',iv im;

UC-NRLF

SssJ^-

THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY

OF CALIFORNIA

Biology

BEQUEST OF

Iheodore S. Palmer

7, '^r

WILD BIRD PROTECTION

AM)

NESTING BOXES.

TAYLOK BROTHERS, TRINTERS, LEEDS.

WILD BIRD PROTECTION

AND

NESTING BOXES,

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF VARIOUS DESIGNS OF BOXES,

BRACKETS, ETC., THAT HAVE ACTUALLY BEEN

USED BY WILD BIRDS FOR NIDIFICATION,

AND A FULL LIST OF THE ORDERS MADE UNDER THE " WILD

BIRDS PROTECTION ACTS " ON THE APPLICATION

OF COUNTY COUNCILS, WITH THE NAMES

OF THE SPECIES PROTECTED,

JOHN R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A.,

it

VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE
NATURALISTS' FIELD CLUB.

LEEDS : TAYLOR BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS,
1897.

GIF!

SK2fB

DcMcateD

TO

THE MEMORY OF HIS FATHER,

WILLIAM MASEFIELD, J. P.,

A TRUE LOVER OF NATURE,

BY

HIS SON, J.R.B.M.

559

C 0 N T E N T S

page.

Introduction 9

Part I.— Wild Bird Protection . . . 13

Part 11. Media'val Bird Ijtiws ... 24

Part 111. Bird Nesting Boxes, witli 12 Figures 31

Part IV. — Orders applying to Counties, etc.,

under Wild Birds Protection Acts 63

Full-Page Collotype Illustrations.

Plate i. — Where the Bulltincli Builds {frontispiece).

Plate ii.— The Nuthatch's Nesting Box . 41

Plate iii. — The Wren's Winter Shelter . . 47

Plate iv. — The Spotted Flycatcher's Nesting

Shelf 48

Plate v. — The Redstart's Home in Dead Birch

Tree Stump . . . . 51

Plate vi. — The Great Tit's favourite Nesting

Hole in Old Apple Tree . 52

Plate vii.— The Starling's Box ... 54

Plate viii. — The Blue Tit's Pump ... 56

Plate ix. — Model Lodging Houses for Tits . 60

( All from Photographs taken by Mr. Jacob Lowndes,
Chcadle, Staffordshire. )

INTRODUCTION.

The serious diminution in the numbers of our British
Wild Birds in recent years, and the actual extinction of
many species, in so far as they have ceased to nest in our
Islands within the memory of man, has at length aroused
public attention to the fact that we are losing many of
our useful Wild Birds altogether. Such a calamity can,
of course, only result in further losses to our already
unfortunate agriculturists from injuries to their crops by
an increasing number of insect pests, which are now only
kept in check by our Wild Birds.

Happily our legislators, by the Wild Birds Protection
Acts of 1880 and 1881 (43 and 44 Vict., c. 35, and 44
and 45 Vict., c. 51) at last came to their rescue in
some degree ; and, by the further Wild Birds Protection
Act of 1894 (57 and 58 Vict., c. 24), County Councils are
thereby empowered to apply to a Secretary of State for
Orders for the Protection of the Eggs of our Wild Birds,
and also for the further Protection of the Birds them-
selves in their respective jurisdictions. This last-
mentioned Act has already been taken advantage of by

10 INTRODUCTION.

a large number of our County Councils, and, if judi-
ciously enforced, may still be in time to preserve to us
many species of our most valuable wild birds.

But beyond legislation, bird lovers and those who
know the value of our wild birds may themselves do
much for bird protection by discouraging the wearing of
plumes and feathers of any bird, except those of the
Ostrich or of any bird killed for purposes of food, and by
condemning the wanton destruction of birds generally.

Our landowners may prevent illegal bird catching and
nest destroying on their lands, and protect certain areas
at all events as asylums, where wild birds may nest and
rear their young in peace, without fear of disturbance
from the egg collector, or the depi-edator, who is always
on the look out for specimens of rare birds and their eggs,
of which to make merchandise.

Another means of protection for our wild birds is that
of providing them with facilities for nesting, such as
nesting boxes, ledges, holes in trees or walls, thickets of
shrubs or rank vegetation, etc. These modes of protec-
tion have already been adopted by many of our true
naturalists and bird lovers with considerable success.

Partly by the means above-mentioned and partly by
careful protection of the birds themselves, I have during
the last two or three years had the following species of
our wild birds nesting in and around my own garden,
shrubbery and buildings : —

INTRODUCTION.

11

Kestrel,

Magpie,

Rook,

Jackdaw,

Missel Thrush,

Song Thrush,

Blackbird,

Starling,

Meadow Pipit,

Tree Pipit,

Swallow,

House Martin,

Willow Wren,

Garden Warbler,

Blackcap,

Redstart,

Robin,

Wren,

Goldcrest,

Whitethroat,

Spotted Flycatclier,

Hedge Sparrow,

House Sparrow,

Chaffinch,

Greenfinch,

Bullfinch,

Great Tit,

Blue Tit,

Cole Tit,

Corncrake,

Partridge,

Pheasant,

Wood Pigeon,

Turtle Dove,

Woodpecker,

Chiffchaff'.

These birds have all been necessarily land birds, as my
house stands on the side of a hill at a distance from any
stream or i^ond.

At the request of my friends, I now attempt to give
in the following pages some information from actual
experience on this subject, which I trust may induce
others to do something for the preservation of our fast-
diminishing wild birds.

12 lXTUOl>UCTI0N.

I must here take tlie opportunity of expressing my
thanks to Mr. Sydney Buxton, M.P., the Rev. Julian
Tuck, and Messrs. Sutton Davies, F. Boyes, C. Greaves,
J. T. Pnjud, W. Uenison Roebuck, and many others avIio
liave supphed me with in(jst useful and interesting notes
on the subject.

J. R. B. M.
kosehill, »

Cheadle,

Staffordshire,
1897.

Part L

WILD BIRD PROTECTION.

"TN those early times, closely following the Norman
conquest, we find that it soon became necessary
to pass laws for the protection of certain species of
our wild birds, in order to preserve them, not only
for the purposes of sjDort, but also no doubt as a
source of food supply.

At the time of the conquest the right of taking
or pursuing all wild beasts of the chase and game
appears to have belonged to the King alone, and this
state of the law continued until the passing of the
Charta Forestse (9 Henry III.) in the year 1225.
This Charta Forestas is the first of a long series of
laws called by the general name of the Game Laws,
which have been passed from time to time for the
following, amongst other reasons (as stated by
Blackstone),

For the preservation of the several species of
animals which would soon become extirpated
by a general liberty.

14 WILD BIRD PROTECTION.

In this charter then we find the first Act of
Parliament extending protection to any of our wild
birds, for it is thereby enacted that

Every Freeman shall have within his own woods
Ayries of Hawks, Sparrow Hawks, Faiilcons,
Eagles and Herons,
By a further Statute of 25 Henry VIII., cap. 11,
it was enacted that

No person shall from 1st March to last of June
take or destroy any eggs of wild fowl fi-om
the nest upon pain of imprisonment for one
year, to forfeit for every egg of any Crane or
Bustard 20 pence or egg of Bittour (Bittern),
Heron or Shovelard (Sj)Oonbill) 8 pence, or for
egg of any other wild fowl one peny.
This shows that all these beautiful birds then
bred regularly in England, but, alas, with tlie excep-
tion of the Heron, they have now ceased to do so.

Many subsequent statutes have since been passed,
but now most, if not all, of these Statutes have been
swept away by the Statute of William IV. (1 and 2
William IV., c. 32), by which the Game Laws
became consolidated, and the only Wild fjirds wliieh
obtained the special favour of protection from our
Legislature to the year 1869, were the Pheasant,
Partridge, Grouse, Heath or ]\[oor Game, Black Game,

WILD BIRD PROTECTION. 15

Bustard, Woodcock, Snipe, Quail, and Landrail, and
the eggs of any Game Bird or Swan, Wild Duck,
Teal, and Widgeon. Such of these birds, therefore,
^s have not already become exterminated, I think
we may dismiss from our consideration as, at all
•events, fairly well cared for.

We now" come to the year 1869, when an Act for

the preservation of Sea Birds (32 and 33 Vict. c. 17)

was passed, and this was followed in 1872 and 1876

by further Acts for the protection of Wild Fowl and

Wild Birds, but all these Acts were repealed by

the existing Act of 1880 (43 and 44 Vict., c. 35).

This Act is a most important one, and after defining

in section 2 that the words " Wild Birds " shall be

-deemed to mean all Wild Birds, section 3 enacts that

Any person who, betw^een the 1st day of March

and the 1st day of Augirst, in any year, shall

knowingly and wilfully shoot, or attempt to

shoot, or shall use any boat for the purpose

of shooting, or causing to be shot, any Wild

Bird, or shall use any lime, trap, snare, net, or

other instrument for the purpose of taking any

wild bird or shall expose or offer for sale or

sliall have in his control or possession after

the loth ]\Iarch any wild bird recently killed

or taken sliall on conviction, in the case of any

16 WILD BIRD PROTECTION.

wild bird included in the scliedule, forfeit and
pay for every such bird a sum not exceeding
one pound and in the case of any other wild
bird for the first offence be reprimanded and
pay the costs and for every subsequent offence
forfeit and pay for every such wild bird a sum
not exceeding five shillings and the costs.

The section of the Act above-quoted is not to
apply to the owner or occupier of any land or to
any person authorised by him killing or taking
any wild bird on such land not included in the
scliedule of tlie Act. By the same Act power ia
given to a Secretary of State to extend or vary the
close time for killing or taking wild birds.

The Schedule contains the names of 85 wild birds,
and by a subsequent Act passed in 1881 (44 and 45
Vict., c. 51) the Lark has been added to the Schedule.
Many of the names of the birds in the Schedule
are, however, local names and others mere synonyms.
Many other species would also bo included wliich
come under such general names as Owl, Plover,
Sandpiper, Petrel, etc. In many cases the same
local names are applied to difterent birds, so that
no attempt to group the various birds under the
several synonyms can Ix' satisfactory^, and the
Schedule is therefore given as in the Statute Book^

WILD BIRD PROTECTIOX.

17

with the addition of the " Lark," which was added
by the Act of 1881.

American Quail,

Auk,

Avocet,

Bee-eater,

Bittern,

Bonxie,

Colin,

Cornish Chough,

Coulterneb,

Cuckoo,

Curlew,

Diver,

Dotterel,

Dunbird,

Dunlin,

Eider Duck,

Fern Owl,

Fulmar,

Gannet,

Goatsucker,

God wit.

Goldfinch,

Grebe,

Greenshank,

Guillemot,

Gull (except Black-backed

Gull),
Hoopoe,
Kingfisher,
Kittiwake,
Lapwing,
(Lark),
Loon,
Mallard,
Marrot,
Merganser,
Murre,
Nighthawk,
Nightjar,
Nightingale,
Oriole,
Owl, .
Oxbird,

Oyster Catcher,
Peewit,
Petrel,
Phalarope,
Plover,

18

WILD BIRD PROTECTION.

Ploverspao^e,

Pochard,

Puffin,

Purre,

Razorbill,

Redshank,

Reeve or Ruff,

Roller,

Sanderling,

Sandpiper,

Scout,

Sealark,

Seamew,

Sea-parrot,

Sea-swallow,

Shearwater,

Shelldrake,

Shoveller,

Skua,

Smew,

Snipe,

Solan Goose,

Spoonbill,

Stint,

Stone Curlew,

Stonehatch,

Summer Snipe,

Tarrock,

Teal,

Tern,

Thick-knee,

Tystey,

Whaup,

Whimbrel,

Widgeon,

Wild Duck,

Willock,

Woodcock,

Woodpecker.

To have obtained this Act as a first instalment
towards wild bird preservation was most satisfac-
tory, and to some of our rarer and more useful birds
included in the Schedule, such as the Bee-eater,
Cuckoo, Goatsucker, Nightingale, Oriole, Roller, &rc.,
if the Act is enforced it lias tlie effect of almost

WILD BIRD PROTECTION. 19

absolute protection, these birds being summer mi-
grants, arriving after the close season has com-
menced and leaving us again in several cases before
the close season ends.

Many may ask, however, why such harmless
and useful birds as the Flycatchers, the Robin, the
Redstart, Blackstart, and other Warblers, the Wren,
Nuthatch, Tree-creeper, Goldcrest, the Water Rail,
and other Crakes, the Wagtails, and the whole of
the Swallow tribe and the Swift have been omitted
from the Schedule to this Act.

But this defect has now, however, been met b}^
the powers given to County Councils by subse-
quent Acts as we shall see later on.

The next piece of legislation taken up by Parlia-
ment on behalf of our wild birds was the " Sand-
grouse Protection Act" (51 & 52 Yict. c. 55) which
came into operation on the 1st February, 1889, for
the absolute protection of Pallas's Sandgrouse in
the United Kingdom for three years, in order, as
stated in the Act, " that it may become acclimatised."

This law (although it came too late to have much,
if any, practical effect on the Sandgrouse which
visited this country in such numbers in 1888, as most
of them had been shot down before the Act came
into operation), was still a most valuable precedent

20 WILD BIRD PROTECTIOX.

for future bird legislation, as it was the iir^t occasion
on which absolute protection had been given to any
species of wild bird in the United Kingdom for a
term of j^ears, except in the Isle of Man, where Sea
Gulls are of so much value to the fishermen that the
law there prohibits altogether the killing of Sea
Gulls at any time of the year under a penalty of £5
for killing a Sea Gull or taking its eggs.

Many of our rarer and more useful wild birds
still continuing to diminish in numbers, several
having entirely ceased to breed in many of their
old haunts, it was felt that further legislation was
necessary on their behalf. This produced the Wild
Birds' Protection Act of 1894 (57 & 58 Vic, c. 24)
to be construed as one with the Wild Birds' Protec-
tion Act of 1880, and whereby (Sec. 2) a Secretary
of State may upon application of a County Council
by order prohibit: —

(1) The taking or destroying of wild birds'
eggs in any year or years in any place or
places within that county, or

(2) The taking or destroying the eggs of any
specified kind of wild birds within that county
or part or parts thereof as reconnnended by
the said County Council and set forth in the
said ordci'.

WILD BIRD PROTECTION. 21

(8) The application by the County Council shall
specify the limits of the place or places or
otherwise the particular species of wild birds
to which it is proposed that any prohibition in
the order is to apply and shall set forth the
reasons on account of wliich the application is
made.

And by the next section —

A Secretary of State may, on the representa-
tion of a County Council, order that the Act of
1880 shall apply within such county or any
part or parts thereof to any species of wild
bird not included in the Schedule to that Act as
if that species of wild bird w^ere included in
such Schedule, and on the making of such order
that Act shall apply accordingly.

By section 5 —

A penalty of not exceeding one pound is im-
posed upon any person for every egg of any
wild bird which any person shall take or
destroy within any area specified in the order
or for every egg of any wild bird named in
such order.

This Act applies to England, Scotland, Ireland,
and Wales, and has already been taken advantage
of by a large number of County Councils, and the

22 WILD BIRD PROTECTION.

orders already sanctioned by a Secretary of State
will, with full details, be reproduced in this work,,
and will, I think, prove useful to Ornithologists and
Egg Collectors for reference.

Even these powers of protection were not found
sufficient to save our feathered friends from the
bird-catching fraternity during the winter months,,
especially in the neighbourhood of London and
other large towns, and a further Act of Parliament
was passed in August, 1896 (59 & 60 Vic, c. 56), by
which particular places may be reserved as bird
sanctuaries or liarbours of refuge.

Section 1 of this Act provides that —

A County Council may apply to a Secretary
of State for an order prohibiting for special
reasons mentioned in the application the tak-
ing or killing of particular kinds of wild birds,
during the whole or any part of that period
of the year to which the protection of wild
birds under the Act of 1880 does not extend,,
or the taking or killing of all wild birds in
particular places during the whole or any part
of tluit period.

And in the case of a prosecution and conviction
for an offence under the Wild Birds' Protection Acts,,
tlie court may in addition to any penalty that may

WILD BIRD PROTECTION. 23

be imposed order any trap, net, snare, or decoy-bird
used by such person for taking any wild bird to be
forfeited.

We therefore may now hope that some of our use-
ful and rarer wild birds may increase in numbers
and delio-ht us with their sweet song-s and charm us
M'ith their beautiful plumage.

Part II.

MEDIAEVAL BIRD LAWS.

A FTER having attempted to describe in the
preceding part of this little book the state of
the existing laws as to our wild birds, it may be
interesting, as suggested by my friend, Mr. W.
Denison Roebuck, to compare, especially in this the
sixtieth year of Queen Victoria's reign, the laws on
this subject passed during the reigns of our two
most illustrious Queens. Various comparisons —
whether by way of similarity or of contrast — are
to be drawn between those most noteworthy epochs
in English history when our ruler has been a
Queen — and particularly when we take into account
the Elizabethan age and compare it Avith the
Victorian age under which we now live, and which
we all hope will be prolonged for many years to
come.

In both epochs we have had legislation dealing
witli our native wild animals or birds, but from this
point of view it is a contrast which has to be drawn.

MEDLEVAL BIRD LAWS. 25

Legislation in our own days has had for its object
the protection of our wild birds, whereas in the
days of Elizabeth the legislation was for the
dedr action of many species — in many cases of the
very species which we are now most anxious to
preserve and protect.

It is all a question of the balance of forces in
nature, which man is always disturbing, either
directly or indirectly, and the particular circum-
stances of the case differ very materially in the
two periods.

We have now a teeming and constantl}^ increasing
human population, which is trenching more and
more upon the space formerly occupied by the
wild animals, whereas in former days it was vastly
different. The Elizabethan population of England,
which accomplished so mucli at a critical and note-
worthy period in our history, cannot have been
more than a fractional part of what our population
is now^, and consequently the wild animals having
more room, must have been proportionall}^ more
numerous than now.

There had been a steady decline in our native
Fauna, long before Elizabeth's time. The more for-
midable animals, such as the wolf and the bear, had
long; been exterminated, beino- animals dano-erous

26 MEDIEVAL BIRD LAWS.

to human life, and the struggle between man and
the lower animals was therefore confined to those
smaller creatures from which he could entertain no
personal fears, but which were believed to be
injurious to him in a minor degree.

So the era of the Forest Law.s of a former age
was succeeded by that of the laws for the protec-
tion of grain and the extermination of the so-called
vermin which man found to be in his way.

It was in the reign of Heniy VIII. that these
Acts w^ere first passed, Crows, Choughs, and Rooks
being the first creatures against which statutes were
promulgated.

In tlie year 1533 was passed an "Act to destroy
Crows, Choughs, and Rooks" (24 Hen. VIII., c. 10),
the preamble of which set forth that

Forasmuch as innumerable numbers of Rooks,
Crows, and Choughs do yearly destroy, devour,
and consume a wonderful and marvellous great
(juantity of corn and grain of all kinds; tliat
is to wit, as well in the sowing of the same
grain and corn, <xs also at the ripening and tlie
kernelling of the same, and do make a marvel-
lous destruction and decay of the coverture of
thatched houses, barns, reeks, and (~)tlier sucli

MEDIAEVAL BIRD LAWS. 27

like,* so that if the said Crows, Rooks, and
Choughs should be suffered to breed and con-
tinue as they have been in certain years past
they will undoubtedly be the cause of a great
destruction and consumption of a great part of
tlie corn and grain which hereafter shall be
sown throughout this realm, to the great pre-
judice, damage, and undoing of the tillers,
husbanders, and sowers of the earth, within
the same.

Then the Act prescribes the remedies. It orders
that every owner and occupier of land should do as
much as in him lay to kill and utterly destroy all
Choughs, Crows, and Rooks coming, abiding, breed-
ing, or haunting on his lands on pain of a grievous
amerciament.

Numerous other provisions w^ere also made for
their destruction.

The inhabitants of every parish were bound for
the next ten years to provide and set nets in whicli
to capture the birds, and were made liable to a heavy
Une of ten shillings for every day that such nets
"were wanting.

* Probably on account of the grain havinp; been only partly
threshed out of the straw, and so the birds pulled the thatch
to pieces in searching for food.

28 MEDIAEVAL BIRD LAWS.

A yearly meeting "vvas to be convened of tenants,
who w^ere to survey tlie buildings and trees in their
neighbourhood, and conclude by what means it
would be easiest to destroy the young birds of the
year. Anj'' parish not complying with this regu-
lation w^as to forfeit twenty shillings.

Another section of the act gave power to any
person " minding to destroy the said Choughs,
Crows, and Rooks," after request to the owmer or
occupier of the land to enter thereon and carry
them aw^ay without let or hindrance by the OA^mer
or occupier.

It would appear from this that the functions of
Rooks as destroyers of insects were not recognized
by the Englishmen of Henry VIII.'s time ; and also
that the Act did not diminish the birds to any
great extent, as Rooks and Jackdaws (the bird
meant by Chough) are still among our commonest
birds.

In 1566, in the eighth year of Elizabeth, and also
in the fourteenth and thirty-ninth years of her
reign, further Acts were passed which extended to
other birds than Crows and Rooks, although they
were also included therein. The Act of 1566 of
Elizabeth was styled an "Act for the preservation
of Grain." It revived tlie former provisions for

MEDIEVAL BIRD LAWS. 29

keeping of "Crow nets," but repealed the other
parts of the Act of Henry VIII.

But it made further provisions, and this statute
remained in force for about three centuries, as pay-
ments were made for the destruction of certain birds
or their eggs down to the passing of the new Poor
Law in 1835, and as regards Sparrows to even a
later date.

The Act set forth that the churchwardens by
virtue of their office were associated with six other
parishioners, who were to meet yearly on one of
the holy days in Easter week, and at every other time
when needful, tax and assess every land and tithe-
owner within the parish to provide a fund for pay-
ing for the destruction of noisome fowl and vermin.
The fund was placed in the hands of two distribu-
tors, who were authorised to make payments at a
fixed rate according to the Schedule of the Act.

They were to pay for the heads of every three
old Crows, Choughs, Pies or Rooks, one
penny.
For the heads of every half-dozen young-
ones, one penny.
For every six unbroken eggs, one penny.
For every twelve Stares' (supposed to be
Starlings) heads, one penny.

30 ME])L+:VAL lURD LAWS.

The scale rose higher for other birds —

Twopence each was to be paid for the head of
every Merton, Hauke, Fursekite, Moldkite,
Bussard, Scag, Carinerant, or Ringtail : and
a penny for every two eggs of these birds.

Fourpence was to be paid for every Iron (that
is Eagle) or Ospraie's head.

A Penny for the head of every Woodwall,
Pie, Jay, Raven, or Kite. This shows how
common the Kite was in mediaeval England,
as compared Avith other hawks, for wliich
twopence was payable.

Then for the head of every bird which is
called the " Kingsfisher," a penny.

For the head of every " Bultinsh " or otlier
bird that devoureth the blouth of fruit,
a penny.

" All which said heads and egges sliall be
forthwith, after such account made in the
presence of the sayd churchwardens and
assessors or any three of them, burnt, con-
sumed or cut in sunder."
As previously stated, tliese Acts doubtless con-
tinued to be observed without further amen<hnent
for about three centuries, until finally repealed in
18()3, by the Statute Law Revision Act of that year.

Part III.

NESTING BOXES, Etc.

"I3ERHAPS the first mention we find of providing
nesting boxes for wild birds is that quoted in
Yarrell's " British Birds," 4 Edit., Vol. IV., p. 491,
referring to the system by which the natives of
Swedish Lapland and the North of Europe collect
the eggs of the Goldeneye Duck (Fuligula clan-
gula) and other birds by inducing them to lay in
boxes. This account is taken from the " Lachesis
Lapponica " of Linnajus where he says of the
Goosander (Mergus inerganser) : " The person that
waylays the bird for her eggs places against a fir
or a pine tree, somewhere near the bank of the
river a decayed trunk with a hole in its middle
the bird enters and lays her eggs in it ; presently
the peasant comes and takes away the eggs, leaving,
however, one or two. The bird returns and finding
but a single egg, lays two or three more, she is
again robbed as before — but a few are left at last
for the increase of the family."

32 NESTING BOXES, ETC.

Frequent references to these nest boxes are also
to be found in notes contributed bj^ Wolley to
Yarrell's, Hewitson's, and other ornithological
works.

Mr. Sutton Davies, wlio has recently travelled in
Swedish Lapland, kindly informs me that it is the
Goldeneye Duck for which these nest-boxes, called
" Tjdla " by the Finns and " Holkar" or "Knipa-ho"
(Goldeneye-nest) by the Swedes, are in the main
intended.

Nest boxes observed by Mr. Sutton Davies at
Adolf strom in Swedisli Lapland, in August, 1894»
were nearly always placed in the vicinity of run-
ning water, the Goldeneye always preferring such
places.

The sketch (Fig. 1) of an open nest box for the
nidification of the Goldeneye duck was made on
the spot by Mr. Sutton Davies. It was placed in
close proximity to a large rapid which formed the
outflow of a lake at Adolfstrom, the box being
fixed in a fir tree about fifteen feet above the
ground and thirty yards distant from the water,
upon a bank above the river. The box had no
top, but a bottom was loosely nailed on.

Another box examined by Mr. Sutton Daviea
greatly resembled Fig. 1 , but the bottom consisted

NESTING BOXES, ETC.

88

li-lG. 1.— Open Nest Box, provide'l for the nidification of
the Gokleneye Duck, sketched l)y Mr. Sutton Davies at
Adolf Strom, Swedish Lapland.

NESTING BOXES, ETC. 85

of a flat stone secured by two strips of wood
nailed across— this box also had no top.

A third box (see Fig. 2) also sketched from
nature by Mr. Sutton Da vies, was of a somewliat
difl'erent character, being closed in at the top. It
was firmly fixed up in a fir tree, about eighteen feet
above the ground, and some twenty feet distant
from the first rapid of the Adolfstroom.

This box was 36 inches long, and the entrance
was ver}' large, the whole structure being secured
to the tree by a branch passing through a hole at
the back, the top of the box being lightly nailed on.
The box contained moss, dead juniper twigs, birch
twigs, and a very little down.

A fourth box was of the same size as No. 2, and
placed about ten feet from the water, with the
entrance hole facing inland ; it was secured in
position upon the tree by the stump of a branch
passing through a hole at the back of the box ;
the bottom of the box was formed of bark, secured
by strips of wood nailed across.

Wolley in his celebrated note on the discovery
of the Smew's eggs, suggests " that the small com-
parative size of the Ungilo's (Smew's) eggs, and
the habit of the bird of turning out the Goldeneye

36 NESTING BOXES, ETC.

had made it little liked by the people, and that
they used to catch it on the eggs and kill it, as
they do Hawk Owls and Tengmalm's Owls."

Mr. Sutton Davies remarks upon this that the
Hawk Owl, Tengmalm's Owl, Smew, Goosander,
and Red-breasted Merganser are all considered
more or less as intruders, and they frequently evict
the rightful owners from the nest boxes and take
up residence in them themselves.

I have thought it well to give these interesting
observations made by Mr. Sutton Davies to show
what has been done, no doubt for generations, in
Swedish Lapland, in order to encourage birds of the
duck tribe to nest, although, of course, not so much
with the desire to protect these birds and their
broods, as to obtain their eggs for food.

These careful observations show us how easily
even some of our rarest birds might be induced to
breed with us in suitable localities if appropriate
nest boxes were provided for their use.

Tlien we read in the Second Series of those most
interesting " Essays on Natural History," by the
late Charles Waterton, of that safe Retreat and
Asylum for Wild Birds wliicli he so successfully
established in his Park at Walton in Yorkshire, and

NESTING BOXES, ETC.

37

Pig. -2.— Closed Nest Box, prepared for the nesting of the
Gohleneye Duck, observed by Mr. Sutton Davies at Adolf-
stroiii, Swedish Lapland.

NESTING BOXES, ETC. 89

the means he provided for the nesting of Owls,
Starlings, and many other Wild Birds in tlie old
Tower near the Hall.

The success that attended his efforts towards
Bird Protection appears clearly in the pleasure
with which he writes (p. 192), " I have succeeded
in getting the Barn Owl, the Brown Owl, the
Heron, the Jackdaw, the Magpie, the Carrion Crow,
the Mallard, the Pheasant, the Starling, the Wood-
pecker, the Ox Eye Titmouse, the Waterhen, the
Thrush, and the Blackbird to build their nests
and take away their young in safety, at a stone-
throw of each other."

Of recent years many of my friends have corres-
ponded with me on the subject of nesting boxes,
and while some have expressed surprise that Wild
Birds should nest in boxes provided for their use,
others have kindly given me their experience
and success.

The species of Wild Birds which I have known
and heard of as having availed themselves of
these artificial nesting places are, of course, such
as usually nest in holes in trees, buildings, banks,
&c., namely, the Barn Owl, Redstart, Robin,
Wren, Great Tit, Blue Tit, Cole Tit, Nuthatch,

40

NESTING BOXES, ETC.

Wryneck, Starling, Jackdaw, Stockdove, Tree
Creeper, Tree Sparrow, Hedge Sparrow, Swift,
Swallow, House Martin, Spotted Flycatcher, and
House Sparrow.

But we may also do more by providing, where
space allows, thickets of shrubs, thorns, rank
vegetation, and tall weeds, always attractive to
our Warlilers and the Thrush tribe ; ivied walls
for the Pied Wagtail, thick thorn fences for the
Greenfinch, &c., and holes in walls or decaying
trees for the Tits, Redstarts, &c.

Fui. 3. — Nest Bdx, <as reconiniemleil by Rev. Julian Tuck,
wliicli has proved attractive to many sjiecies.

As to the ditt'erent shapes, sizes, and materials

for our nesting boxes, I will iirst refer to the form

NESTING BOXES, ETC. 41

of box recommended b}^ the Rev. Julian Tuck (see
Fig. 3), with which he has had considerable success.

The material should be inch deal, old and rough,
and not painted or planed.

Measurement of front, 9 inches by 9 inches, the
sides, top, and bottom, about 9 inches by 7 inches,
the back projecting at top and bottom by 2 inches
or so, to give room for the holes enabling the
box to be screwed or nailed to a tree or wall.

Fig. 4. — Section of Lid of Xestiiig Box (Fig. 3), showing-
its construction.

The upper piece of the lid is, like the box itself,
made of inch deal, and fits the exterior of the box :
the lower piece of the lid, which is nailed to the
upper piece, fits inside the box, thus forming a
perfectly secure lid or cover for the box, easily
removable when it is desirable to examine the
nest, or to clean out the box. The handle may be
formed by a small block of wood fixed to the lid.
Plate ii. is taken from a photograph of this design
of box covered with natural bark.

This form of box has the great advantage of a
convenient lid, and the only improvements I can
suggest are —

42 XESTIXG BOXES, ETC.

(1) that a small perch should be placed out-
side the entrance hole on which the parent
birds may alight when going to and from
the nest : and

(2) that the whole of the exterior of the
box be covered with rough oak bark,
virgin cork, moss, or other material, so as
to assimilate the box as nearly as possible
to its surroundings.

Fig. 5. Fig. 6.

Fig. 5. — Size of Entrance Hole for Blue Tit.
Fig. 6. — Size of Entrance Hole for Great Tit or Nuthatch.

The two sizes of the entrance holes recommended
by Mr. Tuck as most suitable for the various species
which have hitherto been induced to nest in this
form of box are shown in Figs. 5 and 6.

^Ii'. Tuck informs me that the species of l)irds
which have been attracted by, and have nested in,
tliis form of box are the Great Tit, Blue Tit, Cole

NESTING BOXES, ETC. 48

Tit, Redstart, Nuthatch, Starling, House Sparrow,
and Wryneck.

Mr. C. Greaves writes me that lie takes a deep
interest in this subject and has had considerable
success with his nesting boxes during the last two
or three years. As to the pattern of boxes he
uses, he says, " My boxes vary in size a good deal,
that is, the boxes intended for Tits and Tree-
creepers are on an average about eight inches
«tich way, some are longer than this and only
four inches high, making a longer box and more
like the natural holes in dead branches.

Fig. 7. — Nesting Box, intended for the use of Stock-
tloves, Owls, Jackdaws, >&c. , and showing the alighting-board
•at the entrance.

" The size I use for Starlings is about double
the above size, that is about a foot each way, if
oblong, say eighteen inches long and about five
inches hio-h and broad.

44

NESTING BOXES, ETC.

" The largest size, intended for the use of the
larger birds, such as Owls, Jackdaws, and Stock-
doves, is about two feet six inches long, one foot
high, and one foot broad " (see Fig. 7).

The forms of nesting boxes which I have myself
hitherto adopted have been somewhat various.

A single box and a form which has been used
by Tits year after year is represented by Fig. 8.

Fig. 8. — Small Nesting Box, to lie nailed to tree-tnmk,
suitable for and freely made iise of by Titmice, at Rosehill,
Cheadle.

It is about a foot high by four inches wide and

deep, the entrance hole being at the side and the

small alighting perch slightly lower, with large

hinged door in front, secured by a lock or catch.

Fig. 9, which is the family or compartment

box, is a very convenient form for nesting boxes.

It can be made about sixteen inches high bv four

NESTING BOXES, ETC.

45

inches wide and four inches deep, such a box
containing four compartments, the entrance hole
to each being varied both in shape and position.
These boxes are made of rough deal, covered
with oak bark. In winter they are regularly
frequented by Wrens for shelter, and I have
counted as many as five of these little birds com-
ino; out of one hole.

-4r?

Fig. 9. — Composite or Family Nesting Box, which is readily
occupied by various small birds.

Fig. 10 is another form, and one that I have found
most attractive. It is made from a section of a
bough of an oak tree in its rough state, say twelve
inches in length, and about eight inches in dia-

46

NESTING BOXES, ETC.

meter. This box has the advantage of being
covered with the natural bark of the tree. The
section is hollowed out either for the whole or
part of its length, so as to make it large enough
to contain a nest. The end is closed by a circular
lid or door, fastened by small catches at the sides
and having the entrance hole for the birds in the
centre. If preferred the upper portion only of the
lid or door may be made removable, so as not in
any way to disturb the nest. The outside of the
lid or door should also be covered with bark.

Fig. 10. — Nesting Box, made from a section of a branch,
and successfully adopted at Rosehill, Cheadle.

This form of box, if hollowed out for its entire
length, may be utilized as a double box with
division in the middle and a lid or door at both
ends. Fastened outside the lid or door a small
perch should be placed, upon which the birds
may alight when entering or leaving the nest. A
great advantage in this c^dindrical form of nesting

riritr TIT.

I'm; WiiKN's WiNTii: s

iii:i.TKi;

NESTING BOXES, ETC. 47

box is that it may be so easily wedged in the fork
of a tree (see Plate iii.) and, to make quite
secure* in case of gales, a nail or two may be
used as well.

Generally it may be said that almost any strong
rough boxes of the right sizes may be utilized for the
purpose of bird's nest boxes. One of my correspon-
dents states that he uses the cartridge boxes, which
are obtained from the gunmakers, for this purpose ;
those boxes containing one hundred cartridges
making good Tit boxes, and those containing two
hundred being large enough for Jackdaws, and if
covered with bark or virgin cork no doubt these
boxes will answer well. I have read of cigar boxes
being recommended as boxes for Tits, but I should
be much afraid that they are of too flimsy a character
to withstand the rain and gales.

For the accommodation of the Spotted Flycatcher
{Muscicapa grisola), one of our most useful birds,
and whose favourite nesting places are perhaps a
ledge against a wall, a hinge of a door, a beam, a
branch against the trunk of a tree, or a hole in a
wall formed by the removal of the whole or part
of a brick, I recommend a little wooden bracket or
shelf placed in the angle of two walls under project-
incf eaves or in the recess of a window frame or

48 NESTING BOXES, ETC.

door way. Fig. 11 shows the shape of this bracket
or shelf, of which the front ledge is semi-circular
and about an inch-and-a-half in height, and should
be covered with bark or moss ; the holes show
where the nails should be driven to support the

P'iG. 11. — Nesting Tray or Shelf, recommended as suitable
for the niditication of Flj'catchers and other birds.

bracket — the sides should each be about four-and-
a-half inches in length. Plate iv. is taken from
a photograph of one of these ledges or brackets
in the recess of a window, upon which a Spotted
Fl3^catcher nested last year and successfully
reared her young.

Another pair of the same species built their nest
upon the top of a nesting box placed against the
wall of my house for a Tit, and, this box being fixed
only a few inches from a window, the hen bird could
be seen sitting upon her eggs, and, later on, feeding
her young, by any person in the room.

Another most attractive nesting place for this
bird, and one t(j which I have already referred.

The Spotted Flycatcher's Xestixc, Shelf.

NESTING BOXES, ETC. 49

may be formed by cuttino; away half a brick out
of a wall, say nine or ten feet from the ground.

At a distance of say ten or fifteen yards from
the nesting place of the Spotted Flycatcher
should be placed a cross perch on a stick six or
seven feet high, in an open situation, such as the
centre of a lawn, as a further attraction for this
bird; as it is well known to all bird observers that
this bird always selects some bare twig, railing,
or other open perch, to enable it to see more readily
the flies and other insects flying around which form
its staple food. Such a perch will be occupied by
one of the parent birds all day long, and also affords
a convenient place for the young when they first
leave the nest. I have fi'equently seen three or four
young Flycatchers sitting in a row on such a perch,
whilst the mother bird continues to feed them.

For our friends the Swallows much may be done
in providing them with convenient shelves against
beams and rafters in lofts, open sheds, and out-
buildings, where these birds can obtain ingress
and egress through an opening or window. These
shelves or plain brackets, say, about 6 inches by 4|
inches, may be placed in all sorts of positions on the
inside timbers of an open roof, or against sheltered

50

NESTING BOXES, ETC.

corners of walls under the eaves of a building, as
suggested by the following sketch (Fig. 12).

One of these shelves has also been used by a Wren
whereon to build its nest.

Fig. 12. — Section of a Building or Outhouse, sliowing the
positions where Nesting Brackets or Trays may be most suit-
ably placed.

For House Martins, Mr. Sutton Davies informs
me, little boxes of birch bark attached to the walls
of a house are provided by the Lapps, and he saw
one of these little boxes actually occupied by a nest
of this bird. He also states that most houses in

I'hitr V.

Till. IlKDSTAiiTs UoMi; IN l)i:\n l'.ii:iii I'kki: Sti-mi'

NESTING BOXES, ETC. 51

Lapland have laths placed about 6 inches below the
eaves for House Martins to rest the foundation of
their mud nests upon. This is an excellent idea, and
one which might be copied on many of our out-
buildings, as an attraction to these birds to nest
with us.

For Swifts small holes under high projecting
eaves or under the Barge board of a gable end of a
building appear to be generally utilized, and they
often appropriate the holes used by Bats, for breeding
purposes.

The Barn Owl, the greatest friend the farmer has,
should especially be provided with entrance holes
to roofs of houses and outbuildings, where it will
soon repay this attention by clearing off the rats,
mice, and voles in the immediate neighbourhood.
Barrels or boxes may also be affixed in trees, an
ivied tree of course being preferred, or on rafters
or beams of open roofs of buildings, for this bird.
An outside perch should be affixed to the barrel or
box, on which the bird can alight, and a perch
should also be affixed inside the barrel or box, rather
below the entrance hole, leaving head-room above,
and space for the nest below.

Similar boxes will also find occupants in Jackdaws,
but one of my correspondents states that Jackdaws

52 NESTING BOXES, ETC.

are not to be encouraged, as they tease Owls in-
cessantly if they once find them out, and turn them
out of their nesting boxes.

Redstarts may be attracted to build in holes in
rubble or brick walls, not too high up, or a favourite
place for these birds to nest in is a hole three or
four feet from the ground in a decaying tree. In
the trunk of a dead Birch tree I hollowed out a hole
with chisel and mallet, and it was taken possession of
by a pair of Redstarts within a few days, and they
successfully reared their brood (see Plate v.).

The same thing occurred in the decaying trunk
of an Apple tree in my garden, in which there is
a large hole, but, by covering the entrance partially
with a piece of rough board, leaving the entrance
just large enough for the birds, Redstarts or Tits
have now for many years annually nested there.

Plate vi. is taken fi'om a photograph of this
nesting place.

Starlings always appear to be able to find nest-
ing accommodation in some nook or cranny about
our houses or buildings, frequently stopping-up
spouts, and bringing down on themselves, I fear,
curses instead of blessings ; but for all that they
are most useful insect-destroying birds, as I think
no one can deny.

['lafr VI.

TiFK CitF.AT Tn"s Favouhitf, Nestixo Hom: ix Oi.n An-r.F. Tukk

NESTING BOXES, ETC. 53

If, however, it is wished to induce Starlings to
nest in any special locality, these birds are easily
attracted if they are regularly fed during the hard
weather and in early spring ; they then get ac-
customed to the surroundings of the place, and
their quick eyes soon detect any holes or nesting-
boxes to which they can gain entrance. A disused
pigeon-box in my yard, containing three storeys and
twelve entrance-holes (see Plate vii.) has now for
many years had almost every hole occupied by as
many pairs of Starlings.

The Pied Wagtail prefers ivy on houses or walls
wherein to nest, often at a considerable distance
from water.

Many other suggestions as to forms of nesting-
iDOxes might be given, but a careful observer of our
wild birds and their habits will soon discover for
himself what is the most successful device. Amongst
other peculiar nesting-places which have been
selected by birds are discarded kettles, old tin cans,
upturned flower-pots, and book shelves, all of which
situations have been appropriated by Robins. Wrens
have been known to nest in old rags, and even on
an old disused mop ; Tits in letter-boxes and old
pumps (Plates viii. and ix.) ; Wagtails in travelling
railway waggons ; Swallows in an old hat on a shelf.

54 NESTING BOXES, ETC.

and in a tea-cup ! — so that really nothing seems to be
despised by birds, if only they can ensure security
for their nest and young.

Many of our bird lovers seem to consider that
success in attracting birds to nesting-boxes depends
to a great extent on the aspect in which the boxes
are placed, and probabl}'' a south or south-east aspect
is the best, as the birds then get more sun ; on the
other hand, I have frequently found Flycatchers
building against walls having a westerly and even
northerly aspect, and Tits and Redstarts nesting in
holes directly facing the north ; so that it seems
really to be of little moment in what direction a
nesting-box or hole faces, if the bird finds the spot
sufficiently quiet to carry on its nesting and family
duties and sufficiently sheltered from rain.

In any case it seems desirable to perforate the
bottom of nesting boxes and ledges with holes to
allow of the escape of rain whicli may blow in, and
even in the case of a hole in a tree it is well to have
a small drain hole under the nest, in case of excess of
moisture. Only last summer I lost a brood of Spotted
Flycatchers through the rain during a westerly gale
flooding the nesting bracket whereon the parent
])ii-ds luid Ijuilt their nest, and so drowning the
young M'liieh had only been hatched a few days.

rintc VII.

■''JiiiS^,

The Starling's Box.

NESTING BOXES, ETC. 55

One most important point to wliich I would call
the attention of those who provide boxes and other
accommodation for nesting of wild birds is that
care should be taken early every spring to clear all
old nests away, as wild birds, probably from sanitary
reasons, seldom adopt the old nest, or at all events
not without pulling it to pieces and removing the
old material.

I have already referred to the use made by birds
of these nesting-boxes for purposes of shelter and
roosting, and besides this I have had nesting-
boxes taken possession of in the spring by queen
wasps, which built their nests therein, and of course
had to be evicted in favour of the rightful occu-
pants. Other unusual occupants of bird boxes have
been Squirrels, Dormice, and Humble Bees, all of
which will I am sure be welcomed by the nature-
lover, and will afford him an unusually good
opportunity of observing their habits, instincts, and
general life history.

Mr. Sydney Buxton, M.P., informs me that some
years ago his late father, Mr. Charles Buxton, M.P.,
made an attempt to acclimatise Parrots and Cockatoos
in Norfolk and provided them with nesting boxes.
At one time the flock of these birds comprised nearly
fifty birds of a dozen difterent species.

56 NESTING BOXES, ETC.

The attempt was partially successful, and the
birds nested several times, and Mr. C. Buxton, in a
paper read before the British Association in 1868,
relates that a pair of Cockatoos made a nest in
one of the boxes hung against a gable of the house,
and the hen bird sat till September, but the eggs
were addled.

On several other occasions the Cockatoos nested
with successful results, but most of the birds on
straying from home got shot.

Afterwards a pair of Green Parrots nested in a
box and brought up one young one, but when
nearly fledged it was murdered by one of the
parents. The next year the same pair brought up
two young ones, and it was a beautiful sight to
see this family party flying about, always together,
and on the most loving terms, but the mother
bird and one of the young ones were both un-
happily shot.

Mr. C. Buxton narrates the following anecdote,
showing the maternal instinct of a pair of Grey
Parrots : — " A cat made her lodging in one of the
nest-boxes and brought up her kittens in it, and
two of the Grey Parrots who had not been in-
dustrious enough to lay eggs and have a family of
their own were seized with the idea that these

riatr VIII.

Tni-; r.i.T'F. Tits ITmp.

NESTING BOXES, ETC. 57

kittens were their children. Tliey kept up a con-
stant warfare with the old cat, and whenever she
left the box one of them used to get in and sit with
the kittens and they were constantly in close atten-
dance even when the mother cat was at home."

The spectacle of the Parrots' breakfast when the
snow was on the ground is one which Mr. C. Buxton
describes as of exquisite beauty, the colours of the
birds seeming peculiarly gorgeous. It is thus
described: — "The Parrots' breakfast having been put
in a basket, a pair of White Cockatoos, who had
been anxiously watching the proceedings from the
tree above, swooped down and set instantly to work.
A Bengal Paraquet with long, green wings presently
comes skimming up and flutters for a few minutes
almost perpendicularly in the air, exactly in the
attitude so often represented by Mr. Gould in his
book of Humming Birds, with the head and tail
curved inwards and the wings extended. Two or
three Rose-coloured Cockatoos follow and hang about
on the tripod, but do not venture to take their places
on the edge of the basket while their fiercer brethren
are at work. But presently one of the huge White
Cockatoos with yellow crest comes swinging heavil}^
down over the lawn putting all the lesser ones
to flight in a moment; but they soon gather round

•58 NESTING BOXES, ETC.

again, and a Lory, resplendent in red and green,
darts through the air and hghts on the top of
the tripod, his burnished hues contrasting well witli
the pure white of the Cockatoo below, and the
group is completed by a Cornish Chough, whose
glossy blue-black plumage and orange beak and legs
are not the least striking of the costumes. He
always at once engages in a fierce strife with his
rivals and his long beak gives him the advantage
over them."

Mr. Buxton very forcibly shows the benefit of
these having their freedom rather than being con-
fined within the limits of a cage when he says: —
"Nothing can be more striking than the contrast
between the plumage of the Parrots when they
first come and its appearance after they have been
flying about for a few weeks when it acquires
■a gloss and a glitter like that of burnished metal."
And so it is with all our wild birds which, to be seen
in perfection, must have their freedom.

As to nesting boxes, Mr. Sydney Buxton says : —
"We cultivate the acquaintance of the wild birds,
especially the smaller ones, by fixing nest boxes
against the trees round about the house for tliem
to build in. The boxes for the small birds are
inside about tliirteen inches lono; and three broad

NESTING BOXES, ETC. 59

and deep, have an easily-fitting lid and in the
front end a small round hole is cut. Boxes for the
larger birds are proportionally bigger. The birds
take very kindly to these artificial nests and the
great majority of the boxes are annually used. If
the lid be loose or the hole too large the box is
avoided ; the birds seem to know that the small
entrance is a protection against enemies. Four
different sorts of Tomtits — the Great, Blue, Marsh
and Cole — Redstarts, Blackcaps (?), an occasional
Nuthatch, the inevitable and ubiquitous Sparrow,
and one or two casual visitors are thankful for the
■accommodation provided.

" Some pairs come, I think, year after year to the
same box or rather to the same tree, for the boxes
are shifted about. We provide nothing but the
bare boxes, for we found if we supplied any nest-
making materials that the birds cleared it all away
•as useless before beginning their nests.

" Some birds, the Great Tit for instance, will
allow one to lift the lid and watch it sitting on its
eggs; its eye is kept sternly fixed on the intruder,
while it often uses very strong language to express
its disgust at being disturbed, and if it sees a finger
being approached it is off in an instant. Other
birds fly out of the box if they hear, even at a

60 NESTING BOXES, ETC.

distance, a footstep approaching and flutter twit-
tering about a neighbouring tree, very anxious in
mind, till the cause of alarm has passed away.

"A Wryneck laid its eggs in one of the boxes. A
Redstart had built its nest in a box with a large
mouth and hatched its ugly little chickens, when
one day we found the young about outside on the
ground, dead or dying and the nest half pulled out.
Thinking that some heartless boy had done the
deed we restored the remnants to the box; but next
day the whole of the nest was on the ground and
all the young Redstarts dead. A few days after a
white egg was laid in the extreme corner of the box
on the bare boards, and others followed before we
had found out what sort of a bird had laid them.
Lifting the lid noiselessly one day, I found a
Wryneck sitting on the eggs. On seeing me, she
fled, using, I am sorry to say, extremely bad language
as she retired. The young Wrynecks, when hatched,
were queer little birds, with inordinately long necks,
much longer than they could properly manage; and
as the young birds moved about in the nest their
necks became inextricably twisted and it was im-
possible to tell which head belonged to which bird.
As the bodies became larger the necks shortened
and the tangle gradually unwound, so that before

Pint,- I.V.

MoDKi. LoDoixc HousKs fot; Tit^

NESTING BOXES, ETC. 61

they had to leave the nest each bird was able, with-
out mistake, to lay claim to his own liead and neck.

"I would recommend the use of these boxes to any
lovers of birds, they are a great interest. At another
place where similar boxes are used it was found one
year that eggs were constantly being broken and
the contents consumed. The depredator could not
be discovered ; but one day two Tomtits were seen
to be in great distress, flying wildly about the
moutli of the box in which they had a line clutch of
eggs. The box was opened, and inside was found a
squirrel asleep among the shattered shells of the
burgled eggs. The squirrel was caught, soundly
beaten and turned loose again, and I believe that
from that time forth no more eggs were destroyed.
I commend this anecdote to those who think that
flogging has no deterrent effect."

As to the hindrances to be met with in our
endeavours to protect our wild birds during the
nesting season, perhaps the three most formidable
are the small boy egg pilferer, the cat and the
House Sparrow.

The small boy, like the Squirrel mentioned by
Mr. Buxton, should not give much trouble after
being once caught in flagrante delicto, and having
received a salutary chastisement.

62 NESTING BOXES, ETC.

The prowling cat, which, after having once dis-
covered an accessible nest containing choice morsels
for a meal, will not rest until he or she has encom-
passed their destruction ; the only real cure for this
hindrance seems to be the extinction of the quad-
ruped from our bird asylum.

The last, and perhaps the most destructive enemy
to our nesting friends, is one of their own race, the
ubiquitous House Sparrow. Sad as it is to say
so, still no doubt remains that he is a determined
destroyer of the eggs of other small birds, and to the
House Martin he is an inveterate plague, taking
possession of its nest, and appropriating it to his
own use. If the nests are accessible, the sparrows
must be perseveringly evicted and their eggs taken
and destroyed from time to time, until at last they
give it up and allow the House Martins to rest in
peace. The only other remedy is either to shoot
or to otherwise destroy the sparrows themselves.

Part IV.
WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS

MADE BY A

SECRETARY OF STATE,

UNDER THE

WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ACTS, 1894 & 1896,
RELATING TO ENGLAND AND WALES.

BARROW-IN-FURNESS,

Srd February, 1897.

" The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880," shall apply
within the Borough of Barrow-in-Furness to the follow-
ing species of Wild Birds in the same manner as if those
^species were included in the Schedule to the Act : —
Swallow, Linnet,

House Alartin, Lesser Redpole,

Sand Martin, Pied Wagtail,

Swift, Grey Wagtail,

Nuthatch, Yellow Wagtail,

Creeper, Pied Flycatcher,

64

WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS.

Black Cap Warbler,

Spotted Flycatcher

Garden Warbler,

Thrush,

Wood Warbler,

Blackbird,

Reed Warbler,

Redbreast,

Willow Warbler,

Redstart,

White Throat,

Kestrel,

Lesser White Throat,

Hedge Warbler,

Wren,

Sedge Warbler,

Gold Crested Wren,

Merlin,

Wheatear,

Hobby,

Stonechat,

Buzzard,

Whinchat,

Heron,

Long Tailed Tit,

Stockdove,

Dipper,

Moorhen,

Hawfinch,

Pipits,

Common Bunting,

Ring Ouzel,

Yellow Bunting,

Tits.

Blackheaded Bunting,

BEDFORDSHIRE,

17th February, 1896^

L The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880, shall apply
within the Administrative County of Bedford to the
following species of Wild Birds in the same manner as if
those sjjecies were included in the Schedule to the Act : —

Kestrel, Shrike or Butcher Bird,

Merlin, Wheatear,

WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 65

Hobby, Xuthatch,

Common Buzzard, Wryneck or Cuckoo's Mate.

Honey Buzzard,

n. The taking or destroying of the eggs of the
following species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout
the County of Bedford : —

Kestrel, Goldfinch,

Merlin, Swift,

Hobby, Nightjar, Goatsucker or

Common Buzzard, Fern Owl,

Honey Buzzard, Kingfisher,

Owl, Woodpecker,

Nightingale, Wryneck or Cuckoo's Mate.

Nutliatch,

The time during which the taking and killing of Wild
Birds is prohibited shall be extended within the County
of Bedford so as to be from the first day of March to the
twelfth day of August in each year, and, so far as regards
the Kingfisher, this time shall be further extended so as
to be from the first day of February to the thirty-first
day of August in each year.

BRADFORD,

IJfth January, 1897.

The time during which the taking and killing of Wild
Birds is prohibited within the County Borough of

6G

WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS.

Bradford shall be extended so as to be from the first day
of March to the eleventh day of August in each year^
both days inclusive.

BRECON,

2nd October, 1896.

I. The taking or destroying of the Eggs of the
following species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout
the County of Brecon, viz. : —

Hobby,

Shrikes,

Spotted Flycatcher,

Pied Flycatcher,

Red Start,

Wheatear,

Grasshopper Warbler,

Sedge Warbler,

Reed Warbler,

Nightingale,

Blackcaj),

Wood AVarblor,

Willow Warbler,

Chiffchaff,

Dartford Warbler,

Tree Pipit,

Wryneck,

All Owls,

Wood Lark,

Landrail or Corncrake,

Water Rail,

All Woodpeckers,

Nuthatch,

Kite,

Buzzard,

Kestrel,

Waterouzel,

Creeper,

Stonechat.

Cold Crest,

Whinchat,

Longtailed Tit,

Bearded Tit,

Pied Wautail,

WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS.

67

Sand Martin,
Swift,
Nightjar,
Turtledove,
Quail,
Dotterel,

Sandpiper or Summer-
snipe,

Yellow Wagtail,

Goldfinch,

Curlew,

Kingfisher,

Snipe,

Teal,

Widgeon,

Wild Duck.

II. "The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880," shall
apply within the Administrative County of Brecon to the
following species of Wild Birds in the same manner as if
those species were included in the Schedule to the Act : —

Hobby,

Great Grey Shrike,
Red-backed Shrike,
Woodchat Shrike,
Spotted Flycatcher,
Pied Flycatcher,
Red Start,
Wheatear,

Grasshopper Warbler,
Sedge Warbler,
Reed Warbler,
Nightingale,
Blackcap,
Whitethroat,
Lesser Whitethroat,
Wood Warbler,
Willow Warbler,

Roller,

Barn Swallow,

House Martin,

Sand Martin,

Swift,

Turtledove,

Quail,

Pied Wagtail,

Grey Wagtail,

Yellow Wagtail,

Rock Lark,

Richard's Lark,

Sky Lark,

Wood Lark,

Landrail,

Water Rail,

Robin,

68

WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS.

Chiffchaff,
Dartford Warbler,
Tree Pipit,
Hoopoe,

Wren,
Gold Crest,
Longtailed Tit,
Bearded Tit.

BUCKINGHAM,

IGth Mo-ch, 1896.

" The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880," shall apply
within the Administrative County of Buckingham to the
follo\\^ng species of Wild Birds in the same manner as if
those species were included in the Schedule to the Act : —

Buzzard,

Honey Buzzard,

Merlin,

Hobby,

Kestrel (Red Hawk

or Wind Hover),
Stock Dove,
Turtle Dove,

Redstart (Redtail),

All Wagtails, including —

Pied Wagtail (Dishwasher),

Grey Wagtail,

Yellow Wagtail,

Thrushes,

Blackbirds,

Ring Ouzel,

Landrail (or Corncrake) Wren (Jenny Wren),

Water Rail,

Quail,

Nuthatch (or Nut-
jobber),

Wryneck (Cuckoo's
Mate, Pea Bird
or Snake Bird),

Golden Crested Wren

(Kinglet),
Wheatear (White-tail,

Fallow Chat),
Flycatcher (Beam Bird),
Whinchat,
Stonechat,

WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS.

69

Tree Creeper,

All Warblers,
including —

Chiffchaflf,

Whitetliroat,

Greater and Lesser
(Nettlecreeper),

Sedge Warbler (Fan-
tail Warbler),

Reed Warbler,

Blackcap Warbler,

Hedge Sparrow
(Accentor,
Dunnock),

Garden Warbler,

Willow Warbler

(Willow Wren),

Wood Warbler

(Yellow Wren),
Grasshopper Warbler,

Robin (Robin Red-
breast),

Buntings -Common (or Com)

Bunting,
Black-headed Bunting (Reed

Sparrow),
Cirl Bunting,
Yellow Bunting (Yellow

Hammer),
Linnet,
Siskin,
Redpoles,
Red-backed Shrike (or

Butcher Bird)
Long-tailed Tit (Bottle Tit

or Bumbarrel),
Bearded Tit (Reedling),
Cole Tit,

Marsh Tit (Blackcap),
Swallows,

Martins— Sand Martin,
House Martin,
Swifts.

CAMBRIDGESHIRE,

23rd September, 1895.

That the taking or destroying of Wild Birds' Eggs
within that part of the County of Cambridge knowai as

70

WILD BIRDS I'R(.)TECTIOX ORDERS.

Wickeii Sedge Fen shall be prohibited for a period of
three years from the seventh day of September 1895.

CARNARVON,

26th May, 1896.

The time during which the killing and taking of the
following Wild Birds is prohibited by tlie Act of 1880,
shall be extended in the County of Carnarvon so that it
shall begin on the first day of March and end on the first
day of October in each year : —

American Quail,

Auk,

Avocet,

Bee Eater,

Bittern,

Bonxie,

Colin,

Cornish Chough,

Coulterneb,

Cuckoo,

Dotterel,

Dunlin,

Fern Owl,

Fulmar,

Gannet,

Goatsucker,

Oyster Catcher,

Petrel,

Phalarope,

Ploverspage,

Puffin,

Purre,

Razorbill,

Redshank,

Reeve or Ruflf,

Roller,

Sanderling,

Sandpiper,

Scout,

Sealark,

Seamew,

Sea Parrot,

WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS.

71

God wit,
Goldfinch,
Grebe,
Greensliank,
Guillemot,
Gull (except Black-
backed Gull),
Hoopoe,
Kingfisher,
Kittiwake,
Loon,
Merganser,
Marrot,
Murre,
Nighthawk,
Nightjar,
Nightingale,
Oriole,
Owl,
Oxbird,

Sea Swallow,

Shearwater,

Shelldrake,

Skua,

Smew,

Solan Goose,

Spoonbill,

Stint,

Stone Curlew,

Stonehatch,

Summer Snipe,

Tan'ock,

Tern,

Thick Knee,

Tystey,

Whaup,

Whimbrel,

Willock,

Woodpecker.

CHESTER,

10th July, 1S95.

I. The time during which the killing and taking of
Wild Birds, or any of them, is prohibited by the Act of
1880, shall be extended in the County of Chester so as
to be from the first day of March to the twelfth day of
August in each year.

72 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS.

II. The Act of 1880, as extended by section I. of this
Order, shall apply within the whole of the County of
Chester to the Kestrel and Heron as if those species were
included in the Schedule of that Act.

III. The taking or destroying of the eggs of the

Owl, Sheldrake,

Bittern, Dunlin,

Kingfisher, Blackheaded Gull,

Kestrel, Common Tern and the

Heron, Oyster Catcher

shall be prohibited in the whole of the County of Chester.

And I make the following further Order, which shall
apply within the portion of the hundred of Wirral, coloured
pink on the maps deposited in the Home Office and in
the Office of the County Council, and embracing the low-
lying Lands and Sandhills situate between the estuaries
of the Rivers Dee and Mersey, of which the boundaries
shall commence to the south at a point of the main
highway of the County of Chester 200 yards to the west
of the Dock Cottages near " Docks " Railway Station of
the Wirral Railway, run along the main highway to
Bidston Village, and then turn in a northerly direction
and run to Bidston Railway Station of the same railway,
then turn in a westerly direction and run along the
Wirral Railway until it reaches the Meols Station of such
railway, then run along the highway near to the Meols
Railway Station in a northerly direction to the Irish Sea,

WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 73

then on the north along the margin of high-water mark
of the Irish Sea to a point at New Brighton where the
Yellow Noses join the said Irish Sea, and then run in a
southerly direction to " Warren drive" or road and along
"Warren drive" to the most northerly house and grounds
on the west side of such drive, then along the western
boundary of the houses and premises situate along the
western side of such drive or road to a point 100 yards or
so from Grove Road, then turning in a westerly direction
along the northern boundaries of the houses and premises
in Grove Road, Wallasey, until it reaches the Wirral
Railway, then turning in a southerly direction, along the
Wirral Railway until it reaches the Wallasey Marsh, then
along the edge of the marsh in a southerly direction until
it reaches the Poulton Halfpenny Bridge, then turning in
a westerly direction on the edge of the said marsh until
it reaches along the edge of the marsh the main highway
leading from Poulton to Meols ; such parts within the
aforesaid boundaries as are market garden lands and are
not coloured in the said maps are excepted from the
operation of this Order.

IV. The Act of 1880, as extended by section I of the
foregoing Order, shall apply within the above-named area
to the following species of birds : —

Red-backed Shrike, Reed Bunting,
Whinchat, Goldfinch,

Spotted Flycatcher, Wheatear,

74 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS.

Sedge Warbler, Chiffchaff,

Blackcap Warbler, Golden-crested Wren.
Grasshopper Warbler, Yellow Wagtail,

Wood Warbler, Pied Wagtail,

Garden Warbler, Water Wagtail,

Mistle Thrush, Skylark, and

Common Bunting, Titlark,

as if they were included in the Schedule to the Act of
1880.

V. The taking or destroying of the eggs of all Wild
Birds shall be prohibited within the above-named area.

CORNWALL,

12th December, 1891

That the taking or destroying of the eggs of the
*' Cornish Chough " shall be prohibited in any part of the
County of Cornwall.

CUMBERLAND,

4th April, 1896.

The taking or destroying of the Eggs of the following-
species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout the
County of Cumberland, viz. : —

WILD BIRDS PROTECTIOX ORDERS. 75

Goldfinch, Redshank,

Kingfisher, Common Buzzard,

Owls, Dotterel,

Woodpeckera, Dipper,

Black-headed Gull. Kestrel,

Raven, Pied Flycatcher,

Wild Ducks, Peregrine,

Terns, Merlin.

DERBYSHIRE,

5th MarcL 1896.

I. The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880, shall apply
within the County of Derby to the Heron and to the
Kestrel in the same manner as if those birds had been
included in the Schedule to the Act.

II. The time during which the killing and taking of
Wild Birds is prohibited by the Act of 1880 shall be
extended throughout the County of Derby so as to be
from the first day of March to the twelfth day of August
in each year.

III. The taking or destroying of the eggs of the
following species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout
the County of Derby : —

Owls (all species). Kingfisher,

Kestrel, Goldfinch.

76 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS.

DEVON,

27th November. I860.

(See also next Order).

I. The taking or destroying of the eggs of any species
of Wild Birds is prohibited for the period from 1S96 to
1900, both years inclusive, within the following areas: —

(i.) Lundy Island and the neighbouring islets.

(ii.) Baggy Point district, situate in the parish of
Georgeham, and bounded by the sea from the
coast oft' Croyde Bay House to that oft"
Vention Cottages, and thence by the roads
passing near Croyde Village, by way of
Vention-lane, Stentaway-lane and Moor-lane,
to the coast off" Croyde Bay House.

(iii.) Lynton district, being the parishes of Lynton
and Countisbury.

(iv.) Slapton Ley and Start district, being the parishes
of Stokenham, Slapton and Blackawton.

H. The taking or destroying of the eggs of the
following species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout
the entire County of Devon, viz. ; —

Ring Ouzel, Green Woodpecker,

Wheatear, Kingfisher,

Whinchat, Hoopoo,

Redstart, Barn Owl,

WILD IJIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS.

/ /

Niglitingale,

Black-headed Warbler,

Garden Warbler,

Dartford Warbler,

Fire-crest,

Wood Warbler,

Reed Warbler,

Grasshopper Warbler,

Dijiper,

Nuthatch,

White Wagtail,

Golden Oriole,

Pied Flycatcher,

Goldfinch,

Hawfinch,

Common Crossbill,

Corn Bunting,

Cirl Bunting,

Reed Bunting,

Rose-coloured Pastor,

Chough,

Raven,

Woodlark,

Nightjar,

Great Spotted Wood-
pecker,

Lesser Spotted Wood-
pecker,

Long-eared ( )\vl.

Tawny Owl,

Marsh Harrier,

Hen Harrier,

Montagu's Harriers,

Buzzard,

Kite,

Honey Buzzard,

Peregrine Falcon,

Hobby,

Merlin,

Kestrel,

Osprey,

Gannet,

Little Bittern,

Night Heron,

Bittern,

Rock Dove,

Quail,

Oyster Catcher,

Woodcock,

Common Snipe,

Dunlin,

Green Sandpiper,

Lesser Black-backed Gull,

Greater Black-backed Gull,

Razorbill and

Common Guillemot.

HL The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880, shall apply
within the county of Devon to the

78

WILD BIKDS PROTECTION ORDERS.

Xutcracker,

Buzzard,

Honey Buzzard,

Hobby,

3Ierlin,

Kestrel and

Osprey,

as if those species were included in the Schedule to the
said Act.

Bearded Titmouse,
Nuthatch,
llichard's Pipit,
Water Pipit,
Mealy Redpoll,
Lesser Redpoll,
Snow Bunting,

DEVON,

2oth Maij, ISiK).

The time during which the killing and taking ut the
following Wild Birds is prohibited by the Act of 18S(),
shall be extended in the County of Devon, so as to T)e
from the first day of Februaiy to the thiity-hrst day of
August, 1)1 »th days inclusive, in each year :—

Bearded Tit,

Bittern,

Buzzard,

Cornish Chough,

CurleAv or Whau}»,

Dotterell,

Dunlin (Ploverspage, Osprey,

Pnrre or Sealark), Owl,
<iaiuiot 01- Sdlau (lOose, Oyster Catcher,

Nightingale,

Nightjar (Fern Owl, (xoat-
sucker or Night Hawk),
Nutcracker,
Nuthatch,
( )riole,

WILD BIRDS I'ROTECTION ORDERS.

■9

Goldfincli,

(Irebe,

Giiilleiuot or Willock,

Gull (except Black-
backed Gull) or
Seamew,

Hobby,

Hoopoe,

Kestrel,

Kiiif-tislier,

Kittiwake or Tarrock,

Lapwing or Peewit,

Lark,

Lesser Redpoll,

Merlin,

Plover,

Puffin,

C'Oulterneb or Sea Parrot,

Razorbill,

Reeve or Ruff,

Richard's Pipit,

Sanderling,

Sandpiper, Summer Snipe or

Otterling,
Snow Bunting,
Stone Curlew or Thick Knee,
Tern or Sea Swallow,
Water Pipit,
Whimbrel,
Woodpecker.

DORSET,

lOtk April, 1896.

The taking or destroying of the Eggs of the following
Wild Birds, namely : —

Dabchick or Little

Grebe,
Chough,
Common, Lesser and

Arctic Terns,
Common Sandpiper,

Pipits,

Pochards,

Raven,

Redshank,

Ringed Plover or Dotterel,

Sheldrake,

80 WILD lUHI^S I'KOTECTIOX ORDERS.

Coot, Stoiiecliats,

Curlew, Water Rail,

Heron, Wheatear,
Oyster Catcher,

is })r(iliibite(l within tlie fi)llo\ving areas, namel}- : —

The (listrict or area on tlie east of AVarehani, Ijitunded
bj' the main road leading to Blandford as far as the
junction thereof with the Poole and Dorchester main
road, thence westwards, bounded by the said Poole
and Dorchester main road for aljout three-iiuarters of a
mile to a point at right angles to Stroud Bridge, on the
Bere and Wareham main road, thence through Cold
Harbour to Wareham, and also the district or area known
as The Chesil Bank, together with the West and East
Fleet, tlie coast of Portland Roads, from Portland (,'astle
to Sandsfoot Castle, Lodmoor.

The cliffs from White Nose to Lulwortli Cove, the
cliffs from St. Alban's Head to Swanage, Studland Bay,
Little Sea, and the coast from Studland to the entrance
to Poole Harbour, and in each case a distance (tf two
furlongs inland from the nearest point of highwater mark

Poole Harbour, and an area situate witliin the i'ollowing
boundaries : — A line di-awn from the coast opposite
Little Sea, past Quay, to within one furlong of Neas
Point, and thence to Wych, tlie road to Corfe Castle,
through Wareham t(t Stroud Bridge, thence to Morden
Mill, the road oAcr Sherford Bridge to Saudford Bridge,

\\l\A) l!ll!l)S I'ROTECTIOX ORDERS.

81

thence to Keysw(jvtli ami East Holt(jii, thence to Lytcliett
^lin.stev, throngh Upton to Bnshels Mill, the main road
to Longfieet and Poolo, thence along the main road to the
county boundary at Bournemouth, and along such
boundary to the coast.

The above areas are shown in pink on a map deposited
with the County Council and sealed with the seal of
this (jffice.

DURHAM,

..Vt/t Fehrnanj, 1896.

I. The taking or destroying «jf the eggs of the follow-
ing species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout the
Administrative County of Durham : —

Blackheaded Gull, Martins (all species).

Nightjar,
Nuthatch,
Pied Flycatcher,
Peregrine Falcon,
Raven,
Ring Ouzel,
Snipe,
Swallow,
Treecreeper,
Water Rail,
Wagtails,

Common Buzzard,

]vestrel.

Merlin,

Owls (all species),

Bittern,

Curlew,

Dipper,

Dotterel,

Dunlin,

Colden Plover,

(Toldfinch,

82 WILD HIRDS I'ROTECriOX ORDERS.

Heron, Woudijeckei's (all species),

Hawfinch, Woodcock.

Kingfisher,

n. The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880, shall apply
throughout the Count}- of Durham to the folloAving species
of Wild Birds in the same manner as though those
species were included in the Schedule to the Act : —

Bearded Tit, Osprey,

Buzzards (all species), Peregrine Falcon,

Hobby, Swallow,

Kestrel, Swift,

Martins (all species), Wiyneck.
Merlin,

ESSEX,

Gth Fchruanj, JSW.

I. The provisions of the Wild Birds Protection Act,
1880, shall apply within so much of the County of Essex
as is within the Metropolitan Police District to the
following Wild Birds, in the same manner as if those
birds were included in the Schedule to the Act : —

AViyneck (Cuckoo's Merlin,

Mate or Snakebird), Hobby,
Swallow, Buzzard,

Martins Honej' Buzzard.

{Hirundd iirhiat), Osinvy,

(If/rinido riparia), Magi)ie,

WILD I'.IRDS PROTECTION ORDERS.

83

Swift, Shrikes

Bearded Tit, Keedliug, {Lan'ms colliirto),

Reed Pheasant, {Lduius minor),

Kestrel, (Lanius excuhitoi').

II. Tlie taking or destroying of tlie eggs of the
following species of Wild Birds is prohibited within so
much of the County of Essex as is within the Metro-
politan Police District : —

Nightingale,

(joldhnch.

Lark

{Alduda arimsis),
(Alauda arhore(i),

Nightjar,

Woodpeckers

{Gec'tnus viridis),
{Picuft major),
(Picks minor),

King-fisher,

Cuckoo,

Owls

(Asio of us),
{Strix fammea),
{Syrniam aluco).

Kestrel,

Buzzard,

Honey Buzzard,

Merlin,

Hobby,

Magpie,

Wheatear,

Stonechat,

Whinchat,

Redstart,

Flycatchers

( Muse ic( I pa f/r isola ) ,
(MuscicajMt atricapilla).

Sedge Warbler,

Reed Warbler,

Blackcap,

Garden Warbler,

Wood Warbler,

Willow Warbler,

Chift'chaff,

Whitethroat,

Lesser Whitethroat,

Longtailed Tit,

Nuthatch,

Wren,

Golden-crested Wren,

84 WILD r.lRJ)S PROTECTIOX ORDERS.

Osprey, Wagtails

Wryneck (Cuckoo's (Motacilla vlridis),

^late or Snakebird), {Motacllld lugnhri<),
SAvallow, {Motacilki melanope),

Martins {Motacilla rail),

{Hirundo urhica), HaAvtincli,

{Hirundo riparia), Linnet,
Swift, Buntings

Bearded Tit, Reedling, [Emheriza rustiai),

Reed Pheasant, (Emheriza melanoceplmhi).

Shrikes {Emheriza citrinelld),

{La)iius collar io), Starling,

{Lanius minor), Landrail, or Corncrake,

{Lanius c.rcuhitor), Coot.

IIL The taking or destroying of the eggs of any
species of Wild Birds is prohibited within the following-
area :—

The whole of the foreshore, including the shingle,
sand hills, salt marshes, creeks, and other unen-
closed lands, extending from high water mark to
the first boundary of enclosed or cultivated lands
separating the foreshore from them, between the
following points on the coast, viz. : —

From Harwich Lighthouse to Shoeburyness,
such parts of the tidal river Blackwater as
are above the town of ]\laldon, such })arts of
the river Colne as are above Wyvenhoe, and

WILD 1UP>1)S rU(^TEC'TI(1X ORDERS.

85

such parts of the river Crouch as are above
Battles BridjLi'e, being excepted from the said
area.

GLAMORGAN,

11th March, 1895.

That the taking or destroying of the eggs of tlie
Kingiislier and Gohlfinch shall be prohibited in any part
of the County of Glamorgan.

GLOUCESTERSHIRE,

3rd February, lS9(i.

The taking or destroying of the eggs of the following
species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout the County
of Gloucester, viz. : —

Goldfinch, Nightjar (Goatsucker, Night

Buzzard, Hawk or Fern Owl),

Honey Buzzard, Nuthatch,

Kestrel, Owls,

Merlin, Sandpiper (Summer Snipe),

Hobby, Woodpeckers,

Osprey, Wryneck (Cuckoo's Mate or

King-fisher, Snakebird).

Nightingale,

S(j WILD BIRDS I'HOTKCTIOX OKDEKS.

HERTFORD,

■'it It Februavij, 1SU<>.

I. The tiiiie during wliicli the killing or taking of
Wild Birds is prohihited shall lie varied throughout the
County of Hertford so as to be from the loth daj- of
Feliruary to the loth day of August in each year.

II. The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880, shall apply
within so much of the County of Hertford as is within
the Metropolitan Police District to the following species
of Wild Birds in the same manner as if those species were
included in the Schedule to the Act : —

►Shrikes, Merlin,

Kestrel, Hohhy,

Wryneck, Buzzard,

Swallow^ Honey Buzzard,

IMartins (2), Osprey,

Swift, Magpie.
Bearded Tit,

ill. The taking or destroying of the eggs of the
following species of Wikl Birds is jirohibited within >o
much of the County of Hertford as is within the Metro-
politan l^olice District : —

Xightingale, Whinchat,

Goldfinch, Redstart,

Lark, Flycatchers (2),

Nightjar, Sedge Warbler,

WILD HTRDS PROTECTION" ORDERS.

<sr

Woodpeckers,

Kingfisher,

Cuckoo,

Owls,

Shrikes,

Kestrel,

Wryneck,

Swallow,

Martins (2),

Swift,

Bearded Tit,

Merlin,

Hohby,

Buzzard,

Honey Buzzard,

Osprey,

Magpie,

Wheatear,

Stonechat,

IV. The taking
following species of
much of the County
Metropolitan Police

Nightingale,

Goldtinch,

Hawfinch,

Wryneck,

Treecreeper,

Nuthatch,

Nightjar,

Pieed Warbler,

Blackcap,

Garden Warbler,

Wood Warbler,

Willow Warbler,

Chit!'chatf,

Whitethroat,

Lesser Whitethroat,

Longtailed Tit,

Nuthatch,

Wren,

Golden-crested Wren ,

Wagtails (4),

Ha^^'finch,

Linnet,

Buntings (3),

Starling,

Landrail or Corncrake,

Coot.

or destroying of the eggs of the
Wild Birds is prohibited within so
of Hertford as is not within the
District :—

Stone Curlew,

({rebes.

Heron,

Crossbill,

Buzzard,

Honey Buzzard,

Hobby,

HH

WILD JURDS I'EOTECTION ORDERS.

AVoodpeckers,

Merlin,

Iviiigfislier,

Kestrel.

Owls,

V. Tlie Wild Birds Protection Act, 1 880, sliall apply
within so niucli of the County of Hertford as is not
within the Metropolitan Police District to the f(jllowing
species of Wild Birds in the same maimer as if those
sjiecies were included in the Sehedide to the Act : —

Hawfinch,

Wryneck,

Treecreeper,

Nuthatch,

Heron,

Crossbill,

Buzzard,
Honey Buzzard,
Hobby,
Merlin,

Kestrel.

HERTFORD,

6-f/i . December, 1896.

The pr(A'isions t.f " The Wild Birds Protection Act,
18S0," shall a})])ly within so much of the County of
Hertford as lies within the Metropolitan Police District
to the Chatiinch, in the same manner as though the
Cliatfinch were included in the ^Schedule to that Act.

WILD lURDS l'H()T?:(TI()X ORDERS. <S!)

HUNTINGDON,

I. Tlie Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880, sliall apply
witliiu the whole of tlie County of Huntingdon to the
Linnet, the Xuthatch, and the Swallow, as if those
species were included in the Schedule to the Act.

II. The taking or destroying of the Eggs of the
Kingfisher, the Nightingale, the Xuthatcli, the Owl,
the Wild Duck, and the Woodpecker, is prohibited
witliin the whole of the County of Huntingdon.

ISLE OF WIGHT,

L'rtk Marc ft, 1806.

I. The time during which the killing or taking of
Wild Birds is prohibited by the Act of 1880, shall be
varied throughout the County of the Isle of Wight, so
far as regards the Birds in the Schedule to that Act and
the Birds named in Paragraph II. of this Order, so as to
be from the loth day of February to the 31st day of
August in each year.

II. "The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880,"' shall
apply within the Ccninty of the Isle of Wight to the

90 WILD JURDS I'KOTECTIOX ORDERS.

following species of Wild Birds, in the same manner as
if those species were included in the Schedule to the
Act :—

Peregrine Falcon, Common Bunting,

Raven, Reed Bunting,

Kestrel, Cirl Bunting,

Heron, Wheatear,

Red-backed Shrike, Chiftchaft",

Whinchat, (lolden-crested Wren,

Spotted Flycatcher, Yellow Wagtail,

Sedge Warbler, Pied Wagtail,

Black Cap Warbler, Water Wagtail,

Grasshopper AV^arbler, AYiyneck,

Wood Warbler, Swallow,

Garden Warbler, Martin (2),

Missel Thrush, Swift.

III. The taking or destroying of the Eggs of the
following species of Wild Birds is prohibited AAdthiu the
County of the Isle of Wight : —

PeregTine Falcon, Nightjar,

Raven, Kestrel,

Owl, Kingfisher.

IV. The taking or destroying of the Eggs of Wild
Birds is prohibited within the following areas : —

The Red Clift' and Culver Cliffs, between the west side
(if the Red ('litf Fort on the west, and the jioint of the
Culvers forming tlie western boundary of Whitecliff Bay
(111 (lie east fnnii the sea level td the Government

WILD JilliDS I'ROTECTION ORDERS. !)I

"bonndaiy : tlie whole of the cHfts in the Parishes lA'
Freshwater and Totlaiul, from tlie westernmost point
<)f Cave Bay, tlience round the Coast to Sconce Point
and a lunidred j'ards inhiud from tlie top of sucli cHft's.

KENT,

Uf/f March, IS'.Vi.

I. The taking- or destroying of Wikl Birds' Eggs is
prohibited within the following areas in the County of
Kent for the space of two years from the 20th ^larch,
].s;i6 :—

(i.) So much of the Isle of Sheppey (including there-
in Elmley Island) as lies south of the road
nnming fi'om Queenborough through East-
church to AVarden Point.
(ii.) An area bounded on the west by so much of the
Sittingbourne and Sheerness Railway as lies
between Kingsferry and the Sittingbourne
Railw^ay Station, and bounded on the south by
the London, Chatham, and Dover Railway fi-om
Sittingbourne Railway Station to Whitstable
Railway Station, and bounded on the east by
the main road fi-om Whitstable Station to the
sea, and bounded (jn the north by the Swale
and Whitstable Bay.

!)2 WILD lilllDS PROTECTION 011I)E1{S.

(u'x.) All area Ixjuuded on tlie west by the Minster
and Deal Branch of the tSouth Eastern Raihva)'
from Minster Railway tStation to Deal Railwaj^
Station, and l)Ounded on tlic soutli liy tlie road
from Deal RailM-ay Station to Deal Pier, and
bounded on the east by the sea, and bounded
on the north by the Soutli Eastern Railway
fi-oni Minster Station tr» Hamsgate Station.

(iv.) An area lying east and soutli of the main road
from Walmer through Dover to Folkestone
from the point where such road passes through
the southern boundary of the Walmer Urban
District to the point where such road enters the
Borough of Folkestone, such area being bounded
on the east and south by the sea, and on the
north by the Walmer Urban District, and on
the south by the borough of Folkestone.

(\.) All area lying south and west of the main road
which runs from Appledore Railway Station
through Snargate, Brenzett, and Old Koinney
to New Romiiey Station, and thence to Little-
stone-on-Sea, such area being bounded on the
north-west by the Royal Military Canal from
Appledore Railway Station to the Sussex
Boundary, and bounded on the soutli-west by
the Sussex J^oundary, and on the suutli and
east by tl« sea.

WILD BIRDS PKOTECTION ORDEKS. 9H

II. The taking or destroying of the eggs uf the
following species of Wild Birds is prohibited within so
nmch of the County of Kent as is not within the Metro-
politan Police District : —

Bearded Tit (Reedling Kingfisher,

or Reed Pheasant), Martin,

Buzzard, Merlin,

(loldtinch, • Nightingale,

(jolden Oriole, Osprey,

Great Plover (Thick Owl (all species},

Knee), Peregrine Falcon,

Hawfinch, Swallow,

Hobby, Swift,

Honey Buzzard, Turtle Dove,

Kentish Plover, Wryneck.
Kestrel,

HI. " The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880," shall
apply within so much of the County of Kent as is not
within the Metropolitan Police District to the following
species of Wild Birds in the same manner as if those
species were included in the Schedule to the Act : —

Bearded Tit (Reedling Martin,
or Reed Pheasant), Merlin,
Buzzard, Moorhen,

Chafiinch, Osprey,

Hawfinch, Peregrine Falcon,

Hobby, Swallow,

94

AVILD 13IRD.S PROTECTION ORDERS.

Honey Buzzartl,
Kentish Plover,
Kestrel,

Swift,
Turtle Dove,

Wiyneck.

IV. The time during wliich the killing and taking
of Wild Birds is prohibited by the Act of 1880, shall
except as regards the Common Wild Duck, be varied
throughout the County of Kent, so as to be from the 1st
day of March to the 12th day of August in each year.

V. The taking or destroying of the eggs of the
following species of Wild Birds is prohibited within so
much of the County of Kent as is within the Metropolitan
Police District : —

Nightingale,

Goldfinch,

Lark,

Nightjar,

Woodpecker,

Kingfisher,

Cuckoo,

The Owls,

Shrike,

Kestrel,

Wryneck,

Swallow,

jMartins (2),

Swift,

Bearded Tit,

Merlin,

Whinchat,

Redstart,

Flycatchers (2),

Sedge Warbler,

Reed AVarbler,

Blackcap,

Garden Warbler,

Wood Warbler,

Willow Warbler,

ChifiVhaff;

Whitethroat,

Jjesser Whitethroat,

Longtailed Tit,

Nuthatch,

Wren,

Golden Crested Wren,

WILD i;illJ)S IMIOTECTION ORDERS. 95

Hob]>y, Wagtails (4),

Buzzard, Hawfinch,

Honey Buzzard, Limret,

Osprey, Buntings (3),

Magpie, Starling,

Wlieatear, ]jandrail or Corncrake,

Stonechat, Coot.

VI. " The Wild Birds rr.jtection Act, 1880," shall
apply within so much of the County of Kent as is within
the Metropolitan Police District to the folloAving species
oi Wild Birds in the same manner as if those species were
included in the Schedule to the Act : —

Shrike, Merlin,

Kestrel, Hobby,

Wryneck, Buzzard,

Swallow, Honey Buzzard,

Martins (2), ^^f^prey,

Swift, Magpie.
Bearded Tit,

LANCASTER,

IfJtk May, 1806.

" The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880," shall apply
within the administrative County of Lancaster to the
following species of Wild Birds in the same manner as if
those species were included in the Schedule to the Act :—

96

WILL) WKIJS PHOTECTIOX OKDERS.

Swallow,

Common Bunting,

House Martin,

Yellow Bunting,

Sand Martin,

Black-headed Bunting,

Swift,

Linnet,

Nuthatch,

Lesser Kedpole,

Creeper,

Pied Wagtail,

Black Cap Warbler,

Grey Wagtail,

Garden Warbler,

Yellow Wag-tail,

Wood Warbler,

Pied Flycatcher,

Keed Warbler,

Spotted Flycatchei-,

Willow Warbler,

Thrush,

White Throat,

Blackbird,

Lesser White Throat,

Redbreast,

Wren,

Redstart,

Golden-crested Wren,

Kestrel,

Wheatear,

Hedge Warbler,

Stonechat,

Sedge Warbler,

Whinchat,

Merlin,

Long-tailed Tit,

Hobby,

Dipper,

Buzzard,

Hawfinch,

Heron.

LEICESTER,

J-Uh May, IS'.kk

L The taking or destroying of the eggs of the
following species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout
the County of Leicester : —

WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS.

97

Blackccap ^V'arbler,
Buntings,
Chiffchaff,
Cole Tit,
Ducks (Wild)

all species,
Flycatchers,
Fire-crested Wren,
Oolden-crested Wren,
Ooldfincli,
Lesser (Dab Cliick)

Grebe,
Great Crested Grebe,
Hawks,
Buzzard,
Honey Buzzard,
Kestrel,
Merlin,
Hobby,
Osprey,
Kingfisher,
Longtailed Tit (Bottle

Tit, Jack-o'-Bo-

Peep),

Lesser Whitethroat,

:\Iarsh Tit,

^lartins,

Xightingale,

Xiglit Jar (Goatsucker, Xiglit

Hawk or Fern Owl),
Xuthatch,
Owls,

Rails (Land and Water),
Redstart,
Reed Warbler,
Sandpiper (Summer Snipe),
Shrikes (Butcher Birds),
Sedge Warbler,
Swallow,
Swift,

Tree Creeper,
Wagtails,
Willow Wren,
Whitethroat,
Woodpeckers,
Wren,
Wryneck (Cuckoo's ^late or

Snake Bird).

n. "The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880," shall
apply within the Administrative County of Leicester to
tlie following species of Wild Birds in the same manner
as if those species were included in the Schedule to the
Act :—

98 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS.

Hedge Sparrow,

IMartin,

Spotted Flycatcher,

Swallow,

Pied Flycatcher,

Wagtail!"

Tree Creeper,

Swift.

Sand Martin,

LINCOLNSHIRE (Parts of Lindsey),

Mail 10th, ISiid.
(See also Next Order).

The taking or destroying of the Eggs of the following-
species of Wild Birds, namely : —

The Sheldrake, Arctic, Common and Lesser
Seapie or Oyster Terns,

Catcher, Redshank, and

Ringed Dotterel, Common Sandpiper,

is prohibited within the following area within the
Administrative Connty of the Parts of Liudsey, Lin-
colnshire, namely : —

The Sea Coast, Sandhills, Dunes, Waste Lands,
Fitties, Foreshore, and Warrens, situate between the
Sea and the Land side of the Sea-wall, Embankment,
Ditch, Quick Fence, or other artificial boundary separa-
ting the same from the cultivated land.

The foregoing Order shall come into force un the
10th day of June, 189').

WILD ]!IRDS I'ROTECTIOX ORDERS. 99

LINCOLNSHIRE (Parts of Lindsey),

2J4h March, 1896.

I. "The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880," shall
apjtly within the Administrative County of the Parts of
Lindsey, Lincolnshire, to the following species of Wild
Birds, in the same manner as if those species were
included in the Schedule to the Act : —

Kestrel, Swallow,

Merlin, House Martin,

Hobby, Sand Mai-tin,

Common Buzzard, Swift,

Honey Buzzard, Wryneck.

H. The taking or destroying of the Eggs of the follow-
ing species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout the
Administrative County of the Parts of Lindsey, Lincoln-
shire, viz. : —

Goldfinch, Hobby,

King-fisher, Common Buzzard,

Nightjar, Honey Buzzard,

Nightingale, Swallow,

Owls (all species), House Martin,

Ruff or Reeve, Sand Martin,
Woodpeckers of all Swift,

kinds, Wryneck,

Kestrel, Teal,

Merlin, Wild Ducks (all species).

100 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS.

LINCOLNSHIRE (Parts of Kesteven),

26th December, 1S91

I. "Tlie Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880," shall
ai)ply within the Administrative County of the Parts (jf
Kesteven, Lincolnshire, to the following Wild Birds,
viz. : —

Swallow,
House Martin,
Sand ]\Iartin,
Swift', and
Wrj^ieck,

Kestrel,
^lerlin.
Hobby,

Common Buzzard,
Honey Buzzard,

as if those species were included in the Schedule to the
Act.

n. The taking or destroying of the eggs of the
following Wild Birds is prohibited within the Adminis-
trative County of the Parts of Kesteven, Lincolnshire,
viz. : —

Goldfinch,

Common Buzzard,

Kingfisher,

Honey Buzzard,

Nightjar,

Swallow,

Nightingale,

House Martin,

Owls (of all species),

Sand Martin,

Uuif or Reeve,

Swift,

Woodpecker,

Wryneck,

Kestrel,

Teal, and

Merlin,

Wild Ducks (of all species)

Hobby,

WILD BIRDS I'ROTECTIOX ORDERS. lOl

LONDON (County of),

loth Fehniarij, ISOn.
(See also next Order).

I. The time during which the taking and killing (jf
Wild Birds is prohibited by the Act of 1880, shall be
extended throughout the County of London so as to be
from the first day of February to the thirty -first day of
August in each year.

II. The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880, shall apply
within i\\Q County of London to the following species (jf
W^ild Birds in the same manner as if those species were
included in the Schedule to the Act : —

W^ryueck (Cuckoo's Kestrel,

Mate orSnakebird), Merlin,
Swallow, Hobby,

Martins Buzzard,

(Hirmido urhicci), Honey Buzzard,

{Hirundo riparki), Osprey,
Swift, Magpie.

Beardetl Tit (Reedling

or Reed Pheasant),

III. The taking or destroying of the eggs of the
following species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout
the County of London : —

Nightingale, Magpie,

Goldfinch, Wlieatear,

102

WILD lURDS PROTECTIOK ORDERS

Larks

{Alauda arvensis),
{Alauda arborea),

Nightjar,

Woodpeckers

{Gechms vlridis),
(Picits major),
(P/'cHS minor),

Kiugfislier,

Cuckoo,

Owls

{Asio of us),
(Stria" fla m mea ) ,
{Syrnium aluco),

Kestrel,

Buzzard,

Honey Buzzard,

Merlin,

Hobby,

Osprey,

Wryneck (Cuckoo's
Mate or Snakebird),

Swallow,

Martins

{Hirundo twbica),
{Hirnndo riparia),

Swift,

Bearded Tit (Reedling
or Reed Pheasant),

Shrikes

(Lduius colbirio),

Stonechat,

Whinchat,

Redstart,

Flycatchers

{Mmcicapa grisolu),
(3Iusicicapa atricapiUa),

Sedge Warbler,

Reed Warbler,

Blackcap,

Garden Warbler,

Wood Warbler,

Willow Warbler,

Chiffchaff,

Whitethroat,

Lesser Whitethroat,

Longtailed Tit,

Nuthatch,

Wren,

Golden-crested Wren,

Wagtails

{Motacilla viridis),
{Motacilla lugiibris),
(Motacilla melanope),
(Motacilla raii),

HaAA'finch,

Linnet,

Buntings

(Em heriza rust ica ) ,
(EmherizamelanocepJiaht)^
(Emberiza citrimdla),

Starling,

WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 1 OH

{Lanius minor), Landrail or Corncrake,
(Lajiiifs e.rciibttor), Coot.

LONDON (County of),

2Srd November, JSH'k

The provisions of "The Wild Birds Protection Act,
1880," shall apply within the Administrative County of
London to the Chaftinch, in the same manner as though
the Chaffinch were included in the Schedule to that Act.

MIDDLESEX,

29 fh Januarii, 1S90.
(See also Two next Orders).

L "The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880," shall
apply within the County of Middlesex to the

Wryneck (Cuckoo's Shrikes,

Mate or Snake Kestrel,

Bird), Merlin,

Swallow, Hobby,

Martin (2), Buzzard,

Swift, Honey Buzzard,

Bearded Tit (Reed- Osprey,

ling or Reed and

Pheasant), Magpie,

104

WILD r.lRDS PROTECTION ORDERS.

^<s if those species were inoliuled in the Schedule to the
said Act.

II. The taking or destroying of the Eggs of the
following Wild Birds is prohibited Avithin the County
of Middlesex, viz. : —

Nightingale, Wheatear,

Goldfinch, Stonechat,

Lark, Whinchat,

Xightjar, Redstart,

Woodpeckers, Flycatchers,

Kingfisher, Sedge AVarhler,

Cuckoo, Reed Warbler,

Owls, Blackcap,

Kestrel, Garden Warbler,

Buzzard, Wood Warbler,

Honey Buzzard, AVillow AVarbler,

Merlin, Chiffchaft',

Hobby, White Throat,

Osjirey, Lesser White Throat,

AVryneck ( Cuckoo's Jvong-tailed Tit,

^late or Snake Xuthatch,

Bird), Wren,

Swallow, Golden-crested Wren,

Martins (2), Wagtail (4),

Swift, 1 lawfinch.

Bearded Tit (Reed- Linnet,

ling or Weed Phea- Buntings (3),

sant). Starling,

Shrikes, Landrail or Corncrake,

Magpie, Coot.

WILD P.IRDS PROTECTIOX ORDERS. 105

MIDDLESEX,

8th Aiufusf, ISOfL

"The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880," shall apply
within the Administrative County of Middlesex to the
Chaffinch, as if that hird were included in the Schedule
to the said Act.

MIDDLESEX,

21st November, 1896.

Daring the period ft-om the 1st of Septeniher in any
year to the 31st January following, the taking or killing
of any of the following kinds of Wild Birds is prohibited
throughout the County of Middlesex : —

rsightingale,

Goldfinch,

Lark,

Nightjar,

Woodpeckers,

Kingfisher,

Cuckoo,

Owls,

Kestrel,

Buzzard,

Honey Buzzard,

MerHn,

Stonechat,
Whinchat,
Redstart,
Flycatchers,
Sedge Warbler,
Reed Warbler,
Blackcap,
(jarden Warbler,
Wood Warbler,
Willow Warbler,
Chiftchaft",
White Throat,

10(; WILT) BIRDS PROTECTIOX ORDERS.

Hobljy, Lesser White Throat,

Osprey, Longtailed Tit,

Wryneck ( Cuckoo's Nuthatch,

Mate or Snake Wren,

Bird), (lolden-crested Wren,

Swallow, Wagtails (4),

Martins (2), HaAA-finch,

Swift, Linnet,

Bearded Tit (Reedling Buntings (3),

or Reed Pheasant), Starling,

Shrikes, Landrail or Corncrake,

^lagpie. Coot,

Wheatear, Chathnch.

NORFOLK,

Sfk April, 1895.
(See also next Order).

1. The taking or destroying of the eggs of any species
of Wild Birds is prohibited for a period of one year from
tlio first day of ]May, 1895, within the following areas: —

Hickling Broad, Whitesley and Heighani Sounds,
Blackfleet Broad, Horsey Mere, ^lartham and
Somertcn Broads, and the Rands, Skirts, and
Walls there(;f, and Fens and Reed (irounds
appertaining thereto respectively, and the Islands

WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 1 ()7

therein and the Dykes communicating therewith,
inchuling the Hundred Stream or Thurne River
and ancient bed, and the Rands and Walls there-
of from Heigham Bridge to the sea at Winterton,
and all the marshes and low-lying uncultivated
Lands, Fens, Reed Grounds, Warrens, Maram or
Sand Hills, and Sea Shore, to the line of High
Water mark, in the several j^arishes of Waxham,
Horsey, Potter Heigham, and Hickling, and such
part of the parish of Catfield as lies to the east of
the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway :

The Warrens, Maram or Sand Hills, and Sea Shore,
to the line of High Water mark, in the parish of
Winterton :

And the series of Broads, known as Ormesby,
Rollesby, Hemsby, Filby, and Burgh Broads,
and the Rands, Skirts, and Walls thereof, and
the Dykes communicating therewith, and thft
Fens, Reed Grounds, and low-lying Lands,
Marshes and pastures adjacent thereto, including
Lady Broad or Hard Fen Water in the parish of
Filby, Brandyke Broad in the parish of Burgh
St. Margaret, and Muckfleet Dyke and the
Marshes and low-lying Lands, Marshes, and
pastures near or adjacent thereto respectively.
H. The taking or destroying of the eggs of any species
of Wild Bird is prohibited for a period of one year from

108 WILD HIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS.

the first Jay of May, 189"), witliiu tlie following areas: —

The whole of the foreshore, including the Shingle,
Sand Hills, Salt Marshes, Creeks, and other
unenclosed lands extending from High Water
mark to the first boundary of enclosed or culti-
vated land separating the foreshore from them,
from the Estuary Sluice at Xorth Wootton to the
Eastern Boundary of the parish of Cley-next-the-
Sea,

HI. The taking or destroying of the eggs of the
following species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout
the entire County of Norfolk, viz. : —

(I.) The Bearded Titmouse or Heed Yhe&^ant {Panunis
biarmlcufi).

(2.) The Crossbill {Loxia curcb-ostr'ts).

(;].) The White or Barn Owl {Strixfl(immea).

(4.) Wild Ducks and Teal of all species.

(;").) The Norfolk Plover, Stone Curlew, or Thickkiiee

(CEdicnemns scolopax).
(().) Ruff or Reeve {Machetes pugnax).
(7.) The Ring Dotterel, Ring Plover, or Stone Runner

(jEg'uUitix h idtkula).
(s.) Oyster Catcher or Sea Pie {Hwmatopus ostralegus).
(i>.) The Terns, Sea Swallows, Pearls or Dip-ears

(Stenia), all species.
(10.) The Great Crested Grebe or Loon {Podicipes

cristatus).

WILD lUHDS I'ROTECTIOX ORDERS. 10!)

IV. The Wild Birds rrotectioii Act, 1880, sluiU a])ply
within tlie County of Xorfolk to the Bearded Titmouse
or Reed Pheasant and the Cr(js,shill, as if these two species
of Wihl Birds had been inchided in the Schedule to the
said Act.

The foregoing Orders shall come into force on the first
day of May, 1895.

NORFOLK,

7th April, 1896.

I. The taking or destroying of the Eggs of any
species of AVild Bird is prohibited fur a period of one
year, fr(jm the 1st day of May, 1896, within the follow-
ing areas : —

Hickling Broad, Whitesley and Heigham Sounds,
Blackfleet Broad, Horsey ^lere, Martham and
Somerton Broads, and the Rands, Skirts, and Walls
thereof, and Fens and Reed (Trounds appertaining
thereto respectivelj^ and the Islands therein, and
the Dykes communicating therewith, including
the Hundred Stream or Thurne River and
ancient bed, and the Rands and Walls thereof
from Heigham Bridge to the sea at Winterton,
and all the marshes and low-lying and un-
cultivated Lands, Fens, Reed Grounds, Warrens,

J 10 WILD lUUDS l'U(/rECTl()N OKDERS.

]\Iaram, or Sand Hills, and Sea Shore, to the hue
of High Water mark, in the several Parishes of
Waxham, Horsey, Potter Heigham, and Hick-
ling, and such part of the Parish of Catfield as
lies to the east of the Midland and Great
Northern Joint Railway.

The Warrens, Maram or Sand Hills, and Sea Shore,
to the line of High AVater mark in the Parish of
Winterton.

And the series of Broads, known as Ormesby,
llollesby, Hemsby, Filby, and Burgh Broads,
and the Rands, Skirts and Walls thereof, and the
Dykes communicating therewith, and the Fens,
Reed Grounds, and low-lying Lands, Marshes,
and pastures adjacent thereto, including Lady
Inroad (jr Hard Fen Water in the Parish of
Filby, Brandyke Broad in the Parish of Burgli
St. ]\Iargaret, and Mucktieet Dyke, and the
Marshes and low^-lying Lands, Marshes, and pas-
tures near or adjacent thereto respectively.

IL The taking or destroying of the Eggs of any
sjjccies of Wild Bird is prohibited for a period (jf one
year from the 1st day of May, 189G, within the following
areas, viz. : —

The whole of the foreshore, including the Shingle,
Sand Hills, Salt ^larshes, Creeks, and other nnen-

WILD I'.IRDS PROTECTl(>N ORDERS. Ill

closed Ijaiids, extending from High Water mark
to tlie first boundaiy of enclosed or cultivated
land separating the foreshore from them, from
Estuary Sluice at Xorth Wootton to the
eastern boundary of the Parish of Cley-next-
the-Sea.

NORTHAMPTON,

loth Januanj, ISUij.

I. "The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880," shall
iipply within the whole of the County of Xortliampton
to the

Heron, Hobby,

Hawks — Osprey, and

Buzzard, Hen Hamer,

Honey Buzzard, Xuthatch,

Kestrel, Wryneck,

Merlin,

.as if those species were included in the Schedule to
that Act.

n. The time during which the taking and killing uf
Wild Birds is prohibited shall, so far as regards the
Heron, be extended so as to be from the 1st ^Nlarcli to
the 1st September.

112

WILT) lUKDS PROTECTION ORDERS.

III. The taking or destroying of the Eggs of the

(loldfinch,
Hawks-
Buzzard,

Hone)' Buzzard,

Kestrel,

MerHu,

Hobby,

Osprey,

Hen Harrier),

Xiglitingale,

Nightjar ((loatsucker, Xight

Hawk, or Fern Owl),
Xuthatcli,
Owls,

Sandpiper (.Summer Snipe),
Woodpeckers,

Wryneck (Cuckoo's ^late or
►Snake Bird),

King-tisher,
is prohibited throughout the County of Xortliam})ton.

NORTHUMBERLAND,

17th J II I II, lSUi;_

I. The taking or destroj'ing of the eggs of any s})ecies
of Wild Birds is prohibited on Holy Island.

II. The taking or destroying of the Eggs of the
following species of Wild Birds, namely : —

Arctic Tern,
Common Tern,
Cormorant,
Eider Duck,
(luilleniot,
Kittiwake Cull,
Oyster Catcher,

Puffin,
Razor Bill,
King Dotterel,
Roseate Tern,
Sandwich Tern,
Shag,

is prohiliited in any part of the Farnc Island.-

WILD BIRDS PROTECTION OltDKRS. IL")

III. The taking or destroying of the Eggs of the
following species of Wild Birds is i)roliibite(l throughout
the .Vdniinistrative County of Xorthuniberland : —

Curlew, Peregrine Falcon,

Golden-crested Wren, Golden Plover,

Kestrel, Haven,

Ivingfisher, Snipe (all kinds),

^lerlin, Woodcock.
Owl (all kinds),

OXFORDSHIRE,

22nd March, LSdo.

That the taking or destroying of the Eggs of the Owl
shall be prohibiteil in any part of the County of Oxford.

PEMBROKE,

26th March, 1S96.

I. "The Wild Birds Protection Act, 18S0," shall
apply within the County of Pembroke to the following
species of Wild Birds in the same manner as if those
species were included in the Schedule to the Act : —

Buzzard, Hen Harrier,

Honey Buzzard, Choughs,

114 WILD nillDS 1>R()TE<T1()X Ol^DEliS.

Merlin, Nutliatrli,

Hobby, Wryneck,

Osprej', Water Ouzel or Dippei'.

II. The taking or destroying of the Eggs of tlic
following species of Wild Birds is prohiljited throughout
the County of Pembroke, viz. : —

Goldfinch, Dabchick,

Honey Buzzard, Dove (Turtle),

jNIerlin, Wheatear,

Hobby, Whinchat,

Hen Harrier, Flycatcher,

Kingfisher, Ring Ouzel,

Nightingale, Pipits,

Nightjar ((loatsucker, Red-backed Shrike,
Night Hawk or Tree Creeper,

Fern Owl), Garden Warbler,

Blackcaj), Sedge Warbler,

Reed Bunting, Willow Warl)lers,

Cirl Bunting, AVood Warljler,

Chiftchaft", Wagtails (all).

SOMERSET,

;?/7// Jtihi. /.V-'-'

"The Wild Hinls Prutecti.m Act, 1S8(>,"" sliall ai)ply
within the whole of the County of Somerset to

WILD BIRDS PROTECTIOX ORDERS. 115

The Kestrel, The Buzzard,

Tlie Merlin, and

The Hobl)y, The Osprey,

as if those species were included in the Schedule to
the Act,

SOUTHAMPTON,

7th September, lS9-'>.

That the taking or destroying of the Eggs of

Common Buzzards, Nightingales,

Honey Buzzards, Owls,
Kingfishers, and

^lontagu's Harriers, Woodpeckers,

shall be prohibited in any part of the County of South-
ampton.

STAFFORDSHIRE,

2Sth November, ISO-.

I. The taking or destroying of the Eggs of the
following species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout
the entire County of Staftord, viz.: —

The Goldfinch or All Owls,
Thistlefinch, Nuthatch,

l](i WILD ]JIR1)S PROTECTION ORDERS.

Buzziinl, Sandpiper (Sunnner Snipe),

^lerlin. All Woodpeckers,

Kestrel, Wryneck (Cuckoo Bird,

Hobby, Snake Bird),

Osprey, Curlew or Whaup,

Kino-fisher, Great Crested Grebe or Lo(jn

Nightingale, (jr Diver.

Nightjar (Fern Owl,

Goatsucker, Night

Hawk),

II. "The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880," shall
npply within the whole of the County of Stafford to the

Spotted Flycatcher,

Martin,

Pied Flycatcher,

Swallow,

Treecreeper,

Wagtails,

Sandniartin,

Swift,

as if those species were included in the Schedule to the
Act.

SUFFOLK (EAST),

2Jf.th December, ISO-j.

The taking or destroying of Wild Birds' Eggs is pro-
hil)itc<l in the years 1896, 1897, and 1898, in tlie follow-
ing places within the Adniinistrativo ('ounty of Kast
Suffolk, namely : —

AVILD BIRDS PliOTECTION ORDERS.

n

Tlie Sea Coast, Beacli, Foreshore, Sandhills, Salt-
ings, or Salt Marshes, situate between the Sea
or Estuaries and the land side of the sea or
Estuarial Wall, Embankment, Ditch, Fence, or
other artificial or natural boundary separating
the same from the cultivated land from the noitli
side <jf the River Blyth to Landguard Point
(excluding the estuary of the Aide alx)ve th(^
Ferry at Slaughden Quay, Aldeburgh).

SUFFOLK (WEST),

7th FeliriKirii, ISiXi

I. The taking or destroying of the Eggs of the follow-
ing species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout the
.Vdministrative County of West Suffolk : —

Bittern, Ivestrel,

Teal, Hobby,

Goldfinch, Haw-finch,

Great Crested Grebe, Heron,

Red Xecked Grebe, Landrail,

Sclavonian Grebe, Redpoll,

Eared (Trebe, Connnon ]\Iartin,
Little Grebe (Dabchick),Sand Martin,

Kingfisher, Swallow,

Xiglitingale, Swift,

IS

WILD lURDS PROTECTION ORDERS.

Nightjar (Goatsucker,
Xight Hawk, Fern
Owl),

(Jolden Oriole,

Barn Owl,

Tawny Owl,

Loug-eared Owl,

Short-eared Owl,

Stone Curlew, Thick-
knee, or Norfolk
Plover,

Redshank,

Common Snipe,

Woodcock,

Green Woodpecker,

Great Spotted Wood-
pecker,

Lesser Spotted Wood-
pecker,

(ireat Bustard,

Reed Bunting,

Gad wall.

Crossbill,

Spotted Flycatcher.

Marsh Harrier,

Hen Harrier,

jMontagu's Harrier

Common Buzzard,

Xuthatcli,
Ring Ouzel,
]\leadow Pijiit,
Tree Pipit,
Quail,
Redstart,

Redbacked Shrike,
Tree Creeper,
Turtle Dove,
Bearded Tit,
Long-tailed Tit,
Marsh Tit,
Coal Tit,
Grey Wagtail,
Pied Wagtail,
White Wagtail,
Yellow Wagtail,
Blackcap,
Garden Warbler,
Grasshopper Warbler,
Reed Warbler,
Sedge AVarliler,
Whitethroat,
Lesser AVhitethroat,
Water Pvail,
Golden-crested Wren,
Wryneck, Cuckoo's Mate, or
Snake Bird.

11. The provisions of the Wild Birds Protection Act,
issd, shall apply within the Administrative County of

WILD BIRDS PUOTECTIOX (»li|)Kl{S.

I!)'

West Suffolk to the followiui;- species of Wild Birds in
the same inaiiuer as if those l)irds were iueluded in tlu^
Schedule to the Act : —

(Ireat Bustard,

Reed Bunting,

Gadwall (Wild Duck),

Crossbill,

Common Buzzard,

Kestrel,

Hobby,

Hawfinch,

Hedge Sparrow,

Heron,

Landrail,

Redpoll (Linnet),

Common Martin,

Sand Martin,

Swallow,

Swift,

Nuthatch,

Ring Ouzel,

Meadow Pipit,

Tree Pipit,

Quail,

Redstart,

Robin,

Red-backed Shrike,

Tree Creejjer,

Spotted Flycatclu'r,
Marsh Harrier,
Hen Harriei",
Montagu's Harriei',
Turtle Dove,
Bearded Tit,
Longtailed Tit,
Marsh Tit,
Coal Tit,
Grey Wagtail,
Pied Wagtail,
White Wagtail,
Yellow Wagtail,
Blackcap,
Garden Warbler,
Grasshopper Warbh'r,
Reed Warbler,
Sedge Warbler.
Whitethroat,
Lesser Whitethroat,
Water Rail,
(irolden-crested Wren,
Wryneck, Cucko(»'s j\late or
Snake Bird.

120 WIIJ) inUDS PliOTECTlOX ORDERS.

SURREY,

7th March, IS'JO.

I. Tlio time during wliifli the killing or taking of
Wild Birds is i)rolnbited shall be extended throughout
the County of Surrey so as to be from the first day of
February to tlie thirty-first day of August in each year.

II. Tlie Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880, shall apply
within so much of the County of Surrey as is within the
Metro})olitan Police District to the following species of
Wild Birds in the same manner as if those species were
included in the Schedule to the Act : —

Shrike, Wryneck,

Martins (2), Bearded Tit,

Hobby,' Honey Buzzard,

^Magpie, Swallow,

Kestrel, Merlin,

Swift, Osprey.
Buzzard,

III. The taking or destroying of the eggs of tlie
following si)ecies of Wild Birds is jn-ohibited throughout
so mucli of the County of Surrey as is within the
Metropolitan Police District : —

Xightingale, Wliinchat,

(ioldfinch, lledstart,

liurk, I'^lycatchers (2),

Nightjar, Sedge Warbler,

WITJ) i;ii;i)S l'l{()TE('TI()X (tRUKKS.

121

AV(jO(lpt'ckor,

KiugHslipv,

(Xickoo,

The Owls,

Shrike,

Ivestre],

Wryneck,

Swallow,

Martins (2),

Swift,

Bearded Tit,

Merlin,

Hobby,

Blizzard,

Honey Buzzard,

Osprey,

Magpie,

Wheatear,

Stonecliat,

Reed Warbler,

Blackcap,

Garden Warbler,

Wood Warbler,

Willow Warbler,

Chititchaff,

Whitethroat,

Les.ser Whitethroat,

Longtaileil Tit,

Nuthatch,

Wren,

Golden Cre.sted Wren,

Wagtails (4),

Hawfinch,

Linnet,

Buntings (3),

Starling,

Landrail or Corncrake,

Coot.

WARWICKSHIRE,

4f// Fehrnani, IS'.n:

The taking or destroying (jf the eggs of the following
species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout the-
County of Warwick, viz. : —

Blackcap, Willow Wren,

Chiffchaff, Whitethroat,

122

WILD IIIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS.

Sixjtted Flycatcher,

Pied Flycatcher,

(i(jl(leii-creste(l Wren,

(rokltinch,

Buzzard,

Honey Buzzai'd,

Kestrel,

:\IerHii,

Hobl)y,

Osprey,

iSaiidpiper (Siiininer

Snipe),
<Treat or Ash-coloured

Shrike,
Red-backed Shrike,
(Shrikes or Butcher

Birds,
Sedge Warbler,
Tree Creeper,

Big-spotted Woodpecker,
Small-spotted AYoodpecker,
({reen Woodpecker (Hickle),
Wryneck (Cuckoo's Mate (n*

Snake Bird),
Kiugtisher,
licsser Whitethroat,
Long-tailed Tit (Bottle Tit

or Jack-o'-Bo-peep),
Marsh Tit,
Xightingale,
Xightjar ((Toatsucker, Xight

Hawk or Fern Owl),
Nuthatch,
Barn Owl,
Long-eared Owl,
Short-eared Owl,
Redstart,
Reed Warbler.

WESTMORLAND,

29th J/uif, jsru

hat the taking or destroying of the eggs of the

Barn Owl, Peregrine Falcon,

Brown or Wood Owl, Kingfisher,

Long-eared Owl, l)>)tterel,

Short-eared Owl, Raven,

WILD JilltDS I'KoTEtTlOX ORDERS. 1 2o

Commuii Buzzard, Ilerou,

Merlin, Bittern,

Kestrel, Woodcock,

Goldfinch, Dipper or Water-Ouzel, and

Black-lieaded (iull, (iolden Plover,

-shall be prohibited in any part of the Count}' of West-
morland.

This Order shall come into force on the twenty-lift! i
June, 1895, and shall cease to be in operation after the
tAventy-fifth June, IHOO.

WILTSHIRE,

5th September, IS'.i.',,

The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880, shall api)ly
Avithin the whole of the County of Wilts, to the

Wryneck (Cuckoo's Kestrel,

Mate, Snakebird), Merlin,

Swallow, Hobby,

Martin (2 species), Buzzard,

S^vift, Honey Buzzard, and the

Bearded Tit (Reedling, Osprey,

Heed Pheasant),

as if these species were included in the Schedule to the
Act.

124

WILD JilRDS i'liOTEcTIOX ORDERS.

WORCESTER,

nth Juhi, 1S06.

I. Tlie taking or destroying of the eggs of the
following species of Wild Birds is prohibited throughout
tlie County of Worcester, viz. : — .

Redstart,
Nightingale,
Blackcap,
Dartford Warbler,
Golden-crested Wren,
Willow Wren,
Wood Wren,
Reed Warbler,
Marsh Warbler,
Sedge Warbler,
Grasshopper Warbler,
Long-tailed Tit,
Marsh Tit,
Nuthatch,
Red-backed Shrike,
Spotted Flycatcher,
Swallow,
Martin,
Sand INfartin,
Goldfinch,

Swift,

Nightjar,

Great Spotted Woodi)ecker,

Lesser Spotted Woodpecker,

Green Wood})ecker,

Wryneck,

Kingfisher,

Barn Owl,

Long-eared Owl,

Short-eared Owl,

Tawny Owl,

Buzzard,

Honey Buzzard,

Kestrel,

Merlin,

Hobljy,

Heron,

Sandpiper,

Great Crested Grebe,

Sclavonian Grebe,

Little Grebe.

Woodlark,

H. "The A\ni(l Birds Protection Act, ISSO," shall
a]i])]y within the Adniinisti'ative County of Worcester ft*

WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS.

125

the following species of Wild Birds in the same manner
as if those species were inchuled iu the Schedule to the
Act :—

Red-backed Shrike,
Whinchat,
Spotted Flycatcher,
Pied Flycatcher,
Sedge Warbler,
Blackcap Warbler,
Grasshopper Warbler,
Wood Warbler,
Garden Warbler,
Mistle Thrush,
Common Bunting,
Reed Bunting,
Wheatear,
Chiffchaff,

Golden-crested Wren,

Yellow Wagtail,

Pied Wagtail,

Water Wagtail,

Skylark,

Titlark,

Tree Creeper,

Sand Martin,

Martin,

Swallow,

Swift,

Heron,

Cirl Bunting.

YORKSHIRE (EAST RIDING),

1st April, 1895.
(See also next Order).

That the taking or destroying of Wild Birds' Eggs on
the Promontory of Spurn, including Kilnsea Warren,
south of the line taken by the Road leading from the old
Village of Kilnsea towards the site of the old Village of
Kilnsea, shall be prohibited for a period of five years from
the thirty-first March, 1895.

126 WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS.

YORKSHIRE (EAST RIDING),

10th May, 1895.

The time iluring which the killing, wounding, and
taking of Wild Birds are prohibited shall be varied in
the East Riding of Ym-kshire so as to be from the first
day of March to the fifteenth day of August in each year.

YORKSHIRE (WEST RIDING),

7th April, 1896.
(See also next Order).

The time during which the taking and killing of Wild
Birds is proliibited within the Administrative County of
tlie West Riding of Yorkshire shall be extended so as to
be from the first March to the eleventh August in each
year, both day,; inclusive.

YORKSHIRE (WEST RIDING),

imk February, 1897.

I. "The Wild Birds Protection Act, 1880," shall apply
within the Administrative County of the West Riding of

WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS. 127

Yorkshire to the following species of Wild Birds in the
same manner as if those species were included in the
Schedule to the Act : —

Martin (2), Kestrel,

Swallow, Merlin,

Swift, Hobby,

Bearded Tit (Reedling Buzzard,

or Reed Pheasant), Honey Buzzard,
Thrush, Osprey.

Wryneck (Cuckoo's

Mate or Snakebird),

II. "Tlie Wild Birds Protection Act, LSSO," shall
not apply within the Administrative County of the West
Riding of Yorkshire to the House Sparrow.

III. The taking or destroying of the eggs of the
following species of Wild Birds is prohibited for a period
of five years from the date of this Order, within
the Administrative County of the West Riding of
Yorkshire : —

Avocet, Owls,

Bearded Tit (Reedling Oxbird (Purre),

or Reed Pheasant), Peregrine Falcon,

Bee Eater, Pochard,

Bittern, Purre,

Blackcap, Redpole, Lesser,

Butcher Bird, Redshank,

Buzzard, Red Start,

Honey Buzzard, Reed Warbler,

128

WILD BIRDS PROTECTION ORDERS,

Chiffchaflf,

Coot,

Curlew,

Dipper,

Divers,

Dotterel,

Dunbird,

Dunlin,

Falcon,

Fern Owl (Goatsucker

or Night Hawk),
Garden Warbler,
Goatsucker,
Godwit,
Golden Plover,
Goldfinch,
Grebe,
Greenshank,
Heron,
Hobby,
Hoopoe,
Kestrel,
Kingfisher,

Landrail or Corncrake,
Linnet,

Longiailed Tit,
Mallard,

Reeve and Rutf,

Ring Ouzel,

Roller,

Sandpipers (Summersnipe),

Sedge Warbler,

Shearwater,

Shell drake.

Shoveller,

Shrike (Butcher Bird),

Snipe,

Stonechat,

Stone Curlew,

Stonehatch,

Summersnipe,"

Teal,

Thick Knee (Thick-kneed

Bustard),
Tree Creeper,
Water Rail,
Wheatear,
Whimbrel,
Whinchat,
Whitethroat,
Whitethroat, Lesser,
Widgeon,
Wild Ducks,
Willow Warbler,

WILD BIKDS PROTECTION ORDERS.

129

Merganser,

Merlin,

Night Hawk,

Nightjar,

Nightingale,

Nuthatch,

Oriole,

Woodcock,

Woodpeckers,

Wood Warbler,

Wren,

Wren, Golden-crested,

Wryneck.

TAYLOR BROS., PUBLISHERS, LEEDS.

AD VERTISEMENTS.

THE COLLECTOR'S MANUAL

OF

British Land and Freshwater Shells,

BY LIONEL E. ADAMS, B.A.,

Hon. Treasurer Conchological Society.

Illustrated by Collotype and Engraved Figures of the species from
Original Drawings,

By A. SICH, G. W. ADAMS, and the AUTHOR.

Containing a full enumeration and description of all the recognized varieties, with
diagnostic tables of the more difficult genera, framed for the purpose of facilitating the
easy identification of the more critical species.

A full and detailed Census of the known Distribution of every species, including the
results of the latest researches.

Price, 8/- Plain and 10/6 Coloured, nett.

A few copies with Duplicate Plate.'} (Coloured and Plain) at 15s.
per copy, nett.

Post Frek, 5d. per Copy Extra.

LEEDS: TAYLOR BROS., Publishers, Sovereign Street.

OFiisrionsrs oiF the ipi^-ess.

"JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY," January, 1897.

". . . The work now forms a handsome volume, containing 214 pages of text and
eleven plates, the frontispiece being a beautifully-executed collotype plate, with enlarged
and strikingly-pourtrayed figures of correctly-identified types of the British species of
Pisidiutn. . . . Nine plates are devoted to the presentation of faithfully -coloured
figures of all the British species, which can hardly fail to greatly aid the identification of
doubtful shells, while Plate XI. contains a series of instructive figures explanatory of the
more usual terms employed in connection with the animal and shell. The text may be
broadly divided into an introductory part, a descriptive and systematic part, and a con-
cluding section, dealing with the comital distribution of the various species. . . . Mr.
Adams has also, with considerable ability and success, compiled with great care a series of
six elaborate and thoughtfully-arranged synoptical tables, to facilitate comparison, and to
shew at a glance the characters which distinguish the closely-allied species composing those
perplexing genera, Aricn, Hyaiim'a, Vertigo and Pisidiuiii, and also tabulates the
diflferences separating the various generic groups of slugs. In addition, the author has with
great judgment collated and to some extent classified the chief variations to which each
species is known to be subject. . . . Following the systematic portion of the work is a
very copious and accented glossary of the various scientific and technical terms used in the
book, and the work is concluded by a comital census of the distribution of the various
species, as verified by the referees of the society. ... In conclusion, we have much
pleasure in recognizing this work as decidedly the best manual upon the subject, and as one
which can hardly fail to act as a strong incentive to a more active prosecution of the study
of our land and freshwater moUusca."

A D VER TISEMENTS.

Part I. to IV. now ready. Part V. in the Press.

SUBSCRIPTIONS ARE INVITED

KOR

A IVEON^OORILPPI

OF THE

Land & Freshwater Mollusca

OF THE BRITISH ISLES,

J. W. TAYLOR, F.L. S.,

Membre Honoraire de la Sociiit^ Malacologique de France,

ex-President of the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland,

late Editor of " The Journal of Conchology,"

etc., etc.

Vol. I. is devoted to Anatomy, Physiology, Uses, and Distribution, &c., the first
part dealing with the Definition of Conchology, History, Classification,
Nomenclature, Synonymy, Shell, Species, Varieties, &c., and is illustrated with
numerous figures in the text and a plate in colours.

The second part concludes the consideration of the variations and monstrosities
to which the shell is subject, treating upon Sinistrorsity, Scalariformity, Hyperstrophy,
Heterostrophy, etc., etc., and the Auxiliary Appendages of the Shell, and is richly
illustrated by figures in the text and a plate in colours.

The third part chiefly contains a detailed and fully illustrated account of a
typical Gastropod and Pelecypod.

The fourth part treats upon the Morphology, .Vnatomy, and Evolution of the
animal inhabitant, and the various organs.

Subscription, 5/- per part ; post free, 5 3.

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A full list of Subscribers ivill be printed at the completion of the work.

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OPINIONS OF THE SCIENTIFIC PRESS.

"SCIENCE GOSSIP," December 1st, 1894.

" The first part of this long-expected work is at last before us, and we
may candidly say it exceeds our expectations. Well considered, well
arranged, well illustrated, and well produced, I'art I. creates the impression
that we have at last in view a standard work on this popular group of easily
studied animals. It bids fair to be, for a long time to come, much the best
and most complete work on the subject. The illustrations are excellent,
specially the coloured plate ... If the high character of this first part is
as well maintained to the end of the work, and of this there is no reason for
doubt, we shall have not only an useful, but a very handsome book indeed."

"THE ZOOLOGIST," February, 1896.

"This . . . new work on British mollusca . . . from the thorough
mode of treatment adopted by the author and the excellent and numerous
illustrations given, promises to eclipse all previous text-books on the subject,
as far as Great Britain is concerned. The introductory matter . . . being
admirably illustrated by explanatory figures . . . The typography is
excellent, and the illustrations, which are numerous, are far superior to any
figures of mollusca and their shells w hich we have seen . . . Indeed, so
far as it is possible to represent forms and markings without the aid of color,
we do not think the shells could be more correctly represented."

"THE NAUTILUS," June, 1895.

" The first part well sustains the expectations excited by the prospectus
. . . for it makes perfectly clear to the beginner in Conchology the whole
jargon of descriptive terms, and by a well chosen illustration fixes it in his
mind . . . Excellent illustrations are scattered freely throughout the
text, illustrating at every point the statements made or peculiarities men-
tioned ; and this is a new departure in Conchological treatises which can
hardly be too w^armly commended. The species will be illustrated with
coloured plates, of which one accompanies this part. It is a really superb
piece of colour printing."

OPINIONS UPON THE ILLUSTRATIONS.

"I have examined your very effective plate, which strikes me as really fine
work; especially in the drawing. Liviax viaximus is fairly gliding off the
plate, and a very happy likeness." R. D. Darbishire, B.A., F.G.S., etc.

" I think it excellent. What struck me as most praiseworthy is the evident
minute faithfulness with which the markings had been copied ; as works of
art I think nothing more could be desired." L. E. Adams, B.A., etc.

"It is admirable and almost beyond criticism . . . The Aspersas,
indeed everything, are wonderfully good and far beyond anything in English
works." Chas. Ashford.

" I think it [the plate of figures] is excellent in every way, and the more
I inspect the more I admire it." J. Cosmo Melvill, M.A., F.L.S., etc.

"I think your figures are admirable, free from that exaggeration of colour
which so often spoils the best drawn figures."

Rev. A. H. Cooke, M.A., F.L.S.,etc.

AD VERTISEMENTS.

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THE NATURALIST:

A MONTHLY JOURNAL of NATURAL HISTORY for the NORTH of ENGLAND.
Conducted by W. DEN I SON ROEBUCK, ^.L.S.,

WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL IIEPAKTMENTS l>t

J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S., F.L.S., CHAS. P. HOliKIRK, F.L.S.,

W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., M.B.O.U., GEO. T. PORRITT, F.L.S., F.E.S.,

ALFRED HARKER, RLA., F.G.S., W. B. TURNER, F.R.M.S

''PHIS journal has been published under the above title at various times
X since 1837, and has appeared regularly since 1875.

The scope of the journal has for its primary aim the elucidation of the
natural history, geology, and physical features of the Northern Counties
of England — including under that name Northumberland, Durham, Cum-
berland, Westmorland, Lancashire, Cheshire, Yorkshire, Derbyshire,
Nottinghamshire and Lincolnshire. Papers bearing upon the counties
mentioned therefore take precedence of all others.

T/ie Naturalist is not, however, merely a medium for the publication of
lists, and of faunal and floral papers exclusively, the Editors having always
viewed their field from abroad standpoint, and they welcome papers dealing
with life-history, variation, folk-lore, biological, and phenological and other
phenomena, etc. , provided they are based upon original or personal observa-
tion, and that they are not merely resumes or repetitions of ordinary text-
book information ; and in fact the only natural history papers that are
absolutely unsuitable are such as deal specifically with districts or localities
quite outside the northern counties, and elementary papers upon general
natural history.

Ornithology has always taken a foremost place, and numerous papers and
innumerable notes have appeared.

The Editors invite aid from all interested in the advancement of natural
science in the North — both as subscribers to the journal and as contributors
of original articles, and particularly of short notes and observations on such
facts as may be deemed of interest.

NOW READY, Complete, 8vo., Cloth, with Coloured Map,
Px>ice £X Is.

The Flora of West Yorkshire,

BY

FKEDERIO AKNOLD LEES, M.R.O.S., etc,

This work is perhaps the most complete work of the kinil ever
issued for any district, including detailed and full records of 1,044
Phanerogams and Vascular Cryptogams, 11 Characea;, 34S Mosses,
loS Hepalics, 258 Lichens, 1,009 I'lmg'* '^"il 382 Freshwater Algiv,
making a total of 3,160 s]iecies.

Leeds: TAYLOR BROS., Publishers, Sovereign St.

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