P ndend y > TBE Seer St Raer S i ier: See ai? yes J a == ba % 4» 2 is > 4 ae ee ee —— > >e—— ws ——OCOoO art See ea =f: 7 a ~ i NWT 4 | ) Att ; HH] i wit aaa | | igi “t Hy Whe Ne Hil 1\) tt \} Ht (4) 1 Ml) y Pi Hp aa pte vu i Hin Aid) Mu ( ( ih ' Mill 1 Why Will | QK129 \ XS DZ | : ae) / te AZ wt Os — rrr 7 KX PRO SCiENT/, SALUTE \ ‘ { 4 r ; /, es ; SO/ / o au é (7, ae y eel Ae i —- Li pa ee “e >, vi. t be” Peed =a ef — e i et ‘> ?.. ay) i it A ’ . x = bard «@ a z ~ y wi & —_ c a ) ‘ 7. # : } : | ' > ‘ 7 . P 7 4 , . ; ri ae Vi 4 | . se The University of the State of New York Sl ePraeMuUSE UM JOHN M. CLARKE, Director Memoir 15 WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK IN -EWO PARTS BY HOMER D. HOUSE State Botanist Part 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Letter of Communication... . (see part 1) | Descriptions of Species, continued. . (see part 1) | List of Illustrations.............. MepmenOGuCONaa <. o celse sna de lamnite StitCburG ens a jcc «6 6s Gee pit cere ee enOeser ¢ oe ol, aed sale oe eee UNS r LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN ALBANY THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Ps) dics: THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Regents of the University With years when terms expire (Revised to July 1, 1918) Piiny T. SEXTON LL.B. LL.D. Chancellor — -— —- Palmyra 27 ALBERT VANDER VEER M.D. M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. Vice Chancellor Albany 2 CHESTER 8S. Lorp M.A. LL.D. - - - - - -— Brooklyn WILLIAM NoTTINGHAM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. - - -— Syracuse FRANCIS M. CARPENTER —- — — -— — — — Mount Kisco ABRAM I. ELtxus LL.B. D.C.L. - - - - - -— New York ADELBERT Moot LL.D.- - - - - — — Buffalo 25 CHARLES B. ALEXANDER M.A. LL.B. LL.D. Litt.D. Tuxedo JoHN Moore LL.D.- - - - - - - — — -=— Elmira WALTER GUEST KELLOGG B.A. LL.D. - - -— — Ogdensburg JAMES ByrNE B.A. LL.B. LL.D. — —- - - — =— New York HERBERT L. BRIDGMAN M.A. — — - — — -— -— Brooklyn President of the University and Commissioner of Education Joun H. FinteEy M.A. LL.D. L.H.D. Deputy Commissioner and Assistant Commissioner for Elementary Education -THomMas E. FINEGAN M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. Assistant Commissioner and Director of Professional Education Avucustus S. Downinec M.A. L.H.D. LL.D. Assistant Commissioner for Secondary Education CHARLES F. WHEELOCK B.S. LL.D. Director of State Library JAMES J. WYER, JR, M.L.S. Director of Science and State Museum JoHN M. CrarRKE D.Sc. LL.D. Chiefs and Directors of Divisions Administration, H1rRAM C. CASE Agricultural and Industrial Education, LEwis A. WILSON Archives and History, JAMES SULLIVAN M.A. Ph.D. Attendance, JAMES D. SULLIVAN Educational Extension, WILLIAM R. WATSON B.S. Examinations and Inspections, GEORGE M. WILEY M.A. Law, FRANK B. GILBERT B.A., Counsel Library School, FRANK K. WALTER M.A. M.LS. School Buildings and Grounds, FRAanK H. Woop M.A. School Libraries, SHERMAN WILLIAMS Ph.D. Visual Instruction, ALFRED W. ABRAMS Ph.B. ee QeeeeE8 JUN1T 1953 C, Lewis LIBIh” F LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICA! , GARDEN WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES (continued) Evening Primrose Family Epilobiaceae (Onagraceae) Seedbox; Rattlebox Ludwigia alternifolia Linnaeus Plate 144b Stems erect or nearly erect, branching, 13 to 3 feet high, from a peren- nial root which often bears small tubers; the stems smooth or minutely pubescent and more or less angled. Leaves alternate, lanceolate or linear- lanceolate, pointed at both ends, on very short petioles, 13 to 4 inches long. Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves, each flower one-half to two-thirds of an inch broad, on short stalks; the calyx tube short, rounded at the base with four ovate, long-pointed lobes about as long as the four yellow petals which fall away very easily when the plant is disturbed. Fruiting capsule smooth and slightly wing-angled, about one-fourth of an inch high, opening by an apical pore but finally also dehiscent; many seeded. In marshes, swamps and wet meadows, New Hampshire to Ontario, Michigan and Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. Flowering from the latter part of June to September. Fireweed; Great or Spiked Willow-herb Chamaenerion angustifolium (Linnaeus) Scopoli Plate 144b Stems slender or rather stout, 2 to 7 feet high, from a perennial root, smooth below, usually finely pubescent above. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, finely toothed or entire, 2 to 7 inches long, one-third to 1 inch wide, the upper ones smaller, all on very short petioles, long pointed at the apex, thin, the lateral veins joining one another in marginal loops. 187 Flowers 188 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM purple, rarely white, three-fourths to 1} inches broad in elongated, terminal, spikelike racemes; calyx tube cylindric, inclosing the ovary, four-lobed at the apex; petals four, obovate; stamens eight; capsules or fruit 2 to 3 inches long and about one-eighth of an inch thick, finely canescent; seeds numerous, small, with a long, whitish tuft of hairs. In dry soil, usually on recently cleared or burned-over woodlands, Greenland to Alaska, south to North Carolina, Indiana, Kansas, Rocky mountains and California. Also in Europe and Asia. Flowering from July to September. Great Hairy Willow-herb Eptlobium hirsutum Linnaeus Plate r44a Stems stout and softly hairy, 2 to 5 feet high from perennial roots, propagating by underground shoots. Leaves usually opposite, sometimes alternate, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, sessile or even clasping the stem at the base, pointed at the apex, sharply but finely toothed on the-margins, I to 4 inches long, one-third to one-half of an inch wide, thin and pubescent. Flowers rose-purple, three-fourths to 1 inch broad, in the axils of the upper leaves; calyx tube linear with four deciduous lobes or sepals at its summit; petals broadly obovate and notched at the apex, pubescent within at the base. Stigma deeply four-lobed; stamens eight. Fruiting capsule 2 to 3 inches long and very slender, with numerous small seeds each provided with a tuft of whitish hairs. A native of Europe‘which, like the Purple Loosestrife, is thoroughly naturalized in marshes, swamps and ditches throughout the eastern states, especially about the larger cities, towns and ports. Flowering from July to September. The other species of Epilobium in New York are chiefly inconspicuous, small-flowered marsh herbs, two of them very rare Alpine species of the higher Adirondacks, the other four being inhabitants of swamps and bogs at lower altitudes. Of these, the commonest in most localities is the Northern Willow-herb (Epilobium adenocaulon Haussknecht). WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 144 ier , Has A. GREAT HAIRY WILLOW-HERB B. FIREWEED; GREAT OR SPIKED WILLOW-HERB Epilobium hirsutum Chamaenerion angustifolium WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 189 Common Evening Primrose Oenothera biennis Linnaeus Plate 145a Stems stout, wandlike and simple or somewhat branched, 1 to 6 feet high from a biennial root. Stems and leaves somewhat hairy. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, sessile, 2 to 6 inches long, the lower ones with petioles, the upper ones much reduced in size; margins with low, distant teeth. Flowers in the axils of the reduced upper leaves (or bracts), bright yellow, I to 2 inches broad in terminal spikes, opening in the evening; calyx tube slender, two or three times longer than the ovary, its four slender lobes reflexed; petals four, broadly obovate; stamens eight, equal in length, the linear anthers on threadlike filaments. Fruiting capsules oblong, nar- rowed toward the apex, three-fourths to 13 inches long and longer than the upper leaves (or bracts), one-eighth to one-fourth of an inch thick. Dry or sandy soil in fields, waste ground and along roadsides, Labrador to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Flowering from the latter part of June until autumn. Often appearing like a weed. The Evening Primrose is a variable species and consists of several races or mutants which have been regarded as valid species. There are also two other closely related species in addition to the next one which is described. They are the Small-flowered Evening Primrose (Oenothera cruciata Nuttall), with linear-lanceolate calyx segments and linear petals, one-fourth to one-half of an inch long, found usually in sandy soil from Maine and Massachusetts to northern New York; and Oakes’s Evening Primrose (Oenothera oakesiana Robbins), a dull-green plant covered with a soft, appressed pubescence, rather large flowers with linear- lanceolate calyx segments and obovate petals one-half to three-fourths of an inch long. Frequent in sandy soil in southern New England, Long Island and Eastern New York. 190 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Northern Evening Primrose Oenothera muricata Linnaeus Plate 146 A slender plant resembling the common Evening Primrose but usually less branched and more slender-stemmed, 2 to 3 feet high, the stem puberu- lent and covered with scattered hairs which are enlarged at the base. Leaves lanceolate, mostly narrower than those of Oenothera biennis,: slightly repand-denticulate or entire. Flowers light yellow, 1 to 2 inches broad; petals rhombic-obovate and blunt at the apex. Cap- sules hairy, narrowly oblong-cylindric, about 1 inch long, slightly curved and shorter than the persistent leaflike bracts which subtend them. Sandy or gravelly soil, Newfoundland to southeastern New York and New Jersey. Flowering from July to September. Common Sundrops Kneiffia fruticosa (Linnaeus) Raimann Plate 147a Stems erect, 1 to 3 feet high and usually more or less branched, hairy or nearly smooth. Leaves lanceolate or broader, sometimes oval-lanceolate, usually pointed at the apex and narrowed at the sessile base, or the lower leaves petioled, the margins repand-denticulate or nearly entire, I to 4 inches long. Flowers bright yellow, diurnal, I to 2 inches broad, in terminal leafy-bracted clusters; calyx segments lanceolate, spreading, the tube mostly longer than the ovary; petals four, obcordate or slightly notched at the ends. Fruiting capsules sessile or short stalked, oblong and prominently winged, smooth or pubescent, one-fourth to one-third of an inch long; stamens eight, the alternate ones longer. ; In dry or sandy soil, New Hampshire to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Louisiana. Flowering from June to August. Among the closely related species in this State are Kneiffia longipedunculata Small, with club-shaped fruit pods on stalks longer than the body of the pod; leaves narrow but flowers conspicuous; WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 145 P % Fe a Tp me Re WV ¥, ri A. COMMON EVENING PRIMROSE B. SEEDBOX; RATTLEBOX Oenothera biennis Ludwigia alternifolia i | e ; St ~ . . 7 6 1 ~ “th eS ~~ w 7 ' ' 1 5 be » *% : . y . e 7 pri! q° a 9.6 s * *. WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 146 7 NORTHERN EVENING PRIMROSE Oenothera muricata . WILD FLOWERS OF Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum A. COMMON SUNDROPS Kneiffia fruticosa i | ——_ , ws ql 2A a SWEET NEW YORK PEPPER BUSH; WHITE Clethra alnifolia Plate 147 ALDER WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK IOI Kneiffia linearis (Michaux) Spach, with pedicels of the fruit shorter than the capsule; leaves very narrow, and Kneiffia pumila (Linnaeus) Spach, with small flowers one-half to 1 inch broad and almost sessile club-shaped fruit pods. Biennial Gaura Gaura biennis Linnaeus Plate 148 Stems slender, erect, 2 to 5 feet high, branched, especially above, and downy or softly hairy. Leaves alternate, sessile, narrow, pointed at both ends, remotely toothed on the margins, 2 to 4 inches long and one-sixth to one-half of an inch wide. Flowers white or whitish, turning pink with age, very numerous in spikes terminating the stems and branches; each flower somewhat less than one-half of an inch broad; calyx tube with four reflexed lobes; petals four, oblanceolate, somewhat unequal; stamens eight, declined, each slender filament with a small scale at the base; stigma four-lobed, surrounded by a cuplike border. Fruit nutlike, sessile, one- fourth to one-third of an inch long, narrowed at each end, four-ribbed and hairy. In dry, sandy or waste soil, Quebec to Minnesota, south to Connecticut, Georgia and Arkansas. Flowering from July to September. Ginseng Family Araliaceae Dwarf Ginseng or Groundnut Panax trifolium Linnaeus Plate 132b A small, smooth herb, 3 to 6 inches high from a deep-seated, globose, perennial tuber, one-half of an inch or less in diameter and very pungent to the taste. Leaves three, at the summit of the slender stem on petioles one-half to 2 inches long; each leaf with three to five oval or oblanceolate, sessile, blunt leaflets, 1 to 2 inches long and one-fourth to two-thirds of an inch wide, finely toothed on the margins. Flowers white, fifteen to 192 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM twenty-five together in a solitary, stalked umbel; each flower about one- eighth of an inch broad or less. Petals five, spreading; stamens eight, alternate with the petals, styles usually three. Fruit a small, three-angled, yellow drupe about one-eighth of an inch broad (when the styles are only two-lobed, as is sometimes the case, the fruit is also two-lobed). In woods and thickets, usually where the soil is moist, Nova Scotia to Wisconsin and Iowa, south to Georgia. Flowering in April and May or until early June. The True Ginseng (Panax quinquefolium Linnaeus) is much larger, 8 to 16 inches high, with a deep, simple compound or lobed tuberous root; leaflets 2 to 5 inches long, and the fruit, which is usually two-lobed, is bright crimson in color and nearly one-half of an inch broad. Carrot Family Ammiaceae Hemlock Water Parsnip Sium cicutaefolium Schrank Plate 149 A perennial, smooth marsh herb with stout, erect, branching hollow stem, 2 to 6 feet high. Lower and basal leaves long petioled, finely divided; petioles sheathing the stem at their bases; segments of the leaves seven to seventeen in number, linear or lanceolate, 1 to 5 inches long, one-eighth to I inch wide, long pointed at the apex, margins sharply toothed. Flowers white in large compound umbels, 2 to 3 inches broad; primary rays of the umbel eight to twenty in number, one-half to 13 inches long; involucral bracts small and narrow; calyx teeth minute; petals inflexed at the apex. Fruit ovate, compressed, about one-eighth of an inch long, the ribs prominent. In marshy places, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Florida, Louisiana and California. Flowering from July to October. WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 148 ] / { 7 BIENNIAL GAURA Gaura biennts we WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YOKK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 149 HEMLOCK WATER PARSNIP Stum cicutaefolium s 47a if WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 193 Dogwood Family Cornaceae Low or Dwarf Cornel; Bunchberry Cornus canadensis Linnaeus Plate 150 Flowering and leaf-bearing stems 3 to 9g inches high, from slender, underground, horizontal, perennial rootstocks which are somewhat woody. Leaves five to nine in number, whorled at the summit of the upright stem, sessile, ovate or obovate, smooth or minutely hairy, pointed at each end, entire, I to 4 inches long; the stem sometimes with one or two pairs of smaller, opposite leaves below the whorl. Flowers greenish or yellowish, very small, several in a dense, globose cluster on a stalk one-half to 2 inches long which terminates the stem; the flowers proper surrounded by four to six, usually four, white, petallike, ovate, involucral bracts, one-third to three-fourths of an inch long, so that the entire inflorescence appears at first glance to be a single flower. Fruit a cluster of globose, bright-red berries. In open woods, usually where the soil is moist, sometimes in thickets and on recently cleared land, Newfoundland to Alaska south to New Jersey, West Virginia, Indiana, Colorado and California and in eastern Asia. Flowering in May or June or later in the far north. This dwarf member of a group made up chiefly of large shrubs and trees has been placed in a separate genus by some recent authors, the chief objection to which is its name, Chamaepericlymenum. This generic name has priority over the more appropriate generic name, Cornella, given it by Doctor Rydberg. The Flowering Dogwood (Cynoxylon floridum (Linnaeus) Rafinesque) is a small tree or large shrub. The involucral bracts are white or pinkish, obovate and notched at the apex, I to 2} inches long. Common in the eastern and southern portions of the State. 194 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM White Alder Family Clethraceae Sweet Pepper Bush; White Alder Clethra alnifolia Linnaeus . Plate 147b A much-branched shrub, 3 to 9 feet high with finely canescent twigs. Leaves obovate, blunt or pointed at the apex, narrowed or tapering at the base, sharply toothed, smooth or nearly so and green on both sides, 1 to 3 inches long, on very short petioles. Flowers white, about one-third of an inch broad, in elongated, slender racemes terminal on the branches, spicy-fragrant; calyx five-cleft, the segments oblong, blunt, nerved; petals five, very slightly united at the base, obovate; stamens ten; anthers sagittate, inverted in anthesis, the pollen sacs opening by apical pores; ovary three- celled, style longer than the stamens, with three stigmas. Fruit pods almost globose, about one-eighth of an inch long. In marshy or swampy ground or low, sandy fields and wet woods near the coast from Maine to Florida and Mississippi. Flowering in July and August. Wintergreen Family Pyrolaceae Bog Wintergreen Pyrola uliginosa Torrey Plate 151a Leaves all basal, the blades orbicular or broadly oval, dull green, thick in texture, somewhat evergreen, blunt or rounded at the apex, 1 to 2 inches long, the margins very obscurely crenulate, petioles about as long or longer than the blades. Flowers pink or purplish pink, one-half to two- thirds of an inch broad; calyx lobes ovate-oblong, one-third as long as the blunt petals; stamens ten, anthers opening by a basal but apparently apical pore as the anther becomes reversed at flowering time, which is true of all species of Pyrola. Fruit capsules about one-fifth of an inch in diameter. WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum LOW OR DWARF CORNEL;: BUNCHBERRY Cornus canadensis Plate 150 WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 195 In bogs and swamps, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Vermont, central New York, Michigan, Colorado and California. Considered by some botanists as identical with Pyrola incarnata Fischer, of northern Asia. Flowering in June and July. Rather abundant in open sphagnum bogs of Herkimer, Oneida, Oswego, Madison and Onondaga counties, also in Bergen swamp, Genesee county, and doubtless in other similar bogs throughout western and northern New York. Shinleaf Pyrola elliptica Nuttall Plate 151b Leaves broadly oval or elliptical, not evergreen, rather thin and dark green, blunt, rounded or narrowed at the base, the margins wavy or plicate-crenulate with very low teeth; 1} to 4 inches long, usually longer than the petioles, all basal. Flowers whitish, nodding, one-half to two- thirds of an inch broad, fragrant, racemose on scapes or stalks, 5 to 10 inches high; calyx lobes five, ovate-triangular, sharp pointed; petals five, blunt, flat, about four times as long as the calyx lobes; stamens ten, declined, style also declined, its apex curved upward. Fruit capsule five-lobed, five-celled, the valves cobwebby on the margins when splitting open, about one-fourth of an inch in diameter. In rich soil of rather dry woods and clearings, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Maryland, Illinois, Iowa and in the Rocky mountains to New Mexico. Our commonest species of Pyrola. Flowering from the latter part of June to August. Round-leaved American Wintergreen Pyrola americana Sweet Figure XX Flowering scape 6 to 20 inches high with five to twenty flowers in a terminal raceme, the flowers in the axils of small bracts. Leaves basal, orbicular or oval, spreading, blunt, thick in texture, evergreen and shining above, the margins crenulate, narrowed, rounded or slightly heart-shaped 196 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM at the base, 1 to 4 inches long with petioles mainly shorter than the blades. Flowers white, or faintly tinged with pink, nodding and fragrant, one-half to two-thirds of an inch broad on pedicels one- fourth of an inch long or less. Calyx lobes oblong or lance- olate; petals about three times as long as the calyx lobes, thick and blunt; stamens and style declined, the style pro- jecting conspicuously from the flower. Fruit a small capsule about one-fourth of an inch in diameter. In dry woods, usually in sandy soil, Nova Scotia to South Dakota south to Georgia and Ohio. Floweringin June and July. The most showy of our native species of Win- tergreen or Shinleaf, as they are sometimes called. There are three additional species of Shinleaf or Winter- green in New York. The Greenish-flowered Winter- green (Pyrola chloran- tha. Swartz), has small, Round-leaved American Wintergreen orbicular, thick-textured leaf (Pyrola americana Sweet) blades, one-half to 13 inches Figure XX WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 151 A. BOG WINTERGREEN B. SHINLEAF Pyrola uliginosa Pyrola elliptica WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 197 long, and greenish white flowers about one-half of an inch broad. Fre- quent in dry woods. The Liver-leaf Wintergreen (Pyrola asarifolia Michaux) has reniform leaf blades usually wider than long, and a raceme of nodding, purple or rose-colored flowers which are one-half to two-thirds of an inch broad. A boreal species, of cold, moist woods and swamps of the north, known in New York only from a few Adirondack localities. The One-sided Wintergreen (Pyrola secunda Linnaeus) has short, slender stems, not stiffly erect but ascending, 2 to Io inches high, leaves oval, ovate or nearly orbicular in shape, pointed at the apex with crenulate-serrate margins; flowers usually many in a one-sided terminal raceme, white or greenish white and soon drooping, one-fourth to one- third of an inch broad. The One-flowered Wintergreen (Moneses uniflora (Linnaeus) A. Gray) is closely related to the Pyrolas and has a single flower, one-half to two-thirds of an inch broad on a stem 2 to 6 inches high. In general appearance and character of leaves it resembles most closely the small Pyrola secunda. Pipsissewa; Prince’s Pine Chimaphila umbellata (Linnaeus) Barton Plate 152a Stems trailing, creeping, branching and more or less horizontally sub- terranean and perennial, slightly woody in texture, sending up both leafy and flowering branches which are erect and 5 to 12 inches high. Leaves narrowly wedge-shaped, blunt or pointed at the apex, tapering at the base, sharply toothed, bright green and shining, 1 to 23 inches long, one-fourth to 1 inch wide above the middle and remaining green over winter. Flowers one-half to two-thirds of an inch broad, several in an umbellate or sub- corymbose cluster, white or pinkish, usually with a deep-pink ring; petals five, concave, nearly orbicular; stamens ten; style very stout, obconic; stigma large, orbicular, with five crenations or lobes. Capsules erect, globular, five-lobed and five-celled; the valves not woolly on the margins when separating, one-fourth to one-third of an inch thick. In dry woods, often under or near pines, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Georgia and the Rocky mountains. Flowering in this State from the latter part of June until August. 198 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The Spotted Wintergreen (Chimaphila maculata (Linnaeus) Pursh) has lanceolate leaves, broadest at or below the middle, mottled with white along the veins, and somewhat larger, white flowers. Indian Pipe Family Monotropaceae Indian Pipe; or Corpse Plant Monotropa uniflora Linnaeus Plate 152b and Figure XXI A white, scapose, succulent plant growing usually in clusters from a mass of matted, brittle roots, attached to partially decayed organic matter in the soil; stems 4 to 10 inches high, erect, each with a solitary nodding, terminal, inodorous, oblong-campanulate flower, one-half to 1 inch long; the fruit, which is a five-celled, many-seeded capsule becoming erect; sepals two to four, deciduous; petals four to five (rarely six), puberulent “within, white or slightly pinkish, somewhat longer than the stamens, which are usually ten in number; ovary ovoid, pointed, narrowed into the short, thick style and funnelform stigma. In moist, rich woods, Anticosti to Florida west to Washington and California. Flowering from June to August. The Indian Pipe, or Corpse Plant, as it is frequently known, is one of the few flowering plants which possess a saprophytic habit, and is in con- sequence devoid of green: leaves or green color in the stems. The flowers are said to be inodorous but I have usually noticed a peculiar faint odor to fresh flowers. The species of Pinesap (Hypopitys) and most of the members of the Broom Rape family also have the same habit, although many of them are pink, yellow or brown in color. paoyfiun pdoajouo py DIDIJAQUN ppiyd puryy INW1d ASdNOD !AdId NVIGNI ‘a ANId SHONTHd +WMASSISdId “WV _— > | sy rom e : ‘ a yl ee oH ecole... or oe te do me a | ee aa J ZSI Vd uInesnfy 93BIS “AN GT JfOuIey en ee eee eee a en nr an ee en oe Oe alee Na aT WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 199 Photograph by George W. Kellogg Figure XXI Indian Pipe (Monotropa uniflora Linnaeus); one-half natural size 200 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Pinesap; False Beechdrops Hypopitys americana (DeCandolle) Small Plate 153a Entire plant lemon-yellow or faintly pink in color, hairy, 3 to 10 inches tall from a dense mass of fleshy root-fibers. Stems scaly, the scales crowded on the lower part of the stems, one-eighth to one-half of an inch long, the upper ones sometimes toothed. Flowers nodding in a one-sided raceme which becomes erect. Terminal flowers usually five-parted, the lateral ones three or four-parted; petals three-fourths to 1 inch long, slightly pubescent and ciliate like the sepals; stigma not retrorsely bearded, the style sparingly pubescent. Fruit capsules oval, one-fourth to 1 inch long. In open or sandy woods, Ontario and New York, south to North Carolina. Flowering from July until September. The Hairy Pinesap (Hy popitys lanuginosa (Michaux) Nuttall) is, usually tawny or crimson and more conspicuously hairy than the species described above; the stigma retrorsely bearded, the sepals and petals long ciliated. By some botanists the two are regarded as forms of the same species. Heath Family Ericaceae Purple or Pink Azalea; Pinkster Flower Azalea nudiflora Linnaeus Plate 154 A much-branched shrub, 2 to 8 feet high, the twigs smooth or with some stiff hairs. Leaves thin, alternate, mostly clustered near the ends of the twigs, obovate or oblong, pointed at both ends, hairy on the principal veins and midrib beneath, usually smooth above; when young and just unfolding they are usually distinctly canescent, at least beneath. Flowers pink or nearly white, usually opening before the leaves are fully expanded or in shaded situations opening with the leaves, fragrant, 1} to 2 inches broad, somewhat two-lipped, the tube of the flower hairy on the outside, WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 153 = A. PINESAP; FALSE BEECHDROPS Hypopitys americana B. TRAILING ARBUTUS; MAYFLOWER Epigaea repens DAOYIpNU Yas YAMOTA UALSMNId :VATVZV MNId UO ATdaNd wnesn]y 23%IS “A ‘NGI alowep PST PRI AMUOA MAN AO SHAMOTA GTIM | LA > 4 we » ieee WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 201 the five stamens projecting beyond the flower. Fruit a slender, oblong, erect, hairy capsule, two-thirds to three-fourths of an inch long. In sandy or rocky woods and thickets, sometimes (especially in the north) in or around the borders of bogs and swamps, Massachusetts to Illinois, south to Florida and Texas. Flowering in May or early June. Often called Wild or Swamp Honeysuckle. Mountain or Hoary Azalea Azalea canescens Michaux Figure XXII A branching shrub, 3 to 10 feet high with oval, elliptic or obovate leaves, wider and shorter than those of the Pinkster, conspicuously soft- hairy beneath, rarely nearly smooth. Flowers rose color to white, very fragrant, on glandular pedicels, expanding with or earlier than the leaves; corolla 14 to 2 inches broad, the tube of the corolla densely glandular on the outside but scarcely viscid; stamens projecting somewhat from the flower. In woods, New Hampshire and eastern and southern New York south to Florida and Louisiana. Flowering in May. The White Azalea (Azalea viscosa Linnaeus) is usually a lower shrub, 1 to 6 feet high, with small oblanceolate leaves which are smooth or with a few scattered hairs above and on the veins beneath, often whitish beneath; flowers white or rarely pink, very fragrant, appear- ing after the leaves unfold; the tube of the corolla very sticky and glandular. Frequent in swamps from Maine to Ohio, Arkansas and Florida. In New York rare or infrequent north of the Atlantic coastal region. The Flame or Yellow Azalea (Azalea lutea Linnaeus) with very showy, orange-yellow or red flowers, is found in the lower Hudson valley, and from the Catskill region southward along the mountains. Great Laurel; Rose Bay Rhododendron maximum Linnaeus Figure XXIII A large shrub, in the south sometimes almost treelike. Leaves ever- green, thick, oblong, oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, dark green on both 202 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM t — an, €, « 2s Figure XXII Mountain or Hoary Azalea (Azalea canescens Michaux) WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 203 sides, sharply pointed at the apex, usually narrowed toward the base, 4 to 8 inches long, I to 23 inches wide, drooping in winter. Flowers large, several or many from a scaly conelike bud forming a dense inflorescence or cluster. Pedicels sticky-pubescent; corolla 13 to 2 inches broad, about 1 inch long, rather deeply five-cleft into oval obtuse lobes, rose color varying to white, with yellowish or orange spots within. Fruit a small capsule about two-thirds of an inch long. In low woods and along streams, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario and Ohio to Georgia and Alabama. In New York State rather local in distribution. The Lapland Rose Bay (Rhododendron lapponicum Lin- naeus) is a low, depressed or prostrate shrub less than 1 foot high, with small purple flowers about three-fourths of an inch broad. It is found only on the highest summits of the Adirondack mountains, and in alpine and subarctic regions of both hemispheres. The Rhodora (Rhodora canadensis Linnaeus) is closely allied to the Rhododendrons. It is a small shrub, I to 5 feet high. The flowers appear with or before the leaves, rose-purple in color; the corolla about an inch broad, the lower lip of the corolla divided into two linear- oblong, obtuse segments. In bogs and on wet slopes, Newfoundland to New Jersey, west to Quebec, central New York and Pennsylvania. Labrador Tea Ledum groenlandicum Oeder Plate 155a A small, much-branched shrub, a few inches to 4 feet high with densely tomentose twigs. Leaves oblong, blunt, sessile, thick and evergreen, somewhat fragrant when crushed, 1 to 2 inches long, one-fourth to two- thirds of an inch wide, strongly revolute on the margins, green above, densely brown-tomentose beneath. Flowers white, one-third to one-half of an inch broad, numerous in terminal clusters, each flower on a pedicel or stalk an inch long or less, which becomes strongly recurved in fruit; calyx small, five-toothed; petals five, separate, obovate; stamens five to seven; fruit capsule oblong, one-fourth of an inch long, five-valved, opening from the base upward. 204 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Figure XXIII Great Laurel or Rose Bay (Rhododendron maximum Linnaeus) ccT Id Dupin si4ardoany UnIIpUDIUI0AS wnpaT HSAUUNADOVLS Pa VoL YOdCVAAVIT “Vv uinesny 2381S “A “NGI Jloweyy WALODA MAN FO SAAKO TA AIIM Lighee Ber toot WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 205 In swamps, bogs and mountain summits, Greenland and Labrador to British Columbia, south to New England, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and Washington. Flowering from June to August. Sheep Laurel; Lambkill; Wicky Kalmia angustifolia Linnaeus Plate 160a A small shrub, 6 to 24 inches high, sometimes taller, simple or with a few nearly erect branches. Leaves opposite or in threes, oblong or oblong- lanceolate, blunt or pointed at the apex, petioles short, blades dark green above, pale green beneath, persistent or evergreen into the second year, the new leaves light green, 1 to 24 inches long, one-fourth to three-fourths of an inch wide. Flowers one-fourth to one-half of an inch broad on slender pedicels, purplish or crimson, numerous in dense, lateral clusters; calyx five-parted, the segments ovate, pointed, glandular-canescent; corolla saucer-shaped, the limb strongly ten-keeled in bud, the margin five-lobed, with ten pouches close to the margin; stamens ten, shorter than the corolla, the anther sacs opening by large terminal pores, the anthers held in the pouches of the corolla limb as it expands and finally straightening out elastically when the corolla is fully expanded. Fruit capsule globular, indented at the summit, five-lobed, canescent, one-eighth to one-sixth of an inch in diameter, on recurved stalks, the style long and persistent on the capsule in fruit. In sandy, moist soil, hillsides and swamps, Newfoundland to Hudson bay, south to Georgia and Michigan. Flowering in June and July. Mountain Laurel; Calico Bush Kalmia latifolia Linnaeus Plate 156a A much-branched shrub with stiff branches, 3 to 15 feet high, often forming dense thickets. In the south it sometimes attains the size of a small tree. Leaves smooth, oval or elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, on short petioles, green on both sides, usually paler beneath, thick 206 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM and evergreen, 2 to 5 inches long, one-half to 13 inches wide. Flowers three-fourths to 1 inch broad, pink or white, numerous and showy in ter- - minal clusters; pedicels of the flowers densely sticky-glandular and two- bracteolate at the base, slender, one-half to 14 inches long; both the calyx and the corolla sticky-glandular without, the corolla similar in structure to that of Kalmia angustifolia, which is typical of all members of the genus Kalmia. Fruit capsule globular and indented at the top, five- lobed, one-sixth to one-fourth of an inch thick. In rocky and sandy woods, thickets and recently cleared land, New Brunswick to Ontario and Indiana, south to Florida, Kentucky and Louisiana. Flowering in May and June. Known also as Spoonwood, Broad-leaved Ivy and Clamoun. Pale or Swamp Laurel Kalmia polifolia Wangenheim ¢ Plate 156b A small shrub, 6 inches to 23 feet high with erect or ascending branches and two-edged twigs. Leaves opposite, rarely in threes, nearly sessile, oblong or linear-oblong, blunt at the apex, green above, glaucous-white below, one-half to 2 inches long, one-sixth to one-half of an inch broad, with revolute margins. Flowers few or several, purple, one-half to three- fourths of an inch broad, in simple, terminal umbels on slender stalks one-half to 13 inches long which are erect in fruit. Segments of the calyx with rough margins. Corolla structure like that of Kalmia angustifolia. Fruit capsules about one-fourth of an inch long or less. In bogs from Newfoundland to Hudson bay and Alaska, south to New England, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Montana and California. Flowering in June and July. Leatherleaf; Dwarf Cassandra Chamaedaphne calyculata (Linnaeus) Moench Plate 157a A small, erect shrub with numerous branches, 1 to 4 feet high. Leaves alternate, leathery but rather thin, evergreen, very short petioled, blunt WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum A. MOUNTAIN LAUREL; CALICO BUSH Kalmia latifolia B. PALE OR SWAMP LAUREL Kalmia_ polifolia Plate 156 ~ LST 938d DSOUNDP DIIDSSNINDE) DIDINIKIVI auyd ppavuvy) AUVAAGUAHdOD -ANUNHEHIIOOH AUVMAG °A VUGNVSSVD ANVAC !AVAIMANLVAT “Vv AYUAOA MON AO SUAMOTA ATIM uInesnyy 2383S “AN GI dowel WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 207 or pointed, oblanceolate or oblong in shape, covered on both sides and more densely so beneath with small, round, scurfy scales, especially when young, one-half to 15 inches long, the margins slightly toothed, the upper leaves reduced to bracts which subtend the flowers. Old leaves often bronzed or brownish in contrast to the bright green of the new leaves. Flowers white, fragrant, solitary in the axils of the upper small leaves, forming a terminal, leafy, one-sided raceme; corolla oblong-cylindric, about one-fourth of an inch long, narrowed at the throat, the margin with five recurved teeth. Stamens ten, not projecting from the flower. Fruit a globular capsule, about one-eighth of an inch in diameter. In swamps, bogs and wet places, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Georgia, Illinois, Michigan and British Columbia. Flowering in May and June. Wild Rosemary; Marsh Holy Rose; Moorwort Andromeda polifolia Linnaeus Plate 159a A small bog shrub, 1 to 3 feet high, simple or with a few branches. Leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate, pointed or blunt at the apex, narrowed at the base, the margins strongly revolute, dark green above, whitish beneath, 1 to 24 inches long, one-sixth to one-third of an inch wide, on very short petioles. Flowers white, drooping, few or several in terminal umbels, the pedicels or flower stalks one-third to one-half of an inch long. Corolla almost globular, one-sixth to one-fourth of an inch in diameter, much constricted at the throat, with five small, recurved teeth, the ten stamens not projecting from the flower. Fruit capsules about one-sixth of an inch in diameter. In sphagnum bogs, Labrador to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Pennsyl- vania, Michigan and British Columbia. Also in northern Europe and Asia. Flowering in May and June. 208 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Staggerbush Neopieris mariana (Linnaeus) Britton Plate 155b A small, smooth shrub with erect or nearly erect, wandlike branches, I to 4 feet high. Leaves oval to oblong, smooth above, slightly hairy on the veins and also black-dotted beneath, pointed at the apex and base, the margins entire, 13 to 3 inches long, rather thin, somewhat persistent over winter, but scarcely evergreen. Flowers white or pink, showy, about one- half of an inch long, cylindric, nodding, few or several in lateral umbels or clusters on the almost leafless branches of the preceding season; segments of the calyx large and long pointed, almost leaflike. Fruit an ovoid- pyramidal capsule, one-eighth or one-sixth of an inch long. In sandy fields, thickets and clearings, near the coast from Rhode Island to Florida and west to Tennessee and Arkansas. Flowering in May and June. Trailing Arbutus; Mayflower Epigaea repens Linnaeus Plate 153b A prostrate, perennial, slightly woody plant, more or less hairy, especially on the new stems and leaves, extensively spreading on the ground and often forming patches of considerable size. Leaves oval or suborbicular, thick, coriaceous, evergreen, blunt or pointed at the apex, rounded or heart-shaped at the base, 1 to 4 inches long, one-half to 2 inches wide, smooth above when mature; petioles short and hairy. Flowers few or several in dense clusters at the ends of the branches, often more or less concealed by the leaves, very fragrant, pink or white, one-half to two- thirds of an inch long. Corolla with a tube expanding at the summit into a five-lobed margin or limb, nearly as broad as the length of the flower and very hairy within. Fruit a fleshy, hairy, slightly five-lobed, almost globular capsule about one-fourth to one-third of an inch in diameter, ~ WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 209 splitting at maturity along the partitions into five valves which spread backward into a five-parted rosette, exposing the fleshy interior. In woods, preferring sandy or rocky soil, often under or near evergreens, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, south to Florida and Wisconsin. Flower- ing in April and May. Among our wild flowers, the Trailing Arbutus, often called Mayflower, is perhaps the greatest favorite and because of its prostrate habit and short stems, impossible to pick without uprooting some of the plant. It is also very sensitive to fire and sudden changes in the character of its surroundings, such as lumbering and grazing, so that in many localities where it was once common it is now rare or entirely exterminated. Creeping or Spicy Wintergreen; Checkerberry Gaultheria procumbens Linnaeus Plate 158b A low, aromatic, semiwoody plant with creeping or subterranean, perennial stems, branches erect or nearly so, 2 to 6 inches high, bearing several oval, oblong or obovate, blunt or pointed, thick, evergreen leaves, dark green and shining above, pale beneath, 1 to 2 inches long, margins slightly revolute and serrate with low bristle-tipped teeth. Flowers white or slightly pink, usually solitary in the axils of the leaves, on recurved stalks. Corolla urn-shaped, with five recurved teeth. Stamens ten, included within the flower, the anther sacs opening by a terminal pore. Fruit a nearly globular berry usually somewhat indented at the summit and slightly five-lobed, bright red when mature, one-third to one-half of an inch in diameter, mealy and very spicy in flavor, ripe in late autumn and persisting on the branches well into the next season. In woods and open places, especially under or near evergreen trees, and most abundant in sandy regions, Newfoundland to Manitoba, New Jersey, Georgia, West Virginia, Indiana and Michigan. The generic name was given to this plant by Peter Kalm in honor of Doctor Gaultier who lived at Quebec in the middle of the eighteenth century. 210 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Huckleberry Family Vaceiniaceaie Dwarf Huckleberry; Gopherberry Gaylussacia dumosa (Andrews) Torrey & Gray : Plate 157b A low, branching shrub, 1 to 2 feet high from a horizontal or spreading base and woody rootstock, the branches erect or nearly so, usually leafless below, the young parts glandular and pubescent. Leaves oblanceolate or oblong-obovate, blunt, entire, firm, green on both sides, shining when mature, sparingly hairy or smooth, resinous or glandular, 1 to 13 inches long, sessile or nearly so. Flowers white, pink or nearly red, in rather long and loose racemes with numerous oval, leaflike bracts; corolla bell-shaped, slightly less than one-fourth of an inch long, the margin five-lobed; filaments pubescent. Fruit a black berry, without bloom, one-fourth to one-third of an inch in diameter and rather tasteless. In sandy or rocky soil, often in swampy depressions, Newfoundland to Florida and Louisiana, near the coast. Flowering in May and June. Large or American Cranberry Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Aiton) Pursh Plate 158a A trailing bog plant-with perennial, somewhat woody, slender, creeping stems, rooting at the nodes, the branches 5 to 10 inches long, and ascending, forming dense mats or thickly interwoven with moss and other vegetation of the bog. Leaves alternate, very short petioled, thick, ever- green, oval, oblong or slightly obovate, blunt at both ends, entire, one- fourth to two-thirds of an inch long, one-third of an inch wide or less, pale or glaucous beneath and slightly revolute on the margins. Flowers pink, one-third to one-half of an inch broad, nodding on erect stalks, usually somewhat racemosely clustered. Stamens eight or ten, the filaments dis- tinct, the anthers united into a long-pointed cone, prolonged upward when r Cc WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 158 A. LARGE OR AMERICAN CRANBERRY Oxycoccus macrocar pus B. CREEPING OR SPICY WINTERGREEN; CHECKERBERRY Gaultheria procumbens WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 211 the flower is opened, and conspicuous as the petals are recurved; anthers opening by a pore at the apex. Fruit a globose or oblong, juicy, red berry, many-seeded and acidulous, one-third to three-fourths of an inch long. In bogs or boggy meadows, Newfoundland to Ontario, south to Virginia and Arkansas. Flowering in June and July. Fruit ripe in September and October. Extensively cultivated in New England and New Jersey for its fruit. ine smalliCtanberry (Oxycoccus oxycoceus (Linnaeus) MacMillan) has smaller, thicker, ovate leaves and pink flowers about one-third of an inch broad; the fruit is about one-third of an inch in diameter or less and often spotted when young. It is found in cold bogs, especially northward. The Creeping Snowberry (Chiogenes hispidula (Linnaeus) Torrey & Gray) resembles somewhat the Small Cranberry and grows in similar situations. It is somewhat hairy, and the small oval or ovate leaves one-sixth to one-third of an inch long are smooth above but sprinkled beneath with numerous, appressed, stiff, brownish hairs; flowers few, nodding, about one-sixth of an inch long, white; fruit a small, snow- white berry. Primrose Family Primulaceae Mistassini or Dwarf Canadian Primrose Primula mistassinica Michaux Plate 159b A small, perennial, scapose herb, I to 6 inches high. Leaves all basal, spatulate to rhombic-ovate or obovate in shape, green on both sides, some- what toothed, blunt at the apex, tapering at the base, sessile or with short petioles, one-half to 14 inches long, one-eighth to one-half of an inch wide. Flowers two to eight, forming a loose cluster at the summit of the scape. Corolla pink or pale purple, with or without a yellow eye, funnelform, the tube longer than the five-lobed calyx, the lobes of the corolla obcordate, one-eighth to one-fifth of an inch long; stamens five, fastened to the inside of the corolla tube. Fruit a small, erect, narrowly oblong capsule, one- fifth to one-third of an inch long. 212 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM On wet banks and rocks, Maine to Newfoundland, Michigan and Saskatchewan. In New York known only in a few localities in the northern and western parts of the State, cliffs along Fish creek, north of Taberg, Oneida county; Cayuga lake; Fall creek, Ithaca; Portage and Niagara Falls. Crosswort; Whorled Loosestrife Lysimachia quadrifolia Linnaeus Plate 160b Stems usually simple, slender, erect, I to 23 feet high, more or less pubescent. Leaves whorled, usually in fours or fives, sometimes the lower ones opposite, sessile or nearly so, lanceolate to ovate, pointed at the apex, I to 4 inches long, one-fourth to 1 inch wide, usually black-dotted, the upper ones usually reduced to a small size. Flowers yellow, one-fourth to one- half of an inch broad, axillary, usually one in the axis of each of the four or five leaves at each node, on slender stalks, one-half to 15 inches long. Corolla rotate, streaked with dark lines or spotted; sepals narrow and long pointed. Fruit a small capsule about as long as the calyx. In moist soil, thickets and marshes, New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Georgia, Tennessee and Wisconsin. Flowering from June to August. Bulb-bearing Loosestrife; Swamp Candles Lysimachia terrestris (Linnaeus) Britton, Sterns & Poggenberg $ Plate 161b Stem simple or sparingly branched, erect, smooth, 8 to 20 inches high. Leaves usually opposite, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sharp pointed at both ends, nearly sessile and usually dotted with black, 1 to 3 inches long, one-sixth to two-thirds of an inch wide; often bearing, after flowering time, long bulblets (suppressed branches) in the axils, especially in the autumn. It was this condition that was mistaken by Linnaeus for a Mistletoe, under which group he originally classified it. Flowers one-fourth to one-third of an inch broad, chiefly in the axils of the upper and smaller leaves and form- ing a terminal leafy raceme; stalks of the flowers slender, one-half to three- DILUISSDISUU DINUAT pyjofijod vpamodpuy ASOUNTd NVIGVNY) JXVMC UO INISSVISIN ‘a IYOMUOON !ASOU AIOH HSUVN !AUVNASON CTIA “V a 6ST Id uIndsnfY 93¥IS "A ‘N CT Joweyy MUOA MAN AO SUAMOTA ATIM a> . * WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 160 5 a al [On RRIONR SH ny ~ Saar eee ee A. SHEEP LAUREL; LAMBKILL; WICKY B. CROSSWORT; WHORLED LOOSESTRIFE Kalmia angustifolia Lysimachia quadrifolia WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 161 a A. BLUEWEED; VIPER’S BUGLOSS B. BULB-BEARING LOOSESTRIFE; Echium vulgare SWAMP CANDLES Lysimachia terrestris WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 213 fourths of an inch long; sepals long-ovate, pointed; corolla rotate, parted nearly to the base, usually into five segments, yellow with purple streaks or dots. Fruit a capsule about one-eighth of an inch in diameter. In marshes, swamps and moist thickets, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Georgia and Arkansas. Flowering from July to September. Moneywort; Creeping Loosestrife Lysimachia nummularia Linnaeus Plate 164a Stems creeping and usually rooting at the nodes, 1 to 2 feet long or longer, smooth. Leaves opposite, broadly oval or orbicular, one-half to 14 inches long, with short petioles. Flowers two-thirds to 1 inch broad, solitary in the axils of the leaves, bright yellow; sepals pointed, half as long as the five blunt lobes of the dark-dotted corolla. Native of Europe and naturalized in moist grassy places throughout the eastern states. Flowering from June to August. Fringed Loosestrife Steironema ciliatum (Linnaeus) Rafinesque Plate 162 Stems simple or sparingly branched, erect, smooth, 1 to 33 feet high. Leaves opposite, thin, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, sharp pointed at the apex, blunt to slightly heart-shaped at the base, 2 to 6 inches long, one-half to 3 inches wide, the margins and short petioles hairy. Flowers one-half to I inch broad, on slender stalks in the upper axils; lobes of the calyx lanceo- late and sharp pointed, shorter than the five yellow segments of the corolla, which are finely toothed toward their tips; stamens five. Fruit a five- valved capsule, slightly longer than the calyx. In moist thickets and open woods, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Georgia, Kansas and Arizona. Flowering from June to August. 214 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Tufted Loosestrife Naumburgia thrysiflora (Linnaeus) Duby Plate 163 Stems mainly simple, often several together from a slender, perennial rootstock, 1 to 2} feet high, smooth or slightly pubescent. Leaves opposite, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pointed at the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile, 2 to 5 inches long, one-third to 1 inch wide, the lower leaves reduced to ovate scales. Flowers yellow, spotted with black, one-sixth to one- fourth of an inch broad, in dense, spikelike, oblong or ovoid racemes on stout axillary stalks which are one-half to 14 inches long; sepals five to seven-divided and spotted, the segments narrow; corolla deeply five to seven-parted with rather narrow segments. Fruit a globose capsule which, when mature, is about as long as the sepals or slightly longer. In swamps, low woods and wet meadows, Nova Scotia to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Missouri, Montana and California. Flowering from the latter part of May to July. The same species is also found in Europe and Asia. Star Flower; Chickweed Wintergreen Trientalis borealis Rafinesque (T. americana Pursh) Plate 165b Stems (rootstocks) buried, creeping and horizontal, several inches long, sending up simple branches, 3 to 9 inches high, each of which bears a whorl of five to ten leaves at the summit, and a few scalelike leaves on the lower part of the stem. Leaves thin, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sharp pointed at both ends, sessile or nearly so, 13 to 5 inches long, one-third to 11 inches wide, the margins minutely crenulate. Flowers one-third to one-half of an inch broad, white, one to three or four, on very slender peduncles at the summit of the leaf-bearing stems; sepals very narrow and spreading, usually seven in number; corolla with five to nine (usually seven) oblong or somewhat obovate, pointed segments. Fruit a small, globular capsule shorter than the sepals. WitTD FLOWERS OF NEW YORE Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 162 FRINGED LOOSESTRIFE Stetronema ciliatum WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 163 TUFTED LOOSESTRIFE Naumburgia thyrsiflora WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Z2I5 In moist woodlands and thickets, Labrador to Manitoba, south to Virginia, Illinois and Michigan. Flowering in May and June. On Mount McIntyre, and on other high mountains of the Adirondacks, occurs a form with leaves elliptical-ovate to ovate-lanceolate in shape, rather thick in texture and only I to 2 inches long. In Bergen swamp, Genesee county, occurs a form with linear-lanceolate leaves, I to 3 inches long. Plumbago Family Plumbaginaceae Seaside Lavender; Marsh Rosemary; Canker-root Limonium carolinianum (Walter) Britton Plate 166b A rather fleshy, smooth plant of salt meadows near the coast, with a thick tapering or branched, astringent root. Flower-bearing scapes slender, much branched above, 6 to 18 inches high. Leaves all at the base of the plant, oblanceolate in shape, blunt at the apex, narrowed below into margined petioles, the margins of the leaf blades entire or slightly undulate, 2 to 10 inches long, one-half to 13 inches wide. Flowers pale purple, erect, in many one-sided clusters forming a large, paniculate, terminal inflorescence, each flower about one-sixth of an inch high; calyx five-toothed, the calyx tube with ten faint ribs below and closely subtended by the small bracts; petals five, spatulate in shape. On salt meadows, Labrador to Florida and Texas. Also in Bermuda. Flowering from July to October. Gentian Family Gentianaceae Sea or Marsh Pink Sabbatia stellaris Pursh Plate 166a A small, herbaceous plant with stems slightly four-angled below, 5 to 20 inches high and with numerous alternate branches toward the - 216 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM summit. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear, opposite, sessile, blunt at the apex, the lower leaves usually smaller and obovate, the upper ones narrower and smaller. Flowers numerous, three-fourths to 14 inches broad, each flower at the apex of a branch or slender stalk. Calyx without distinct ribs, its lobes, usually five in number, narrowly linear, usually somewhat shorter than the five oblong or obovate corolla segments. Corolla pink with a yellowish, starry eye, bordered with red, rarely the entire corolla white; style two-cleft to below the middle. Fruit a small capsule about one-fourth of an inch high. In and around salt meadows near the coast, from Massachusetts to Florida. Flowering from the latter part of July until September. The Slender Marsh Pink (Sabbatia campanulata (Linnaeus) Torrey) with calyx lobes as long or longer than the corolla, and with narrower leaves, is also found in salt meadows along the coast. The Large Marsh Pink (Sabbatia dodecandra (Linnaeus) Brit- ton, Sterns & Poggenberg), (figure XXIV) has eight to twelve corolla seg- ments, and is occasionally found in the salt marshes along the coast, but more rarely than the other two species. The Common Rose Pink or Bitterbloom (Sabbatia angularis (Linnaeus) Pursh), with square stems, opposite branches, and ovate, clasping leaves, is usually found in thickets and damp, grassy places in southern, central and western New York and southward. Fringed Gentian Gentiana crinita Linnaeus Plate 167 Stems somewhat angled, leafy and often with numerous opposite branches above, I to 3 feet high from a fibrous root which is usually biennial. Leaves obovate and blunt below, the upper leaves I to 2 inches long, sessile and rounded at the base, pointed at the apex. Flowers several or numerous, each at the end of a branch or stalk, each flower about 2 inches high. Calyx lobes lanceolate, pointed, unequal, their midribs decurrent on the angles of the calyx tube. Corolla four-parted, bright blue, rarely white, narrowly bell-shaped, the lobes obovate, rounded and conspicuously fringed at the ends, spreading when mature but apparently closing at night. snapupyjids snjnajoauoy CHa MONTE MO'T uo DUADINUMUNU DI YIDUISK'T LHOINdA “A AAIWLSAUSOOT ONIGHAND :-LYOMAUNOW “V FOL IVIg MUAOA MON AO SUAMOTA ATIIM 7 uInesny, 23¥IS$ “A “N Gy dows 42 WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 165 A. NARROW-LEAVED COWWHEAT Melampyrum lineare “a gs SD 4 4 Fs a 2. / aria’ ge ; aol EKO | @ ae ‘ yy: ~ " B. STAR FLOWER; CHICKWEED WINTERGREEN Trientalis borealis So ~ Te = ‘wu ot, a —— ee SS er LOOU-AANNVO WMUDLULIOADI WUNLUOWUNT -AUVNASOU HSAUVIN -dHaNYAV!] = “4 v 99T 93¥Id HaISVHS ee STAD]JOIS DIDQGDy MNId HSUYVW WO VHS “V \ umnesnyq 9331S “AN CT Jowopy MUOA MON AO SUAMOTA ATIIM ee WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Figure XXIV Large Marsh Pink (Sabbatia dodecandra (Linnaeus) Britton, Sterns and Poggenberg) 218 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Stamens four, attached to the inner base of the corolla and not projecting out of the flower. In low meadows and moist, open woods, Quebec to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Iowa. Flowering in September and October. The Smaller Fringed Gentian (Gentiana procera Holm) has linear leaves and the corolla segments fringed mainly on the sides with shorter hairs. It is rather rare in this State. The Stiff Gentian (Gentiana quinquefolia Linnaeus), (Fig- ure X XV) has smaller flowers in dense clusters at the ends of the branches; the blue corolla tube is one-half to three-fourths of an inch long with five equal, triangular lobes which are not fringed. Rather common in dry or moist shady woods. Closed Blue or Blind Gentian Dasystephana andrewsti (Grisebach) Small Plate 168 y Stems stout, smooth, 1 to 2 feet high, and usually unbranched, from a perennial root. Leaves opposite, ovate to lanceolate, three to seven- nerved, pointed at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the sessile base, rough- margined. Flowers 1 to 14 inches high, sessile in dense, terminal clusters and usually with one or two in the axils of the upper leaves. Each flower with two bracts beneath the calyx. Calyx lobes five, ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, somewhat spreading. Corolla blue, rarely white, club-shaped, nearly or quite closed at the summit, its lobes indistinct, the intervening appendages very broad and light colored. Stamens five, their anthers united into a tube. In moist soil and damp thickets, Quebec to Manitoba, south to Georgia and Nebraska. Flowering from late in August to October. The Soapwort Gentian (Dasystephana saponaria (Linnaeus) Small) closely resembles the Closed Gentian, but the leaves are usually pointed at each end and the corolla lobes distinct, and longer than or equaling the intervening plaits. The Yellowish Gentian (Dasy- stephana flavida (A. Gray) Britton) has a greenish or yellowish white corolla, distinctly open at the summit, and ovate-lanceolate leaves. The Narrow-leaved or Bog Gentian (Dasystephana linearis (Froelich) Britton) possesses.an open, blue corolla and linear-lanceolate —s WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 167 FRINGED GENTIAN Gentiana crinita *. YS oe hota ages ge hak Memoir 15 WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK N. Y. State Museum CLOSED BLUE OR BLIND GENTIAN Dasystephana andrewsu Plate 168 at ¥. ¢ re es / + Pa ” . n . - oy *\ - — Tyee ad oA me Pgs 6 as a A = 5 é 7 A . % re ot a aes ee a q 7 < ah oe . y on ai p< WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 219 " 4 y Pe) j 4 vore e BA Stiff Gentian; Agueweed (Gentiana quinquefolia Linnaeus) Figure XXV 220 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM leaves. These, together with the rare Gray’s Gentian(Dasystephana grayi(Kusnezow) Britton), are all natives of New York, but not so common as the Closed Gentian, although the Narrow-leaved or Bog Gentian is frequent in the Adirondacks. Buckbean Family Menyanthaceae Buckbean; Marsh Trefoil Menyanthes trifoliata Linnaeus Plate 169 Rootstock creeping, scaly, thick, often a foot or more long. Leaves erect or ascending from the growing end of the rootstock, 2 to 10 inches long, divided into three leaflets, the petioles sheathing the stem at their bases. Leaflets usually obovate, blunt at the apex, narrowed at the base, I to 3 inches long. Flowers white, few or several, forming a cluster or raceme on a long, leafless stalk which rises from the rootstock. Each flower about one-half of an inch long; calyx five-lobed; corolla short funnel- form, five-lobed, densely bearded with white hairs within, the lobes spreading; stamens five, fastened to the inside of the corolla tube and shorter than the tube. Fruit an ovoid, blunt capsule about one-third of an inch long. In bogs, marshes and wet places, Greenland to Alaska, south to Long Island, Pennsylvania, Nebraska and California. Flowering from May to July. Dogbane Family Apocynaceae Spreading Dogbane Apocynum androsaemtfolium Linnaeus Plate 170a A rather slender, branching herb with perennial, horizontal rootstock and stems I to 4 feet high, with milky juice. Leaves entire, opposite, ovate or oval, pointed at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, smooth above, pale and more or less hairy beneath, 15 to 4 inches long, three- WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 169 BUCKBEAN; MARSH TREFOIL Menyanthes trifoliatus —— - » A dae DORE WNYOf{IMAVDSOAPUD WNUKIOd VY HANVASDOd ONIGVHUdS ‘VW ANIA HAOT -WaaddOd S,SOTIAONOYND ‘dA aes | OLI Ud uInesNy 23¥IS “A “N GT WoweyW MUOA MAN AO SUAMOTHA AIIM 4 WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK PPL | fourths to 23 inches wide; petioles short and usually less than one-third of an inch long. Flowers fragrant, pink or pink and white, numerous in loose, terminal clusters (cymes); each flower about one-fourth of an inch broad; calyx with five short, pointed lobes; corolla narrowly bell-shaped with five reflexed lobes; stamens five, attached to the base of the corolla within and alternate with its lobes. Fruit a slender pod (follicle) about 4 inches long and one-eighth of an inch thick. In fields and thickets, New Brunswick to British Columbia, south to Georgia and Arizona. Flowering in June and July. About five closely related species, all with smaller flowers, are recog- nized by botanists as native to this State. Milkweed Family Asclepiadaceae The Milkweeds are familiar and well-known plants, but in order to distinguish some of the closely related species, a special study of the flower structure is necessary. They are perennial herbs with milky juice and flowers in umbellate clusters. The calyx is small and inferior (below the ovary), five-lobed; its tube short or none. The corolla varies in shape from bell-shaped to urn-shaped, funnelform or saucer-shaped, five-lobed; the lobes or segments commonly reflexed when the flower is fully open. The flowers of the Milkweeds are further characterized by possessing a third floral envelope, consisting of a five-lobed or five-parted crown (corona) between the corolla and the stamens and attached to one or the other. Stamens five, fastened to the corolla, usually near its base, sometimes the filaments of the stamens being attached to one another. The ovary consists of two carpels, with two short styles connected at the summit by a shield-shaped stigma. The fruit consists of two large, fleshy pods (follicles) developing from each flower, but usually only one or a very few flowers of an umbel develop fruit. Seeds flattened and appendaged by a long coma of white or whitish hairs. oo } 222 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Key to the New York Milkweeds Corona hoods unappendaged, entire at the apex; umbels of flowers sessile; flowers green (Green Milkweed) os. .0.35...25 .800%e84 560 fa. os ce A eT a eee wad ee Corona hoods each with an incurved horn within (Asclepias) . Corolla and corona orange; leaves mostly alternate...... Asclepias tuberosa Corolla bright red or purple; leaves opposite Flowers one-third of an inch broad or broader; corona hoods one-fourth of an inch high; leaves oblong, ovate or ovate-oblong; hoods oblong and pointed... . Asclepias purpurascens Flowers one-third of an inch broad or less; corona hoods one-twelfth to one-eighth of an inch high Plant nearly or quite glabrous; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate....... Asclepias incarnata Plant pubescent; leaves oblong... -. .242- 250 ns Asclepias pulechra Corolla greenish, purplish, yellowish or white; leaves opposite Leaves ovate, oblong, ovate-lanceolate, obovate or orbicular Plants, at least the lower surfaces of the leaves, canescent or tomentose; corona hoods short and blunt................. Asclepias syriaca Plants smooth throughout or minutely pubescent above; umbels on long stalks Leaves wavy-margined and sessile or nearly so Leaves cordate-clasping....... Asclepias amplexicaulis Leaves rounded at the base and short petioled................... Asclepias intermedia Leaves petioled and flat Corolla greenish, umbels loose, pedicels drooping................. Asclepias.exaltata Corolla white; umbels dense......... Asclepias variegata Corolla pink or white, some of the leaves verticillate in fours... ... Asclepias quadrifolia Leaves narrowly linear, mostly verticillate in threes to sixes; hoods entire....... Asclepias verticillata WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 223 Butterfly Weed; Pleurisy Root Asclepias tuberosa Linnaeus Plate 171 ° Stems very hairy, rather stout, usually branched above, erect or ascending, 1 to 2 feet high from a stout, perennial root, with slightly milky sap. Leaves alternate, oblong to lanceolate, pointed or blunt at the apex, narrowed, rounded or heart-shaped at the base, sessile or very short petioled, 2 to 6 inches long, one-fourth to 1 inch wide. Flowers bright orange or yellow, numerous in terminal, cymose umbels; lobes or segments. of the corolla about one-fourth of an inch long, reflexed in flower; the segments of the five-parted crown (corona) about one-third of an inch long; hoods erect, oblong, bright orange or yellow and two to three times as long as the stamens and longer than the filiform horns. Fruit a finely pubescent pod (follicle), 4 to 5 inches long. In dry fields and roadsides, Maine to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and northern Mexico. Flowering from July to September. Swamp Milkweed Asclepias incarnata Linnaeus Plate 172 Stems slender, often 2 to 5 feet tall and leafy throughout, more or less branched, smooth or minutely pubescent in two lines along the upper part of the stem. Leaves opposite, oblong-lanceolate, pointed at the apex, narrowed or sometimes slightly heart-shaped at the base, 3 to 7 inches long, one-half to 13 inches wide; petioles very short. Flowers numerous in many-flowered terminal, stalked umbels; pedicels of the flowers pubescent, one-half to 1 inch long; corolla red or rose-purple, its lobes oblong; column more than one-half as long as the obtuse pink or purplish hoods; horns slender, incurved, longer than the hoods. Fruit an erect pod (follicle), 2 to 4 inches long. 224 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM In marshy or swampy places, New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, south to Tennessee and Colorado. Flowering from July to September. The Hairy Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias pulchra Ehrhart) is similar to this species, but is softly tomentose-pubescent on the stems, the leaves smooth above and pubescent beneath, the flowers commonly lighter red or pink. Blunt-leaved Milkweed Asclepias amplexicaulis J. E. Smith Plate 173 Stems stout, erect or nearly so, smooth, pale green and glaucous, rarely somewhat pubescent, 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves opposite, oblong- ovate or oblong, blunt and minutely pointed at the apex, cordate-clasping at the base, 3 to 5 inches long, I to 2 inches wide, the margins wavy-crisped. Flowers numerous in a terminal, solitary, long-stalked umbel; pedicels of the flowers downy, about 1 inch long. Flowers greenish purple; corolla segments oblong, about one-third of an inch long; column thick, hoods pinkish, shorter than the subulate incurved horn. Fruiting follicles 4 to 6 inches long, erect on recurved pedicels. In dry, mostly sandy soil, New Hampshire to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Flowering in June and July. Young plants of this and other species of milkweed are said to make excellent greens. The Intermediate Milkweed (Asclepias intermedia Vail) has been found only at Lawrence, Long Island, and is probably a hybrid between A. syriaca and A. amplexicaulis. Four-leaved Milkweed Asclepias quadrifolia Jacquin Plate 174 : Stems rather slender, rarely branched, I to 2 feet high. Leaves thin, slightly pubescent on the veins beneath, ovate to lanceolate, 2 to 6 inches long, one-half to 2 inches wide, long pointed at the apex, the middle leaves in whorls of four, the upper and lower leaves smaller and usually opposite. Flowers numerous in one to four terminal umbels on slender stalks; corolla psoaagn} spidapos v LOOUW ASIVNA]d -GHUM ATAMALLO IZT %¥Id . & £e a Ge’ Vo BS wo BB: ae Oe We hes ar Gis te me we Y' ad umnasnyy 2381S “AN ST TOW WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORE Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 172 Q— —+ SWAMP MILKWEED Asclepias incarnata WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 173 BLUNT-LEAVED MILKWEED Asclepias amplexicaulis rod aon Die bare he “ahs Lia ty a) o : = : bet ee i Rig ae i ee ae ae ead ve meant wie : WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 225 pink or nearly white, its lobes lanceolate-oblong; column short, hoods white, obtuse at the apex, twice as long as the anthers and short incurved horns. Fruiting follicles 3 to 5 inches long, erect on ascending pedicels. In woods and thickets, Maine to Minnesota, south to Alabama and Arkansas. The Polk or Tall Milkweed (Asclepias exaltata (Linnaeus) Muhlenberg) is 3 to 6 feet tall, with thin, oval, ovate or oblong leaves, long pointed at each end. Flowers greenish purple, drooping and arranged in few or several umbels toward the top of the plant. Frequent in woods and thickets. The White Milkweed (Asclepias variegata Linnaeus) occurs only from southern New York southward. The leaves are opposite, ovate, obovate or oblong, thick in texture and sometimes the middle ones verticil- late in fours. Flowers white or the segments purplish near the base. The Whorled Milkweed (Asclepias verticillata Linnaeus) is very slender and leafy, the leaves linear and verticillate in threes to sixes. Flowers greenish white. It is found in dry or sandy fields in southern New York, and rarely in other portions of the State. Common Milkweed; Silkweed Asclepias syriaca Linnaeus Plate 175 Stems stout, rarely branched, 2 to 5 feet high, finely pubescent above. Leaves oblong to ovate, finely but densely hairy beneath, smooth above when mature, pointed or blunt at the apex, rounded or slightly heart- shaped at the base, 4 to 8 inches long, 2 to 4 inches wide; petioles short, one-fourth to three-fourths of an inch long. Flowers numerous in one to several umbels on long stalks from the upper axils of the leaves; corolla purplish to greenish purple or greenish white, the segments oblong- lanceolate, one-fourth to one-third of an inch long; column short and thick, the hoods ovate-lanceolate with a tooth on each side, longer than the anthers and the incurved horn. Fruiting follicles 3 to 5 inches long, erect on recurved stalks, tomentose and covered with short, soft processes. Roadsides, fields and waste places, New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, south to North Carolina and Kansas. Flowering from July to September. 226 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The form illustrated here is the purple-flowered form which is not so com- mon as the greenish purple-flowered form. The Purple Milkweed (Asclepias purpurascens Linnaeus), rather rare in this State, has smooth or puberulent stems, ovate, elliptic or oblong leaves, smooth above and finely pubescent beneath; flowers deep purple; corona hoods oblong or ovate and nearly twice as long as the anthers, the horns broad at the base, slender and incurved at the apex. The fol- licles are downy and without the soft processes of the Common Milkweed. Morning-glory Family Convolvulaceae Upright or Low Bindweed Convolvulus spithamaeus Linnaeus Plate 164b Stems erect or ascending, sometimes the tip of the stem feebly twining, 3 to 15 inches high, hairy or in late summer becoming nearly smooth. Leaves alternate, oval, short petioled or the upper leaves sessile, usually blunt or but slightly pointed at the apex, somewhat heart-shaped or rounded at the base, I to 2 inches long, one-half to 14 inches wide. Flowers white, open funnelform, about 2 inches long, solitary on long stalks from the axils of the middle or lower leaves; the calyx inclosed by two oval bracts. In dry, sandy or rocky fields, banks and open woods, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Florida and Kentucky. Flowering in June and July. Rarely seen in sections with rich loamy or clayey soils. Hedge or Great Bindweed Convolvulus sepium Linnaeus Plate 176 Stems high, twining or trailing, often several feet long, smooth or sometimes slightly hairy. Leaves triangular in outline, slender petioled, hastate at the base, pointed at the apex, 2 to 5 inches long, the basal lobes divergent, usually pointed or toothed. Flowers pink with white stripes or entirely white, funnelform, 2 to 3 inches long, with a spreading, slightly WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 174 i FOUR-LEAVED MILKWEED Asclepias quadrifolia WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 175 r a : COMMON MILKWEED; SILKWEED Asclepias syriaca WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum : Plate 176 HEDGE OR GREAT BINDWEED Convolvulus sepium WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 227 five-lobed margin, solitary on slender axillary stalks; the calyx inclosed by two large, ovate, pointed bracts; stamens five, attached to the base of the corolla tube within. Fruit a globular, thin-walled capsule, about one-third of an inch in diameter, containing four black, angled seeds. Roadsides, fields and thickets, usually in moist soil, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Georgia and New Mexico. Often a troublesome weed. Flowering from June to August. The pink and white flowered form is thought by some to be the native form of this species, which is in part introduced and naturalized from Europe. The Small Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis Linnaeus) is smaller in every way, trailing on the ground, the leaves 1 to 2 inches long, sagittate or hastate at the base; flowers pink or nearly white, about 13 inches long. Native of Europe and common as a weed in fields and waste places. The Trailing or Hedge Bindweed (Convolvulus repens Lin- naeus) resembles the Great Bindweed, but is more softly hairy or tomentose. Leaves ovate or oblong, cordate or sagittate at the base. Flowers pink or white, about 2 inches long. It is common in moist thickets and marshes along the coast. Dodder Family Cuscutaceae Gronovius’s Dodder; Love Vine Cuscuta gronovit Willdenow Plate 170b A slender, herbaceous annual with yellowish or orange-colored stems, climbing over and around various shrubs and herbs. Flowers numerous, short-stalked in dense clusters. Calyx five-lobed without bracts, the lobes ovate, blunt, shorter than the corolla tube. Corolla white, bell-shaped, about one-eighth of an inch long, with five ovate, rounded and blunt spreading lobes, the lobes nearly as long as the tubular part of the corolla. Within the corolla there are five fringed scales alternate with the lobes of the corolla and shorter than the corolla tube. Stamens five, alternate with the corolla lobes and inserted upon the upper part of the tube of the corolla. Fruit a globular capsule, one-eighth of an inch in diameter, envel- oped or capped by the withering corolla. 228 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Parasitic on various shrubs and herbs in low meadows, thickets and open swamps, Nova Scotia to Manitoba and Montana, south to Florida and Texas. Flowering in July and August. In most localities this is the commonest species of Dodder, although in some places there are to be found other species, especially Cuscuta compacta Jussieu; the Flax Dodder (Cuscuta epilinum Weihe), always upon flax; and the Clover Dodder (Cuscuta epithy- mum Murray) usually upon clover. Phlox Family Polemoniaceae Garden Phlox Phlox paniculata Linnaeus Plate 177 Stems stout or slender, erect, simple or somewhat branched above, smooth or slightly pubescent, 13 to 5 feet tall, usually several stems from a perennial root. Leaves opposite, entire, thin, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, long pointed at the apex, usually narrowed at the base, 2 to 6 inches long, one-half to 13 inches wide. Flowers in dense, terminal, paniculate clusters, forming an inflorescence 3 to 12 inches long; calyx with five small, slender teeth; corolla pink, purple or white, about an inch long, consisting of a slender tube and an expanded limb with five obovate lobes, the limb one- half to two-thirds of an inch broad. Fruit a small, oval, blunt capsule. In woods and thickets, native from Pennsylvania to Illinois, south to Florida, Louisiana and Kansas. Common in cultivation. Freely escaping from gardens, and established in the northeastern states. In cultivation consisting of many varieties, differing in leaf form, size and color of flowers and in pubescence. Flowering from July to September. Ground or Moss Pink Phlox subulata Linnaeus Plate 178 Stems densely tufted and extensively branched, forming mats, often of considerable extent, pubescent or nearly smooth. Leaves linear-lanceo- WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 177 GARDEN PHLOX Phlox paniculaia DIDINGNSsS XOTY MNId SSOW YO GNNOUD SLT 93¥Id uinesnp{ 9383S “A ‘NCI Jlowoyy MUAUOA MON AO SUAMOTA ATIM sf 1 WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 229 late, one-third to 1 inch long, stiff and clustered at the nodes of the stems, their margins ciliate. Flowers on slender stalks, clustered in simple few- flowered cymes; calyx teeth about as long as the calyx tube; corolla pink, purplish with a darker eye, or sometimes white, about one-half to two- thirds of an inch broad, the five lobes of the corolla entire or often slightly indented at the apex. In dry, sandy or rocky soil of fields, banks and open woods, southern New York to Michigan, south to Florida and Kentucky. Flowering in May and June. Occasionally cultivated farther north. The Wild Sweet William (Phlox maculata Linnaeus) is found wild from southern New York southward, and frequently escaped from cultivation farther northward. Its stems are usually spotted with purple; leaves lanceolate or the upper ones ovate-lanceolate; flowers pink or purple, rarely white, in compact clusters forming a many-flowered terminal inflorescence, 4 to 10 inches long. A race with white flowers and unspotted Stems iseknown as Phlox maculata var. candida Michaux (P. suaveolens Aiton). The Downy or Prairie Phlox (Phlox pilosa Linnaeus) occurs rather locally in New York. It is softly hairy with linear or lanceolate, long-pointed leaves and pink, purple or white flowers forming a terminal cluster. The Wild Blue Phlox (Phlox divaricata Linnaeus) (Figure XXVI) is frequent in some localities. It is finely viscid-pubescent, the stems rooting at the nodes near the base, but the tops erect; leaves oblong or ovate, those on the flowering stems lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate; flowers fragrant, bluish, the corolla lobes deeply notched at the ends. American Jacob’s Ladder Polemonium van-bruntiae Britton Plate 179 Stems herbaceous, erect, smooth below, a little pubescent above, I to 3 feet tall, from a stout, horizontal, perennial rootstock clothed with numerous fibrous roots. Basal leaves 6 to 12 inches long, odd-pinnate, with eleven to seventeen sessile, ovate-lanceolate, pointed leaflets, one-half to 13 inches long; stem leaves and upper leaves with only three to seven leaflets. Flowers bluish purple or blue, three-fourths to 1 inch broad in 230 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Figure XXVI Wild Blue Phlox (Phlox divaricata Linnaeus) WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 179 AMERICAN JACOB’S LADDER Polemonium van-bruntiae ase $f WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 231 terminal or panicled cymose clusters; corolla tubular-campanulate with five rounded lobes, the five stamens projecting out of the flower. In swamps, marshy meadows and along streams, Vermont and New York to Maryland. Flowering from the latter part of May until July. A local plant, as beautiful as it is rare. It has been found locally abundant at several places in the southern and western portions of the Catskills, in the Schoharie valley, southern Herkimer county and at Peterboro, Madison county. The Greek Valerian or Bluebell (Polemonium reptans Linnaeus) occurs in woods from western New York, westward. It is entirely smooth, the stems weak and reclining, only the tips erect; the blue flowers one-half to two-thirds of an inch broad and the stamens not projecting from the flower. Waterleaf Family Hy drophyilaceaec Virginia Waterleaf Hydrophyllum virginianum Linnaeus Plate 180 Stems slender, smooth or but slightly pubescent, usually unbranched, ascending or erect but not stiff, 1 to 3 feet long, from a perennial, scaly rootstock. Lower and basal leaves, 6 to 10 inches long, pinnately divided into five to seven oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed, toothed or incised segments, I to 2 inches long; upper leaves similar but smaller, shorter petioled and with fewer segments. Flowers white or violet (at high altitudes nearly purple) in simple or forked, slender-stalked cymes, the pedicels of the flowers hairy. Calyx deeply parted into five linear, hairy, spreading segments. Corolla about one-third of an inch long, bell-shaped, with five oblong, blunt lobes. Stamens five, projecting from the flower. Fruit a capsule about one-sixth of an inch in diameter. In rich woods and thickets, Quebec to South Dakota, south to South Carolina and Kansas. Flowering in June and July or in the north as late as August. 232 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The Appendaged Waterleaf (Hydrophyllum appendic- ulatum Michaux) is rough-hairy all over; the flowers violet to purple and one-half to two-thirds of an inch long with short, reflexed appendages between the calyx lobes. The Broad-leaved Waterleaf (Hydro phyllum canadense Linnaeus) has leaf blades nearly orbicular, palmately five to nine-lobed and the entire plant smooth or nearly so. Borage Family Boraginaceae Virginia Cowslip; Bluebells Mertensia virginica (Linnaeus) De Candolle Plate 181 Stems erect or nearly erect, simple or somewhat branched, 1 to 2 feet tall from a perennial root; smooth and rather stout. Leaves oblong, the upper ones sessile, blunt at the apex, 2 to 5 inches long, the lower leaves tapering into margined petioles, obovate in shape. Flowers blue-purple, or blue turning purple with age, showy, about 1 inch long, in short racemes forming a terminal corymbose inflorescence; calyx lobes five, oblong- lanceolate, blunt; corolla trumpet-shaped with a slender tube and a five- lobed, plaited limb, pubescent at the base within but not crested in the throat; stamens five, attached to the inside of the corolla tube. In low meadows and along streams, central New York and southern Ontario to New Jersey, South Carolina, Minnesota and Kansas. Flowering in April and May. Forget-me-not; Mouse-ear; Scorpion Grass Myosotis scorpioides Linnaeus Plate 182a - A small, slender plant with perennial rootstocks or stolons freely rooting at the nodes; stems pubescent, decumbent below, the ends ascending or erect, 6 to 18 inches long. Leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, blunt, narrowed at the base, I to 3 inches long, only the lower ones petioled. Flowers in several or many-flowered loose racemes, curving over at the WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum ] n Plate 180 VIRGINIA WATERLEAF Hydrophyllum virginianum WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 181 r Photographed by J. Horace Mc Farland VIRGINIA COWSLIP; BLUEBELLS Mertensia virginica aa (er wt aA WUNWOJOYILP DUlaSOY IVA J saploiddo9s SUOSOK JY TVAONANNAd GUVISVE ‘sTYND ANITA “A SSVUD NOIdYOOS !AVA-ASNOW :LON-AW-LADAOA “V » 4. ene ee ee C8T Id uinosnyq 9381S “A “NGI JIoweyy MUOA MON AO SXUAMOTA ATIIM ‘ +4 WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 233 tip. Calyx lobes five, equal, triangular-ovate, pointed, shorter than the calyx tube. Corolla one-fourth to one-third of an inch broad with five rounded lobes, light blue with a yellow eye. Stamens five, not projecting out of the flower; ovary four-divided, in fruit becoming four small, angled nutlets. In brooks, marshes and wet meadows, Newfoundland to New York, Ontario, Pennsylvania and Tennessee. Said to be a native of Europe, but well established and common in many places, often far from habitations. Flowering from May to July. Blueweed; Viper’s Bugloss Echium vulgare Linnaeus Plate 161a A very bristly-hairy, biennial, herbaceous weed, with a long, black taproot, the erect, spotted stem 1 to 23 feet high and finally much branched. Leaves entire, hairy, oblong to linear-lanceolate, 2 to 6 inches long, sessile, with the exception of the basal leaves which are narrowed into long petioles. Flowers showy, bright blue (pinkish in bud, reddish-purple when old), numerous, clustered on short, one-sided, curved spikes which are densely hairy, rolled up at first and straightening out as the flowers expand. Calyx deeply five-parted, corolla about an inch long, funnelform, unequally five- lobed with five reddish stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, unequal in length and exserted beyond the corolla. Fruit consists of four roughened or wrinkled, one-seeded nutlets, dark brown, fixed by a flat base, sharply angled on the inner face, rounded on the outer, possessing a fancied resemblance to a serpent’s head, whence the plant derives one of its com- mon names. Native of Europe, thoroughly naturalized throughout the eastern and middle states in waste places, roadsides and fields, preferring limestone and gravelly or poor soil. It seems to have been introduced into this country as early as 1683, and is now a troublesome weed in pasture lands and old fields. i 234 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The Hound’s-tongue or Gipsy Flower (Cynoglossum offici- nale Linnaeus) is another plant of European origin, common as a weed in fields and waste places. Stems erect and leafy, 1 to 3 feet high, pubes- cent and with a rather strong unpleasant odor. Flowers numerous in sim- ple or branched racemes; corolla reddish purple, about one-third of an inch broad. Fruit pyramidal in shape consisting of four hispid nutlets. It is also called Dog’s-tongue, Sheep-lice and Dog Bur. Vervain Family Verbenaceae Blue or False Vervain Verbena hastata Linnaeus Plate 183b Stems erect, stiff, four-sided and usually branched, roughish pubescent, 2 to 7 feet tall from a perennial root. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to lanceo- late, pointed at the apex, sharply toothed, 3 to 6 inches long, the lower leaves sometimes hastately three-lobed at the base, the others blunt or abruptly tapering to the petiole. Flowers blue, numerous in slender-panicled spikes, 2 to 6 inches long. Calyx tubular, somewhat unequally five-toothed; corolla about one-eighth of an inch broad, the limb five-lobed and very slightly two-lipped, dark blue, varying sometimes to pink or rarely white. In moist places, fields, meadows and roadsides, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Florida and Arizona. Flowering from June to September. Mint Family Labiatae Hairy Germander or Wood Sage | Teucrium occidentale A. Gray Plate 184 Stems erect, four-angled, hairy, slender or rather stout, usually branched with ascending branches, I to 3 feet high. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, thin, WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 235 pointed at the apex, sharply toothed, rounded at the base, 1 to 4 inches long, one-half to 13 inches wide with slender petioles shorter than the blades. Flowers purplish pink in dense, terminal, spikelike panicles. Calyx ten-nerved, unequally five-toothed, bracts, calyx and axis of the spike hairy and often glandular. Corolla one-third to one-half of an inch long, with a short tube, the limb irregularly five-lobed, the two short upper lobes oblong, the lower lobes broader and declined. Stamens four, projecting from between the two upper lobes of the corolla. In moist soil in woods and thickets. Maine to Ontario and British Columbia, south to eastern Pennsylvania, Ohio and New Mexico. Flowering from July to September. The American Germander or Wood Sage (Teucrium canadense Linnaeus) is very similar, but the calyx, bracts etc. are canescent without being hairy or glandular. The Narrow-leaved Germander (Teucrium littorale Bicknell), common on or near the coast. has narrower, sharply toothed leaves, often densely canescent. Blue Curls; Bastard Pennyroyal Trichostema dichotomum Linnaeus Plate 182b A small, annual, minutely viscid-pubescent plant, with rather stiff, much-branched stems, 6 to 20 inches high, the branches spreading or ascending. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, rather blunt at the apex, narrowed at the base into short petioles, I to 3 inches long, the upper leaves smaller. Flowers one-half to three-fourths of an inch long, borne one to three together on two-bracteolate stalks in a paniculate inflorescence. Calyx oblique, very unequally five-lobed, the three upper lobes much longer and more united than the two lower ones. Corolla blue, pinkish or rarely nearly white, the tube shorter than the five-cleft limb, the lobes or segments of the corolla more or less declined. Stamens four, blue or violet, curved and projecting far out of the flower. In dry or sandy fields, Maine to New York, Ontario and Missouri, south to Florida and Texas. Flowering from July to October. 236 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Mad-dog or Blue Skullcap Scutellaria lateriflora Linnaeus Plate 185 Stems slender, erect or ascending, leafy and usually branched, 5 to 25 inches high, from a perennial root, propagating by slender stolons. Leaves ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, thin, pointed at the apex, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base, coarsely toothed, I to 3 inches long, on slender petioles, the upper leaves smaller. Flowers blue, several in axillary and also terminal one-sided racemes, one-fourth to nearly one- -half of an inch long, sometimes nearly white; the lips of the corolla about equal, the upper lip arched. Calyx two-lipped, the lips entire, the upper one with a crest or protuberance upon its back. In wet meadows and marshes, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Florida, New Mexico and Oregon. Flowering from July to September. Hooded or Marsh Skullcap Scutellaria galericulata Linnaeus Plate 186a Stem erect and usually branched, 1 to 3 feet high, finely pubescent, from a perennial root, propagating by threadlike stolons but not tuber- bearing. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblong-ovate, thin, short petioled, the upper ones sessile, pointed at the apex, rounded or heart-shaped at the base, the margins dentate with low teeth or the upper leaves smaller and entire. Flowers solitary in the axils of the upper leaves, usually turned in the same direction and appearing paired, blue; the corolla about an inch long with a slender tube and slightly enlarged throat. In swamps, wet meadows and along streams, Newfoundland to Alaska, south to New Jersey, western North Carolina, Ohio, Nebraska and Wash- ington. Also in Europe and Asia. Flowering from June to September. There are three additional species of Scutellaria in New York of more limited distribution than the two preceding. The Showy Skullcap ; 7 | ' ? At NIVAYUA DISDY DUIQGAIA | DUDIUT DU}JION HSTVA YO anid °a LININVTV) -LNIN NIVINONOW AUYVOH ‘V ¢8T Ped WUOA MON LO SUAMOTSA ATIIM ulnosnf 9381S “A “NST Jtowoyy oa > 6 rer ay —< vat tae ee a —_ —— Wie TEeOWERS OF NEW YORE Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 184 HAIRY GERMANDER OR WOOD SAGE Teucrium occidentale ay oe WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 185 MAD-DOG OR BLUE SKULLCAP Scutellaria lateriflora ¥] WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 237 (Scutellaria serrata Andrews) with oval or elliptic, coarsely toothed leaves and blue flowers about an inch long in terminal clusters, is the most conspicuous species of the genus in this State. It is found from southern New York southward. The Larger or Hyssop Skullcap (Scutellaria integrifolia Linnaeus) of about the same range, has thin, linear to oblong, entire, blunt leaves and blue flowers, usually whitish beneath, in terminal racemes, the corolla 1 to 1} inches long. Self-heal; Heal-all Prunella vulgaris Linnaeus Plate 187 Stems slender, procumbent or ascending, rooting at the nodes below, the tips at least erect and simple or branched, 3 to 20 inches high, pubescent or nearly smooth and four-angled. Leaves ovate, oblong or oblong-lanceo- late, blunt or somewhat pointed at the apex, usually narrowed at the base, entire or with a few teeth, 1 to 4 inches long, the lower leaves usually shorter. Flowers in dense terminal spikes which are one-half to 1 inch long, becoming 2 to 4 inches long in fruit. Calyx oblong, green or some- times purplish, recticulate-veined, deeply two-lipped, closed in fruit, upper lip nearly truncate with three low teeth, lower lip two-cleft with lanceolate teeth. Corolla violet, purple or lilac, sometimes white, one-third to one- half of an inch long, the top of the flower strongly two-lipped, the upper lip entire and arched, the lower lip three-lobed and spreading or drooping; the four stamens ascending under the upper lip of the corolla. In fields, woods and waste places, everywhere common. Probably native but also naturalized from Europe. Flowering from May to October. Dragonhead; Lion’s Heart Dracocephalum virginianum Linnaeus Plate 188 Stems erect or the base somewhat decumbent, slender or stout, simple or usually branched above, 1 to 4 feet tall. Leaves firm, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, sessile or the lowest ones petioled, sharp pointed at the apex, narrowed at the base, the margins sharply toothed, 2 to 5 inches long and 238 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM usually ascending. Flowers numerous in dense spikes, terminating the stem and branches, the spikes becoming 4 to 8 inches long in fruit. Calyx bell-shaped with five ovate, pointed teeth about half as long as the tube of the calyx, in fruit becoming oblong, one-third to nearly one-half of an inch long. Corolla pale purple, rose or rarely white, about 1 inch long, temporarily remaining in whatever position it is placed, which accounts for one of the common names of the plant (Obedient Plant). Tube of the corolla gradually enlarged upward, its limb strongly two-lipped; upper lip concave, rounded, entire; lower lip spreading, three-lobed, the middle lobe notched at the apex; the four stamens ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, their filaments pubescent. In moist meadows, roadsides and fields, Quebec to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Flowering from July to September. Oswego Tea; American Bee Balm Monarda didyma Linnaeus Plate 189 Stems slender or rather stout, pubescent or nearly smooth, 2 to 4 feet high from a perennial root, simple or sparingly branched above. Leaves thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, usually pubescent, at least beneath, sharp pointed at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, sharply toothed on the margins, 2 to 6 inches long, I to 3 inches wide, the petioles one-half to 1 inch long or the upper ones shorter. Flowers in terminal, solitary clus- ters at the ends of the branches or stems, subtended by several red or par- tially red bracts. Calyx tubular, narrow, fifteen-nerved with five small, awnlike teeth, smooth without, hairy within. Corolla scarlet, 13 to 2 inches long, the limb two-lipped, the upper lip erect, the lower lip spreading and three-lobed, the middle lobe the largest. Stamens four, but only two of them anther-bearing and projecting out of the flower, the other two stamens rudimentary. In moist soil, especially along streams, Quebec to Michigan, south to Georgia and Tennessee. Flowering in July and August. WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum A. HOODED OR MARSH SKULLCAP Scutellaria galericulata Plate 186 : B. FIELD OR WILD BASIL; BASILWEED Clinopodium vulgare r re. ° . fel Se eae ee 5 Se, Te re et WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 187 —— | SELF-HEAL; HEAL-ALL Prunella vulgaris “f) Sa 4 WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 188 a | | DRAGONHEAD; LION’S HEART Dracocephalum virginianum WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 239 Wild Bergamot Monarda fistulosa Linnaeus Plate 190a Stems slender, usually branched, especially above, 2 to 3 feet high, hairy or nearly smooth, from a perennial root. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, narrowed or heart-shaped at the base. Flower clusters solitary and ter- minal or rarely also in the uppermost axils; bracts whitish or purplish. Calyx teeth awl-shaped, about as long as the diameter of the tubular calyx. Corolla yellowish pink, lilac or purplish, 1 to 13 inches long, hairy on the upper lip, otherwise resembling in floral structure the flowers of the Oswego Tea. On dry hills and in thickets, Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Kansas. Flowering from June to September. The Pale Wild Bergamot (Monarda mollis Linnaeus) pos- sesses a short, fine pubescence and has paler green leaves, otherwise closely resembling M. fistulosa. Purple Bergamot Monarda media Willdenow Plate 190b Resembling the common Wild Bergamot, but usually very sparingly hairy or nearly smooth and bright green; bracts of the inflorescence deep purple and very conspicuous; the flowers purple or purple-red and showy. In moist thickets, Maine to Ontario, south to Pennsylvania and Vir- ginia. Flowering from June to August. The Horsemint (Monarda punctata Linnaeus) is densely pubescent or downy with lanceolate, linear-lanceolate or narrowly oblong leaves; flower clusters terminal and also axillary in the upper leaves; bracts white or purplish and showy; corolla yellowish, spotted with purple, about an inch long. Common in dry fields, southern New York southward and westward. 240 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Field or Wild Basil; Basilweed ‘ Clinopodium vulgare Linnaeus Plate 186b Stems slender, erect from an ascending base which is perennial by short, creeping stolons, hairy, usually branched or sometimes simple, 10 to 24 inches high. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, short petioled, entire, undulate or crenate toothed on the margins, 1 to 25 inches long. Flowers in dense, axillary and terminal capitate clusters about I inch in diameter, with setaceous, hairy bracts. Calyx hairy, the two lower teeth somewhat longer than the three upper ones. Corolla purple, pink or white, with a straight tube a little longer than the calyx teeth, two-lipped; upper lip erect; lower lip spreading and three-lobed. Stamens four, two of them projecting out of the flower. In fields, open woods, thickets and roadsides, Newfoundland to Mani- toba, south to North Carolina and Tennessee and in the Rocky mountains. Also in Europe and Asia. Flowering from June to September. Hoary Mountain Mint; Calamint Koellia incana (Linnaeus) Kuntze Plate 182a Stems rather stout, 13 to 35 feet high, finely pubescent or smooth below. Leaves thin, opposite, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, pointed at the apex, sharply toothed, 14 to 3 inches long, the upper leaves smaller, white- canescent beneath, the upper leaves usually white-canescent on both sides. Flowers in loose terminal and axillary clusters, 1 to 13 inches broad, canescent. Calyx slightly two-lipped, with very slender somewhat unequal teeth; corolla white with purple dots, about one-half of an inch long, two- lipped, the tube of the corolla equaling or longer than the calyx. Dry thickets, open woods and hillsides, Maine to Ontario, south to Florida, Alabama and Missouri. Flowering from August to October. At least six other species of this genus occur in New York, most of them are less conspicuous than the one here described and illustrated. WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 189 t OSWEGO TEA; AMERICAN BEE BALM Monarda didyma - . af DIpaut DPADUO PV psojnysyf DPADUO JT LONVOUAE ATdaNnd ‘A , LONVOUNE GIIM ‘V 061 23°[d wnesnyy 23¥IS "A “N CI Jowoyy MUOA MAN AO SUAMOTA ATIIM * WILD FLOWERS OF Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum —— _—_—___ ‘ NEW YORK Plate 191 A. AMERICAN WILD MINT B. Mentha canadensis SQUARE-STEMMED MONKEY FLOWER Mimulus ringens H I ea. Te | eure. - 6° —-* WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 241 American Wild Mint Mentha canadensis Linnaeus Plate 191a Stems slender, erect, simple or sometimes branched, more or less hairy or nearly smooth, 6 to 25 inches high, from a perennial root which propa- gates by suckers. Leaves opposite, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute at the apex, or the lower ones blunt, sharply toothed, narrowed at the base into short, slender petioles, smooth or sparingly pubescent, 1 to 3 inches long, one-half to 1 inch wide, and when crushed giving off the odor of Penny- royal. Whorls of flowers all axillary, often shorter than the petioles. Calyx oblong-campanulate, hairy all over, five-nerved, with five acute, short teeth. Corolla white or slightly pink, about one-eighth of an inch broad, four-lobed, the posterior lobes broader than the others. Marshes, swamps and moist soil, New Brunswick to British Columbia, south to Virginia and New Mexico. Flowering in summer and often in flower as late as October. Stoneroot; Richweed; Horse Balm Collinsonia canadensis Linnaeus Plate 192 Stems rather stout, erect, more or less branched, 1 to 4 feet high, from a large, thick, hard and woody perennial root, smooth or with some glandular pubescence above. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, blunt or sometimes heart-shaped at the base, the upper leaves nearly sessile, the lower ones with slender petioles; blades 4 to 8 inches long, all sharply and coarsely toothed. Flowers lemon-scented, numerous, in several racemes, forming a terminal inflorescence sometimes a foot long. Calyx bell-shaped, ten-nerved, two-lipped; upper lip three-toothed, lower lip with two much longer teeth. Corolla light yellow, about one-half of an inch long, obliquely bell-shaped, five-lobed, four of the lobes nearly equal, the fifth pendent, fringed and larger than the others, appearing like a lower lip; fertile stamens two, long exserted from the flower. 242 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM In moist, rich, usually rocky woodlands, Quebec to Wisconsin, south to Florida, Alabama and Arkansas. Potato Family wolanaceae Clammy Ground Cherry Physalis heterophylla Nees von Esenbeck Plate 193 Stems erect, becoming decumbent and spreading, I to 3 feet high, from a perennial, slender, creeping rootstock, viscid, glandular and hairy with long-spreading, jointed, flat hairs. Leaves alternate, ovate, at least the lower ones usually somewhat heart-shaped, the apex pointed, texture rather thick, the margins sinuate toothed or nearly entire. Calyx hairy, the margin with five-pointed lobes. Corolla three-fourths to seven-eighths of an inch broad, greenish yellow with a purplish or purplish brown center, open bell-shaped, five-lobed; anthers usually yellow. Fruit a small, yellow berry inclosed by the enlarged calyx. In rich soil, along roads and banks, usually where the soil has been disturbed. Flowering in July and August. There are three or four additional species of Physalis in New York, all of which are perennial by rootstocks. The Smooth Ground Cherry (Physalis subglabrata Mackenzie & Bush), is easy to identify because it is smooth or nearly smooth with ovate or ovate-lanceolate leaves. The Virginia Ground Cherry (Physalis virginiana Muller) is not easy to distinguish from the Clammy Ground Cherry, but is usually hairy and little or not at all viscid, the berry reddish, and the fruiting calyx smoother and deeply sunken at the base. The Jamestown or Jimson Weed (Datura stramonium Linnaeus) (Figure X XVII) is a stout, smooth annual plant, 1 to 5 feet high; large, thin, ovate leaves with irregularly lobed margins; flowers white or violet, 3 to 4 inches long, funnelform, with a five-lobed margin; fruit an ovoid, densely prickly capsule about 2 inches high. Frequent in waste places and fields as a weed, naturalized from tropical regions. WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 192 STONEROOT; RICHWEED: HORSE BALM Collinsonia canadensis Lol Pld pycydodajay SypsKy AUNAHD GNAOAD AWWVTO YAOA MAN FO SUAMOTA ATIIM J uinoesny 9231S “A ‘N GT sows ad 4 WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Figure XXVII Stramonium. Jamestown or Jimson Weed. Thorn Apple (Datura stramonium Linnaeus) 244 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Climbing or Bitter Nightshade; Bittersweet Solanum dulcamara Linnaeus Plate 194a A chmbing vine, herbaceous above, usually somewhat woody and perennial below, smooth or pubescent, branching, 2 to 8 feet long. Leaves petioled, ovate or hastate, three-lobed or sometimes entire or only two- lobed, with the terminal lobe much the largest, the margins otherwise entire, 2 to 4 inches long, 1 to 2} inches wide with a pointed apex. Flowers arranged in compound lateral cymes on slender, drooping stalks. Calyx five-cleft; corolla blue, violet or white, about one-half of an inch broad, rotate, five-lobed, the lobes triangular-lanceolate, slender pointed and curved backward. Stamens five; attached to the throat of the corolla, their filaments short; the anthers long and narrow, united to form a cone. Berry oval or globose, turning from yellow to orange and finally becoming bright red. In waste places or moist woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Minnesota and Washington, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Kansas. Native of Europe, but thoroughly naturalized in our eastern states. The genus Solanum contains a number of cultivated species, weeds and adventive plants. The Black, Deadly or Garden Nightshade (Solanum nigrum Linnaeus), with white flowers and black berries, is a common weed almost everywhere. The Sand Brier (Solanum carolinense Linnaeus) has prickly stems and leaves and smooth, orange-yellow berries. TheSand Bur (Solanum rostratum Dunal) has yellow flowers about an inch broad, prickly stems and leaves and the berry inclosed by the prickly, enlarged calyx. The Potato (Solanum tuberosum Linnaeus) is also a member of this group, while the Tomato is classed in the related genus Lycopersicon. WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 194 ] Y A. CLIMBING OR BITTER NIGHTSHADE; BITTERSWEET Solanum dulcamara B. LONG-LEAVED HOUSTONIA Hloustonia longifolia oe) WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK NO aN ul Figwort Family Scrophulariaceae White Mullen Verbascum lychnitis Linnaeus Plate 195a Stems stout, angled, branched above, 2 to 5 feet high, densely covered, as well as the lower surface of the leaves, with a white pubescence. Leaves oblong, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, the margins crenately toothed, 2 to 8 inches long, the upper leaves sessile and pointed at the apex, the lower leaves blunt or pointed and narrowed at the base into margined petioles. Flowers in large, terminal panicles and racemes on the branches, white or cream-colored, about one-half of an inch broad. Corolla flat, five-lobed, the lobes a little unequal. Stamens five, unequal, the filaments of the three shorter ones with white hairs. Sandy fields and waste places, Ontario to New Jersey and Pennsyl- vania. Native of Europe. Flowering from June to September. From a little distance the entire plant appears to be almost white, and when growing abundantly in a field presents a marked appearance. The plant is very common in sandy fields on the south side of Fish creek near where it empties into Oneida lake. It must have been introduced there many years ago, because J. A. Paine, jr (Plants of Oneida County and Vicinity, 1865, page 107) remarks concerning its abundance there. Moth Mullen Verbascum blattaria Linnaeus Plate 195b Stems erect, stiff, smooth or slightly glandular-pubescent, usually simple but occasionally branched, 2 to 6 feet high. Leaves oblong, ovate or lanceolate, toothed or cut on the margins, sharp pointed at the apex, the upper ones clasping the stem, one-half to 2} inches long, the basal leaves sessile or petioled, much larger and often several inches long, but 246 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM usually dying or withering by the time the flowers open. Flowers yellow or white, two-thirds to 1 inch broad, in a loose, terminal raceme, which is 1 to 2 feet long; corolla usually marked with brown on the back; filaments of the stamens pilose with violet-colored hairs. In fields and waste places. Common. Naturalized from Europe, as is the Common or Velvet Mullen (Verbascum thapsus Linnaeus) which has yellow flowers in very dense terminal spikes and is densely woolly or velvety all over. Butter and Eggs; Ramstead Linaria linaria (Linnaeus) Karsten Plate 196 A slender-stemmed, herbaceous plant, 1 to 3 feet high from a deep, perennial root, stems erect, with sessile, narrowly linear leaves which are pale green or glaucous, one-half to 15 inches long, or the lower leaves longer. The stems often several or many together and simple or with a few branches. Flowers in erect, dense, terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx five-parted, the segments overlapping. Corolla about an inch long, spurred at the base, the spur nearly as long as the body of the corolla, the apex of the corolla two-lipped, the upper lip two-lobed and erect, light yellow, lower lip three- lobed and spreading, light yellow with a rounded projection or fold (palate), deep orange in color, which nearly closes the throat of the flower. Stamens four, in pairs and not projecting out of the flower. In fields and waste places, everywhere common, often a troublesome weed. Naturalized from Europe. Flowering from June to October. Turtlehead; Snakehead; Balmony Chelone glabra Linnaeus Plate 107 Stems slender, smooth, erect and stiff, 1 to 3 feet high from a perennial root, simple or with erect or ascending branches. Leaves opposite, short petioled, linear-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, with sharply toothed margins, the principal veins rather prominent. Flowers 1 to 13 inches long, white or WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N Y. State Museum rr Plate 195 A. WHITE MULLEN Verbascum lychnitis B. MOTH MULLEN Verbascum blattaria iTS, Gs Gee) WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Plate 196 Museum Memoir 15 N. Y. State ; RAMSTEAD BUTTER AND EGGS Linari 4 Co Ce WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 197 TURTLEHEAD; SNAKEHEAD; BALMONY Chelone glabra 64 * WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 247 slightly pinkish, crowded in a dense terminal spike and often a few in the upper axils. Calyx five-parted, segments ovate-oblong, with smooth bracts at the base. Corolla irregular, tubular, inflated and two-lipped; upper lip arched, concave, entire or slightly notched and covering the lower lip while the flower is immature; under lip three-lobed, spreading in maturity and woolly within. Stamens five, only four of which bear anthers, the sterile one smaller. Fruit an ovoid capsule about one-half of an inch high. In swamps, wet meadows, along streams and in low, wet woods, Newfoundland to Florida, west to Alabama, Kansas and Manitoba. Flowering from July to September. Hairy Beardtongue Pentstemon hirsutus (Linnaeus) Willdenow Plate 198 A slender-stemmed, erect herb, 1 to 3 feet high from a perennial root. Stems downy, puberulent or hairy, usually several from a root. Leaves puberulent or smooth; the pedicels, calyx and corolla pubescent. Leaf blades denticulate, the lower ones oblong or ovate, somewhat obtuse at the apex; petioled, 2 to 43 inches long, one-half to 2 inches wide; upper leaves smaller, lanceolate, long pointed, sessile or clasping the stem. Flowers borne on short pedicels in a loose thyrse, purplish or violet in color. Calyx five-parted, the lobes overlapping; corolla consisting of an elongated tube about 1 inch long, dilated at the point of separation of the upper and lower lips; upper. lip two-lobed; lower lip three-lobed; throat of the tube nearly closed by a hairy palate. Stamens five, four of which are anther-bearing, the fifth sterile and densely bearded for about one-half its length. Dry woods, thickets and fields, Maine to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida, Alabama and Missouri. Flowering in May, June and July. The Smooth Beardtongue (Pentstemon pentstemon (Linnaeus) Britton (figure XXVIII), P. laevigatus Solander) is smooth except the NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Figure XXVIII Smooth Beardtongue (Pentstemon pentstemon (Linnaeus) Britton) somewhat glandular inflorescence; the tube of the corolla gradually enlarged above, its throat wide open and scarcely or not at all bearded. Common in_ woods, thickets and fields; native from Pennsylvania southward. The Foxglove Beardtongue (Pentstemon digitalis (Sweet) Nuttall), also probably an escape in this part of its range, is 4 similar to the Smooth Beard- tongue, but the leaves are some- what broader and more clasping at the base; the corolla is white and 1 to 14 inches long, abruptly expanded upward and the throat wide open. Square-stemmed Monkey Flower > Mimulus ringens Linnaeus Plate 191b Stems smooth, four-angled, erect, I to 3 feet high from a perennial root. Leaves opposite, oblong to lanceolate in shape, with serrate margins, acute at the apex, sessile or auricled-clasping at the base, 2 to 4 inches long, one-half to 1 inch wide. Flowers violet- purple, borne solitary in the axils of the upper leaves on long, slender stalks. In fruit these ~~ stalks become 1 to 2 inches long and two to four times as long as the calyx. The calyx is prismatic, five-angled, with five — slender, WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum HAIRY BEARDTONGUE Pentstemon hirsutus Plate 198 WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 249 pointed teeth. Corolla about 1 inch long, consisting of a cylindrical tube which is longer than the calyx, and an upper and a lower lip; upper lip two-lobed and reflexed, lower lip three-lobed and spreading, the throat of the flower closed by a prominent yellow palate. The plant derives its name from the fancied resemblance of the flower to a grinning face. In swamps, marshes, wet meadows and along streams from Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Virginia, Tennessee, Nebraska and Texas. Flowering from June to September. Golden Hedge Hyssop; Goldenpert Gratiola aurea Muhlenberg Plate tooa Stems decumbent, creeping, ascending at the ends, simple or usually branched, 4 to 12 inches long, from a perennial root. Leaves lanceolate to linear-oblong, one-half to 1 inch long, sessile and somewhat clasping at the base. Calyx five-parted with narrow lobes. Corolla irregular, its tube cylindric, the end of the flower more or less two-lipped, bright yellow, about one-half of an inch long; upper lip entire, lower lip three-lobed. Stamens four, only two of which bear anthers. Fruit a short, almost globular, capsule. In sandy, wet places and borders of ponds and marshes in sandy soil, Quebec to Ontario, south to New Jersey and Virginia. Flowering from June to September. Frequent on the sandy, coastal plain. Rather rare and local in the interior parts of the State. American Brooklime; Speedwell Veronica americana Schweinitz Plate to9b A rather small, smooth herb, with creeping stems and perennial root- stock freely rooting at the nodes, the ends erect, 6 inches to 3 feet long. Leaves opposite and petioled, oblong, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, toothed, I to 3 inches long, one-fourth to 1 inch wide. Flowers blue or whitish, striped with purple or blue lines, about one-fifth of an inch broad in loose, 250 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM axillary, elongated racemes, each flower subtended by a small, green bract. Calyx four-lobed; corolla rotate and also four-lobed, the lower lobe commonly the narrowest. Stamens two, wide-spreading, attached to the base of the upper lobe of the corolla on either side. Fruit a globose capsule, about one-eighth of an inch high, slightly compressed. Frequent in brooks, ditches and swamps, Anticosti to Alaska, south to Pennsylvania, Nebraska, New Mexico and California. Flowering from spring until late summer. There are a number of other Veronicas or Speedwells, many of them small, introduced weeds with inconspicuous flowers. The Marsh or Skullcap Speedwell (Veronica scutellata Linnaeus) has light- blue flowers about the size of those of V. americana, and linear or linear-lanceolate, sessile leaves. The Common Speedwell or Gipsyweed (Veronica officinalis Linnaeus) is hairy all over with oblong, oval or obovate leaves and blue flowers in spikelike racemes from the axils of the upper leaves. Culver’s Root; Bowman’s Root; Beaumont’s Root Leptandra virginica (Linnaeus) Nuttall Plate 200 A tall, stout, erect herb with smooth stems, branched only at the inflorescence, 2 to 7 feet high. Leaves whorled, three to nine leaves at a node or some of the upper ones opposite, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, long pointed at the apex, narrowed and short petioled at the base, the margins finely sharp toothed, smooth on both sides, or slightly hairy beneath, 3 to 6 inches long. Flowers small and numerous in dense spikes, 2 to 9 inches long, terminating the stem and branches of the inflorescence. Calyx four-parted with pointed, ovate-lanceolate segments. Corolla tubular, white or bluish, about one-sixth of an inch long, with four nearly equal lobes which are about one-fourth as long as the tube of the corolla. Stamens two, and like the style projecting beyond the flower. Fruit an ovoid- oblong capsule, two to three times as long as the calyx. In moist woods, thickets and meadows, often along old roads, Ontario to Manitoba, south to Massachusetts, Alabama and Texas. Flowering from late in June until early September. NEW YORK WILD FLOWERS OF Plate 199 Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum tS we. Si ares (x4 SPEEDWELL Veronica americana AMERICAN BROOKLIME; B. GOLDEN HEDGE A. HYSSOP; GOLDENPERT Gratiola aurea 44 WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 200 . i ES in the Sne 4 SA a aad > = Td . ef, % y. ae Shin ee ‘ ~ Oe a x A NY oo — - e- 4 —h = Veh ifarg 2, AP Sonn wih CULVER’S ROOT; BOWMAN’S ROOT: BEAUMONT’S ROOT Leptandra virginica of eed pee pf Lanwy ON Ry & on i Te ae. a < i WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 251 Fern-leaved False Foxglove; Fever-flower Aureolaria pedicularia (Linnaeus) Rafinesque (Gerardia pedicularia Linnaeus) Plate 201 Stems rather slender and much branched, leafy, erect or spreading- ascending, I to 4 feet high, glandular-pubescent, viscid and somewhat hairy. Leaves sessile or the lower ones petioled, pinnately divided, ovate or ovate-lanceolate in outline, 1 to 3 inches long, the lobes cut-toothed. Flowers on short stalks from the upper axils of the reduced leaves of the stems and branches. Calyx bell-shaped, with five oblong, toothed lobes, becoming one-third of an inch long in fruit. Corolla slightly irregular, funnelform, I to 14 inches long, hairy without, about 1 inch broad, with five spreading, rounded lobes, dull yellow or slightly brownish yellow in color. Stamens four, not projecting from the flower. Fruit an oblong, hairy capsule about one-half of an inch long. In dry woods and thickets, Maine to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Missouri. Flowering in late summer, from the latter part of July to September. Smooth False Foxglove Aureolaria glauca (Eddy) Rafinesque (Gerardia quercifolia Pursh; Gerardia virginica Britton, Sterns & Poggen- berg; Gray’s manual, ed. 7, 730, 1908. Gerardia glauca Eddy, Med. Repos. N. Y. Rex 2, v. 126. 1808) Plate 202 Stems rather stout, stiff, smooth and often purplish with a whitish or glaucous bloom, usually branched, 2 to 5 feet high from a perennial root. Leaves usually petioled, ovate or ovate-lanceolate in outline, the lower one to two-pinnatifid, 4 to 6 inches long, the upper ones pinnatifid or deeply incised, the lobes lanceolate or oblong, pointed, entire or toothed, often nearly at right angles to the midvein. Fruiting stalks longer than the calyx; calyx lobes five, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed, entire, about equaling the tube in length. Corolla yellow, 1} to 2 inches long, smooth 252 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM outside, slightly irregular, funnelform, not widely spreading at the mouth, pubescent within, the margin five-lobed. Stamens four, in two pairs. Fruit an oblong, smooth, pointed capsule about twice as long as the calyx. In dry or moist woods and thickets, Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Illinois. Flowering from July to September. The Downy False Foxglove, Aureolaria virginica (Linnaeus) Pennell, [Aureolaria villosa (Muhlenberg) Rafinesque; Dasy- stoma pubescens Benthem; D. flava Wood; Rhinanthus virginicus and Gerardia flava Linnaeus] is grayish downy all over with fewer, stiff, erect stems; leaves entire or shallowly toothed or the lower ones somewhat pinnatifid; corolla smooth outside, much expanded at the end; the fruiting capsule pubescent. Common in dry woods and thickets, especially in the southern part of the State. Large Purple Gerardia Agalinis purpurea (Linnaeus) Pennell (Gerardia purpurea Linnaeus) Plate 203 Stems slender or rather stout, branched, annual, smooth or somewhat roughish, 8 to 25 inches high with ascending or spreading branches. Leaves opposite, narrowly linear, 1 to 2 inches long. Flowers purple or rarely white, racemose on the branches, their stalks very short. Calyx bell- shaped with five pointed, triangular-ovate teeth about half the length of the tube. Corolla with a bell-shaped tube and a spreading, five-lobed and slightly two-lipped limb, hairy without and more or less so within. Stamens four, attached to the corolla tube within and not projecting out of the flower. Fruit a globose capsule somewhat longer than the calyx. In moist fields and meadows, Maine to Florida, most abundant in the coastal region, but also found westward to Wisconsin and Missouri. Slender Gerardia Agalinis tenutfolia (Vahl) Rafinesque (Gerardia tenutfolia Vahl.) Plate 204 An annual, smooth herb with very slender stems, 6 to 24 inches high, and narrow, flat leaves one-half to 11 inches long which become blackened WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 201 FERN-LEAVED FALSE FOXGLOVE; FEVER-FLOWER Aureolaria pedicularia */ tll bas é —= = — WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 202 ic SS ee eS —- SMOOTH FALSE FOXGLOVE Aureolaria glauca J : ' WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 253 in drying. Stem branched, especially above, the branches spreading or ascending. Flowers light purple and spotted, one-half to three-fourths of an inch long, on slender stalks longer than the corollas, from the axils of the upper reduced leaves of the stem and branches; corolla funnelform, vertically flattened and slightly two-lipped, the margin with five rounded lobes, smooth within. Fruit a small globular capsule, one-sixth to one- seventh of an inch in diameter, and longer than the calyx. In dry woods, thickets and fields, Quebec to Georgia, west to western Ontario, Kansas and Texas. Flowering from August to October. The Seaside or Salt-marsh Gerardia (Agalinis maritima Rafinesque) is rarely over a foot high, smooth and fleshy, with linear leaves and small, purple flowers, one-half to two-thirds of an inch long. Common in salt marshes along the coast. Another species (Agalinis acuta Pennell), of sandy fields and depressions of the coastal plain, has stems I to 2 feet tall and branched like A. purpurea, but the flowers are somewhat smaller, light purple or rose-purple, and each of the five lobes of the corolla indented. Swamp Lousewort Pedicularis lanceolata Michaux Plate 206a Stems rather stout, simple or usually somewhat branched above with ascending branches, smooth, 1 to 3 feet high. Leaves sessile, opposite or some of them alternate, narrowly lanceolate, 2 to 5 inches long, the lower ones deeply lobed, the lobes oblong, blunt, short and crenately toothed, with a thickened margin. Flowers pale yellow, three-fourths to 1 inch long, in short clusters or spikes at the ends of the stems and branches, the flowers subtended by the upper reduced leaves. Calyx two-lobed, the lobes with toothed leaflike margins. Corolla with a slender tube and deeply two-lipped, the upper lip (galea) laterally compressed, arched and terminated by a short, blunt beak, the lower lip three-lobed, erect-ascending, the middle lobe smallest. Stamens four, attached to the inside of the corolla tube and ascending within the upper lip but not projecting out of the flower. Fruit a small, ovate capsule as long as or but slightly longer than the calyx. 254 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM In low, wet meadows, swamps and marshes, Ontario to Manitoba and South Dakota, south to Connecticut, North Carolina, Ohio and Nebraska. Flowering from August to September. Wood or Head Betony; Lousewort Pedicularis canadensis Linnaeus Plate 205 Stems usually several together from a perennial root, erect or ascend- ing, 6 to 18 inches high, hairy. Leaves rather thick, oblong-lanceolate, 3 to 5 inches long, at least the lower on slender petioles and divided almost to the midrib into numerous incised or sharply toothed segments, giving the leaf a fernlike appearance. Flowers borne in short, dense, spikes lengthening to 5 or 6 inches in fruit. Calyx oblique, tubular, cleft on the lower side. Corolla yellow, varying to yellowish brown or purplish brown in certain individuals, two-thirds to three-fourths of an inch long, tubular, two-lipped, the upper lip (galea) arched, incurved, minutely two-toothed below the apex, laterally compressed into a hood with the four stamens ascending within it; lower lip erect with three spreading lobes. Fruit an oblique capsule, flattened, lanceolate-oblong or sword-shaped, about two- thirds of an inch long and one-sixth of an inch wide, fully three times the length of the calyx. In dry woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Florida, Kansas and Colorado. Flowering from April to June. Narrow-leaved Cowwheat Melampyrum lineare Lamarck Plate 165a ; A low, slender herb, 6 to 18 inches high; stem slender, puberulent, with opposite, wide-spreading branches. Leaves lanceolate or linear- lanceolate to ovate, opposite on the stem, short petioled, 1 to 14 inches long, one-eighth to one-half of an inch wide, the lower ones entire, the upper floral leaves mostly toothed with several bristle-pointed teeth at the base. WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 203 a] LARGE PURPLE GERARDIA Agalinis purpurea *. WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 204 SLENDER GERARDIA Agalinis tenuifolia b i ° a 4 4 . Z 7 ; . mn © ] e SISUIPDUDI SIADINIVPIG IYOMASNOT -ANOLAD GVAH YO GOOM C07 23°Id wuinoesnyq 9381S “A “N C]T JIowsyy YUOA MAN AO SHAMOTA ATIM ; ; WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Flowers small, one-third to one- half of an inch long, white, green- ish white or pale yellow with a rather bright yellow apex to the flower, borne on short stalks in the upper axils of the leaves, or in terminal, leafy-bracted clusters. Calyx bell-shaped with four long, slender teeth. Corolla tubular, enlarging above, two-lipped, the upper lip not lobed, the lower lip three-toothed and spreading. Stamens four in two pairs of unequal length, ascending under the upper lip. Fruit a flat, oblique capsule, about one-third of an inch long with a rather long beak, two to four-seeded. Common in dry woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Georgia, Tennessee, Iowa and Idaho. Flowering from July to September. Bladderwort Family Lentibulariaceae The Bladderworts, of which there are at least fourteen species in New York, form a very inter- esting group of plants. Few of Figure X XIX Horned Bladderwort them, however, haveconspicuous (Stomoisia cornuta (Michaux) Rafinesque) 256 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM flowers. Nearly all of them are aquatic, but two or three are found growing in moist or wet sand. One of the most conspicuous and beautiful of the Bladderworts is the Horned Bladderwort (Stomoisia cornuta (Michaux) Rafinesque), figure X XIX, frequent in bogs and on sandy shores. Unlike most other species of the group, it possesses only a few inconspicuous and delicate leaves at the base of the scape; the latter, however, is conspicuously brownish, 2 to 13 inches high, bearing one to five bright yellow, fragrant flowers; the lower lip of the flower is nearly two-thirds of an inch long, with a conspicuous hoodlike palate, the spur often one-half of an inch long and pendulous beneath the flower. In addition to the two species illustrated here, Stomoisia cor- nuta and Utricularia intermedia, the other species may be identified by means of the following key. Calyx inclosing the fruit; bracts at the base of the pedicels accompanied by a pair of bractlets; plants terrestrial, rooting in sand beneath shallow water or on wet shores Corolla much exceeding the calyx (genus Stomoisia Rafinesque) Lower lip of corolla one-half to two-thirds of an inch long; spur one-fourth to One-haltof anunch lone, Fs sy ae at ae eeese eee Stomoisia corn tie Lower lip of corolla one-third of an inch long; spur about one-third of an inch Tone OPless re todeen cit. Ning are oe OA et eee Stomoisiajuncea Corolla shorter than or about equaling the calyx.......Stomoisia virgatula Calyx not inclosing the fruit; bracts at the base of the pedicels without bractlets Lateral lobes of the lower lip of corolla saccate, branches verticillate and verticillately or oppositely decompound; corolla red-purple (genus Vesiculina Rafinesque)...... Vesiculina purpurea Lateral lobes of lower lip of corolla not saccate; branches alternate or none Bract solitary, tubular, surrounding the scape; scales none; flowers purple (genus Lecticula Bamilant) eo i: occeus «cee ee 1 ee aks Lecticularesupinata Bracts and scales peltate; plants terrestrial in wet sand (genus Setiscapella Barnhart) Corolla yellow, lower lip conspicuous, one-eighth to one-third of an inch long? Spur Conia. ¢ Gas cone cee ee Setiscapellasubulata Corolla white or purplish, both lips minute; flowers about one-sixteenth of an inch, broad or less7 9 ass. ue os oe Setiscapellacleistogama WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 257 Bracts, and scales if present, flat, usually attached, plants aquatic; flowers yellow (genus Utricularia Linnaeus) Scape 2 inches long or less with a whorl of more or less united conspicuous floats; corolla one-half to two-thirds of an inch long.................... Utricularia radiata Scapes without floats Stems free-floating, except for a single point of attachment Scape two to five-flowered, without scales, cleistogamous flowers Bis EMeSeMbas cases aos sO trienlaria geminiscapa Scape six to twenty-flowered, with one to five scales; cleistogamous MOWErS NORE dn 0n 8s fcc tee e"s Utrieularia macrorhiza Stems creeping on the bottom in shallow water; some or all of the leaves rootlike Spur a mere sac; palate obsolete; pedicels recurved in fruit........ Utriculariamin of Spur and palate conspicuous; pedicels ascending in fruit Segements of some leaves linear, flat, bristly-serrulate; upper lip of corolla about one-haif the length of the lower lip...... Utricularia intermedia Segments of leaves all capillary; lips of corolla nearly equal in length Spur stout, conic, shorter than the lower lip............ Uiriculariassib ba Spur slender, equaling or exceeding the lower lip Spur tapering from base to apex; leaves all alike; bladder- bearing; 'Scapes'2 tors inches biphy . 22.2.2. 55504. <2. Utricularia pumila Spur conic at the base, linear above; leaves not all bladder- beating seape 4 to 16 "mehes high. <1...) ns... 22.5 ss Utricalanita fibro sa Flat-leaved Bladderwort Utricularia intermedia Hayne Plate 206b Stems aquatic, rooted in shallow water, the horizontally submerged branches radiating from the base of the scape. Leaves alternate, one-fourth to two-thirds of an inch long, three-forked at the base, the divisions again 258 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM two or three times divided into linear, flat, bristly-serrulate segments without bladders. Other branches or portions of branches usually bear shorter, rootlike leaves with capillary segments and a few large bladders. The flower-bearing scape naked or with one to several minute scales, 2 to 8 inches high and bearing one to four flowers on slender pedicels one-fourth to three-fourths of an inch long. Calyx two-lobed. Corolla yellow, strongly two-lipped, the upper lip broadly triangular, about one-third of an inch broad, the lower lip slightly three-lobed and about one-half of an inch broad with a prominent palate on its face. Spur pointed, about as long as the lower lip. In midsummer, when the plant is in flower, the leafy stems produce at their tips numerous conspicuous, obovate, velvety winter buds which afford the chief means of propagation. Frequent in shallow water of slow streams, ponds and bogs, Newfound- land to British Columbia south to New Jersey, Indiana and California. Flowering in July and August or as late as early September. The Greater Bladderwort or Hooded Water Milfoil (Utricularia macrorhiza LeConte) is perhaps the most abundant species of the group throughout most parts of the State. It has free-floating stems horizontally spreading beneath the surface. Leaves finely divided, but not flat, bearing numerous small, conspicuous bladders. Scape stout, 3 to 20 inches high, with four to eighteen flowers, pedicels one-fourth to two- thirds of an inch long, becoming longer and recurved in fruit. Corolla yellow, three-fourths of an inch long, strongly two-lipped, the lower lip a little longer and much broader than the upper and with a spreading, undulate, slightly three-lobed border and a prominent palate; spur shorter than the lower lip, subulate and upwardly curved. Broom Rape Family Orobanchaceae Pale or Naked Broom Rape; Cancer-root Thalesia uniflora (Linnaeus) Britton Figure XXX Stems nearly subterranean, forming a dense mat, often several inches in extent, parasitic upon the roots of various plants, bearing several ovate- oblong scales and one to four slender, erect, glandular-puberulent, naked, DUpIMtdAa]Ul DIUADINIVA]/) LYOMUAGGVIA GHAVAT-LVTA °*A DIDIOIIUD] SlADINIvpIT INOMASNOT dNVMS ‘V De ee 907 93¥Id - : s umnesnj 2381S “AN CT Jloweyy YUOA MON AO SHAMOTA AIIM 44 WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Figure XXX Pale or Naked Broom Rape (Thalesia uniflora (Linnaeus) Britton) 260 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM one-flowered stalks, 3 to 8 inches high. Calyx bell-shaped, pubescent and glandular, about one-third of an inch long, less than half the length of the corolla, with five lanceolate, long-pointed lobes. Corolla white or violet, puberulent without, two-thirds to 1 inch long, oblique, the curved tube about three times the length of the slightly two-lipped limb, which has five short, oval or obovate, blunt lobes. Fruit a small, ovoid capsule. Stamens four, not projecting out of the flower. In woods and thickets, parasitic upon roots of various herbs, Newfound- land to Ontario and south to South Carolina and Texas. Flowering from May to July. This and the two following species are the common members in New York State of the Broom Rape family (Orobanchaceae), which consists of a number of parasitic flowering herbs with brown, yellowish, purplish or nearly white stems, and leaves reduced to alternate appressed scales. Because of their parasitic habit they do not require green leaves for the purpose of manufacturing food and hence are devoid of any green coloring matter or real leaves. Squawroot; Cancer-root Conopholis americana (Carl von Linné) Wallroth Figure XXXI Plants smooth, 3 to 10 inches high, from a thickened base, densely scaly, light brown, usually clustered, covered all over with stiff, overlapping scales. Upper scales lanceolate or ovate, pointed, one-half to 1 inch long, lowest scales much smaller. Flowers yellowish, each with two small bracts beneath the calyx, together forming a thick, dense spike, one-half to 1 inch thick; each flower about one-half of an inch long. Calyx oblique, deeply split on the lower side, three to four-toothed on the upper side. Corolla pale yellow, strongly two-lipped, the tube slightly curved, the upper lip concave, nearly erect and notched, the lower lip spreading, three-lobed and shorter than the upper lip. Stamens projecting from the flower. Fruit an ovoid-globose capsule nearly one-half of an inch long. In rich woods at the base of trees and parasitic upon their roots, Maine to Ontario and Michigan, south to Florida, Alabama and Tennessee. Flowering from May to August. WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 261 Figure XX XI Squawroot or Cancer-root (Conopholis americana (Carl von Linné) Wallroth) 262 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Beechdrops Leptamnium virginianum (Linnaeus) Rafinesque Figure XXXII Stems erect, rather stiff and branching, slender, smooth, yellowish brown or purplish yellow, 6 to 20 inches high from a thick, scaly base, the roots fibrous and brittle; scales few and small. Flowers sessile, of two kinds, distantly spicate on the branches; the lower flowers cleistogamous and abundantly fertile, the upper complete but mostly sterile. Calyx short, nearly equally five-toothed. Corolla of the upper flowers cylindric, slightly flattened laterally, one-third to nearly one-half of an inch long and about one-tenth of an inch thick, the slender tube much longer than the four-lobed limb, upper lobe concave, larger than the three lower lobes. Stamens about as long as the corolla. Lower flowers small, about one- eighth of an inch long, not unfolding, borne at the summit of the ovoid oyary and resembling the hood of a moss capsule. Fruit a small capsule about one-fourth of an inch high. In woods, parasitic upon the roots of the beech, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Michigan, south to Florida, Louisiana and Missouri. Flower- ing from August to October. Acanthus Family Acant hawveeae Water Willow Dianthera americana Linnaeus Plate 207 Stems erect, grooved and angled, 1 to 4 feet high, slender and usually simple or slightly branched above, smooth. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 3 to 8 inches long, one-fourth to I inch wide, entire, sessile or short petioled. Flowers violet or nearly white, in dense, short spikes or heads at the ends of the slender axillary peduncles which are shorter than or equal to the leaves in length; bractlets under the flowers linear-subulate and shorter than the flowers. Calyx deeply four to five-parted. Corolla two-lipped, WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 207 WATER WILLOW Dianthera americana 44 WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 263 Figure XXXII Beechdrops (Leptamnium virginianum (Linnaeus) Rafinesque) 264 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM about one-half of an inch long, the tube shorter than the lip, the upper lip erect, concave, entire; lower lip spreading and three-cleft, the base of the lower lip rough and palatelike. Fruit a capsule about one-half of an inch long, slightly compressed below. In wet places and shallow water along lakes, rivers and ponds, Quebec to Michigan, south to Georgia and Texas. Flowering from May to August. Usually growing in dense colonies and from a distance easily mistaken for a coarse sort of grass. Very abundant along the Seneca river and along the shores of Oneida lake. Lopseed Family Phrymaceae Lopseed Phryma leptostachya Linnaeus Plate 208 A rather slender, perennial herb with erect, puberulent, somewhat four- angled stem, branched above, I to 3 feet high, the branches slender and opposite. Leaves opposite, thin, ovate, pointed at the apex, coarsely toothed, the lower ones long petioled, the upper ones short petioled or sessile, 2 to 5 inches long. Flowers small, about one-fourth of an inch long, in narrow spikes terminating the stem and branches, usually the flowers opposite each other. Calyx cylindrical, two-lipped, the upper lip cleft into three long bristle or hairlike teeth, the lower lip divided into two short, slender teeth. Corolla tube cylindrical, two-lipped, pinkish purple, the upper lip erect, concave and notched, the lower lip larger and divided into three spreading, convex and blunt lobes. Stamens four, included within the tube of the corolla. Flowers erect at first, soon becoming at right angles to the stem when in full bloom and later-as the fruit matures becoming abruptly deflexed against the axis of the stem, whence the name “ lopseed.”’ In woods and thickets, New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Florida and Kansas; also in Bermuda and eastern Asia. Flowering from June to August. ee WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum An 4 % = Plate 208 LOPSEED Phryma leptostachya Son. ws OF RAD WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK iS) OV on Madder Family Rubiaceae Bluets; Innocence; Eyebright Houstonia coerulea Linnaeus Plate 209b Stems erect or nearly so, smooth, perennial by slender rootstocks and forming dense tufts. Lower and basal leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, about one-half of an inch long or less, sometimes slightly hairy, narrowed into petioles. Flowers solitary on very slender terminal and axillary stalks. Corolla one-fourth to one-third of an inch long, and as broad or broader when expanded, the tube pale yellow and slightly enlarged above, the limb of the corolla nearly flat when expanded with four oblong or elliptic, slightly pointed lobes, light blue or violet in color, the throat of the corolla yellow, surrounded by a narrow white band. Calyx deeply four-parted with oblong, blunt lobes, the lobes separated from one another by about their width. Fruit a small capsule about one-sixth of an inch broad and broader than long, compressed and divided or deeply notched at the summit, shorter than the calyx. In open grassy places, on wet rocks or in open, rocky woods, Nova Scotia to Quebec, New York and Michigan, south to Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee and Missouri. It is inclined to be somewhat local in distribution, but when found is apt to be present in great abundance. Flowering from April to July, usually at its best in New York during the latter part of May, and usually producing a few flowers through the summer. Long-leaved Houstonia Houstonia longifolia Gaertner Plate 194b A small, low, tufted perennial, smooth or somewhat pubescent, 5 to 10 inches high. Basal leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, blunt and _ short petioled, but not ciliate. Stem leaves opposite, linear-oblong, usually 266 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM pointed at the apex and one-nerved, one-half to 1 inch long. Flowers pale purple, pinkish or nearly white, in corymbed, cymose clusters. Calyx with five very slender lobes. Corolla about one-fourth of an inch long, with five pointed lobes which, when expanded, are somewhat more than one-eighth of an inch across, each lobe about one-third the length of the corolla tube. Fruit a small, globular capsule. In dry, open or rocky places, Maine to Saskatchewan, south to Georgia and Missouri. Flowering from June to September. The Fringed Houstonia (Houstonia ciliolata Torrey) is similar but the margins of the leaves are conspicuously ciliate. Buttonbush; Bush Globeflower Cephalanthus occidentalis Linnaeus Plate 210 A shrub, 3 to Io feet high, rarely treelike and taller; branches smooth or somewhat pubescent. Leaves opposite or in whorls, petioled, entire, oval or ovate, pointed at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, 3 to 6 inches long, I to 23 inches wide. Flowers small, white, sessile, borne in dense terminal or axillary and stalked globose heads, about 1 inch in diameter. Corolla one-third to one-half of an inch long, tubular-funnel- form, with four erect or spreading lobes. Stamens four, attached to the throat of the corolla with very short filaments. Style very slender and about twice the length of the corolla. In swamps, low ground and shallow water along lakes, streams and ponds, New Brunswick to western Ontario and Wisconsin, south to Florida, Texas, Arizona and California. Flowering from June to September. Partridge Berry; Twinberry; Squawberry Mitchella repens Linnaeus Plate 21rb A small, creeping, evergreen herb, with slender, trailing stems, freely rooting at the nodes, 6 to 15 inches long, with numerous branches. Leaves & 607 3¥Id DIINAIOD DIUOISNO TT] LHOINGHAD -HONHOONNI -SLHNTE °A HSA twit) / Vy “Ds Val ATES ¢i.\/ aqDadog UND) MVULSGAA NYAHLAON *V 4 umMasnf 2383S “AN CT Jowsypy AUOA MON AO SUAMOTA ATIM 44 WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 210 ry & a BUTTONBUSH; BUSH GLOBEFLOWER Cephalanthus occidentalis ? } 4 se WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 267 dark green, opposite, short petioled, ovate-orbicular, blunt at the apex, usually somewhat heart-shaped at the base, one-fourth to seven-eighths of an inch long. Flowers white, waxy, fragrant, borne in pairs united at the base. Corolla funnelform, about one-half of an inch long with four recurved or spreading lobes, densely bearded on the inner side. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and attached to its throat, the anthers protruding from the flower. The slender style with its four threadlike stigmas long exserted, in which case the stamens are not exserted, or vice versa, the stamens may be exserted, in which case the style is shorter than the corolla. Fruit composed of two united drupes usually containing eight roundish nutlets; when ripe the fruit is red, broader than high, one- sixth to one-third of an inch in diameter, persistent through the winter and edible. In woods, Nova Scotia to western Ontario, Minnesota and Arkansas, south to Florida and Texas. Flowering in spring, from April to June and sometimes flowering a second time in the autumn. Sometimes the leaves are whitish-veined. Rough Bedstraw Galium asprellum Michaux Plate 212a A weak, perennial herb, much branched and usually reclining on bushes or surrounding vegetation, sometimes erect; stems retrorsely hispid on the angles, 2 to 6 feet long. Leaves in whorls of sixes or fives, or those of the branches rarely in fours, narrowly oval or slightly oblanceolate, sharply pointed at the apex, narrowed at the base, and sometimes appearing petioled, one-third to three-fourths of an inch long, one-twelfth to one-sixth of an inch wide, the margins and midrib rough. Flowers white, arranged in many-flowered cymes, which are terminal and axillary. Stalks or peduncles bearing the flowers short and two to three times forked. Corolla four- lobed. Fruit smooth and about one-twelfth of an inch broad. In moist soil, Newfoundland to western Ontario and Wisconsin, south to North Carolina, Illinois and Nebraska. Flowering from June to August. 268 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Northern Bedstraw Galium boreale Linnaeus Plate 209a Stems erect, smooth, rather stiff, sharply angled, simple or branched, 1 to 24 feet high, usually a few or several stems from a perennial root. Leaves in fours, lanceolate or linear, entire, conspicuously three-nerved, blunt or pointed at the apex, sometimes the margins ciliate, 1 to 2} inches long, one-twelfth to one-fourth of an inch wide. Flowers white, panicled in small, compact cymes, forming a terminal inflorescence often 3 to 6 inches long. Corolla four-lobed. Fruit hispid when young, sometimes becoming almost smooth when mature, about one-twelfth of an inch broad. In rocky soil or along streams and lake shores, Quebec to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Missouri, New Mexico and California. Also found in Europe and northern Asia. Flowering from May to August. There are about seventeen species of Bedstraw (Galium) found in New York, most of them with small, inconspicuous flowers, some of them introduced species. The Yellow Bedstraw (Galium verum Linnaeus) with yellow flowers, is native of Europe, but frequent as a naturalized plant in many localities. Honeysuckle Family Caprifoliaceae Twinflower; Deer Vine Linnaea americana Forbes Plate 213a A creeping and trailing, slender, vinelike plant, with scarcely woody, perennial stems, 6 to 24 inches long, slightly pubescent. Leaf blades ever- green, opposite, rounded or obovate, obscurely crenate on the margins, one-fourth to three-fourths of an inch wide and rather thick in texture on petioles one-twelfth to one-sixth of an inch long. Flowers fragrant, pink, borne in pairs at the summit of elongated terminal stalks. Calyx five-lobed. Corolla funnelform, nodding, one-third to one-half of an inch long and five- suadad DYJaYyILY DIIDPIADDADIU SIDYG DUP ANMAAMVOOS [AMNAANIML [AUNAA ANAIALAVd “A ANIHSNOOW !ONILSWIMAAR ATAVAd *V TIZ 93% Iid umMnoesnfy 23¥IS “AN CI downoyy YWUOA MAN AO SUAMOTA ATIM As tae ge 2% a D]]U2d4ap DIJUeAI’] wnyadd SV WNIUDE) ATMOOSANNOH HSONA “a MVAULSGHH HONOUA “V TIT 93d winoesny{ 9381S “A NC] Joweyy MUOA MAN AO SUAMOTA ATIM ee ae WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 213 a ~ A. TWINFLOWER; DEER VINE Linnaea americana B. BEACH CLOTBUR Xanthium echinatum - A WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 269 lobed at the end. Stamens four, attached at the base of the corolla tube within. Ovary three-celled, two of the cavities filled with abortive ovules, the other with one perfect, pendulous ovule. Fruit a nearly globose, three- celled capsule, two of the cells empty, the other with a single, oblong seed. In cold woods throughout the north, common in the Adirondack and Catskill mountains, otherwise rather local, ranging south to Maryland, west to the mountains of Colorado, California, British America, and eastward to Newfoundland. Flowering from June to August. Trumpet or Coral Honeysuckle Lonicera sempervirens Linnaeus Plate 214a A slender, high-climbing vine with glabrous or somewhat hairy stems and foliage. Leaves oval, the uppermost usually united around the stem, the lower ones smaller, narrower and somewhat pointed at the apex, all conspicuously glaucous and often pubescent beneath, dark green above. Flowers numerous in two or three verticillate clusters, close together at the ends of the stems. Corolla scarlet or yellow, 13 to 2 inches long, slightly expanded upward, the stamens and style scarcely or but slightly protruding from the flower. Fruit a cluster of scarlet berries which are ripe in late autumn. In thickets and open woods along streams and low ground, common in the south from Florida to Texas and northward to Nebraska, less abundant in its northeastern range which extends to New York and Maine. In New York State known only from a few localities in the southeastern part of the State, but frequently seen in cultivation farther northward, except in the extreme northern part of the State where it is not hardy. It is usually found in flower from May or June until autumn because of the growth of new lateral shoots bearing flowers. 270 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Swamp Fly Honeysuckle Lonicera oblongifolia (Goldie) Hooker Plate 214b An erect, branching shrub, 2 to 8 feet high, the branches and twigs with opposite, elliptical or elliptical-oblong leaves, rather thick and firm when mature, glaucous and reticulate-veined, smooth when mature, downy- pubescent, but not ciliate when young. Flowers in pairs on axillary stalks which are as long or longer than the flowers. Corolla strongly two-lipped, yellowish or purplish within, three-fourths of an inch long, tube of the corolla enlarged on one side at the base. Stamens five, attached to the tube of the corolla within. Fruit consisting of two fleshy, bright-red berries at the summit of each peduncle, remaining distinct or more or less grown together. In bogs and swamps, New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Pennsyl- vania, Michigan and Minnesota. Flowering in May and June. The Early Fly Honeysuckle (Lonicera canadensis Marshall), of moist and rich rocky woodlands, has thin, green, ciliate leaves and yellow or greenish yellow flowers, appearing with the leaves in April or early May. It is also a small shrub, 2 to 5 feet high. The Blue or Mountain Fly Honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea Linnaeus) (figure XX XIII) occurs in swamps and low grounds, chiefly in the Adirondacks. It is a small shrub with oval or obovate, blunt leaves and small, yellow flowers. The fruit is a bluish black, two-eyed berry. The Hairy Honeysuckle (Lonicera hirsuta Eaton) is a twining and climbing vine several feet long with the foliage and new stems hairy, the upper leaves united around the stem, flowers I to 13 inches long, orange- yellow turning reddish. The Smooth-leaved or Glaucous Honeysuckle (Lonicera dioica Linnaeus) (figure XX XIV) of rocky woodlands and sometimes in swamps, is smooth throughout, twining or climbing, the upper leaves united around the stem, all of them whitish or glaucous beneath, flowers small, yellowish green tinged with purple, fruit bright-red. pio fisuojgo DAIILUOT ATMONSAUYNOH ATA dNVMS ‘© mh | * FIZ 91%ld suadiadad mas DAIIVUO'T ATTIONSAYNOH TVAOO YO LHdNNAAL “*V ulnesnyj, 93¥1S “KON cI TOW AAOA MON AO SUAMOTA CIIM | 44 WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 271 Figure XX XIII Blue or Mountain Fly Honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea Linnaeus) 272 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Bush Honeysuckle Diervilla diervilla (Linnaeus) MacMillan Plate 212b A low shrub with opposite leaves and branches, I to 4 feet high, smooth or nearly so. Leaves ovate or oval, long pointed at the apex, usually rounded at the base, 2 to 5 inches long, irregularly crenulate and often slightly ciliate on the margins; petioles very short. Flowers in clusters of one to six on slender stalks which are terminal or in the axils of the upper leaves. Each flower about three-fourths of an inch long, narrowly funnel- form, the tube with a slight sac at the base, the limb nearly regular, five- lobed, yellowish and more or less pubescent within and without, usually three of the lobes somewhat united. Calyx with five very slender lobes. Stamens five. Fruit a linear-oblong, smooth capsule, with a slender beak, tipped with the persistent calyx lobes. “ In dry, sandy or rocky woods, fields and roadsides, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to North Carolina, Michigan and Wisconsin. Teasel Family Dip sac a.ceaie Common or Card Teasel Dipsacus sylvestris Hudson Plate 215a A bristly, prickly, coarse biennial, tall and stout, 3 to 6 feet high. The stem, branches, peduncles, midribs of the leaves and the involucre all bear many short prickles. Leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong, often 1 foot long. Flowers lilac-colored in dense, cylindrical heads which are 3 to 5 inches long, made up of long, spiny bracts in the axils of which are borne the flowers, which usually are exceeded in length by the spiny bracts. The lower flowers open first and appear as a violet or bluish ring of bloom around the spiny head, the ring of flowers gradually spreading upward. In waste places, old fields and roadsides, Maine to Ontario and WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 215 — A. WILD OR COMMON TEASEL; CARD TEASEL B. CREEPING OR EUROPEAN BELLFLOWER Dipsacus sylvestris Campanula rapunculoides o pe ba : et ae Whigs ria * a — -- —— — — ee — — — = eS ——— —_—— — = ——— == : — ——— Se a a SS a RE co I~ N NEW YORK WILD FLOWERS OF Figure XXXIV Smooth-leaved or Glaucous Honeysuckle (Lonicera dioica Linnaeus) 274 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Michigan, south to North Carolina. Native of Europe, and established as a weed in many localities. Gourd Family Cucurbitaceae One-seeded Bur Cucumber; Star Cucumber _ Sicyos angulatus Linnaeus Plate 216 An annual, succulent, herbaceous vine, climbing by means of branched tendrils; stem angled, clammy-hairy, often climbing or trailing a distance of 15 to 25 feet. Leaves broad, nearly orbicular, of thin texture, but roughened on both surfaces, heart-shaped at the base and five-angled or five-lobed, the lobes sharp pointed, but the sinuses between the lobes usually not very deep. Petioles stout, 1 to 4 inches long. Flowers small, greenish white, of two kinds, staminate and pistillate. The staminate flowers arranged in loose racemes on very long stalks, with a five-toothed cup-shaped calyx tube, a five-parted rotate corolla and three stamens with their filaments united to form a short column, their anthers coherent. The pistillate or fertile flowers are arranged several together in capitate clusters, on short stalks, also with a five-parted calyx and corolla. Fruit a one-seeded, indehiscent burlike pod, dry when mature, armed with slender, rough spines, sessile in clusters of three to ten, each “‘ cucumber ”’ about ; one-half of an inch long. In moist soil, chiefly along streams and rivers or in thickets and low woods, Quebec to Ontario and South Dakota, south to Florida, Texas and Kansas. Flowering from June to September. Wild Balsam Apple; Wild Cucumber Micrampelis lobata (Michaux) Greene Plate 217 and Figure XX XV An herbaceous, annual vine, climbing and twining, several feet long, sometimes confused with the One-seeded Bur Cucumber. Stems angular and grooved, nearly glabrous and not clammy-hairy, but sometimes hairy at WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 216 ONE-SEEDED BUR CUCUMBER; STAR CUCUMBER Sicyos angulatus WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Figure XX XV Wild Balsam Apple; Wild Cucumber (Micrampelis lobata (Michaux) Greene) NO NI 276 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the nodes. Leaves thin, roughish on both sides, heart-shaped at the base, with five (varying from three to seven) triangular-lanceolate, sharp-pointed lobes with deep sinuses between them. Flowers greenish white, the stami- nate flowers in narrow, compound racemes; the pistillate flowers solitary or sometimes two together; lobes of the corolla five to six, narrow and sharp pointed. Fruit a small, fleshy pod (pepo), dry when mature, armed with slender spines; inner part fibrous-netted, usually two-celled with two flat seeds in each cavity; ovoid in shape, 14 to 2 inches long, green, and opening at the apex when mature. In rich, moist or wet soil in thickets or woods along streams or rivers, New Brunswick to Ontario, Manitoba, Montana, south to Virginia, Ken- tucky, Texas and Kansas. Flowering from July to September. Frequent in cultivation and perhaps largely introduced or escaped in the northeast. Bellflower Family Campanulaceae Harebell; Bluebells of Scotland Campanula rotundifolia Linnaeus Plate 218 A slender, graceful, wiry-stemmed herb, perennial by slender root- stocks, usually smooth, sometimes pubescent. Stems erect or decumbent, often several from the same root, 6 inches to 3 feet high. Basal leaves nearly orbicular, usually heart-shaped at the base, one-fourth to I inch wide, toothed or entire, on long, slender, weak petioles, usually withering or dying before the flowers open, but new ones developing in late summer. Stem leaves slender, linear or linear-lanceolate, I to 3 inches long. Flowers usually racemose, rarely solitary, at the apex of the stem, drooping on slender, hairlike stalks. Calyx with five threadlike spreading lobes. Corolla bright blue or violet-blue, bell-shaped, one-half to nearly 1 inch broad, the margin with five pointed lobes. Fruit an ovoid capsule, ribbed and opening by short clefts near the base. In fissures and cracks of rocks near waterfalls and in rocky woods, pypgo] syaqdMparrypy YAMWNAOND AIM ‘AIddV WVSTVd CTIA L LIZ 23¥%[d UINnesNnyf 99¥IS “A CN CI Jlowoysy YMUOA MON AO SYUAMOTA ATIIM : af WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Plate 218 Museum Memoir 15 N. Y. State WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 277 sometimes in meadows and sandy fields. Exhibiting in its varying habitats marked differences in growth and appearance. Labrador to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Nebraska and in the Rocky moun- tains to Arizona, in the Sierra Nevada to California and also in Europe and Asia. Flowering from June to September. Creeping or European Bellflower Campanula rapunculoides Linnaeus Plate 215b A perennial herb with slender rootstocks and smooth or pubescent stems, usually not branched, leafy, erect and rather stout, 1 to 3 feet high, the base of the stem decumbent and freely rooting at the nodes. Lower leaves 3 to 6 inches long, I to 2 inches wide, ovate with heart-shaped base, pointed or acuminate, the margin crenately toothed, often the blade slightly pubescent; upper leaves similar but smaller and sessile. Flowers borne in long, one-sided racemes, the individual flowers about I or 14 inches long, drooping on short stalks, subtended by small, leafy bracts. Corolla bell- shaped, blue or violet, five-lobed. Calyx lobes five in number, linear and spreading. Fruit a nodding, globose capsule, about one-third of an inch in diameter, opening by pores at the base. In fields and along roadsides, and as an escape from gardens, often along fences and village streets. Naturalized from Europe. New Bruns- wick to Ontario, southern New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio. Flowering from July to September. The Nettle-leaved Bellflower or Throatwort (Campanula trachelium Linnaeus) is similar in appearance, but the calyx and outer surface of the unexpanded corolla is bristly-ciliate with long, pale hairs. Called also Canterbury Bells. The Tall Bellflower (Campanula americana Linnaeus) is a native species, not common in eastern or southern New York. Its flowers are pale blue, the corolla wheel-shaped, deeply cleft into five-pointed lobes. 278 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Marsh or Bedstraw Bellflower Campanula aparinoides Pursh Plate 219a A perennial herb with very slender, weak stems, reclining or diffusely spreading, rough with short, retrorse bristles, leafy and paniculately branched, 6 inches to 3 feet long. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, sessile, rough on the margins and midrib, pointed at both ends, one-half to 13 inches long and not more than one-fourth of an inch wide. Flowers white or very faintly tinged with blue, on threadlike stalks chiefly ter- minating the widely divergent leafy branches; buds nodding. Calyx lobes triangular, half the length of the deeply five-cleft, bell-shaped corolla which is about one-third of an inch long; style not projecting beyond the corolla. Fruit a small, nearly globose, erect capsule, opening at maturity near the base. , In grassy swamps and marshes, from Maine to Georgia, west to Colorado and Kentucky. Flowering from June to August. In habit it resembles some of the Bedstraws (Galium). The Blue Marsh Bellflower (Campanula uliginosa Rydberg) is similar; flowers blue with darker veins, cleft into lanceolate lobes. Venus’s Looking-glass Specularia perfoliata (Linnaeus) A. DeCandolle Plate 219b Stems weak, decumbent and branched at the base, the ends slender, erect, very leafy, 6 inches to 2 feet tall, angled and hairy on the angles. Leaves rounded, one-fourth to 1 inch broad, clasping the stem by a broad, heart-shaped base, pointed or blunt, about as long as broad. Flowers violet-blue or rarely white, borne solitary or two or three together, sessile in the axils of the leaves; corolla wheel-shaped, those in the axils of the upper leaves with five triangular-lanceolate, long-pointed, rigid calyx lobes and a five-lobed, deeply cleft corolla, one-half to three-fourths of an inch broad, those in the axils of the lower leaves with a shorter, three or four-lobed WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 219 a r Sey | A. MARSH OR BEDSTRAW BELLFLOWER B. VENUS’S LOOKING-GLASS Campanula aparinoides Specularia perfoliata 44 WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 279 calyx, longer than the rudimentary corolla. Fruit an oblong capsule, one- sixth to one-fourth of an inch long, opening at maturity at about the middle. In dry woods and dry soil, especially sandy fields and waste places, Maine and Ontario to British Columbia south to Florida, Louisiana, Mexico, Arizona and Oregon. Also in the mountains of Jamaica and Santo Domingo. Flowering in New York from May to September. Lobelia Family Lobeliaceae Cardinal Flower; Red Lobelia Lobelia cardinalis Linnaeus Plate 220 A tall, stiffly erect herb, 13 to 4 feet high with smooth stems from a perennial root, rarely branched, leafy, bearing an elongated, rather one- sided raceme or spike of several or many bright-red flowers, subtended by leaflike bracts. Leaves thin, somewhat toothed, oblong-lanceolate, 2 to 6 inches long, one-fourth to 14 inches wide, pointed at both ends, and alternate on the stem, the upper leaves becoming successively smaller. Flowers with a five-cleft calyx; corolla five-lobed, about 1 inch long, two-lipped, the lower lip conspicuously cleft into three prominent, spreading lobes, upper lip erect with two small lobes. Stamens five, free from the corolla and united by their anthers to form a tube around the style, two of the anthers possessing hairy tufts at the summit; stigma two-lobed. Fruit a two- celled, many-seeded pod, opening at the top. Low or wet ground in meadows, swamps and marshes, or in wet grassy places along streams or ditches. New Brunswick to Ontario, south to Florida and Texas, west to Kansas and Colorado. Flowering from July to September. Great or Blue Lobelia Lobelia syphilitica Linnaeus Plate 221 A tall, stiffly erect herb, perennial by short offsets at the base; stem 1 to 3 feet high, stout, leafy, simple, slightly hairy, bearing a long, many- 280 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM flowered raceme of bright-blue flowers, each flower subtended by a leafy bract. Leaves smooth or sparingly pubescent, 2 to 6 inches long, one-half to 2 inches wide, long pointed at the apex, narrowed at the base, the lower leaves petioled, the upper sessile, irregularly toothed and alternate. Calyx hairy, with five long, narrow, pointed lobes with large appendages between the lobes. Corolla about 1 inch long, blue fading to pale blue, marked with white on the lobes of the lower lip; upper lip of the corolla two-lobed and erect, the lobes nearly as large as the three lobes of the lower lip. The flowers are rarely entirely white. In moist or wet soil, along streams, in wet thickets and marshes, Maine to Ontario and South Dakota, south to Georgia, Louisiana, Kansas and Colorado. Flowering from July to October. Indian or Wild Tobacco; Eyebright Lobelia inflata Linnaeus q Plate 222a An acrid, poisonous herb, I to 3 feet high; stem hairy and leafy, panicu- lately branched, from an annual root. Leaves ovate or oblong, bluntly toothed, alternate, the upper sessile and pointed, the lower petioled and blunt, I to 23 inches long, rather thin and pubescent. Flowers small, pale blue or violet, arranged rather loosely in spikelike, leafy racemes, each flower subtended by a leaflike bract, the lower bracts longer than the flowers. Calyx tube greatly inflated in fruit forming a rounded, ribbed capsule containing many seeds. In structure the corolla is similar to the other species of Lobelia, but much less conspicuous. In dry fields and thickets, often in poor soil, Labrador to Saskatchewan, south to Georgia, Arkansas and Kansas. Flowering from July to October. The different names given in different localities to this plant (Gagroot, Emetic Weed, Asthma Weed, etc.) give some idea of the herbal character of the species. It was formerly much used as an emetic and the Indians are supposed to have smoked and chewed the bitter leaves, hence the name ‘““ Indian tobacco.” WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 220 CARDINAL FLOWER; RED LOBELIA Lobelia cardinalis ~~ hier . WIED FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 221 - ee 20 Set a Ae : GREAT OR BLUE LOBELIA Lobelia syphilitica i ? : . WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 281 Kalm’s or Brook Lobelia Lobelia kalmiui Linnaeus Plate 222b A small, low, slender herb, perennial by short offsets; stems 6 to 20 inches long, smooth, very slender, erect or reclining, leafy and paniculately branched. Lower and basal leaves spatulate, narrowed into short petioles; upper leaves sessile and shorter. Flowers light blue, about one-third to one-half of an inch long, arranged in a loose raceme at the ends of the stems and branches on threadlike stalks as long as the flowers but not exceeding the linear-lanceolate bracts which subtend them. Calyx tube top-shaped or obovoid, half as long as the lanceolate lobes. Corolla two- lipped, the upper lip two-cleft and narrow, the lower lip cleft into three spreading lobes which are much broader than those of the upper lip. Fruit a small globose capsule, not inflated. On wet banks, boggy meadows and swamps, or on wet ledges of rocks about waterfalls, from Nova Scotia to New Jersey, west to Ontario, Manitoba, Ohio, Michigan and Iowa. Flowering from July to September. The Water Lobelia (Lobelia dortmanna Linnaeus) is an aquatic perennial with numerous white, fibrous roots. Leaves linear, I to 2 inches long, fleshy, tufted at the base of the hollow stem and submerged. Flowers pale blue in a loose raceme at summit of the stem. Borders of ponds, from New Jersey and Pennsylvania to Newfoundland, Wisconsin and British Columbia. The Spiked Lobelia (Lobelia spicata Lamarck) has pale blue flowers in an elongated spikelike raceme sometimes I to 2 feet long, each flower one-fourth to one-third of an inch long. Leaves broadly oblong at base of stem, becoming spatulate higher up and finally narrowing down to linear bracts subtending the flowers. In moist or dry sandy soil, Prince Edward Island to Saskatchewan, south to North Carolina, Alabama, Louisiana and Arkansas. Nuttall’s Lobelia (Lobelia nuttallii Roemer & Schultes) is very slender. The pedicels are longer than the bracts but shorter than the small pale-blue flowers. Common in sandy swamps along the coast. 282 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Chicory Family Chicoriaceae A family closely allied to the Sunflower family (Compositae). Stems usually with milky, acrid or bitter juice. Flowers in heads, surrounded by involucral bracts; flowers all alike and perfect. Calyx tube completely adnate to the ovary, its limb (pappus) of scales, simple or plumose bristles, or both wanting. Corolla gamopetalous, with a short or long tube, and a strap-shaped (ligulate), usually five-toothed limb (ray). In addition to those species illustrated here, the Chicory family con- tains many other species, including the common Chicory, Dandelion, Oyster Plant or Salsify, Sow Thistle, Lettuce, Wild Prickly Lettuce and several additional species of _ Hawkweeds and Rattlesnake weeds. Devil’s-paintbrush; Orange Hawkweed Meracium aurantiacum Linnaeus Plate 223b A perennial, low-growing, very hairy weed, spreading by means of vigorous and rapidly growing leafy stolons. Leaves basal, spatulate or oblong, blunt at the apex, narrowed at the base, usually entire, 2 to 5 inches long, one-fourth to I inch wide, very hairy. Flowers borne on a slender, hairy, leafless stem (rarely with one or two small leaves), 6 to 20 inches high, the heads of flowers bright orange-red in color, one-half to I inch broad, few or several in a rather dense inflorescence or cluster at the summit of the stem, the upper part of the stem and the inflorescence thickly dotted with black, glandular-tipped hairs. Flowers of the head all alike, with five-toothed, strap-shaped corollas. Involucres one-third to one-half of an inch high, composed of linear-lanceolate green bracts, densely covered with black hairs, the bracts arranged in two or three series. In fields, woods and along roadsides, widely distributed as an obnoxious WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 222 —-— =| f ——<$—— - — — 7 A. INDIAN OR WILD TOBACCO; EYEBRIGHT B. KALM’S OR BROOK LOBELIA Lobelia inflata Lobelia kalmii re - - WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 223 ) | A. KING DEVIL B. DEVIL’S-PAINTBRUSH; ORANGE HAWKWEED Mieracium florentinum Hieracium aurantiacum ; f s WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 283 weed in the eastern states, but native of the Old World. Flowering from June to September. King Devil Mieracium florentinum Allioni Plate 223a Stems slender, smooth or somewhat hispid, 1 to 3 feet high from a perennial root. Leaves all basal, oblong or spatulate, entire, either pointed or blunt at the apex and narrowed at the base into margined petioles, somewhat hirsute with stiff hairs, or smooth, 2 to 4 inches long, one-fourth to three-fourths of an inch wide. Sometimes one to three smaller leaves are borne on the stem near its base. Inflorescence of several bright-yellow heads of flowers, each head one-third to one-half of an inch broad, arranged in a corymb on short, somewhat glandular-hairy peduncles. The involucre about one-fourth of an inch high, composed of linear, pointed bracts, pilose and somewhat glandular-hairy, overlapping in about two series. In fields, meadows and thickets and along roadsides, New York and Ontario to Quebec and Maine. Native of Europe. In some places an obnoxious weed. Unlike the Orange Hawkweed, it does not spread by leafy stolons, and hence is usually not so abundant. Rough Hawkweed Hieracium scabrum Michaux Plate 224 Stems stout and leafy up to the inflorescence, without a basal tuft of leaves at flowering time, 1 to 4 feet high, very hairy with rather reddish hairs and glandular-hairy above. Leaves hairy, oblong or broadly spatu- late, 2 to 4 inches long, I to 2 inches wide, blunt at the apex, the lower leaves narrowed into margined petioles, the upper narrowed to a sessile base, their margins sparingly denticulate. Inflorescence of numerous yellow heads, one-half to three-fourths of an inch broad, on reddish colored, stout, densely glandular-hairy peduncles. Involucres one-third to one-half 284 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM of an inch high, glandular-hairy, the principal bracts linear and pointed, in one series with a few very small outer ones. In dry woods and clearings, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Georgia and Iowa. Flowering from July to September. Rattlesnake-weed; Poor-Robin’s-plantain TNieracium venosum Linnaeus Plate 225 A perennial herb, sending up a smooth, usually solitary and leafless stem, paniculately branched above, 1 to 3 feet high, with a tuft of basal leaves spreading on the ground. Leaves smooth or sometimes hairy, characteristically marked with purple veins, suggestive of the markings on a snakeskin, oblong-spatulate, blunt at the apex, narrowed at the base into petioles, though sometimes sessile, 1 to 5 inches long, one-half to 14 inches wide, paler on the under surface, the margins glandular-denticulate. Inflorescence consisting of several yellow heads, about two-thirds of an inch‘broad, each containing fifteen to forty ray flowers, and borne on rather long, slender, spreading peduncles, smooth or slightly glandular-hairy. Involucre cylindric, about one-fourth of an inch high, with one series of long, narrow, nearly smooth bracts and a few short outer ones. In dry woods and thickets, usually in poor or sandy soil. Maine and Ontario to Manitoba, south to Georgia, Kentucky and Nebraska. Flow- ering from late in May to October. Individuals are sometimes found without the purple-colored veins in the leaves. Gall-of-the-earth; Tall Rattlesnake-root Nabalus trifoliolatus Cassini Plate 226 ; Stems smooth, stout and sometimes purplish, with milky juice, leafy and 3 to 9 feet high, from a perennial root. Leaves thin, the lower ones very long petioled, the upper short petioled or sessile, all usually divided into three segments, which are sometimes stalked, irregularly toothed, or WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 224 ROUGH HAWKWEED FTieracium scabrum é , R | } 7 . i | : \ | 1 \ | F ey | * “int my | b i “ai _ » ’ ‘ aS Z ’ | 6 7 = ‘as - sf y = 4 . . s 4 a - ru pe 7 es a eh —— 45 i 4 ) \ WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 225 RATTLESNAKE-WEED; POOR-ROBIN S-PLANTAIN TMeracium venosum WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 226 — GALL-OF-THE-EARTH; TALL RATTLESNAKE-ROOT Nabalus trifoliolatus WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 255 the upper leaves sometimes entire. Inflorescence consisting of many drooping heads, in loose clusters of few or several together. Heads with seven to twelve whitish or pale yellowish ray flowers (no disk flowers), surrounded by a pale green, narrow, smooth, cylindric involucre about one-half of an inch long, becoming purplish when old, consisting of six to eight principal bracts, equaling the pappus in length, and a few small bracts at the base of the involucre. Pappus light brown in color. In woods and thickets, Newfoundland to Pennsylvania, Indiana, Delaware and Tennessee. Flowering from August to October. Not a showy plant but rather odd in appearance and representative of a group which in this State contains about half a dozen related species. Sunflower Family Compositae The Sunflower family comprises the largest group of flowering plants, including in the flora of the whole world about one-tenth of the known species, Or some 12,000 in number. They are chiefly herbs in our region, but in warmer parts of the world, shrubs and tree forms also occur. In New York, about one-fifth of all plants which have rather conspicuous flowers, and might in consequence be designated as wild flowers, belong to this family. In this Memoir, over 50 species, or nearly one-eighth of the total number of plants illustrated, belong to the Sunflower family, and the number would be larger if it were not deemed unnecessary to illustrate all of the many kinds of Goldenrods and Wild Asters. The chief characteristics of the family, which will aid considerably in an understanding of the descriptions of the following species, is the crowding together of the true flowers into heads. These floral heads, commonly referred to as the “‘ flower,’”’ namely, the Sunflower, the Daisy etc. are in reality made up of many small, individual flowers, in contrast to the single flower of the rose or violet. The head is surrounded by an involucre, com- posed of one to several series of bracts or scales, performing as a whole the 286 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM function of a calyx for the entire flower head. The individual bracts are often leaflike in character. Two kinds of flowers are to be noted in the “heads”’ of certain Compositae. They are the regular five-toothed or five-lobed corolla, as seen in the different species of Eupatorium, and the irregular, strap-shaped or ligulate corolla, in the ray flowers of the Wild Asters. Sometimes both kinds are found in the same head, as in the common Daisy, and then the strap-shaped flowers around the margin are referred to as ray flowers, and the densely packed tubular flowers in the center of the head are called disk flowers. Very often the disk flowers are of one color and the ray flowers of a different color. In some cases we find heads composed entirely of disk flowers (Thistles). The stamens are five in number, attached to the inside of the corolla tube and usually cohere by their anthers in a ring around the style, which is commonly two-cleft at the summit, that is, a two-parted stigma. The ray flowers are usually without stamens, when disk flowers are present, and sometimes some flowers (either disk or ray, as the case may be) are entirely neutral (without stamens or pistils). The ovary is one-celled, containing one ovule which ripens into a small, dry, one-celled, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit, known as an achene. This achene is admirably adapted for seed dissemination by means of the persistent pappus, which matures along with the fruit. In the case of Bidens, the pappus consists of two barbed processes projecting from the achene, which catch in the shaggy coats of animals and on the clothing of passing persons and is thus dis- tributed wide distances. In other cases the pappus consists of hairlike tufts, as in the Thistle, which enable the seed to be carried great distances by the wind. The Compositae represent the most highly developed family of flow- ering plants, in respect to floral structure. By massing the flowers in heads, there is a great economy of space and tissue gained for the plant, and also greater certainty of pollination for the individual flowers, as a visit from one insect may result in the pollination of from several to many WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 237 flowers. The showiness gained by massing the small flowers together serves as an added attraction to insects. The Compositae contain many cultivated plants, including ornamental species. The Asters, Chrysanthemums, Pyrethrams, Gaillardias, Helen- iums, Helianthus (Sunflowers), Rudbeckias (Coneflowers), Dahlias and many others are some of the common and highly ornamental species. Beach Clotbur Xanthium echinatum Murray Plate 213b An annual, coarse, rough herb of seashores and river beaches, with rough, purplish or blotched stems, 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves alternate, tough, coarse, very rough with scattered, short, papillose hairs and obscurely toothed and more or less lobed. Inflorescence rather small, consisting of heads of greenish discoid flowers, the staminate ones clustered in heads at the ends of the branches, the pistillate or fertile flowers axillary in the upper leaves. Flowers of the staminate heads with tubular corollas; the pistillate heads consisting of an ovoid or oblong closed involucre covered with hooked spines, with no corolla or pappus. Fruit a prickly bur, usually several clustered in the axils of the leaves, ovoid to oval, one-half to two-thirds of an inch long and one-third to one-half of an inch thick, covered with hooked prickles, and densely hairy with reddish hairs, the summit of the bur bearing two stout, hispid, incurving clawlike beaks, the interior of the bur two- celled, each cavity containing one obovoid or oblong achene. On sea beaches, lake and river shores, and occasionally in waste ground, Nova Scotia to North Carolina, west to Minnesota and North Dakota. In New York found mainly in sandy soil and on beaches of Long Island and Staten Island, the Great Lakes and a few inland localities. Flowers appear in July and August and the bur is ripe in September or October. The Common Cocklebur or Clotbur (Xanthium canadense Miller) is a common weed almost everywhere. It resembles the one illus- 288 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM trated here, but is usually larger in every way, the beaks of the bur being almost straight and more or less divergent. The Clotburs (Xanthium) are usually placed in the Ragweed family (Ambrosiaceae) but here retained for convenience in the Sunflower family. Ironweed Vernonia noveboracensis (Linnaeus) Willdenow Plate 227 Stems erect, stiff, coarse, simple or somewhat branched, 3 to 9 feet high from a perennial root, roughish-pubescent or nearly smooth. Leaves alternate, narrowly oblong to lanceolate, pointed or elongated at the apex, narrowed at the base into slender petioles, or the upper leaves nearly sessile, margins serrulate, 3 to 10 inches long, one-half to 1 inch wide. Inflorescence consisting of several or many heads of deep-purple flowers, arranged in a loose, cymose panicle at the summit of the leafy stem. Each head one- third to one-half of an inch broad and containing twenty to forty flowers. Involucre of brownish purple or greenish bracts, overlapping in several series, with long, spreading and slender tips, usually two or three times their own length. Flowers all tubular with a regular, five-toothed corolla. Pappus purplish in color. In moist soil and low grounds, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania and Missouri, south to North Carolina, West Virginia and Mississippi. Flow- ering in late summer and early fall. In New York, not common north of the lower Hudson valley region and the coastal plain. Joe-pye Weed; Purple Boneset Eupatorium purpureum Linnaeus Plate 228 Stems tall, smooth, often purplish and glaucous, frequently straight, simple or branched only at the summit, 3 to Io feet high from a perennial root. Leaves ovate, oval or ovate-lanceolate, petioled, toothed, 4 to 13 inches long, one-half to 3 inches wide, veiny and sometimes slightly pubescent on the under side of the leaf, arranged in whorls of threes to WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 227 a 7 IRON WEED Vernonia noveboracensis « . se WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 228 JOE-PYE WEED; PURPLE BONESET Eupatorium purpureum a 44 WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 289 sixes, commonly in fours. The inflorescence consists of large, terminal, loose, compound clusters of numerous flower heads, pinkish lavender to purple in color; each head composed of tubular flowers only. Involucres of individual heads cylindric, with pinkish purple, oblong, blunt bracts, overlapping in four or five series. In moist soil, woods and low thickets, especially common in wet places along streams, New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Florida and Texas. Flowering in August and September. The Spotted Joe-pye Weed (Eupatorium maculatum Lin- naeus) is similar to E. purpureum, but the stem is spotted with purple and usually rough or pubescent; the flowers usually pinkish purple in color. Hyssop-leaved Thoroughwort Eupatorium hyssopifolium Linnaeus Plate 229b Stems roughish-puberulent, rather bushy, 1 to 2 feet high, from a perennial root, bearing opposite, linear leaves and densely corymbosely branched above. Numerous smaller leaves fascicled in the axils of the stem or on short, axillary branches; leaf blades entire, blunt at the apex, narrowed at the base, one-half to 2 inches long, one-twelfth to one-sixth of an inch wide, firm and usually with more or less revolute margins. Heads white, arranged in a flat-topped panicle, each head about one-third of an inch high with about five tubular flowers, surrounded by a campanulate involucre, composed of linear-oblong, puberulent bracts imbricated in about three series, the outer ones shorter. In dry fields, Massachusetts to Florida and Texas. Flowering in August and September. Rough or Vervain Thoroughwort Eupatorium verbenaefolium Michaux Plate 229a Stems erect, more or less branched at the summit, rough-pubescent, slender, 2 to 7 feet high from a perennial root. Leaves opposite, rough- 290 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM pubescent, closely sessile or rarely short petioled, blunt at the apex, rounded at the base, crenate toothed 1 to 4 inches long, one-half to 1 inch wide, the upper pairs smaller and distant. Heads white, about one-fourth of an inch high, each with about five tubular flowers, the heads arranged in a cymose panicle; involucre bell-shaped, composed of about three series of overlapping linear-lanceolate, pointed and densely pubescent bracts, the outer ones shorter. In moist, usually sandy soil, mainly near the coast from Massachusetts to Florida, West Virginia and Louisiana. Flowering from July to September. Common Thoroughwort; Boneset Eupatorium perfoliatum Linnaeus Plate 230 Stems stout, rigid, hairy, branched above, 2 to 5 feet high from a perennial root. Leaves tough, veiny and wrinkled on both surfaces, oppo- site and united by their bases (connate-perfoliate), the upper pairs usually not united, lanceolate, long pointed at the apex, 4 to 8 inches long, I to 14 inches wide, pubescent on the under surface, the margins finely crenate- toothed. Inflorescence consisting of many heads in a rather congested, nearly flat-topped cyme; each head one-sixth to one-fourth of an inch high and ten to sixteen-flowered, dull leaden-white in color. Involucre campanulate, pubescent, with lanceolate bracts arranged in two or three series. ; Common in wet meadows and low grounds, especially along streams in marshes and swamps, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to Florida, Texas and Nebraska. Flowering in late summer, from July to September. In former times and even yet in some rural sections, boneset tea, made from the dried leaves of this plant, is prized for certain medicinal properties. wunyofidossky unisojpdny MNYOf{IDUIGAIA WN1LA0]Dd NG IMOMHONONOHL GHAVAT-dOSSAH °*d LYOMHONOYXOHL NIVAYHA UO HONOA “V =4| ln : — 677 3¥Id winasnypy A3eIS “AN CT OW YWUOA MON AO SUAMOTA ATIIM 4 WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 230 COMMON THOROUGHWORT; BONESET Eupatorium perfoliatum WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 291 White Snakeroot Eupatorium urticaefolium Reichard Plate 231 Stems erect, smooth, usually much branched, 1 to 4 feet high from a perennial root. Leaves opposite, ovate, thin, coarsely and sharply toothed, 3 to 6 inches long, 1 to 3 inches wide, on slender petioles, one-half to 24 inches long; leaf blades rounded, truncate or cordate at the base, usually long pointed at the apex, showing some resemblance to the leaves of the Nettle (Urtica). Inflorescence a rather loose cymose-paniculate cluster of small heads, each with ten to thirty white, tubular flowers; involucres campanulate, one-sixth of an inch high, the bracts linear and arranged in two nearly equal series. In rich woods or in thickets and clearings, New Brunswick to Florida, west to Ontario, Nebraska and Louisiana. The plant is said to be poisonous to cattle. Climbing Hempweed or Boneset Mikania scandens (Linnaeus) Willdenow Plate 232a Stems smooth and twining or climbing over surrounding vegetation, 5 to 15 feet long, from a perennial root. Leaves opposite, ovate or hastate, deeply cordate at the base with rounded basal lobes, long pointed at the apex, somewhat triangular in shape, 2 to 4 inches long, I to 2 inches wide, borne on slender petioles. Heads in compound clusters, borne at the ends of the branches, each head four-flowered, surrounded by oblong involucres of four narrow bracts. Corollas white or pink. In swamps and moist soil in woods and thickets along streams or in low, wet places, Maine to western Ontario, south to Florida and Texas. Flowering from July to September. 292 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Maryland Golden Aster Chrysopsis mariana (Linnaeus) Elliott Plate 233b Stems stout, loosely hairy, usually more than one from a stout, perennial root, nearly erect or ascending, I to 23 feet high and corymbosely branched at the summit. Upper leaves oblong to lanceolate, pointed or blunt, sessile, 1 to 2 inches long; the lower leaves oblanceolate or spatulate and narrowed into petioles, usually blunt, 2 to 4 inches long, one-half to 1 inch wide. Heads of flowers usually numerous, bright yellow, three-fourths to 1 inch broad on glandular peduncles; involucres hemispheric, the bracts glandular, pointed and viscid-pubescent. In dry or sandy soil, southern New York to Pennsylvania, Florida and Louisiana. Flowering in August and September. THE GOLDENRODS Solidago The Goldenrods comprise a large genus of more than one hundred and twenty-five species, all but a few native of North America. In New York there are found about thirty species of this group. They are perennial, erect herbs, often simple or with few branches; alternate leaves which are either toothed or entire, and numerous small heads of both tubular and ray flowers, or rarely whitish flowers, in terminal or axillary panicles, thyrsi, or cymose-corymbose or capitate clusters. The involucre of each head is oblong or narrowly bell-shaped and composed of bracts overlapping each other in several series, the outer ones successively shorter. Disk flowers usually all perfect, that is, with both stamens and pistils, their corollas tubular and five-lobed; ray flowers arranged in one series and pistillate. Achenes in fruit smooth or angled and usually ribbed. Pappus of numerous, hairlike, rough or nearly smooth, white or slightly tawny bristles. The amateur botanist may experience some difficulty in the use of the following key to the New York species of Goldenrod, since it is practically WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Plate 231 = Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum WHITE SNAKEROOT Eupatorium urticaefolium Bt oS free = Se A eg ee WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Plate 232 Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum LS 5S FER OS Oe AN . WEED B. CLIMBING HEMPWEED OR BONESET A. SLENDER FRAGRANT GOLDENROD; QUOBSQUE Fol 1a 11 l¢ Euthamia Mikania scandens t ‘ ‘ _ WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 293 impossible to indicate the distinguishing characters without the use of technical terms. Ray flowers more numerous than the disk flowers; heads corymbose-paniculate (Flat- topped Goldenrods) Leaves distinctly three-ribbed; heads twenty to thirty-flowered.................... Ruthamia graminifolia Leaves one-ribbed; involucre campanulate, one-sixth of an inch high or less......... Euthamia tenuifolia Ray flowers not more numerous than the disk flowers (True Goldenrods) Tips of the involucral bracts, or some of them spreading or recurved; leaves smooth. . Solidago squarrosa Tips of the involucral bracts all erect and appressed Heads in axillary clusters or also in a terminal spikelike sometimes branched thyrsus Heads one-sixth to one-fourth of an inch high, chiefly in axillary clusters; achenes pubescent Stem and branches terete; leaves lanceolate to oblong................ Solidago caesia Stem and branches grooved or angled; leaves broadly oval, contracted tito marpined petioles... 2... hice wo Solidago flexicaulis Heads one-sixth to one-fourth of an inch high, chiefly in a terminal spikelike thyrsus; achenes smooth or nearly so Rays white. Sten pubescent: o.252..1..<5, 2. Solidago bicolor Rays yellow; stem densely pubescent......... Solidago hispida Rays yellow; stem smooth or sparingly pubescent; leaves thick, dentate or the upper entire, not acuminate........... Solidago erecta Heads about one-half of an inch high; bracts elongated, pointed; leaves GENER eee 5 tea ass a ee hae ath Oye eis 2 Solidago macrophylla Heads in a terminal, simple or branched thyrsus, not at all or scarcely secund on its branches; plant glabrous Low alpine species, 10 inches high or usually less; heads with thirty flowers BIE TIT OLS EM Pome ie he cat Cal ee aa oe ee ae Solidago cutleri Taller species, not arctic-alpine Bracts of the involucre linear-subulate, very acute; stem puberulent... Solidago puberula 294 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Bracts of the involucre blunt or slightly pointed; stem glabrous or sparingly pubescent above Bog species; inflorescence wandlike....Solidago uliginosa Upland species; inflorescence various Heads very short-peduncled Leaves thick, firm in texture, little toothed or entire; very tall with oval or broadly ovate lower leaves which are Serrabe to... Cea t lee ee Solidago speciosa Leaves thin in texture, at least the lower ones serrate; low SPeCles...o. tet ae eee Solidago randii Heads distinctly slender peduncled; basal leaves narrowly oblanceolate, one-third of an inch wide or less............. Solidago racemosa Heads in a terminal, usually large panicle, secund on its spreading or recurved branches Maritime plants with thick fleshy entire leaves: 2.00 t.-¢5. 2-2 ee ee Solidago sempervirens Not maritime; leaves not fleshy Leaves all entire, thin and glabrous............. Solidago odora Leaves, at least the lower ones, more or less toothed or serrate Leaves pinnately-veined, not triple-nerved Stems densely pubescent; leaves more or less so and rugose- veiny beneath, sharply serrate...... Solidago rugosa Stems glabrous, or merely puberulent above Leaves very rough on the upper surface, serrulate........ Solidago patula Leaves smooth, or minutely roughened on the upper surface Racemes few, widely divergent, very slender, lower leaves oblong, coarsely serrate and thin........... Solidago ulmifolia Racemes numerous, spreading, recurved or ascending Leaves all oblong or oblong-lanceolate and sesgilet cs aee Re ee au Solidago elliotii Leaves, at least the lower ones petioled, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 295 Leaves firm, ovate-lanceolate or oblong- lanceolate; heads about one-sixth of an inch high; racemes short; rays several Solidagoneglecta Leaves firm, narrowly lanceolate; heads about one-sixth of an inch high; racemes few, Short, rays-one to five............ Solidagouniligulata Leaves firm, lanceolate or oval-lanceolate; heads one-sixth to one-eighth of an inch high; racemes numerous, slender......... Solidago juncea Leaves thin, the lower broadly ovate, short- acuminate; heads one-sixth to one-fourth of an inch high; racemes numerous...... Solidago arguta Leaves triple-nerved, that is, with a pair of lateral veins much stronger than the others Heads small, the involucre only 1} lines high or less; stem glabrous or pubescent........ Solidago canadensis Heads larger, the involucre one-sixth to one-fourth of an inch high Stems glabrous; leaves and involucral bracts thin........ Solidago serotina Stem pubescent or scabrous Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate or entire, rough ADOVORE CR ap oho cue Sh os Solidagoaltissima Leaves oblanceolate, spatulate, oblong or ovate; minutely rough-pubescent, grayish; lower leaves oblanceolate; crenate; heads one-sixth to one- fourth of an inch high Solidago nemoralis Heads in a terminal, corymbiform, sometimes thyrsoid cyme, forming a flat- topped inflorescence. (genus Oligoneuron Small) Leaves ovate, oblong, or oval, mostly rough on both sides .............. Solidagorigida 296 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Leaves lanceolate, linear, oblong or oblanceolate, glabrous or nearly so Lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrulate; plant 3 to 4 feet tall........ Solidago ohioensis Lower and upper leaves all lanceolate or linear, entire, the basal leaves 4 to s:inches long; plant 5 to-24 inches Digits 7914 eee Solidago houghtonii In addition, there has recently been described from Long Island an additional species (Solidago aestivalis Bicknell), said to be like S. arguta Miller, but essentially smooth. The description suggests a form of S. patula Muhlenberg. Bushy, Fragrant or Flat-topped Goldenrod Euthamia graminifolia (Linnaeus) Nuttall Plate 234 Stems erect, paniculately branched above, smooth or nearly so, 2 to 4 feet high, perennial by running rootstocks. Leaves numerous, linear- lanceolate, sessile, I to 5 inches long, one-sixth to one-third of an inch wide, three to five-nerved, with rough, hairy edges, and sometimes resinous dotted. Inflorescence a flat-topped compound corymb, the individual golden-yellow heads sessile in capitate clusters. Bracts of the involucre yellowish, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, slightly viscid. Moist or sandy fields and roadsides, New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, Alberta, south to Florida, Nebraska and Wyoming. Flowering from July to September. Slender Fragrant Goldenrod; Quobsque Weed Euthamia tenuifolia (Pursh) Greene Plate 232b Stems slender, smooth or usually somewhat resinous, branched above, 8 to 18 inches high. Leaves numerous, narrowly linear, entire, long pointed at the apex, sessile and narrowed at the base, punctate, one-nerved, lateral nerves if present very inconspicuous, I to 3 inches long, often with smaller leaves clustered in the axils; heads of flowers about one-eighth of an inch DUDLDUL SIsdOSKAY) sapivodayjsv snd AVIOIAIG YALSV NAGIOD GNVIAUVAN ‘dA UALSV GHddOL-ALIHM ‘VW N Ns £€7 3° d uInesnjy 2341S “A “NCI JoWwssy YUAOA MON AO SHUAMOTA ATIM WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 234 See BUSHY, FRAGRANT OR FLAT-TOPPED GOLDENROD Euthamia gramintfolia | ee WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 297 high, very numerous and crowded into a dense, nearly flat corymb; invo- lucre oblong-campanulate, its bracts oblong; ray flowers yellow, six to twelve in number; disk flowers only four to six in number. In dry, sandy soil, eastern Massachusetts to Florida and Louisiana, and locally inland to Illinois and Wisconsin. Flowering from August to October. Blue-stemmed or Wreath Goldenrod Solidago caesia Linnaeus Plate 235a A smooth, slender plant, the stem often glaucous and usually bluish or purplish, 1 to 3 feet high from a perennial root, and simple or somewhat branched. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, sessile, long pointed at the apex, smooth, sharply toothed, 2 to 6 inches long, one-fourth to 1+ inches wide. Heads of flowers one-fourth of an inch high or less, in axillary clusters or racemes, sometimes with some or nearly all of them forming a short terminal thyrsus; bracts of the involucre blunt and appressed. In rich or dry woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Flowering from August to October. Zigzag or Broad-leaved Goldenrod Solidago flexicaulis Linnaeus Plate 236 Stems rarely branched, zigzag, 1 to 3 feet high, smooth and angled. Leaves ovate, long pointed at the apex, thin in texture, narrowed and usually abruptly so at the base into margined petioles, smooth or slightly pubescent on the under surface, the margins sharply toothed. Heads of flowers about one-fourth of an inch high in short, axillary, racemose clusters, rarely also in a narrow terminal thyrsus; bracts of the involucre blunt or pointed, appressed. In rich woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to New Brunswick and Minne- sota, south to Georgia, Tennessee and Missouri. Flowering in late summer, usually from July to September. 298 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM White or Pale Goldenrod; Silverrod Solidago bicolor Linnaeus Plate 237a Stems stout, hairy or sometimes nearly smooth, 1 to 4 feet high, some- times branched. Basal and lower leaves obovate or oblong and blunt, narrowed into long, margined petioles, crenulate-toothed, more or less hairy; the upper leaves smaller and narrower, oblong to lanceolate, pointed or blunt, sessile or nearly so and often entire. Heads of flowers one-fourth of an inch high or less, crowded in a terminal thyrsus, 2 to 8 inches long, sometimes also clustered in the upper axils; rays white; bracts of the involucre whitish, the midvein of each bract broadened toward the blunt tip. In dry or sandy soil, Prince Edward Island west to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Georgia and Tennessee. Flowering from August to October. « Downy Goldenrod Solidago puberula Nuttall Plate 237b Stems rather slender, 13 to 3 feet high, rarely branched, minutely puberulent or nearly smooth. Basal leaves and often the lowest leaves of the stem spatulate, blunt or pointed, usually sharply toothed, 2 to 4 inches long and 1 inch or less wide, narrowed into margined petioles; stem leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, entire or slightly toothed, 1 to 2 inches long, sessile or the lower ones petioled. Heads of flowers numerous, arranged in a terminal, often leafy thyrsus, the branches of which are ascending or spreading; each head of flowers about one-fourth of an inch high with several bright yellow rays. Bracts of the involucre slender and very sharp-pointed. In sandy or dry soil, Prince Edward Island to Florida and Mississippi, west to Tennessee. In New York most abundant near the coast, but frequent in sandy places as far north as Franklin county. WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Plate 235 Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum ‘le | B. SEASIDE GOLDENROD Solidago sempervirens A. BLUE-STEMMED OR WREATH GOLDENROD Solidago caesia ~~ oo ey LP Sere) = a e et ae tee we oe Se i eS Pokey. seers: der is WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 236 al ZIGZAG OR BROAD-LEAVED GOLDENROD Solidago flexicaulis oF ote LP WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 237 ae a Fs A. WHITE OR PALE GOLDENROD; SILVERROD B. DOWNY GOLDENROD Solidago bicolor Solidago puberula as | - F shail” ieee “jap he : pia S oy ae WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 299 Seaside Goldenrod Solidago sempervirens Linnaeus Plate 235b Stem stout and leafy, rarely branched, 2 to 8 feet high, smooth or slightly puberulent above. Leaves entire, thick, fleshy with two to five pairs of lateral veins, the lower or basal leaves oblong, spatulate or lanceo- late and usually blunt at the apex, often 8 to 12 inches long and narrowed at the base into long petioles; upper leaves smaller, sessile, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate and pointed. Heads of flowers one-fourth of an inch high or more, in one-sided racemes forming a large terminal, often leafy panicle; rays showy, eight to ten in number in each head; bracts of the involucre lanceolate and pointed. On salt marshes, sea beaches and along tidal rivers and in sandy soil near the coast, Nova Scotia to Florida and Mexico. Flowering from August to November. Canada or Rock Goldenrod Solidago canadensis Linnaeus Plate 238 Stems slender, smooth or finely hairy above, 1 to 5 feet high, usually several or many plants together and spreading by underground rootstocks. Leaves thin, triple-nerved, linear-lanceolate, 2 to 5 inches long, entire or toothed with somewhat appressed teeth, long pointed at the apex, sessile or the lowest leaves petioled. Heads of flowers very small, about one- eighth of an inch or less high, arranged on one side of spreading branches which form a large, often loose panicle; rays four to six in number, short; bracts of the involucre thin, linear and pointed. Hillsides and thickets or banks of streams, Newfoundland to Saskatche- wan, south to Virginia, Tennessee and South Dakota. Flowering from August to October. 300 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Houghton’s Goldenrod Solidago houghtonit Torrey & Gray Plate 239a Stems slender, smooth below, sometimes slightly hairy above, 8 to 24 inches high. Leaves linear, the basal and lower ones petioled, 4 to 5 inches long, one-sixth to one-third of an inch wide, three-nerved and entire, the sessile stem leaves becoming successively smaller upward, the uppermost leaves small and bractlike. Heads of flowers about one-fourth of an inch high, few, forming a small corymbose cyme, each head with twenty to thirty flowers; involucre broadly campanulate, its bracts oblong and blunt. In swamps and bogs, north shore of Lake Michigan and Lake Huron, and in Bergen swamp, Genesee county, New York. Flowering in August and September. THE ASTERS 4 Aster The Wild Asters comprise a genus of over two hundred and fifty species, of which nearly fifty species occur in New York State. They are mostly perennial, branching herbs with alternate, simple leaves and corymbose or paniculate heads of both tubular and radiate flowers. Involucre varying from hemispheric to campanulate or turbinate, with its bracts overlapping in several series, the outer ones usually shorter and smaller. Ray flowers white, pink, purple, blue or violet, pistillate. Disk flowers perfect, tubular, their corollas five-lobed, usually yellow and changing to red, brown or purple; pappus bristles slender, numerous, rough or minutely toothed, usually in one, sometimesin two series; achenes mostly flattened and nerved. Key to the New York Species of Aster A Basal and lower leaves, or some of them, cordate and slender petioled Stem leaves, or some of them, cordate-clasping; plant rough when dry.......... 1A.-undulatus None of the stem leaves cordate-clasping; rays white, violet or rose Rays white or rarely rose, usually two-toothed; plants not glandular WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 238 r CANADA OR ROCK GOLDENROD Solidago canadensis WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 239 A. HOUGHTON’S GOLDENROD B. PHILADELPHIA FLEABANE; SKEVISH; Solidago houghtonii DAISY FLEABANE Erigeron philadelphicus WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 301 Involucre ovoid, campanulate or turbinate: its bracts mostly obtuse or rounded; basal leaves few and small, or commonly none (except A. glomeratus) Leaves membranous or thin, smooth or nearly so Heads short-peduncled, three-fourths of an inch broad or less, the disk turning crimson; leaves acute or short-acuminate 2 A.carmesinus Heads long-peduncled, three-fourths of an inch broad or more, the disk turning brown or reddish; leaves long-acuminate Heads 1 inch broad or more; leaves of the branches large, long, lanceolate, acuminate....... 2 A (tenebresis Heads three-fourths to 1 inch broad; leaves of the branches small, obtuse or acute.......... 44%. 0ivariecatus Leaves thick, firm, rough; heads one-third to one-half of an inch high; inflorescence paniculate or glomerate Leaves acute or short-acuminate, pilose beneath; inflorescence "ale titel cot One: ee a 5 A.glomeratus Leaves long-acuminate; not pilose beneath; inflorescence open- Paumetilate ea ote veh cere s See S- 6 A.claytoni Involucre cylindric; its bracts tapering to an obtuse apex; basal leaves large, tufted Bracts of the involucre pale, scarious, usually without herbaceous REGS eta Mee a ser Scie anPod ats oS ms 7 A.curvescens 8 A. schreberi Rays violet, usually three-toothed; plants glandular Predominant glands large, capitate; leaves thick, coarse, heavy Sinus broad; glands chiefly confined to the inflorescence; plant (roi b PAU A*2a 772 Uns) og reg ena I a oA macrophyllis Sinus narrow; glands abundant on the leaves and stem; growing PUA GIRO ek olan is Gea ee ion. POSCia ws Predominant glands minute, scarcely capitate; leaves usually thin Inflorescence very irregular, paniculate-corymbose; plants often 4 to 5 feet high; broader leaves large, cordate, acute..11 A.nobilis Inflorescence rather regular, flat, or convex-topped; plants usually less than 23 feet tall 302 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Sinus broad and shallow Broader leaves orbicular-cordate, their teeth and the inflorescence-leaves inconspicuous..12 A.ianthinus Broader leaves reniform, sharply incised ; some inflorescence- leaves CONSPICUOUS 0. .J5,ceucraee eee 13 A.violaris Sinus rather deep and narrow; broader leaves ovate-cordate, Sharply serrate. <> =... canes ae 144 A.multiformis Rays blue or purple; plants not glandular; bracts of the involucre appressed or nearly so; rays eight to twenty Leaves all entire, or nearly so, thick and firm, rough-puberulent on both: sides; the tipper bractlike......... Aaseurss eee 15 A.azureus Leaves nearly all sharply serrate and thin Heads 2 to 3 lines high, numerous; bracts obtuse or bluntish Leaves rough; petioles not wing-margined; bracts appressed. . IinA. corditaiins Leaves smooth, or nearly so; petioles, or some of them Wiheainarcined:. ein, «atne oe aeeene oe, eke 17 A.lowrieanus Heads 4 to 5 lines high, usually few; bracts acute or acuminate.... 18 A.lindleyanus Heads 3 to 5 lines high, numerous; bracts acute or acuminate; stems glabrous or nearly so; bract-tips spreading............... i9 A.sagittifolinues B No cordate and petioled leaves; those of the stem, or some of them, with more or less cordate or auricled clasping bases (only slightly auricled in A. tardi- florus and sometimes in A. laevis) Stem rough, or hirsute-putbescent Leaves, at least the lower, serrate; stem hispid-pubescent; bracts glabrous OF CUIBte ac SA aoe on 8 aa bee Scie nee 20 A.puniceus Leaves entire, oblong, linear or lanceolate Heads one-half to 1 inch broad, the linear to linear-lanceolate leaves but slightly clasping; bracts hispid or ciliate : 21 A-amethystinus Heads 1 to 2 inches broad; leaves sessile and strongly clasping Stems hirsute; leaves lanceolate; involucre hemispheric; bracts WAGCIG 11 sp Usa Poo seat eR eet oat 22 A.novae-angliae WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 303 Stems rough; leaves oblong to lanceolate; involucre turbinate Leaves thick, firm, very rough, oblong to oval.............. : 23 A. patens Leaves thin, roughish, oblong-lanceolate 24h phlogifolius Stem glabrous, or only sparingly pubescent above Leaves sharply serrate Leaves tapering to the base Leaves narrowed to the base, the lower into winged petioles. ..... Zoran tat cut boris Leaves scarcely or gradually narrowed at the base................. 207 Ap Ul Mite eS Leaves abruptly contracted into margined petioles, often enlarged near (8a S422 Le Onna Say ah re 26 A.prenanthoides Leaves usually strongly cordate-clasping; bracts green-tipped........ a7 A. Lae VIS Leaves entire or nearly so Involucre campanulate, its bracts appressed, green-tipped Stem leaves oblong, lanceolate or oval-lanceolate..27 A.laevis Stem leaves elongated-lanceolate............ 28 A.concinnus Involucre hemispheric Bracts in one or two series; leaves linear to lanceolate............ 29 A.longifolius Bracts in several series, unequal Bracts linear-subulate; leaves narrowly linear............... 20% PUNE S Bracts lanceolate, leaves lanceolate, 2 to 6 inches long........ 31 A. novi-belgii C Leaves sessile or petioled, scarcely or not at all clasping Leaves silky or silvery-canescent, entire; heads in a narrow raceme; bracts linear 32 A. Conco lor. Leaves neither silvery, silky nor canescent; leaves entire or toothed Bracts of the involucre with herbaceous tips Tips of the involucral bracts spreading (little spreading in A.radula, erect or spreading in A. herveyi); heads large, showy; rays violet to purple 304 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Leaves oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate, rugose, the basal leaves LiStallLyarATIO RS 0% Ve tosh! aetna eae 33 A.radula Leaves lanceolate to oblong, the lower sparingly dentate Basal leaves with unmargined petioles...... 34 A. herveyi Basal leaves with margined petioles, bracts glandular........ 35 A.spectabilis Involucral bracts all appressed (except in A. multiflorus, a small-headed species); rays mostly white, sometimes purple Heads unilaterally racemose Stem leaves oval, oblong, or lanceolate, serrate, or chiefly so Stem pubescent or glabrate...... 36 A.lateriflorws Stem villous; leaves narrowly lanceolate, thin.......... a7 AC hit suticagine Stem leaves linear-lanceolate to linear, nearly entire; stem PIBTARe we sh. es Ree ee ee ee 38 A. vimineus Heads not unilaterally racemose, mostly paniculate Involucral bracts spatulate, mostly ciliate, somewhat spreading, at least the outer ones obtuse; plants roughish-puberulent 390, A. multiiloris Involucral bracts appressed, acute Heads solitary at the ends of very small-leaved branchlets 40 A.dumosus Heads paniculate Stem leaves lanceolate, serrate or entire Heads 8 to ro lines broad Plants glabrous, or sparingly pubescent above Leaves firm, roughish or rough; rays often purplish; involucral bracts acute ar A. salacibolagds Leaves thin, smoothish; rays chiefly white; involucral bracts acuminate... 42 A.paniculatus Plant puberulent all-overs..2 5-2-4. 5 s07 ee 43 A. tradescanti = =e, te eee ee = aa ee t= WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 305 Heads 6 to 8 lines broad; stem leaves narrowly lamceolate.. S62 ses: 43 A. tradescanti Stem leaves linear-lanceolate to subulate, mostly entire Heads scattered, 6 to 9 lines broad; upper leaves Ia ea Tree ae cc aes Seay ork 44 A.faxoni Heads numerous, 4 to 7 lines broad; upper leaves subulate; involucre subhemispheric, 23 to 3 lines high; rays usually white Paniculately branched, bushy.............. 45 A. ericoides Simple, or with slender ascending branches 46 A. pringlei Bracts of the involucre without herbaceous tips Bracts linear-subulate, acuminate Leaves firm, 3 inches long or less, entire or sparingly serrate...... 47 A.nemoralis Leaves thin, 6 inches long or less, sharply serrate................ 48 A.acuminatus Bracts oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish; leaves narrow, TINE Sk A ea 6 a ee RN a a PR 49 A. ptarmicoides D Leaves fleshy, narrow, entire; plants of salt marshes or saline soil Perennial; heads 6 to 12 lines broad; involucral bracts lanceolate, acuminate..... 50 A.tenuifolius Annual; heads 3 to 5 lines broad; involucral bracts linear-subulate; disk flowers Fewer Mean hHe VEhy SHOL TAS. se. dele tee cde sees 5 A. S00 biulatiws Large-leaved Aster Aster macrophyllus Linnaeus Plate 240 Stems rather stout, rough, reddish, angled, 1 to 3 feet high from a thick, long, perennial rootstock. Basal leaves forming large patches, three to four to each stem, broad, cordate, with a large, irregular sinus at the base, rough above, harsh, thick, the marginal teeth with curved sides; petioles long and slender, upper leaves oblong with short, broadly winged petioles, 306 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the uppermost sessile and pointed. Inflorescence hairy and glandular, broadly corymbose and more or less irregular; heads of flowers each about one-half of an inch high; peduncles rigid, thickish; ray flowers about sixteen, each about one-half of an inch long, chiefly lavender colored, sometimes violet or paler blue; bracts conspicuously green-tipped, the lower ones pointed, the inner ones oblong and blunt; disk flowers turning reddish brown with age. In moist or dry, shaded places, Quebec to Minnesota, south to North Carolina. Flowering in August and September. Consists of numerous races, many of them described as species, differing in leaf character, pubes- cence, shape of inflorescence and other characteristics. Red-stalked or Purple-stemmed Aster Aster puniceus Linnaeus Plate 241 Stem rather stout, more or less branched above, hispid with stiff hairs or nearly smooth, reddish, 2 to 8 feet high. Leaves lanceolate to oblong- lanceolate, long pointed, sessile and clasping the stem by a broad or nar- rowed base, sharply toothed or nearly entire, usually rough above and pubescent on the midrib or smooth below, 3 to 6 inches long, one-half to 14 inches broad; bracts of the hemispheric involucre linear or oblong and long pointed, overlapping in about two series, smooth or ciliate, green, loose and spreading, nearly equal in length; ray flowers twenty to forty in number, violet-purple or sometimes paler, one-half of an inch long or longer, showy; pappus nearly white. In swamps, marshes and along margins of ponds, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Georgia, Tennessee, Ohio and Minnesota. Flowering from July to late fall. Late Purple Aster Aster patens Aiton Plate 242a Stems rather stiff, slender, somewhat rough, 1 to 3 feet high, with several spreading branches toward the summit. Leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, rough or pubescent, thick and somewhat rigid, clasping WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 240 ] A LARGE-LEAVED ASTER Aster macrophyllus WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 241 —_—- - a — = N | omg RED-STALKED OR PURPLE-STEMMED ASTER Aster puniceus WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 242 SS a ee r= 2 Ey J a] A. LATE PURPLE ASTER B. STIFF OR SAVORY-LEAVED ASTER Aster patens Tonactis linartifolius WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 307 the stem by a deeply heart-shaped base, margins rough-ciliate and entire, the apex pointed, or the lower leaves blunt 1 to 3 inches long, those of the branches much reduced in size. Heads of flowers 1 inch broad or some- times broader, solitary at the ends of the branches; bracts of the broadly turbinate involucres linear-oblong, finely pubescent or roughish and some- what glandular, overlapping in several series, their green, pointed tips spreading. Ray flowers twenty to thirty, purplish blue or deep violet, one-third to one-half of an inch long; pappus tawny. In dry, open thickets and fields, Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Flowering from August to October. Smooth Aster Aster laevis Linnaeus Plate 243 Stems rather stout, or slender and stiff, smooth and usually glaucous, branched above or simple, 2 to 4 feet high, from a thick, perennial root. Leaves thick, smooth, slightly rough on the entire or slightly toothed margins, the upper ones sessile and clasping the stem by a heart-shaped base, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate in shape, 1 to 4 inches long, one-third to 2 inches wide; the lower and basal leaves gradually narrowed into mar- gined petioles; the leaves of the branches usually reduced in size. Heads of flowers numerous, about I inch broad; bracts of the bell-shaped involucres rigid, pointed, green-tipped, appressed and overlapping in several series. Ray flowers fifteen to thirty in number, blue or violet; pappus tawny. In dry or sandy soil of open fields and thickets, Maine to Ontario and Saskatchewan, south to Alabama, Louisiana, Missouri and Colorado. Flowering from late August to October. Seaside or Low Showy Aster Aster spectabilis Aiton Plate 244 Stems erect or ascending, stiff, simple or branched above, usually several or many from a single mat of stout, perennial roots; stems slightly 308 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM rough below and more or less glandular above, 1 to 2 feet high. Leaves thickish, firm, the basal and lower ones oval, pointed, 3 to 5 inches long, I to 13 inches wide, sparingly toothed with low teeth, narrowed at the base into slender petioles; upper leaves entire or nearly so, sessile, pointed, linear-oblong; heads several or numerous, about 13 inches broad, corymbose, very showy; bracts of the hemispheric involucre linear-oblong or slightly spatulate, glandular viscid, overlapping in about five series, their green, bluntish tips spreading. Ray flowers fifteen to thirty in number, bright violet or violet-blue, one-half to seven-eighths of an inch long; pappus whitish. In dry, sandy soil, chiefly near the coast, Massachusetts to Delaware. Flowering from August to October. New England Aster Aster novae-angliae Linnaeus Plate 245 Stems stout, very leafy and hairy, corymbosely branched above, 2 to 8 feet high, from a stout, perennial root. Leaves lanceolate, entire, rather thin, pointed at the apex, hairy, 2 to 6 inches long, one-half to 1 inch wide, clasping the stem by a broad, heart-shaped base. Heads of flowers numerous, each head 1 to 2 inches broad, clustered at the ends of the branches. Involucres hemispheric, their bracts linear-subulate, somewhat unequal, spreading, green and hairy and usually glandular. Ray flowers numerous, forty to fifty in each head, linear, one-half to two- thirds of an inch long, violet-purple, rarely pink or reddish; achenes pubescent; pappus reddish white. In moist fields, swamps and wet thickets, often along streams or near water, Quebec to Saskatchewan, south to Alabama, Kansas and Colorado. Usually regarded as the most beautiful of the wild asters. Flowering from August to October. WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 243 eo SMOOTH ASTER Aster laevis WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum SEASIDE OR LOW SHOWY ASTER Aster spectabilis Plate 244 — “4 Oe, aS elie . Seq if SS 228 WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 245 — E le” - ~ Zoe NEW ENGLAND ASTER Aster novae-angliae WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 309 Starved or Calico Aster Aster lateriflorus (Linnaeus) Britton Plate 246b Stems slender, divergently branched, nearly smooth or puberulent, chiefly erect, 1 to 5 feet high. Basal leaves ovate, slender-petioled; stem leaves broadly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, pointed, 2 to 5 inches long, one-half to 1 inch wide, more or less toothed. Leaves of the branches smaller, oblong or linear-oblong. Heads of flowers one-fourth to one-half of an inch broad, in one-sided racemes on the branches, usually numerous and crowded. Bracts of the turbinate involucres linear-oblong, blunt or somewhat pointed, overlapping in about four series, their short, green tips appressed or slightly spreading. Ray flowers numerous, short, white or pale purple; disk flowers purplish; pappus white. In dry or-moist soil, open woods, thickets or fields, Nova Scotia to western Ontario, south to North Carolina, Louisiana and Texas. Variable and consisting of several races or varieties, differing in leaf form, inflor- escence and pubescence. Flowering from August to October. Mountain or Whorled Aster Aster acuminatus Michaux Plate 247 Stems zigzag, corymbosely branched above, smooth or minutely pubescent, usually leafless below, 1 to 3 feet high. Leaves thin, broadly oblong, sharp pointed at the apex, narrowed to a somewhat cuneate, sessile base, coarsely and sharply toothed on the margins, smooth or pubescent above and pubescent on the veins beneath, 3 to 6 inches long, one-half to 14 inches wide, the upper leaves often closer together than the lower ones. Heads of flowers several or numerous, I to 14 inches broad; bracts of the nearly hemispheric involucre very narrow and long pointed, the outer ones much shorter. Ray flowers twelve to eighteen in number, one-half to two-thirds of an inch long, white, sometimes purplish; pappus soft, fine and nearly white. 310 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Moist woods and thickets, Labrador to Ontario and western New York, south to the mountains of Georgia and Tennessee. Flowering from July to October. Upland White Aster Aster ptarmicoides (Nees) Torrey & Gray ( Unamia alba (Nuttall) Rydberg) Plate 246a Stems slender, stiff, usually rough above, frequently several from a single perennial root, corymbosely branched toward the summit, I to 2 feet high. Leaves linear-lanceolate, one to three-nerved, entire or with a few distant teeth on the margins, firm, shiny, rough or ciliate on the margins, sessile or very short petioled, the lower and basal ones 3 to 6 inches long, the upper leaves smaller and those of the branches very much reduced in size. Heads of flowers two-thirds to 1 inch broad. Bracts of the nearly hemispheric involucres linear-oblong, smooth, green, overlapping in about four series. Ray flowers ten to twenty in each head, white, one-fourth to one-third of an inch long; pappus white. In dry or rocky soil, Massachusetts to Vermont and Saskatchewan, south to Pennsylvania, Illinois and Colorado. Flowering from July to September. Tall Flat-top White Aster Doellingeria umbellata (Miller) Nees von Esenbeck Plate 248 Stems rigid, erect, smooth or somewhat pubescent above, striate, corymbosely branched at the top, I to 8 feet high from a perennial root. Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, ascending, smooth above, usually slightly pubescent beneath, long pointed at the apex, narrowed into short petioles or the upper leaves sessile, hispid-margined, 5 to 6 inches long and one-half to I inch wide, the lower leaves reduced in size; basal leaves none. Heads of flowers numerous, one-half to three-fourths of an inch broad in large terminal compound corymbs. Involucres broadly bell- shaped or hemispheric, about one-sixth of an inch high, their bracts lanceo- SNAOYUAIJD] AIS sapronmManjd 4ajs Vy YALSV OOIIVI YO GHANVIS “dA UHLSV ALIHM GNVIdn ‘Vv We ‘ 4 OFZ VI winasnyy 93¥IG “AN GT tlowayy MUOA MAN AO SUAMOTA ATIM WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 247 MOUNTAIN OR WHORLED ASTER Aster acuminatus WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 311 late, appressed, thin, usually pubescent or ciliate, overlapping in three or four series, the outer ones shortest. Ray flowers ten to fifteen in number, white, pistillate. Disk flowers perfect, the corolla with a slender tube, abruptly expanded into a bell-shaped five-lobed limb; achenes obovoid; pappus double, the outer series of numerous short bristles or scales, the inner series of numerous hairlike bristles, some of which have thickened tips. In moist soil, open woods, thickets and marshes, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, south to Georgia, Michigan and Iowa. Flowering from July to October. Stiff or Savory-leaved Aster Tonactis linaritfolius (Linnaeus) Greene Plate 242b Stems very leafy, tufted or often several from a perennial root, puberulent or roughish, 6 to 24 inches high. Leaves linear or spatulate, spreading, one-nerved, stiff, entire, rough and usually ciliolate on the margins, three-fourths to 13 inches long, sessile, those of the branches much smaller. Heads of flowers several, terminating the branchlets, each about 1 inch broad. Bracts of the turbinate involucres linear-lanceolate, appressed, green and keeled on the back, overlapping in four or five series, the inner ones blunt, the outer ones usually pointed. Ray flowers ten to fifteen in each head, violet or rarely white, one-third to one-half of an inch long; pappus tawny, in two series, the inner with long hairlike bristles, the outer much shorter. In dry or sandy, sometimes rocky, soil, Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Flowering from July to October. White-topped Aster Sericocarpus asteroides (Linnaeus) Britton, Sterns & Poggenberg Plate 233a Stems rather stiff, erect or ascending, pubescent or nearly smooth, slightly angled, 1 to 2 feet high, from a perennial root. Leaves alternate, thin, smoothish or somewhat pubescent, ciliate, faintly three-nerved and 312 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM pinnately veined, the basal and lower leaves obovate or spatulate, toothed or rarely entire, 2 to 4 inches long, 1 to 13 inches wide, narrowed below into margined petioles; upper leaves smaller, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, toothed or entire. Heads of flowers about one-half of an inch high, densely clustered in a terminal, cymose panicle; involucres bell-shaped, their bracts coriaceous, oblong, ciliate or pubescent, the outer ones shorter and with green reflexed tips. Ray flowers white, conspicuous, four to six in each head. Disk flowers perfect, their corollas tubular, narrow, yellowish and five-lobed; achenes slightly compressed, linear-oblong, one-nerved on each side, pubes- cent; pappus of numerous hairlike, rough, brownish or whitish bristles. In dry or sandy woods, Maine to Ohio, south to Florida, Alabama and Kentucky. Flowering from July to September. Philadelphia Fleabane; Skevish; Daisy Fleabane Erigeron philadelphicus Linnaeus Plate 239b “A slender-stemmed herb 1 to 3 feet high, softly pubescent, perennial by stolons and offsets. Stem and midrib on the under surfaces of the leaves densely downy-pubescent. Basal and lower stem leaves spatulate or obovate, dentate, 1 to 3 inches long, blunt at the apex, narrowed at the base into short petioles; upper stem leaves cordate-clasping and smaller. Heads of flowers one-half to 1 inch broad, in a corymbose panicle, borne on slender peduncles thickened at the summit. Each head with one hundred to one hundred and fifty ray flowers, one-sixth to one-third of an inch long, fringelike, light rose-purple to pinkish in color, surrounding a yellow center of disk flowers. Involucres of the heads depressed-hemi- spheric, composed of narrow, linear bracts, pubescent and with dry, membranaceous margins. Buds drooping, but flowers borne erect. In fields and woods, Labrador to British Columbia, Florida and California. Flowering from May to August. The Poor-Robin’s-plantain (Erigeron pulchellus) resembles this species but is not as tall and has smaller heads with shorter ray flowers. ~ eee b o> WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 248 ~ WZ | TALL FLAT-TOP WHITE ASTER Doellingeria umbellata WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 313 Spicy or Salt-marsh Fleabane Pluchea camphorata (Linnaeus) DeCandolle Plate 249b An annual, branching herb with nearly smooth, or sometimes puberu- lent, and somewhat grooved, stout stems, 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves alter- nate, ovate, serrate or denticulate, 3 to 8 inches long, I to 3 inches wide, short petioled, the upper leaves almost or quite sessile. Heads of flowers about one-fourth of an inch high, composed entirely of tubular flowers, purplish or pinkish in color, the heads arranged in terminal corymbose cymes, usually several or many on a plant. Involucres bell-shaped, com- posed of several series of appressed, ovate-lanceolate pubescent bracts, somewhat purplish in color. Outer flowers of each head with threadlike corollas, three-cleft or toothed at the apex and pistillate; center flowers with five-cleft corollas. In salt marshes along the coast from Massachusetts to Florida, Texas and Mexico. Flowering from August to October. Flowers with a faint odor of camphor. Pearly Everlasting; Moonshine Anaphalis margaritacea (Linnaeus) Bentham & Hooker Plate 211b A white-tomentose or woolly perennial herb, the erect leafy stem corym- bosely branched at the summit, 1 to 3 feet high. . Leaves alternate, entire, linear-lanceolate, sessile, revolute on the margins, green but pubescent above and woolly beneath, 3 to 5 inches long. Heads of flowers numerous in a compound corymb, 2 to 8 inches broad, each head one-fourth to one- third of an inch broad when expanded; involucres campanulate, their bracts ovate-lanceolate, blunt, pearly white; flowers cream-colored becoming yellowish; the staminate flowers with a slender or filiform corolla, an undivided style and pappus bristles not thickened at the summit or scarcely so; pistillate flowers with a tubular five-toothed corolla, two-cleft style and a pappus of distinct capillary bristles which fall away separately. 314 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM A common plant, often present as a weed in fields and meadows, throughout nearly the entire United States and Canada, except the extreme north. Flowering in July and August. The dry, chaffy character of the involucres of the heads suggests the appropriate name of Everlasting. Clusters may be gathered and placed in a vase or other receptacle without water and kept for an indefinite period. They are sometimes subjected to various dyes but it is doubtful if this adds anything to their attractiveness. In florists’ shops they are frequently seen dyed a brilliant red or blue. Elecampane; Horseheal Inula helentum Linnaeus Plate 250 A large, woolly, perennial herb, with a stout, thick mucilaginous root. Stems stout, usually unbranched, 2 to 6 feet high and densely woolly- pubescent. Leaves alternate, rough-hairy above, densely woolly on the under surface; basal leaves large, 10 to 20 inches long, 4 to 8 inches wide, narrowed into long petioles; upper leaves sessile or clasping the stem by a heart-shaped base, smaller than the basal leaves. Heads of flowers large and showy, 2 to 4 inches broad, yellow, terminal on stout peduncles, the inflorescence consisting of few or several heads. Involucres hemispheric, nearly an inch high, their outer bracts large and almost leaflike in character. Ray flowers numerous, linear, I to 13 inches long, yellow; the disk flowers dingy yellow or brownish. Along roadsides and in fields, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Missouri. Flowering from July to September. Native of Europe and naturalized in this country. Cup Plant; Indian Cup Silphium perfoliatum Linnaeus Plate 251 A tall, perennial herb, with resinous juice. Stem usually smooth, square, branched above, 4 to 8 feet high. Leaves opposite, ovate or pipdoydwuv2 vayIn| SNYOf{YSNBUD SNYIUDYATT ANVEVATHT HSUVN-LIVS YO AOIdS ‘A YWAaMOTANNS dNVAS UO GHAVAT-MOUAVN ‘V OFZ 93¥Id wmnosnpq 93¥IS “A “NCI Alowsyy MUOA MON AO SUAMOTA ATIIM WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 250 ELECAMPANE; HORSEHEAL Inula helenium WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 251 ay: Ss B4, . CUP PLANT; INDIAN CUP Silphium perfoliatum WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 315 deltoid-ovate, the upper ones united around the stem, the lower leaves abruptly contracted into margined petioles. Rather thin in texture, usually rough on both surfaces, the margins coarsely angulate-dentate or the upper ones often entire, the larger leaves 6 to 12 inches long and 4 to 8 inches wide. Heads numerous, yellow, nearly flat, 2 to 3 inches broad, composed of yellow ray flowers and disk flowers, the ray flowers twenty to thirty in number, each about 1 inch long and one-sixth of an inch wide, in two or three series. Outer bracts of the involucres broadly ovate, ciliolate, foliaceous and spreading. Moist soil, chiefly on prairies, southern Ontario to Minnesota and South Dakota, south to New Jersey, Georgia, Louisiana and Nebraska. Naturalized about New York City and in a few other localities in the east. Sometimes as an escape from cultivation. Oxeye; False Sunflower Heliopsis helianthoides (Linnaeus) Sweet Plate 252 Heliopsis, the False Sunflower, differs from the true Sunflowers (Helianthus) chiefly in having both the ray and disk flowers fertile, that is, capable of producing seed. In the true Sunflowers, the ray flowers are neutral. The Oxeye or False Sunflower is 3 to 5 feet high. Leaves opposite, petioled, ovate to lanceolate, thin, rather evenly toothed on the margins, 3 to 6 inches long and I to 24 inches wide. Heads of flowers yellow, borne on long peduncles; bracts of the involucres oblong or linear-oblong, the outer ones usually longer than the inner. In low or moist soil, usually in open places and along streams, Ontario to New York, west to Illinois and North Dakota, south to Florida and Tennessee. Flowering from July to September. Closely resembling the Pale-leaved Wood Sunflower. 316 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Thin-leaved Coneflower Rudbeckia triloba Linnaeus Plate 253 Similar in appearance to the Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta), but more branched and with smaller heads of flowers. It is rather tall, 2 to 5 feet high with rough and pubescent stems but scarcely hairy. Leaves thin, rough on both surfaces, bright green and the lower at least three-lobed, 2 to 4 inches long, one-half to 1 inch wide. Heads about 2 inches broad, numerous, in terminal corymbs. Ray flowers bright yellow, sometimes orange or orange-purple at the base, eight to twelve in number; disk flowers purple, forming an ovoid center to the head, about one-half of an inch broad. Bracts of the involucres linear, pubescent and reflexed. In moist soil, southern New York to Georgia, west to Michigan, Minne- sota, Missouri, Kansas and Louisiana. Flowering from June to October. Black-eyed Susan; Yellow Daisy Rudbeckia lirta Linnaeus Plate 254 A coarse, native biennial, or sometimes annual, with rough, hairy stems and foliage, the stems rather bristly-hairy, 1 to 3 feet high. Leaves thick, sparingly toothed or entire, oblong to lanceolate, the lower ones petioled, 2 to 7 inches long,- one-half to 2 inches wide, the upper leaves sessile and narrower than the lower ones. Heads of flowers very showy, usually few or several borne on stout terminal and axillary stalks, each head 15 to 3 inches broad. Disk flowers purple-brown, forming a cone- shaped center to the head. Ray flowers ten to twenty in number, orange- yellow in color, or sometimes purplish brown or reddish at the base. Bracts of the involucres hairy, spreading or reflexed, much shorter than the ray flowers. Native of the plains and prairies of the western states, now well estab- WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 252 OXEYE; FALSE SUNFLOWER Heliopsis helianthoides WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 253 THIN-LEAVED CONEFLOWER Rudbeckia triloba ; ys ; oe ee x ae “UP WELD PE VOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum BLACK-EYED SUSAN; YELLOW DAISY Rudbeckia hirta Plate 254 “% OS aa San Se WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 317 lished in meadows and fields throughout the east. Flowering from June to August. In meadows and hay fields it is frequently an obnoxious weed. The Common White Daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthe- mum _ Linnaeus), perhaps even more abundant in meadows and fields, with its bright yellow center and white ray flowers, needs no description or illustration for its identification. Native of Europe and introduced very early into America and now thoroughly established in the north- eastern states. Tall or Green-headed Coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata Linnaeus Plate 255 Stems tall, leafy and much branched, sometimes Io or 12 feet tall, from a perennial root. Leaves thin in texture, minutely hairy above and on the margins, both basal and upper leaves pinnately divided and toothed, the lower into three to seven segments and long petioled, the upper leaves into three to five lobes and short petioled or sessile. Heads 3 to 4 inches broad. Ray flowers yellow, six to ten in number, surrounding the columnar, dull greenish-yellow disk which becomes oblong-shaped in fruit and two or more times as long as thick. Moist thickets and low woods, especially along streams, Quebec to Manitoba and Idaho, south to Florida, Colorado and Arizona. Flowering from July to September. This plant is the origin of the Golden Glow, a common garden variety in which the disk flowers are all transformed into ray flowers. Narrow-leaved or Swamp Sunflower Helianthus angustifolius Linnaeus Plate 2409a Easily distinguished from the other Sunflowers by its narrow, linear leaves and yellow heads with purplish disks. Perennial by slender root- stocks; stem rough, 2 to 7 feet high; slender and branched above, usually somewhat hairy below. Leaves firm and tough, slightly rough, linear, entire and sessile, 2 to 7 inches long, one-sixth to one-third of an inch wide, 318 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the margins becoming revolute with age or in drying. Lower leaves opposite, the upper ones alternate. Heads with twelve to twenty yellow ray flowers and a purplish disk, the entire head 2 to 3 inches broad. Bracts of the involucres linear-lanceolate and pubescent, their tips scarcely spreading. Chaff of the receptacle entire or three-toothed. Pappus usually two short awns. In swamps mainly near the coast, Long Island to Florida, Kentucky and Texas. Flowering from August to October. Tall, Giant or Wild Sunflower Helianthus giganteus Linnaeus Plate 256 Stems tall and rather stiff, hairy and rough to the touch, 3 to 12 feet high, often purplish, perennial by fleshy roots and creeping rootstocks. Leaves sessile or short petioled, firm, lanceolate, very rough above, margins serrate, long pointed at the apex, narrowed at the base, opposite or alternate, 2 to 6 inches long, one-half to 1 inch wide. Heads of flowers on long peduncles, 13 to 23 inches broad. Ray flowers ten to twenty in number, surrounding the yellow or yellowish brown disk. Bracts of the involucres lanceolate, ciliate, with slender, spreading tips. Receptacle chaffy, the chaff oblong-linear and pointed. In swamps and wet meadows, Maine to Ontario and Saskatchewan, south to Florida, Louisiana and Colorado. Especially abundant in swamps and marshes along the coast. Flowering from August to October. Rough or Woodland Sunflower Helianthus divaricatus Linnaeus Plate 257 A slender perennial with erect stems, 2 to 7 feet high from perennial roots and rootstocks; smooth nearly to the summit. Leaves rough on the upper surface, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate in shape, tapering at the apex to a long point, 3 to 8 inches long, one-fourth to one-half of an inch o 2 WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 255 MRR tse re ; TALL OR GREEN-HEADED CONEFLOWER Rudbeckia laciniata WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Plate 256 Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum = ee ee ee ee een TALL, GIANT OR WILD SUNFLOWER Holia uthare oronnteus a . 7 Ps bil P: = : > WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 257 “ROUGH OR WOODLAND SUNFLOWER Helianthus divaricatus _ i sa WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 319 wide, toothed, sessile and usually opposite, spreading at right angles from the stem. Heads of flowers yellow, about 2 inches broad; bracts of the involucres ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, the outer ones spreading. In dry woodlands, thickets and roadsides, Maine and Ontario to Manitoba, south to Florida, Louisiana and Nebraska. Flowering from July to September. Hairy Wild Sunflower Helianthus mollis Lamarck Plate 258 A tall, perennial plant, with densely soft-hairy stem and downy-pubes- cent leaves. Stem stout, usually but sparingly branched. Leaves ovate with a heart-shaped base closely clasping the stem, softly pubescent on both surfaces, opposite, 2 to 5 inches long, I to 23 inches wide, with serrulate margins. Heads of flowers yellow, 2 to 3 inches broad, borne solitary on few or several stout peduncles. Disk yellow, about 1 inch broad, surrounded by the numerous bright yellow ray flowers. Bracts of the involucre lance- olate, somewhat spreading and canescent with whitish hairs. In dry or barren soil, Massachusetts to Iowa, Missouri and Kansas, south to Georgia and Texas. Flowering in August and September. Pale-leaved Wood Sunflower Helianthus strumosus Linnaeus Plate 259 Perennial by branched and sometimes tuberous-thickened rootstock; stems smooth, sometimes glaucous below and branched above, usually somewhat pubescent, 3 to 7 feet high. Leaves short petioled, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, rough above, pale beneath, the margins serrate, 3 to 8 inches long, I to 23 inches wide, mostly opposite, sometimes the upper ones alternate. Heads yellow, 2} to 4 inches broad, consisting of from five to fifteen neutral ray flowers surrounding the yellow disk flowers. Bracts of the involucres lanceolate and ciliate. Receptacle with pubescent chaff. 320 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM In dry woods and on banks, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Georgia, Tennessee and Arkansas. Flowering from July to September. Lance-leaved Tickseed Coreopsis lanceolata Linnaeus Plate 260a An erect, perennial herb, 1 to 2 feet high, stems slender, striate, smooth or more or less pubescent, especially below. Leaves smooth or somewhat hairy, opposite; the basal and lower stem leaves spatulate or oblong, entire, sometimes with a pair of lateral lobes, 2 to 6 inches long, on slender petioles; upper stem leaves few, lanceolate to oblong, nearly sessile. Heads of flowers usually few, 14 to 23 inches broad, showy, bright yellow, borne on long, slender peduncles often 8 to 12 inches long. Involucres rather flat- tened, their bracts ovate-lanceolate, in two series, the outer narrower than the inner but nearly as long. Ray flowers six to ten in number, wedge- shaped, three to seven-notched at the apex, forming a single row around the darker yellow disk. Achenes oblong, winged on the edges, with two short teeth projecting from the summit, giving it somewhat the appearance of a bug. It is from this character of the achene that the generic name Coreopsis, meaning “ buglike,’’ is derived. In moist or dry soil, Ontario to Michigan, south to New York, Virginia, Florida, Louisiana and Missouri. Flowering from June to August. Small Rose or Pink Tickseed Coreopsis rosea Nuttall Plate 261b Stems slender, smooth, wiry, erect or at least the tips ascending, 6 to 24 inches high, perennial by slender, creeping rootstocks, usually much branched and smooth. Leaves opposite, linear, entire, I to 23 inches long, sessile. Heads of flowers small, one-half to 1 inch broad or less, on slender peduncles. Each head consisting of four to eight pink or rose-purple rays, oblong to obovate and slightly three-toothed or sometimes entire, sur- WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 258 HAIRY WILD SUNFLOWER Helianthus mollis 5 ee es re WILD BLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 259 (SS a = BE Gat ee ee ee ee ee EEE SS PALE-LEAVED WOOD SUNFLOWER Helianthus strumosus WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 260 r | | 2. | , ie A. LANCE-LEAVED TICKSEED B. YARROW; MILFOIL Coreopsis lanceolata Achillea millefolium WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 321 rounding the yellow disk. Bracts of the involucre in two series, the inner oblong and longer than the outer lanceolate bracts. Achenes (seeds) oblong, not winged, the pappus reduced. to a very short truncate crown. Open swamps near the coast, Massachusetts to Georgia. Flowering in July and August. Small or Nodding Bur Marigold Bidens cernua Linnaeus Plate 262 An annual, with erect or partially prostrate stems, smooth or hispid and usually much branched, from a few inches to 3 feet high. Leaves sessile, opposite, usually somewhat united around the stem. Lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate in shape, coarsely and sharply toothed, smooth, long pointed, 3 to 6 inches long, one-fourth to I inch wide. Heads numerous, at least on vigorous plants, globose, short-stalked, one-half to 1 inch broad, nodding after or during flowering, consisting of six to ten short, yellow ray flowers, one-fourth to one-half of an inch long, surrounding the globose, yellow or brownish-yellow disk. Very often the ray flowers are absent. Bracts of the involucre in two series, the outer green and leaflike and much larger than the membranaceous, yellowish-margined inner bracts. Seed a wedge-shaped achene, about one-sixth of an inch long, retrorsely hispid on the margins, and with usually four downwardly barbed awns at the summit. In wet soil and swamps, Nova Scotia to Hudson bay and British Columbia south to North Carolina, Missouri and California. Also found in Europe. Flowering from July to October. Dwarf forms are frequent. Sneezeweed; False or Swamp Sunflower Helenium autumnale Linnaeus Plate 261a Stems stout and branching, 2 to 6 feet high, aromatic and resinous, from a perennial root. Leaves firm, oblong-lanceolate, narrowed to a sessile base and pointed at the apex, usually toothed, 2 to 5 inches long, 322 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM one-fourth to 2 inches wide, the bases of the leaves decurrent on the stems, and making the stem appear wing-angled. Inflorescence composed of yellow heads of flowers on long peduncles; each head with ten to eighteen drooping ray flowers, wedge-shaped and three-notched at the apex, sur- rounding the globose, darker yellow disk. In swamps, wet meadows and along streams, Quebec to Manitoba and Oregon, south to Florida and Louisiana. Flowering from August to October. The far western form is sometimes regarded as a distinct species. Yarrow; Milfoil Achillea millefolium Linnaeus Plate 260b A very common weed, found everywhere; the feathery, finely dissected leaves, when the plant is small and not in flower, often mistaken by those not acquainted with it for fern leaves. It is perennial by means of root- stocks. Leaves lanceolate or oblong in outline, very finely dissected into narrow, pinnatifid segments. Inflorescence consists of dense, flat-topped clusters of numerous, small, white heads (sometimes pink or purplish), one-sixth to one-fourth of an inch broad, borne on erect stems 6 to 18 inches high. Disk flowers yellow, surrounded by four to six gray-white, or some- times pink or purplish ray flowers; both ray and disk flowers fertile. Entire plant aromatic and pungent, but bitter to the taste. Waste ground, fields, roadsides and various other situations throughout eastern North America; naturalized from Europe, where it is native. Flowering from June to November. Golden Ragwort; Swamp Squawweed Senecio aureus Linnaeus Plate 263 Stems slender, smooth, erect, 6 to 28 inches high, solitary or tufted from a perennial, strong-scented root. Basal leaves ovate, orbicular or oblong-ovate, heart-shaped at the base and long petioled, usually pointed pasod sisdoad0) IJDUUNIND WNIT] G4YaASNOIL NNId YO ASOU TIVWS ‘A YAMOTANOAS dNVMS YO ASTVA !‘GAUAMAZAANS ‘V 197 93¥Id uInoesnjy 238IS “A ‘*N CT Jowoyy MUOA MAN AO SUTMOTHA ATIIM WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 262 ; (A i SMALL OR NODDING BUR MARIGOLD Bidens cernua WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Plate 263 = | Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum GOLDEN RAGWORT; SWAMP SQUAWWEED Senecio aureus [ Memoir 15 WILD FLOWERS OF N. Y. State Museum NEW YORK Plate 264 SWAMP THISTLE Cirsium muticum . rt hie, aa eee ne pee da Sr ae ee — ‘ WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 323 at the apex, the margins crenately toothed, I to 6 inches long; lower stem leaves lanceolate or oblong, usually deeply cut or cleft, the upper leaves small, sessile and clasping the stem. Heads of flowers numerous, on slender peduncles, forming an open corymb, bright golden yellow; each head one- half to three-fourths of an inch broad and one-third to one-half of an inch high. Ray flowers eight to twelve in number, linear-lanceolate; pappus white. In wet meadows, marshes and swamps, Newfoundland to Ontario and Michigan, south to Florida, Texas and Missouri. Flowering from late in May to July or August. Swamp Thistle Cirsium muticum Michaux Plate 264 An erect, biennial, prickly herb, with spiny leaves and smooth stem, 3 to 8 feet high, slender, leafy, striate and branching above. When young the stem is woolly or hairy, becoming smooth when older. Leaves when young, densely white tomentose on the under surface, becoming glabrous when mature and then green on both sides, or somewhat hairy on the upper surface, deeply pinnatifid into lanceolate or oblong, toothed, spiny seg- ments tipped with slender prickles. Basal leaves petioled, 4 to 8 inches long, upper leaves sessile and smaller. Inflorescence consisting of a solitary or several large terminal heads of flowers, about 13 inches broad and as high, on naked peduncles or the peduncles with a few small, bractlike Jeaves. Flowers all tubular, and purple in color. Involucre of the heads glutinous and webby, composed of closely appressed bracts, the outer ones ovate or ovate-lanceolate, the inner linear-lanceolate, pointed and all of them unarmed or without prickles. Common in swamps and moist soil, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, south to Florida and Texas. Flowering from July to October. ‘Ae Va LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS OF WILD FLOWERS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO FAMILIES PART 1 Typhaceae Broad-leaved.Cat-tail (Typha latifolia). Figure I, page 36 Alismaceae Broad-leaved Arrowhead (Sagittaria latifolia). Plate 1 Cyperaceae Sheathed Cotton Grass (Eriophorum callithrix). Plate 2a Araceae Jack-in-the-pulpit; Indian Turnip (Arisaema triphyllum). Plate 3 Green Dragon (Arisaema dracontium). Figure II, page 4o Water Arum; Wild Calla (Calla palustris). Plate 4 Skunk Cabbage (Spathyema foetida). Plate ; Sweet Flag; Flagroot or Calamus (Acorus calamus). Figure III, page 43 Xyridaceae Carolina Yellow-eyed Grass (Xyris caroliniana). Plate 2b Eriocaulaceae Seven-angled Pipewort (Eriocaulon septangulare). Plate 6a Commelinaceae Asiatic Dayflower (Commelina communis). Plate 6b Spider Lily; Spiderwort (Tradescantia virginiana). Plate 7 Pontederiaceae Pickerel Weed (Pontederia cordata). Plate 8 325 326 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Melanthaceae Glutinous Triantha; False Asphodel (Triantha glutinosa). Plate 9b Glaucous Anticlea (Anticlea chlorantha). Plate 9a Bunchflower (Melanthium virginicum). Plate 1o American White Hellebore (Veratrum viride). Plate 11 Liliaceae Day Lily (Hemerocallis fulva). Plate 12 Red, Wood or Philadelphia Lily (Lilium philadelphicum). Plate 13 Wild Yellow, Canada or Nodding Lily (Lilium canadense). Plate 14 Yellow Adder’s-tongue (Erythronium americanum). Plate 15a Star Grass; Ague or Colicroot (Aletris farinosa). Plate 16 Convallariaceae Yellow Clintonia (Clintonia borealis). Plate 17 Wild or False Spikenard (Vagnera racemosa). Plate 18 Three-leaved Solomon’s-seal (Vagnera trifolia). Plate 32a False or Wild*Lily of the Valley ( Unzfolium canadense). Plate 19 Large-flowered Bellwort ( Uvularia grandiflora). Plate 2ob Sessile-leaved Bellwort ( Uvularia sessilifolia). Plate 20a Sessile-leaved Twisted-stalk (Streptopus roseus). Figure IV, page 58 Hairy Solomon’s-seal (Polygonatum biflorum). Plate 21 Trilliaceae Indian Cucumber Root (Medeola virginiana). Plate 22 White Trillium; Large-flowered Wake-robin (Trillium grandiflorum). Plate 23b Red Trillium; Wake-robin; Birthroot (Trillium erectum). Plate 23a Painted Wake-robin (Trillium undulatum). Plate 24a Nodding Wake-robin (Trillium cernuum). Plate 24b Amaryllidaceae Yellow Star Grass (Hypoxis hirsuta). Plate 25 Iridaceae Larger Blue Flag; Flagroot (Iris versicolor). Plate 26 Narrow Blue Flag; Poison Flagroot (Iris prismatica). Plate 27 Pointed Blue-eyed Grass (Sisyrinchium angustifolium). Plate 28a a LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS OF WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 327 Orchidaceae Small White Lady’s-slipper (Cypripedium candidum). Plate 29 Showy Lady’s-slipper (Cypripedium reginae). Plate 30 Downy Yellow Lady’s-slipper (Cypripedium pubescens). Plate 31 Ram’s-head Lady’s-slipper (Criosanthes arietina). Plate 32b and Figure V, page 66 Moccasin Flower; Stemless Lady’s-slipper (Fissipes acaulis). Plate 33 and Figure VI, page 69 Small Round-leaved Orchis (Orchis rotundifolia). Figure VII, page 70 Showy Orchis (Galeorchis spectabilis). Plate 34 Tall Leafy Green Orchis (Limnorchis hyperborea). Plate 37a Large Round-leaved Orchis (Lysias orbiculata). Plate 35 and Figure VIII, page 73 Hooker’s Orchis (Lysias hookeriana). Plate 36 Yellow-fringed Orchis (Blephariglottis ciliaris). Plate 37b White-fringed Orchis (Blephariglottis blephariglottis). Plate 38 Ragged or Green-fringed Orchis (Blephariglottis lacera). Plate 39b Smaller Purple-fringed Orchis (Blephariglottis psycodes). Plate 39a Rose Pogonia; Snakemouth (Pogonia ophioglossoides). Plate 40 Whorled Pogonia (Isotria verticillata). Figure IX, page 77 Arethusa; Dragon’s-mouth; Wild Pink (Arethusa bulbosa). Plate 43b Grass Pink; Calopogon (Limodorum tuberosum). Plate 41a Wide-leaved Ladies’-tresses (Ibidium plantagineum). Plate 42a Showy Ladies’-tresses (Ibidium cernuum). Figure X, page 80 Southern Twayblade (Ophrys australis). Figure XI, page 81 Loddiges’s Rattlesnake Plantain (Peramium tesselatum). Plate 41b Downy Rattlesnake Plantain (Peramium pubescens). Figure XII, page 82 White Adder’s-mouth (Malaxis monophylla). Figure XIII, page 83 Large Twayblade (Liparis lilifolia). Figure XIV, page 85 Fen Orchis; Loesel’s Twayblade (Liparis loeselii). Plate 42b Calypso (Cytherea bulbosa). Plate 43a Large Coralroot (Corallorrhiza maculata). Figure VIII, page 73 Saururaceae Lizard’s-tail (Saururus cernuus). Plate 44 Urticaceae False Nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica). Plate 45 328 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Santalaceae Bastard Toadflax (Comandra umbellata). Plate 28b Aristolochiaceae Wild or Indian Ginger (Asarum canadense). Plate 46 Polygonaceae Swamp Smartweed (Persicaria muhlenbergii). Plate 47a Lady’s-thumb; Heartweed (Persicaria persicaria). Plate 47b Arrow-leaved Tearthumb (Tracaulon sagittatum). Plate 48a Halberd-leaved Tearthumb (Tracaulon arifolium). Plate 48b Climbing False Buckwheat (Bilderdykia scandens). Plate 15b Coast Jointweed (Polygonella articulata). Plate 49a Chenopodiaceae Slender or Jointed Glasswort (Salicornia europaea). Plate 49b ? Phytolaccaceae Poke; Scoke; Pigeon Berry; Garget (Phytolacca americana). Plate 50 Portulacaceae Narrow-leaved Spring Beauty (Claytonia virginica). Plate 51a Carolina or Wide-leaved Spring Beauty (Claytonia caroliniana). Plate 69a Alsinaceae Field or Meadow Chickweed (Cerastium arvense). Plate 63a Caryophyllaceae Bladder Campion; White Ben (Silene latifolia). Plate 52 Wild Pink (Silene caroliniana). Plate 53 Cuckoo-flower; Ragged Robin (Lychnis flos-cuculi). Plate 54a Nelumbonaceae American Nelumbo or Lotus (Nelumbo lutea). Plate 55 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS OF WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Nymphaceae Large Yellow Pond Lily; Spatter-dock (Nymphaea advena). Plate 56 Sweet-scented White Water Lily (Castalia odorata). Plate 57 Tuberous White Water Lily (Castalia tuberosa). Plate 58 Ranunculaceae Marsh Marigold; Cowslips (Caltha palustris). Plate 50 Goldenseal; Orange-root (Hydrastis canadensis). Figure XV, page tor Goldthread (Coptis trifolia). Plate 60a American Globeflower (Tyrollius laxus). Plate 61 Red Baneberry (Actaea rubra). Plate 62 White Baneberry (Actaea alba). Plate 63b Black Snakeroot; Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa). Plate 64 Wild Columbine; Rock Bells (Aquilegia canadensis). Plate 65 Tall Anemone; Thimbleweed (Anemone virginiana). Plate 66 Canada or Round-leaved Anemone (Anemone canadensis). Plate 67 Windflower (Anemone quinquefolia). Plate 68a Round-lobed Hepatica or Liverleaf (Hepatica hepatica). Plate s1b Sharp-lobed Hepatica or Liverleaf (Hepatica acutiloba). Plate 69b Rue Anemone (Syudesmon thalictroides). Plate 68b Swamp or Marsh Buttercup (Ranunculus septentrionalis). Plate 70 Hispid Buttercup (Ranunculus hispidus). Plate 60b Stiff White Water Crowfoot (Batrachium circinatum). Plate 79a Early Meadow Rue (Thalictrum dioicum). Plate 71 Fall Meadow Rue (Thalictrum polygamum). Plate 72 Virgin’s Bower (Clematis virginiana). Plate 73, and Figure XVI, page 111 Erect Silky Leather Flower (Viorna ochroleuca). Plate 74 Purple Virgin’s Bower (Atragene americana). Figure XVII, page 113 Berberidaceae Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides). Plate 75 May Apple; Wild Mandrake (Podophyllum peltatum). Plate 76 Twin-leaf (Jeffersonia diphylla). Figure XVIII, page 116 Papaveraceae Bloodroot; Puccoon-root (Sanguinaria canadensis). Plate 77 330 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Fumariaceae Dutchman’s-breeches (Bicuculla cucullaria). Plate 78 Mountain Fringe; Alleghany Vine (Adlumia fungosa). Plate 79b Pink or Pale Corydalis (Capnoides sempervirens). Plate 80 Cruciferae Lyre-leaved Rock Cress (Arabis lyrata). Plate 54b Bulbous Cress (Cardamine bulbosa). Plate 90a Cut-leaved Toothwort or Pepperroot (Dentaria laciniata). Plate 81a Two-leaved Toothwort or Crinkleroot (Dentaria diphylla). Plate 81b American Sea Rocket (Cakile edentula). Plate 82a Sarraceniaceae Pitcher Plant; Sidesaddle Flower (Sarracenia purpurea). Plate 83 Droseraceae Spatulate-leaved Sundew (Drosera intermedia). Plate 84 ? Penthoraceae Ditch or Virginia Stonecrop (Penthorum sedoides). Plate 87b Parnassiaceae Carolina Grass-of-Parnassus (Parnassia caroliniana). Plate 85 Saxifragaceae Yellow Mountain Saxifrage (Leptasia aizoides). Plate 82b Early Saxifrage (Micranthes virginiensis). Plate 87a Swamp Saxifrage (Micranthes pennsylvanica). Plate 86 Foamflower, False Miterwort (Tiarella cordifolia). Plate 88 Alumroot (Heuchera americana). Plate 89 Two-leaved Bishop’s Cap or Miterwort (Mitella diphylla). Plate 90b Rosaceae Meadowsweet; Quaker Lady (Spiraea latifolia). Plate 93a Hardhack; Steeplebush (Spiraea tomentosa). Plate 94a Indian Physic; Bowman’s Root (Porteranthus trifoliatus). Plate 91 Common Five-finger or Cinquefoil (Potentilla canadensis). Plate 92a LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS OF WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Rough-fruited Cinquefoil (Potentilla recta). Plate 95 Silverweed; Wild or Goose Tansy (Argentina anserina). Plate g2b Purple or Marsh Cinquefoil (Comarum palustre). Plate 96a Wild or Scarlet Strawberry (Fragaria virginiana). Plate 97a Shrubby Five-finger or Cinquefoil (Dasiphora fruticosa). Plate 96b American Great Burnet (Sanguisorba canadensis). Plate 94b Common Agrimony (Agrimonza striata). Plate.g8b Barren or Dry Strawberry (Waldsteinia fragarioides). Plate 99 Yellow Avens (Geum strictum). Plate 98a Purple or Water Avens (Geum rivale). Plate 100 Purple-flowering Raspberry; Thimbleberry (Rubus odoratus). Plate tor Low Running Blackberry; Dewberry (Rubus procumbens). Plate 93b Dalibarda; Dewdrop or False Violet (Dalibarda repens). Plate 97b Low or Pasture Rose (Rosa virginiana). Plate 102 Malaceae Black Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa). Plate 103 Caesalpiniaceae Wild or American Senna (Cassia marilandica). Plate 104 Sensitive Pea; Wild Sensitive Plant (Chamaecrista mictitans). Plate rosa Partridge Pea; Large-flowered Sensitive Pea (Chamaecrista fasciculata). Fabaceae Wild Indigo; Horsefly Weed (Baptisia tinctoria). Plate 1o7a Wild or Perennial Lupine (Lupinus perennis). Plate 106, and Figure XIX, page 143 Rabbit-foot, Old Field or Stone Clover (Trifolium arvense). Plate 1o8a Goat’s-rue; Wild Sweet Pea (Cracca virginiana). Plate 1o8b Coronilla; Axseed; Axwort (Coronilla varia). Plate 1og Prostrate Tick Trefoil (Meibomia michauxit). Plate 110 Large-bracted Tick Trefoil (Meibomia bracteosa). Plate 111 Dillen’s Tick Trefoil (Meibomia dillenii). Plate 112 Stuve’s Bush Clover (Lespedeza stuve1). Plate 113b Wandlike Bush Clover (Lespedeza frutescens). Plate 114 Hairy Bush Clover (Lespedeza hirta). Plate 113a Beach Pea or Seaside Pea (Lathyrus maritimus). Plate 115 Myrtle-leaved Marsh Pea (Lathyrus myrtifolius). Plate 116 331 332 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Groundnut; Wild Bean (Glycine apios). Plate 117 Wild or Hog Peanut (Falcata comosa). Plate 118a Trailing Wild Bean (Strophostyles helvola). Plate 118b Geraniaceae Herb Robert (Robertiella robertiana). Plate 119 Wild Geranium; Spotted Crane’s-bill (Geranium maculatum). Plate 120 Oxalidaceae White or True Wood Sorrel (Oxalis acetosella).. Plate 107b Violet Wood Sorrel (Jonoxalis violacea). Plate 121a Tall Yellow Wood Sorrel ( Xanthoxalis cymosa). Plate r21b Balsaminaceae Spotted Touch-me-not or Jewelweed (Impatiens biflora). Plate 122a Pale Touch-me-not or Jewelweed (Impatiens pallida). Plate 122b 4 Polygalaceae Orange Milkwort (Polygala lutea). Plate 123a Cross-leaved or Marsh Milkwort (Polygala cruciata). Plate 123b Field or Purple Milkwort (Polygala viridescens). Plate r24a Racemed Milkwort (Polygala polygama). Plate 124b Seneca Snakeroot; Mountain Flax (Polygala senega). Plate 125a Fringed Milkwort; Flowering Wintergreen (Polygala paucifolia). Plate r25b Rhamnaceae New Jersey Tea; Redroot (Ceanothus americanus). Plate 126 Malvaceae Marsh Mallow; Wymote (Althaea officinalis). Plate 127 Musk Mallow; Musk Plant (Malva moschata). Plate 128 Swamp Rose Mallow; Mallow Rose (Hibiscus moscheutos). Plate 129 Hypericaceae Great or Giant St John’s-wort (Hypericum ascyron). Plate 130a Elliptic-leaved or Pale St John’s-wort (Hypericum ellipticum). Plate 130b Common St John’s-wort (Hypericum perforatum). Plate 131a —s Sr ae ee LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS OF WILD FLOWERS OF NEW Cistaceae Frostweed; Rockrose (Crocanthemum canadense). Plate 131b Woolly Hudsonia; False Heather (Hudsonia tomentosa). Plate 132a Violaceae Bird’s-foot Violet (Viola pedata var. lineariloba). Plate 133 Early Blue or Palmate-leaved Violet (Viola palmata). Plate 134a Coast or Britton’s Violet (Viola brittoniana). Plate 136b Woolly Blue Violet (Viola sororia). Plate 135a LeConte’s Violet (Viola affinis). Plate 135b Marsh Blue Violet (Viola cucullata). Plate 138b Ovate-leaved Violet (Viola fimbriatula). Plate 137a Arrow-leaved Violet (Viola sagittata). Plate 137b Triangle-leaved Violet (Viola emarginata). Plate 136a Great-spurred or Selkirk’s Violet (Viola selkirkit). Plate 139a Large-leaved White Violet (Viola incognita). Plate 139b Primose-leaved Violet (Viola primulifolia). Plate 140a Lance-leaved or Water Violet (Viola lanceolata). Plate r40b Smoothish Yellow Violet (Viola eriocarpa). Plate 134b Canada Violet (Viola canadensis). Plate 141 American Dog Violet (Viola conspersa). Plate 142b Long-spurred Violet (Viola rostrata). Plate 142a Lythraceae Swamp Loosestrife; Willow-herb (Decodon verticillatus). Plate 143a Spiked or Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). Plate 143b Melastomaceae Meadow Beauty (Rhexia virginica). Plate 138a YORK ios) ive) we 334 NEW YORK STATE PART 2 MUSEUM Epilobiaceae Seedbox; Rattlebox (Ludwigia alternifolia). Plate 145b Fireweed; Great or Spiked Willow-herb (Chamaenerion angustifolium). Plate 144b Great Hairy Willow-herb (Epilobium hirsutum). Plate 144a Common Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennts). - Plate 145a Northern Evening Primrose (Oenothera muricata). Plate 146 Common Sundrops ( Knetffia fruticosa). Plate 147a Biennial Gaura (Gaura biennis). Plate 148 Araliaceae Dwarf Ginseng or Groundnut (Panax trifolium). Plate 132b (Part 1) Ammiaceae Hemlock Water Parsnip (Szum cicutaefolium). Plate 149 A Cornaceae Low or Dwarf Cornel; Bunchberry (Cornus canadensis). Plate 150 Clethraceae Sweet Pepper Bush; White Alder (Clethra alnifolia). Plate 147b Pyrolaceae Round-leaved American Wintergreen (Pyrola americana). Figure XX, page 196 Shinleaf (Pyrola elliptica). Plate 151b Bog Wintergreen (Pyrola uliginosa). Plate 151a Pipsissewa; Prince’s Pine (Chumaphila umbellata). Plate 152a Monotropaceae Indian Pipe; Corpse Plant (Monotropa uniflora). Pinesap; False Beechdrops (Hypopitys americana). Ericaceae Plate 152b and Figure XXI, page 199 Plate 153a Labrador Tea (Ledum groenlandicum). Plate 15s5a Purple or Pink Azalea; Pinkster Flower (Azalea nudiflora). Plate 154 Mountain or Hoary Azalea (Azalea canescens). F igure XXII, page 202 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS OF WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 335 Great Laurel; Rose Bay (Rhododendron maximum). Figure XXIII, page 204 Sheep Laurel; Lambkill; Wicky (Kalmia angustifolia). Plate 160a Mountain Laurel; Calico Bush ( Kalmia latifolia). Plate t56a Pale or Swamp Laurel ( Kalmia polifolia). Plate 156b Leatherleaf; Dwarf Cassandra (Chamaedaphne calyculata). Plate 157a Wild Rosemary; Marsh Holy Rose (Andromeda polifolia). Plate 159a Staggerbush ( Neopieris mariana). Plate r55b Trailing Arbutus; Mayflower (Epigaea repens). Plate 153b Creeping or Spicy Wintergreen; Checkerberry (Gaultheria procumbens). Plate 158b Dwarf Huckleberry; Gopherberry (Gaylussacia dumosa). Plate 157b Large or American Cranberry (Oxycoccus macrocarpus). Plate 158a Primulaceae Mistassini or Dwarf Canadian Primrose (Primula mistassinica). Plate 159b Crosswort; Whorled Loosestrife (Lysimachia quadrifolia). Plate 160b Bulb-bearing Loosestrife; Swamp Candles (Lysimachia terrestris). Plate 161b Moneywort; Creeping Loosestrife (Lysimachia nummularia). Plate 164a Fringed Loosestrife (Stetronema ciliatum). Plate 162 Tufted Loosestrife (Naumburgia thrysiflora). Plate 163 Star Flower; Chickweed Wintergreen (Trientalis borealis). Plate 165b Plumbaginaceae Seaside Lavender; Marsh Rosemary; Canker-root (Limonium carolinianum). Plate 166b Gentianaceae Sea or Marsh Pink (Sabbatzia stellaris). Plate 166a Large Marsh Pink (Sabbatia dodecandra). Figure XXIV, page 217 Fringed Gentian (Gentiana crinita). Plate 167 Stiff Gentian; Ague-weed (Gentiana quinquefolia). Figure XXV, page 219 Closed Blue or Blind Gentian (Dasystephana andrewsii). Plate 168 Menyanthaceae Buckbean; Marsh Trefoil (Menyanthes trifoliata). Plate 169 Apocynaceae Spreading Dogbane (A pocynum androsaemifolium). Plate 170a 336 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Asclepiadaceae Butterfly Weed; Pleurisy Root (Asclepias tuberosa). Plate 171 Swamp Milkweed (Asclepias incarnata). Plate 172 Blunt-leaved Milkweed (Asclepias amplexicaulis). Plate 173 Four-leaved Milkweed (Asclepias quadrifolia). Plate 174 Common Milkweed; Silkweed (Asclepias syriaca). Plate 175 Convolvulaceae Hedge or Great Bindweed (Convolvulus sepium). Plate 176 Upright or Low Bindweed (Convolvulus spithamaeus). Plate 164b Cuscutaceae Gronovius’s Dodder; Love Vine (Cuscuta gronovii). Plate r70b Polemoniaceae Garden Phlox (Phlox paniculata). Plate 177 Wild Blue Phlox (Phlox divaricata). Figure XXVI, page 230 Ground or Moss Pink (Phlox subulata). Plate 178 American Jacob’s Ladder (Polemonium van-bruntiae). Plate 179 Hydrophyllaceae Virginia Waterleaf (Hydrophyllum virginianum). Plate 180 Boraginaceae Virginia Cowslip; Bluebells (Mertensia virginica). Plate 181 Forget-me-not; Mouse-ear; Scorpion Grass (Myosotis scorpioides). Plate 182a Blueweed; Viper’s Bugloss (Echium vulgare). Plate 161a Verbenaceae Blue or False Vervain (Verbena hastata). Plate 183b Labiatae Hairy Germander or Wood Sage (Teucrium occidentale). Plate 184 Blue Curls; Bastard Pennyroyal (Trichostema dichotomum). Plate 182b Mad-dog or Blue Skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora). Plate 185 Hooded or Marsh Skullcap (Scutellaria galericulata). Plate 186a Self-heal; Heal-all (Prunella vulgaris). Plate 187 . _ — a. a” > -_ < LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS OF WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 337 Dragonhead; Lion’s Heart (Dracocephalum virginianum). Plate 188 Oswego Tea; American Bee Balm (Monarda didyma). Plate 189 Wild Bergamot (Monarda fistulosa). Plate 190a Purple Wild Bergamot (Monarda media). Plate 190b Field or Wild Basil; Basilweed (Clinopodium vulgare). Plate 186b Hoary Mountain Mint; Calamint (Koellia incana). Plate 183a American Wild Mint (Mentha canadensis). Plate 191a Stoneroot; Richweed; Horse Balm (Collinsonia canadensis). Plate 192 Solanaceae Clammy Ground Cherry (Physalis heterophylla). Plate 193 Climbing or Bitter Nightshade; Bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara). Plate toga Stramonium; Jamestown or Jimson Weed (Datura stramonium). Figure XXVII, page 243 Scrophulariaceae White Mullen (Verbascum lychnitis). Plate 195a Moth Mullen (Verbascum blattaria). Plate 195b Butter and Eggs; Ramstead (Linaria linaria). Plate 196 Turtlehead; Snakehead (Chelone glabra). Plate 197 Hairy Beardtongue (Pentstemon hirsutus). Plate 198 Smooth Beardtongue (Pentstemon pentstemon). Figure XXVIII, page 248 Square-stemmed Monkey Flower (Mimulus ringens). Plate 191tb Golden Hedge Hyssop; Goldenpert (Gratiola aurea). Plate 199a American Brooklime; Speedwell (Veronica americana). Plate 199b Culver’s Root; Bowman’s Root; Beaumont’s Root (Leptandra virginica). Plate 200 Fern-leaved False Foxglove; Fever-flower (Aureolaria pedicularia). Plate 201 Smooth False Foxglove (Aureolaria glauca). Plate 202 Large Purple Gerardia (Agalinis purpurea). Plate 203 Slender Gerardia (A galinis tenutfolia). Plate 204 Swamp Lousewort (Pedicularis lanceolata). Plate 206a Wood or Head Betony; Lousewort (Pedicularis canadensis). Plate 205 Narrow-leaved Cowwheat (Melampyrum lineare). Plate 165a Lentibulariaceae Flat-leaved Bladderwort ( Utricularia intermedia). Plate 205b Horned Bladderwort (Stomoista cornuta). Figure XXIX, page 255 338 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Orobanchaceae Pale or Naked Broom Rape; Cancer-root (Thalesia uniflora). Figure XXX, page 259 Squawroot; Cancer-root (Conophclis americana). Figure XXXI, page 261 Beechdrops (Leptamnium virginianum). Figure XXXII, page 263 Acanthaceae Water Willow (Dianthera americana). Plate 207 Phrymaceae Lopseed (Phryma leptostachya). Plate 208 Rubiaceae Bluets; Innocence; Eyebright (Houstonia coerulea). Plate 209b Long-leaved Houstonia (Houstonia longifolia). Plate 194b Buttonbush; Bush Globeflower (Cephalanthus occidentalis). Plate 210 Partridge Berry; Twinberry; Squawberry (Mitchella repens). Plate 211b Northern Bedstraw (Galium boreale). Plate 209a Rough Bedsttaw (Galium asprellum). Plate 212a Caprifoliaceae Twinflower; Deer Vine (Linnaea americana). Plate 213a Smooth-leaved or Glaucous Honeysuckle (Lonicera dioica). Figure XXXIV, page 273 Trumpet or Coral Honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens). Plate 214a Blue or Mountain Fly Honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea). Figure XXXIII, page 271 Swamp Fly Honeysuckle (Lonicera oblongifolia). Plate 214b Bush Honeysuckle (Diervilla diervilla). Plate 212b Dipsacaceae Common or Card Teasel (Dipsacus sylvestris). Plate 215a Cucurbitaceae One-seeded Bur Cucumber (Sicyos angulatus). Plate 216 Wild Balsam Apple; Wild Cucumber (Micrampelis lobata). Plate 217 and Figure XXXV, page 275 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS OF WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Campanulaceae Harebell; Bluebells of Scotland (Campanula rotundifolia). Plate 218 Creeping or European Bellflower (Campanula rapunculoides). Plate 215b Marsh or Bedstraw Bellflower (Campanula aparinoides). Plate 219a Venus’s Looking-glass (Specularia perfoliata). Plate 219b Lobeliaceae Cardinal Flower; Red Lobelia (Lobelia cardinalis). Plate 220 Great or Blue Lobelia (Lobelia syphilitica). Plate 221 Indian or Wild Tobacco; Eyebright (Lobelia inflata). Plate 222a Kalm’s or Brook Lobelia (Lobelia kalmii). Plate 222b Cichoriaceae King Devil (Hieracium florentinum). Plate 223a Devil’s-paintbrush; Orange Hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum). Plate 223b Rough Hawkweed (Hieracium scabrum). Plate 224 Rattlesnake-weed; Poor-Robin’s-plantain (Hieracium venosum). Plate 225 Gall-of-the-earth; Tall Rattlesnake-root (Nabalus trifoliolatus). Plate 226 Ambrosiaceae Beach Clotbur ( Xanthium echinatum). Plate 213b Compositae Ironweed (Vernonia noveboracensis). Plate 227 Joe-pye Weed; Purple Boneset (Eupatorium purpureum). Plate 228 Hyssop-leaved Thoroughwort (Eupatorium hyssopifolium). Plate 229b Rough or Vervain Thoroughwort (Eupatorium verbenaefolium). Plate 229a Common Thoroughwort; Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum). Plate 230 White Snakeroot (Eupatorium urticaefolium). Plate 231 Climbing Hempweed or Boneset (Mikania scandens). Plate 232a Maryland Golden Aster (Chrysopsis mariana). Plate 233b Blue-stemmed or Wreath Goldenrod (Solidago caesia). Plate 235a Zigzag or Broad-leaved Goldenrod (Solidago flexicaulis). Plate 236 White or Pale Goldenrod; Silverrod (Solidago bicolor). Plate 237a Seaside Goldenrod (Solidago sempervirens). Plate 235b Canada or Rock Goldenrod (Solidago canadensis). Plate 239 Downy Goldenrod (Solidago puberula). Plate 237a 339 340 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Houghton’s Goldenrod (Solidago houghtoni). Plate 239a Bushy, Fragrant or Flat-topped Goldenrod (Euthamia graminifolia). Plate 234 Slender Fragrant Goldenrod (/uthamza tenutfolia). Plate 232b Common White-topped Aster (Sericocarpus asteroides). Plate 233a Large-leaved Aster (Aster macrophyllus). Plate 240 Late Purple Aster (Aster patens). Plate 242a New England Aster (Aster novae-angliae). Plate 245 Red-stalked or Purple-stemmed Aster (Aster puniceus). Plate 241 Smooth Aster (Aster laevis). Plate 243 Seaside or Low Showy Aster (Aster spectabilis). . Plate 244 Mountain or Whorled Aster (Aster acuminatus). Plate 247 Starved or Calico Aster (Aster lateriflorus). Plate 246b Upland White Aster (Aster ptarmicoides). Plate 246a Philadelphia Fleabane; Skevish; Daisy Fleabane (Erigeron philadelphicus). Plate 239b Tall Flat-top White Aster (Doellingeria umbellata). Plate 248 Stiff or Savory-leaved Aster (Jonactis linaritfolius). Plate 242b Spicy or Salt-marsh Fleabane (Pluchea camphorata). Plate 249b Pearly Everlasting; Moonshine (Anaphalis margaritacea). Plate 211a Elecampane; Horseheal (Inula helenium). Plate 250 Cup Plant; Indian Cup (Silphium perfoliatum). Plate 251 Oxeye; False Sunflower (Heliopsis helianthoides). Plate 252 Thin-leaved Coneflower (Rudbeckia triloba). Plate 253 Black-eyed Susan; Yellow Daisy (Kudbeckia Iirta). Plate 254 Tall or Green-headed Coneflower (Rudbeckia laciniata). Plate 255 Narrow-leaved or Swamp Sunflower (Helianthus angustifolius). Plate 249a | Tall, Giant or Wild Sunflower (Helianthus giganteus). Plate 256 Rough or Woodland Sunflower (Helianthus divaricatus). Plate 257 Hairy Wild Sunflower (Helianthus mollis). Plate 258 Pale-leaved Wood Sunflower (Helianthus strumosus). Plate 259 Lance-leaved Tickseed (Coreopsis lanceolata). Plate 260a Small Rose or Pink Tickseed (Coreopsis rosea). Plate 261b Small or Nodding Bur Marigold (Bidens cernua). Plate 262 Sneezeweed; False or Swamp Sunflower (Helenium autumnale). Plate 261a Yarrow; Milfoil (Achillea millefolium). Plate 260b Golden Ragwort; Swamp Squawweed (Senecio aureus). Plate 263 Swamp Thistle (Cirsium muticum). Plate 264 PSPDE Xx Acanthaceae, 262 | Ammiaceae, 192 Acanthus family, 262 Anaphalis margaritacea, 313 Achene, 30 Andromeda polifolia, 207 Achillea millefolium, 322 Anemone, Canada or round-leaved, 105 Acorus calamus, 42 rue, 107 Actaea alba, 103 slender-fruited, 105 neglecta, 103 | tall, 105 rubra, 103 / wood, 106 Acuminate, 13, 14 Anemone canadensis, 105 Acute, 13, 14 | eylindrica, 105 Adder’s-mouth, green, 84 | dichotoma, 106 white, 83 quinquefolia, 106 Adder’s-tongue, yellow, 51 | Tipatia, 105 Adlumia fungosa, 118 | -virginiana, 105 Adnate, 26 Anther, 18, 25 Adnation, 25 Anticlea, glaucous, 47 Agalinis acuta, 253 Anticlea chlorantha, 47, 89 maritima, 253 Apocynaceae, 220 purpurea, 252 Apocynum androsaemifolium, 220 tenuifolia, 252 Apple family, 139 Agrimonia striata, 135 Aquilegia canadensis, 104 Agrimony, common, 135 vulgaris, 105 Ague root, 52 Arabis lyrata, 120 Alder, white, 194 Araceae, 39 Aletris farinosa, 52 Araliaceae, 191 Alfalfa, 144 Arbutus, trailing, 208 Alisma subcordatum, 37 Arethusa, 78 Alismaceae, 37 bulbosa, 78, 89 Alleghany vine, 118 Argentina anserina, 132 Alleluia, 156 babcockiana, 132 Aloeroot, 52 egedii, 132 Alsinaceae, 95 Arisaema dracontium, 39 Alternate, 16 pusillum, 39 Althaea officinalis, 163 stewardsonii, 39 Alumroot, 127 triphyllum, 39 Amaryllidaceae, 62 _ Aristolochiaceae, 89 Amaryllis family, 62 | Aronia arbutifolia, 140 341 342 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Aronia atropurpurea, 140 Aster patens, 306 melanocarpa, 139 ptarmicoides, 310 Arrowhead, broad-leaved, 37 puniceus, 306 Arum, water, 41 spectabilis, 307 green water, 42 Asthma weed, 280 Arum family, 39 Atragene americana, 112 Asarum canadense, 89 Aureolaria glauca, 251 reflexum, 90 pedicularia, 251 Asclepiadaceae, 221 virginica, 252 Asclepias amplexicaulis, 224 Auriculate, 14 exaltata, 22 incarnata, 223 intermedia, 224 pulchra, 22 purpurascens, 226 quadrifolia, 224 syriaca, 22 tuberosa, 223 variegata, 225 verticillata, 225 Ascyrum hypericoides, 167 stans, 167 Asphodel, false, 47 Aster, 287, 300 large-leaved, 305 late purple, 306 Maryland golden, 292 mountain or whorled, 309 New England, 308 red-stalked or purple-stemmed, 306 Avens, purple or water, 136 yellow, 136 Azalea, flame or yellow, 201 mountain or hoary, 201 purple or pink, 200 white, 201 Azalea canescens, 201 lutea, 201 nudiflora, 200 viscosa, 201 Axseed, 145 Axwort, 145 Bachelor’s-button, wild, 160 Bailey, G. A., acknowledgment to, 9 Balmony, 246 Balsam apple, wild, 274 Balsaminaceae, 158 Baneberry, red, 103 seaside or low showy, 307 white, 103 smooth, 307 Baptisia australis, 142 starved or calico, 309 tinctoria, 142 stiff or savory-leaved, 311 Barberry family, 114 tall flat-top white, 310 Basil, field or wild, 240 upland white, 310 Basilweed, 240 white-topped, 311 Bastard toadflax, 89 Aster acuminatus, 309 Batrachium circinatum, 109 laevis, 307 longirostre, 109 lateriflorus, 309 Bay, Lapland rose, 203 macrophyllus, 305 rose, 201 novae-angliae, 308 Beach pea, 151 INDEX TO WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Bean, trailing, wild, 154 wild, 153 Beardtongue, foxglove, 248 hairy, 247 smooth, 247 Beaumont’s root, 250 Bedstraw, northern, 268 rough, 267 yellow, 268 Bee balm, American, 238 Beechdrops, 262 false, 200 Bellflower, blue marsh, 278 creeping or European, 277 marsh or bedstraw, 278 nettle-leaved, 277 perfoliate, 56 tall, 277 Bellflower family, 276 Bellwort, large-flowered, 56 sessile-leaved, 55 Berberidaceae, 114 Bergamot, pale, wild, 239 purple, 239 wild, 239 Berry, 32 Betony, wood or head, 254 Bicuculla canadensis, 118 cucullaria, 118 eximia, 118 Bidens cernua, 321 Bilderdykia scandens, 92 Bindweed, hedge or great, 226 small, 227 trailing or hedge, 227 upright or low, 226 Birthroot, 60 Birthwort family, 89 Bishop’s cap, two-leaved, 128 Bitter bloom, 216 Bitter grass, 52 Bittersweet, 244 Blackberry, 33, 137 low running, 138 Black-eyed Susan, 316 Bladder campion, 95 Bladderwort, flat-leaved, 257 horned, 256 greater, 258 Bladderwort family, 255 Blade, 11 Blazing star, 52 Bleeding heart, wild, 118 Blephariglottis blephariglottis, 74 ciliaris, 74 grandiflora, 76 lacera, 75 leucophaea, 75 psycodes, 75 Bloodroot, 117 Blue curls, 235 Blue flag, larger, 63 narrow, 63 Bluebells, 231, 232 Bluebells of Scotland, 276 Blue-eyed grass, pointed, 64 Bluets, 265 Blueweed, 233 Boehmeria cylindrica, 88 Boneset, 290, 291 purple, 288 Borage family, 232 Boraginaceae, 232 Bowman’s root, 130, 250 Brooklime, American, 249 Broom rape, pale or naked, 258 Broom rape family, 258 Buckbean, 220 Buckbean family, 220 Buckthorn family, 163 Buckwheat, climbing false, 92 Buckwheat family, 90 Bunchberry, 193 Bunchflower, 48 343 344 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Bunchflower, crisped or broad-leaved, 48 Bunchflower family, 47 Bur marigold, small or nodding, 321 Burnet, American great, 134 Capsule, 28, 29 Cardamine bulbosa, 120 douglassii, 121 Cardinal flower, 279 Bush clover, 149 hairy, 151 Stuve’s, 150 wandlike, 150 Butter and eggs, 246 Buttercup, hispid, 108 swamp or marsh, 108 Butterfly weed, 22 Buttonbush, 266 Cabbage, skunk, 41 Caesalpiniaceae, 140 Carpel, 19 Carpophyllum, 19 Carrot family, 192 Caryophyllaceae, 95 Caryopsis, 30 Cassandra, dwarf, 206 Cassia marilandica, 140 Castalia odorata, 99 tuberosa, 99 Cat-tail, broad-leaved, 35 narrow-leaved, 35 Cat-tail family, 35 Caulophyllum thalictroides, 114 Ceanothus americanus, 163 Cephalanthus occidentalis, 266 Cakile edentula, 122 Calamint, 240 Calamus, 42 Calico bush, 205 Calla, wild, 41 Calla palustris, 41_ Calopogon, 79 Caltha palustris, 100 Calypso, 86 Calyx; 17 Campanula americana, 277 aparinoides, 278 rapunculoides, 277 rotundifolia, 276 trachelium, 277 uliginosa, 278 Campanulaceae, 27 Campion, bladder, 95 Camproot, 136 Cancer root, 258, 260 Canker-root, 215 Canterbury bells, 277 Capnoides aureum, TI19 flavulum, 119 sempervirens, 119 Caprifoliaceae, 268 Cerastium arvense, 95 vulgatum, 95 Chamaecrista fasciculata, 141 nictitans, I41 Chamaedaphne calyculata, 206 Chamaenerion angustifolium, 187 Checkerberry, 209 Cheeses, 164 Chelone glabra, 246 Chenopodiaceae, 93 Chickweed, field or meadow, 95 mouse-ear, 95 Chickweed family, 95 Chickweed wintergreen, 214 Chicoriaceae, 282 Chicory family, 282 Chimaphila maculata, 198 umbellata, 197 Chiogenes hispidula, 211 Chokeberry, black, 139 purple-fruited, 140 red, 140 Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, 317 INDEX TO WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Chrysanthemums, 287 Chrysopsis mariana, 292 Cimicifuga racemosa, 104 Cinquefoil, 130, 134 purple or marsh, 132 rough, 131 rough-fruited, 131 silvery, 131 Cirsium muticum, 323 Cistaceae, 169 Claytonia caroliniana, 94 virginica, 94 Cleft, 2 Clematis, wild, 110 Clematis verticillaris, 112 virginiana, I10 Clethra alnifolia, 194 Clethraceae, 194 Clinopodium vulgare, 240 Clintonia, white, 53 yellow, 53 Clintonia borealis, 53 umbellulata, 53 Clotbur, 287 beach, 287 Clover, Alsike or Alsatian, 144 Buffalo, 144 bush, 149 crimson, 144 low or smaller hop, 144 rabbit-foot, old field or stone, 144 red or meadow, 144 white, 144 white sweet, 144 yellow or hop, 144 yellow sweet, 144 Cocklebur, common, 287 Cohosh, black, 103, 104 blue, 114 Colicroot, 52 Collinsonia canadensis, 241 Columbine, European, 105 Columbine, wild, 104 Comandra umbellata, 89 Comarum palustre, 132 Commelina communis, 45 Commelinaceae, 45 Compositae, 285 Compound leaves, 16 Compound raceme, 21 Coneflower, 287 tall or green-headed, 317 thin-leaved, 316 Conopholis americana, 260 Convallariaceae, 53 Convolvulaceae, 226 Convolvulus arvensis, 227 repens, 227 sepium, 226 spithamaeus, 226 Coptis trifolia, 102 Corallorrhiza corallorrhiza, 87 maculata, 87 odontorhiza, 87 Coralroot, early, 87 large, 87 small or late, 87 Cordate, 14 Coreopsis lanceolata, 320 rosea, 320 Cornaceae, 193 Cornel, low or dwarf, 193 Cornus canadensis, 193 Corolla, 17 Coronilla, 145 varia, 145 Corpse plant, 198 Corydalis, golden. 119 pink or pale, 119 yellow, 119 Corymb, 20 Cotton grass, 38 sheathed, 38 thin-leaved, 38 346 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Cotton grass, Virginia, 38 Cowslip, 100 Virginia, 232 Cowwheat, narrow-leaved, 254 Cracea virginiana, 145 Cranberry, large or American, 210 small, 211 Crane’s-bill, wild or spotted, 155 Crenate, 16 Crenulate, 16 Cress, bulbous, 120 purple, 121 rock, lyre-leaved, 120 true water, I2I Crinkleroot, 121 Criosanthes arietina, 66 Crocanthemum canadense, 169 majus, 169 Crosswort, 212 Crow corn, 52 ¢ Crowfoot, stiff white water, 109 Crowfoot family, 100 Cruciferae, 120 Cruciferous, 23 Cuckoo-flower, 96, 120 Cucumber, one-seeded bur, 274 star, 274 wild, 274 Cucumber root, Indian, 59 Cucurbitaceae, 274 Culver’s root, 250 Cuneate, 14 Cup plant, 314 Cuphea, clammy, 183 Cuscuta compacta, 228 epilinum, 228 epithymum, 228 gronovii, 227 Cuscutaceae, 227 Cuspidate, 14 Cycle, 23 Cyme, 20 Cynoglossum officinale, 234 Cynoxylon floridum, 193 Cyperaceae, 38 Cypripedium arietinum, 66 candidum, 65, 89 parviflorum, 66 pubescens, 66 reginae, 65 Cytherea bulbosa, 86 Dahlias, 287 Daisy, common white, 317 yellow, 316 Dalibarda, 138 repens, 138 Dandelion, 282 Dasiphora fruticosa, 134 Dasystephana andrewsii, 218 flavida, 218 grayi, 220 linearis, 218 saponaria, 218 Datura stramonium, 242 Day lily, 49 yellow, 50 Dayflower, Asiatic, 45 Decodon verticillatus, 183 Deer grass, 184 Deer vine, 268 Dehiscence, 28 Deltoid, 12 Dentaria diphylla, 121 laciniata, I21 maxima, 122 Dentate, 16 Denticulate, 16 Devil’s paintbrush, 282 Dewberry, 137, 138 Dewdrop, 138 Diadelphous, 23 Dianthera americana, 262 INDEX TO WILD FLOWERS OF Diervilla diervilla, 272 Dipsacaceae, 272 Dipsacus sylvestris, 272 Disporum, hairy, 57 Disporum lanuginosum, 57 Dodder, clover, 228 flax, 228 Gronovius’s, 227 Dodder family, 227 Doellingeria umbellata, 310 Dogbane, spreading, 220 Dogbane family, 220 Dogberry, 53 Dog’s-tooth violet, 51 white, 52 Dogwood, flowering, 193 Dogwood family, 193 Dracocephalum virginianum, 237 Dragonhead, 237 Dragon-root, 39 Dragon’s-mouth, 78 Drosera filiformis, 124 intermedia, 123 longifolia, 124 rotundifolia, 124 Droseraceae, 123 Drupe, 31 Dutchman’s-breeches, 118 Dwarf huckleberry, 210 Eames, Edward A.; acknowledgment to, 9 Echium vulgare, 233 Elecampane, 314 Elliptical, 12 Emarginate, 13 Emetic weed, 280 Entire, 23 Epigaea repens, 208 Epigynous, 21, 25 Epilobiaceae, 187 Epilobium adenocaulon, 188 hirsutum, 188 NEW YORK 347 Epipetalous, 25 Ericaceae, 200 Erigeron philadelphicus, 312 pulchellus, 312 Eriocaulaceae, 44 Eriocaulon septangulare, 44 Eriophorum callithrix, 38 virginicum, 38 viridicarinatum, 38 Erythronium albidum, 52 americanum, 51 Eupatorium hyssopifolium, 289 maculatum, 289 perfoliatum, 290 purpureum, 288 urticaefolium, 291 verbenaefolium, 289 Euthamia graminifolia, 296 tenuifolia, 296 Evening primrose, common, 189 northern, 190 Oakes’s, 189 small-flowered, 189 Evening primrose family, 187 Everlasting, pearly, 313 Eyebright, 265, 280 Fabaceae, 142 Falcata comosa, 153 pitcheri, 154 False asphodel, 47 False beechdrops, 200 False buckwheat, climbing, 92 False foxglove, downy, 252 fern-leaved, 251 smooth, 251 False heather, 169 False Indigo, 142 False miterwort, 127 False nettle, 88 False Solomon’s-seal, 53 False sunflower, 315 348 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM False vervain, 234 False violet, 138 Fever-flower, 251 Figwort family, 245 Filament, 18 Fireweed, 187 Fissipes acaulis, 68 Five-finger, common, 130 shrubby, 134 Flag, blue, 63 Flagroot, 42 - poison, 63 Flaxweed, blue, 183 Fleabane, daisy, 312 Philadelphia, 312 spicy or salt-marsh, 313 Flowers, 17 arrangement of, 19 Fly honeysuckle, blue, or mountain, 270 swamp, 270 Foamflower, 127 Follicle, 29 Forget-me-not, 232 Foxglove, beardtongue, 248 downy false, 252 fern-leaved false, 251 smooth false, 251 Fragaria americana, 133 canadensis, 133 vesca, 133 virginiana, 133 Frostweed, 169 Fruit, 28 Fumariaceae, 118 Fumewort family, 118 Gagroot, 280 Gaillardias, 287 Galeorchis spectabilis, 71 Galium asprellum, 267 boreale, 268 verum, 268 Gall-of-the-earth, 284 | Gamopetalous, 21 Gamosepalous, 21 Garget, 93 Gaultheria procumbens, 209 Gaura, biennial, 191 Gaura biennis, 191 Gaylussacia dumosa, 210 Gentian, closed blue or blind, 218 fringed, 216, 218 Gray’s, 220 . narrow-leaved or bog, 218 smaller fringed, 218 soapwort, 218 stiff, 218 yellowish, 218 Gentian family, 215 Gentiana crinita, 216 procera, 218 quinquefolia, 218 Gentianaceae, 215 Geraniaceae, 155 Geranium, Bicknell’s, 156 Carolina, 156 wild, 155 Geranium bicknelli, 156 carolinianum, 156 maculatum, 155 Geranium family, 155 Gerardia, large purple, 252 seaside or salt-marsh, 253 slender, 252 Gerardia pedicularia, 251 purpurea, 252 quercifolia, 251 tenuifolia, 252 virginica, 251 Germander, American, 235 hairy, 234 narrow-leaved, 235 Geum canadene, 137 macrophyllum, 137 meyerianum, 137 rivale, 136, 137 INDEX TO WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 349 Geum strictum, 136, 137 vernum, 137 virginianum, 137 Ginger, wild or Indian, 89 Ginseng, dwarf, 191 true, 192 Ginseng family, 191 Gipsy flower, 234 Gipsyweed, 250 Glasswort, slender or jointed, 93 Globeflower, American, IOI bush, 266 Glycine apios, 153 Goat’s-rue, 145 Golden club, 42 Goldenpert, 249 Goldenrod, 292 blue-stemmed or wreath, 297 bushy, fragrant or flat-topped, 296 Canada or rock, 299 downy, 298 Houghton’s, 300 seaside, 299 slender fragrant, 296 white or pale, 298 zigzag or broad-leaved, 297 Golden-seal, 100 Goldthread, 102 Goosefoot family, 93 Gopherberry, 210 Gourd family, 274 Grain, 30 Grass, blue-eyed, 64 scorpion, 232 star, 52 Grass-of-Parnassus, Carolina, 125 Grass-of-Parnassus family, 125 Grass pink, 79 Gratiola aurea, 249 Greek valerian or bluebell, 231 Green dragon, 39 Ground cherry, clammy, 242 Ground cherry, smooth, 242 Virginia, 242 Groundnut, 153, 191 Gynandrous, 25 Habenaria, macrophylla, 72 Hardhack, 129 Harebell, 276 Hare’s tail, 38 Hastate, 14 Hawkweed, 282 orange, 282 rough, 283 Head, 21 Heal-all, 237 Heartsease, 170 Heartweed, go Heath family, 200 Heather, false, 169 Hedge Hyssop, golden, 249 Helenium autumnale, 321 Heleniums, 287 Helianthus, 287 angustifolius, 317 divaricatus, 318 giganteus, 318 mollis, 319 strumosus, 319 Heliopsis helianthoides, 315 Hellebore, American white, 49 Hemerocallis flava, 50 fulva, 49 Hempweed, climbing, 291 Hepatica, round-lobed, 106 sharp-lobed, 107 Hepatica acutiloba, 107 hepatica, 106 Herb Robert, 155 Heteranthera, 46 Heuchera americana, 127 Hibiscus moscheutos, 165 oculiroseus, 165 350 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Hieracium aurantiacum, 282 florentinum, 283 scabrum, 283 venosum, 284 Holy rose, marsh, 207 Honeysuckle, 33 blue or mountain fly, 270 bush, 272 early fly, 270 hairy, 270 smooth-leaved or glaucous, 270 swamp fly, 270 trumpet or coral, 269 Honeysuckle family, 268 Horse balm, 241 Horsefly weed, 142 Horseheal, 314. Horsemint, 239 Hound’s-tongue, 234 Houstonia, fringed, 266 long-leaved, 265 Houstonia ciliolata, 266 coerulea, 265 longifolia, 265 Huckleberry, dwarf, 210 Huckleberry family, 210 Hudsonia, woolly, 169 Hudsonia tomentosa, 169 Huskroot, 52 Hydrastis canadensis, 100 Hydrophyllaceae, 231 Hydrophyllum appendiculatum, 232 canadense, 232 virginianum, 231 Hypericaceae, 165 Hypericum ascyron, 167 ellipticum, 168 perforatum, 168 Hypogynous, 21, 25 Hypopitys americana, 200 lanuginosa, 200 Hypoxis hirsuta, 62 Hyssop, golden hedge, 249 Ibidium cernuum, 79 plantagineum, 79 romanzoffianum, 80 strictum, 80 Impatiens biflora, 158 pallida, 158 Indian * cup, 314 cucumber root, 59 ginger, 89 lotus, 97 physic, 130 pipe family, 198 poke, 49 tobacco, 280 turnip, 39 Indigo, blue wild or blue false, 142 wild, 142 Inflorescence, 19 Innate, 26 Innocence, 265 Inula helenium, 314 Involucral bracts, 21 Ionactis linarifolius, 311 Ionoxalis violacea, 157 Iridaceae, 63 Iris family, 63 Iris prismatica, 63 versicolor, 63 Ironweed, 288 Isotria verticillata, 76 Jack-in-the-pulpit, 39 Jacob’s ladder, American, 229 Jamestown or Jimsen-weed, 242 Jeffersonia diphylla, 115 Jewelweed, 158 Jewelweed family, 158 INDEX TO WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Joe-pye weed, 288 spotted, 289 Jointweed, coast, 92 Kalmia angustifolia, 205 latifolia, 205 polifolia, 206 Keel, 23 King devil, 283 Kneiffia fruticosa, 190 linearis, 191 longipedunculata, 190 pumila, 191 Koellia incana, 240 Labiatae, 234 Labiate, 23 Labrador tea, 203 Ladies’-tresses, wide-leaved, 79 Lady’s-slipper, ram’s-head, 66 showy, 65 small white, 65 stemless, 68 yellow or downy, 66 Lady’s-thumb, 90 Lambkill, 205 Lanceolate, 12 Lapland rose bay, 203 Lathyrus maritimus, 151 myrtifolius, 152 ochroleucus, 152 palustris, 152 Laurel, great, 201 mountain, 205 pale or swamp, 206 sheep, 205 Lavender, seaside, 215 Leaf, terms applied to the apex of, 13 terms applied to the base of, 14 Leaf arrangement, 16 Leaf blades, 11 shapes, II 351 Leaf, terms applied to the marginal segmen- tation of, 15 Leather flower, erect silky, 112 Leatherleaf, 206 Leaves, 10 compound, 16 Ledum groenlandicum, 203 Legume, 29 Lentibulariaceae, 255 Leptamnium virginianum, 262 Leptandra virginica, 250 Leptasea aizoides, 125 Lespedeza, 149 frutescens, 150 hirta, 151 stuvei, 150 Lettuce, 282 Liliaceae, 49 Lilium canadense, 51 philadelphicum, 50 superbum, 51 Lily, Canada, 51 day, 49 nodding, 51 Philadelphia, 50 red, 50 Turk’s-cap, 51 water, 99 wild yellow, 51 wood, 50 yellow pond, 98 Lily family, 49 Lily of the valley, false or wild, 55 Lily of the valley family, 53 Limnorchis dilatata, 72 hyperborea, 71 Limodorum tuberosum, 79 Limonium carolinianum, 215 Linaria linaria, 246 Linear, IT Linnaea americana, 268 Lion’s heart, 237 352 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Liparis liliifolia, 84 loeselii, 84 Listera australis, 80 Liverleaf, 106, 107 Lizard’s-tail, 87 Lizard’s-tail family, 87 Lobed, 23 Lobelia, brook, 281 great or blue, 279 Kalm’s, 281 Nuttall’s, 281 red, 279 spiked, 281 water, 281 Lobelia cardinalis, 279 dortmanna, 281 inflata, 280 kalmii, 281 nuttallii, 281 spicata, 281 syphilitica, 279 Lobelia family, 279 Lobeliaceae, 279 Loment, 29 Lonicera canadensis, 270 caerulea, 270 dioica, 270 hirsuta, 270 oblongifolia, 270 sempervirens, 269 Loosestrife, bulb-bearing, 212 creeping, 213 fringed, 213 spiked or purple, 183, 184 swamp, 183 tufted, 214 whorled, 212 Loosestrife family, 183 Lopseed family, 264 Lotus, 97 Indian, 97 Lousewort, 254 _ Lousewort, swamp, 253 Love vine, 227 Ludwigia alternifolia, 187 Lupine, wild or perennial, 142 Lupinus perennis, 142 Lychnis flos-cuculi, 96 Lysias hookeriana, 72 orbiculata, 72 Lysimachia nummularia, 213 quadrifolia, 212 terrestris, 212 Lythraceae, 183 Lythrum alatum, 183 hyssopifolia, 183 salicaria, 184 Madder family, 265 Malaceae, 139 Malaxis monophylla, 83 unifolia, 84 Mallow, crimson-eye rose, 165 high, 164 low, dwarf or running, 164 marsh, 163 musk, 164 swamp rose, 165 vervain, 164 whorled, 164 Mallow family, 163 Mallow rose, 165 _ Malva alcea, 165 moschata, 164 rotundifolia, 164 sylvestris, 164 verticillata, 164 Malvaceae, 163 Mandrake, wild, 114 Marigold, marsh, 1co small or nodding bur, 321 Marsh holy rose, 207 Marsh mallow, 163 ' Marsh marigold, too INDEX TO WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Marsh pea, myrtle-leaved, 152 Marsh trefoil, 220 May apple, 114 Mayflower, 208 Meadow beauty, 184 Maryland, 185 Meadow beauty family, 184 Meadow rue, early, 109 fall, 110 Meadowsweet, 129 narrow-leaved, 129 Medeola virginiana, 59 Medic, black or hop, 144 Meibomia, 146 bracteosa, 148 dillenii, 148 michauxil, 147 Melampyrum lineare, 254 Melanthaceae, 47 Melanthium latifolium, 48 virginicum, 48 Melastomaceae, 184 Mentha canadensis, 241 Menyanthaceae, 220 Menyanthes trifoliata, 220 Mertensia virginica, 232 Micrampelis lobata, 274 Micranthes pennsylvanica, 126 virginiensis, 126 Mikania scandens, 291 Milfoil, 322 hooded water, 258 Milkweed, blunt-leaved, 224 common, 225 four-leaved, 224 hairy swamp, 22 intermediate, 224 polk or tall, 225 purple, 226 swamp, 223 white, 225 whorled, 225 Milkweed family, 221 Milkwort, cross-leaved or marsh, 160 field or purple, 161 fringed, 162 orange, 160 racemed, 162 Milkwort family, 159 Mimulus ringens, 248 Mint, American wild, 241 hoary mountain, 240 Mint family, 234 Mistassini, 211 Mitchella repens, 266 Mitella diphylla, 128 nuda, 128 oppositifolia, 128 Miterwort, 128 false, 127 Moccasin flower, 68 Monandrous, 2 Monarda didyma, 238 fistulosa, 239 media, 239 mollis, 239 punctata, 239 Moneses uniflora, 197 Moneywort, 213 Monkey flower, square-stemmed, 248 Monodelphous, 2: Monotropa uniflora, 198 Monotropaceae, 198 Moonshine, 313 Moorwort, 207 Morning-glory family, 226 Mountain flax, 161 Mountain fringe, 118 Mountain laurel, 205 Mountain mint, hoary, 240 Mouse-ear, 232 Mucronate, 14 Mud plantains, 46 Mullen, common or velvet, 246 353 354 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Mullen, moth, 245 white, 245 Musk plant, 164 Mustard family, 120 Myosotis scorpioides, 232 Nabalus trifoliolatus, 284 Naumburgia thrysiflora, 214 Nelumbo, American, 97 Nelumbo lutea, 97 nelumbo, 97 Nelumbonaceae, 97 Neopieris mariana, 208 Nettle, false, 88 slender wild, 88 true or stinging, 88 wood, 88 Nettle family, 88 Nightshade, black, deadly or garden, 2 climbing or bitter, 2 Nut, 30 , Nylander, O. O., acknowledgment to, 9 Nymphaea advena, 98 microphylla, 98 rubrodisca, 98 variegata, 98 Nymphaeaceae, 98 Obcordate, 13 Oblanccolate, 12 Oblong, 12 Obovate, 12 Obtuse, 13, 14 Oceanorus, pine-barren, 48 Oceanorous leimanthoides, 48 Oenothera biennis, 189, 190 cruciata, 189 muricata, 190 oakesiana, 189 Onagraceae, 187 Ophrys australis, 80 cordata, 81 Opposite, 17 Orange root, 100 Orbicular, 12 Orchid family, 64 Orchidaceae, 64 Orchis, fen, 84 Hooker’s, 72 large or early purple-fringed, 76 large round-leaved, 72 prairie white-fringed, 75 ragged or green-fringed, 75 showy, 71 small round-leaved, 70 smaller purple-fringed, 75 tall leafy green, 71 tall white bog, 72 white-fringed, 74 yellow-fringed, 74 Orchis rotundifolia, 70 Orobanchaceae, 258 Orontium aquaticum, 42 Oswego tea, 238 Ovary, 18 Ovate, 12 Ovules, 18 Oxalidaceae, 156 Oxalis acetosella, 156 Oxeye, 315 Oxycoccus macrocarpus, 210 oxycoccus, 211 Oyster plant, 282 Palmate, 15 Palmately compound, 16 Panax quinquefolium, 192 trifolium, 191 Panicle, 21 Pansy, 170 field, 183 Papaveraceae, II7 Papilionaceous, 2 | Pappus, 30 INDEX TO WILD FLOWERS OF Parnassia caroliniana, 125 Parnassiaceae, 125 Parsnip, water, 192 Parsonsia petiolata, 183 Partridge berry, 33, 266 Partridge pea, 141 Pea, beach, 151 partridge, 141 seaside, 151 sensitive, I41 Pea family, 142 Peanut, wild or hog, 153 Pedicels, 20 Pedicularis canadensis, 254 lanceolata, 253 Peltandra virginica, 42 Peltate, 15 Pennyroyal, bastard, 235 Penthoraceae, 124 Penthorum sedoides, 124 Pentstemon digitalis, 248 hirsutus, 247 laevigatus, 247 pentstemon, 247 Pepo, 31 Pepper bush, sweet, 194 Pepperroot, 121 Peramium ophioides, 82 pubescens, 81 tesselatum, 83 Perfoliate, 15 Perianth, 17 modification and arrangement of, 21 Pericarp, 28 Perigynous, 21, 25 Persicaria muhlenbergii, 90 persicaria, 90 Petal, 18 Peticle, 11 Phlox, downy or prairie, 229 garden, 228 wild blue, 22 NEW YORK 355 Phlox divaricata, 229 maculata, 229 paniculata, 228 pilosa, 229 subulata, 228 Phlox family, 228 Phryma leptostachya, 264 Phrymaceae, 264 Physalis heterophylla, 242 subglabrata, 242 virginiana, 242 Phytolacca americana, 93 Phytolaccaceae, 93 Pickerel weed, 46 Pickerel weed family, 46 Pigeon berry, 93 Pinesap, 200 hairy, 200 Pink, common rose, 216 grass, 79 ground or moss, 228 large marsh, 216 sea or marsh, 215 slender marsh, 216 wild, 78, 96 Pink family, 95 Pinkster flower, 200 Pinnate, 16 Pinnately lobed, 15 Pipewort, seven-angled, 44 Pipewort family, 44 Pipsissewa, 197 Pistils, 17, 18 Pitcher plant, 123 Pitcher plant family, 123 Placenta, 19 Plant structure, 10 Plantain, downy rattlesnake, 81 lesser rattlesnake, 82 Loddiges’s rattlesnake, 83 mud, 46 poor robin’s, 312 350 Pleurisy root, 223 Pluchea camphorata, 313 Plumbaginaceae, 215 Plumbago family, 215 Podophyllum peltatum, 114 Pogonia, rose, 76 whorled, 76 Pogonia ophioglossoides, 76 Poison flagroot, 63 5; Poke, 93 Indian, 49 Pokeweed family, 93 Polemoniaceae, 228 Polemonium reptans, 231 van-bruntiae, 22 Pollination, 26 Polyandrous, 2 Polydelphous, 2 Polygala cruciata, 160 lutea, 160 paucifolia, 162 polygama, 162 senega, 161 viridescens, 161 Polygalaceae, 159 Polygonaceae, 90 Polygonatum biflorum, 57 commutatum, 59 Polygonella articulata, 92 Pome, 31 Pond lily, large yellow, 98 small yellow, 98 Pontederia cordata, 46 Pontederiaceae, 46 Poor-robin’s-plantain, 284 Poppy family, 117 Porteranthus stipulatus, 130 trifoliatus, 130 Portulacaceae, 94 Potato, 244 Potato family, 242 Potentilla argentea, 131 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Potentilla canadensis, 130 monspeliensis, 131 recta, 131 Primrose, dwarf Canadian, 211 Primrose family, 211 Primula mistassinica, 211 Primulaceae, 211 Prince’s pine, 197 Prunella vulgaris, 237 Puccoon-root, 117 Purplewort, 132 -Purslane family, 94 Pyrethrams, 287 Pyrola americana, 195 asarifolia, 197 chlorantha, 196 elliptica, 195 secunda, 197 uliginosa, 194 Pyrolaceae, 194 Pyxis, 29 Quaker lady, 129 Quobsque weed, 296 | Raceme, 20 _ Ragged robin, 96 Ragwort, golden, 322 Ramstead, 246 Ranunculaceae, 100 Ranunculus hispidus, 108 septentrionalis, 108 Raspberry, purple-flowering, 137 Rattlebox, 187 Rattlesnake plantain, downy, 81 lesser, 82 Loddiges’s, 83 Rattlesnake-root, tall, 284 Rattlesnake-weed, 282, 284 Receptacle, 19 Red robin, 155 Redroot, 163 INDEX TO WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Reniform, 12 Retuse, 13 Rhamnaceae, 163 Rhexia mariana, 185 virginica, 184 Rhododendron lapponicum, 203 maximum, 201 Rhodora, 203 canadensis, 203 Richweed, 241 Robbins, Louis R., acknowledgment to, 9 Robertiella robertiana, 155 Rock bells, 104 Rock cress, lyre-leaved, Rocket, sea, American, Rockrose, 169 Rockrose family, 169 Rosa carolina, 139 virginiana, 139 Rosaceae, 129 Rose, low or pasture, 139 marsh holy, 207 swamp wild, 139 Rose bay, 201 Rose family, 129 Rose mallow, crimson eye, 165 swamp, 165 Rose pogonia, 7 Rosemary, marsh, 215 wild, 207 Rotund, 12 Rubiaceae, 265 Rubus allegheniensis, 137 argutus, 137 canadensis, 137 hispidus, 138 neglectus, 137 occidentalis, 137 odoratus, 137 procumbens, 138 strigosus, 137 triflorus, 137 20 22 I I Rudbeckia, 287 hirta, 316 laciniata, 317 triloba, 316 Rush, 38 Sabbatia angularis, 216 campanulata, 216 dodecandra, 216 stellaris, 215 Sacred bean, 97 Sacred bean family, 97 Sage, wood, 234, 235 Sagittaria cuneata, 37 graminea, 37 latifolia, 37 pubescens, 37 Sagittate, 14 St Andrew’s cross, 167 Saint John’s-wort, common, 168 great or giant, 167 elliptic-leaved or pale, 168 Saint John’s-wort family, 165 St Peter’s-wort, 167 Salicariaceae, 183 Salicornia europaea, 93 Salsify, 282 Saltwort, 93 Samara, 30 Sand brier, 244 Sand bur, 244 Sandalwood family, 89 Sanguinaria canadensis, 117 Sanguisorba canadensis, 134 Santalaceae, 89 Sarracenia purpurea, 123 Sarraceniaceae, 123 Saururaceae, 87 Saururus cernuus, 87 Saxifragaceae, 125 Saxifrage, early, 126 swamp, 126 358 NEW Saxifrage, yellow mountain, I Saxifrage family, 125 Scape, 20 Scirpus caespitosus, 89 Scoke, 93 Scorpion grass, 232 Scrophulariaceae, 245 Scutellaria galericulata, 236 integrifolia, 237 lateriflora, 236 serrata, 237 Sea rocket, American, 122 Seaside lavender, 215 Seaside pea, 151 Sedge family, 38 Seedbox, 187 Seeds, 18 Self-heal, 237 Senecio aureus, 322 Senna, wild or American, 140 Senna family, 140 Sensitive pea, I41 large-flowered, 141 Sensitive plant, wild, 141 Septicidal, 28 Sericocarpus asteroides, 311 Serrate, 16 Serrulate, 16 Sessile, 11 Sheep laurel, 205 Shinleaf, 195 Sicyos angulatus, 274 Sidesaddle flower, 123 Silene caroliniana, 96 latifolia, 95 Silique, 2 Silkweed, 22 Silphium perfoliatum, 314 Silverrod, 208 Silverweed, 132 Sinuate, 15 Sisymbrium nasturtium-aquaticum, 121 YORK STATE MUSEUM | Sisyrinchium angustifolium, 64 arenicola, 64 atlanticum, 64 graminoides, 64 mucronatum, 64 Sium cicutaefolium, 192 Skevish, 312 Skullcap, hooded or marsh, 236 larger or hyssop, 237 mad-dog or blue, 236 showy, 236 Skunk cabbage, 41 Smartweed, swamp, go Snakehead, 246 Snakemouth, 76 Snakeroot, 103 black, 104 Seneca, 161 white, 291 Sneezeweed, 321 Snowberry, creeping, 211 Solanaceae, 242 Solanum carolinense, 244 dulcamara, 244 nigrum, 244 rostratum, 244 tuberosum, 244 Solidago, 292 bicolor, 298 caesia, 297 canadensis, 299 flexicaulis, 297 houghtonii, 89, 300 puberula, 298 sempervirens, 299 Solomon’s-seal, false, 53 hairy, 57 smooth or giant, 59 star-flowered, 54 three-leaved, 54 two-leaved, 55 Sorrell, wood, 156 INDEX TO WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Sow thistle, 282 Spadix, 21 Spathe, 21 Spathyema foetida, 41 Spatter-dock, 98 Spatulate, 12 Specularia perfoliata, 278 Speedwell, 249 common, 250 marsh or skullcap, 250 Spider lily, 45 Spiderwort, 45 Spiderwort family, 45 Spike, 19 Spikenard, wild or false, 53 Spiraea, corymbed, 130 Spiraea alba, 129 corymbosa, 130 latifolia, 129 tomentosa, 129 Spring beauty, Carolina or wide-leaved, 94 narrow-leaved, 94 Squawberry, 266 Squawroot, 260 Squawweed, swamp, 322 Squirrel corn, 118 Staggerbush, 208 Stalk, 18 Stamens, 17, 23 Star flower, 214 Star grass, 52 yellow, 62 Starroot, 52 Starwort, mealy, 52 Steeplebush, 129 Steironema ciliatum, 213 Stigma, 18 Stipules, 11 Stomoisea cornuta, 256 Stone clover, 144 Stonecrop, ditch or Virginia, 124 Stonecrop family, Virginia, 124 Stoneroot, 241 Strawberry, 33 American wood, 133 barren or dry, 135 Europeari wood, 133 northern wild, 133 wild or scarlet, 133 Streptopus amplexifolius, 57 roseus, 56 Strophostyles helvola, 154 umbellata, 154 Style, 18 Subulate, 11 Sundew, oblong-leaved, 124 round-leaved, 124 spatulate-leaved, 123 thread-leaved, 124 Sundew family, 123 Sundrops, common, 190 Sunflower, 287 false, 315,321 hairy wild, 319 narrow-leaved or swamp, 317 pale-leaved wood, 319 rough or woodland, 318 swamp, 321 tall, giant or wild, 318 Sunflower family, 285 Swamp candles, 212 Swamp laurel, 206 Swamp lousewort, 253 Swamp smartweed, 90 Swamp thistle, 323 Sweet flag, 42 Sweet pea, wild, 145 Sweet pepper bush, 194 Sweet William, wild, 22 Symmetrical, 23 Syndesmon thalictroides, 107 Tansy, wild or goose, 132 Tea, New Jersey, 163 359 360 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Tear-thumb, arrow-leaved, 91 Triantha glutinosa, 47 halberd-leaved, 91 Trichostema dichotomum, 235 Teasel, common or card, 272 Trientalis americana, 214 Teasel family, 272 borealis, 214 Teucrium canadense, 235 Trifolium arvense, 144 ) littorale, 235 reflexum, 144 occidentale, 234 Trilliaceae, 59 Thalesia uniflora, 258 Trillium, red, 60 Thalictrum dioicum, 10g © white, 60 | polygamum, 110 Trillium cernum, 61 Thimbleberry, 137 _ erectum, 60 | Thimbleweed, 105 grandiflorum, 60 . Thistle, swamp, 323 undulatum, 61 ) sow, 282 Trollius laxus, 101 Thorn apple, 243 Trumeate, 13; <4 Thoroughwort, common, 290 Turkey corn, 118 hyssop-leaved, 289 Turtlehead, 246 rough or vervain, 289 Twayblade, heart-leaved, 81 Throatwort, 277 large, 84 Tiarella cordifolia, 127 Loesel’s, 84 Tick trefoil, 146 southern, 80 Dillen’s, 148 Twinberry, 266 large-bracted, 148 Twinflower, 268 prostrate, 147 Twin-leaf, 115 Tickseed, lance-leaved, 320 Twisted-stalk, clasping-leaved, 57 small rose or pink, 320 sessile-leaved, 56 Toadflax, bastard, 89 Typha angustifolia, 35 Tobacco, Indian or wild, 280 latifolia, 35 Tomato, 244 Typhaceae, 35 Toothed, 23 Toothwort, cut-leaved, 121 j Umbel, 20 large, 122 Unamia alba, 310 two-leaved, 121 Unifolium canadense, 55 Touch-me-not, pale, 158 Unsymmetrical, 23 spotted or wild, 158 Urtica dioica, 88 Tracaulon arifolium, 91 gracilis, 88 sagittatum, QI Urticaceae, 88 Tradescantia virginiana, 45 Urticastrum divaricatum, 88 Trailing arbutus, 208 Utricle, 30 Trefoil, bird’s foot, 144 | Utricularia intermedia, 257 marsh, 220 | macrorhiza, 258 Triantha, glutinous, 47 Uvularia grandiflora, 56 i i j | 5 INDEX TO WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Uvularia perfoliata, 56 sessilifolia, 55 Vacciniaceae, 210 Vagnera racemosa, 53 stellata, 54 trifolia, 54 Valerian, Greek, 231 Venus’s-looking-glass, 278 Veratrum viride, 49 Verbascum blattaria, 245 lychnitis, 245 thapsus, 246 Verbena hastata, 234 Verbenaceae, 234 Vernonia noveboracensis, 288 Veronica americana, 249 officinalis, 250 scutellata, 250 Versatile, 26 Verticillate, 17 Vervain, blue or false, 234 Vervain family, 234 Vetchling, 152 cream-colored, 152 marsh, 152 Viola adunca, 182 affinis, 176 blanda, 180 brittoniana, 175 canadensis, 181 conspersa, 182 cucullata, 177 emarginata, 17 acutiloba, 178 eriocarpa, 181 fimbriatula, 177 hirsutula, 176 incognita, 179 labradorica, 182 lanceolata, 180 latiuscula, 176 Viola nephrophylla, 176 odorata, 170 pallens, 180 palmata, 174 papilionacea, 176 pedata, 173 perpensa, 175 primulifolia, 180 pectinata, 17 pubescens, 181 rafinesquii, 183 renifolia, 179 rostrata, 183 | rotundifolia, 181 sagittata, 177 selkirkii, 179 septentrionalis, 176 } sororia, 175 striata, 182 ' subvestita, 182 tricolor, 170, 171 triloba, 174 Violaceae, 170 Violet, Alpine dog, 182 American dog, 182 arrow-leaved, 177 bird’s-foot, 173 broad-leaved wood, 176 Canada, 181 coast or Britton’s, 175 cut-leaved, 178 dog’s-tooth, 51 downy yellow, 181 false, 138 great-spurred, 179 hooded blue, 176 kidney-leaved white, 179 lance-leaved or water, 180 large-leaved white, 179 b LeConte’s, 17 early blue or palmate-leaved, 174 English, marsh or sweet, 170 301 362 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Violet, long-spurred, 183 marsh blue, 177 northern bog, 176 northern white, 180 northern wood, 176 ovate-leaved, 177 pale or striped, 182 primrose-leaved, 180 round-leaved yellow, 181 sand, 182 Selkirk’s, 179 sister, 175 smoothish yellow, 181 southern wood, 176 sweet white, 180 triangle-leaved, 178 woolly blue, 175 Violet family, 170 Viorna ochroleuca, 112 Viper’s bugloss, 233 Virgin’s bower, 110 purple, 112 Virginia cowslip, 232 Wake-robin, 60 large-flowered, 60 nodding, 61 painted, 61 Wake-robin family, 59 Waldsteinia fragarioides, 135 Water arum, 41 Water crowfoot, stiff white, 10g Water lily, sweet scented white, 99 tuberous white, 99 Water lily family, 98 Water parsnip, hemlock, 192 Water plantain family, 37 Water willow, 262 Water-cress, true, 121 Waterleaf, appendaged, 232 broad-leaved, 232 Virginia, 231 Waterleaf family, 231 White alder family, 194 White Ben, 95 Whorled, 17 Wicky, 205 Wild pink, 78, 96 Willow, water, 262 Willow-herb, 183 great hairy, 188 great or spiked, 187 northern, 188 Windflower, 106 Wintergreen, 33 bog, 194 chickweed, 214 creeping or spicy, 209 flowering, 162 greenish-flowered, 196 liver-leaf, 197 one-flowered, 197 one-sided, 197 round-leaved American, 195 spotted, 198 Wintergreen family, 194 | Wood lily, 50 Wood sage, 234, 235 | Wood sorrel, tall yellow, 157 violet, 157 white or true, 156 Wood sorrel family, 156 Woodbine, 110 Wymote, 163 Xanthium canadense, 287 echinatum, 287 Xanthoxalis cymosa, 157 Xyridaceae, 42 Xyris caroliniana, 42 flexuosa, 44 montana, 44 Yarrow, 322 Yellow-eyed grass, Carolina, 42 ei i ij Ni CUR ban be re he uD hh tell bee Luanihl i! ik Bhd dui Hn) f iF ih | dit 7° {ifi! | wy iwi iil ii “fide: si Hi Hii) A amt Hi 1H Hi | i Hah rll ae Blot leypiblly ma Te TH it EB a are th eda, ie r' See Upiar | denn tei! 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