—May, with the leaves; monoecious; staminate sessile,
sub-globose, yellow; pistillate oblong with light-colored bracts and
nearly orbicular rose-colored scales.

Fruit.——Cones mature autumn of first season; ovoid, obtuse, %-34
inch long with few light brown rounded scales.

Bark.—Thin, roughened with small rounded red-brown scales.

Wood.—Heavy, hard, slightly resinous, very strong, durable in
soil, light brown.

Range.—Newfoundland south to Maryland and West Virginia,
west to Minnesota and the Rocky Mountains, through British Colum-
bia to Alaska.

Distribution in West Virginia—A few trees near Cranesville,
Preston County, growing in a swamp.

Habitat—Prefers swamps and lake borders, but thrives in many
other places.

Notes.—Tamarack is our only native cone-bearer with deciduous
leaves. This tree has been transplanted in several places in the State
where it makes a good appearance on the lawn.

AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

AW
AN

SSAXX.
oN

40 W. VA.
WW,
W
SN Wi :
SS WIZ
\ Wy \
RQ yar . Al
SAN WZ N\A
QQ WIZ Wii, ee
SQ WZ Ni) Sea
SQ WA Ww {jee
SN WY Sy \ ek pe
BAM Dass SSN! War lt) RQ ind WY > Noms
SSSSSSSAS ZAI NZL
gj \\“\\ \ SSA Hyves:
7 OKA SRS
s {| M9 IQ9 : y
vay
yy

A
aa

i

b fp

[PPE
KY

=
LBZ KT 7

ZzirxEvgoE
“yg s Hy
U

7 ff, :
Ziyi =
P7\'\
y, “i ==
fi SS
Zid
Lp

RED SPRUCE

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 4]

RED SPRUCE

Picea rubra, (DuRoi) Deitr.

Form.—Height 70-80 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk straight, con-
tinuous, free from limbs to a considerable height when in close stands;

crown conical; limbs somewhat drooping below, horizontal in the
middle, ascending above.

Leaves.—Crowded and diverging in all directions from the twig;
rounded or acute points, 4%-5% inch long, dark yellow-green.

Flowers.—April-May ; monoecious; staminate oval, almost ses-
sile, red; pistillate oblong, with thin rounded scales.

Fruit—Cones ovate-oblong, narrowed from middle to acute
apex ; 14%-2 inches long; scales reddish-brown with entire margins.

Bark.—Roughened by thin, irregular-shaped brown scales.

Wood.—Light, soft, close-grained, not strong, pale in color, with
whitish sapwood.

Range.—Newfoundland to West Virginia and southward along
the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia, west to Minnesota.

Distribution in West Virginia—Growing at high elevation in
Grant, Tucker, Randolph, Pendleton, Pocahontas, Webster, Nicholas
and Greenbrier counties. Now largely removed by lumbermen.

Habitat.—Well-drained uplands; also on mountain tops and occa-
sionally on borders of swamps.

Notes.—Since this species is the only native spruce in West Vir-
ginia there is no cause for confusing it with anything else. Norway
spruce has much larger cones. Originally red spruce was one of our
principal lumber trees, but when it is removed there is but little nat-
ural reproduction. Often planted for shade. Wood used for con-
struction, musical instruments, furniture, aeroplanes and paper pulp.

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

[Bulletin 175

Ms
Ie
)

|

\ D

}

y
*

IN
Uf WZ
\Y

i ; ad rW
wy
3 = OA aS

fe

———

SS
SY
RS
DAS
he
2 WW
SAR.
™ : E
WS
NY 2
—
=a
L SV
=a r- aN f
INI
>
S~4
iy
(|
a

|

LA
/ca\\ iam

yl

)
EZ
pod

\}
S
y

|

yy
£4 f

: f
= PE
j VA “\\
, gt et \\\)
ay le
SS 4) y #
AN) 17

t i

fi Uff i J
rp, A iM
q ii Wy

Me \
Via. : \ \ \ \
j= LS Y= St YS
— y Y t} Q\
FRY 7 S
= t}

HEMLOCK

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 43

HEMLOCK

Tsuga canadensis, (L.) Carr.

Form.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 24 feet; trunk with limbs
nearly to the ground when in the open but free from them to a con-
siderable height when in dense stands; slender horizontal branches
form a pyramidal crown which is often irregular.

Leaves.—Arranged on all sides of the branch, but appearing as if
in two ranks, flat, thin, rounded or slightly notched at the tip, about
Y inch long, dark green above, pale beneath.

Flowers.—April-May ; monoecious; staminate in the axils, glo-
bose, yellow; pistillate terminal, pale green, oblong, with broad bracts
and short pinkish scales. ,

Fruit—Cones mature each autumn; borne on slender stalks;
ovate, about 34 of an inch long; scales rounded, about as broad as
long; seeds about % inch long, half as long as their wings.

Bark.—With deep fissures on old trunks and prominent rounded
ridges; inner bark cinnamon-red.

Wood.—Light, medium hard, brittle, coarse-grained, not easily
worked, not durable when exposed to the weather; red-brown with
lighter sapwood.

Range—Nova Scotia, south to Alabama and west to Minnesota.

Distribution in West Virginia—Common in nearly all parts of
the’ State, reaching high elevations in the mountain counties, and
confined to ravines and rough stony ground in most of the hilly
sections.

Habitat—Prefers damp stony northern exposures, deep stream
gorges, river banks, and swamp borders.

Notes.—The hemlock ranks as one of the most useful trees. The
wood is used for construction, paper pulp, and lath; the bark is used
in tanning; and the trees are often planted on lawns and in hedges.

[Bulletin 175

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

Wy
Wf

—(

BALSAM FIR

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 45

BALSAM FIR

Abies fraseri, (Pursh) Poir.

Form.—Height 30-70 feet, diameter 1-214 feet; trunk continuous,
tapering; crown pyramidal; rigid horizontal or ascending branches.

Leaves.—Linear, arranged around the stem, 14-34 of an inch long,
dark silvery green.

Flowers.—Monoecious; staminate yellow with red tinge; pistil-
late with rounded scales and pale yellow-green bracts.

Fruit—Cones oblong-ovate, about 2% inches long; width of
scales twice their length, dark purple; bracts reflexed covering at
maturity about half the scale.

Bark.—Roughened by cinnamon or gray scales.

Wood.—Light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, pale brown with
whitish sapwood.

Range.—From Virginia and West Virginia south to North Caro-
lina and Tennessee.

Distribution in West Virginia—Growing near Cheat Bridge,
Randolph County; on the head of the Greenbrier River, Pocahontas
County; and near the head of Blackwater fork of Cheat River in
Tucker County.

Habitat.—Grows at high elevations and seems to prefer swampy
soil in West Virginia.

Notes.—This species, which reaches the northern limit of its re-
stricted range in Tucker County, is not commercially important. The
trunks are occasionally sawed into lumber, and the tree has been
widely transplanted on lawns.

imp)

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT

ARBOR VITAE

STATION

[Bulletin 175

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 47

ARBOR VITAE
Thuja occidentalis, L.

Form.—Height 40-50 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk often divided;
crown compact, pyramidal.

Leaves.—In 4 ranks on the stems, scale-like, 4%-% inch long,
longest and long-pointed on leading shoots, yellow-green, aromatic.

Flowers.—April-May ; monoecious; staminate round, small, yel-
low ; pistillate larger, oblong, reddish.

Fruit—Cones maturing in early Autumn, oblong, about /% inch

long, reddish-brown, and persisting through the following winter.
Bark.—On trunk reddish-brown, slightly furrowed, and separat-
ing in ragged and twisted strips.

Wood.—Light, soft, brittle, durable, fragrant, yellowish-brown;
sapwood whitish and thin.

Range.—Labrador, Manitoba and Minnesota, southward along
the mountains to North Carolina.

Distribution in West Virginia—Small trees on the South Branch
of the Potomac River and on the North Fork of the South Branch
in Pendleton County. Reported from Grant and Mineral counties.

Habitat.—River banks, swamps, rocky hillsides.

Notes.—This tree, often called white cedar, is so rare in West
Virginia, and of so small a size that it has but little value, except from
the standpoint of the botanist. It is commonly planted throughout
the State for hedges and other ornamental purposes.

48

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

[Bulletin 175

RED CEDAR

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 49

RED CEDAR
Juniperus virginiana, L..
Form.—Height 30-40 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; crown pyramidal or
rounded, often irregular, dense. :

_ Leaves.—Opposite, of two kinds: (1) scale-like overlapping one-
sixteenth inch long, (2) awl-shaped, %-% inch long, less common
than the other form.

Flowers.—April-May; dioecious, or occasionally monoecious: in
small lateral catkins.

Fruit.—A berry-like strobile, maturing in autumn, about 1% inch
in diameter, dark blue with white bloom, sweet and resinous.

Bark.—Thin, peeling off in long strips, reddish-brown.

Wood.—Light, soft, fragrant, close-grained, very durable, red
with whitish sapwood.

Range.—Nova Scotia and Ontario, south to Florida and Texas.

Distribution in West Virginia—Occasionally found in Randolph,
Tucker, Upshur, Pocahontas, Webster, Barbour, Harrison, Taylor,
Lewis, and in the mountainous parts of Nicholas, Greenbrier, Grant,
Preston and Monongalia counties. A scattered growth throughout
the western and southern hilly counties. Plentiful in Jefferson,
Berkeley, Morgan, Hampshire, and in parts of Gilmer, Calhoun and
Putnam counties.

Habitat.—Prefers rough limestone soils and dry hillsides, but
grows in a variety of soils and situations.

Notes.—This species is valued on account of its durable wood and
attractive appearance. During the past two or three years many
red cedars have been destroyed in the eastern section of the State
in order to stamp out apple rust which exists in one of its stages
upon this tree.

{Bulletin 175

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

y /
LY
\ fz
Yj ) AV é
A
Wi he J
VW s WAI
Q ; 5 Py
Q beZ att
WY KES
Bey, LGN

\
x \
SS SSS
LIZZ IAL

7 SSS
<a

BLACK WILLOW

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 51

BLACK WILLOW

Salix nigra, Marsh.

Form.—Height 30-50 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk often crooked
or leaning; crown open with long straggling limbs.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, narrowly lanceolate, taper-pointed,
margins finely serrate, 3-6 inches long, %-34 inch broad; large semi-
cordate stipules.

Flowers.—March-April, before the leaves; dioecious; both kinds
of flowers borne in slender, hairy catkins, 1-3 inches long; calyx and
corolla wanting; scales yellow, with 3-6 stamens.

Fruit.—A capsule 1% inch long, early splitting open and liberat-
ing the hairy seeds which are carried about by the wind.

Bark.—On twigs reddish-brown; on old trunks thick, and rough
with many broad connecting ridges, often becoming shaggy.

Wood.—Light, soft, brittle, not durable, very dark colored with
light sapwood.

Range.—New Brunswick south to Florida, west to Dakota,
Arizona and central California.

Distribution in West Virginia—A common tree along streams in
nearly all parts of the State.

Habitat.—Banks of streams and pond borders.

Notes.—This is the commonest and most easily recognized of
the willows. Its greatest value in West Virginia is probably the part
it plays in holding stream banks in place. The wood is sometimes
used for fuel and charcoal,

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

[Bulletin 175

AMERICAN ASPEN

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 53

AMERICAN ASPEN

Populus tremuloides, Michx.

Form.—Height 30-40 feet, diameter 10-20 inches; trunk usually
continuous, supporting a rounded loose crown.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, 112-2 inches long, roundish, heart-
shaped, thin, margins finely serrate; petioles long and slender, per-
mitting the leaves to tremble with the slightest breeze.

Flowers.—April, before the leaves; dioecious; both kinds of flow-
ers on drooping aments.

_ Fruit.—A 2-valved capsule 4 inch long; seeds brown, with long,
white hairs.

Bark.—Smooth, greenish, sometimes with raised, warty bands
and dark blotches below the bases of limbs.

Wood.—Light, soft, not strong nor durable, brownish with lighter
sapwood.

Range.—Alaska to Newfoundland south to Pennsylvania and
along the mountains to Kentucky, west to California and Mexico; the
widest range of any North American species.

Distribution in West Virginia—Small trees found growing spar-
ingly in the mountain counties; observed in Randolph, Pocahontas,
Pendleton, Grant, Tucker, Preston and Upshur counties. Reported
from Calhoun, Gilmer, Monongalia, Mason, Summers and Wirt

counties.

Habitat.—Prefers sandy and gravelly soils, but thrives on others;
frequent in high cut-over areas which have been burned.

Notes.—This tree, which is locally known as Quaking Asp, can
be distinguished from the other poplars by its finely-toothed trem-
ulous leaves. The species is not important in West Virginia, and is
seldom used for any purpose.

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION {Bulletin 175

LARGE-TOOTHED POPLAR

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 55

LARGE-TOOTHED POPLAR

Populus grandidentata, Michx.

Form.—Height 30-60 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk continuous,
tapering; slender ascending branches forming a somewhat loose oval
crown.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, round-ovate, coarsely sinuate-tooth-
ed, thin, dark green above, paler beneath, smooth; petioles long,
slender, laterally flattened.

Flowers.—April-May, before the leaves; dioecious; staminate in
short catkins; pistillate in elongating looser catkins.

Fruit.—Two-halved, cone-shaped, hairy capsules 4 inch long on
drooping catkins ; seeds brown, small, with long white hairs.

Bark.—Smooth except near the base, gray-green, resembling that
of American Aspen, but with more yellowish or buff color on young
trunks and limbs.

Wood.—Light, soft, not strong, light brown with almost white
sapwood.

Range.—Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Minnesota to lowa, Illinois,
Indiana and Delaware; southward along the Alleghanies to North
Carolina.

Distribution in West Virginia—Not common. Found in the fol-
lowing localities: Webster, on Elk Mountain; Randolph, Horton and
Gandy Creek; Tucker, near Davis; Monongalia, Deckers Creek ; Tyler
near Middlebourne. Reported from Ohio and Preston counties.

Habitat.—Rich, moist, sandy soil.

Notes.—This tree can be distinguished by its coarse-toothed

leaves. It is comparatively rare and of little importance commer-
cially.

[Bulletin 175

VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

W.

COTTONWOOD

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 5

nN

COTTONWOOD
Populus deltoides, Marsh.

Form.—Height 50-100 feet, diameter 3-5 feet; trunk usually
continuous and tapering; horizontal and ascending branches forming
a long pyramidal crown.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, deltoid or broadly ovate, 3-5 inches
long, margins coarsely crenate toothed except at base and apex, dark
shining green above, paler beneath, petioles 2-3 inches long, laterally
flattened.

Flowers.—April, before the leaves; dioecious; staminate in short
drooping catkins; pistillate in elongating looser catkins.

Fruit—Capsule 2-4-valved on long drooping catkins; brown
seeds covered with a dense mat of long white hairs.

Bark.—Rough on old trees, with deep fissures and with more or
less parallel and connected rounded ridges.

Wood.—Light, soft, not easily seasoned, brown with thick whit-
ish sapwood.

Range.—Southern Canada to Florida and west to the Rocky
Mountains.

Distribution in West Virginia—lInfrequent; South Branch of the

Potomac River near Romney, Hampshire County, and near Peters-
burg, Grant County. Found at a few other points along the Potomac
and its tributaries.

Habitat.—Prefers rich moist soil, along the banks of streams.

Notes—The Cottonwood, commonly known as Carolina Poplar,
is the largest of our true poplars. It is rare and of little value where
it grows naturally in the State, but is extensively planted as a shade
tree. This species is a very rapid grower but otherwise has little to
recommend it for ornamental planting.

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

[ Bulletin 175

BUTTERNUT

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 59

BUTTERNUT

Juglans cinerea, L.

Form.—Height 20-60 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk short, divid-
ing into an open, broad crown of large horizontal or ascending
branches.

Leaves.—Alternate, compound, 15-30 inches long; leaflets 11-17,
oblong, acute, 2-3 inches long, finely serrate except at the base, yellow-
green, rough above, pubescent beneath; petioles hairy.

Flowers.—May, with the first leaves; monoecious; staminate
flowers in drooping catkins the pistillate solitary or several on a
spike, bracts covered with white or pink glandular hairs; pistils red.

Fruit.——Matures in autumn; solitary or in clusters of 3-5; nut
ovate-oblong, deeply furrowed and sculptured into several longitud-
inal ribs; husk thin, hairy, sticky; kernel sweet, edible, and oily.

Bark.—Light gray on twigs, brownish on old trunks; divided by
dark fissures into lighter flat-topped ridges. Inner bark bitter, be-
coming yellow on exposure to the air.

Wood.—Light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, light brown,
light colored sapwood.

Range.—Southern Canada and Minnesota to Delaware and
Arkansas, south in the mountains to Georgia.

Distribution in West Virginia—A common tree, found through-
out the State except in the highest mountains and in a few areas south
and west, especially in Jackson, Putnam, Mingo, and Wyoming
counties. Thrives at higher altitudes than Black Walnut, and grows
at 3000 feet, or over, along cold mountain streams and hillsides in
Randolph and adjacent counties.

Habitat.—Prefers rich, moist soil.

Notes.—A less common and less valuable tree than its near rela-
tive next described.

60

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

BLACK WALNUT

[ Bulletin 175

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES

o>

BLACK WALNUT

Juglans nigra, L.

Form.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2-6 feet; trunk usually
straight and clean; crown round and very open.

Leaves.—Alternate, compound, 1-2 feet long, 13-23 leaflets, 3-3%
inches long, 1-1%4 inches broad, sharply serrate, long, sharp-pointed,
yellow-green and smooth above, paler and pubescent beneath.

Flowers.—May, with half developed leaves; monoecious; stam-
inate flowers in long, greenish, drooping catkins; the pistillate single
or several in a spike.

Fruit—Matures in autumn, nut round, very rough, 1-2 inches
in diameter ; husk thick, rough; kernel sweet, edible, oily.

Bark.—Brownish and hairy on twigs, dark brown on old trunks,
with deep furrows and rounded ridges.

Wood.—Hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, rich dark brown with
light-colored sapwood.

Range.—Northern states from Maine to Minnesota and south to

Florida.

Distribution in West Virginia—Common in all parts of the State,
but not found at high elevations. The best stands are now cut out.

Habitat—Prefers rich, moist soils, and requires an abundance of
light.

Notes.—The Black Walnut is classed as one of the most valuable
of our trees on account of its superior wood. It is also prized on
account of its nuts and is sometimes planted on lawns. Where suit-
able land is available this rapid-growing species may be profitably
planted for commercial purposes.

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

ft
=A

s

pees oh Wa AG

SHELL-BARK HICKORY

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 63

SHELL-BARK HICKORY
Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch.

Form.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk in close
stands straight and free from branches to a good height; in the open
short and bearing a rounded or oblong crown.

Leaves.—Alternate, compound, 8-14 inches long; leaflets usually
5, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, ciliate on the mar-
gins, firm, dark yellow-green and glabrous above, paler and nearly
glabrous beneath; petioles usually smooth, sometimes hairy.

Flowers.—May ; monoecious; the staminate in pendulous catkins ;
the pistillate in 2-5-flowered spikes.

Fruit.—Round-oval, nearly smooth, 1-2 inches in diameter; husk
thick, splitting freely to the base; nut 4-angled, with a thick or thin
wall; kernel sweet and edible.

Bark.—Gray; on old trunks very rough, separating into long
loose strips which give the trunk its characteristic shaggy appear-
ance.

Wood.—Hard, heavy, tough, strong, close-grained, pliable, light
brown with nearly white sapwood.

Range.—Southern Canada and Minnesota south to Florida and
Texas.

Distribution in West Virginia—A common tree except on the
highest mountains. Reported as not plentiful in Wetzel, Roane,
Jackson and Summers counties.

Habitat.—Thrives best in rich, damp soils, common along streams
and on moist hillsides.

Notes.—The Shellbark Hickory furnishes much of the valuable
wood used where strength and toughness are required. The tree is
known best to most people on account of its excellent nuts. It can be
profitably grown from seed.

[Bulletin 175

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

64

j

J

iS

IX

} Ly
L<IGit4

BIG SHELL-BARK HICKORY

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 65

BIG SHELL-BARK HICKORY

Carya laciniosa, (Michx. f.) Loud.

Form.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 1-2 feet. Similar to that of
the smaller shell-bark.

Leaves.—Alternate, compound; leaflets usually 7, sharp-pointed,
serrate, dark green and smooth above, paler and covered with soft
hairs beneath.

Flowers.—Very similar to those of the smaller shell-bark, previ-
ously described.

Fruit.—Ovoid, with four shallow creases above the middle, 1%-
2¥% inches in diameter, thick, smooth husk, splitting to the base; nut
large, thick-shelled and angled; kernel sweet and edible.

Bark.—About the same as that of the smaller shell-bark hickory.

Wood.—The wood of this species can hardly be distinguished
from that of the shell-bark hickory.

Range.—Central New York and Southern Michigan to North
Carolina and Arkansas.

Distribution in West Virginia—Not common, found principally
near the Ohio River from some distance north of Parkersburg to
Kenova. Reported from Harrison, Upshur and Monongalia counties,
where possibly the trees have sprung from artificially planted seeds.

Habitat.—Rich, damp bottom lands and coves near rivers.

Notes.—Too rare to be an important tree in West Virginia. The
wood is equal to the best of other species of hickory, but the nuts are
rendered less valuable on account of the thickness of their shells.

66

W. VA. AGR'L EXPERIMENT STATION

MOCKERNUT HICKORY

{Bulletin 175

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 67

MOCKERNUT HICKORY
Carya alba, (L.) K. Koch.

Form.—Height 50-80 feet, diameter 1-214 feet ; trunk in the woods
straight and free from limbs for about half its length; crown round
or oblong, open.

Leaves.—Alternate, compound, 8-12 inches long; leaflets 5-7, of
varying lengths; oblong to ovate-lanceolate, serrate, lustrous yellow-
green above, paler and pubescent beneath; petioles pubescent.

Flowers.—May, with the leaves; monoecious; staminate flowers
in pendulous green catkins; the pistillate in 2-5-flowered spikes.

Fruit.—Ovoid, 114-2 inches long; husk thick, splitting nearly to
the base; nut indistinctly angled with very hard thick shell and small
edible kernel.

Bark.—Gray, tight, rough but not shaggy.

Wood.—Heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, elastic, brown
with white sapwood.

Range.—Massachusetts and Ontario to Nebraska, Florida and
Texas.

Distribution in West Virginia—Common, especially on the hill-
sides and ridges east of the Alleghanies. Less frequent and scattered
in the central and western counties.

Habitat.—Prefers rich, well-drained soils of open wooded hill-
sides.

Notes.—This tree has very thick sapwood which is the most val-
uable part of hickory wood. It is unsurpassed for handle material
and other uses where strength and elasticity are desired. ‘The nut
kernels are of good quality but are small and hard to get. The pubes-
cent leaf petioles and the thick husks and thick-walled nuts form easy
marks for distinguishing this species from the common shell-bark.
Big Bud Hickory and White Heart Hickory are other names for
this tree.

68

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

PIGNUT “HICKORY.

[Bulletin 175

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 69

PIGNUT HICKORY
Carya glabra, (Mill.) Spach.

Form.—Height 50-80 feet, diameter, 2-314 feet; trunk usually

straight, clean and long; crown rounded or narrowly oblong.

Leaves.—Alternate, compound, 8-12 inches long; leaflets usually
5-7, oblong to obovate-lanceolate, long taper-pointed, sharply serrate,
dark yellow-green and glabrous above, paler beneath, fragrant when
crushed.

Flowers.—Similar to those of other hickories.

Fruit.— Variable in shape, pear-shaped to ovoid, 1-2 inches long;
husk thin, splitting half way or more to the base; nut smooth or
obscurely angled, thick-walled and enclosing a sweet or slightly bitter
kernel.

Bark.—Dark gray, roughened by many flat-topped ridges, the
outside layers of which sometimes become detached at one end, giving
the trunk a somewhat shaggy appearance.

Wood.—As in other species of hickory before described.
Range.—Maine, Ontario and Minnesota to Florida and Texas.

Distribution in West Virginia—Common in every county, less
frequently found at high elevations.

Habitat.—Thrives on almost any rich, well-drained soil of ridges
and hillsides.

Notes.—The abundance of this species in nearly every section of
the State makes it one of the most useful hickories, especially for
the farmer. Its growth in farm woodlands, as in other places, should
be encouraged.

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

BITTERNUT HICKORY

[Bulletin 175

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 71

BITTERNUT HICKORY

Carya cordiformis, (Wang.) K. Koch.

Form.—Height 60-75 feet, diameter 1-2%4 feet; trunk long and
free from limbs; crown rounded, broadest near the top.

Leaves.—Alternate, compound, 6-10 inches long; leaflets 7-11,
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, yellow-green
above, paler beneath.

Flowers.—May, monoecious; similar to those of the other hick-
ories.

Fruit—Spherical to obovate; about 1 inch long, coated with a
yellow scurfy pubescence; husk thin, splitting half way to the base,
sutures winged at the top; nut nearly smooth with a smail bitter
kernel.

Bark.—Not so rough as in other species, but with many narrow
connecting ridges.

Wood.—Similar to that of other hickories but not so strong and
of less fuel value.

Range.—Southern Canada and Minnesota to Nebraska, Florida
and Texas.

Distribution in West Virginia—lFound in scattered growth in
nearly all parts of the State.

Habitat——Prefers low ground along streams, but is often seen
on higher ground. The name, Swamp Hickory, is not inappropri-
ate.

Notes.—Of less value than our other hickories, but of sufficient
worth to warrant its propagation in suitable places. This tree can be
distinguished by its more numerous leaflets and by its small bitter-
kerneled nuts.

[Bulletin 175

VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

W.

nN
t~

HOP HORNBEAM

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 73

HOP HORNBEAM
Ostrya virginiana, ( Mill.) K. Koch.

Form.—A small tree not often exceeding 30 feet in height and 1
foot in diameter ; trunk usually straight and bearing a rounded crown
of slender branches.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, 3-5 inches long, acute at apex, doubly
serrate, thin and tough, smooth above, pale and slightly pubescent
beneath.

Flowers.—Appear with the leaves, monoecious; staminate flow-
ers in drooping catkins which develop from the wood of the previous
summer, usually three in a bunch; pistillate in erect aments; each
enclosed in a bladdery bract.

Fruit.—Small flat nutlets, enclosed in bracts arranged in pendu-
lous light-green clusters resembling hops.

Bark.—Brownish, roughened by narrow ridges with loose flat
scales.

Wood.—Strong, hard, tough, close-grained, durable, red-brown,
with light sapwood.

Range.—Cape Breton Island and Minnesota south to Florida and
Texas.

Distribution in West Virginia—Not common in many sections
but scattered locally throughout nearly all parts of the State. Found
usually with other species in the rougher, more elevated situations.

Habitat.——Rich open woods of slopes and ridges.

Notes.—Although this tree has valuable wood it is not sufficiently
plentiful nor of such a size as to make it an important species for for-
estry purposes. It is desirable for parks and lawns. The rough,
scaly bark, peculiar fruits, and hard wood are distinguishing marks.
Its most common local name is Ironwood.

[Bulletin 175

VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

Ww.

AMERICAN HORNBEAM

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 73

AMERICAN HORNBEAM
Carpinus caroliniana, Walt.
Form.—Small tree, usually from 10-25 feet high; trunk short,

often leaning, fluted and bearing an irregular crown of slender, often
zigzag branches.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, 2-4 inches long, thin, oval, long-
pointed, doubly serrate, dull green above, lighter “beneath, scarlet and
orange in autumn.

Flowers.—Appear in April; monoecious; without petals; stam-
inate catkins 1-1%4 inches long; the pistillate shorter, with greenish
scales and red styles.

Fruit—Small nuts, enclosed in 3-lobed, leafy bracts grouped on
a common drooping stem.

Bark.—Gray, smooth, thin, tight.

Wood.—Heavy, hard, tough, close-grained, light brown with
thick nearly white sapwood.

Range.—Northern states to Florida and Texas.
Distribution in West Virginia—Common throughout the State.
Habitat.—Moist soil of stream borders, swamps and hillsides.

Notes.—This species, commonly called Water Beech, is of no
commercial importance, but is attractive on lawns, especially in
autumn, and performs a valuable service in preventing the caving in
of stream banks where it grows.

W. VA. AGR'L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

}s
®. Akay Se p

a

rs
a

BLACK BIRCH

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES

-~1
~

BLACix BIRCH
Betula lenta, L.

Form.—Height 50-85 feet, diameter 2-4 feet ; trunk long and clear
in dense growths; crown narrow and open.

Leaves.—Alternate in pairs, simple, 3-4 inches long; ovate to ob-
long, taper pointed, doubly serrate, dull dark green above, paler be-
neath; petioles short, hairy, grooved above.

Flowers.—April, before the leaves; monoecious; the staminate in
pendent yellowish catkins; the pistillate in shorter erect catkins.

Fruit—An oblong, cone-shaped strobile, 1-114 inches long, erect,
3-lobed scales smooth; nutlets small, winged.

Bark.—Very dark and broken into thick, irregular ridges and
plates ; the young and inside bark having a sweet, wintergreen taste.

Wood.—Heavy, hard, close-grained, dark reddish brown, with
light sapwood.

Range.—Newfoundland to Lllinois, Tennessee and Florida.

Distribution in West Virginia—Scattered locally through nearly
all parts of West Virginia.

Habitat.—Grows in a variety of soils and exposures, but prefers
rich moist woodlands.

Notes.—Black Birch is a widely-known tree and is highly valued
on account of its wood. The local names, Red Birch and Cherry
Birch refer to the appearance of the heartwood and the bark, and
Sweet Birch to the flavor of the bark. This tree can be distinguish-
ed from Yellow Birch, which it most closely resembles, by its darker-
colored bark which does not peel off in loose flakes.

[Bulletin 175

ZRIMENT STATION

W. VA. AGR’L EXPE

YELLOW BIRCH

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 79

=

YELLOW BIRCH
Betula lutea, Michx.

Form.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk short and
usually forking near the base; crown rounded, open.

Leaves.—Alternate, solitary or in pairs, simple, 3-4 inches long,
acute at apex, doubly serrate, dull green.

Flowers.—April; monoecious; staminate flowers in pendent
purplish catkins; the pistillate in shorter, erect, greenish catkins.

Fruit—Cone-shaped strobiles, 1 inch long and erect, scales of
strobile downy on the back and edges; nut small, about as broad as
its wing.

Bark.—Silvery yellow-gray, with thin, papery layers separating
and often curling at the edges giving the trunk a ragged appearance;
slightly aromatic, and bitter. Campers often use the loose outer bark
for starting camp fires in wet weather.

Wood.—Heavy, strong, hard, close-grained light reddish-brown,
with nearly white sapwood.

Range.—Newfoundland to Minnesota and south to North Caro-
lina.

Distribution in West Virginia —Frequent, especially in mountain
sections, growing with spruce and hemlock; rare in low hilly parts of
the State and in the Eastern Panhandle; found along streams and in
other damp situations on the outskirts of its range.

Habitat.—Moist fertile uplands and along streams.

Notes.—This large birch is associated with other mountain
species such as Spruce, Hemlock, Black Cherry, and Black Birch. It
furnishes valuable lumber and is a rapid grower. ‘The characteristic
appearance of the bark, described above, will prevent the confusion
ot this tree with its close relative, the Black Birch.

80

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

RED BIRCH

[Bulletin 175

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES $1

RED BIRCH
Betula nigra, L.

Form.—Height, 50-90 feet, diameter, 1-3 feet; trunk usually
short, dividing into two or three large ascending limbs; crown ireg-
ular, oblong.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, 11%4 to 3 inches long, round-ovate,
acute, doubly serrate, sometimes cut or slightly lobed, deep green,
pale yellow-green beneath.

Flowers.—April, before the leaves; monoecious; staminate
formed in the fall and remaining over winter as short aments, usually
in clusters of three and elongating in the spring to 2-3 inches; pistil-
late, short, erect, situated on twigs with the staminate flowers and
back of them.

Fruit.—Cylindrical strobile, 1-144 inches long; 3-lobed scales of
strobile pubescent; nuts small, hairy, winged.

Bark.—On old trunks dark red-brown and rough, with deep fur-
rows and broken ridges; on younger trees, lighter-colored, the outer
papery layers separating freely into thin sheets and turning up at the
edges.

Wood.—Light, rather strong, close-grained, light brown with
pale sapwood.

Range.—New England, west to Missouri, and south to Florida
and Texas.

Distribution in West Virginia—Observed growing along the
banks of the following rivers: Williams, Gauley, Greenbrier, New,
Great Kanawha, Little Coal, Elk, Guyandot, Twelvepole, Big Sandy,
Little Kanawha, Potomac, Shenandoah, Great Cacapon.

Habitat.—Banks of streams, occassionally on drier ground.

Notes.—A common name of this species, River Birch, signifies
its preference for river borders as its habitat. While the tree is not
important it serves to hold stream banks from falling in and at the
same time adds much to the attractiveness of river scenery. ‘The
bark and leaves lack the aroma of some of the other birches.

2 W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 83

BEECH

Fagus grandiflora, hr.

Form.—Height, 50-100 feet, diameter, 2-3 feet; trunk often long
under forest conditions, in the open short; crown narrow or rounded.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate,
3-5 inches long; dark blue green above, light green and very lustrous
beneath, petioles short and hairy.

Flowers.—April-May; monoecious, staminate flowers in loose,
light green globose heads, about 1 inch in diameter and hanging on
long, slender peduncles; the pistillate small, 2-flowered, protected by
awl-shaped bracts, and with long red stigmas.

Fruit.—A prickly bur, bearing 2 or 3 triangular brown nuts about
34 inch long.

Bark.—On the trunk smooth, close, light gray and mottled with
darker spots.

Wood.—Hard, strong, close-grained, not durable, light red, with
yellowish-white sapwood.

Range.—Southern Canada and \\ 1isScons1n, south to i lor ida and

Distribution in West Virginia—Common in nearly all parts of
the State; less frequent or rare locally in the Eastern Panhandle and
in Summers, Mercer, McDowell, and Wyoming counties.

Habitat—Prefers rich bottom lands but grows frequently on
thin gravelly slopes and flats, sometimes growing at high elevations.

Notes.—This is one of the most familiar of our trees, except in
a few restricted areas. It is shade-loving, and is a valuable tree
in the farmers’ woodland. The wood is used principally for novelty
wares, carpenters’ tool handles, clothespins, fuel and charcoal.

84

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

[ Bulletin

CHESTNUT

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 85

CHESTNUT

Castanea dentata, (Marsh) Borkh.

Form.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 3-5 feet; trunk, in close
stands with few low branches and little taper; in the open having a
short trunk and rounded crown.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, 6-8
inches long; coarsely serrate with incurved teeth, thin, dull, yellow-
green, glabrous.

Flowers.—June-July; monoecious, the staminate borne in
bunches at intervals on long catkins; the pistillate borne in scattered
involucres near the base of the upper catkins.

Fruit—A large prickly bur, opening at its four sutures in early
autumn; nuts usually 2-3, compressed, %-1 inch wide, brown, sweet

and edible.

Bark.—Moderately rough, with shallow fissures and flat-topped
ridges, gray-brown.

Wood.—Soft, light, not strong, easily split and worked, coarse-
grained, durable, red-brown with light sapwood.

Range.—Maine and Michigan southward to Arkansas, Missis-
sippi, and Alabama.

Distribution in West Virginia—Abundant in most parts of the
State; of best quality along the lower western slopes of the Alle-
ghanies.

Habitat.—Thrives in most places in West Virginia, but is less
frequently seen on limestone soils and in swampy places.

Notes.—The Chestnut tree is prized for its lumber, its nuts, its
tannin, and for its numerous uses, especially on the farm. It is a
very rapid grower, and sprouts freely from the base of the stump when
cut down. A disease known as chestnut blight has entered the
State and threatens to exterminate this tree.

6 W. VA AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

CHINQUAPIN

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 87

CHINQUAPIN

Castanea pumila, (L.) Mill.

Form.—Height 20-30 feet, diameter 1-2 feet, in West Virginia
usually much smaller; trunk short, supporting a rounded crown.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, 2-6 inches long, lanceolate or oblong,
narrowed at both ends, coarsely serrate, thick, smooth and yellow-
green on the upper surface, paler and covered with a whitish down
beneath.

Flowers.—May-June; monoecious; staminate flowers in clusters
along the catkin; the pistillate borne at the base of the upper catkins
in rounded, prickly involucres.

Fruit.—Matures in early autumn; bur covered with stiff spines
and enclosing usually only one ovoid brown nut which is very sweet
and edible.

Bark.—On trunk lightly furrowed and with flat ridges broken
into light brown, loose plates.

Wood.—Light, hard, strong, coarse-grained, brown, with thin
hardly distinguishable sapwood.

Range.—Pennsylvania and New Jersey south to Florida and
hexas.

Distribution in West Virginia —Not widely distributed but com-
mon in some sections. Observed in the following counties: Mercer,
Wyoming, Summers, Fayette, Logan, and Boone. Reported also
from Wayne, Monroe, Mingo, Braxton, Gilmer, Pendleton, Green-
brier, Grant and Nicholas counties.

Habitat.—Dry slopes and flats and stream borders.

Notes.—This species is usually a shrub in West Virginia, often
bearing fruit when only a few feet high. Several trees observed south
of the Kanawha River were well-formed, 20-25 feet tall, and with
straight trunks 6-8 inches in diameter. The Chinquapin is chiefly
prized on account of its nuts. It is susceptible to the attack ot
chestnut blight and may eventually be killed out by this disease.

88

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

WHITE OAK

[Bulletin 175

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 89

WHITE OAK

Quercus alba, L.

Form.—Height 75-100 feet, diameter 3-6 feet; trunk long and free
from limbs and with slight taper; crown broad and open with wide-
spreading and often twisted branches.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, 5-8 inches long, obovate-oblong,
rounded at the apex and with usually 7 rounded lobes with entire
edges, bright green above, glaucous beneath.

Flowers.—May, when leaves are one-third grown; monoecious;
the staminate in long pendulous catkins; the pistillate borne above on
short stalks in the leaf axils.

Fruit—Acorns maturing in autumn after flowering; cup with
small brown tomentose scales, enclosing about % of the nut; nut
ovoid, rounded at apex, light brown, shining; kernel bitter-sweet.

Bark.—On old trunks rough with deep fissures, and ridges which
are often broken into short flat light gray scales.

Wood.—Strong, heavy, close-grained, durable, light reddish
brown with thin sapwood.

Range.—Maine and Minnesota to Florida and Texas.

Distribution in West Virginia—Found in every county and in
almost every locality except at high elevations.

Habitat.—Grows on many different types of soils and from moist
bottom lands to the tops of dry ridges.

Notes.—The White Oak ranks as one of the most valuable timber
trees. It is known to more persons than any of our other oaks, and
is generally praised as a beautiful and useful tree.

{Bulletin 175

R’L EXPERIMENT STATION

‘
r

. VA. AC

T

90

an
Qa:
=|

\" “a PF

POST OAK

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 91

POST OAK

Quercus stellata, Wang.

Form.—Height 50-75 feet, diameter 2-3 feet, trunk usually short;
the crown rounded, with spreading branches.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, about 4-5 inches long, usually with
five lobes, the middle pair largest but all short and broad; thick and
leathery, nearly smooth above, covered beneath with dense grayish
or yellowish stellate pubescence. ie

Flowers.—May; monoecious; the staminate on long drooping
catkins; the pistillate short-stalked and woolly, with bright red stig-
mas.

Fruit— Acorn ripening in autumn after flowers; cup small, thin,
hairy inside, scales flat and woolly; nut small, oval 14-34 inch long,
brown, sometimes marked with nearly black longitudinal stripes.

Bark.—Similar to that of White Oak, but usually rougher and
more yellowish.

Wood.—Heavy, hard, close-grained, durable in contact with the
soil, brown with thick sapwood.

Range.—New England, where it is a shrub, southward to Flor-
ida and Texas, and west to Kansas.

Distribution in West Virginia—Distributed in nearly all the
hilly parts of the State, though nowhere very common and in some
sections rare.

Habitat.—Prefers dry sandy or gravelly soil.

Notes.—The Post Oak in winter may easily be mistaken for a
White Oak, but in summer and fall the small acorns and the peculiar
lobing of the leaves assist the student in distinguishing it from other
species. It is not commercially important but should be encouraged
to grow on account of the superior lasting qualities of the wood when
used for fence posts or otherwise in contact with the soil.

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

BUR OAK

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 93

BUR OAK

Quercus macrocarpa, Michx.

Form.—Height 40-75 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk usually short,
bearing a rounded crown.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, 6-12 inches long, wedge-shaped at
the base, usually crenate lobed toward the apex with deep sinuses
and rounded lobes in the middle; thick and firm, dark green and
glossy above, pale pubescence beneath.

Flowers.—Similar to the other annual oaks, before described.

Fruit—Matures in autumn of first season; very large acorn with
a deep cup heavily fringed on the rim; nut ovoid, 1-1% inches long,
brown, pubescent, about one-third enclosed in the cup.

Bark.—Deeply furrowed and similar to that of White Oak; corky
on the twigs.

Wood.—Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, durable, brownish,
with thin sapwood.

Range.— Nova Scotia and Manitoba south to West Virginia and
west to Kansas and Texas.

Distribution in West Virginia—Rare. Observed in the follow-
ing localities: Hardy County, between Romney and Moorefield; Grant
County, several trees on Lunice Creek near Petersburg; Morgan
County, near Great Cacapon station. Reported from Tyler County.

Habitat—Usually on rich soils near streams.

Notes.—This is a very large and valuable oak in Kansas and
other states but is too rare to merit much attention in West Virginia.
The beautifully-lobed leaves and large acorns will not fail to interest
the student of trees.

94

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

[Bulletin 175

SWAMP WHITE OAK

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 95

SWAMP WHITE OAK

Quercus bicolor, Willd.

Form.—Height 50-75 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk, in the open,
usually short, supporting a broad round-topped crown; in close stands
the trunk is longer and well-formed ; lower branches usually drooping.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, 5-7 inches long, 3-5 inches broad,
obovate, coarsely sinuate or shallow-lobed, margins thick and firm,
smooth and shining above, paler and tomentose beneath.

Flowers.—May, with the leaves; monoecious; the staminate on
long drooping catkins; the pistillate few-flowered, borne above on
relatively long peduncles.

Fruit—Matures in autumn after the flowers; acorns on pubescent
stems 1-4 inches long; cup deeply saucer-shaped, enclosing about one-
third of the nut, which is 34 to 1% inches long, chestnut brown,
usually hairy at apex.

Bark.—Rough on trunks with deep furrows and flat-topped and
scaly ridges; on branches soon becoming rough, with scales which
often curl back at the edges.

Wood.—Heavy, hard, strong, tough, light brown, with thin and
hardly distinguishable sapwood.

Range.—Maine, south to Georgia and west to Michigan and
Arkansas.

Distribution in West Virginia—Infrequent. Found in the fol-
lowing localities: Grant County, on Lunice Creek ; Hardy, near Moore-
field; Pocahontas, near Marlinton; Greenbrier, near White Sulphur
Springs; Berkeley, on Back Creek; Randolph, near Huttonsville;
Upshur, at Lorentz.

Habitat—Borders of swamps and low ground along streams.

Notes.—The Swamp White Oak can easily be distinguished from
its near relatives; in the winter, by the bark ridges of the small
branches and the drooping lower limbs; in the summer and fall by
the wavy or sinuate-margined leaves and the long-stemmed acorns.
This tree is not considered of much importance in this State.

96

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

YELLOW OAK

[Bulletin

175

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 97

YELLOW OAK
Quercus Muhlenbergii, Engelm.

Form.—Height 50-75 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk usually short,
sometimes buttressed at the base ; crown round-topped with relatively
short, ascending branches. ;

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, 4-7 inches long, oblong, tapering at
both ends, margins with coarse, sharp-pointed teeth which somewhat
resemble those of the Chestnut and Chestnut Oak; bright yellow-
green above, pale and pubescent beneath.

Flowers.—May, with the leaves; monoecious; the staminate in
long pendulous catkins; the pistillate in short spikes.

Fruit—Acorns mature in autumn after the flowers; cup enclos-
ing about % of the light brown, 34-inch-long nut; kernel sweet and
more edible than that of most other acorns.

Bark.—On trunks moderately rough, the light gray ridges broken
into scales; resembles the bark of White Oak.

Wood.—Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, durable, brown with
brownish sapwood.

Range.—Vermont and Minnesota south to Florida and Texas.

Distribution in West Virginia—Not common. Observed in the
following counties: Boone, Doddridge, Fayette, Grant, Hardy,
Kanawha, Monongalia, Morgan, Summers and Webster. This tree
is more common near Petersburg, Grant County, and on Leng Island
ae Doddridge County, than at any other places where it was
ound.

Habitat.—River banks and limestone hillsides.

Notes.—The wood of this oak is inferior to that of some other
species and it occurs here too infrequently to be classed as very val-
uable.

[Bulletin 175

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

98

MOO

Se AS SS SRA

I pte. Y $l pi Zo Aff Ln Diy y
~ Ws Gy J yy Y Yip UY b f
le yf ll fo LP" yp.

a
‘ San ‘ f yg s of ae
PS fg te Ui Sf Vii hee
A #6. 0 vv ha Mt tS fb ig
ati ips / fr 4G

\

WA AR, A ASE)

\
\

QW QQ ORAL De —™

ys Y/) J
PLA

CHESTNUT OAK

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 99

CHESTNUT OAK

Quercus Prinus, L..

Form.—Height 60-90 feet, diameter 3-5 feet; trunk long but
usually more or less bent and often divided, forming a loose, open
irregular crown.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, 6-8 inches long, usually obovate,
coarsely crenate, firm or leathery, smooth, dark green above, paler and
finely pubescent beneath.

Flowers.—May, with the leaves; monoecious; the staminate flow-
ers in long catkins; the pistillate in short spikes.

Fruit—Acorns mature in autumn after the flowers; cup thin,
deep, enclosing about % of the smooth, light brown, oblong-ovoid
nut.

Bark.—Very rough with deep fissures and long, dark gray, con-
tinuous or broken ridges; rich in tannin.

Wood.—Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, durable in contact
with the soil, dark brown with light sapwood.

Range.—Maine to West Virginia and south along the mountains
to Georgia and Alabama.

Distribution in West Virginia—Common except at high eleva-
tions.

Habitat.—Prefers dry gravelly hillsides and ridges.

Notes.—The Chestnut Oak is one of our common trees in the
hilly sections and can easily be distinguished by its thick, dark-colored
bark, crenate-margined leaves and large, deep-cupped acorns. Many
of the best stands have been cut for tan bark. Rock Oak is a common
name in some localities.

1006

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

RED OAK

[Bulletin 175

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 191

RED OAK

Quercus rubra, L.

Form.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2-5 feet; trunk long and
free from limbs when standing in close growth, with a narrow or
rounded open crown.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, 5-9 inches long, with 5-7 toothed,
bristle-tipped lobes, becoming narrower outward from rounded sin-
uses, thin and firm, smooth, lusterless dark green above, paler
beneath.

Flowers.—May, with the leaves; monoecious; the staminate flow-
ers in long hairy catkins, the pistillate on short smooth stalks.

Fruit.——Acorns maturing the second autumn after the flowers;
cup shallow, saucer-shaped, enclosing only the base of the nut; scales
closely-appressed and somewhat glossy; nut oblong-ovoid, 1 inch
long; kernel white, bitter.

Bark.—Rough with long fissures and flat-topped ridges, gray
brown, inner bark light red, not bitter.

Wood.—Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, light red-brown.
Range.—Southern Canada and Minnesota to Florida and Texas.

Distribution in West Virginia—A common tree in all parts of
the State. Most abundant and of superior size and quality in the high
hilly and mountain sections.

Habitat—Rich loamy or gravelly soils of bottom lands, slopes
and ridges.

Notes.—The Red Oak is most frequently confused with the Black
Oak from which it can be distinguished by the light red inner bark,
the shallow-cupped acorns and the dull green leaves. This oak is
extensively sawed into lumber which is easily worked and capable
of a fine finish for furniture and interior work. As a tree for the park
or lawn there are few which surpass it.

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

PIN OAK

{Bulletin 175

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 10%

PIN OAK

Quercus palustris, Michx.

Form.—Height 50-75 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk usually
straight and bearing a conic, well-shaped crown, lower limbs usually
drooping and curving upward at the tips.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, much smaller than those of the Red
Oak, with 3-7, coarse-toothed, bristle-tipped lobes, with rounded
sinuses ; dark green and shining above, pale below, and smooth except
for bunches of brownish tomentum in the axils of the principal veins.

Flowers.—Appear with the leaves; monoecious; staminate flow-
ers in catkins 2-3 inches long; pistillate short-stalked and with red
styles.

Fruit—Acorns maturing in autumn of second year after the
flowers; cup thin, shallow, about ™% inch across, enclosing about 4
of the nut; kernel yellowish, bitter.

Bark.—Not as rough as that of most of the oaks, but with shallow
fissures and broad flat ridges.

Wood.—Heavy, hard, strong, light-brown.

Range.— Massachusetts and Michigan to Virginia, Tennessee and

Oklahoma.

Distribution in West Virginia—Not a common tree. Plentiful
near Princeton, Mercer County, and less common in Hardy and Mor-
gan counties; doubtless growing locally in most of the counties south
of the Great Kanawha River.

Habitat.—Prefers low ground along streams and borders of
swamps.

Notes.—Pin Oak leaves resemble those of Scarlet Oak, but the
appearance of the whole tree is quite different from it. The drooping
lower branches and the location of the tree most readily distinguish
it, and a comparison of its small acorns with the large acorns of the
Scarlet Oak will serve to separate the two species. It is unexcelled
as a tree for parks where it grows with a straight trunk and beautiful
rounded crown.

104

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

SCARLET CAK

[Bulletin 175

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 105

SCARLET OAK

Quercus coccinea, Muench.

Form.—Height, 60-80 feet; diameter 2-3 feet; trunk tapering,
usually straight; crown open, and narrow when crowded.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, 3-6 inches long, usually with 7 lobes
which are deeply toothed and bristle-tipped at the apex, and separated
by oblique sinuses; thin and firm, bright green above, paler beneath,
lustrous on both sides; brilliant scarlet in the fall.

Flowers.—May, with the leaves; monoecious; staminate flowers
on long catkins; the pistillate on short stalks in the leaf axils.

Fruit—Acorns mature in second autumn after flowering; cup
deep, covering about 1% of the nut, with closely appressed, sharp-
pointed scales, somewhat glossy or slightly pubescent, forming a
fringe around the edge which is closely appressed to the large ovoid,
reddish-brown and sometimes striate nut.

Bark.—On trunks resembling that of Red Oak, but with shal-
lower fissures and narrower ridges; inner bark reddish.

Wood.—Heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, reddish-brown.

Range.—Maine to North Carolina and west to Minnesota and
Nebraska. :

Distribution in West Virginia—Common in all parts of the State
except at high elevations.

Habitat.—Prefers dry sandy soil of hillsides and ridges.

Notes.—The wood of Scarlet Oak is of less value than that of
several other oaks, but is frequently used for lumber, cross-ties, and
other purposes. The tree is desirable for streets or parks and in
autumn is especially attractive.

106

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

ie

BLACK OAK

[Bulletin 175

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 107

BLACK OAK

Quercus velutina, Lam.

Form.—Height 50-100 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk long, clear,
slightly tapering; crown spreading and rounded.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, 5-10 inches long, lobes usually 7, with
coarse, bristle-tipped teeth, thick and firm, dark green and shining
above, paler beneath; on lower limbs and young trees, often with
rounded, mucronate lobes; petioles yellowish.

Flowers.—May, with the leaves; monoecious; the staminate flow-
ers in long, hairy catkins; the pistillate on short stalks, reddish.

Fruit—Acorns mature the second autumn after flowering; cup
deep, cup-shaped, enclosing about 1% of the nut; scales reddish-brown
pubescent, tightly appressed at the base, and loosely over-lapping at
the edge forming a fringe-like margin; nut small, light reddish-brown,
often pubescent; kernel yellow, bitter.

Bark.—Rough with thick cross-fissured ridges, nearly black, inner
bark yellow and bitter.

Wood.—Heavy, hard, strong, brown, with thin lighter sapwood.

Range.—Northern New England and Ontario, west to Minnesota
and Nebraska, south to Florida and Texas.

Distribution in West Virginia—Common throughout the State
except at high elevations.

Habitat.—Rich soils of slopes or drier gravelly soils of ridges.

Notes.—Black Oak is very common but of less value than several
of the other oaks. The lumber is similar to that of Red Oak. For the
characteristics which distinguish this oak from the species with which
it is most often confused, see “Notes” on Red Oak. Yellow Oak and
Black Jack are two local names for this oak in West Virginia.

108 W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

SPANISH OAK

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 109

SPANISH OAK

Quercus falcata, Michx.

Form.—Height 60-80 feet, diameter 2-3 feet ; crown round-topped.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, 6-7 inches long; variable in shape,
with 3-7 toothed bristle pointed lobes, terminal lobes often elongated
and falcate, dark green and lustrous above, paler and downy beneath.

Flowers.—April-May, with the leaves; monoecious; staminate
flowers in long catkins, the pistillate on short hairy stalks.

Fruit—Acorns mature the second autumn after flowering; cup
hemispheric, 14-34 inch across, reddish-brown inside and with reddish,
pale, pubescent scales; nut 1% inch long, ovoid, pale orange-brown.

Bark.—On trunks with shallow fissures and brownish scaly
ridges.

Wood.—Hard, strong, not durable, coarse-grained, reddish with
light sapwood.

Range.—New Jersey to Florida and west to Missouri and Texas.

Distribution in West Virginia—Confined, as far as known, to a
few trees on the north side of Great Kanawha River near Charleston.

Habitat.—Dry soil.

Notes.—This tree, which is rare in West Virginia, must be listed
in the class of unimportant trees. Its wood is comparatively inferior
and it is less desirable for ornamental purposes than many other
species.

[Bulletin 175

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

110

SCRUB OAK

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 111

SCRUB OAK

Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.

Form.—Height 4-20 feet, diameter 2-6 inches; trunk short,
branches stiff, contorted forming a flat-topped irregular head.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, 2-5 inches long, usually 5-lobed, with
shallow sinuses and sharp, bristle-tipped divisions of the lobes: leath-
ery, dark green and lustrous above, coated beneath with a dense white
pubescence.

Flowers.—May, with the leaves; monoecious; staminate flowers
on long catkins, the pistillate on short tomentose stalks, and with
red stigmas.

Fruit—Acorns mature in second autumn after the flowers; cup
deep, reddish-brown and soft downy within, with light brown scales,
the outer row forming a narrow fringe around the edge; nut ovoid,
about half enclosed in the cup; kernel yellow. .

Bark.—Dark gray and scaly on old trunks.
Wood.—Strong, hard, with brown heartwood.
Range.—Maine to southern Virginia, west to Ohio.

Distribution in West Virginia—Common along the Alleghany
Mountains and in the Eastern Panhandle.

Habitat.—Dry soils of slopes and mountain tops.

Notes.—This oak is usuaily a shrub in West Virginia, but it some-
times reaches the form and size of a small tree. In many places it
grows in dense thickets covering large areas on mountain sides and
flats. The red-brown dry leaves often hang on over winter, giving
rise to a common local name, “Red-brush.”

11

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

BLACK JACK OAK

(Bulletin 175

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 113

BLACK JACK OAK

Quercus marilandica, Muench.

Form.—Height 30-50 feet, diameter 12-18 inches; crown narrow
and compact with short stout branches.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, 6-7 inches long, nearly as wide as
long, rounded and narrow at the base, broadening outward, with
about 3 broad and shallow lobes which are dentate; leathery, dark
green and lustrous above, paler and often coated with a rusty, scurfy
pubescence beneath.

Flowers.—May, with the leaves ; monoecious; the staminate flow-
ers in long catkins, the pistillate on short pubescent stalks.

Fruit.—Acorns mature the second autumn after the flowers; cup
deep, covering about % of the nut, downy within, scales large, red-
dish-brown and loose.

Bark.—Rough, with deep fissures and dark ridges which are
broken into broad angular plates.

Wood.—Heavy, hard, strong, dark brown.
Range.—New York to Florida and Texas, west to Nebraska.

Distribution in West Virginia—Observed only on the western
slope of Blue Ridge Mountains in Jefferson County.
Habitat.—Sandy or heavy clay soils.

Notes.—The Black Jack Oak is very rare and scrubby in growth
in this State. It has no value as a timber ,tree, but is desirable for
ornamental purposes. ei

{Bulletin 175

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

114

LAUREL OAK

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 115

LAUREL OAK

Quercus imbricaria, Michx.

Form.—Height 50-100 feet, diameter 1-3 feet; crown pyramidal
or round-topped and open, with drooping lateral branches.

Leaves.—A lternate, simple, 4-6 inches long, oblong or lanceolate,
margins entire or sometimes undulate, with acute apex, dark green
and lustrous above, pale and hairy beneath.

Flowers.—May, with the leaves; monoecious; staminate flowers
borne on long catkins; the pistillate on short stalks.

Fruit—Acorns mature the second autumn after the flowers; cup
saucer-shaped, brown and glossy inside, with reddish-brown scales,
and enclosing about 1% of the ovoid, dark brown, often striate nut.

Bark.—With shallow fissures and with ridges having brown
scales.

Wood.—Heavy, hard, coarse-grained, reddish-brown.

Range.—Pennsylvania to Georgia west to Michigan, Nebraska
and Arkansas.

Distribution in West Virginia—Locally distributed in many
parts of the State, but nowhere common. Observed in Barbour,
Grant, Hardy, Mason, Monongalia, Morgan, and Upshur counties.

Habitat.—Prefers bottom lands along streams.

Notes.—This oak is unusual in appearance since the leaves are
entirely without lobes. It cannot be recommended for forestry pur-
poses.

116 W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

ea
LIV TOA
STM Gh ED
a a IAAL:
Seer UA ACT SEN
= Pra /
Me

SLIPPERY ELM

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 117

SLIPPERY ELM

Ulmus fulva, Michx.

Form.—Height 40-80 feet, diameter 1-214 feet; trunk usually
short and soon branching; crown open and broad.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, 5-7 inches long, ovate-oblong, oblique
at base, abruptly sharp-pointed apex, margin doubly serrate, rough-
hairy on both sides.

Flowers.—April, before the leaves; mostly perfect; on short ped-
icels in crowded branches; corolla absent, calyx green, anthers red,
two stigmas purple.

Fruit.—Matures in spring a few weeks after the flowers; a one-
seeded samara consisting of a small flat seed surrounded by a wing
which is nearly circular in outline and smooth, except over the seed
cavity.

Bark.—Thick, divided by fissures and with large, thick appressed
scales, brown tinged with red within, inner bark fragrant, mucila-
ginous and slippery.

Wood.—Heavy, hard, strong, reddish-brown, with thin sapwood.

Range.—Southeastern Canada to Florida, west to North Dakota
and Texas.

Distribution in West Virginia—Common locally, rare in many
sections. Found in the folowing counties: Barbour, Braxton, Clay,
Fayette, Grant, Mingo, Monongalia, Pocahontas, Putnam, Roane,
Tyler, Upshur and Wetzel.

Habitat.—Fertile, rocky soil.

Notes.—The slippery, inner bark, the smooth-margined fruits and
the rusty-brown, orbicular, pubescent buds distinguish this from other
elms. It is not an important tree for forest planting. It is some-
times called Red Elm.

118 W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION {Bulletin 175

Say | os
PCE a
. le ase: ;

AMERICAN ELM

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 119

AMERICAN ELM

Ulmus americana, L..

Form.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2-6 feet, sometimes much
larger; trunk usually dividing 25-30 feet above the ground; crown
varied in form, usually wide-spreading.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, 4-6 inches long, oval, coarsely-doub-
ly-serrate, oblique at the base, thick, dark green and rough above,
paler and smoother beneath.

Flowers.—April, before the leaves, mostly perfect ; borne in dense
fascicles, corolla absent, calyx 5-9 round-lobed, stamens with red
anthers, styles two, green.

Fruit—Matures in spring soon after the flowers; oval samara
consisting of a flat seed surrounded by a wing which has a terminal
notch and ciliate margin.

Bark.—Rough, with deep fissures and scaly ridges, ashy-gray.
Wood.—Heavy, hard, strong, not easily split, light brown.

Range.—Newfoundland to the Rocky Mountains and south to
Florida and Texas.

Distribution in West Virginia—A very common tree, especially
at low elevations. Not often found-in the counties adjoining the
Alleghanies.

Habitat.—Prefers rich bottom lands.

Notes—The American or White Elm is one of the most valuable
and magnificent trees of the United States. Its wood is extensively
used where toughness is desired, as in wagon hubs. It grows to a
very large size and over a wide range, and is unsurpassed in ele-
gance of form and other characteristics which make it valuable for
park and street planting. In low wet grounds it may be grown for
forestry purposes.

[Bulletin 175

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

12

HACKBERRY

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 121

HACKBERRY

Celtis occidentalis, L.

Form.—Height 25-80 feet, diameter up to 30 inches; trunk long
when in close stands with other trees; crown spreading or round.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, ovate, narrowed to sharp points,
rounded oblique base, coarsely serrate, rough above, with prominent
veins, light yellow-green. The leaves are soft hairy beneath and
pilose above when young.

Flowers.—May, with the leaves; monoecious, or with some per-
fect flowers; the staminate on drooping pedicels at base of season’s
growth; the pistillate, few-flowered in axils of the upper leaves, green-
ish and small.

Fruit—Ripens in September, a berry-like drupe, % to ™% inch
thick, dark purple, sweet and edible, on slender pedicels, often remain-
ing on the tree during the winter.

Bark.—Usually rough with warty projections. light gray.

Wood.—Heavy, soft, coarse-grained, yellowish, resembling ash,
with light-colored sapwood.

Range.—Most of the United States, east of the Rocky Mountains.

Distribution in West Virginia—Common in the eastern Pan-
handle and scattered throughout the State; rare or not occurring in
the counties along the Alleghanies and in those adjacent on the west.

Habitat.—Grows best on moist, rich land, but is found in a va-
riety of soils.

Notes.—Sugar Berry and Hoop Ash are two common local names
of this species. In some places along the Ohio River the tree grows
to a fairly large size with a long clear trunk; in the eastern part of
the State it is usually small and scrubby. The tree is most easily dis-
tinguished by its peculiar warty bark and by the witches’ brooms
which are usually present. The wood is often sold as Ash and is used
for cheap furniture, cooperage, crates, boxes, agricultural implements,
etc. The very small shrubby trees found in the Eastern part of the
State should probably be classed as Variety pumila, Muhl.

{Bulletin 175

AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

W. VA.

|

7
Ay
oP, 1
eee

Ley,

LD

BY
oie

FP

ATE

RED MULBERRY

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 1

to
w

RED MULBERRY

Morus rubra, l..

Form.—Height 15-25 feet, diameter 10-20 inches; trunk usually
straight, short, bearing a rounded crown.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, 3-6 inches long, nearly orbicular in
outline, or with 3-5 lobes, coarsely serrate, dark green and usually
slightly rough above, paler and hairy beneath.

Flowe-s.—May-June; monoecious or dioecious; the staminate in
dense spikes 1-2 inches long; the pistillate arranged in the same way
but in shorter spikes.

Fruit.—July-August; very small drupes aggregate in a dense
cylindric cluster about 1 inch long, blackish when ripe, sweet, juicy
and edible.

Bark.—On trunks, brownish-gray, roughened by narrow ridges.
dS J > ’

Wood.—Light, soft, tough, coarse-grained, very durable, light
orange color. .

Range.—Massachusetts to Florida, west to Kansas and Nebraska.

Distribution in West Virginia—Found in scattered growth
throughout the State.

Habitat.—Grows best in rich bottoms, but is found scattered with
other hardwoods in various locations.

Notes.—The Mulberry is easily distinguished in summer by its
irregular leaf forms and peculiar fruits. It is not important as a
lumber tree, though the wood is attractive and durable.

[Bulletin 175

R’L EXPERIMENT STATION

‘
a

AC

VA.

W.

24

1

CUCUMBER TREE

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 12

vr

CUCUMBER TREE

Magnolia acuminata, L.

Form.—Height 50-90 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk long, clear,
straight ; crown usually pyramidal with spreading lower branches.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, ovate, 4-12 inches long, apex pointed,
entire, thin, smooth above, pale and downy beneath.

Flowers.—April-June; perfect, upright, solitary, bell-shaped,
yreenish-yellow, about 3 inches long.

Fruit— Matures in autumn; fleshy, cucumber-shaped, about 2%
inches long, composed of 1-2-seeded carpels; seeds scarlet, drupe-
like, attached by slender extensile threads.

Bark.—Grayish-brown, furrowed, with loose scales.

Wood.—Light, soft, close-grained, durable, yellowish, resembling
Yellow Poplar, and used for interior finish and other purposes in
buildings.

Range.—New York to Georgia, west to Kansas.

Distribution in West Virginia—With other hardwoods through-
out the State. Most plentiful in the mountainous and high hilly
sections.

Habitat.—Prefers rich soils of bottoms and hillsides.

Notes.—The Cucumber is valuable as a forest and shade tree and
should be propagated for these purposes. It can be distinguished
from the other West Virginia magnolias by its smaller leaves, its
greenish-yellow flowers, and its usually larger size.

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

UMBRELLA TREE

[Bulletin 175

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 127

UMBRELLA TREE
Magnolia tripetala, L.

Form.—Height 25-50 feet, diameter 10-15 inches; trunk straight,
with spreading branches which form a broad, round-topped crown.

Leaves.—Alternate, arranged near the ends of the branches in an
umbrella-like circle, simple, obovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends,
12-24 inches long, with short stout petioles, entire, smooth on both
sides when old.

Flowers.—Appear in May; perfect, solitary, erect, surrounded by
a whorl of leaves, petals creamy white, 4-5 inches long, slightly
scented.

Fruit—Matures in autumn; cylindric or oblong, cone-like, 2-4
inches long, fleshy, composed of numerous rose-colored follicles which
split on the back at maturity and liberate small flat, red seeds.

Bark.—Smooth, light gray, sometimes roughened by scattered
irregular projections.

Wood.—Light, soft, close-grained, not strong, light brown, with
white sapwood.

Range.—Southern Pennsylvania to Georgia, west to northern
Mississippi and Arkansas.

Distribution in West Virginia—Found on swamp borders or
along streams in the following counties: Boone, Braxton, Fayette,
Kanawha, Logan, McDowell, Mingo, Nicholas, Randolph, Raleigh,
Upshur, Webster, Wyoming.

Habitat—Prefers rich soil of streams and swamps.

Notes.—The Umbrella Magnolia is chiefly valuable as an orna-
mental tree. It is especially attractive in autumn when the bright,
rose-colored fruits are mature.

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

MOUNTAIN MAGNOLIA

{ Bulletin

175

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 129

MOUNTAIN MAGNOLIA
Magnolia Fraseri, Walt.

_Form.—Height, 30-50 feet, diameter 12-18 inches; trunk straight
or inclining, undivided for half its length, or separating near the
ground into several stems.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, oblong-obovate or spatulate, eared at
the base, bluntly pointed at the apex, glabrous 10-24 inches long,
often crowded in whorls.

Flowers.—May ; perfect, solitary, 8-10 inches in diameter, creamy
white, sweet-scented.

Fruit.——Matures in early autumn; an oblong cone-like aggre-
gate of fleshy, rose-colored follicles, with sharp-pointed tips; seeds
obovoid, compressed, 5@ inch long.

Bark.—Smooth, or on old trunks roughened by irregular excres-
cences or scales, dark brown.

Wood.—Light, soft, not strong, close-grained, brown with light
sapwood.

Range.—West Virginia to northern Georgia and Alabama, west
to northern Mississippi and eastern Tennessee.

Distribution in West Virginia—Infrequent, found scattered
through the mountainous parts of Clay, Nicholas, Pocahontas, Ran-
dolph, Upshur and Webster counties; growing at 3,500 feet elevation
on the head of Cherry River.

Habitat.—Borders of streams and rich mountain-sides.

Notes.—Like the Umbrella Tree this species is of little value for
forestry purposes, but is highly ornamental. Its chief distinguishing
mark in summer is the leaf base which is prominently eared.

[Bulletin 175

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

130

\ a

TULIP TREE

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 131

TULIP TREE

Liriodendron tulipifera, L.

Form.—Height 80-150 feet ; diameter 3-10 feet; trunk long, clear
and straight; crown open, conical, of slender branches.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, 5-6 inches long, and about as broad,
usually with four lobes, two at the truncate apex and one on each
side, smooth, bright green above, paler beneath; petioles angled,
slender, 5-6 inches long.

Flowers.—May-June; solitary, terminal, perfect, tulip-shaped 1%4-
2 inches long, greenish yellow with orange spots; petals 6, in two
rows; sepals greenish, early falling.

Fruit.—Matures in early autumn; oblong, cone-like, composed of
numerous brown flat pointed carpels, each bearing a 1-2-seeded nutlet
at its base.

Bark.—Rough on old trunks, with prominent parallel connected
ridges, and deep fissures, light grayish-brown.

Wood.—Light, soft, not strong, easily worked, light yellow with
creamy white sapwood.

Range.—Rhode Island and Michigan, south to Florida and
Arkansas, not of commercial size at the extremes of its range.

Distribution in West Virginia—Found throughout the State
below the Spruce belt, rare on the Potomac waters.

Habitat.—Prefers rich, moist soil of stream valleys and coves, but
adapts itself to less favorable situations.

Notes.—This tree, commonly known as Yellow Poplar, is of first
importance for forestry purposes; it reproduces readily from the seed,
is a rapid grower, and its wood is easily worked and desirable tor
many purposes.

TS

{Bulletin 1

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

132

COMMON PAWPAW

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 133

COMMON PAWPAW

Asimina triloba, Dual.

Form.—Height 10-50 feet, diameter 8-12 inches; trunk usually

straight and slender, bearing a broad or restricted crown of straight
branches.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, thin, obovate-lanceolate, pointed, 4-12
inches long, margin entire, smooth except when young, dark green
above, paler beneath.

Flowers.—April-May, with the leaves; scattered along the twigs,
perfect, 1-1% inches wide, dark reddish purple, borne on stout hairy
stalks.

Fruit.—Matures in early autumn; short, cylindric, resembling a
banana, 3-5 inches long, with a thin, greenish-yellow skin, enclosing
a yellow pulpy edible mass through which is scattered several brown
shiny seeds.

Bark.—Rather smooth, brown, often blotched, thin and close.

Wood.—Light, soft, coarse-grained, brown with yellowish sap-
wood.

Range.—Western New York and central New Jersey, south to
Florida and west to Texas, Kansas and Michigan.

Distribution in West Virginia—Scattered groups throughout the
State, except in the Spruce belt, and in the higher adjacent sections.
Common along the Ohio and Potomac river valleys.

Habitat.—Prefers moist soils along streams, but grows well on
loamy slopes.

Notes.—The Pawpaw or Custard Apple is not important as a
forest tree but is interesting and attractive on account of its peculiar
fruits. It is very tolerant of shade and is suitable for underplanting
where production of wood is not the object.

134

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

[Bulletin 175

SASSAFRAS

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 135

SASSAFRAS

Sassafras variifolium, (Salis.) Kuntze.

Form.—Height 40-50 feet, diameter 1-3 feet; trunk usually short,
stout, and bearing an open crown of contorted branches.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, ovate in outline, entire, or 2-5 lobed,
4-6 inches long, smooth, dark green above, paler beneath.

Flowers.—May, with the leaves; dioecious; both sexes about ™%
inch long, greenish yellow, in few-flowered, drooping racemes.

Fruit——Matures in early autumn; a dark blue, berry-like drupe,
one-third inch long, borne on a bright red thickened stalk with per-
sistent calyx.

Bark.—Rough, with shallow fissures and flat-topped connected
ridges, ight brown.

Wood.—Soft, weak, brittle, durable in the soil, aromatic, dull
orange-brown with thin lighter sapwood.

Range.—Massachusetts to Florida, and west to Texas, Kansas
and Michigan.

Distribution in West Virginia—A common tree distributed
throughout the State except at high elevations.

Habitat.—Prefers sandy loam. Common in thin soil of worn out
fields and along fence rows.

Notes.—This species is commonly considered a weed among
trees. The wood is very durable when in contact with the ground
but is not often used. The fruits are eagerly eaten by birds and the
aromatic bark is used for flavoring candy and medicine.

[Bulletin 175

VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

W.

136

WITCH HAZEL

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 137

WITCH HAZEL
Hamamelis virginiana, L..
Form.—Height 15-25 feet, diameter 4-10 inches; trunk short,
often inclined, bearing an irregular crown.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, oval, 4-6 inches long, rounded at the
apex, wavy-toothed, somewhat downy when young.

Flowers.—October and November; perfect; with 4 slender, strap-
shaped yellow petals, clustered at the leaf axils.

Fruit.—Ripens in autumn from flowers of the previous year; a
two-celled, woody, nut-like pod, % inch long, containing black shining
seeds which are propelled a distance of several feet when the pods
burst open.

Bark.—Smooth or scaly, thin, light brown and blotched.
Wood.—Heavy, hard, close-grained, light brown.
Range.—Ontario to Florida, west to Texas and Minnesota.
Distribution in West Virginia—Found throughout the State.

Habitat.—Prefers moist rocky soils but thrives in a variety of
situations.

Notes.—This small abundant tree is interesting in that it blos-
soms in the fall at the same time its fruit is maturing. It is not im-
portant for forestry uses, and is seldom planted for any purpose.

138

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

[Bulletin 175

SWEET GUM

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 139

SWEET GUM
Liquidambar styraciflua, LL.

Form.—Height 50-100 feet, diameter, 2-4 feet; trunk usually tall
and straight with narrow crown, except when grown in the open.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, 3-5 inches long, irregularly star-
shaped, with five unequal pointed lobes, broader than long, margins
of lobes serrate, bright shining green above, paler beneath, petioles
long and round.

Flowers.—April-May ; usually monoecious; the staminate green,
borne in terminal racemes; the pistillate in heads on long axillary
stalks.

Fruit—A long-stalked spherical head, 1-11% inches in diameter,
composed of numerous capsules, covered with curved, blunt, spine-
like appendages.

Bark.—On old trunks gray with deep furrows and scaly ridges.
Corky bark is often present on limbs and twigs.

Wood.—Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, reddish-brown with
whitish sapwood.

Range.—Southern Connecticut to Florida, west to Missouri and
Texas.

Distribution in West Virginia —Found locally along the Great
Kanawha, New, Gauley, Elk, Tug Fork, and for short distances up
several of the tributaries of these rivers.

Habitat.—Prefers deep rich soils along streams.

Notes.—Sweet Gum cannot be classed as a valuable forest tree
in West Virginia, though in other states its wood is extensively used
for boxes, interior finish, etc. It is very desirable for planting in
parks or on lawns and is especially attractive when the leaves change
color in the fall.

140

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

SYCAMORE

[Bulletin 175

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 141

SYCAMORE

Platanus occidentalis, L.

Form.—Height 100-150 feet, diameter 4-10 feet; trunk massive,
usually short, often inclined; crown open, irregular, of large limbs
and irregular branches.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, broadly oval, 4-10 inches long, 3-5-
sinuate lobed, the short lobes sharp-pointed, bright green above, pale
and somewhat pubescent or woolly beneath.

Flowers.—May; monoecious; the staminate dark red on short
axillary stalks, the pistillate greenish on long, slender terminal stalks.

Fruit.—October, persisting through the winter, in brown heads
about 1 inch in diameter and suspended on long slender stalks. The
chaffy achenes which compose the head are about % of an inch long.

Bark.—Covered with broad curling scales which are shed off
exposing the smooth greenish-white surface beneath.

Wood.—Heavy, hard, difficult to split, reddish-brown with light
sapwood.

Range.—Maine to Florida, west to Texas and Minnesota.

Distribution in West Virginia—Common throughout the State
along streams below 3,000 feet elevation.

Habitat.—Moist soil of stream borders.

Notes.—The wood of Sycamore is considered valuable for interior
finish, furniture, crates and tobacco boxes. Its growth should be
encouraged whenever possible both as a forest and shade tree.

[Bulletin 175

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

142

SIV

Sy

TNE INAS

\N} INN
Ce 0

“

AMERICAN CRAB APPLE

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 143

AMERICAN CRAB APPLE

Pyrus coronaria, [L..

Form.—Height 15-25 feet, diameter 10-14 inches; trunk short and
usually armed with many stubby, thorn-like branches; crown narrow
when in a thicket but broad and flat-topped in the open.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, ovate, or elliptic, 3-4 inches long;

sharp-pointed apex, rounded base, serrate, smooth, dark green above,
paler beneath.

Flowers.—May, with the nearly full-grown leaves; perfect, rosy-
white, 114-2 inches across, arranged in umbel-like cymes; very fra-
grant.

Fruit—Matures in autumn; a depressed globose pome, 1-1%
inches in diameter, yellowish green, fragrant, flesh firm and bitter.

Bark.—Roughened with flat, scaly ridges; brownish-gray or red-

dish.
Wood.—Heavy, hard, light reddish brown.

Range.—Southern Canada to Alabama, west to Louisiana, Mis-
souri and Michigan.

Distribution in West Virginia—Common in most sections. Rare
in Boone, Logan, Mingo and other southwestern counties. Abundant
in the hilly regions of the central and northern parts of the State.

Habitat.—Prefers a moist soil and is usually found in thickets in
open woods and neglected fields.

Notes.—The Crab Apple is best known on account of its fragrant
blossoms. The wood is sometimes used for tool handles, turned
articles, and engravings.

144 W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

RAT KE
€: % 4 ALY.
NS Sy Sf AZ
¥! 55
<A ‘ ~ bis CTs
Doe

Se ee

aN ;
i Be V3!
a,

3

SS

on

SSS ors | Ei
ae eee =
CLD SS
43

oye) Si
e109 #F
Vexe a7

A ate we "]
i Se os > CH a9*, P > f-)
4 Say hee 3 oa gan
2% Ce POMS
SOs ¥ Lee
“*
)

.)
BBA Pie

SNS

SE
£9

MOUNTAIN ASH

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 145

MOUNTAIN ASH

Pyrus americana (Marsh.) D. C.

Form.—Height 20-30 feet, diameter 8-12 inches; trunk short, sup-
porting a round-topped crown.

Leaves.—Alternate, compound, 6-9 inches long; leaflets 9-17,
2-3 inches long, nearly sessile, except the terminal one, lanceolate,
taper-pointed, sharply serrate above the entire base; glabrous, dark
green above, paler beneath.

Flowers.—Appear in May; perfect, in flat cymes 3-4 inches across,
white.
Fruit—Matures in autumn, persistent on the tree through the

winter ; a round berry-like pome, % inch in diameter, bright red, acid,
in large flat-topped clusters.

Bark.—Smooth or slightly roughened, light gray.

Wood.—L ight, close-grained, soft, weak, light brown with lighter
sapwood.

Range.—Newfoundland west to Manitoba and Iowa, south along
the mountains to North Carolina.

Distribution in West Virginia—Confined to high swamps and
mountains. Observed in the following counties: Pendleton, Poca-
hontas, Preston, Randolph and Tucker.

Habitat.—Moist soil of swamps and rocky slopes.

Notes.—This tree has no commercial value, being rare and of
small size. Its form, foliage, flowers and bright persistent fruits
make it a desirable tree for ornamental planting.

[Bulletin 175

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

146

( —
irey

by
V\ y
SAN -

SHAD BUSH

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 147

SHAD BUSH
Amelanchier canadensis, (I..) Medic.
Form.—Height 10-40 feet, diameter 4-16 inches; trunk short:
crown shallow and usually narrow, with numerous slender branches.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, 3-4 inches long, ovate to ovate-ob-
long, finely serrate, smooth when old, dark green above, paler beneath.

Flowers.—April; perfect, white, borne in drooping racemes.

Fruit.—June-August; a berry-like, globular pome, one-third-%
inch long, borne in racemes, red to purple, sweet and edible.

Bark.—Smooth, or somewhat rough, with narrow scaly ridges
on old trees.

Wood.—-Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, warps and checks
easily, dark reddish-brown with thick whitish sapwood.

Range.—Newfoundland and Ontario, south to Florida and west
to Louisiana and Kansas.

Distribution in West Virginia—Common in nearly all parts of
the State.

Habitat.—Dry, light soils of upland woods and hillsides. Grows
in a variety of soils and exposures.

Notes.—Service tree and Juneberry are two other names of this
tree. The wood is rarely tised for any purpose.

At least two shrubby species of Amelanchier are native to West
Virginia.

148

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

[Bulletin 175

COCKSPUR THORN

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 149

COCKSPUR THORN

Crataegus crus-galli, LL.

Form.—Height 10-25 feet, diameter 6-12 inches; trunk short:
crown broad and flat-topped.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, ovate-obovate, 1-3 inches long, sharp-
ly serrate except toward the base, long tapering at the base, rounded
or blunt-pointed at the apex, thick, dark green and glossy above, paler
beneath.

Flowers.—June; perfect; white, two-thirds of an inch across,
aranged in many-flowered corymbs; stamens 10; styles 1-3.

Fruit—Matures in autumn; an ovoid or sub-globose pome two-

fifths-%4 inch long, greenish to dull red, containing usually 2 bozy
nutlets which are 2-3-grooved on the back.

Bark.—Grayish brown, roughened on old trees by small scales.

Wood.—Hard, heavy, close-grained, reddish brown with thick
light-colored sapwood.

Range.—Southern Canada to northern Georgia, west to Missouri
and Michigan.

Distribution in West Virginia—A common thorn throughout the
State.

Habitat.—Borders of woods and abandoned fields on many kinds
of soils.

Notes.—As indicated by the name, this species is armed with
long, curved thorns. The taper-based, serrate, glossy leaves and the
dull red-green fruits will help the student in identiying this common
mee.

[Bulletin 175

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

DOTTED THORN

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 151

DOTTED THORN

Crataegus punctata, Jacq.

Form.—Height 10-35 feet, diameter 8-14 inches; trunk thick and
short; crown very broad and flat-topped.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, oblanceolate-cbhovate, 114-3 inches
long, tapering at the base, rounded or blunt-pointed at apex, irregu-
larly serrate or sometimes lobed, dull grayish-green and strongly
impressed-veined above. ;

Flowers.—May-June; perfect; white, about 34 of an inch across,
in corymbs with tomentose stalks; stamens usually about 20.

Fruit—Ripens in autumn; an ovoid pome, %-1 inch thick, red
(var. rubra, Ait.) or yellow, (var. aurea, Ait.) nutlets usually 3-4 with
2-5 ridges on the back.

Bark.—Gray, with thin scales on old trunks.
Wood.—Heavy, hard, close-grained.

Range.—Minnesota and western New England, southward along
the mountains to Georgia.

Distribution in West Virginia—A common tree, especially at
high elevations. Found growing on Spruce Knob, Pendleton County,
at altitude 4,860 feet. Forming almost pure stands on Bickle Knob,
Randolph County, near Durbin, Pocahontas County, in Canaan
Valley, Tucker County, and at many places along the Alleghanies.

Habitat—Prefers rich sandy soil of stream borders and moun-
tain flats.

Notes.—The large red or yellow fruits of this thorn help in the
identification of the species and give it a very attractive appearance
in the fall. The fruits are eaten by the Ruffed Grouse and other
birds, and are sometimes used for making jelly. The spines are
straight and from 1% to 2% inches long.

[Bulletin 175

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

i |

BLACK CHERRY

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 15%

we

BLACK CHERRY

Prunus serotina, Ehrh.

Form.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2-5 feet; trunk when in close
stands tall and straight, bearing a rather open irregularly-oblong
crown.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, lanceolate-oblong, taper-pointed, 2-5
inches long, thickish, serrate-crenate, with incurved teeth, smooth,
dark green above, paler beneath.

Flowers.—May-June; perfect; % inch wide, white arranged in
drooping many-flowered racemes.

Fruit—Matures in late summer and persists for two or three
months; a nearly black drupe, in drooping clusters, one-third-'% inch
thick, with purplish juicy slightly bitter edible flesh.

Bark.—On old trunks roughened by thick, blackish, irregular
plates ; inner bark aromatic, bitter.

Wood.—Light, strong, close-grained, light reddish brown, with
thin yellowish sapwood.

Range.—Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Dakota and Arizona.

Distribution in West Virginia—A common timber tree in the
more mountainous parts of the State; once plentiful on rich soils of
upland flats and stream valleys of Tucker, Randolph, Barbour, Web-
ster, Nicholas, Pocahontas, Greenbrier, and Monroe counties. Smaller
and less common in most other sections.

Habitat.—Thrives best in rich, loose soils of slopes and mountain
flats.

Notes.—This tree, which is usually called Wild Cherry, produces
excellent lumber for furniture, and interior finish. It can be dis-
tinguished from the Choke Cherry, which it most closely resembles,
by its larger size, longer narrower leaves, and rougher bark. Wild
cherry trees large enough for lumber are now becoming scarce.

{Bulletin 175

AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

VA.

W.

154

CHOKE CHERRY

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 155

CHOKE CHERRY

Prunus virginiana, L.

Form.—Height 15-30 feet, diameter 6-12 inches; trunk usually
short with a rounded crown.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, 2-4 inches long, oval, oblong, or obo-
vate, abruptly pointed, very sharply serrate, with slender teeth, glab-
rous, dull dark green above, paler beneath.

Flowers.—May-June; perfect; about % inch broad, white, ar-
ranged in a drooping, many-flowered raceme 3-6 inches long.

Fruit.—Ripens in late summer; a globular, dark crimson drupe,
borne on short pedicels in drooping clusters, astringent.

Bark.—Smooth, dark gray, somewhat roughened on old trunks
by shallow fissures. Inner bark has a disagreeable odor.

Wood.—Heavy, hard, close-grained, light-brown; sapwood light
colored.

Range.—Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Georgia and
hexas.

Distribution in West Virginia—Rare in most sections. Scat-
tered trees grow at high elevations along the Alleghanies. Most
common and of largest size on the borders of swamps from Cranes-
ville, Preston County, southward to Canaan Valley, Tucker County.

Habitat—Prefers damp soils of swamp borders, streams and
thickets.

Notes.—The Choke Cherry is in no sense a timber tree but is
attractive when growing wild or planted.

156 W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

WILD RED CHERRY

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES lh

N

WILD RED CHERRY

Prunus pennsylvanica, L. f.

Form.—Height 20-35 feet, diameter 8-12 inches; trunk straight,
short, tapering, with upright branches forming a narrow crown.

_ Leaves.—Alternate, simple, 3-5 inches long, oblong-lanceolate,
pointed, finely and sharply serrate, glabrous, thin, bright green above,
paler beneath.

Flowers.—May, with the leaves; perfect; about ™% inch wide,
white on slender pedicels in 4-5-flowered umbels.

Fruit—Ripens in July and persists until autumn; a globular
drupe, about % inch in diameter, bright red, thick-skinned, sour.

Bark.—Smooth, or somewhat roughened by loose, papery plates,
reddish brown.

Wood.—Light, soft, close-grained, light brown with thin yellow-
ish sapwood.

Range.—Labrador to British Columbia and southward to North
Carolina and Colorado.

Distribution in West Virginia—Common in West Virginia along
the mountains, especially in areas from which other timber has been
destroyed by fire.

Habitat—Sandy soils of burned-over mountain-sides and flats,
and along streams at lower elevations.

Notes.—Fire Cherry and Bird Cherry are two common names of
this tree, the first denoting its habitat and the second the attractive-
ness of its fruit to birds. This species performs its principal service
in covering otherwise bare, fire-burned areas to which the seeds
have been carried and dropped by birds.

158

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

WILD PLUM

[Bulletin 175

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 159

WILD PLUM

Prunus americana, Marsh.

Form.—Height 10-25 feet, diameter 6-12 inches; trunk short sup-
porting a wide-spreading crown of horizontal and drooping branches.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple 2-4 inches long, narrowly obovate,
long taper-pointed at apex, sharply and doubly serrate, firm, dark
green and rough above, paler and hairy below.

Flowers——May, with the leaves; perfect; 1 inch wide, white,
arranged in 2-5-flowered umbels.

Fruit.—Ripens in early autumn; a globose, red drupe about 1
inch in diameter, the flesh sweet and edible; stone flattened.

Bark.—Grayish-brown and rough on old trunks with thin, flat
plates.

Wood.—Hard, heavy, strong, close-grained,red-brown, with thin
light sapwood.

Range.—New York to Florida, west to Texas and Montana.

Distribution in West Virginia—Scattered throughout the State
but nowhere common except in small areas.

Habitat—Grows principally on swamp borders and along
streams.

Notes.—The Wild Plum is found growing in dense thickets in
some of our upland swamps where it produces large crops of fruit.
The tree is of little importance commercially but is sometimes used as
a stock upon which domestic plums are grafted.

160 W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

HONEY LOCUST

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 161

HONEY LOCUST

Gleditsia triacanthos, I.

Form.—Height 40-50 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk usually short
and armed with branched thorns; crown broad, round-topped.

Leaves.—Alternate, singly or doubly compound, 7-8 inches long,
the single compound leaves having 18-28 leaflets ; the double compound
leaves 8-14 divisions each, with 18-20 leaflets; leaflets lanceolate-
oblong, somewhat serrate.

Flowers.—May-June; polygamous; small, greenish.

Fruit.—A flattened and twisted pod, 10-18 inches long, containing
oval brownish seeds.

Bark.—Sometimes smooth but often roughened on old trunks,
by shallow fissures and thick ridges with projecting edges, and by
branched thorns.

Wood.—Hard, heavy, strong, durable in contact with the soil,
bright reddish brown heartwood, whitish sapwood.

Range.—Ontario to Florida, west to Kansas and Texas.

Distribution in West Virginia—Not common in any part oi
West Virginia, but found in scattered stands throughout the State,
except at high elevations. Rare in Upshur and other high hilly
counties west of the Alleghanies, and also in the Eastern Panhandle.

Habitat.—Thrives best in fertile soil of river bottoms, but grows
well in other situations.

Notes.—The wood of Honey Locust is used principally for fenc-

ing, wheel hubs, and general construction; but the tree is too rare
and not of sufficient size to give it any commercial importance.

162 W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

RED BUD

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 163

RED BUD

Cercis canadensis, L.

_ _Form.—Height 15-25 feet, diameter 6-10 inches; trunk usually
inclined and short; crown broad, open and shallow.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, rounded, 3-5 inches long, with heart-
shaped base, and blunt apex; smooth, entire, bright pale green above,
paler beneath.

Flowers.—April, before the leaves; perfect; in form like the sweet
pea, red-purple, arranged in umbel-like clusters along the branches
of the last or preceding years.

Fruit—A flattened, many-seeded pod, the upper suture with a
winged margin.

Bark.—Thin, with shallow fissures and scaly reddish brown
ridges.

Wood.—Heavy, hard, not strong, reddish brown with thick whit-
ish sapwood.

Range.—Ontario to Florida, west to Minnesota and Kansas.

Distribution in West Virginia—Common in most parts of the
State, forming thickets along borders of woods and streams. Rare
in the higher counties.

Habitat—Rich moist soil of abandoned fields, open woods and
stream banks.

Notes.—This tree is chiefly ornamental. Its profuse purplish
flowers give it attractiveness early in the spring, when the Service
and Flowering Dogwood are in bloom.

164 W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

COMMON LOCUST

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 165

COMMON LOCUST

Robinia Pseudo-Acacia, [..

Form.—Height 50-75 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk when grown
in the forest often tall and free from limbs; crown loose and more
or less irregular.

Leaves.—Alternate, compound, odd-pinnate, 8-14 inches long;
leaflets 7-21, ovate or oblong, 1-2 inches long, entire, very thin,
smooth, dull green above, paler beneath; stipules thorny or spine-

like.

Flowers.—May, after the leaves; perfect, pea-shaped, white, very
fragrant, borne on slender pedicels in loose drooping racemes 4-5
inches long.

Fruit.—A flat pod 3-4 inches long, containing 4-8 small brown
seeds.

Bark.—Deeply furrowed into firm, prominent ridges, reddish-
brown.

Wood.—Heavy, very hard and strong, close-grained, very durable
in contact with the soil, brownish with thin yellow sapwood.

Range.—Pennsylvania to Georgia west to lowa and Kansas.
Naturalized over a large area in America and extensively cultivated
in Europe.

Distribution in West Virginia—Common throughout West Vir-
ginia, but most abundant and healthiest in high limestone areas.

Habitat.—Prefers rich limestone soil, but adapts itself to other
soils and to almost all exposures and elevations.

Notes.—Black Locust, Yellow Locust, and False Acacia are other
names of this tree. According to Sargent’s “Manual of the Trees
of North America” locust trees are “most abundant and of largest
size on the western slopes of the Alleghanies of West Virginia.” It
is a rapid grower, its wood is unsurpassed for many purposes and, as
a legume, it adds fertility to the soil wherever it grows.

166 W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

HOP TREE

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 167

HOP TREE
Ptelea trifoliata, L.
Form.—A shrub occasionally attaining the size and form of a
small tree.

Leaves.—Alternate, compound, 3-foliate, the leaflets entire, ovate,
pointed, downy when young.

Flowers.—June; polygamous; small, greenish-white, arranged in
compound terminal cymes.

Fruit—A 2-celled, 2-seeded, nearly circular samara, winged all
around, in drooping cymes; bitter, used as a substitute for hops.

Bark.—Smooth, light brownish-gray.
Range.—Long Island to Minnesota and southward.

Distribution in West Virginia—Rare, collected in Summers and
Morgan counties.

Habitat.—Prefers sandy soils of river banks.

Notes.—This small, shrubby tree is useful only for ornamental
planting for which purpose it will be found very interesting and
attractive.

168 W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

STAGHORN SUMACH

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 169

STAGHORN SUMACH
Rhus typhina, L,.

Form.—A shrub or small tree sometimes reaching a height of
15-20 feet and a diameter of 8-10 inches; trunk short, bearing a broad
crown of ascending branches.

Leaves.—Alternate, compound, 16-24 inches long, and with 11-31
leaflets ; leaflets oblong, 2-5 inches long, nearly sessile, oblanceolate,
pointed, serrate, when mature dark green and smooth above, pale
beneath.

Flowers.—May-June; polygamous, arranged in compact oblong
yellowish-green panicles.

Fruit——Matures in late summer and persists through the winter;
numerous dry drupes aggregate in a compact pyramidal panicle, 5-8
inches long; drupes thickly studded with red acid hairs, not poisonous.

Bark.—On old trunks somewhat roughened by loose brown
scales. Twigs and leaf stalks are densely velvety-hairy.

Wood.—Soit, light, coarse-grained, orange-colored, showing
plainly the annual growths.

Range.—New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Georgia and
Alabama.

Distribution in West Virginia—Common throughout the State
and reaching higher altitudes than some of the other sumachs.

Habitat—Fertile dry upland soil, preferring abandoned fields,
borders of woods and fence rows.

Notes.—The wood of this species is sometimes used for sugar
spiles and for the manufacture of napkin rings, cups, etc. The leaves
are rich in tannin; the wood has little commercial value. Its beautiful
foliage and red fruit spikes give it value for ornamental planting.

W.

VA.

AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

[Bulletin 17

DWARF SUMACH

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 171

DWARF SUMACH
Rhus copallina, L.

Form.—A shrub or small tree often attaining in West Virginia a
height of 15-20 feet and a diameter of 3-5 inches; trunk straight or
angular, supporting a loose irregular crown.

Leaves.—Alternate, compound, 6-12 inches long, with petioles
wing-margined between the 9-21 oblong or ovate lanceolate, nearly
entire leaflets which are smooth and shining above and pubescent
beneath.

Flowers.—July ; polygamous; in terminal compact panicles.

Fruit.—Matures in late summer; small dry drupes in compact
erect panicles, red, turning dark later in the year, the panicles finally
drooping; not poisonous.

Bark.—Roughened on old trunk by brown papery scales or ele-
vated brown projections.

Wood.—Soft, coarse-grained, light brown, richly striped with
yellow and black.

Range.—Maine to Florida, west to Texas and Nebraska.

Distribution in West Virginia—Common in most sections of the
State except at high elevations.

Habitat.—Dry hillsides and ridges, frequenting abandoned fields.

Notes.—This sumach, like others of the genus, is chiefly valuable
for landscape work, being especially ornamental in its autumnal fol-
iage. The wood is sometimes used in the manufacture of small
wooden novelties.

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

[Bulletin 175

POISON SUMACH

oy

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 17

POISON SUMACH

Rhus vernix, L.

Form.—A shrub or small tree sometimes reaching a height of
10-15 feet; trunk usually branching near the ground and separating
into a loose irregular head.

Leaves.—Alternate, compound, leaflets 7-13, oblong-obovate,
entire, poisonous.

Flowers.—June-July; polygamous; small, yellowish-green, ar-
ranged in long drooping panicles.

Fruit.—Small, nearly spherical, glossy, dull white drupes in long,
loose, drooping, axillary panicles; ripening in early autumn and per-
sisting into the winter.

Bark.—Thin, streaked, smooth, covered with numerous raised
lenticels.

Wood.—Soft, brittle, light yellow.
Range.—Ontario to Florida, west to Louisiana and Minnesota.

Distribution in West Virginia—Rare, found in swamps at
Cowen, Webster County and near Elkins, Randolph County.

Habitat.—Thrives best in swamps but may be found on moist
slopes.

Notes.—Poison Dogwood, Poison Elder, and Poison Oak are
other names of this species. This is one of our most poisonous plants
and should be avoided except by those who are immune. It has no
commercial importance.

i) ae W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 176

AMERICAN HOLLY

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 175

AMERICAN HOLLY
Ilex opaca, Ait.

Form.—Height 15-30 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk short;
branches slender, spreading and ascending, forming a conic crown.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, evergreen, leathery, glabrous, oval,
margins wavy with scattered spiny teeth, dark green above, pale green
beneath.

Flowers.—May to June; dioecious, or polygamo-dioecious, the
staminate 2-9 on a common stalk, the pistillate usually solitary ; small,
white.

_ Fruit.—Matures in late summer and persists through the follow-
ing fall and winter; a bright red berry-like drupe about the size of
a pea, smooth, shining, containing a 4-ribbed, brown nutlet.

Bark.—Smooth, or slightly rough with age, grayish or grayish-
brown.

Wood.—Hard, tough, close-grained, chalky-white in color.
Range.—Maine to Florida, west to Texas and Missouri.

Distribution in West Virginia—Observed in the following coun-
ties: Boone, Braxton, Fayette, Logan, Mingo, McDowell, Nicholas,
Randolph, Upshur, Webster and Wyoming. Rare east of the moun-
tains and sparsely scattered in other counties along the Ohio River.

Habitat.——Prefers moist soil near rivers or rich loamy and rocky
ground.

Notes.—Holly wood is very valuable for inlaid work, cabinet
making, interior finish, and piano keys, but the trees in West Virginia
are usually small, and afford little timber. During the holidays the
evergreen foliage with bright red fruits are much sought after. The
tree is slow-growing but is otherwise very desirable for ornamental
planting.

[Bulletin 175

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

176

MOUNTAIN HOLLY

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 177

MOUNTAIN HOLLY

Ilex monticola, Gray.

Form.—Height 15-25 feet, diameter 2-8 inches; a shrub or small
tree with short trunk and slender ascending branches.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, deciduous, 4-5 inches long, ovate or
lance-oblong, taper-pointed, thin-membranaceous, smooth, sharply
serrate.

Flowers.—May-June; polygamo-dioecious; staminate and pistil-
late flowers on very short pedicels, white, clustered, about one-third
of an inch across.

Fruit.——Ripens in early autumn; globose, about two-fifths of an
inch in diameter, bright scarlet, containing 4-6 striate nutlets ridged
on the back.

Bark.—Thin, somewhat rough and warty on old trees, light
brownish-gray.

Wood.—Hard, close-grained, nearly white.
Range.—New York, southward along the Alleghanies.

Distribution in West Virginia—Not common except locally.
Found principally at high altitudes. Common near Davis, Tucker
County, and in various parts of Randolph and Pocahontas counties.

Habitat—Upland sandy flats, cool mountainsides, and swamp
borders.

Notes.—This small tree is not important except for ornamental
use. Its bright foliage and fruits recommend it for this purpose.
The species may easily be confused with Winterberry (lex verticil-
lata, (L.) Gray) which often grows with it. The nutlets of the latter,
however, are smooth and smaller, its flowers are shorter-stalked and
its leaves somewhat downy beneath.

178 W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

ifs
Nh,

STRIPED MAPLE

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 179

STRIPED MAPLE

Acer pennsylvanicum, L,.

Form.—Height 10-25 feet, diameter 6-12 inches; trunk medium
short; crown irregular, usually broad.

Leaves.—Opposite, simple, 5-6 inches long, nearly as broad, 3-
lobed above the middle with short, pointed lobes, sharply and doubly
serrate, rounded or cordate at base, rather smooth above and rusty
pubescent beneath.

Flowers.—May-June; usually monoecious, yellow, bell-shaped, in
5 Dae y q , ped,
long, drooping, terminal racemes.

Fruit.—Matures in autumn; paired samaras in long racemose
drooping clusters, wing 34 inch long, widely divergent, marked on
one side of each nutlet by a small cavity.

Bark.—Smooth, thin, greenish or reddish-brown, marked longi-
tudinally by pale stripes.

Wood.—Light, soft, close-grained, pinkish brown, with thick sap-
wood.

Range.—Novia Scotia south along the mountains to Georgia,
west to Minnesota.

Distribution in West Virginia—Common in shaded ravines and
rich slopes in the mountainous parts of the State, especially in Web-
ster, Randolph, Upshur, Pocahontas and Nicholas counties.

Habitat.—Thrives best in rich soil of rocky or sandy woods.

Notes.—This small maple is also called Moosewood and Goose-
foot Maple, the latter name referring to the goosefoot shape of the
leaf. It is not a commercially valuable species, but always attracts
attention whether growing in its shady mountain habitat or on the
lawn.

180 . W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

MOUNTAIN MAPLE

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 181

MOUNTAIN MAPLE

Acer spicatum, Lam.

Form.—A small tree or shrub sometimes reaching a height of
20-25 feet and a diameter of 6-10 inches.

Leaves.—Opposite, simple, 4-5 inches long, 3-lobed, coarsely ser-
rate, the lobes taper-pointed, glabrous and dark green above, some-
what downy beneath, petioles long and slender.

Flowers.—May-June; polygamo-monoecious; small, yellow-
green, arranged in upright, dense, somewhat compound racemes.

Fruit—Early autumn; small, paired samaras, red, turning brown
and drooping when mature, in racemose clusters.

Bark.—Nearly smooth, light brown, thin; twigs reddish, slightly
hairy.

Wood.—Light, soft, close-grained, light brown, with thick sap-
wood.

Range.—Newfoundland and Labrador, south to Georgia and west
to Minnesota.

Distribution in West Virginia—Common in mountainous sec-
tions and sometimes occurring at low elevations adjacent to the
mountains. Found growing from elevation 850 feet, in Monongalia
County, to elevation 4,800 feet, in Pendleton County.

Habitat—Damp mountain forests, along streams and on rocky
slopes; thrives in the shade of other trees.

Notes.—The Mountain Maple is often seen fruiting when only
4 or 5 feet high, but it frequently reaches tree size in favorable loca-
tions. The wood is not found on the market. This species is one of
the most ornamental of the maples and should be planted more gen-
erally. The erect flower spikes, small red fruits, reddish twigs, and
coarse-toothed leaves are characters that distinguish it from other
maples.

182 W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

SUGAR MAPLE

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 183

SUGAR MAPLE

Acer saccharum, Marsh.

Form.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 3-5 feet; trunk of trees in
close stands long, clear and straight; crown conical or round-topped,
with many ascending and horizontal branches.

Leaves.—Opposite, simple, 3-5 inches long, 5-lobed with rounded
sinuses and sparingly sinuate-toothed margins; smooth and dark
green above, paler and somewhat downy on the veins beneath.

Flowers.—April-May; polygamo-monoecious or dioecious; both
kinds of flowers on thread-like, hairy pedicels in drooping corymbs;

greenish yellow.

Fruit—Matures in early autumn; clustered groups of paired sa-
maras, glabrous, with slightly diverging wings about 1 inch long.

Bark.—Deeply fissured and with prominent dark gray, flaky
ridges.

Wood.—Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, durable, light brown
to reddish.

Range.—Newfoundland to Florida and Texas.

Distribution in West Virginia—Found in nearly all parts of the
State; most abundant on upland flats and in rich coves along the Alle-
ghanies from Preston County through Tucker, Barbour, Randolph,
Pocahontas, Greenbrier and Monroe; common in the high hilly
sections lying west of the mountains, rare in the Eastern Panhandle.

Habitat—Moist, rich soils of river valleys, coves, and high flats
and rocky loams of hillsides.

Notes.—The Sugar, or Rock Maple is one of our best known and
most valuable trees. Its timber is becoming more highly prized as
other species are disappearing. Interior finish, furniture, shoe-lasts
and cross-ties are among the common uses of this wood. It 1s the
principal species from which maple syrup and sugar are made, and
one of the very best trees for ornamental planting.

184

W

r VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

A

BLACK SUGAR MAPLE

{Bulletin 175

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 185

BLACK SUGAR MAPLE

Acer saccharum nigrum, (Michx. f.) Britt.

Form.—Height 75-90 feet, diameter 2-31%4 feet; trunk and crown
as in sugar maple.

Leaves.—Opposite, simple, 5-6 inches long, wider than long,
3-5-lobed, the lower lobes often reduced to a shallow rounded tooth,
thick and firm, green and usually downy beneath.

Flowers.—May, with the leaves; monoecious, arranged in umbel-
like corymbs, yellow, on slender, hairy pedicels.

Fruit—Matures in autumn; paired samaras clustered on droop-
ing pedicels, wings slightly diverging.

Bark.—Usually very dark gray, furrowed deeply.

Wood.—Hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, light yellow or
brownish, with thin, lighter sapwood.

Range.—Quebec and western New Hampshire, southward and
westward.

Distribution in West Virginia—Less common than sugar maple,
but often growing with it on low ground. Observed in the following
counties: Lewis, Monongalia, Randolph, Tyler, Upshur, Webster and

Wetzel.
Habitat—Moist soil of river bottoms and slopes.

Notes.—This tree, which is classed as a sub-species of the com-
mon sugar maple, can scarcely be distinguished from the latter,
except by the leaves which are thicker, usually dropping, less deeply
lobed and slightly hairy beneath.

[Bulletin 175

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

186

SILVER MAPLE

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 187

SILVER MAPLE

Acer saccharinum, lL.

Form.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 2-4 feet ; trunk usually short
and soon divided into several large, ascending branches which sub-
divide and form a large open, rounded, or vase-shaped crown.

Leaves.—Opposite, simple, 3-6 inches long, deeply 5-lobed, the
lobes cut and toothed, sinuses deep, light green above, silvery-white
beneath, downy when young, petioles long and slender.

Flowers.—March-April; polygamo-monoecious or dioecious, yel-
low-green in crowded umbels.

Fruit—Matures in May; large paired samaras, with wings 1-2
inches long.

Bark.—On old trunks roughened by shallow fissures and _ flat-
topped ridges with thin, loose scales.

Wood.—Medium hard, brittle, close-grained, not durable, light
brown, with thick whitish sapwood.

Range.—New Brunswick to Florida, and west to Indian Terri-
tory. 7

Distribution in West Virginia—Common along the following
streams: Potomac River and its larger tributaries, Great Kanawha,
New, Elk, Little Coal, Big Sandy, Little Kanawha, Monongahela, and
Ohio rivers.

Habitat—Confined to river banks and swamp borders.

Notes.—This species, also known as White Maple, River Maple,
and Soft Maple, is one of thé less valuable of the genus. Its lumber is
used principally for flooring, cheap furniture and paper pulp. Silver
Maple is extensively planted along streets and in parks. It grows
rapidly, often becoming too large, and has a less perfect crown than
some of the other maples.

188 W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

RED MAPLE

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 189

RED MAPLE

Acer rubrum, L.

Form.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 1-3'% feet; trunk usually
more or less inclined or twisted; crown rather narrow and rounded.

Leaves.—Opposite, simple, 3-4 inches long, about as broad, lobes
3-5, coarsely toothed, green and glabrous above, whitish beneath.

Flowers.—March-April; polygamo-monoecious, or dioecious; in
few-flowered clusters on shoots of the previous year; petals linear-
oblong, red or orange.

Fruit—May-June; paired samaras, small, smooth, wings about 1
inch long on long, drooping pedicels.

Bark.—Thick, roughened by shaggy ridges, gray. The smooth
bark of young trees and limbs of large trees are silvery gray.

Wood.—Heavy, medium soft, close-grained, light brown, with
whitish sapwood.

Range.—Southern Canada to Florida and Texas.

Distribution in West Virginia—Occurs in all parts of the State.
Not common east of the Alleghanies.

Habitat.—Thrives best in swamps or on stream borders, but is
found also on hillsides and ridges.

Notes.—The Red Maple is especially noticeable early in spring
on account of the red flowers and fruits, and in autumn when the
leaves turn bright scarlet. The wood is used for cheap furniture,
turnery, and paper pulp. It cannot be recommended highly tor tfor-
estry purposes.

190

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

BOX ELDER

[Bulletin 175

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 191

BOX ELDER

Acer negundo, L.

Form.—Height 40-60 feet, diameter 1-2'% feet; trunk usually
short dividing into several large, spreading branches, forming an un-
equal, open crown.

Leaves.—Opposite, compound, the 3-5 leaflets 2-4 inches long,
ovate, pointed, coarse-toothed above the middle, or sometimes slightly
3-lobed.

Flowers.—April; dioecious ; small, yellow-green, the staminate on
slender drooping pedicels, the pistillate in narrow drooping racemes.

Fruit——Matures in late summer and persists into the winter;
paired samaras hanging in racemose clusters.

Bark.—Somewhat roughened by narrow, close ridges, gray-
brown ; twigs greenish.

Wood.—Light, soft, close-grained, not strong, creamy-white with
scarcely lighter colored sapwood.

Range.—Ontario and Vermont to Florida, Texas and Mexico.

Distribution in West Virginia—Common locally along streams
at lower elevations. Plentiful in some sections of the following
counties: Boone, Braxton, Doddridge, Fayette, Jefferson, Lewis,
Monongalia, and Tyler.

Habitat—Deep moist soils of stream banks and swamp borders.

Notes.—Box Elder grows naturally along streams but thrives
when planted in drier soils. It is not important as a timber tree,
nor very desirable for ornamental uses. This tree is sometimes called
Ash-leaved Maple.

[Bulletin 175

. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

192

FETID BUCKEYE

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 193

FETID BUCKEYE
Aesculus glabra, Willd.

Form.—Height 30-60 feet, diameter 12-20 inches; trunk short
supporting a deep, round-topped crown.

Leaves.—Opposite, digitately compound, leaflets usually 5, 3-6
inches long, oval, tapered at base, sharp-pointed, irregularly and finely
toothed, pale green above, paler beneath, smooth, when old. The
foliage is ill-smelling when bruised.

Flowers.—April-May ; polygamo-monoecious or perfect; most of
the flowers with imperfect pistils; borne in downy terminal panicles
5-6 inches long; corolla yellow.

Fruit—Matures in October; a leathery round or pear-shaped
prickly pod or capsule about 1 inch in diameter, containing a large,
shining, brown nut.

Bark.—Roughened by even, scaly, broken gray ridges.
Wood.—Light, soft, weak, pale yellow.

Range.—Pennsylvania to Alabama and west to Iowa and Okla-
homa.

Distribution in West Virginia—Common along the Ohio River
at Wheeling. Reported from Wirt, Gilmer and Monongalia counties
and from points along the Ohio River north of Wheeling.

Habitat.— Moist soils of river banks and ravines.

Notes.—The Fetid or Ohio Buckeye is an unimportant tree of
stream borders, confined in its distribution here principally to the
western part of the State. It can easily be distinguished when in fruit
from the common species, next described, by its prickly pods. This
tree is sometimes planted on lawns but is less desirable than its Euro-
pean relative the Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum).

[Bulletin 175

AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

VA.

W.

194

SWEET BUCKEYE

7’

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 195

SWEET BUCKEYE

Aesculus octandra, Marsh.

Form.—Height 50-80 feet, diameter 1-2!4 feet; trunk usually
short; crown conical or round-topped.

Leaves.—Opposite, digitately compound, leaflets 5-7, oval, 4-10
inches long, long-pointed, finely toothed, smooth and dark green
above, somewhat hairy and yellowish-green beneath.

Flowers.—Apvil-May ; polygamo-monoecious or perfect, borne in
terminal panicles 4-12 ‘inches ‘long: corolla yellow, with included
stamens.

Fruit.—October; a large smooth irregularly rounded or pear-
shaped pod or capsule, 1-2 inches thick, 3- celled but usually bearing
only one large irregularly rounded, glossy, brown nut, which is some-
what poisonous.

Bark.—Fvenly furrowed, the gray-brown ridges breaking up into
irregular scales.

Wood.—Light, soft, yellowish, or nearly white.
Range.—Pennsylvania to Georgia, west to Oklahoma and Texas.

Distribution in West Virginia—Common locally. Found in the
following counties: Barbour, Boone, Braxton, Calhoun, Doddridge,
Fayette, Kanawha, Lewis, Logan, Marshall, Mingo, Monongalia,
Monroe, Pocahontas, Putnam, Ritchie, Summers, Tyler, Upshur
(rare), Webster (rare), and Wyoming.

Habitat.—Rich soil, preferring river valleys.

Notes.—The wood of Sweet Buckeye is not important commer-
ciaHy, but is used to some extent for veneer, cooperage, candy boxes,
paper pulp, etc. The tree is a rapid grower and is sometimes planted
with satisfactory results on lawns ‘and in parks. Variety hybrida
(D. C.) Sarg. with calyx and corolla tinged with purple has been
found at Weston and other points in the State.

75

[Bulletin 1

VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

W.

196

BASSWOOD

September, 1929] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 197

BASSWOOD

Tilia americana, L.

Form.—Height 60-100 feet, diameter 214-4 feet; trunk straight
and free from limbs to a considerable height; crown dense, ovoid or
round-topped.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, 5-6 inches long, obliquely heart-
shaped, coarsely serrate, thick and firm, dark-green and shining above,
pale green and almost glabrous beneath.

Flowers.—June; perfect; yellowish-white, fragrant, 5-20, in
drooping cymes, the peduncle or flower stalk attached for half its
length to a flat narrow greenish bract.

Fruit—October ; a woody, globose, nut-like drupe, about the size
of a pea and borne in drooping clusters.

Bark.—On old trunks deeply furrowed and with broad, scaly,
light brown ridges.

Wood.—Light, soft, close-grained, tough, light brownish-red,
with thick scarcely lighter sapwood.

Range.—Manitoba to Georgia, and Texas.

Distribution in West Virginia—Common, especially in the moun-
tainous and high hilly parts of the State, though occurring less fre-
quently than the following species.

Habitat.—Rich, well-drained soil of bottoms and slopes.

Notes.—The wood of this species is used for paper pulp, wooden
ware, furniture, kegs, buckets, barrel heads, boxes, etc. It is one of
our valuable forest trees and should be encouraged to grow wherever
it is possible. Linden, Lynn, Beetree, and Lime Tree are others of
its common names. Its smooth leaves furnish the best distinguish-
ing characteristic.

[Bulletin 175

VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

W.

WHITE BASSWOOD

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 199

WHITE BASSWOOD
Tilia heterophylla, Vent.

Form.—Height 60-90 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk long, straight,
and slightly tapering; crown dense and rounded.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, oblong, ovate to orbicular-ovate, 5-8
inches long, firm, apex pointed, truncate or heart-shaped and usually

very unequal at base, upper surface bright green, under surface sil-
very, whitened with a fine down.

Flowers.—June-July; perfect; regular, fragrant, yellow-white;
5-15 in drooping cymose clusters ; peduncle attached for half its length

to a thin, oblong, greenish bract.

Fruit—A spherical, woody, nut-like drupe about the size of a
pea, borne singly or in clusters on a common stalk attached to the
bract.

Bark.—Deeply furrowed, grayish-brown.

Wood.—Similar to and used for the same purposes as that of the
preceding species.

Range.—New York to Florida, west to Alabama and Illinois.

Distribution in West Virginia—A common tree in Upshur, Ran-
dolph, Tucker, Hampshire, Hardy, Grant, Braxton, Lewis, Webster,
Nicholas, Roane, Fayette, Kanawha, Gilmer, Monongalia, Marshall,
and in several other counties. It is more abundant than the foregoing
species of Tilia.

Habitat.—W ith other hardwoods in rich soil of mountains and

high hills.

Notes.—The White Basswood is a valuable forest tree in West
Virginia, though the commercial size is now becoming rare in most
sections. It is a rapid grower and is easily propagated. This tree
is highly recommended for timber and for ornamental use. The most
noticeable difference between this species and the foregoing is found
in the leaf surface.

W.

VA.

AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

HERCULES CLUB

{ Bulletin

175

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 2491

HERCULES CLUB

Aralia spinosa, L.

Foz:m.—A small tree or shrub sometimes attaining a height of
20-30 feet and a diameter of 6-8 inches. The trunk is usually without
branches for two-thirds of its length. Branches horizontal, stout, and
stubby. The trunk and branches are armed with large prickles.

Leaves.—Alternate, compound or doubly compound, often 3 feet
long and 2-24 feet across; leaflets ovate, pointed, serrate; pale be-
neath.

Flowers.—June-August; polygamous; cream white, arranged in
large, spreading panicles made up of numerous small umbels.

Fruit—Matures in autumn; an ovoid black berry about 14 inch
long each terminated with a black persistent style.

Bark.—Smooth, except on old trunks which are roughened by
shallow furrows; brown outside, yellow inside, covered with stout
prickles.

Wood.—Sofit, brittle, weak, brown with yellow streaks.
Range.—New York to Missouri and southward.

Distribution in West Virginia—Common locally west of the Al-
leghanies.

Habitat—Often associated with grape vines in thickets on burnt
hillsides, and in rich soil of bottom lands and swamp borders.

Notes.—Hercules Club or Angelica-tree is often erroneously
called Prickly Ash. It has no commercial importance except as an
ornament. Whether in bloom or in fruit the tree is very attractive
and should be seen more often on the lawn. The fruit is eagerly
eaten by birds.

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

FLOWERING DOGWOOD

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 3)3

FLOWERING DOGWOOD

Cornus florida, |.

_ Form.—Height 15-35 feet, diameter 4-12 inches; trunk short, not
often straight ; crown broad and round-topped.

Leaves.—Opposite, simple, ovate, 3-5 inches long, tapered to an
acute apex, wedge-shaped at the base, wavy or entire on margin,
bright green above, paler beneath, smooth; midrib and primary veins
prominent.

Flowers.—May; perfect; greenish, small, arranged in a dense
cluster and surrounded by a showy, white (or rarely pinkish),
4-bracted corolla-like involucre. The white involucre and the cluster
of small flowers which it surrounds are frequently mistaken for a
single flower.

Fruit.—Ripens in September or October; a scarlet ovoid drupe,
with a grooved stone, borne solitary or in clusters of 2-5 on a stalk.
Undeveloped pistillate flowers often persist at base of fruit.

Bark.—On old trunks broken into quadrangular scales, reddish-
brown to blackish.

Wood.—Hard, heavy, strong, tough, pale red-brown or pinkish,
with lighter sapwood.

Range.—Ontario, Michigan and Massachusetts to Florida, west
to Texas and Missouri.

Distribution in West Virginia—Common in all parts of the
State.

Habitat—Prefers moist, well-drained soils of slopes and bottoms.

Notes.—This well-known tree is prized for its wood which is used
for many purposes about the farm and is also manufactured into
shuttles, wedges, golf-stick heads, engravers’ blocks, brush blocks,
tool handles and for turnery. As an ornamental tree it beautifies the
native woods or the lawn by its clusters of white-bracted flowers, and
later in the season by its scarlet fruits.

204 W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

iC bee

re
VE

com WaT

f
ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD

September, 1420] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 205

ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD

Cornus alternifolia, L.

_ Form.—A small tree or shrub sometimes 20-30 feet high with a
diameter of 6-8 inches; trunk short; crown broad, flat-topped and
rather dense.

Leaves.—Alternate, or sometimes opposite, clustered at the ends
of the limbs, ovate, taper-pointed, acute at base, entire, whitish and
minutely pubescent beneath.

Flowers.—April-May ; cream-colored, small, borne in broad open
cymes.

Fruit.—Matures in autumn; a deep blue spherical drupe, about
one-third inch in diameter, on reddish stalks, in cymose clusters.

Bark.—Smooth or slightly roughened by longitudinal fissures on
old trunks. The smooth bark of branches is greenish.

Wood.—Hard, heavy, tough, close-grained, brown tinged with

red.
Range.—Nova Scotia to Alabama, west to Minnesota.

Distribution in West Virginia—Found principally along the Al-
leghanies and westward. Not common in the eastern part ot the
State.

Habitat.—Prefers stream borders, cool ravines, and moist rich
soils of hillsides.

Notes.—No uses are reported for the wood of the Alternate-
leaved Dogwood. Whether in bloom or in fruit the tree is very
attractive in appearance.

{ Bulletin 175

NT STATION

XPERIME

VA. AGR’L E

W.

206

BLACK GUM

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES

207

BLACK GUM

Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh.

Form.—Height 40-100 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk usually long,
clear and straight when in close stands; crown cylindrical or rounded,
of numerous horizontal and ascending slender branches.

_ Leaves.—Alternate, simple, 2-5 inches long, oval-obovate ; acum-
inate, entire, firm, dark green and shining above, paler beneath, often
hairy when young.

Flowers.—A pril-May ; polygamo-dioecious; greenish, the stamin-
ate borne in many-flowered small heads on slender pedicels, the pistil-
late sessile in several-flowered clusters.

Fruit—Matures in autumn; an ovoid, blue-black, fleshy drupe,
about % inch long and borne on long stalks in clusters of 1-3.

Bark.—Deeply furrowed, on old trunks, the ridges broken into
rectangular or hexagonal blocks; light brown to gray-black.

. Wood.—Heavy, soft, strong, tough, difficult to split, not durable
in the soil, light yellow, with thick whitish sapwood.

Range.—Maine and Ontario to Florida and Texas.

Distribution in West Virginia—A common tree throughout the
State. Least common at high elevations and east of the Alleghanies.

Habitat.—Thrives best on low ground and borders of swamps,
but is common on dry slopes and ridges.

Notes.—Black Gum, also called Tupelo, Pepperidge, and Sour
Gum, is one of the less valuable of our forest trees, but its tough,
light wood is gaining in value and is used extensively for wheel
hubs, boxes, broom handles, wagon beds, ladders, ironing boards,
rolling pins, excelsior, baskets, and berry crates.

~

08

VA.

AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

GREAT LAUREL

[Bulletin 175

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 209

GREAT LAUREL

Rhododendron maximum, |.

_ Form.—A shrub or small tree sometimes reaching a height of 20-
25 feet; trunk short and usually twisted and bent, with contorted
branches forming a flat irregular top.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, evergreen, mostly clustered at the
ends of branches, elliptical-oblong, 4-10 inches long, very thick, acute
apex, narrowed base, entire, smooth, dark green above, light green
beneath. .

Flowers.—June; perfect; pale rose to white, upper petals marked
with yellow-green dots, flowers arranged in umbel-like heads 4-5
inches in diameter.

Fruit.—Matures in late summer and persists through the winter;
a reddish-brown, 5-celled, many-seeded capsule, about ™% inch long,
terminated by a long persistent style.

Bark.—Roughened by thin, flaky scales, dark red-brown.

Wood.—Hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, light brown with
lighter sapwood.

Range.—Nova Scotia and Lake Erie south along the mountains
to Georgia.

Distribution in West Virginia—Common locally throughout the
State, most abundant in the mountainous sections.

Habitat.—Rich soil of stream banks, rocky mountainsides and
flats.

Notes.—The wood of Rhododendron is only occasionally used for
tool handles, engraving blocks, and other small articles, and is excel-
lent for fuel. On account of its small size the tree is not commer-
cially important. It is one of the most beautiful of our native species
and has been appropriately selected as the State flower.

210 WEST VIRGINIA TREES [Bulletin 175

MOUNTAIN LAUREL

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 211

MOUNTAIN LAUREL

Kalmia latifolia, |.

Form.—A shrub or small tree occasionally attaining a height of
15-25 feet; trunk stout, usually forked and bearing stiff, divergent
branches which form an irregular, compact, rounded head.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, evergreen, oblong or ovate-lanceol-
ate, 3-4 inches long, acute at both ends, entire, green above and below,
persistent for two seasons.

Flowers.—May-]une; perfect, pink or white, in many-flowered
terminal corymbs.

Fruit—Matures in early autumn; a globose, 5-valved, many-
seeded capsule, covered with viscid hairs and with persistent style
and calyx.

Bark.—Roughened by narrow, thin scales which peel off, expos-
ing brownish inner bark.

Wood.—Heavy, hard, strong, rather brittle, reddish-brown with
lighter sapwood.

Range.—New Brunswick, south to Florida and west to Arkansas.

Distribution in West Virginia—Found locally in all parts of the
State.

Habitat—Growing usually in thickets, sometimes with Great
Laurel, on high mountain flats and rocky slopes. Common on thin
hillsides.

Notes.—Mountain Laurel does not grow large enough to be ot
much importance as a wood producer. Occasionally small articles,
such as bucket handles, penholders, pipes, etc. are made from it. Its
rich evergreen foliage and its copious pink and white flowers are
scarcely less attractive than those of Rhododendron Maximum.

[Bulletin 175

VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

W.

SOURWOOD

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 213

SOURWOOD

Oxydendrum arboreum, (L.) 1D. C.

Fo-m.—Height 30-60 feet, diameter 12-18 inches; trunk medium
long and slender; crown narrow and round-topped.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate,
smooth and shining, 5-7 inches long.

Flowers.—July ; perfect; small, white. in long, one-sided racemes
clustered in an open, terminal panicle.

Fruit.—Matures in early autumn; a 5-valved capsule, often per-
sistent into the winter.

Bark.—Thick, roughened by fissures and broken, grayish ridges.

Wood.-—Hard, heavy, close-grained reddish-brown with lighter
sapwood.

Range.—Pennsylvania and Indiana southward mostiy along the
mountains to Florida and Louisiana.

Distribution in West Virginia—Found in all sections west of the
Alleghanies, rare in the eastern part of the State.

Habitat.—Light, well-drained soils of hillsides and bottoms.

Notes.—Sour-wood, or Sour Gum, although quite common in
most parts of West Virginia, is not often used except for unimportant
domestic purposes. The tree is very ornamental when in bloom but
is infrequently planted.

214 W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION {[ Bulletin 175

COMMON PERSIMMON

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 215

COMMON PERSIMMON

Diospyros virginiana, |.

Form.—Height 25-50 feet, diameter 8-14 inches; trunk usually
short; crown broad and rounded when not too much crowded.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, ovate-oblong, 4-6 inches long,
smooth, entire, dark-green and shining above, often somewhat hairy
beneath.

Flowers.—May-June; polygamous, white or pale yellow; the
staminate in 2-3-flowered cymes; the pistillate solitary and borne on
short stalks.

Fruit—Matures after frost in autumn; a spherical yellowish,

plum-like berry, containing from 1-8 large seeds, and with large, per-
sistent calyx; astringent when green, sweet and edible when fully

ripe.
Bark.—Rough on old trunks, with dark gray ridges which are
broken into somewhat rectangular sections.

Wood.—Hard, heavy, close-grained, taking a high polish, brown
to black with yellowish sapwood, sometimes streaked with black.

Range.—Connecticut to Florida and west to Texas and Iowa.

Distribution in West Virginia—Not abundant but common lo-
cally in scattered clumps throughout the State, most common east of

the Alleghanies. Not found at high elevations.

Habitat.—Thrives best in light sandy soils of bottoms and _ hill-
sides.

Notes.—This tree is not important as a wood-producer on account
of its small size and scattered distribution. It is well known because
of its peculiar fruit.

216 W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

OPOSSUM WOOD

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES

te
_
NI

OPOSSUM WOOD

Halesia carolina, L.

Form.—A small tree. reaching a height in this State of 30-50 feet
with a diameter up to 10 or 12 inches. Farther south it reaches a
much larger size.

Leaves.—Alternate, simple, 4-6 inches long, oblong-ovate, finely
serrate, smooth above when old, slightly pubescent beneath.

Flowers.—Early spring with the leaves; perfect, white, about 1
inch long, bell-shaped, drooping on slender pedicels in crowded fas-
cicles or short racemes.

Fruit—Matures in autumn and persistent into the winter; a
4-celled, 4-winged, dry, drupaceous fruit, 114-2 inches long, 1 inch
wide; greenish turning brown when mature.

Bark.—Somewhat roughened by shallow fissures and narrow
ridges.

Wood.—Light, soft, close-grained, light brown, with thick lighter
colored sapwood.

Range.—Southern West Virginia to Florida, west to Texas,
Arkansas and Illinois.

Distribution in West Virginia—Common along the Great Ka-
nawha and New rivers from the eastern part of Kanawha County
through Fayette and Summers counties.

Habitat.—Rich slopes and banks of streams.

Notes.——The Opossum Wood has two other common names,
Snowdrop, and Silver-bell Tree, both names referring to the white
bell-shaped flowers. The tree is of no commercial importance here,
but is very attractive when planted as an ornament. Variety
monticola, with longer leaves and fruit, also occurs with this species.

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

WHITE ASH

[ Bulletin 175

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 219

WHITE ASH

Fraxinus americana, L..

Form.—Height 50-100 feet, diameter 2-4 feet; trunk usually long
and free from branches for many feet; crown pyramidal and open.

Leaves.—Opposite, pinnately compound, 8-12 inches long; the
7-9 leaflets 3-5 inches long, ovate or lance-oblong, pointed, nearly or
quite entire, glabrous, dark green above, pale and either smooth or
pubescent beneath.

Flowers.—May; dioecious; the staminate in dense red-purple
clusters ; the pistillate in loose panicles.

Fruit—Matures in early autumn, and persists into the winter;
samaras 1-2 inches long in drooping paniculate clusters.

Bark.—Furrowed deeply, the ridges firm, narrow, flattened,
brownish-gray.

Wood.—Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, tough and elastic,
brown with thick sapwood.

Range.—Nova Scotia to Minnesota, southward to Florida and
Texas.

Distribution in West Virginia—Common throughout the State.

Habitat.—Grows in many situations, but prefers rich moist loamy
soil.

Notes.—The White Ash is one of our valuable timber trees, pro-
ducing wood which is manufactured into agricultural implements,
wagons, furniture, tool handles, and interior finish. It is by far
the most common Ash but is nowhere abundant.

220 W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

RED ASH

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 221

RED ASH

Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Marsh.

Form.—Height 30-65 feet, diameter 1-3 feet; trunk straight and
clear with many upright branches which form a compact, broad, irreg-
ular crown.

Leaves.—Opposite, pinnately compound, 10-12 inches long, with
7-9 leaflets 3-5 inches long, oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, almost
entire, pale or more or less pubescent.

Flowers.—May ; dioecious; in downy panicles on shoots of the
previous season.

Fruit—Matures in early autumn and is persistent for several
months; samaras 1-2 inches long, borne copiously in drooping clus-
ters.

Bark.—T wigs usually pubescent, on old trunks rough with scaly
dark gray-brown ridges.

Wood.—Heavy, hard, strong, brittle, light brown, with thick, yel-
low-streaked sapwood.

Range.—Vermont and Minnesota south to Florida and Texas.

Distribution in West Virginia—Collected along New River,
Fayette County; reported from Randolph, Upshur, Wood and Mason
counties.

Habitat—Prefers moist soils of river bottoms and borders of
swamps.

Notes.—Red Ash is occasionally found along some of the streams
of the State but does not grow in sufficient quantities to be of any
commercial importance. It can usually be distinguished from the
White Ash by its pubescent twigs and petioles, and its somewhat
different fruits. A variety of this species, lanceolata, is also to be
found in some places along the streams.

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

BLACK ASH

{Bulletin 175

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 223

BLACK ASH

Fraxinus nigra, Marsh.

Form.—Height 60-90 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk rather slender,
and straight, bearing a narrow-ovoid or rounded crown of upright
branches.

Leaves.—Opposite, pinnately compound, 12-16 inches long; leaf-
lets 7-11, 3-5 inches long, sessile, except the terminal one, oblong to
oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, glabrous.

Flowers.—May; polygamo-dioecious; borne in loose drooping
panicles.

Fruit.—Matures in early autumn; samaras 1-1™% inches long, in
open drooping clusters.

Bark.—Soft, ash-gray, and scaly on old trunks, not deeply fis-
sured. The Butide corky bark is easily rubbed off with the hand.

Wood.—Heavy, coarse-grained, weak, rather soft, brown with
thin lighter sapwood.

Range.—Newfoundland and Manitoba south to Virginia and
Arkansas.

Distribution in West Virginia —Not common. Found in Fay-
ette, Preston and Tucker counties. Reported from Randolph, W eb-
ster, Monongalia, Summers, and Wirt counties.

Habitat—Low river bottoms and swamps.

Notes.—This tree is only occasionally found in West Virginia and
cannot be considered as an important species. When in leaf it is
easily distinguished from the other Ashes by the leaflets which are
sessile on the main petiole.

[Bulletin 175

VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

W.

NN

FRINGE TREE

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 225

FRINGE TREE
Chionanthus virginica, L.
Form.—A _ small, slender tree sometimes reaching a height of

20-30 feet; trunk short, bearing numerous stout ascending branches
which form a deep, narrow crown.

Leaves.—Opposite, simple, ovate, 4-8 inches long, entire, acute
at apex, glabrous.

Flowers.—May-June; complete or polygamous; white, fragrant,
borne in loose and drooping graceful panicles 4-6 inches long.

Fruit.—Purple berry-like ovoid drupes, ™%-34 of an inch long,
: ; J I / 2-74 g
borne in drooping clusters.

Bark.—Smooth, or somewhat scaly, thin, and reddish-brown.

Wood.—Heavy, hard, close-grained, brown with thick lighter-
colored sapwood.

Range.—New Jersey and southern Pennsylvania to Florida and
pexas.

Distribution in West Virginia—lFound principally in the south-
ern and eastern parts of the State but nowhere common.

Habitat —Rich, moist soil of stream banks and swamp borders.

Notes.—The Fringe-tree is valuable only as an ornament for
which its fringe-like flower clusters and dark purple fruits give it a
decided value.

bo
fr)

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT

STATION

[Bulletin 175

SWEET VIBURNUM

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 227

SWEET VIBURNUM
Viburnum lentago, L.
Form.—A shrub or small tree sometimes 15-25 feet hig gh; trunk

short and crown round-topped.

Leaves.—Opposite, simple 2% inches long, ovate, long, abruptly
taper-pointed, finely and sharply serrate; petioles w inged.

Flowers.—May-June; perfect; small, white, in large many-flow-
ered cymes which are usually 3-5 inches broad.

Fruit.— Black, ovoid, or ellipsoid drupe, which is sweet and juicy
and contains a flat, oval, stone; borne on reddish stalks in often droop-
ing clusters.

Bark.—On old trunks roughened by thin scales; reddish-brown.
Wood.—Heavy, hard, yellow-brown, with a disagreeable odor.

Range.—Quebec and Manitoba southward to Georgia and Mis-
souri.

Distribution in West Virginia—lFound in Tucker and Grant
counties and reported from Randolph County.

Habitat.—Banks of streams and in swamps.

Notes.—This Viburnum can be most easily distinguished by its
leaves which are very finely serrate and are abruptly tapered into long
slender points. Its ‘flowers, fruit and foliage make it very desir: able
as an ornamental tree. Sheep-berry and Nanny-berry are also com-
mon names by which the species is known.

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

[ Bulletin

se

-1

yl

BLACK HAW

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES ary

BLACK HAW
Viburnum prunifolium, L.
Form.—A small tree or shrub reaching a height of 20-30 feet in
favorable locations.

Leaves.—Opposite, simple, oval, obtuse or slightly pointed, 1-3
inches long, finely and sharply serrate, glabrous.

Flowers.—May ; perfect; small, white, borne in large terminal
cymes.

Fruit.— Dark blue, fleshy, sweet, persistent drupes with large flat
stones; borne on reddish stalks in few-fruited clusters.

Bark.—Roughened by plate-like scales, reddish-brown,
Wood.—Similar to that of Sweet Viburnum.

Range.—Connecticut and Michigan south to Georgia and
Arkansas.

Distribution in West Virginia—Common locally throughout the
State.

Habitat—Prefers dry, rocky hillsides and low ridges, growing in
thickets along fences.

Notes.—As a wood-producer this tree has no value. The bark
of its roots has a medicinal value and it deserves to be planted exten-
sively for ornamental purposes.

[Bulletin 175

as?

A Miiie

ais

CZEE

3

Zs | | (\\ NS ne AS.
Zs wine i>
“(GHA HK *

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION

TREES FOUND IN WEST VIRGINIA BUT NOT NATIVE

Oo > wo
aE &,
vl ey fe
Aas o
Di sa
<6)
w
re) n
ZsO
non
ost
Oo
nw
o 3)
EE
gh Sg
—_ i®)
as a.
sok
ooe0 D
wn
AaANwaS

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES

Pen o

4 One sector
‘> of see
FANS cluster
nT Y V

fh AN

Catalpa
Tree of Heaven
Kentucky Coffee Tree

Norway Maple
Sycamore Maple
Gray Birch
Horse Chestnut

NOY

bo
a)
bo

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

WEST VIRGINIA NATIVE SHRUBS AND SHRUBBY VINES

Taxus canadensis, Marsh. American Yew. Ground Hemlock. <A rare red-ber-
ried evergreen. Randolph: Glady; Pocahontas: Cranberry Glades and
Winterburn; Grant: Greenland Gap; Preston: Cranesville; Raleigh:
Piney River.

Salix cordata, Muhl. Heart-leaved Willow. Monongalia: Aaron’s Run, near
Morgantown.

Salix humilis, Marsh. Prairie Willow. Webster: near Upper Glade; Preston:
near Terra Alta. (Millspaugh’s Flora).

Salix sericea, Marsh. Silky Willow. Monongalia: Decker’s Creek.

Myrica asplenifolia, L. Sweet Fern. Hampshire: Cacapon Creek. Rare. Mor-
gan: Cacapon Mountain.

Corylus americana, Walt. Hazelnut. A common shrub.

Corylus rostrata, Ait. Beaked Hazelnut. Pocahontas: Cranberry Mountain;
Mercer: Bluestone River; Hampshire: Little Cacapon.

Alnus rugosa, (DuRoi) Spreng. Smooth Alder. Abundant along streams.

Alnus alnobetula, (Hhrh.) K.K. Mountain Alder. Greenbrier: Columbia Sul-
phur Springs; Fayette: near Nuttallburg; Pocahontas: at Traveler’s
Repose; Randolph: along Cheat River. (Millspaugh’s Flora.)

Alnus incana, (L.) Moench. Hoary Alder (?). Rare. Pocahontas: Cranberry
Glades.

Pyrularia pubera, Michx. Oil-nut. Buffalo-nut. “Colic-nut.’” Cqmmon in many
sections.

Phoradendron flavescens, (Pursh) Nutt. American Mistletoe. Evergreen par-
asite. On trees along southern rivers.

Aristolochia macrophylla, Pam. Pine Vine. Dutchman’s Pipe. Woody vine.
Frequent in rich mountain forests.

Zanthorhiza apiifolia, L’Her. Shrub Yellow-root. Small shrub on banks of
streams. Upshur: near Buckhannon; Webster: on Gauley River near
Bolair.

Berberis canadensis, Mill. American Barberry. Southern part of the State.
Mercer: near Spanishburg.

Calycanthus floridus, L. Sweet-scented shrub. Randolph, Webster, Nicholas,
Fayette, and Summers counties. (Millspaugh’s Flora.)

Calycanthus fertilis, Walt. Sweet Shrub. McDowell: back of R. R. water
tank near Welsh. (Millspaugh’s Flora.)

Benzoin aestivale, (L.) Nees. Spice-bush. Benjamin-bush. Abundant shrub.
Hydrangea arborescens, L. Wild Hydrangea. Abundant throughout the State.
Ribes Cynosbati, L. Prickly Gooseberry. Common in rocky woods.

Ribes rotundifolium, Michx. Eastern Wild Gooseberry. Pendleton: Spruce
Mountain.

Ribes prostratum, L’Her. Fetid Currant. Pendleton: Spruce Knob; Hamp-
shire: Ice Mountain.

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES

Ribes floridum, L’Her. Wild Black Currant. Randolph, Grant, Preston, Fay
ette, and Ohio counties. (Millspaugh’s Flora.)

Physocarpus opulifolius, (L.) Maxim. Nine-bark. Common shrub along
streams.

Spiraea salicifolia, L. Meadow-sweet. Pocahontas: Cranberry Glades; Ran-
dolph: Elkins.

Spiraea tomentosa, L. Hard-hack. Steeple-bush. Infrequent. Randolph: Elk-
ins; Pocahontas: Seebert.

Spiraea corymbosa, Raf. Birch-leaved Meadow-sweet. Webster: near Upper
Glade. Hardy: near Moorefield. (Millspaugh’s Flora)

Spiraea virginiana, Britt. West Virginia Meadow Sweet. Monongalia: along
the Monongahela River, near Morgantown. (Millspaugh’s Flora)

Pyrus melanocarpa, (Michx.) Wild. Black Chokeberry. Frequent, in many
sections.

Pyrus arbutifolia, (I..) L.f. Chokeberry. Webster, Preston, Nicholas, Fay-
ette, and Upshur counties. (Millspaugh’s Flora)

Amelanchier oligocarpa, (Michx.) Roem. Oblong-fruited Juneberry. Rare.
Pocahontas: Cranberry Glades; Tucker: Canaan Valley.

Robinia hispida, L. Rose Acacia. Monongalia, Preston, and Summers coun-
ties. (Millspaugh’s Flora)

Rhus glabra, L. Smooth Sumach. Common throughout the State.

Rhus canadensis, Marsh. Fragrant Sumach. Infrequent. Hampshire: Little
Cacapon.

Rhus Toxicodendron var. radicans, L. Torr. Poison Ivy, Poison Oak. Abun-
dant throughout the State.

Ilex verticillata, Gray. Black Alder. Winterberry. Abundant in low grounds
along rivers and in glades.

Ilex longipes, Chapm. Long-stemmed Holly. Randolph: near Cheat Bridge.
Collected Sept. 1915, by C. S. Sargent.

Nemopanthus mucronata, (L.) ‘rel. Wild or Mountain Holly. Rare. Pen-
dleton: Spruce Knob; Preston: Cranesville; Pocahontas: Head of
Greenbrier River.

Evonymus atropurpureus, Jacq. Burning Bush. Wahoo. Boone: near Mad-
ison; Monongalia: near Morgantown; Upshur: near Buckhannon.

Evonymus americanus, L. Strawberry Bush. A common shrub,

Evonymus obovatus, Nutt. Marshall: Cameron and Board Tree, (Millspaugh’s
Flora)

Celastrus scandens, L. Waxwork. Climbing Bitter-sweet. Frequent along
streams and on dry hills.

Staphylea triloba, L. American Bladder Nut. Not common, Monongalia:
y ‘ oT 2% “oy > . “or >
near Morgantown; Wayne: near Wayne; Greenbrier: near Ronceverte.

Rhamnus lanceolata, Pursh. Lance-leaved Buckthorn. Rare. Hampshire: Lit-
tle Cacapon.

234 W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175
Rhamnus alnifolia, L’Her. Dwarf Alder. Rare. Pocahontas: head of east
Fork of Greenbrier River.

Rhamnus caroliniana, Walt. Indian Cherry. McDowell: Tug Fork. (Mills-
paugh’s Flora)

Ceanothus americanus, L. New Jersey Tea. Common on dry gravelly ground.

Vitis labrusca, L. Northern Fox Grape. Infrequent. Upshur: French Creek;
Monroe: Sinks Grove.

Vitis aestivalis, Michx. Summer Grape. Frost Grape. Abundant in most sec-
tions.

Vitis cordifolia, Michx. Chicken Grape. Pigeon Grape. A common species.

Vitis vulpina, L. Randolph, Summers, and Jefferson counties. (Millspaugh’s
Flora)

Vitis bicolor, LeConte. Winter Grape. Webster: Hacker Valley. (Mills-
paugh’s Flora)

Vitis rupestris, Sch. Sand Grape. Fayette: near Nuttallburg. (Millspaugh’s
Flora)

Vitis rotundifolia, Michx. Muscadine. Randolph, Fayette, and Summers coun-
ties. (Millspaugh’s Flora)

Hypericum prolificum, L. Shrubby St. John’s wort. Plentiful in glady regions.
Hypericum densiflorum, Pursh. St. John’s wort. Glades.

Dirca palustris, L. Leatherwood. Wicopy. Infrequent. Webster: near Web-
ster Springs; Randolph: Tygarts Valley River near Valley Head; Poca-
hontas: on Greenbrier River.

Cornus canadensis, L. Dwarf Cornel. Bunchberry. A small shrubby plant.
Rare. Pendleton: summit Spruce Knob; Randolph: near Osceola;
Hampshire: Ice Mountain.

Cornus Amomum, Mil. Silky Cornel. Kinnikinnik. Frequent along streams.

Cornus paniculata, L’Her. Panicled Dogwood. Rare. Grant: on Abram Creek;
Preston: Reedsville.

Cornus circinata, L’Her. Round-leaved Dogwood. Upshur: near Lorentz.
(Miilspaugh’s Flora)

Cornus stolonifera, Michx. Red Osier. Ohio: near Wheeling. (Millspaugh’s
Flora)

Clethera acuminata, Michx. White Alder. Fayette: near Nuttallburg. (Mills-
paugh’s Flora)

Rhododendron catawbiense, Michx. Lilac-colored Laurel. Mountain Rose Bay.
Pendleton, Fayette, Greenbrier, and Summers counties.

Rhododendron viscosum, (lL) Torr. Clammy Azalea. White Swamp Honey-
suckle. Frequent along mountain streams.

Rhododendron canescens, (Michx.) G. Don. Mountain Azalea. Rare. Pen-
dleton: summit Spruce Knob.

Rhododendron nudiflorum, (L.) Torr. Purple Azalea. Pinxter Flower. Abun-
dant in many sections.

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES

Rhododendron calendulaceum, (Michx.) Torr. Flame Azalea. Common

2 in
many sections.

Menziesia pilosa, (Michx.) Pers. Alleghany Menziesia. Not common. Pen-
dleton: Spruce Knob; Randolph: Point Mountain.

Kalmia angustifolia, L. Sheep Laurel. Calhoun, Upshur, Nicholas, Randolph,
and Hardy counties. (Millspaugh’s Flora)

Andromeda glaucophylla, Link. (?) Bog Rosemary. Rare. Pocahontas:
Cranberry Glades. Plants not in bloom or fruit when collected.

Andromeda floribunda. Pursh. Mountain Fetter-bush. Infrequent. Pocahon-
tas: Greenbank; Greenbrier: near Neola.

Lyonia lingustrina, (L.) DC. Male Berry. Not common. Upshur: near Buck-
hannon; Webster: near Cowen.

Gaylussacia dumosa, (And.) T. & G. Dwarf Huckleberry. Kanawha: near
Charleston; Hardy: near Moorefield. (Millspaugh’s Flora)

Gaylussacia frondosa, (L.) T. & G. Dangleberry. Fayette: near Hawk’s Nest;
Webster: Upper Glade. (Millspaugh’s Flora)

Gaylussacia baccata, (Wang.) C. Koch. Black Huckleberry. “Buckberry”.
Abundant on dry ground.

Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum, var. nigrum, Wood. Low Black Blueberry. Com-
mon in many localities. Pendleton: Spruce Mountain; Monongalia:
near Morgantown.

Vaccinium canadense, Kalm. Sour-Top. Velvet-Leaf. Blueberry. Rare.
Tucker: Canaan Valley; Preston: Cranesville.

Vaccinium vacillans, Kalm. Late Low Blueberry. An abundant species.

Vaccinium corymbosum, L. High or Swamp Blueberry. Common in some lo-
calities.

Vaccinium erythrocarpum, Michx. Southern Mountain Cranberry. Rare. Pen-
dleton: summit Spruce Knob; Randolph: Shavers Mountain.

Vaccinium Oxyoccos, L. Small Cranberry. In glades. Pocahontas and Tucker.

Vaccinium macrocarpon, Ait. Large or American Cranberry. In _ glades.
Pocahontas and Webster.

Cephalanthus occidentalis, L. Button Bush. Found in Greenbrier, Hampshire,
Jefferson, Monongalia, and Wetzel. Doubtless occurs in many other
sections.

Diervilla Lonicera, Mill. Bush Honeysuckle. Rare. Pendleton: Spruce Moun-
tain.

Lonicera canadensis. Marsh. American Fly Honeysuckle. Rare. Pendleton:
Spruce Knob.

Viburnum alnifolium, Marsh. Hobble-bush. Moosewood. “Hobble-rod.” Abun-
dant in mountain regions.

Viburnum Opulus var. Americanum. (Mill.) Ait. Cranberry-tree. High Bush
Cranberry. Infrequent. Tucker: Canaan Valley.

Viburnum acerifolium, L. Dockmackie. Arrow-wood. A common shrub.

236 W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION { Bulletin 175
Viburnum dentatum, L. Arrow-wood. Infrequent. Pocahontas: Cranberry
Glades; Randolph: near Elkins.

Viburnum cassinoides, lL. Withe-rod. Wild Raisin. Not common. Webster:
Gauley River; Pendleton: Big Run; Monongalia: Deckers Creek.

Viburnum nudum, L. Randolph: Middle Fork River. Webster: Upper Glade.
(Millspaugh’s Flora)

Viburnum pubescens, (Ait.) Pursh. Greenbrier: White Sulphur Springs.
Sambucus canadensis, L. Common Elder. Abundant throughout the State.

Sambucus racemosa, L. Red-berried Elder. Frequent in rocky woods.

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 237

GLOSSARY

PREONEU VIE wa.siaidiy, + v's! That which is brought forth prematurely; coming to
naught before it is completed.

BENING haha so sie e's 6 -A small hard, dry, 1-celled, 1-seeded fruit which does not
open by valves.

PACINO ois rals a iclv che e-p Sharp or biting to the taste.

Acuminate ........ Decidedly tapering at the end.

MNCUEC roma lettiaveiex6, s'sie © .Tapering at the end.

INEStHOLIC! Jere cyeners «+6 Pertaining to the beautiful.

/NVCMEUG 568 a0000 . «Not opposite to each other, but scattered singly along the
axis.

PRINTGRIED (clare stores ss \%.< A peculiar, scaly, unisexual spike.

DNTP 66600 oO moee The enlarged terminal part of a stamen which bears the
pollen,

UNTEKGMOS er che eyes 4 0 80s ‘The tip or end of a bud or leaf, i. e., the part opposite
the base.

(NOE Ges aoe eee Pertaining to the tip, end, or apex.

Apnpressed .-.5.....4 Lying tight or close against.

Arborescent . ...... Tree-like in appearance, size and growth.

AAROMALIC. 2. oe nec - Fragrant; with a pleasing odor.

Astringent .....:.. Contracting; drawing together; binding.

Awl-Shaped ....... . Tapering from the base to a slender or rigid point.

15°11 eis coke ICRC eee The upper angle formed by a leaf or branch with the stem.

/ AEDS 7 oP eis SSO Situate in an axil.

RMS ier coches Aine oop The central line of an organ; a stem.

ESQ) Sea Pertaining to or situated at base.

[OTA “ae Oren eee A fruit which is fleshy or pulpy throughout.

= CR" le eee A powdery or somewhat waxy substance easily rubbed off.

| VTEC g/d che aoe ee A modified leaf subtending a flower or belonging to an in-
florescence.

RAN Maerai eat ess The outer portion of a flower, usually green in color.

Gambium® a... 0... - A thin-walled formative tissue between the bark and wood.

Capsule .........--- A dry: fruit composed of more than one carpel and splitting
open at maturity.

GaRiinee tere cero. + seas An ament or spike of unisexual flowers.

Ciliaten wee. s sce es Fringed with hairs on the margin.

..Said of flowers when all parts are present.

Complete ........
Composed of two or more similar parts united in a whole.

Compound ...------

Compressed . ...... Flattened, especially laterally.

onl calle acies ane Cone-shaped.

Conifers ....-----:: A group of trees which usually produce their fruit in the
form of a cone.

Coniferous. .......- Cone-bearing.

Contorted ......->- Twisted together or back upon itself.

GUnb Ate orc. ct.thiths ote Heari-shaped.

Corolla 3... Ge. we eos The inner portion of perianth, composed of petals. The

bright colored part of most flowers.

Corrugated
Crenate
Crown

Deciduous
Decurrent
Defoliation
Dehiscent
Deltoid
Dentate
Depressed

Dioecious

Disseminated
Divergent

Downy

Drupe

Elongated

Emarginate
Entire
Epidermis
Exotic
Exudation

Falcate

Fascicle
Fetid
Fibrous

Filament
Fissures
Flora

Fluted
Follicles
Forestry

Glabrous
Glandular ,.

..-. Unisexual,

W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

the edges,

. . Shaped into grooves, folds, or wrinkles.

. .Having rounded teeth.

. . The upper mass of branches, also known as head.

... A flower cluster blooming from apex or middle first, us-

ually somewhat flat.

...In a cyme; cyme-like.

... Falling off, usually at the close of the season.

... Extending down the stem below the insertion.

... Removal of foliage.

... Splitting open.

... Delta-like, triangular.

... Toothed, usually with the teeth directed outward.
... Flattened from above.

Digitately-compound ...

With the members arising at the same point at the end or
top of the support.

with the two kinds of flowers on different
plants.

... Scattered; thrown broadcast.
... Pointing away; extending out.

Said of buds which point
away from the twigs.

... Covered with fine hairs.

... Resembling or constructed like a drupe.
...A fleshy fruit with a pit or stone.

... Long drawn out.

... Having a shallow notch at the apex. ‘
... Margin smooth, not cut or roughened.
... The outer layer or covering of plants.
... Of foreign origin.

... Oozing out of sap, resin, or milk.

... Scythe-shaped.

... A cluster, usually dense.

... Ill-smelling.

... Consisting of fibers; woven in texture.

... The stalk bearing the anther.

... Grooves, furrows, or channels as in the bark.

... The complete system of plants found in a given area.

... Grooved, corrugated, channeled.

... A dry fruit of one carpel, splitting on one side only.

... The rational treatment of woodlands for their products.

... The seed-bearing product of a plant of whatever form.

... A plant devoid of green color such as mushrooms and rots.
... A group of related species, as the pines or the oaks.

... Smooth, without hairs.

... Bearing glands, or gland-lke.

September, 1920] WEST VIRGINIA TREES 239

AUICOUG Mr ss sien cies os -..Covered with a bluish or whitish waxy coating; a bloom,

(Cle) oye f2{2): gr eRe REO RIB RCIe Ball-like, or nearly so.

“Ciel Of TE teenaged Beare Ball-like.

PEI L Ate eicitie we "sis «e's eis The home of a plant.

IEC ocd Soon DRE .A dense cluster of sessile flowers or the crown of a tree.

Fleartwood ........:... The dead, central, usually highly colored portion of the
trunk.

Herbaceous: ........... Herb-like, soft.

lmipnicated: ....25....'.. Overlapping like the slate on a roof.

TmMBNESSEMM eee... Hollowed or furrowed as if by pressure.

Incomplete ...........- Said of flowers in which one of the outer parts is wanting.

Indigenous ~..........- Applied to plants that are native to a certain locality.

Inflorescence .......... The flowering part of a plant, and especially its arrange-
ment.

Iritalerant, oc. 620. cs Not shade enduring. Requiring sunlight.

NHVOIUICNG Men. os ess A circle of bracts surrounding a flower or cluster of flow-
ers.

ECMIEI? gece panoogeogk Said of flowers showing inequality in the size, form, or
union of similar parts.

WeEGIEd peice nce sca e ets With a central ridge, like the keel of a boat.

ienceolates oa... 6... =. Shaped like a lance; several times longer than wide.

Matenalbeciicise. tea os Situated on the side, as the buds along the side of the twig.

LOR TO One of the small blades or divisions of a compound leaf.

Benticeli...)..o\..<s. A corky growth on young or sometimes older bark which
admits air to the interior of the twig or branch.

ineanwety sass own, fs Line-like, long and narrow, with parallel edges.

Lin sy Se] Gah ae a ao eee Said of leaves that have the margins more or less cut or
divided.

Wiebe): co tes Gea The central or main rib or vein of a leaf.

Monoecious .......... Bearing stamens and pistils in separate flowers on the
same plant.

NMiucronate® 2.2.52. 2)... Tipped with a short, sharp point.

WENVOUH cesar.

Nut

SESRULeTS 616 a) ee ©

Oblique
Oblong
Obovate
Obtuse

Ce Wh te lay DC

aDSiwreie s @ aie

Refers to tar, turpentine, resin, etc.

One of the lines or veins running through a leaf.

A place on a twig where one or more leaves originate.
A dry, 1-seeded, indehiscent fruit with a hard covering.
A small nut.

A prefix meaning inverted or reversed,

Slanting, uneven.

About twice as long as wide, the sides nearly parallel.
Reversed egg shaped.

Blunt.

240 W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

Odd-pinnate a4... With an odd or unpaired leaflet at the tip of the compound
leaf.

Oppositiew ae. tage emit. Said of leaves and buds directly across from each other.

Onbicular --o. meses Circular.

OVATY “2.26% foes 0c eo The part of the pistil producing the seed.

OVATOs wacin.io tte i ee Egg-shaped in outline.

POMOC a iotccessearsce aco ceverern ote Egg-shaped or nearly so.

Palmate ..-......-..... Hand-shaped; radiately divided.

Pemnicléie cco. is cron A compound flower cluster, the lower branches of which
are longest and bloom first.

Parasite .........-.-... Growing upon and obtaining its nourishment from some
other plant.

Pediceliiizicnst. rea aes The stalk of a single flower.

Pedtincle >: sede. ae = The stalk of a flower cluster or of a solitary flower.

Pendulous. occ henselae Hanging.

Perennial ss. «« {2604 Lasting for more than one year.

Bernfectonut isos neoe A flower with both stamens and pistils.

Persistent =... h2 022-246 Remaining after blooming, fruiting, or maturing.

Petal. <9) yn oa. Ae The part of a corolla, usually colored.

Petiole etn. oe The stalk of a leaf.

Minh cores oduaonclonone A division, part, or leaflet of a pinnate leaf.

Pinnates ©... oe. o. es With leaflets on both sides of a stalk.

Pistil’ cece: chee sees The central part of the flower containing the prospective
seed.

Pistillate..:. 250 -@eo- ee Bearing pistils but no stamens.

Pith) Grsetsee bth. a The soft, central part of a twig. .

Podiee fet ee eee Any dry and dehiscent fruit.

Pollene t= 5. The dust-like substance found in the anthers of a flower.

Polygamous —---2=4---- With both perfect and imperfect, staminate or pistillate,
flowers.

Rone ee eee A fleshy fruit with a core, such as the apple.

Prickle<.25 2-5 curses A sharp-pointed, needle-like outgrowth.

Psuedo= 300 oso. usenet A prefix meaning false, not true.

Pubescent® 22 “a ace Hairy.

Pungent ....-.-.-..--- Ending in a sharp point; acrid.

PMRNIGEN| seccorsoceas Shaped like a pyramid with the broadest part near the
base.

Baceme: cnt: 6 tao A simple inflorescence of flowers borne on pedicels of
equal length and arranged on a common, elongated axis.

Reflexed= = 22 527.60. Abruptly turned backward or downward.

Regular -.3--2--.-.--.- Said of flowers which are uniform in shape or structure.

Rugoses 2 ose or Wrinkled. :

Saccharine .......-..-.--. Pertaining to or having the qualities of sugar.

Samara sook one foe eens An indehiscent winged fruit.

September, 1920]

Sapwood ...........

BPAlOS ts invex nuisit reine

ShEAth wis cs nee are sts

SVlalhGealse fe othe Cecio ene

GYeHS" sign holon one Bae

SOMO h steers oes. shels-s o%e
SHGChNE NS” Beeooe monde
lil [ead
GURLEG ao Serer eee
SErODILG Nc ciiebociss »

SUICIKE TEMES isi hiet sashes
MS TIEUIN GW aiyersiciciercis%sccces
Symmetrical .......

RTGS Se cercreatees aic.e cle

THiOla sc pea ICC

Tomentum ...-.....
Tomentose .....---.
ARUNG AEG Ons iste 's 16.5
MIU DONGIE: canis) oa
TRIM @ GC) oreis ss cas plaw ots

WEST VIRGINIA TREES 241

The recently formed, usually light wood, lying outside of
the heartwood.

The small, modified leaves which protect the growing-
point of a bud or the part of a cone which bears the seeds.
The small flakes into which the outer bark of a tree
divides.

Covered with small bran-like scales.

One of the parts of the calyx.

Having sharp teeth pointing forward.

Seated; without a stalk.

A tubular envelope or covering.

A low woody growth which usually branches near the base.
Covered with soft, straight, fine hairs.

Consisting of one part, not compound.

Having a strongly wavy margin.

The cleft or opening between two lobes.

A group of like individuals as Red Oak, White Oak, etc.
An elongated axis bearing sessile flowers.

A sharp woody outgrowth.

The part of a flower which bears the pollen.

Said of flowers which bear only stamens. Sometimes
spoken of as male.

Barren; unproductive.

The end of a pistil through which pollination takes place
A leaf appendage at the base of the leaf-stalk.

Marked with fine elongated ridges or lines.

A fruit marked by overlapping scales as in the Pine,
Birches, etc.

The :pin-like portion of a pistil bearing the stigma.

A prefix meaning under or nearly.

A shoot arising from an underground bud.

A line of dehiscence.

Regular as to the number of parts. Having the same num-
ber of parts in each circle.

Having a circular transverse section.

Pertaining to buds located at the end of twigs

A stiff, woody, sharp-pointed projection.

Applied to trees which endure certain factors, particularly
shade.

A dense layer of hairs.

Densely pubescent; hairy.

Ending abruptly as if cut off at the end.

A small tuber or tuber-like body.

Growing in clusters.

.A flower-cluster with all the pedicels arising from the same

point.

242 W. VA. AGR’L EXPERIMENT STATION [Bulletin 175

Valvate. sas. ciahindatnte' els Said of bads in which the scales merely meet without
overlapping.

Vegetative 92--..0....-: Said of buds which do not contain reproductive organs.
Vielnewecmirc aisle sa cee Threads of fibro-vascular tissue in leaves or other organs.
Viseidines wi ecke nei c Sew cele Glutinous; sticky.

Wait Wiseteceteice crottce tee asc niet A group of three or more similar organs, as leaves or buds,

arranged about the same place of attachment.
WhhOMEd 2 rthanc ae ccctsincte Borne in a whorl.

oa)

ae al a 1a
eit *
Dana: :

ve oe ; |

by
ay
a
Mi iis

LIBRARY
FACULTY OF FORESTRY
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

QK Brooks, Alonzo Beecher
484 West Virginia trees
W4B7

-

6 €00 20 v2 20 LL 6€
9 WAL! SOd J1HS AVE JONVY G

M3IASNMOG LV 11N