I •• ' ! .-.-., -; .-; • ' - ' I .. - - • ; ; :-'.--• ••-- I SB* ^^^^H • • • '• j ,- *.*.,• ». --- H ; - ' - . f s - >" - GIFT OF The University of the State of New York STATE MUSEUM JOHN M. CLARKE. Director Memoir 15 WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK IN TWO PARTS BY HOMER D. HOUSE State Botanist Part i TABLE OF CONTENTS MM Letter of Communication 3 Introduction 9 Plant Structure. . 10 Descriptions of Species. 35 List of Illustrations (part 2) 325 Index (part 2) 341 ALBANY THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 1918 v AGRIGi DEPTi " <^~ THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Regents of the University With years when terms expire (Revised to July i, 1918) 1926 PLINY T. SEXTON LL.B. LL.D. Chancellor - Palmyra 1927 ALBERT VANDER VEER M.D. M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. Vice Chancellor Albany 1922 CHESTER S. LORD M.A. LL.D. - Brooklyn 1930 WILLIAM NOTTINGHAM M.A. Ph.D. LL.D. - Syracuse 1921 FRANCIS M. CARPENTER - Mount Kisco 1923 ABRAM I. ELKUS LL.B. D.C.L. - New York 1924 ADELBERT MOOT LL.D. - Buffalo 1925 CHARLES B. ALEXANDER M.A. LL.B. LL.D. Litt.D. Tuxedo 1919 JOHN MOORE LL.D. - Elmira 1928 WALTER GUEST KELLOGG B.A. LL.D. - Ogdensburg 1920 JAMES BYRNE B.A. LL.B. LL.D. - - New York 1929 HERBERT L. BRIDGMAN M.A. - Brooklyn President of the University and Commissioner of Education JOHN H. FINLEY M.A. LL.D. L.H.D. Deputy Commissioner and Assistant Commissioner for Elementary Education THOMAS E. FINEGAN M.A. Pd.D. LL.D. Assistant Commissioner and Director of Professional Education AUGUSTUS S. DOWNING M.A. L.H.D. LL.D. Assistant Commissioner for Secondary Education CHARLES F. WHEELOCK B.S. LL.D. Director of State Library JAMES I. WYER, JR, M.L.S. Director of Science and State Museum JOHN M. CLARKE D.Sc. LL.D. Chiefs and Directors of Divisions Administration, HIRAM C. CASE Agricultural and Industrial Education, LEWIS A. WILSON Archives and History, JAMES SULLIVAN M.A. Ph.D. Attendance, JAMES D. SULLIVAN Educational Extension, WILLIAM R. WATSON B.S. Examinations and Inspections, GEORGE M. WILEY M.A Law, FRANK B. GILBERT B.A., Counsel Library School, FRANK K. WALTER M.A. M.L.S. School Buildings and Grounds, FRANK H. WOOD M.A. -' • '-.tech'ool Libraries, SHERMAN WILLIAMS Ph.D. Vteuaf: Instruction, ALFRED W. ABRAMS Ph.B. LETTER OF COMMUNICATION York State Museum January jo, !Ql8 The Ilonornblf John II. Finlty President of the Universitv SIR: The scientific survey of this State, established in |H%V> under the title ' The Natural History of New York," embraces in its monumental rejx)rts two volumes treating of the flora of the State. These volumes, prepan-d by the distinguished botanist, John Torrey, bear the inscription: l-'lora of the Shite of \ew York; Comprising Full Descriptions of All the Indigenous and \\ititrnlized Plants Hitherto Discovered in the State, with Remarks on Their Economical and Medical Properties (1X43). The species descrilx.il in this work were entirely of the phenogamous or flowering plants. Until that time no summary of the New York flora hail Ixvn brought together; and the service rendered to the people of the State by the publication <>t~ this compendium was of a high order and was received with enthusiastic appreciation. Doctor Torrey *s books served the needs of the time and expressed the state of its knowledge of the New York flora. Seventy-five years have passed, and in that long stretch of time botan- ical science has grown widely and apace. The field of cryptogamic botany, that which deals with the flowerless plants, the mushrooms, mosses, lichens and their kind, was not entered in these- early reports; it was obscure and little understood; its mostly inconspicuous growths did not attract the eye or invite the observer; nor were its important relations to the economy of the community even suspected. The early official botanical investigations of the State were formally terminated by the publication of John Torrey 's reports. Not till 1867 did the need of continuous official attention to this department of science meet 3 422C9I 4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the recognition of the Regents of the University. In that year Charles Horton Peck was designated to take charge of such botanical collections as had accumulated in the State Museum, and not long thereafter Mr Peck was officially appointed the State Botanist. To the botanical service of the State Mr Peck thereafter dedicated himself without reserve for the rest of his long life. He added much to the store of knowledge of the flow- ering plants, but the veiled world of the flowerless plants the more invited him and to it he specially gave his labors; leaving behind him a harvest of knowledge of them and a repute for his intricate researches which ranks him high on the roll of great botanists. Doctor Peck spared no effort, however, to increase the store of knowledge of all the flora of the State and he is the creator of the large state herbarium. After fifty years of unstinted devotion to his science and to his State, Doctor Peck fell asleep in honor, in the year 1917. Since the date of Torrey's report, the flowering plants have been the subject of study in all parts of the Commonwealth. Botanical societies and local students have multiplied; records have grown; the demand for information has greatly increased; but there has been no reliable exposition of such information accessible to these students. It has been with this purpose of meeting a wide demand and of setting forth with such excellence as present knowledge and perfected modes of illustration could afford, that the present work, The Wild Flowers of New York, has been projected. The undertaking, bound to be an arduous one, has not been entered upon hastily. The advice of the leading botanists of this State and country was sought as to its timeliness, its scope, mode of presentation and illustration. The interested public will find it to be not a highly technical guide, couched in closely analytical descriptions, but a comparatively brief text, untechnical so far as the theme permits, accom- panied by color illustrations made from the growing plants. The present State Botanist, Dr Homer D. House, is the responsible author of the work; he has not only prepared the text and its arrangement, but has supervised in detail the color photography; he has accompanied the photographers WILD KLO\M-K- ()| M-\\ \(.KK 5 into the field on every visit and has selected every subject which is here reproduced. The color illustrations must speak for themselves. They have U-en executed with most painstaking fare by the quadricolor process, and the living and growing plants have been reproduced in their colors as near to those of nature as now seems possible. Credit for the printing and binding of the work should be given to the J. B. Lyon Company of Albany, but the Matthews- Northrup Company of Buffalo and the X» •.--,, -\Vilkiiis. m Company of New York are to Ix: accredited with the quality and making of the color plates. As such. then, these volumes are given to the people of the State and as such, we believe, they would have this service rendered. Very respectfully JOHN M. CLARKE Director One who is upon the gray ocean at this season of the year when, in the woods and at the roadsides in the State of New York, the wild flowers are beginning to redeem their promises of life, appreciates as never before how much these quiet, persistent pioneers of the fields contribute in scent, color and form to the making of that which is summed up in the name York; even as the heather to the making of that country whose head- lands are now dimly emerging from the level SIM. The sight of a spray of these native flowers, such as many a page in this book carries, would be as a twig borne back in ancient times to the ark - a sign that, though the flood of war has overwhelmed many valleys, the elemental processes of life go forward undisturbed in the " Empire State." Whatever the economic value or imputed harm of these aborigines, first settlers, later immigrants and vagrants which together constitute the Flora of the State, it is desirable from every point of view, since they are our near, most welcome but some- times intrusive neighbors, that we should know their faces, their habits ami their capacities for good or warning of ill. It is a great realm of life within the State of which the State as a whole should acknowledge the possession. I have unusual satisfaction in finding it my official opportunity to say an introductory word to this notable and distinguished work, because it is the record of a possession which the Director of the State Museum, Dr John M. Clarke, has enabled the State to make. It has a great practical value. but it has another value in making perennial and keeping in perpetual domestic bloom, in home and schoolhouse and library, flowers that blossom but a few days or weeks in the wild state in which they have been so skil- fully and sympathetically discovered by Doctor House. I am proud that the State has made possible such a publication and that The University of the State of New York has been able to execute the commission with such succt On the . \ tin ntic Ocean President of the I 'niversity May WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK INTRODUCTION The State of New York possesses a large variety of herbaceous and shrubby plants with conspicuous flowers, which may be classed under the rather broad and indefinite term of " wild flowers." For the purpose <>f this work only a few of the shrubs, such as the Mountain I^iurel, Azalea and Labrador Tea have been included, the thought being to present mainly herbaceous plants with conspicuous flowers. Anyone who has observed the natural vegetation in such unlike parts of the Stati' as the salt marshes and pine barrens of Long Island, the higher Adirondack and Catskill mountains or the woodlands of the western counties must have been impressed by the obvious difference in the wild flowers of those several sections, and especially by the fact that very few of the wild flowers which bloom between early spring and late autumn in the Adirondacks are to be found on Long Island. Such differences in the character of the vegetation of widely separated portions of the State are explained partly by soil conditions and partly by differences in climate. Located with the ocean at one side- and the great inland lakes at the other, the State is favored by conditions of atmospheric moisture (relative humidity, rainfall and snowfall) which make it climati- cally a forest region, and hence favorable for a luxuriant variety of herbace- ous and shrubby plants; a region in which forests would naturally dominate all other vegetation if not cut down. The temperature conditions along the southern coast of the State are modified by the ocean, and to some extent on the west by the Great Lakes, while the elevated mountain masses of the Adirondack and Catskill regions produce cooler summers and shorter growing seasons. I am indebted to Mr Edward A. Eames of Buffalo for photographs and autochromes of certain orchids, to Mr G. A. Bailey of Geneseo, and Mr O. O. Nylander of Caribou. Me., for additional photographs and to Mr Louis R. Robbins, former assistant to State Botanist, for assistance in the preparation of the text and illustrations for the chapter on Plant Structurv. 9 IO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM PLANT STRUCTURE1 No one who loves plants, either cultivated or wild, has failed to note how they differ from one another in shape, size, color and arrangement of the flowers, the leaves and other parts. These features are essentially the same in all individuals of a given species, but differ greatly in individual plants not belonging to the same species or variety. To express these differences requires a terminology that is familiar largely only to those who have studied botany. The fact that it is practically impossible to describe a plant accurately without the use of a certain number of these special terms is a great impediment to a broad familiarity with our wild flowers on the part of all those who would like to study them with the aid of botanical guides. Because of the great variety of flowering plants and the minuteness of the flowers on many of them, the difficulty of identification is even greater than that connected with the study of bird and animal life. The following brief summary of the terms necessary to an accurate description of a flowering plant, taken alone, means little to the average reader. Taken in connection with the plants as they are found growing and carefully studied, these terms, as soon as understood, place one on a footing of easy familiarity with the wild flowers, so that an accurate descrip- tion as given in books means something definite and enables one to decide if the given description applies to the plant under consideration. Supple- mented by illustrations, a study of the terminology used enables the student to acquire a much wider knowledge of our wild flowers. Leaves The leaf is an essential organ of all plants which live independently, that is, are not parasitic upon other plants (like the Dodder) or saprophytic upon dead plant remains (like the Indian Pipe). The leaf manufactures 1 The cuts in this section are adapted from Gray's Lessons in Botany. Copyright by Asa Gray. Reproduced by permission of the American Book Company, publishers. WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK II food for the plant, gives off excess water (transpiration) and is the breathing organ of the plant. To accomplish these functions the leaf is built up by a complex arrangement of cells and is variously modified in different groups of plants to meet the external conditions of environment and competition by other plants. The parts of a leaf are designated as blade, petiole and stipules. The leaf blade (figure i A) is the broadly expanded portion, although in some species the leaf blade is very narrow or even threadlike. The petiole (figure iB) is the stalk which supports the blade, and may be lacking in some cases, when the leaf is said to be sessile. The stipules (figure iC) are small, leaflike organs at the base of the petiole, and are best typified by the rose leaf. Frequently the stipules encircle the stem at the base of the petiole and of tin they are entirely lacking or fall away so soon after the leaves expand that they are not found when the plant is in bloom. Terms of leaf outline: The various shapes of leaf blades may U- expressed by the following terms: Subulate; awl-shaped, without visible expansion of blade, and usually tapering to the apex (figure 3). 3 4 5 6 7 Linear, or ribbon-shaped; elongated and several times longer than wide (figure 4). 12 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Lanceolate ; in which the leaf blade is three times as long as wide, or longer, and broadest at or below the middle (figure 5) . Oblong; in which the blade is somewhat longer than wide, broadest in the middle or with sides almost parallel (figure 6) . Ovate ; shaped like an egg ; that is, broadest below the middle or near the base (figure 7). Elliptical ; rounded at both ends, somewhat longer than wide (figure 8) . Orbicular or rotund; in which the blade is nearly or quite circular in outline (figure 9). Reniform; in which the blade is broader than long, with a heart-shaped base (figure 10). Deltoid; triangle-shaped, similar to ovate but conspicuously broadened at the base and pointed at the apex (figure 1 1 ) . Consideration of a few leaf blades shows immediately that these terms are not always sufficient to express accurately the shape and we may have recourse to combinations of terms, such as oblong-lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate (figure 13), etc. The shape of leaf blades which are broadest above the middle may be expressed by the following terms: Obovate; ovate in shape, but broadest near the apex or above the middle (figure 14). Oblanceolate ; lanceolate in shape but broadest above the middle or near the apex (figure 15). Spatulate ; in which the blade is oblanceolate or obovate in shape with the base conspicuously elongated (figure 12). WILD KI.'>\\I-K- <)l \l \V YORK / t-rms applied to the apex of the leaf: Obcordate; broad and heart-shaix-d at tin- apex (figure i<« Emarginate; with a slight depression at tin- somewhat narmwiil ajx-x (figur. i; Retuse; terminating in a semicircular end, the center of which is somewhat indented (figure IS). Truncate; with a flat or abrupt apex (figure 19). Acuminate; when the apex of the blade is longer than broad (figure .-<> Acute; when the ajx-x of the blade is about as broad as long (figure ;\ Obtuse or blunt; when the apex is much broader than long i figure -V 16 17 14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Mucronate; when the apex is terminated by a short blunt tip (figure 23). Cuspidate ; when the tip of the blade is hard and stiff (figure 24) . Terms applied to the base of the leaf: The terms truncate, acuminate, acute, obtuse (defined above) may also be applied to the shape of the base of the leaf blade, in addition to the following : 31 32 Cordate; heart-shaped (figure 25). Cuneate, or wedge-shaped; when the sides of the leaf blade taper to an acute angle at the base (figure 27). Auriculate, when the depression at the base of the blade is deep and produces on either side conspicuous basal lobes (figures 28 and 32). Sagittate; when the b^sal lobes point downward like the head of an arrow (figure 30). Hastate; when the basal lobes are turned outward (figure 29). V.'ll.n Kl.o\\l-ks 01 M \\ YORK 15 Peltate; a rounded leaf blade with the jH-tiole attached at or near the middle of the lower surface (figure 31). Perfoliate ; when the bases of leaf blades meet and join around the stem of the plant (figure 26). Terms applied to the marginal segmentation of leaf blades: Sinuate; when the marginal lolx-s of the leaf blade present a wavy outline (figure 33). 34 36 Pinnately lobed ; when the tissue between the veinlets is cut out nearly to the midrib of the leaf and the divisions are arranged like the pinnae of a feather (figure 34). Palmate ; when the blade is deeply divided nearly or quite to a common base (figure 38). 16 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Serrate (figure 35); when the margin is sharply toothed with coarse teeth, like a saw. When the teeth are rounded inward or are convex, the margin is said to be dentate (figure 37). When the margin is formed of rounded teeth it is said to be crenate (figure 36). If the teeth are very small, the diminutives of the above terms are used, namely, serrulate (figure 39), denticulate (figure 40) and crenulate (figure 41). 41 Compound leaves: When a leaf possesses several divisions or seg- ments upon a common petiole or rachis, it is said to be compound. The distinction between a simple leaf, which is deeply divided, and a compound leaf, rests upon the presence of distinct articulation between the leaf seg- ment of the compound leaf and the petiole. Compound leaves may be pinnate (figure 42), when the leaflets are arranged on either side of a com- mon petiole (Ash, Rose, Walnut etc.) or palmately compound (figure 43), when the leaflets all join the petiole at its summit (Horse-chestnut). 42 43 Leaf arrangement: Alternate, when the leaves are arranged one at a node and each leaf is opposite and above the preceding leaf; spirally arranged, when the nodes WILD H.C>\\ IK- "I \l \\ YORK are not opposite; and opposite when the leaves are in pairs opposite each other on the same node. When several leaves arc inserted on the same node they are said to be whorled or verticillate. Flowers The flower of a plant is a group of organs (figure 44) which exist for the purpose of producing seed. The parts of a flower fall into two general groups: those which ac tually function c as seed producers (essential organs), and those which act as protective organs or organs for the attraction of insects (floral envelops or perianth). These might also be designated as non- essential organs, since they are lack- ing in certain flowers. The essential organs consist of two parts, the pistils (figure 44A) and the stamens (figure 44 D, E), often designated as the pistillate and stami- nate parts of a flower; and when a flower contains only pistils it is called a pistillate flower, and when it contains only stamens it is called a staminate flower. When both stamens and pistils are present in the same flower, it is said to be perfect. If, in addition, the flower possesses the floral envelops. calyx and corolla, it is called a complete flower. Hence a flower which lacks any of these sets of organs is incomplete (that is, if it lacks either calyx or corolla) ; if it lacks either stamens or pistils it is imperfect. The perianth or floral em-dopes: The ideal flower contains two sets of floral envelops, the calyx (figure 44?) and the corolla. In some flowers the corolla is entirely or partly divided into a certain number of divisions, each of which is called 18 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM a petal (figure 44G). They are usually but not always brightly colored. Subtending or beneath the corolla is the calyx, which is usually, but not always, green, and is likewise in many plants divided into a number of distinct parts or sepals. When an incomplete flower has but one set of floral envelopes, it is usually the petals (or corolla) which are lacking, and in such cases the calyx may be brightly colored and function as a corolla (a petaliferous calyx). The essential organs: The number and arrangement of stamens varies in different kinds of plants, but nearly always a stamen consists of a filament or stalk (figure 44E), which bears at its apex the anther (figure 440), or pollen -bearing sac. The shape of the anther, and the manner by which it dehisces, or opens to emit the pollen, likewise varies in different groups of plants. The pistil (figure 44A-C), or seed-bearing organ, consists of an ovary (figure 44A), stigma (figure 44C) and style (figure 446). The ovary is at the base of the pistil and contains the ovules or eggs, which after fertilization ripen into seeds. The ovary usually con- tains several or many ovules, but may contain as few as a single ovule. The stigma is that part of the pistil which acts as a receptive organ for pollen in the process of pollination. Its surface is usually moist and minutely granular and its position and shape are dependent upon the mode of pollination (insects or wind) made use of by the particular plant. The style connects the stigma and ovary. It may be long or short, slender or stout, or sometimes entirely lacking when the stigma is situated directly upon the ovary. The ovary itself may contain one or several chambers or cells (figures 45-47), and very frequently the number of chambers in the ovary and the 45 46 47 WILD FLOWERS OF NK\V YORK lobes or divisions of the stigma bear a direct relationship to the number of petals, sepals and stamens. The term carpel (or carpophyllum > is used to designate the seed-bearing leaf. A carpel may be a pistil of itself, or it may be a constituent of a more complex pistil. In either case, a carpel is the homologue of a leaf. The surface within the ovary to which tin- ovules are attached is called the placenta. Simple pistils may be solitary, or several together on a common recep- tacle within the flower, as in the Buttercup. A compound pistil consist N of two, three or more carpels united into one body. The apex of the flowering stem, which supports the flower, is designated as the receptacle. , * 48 49 50 51 A rra ngcment of flowers: Flowers are either solitary or clustered, but their arrangement varies in different kinds of plants, and may even vary to some extent in the same species. The arrangement or disposition of the flowers may be designau-d as the inflorescence. The following arc the most frequent arrangements of flowers: Spike (figure 48), in which the flowers are arranged along the flowering 2O NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM stem, and sessile (that is, without stalks) or with very short stalks (pedicels). When the flowering stem is naked (devoid of leaves) and rises directly from the root or crown of the plant, it is called a scape (figure 51). Raceme (figure 49) , in which the flowers are arranged along a flowering stem and each flower possesses a distinct stalk or pedicel. The lower pedicels may be somewhat longer than the upper ones. Umbel (figure 52), when the flowers arise from the same point, which is usually the apex of the flowering stem or of a lateral flowering stalk, and 55 radiate like the rays of an umbrella. If the radiating stalks of such an inflorescence bear smaller umbels at their tips, it is called a compound umbel. Corymb [corymbose] (figure 54), when the branches of an inflorescence are of unequal length, but the lower or outer ones are longest so that they all form a flat-topped, or nearly flat-topped, cluster. Cyme (figure 55), when the flowers each terminate an axis or stem arising successively from a new axis or stem. \MI l» l-l.uUI-Ks (>| M \\ M)KK 21 A spadix is a spikelike inflorescence with a fleshy stalk and with sessile flowers; the floral leaf or bract which subtends it or surrounds it partially is called the spa the (Skunk Cabbage, Wild Calla). A panicle, or compound raceme (figure 50), is formed by the arrange- ment of flowers along the plant stem, similar to a raceme, but each flower •tern has two or more branches. Head (figure 53), an arrangement of flowers compactly on a common receptacle and surrounded by bracts (involucral bracts). Modification ami arrangement of the perianth: Among the simpler groups of flowering plants the perianth is wanting, as in the Cat-tail and Willow. In the Sweet Flag, Oak and others, the perianth consists of a few scales, but in the higher plants, the perianth appears as a conspicuous portion of the flower, as in the Lily. Finally, as in the Rose family, there appears a clearly differentiated calyx and corolla. In the simpler types of flowers, the sepals, petals and the stanu ns arise at the top of the receptacle. Such flowers are called hypogynous, meaning the insertion of these parts below the ovary (figure 56). When the basal portion of the receptacle is continued upward, forms a cup-shaped growth around the ovary and bears the sepals, petals ami stamens upon its margin, the flower is called perigynous (figures 57 and 51 » meaning the insertion of the parts of the flower around the ovary. Frequently the growth of the receptacle adheres to the ovary, and the sepals, petals and stamens appear to arise from above the position of the ovary, in which case the flower is called epigynous (figure 58), meaning above the ovary. There may be varying degrees of cohesion or union of the parts of one or both of the floral envelopes (perianth). When the sepals are united with each other the calyx is said to be gamosepalous, while a gamopetalous corolla (figures 62, 63, 64 and 65) refers to a union of the petals, as in the flower of the Morning-glory. The degree of coalescence or union of parts of a gamopetalous corolla 22 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 59 61 v III) FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 23 varies in different flowers. When the calyx or corolla is divided almost to tlu- base it is said to be parted (figure 63) ; when divided to about the middle it is said to be cleft (figure 64) ; when still less separated it may be said to be lobed or toothed (figure 65) ; or if entire on the margin it is said to be entire (figure 62). When the parts of each set of organs of a flower are alike or equal in size, the flower is said to be regular, which means that the petals are alike. the sepals are alike and the stamens are alike. A symmetrical flower is one in which the sepals, petals and stamens are of the same number; unsymmetrical when there are unequal numbers in each cycle, that is, an unequal number of sepals, petals of stamens. Certain groups of plants may often be recognized by the form of the corolla of some of its members. This character seems to be quite constant and the names of several large or important families of flowering plants are derived from this source. Of these groups we may mention the cruciferous (figure 60) type of flower of the Mustard family (Cruciferae), in which there are four spreading petals forming a cross, as in the flower of the Spring Cress (Cardamine bulbosa); the labiate corolla (figure 66) of the Mint family (Labiatae) in which the corolla is more or less two-lipped; the papilionaceous type of flower (figure 61) of the Pea family (Leguminosae), in which the petals are characteristically groujx-d into two lateral (wing) petals, a single upper (banner) petal and a pair of lower petals, often more or less united to form the keel. Stamens: The general characteristics of the stamens have already been described. In the stamens, as in the case of the petals and sepals, the number and arrangement are subject to great variation in different kinds of plants. Monandrous refers to a flower with a single or solitary stamen ; polyandrous to a flower containing several stamens. The stamens may be monodelphous, in which the filaments are united into a tube, as in the Wild Lupine (figure 67), or the stamens may be diadelphous (figure 68), which means two sets NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 62 64 65 67 68 69 \\It.D Fl.0\\ I KN 01 \|.;\v YORK ^5 of united stamens. In this form of arrangement there may IK- a union of the filaments of all the stamens except one. which is a common diadclphous arrangement of stamens in many of the sjx-eies of the Bean family. When there are several sets of united stamens, the arrangement is said to be polydelphous. Adnation <>r union of the stamens with other parts of the flower is nf frequent occurrence, and the terms employed depend upon the degree ••! adnation, or the absence of it. namely, hypogynous (meaning Ix-neath the pistil), applied to parts, including stamens, which are inserted or Ixirne on the receptacle of the flower (figure 50). This is the absence of adnation and indicates an unmodified type. Perigynous i around the pistil) implies an adnation which carries up the apparent origin or place of insertion <>t the parts of the flower to some distance atx>ve or away from the receptacle and thus placing the insertion around instead of Ix-neath the pistil (figure 57 i. Epigynous (on the pistil), where the adnation is complete to the very top of the ovary (figure 5V When the stamens are l>orne upon the corolla, or upon the tube of the corolla, they are said to be epipetalous (figure oy). and when they arc- borne upon the pistil, as in the Orchid family, they are said to IK- gynandrous. The most important part of a stamen is the anther (figure 44!)), which contains the pollen. It normally consists of two lobes or sacs; but as each sac is often, and in most of our common flowers, divided into two cavities, it appears to possess in such instances four pollen sacs. For the discharge of the jx)llen. the cells of a normal anther ojx-n along a definite line, usually extending from top to bottom. This suture or line of dehiscence may be lateral or marginal, or centrally located. In the genus Solanum, to which the Potato belongs, in most memlx-rs of the Heath family (Ericaceae), in Polygala, and certain other sjK-eies the anther cells open only by a hole or pore (figure 71). In the Bluelx-rry. Cranberry etc. the pore-bearing tip of the anther cell is prolonged con- siderably, often into a slender tube. In the Barberry, and in most other members of that family, and in the Lauraceae, the whole face of each anther 26 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM cell separates by a continuous line, forming a kind of door, which is attached at the top, and turns back, as if on a hinge; and the anther is said to open by uplifted valves (figure 72). In the Sassafras and certain other members of the Lauraceae, each lobe of the anther opens by two smaller valves, like trapdoors. The attachment of the anther to the filament (or stalk) presents three different modes, frequently connected by gradation: Innate (figure 70), in which the anther is a direct continua- tion of the axis of the filament, the cells usually opening by marginal slits, and the lobes or cells of the anther project neither inward nor outward; adnate (figure 73) , in which the anther is a direct continuation of the filament but having the anther cells adherent to the anterior or posterior face of the filament; the Wild Ginger (Asarum) furnishes a good example of this, on account of a prominent prolongation of the connective or tip of the fila- ment (figure 74); versatile (figure 75), when the anther is attached at some part only of its back or front to the tip of the filament, on which it lightly swings when the pollen is discharged ; examples of this are seen in members of the Lily family, the grasses, Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis) and others. Pollination The structure of most flowers affords an excellent indication of the device used for the transference of pollen from one flower to another (pollination). Long ago it was assumed that Nature wished no flower to be fertilized by its own pollen, but in the light of present knowledge we know ;' 73 75 WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 27 this is not wholly true. The subject of pollination of flowers by in received a great light through the investigations of Charles Darwin and the publication in 1862 of his well-known book on the fertilization of orchids by the aid of insects. As we understand the matter today, it appears that flowers are habitu- ally intercrossed (flowers of the same species), and that there are manifold structural adaptations which secure or favor this interchange of pollt-n. Separation of sexes (stamens and pistils) is a direct adaptation to cross- pollination, rendering it necessary between individuals with dioecious flowers, and favoring it in most plants with monoecious and polygamous flowers. Strictly, close fertilization can take place in hermaphroditic flowers only. Flowers depend upon certain external agencies for the transference of pollen from one flower to the flower on another plant. These agencies are wind (anemophilous flowers) and insects (entomophilous flowers). Other agencies are of minor importance, although water must be considered in connection with some aquatic plants. Wind -pollinated flowers are mostly dull in color, destitute of odor and nectar, since these qualities attract insects. Wind -pollinated flowers usually have the sexes separated, the flowers borne in great abundance and have very light pollen. Most of our common trees (the Pines. ( )aks, Hickories etc.) depend upon wind for the transference of pollen, as do also the grasses, sedges, Plantain and others. Insect-pollinated flowers are correlated with showy coloration (includ- ing white, which is most showy at dusk), odor or secretion of nectar. Structural adaptations of the flower in reference to insect visitation are wonderfully various, and most of these are found upon investigation to favor, or often to necessitate, cross- pollination. The range of these varia- tions is too extensive to be treated here. Literature upon this subject is easily available and most textbooks of botany contain chapters upon tin- subject. After pollination the pollen grain germinates upon the surface of the 28 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM stigma, sends a tube down through the tissue of the stigma and style and discharges into the ovule a male nucleus which unites with a nucleus in the embryo sac of the ovule, fertilizing the ovule, and stimulating its develop- ment into an embryonic plant. By a process of hardening of the coats of the ovule its development is arrested and the seed is produced. The Fruit The fruit of a plant (in the case of our flowering plants) consists of the matured pistil (or gynoecium) , including also whatever parts of the perianth or other floral organs may be joined to it. Fruits are of various degrees of simplicity or complexity, and may consist of a matured simple ovary, a cluster of such ovaries, at least when they are somewhat coherent, or a ripened ovary with calyx and other floral parts consolidated with it. The pericarp, or seed vessel, is the ripened ovary and should therefore accord in structure with the ovary from which it is derived. In the development of a simple ovary into a simple fruit certain alterations some- times take place, either by the abortion or obliteration of certain parts, or by accessory growth. The dehiscence is the method by which a pericarp opens to discharge its seeds and may be regular (normal) or irregular (abnormal). The word " pod " is frequently applied to dehiscent pericarps. A capsule is a dehiscent pericarp formed of two or more carpels. Such carpels are septicidal (figure 80) when the dehiscence is such that the carpel is divided into its constituent carpels. Members of the St John's-wort family afford a good example of this method as do also Rhododendron and Kalmia. Carpels are called loculicidal (figure 79) when each of the compo- nent carpels splits down its dorsal suture, as in Iris, Hibiscus, Oenothera etc. Kinds of fruits. For ordinary purposes it is sufficient to classify fruits into four classes: 1 Simple fruits, those which result from the ripening of a single pistil. 2 Aggregate, those of a cluster of carpels of one flower crowded into a mass. WILD FLOWERS OF M.v\ \t.KK 29 3 Accessory fruits, where the principal mass consists of the surround- ings or support of either a simple or an aggregate fruit. 4 Multiple or collective fruits, formed by the union or compact aggregation of the pistils of several flowers. I Simple Fruits Upon the basis of texture, simple fruits may be designated as dry fruits, stone fruits and baccate fruits. Dry fruits which are dehiscent: Follicle (figure 78), a pod formed by a simple pistil, and di-hiMvnt along one line (suture, and almost always the inner or ventral suture), as in the Columbine, Marsh Marigold, Milkweed and Dogbane. Legume (figure 77), a pod formed of a simple pistil which is dehiscent by both sutures, so dividing it into two pieces or valves. The fruits of the Bean or Pea family are of this sort. Some members of this family (Meibomia), however, have legumes reduced to indehiscent achenes, joined together end to end. and to which a special term " loment " (figure 76) is applied. Capsule (figures 79 and Ho), a pod or dehiscent fruit, of any compound pistil. The modes of regular dehiscence are mentioned above in the paragraph on dehiscence, and it remains here to describe two modifications of the capsule, namely, the pyxis, in which the dehiscence is along a circular line, cutting off the upper part as a lid, examples of which are seen in the common Plantain, Purslane and Hen- bane, small plants or weeds not illustrated in this work; and the silique, a narrow, two-valved capsule, with two parietal placentae, from which the 7G 77 78 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM valves separate in dehiscence, as in the Mustard family, where there is usually a false partition stretched across between the two placentae. Dry fruits which are indehiscent : Samara, an indehiscent, one-seeded fruit provided with a wing. In the Ash, the wing is terminal ; in the Elm, the wing surrounds the body of the pericarp; and the Maple fruit is a double samara or pair of such fruits. Achene (figures 81-88), a general term for all one-seeded, dry and hard, seedlike fruits. The best examples are the fruits of the Butter- cup, Anemone, Clematis and Avens. The style sometimes remains on the fruit as a long and feathery tail (Dandelion, figure 85), and in others merely as a short hook (Buttercup, figures 86 and 87)- In the Compositae (Sunflower family) the tube of the calyx is joined with the surface of the ovary, and its border or upper edge appears as a crown or cup, or a set of teeth or of scales, or very often as a tuft of bristles or hairs, called the pappus (figures 82-84,88). Utricle, a dry achenelike fruit with a thin and bladdery loose pericarp, like that of the Goosef oot (Chenopodium) . Caryopsis or grain, differs from the achene in having the seed completely filling the cell and its thin coats firmly consolidated throughout with the very thin pericarp. This term is applied to the fruits of the grass family, including Indian corn and all other cereals. Nut, a hard one-celled and one-seeded, indehiscent fruit which finds its best examples in the fruit of the Hazel, Beech, Oak, Chestnut etc. The smaller nutlike fruits of the Borrage family and of the Mint family are usually called nutlets. 79 \\ II l> I lOW I K- M \V YORK Stone fruits: Drupe (figures 90 and 92), of which the tn-st examples are the fruit of the Cherry, Plum, Peach etc., are one-seeded or rarely two-seeded, in the ripening of which the outer portion of the j>eriearp Uinnu s Meshy or pulpy and tlu- inner portion l>ecomes much hardened. The term is also commonly applied to similar fruits of the Hackl>erry. Cornus, Rhamnus etc. In the case of the Blackberry (figure 89) and Raspberry, the several pericarps of the aggregate fruit are called drupelets. 83 87 Pome (figure 91), the name of the fruit of the Apple, Pear. Quince etc., which are fleshy fruits, composed of two to several carpels, of parchment- like texture (or hard in the Thorn Apples), inclosed in flesh which has developed from the inclosing calyx and receptacle. Indeed, the fruit of the Thorn Apple might well be called a " several-seeded drupe." Pepo, or Gourd-fruit, a type of fruit typified by the Melon, Squash, Cucumber, Gourd and other members of that family. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Berry [baccate] (figure 93) , a simple fruit in which the pericarp is fleshy throughout and without a hardened inner coat. The fruit of the Grape, Currant, Gooseberry, Cranberry, Banana and Tomato furnish good examples. 93 91 95 2 Aggregate Fruits Aggregate fruits are those in which a cluster of carpels, all belonging to one flower, are crowded on the receptacle into one mass, as in the Black- berry (figure 89) taken as a whole. They may be aggregates of any kind of simple fruits. But when dry and not coherent, the mass would simply be described as a head or spike of carpels (or achenes, as in Buttercup, Anemone etc.). WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 33 3 Accessory Fruits Accessory fruits are those in which some conspicuous part of the fruit is derived from some portion not organically connected with the ovary or pistil. This part might be called a pseudocarp, and this condition may occur either in simple, in aggregate, or in multiple fruits. The Winter- green (Gaultheria procumbens) affords a good example (figun-s <>4 and 95), the fleshy part of the fruit being the enlarged calyx. Likewise tin- torus, although not conspicuous, may be said to be an accessory part of the fruit of the Blackberry, being the fleshy or pulpy center of the fruit. In the Strawberry it is very conspicuous and comprises the sole edible part of the fruit, the achenes or true fruits being dispersed over the surface and comparatively insignificant. 4 Multiple or Collective Fruits Multiple or collective fruits are those which result from the aggregation of several flowers into one mass. The simplest of these is the fruit of the Partridge Berry ( Mitchell a repens) and certain Honeysuckles (Loni- cera) formed of the ovaries of two blossoms united into one fleshy fruit. More typical examples of this are seen in the Pineapple fruit, the Mulberry and others. WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES Cat-tail Family Typhaceae Broad-leaved Cat-tail Typha latifolia Linnaeus Pl(UlT I A marsh or aquatic plant, usually growing in thick colonies from creeping perennial rootstocks provided with fibrous roots. Stems stout, round in cross-section, glabrous, 4 to K feet high. Leaves numerous, linear, flat, swordlike, sheathing the stem at the base and rather stiffly ascending. Flowers monoecious, that is, staminate and pistillate flowers separate but on the same plant; densely crowded into terminal spikes; the staminate spikes uppermost and scarcely or but slightly separated from the dark brown or nearly black pistillate spike, each 3 to 12 inches long and often an inch or more thick. Perianth of the individual flowers composed merely of bristles which subtend two to seven stamens (in the staminate spike), or a small, short-stalked ovary (in the pistillate spikes). Mingled among the stamens and pistils are bristly hairs, and among the pistillate flowers many sterile flowers with clavate tips. The fruit consists of many small nutlets, surmounted by the persistent bristles which aid in wind dissemination of the seeds when the head of fruit breaks up. Common everywhere in marshes and swamps, and also in Europe and Asia. Flowering in June and July; fruit ripe in August and September, frequently persistent until the following spring. The Narrow-leaved Cat-tail (Typha angustifolia Linnaeus). is more abundant in marshes along the coast, but is sometimes found inland The leaves are narrower than those of the preceding species, being one- sixth to one-half of an inch wide; spikes lighter brown in color, not so thick, and the staminate and pistillate spikes separated from one another. 35 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Figure I Broad-leaved Cat-tail (Typha latifolia Linnaeus) WILD Fl.ciUI-k" \\|. KN OK XK\v YORK 45 Spiderwort Family Commelinaceae Asiatic Dayflower Commelhni comnuinis Linnaeus PlMtflb A glabrous plant with decumbent or ascending branching stems, often rooting at the nodes, i to 3 feet long with numerous oblong-luntvolatc leaves 3 to 5 inches long and i to \\ inches wide, acuminate at the tips and narrowed or rounded at the base, smooth and dark green, the stem with white-membranous, green-veined sheaths below each leaf. Flowers toward the ends of the branches or stems, each subtended by green leaflike spathes about I inch long, deep blue, one-half of an inch broad or broader, irregular, consisting of three sepals and three petals, two of them much larger than the third; three fertile stamens, one of them incurved and its anther larger than the others. In addition there are three steriU- stamens. Fruit a small, two-celled capsule, each cell with two seeds; seeds compressed, dark brown and roughened. A native of Asia, commonly naturalized or adventivi- in southern New York and southward, and occasionally appearing farther north. Sometimes called " Wandering Jew." Spider Lily; Spiderwort Tradescantia virginiana Linnaeus PUtr 7 A tall, smooth or" slightly pubescent plant, belonging to the same family as the Dayflower, often I to 3 feet tall, with long, linear or lim-ur- lanceolate, long-pointed leaves, often a foot long and one-half to I inch wide, usually more or less channeled along the middle. Flowers in terminal umbels or clusters on slender pedicels, one-half to 2 inches long; blue or purplish, rarely white, i to 2 inches broad with three small sepals, three large, obovate, similar petals, and six equal and fertile stamens. 46 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM In rich soil, mostly in woods and thickets, from southern New York, Ohio and South Dakota, south to Virginia and Arkansas. A common plant in cultivation farther north where it is a frequent escape to roadsides and fence rows. Although of great beauty, the flowers are of brief duration, and the delicate petals soon wither, the flowers being followed by others until all the numerous buds of each cluster have bloomed. With us it usually flowers in June and July or sometimes as late as August, especially since not all the stems appear to reach maturity at the same time. Pickerel Weed Family Pontederiaceae Pickerel Weed Pontederia cordata Linnaeus Plate 8 A perennial aquatic herb, rising from a thick, horizontal rootstock, with thick, glossy, dark-green, ovate to lanceolate leaves, cordate-sagittate, truncate or narrowed at the base, 2 to 10 inches long, I to 6 inches wide, the apex and basal lobes obtuse. Flowering stems erect, i to 4 feet tall, glandular-pubescent above, one-leaved, with several sheathing, bractlike leaves at the base. Flowers blue, ephemeral, numerous, in a dense head or spike (spadix) subtended by a thin bractlike spathe. Each flower is tubular, about one-fourth of an inch long, curved, two-lipped, the upper lip composed of three ovate lobes, of which the middle one is the longest, and with two yellow spots at the base within, the lower lip of three linear- oblong spreading lobes. Stamens six, the filaments, anthers and style bright blue. After flowering, the lobes and upper part of the perianth tube wither above, while the persistent base hardens around the fruit. Frequent along the borders of ponds and streams and shallow margins of lakes, where it flowers from June to September, usually at its best in August. One of the most attractive of our native aquatic plants. The Pickerel Weed belongs to the Pontederiaceae, represented in our flora by but one other genus, the Mud Plantains (Heteranthera) , with tl — ^ 3 ^ - - - Q - 3 7 3 ~ - — -. S. * I M £.5 - N. m O ^ u. O C/5 « - ^ O -5 _ - J u; w 8 II * 5 WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 47 two species of small, inconspicuous herbs of shallow water or wet muddy shot Bunchflower Family M elan thaceae Glutinous Triantha or False Asphodel Trinntlui tfiilinosa (Michaux) Baker Ptetrgb A perennial, herbaceous plant, somewhat bulbous at the base; stems 6 to 20 inches high, viscid pubescent with black glands, bearing a few leaves near the base; most of the leaves basal and tufted, linear and grasslike. 2 to 7 inches long. Flowers numerous in an oblong raceme at apex of the stem, subtended by minute involucral bracts, each flower about one-fourth of an inch broad, the perianth white, divided into six nearly equal oblong segments; stamens six, with pink or reddish anthers; fruit a small oblong capsule, the tiny seeds with a curved appendage at each end. An inhabitant of sphagnum or marly bogs from Newfoundland to Minnesota, Michigan and the southern Alleghanics. By no means a common plant, and one which the wild flower connoisseur always likes to locate, and which repays by its rarity rather than its beauty the inevitable journey to the boggy place where it grows. Glaucous Anticlea A nt idea chlorantha (Richardson) Rydberg Plate on A slender, herbaceous, perennial plant from a membranous coated, ovoid bulb which is about an inch long. Stems slender, 6 inches to $ feet tall: leaves linear, one-eighth to seven-eighths of an inch wide, keeled, the lower ones 4 to 12 inches long, the upper ones much shorter. Inflor- escence a simple, open raceme or large, loose panicle, 4 to 12 inches long, with slender, ascending branches. Flowers perfect, greenish or yellowish, about three-fourths of an inch broad ; perianth segments oval or obovate, obtuse, bearing a large obcordatc gland just above the short claw, the 48 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM perianth persistent and adnate to the lower part of the ovary after withering. Fruit an oblong, three-celled capsule, about i inch long. An inhabitant of marshes, bogs and moist places, New Brunswick to Vermont, New York, Manitoba and Missouri. Flowering in August. Not so rare as the Glutinous Triantha, but usually growing in similar locations. Bunchflower Mdanthium virginicum Linnaeus Plate :o A rather tall, leafy, herbaceous plant, perennial by a thick rootstock; stems slender to somewhat stout, 2 to 5 feet high. Leaves linear, acumi- nate, often a foot long, but only one-third to i inch wide, the lower ones sheathing the stem, the upper ones smaller and sessile. Inflorescence a many-flowered panicle, 6 to 18 inches long, pubescent; flowers about three- fourths of an inch broad, greenish yellow, turning brown with age; perianth of six spreading, separate, persistent segments, each segment consisting of an oblong, obtuse, flat blade, sometimes obcordate, about twice as long as the claw, and bearing two dark glands at its base; stamens shorter than the segments and adnate to them; fruit a three-lobed capsule, about two- thirds of an inch long. In meadows, wet woods and marshes, Rhode Island to southern New York and Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Flowering in July and August. The Bunchflower is not a common plant in New York, and is found only in a few localities in the southern part of the State. Two closely related species are equally uncommon and also restricted to the southern part of the State. These are: (i) the Crisped or Broad-leaved Bunch- flower (Melanthium latifolium Desvaux) , with broader leaves and the blade of the perianth segments undulate, crisped and scarcely longer than the claw; (2) the Pine-barren Oceanorus (Oceanorus leimanthoides (A. Gray) Small), with linear, blunt leaves, the outer ones becoming fibrous, and small whitish flowers with oblong perianth segments, which are sessile. WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum I'l.iu- '• ^ x y- -v \^ :, *\? - V / \ A. GLArror* ANTICLEA Ant idea chlorantha B. C.LUTINOrS TRIAN'THA; FALSE ASPHODEL Triantha glutinosa WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Mi-moir 15 N. Y. State Museum Pl.ii,. HI BUNCHFLOWn Melanlhium i-irginicum \\II.I) FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 49 American White Hellebore; Indian Poke Veratrum riride Linnaeus PUt* ii A tall, leafy, perennial herb; stem simple and branched only in the inflorescence, stout, 2 to 8 feet tall, from a poisonous, perennial, erect root- stock 2 to 4 inches long and i to 2 inches thick with numerous fleshy-fibrous roots. Leaves alternate, clasping, strongly veined and plaited, all pointed at the apex; the lower leaves broadly oval or elliptic, 5 to 12 inches long, 3 to 6 inches wide ; the upper ones successively narrower and shorter, those of the inflorescence very small; stem and inflorescence pubescent. Flowers greenish or greenish yellow, two-thirds to i inch broad arranged in a many- flowered panicle at the summit of the stem, the panicle often 8 to 20 inches long, its lower branches spreading or drooping. Segments of the perianth six. without glands or claws, oblong or oblanceolate, ciliate-serrulate, twice as long as the curved, yellow stamens which are six in number and opposite the perianth segments. Fruit a three-lobed, three-celled, many-seeded capsule, three-fourths to I inch long and one-third to one-half of an inch thick. In swamps and wet woods, New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Tennessee. Flowering in May and June, or July in the far north. Lily Family L i 1 i a c e ae Day Lily Hemerocallis fulra Linnaeus PUU II A tall, glabrous herb with fibrous roots, usually growing in dense clusters. Leaves mostly basal, linear, erect or spreading, I to 2 feet long and one-half to two-thirds of an inch wide, channeled and tapering to an acute tip. Flowering scapes leafless. 2 to 5 feet tall, bearing a few short bracts above, and six to fifteen flowers on short pedicels. Perianth 5O NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM funnelform, tawny-orange, 4 to 5 inches long, opening for a day, its lobes oblong, somewhat spreading, netted-veined, the three outer nearly flat and more acute ; the three inner ones undulate on their margins and blunt. Stamens six, inserted at the top of the perianth tube, shorter than the lobes of the perianth and declined. Fruit an oblong, thick-walled, three- angled, wrinkled capsule. Native of Europe and Asia. Frequent in cultivation in this country and commonly escaped to meadows, along streams and roadsides or persistent in old yards and cemeteries. A flower of early introduction into the eastern states where it has made itself quite at home as an escape, and thrives and spreads with amazing rapidity under favorable conditions. The Yellow Day Lily (Hemerocallis flava Linnaeus) , with yellow flowers, their lobes parallel- veined, is occasionally found near old gardens and on roadsides, but not so frequently as the tawny-orange flowered Day Lily. Red Lily; Wood Lily; Philadelphia Lily Lilium philadelphicum Linnaeus Plate 13 Stems i to 3 feet tall from a bulb about I inch in diameter and com- posed of numerous narrow, jointed, fleshy scales. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, or the lower leaves sometimes obtuse, in whorls of three to eight on the stem, or a few of the upper leaves alternate, thin, with finely roughened margins. Flowers one to five at summit of stem, erect, 3 to 4 inches high; perianth reddish orange, its six equal segments spatulate, somewhat spreading, pointed or obtuse, one-half to i inch wide, gradually narrowed below, spotted with purple toward the base; stamens six, about as long as the club-shaped style. Capsule oblong-ovoid, i to 2 inches long. In rather dry woods and thickets, more often in sandy regions than elsewhere, Maine and Ontario to North Carolina and West Virginia. WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. V. State Museum Plate 11 AMERICAN' WHITE HELLEBORE; INDIAN POKE Vcratrum riride X 5 s- Z r — I WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK M. inoir 15 N. Y. StaJi- Must-urn RED, WOOD OR PHILADELPHIA LILY Liliitnt philadelphicum \\II.D FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 5! Wild Yellow Lily; Canada or Nodding Lily I. ilium canadrnse Linnaeus PUte 14 Stems 2 to 5 feet tall, from a stout rootstock tearing several subglobose. scaly, white bulbs. Leaves in whorls of four to ten or some of them alter- nate, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 6 inches long, one- fourth to 1 1 inches wide, finely roughened on the margins and on the veins beneath. Flowers one to sixteen, nodding on long peduncles at the top of the stem; perianth segments 2 to 3 inches long, yellow or red. usually thickly spotted, recurved or spreading; fruit an oblong, erect capsule I to 2 inches long. Common in swamps, moist meadows, and fields, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, Georgia, Alabama and Nebraska. Flowering in July and August. A common and most attractive wild flower of the east, more abundant than the Turk's-cap Lily (Lilium superbum Linnaeus), which has similar but usually larger flowers, usually orange-red and purplr- spotted. more strongly recurved flower segments and leaves smooth and not roughened on the margins or veins as in L. c a n a d e n s e. Yellow Adder's-tongue ; Dog's-tooth Violet I-'.rythroniuni aniericnnnm Ker Plat* if* A low, herbaceous plant arising from a deeply buried corm which propagates by offshoots; the simple stem 6 to 12 inches long, bearing a pair of equal or somewhat unequal, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, flat leaves, dark glossy green, usually mottled with brown, sometimes green all over, narrowed into clasping petioles; the flower stem arising from between the leaves, bearing a single nodding flower: perianth yellow or rarely purplish-tinged, the segments oblong, seven-eighths to 2 inches long, about one-fourth of an inch wide or less, recurved, dotted within, the three inner ones auricled at the base; style club-shaped; capsule obovoid. 52 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM In moist woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota south to Florida and Arkansas. Flowering in April and May. One of the commonest and best known of our spring flowers, coming in company with the Hepatica, Spring Beauty, and Squirrel Corn, but usually in its prime a little later than these. The white Dog's-tooth Violet (Erythronium albidum Nuttall) , with leaves less or not at all spotted and pinkish white flowers, is very rare. Ague or Colicroot; Star Grass Aletris farinosa Linnaeus Plate :6 Leaves mostly basal, lanceolate and spreading, forming a dense cluster, lanceolate, long pointed, narrowed at the base, pale yellowish green, 2 to 7 inches long, one-fourth to i inch wide. Roots numerous, tough and very bitter. Stem or scape i to 3 feet tall, bearing a few distant bractlike leaves. The terminal raceme of flowers 4 to 12 inches long; flowers erect on short pedicels subtended by small bracts; perianth tubular-oblong, six- lobed, white or the short lobes yellowish, about one-fourth to one-third of an inch long and less than half as thick, mealy-roughened without; capsules ovoid, about one-sixth of an inch long, inclosed by the withering- persistent perianth. In dry, mostly sandy soil, Maine to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Arkansas. Flowering in June and July. In New York rarely seen except in the sandy regions adjacent to the coast. Extremely abun- dant on sterile sandy fields like the Hempstead plains of Long Island, where it is very conspicuous in early summer. It possesses a number of vernacular names, such as Ague Grass, Blazing Star, Bitter Grass, Crow Corn, Mealy Starwort, Aloeroot, Starroot, Huskroot, and others. WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK ^ M.il«- Musrum Plate 14 WILD YKI.I.OW LILY; CANADA OR NODDING LILY Li 1 1 ii ni cantidense W I L D F L O \V K R S OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 V Y. M.n.' Mus,-um I'l.,., A. YELLOW ADDER S-TOX<;ri-:; IHM. s-T(M)TII VIOLKT h'.r \thrntiiitni amrruaintni B. CLIMRINfi FALSE Bl( KWHEAT K \ldrrti ykin sea ndetis WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir IS N. Y. State MUMUIII IM.IIr II. A(.t H OK COI.K ROOT; STAR (1RASS Alftrts ftirinosa \\ll.l) H.O\\KKS 01- NI-.W YORK 53 Lily of the Valley Family Convallariaceae Yellow Clintonia; Dogberry Clintonia borealis (Aiton) Rafincsque PUU IT Flowering scape or stem 6 to 15 inches high, with two to five (usxially throe), oval, oblong or obovate, thin, glossy green leaves at the base, their petioles sheathing the base of the stem which arises from a slender root- stock. Leaves ciliate, 5 to 8 inches long, and I J to jj inches wide. Flowc-rs three to six. forming an umbel at the top of the stem, sometimes a sceondary cluster of flowers below the top, drooping, greenish yellow, three-fourths to I inch long, on pedicels about as long as the flowers; perianth segments distinct, six in number, equal and somewhat spreading, the six stanu-ns about as long as the perianth. Fruit an oval, dark blue, shining berry about one-fourth of an inch in diameter. In moist woods and thickets, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to North Carolina and Wisconsin. Very common in the rich, moist wood- lands of northern New York, but rare or absent from the coastal region. Flowering from the latter part of May until the last of June. The fruit ripe in September. The White Clintonia (Clintonia umbellulata ( Michaux) Torrey). with smaller white flowers, not drooping, and black berries, leaves and scapes more pubescent but otherwise similar, which is common in the southern Appalachians, reaches New York in the southwestern counties of the State. Wild or False Spikenard; False Solomon's-seal Vngnera racemosa (Linnaeus) Morong PUU It Stem slender or stout, erect or ascending, sometimes zigzag, i to 3 feet tall, simple, bearing numerous alternate, sessile or nearly sessile oblong- lanceolate or oval, acuminate leaves, 3 to 6 inches long, i to 3 inches wide, 54 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM which are finely pubescent, especially beneath, and sometimes also above, their margins minutely ciliate. Rootstock rather thick and fleshy with numerous long, fibrous roots, the scars of former stems irregular and ring- like. Flowers white; many, forming a large terminal panicle, i to 4 inches long; each flower about 2 lines broad ; perianth of six oblong, equal, separate, spreading segments. Fruit a red, aromatic berry about 3 lines in diameter and speckled with purple. In Bergen swamp occurs a variety with three to six purple stripes like the fruit of V. s t e 1 1 a t a. In moist woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Georgia, Missouri and Arizona. The Star-flowered Solomon's- seal (Vagnera stellata (Linnaeus) Morong) is scarcely less abundant, but seems to prefer thickets and banks with more moisture. The leaves are smaller and narrower, the flowers fewer in number, larger, white, and racemed; the berries green with six black stripes, or entirely black. Three-leaved Solomon's-seal Vagnera trifolia (Linnaeus) Morong Plate 32a Stem and leaves glabrous from a slender, elongated rootstock, the erect stem 2 to 15 inches high with two to four (usually three) oval, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sessile leaves 2 to 5 inches long, one-half to 2 inches wide with sheathing bases. Flowers white, few, racemed at the top of the stem; perianth segments oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, finally some- what reflexed and longer than the stamens. Fruit a dark-red berry about one-fourth of an inch in diameter. v In bogs and wet woods, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Michigan. Usually abundant in sphagnum under or near spruces and tamaracks, and therefore rare out- side the mountainous sections of the State except on the margins of bogs and mossy swamps where the spruce and tamarack abound, as, for instance, Cicero swamp in Onondaga county, and Bergen swamp in Genesee county, as well as numerous other swamps of similar character throughout the State. W I L I) F 1, 0 \\ I K S OF NEW Y () R K Memoir 15 N. Y. State Must-inn Plate 17 Yi-:u.o\v ruxToxiA: ixx;ui KKY Clinton in horealis WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK M, -nuilr 15 N. Y. State Museum Plato 18 WILD OR FALSE SPIKENARD; FALSE SOLOMON S-SEAL rncemosa \\II.H IK'UIKS OK Ni:\V YORK 55 False or Wild Lily of the Valley Two-leaved Solomon's-seal Unifolium canadensc (Desfontaines) Greene PUtc 19 A low, herbaceous perennial with sU-mK-r rootstock. and slender, erect and often zigzag stem. 2 to 7 inches high, bearing one to three (usually two) ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed leaves, cordate at the base and sessile or short-petioled ; stemless plants frequent and consisting of a single leaf on a petiole i to 4 inches long arising from the rootstock. Flowrrs white, numerous, forming a rather dense terminal raceme, i to 2 inches long; perianth about one-fifth of an inch broad with four spreading, separate segments, which slightly exceed the four stamens in length; fruit a cluster of pale-red, speckled berries, each with one or two seeds. In moist woods and thickets, Newfoundland to the Northwest Territory of Canada, south to the mountains of North Carolina, Tennessee, Iowa and South Dakota. Flowering in May and June. A common wild flower of most parts of New York, especially in the moist cool forests of the northern and mountainous sections. Sessile-leaved Bellwort L'rularia sessilifolia Linnaeus Plate 10* Stems slender, glabrous, 4 to 12 inches high, naked or with one or two leaves below the fork. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, I to 3 inches long when they mature, thin, sessile, acute at each end, slightly rough -margined, pale or glaucous beneath; flowers greenish yellow, two- thirds to ij inches long; the six perianth segments smooth, the stamens shorter than the styles; anthers blunt; fruit a sharply three-angled capsule, narrowed at both ends, about i inch long and two-thirds as thick. In moist woods and thickets, usually most abundant where the soil is sandy, New Brunswick and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Georgia 56 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM and Arkansas. Except in the coastal region and other sections of the State with sandy soil, this small-flowered bellwort is not so abundant asU. grandiflora and U. perfoliata. Large-flowered Bellwort Uvularia grandiflora J. E. Smith Plate aob An erect herb with smooth, leafy, forked stem from a perennial root- stock; stem with one or two leaves below the fork, 6 to 20 inches high. Leaves perfoliate, oblong, oval or ovate, pubescent beneath, glabrous above, becoming 2 to 5 inches long, acute at the apex, rather smaller and often scarcely unfolded at flowering time; flowers solitary at the ends of the branches, peduncled, drooping, narrowly bell-shaped, lemon-yellow, i to i^ inches long, perianth segments six, distinct, smooth on both sides or very slightly granular within; stamens six, longer than the styles which are united to about the middle; anthers linear, the connective blunt; fruit a three-angled, truncate capsule, about one-half of an inch long. In rich upland woods, Quebec to Ontario, Minnesota, Georgia and Kansas. Flowering in April and May. A common flower of most sections, especially in rich woodlands. In the Ontario lowlands and Hudson valley it is largely replaced by the Perfoliate Bellwort (Uvularia per- foliata Linnaeus), which differs chiefly in having smooth and glaucous foliage, and slightly smaller flowers with the perianth segments papillose within. Sessile-leaved Twisted-stalk Streptopus roseus Michaux Figure IV Stems i to 3 feet high from a short, stout rootstock covered with fibrous roots. Branches usually three or four in number and obliquely ascending, all leafy and sparingly pubescent. Leaves alternate, thin, many-nerved, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 4^ inches long, long pointed at the apex, sessile, rounded or slightly clasping the stem at the base, green on both 5 • & o I it n tt M u [* K I -- • S ~ O is / WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 57 si I I i.\\i KS oi- M \\ YORK 59 A common but not showy plant of woods and thickets from New Brunswick to Ontario and Michigan, south to Florida and Tennessee. Resembling this but usually larger in every way, with glabrous leaves and smooth filaments, is the Smooth or Giant Solomon 's-seal (Polygonatum commutatum (Roemer & Schultes) Dietrich), which ranges northeastward only to Rhode Island, New Hampshire and Ontario. It seems to prefer moist thickets and woods along streams and on bottomlands, while the Hairy Solomon's-seal is more commonly met with in rich upland woods. Wake-robin Family Trilliaceae Indian Cucumber Root Medeola virginiana Linnaeus PUt* Jl A slender, erect, unbranched herb from a perennial rootstock i to 3 inches long; stem I to 2\ feet high, loosely covered with deciduous wool, bearing the lower whorl of leaves above the middle or, in flowerless plants, at the summit; leaves of the lower whorl sessile, 2 to 5 inches long, I to 2 inches wide; acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, three to five- nerved; leaves of the upper whorl i to 2 inches long, one-half to i inch wide, short petioled or sessile, often turning reddish at the base; umbel of two to nine flowers on filiform pedicels, i inch long or less, declined in flower, erect or ascending in fruit; perianth segments one-fourth to one- half of an inch long, obtuse, the six equal segments recurved, the three long styles recurved. Fruit a dark blue or purplish berry one-fourth to one-half of an inch in diameter. In moist woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Tennessee. Flowering in May and June. Fruit ripe in September. 60 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The thick, tuberlike, white rootstock is brittle with numerous slender fibrous roots and has the odor and taste of cucumbers. Red Trillium; Wake-robin or Birthroot Trillium erectum Linnaeus Plate 333 Stem rather stout, 8 to 16 inches high, from a thick, short rootstock. Leaves rather dark green, very broadly rhombic, 3 to 7 inches long, often as wide or wider, sessile or nearly so, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, peduncle i to 4 inches long, erect or nearly so, bearing a single, unpleasantly scented, large flower; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, spreading, one-half to i| inches long; petals lanceolate to ovate, acute, spreading, equalling the sepals or a little longer, dark purplish-red, varying to pink; greenish, white, or reddish yellow in certain aberrant forms; anthers longer than the filaments and exceeding the stigmas; ovary purple with short- spreading or recurved styles; fruit an ovoid, somewhat six-lobed, reddish berry, i inch thick or less. In woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Ontario, south to North Carolina and Tennessee. White Trillium; Large-flowered Wake-robin Trillium grandiflorum (Michaux) Salisbury Plate J3b A glabrous, erect, unbranched herb from a stout, perennial, short, scarred rootstock, 8 to 18 inches high; bearing at the top of the stem three light-green, broadly rhombic-ovate or rhombic-oval leaves, 2 to 6 inches long, acuminate at the apex, narrowed and sessile at the base, peduncle erect or nearly so, I to 3 inches long, bearing a single flower 2 to 3 inches broad. The three sepals lanceolate, pointed and spreading. Petals three, erect-spreading, oblanceolate, obovate, or rarely ovate-oblong, obtuse or cuspidate, thin, strongly veined, white, usually turning pink with age, much longer than the sepals. Stamens six, with yellow anthers which are WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 \. Y. State Muavurn IM.il, • INDIAN CUCUMBER ROOT rirginiana WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir I? N. Y. State Museum I'l.ili- .M A. REP TRIM. MM; \VAKK-ROIUN OR HIRTHROOT Trillium crccttim B. WHITE TRILLITM; I.AR<.I-:-KI.«»\VKRI-:H WAKE-ROBIN Trillium gramiiflorum \\ll l» 1 M> \\KRS OF M \\ YORK 6l about one-half of an inch long; the three styles slender and ascending. Fruit a globose, black, slightly six-lobed berry, three-fourths to i inch in diameter. In rich woods, preferring ravines and wooded upland slopes, Quebec to Ontario and Minnesota, south to North Carolina and Missouri. Various monstrous forms sometimes occur with two to several long- JK tioled leaves, double flowers, and even forms with green, variegated or leaflike petals. Painted Wake-robin Trillium undnlatitm Willdenow PUtt 14* Stem slender, 8 to 20 inches high, bearing three ovate, petioled, bluish green, waxy leaves, 3 to 8 inches long, 2 to 5 inches wide, long-acuminate at the apex, obtuse or rounded at the base. Flowers on erect or somewhat inclined peduncles, I to 2\ inches long; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, three- fourths to 1} inches long, spreading; petals ovate or ovate-lamvnlate. acuminate or acute, white and marked with magenta veins at the base, thin, and longer than the sepals, widely spreading, wavy-margined; the ovoid ovary with three slender spreading styles, ripening into an ovoid, obtuse, bluntly three-angled bright red shining berry. Common in woods, especially low, moist or cool, sandy woodlands, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Missouri. Flowers in May and usually a few days later than the white or red trilliums. Nodding Wake-robin Trillium cernuum Linnaeus PUt* Mb Stems rather slender, 8 to 20 inches high; leaves pale green, broadly rhombic, acuminate at the apex, narrowed at the base, sessile or with very short petioles, peduncle one-half to ij inches long, recurved beneath the leaves and bearing a single drooping flower about i to 1} inches broad, sepals lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, petals white or pinkish, 62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, rolled backward, wavy -margined, two- thirds to I inch long, as long or longer than the sepals; anthers about as long as the subulate filaments and overtopping the stout, recurved styles, ovary whitish, ripening into an ovoid reddish-purple berry. In rich, usually low woodlands Newfoundland to Ontario and Manitoba, south to Georgia and Missouri. Flowering in May or in the extreme northern part of its range in June, usually about ten days later than the white or red trilliums. Amaryllis Family Amaryllidaceae Yellow Star Grass Hypoxis hirsuta (Linnaeus) Coville Plate 25 A low, perennial herb with the leaves all basal, narrowly linear, one- eighth to one-fourth of an inch wide, more or less villous and mostly longer than the flowering stems, from an ovoid or globose corm, one-fourth to one-half of an inch in diameter; flowering stems erect, slender, villous above, usually glabrous below, 2 to 6 inches high, bearing at the summit an umbel of one to seven flowers; perianth six -parted, its segments narrowly oblong, spreading, equal or nearly so, obtuse, bright yellow within, greenish and villous without, one-fourth to one-half of an inch long; stamens some- what unequal; the style rather shorter than the stamens and three-angled, the stigma decurrent on the angles; capsules in fruit about one-eighth of an inch in diameter, the black seeds angled. In dry, especially sandy soil, in fields, thickets and open woods, Maine to Ontario, Assiniboia, Kansas, Florida and Texas. Flowering in May and June, but frequently putting up additional flowering scapes as late as August and September. WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 1- V ^ Si.iu- Museum IM.it,- YELLOW STAR (iRASS Ilypoxis hirsuta \\ll 1» I |o\\l k- ol M-\\ \()KK 63 Iris Family Iridaceae Larger Blue Flag Iris versicolor Linnaeus PUlr X> Stems round and smooth, erect, sometimes flcxuous, 2 to 3 fi-ct tall. often branched above, leafy; leaves erect, shorter than and chiefly upon UK- lower part of the stem, somewhat glaucous, one-half to ij inches wide; rootstock horizontal, thick, fleshy, covered with the fibrous roots. Flowers several, the perianth consisting of six, clawed segments uniud below into a tube, the three outer ones dilated, reflexi-d. violet-blui-, v ark- gated with yellow, green and white; crestless, spatulate, 2 to 3 inches long, and wider and longer than the three inner segments; the ovary below the perianth tube, in fruit becoming an oblong, obscurely three-lobed capsule, I to \\ inches long; divisions of the style petallike. arching over the stamens, bearing the stigmas immediately under their two-lobed tips. In marshes, thickets and wet meadows, common along streams and ponds, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Florida and Arkansas. Narrow Blue Flag; Poison Flagroot Iris prismatica Pursh PtaU More slender in every way than Iris versicolor Linnaeus, with a tuberous-thickened rootstock; stem i to 3 feet tall, bearing two or three very narrow, almost grasslike leaves usually less than one-fourth of an inch wide; flowers one or two at summit of each stem, blue, veined with yellow on slender pedicels; outer perianth segments one-half to 2 inches long, smooth and devoid of a crest, the inner segments smaller and narrower; the perianth tube about one-fourth of an inch long above the ovary. Fruit a narrowly oblong capsule, acute at each end and sharply three-angled, I to ij inches long. 64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Marshes, wet meadows and swamps, mainly near the coast from Nova Scotia to Pennsylvania and Georgia. Flowering in May and June. Pointed Blue-eyed Grass Sisyrinchium an gusti 'folium Miller Plate 28a Perennial and tufted, stems stiff and erect, pale green and glaucous, 4 to 1 8 inches high. Leaves pointed, about half as long as the stems, about one-sixth of an inch or less wide. Stem simple or rarely branched, winged, the edges minutely serrulate. Flowers deep violet-blue, one-half of an inch broad, umbellate from a pair of erect, green or slightly purplish bracts (spathe), the outer bract rather less than twice the length of the inner one, the six spreading segments of the perianth oblong and aristulate at the tip. Capsules subglobose, often purplish tinged, about one-fourth of an inch in diameter or less. In fields and on hillsides, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Virginia, Nebraska, Colorado and Utah. Flowering from May to July. There are four other species of blue-eyed grass in New York State: S. mucronatum Michaux, S. arenicola Bicknell, S. g r a m i- n o i d e s Bicknell and S. atlanticum Bicknell. Orchid Family Orchidaceae The members of the Orchid family in New York State, of which several are described and illustrated here, constitute a very important number of our wild flowers and call for a description of the family. They are all perennial herbs with corms, bulbs or tuberous roots and entire, sheathing leaves, in some species reduced to scales. Flowers perfect, irregular, solitary, spiked or racemed. Perianth consisting of six segments, the three outer (sepals) similar or nearly so, two of the inner ones (petals) lateral, alike; the third inner one (lip) unlike the other two, often markedly WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum LARGER BLUE FLAG Iris versicolor WILD F LOWERS OF NEW YORK Miinoir I? N. ^ M.iti- Musi-lint NARROW BLUE FLAG; POISON FLAGROOT Iris prismalica f \\ll.lt MOWERS OF NEW YORK 65 so, usually larger, often spurred. Stamens variously uniutl with the style into an unsymmetrical column, usually one anther, sometimes two, each two-celled; the pollen in two to eight pear-shaped, usually stalked masses (pollinia), united by elastic threads, the masses waxy or powdery and attached at the base to a viscid disc (gland). Style often terminating in a beak (rostellum) at the base of the anther or between its sacs. Stigma a viscid surface, facing the lip beneath the rostellum, or the cavity between the anther sacs (clinandrium). Ovary inferior, usually long and some- times twisted, three-angled, one-celled. Seeds very numerous and minuu-. usually spindle shaped. Small White Lady's-slipper Cypripedium cnndidum Willdenow PUte j« This is one of the rarer Lady's-slippers of the east, with rather stiffly erect stems 6 to 12 inches high. Leaves three to five, elliptic or lanceolate, pointed, 3 to 5 inches long, two- thirds to i J inches wide; flowers solitary or very rarely two on a stem; sepals lanceolate, as long or longer than the lip, greenish, spotted with purple; petals somewhat longer and narrower than the sepals, wavy-twisted, greenish; lip white, striped with purple or magenta inside, about three-fourths of an inch long. In marly bogs and low meadows, sometimes in sphagnum bogs, New York and New Jersey to Kentucky, Minnesota, Missouri and Nebraska. Flowering in June and July. Showy Lady's-slipper Cypripedittm retinue Walter PUu jo The largest and most showy of our native orchids, with a stout, villous- hirsute stem, I to 3 feet high, leafy to the top. Leaves large, 3 to 8 inches long, I to 4 inches wide, elliptic in shape, acute. Flowers i to 3; sepals round -ovate, white, the lateral ones united for their entire length; petals somewhat narrower than the sepals, white, lip much inflated, I to 2 inches long, white, variegated with crimson and white stripes. 66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM In swamps and open wet woods, Newfoundland to Ontario, Minnesota and Georgia. Flowering in June and July, more rarely in August in the far north. Known also as Whip-poor-will's Shoe. It is doubtful if any wild flower surpasses this in beauty. It has been gathered so extensively for its flowers in some localities that it has become rather rare. It is one of the plants that above all others needs protection in the way of education that will lead lovers of wild flowers to admire its beauty where it grows, and to use caution in picking. Yellow or Downy Lady's-slipper Cypripedium pubescens Willdenow Plate 31 Stems tall and leafy, i£ to 2\ feet high; leaves oval or elliptic 3 to 6 inches long, \\ to 3 inches wide, pointed; sepals ovate-lanceolate, usually longer than the lip, yellowish or greenish yellow and striped with purple, petals narrower, usually twisted and elongated; lip much inflated, sub- globose, i to 2 inches long, pale yellow to bright yellow and sometimes with purple lines, a tuft of white, jointed hairs inside at the top; sterile stamen triangular, the thick, somewhat triangular stigma incurved. In rich woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, Alabama and Nebraska. This species is usually regarded as a form of Cypripedium parviflorum Salisbury, which has a small, later- ally compressed lip one-half to three-fourths of an inch long. Since numerous intermediate forms occur it is probable that they represent forms of a single variable species. Ram's-head Lady's-slipper Criosanthes arietina (R. Brown) House (Cypripedium arietinum R. Brown) Plate 32b and Figure V Stems 6 to 12 inches high, with three or four elliptic or lanceolate leaves 2 to 4 inches long, one-third to 3 inches wide, one-flowered ; sepals \\ILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Mminir I- V V St.K, \lus,.,i, 11 SMALL WH1TK LADY's-SLIPPER Cypripedium candidum \\1LU HAMVKk, (| M \\ \()RK V (Photdfnpb by G. A. lUiky) Ram's-head Lady's-slipper (Criosa-.ithes arietina (R. Brown) House) 68 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM separate, lanceolate, one-half to seven-eighths of an inch long, longer than the lip; petals linear, greenish brown, about as long as the sepals; lip one- half to three-fourths of an inch long, red and white, veiny, prolonged at the apex into a long blunt spur, somewhat distorted at the upper end, which gives the plant its common name of Ram's-head Lady's-slipper. A very rare species of cold and damp woods from Quebec to Manitoba, Massachusetts, New York and Minnesota. It has been collected but a few times in the northern counties of this State. The colored illustration is made from a photograph taken in southern Herkimer county by Mr Edward H. Eames of Buffalo and the accompanying halftone from a photograph by Mr G. A. Bailey of Geneseo. Moccasin Flower; Stemless Lady's-slipper Fissipes acaulis (Aiton) Small (Cypripedium acaide Aiton) Plate 33 and Figure VI A short-stemmed plant with only two large, basal, elliptic leaves, 6 to 8 inches long and 2 to 3 inches wide, thick and dark green. The single fragrant flower borne on a scape 6 to 1 5 inches high ; sepals greenish purple, spreading, i| to 2 inches long, lanceolate, the two lateral ones united; petals narrower and somewhat longer than the sepals; lip a large, drooping, inflated sac with a closed fissure down its whole length in front, \\ to 2\ inches long, somewhat obovoid, pink with darker veins, rarely white, the upper part of the interior surface of the lip crested with long, white hairs. Fruit an ascending capsule, pointed at each end. In sandy or rocky woods, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to North Carolina, Tennessee and Minnesota. One of the few conspicuous wild flowers that appears to be equally at home in the pine lands of the northern coastal plain and the rocky woods of the central and northern part of the State. On Long Island it sometimes blooms in May but in the north it usually blooms in June. U I I. D F I, O W E R S OF NEW YORK Memoir l^ V V st.iii- Museum YELLOW OR DOWNY LAm '»-x I.IPPER Cypripcdinm pubescens - 3 f - Q a MOWERS OF NKW YORK VI (Pbotocraph by B. A. Moccasin Flower; Stemless Lady's-slipper (Fissipes acaulis (Alton) Small) NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Small Round-leaved Orchis Orchis rotundifolia Pursh Figure VII Along with the Calypso, this small orchis shares the distinction of being the rarest wild flower of the State. Its slender stem rises to a height of 6 to 10 inches and bears near the base a single oval or orbicular leaf, i to 3 inches long, with one or two scales sheathing the stem below the leaf. Flowers in a short terminal spike, usually five to ten in number, each flower subtended by a small green bract. Sepals and petals oval, rose-colored, the lateral sepals spreading and usually slightly shorter, but sometimes longer than the petals; lip white, beautifully spotted with purple, longer than the petals, three-lobed, the middle lobe larger, dilated and two-lobed or notched at the apex; spur slender, shorter than the lip or barely equalling it in length. In damp, mossy woods, Green- land to the Rocky mountains, Maine, New York and Wisconsin. The records of its occurrence in this State are very few. It has been found in Oneida, Herkimer and Lewis counties, but not in recent (Photograph by O. 0. Nylander) Figure VII Small Round-leaved Orchis (Orchis rotundifolia Pursh) Will) FLOWKRS OF NEW YORK Memoir \'-< V Y. State Museum MOCCASIN M.OWKK: STI-MI i— I.ADY ^-SUPPER Fissipts acaulis WILD FLOWERS OF N E W YORK Mfmoir \=> N. Y. Si.it. Miiscuni l-l.il,- .11 SHOWY ORCHIS Galeorchis spectabilis WILD HOWIK- (>l \l-\\ \<>KK 71 years. Our illustration is from a photograph by < >laf < ). Nylandcr, taken in Maim-. Showy Orchis Galeorchis sf>fct, near the base of the stem, obovate, dark glossy green, 4 to 8 inches long and 2 to 4 inches wide, clammy to the touch ; the three to ten flowi-rs in a terminal spike, each flower about i inch long, violet-purple mixed with lighter purple and white, the subtending bracts sheathing the ovaries; sepals united above forming a hood ; petals connivent under the sepals and more or less attached to them; lip whitish, wavy, produced into an obtuse spur, about as long as the petals; column short, scarcely extending above the base of the lip, violet on the back. In rich woods, New Brunswick to Ontario, Dakota, Georgia, Kentucky, Missouri and Nebraska. Flowering in May and June or as late as July in the extreme northern part of its range. Tall Leafy Green Orchis Limnorchis kyperborea (Linnaeus) Rydberg PUt* j:m A rather inconspicuous orchis with small flowers, the stem usually stout, 10 inches to 3 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, pointed, 3 to 10 inches long, one-half to if inches wide. Flowers numerous in a narrow terminal spike, small, greenish or greenish yellow; sepals and petals free and spread- ing, ovate, blunt; lip entire, lanceolate, blunt, about one-fourth of an inch long; spur about as long as the lip, blunt, slightly incurved or often thickened at the end (clavate). In bogs, wet woods and swamps, Greenland to Alaska, New Jersey, Colorado and Oregon. Flowering in May and June or later in cold bogs and woods of the north. 72 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM The Tall White Bog Orchis (Limnorchis dilatata (Pursh) Rydberg) is usually more slender, with small white flowers; the ovate or lanceolate sepals nearly one-fourth of an inch long; petals lanceolate, pointed; lip entire, dilated or obtusely three-lobed at the base, blunt at the apex, about as long as the blunt and incurved spur. In similar situa- tions, but southward only to Maine and New York. Large Round-leaved Orchis Lysias orbiculata (Pursh) Rydberg Plate 35 and Figure VIII Flowering scape rather stout, i to 2 feet high, with a few inconspicuous bracts, and at the base, spreading flat on the ground, two large orbicular or orbicular-elliptical, dark-green, shining leaves, silvery beneath, 4 to 8 inches in diameter. Flowers forming a loose raceme, each flower on a pedicel about one-half of an inch long, erect in fruit, greenish white; upper sepal short and rounded; lateral sepals spreading, falcate-ovate and blunt; one-third to one-half of an inch long; petals smaller and narrower; lip entire, oblong-linear, blunt, white, about one-half of an inch long; spur longer than the ovary, about \\ to 2 inches long. In rich woods, Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Pennsylvania. Flowering in June and July. Plate 35 shows the flowers after they have begun to fade. The detail of the flowers is shown better in figure VIII. Oakes Ames regards the loose- flowered form with long spurs as Habenaria macrophylla Goldie. and restricts Lysias orbiculata to the form with dense inflorescence and spurs i to I \ inches long. Hooker's Orchis Lysias hookeriana (A. Gray) Rydberg Plate 36 Stem or flowering scape 8 to 15 inches high, stout, smooth, without bracts, but with two fleshy, shining, dark-green, oval-orbicular or obovate, spreading or ascending leaves at the base, 3 to 6 inches long, rarely flat on the ground. Flowers in a rather loose raceme, 4 to 8 inches long, yellowish WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK M.moir 15. N. V. Sc.n.- Mus.-um 1'kili- LARGE ROUND-LEAVED ORCHIS Lysias orbiculaia \\ILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK I =• N. Y, M.«u- Must-urn IM.ii,- w, IIOOKKK s ORCHIS Lysins hookerinna \\ll.li II <>U I K^ i>| M \\ YORK VIII Flowers of Large Round-leaved Orchis (Lysias orbiculata (Pursh) Rydberg), left ; and Large Coralroot (Corallorrhiza maculata Rafinesque) at right 74 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM green; each flower about two-thirds of an inch long; lateral sepals greenish, lanceolate and spreading, about one-third of an inch long; petals narrowly linear; lip linear-lanceolate, pointed, one-third to nearly one-half of an inch long; spur slender, pointed, two-thirds of an inch or more long, as long or longer than the ovary. In cool, moist woods, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Iowa. Flowering in June and July or later, in the north. Yellow-fringed Orchis Blephari glottis ciliaris (Linnaeus) Rydberg Plate 37b Stem slender, i to 2\ feet high. Leaves lanceolate, pointed, 4 to 8 inches long, one-half to \\ inches wide, the upper ones much smaller. Flowers orange or yellow, large and showy in a terminal, many-flowered spike, 3 to 6 inches long; sepals orbicular or broadly ovate, oblique at the base, the lateral ones mostly reflexed; petals much smaller, oblong or cuneate, usually toothed; lip oblong, about one-half of an inch long, copiously fringed more than halfway to the middle; spur i to \\ inches long and very slender. In meadows and open places in woods, especially in sandy regions, Vermont and Ontario to Michigan, Missouri, Florida and Texas. In New York State it is rare and local north of the coastal plain, occurring on the Schenectady plains and several other places, especially on the Ontario lowlands, from Rome west to Lake Erie. White-fringed Orchis Blephari glottis blephariglottis (Willdenow) Rydberg Plate 38 A plant similar to the Yellow-fringed Orchis, but with a densely or rather dense, many-flowered spike of pure-white flowers, the petals toothed or somewhat fringed at the apex, rarely entire, the lip copiously or sparingly fringed. \V I L I) K I. O \\ I US OF NEW YORK Memoir I* V Y. Stall- Museum A. TALL LEAFY «.KEF.N ORCHIS Limnorchis hypcrhorea B. YI I.I.C)\V-FK!N<;l I) OK( Ills is ciliaris WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Mniiiiir 15 N. V. Stall- Mux.-um Pl.ii,- \\i K-> oi- si \\ VOKK 75 In bogs and swamps, Newfoundland to Minnesota, Florida and Missis- sippi. When growing will) the Yellow-fringed Orchis, it blooms a few days earlier. It is found in nearly all the sphagnum bogs of northern New York and is not uncommon in moist depressions of the sandy coastal plain. Flowering from late June until early August in northern New York. The Prairie White-fringed Orchis (Blephariglottis leucophaea (Nuttalli Farwell) has larger, white, fragrant flowers, sometimes tinged with green: the lip three-parted, the segments broadly wedge-shaped and copiously fringed. Most abundant westward but occurring eastward to New England. Ragged or Green-fringed Orchis BlephariRlottis lacern (Michaux) Farwell PUU J9b Stems varying from slender and I foot or less high to stout and 2 to 3 feet high. Leaves firm, lanceolate. 3 to S inches long, two-thirds to ij inches wide, decreasing in size upward. I-' lowers greenish yellow or greenish, in a loose spike, 2 to several inches long; petals linear, blunt, about as long as the sepals; lip three-parted, the segments narrow, deeply fringed or lacerate with a few threads al>out one-half of an inch long; spur one-half to three-fourths of an inch long, curved and thickened at the end. shorter than the ovary. Common in swamps, low meadows and wet woods, Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Arkansas. Flowering in June and July. Forms frequently occur in which the fringe of the lip is very short. Smaller Purple-fringed Orchis Blephariglotlis psycodes (Linnaeus) Rydberg PUte .)«• Stem rather slender, i to 3 feet high. Leaves oval, elliptic or lanceo- late, 3 to 10 inches long, two-thirds to 3 inches wide. In-coming smaller above, dark green and glossy above. Flowers lilac-purple or rarely white, fragrant, in a dense, many-flowered terminal raceme, 2 to 8 inches long; petals oblong or oblanceolate, toothed on the upper margin; lip three- 76 NEW \ORK STATE MUSEUM parted, one-fourth to one-half of an inch broad, the segments fan-shaped and copiously fringed, the fringe of the middle segment shorter than that of the lateral ones; spur somewhat thickened at the tip, about three-fourths of an inch long, and longer than the ovary. In meadows, swamps and wet woods, Newfoundland to Minnesota, North Carolina and Tennessee. Flowering in July and August. The Large or Early Purple-fringed Orchis (Blephariglottis grandiflora (Bigelow) Rydberg) has a large, dense raceme of lilac or purplish, fragrant flowers, the lower lip, three-parted, the segments broadly fan-shaped and copiously fringed to about the middle. The flowers average one-third or one-half larger than those of B. psycodes; otherwise they are very similar and this may be only a large-flowered race of that species. Growing in similar situations. Rose Pogonia; Snakemouth Pogonia ophioglossoides (Linnaeus) Ker Plate 40 A slender plant with fibrous roots and stems 8 to 15 inches high, propagating by runners. Leaves one to three on each stem, one-half to 4 inches long, lanceolate or ovate, erect, pointed or rather blunt. Flowers solitary or sometimes in pairs with leaflike bracts, fragrant, pale rose- colored, slightly nodding, I to 2 inches broad; sepals and petals similar, two-thirds to i inch long; lip spatulate, crested and fringed with white. In swamps, low meadows and boggy depressions, especially in sandy regions, Newfoundland to Ontario, Florida, Kansas and Texas. Flowering in June and July, and in the north sometimes in flower as late as August. Whorled Pogonia Isotria verticillata (Willdenow) Rafinesque Figure IX Stems 10 to 15 inches high, from long, perennial,' horizontal, fleshy rootstocks, which give rise to new stems by buds. Stems bearing a whorl of five leaves at the summit. Leaves obovate, abruptly pointed at the \V1I.I) I |o\\l k- o| \| \\ YORK 77 Figure IX \Vhorled Pogonia (Isotria vcrticillata (Willdenow) Rafinesque) 7» NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM apex, sessile, i to 4 inches long, usually only partially developed at flowering time. Flowers solitary, erect or declined, on a peduncle one-half to two- thirds of an inch long; sepals linear, dull reddish purple, spreading, \\ to 2 inches long and about one-twelfth of an inch wide ; petals linear, erect, blunt, light green and arching above the lip, about five-sixths of an inch long; lip three-lobed at the end, middle lobe broadest, white and crenulate on the margin; two lateral lobes of the lip and the lateral margins tinged and veined with bright crimson-purple, most vivid at the apex of the two lateral lobes, crest of the lip green and papillose. Capsule erect, i to i£ inches long. In moist soil of woods and thickets, often around cold sphagnum bogs, Ontario and Massachusetts to Michigan, Indiana and Florida. Flowering in May and June. Arethusa; Dragon' s-mouth; Wild Pink Arethusa bidbosa Linnaeus Plate 43b A low, scapose, smooth plant, 5 to 10 inches high from a small bulb, stem bearing one to three loose sheathing bracts on the stem and a single linear leaf hidden at first in the upper bract and developing after the flower has faded. The single flower arising at the top of the stem from between a pair of small unequal scales, rose-purple, i to 2 inches high; sepals and petals similar, linear to elliptic in shape, obtuse, connivent, hooded, and arching over the column; lip usually drooping beneath the sepals and petals, the apex broad, variegated with purplish blotches and crested down the face with three hairy ridges, the margin fringed or toothed. Capsule about i inch long, ellipsoid, strongly six-ribbed. In bogs, low meadows and mossy depressions or moist thickets, New- foundland to Ontario and Minnesota, South Carolina and Indiana. Flower- ing in May and June. One of the most dainty and beautiful of our native orchids. WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Mi-m..ir 15 N. Y. State Musi-urn I'l.u, <•• A. SMALLER Pt KIM I I K1N< .1 I) ORCHIS Blephariglottis psycodes B. RAGGED OR r.RKKN-FRlNr.RD ORCHIS Bltpharifjtottis hurra WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum ROSE POGONIA; SNAKEMOLTII Pogonia ophioglossoidts WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 79 Grass Pink; Calopogon Limodorum tuhcrosiim Linnaeus PUto 41* Scape slender, 12 to 1 8 inches high from a round, solid bulb, arising from the bulb of the previous year, a single leaf appearing the first season, followed the next year by the flowering stem and a single linear-lanceolate leaf, 8 to 12 inches long, one-fourth to I inch wide. Flowers thive to fifteen, forming a loose, terminal spike or raceme, each about i inch broad, purplish pink; sepals and petals nearly alike, separate, obliquely ovate-lanceolau-, acute; lip broadly triangular and dilated at the apex, bearded along the face with yellow, orange and rose-colored hairs. Common in bogs or boggy meadows. Newfoundland to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Missouri. Flowering in June and July. Wide-leaved Ladies'-tresses Ibid him plaittagilteum (Rafinesque) House Plate 41* A rather inconspicuous little orchid, 4 to 10 inches high with tubrmus- fleshy roots. Leaves three to five to a stem, mostly near the IKIM •. lanceo- late, 2 to 5 inches long. Flowers spreading in a dense, terminal spike, I to 2 inches long, one-third to one-half of an inch thick, each flower utxnit one-fourth of an inch long; petals and sepals white, the lateral sepals free, narrowly lanceolate, the upper sepals somewhat united with the petals; lip pale yellow on the face, oblong, not contracted in the middle, the wavy apex rounded, crisped or fringed, the base short clawed, bearing mere tr of callosities at the base. Moist banks, meadows and bogs, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Virginia and Wisconsin. Flowers in June and July. The most showy species of Ladies'-tresses is Ibidium cernuum (Linnaeus) House (figure X). which is 6 to 24 inches high and pulx-scent above. Leaves mainly toward the base of the stem, linear-lanceolate or linear, 3 to 14 inches long; flowers very fragrant, white or yellowish, forming 8o NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Figure X Showy Ladies' -tresses (Ibidium cernuum (Linnaeus) House) a spike, 4 to 5 inches long and one-half to two-thirds of an inch thick; flowers spread- ing or nodding, each about five-twelfths of an inch long in three rows; lip oblong or ovate, rounded at the apex, crenulate or crisped on the margin. Flowering in late summer and autumn. Another common species of Ladies'-tresses is Ibidium strictum (Rydberg) House, perhaps only a race of Ibid- ium romanzoff ianum, which has the sepals and petals coherent and connivent into a hood. It is common in bogs and swamps during July and August. Southern Twayblade (Ophrys australis (Lindley; House) (Listera australis Lindley) Figure XI The Twayblades are among the smallest of our native orchids and require sharp eyes to detect them among the recesses of the forest or bogs. The Southern Twayblade is about 5 to 10 inches tall, with two ovate, rather pointed, smooth and shining sessile leaves slightly above the middle of the stem WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. V. Stati- Musoum IM.it, II j A. GRASS PINK; CALOPOCION Limodorum tuherosum B. LODDIGES S RATTLKSNAKK PLANTAIN Pframium trsselatnm 9 . £ £ Cd z - c - c - _ 5 . : I • E IT. \\ll l> I |o\V| K- \| \V YORK at the top of which is a loose raceme of six to fifteen small, yellow- ish green flowers; sepals and petals minute, the lip one-fourth to om half of an inch long, and two-partol or split nearly to the base four to eight times as long as the tiny petals. A rare plant of cold, sphagnous bogs in the northern counties, west to Wayne and Onondaga counties and south to Fulton county. In the Appalachian region south to Georgia, this is not a ran- species. Very similar to the Southern Twayblade is the Heurt-kavi.l Twayblade (O p h r y s c o r <1 a t a Linnaeus) in which the two sessile leaves are rounded or slightly heart- shaped, and the lip of the flower only two or three times as long as the petals. It is not rare in the Adiron- dack region but on account of its small size is easily overlooked. It has also l>een found in deep cedar swamps in certain other portions of the State. Downy Rattlesnake Plantain Peramittni pubesceits (\Villdenow) MacMillan F«ur» XII Flowering scape 6 to 20 inches (Ph-*n»i»ph by E A. Eunr» Figure XI Southern Twayblade high, densely glandular-pubescent, (Ophrysaustralis (Lindley) House) 82 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Figure XII Downy Rattlesnake Plantain Peramium pubescens (Willdenow) (MacMillan) bearing several lanceolate scales, from a branching, fleshy, perennial rootstock. Leaves all near the base of the scape, I to 3 inches long, two- thirds to i inch wide, pointed at the apex, rather abruptly contracted into short petioles, oval or ovate in shape, rather strongly reticulated with white along the principal veins on the upper surf ace, pale green beneath. Flowers white or tinged with green, forming a rather dense terminal spike which is not one-sided ; each flower about one-fourth of an inch long or slightly less; lateral sepals ovate; upper sepals united with the petals to form an ovate hood (galea) ; lip saccate with a short broad blunt recurved or spreading tip. In dry woods, Maine to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Tennessee. Flowering in July and August. The Lesser Rattlesnake Plantain (Peramium ophioides (Fer- nald) Rydberg) is only about 6 to 10 inches high, with smaller, ovate, white-blotched leaves and small, greenish white flowers, one-eighth to one-sixth a one-sided woods. of an spike. inch long Frequent in in \\1I.O FLOWERS OF NK\V YORK Loddiges's Rattlesnake Plantain Peramium UsseUitum (Loddiges) Helk-r PUU 4lb Leaves oblong-ovate or ovate- lanceolate, I to 2 inches long, one- third to one-fourth of an inch wide, bright green, abruptly narrowed into the petioles which sheathe the base of the stem, more or less marked on the upper surface with white; stem 6 to 14 inches high, glandular-pubescent and scaly, bearing at the summit a loosely spiral spike of flowers I to 5 inches long; flowers whitish, lateral sepals free, the upper ones united with the petals to form a hood (galea), 2 to 3 lines long, broad and recurved at the tip; lip roundish-ovate, slightly saccate at the base, the long tip somewhat recurved. In coniferous woods, more ran ly in open places, Newfoundland to On- tario, Pennsylvania and Michigan. Flowering from July to September. White Adder's-mouth Malaxis monophylla (Linnaeus) Swartz P«urr XIII _ Figure XIII Stem very slender, 4 to 8 incl. .... . . . . .. \\ lute Adder s-mouth high. smooth, bearing below the middle (Malaxis monophylla (Linnaeus) a single leaf which sheathes the stem, (Swartz) 84 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM the blade I to 3 inches long, one-half to if inches wide. Flowers whitish, very small, in a slender raceme, i to 4 inches long; each flower about one- half of an inch long on a very short, nearly erect pedicel; lip triangular or ovate and long pointed. In woods, thickets and recent clearings, Quebec to Manitoba, south to Pennsylvania and Nebraska. Flowering in July. The Green Adder's-mouth (Malaxis unifolia Michaux) has the single leaf clasping the stem near the middle ; flowers greenish on slender pedicels; lip broad and three-toothed at the apex. Small and incon- spicuous as well as rather rare. Large Twayblade Liparis liliifolia (Linnaeus) L. C. Richard Figure XIV Scapes 4 to 10 inches high, striate and smooth from a perennial solid bulb, the base of the stem sheathed by several scales and two ovate or oval, blunt, shining, light-green leaves, 2 to 5 inches long, i to 2\ inches wide. Flowers yellow, numerous, rather showy, forming a loose terminal raceme; petals very narrow and threadlike; lip erect, large, fully one-half inch long, wedge-obovate in shape. Capsule club-shaped and about one-half inch long. In moist woods, thickets and recent clearings, Maine to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Missouri. Flowering from latter part of May to July. Fen Orchis; Loesel's Twayblade Liparis loeselii (Linnaeus) L. C. Richard Plate 42b A low bog orchis with two light-green, shining, elliptic or elliptic- lanceolate leaves, 2 to 6 inches long, one-half to 2 inches wide and obtuse, arising with the short stem from a solitary bulb which, with the base of the stem, is sheathed by several scales and the remains of leaves of former seasons; flowers greenish yellow, about one-fourth of an inch long, in a o i II at v FLOWERS OF M \\ YORK Figure XIV Large Twayblade (Liparis liliifolia (Linnaeus) L. C. Richard) 86 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM terminal, loosely flowered raceme; petals linear, somewhat reflexed; lip obovate, pointed, a little shorter than the petals and sepals, its tip incurved; capsules about one-half of an inch long, wing-angled. In wet thickets, springy banks, and bogs or boggy meadows, Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan, south to Alabama and Missouri. Flowering from late May to July and sometimes later. Calypso Cytherea bulbosa (Linnaeus) House (Calypso borealis Salisbury) Plate 43& Stem or scape 3 to 7 inches high from a perennial bulb one-half of an inch or less thick with coralloid roots. The scape bears two or three loose sheathing scales and at the base a single round-ovate leaf, i to 2 inches long, blunt or pointed at the apex and rounded or heart-shaped at the base, the petiole i to 2 inches long. Flower showy, solitary, i to \\ inches broad, at the summit of the scape, variegated with purple, pink and yellow ; petals and sepals similar, nearly equal, linear, erect or spreading, each with three longitudinal purple lines. Lip saccate, large, two-divided below, spreading or drooping, with a patch of yellow woolly hairs. Column erect, broadly ovate and petallike, shorter than the petals, bearing the lidlike anther just below the summit. In bogs and cold Arbor Vitae swamps, Labrador to Alaska, south to Maine, New York, Michigan, California and in the Rocky mountains to Arizona and New Mexico. Also in Europe. One of the rarest and at the same time most beautiful of our native Orchids, appearing much like a small Cypripedium (Lady's-slipper). In New York it has been found in several localities in southern Herkimer, in Lewis, Oswego and Onondaga counties. The writer found it several years ago in Lodi or Tamarack swamp near Syracuse, but the place has since been obliterated by the growth of the city. For the illustration used here we are indebted to Edward A. Eames of Buffalo. WILD FLO\\ 1 k- ii| si \\ YORK 87 Large Coralroot Corallorrhiza matulnta Rufim-sque P«un VIII. t»f It Stems stout or slender, 8 to 20 inches high, with a large mass of coral- like branching rootstocks, the stem purplish, clothed with several appressed scales, devoid of green leaves or green color. Flowers ten to thirty, form- ing a terminal raceme 2 to 8 inches long, purplish brown ; sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, about one-fourth of an inch long; lip white, spotted and lined with crimson, oval or ovate in outline, deeply three-lobed. crenulate; spur yellowish. Fruiting capsules ovoid or oblong, one-half to two- thirds of an inch long and drooping. In woods, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Florida, Missouri, New Mexico and California. Flowering from July to September. The Early Coralroot (Corallorrhiza corallorrhiza (Linnarusi Karsten) blooms in May and June. It has smaller flowers of a dull - purple color; sepals and petals about one-fourth of an inch long and a whitish, oblong lip; spur reduced to a small protuberance adnate to the summit of the ovary. Common in moist woods. The Small or Late Coralroot (Corallorrhiza odontorhiza (Willdenow) Nuttall) blooms from July to September. It is 6 to 15 inches high and very slender. Flowers purplish; sepals and petals about one- sixth of an inch long or less, marked with purple lines; lip entire or den- ticulate, whitish, spotted with purple. A rather rare plant of moist woods. All the species of Coralroot are devoid of green leaves or green coloring matter in the stems, because of their parasitic or saprophytic habit. Li/ard's-t ail Family Saururaceae Lizard's-tail Saururus cernuus Linnaeus Stem 2 to 5 feet high from a slender rootstock. jointed, pubescent when young, becoming smooth. Leaves ovate, thin, palmately five to nine- ribbed, dark green, entire, deeply cordate at the base, acuminate, 3 to 6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM inches long, 2 to 3^ inches wide ; petioles sheathing the stem at the enlarged nodes; the stem terminating in one or two elongated white spikes, their tips drooping in flower. Flowers fragrant, small, white, without any perianth; stamens six to eight, white, spreading; ovary consisting of three or four carpels united at the base, becoming slightly fleshy and strongly wrinkled in fruit. In swamps and shallow water, Rhode Island to Florida west to southern Ontario, Minnesota and Texas. Flowering from June to August. Nettle Family Urticaceae False Nettle Boehmeria cylindrica (Linnaeus) Swartz Plate 45 A perennial, rough-pubescent or nearly smooth, erect plant, I to 3 feet tall, not provided with stinging hairs as are the true nettles. Leaves mostly opposite, thin, petioled, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed, i to 4 inches long, one-half to i£ inches wide. Flowers greenish, small and dioecious, that is, some of the axillary spikes containing only staminate flowers, and others only pistillate flowers, or some of the spikes containing both kinds of flowers (androgynous) ; the staminate spikes interrupted, the pistillate mostly continuous, one-fourth to i£ inches long, often terminated by small leaves. In moist soil and thickets, Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota, Florida, Texas and the West Indies. Flowering from July to September. Not an attractive plant but figured here as a representative of the Nettle family, none of our species having conspicuous flowers. The True or Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica Linnaeus), naturalized in the eastern states from Europe, the Slender Wild Nettle (Urtica gracilis Aiton) and the Wood Nettle (Urticastrum divaricatum (Linnaeus) Kuntze) are all provided with stinging hairs and are most unpleasant plants to encounter unexpectedly in the woods. WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK M. mnir 15 N. Y. State Muttum Phil.- II LIZARD S-TAIL Saiirnrus crrnttns WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK V V si. iir MiiMimi n.ii,- KALSK NETTLE Bofhmeria cvlindrira \V1I.I> I t(i\VI K- < I M \\ YORK Ity Sandalwood Family S a n t a I a r r a r Bastard Toadflax Contninlra nmbclhitn ( Linnaeus) Nuttall PUU J*t> Stems numerous from a horizontal, branching rootstock. said to be parasitic on the roots of adjacent herbs, 6 to 18 inches tall, usually bram-hol and vi-ry U-afy. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, pale green, points! at t-ach end, sessile, one-half to ij inches long, the lower om-s smalk-r. Flowers numerous in terminal cymes, corymbose at the summit of the strm, or also axillary, their branches divergent or ascending, greenish white. white, or purplish, about one-fifth of an inch long, calyx usually fivr-lc >l H . 1 , corolla none. Fruit a globose drupe atxnit one-fourth of an inch in diameter, crowned by the upper part of the calyx tube and its five oblong lobes. In dry fields and thickets, especially sandy soil, Cape Breton Island to Ontario and Assiniboia, south to Georgia, Kansas and Arkansas. At Bergen swamp in Genesee county, New York, it grows in an open marl bog, which, however, is dry in certain seasons, in company with A r e t h u s a bulbosa, Cypripedium candidum, Scirpus caespitosus, Anticlea chlorantha. Triantha glutinosa. Solidago hough- tonii, and other bog plants, a habitat most unusual for this species. Birthwort Family Aristolochiaceae Wild or Indian Ginger .\snriini canadcnse Linnaeus PUtr 46 Leaves clustered in pairs from a slender, branching, aromatic root- stock, having the flavor of ginger. Leaf blades long petioled, reniform, thin, short pointed at the apex, 3 to 7 inches broad, dark green, the base 90 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM deeply cordate. Entire plant densely and finely pubescent. Flowers on a short, slender peduncle from between the bases of the petioles, often concealed or partly buried in old leaves on the ground, i inch or more broad, brownish purple; calyx ovoid, its tube completely adnate to the ovary, its three lobes inflexed in bud, ovate-lanceolate, acute or long- acuminate, spreading; stamens twelve in number, the stout, short filaments inserted on the inferior six-celled ovary. In rich woods, New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to North Carolina, Missouri and Kansas. Flowering in April and May. In southern New York occurs also the Short-lobed Wild Ginger (Asarum reflexum Bicknell) with smaller flowers, the calyx tube white within, and the triangular, acute lobes strongly reflexed. Buckwheat Family Polygonaceae Swamp Smartweed Persicaria muhlenbergii (S. Watson) Small Plate 4?a Perennial by long rootstocks, rooting in the mud or in the water, stem erect, glabrous, or somewhat pubescent, enlarged at the nodes, i to 3 feet high. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, the upper ones often narrower, 2 to 8 inches long, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, petioled, ocreae cylindric, becoming loose, not ciliate. Flowers in linear-oblong, dense, terminal racemes, i to 3 inches long; calyx dark rose-colored, five-parted; stamens five in number. In swamps, marshes and moist soil, Ontario to British Columbia, Virginia, Louisiana and Mexico. Flowering from July to September. Lady's-thumb ; Heartweed Persicaria persicaria (Linnaeus) Small Plate 47b Annual, smooth or somewhat puberulent, stems one-half to 2 feet high, erect or nearly so, simple or branched. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceo- WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK M,-iM.>ir 15 N. Y. Stuti- Museum WILD OR INDIAN GINGER .1 sn ru m en nadrnsc s « si 0 _ z — :• - £ c -» — - - z = - a ; CO - - ^• \\I1.H llottl KS OF NEW YORK 91 late, 2 to 6 inches long, nearly svssilo, acuminate at both ends, conspicuously dotted, usually with a triangular or lunar dark blotch near the center; ocn-ai- cylindric. fringed with short bristles. Flowers in dense, erect. ovoid or oblong racemes, one-half to 2 inches long, pink to dark purple; stamens usually six. Native of Europe but naturalized and often an abundant weed in waste places throughout North America, except in the extri-iiu- north. Arrow-leaved Tearthumb TracaiiloH sa^iltatnm (Linnaeus) Small PUu 4te Stems slender, weak, annual, decumbent, or climbing over other plants by the numerous sharp, recurved prickles which arm its four proinim-nt angles. Leaves lanceolate-sagittate or oblong-sagittate, i to 3 inches long, pointed at the apex, slightly rough margined, the lower leaves petioled, upper ones sessile or nearly so, prickly on the petioles and bcm-atli on the midribs; ocreae oblique, not ciliate. Flowers in terminal heads or racenu-s. rose-colored or greenish; stamens usually eight in number; stylo thivr- parted. In wet soil, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territory, south to Florida and Kansas. Flowering from July to September. Halberd-leaved Tearthumb Tracaulon arifolium (Linnaeus) Rafinesque Stems angled, reclining, 2 to 6 feet long from a perennial root, armed with recurved prickles. Leaves broadly hastate, long petioled, i to 8 inches long, pubescent or glabrous beneath, the apex and basal lobes sharp pointed ; petioles and larger nerves prickly; peduncles and pedicels glandular; ocreae oblique, fringed at the summit with short bristles and at the base with slender prickles. Flowers in terminal and axillary heads or racemes, rose- colored or greenish, four parted. Stamens six; style two-parted. 92 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM In moist or wet soil and thickets, New Brunswick and Ontario to Minnesota, south to Georgia. Flowering from July to September. Climbing False Buckwheat Bilderdykia scandens (Linnaeus) Greene (Polygonum scandens Linnaeus) Plate l$b Stems slender or stout, glabrous, high climbing, 2 to 20 feet long from a perennial root, somewhat rough on the ridges which mark the stem. Leaves ovate, sharp pointed, cordate at the base, i to 6 inches long, or the upper ones smaller, finely dotted, ocreae oblique, smooth and glabrous. Flowers in numerous panicled racemes, 2 to 8 inches long, usually inter- rupted with small leaves, yellowish green or whitish; calyx five-parted; stamens eight; calyx in fruit about one-half of an inch long with crisped wings. In woods, thickets and on banks and along fence rows, Nova Scotia to Ontario and British Columbia, south to Florida, Nebraska and Texas. Flowers in August and September. Coast Jointweed Polygonella articulata (Linnaeus) Meisner Plate 49a Stems slender, wiry, erect or somewhat diffusely spreading, annual, glaucous, simple or the larger ones often much branched, 4 to 12 inches high. Leaves linear or linear-subulate, with revolute margins, sessile, one-third to \\ inches long, jointed to the summits of the ocreae. Flowers small, in numerous terminal racemes on reflexed pedicels; calyx five-parted, its segments white with a conspicuous purple midrib. In sand near or on the seashore from Maine to Florida, and inland on the Schenectady plains, those east of Oneida lake, and along the Great Lakes. 1 i a: o u: & Jl ac ~ ea CO u, a a I < • \\ll.l » I l.cittl-.K- 01 M \\ YORK 93 Ooosefoot Family C h c n o ]> o il i a c e a e Slender or Jointed Glasswort; Saltwort S I / -• ! : ^ : X I sn WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum IM..I, POKE; SCORE: PIGEON BERRY; GARGET Phytolocca amcricana WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 95 Chickweed Family A 1 sinaceae Field or Meadow Chickweed rastinm tirvense Linnaeus Plat* 6ja A densely matted or tufted perennial plant, usually more or less pubescent. Flowering stems 4 to 10 inches high, simple or sparingly branched. Lower leaves and those of the numerous sterile shts linear- oblong, close together, slightly narrowed at the base. Leaves of the flowering stems more distant, linear or narrowly lanceolate, one-half to I J inches long, one-eighth of an inch wide or slightly wider. Flowers white, one-half to three-fourths of an inch broad, several in a cymose inflorescence. Petals five, obcordate or deeply notched at the ends, much longer than the lanceolate, acute sepals. Fruit a small, cylindrical capsule, a little longer than the sepals and slightly oblique at its apex. In dry, rocky places, stony fields or ledges. Labrador to Alaska, south to Georgia, Missouri, Nevada and California. Also found in Europe and Asia. Flowering from April to July. In New York usually in bloom during some part of May. This is a much larger flowered and more attractive plant than the Mouse-ear Chickweed (Cerastium vulgatum Linnaeus), which is naturalized almost even-where, esjx-cially in the stony or rocky places where the Field Chickweed is found. Pink Family Caryophyllaceae Bladder Campion; White Ben Silfne hitifoliti ( Miller) Britten & Rcndel PUtr eneath 2 to 6 feet of water. Leaves I to 2 feet broad, orbicular, or somewhat con- stricted in the middle, centrally peltate, floating or raised a foot or two out of the water, prominently veined, smooth and dark green above, more or less pubescent and finely scaly beneath; leaf jx-tioles and flower stems 3 to 7 feet long, rigid and tough, with several large air canals. Flowers pale yellow, fragrant, 4 to 10 inches broad; petals concave, obovate, blunt, numerous, surrounded by four or five overlapping scales. Carj>els numerous, contained in pits in the large convex receptacle which becomes 3 to 4 inches long and obconic in fruit. Seeds about one-half of an inch in diameter. In rivers and lakes, locally distributed from Massachusetts to Minne- sota, Nebraska, Louisiana and Cuba. Flowering in August at Sodus bay. where a large colony of it exists. Tubers and seeds farinaceous and edible. The local distribution in the north may be due to introduction by the Indians. The Indian Lotus or Sacred Mean ' N" e 1 u m b o nelumbo (Linnaeus) KarsUn'. with large pink flowers, is frequent in cultivation. 98 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Water Lily Family Nymphaeaceae Large Yellow Pond Lily; Spatter-dock Nymphaea advena Solander Plate 56 Floating and emersed leaves 5 to 12 inches long and 5 to 9 inches broad, ovate or orbicular-oval, thick, with a sinus 2 to 5 inches deep and generally open; submerged leaves, when present, thin and membranous; petioles, peduncles and lower surfaces of the leaves usually pubescent. Flowers i£ to 2\ inches broad, depressed, globose, yellow, usually tinged with purple within; sepals six, oblong; petals fleshy, oblong truncate, one- half to two-thirds of an inch long; stamens numerous in five to seven rows; carpels numerous, united into a compound pistil which is surmounted by an undulate, yellow or pale-red stigmatic disc with twelve to twenty-four rays, ripening into an ovoid, berry like fruit, i to 2 inches long and about i inch thick, maintained at the surface of the water or above it. In ponds, lakes, slow streams or often subterrestrial in boggy meadows, Labrador and Nova Scotia to the Rocky mountains, south to Florida, Texas and Utah. Flowering from May to September. Consists of several races or perhaps species, differing in the character of the pistil, stigmatic disc and leaf outline. In the lakes and ponds throughout the north the small Yellow Pond Lily (Nymphaea microphylla Persoon) is also found, with flowers i inch broad or less, and small leaves 2 to 4 inches long and i to 3 inches broad. The northern form of the larger Yellow Pond Lily is described in some books under the name of Nymphaea vari- e g a t a (Morong) Greene, and a hybrid between the two, Nymphaea rubrodisca (Morong) Greene, is of frequent occurrence, having fewer stigmatic rays than N. variegata and spatulate petals. Our illustra- tion is from a plant on Long Island. cd 2 J •• £ WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Mrinoir 15 V V. St.iu- MUM-IIMI I'l.ltr 55 AMERICAN NEI.fMBO OR LOTIS \flnmho /;//*•KK 99 Sweet-scented White Water Lily Castalia odorata (Aiton) Woodvillc & Wood Aquatic, with a thick, horizontal rootstock. Leaves floating, orbicular or nearly so, 4 to 1 2 inches in diameter, glabrous, green and shining above, purple and somewhat pubescent beneath, the sinus open or almost closed, petioles and peduncles slender with four main air channels. Flowers white or in some varieties pink or rose-colored, 3 to 6 inches broad, very fragrant, with four greenish sepals and numerous, narrowly oblong, blunt petals, the inner ones shorter and narrower and gradually passing into stamens; stamens numerous and yellow. Carpels numerous, united into a compound pistil with radiating, linear, projecting stigmas, becoming a globose, fleshy fruit and ripening beneath the surface of the water by the coiling of the peduncles. In ponds, lakes and slow streams, Newfoundland to Manitoba, south to Florida, Louisiana and Kansas. Flowering from June to August. Tuberous White Water Lily Castalia tuberosa (Paine) Greene PUtc 5* Leaves orbicular, 5 to 12 inches in diameter, floating, green on both sides, sometimes slightly pubescent beneath, sinus open or closed. Root- stock thick, with numerous lateral tuberous-thickened branches which become detached and propagate the plant. Flowers white, 4 to 9 inches broad, slightly fragrant or inodorous; petals oblong, broader than those of C. odorata, obtuse. Fruit depressed-globose. In shallow water of bays and protected coves, Lake Champlain, Lake George, Oneida lake and along the Great Lakes to Michigan, south to Delaware and eastern Nebraska and Arkansas. Flowering in July and August. IOO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Crowfoot Family Ranunculaceae Marsh Marigold; Cowslip Caltha palustris Linnaeus Plate 59 A succulent, herbaceous plant with stout, glabrous, hollow stems, erect or ascending, i to 2 feet high, branching and bearing several or numerous bright-yellow flowers. Lower leaves long petioled, the blades cordate or reniform, 2 to 8 inches broad, with a narrow sinus, crenate, dentate, or nearly entire on the margin. Upper leaves smaller, with short petioles or sessile with nearly truncate bases. Flowers i to 15 inches broad; sepals oval, obtuse, petallike. True petals none. Stamens numer- ous, obovoid. Carpels several, in fruit forming follicles which are slightly compressed, about one-half of an inch long, and slightly curved outward . In swamps, wet meadows and marshes, Newfoundland to South Carolina, west to Saskatchewan and Nebraska. Flowering in May and June. Goldenseal ; Orange-root Hydrastis canadensis Linnaeus Figure XV An erect, perennial herb with a thick yellow rootstock. Stems 10 to 15 inches high. Usually each plant with a single, long-petioled basal leaf which is 5 to 8 inches broad and palmately 5 to Q-lobed, the lobes broad, pointed, sharply and unequally toothed. Stem leaves two, borne at the summit of the stem, similar in shape but smaller than the basal leaf, the uppermost leaf just below the solitary, greenish white flower, which is cne-third to one-half of an inch broad. Sepals three, petallike and falling away as the flower opens. Petals none. Stamens numerous, their filaments widened and about one-sixth of an inch long; anthers oblong, obtuse. Carpels several, ripening into an ovoid, crimson head of fruit about two- M * c I \\ I L D FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Mi m.'ir 15 N. T. State Plute 57 SWEET-SCENTED WHITE WATER LILY Castalia odoraia WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Mi-mnir 15 N. Y. State Muaeum Plau- ^ \\MITK \\ ATI K I.ILY ( 'ustclia Inherosa • - WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 101 thirds of an inch long, each carpel in fruit tipped with a short recurved beak. In moist or low woodlands, Connecticut to Minnesota, Ontario, Kan s. is and Missouri, south to Georgia. Figure XV Goldenseal or Orange-root (Hydrastis canadcnsis Linnaeus) American Globeflower Trolliits la\tis Salisbury PUtt 6 1 Stems few or several from a perennial fibrous root, erect or ascending, often slightly fleshy but weak, from a few inches to 2 feet long. Lower IO2 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM leaves long-stalked ; upper ones short-stalked or sessile ; blades 3 to 5 inches broad, parted into five to seven wedge-shaped, cleft or toothed segments, the blades small at flowering time, much enlarged later. Flowers i to \\ inches broad, with five to seven spreading, yellowish green, petallike sepals; true petals minute, fifteen to twenty-five in number and much shorter than the numerous yellow stamens. Fruit about i inch broad, consisting of several small pods (follicles) each about one-fourth of an inch long and tipped with a straight, slender beak of about one-fourth its length. A rare or local plant of low or swampy woodlands, New England to Delaware, central and western New York to Michigan. Flowering from April to June. Goldthread Coptis trifolia (Linnaeus) Salisbury Plate 6oa A low, herbaceous plant with a slender or filiform bright-yellow, bitter rootstock. Leaves all basal, evergreen, long petioled, the blade reniform, i to 2 inches broad, divided to the petiole into three wedge-shaped, obtuse segments, dark green, shining above, paler beneath, sharply toothed. Scape one-flowered, slender; sepals five to seven, oblong, obtuse, white; petals small and club-shaped; carpels three to seven, spreading, about one-fourth of an inch long, on stalks of about their own length, tipped with a beak. In damp, mossy woods and bogs, Newfoundland to Virginia and eastern Tennessee, Iowa, Minnesota and Alaska. In the Memoirs of Bastram and Marshall, page 20, it is stated that John Ellis, the eminent naturalist, in a letter to Linnaeus, dated London, April 25, 1758, says: " Mr Golden of New York, has sent Dr Fothergill a new plant, described by his daughter (Miss Jane Golden). It is called Fibraurea, gold thread. This young lady merits your esteem and does honor to your system. She has drawn and described 400 plants in your method only. She uses the English terms. Her father has a plant called after him, Coldenia; suppose you should call this Coldenella, or any other \\ I I I) I 1.0 \VKRS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 \. V. Si.iu- Mim-um I'l.ir,- =•'. MAKMI MAKK.OI I>: < r>\\-l U> Caltlm fMiliistrix W 1 1, 1) FLOWERS OF NEW Y () R K M.-inoir 15 N. Y. State Museum A. GOLDTHREAD Coptis trifolin IM.IIi- (HI B. HISPID BUTTERCUP Ranunculus hisfndus WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 \. V M.m MtiM-um Cl.it, .,1 *i AMERICAN GLOBEFLOWKR Trollius laxus WILD FLOWERS OF M \\ YORK IO3 • name that might distinguish her among your genera." Linnaeus, however. referred the plant to his genus Helleborus, and when it was subsequently ascertained to be distinct, Salisbury, regardless alike of gallantry and justice, imposed on it the name of Coptis. Red Baneberry; Black Cohosh Ai'ltieti nihrn (Alton) Willdenow PUto At Stems erect, i to 2 feet high, from a perennial root, pubescent or smooth. Leaves ternately divided, the divisions pinnate with the l<>wi-r ultimate leaflets sometimes again compound ; leaflets ovate or the terminal ones obovate, toothed or more or less cleft or incised with pointed or rounded teeth. Flowers small in a dense terminal, ovoid raceme; sepals three to five, petaloid and fugacious. Petals four to ten, spatulate. shorter than the numerous white stamens; pedicels slender, one-half to two- thirds of an inch long. Fruit consisting of a raeeme of bright-red, oval or ellipsoid berries, each berry about one-half of an inch long. In woods, thickets and shaded banks, Nova Scotia to New Jersey and Pennsylvania, west to South Dakota and Nebraska. Flowering from April to early June. A variety with red berries on slender pedicles (A c t a e a n e g 1 e c t a Gillman) is occasionally found. White Baneberry; Snakeroot Actaea alba (Linnaeus) Miller PUU6jb Resembling the Red Baneberry in general habit and aspect. Leaflets usually more cut and the teeth and lobes sharply pointed. Flowers in oblong racemes; petals truncate at the apex; fruiting jx-dicels as thick as the peduncle or in fruit even thicker, with swollen ends, often reddish; berries short-oval, white, sometimes purplish at the ends. A variety with berries on thickened pedicels is occasionally seen. In rich woods, Nova Scotia to Georgia, west to Minnesota and Mis- souri. Flowering in April and May or as late as the middle of June. IO4 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM • Black Snakeroot; Black Cohosh Cimicifuga mcemosa (Linnaeus) Nuttall Plate 64 Stems tall and slender, 3 to 8 feet high, leafy above, rootstock thick and perennial. Leaves ternate with pinnate divisions; leaflets ovate or oblong, the terminal ones usually obovate, pointed at the apex, truncate or narrowed at the base, margins coarsely toothed, cleft or divided, rather thick texture, smooth or nearly so. Flowers white, with a somewhat fetid odor, in tall, terminal, simple or compound racemes, 6 to 30 inches long, each flower about one-half of an inch broad; petals four to eight, two-cleft; stamens very numerous; pistils one or two, sessile. Fruiting follicles oval, about one-fourth of an inch long, minutely beaked. In woods and shaded rocky places, Maine and Ontario to Wisconsin, south to Georgia and Missouri. Flowering in July and August. Wild Columbine; Rock Bells Aquilegia canadensis Linnaeus Plate 6s Erect and branching, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, i to 2 feet high, from a perennial root. Leaves ternately decompound, the lower and basal leaves slender-petioled , 4 to 8 inches broad, the ultimate leaflets i to 2 inches broad, sessile or short stalked, obovate, obtuse, cuneate, obtusely lobed and toothed, pale beneath; leaves of the upper part of the stem lobed or divided. Flowers nodding, i to 2 inches long, scarlet or rarely white or yellow; sepals five, regular, petaloid; petals concave, produced backward between the sepals into hollow, nearly straight spurs, one-half to three-fourths of an inch long, thickened at the end; stamens numerous, with the styles long exserted. Fruit erect, consisting of five united carpels with slightly spreading filiform beaks. In rocky woodlands and clearings, Nova Scotia to the Northwest Territory, south to Florida and Texas. Flowering from the latter part of April until June. z - — w X u: ^ 0 s- z ?*_. o H c - ^ _ -» \VII.I) FLOWKRS OF XK\V YORK IO5 Known in many localities as Honeysuckle, a name which should more properly be applied to species of the genus Lonicera. The European Columbine ( A q u i 1 e g i a v u 1 g a r i s Linnaeus) with showy, blue, purple or white flowers is an occasional escape from gardens into woods and fields. Tall Anemone; Thimbleweed Anemone virginiaim Linnaeus PUtr 66 Stem stout, hairy. 2 to 3 feet tall, branching above at tin- involucre which is composed of two to five, usually three. short-jK-tioled leaves; the lateral peduncles often bearing secondary involucres of smaller leaves. Basal leaves long petioled, broader than long, three-parted, the divisions broadly cuneate-oblong. variously cleft and divided into aeute. serrate lobes; those of the involucres similar. Flowers two-thirds to ij inches broad, on peduncles 4 to 10 inches long: sepals live, white, ohtuse: stamens numerous, shorter than the sepals. Carpels numerous, forming an oblong to subcylindric head, two-thirds to I inch long and about one-half as thick. In woods, thickets and clearings. Nova Seotia to Alberta, south to South Carolina, Arkansas and Kansas. Flowering from May to July or August. Consists of several races, differing in sixe and color of flower, shape of fruit, and in the styles. Of these, the most distinct is Anemone r i p a r i a Fernald, with smaller greenish flowers and pointed si-pals. The Slender-fruited Anemone (A n e m o n e c y 1 i n d r i c a A. ( '.ray > . which is frequent in sandy woods and thickets in the eastern states has silky hairy stems and tufted basal leaves with narrower divisions, white or greenish flowers about three-fourths of an inch broad and the head of fruit cylindric, i inch long or often longer and one-fourth to one-third as thick. Canada or Round-leaved Anemone Anemone fanadensh Linnaeus PUU-67 Stems slender or stout, i to 2 feet tall, somewhat hairy, especially on the lower surfaces of the leaves, branching at the involucre. Basal leaves IO6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM long petioled, broader than long, three to five-pointed, the divisions broad, oblong, acute, variously cleft or toothed, those of the primary and secondary involucres similar but sessile. Flowers i to i^ inches broad; sepals white or sometimes tinged with pink, oblong, obtuse; head of fruit globose, con- sisting of numerous flattened, orbicular, pubescent achenes, tipped with stout, persistent styles. Low grounds, along roadsides, railroads and in open woods, Labrador to Assiniboia, Massachusetts, Maryland, Illinois, Kansas and Colorado Very closely related to Anemone dichotomaof Siberia. Flower- ing from May to August, by the development of secondary involucres. Windflower; Wood Anemone Anemone quinquefolia Linnaeus Plate 68a Smallest of our wild anemones. Stems simple, glabrous, 4 to 10 inches high, from horizontal, perennial rootstocks. Basal leaves long petioled, usually developing after the flowering stem, five-parted, the divisions oblong, cuneate, dentate; those of the single involucre on slender petioles one-half to i inch long, three- to five-parted, the divisions about \\ inches long, acute, variously cut and lobed. Flowers solitary, about i inch broad ; sepals four to nine, obovate or oval, white or purplish without; head of fruit globose, inclined, consisting of several pubescent, oblong achenes, tipped with hooked styles. Common in moist or low woodlands, Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Tennessee. Flowering in April and May. Round-lobed Hepatica or Liverleaf Ilepatica hepatica (Linnaeus) Karsten Plate sib Leaves long petioled, arising with the flowering scapes directly from the fibrous roots, reniform, hairy, 2 to 2\ inches broad when mature, spreading on the ground, three-lobed (occasionally the lateral divisions again lobed), obtuse. Flowers blue, purple or white, one-half to i inch WILD F I. 0 \V E R S OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. V. State Museum H.llr BLACK SNAKEROOT; BLACK COHOSH Cimififttga racemosa \V I I, I) F I. 0 \V E R S OF NEW YORK Mi-inuir 15 N. Y. State Museum I'l.u, 10 WILD COI.fMHIXK: RCX K BELLS tr« nadensis WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Mi-nioir 15 \. Y. State Museum n.ii,- TALI. ANEMONE ; THIMHI.K\\ I I I) .1 nrnwne virginiana WILD FLOWKKS OK NEW YOKK 107 broad on hairy scapes 4 to 6 inches high. Each flower subtended by an involucre of three sessile, obtuse, oblong, small leaves immediately under the flowers. Sepals oval or oblong, obtuse, longer than the numerous stamens. Fruit consisting of several oblong, acute, hairy achetu-s. In woods, often in large tufts. Nova Scotia to northern Florida, west to Manitoba, Iowa and Missouri. Also in Alaska. Europe- and Asia. Flow- ering in earliest spring, with us usually early in April but sometimes in March, and even unseasonably warm spells in midwinter may find it in flower. The leaves of Hepatica hepatic a in central Europe possess blunt lobes, while our form usually has jH-rfectly rounded lolx Sharp-lobed Hepatica or Liverleaf Hepatica naitilolMi DeCandolle PUU6ob Resembling in most respects the Round-lobed Hepatica but the leaf lobes and the leaves of the involucre are pointed, the scapes usually a little longer, and the flowers somewhat larger. The flowers are often dioecious. In woods, Maine, Quebec and Ontario; south in the Allcghanies to Georgia; west to Missouri and Minnesota. Rare or absent near the Atlantic coast. Puzzling forms sometimes occur which are intermediate between this and the preceding species. Rue Anemone Syndesmon thalictroides (Linnaeus) Hoffmannsegg PUtrMb Stems slender and weak, glabrous, 4 to 10 inches high; the flowering stem appearing in early spring from a cluster of tuberous roots, the temately compound basal leaves appearing later and resembling those of the Meadow Rue, but smaller. Leaves of the involucre similar, sessile, the leaflets long petioled. Flowers perfect, few or several forming a loose umbel immediately above the involucre, white or pinkish, one-half to I inch broad; sepals five to ten, thin and soon falling, longer than the numerous stamens. IO8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM In woods. New Hampshire and Massachusetts to Florida. Ontario. Minnesota and Kansas. Flowering in early spring. March to early June. Swamp or Marsh Buttercup Ranunculus septentrional is (Linnaeus) Poiret Plate jo Stems branching, i to 2 feet long, or becoming longer in summer, ascending, the later branches procumbent and often rooting at the nodes. Roots simply fibrous; stems glabrous or pubescent. Leaves large, petioled, three-divided, the divisions mostly stalked, usually cuneate at the base, cleft into broad lobes; petioles of the lower leaves sometimes a foot long. Flowers bright yellow, i to ij inches broad; petals five, obovate, twice as long as the spreading sepals. Stamens numerous. Fruit a globose or oval head of flat, strongly margined achenes, each achene tipped by the subulate, persistent, sword-shaped style. Marshes, swamps, ditches and low meadows. New Brunswick to Mani- toba, Georgia and Kansas. Flowering from April to July. Hispid Buttercup Ranunculus hispidus Michaux Plate 6ob Plant usually hairy when young, sometimes merely appressed- pubescent or glabrate when old; stems ascending or spreading, usually several from a thickened, fibrous, perennial root; at flowering time the stems only a few inches long, later becoming i to 2 feet long, but not stoloniferous. Leaves pinnately three to five divided, the divisions ovate, oblong or obovate, narrowed or cuneate at the base, sharply cleft or lobed, usually thin; flowers one-half to i| inches broad; petals usually five, oblong, about twice as long as the spreading sepals and entire or sometimes slightly notched at the apex; achenes of fruit oval, lenticular, narrowly margined, abruptly tipped by a subulate style of about one-half their length. W I I, D F L O \\ I l< S OF NEW YORK Mi-mnir 15 N. Y. Statt- Musi-inn Plate 67 CANADA OR ROfXP-LEAVED ANEMONE Anemone canadensis - z - ^ C ^ £ -- CO > • z M M Z — 0 a ^ O - WILD IH»\\lks 01 M-W YORK I OO, In dry woods and thickets, Vermont ;md Ontario to North Dakota, south to Georgia and Arkansas. Flowering from March to May. Stiff White Water Crowfoot Batrachiiim circinatum tSiblhorp) Keichenbach PUt<- :«• Plant entirely submerged, except the flowers. Stems branching, usually i foot long or longer. Leaves alnmt I inch long, spreading nearly at right angles from the stem, only slightly or not at all collapsing when drawn from the water, rej>catedly forked into capillary divisions. Flowers white, one-third of an inch broad on stout peduncles, i to 2 inches long opposite the leaves, flowering just above the surface <>!" the water; sepals and petals five; petals oblong-oval and blunt. Fruit a small cluster <>l tiny. apiculate achenes. In ponds and slow streams, Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to North Carolina, also in Europe and Asia. Flowering from June to September. The form illustrated here has the beak of the achenes alxiut I mm long, so that it should be classed as Batrachium longirostre (Godron) F. Schultz. Early Meadow Rue Thalictnitn dioicum Linnaeus Plate 71 Stems glabrous, erect, I to 2 feet high, slender and leafy from brown perennial roots. Leaves three to four-tcrnatc. Leaflets thin, pale U-neath, orbicular or broader, often cordate and the terminal one somewhat cuneate five to nine-lobed. Flowers dioecious, greenish or greenish yellow, drooping or spreading; panicle elongated, of numerous lateral corymbs or umbels; sepals usually four, blunt; petals none; stamens numerous, filaments longer than the sepals; anthers linear, blunt, longer than the filaments. Achenes in fruit ovoid, sessile or minutely stipitate, strongly ribbed, much longer than the style. HO NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM In woods and on shaded banks, Maine to Alabama, Saskatchewan and Missouri. Flowering in April and May. Fall Meadow Rue Thalictrum polygamum Muhlenberg Plate 72 Stems stout, smooth or pubescent but not glandular or waxy, 3 to 10 feet high, branching. Leaves three to f our-ternate ; leaflets thickish, light green above and pale beneath, oblong or orbicular with three main apical pointed or blunt lobes; panicle compound, leafy, a foot long or more. Flowers polygamous, white or purplish, usually the pistillate flowers pur- plish and the staminate flowers white; filaments broad, narrowly clavate; anthers oblong, short. Fruiting achenes ovoid, sessile or short-stipulate, six to eight- winged, glabrous or pubescent. Marshes, open sunny swamps and low meadows. Newfoundland to Florida, Ontario and Ohio. Flowering from July to September. Virgin's Bower; Woodbine; Wild Clematis Clematis virginiana Linnaeus Figure XVI and Plate 73 A long vine, climbing over bushes in low woodlands, and along fences and watercourses. Stems somewhat woody below but only the root peren- nial in the north at least. Leaves opposite, glabrous, trifoliate; leaflets broadly ovate, acute at the apex, toothed or lobed, sometimes slightly cordate. Flowers in leafy panicles, white, polygamo-dioecious, two- thirds to \\ inches broad when expanded. Sepals usually four, spreading, petallike; petals none; stamens numerous, spreading; filaments glabrous; pistils numerous. In fruit the styles become an inch long or more, plumose and persistent on the achenes (figure XVI). Nova Scotia to Georgia, west to Manitoba and Tennessee. Flowering in midsummer, July to September. WILD II <> \V I. R s ( ) I \ K W Y O R K M.-im>ir 15 N. Y. SlaU- Museum I -In, ;o SWAMP OR MARSH BUTTERc I I' Ranunculus septentrional is \VII I) I I . lUI K- . .| \| \\ YORK III Figure XVI Virgin's Bower (Clematis virginiana Linnaeus), in fruit 112 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Purple Virgin's Bower Atragene americana Sims (Clematis verti-cillaris De Candolle) Figure XVII A trailing or partly climbing vine, somewhat woody and perennial below, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves trifoliate; leaflets thin, ovate, acute, toothed or entire and more or less cordate ; petioles and petiolules slender. Flowers purplish blue, 2 to 4 inches broad, solitary on slender peduncles in the axils of the leaves or at the ends of the branches. Sepals four, thin and translucent, strongly veined, silky along the margins and veins; petals four, spatulate, one-half to two-thirds of an inch long; stamens very numerous, the outer ones usually with broadened filaments; styles long, persistent, plumose throughout and about 2 inches long in fruit. Rocky woodlands and thickets, Hudson bay to Manitoba, south to Connecticut, Virginia and Minnesota. Flowering in May and June. One of our rarest wild flowers. Erect Silky Leather Flower Viorna ochroleuca (Aiton) Small Plate 74 Stems erect, silky-hairy, i to 2 feet high and somewhat woody at the base from a thickened, woody, perennial root. Leaves opposite, simple, sessile, ovate or elliptical-ovate, blunt, smooth and glabrous above, silky and reticulate-veined beneath, entire or rarely somewhat lobed; each stem with a single terminal nodding flower about i inch long or less. Calyx rather broadly cylindric in shape, composed of four or five thick sepals, very silky without, their yellowish-green tips recurved; petals none. Stamens numerous, parallel with the sepals, their anthers very narrow. Pistils very numerous, their styles silky or plumose. In fruit the fleshy sepals fall away leaving an erect head of small achenes plumose with the long, yellowish -brown, persistent styles which are i to 2 inches long. WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 71 EARLY MEADOW RUE Thalictrum dioicum WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir IS N. Y. State Museum I'h.lr 72 FALL MEADOW RUE Thalictrum poly gam urn \VH.I> I lo\\l Ks (i| M..\\ \OKK Figure XVII Purple Virgin's Bowrr (Atragcnc americana Sims) I 14 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Sandy fields and thickets, Staten Island and Pennsylvania, south to Georgia. Flowering in late May and June. In the southern states several additional species of Leather Flower (Viorna) are found, but this is the only one which enters New York. Barberry Family Berberidaceae Blue Cohosh Caulophyllum thalictroides (Linnaeus) Michaux Plate 75 Stems erect, glabrous and glaucous when young, i to 3 feet high from a thickened, perennial rootstock; the base of the stem with two or three large, sheathing bracts, near the top of the stem a single, large, triternate, nearly sessile leaf and usually a similar but smaller leaf near the base of the inflorescence. Leaflets thin, oval, oblong or obovate, i to 3 inches long when mature, usually only partly developed at flowering time, three to five-lobed at the apex. Flowers several in a loose terminal panicle, greenish purple, one-quarter to one-half of an inch broad; sepals six, oblong; petals six, smaller, cucullate and opposite the sepals; stamens six. Each flower contains a single pistil with two ovules, which ripens into a globose, blue, glaucous, berrylike fruit, about one-third of an inch in diameter. As the seed grows it ruptures the thin, transparent pericarp before maturity. In woods and thickets, New Brunswick to South Carolina, west to Manitoba, Tennessee, Nebraska and Missouri. Flowering in April and May. May Apple; Wild Mandrake Podophyllum peltatum Linnaeus Plate 76 Stems erect, i to \\ feet high, from a perennial, horizontal, poisonous rootstock. Basal leaves centrally peltate, often nearly a foot in diameter, long petioled, deeply five to nine-lobed, glabrous or pubescent and light green on the lower surface, darker above; lobes two-cleft and toothed at Mt-moir WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK \. ^ . M.u, MUM-UIII I'l.ii,- VIRGIN s BOWER; WOODBINE; WILD CLEMATIS Clematis virginiana WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK M.-moIr 15 N. Y. State Miweum 74 ERECT SII.KY LEATHER FLOWER Viorna ochroleuca \VII.O Fl.OWK.RS OF XKW YORK 115 tin- apex. Flowering stems appearing from different nxrtstoeks. bearing one to three, usually two, similar leaves (rarely leatlets). Flowers ij to 2 inches broad, white, fragrant, on stout, nodding jx-duncles one-half to 2 inches long, appearing from the base of the upper leaf or usually from the fork between the two leaves; sepals six, petallike and soon falling. Petals six to nine, flat, obovate, longer than the sepals; stamens twice as many as the petals. Ovary ovoid, forming in fruit a large, yellowish, ovoid, edible berry, i J to 2 inches long, the numerous seeds inclosed in fleshy arils within the fruit. In low woods, moist banks and clearings, western Quebec and southern Ontario to Minnesota, Kansas, Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Flowering in May and June. The fruit is edible and harmless, although somewhat insipid and to many people its taste is disagreeable. Both foliage and root are said to be poisonous and serious results have followed the use of the leaves as greens. The root is a violent purgative, resembling jalap in its action. Its popular name, Mandrake, relates it in no way to the Mandrake or Mandragora of the ancients and. notwithstanding its poisonous character it is a very respectable herb in comparison with the traditions of the Mandrake of the ancients, described as flourishing best under a gallows, with a root resembling a man in shape, uttering terrible shrieks when it was torn from the ground, and possessing the power of transforming men and beasts. Twin-leaf Jefferson ia diphyUa (Linnaeus) Persoon A smooth, perennial, fibrous-rooted plant. 6 to 8 inches high when in flower, later becoming 10 to 18 inches high. Leaves and flowering stems arising from a scaly base. Leaves glaucous beneath, long petioled, cordate or reniform, 3 to 6 inches long, 2 to 4 inches wide when mature, parted longitudinally into two obliquely ovate, blunt, lobed or entire divisions; lobes rounded with sinuses sometimes three-fourths of an inch deep. At u6 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Figure XVIII Twin-leaf (Jeffersonia diphylla (Linnaeus) Persoon) (Photograph by O. A. Bailey) WILD F I. O \V E R S OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 V ^ . sr.iti- \tiiM-iim Plat* f| BLUE COHOSH Caufaphyllum thaliftroidfs - z i r • - - ~ WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 1 17 flowering time the leaves are but partially developed. Flowering stems without leaves and one-flowered. Flowers white, about I inch broad; the calyx with four (sometimes three or five) caducous, petallike divisions. Petals eight, flat, oblong, longer than the sepals. Stamens fi^ht with slender filaments. Fruit a short-stalked capsule about I inch long, opening at maturity near the summit by a half-circumscissle cleft. In moist woods, New York, Ontario and Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, Iowa, Virginia and Tennessee. Flowering in April and May. • Poppy Family Papaveraceae Bloodroot; Puccoon-root Sanguinaria canadensis Linnaeus PUt* J7 Leaves and stems glabrous, especially when young, from a stout, hori- zontal rootstock, one-half to I inch thick, densely clothed with thick, fibrous roots. Juice of the roots and stems red. Leaves basal on petioles 6 to 14 inches long, palmately five to nine-lobed, the lobes repand or cleft at the apex and palmately veined. Flowering scapes, one-flowered, at length overtopped by the mature leaves, but at flowering time longer than the partially unfolded immature leaves. Flowers white or sometimes pinkish, I to ij inches broad; sepals two, soon falling. Petals eight to sixteen, oblong-spatulate, arranged in two or three rows and soon falling; stamens numerous, yellow. Fruit a narrow, one-celled, two-valved capsule, pointed at both ends, about I inch long. In rich woods and on shaded banks, Nova Scotia to Manitoba and Nebraska, south to Florida, Alabama and Arkansas. Flowering in April and May. Il8 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Fnmewort Family Fumariaceae Dutchman's-breeches Bicuculla cucullaria (Linnaeus) Millspaugh Plate 78 A rather delicate, smooth and somewhat tufted herbaceous plant from a bulbous, perennial base. Leaves all basal, numerous and slender-stalked, pale beneath, finely divided into many narrow segments. Flowers nodding, fragrant, few or several on a slender stalk which rises above the leaves; each flower about one-half to two-thirds of an inch long, and somewhat broader than long across the spreading basal spurs, white or faintly pink, yellow at the summit; the four petals in two pairs, the outer pair oblong, concave, each with a divergent spur at the base and the tip spreading, the inner pair narrow and minutely crested. Fruit an oblong pod, opening into two parts to the base when mature. In rich woods, Nova Scotia to North Carolina, west to Minnesota, Kansas and Missouri. Flowering in April and May. The Squirrel Corn or Turkey Corn (Bicuculla canadensis (Goldie) Millspaugh) is similar, but the spurs of the two outer petals are shorter, rounded and not divergent, the inner pair of petals is conspicu- ously crested and the roots have numerous small tubers. The Wild Bleeding Heart (Bicuculla eximia (Ker) Millspaugh) of the western part of the State has pink flowers. Mountain Fringe; Alleghany Vine Adlumia fungosa (Aiton) Greene Plate 79b Stems weak, slender, climbing several feet over other plants by its slender petioles from a biennial root. Leaves two to three-pinnate, the leaflets slender stalked, lobed or entire, very thin, ovate or cuneate, about one-fourth of an inch long and pale beneath. Flowers numerous in axillary - r 2 - - Z - WILD H.m\lk> (.1 M \V YORK 119 drooping cymes; petals four, united into a narrowly ovate-cordate, spongy corolla about one-half of an inch long and one-fourth of an inch broad at the base, four-lobed at the apex, j^vt/nish purple, or pink, usually rather persistent, dry and brownish with age; stamens six, united below and adherent to the petals. Fruiting capsule oblong, included in the persistent, dry corolla. In moist woods, thickets and shaded cliffs, New Brunswick to Ontario and Michigan, south to North Carolina and Tennessee. Flowering from June to October. Frequent in cultivation. Pink or Pale Corydalis Capnoides sempen'irens (Linnaeus) Borkhausen PUufo Stems and leaves glabrous, glaucous, erect or ascending, 6 inches to 2 feet high and freely branching. Lower leaves i to 5 inches long, short petioled. the upper leaves sessile or nearly so, all divided into numerous obovate or cuneate segments, toothed or entire, obtuse-. Flowers numerous, panicled, borne in cymose clusters at the ends of the branches. Each flower one-half to two-thirds of an inch long, pink or rarely white with a yellow tip; sepals two, small; corolla irregular, deciduous; petals four, erect-connivent, one of the outer pair with a spur at the base about one- eighth of an inch long, the inner pair narrower, keeled at the back. Cap- sules narrowly linear, erect, i to 2 inches long. In rocky pb~es, Nova Scotia to Alaska, Geor^a, Minnesota, Montana and British Columbia. Flowering from May to September. Two other species of this genus arc occasionally found in this State, both with low, diffusely spreading stems and with yellow flowers. They are the Yellow Corydalis (Capnoides flavulum (Rafmesquc) Kuntze) with flowers about one-fourth of an inch long and short spurred; and the Golden Corydalis (C. aureum (Willdenow) Kuntze) with flowers slightly more than one-half of an inch long and spurs one-half the length of the corolla. I2O NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Mustard Family Cruciferae Lyre-leaved Rock Cress Arabis lyrata Linnaeus Plate S4b A low, tufted perennial or biennial plant with ascending or erect stems, 4 to 12 inches high, smooth above, pubescent below or glabrous throughout. Basal leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, i to 2 inches long, spatulate or oblanceolate, pubescent or glabrous; stem leaves entire or toothed, spatulate or linear, one-half to i inch long. Flowers white, one-fourth of an inch broad or less, several or numerous in a terminal raceme which elongates in fruit; pedicels ascending, about one-third of an inch long or longer in fruit; petals four, much longer than the four stamens. Fruit a linear, slightly flattened pod three-fourths to i^ inches long; seeds in one row, oblong and wingless. Rocky and sandy places, Connecticut and Ontario west to Manitoba and Alaska, south to Virginia, Tennessee, Missouri and British Columbia. Flowering from April to September. Bulbous Cress; Cuckoo-flower Cardamine bulbosa (Schreber) Britton, Sterns & Poggenberg Plate 90.1 A slender, erect, herbaceous plant with smooth stems, 6 to 20 inches high from a perennial, tuber-bearing root, simple or rarely branched. Leaves of two sorts, those of the stem sessile and clasping or the lower ones very short petioled, rather distant from one another, oblong or lanceolate, blunt, toothed or entire, I to 2 inches long; the basal leaves oval or orbicular, one-half to 2 inches broad, often slightly heart-shaped, toothed or usually entire, with long, slender petioles. Flowers white, about one- half of an inch broad, in a terminal, several to many-flowered cluster; petals four, three to four times the length of the four sepals. Fruit a - s. u a .3 u £ w Q u = ^ .s - z _ - Q \\ I I I) F I. 0 \V K R S OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 V V. State Must-urn Plate 80 I'lNK OR PALE CORYDALIS Capnoides sempfrvirens WILD FI.oui K> OF NEW YORK 121 number of erect, very slender pods, narrowed at each end and about an inch long. In low, wet woods, thickets and wet meadows, New Brunswick to \Vrmont, southern Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Flowering in April and May, or in cool woods as late as early June. The Purple Cress (Cardamine douglassii (Torrey) Britton) has leaves which are more angularly toothed and showy purple flowers often three-fourths of an inch broad. It is found in cold, springy places in the northern part of the State. The True Water-cress (Sisymbrium nasturtiu m-a q u a- t i c u m Linnaeus) is a native of Europe, but is common in brooks and streams in most parts of New York. Cut-leaved Toothwort or Pepperroot Den tar ia laciniata Muhlenberg PUtr II* Stems erect, pubescent or glabrous, 8 to 15 inches high from a deep, perennial, tubercled. jointed rootstock, the joints easily separable. Leaves all petioled, 2 to 5 inches broad, those on the stem usually three and forming a whorl, rarely distant, three-parted nearly to the base, the divisions lanceo- late, linear or oblong, the lateral ones often deeply cleft, all deeply toothed or lobed; basal leaves similar, usually developing later than the flowering stems. Flowers numerous in a stout, broad raceme, two-thirds to three- fourths of an inch broad, pink or white. The four petals longer than the sepals. Stamens six. Fruiting pod linear, ascending, i to i$ inches long. In moist or rich woods, Quebec to Florida, west to Minnesota, Kansas and Louisiana. Flowering in April and May. Two-leaved Toothwort or Crinkleroot Den tar ia diphylla Michaux PUtellb Stems stout, simple, glabrous, 6 to 14 inches high from a perennial, notched but continuous rootstock. Basal leaves long petioled. 4 to 5 inches 122 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM broad, with three broadly ovate, dentate or somewhat lobed leaflets each about 2 inches long; stem leaves usually two, opposite or nearly so, short petioled and also three-divided, the leaflets often narrower than those of the basal leaves. Flowers white, one-half to two-thirds of an inch broad. In rich woods, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to South Carolina and Kentucky. Flowering usually in late April and in May. The Large Tooth wort (Dentaria maxima Nuttall) has a jointed rootstock and three stem leaves (sometimes two or as many as five or six), alternate, with ovate and obovate toothed and cleft leaflets and large pale-purple flowers. It is rare and local in distribution. The species of Dentaria are members of the Mustard family (Cruciferae) which contains a very large number of small-flowered, inconspicuous plants, many of them weeds, as well as a number of cultivated species which have become naturalized or established throughout the State. American Sea Rocket Cakile edentula (Bigelow) Hooker Plate 82a Plant very fleshy throughout, bushy branched from a deep, annual root, the lower branches spreading or ascending, the center ones erect, a few inches to a foot high. Leaves oblanceolate or obovate, obtuse, lobed or toothed, narrowed at the base, the lower leaves 2 to 5 inches long, the upper leaves smaller. Flowers light purple, less than one-fourth of an inch broad, the four petals long-clawed, more than twice the length of the sepals; fruit one-half to i inch long, the upper joint slightly longer than the lower, ovoid, angled, flattened, narrowed above into a beak; lower joint obovoid, not flattened. Sandy places along the seashore, Newfoundland to New Jersey and Florida, and along the Great Lakes, New York to Minnesota. £ i ^ y -** - W 1 I, D FLO \V E R S OF N E W YORK Mt-moir 15 N. Y. State Musoiim I'l.ll,- A. AMI-KK \N M-A Km kl 1 L'ukilc cdcntnln B. YF.I.I.OW MOINTAIN SA.\UKA«.I Leptu s iii a izttidcx WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YOKK 123 Pitcher Plant Family Sarraceniaceae Pitcher Plant; Sidesaddle Flower Sarracenia purptirca Linnaeus PUu ij Leaves tufted, ascending, hollow, much inflated and trumpet-shaped, 4 to 12 inches long, with a broad, lateral wing and an erect terminal lid or lamina, glabrous except the inner side of the lamina and the inner surface of the pitchers, which are densely clothed with stiff, reflexed hairs, purple- veined or sometimes green, yellowish or reddish all over, narrowed into petioles below, persistent over winter. Roots large, stout and fibrous. Flowers solitary on slender scapes, I to 2 feet high, nodding, deep purple or rarely yellow, nearly globose, ij to 2\ inches broad; sepals five, green, with three or four bracts at the base ; petals five, obovate, narrowed in the middle, incurved over the yellowish style. Style dilated at the apex into a peltate umbrellalike structure with five rays which terminate under its angles in hooked stigmas. In peat bogs and wet sphagnous places, Labrador to the Canadian Rocky mountains, Florida, Kentucky and Iowa. Flowering in May and June. The pitcher-shaped leaves usually contain more or less water in which are numerous drowned insects which furnish food for the larvae of a fly which is instrumental in the cross-pollination of the flowers. Sundew Family Droseraceae Spatulate-leaved Sundew Drosera intermedia ( Linnaeus) Hayne PUU&I A tufted bog plant with erect, flowering scapes, 2 to 8 inches high, and elongated rootstocks. Leaf blades ascending, spatulate, obtuse at the apex, one-fourth to three-fourths of an inch long, one-half to one-third as 124 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM wide as long, clothed above with long, glandular hairs secreting a fluid which entraps insects, narrowed below into glabrous petioles one-half to 1 5 inches long; usually the entire foliage reddish or greenish red in color. Flowers several in one-sided racemes; petals five, white, slightly longer than the greenish sepals; the one-celled ovary surmounted by three styles, each deeply two-parted so as to appear like six. In bogs and sphagnous places, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, south to Florida and Louisiana, and also in northern Europe. Flowering from June to August. The Spatulate-leaved Sundew is not so common as the Round-leaved Sundew (Drosera rotundifolia Linnaeus), with orbicular leaf blades. Two additional Sundews occur in New York, namely the Oblong- leaved Sundew (Drosera longifolia Linnaeus), with leaf blades elongated-spatulate, six to eight times as long as wide; and the Thread- leaved Sundew (D. filiformis (Linnaeus) Rafinesque), with linear leaves ten to fifteen times as long as wide and purple flowers. The last grows in wet sand near the coast, the others in bogs. Virginia Stonecrop Family Penthoraceae Ditch or Virginia Stonecrop Pentlwrum sedoides Linnaeus Plate 87b Stems erect, glabrous, often branched and angled above, 6 inches to 2 feet high, from a perennial root. Leaves alternate, sessile, lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, acuminate at each end, finely toothed, 2 to 4 inches long, one-half to I inch wide. Flowers perfect, yellowish green, in two or three forked, one-sided cymes, the branches I to 3 inches long. Each flower about one-fifth of an inch broad; calyx five-parted, the sepals triangular-ovate, pointed, shorter than the flattish capsule; stamens ten; petals often lacking, when present, linear or linear- spatulate. Fruit a depressed, five-lobed capsule with five divergent tips. W I L D F I. 0 \V E R S () I NEW YORK Memoir IS V ^ . si.it,- Must-urn PITCIII K PLANT: ^IDI^AI'HM FLOWER Snrractnia pttrpurea _ o V5 as fad CO • • B o X. e 31 £ \\I1.D HtiUlK^ ill- \|-\\ YORK 125 Common in ditches ami swampy places. Now Brunswick to Florida, west to Nebraska, Kansas and Texas. Flowering from July to September. Not a very attractive plant, but the only American representative of the IVnthor. Virginia Stonecrop family), which is joined with the Saxifrage family by some authors and to the Orpine family by others. Grass-of-Parnassns Family I' a r n a s s i a c e a e Carolina Grass-of-Parnassus Piirnassiti ftirnlinnina Michaux PUt» *t Flowering M.-ajx- <> to 20 inches high, with a sessile, ovate, clasping leaf below the middle. Basal leaves very numerous, ovate, oval, or nearly orbicular, obtuse at the ajx-x, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, or decurrent on the petiole, I to 2 inches long, on jx-tioles ;? to 6 inches long. Flowers three-fourths to ij inches broad; calyx loU-s live, ovate-oblong, obtuse and much shorter than the live broadly oval, white, gm-nish veined petals; each petal with a set i usually three) of gland-tipjx-d staminodia at the base which do not exceed the five fertile stamens in length, the latter alternate with the petals. Fruit a one-celled capsule about one-half of an inch long. In swamps, low meadows and boggy places. New Hrunswick to Mani- toba, south to Virginia, Illinois and Iowa. Flowering from July to Sep- temlx-r, rarely earlier than July in our latitude-. At Taberg growing on wet cliffs with the Yellow Mountain Saxifrage and Dwarf Canadian Primrose. Saxifrage Family S a x i f r a g a c e a e Yellow Mountain Saxifrage Leplasea aizoides (Linnaeus) Haworth PUtr (ib Stems tufted, forming loose or dense leafy mats, 2 to 7 inches high. Leaves alternate, linear, thick, fleshy, sharply pointed at the ajx-x, sessile, 126 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM one-third to three-fourths of an inch long, one-eighth of an inch wide or usually less, sometimes sparingly ciliate on the margins. Flowers several, corymbose, one-third to two-thirds of an inch broad on slender pedicels; petals five, oblong, yellow and often spotted with orange, longer than the ovate calyx lobes and alternate with them. Stamens ten; ovary almost superior, the two capsules united to above the middle. On wet or dripping rocks, Newfoundland and Labrador to Vermont, northern and western New York, and west through Arctic America to the Rocky mountains. Also in Alpine and Arctic Europe and Asia. Flowering in July and August. Early Saxifrage Micranthes virginiensis (Linnaeus) Small Plate 8?a Flowering stem 4 to 12 inches high, viscid-pubescent with whitish hairs, leafless or with a few green bracts at the base of the inflorescence. Leaves all basal, i to 3 inches long, obovate, or oval, toothed, blunt or pointed at the apex, spatulate at the base and narrowed into a margined petiole; inflorescence cymose, becoming paniculate by the elongation of the lower branches. Flowers white, less than one-fourth of an inch broad ; calyx of five erect, triangular, pointed lobes; petals five, oblong- spatulate, obtuse, longer than the calyx; stamens ten, carpels of the fruit usually two, nearly separate, widely divergent when mature. In dry or rocky woodlands, banks and ledges, New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Tennessee. Flowering from April until June. Swamp Saxifrage Micranthes pennsylvanica (Linnaeus) Haworth Plate 86 Flowering scape stout, viscid-pubescent, i to 3^ feet high, with green bracts at the inflorescence, otherwise leafless. Leaves all basal, large, oval, ovate, obovate or oblanceolate, pubescent or nearly glabrous, 4 to 10 inches long, obtuse at the apex, narrowed below into a broad petiole, WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum S> -J'AKNA — I - Parnassia caroliniana WILD FLOWERS OF NKW YORK 127 the margins denticulate or repand. Flowers in elongated, loose, terminal panicles, greenish. Each flower about one-eighth of an inch broad or slightly broader; the obtuse calyx lobes n-fU-e-ted; petals five, lamvolate or linear-lanceolate, twin- as long as the calyx. Swamps, wet banks and wet woods. Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Virginia, Iowa and Missouri. Flowering in May and June. Foamflower; False Miterwort Tiarella cord i folia Linnaeus PUtr M Flowering scapes 6 to 12 inches high, slender and pubescent, from a rather stout, perennial root. Leaves all basal, long petioled, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, cordate at the base, three to svven-lobed. blunt or pointed at the apex, 2 to 4 inches long, margins crenate or dentate, pubescent above with scattered hairs, glabrate or downy along the veins beneath. Flowers white, forming a terminal raceme, I to 4 inches long. Each flower about one-fourth of an inch broad; petals five, oblong, entire or slightly toothed, somewhat longer than the five white calyx lobes; stamens ten, anthers reddish or yellowish. Fruit of two very unequal carpels, about one-fourth of an inch long, reflexed on slender pedicels. In rich, moist woods, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south along the mountains to Georgia, and \vi-st to Indiana and Michigan. Flowering from April to June. Also known as Coolwort. Alumroot Heuchera amcricana Linnaeus PUlcfo Flowering stem rather stout. ij to 3 feet high, leafless, glandular, hirsute. Leaves basal, long petioled, 3 to 4 inches wide with seven to nine rounded, crenate-dentate lobes; the older leaves glabrous or with scattered hairs on the upper surfaces, new leaves usually somewhat pubes- cent. Flowers greenish yellow, in elongated panicles; calyx tube broadly 128 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM campanulate, nearly regular, somewhat less than one-fourth of an inch long, five-lobed; petals five, very small, greenish and alternate with the lobes of the calyx which they do not exceed in length. Stamens five, projecting out from the calyx more than one-half their length, anthers orange. In dry or rocky woods and banks, Ontario to Connecticut, west to Minnesota, south to Alabama and Louisiana. Flowering from May to August. Two-leaved Bishop's Cap; Miterwort Mitella diphylla Linnaeus Plate gob Stems erect, often several together from a perennial root, 8 to 17 inches high, pubescent, each stem bearing a pair of opposite, sessile or nearly sessile leaves near or above its middle. Basal leaves broadly ovate, cordate at the base, acute or long pointed at the apex, three to five-lobed, toothed, rather rough-hairy on both sides, i to 2 inches long. Flowers small, white, rather distant from one another, in a very narrow, elongated, erect raceme, 3 to 8 inches long; calyx tube bell-shaped, five-lobed; petals five, finely pinnatifid. Fruiting capsules one-celled, two-valved at the apex, many seeded, somewhat flattened and broad, seeds smooth, black and shiny. In rich woods, Quebec to Minnesota, North Carolina and Missouri. Flowering in April and May. In cold woods and bogs of the northern part of the State occurs a smaller species of Miterwort, Mitella nuda Linnaeus, with reniform- orbicular, basal baves and the stems usually without leaves; flowers greenish yellow. Another species, M. oppositifolia Rydberg, has been described from central New York which differs from M. diphylla only in having long-petioled stem leaves, lanceolate calyx lobes and filiform divisions to the petals. WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK M. innir 15 N. Y. Stall- Museum I'l.ll, SI. SWAMP SAXIFRAGE Micranthes pennsylvanica - Z s. X - ^ £ 1 u •£ I u. s x| V. C- ae ^ K | WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 V V M..I,- Mus.-mn FOAMFLOWER; FALSE MITERWORT Tiarella cordifolia \\ll.l- I IOUI |l \|.\V YORK l-'<) Rose Family R os a i i a c Meadowsweet; Quaker Lady Spiraea latifolia (Alton) Horkhauscii PUtegw An erect shrub, j to <> t\vt high, usually more or less branched above and smooth with reddish stems. Leaves short petioled. blades oblanceolate or obovate, glabrous or nearly so, coarsely toothed, i to 2 inches long, one- half to i J inches wide, usually larger on young sho«.ts. obtuse or slightly pointed at the apex, rounded or tapering at the base. palel>eneath. Flowers white or pinkish, in dense terminal jvinirK-s. each Mower al>out one-fourth of an inch broad or less; petals four or five-, inserted on the calyx : stamens numerous. Pistils commonly live, alternate with the calyx lobes. In moist or rocky places, in open woods, or in old meadows and along roadsides, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan. Virginia and western Penn- sylvania. Flowering from June to August. The Narrow-leaved Meadowsweet (Spiraea alba Du Roi) has yellowish brown branches, narrowly oblanceolate to oblong leaves and white flowers. It is much less abundant than Spiraea latifolia. and is found in wet soil. Ontario to New York, south to North Carolina. to Indiana. Missouri and Saskatchewan. Hardback; Steeplebush Spiraea tomentosa Linnaeus PUt* 94* Erect, shrubby and perennial at least below, the tops usually dying back, i to 3 feet tall, usually simple; stems floccose-pubescent. Leaves short petioled. ovate or oval, i to 2 inches long, one-half to i inch wide, unequally toothed, blunt or pointed at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, smooth and dark green above, woolly-pubescent with whitish hairs beneath. Flowers pink or purplish, rarely white, in dense terminal I3O NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM panicles, each flower about one-fifth of an inch broad; divisions or follicles of the fruit pubescent. In wet meadows, swamps and low ground, Nova Scotia to Manitoba south to Georgia and Kansas. Flowering from July to September. The Corymbed Spiraea (Spiraea corymbosa Rafinesque) , with oval, ovate or orbicular leaves, slightly cordate at the base, or rounded, and with small white flowers in dense terminal, often leafy corymbs, is found occasionally on rocky banks and in wood of the southern part of the State. Indian Physic; Bowman's Root Porter anlhus trifoliatus (Linnaeus) Britton Plate 51 Stems erect, herbaceous, 2 to 4 feet high, from a perennial root, usually branched, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Stipules small, one-eighth to one-fourth of an inch long, entire or toothed. Leaves sessile or nearly so, three-foliate; leaflets oval, ovate, lanceolate or slightly obovate, long pointed at the apex, narrowed at the base, 2 to 3 inches long, irregularly toothed. Flowers white or pinkish, one-half to two- thirds of an inch long on slender peduncles, in loose, terminal, leafy panicles; calyx reddish, five-toothed, ten nerved; petals five, linear-lanceolate, somewhat unequal. In woods and thickets, Ontario and New York to Michigan, Georgia and Missouri. Flowers in June and July. A closely related species, Porteranthus stipulatus (Muhlenberg) Britton, has incised leaflets, broad, foliaceous, incised stipules and slightly smaller flowers. Its range is about the same. Common Five-finger or Cinquefoil Potentilla canadensis Linnaeus Plate 923 Stems ascending, a few inches high, spreading by slender runners 3 inches to i or 2 feet long; the pubescence of the stem, petioles and peduncles spreading. Leaves petioled, digitately five-foliated; leaflets oblanceolate WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. V. Sum- Museum A I. I'M ROOT Ilfiuhtra amcricana WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State MiiMum I'l.K, ')() A. BULBOfS CRT -- : I( KOO-FLOWER B. TWO-I.I- \VM> MIsnoi- ( AP OR MITKRWORT Cardamiiie Inilbosa Milclla diphyUa WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 91 INDIAN PHYSIC; BOWMAN'S ROOT Porteranthus trifoliatus WILD FLOWERS OF M \\ \(>KK 131 to oblong, blunt at the apex, narrowed at the bus*-, oiu -half t«. i inch long, toothed. Flowers yellow, one-fourth to three-fourths of an inch broad on slender, axillary, one-flowered peduncles; the first flower appearing from the axil of the second stem leaf; petals five, broadly oval, slightly longer than the acute calyx lobes and the linear-lanceolate bractK-ts; stamens about twenty. In dry soil of meadows and fields, NVw Brunswick to Georgia. Minnesota and Texas. Flowering from April to August. The genus Potentilla contains a number of representatives in New York, several of which are introduced species. Of these, the most common is the Rough Cinquefoil (Potentilla monspeliensis Linnaeus), with stout, erect, hairy stems and leaves, and yellow flowers in which the calyx lobes exceed the petals in length. The Silvery Cinquefoil (Potentilla argentea Linnaeus) is a native species of dry soils or rocky places, with spreading or ascending, white, woolly-pubescent stems, leaflets green and smooth above and white- tomentose beneath, the margins revolute, and small yellow flowers. Rough-fruited Cinquefoil Potftitilla recta Linnaeus PUle 9S Stems erect, stout, branched above, villous-pubescent, I to 2 feet high from a stout, perennial root, with ovate-lanceolate stipules, the lower foliaceous and cut. Leaves digitately five to seven-foliate, petioled or the upper leaves nearly sessile; leaflets oblanceolate. blunt at the apex, narrowed at the base, pubescent with scattered hairs above, more densely pubescent beneath, sharply toothed, I to 3 inches long. Flowers numerous, bright or dull yellow, about three-fourths of an inch broad, in terminal, cymose clusters; stamens about twenty. Roadsides, fields and waste places, Maine to Ontario, New York, Virginia and Michigan. Naturalized from Europe and Asia. Flowering from June to September. 132 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Silverweed; Wild or Goose Tansy Argentina anserina (Linnaeus) Rydberg Plate pzb Stems and leaves herbaceous and tufted from a perennial root ; spreading by slender runners, 8 inches to 3 feet long. Leaves pinnate, 3 to 18 inches long; leaflets seven to twenty -five, oblong, oblanceolate or obovate, obtuse, the lower leaflets usually smaller, often with still smaller ones interspersed, all sharply toothed, nearly glabrous above, white or silky-pubescent beneath. Flowers yellow, three-fourths to i| inches broad, solitary on erect axillary peduncles; petals five, broadly oval or obovate, longer than the five ovate, pointed sepals and the five oval bractlets; stamens about twenty, borne around the base of the hemispheric, villous receptacle. Lake shores, sandy fields and salt meadows, New Jersey to Greenland, west to Nebraska, British Columbia and Alaska, south in the Rocky mountains to New Mexico and California; also in Europe and Asia. Flowering from May to September. Consists of several or numerous races, differing in the size and shape of the leaflets, and slightly in the achenes. Small northern plants have been referred to A . e g e d i i of Greenland, and a form from Oneida lake has been described as A. b a b- c o c k i a n a Rydberg. Purple or Marsh Cinquefoil; Purplewort Comarum palustre Linnaeus Plate 963 Stems decumbent, often rather long, somewhat woody and perennial at the base; pubescent above. Leaves pinnate, upper leaves three to five-foliate, nearly sessile, lower ones successively longer petioled, five to seven -foliate; leaflets oblong or oval, sharply toothed, blunt or pointed at the apex, narrowed at the base, i to 3 inches long; petioles sheathed at the base by large membranous stipules. Flowers conspicuous, three- fourths to i£ inches broad; calyx deeply five-lobed with five narrow bractlets, WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Muteum IM..U •».» A. COMMON FIVF.-FINC;F.R OR CIXyUEFOIL PoleiitHi: \VII.D FLOWERS OF NEW YORK M.-iu.iir 15 N. ^ . M.iti- MiiM-uni ROKill-FRflTED « IN'.'l EFOIL Pottntilla recta ? :*. 0 Cd ^ O - - fi _ - z Cd - _ X = C i e I M ae _ . X - f- 'So u: vT - 'S K " < 3 n is •< WILD Fl.m\IK- oi M:\\ VORK 135 Common Agrimony Af>rinn>nui striata Michaux (Agrimonia hrittoniana Bicknell) PUU«fb Stem rather stout and usually with some straight, nearly erect branches. 2 to 6 feet tall from a perennial fibrous root, pubescent with short, spread - ing, brownish hairs, somewhat appressed above. Leaves numerous, alternate, compound with seven to nine, or raa-ly eleven, oblique leaflets, tetragonal- elliptic to rhomboid -lanceolate, pointed and sharply toothed, rather thick and somewhat rough, dull green above, softly pubescent beneath, usually several pairs of small, interposed leaflets; stipules lanceolate, pointed and cut-toothed. Flowers numerous in long, erect or ascending racemes; each flower about one-fourth of an inch wide; petals five, bright yellow; calyx tube in fruit long-turbinate, about one-fourth of an inch long, deeply grooved, unmargined; the bristles numerous, often purplish, short, crowded, indexed and connivent over the sepals. Thickets, open woods and roadsides, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, south to West Virginia, Nebraska and Mexico. Flowering from June to September. Barren or Dry Strawberry II 'nldstcinia fragarioidcs (Michaux) Trattinnick PUt* 90 A perennial, herbaceous plant resembling a strawberry, with creeping, rather stout rootstock. Leaves tufted, mainly basal, long petioled, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, three-foliate; leaflets obovate, obtuse at the apex, tapering at the base with crenate or sometimes incised margins, i to 2 inches long. Flowering scapes slender, erect, bracted, corymbosely three to eight-flowered ; pedicels slender, often drooping ; flowers yellow, one-half to two-thirds of an inch broad; petals five, obovate and longer than the five ovate-lanceolate, acute calyx lobes; stamens eight, inserted on the throat of the calyx; achenes of the fruit four to six, finely pubescent. Rocky woods, shaded hillsides and banks, New Brunswick to Ontario. Minnesota, Michigan, Indiana and Oregon. Flowering in May and June. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Yellow Avens; Camproot Geum strictum Aiton Plate Q8a Stems erect or nearly so, pubescent, somewhat branched, 2 to 4 feet high, basal leaves lyrate-pinnate with five to seven obovate, cuneate, toothed or lobed leaflets, with a few smaller leaflets interspersed, terminal leaflets largest, broadly ovate or cuneate; stem leaves short petioled or sessile with three to five ovate or oblong, acute segments. Flowers yellow, several, terminal and short peduncled, one-half to three-fourths of an inch broad; petals obovate, exceeding the five calyx lobes. Stamens numerous. In low, shaded ground, swamps and wet meadows, Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Missouri and New Mexico. Flowering from June to August. Purple or Water Avens Geum rivale Linnaeus Plate 100 Stems simple or nearly so, erect, pubescent, i to 3 feet high, from stout perennial roots. Basal leaves lyrately and interruptedly pinnate, petioled, the lateral segments generally few and small, the terminal one to three leaflets much larger, all sharply and irregularly lobed and toothed; stem leaves rather far apart, short petioled or sessile, simple or three- foliated. Flowers few, terminal, purple or purplish, nodding, three-fourths to i inch broad; petals obovate emarginate, abruptly narrowed into a claw; calyx lobes spreading, purple; head of the fruit stalked in the calyx; achenes pubescent, style jointed, plumose below, about one-fourth of an inch long. In swamps and low grounds, Newfoundland to British Columbia, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Michigan and Colorado; also in northern Europe and Asia. Flowering from early June until the latter part of July. Memoir WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK N. Y. State Museum n lti . A. YELLOW A YENS; CAMPROOT Geum strict tint B. COMMON Agrimonia stria/a WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK M.imilr 15 N. V. si.iti- MUM urn I'l.ii.- '••' UAKRF.N OR DRY STRAWBERRY U'uldstrinia fragarioides \\ll.l) H.OWKKS OK M \\ NOKK 137 There are several other Avens in New York, all except G. rivale with reflexed calyx lobes. G. virginianum Linnaeus and G. cana- dense Jacquin have white flowers. G. vernum (Rafmcsque) Torrey & Gray; G. strictum Aiton (described above), and G. meyerianum Rydberg. have yellow flowers. G. macrophyllum Willdenow, a boreal species found only in the Adirondacks. in this State, also has yellow flowers. For complete descriptions of these additional species the student should refer to Gray's Manual or Britton and Brown's Illustrated Flora. Purple-flowering Raspberry; Thimbleberry Knhiis (xioratiis Linnaeus Plat* 101 Shrubby, erect and branched, perennial; new growth glandular-pubes- cent and somewhat bristly but not prickly. .} to 5 feet high. Ix-aves simple, petioled, large, 5 to 10 inches broad, three to five-lobed, cordate at the base, pubescent, esjxvially on the veins beneath, the lobes long pointed, the middle lobe usually longer than the others; flowers rather numerous in corymbose, terminal clusters, purple, i t<> 2 inches broad; calyx lobes tipped with long, slender appendages; petals five; fruit red when ripe, broad and thin, scarcely edible. In rocky woods and thickets, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Michigan, south to Georgia and Tennessee. Flowering from June to August. New York contains a large number of native raspberries and black- berries. The principal species of Raspberries are R. strigosus Michaux (red); R. neglectus Peck (purple), and R. occidentalis Linnaeus (Black Raspberry). The Blackberries areR. triflorus Richards < I )warf Red Blackberry), R. canadensis Linnaeus (Northern Blackberry), R. allegheniensis Porter (Mountain Blackberry). R. argutus Link (Tall Blackberry), and also the Dewberries. See Britton and Brown's Illustrated Flora for complete descriptions. NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Dewberry; Low Running Blackberry Rubus procumbens Muhlenberg Plate sab Stems trailing, shrubby and perennial, often several feet long, armed with numerous or very few prickles. Branches erect, 4 to 12 inches long, slightly pubescent, often prickly and glandular. Leaves three to seven- foliate, usually three-foliate ; leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, thin, pointed at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, sharply toothed. Flowers few in terminal racemes, white, about i inch broad; the five petals usually as long or slightly longer than the calyx lobes. Fruit black, usually at least one-half of an inch long and sometimes i inch long, fine flavored but with large seeds. In dry soil, especially in sandy sections, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Michigan, south to Virginia, Louisiana and Oklahoma. Flowering in May and June. Fruit ripe in June and July. A similar species, Rubus hispidus Linnaeus (Hispid or Run- ning Swamp Blackberry), with the stems densely beset with weak, retrorse bristles, is also common in swamps and low grounds throughout our area. Dalibarda; Dewdrop or False Violet Dalibarda repens Linnaeus Plate pyb Stems very slender, much tufted, several inches long. Leaves downy- pubescent on both sides, three-fourths to 2 inches broad, long petioled, ovate-orbicular, cordate, the margin with low, blunt or sometimes mucronu- late crenations; stipules setaceous. The scapelike peduncles i to 5 inches long, bearing one or two large, perfect white flowers, each flower about one- half of an inch broad; calyx deeply five or six-parted, three of the divisions larger than the other two or three; petals five; stamens numerous. Fruit composed of five to ten nearly dry drupelets, inclosed by the calyx segments. Stems also have short, recurved peduncles bearing several or numerous small cleistogamous flowers. WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK \. Y. State Museum ,00 PfRPI.E OR WATER AVF.SS ticum rivalf _ z — 0 • — - e ta > a at S aj u: \\lt.l) IIOUIKS OK XK\V YORK 139 In rich woods. Nova Scotia to Minnesota . south to Pennsylvania, southern New Jersey. North Carolina. Ohio and Michigan. Flowering from June to September. Low or Pasture Rose Rosa Virginia tin Miller PUt« 101 A bushy shrub, a few inches to 3 or 4 feet high, sometimes higher; the stems armed with slender or stout, straight or curved infrastipular spines, and more or less prickly. Stipules entire. Leaves alternate with five or sometimes seven rather thin ovate-oval or obovate leaflets, dull green or somewhat shiny, coarsely toothed, one-half to 2 inches long, usually pointed at the end, glabrous or pubescent beneath. Flowers few or solitary, 2 to 3 inches broad; pedicels and calyx usually glandular; calyx five-lobed. the segments lanceolate, long pointed, sometimes dilated toward the end. spreading and deciduous; petals five, obcordate, rose or pink, fading after opening. Fruit globose or depressed -globose, glandular-hispid, about one- third of an inch high. In dry or rocky soil, Newfoundland to Ontario and Wisconsin, south to Georgia, Louisiana and Missouri. Flowering from May to July. The Swamp Wild Rose (Rosa Carolina Linnaeus) is frequent in open or wooded swamps and marshes. Apple Family Malaceae Black Chokeberry Aronia melanocarpa (Michaux) Britton PUl* in) An extensively branching shrub, 3 to 8 feet high. Leaves obovate to oval, the apex varying from blunt to pointed, narrowed or cuneate at the base, short petioled, the margins crenulate, dark green above, paler beneath, glabrous or nearly so when mature. Flowers numerous in terminal, com- pound, leafy cymes; each flower about one-half of an inch broad; calyx and I4O NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM pedicels glabrous or nearly so; calyx lobes glandular; petals five, concave, white or tinged with pink, spreading; stamens numerous, filaments rose- colored to white; anthers black or dark red. Fruit globose or oval, nearly black, or purplish black, about one-quarter of an inch in diameter. In low grounds, swamps or open woods, sometimes in drier situations, Nova Scotia to western Ontario, south to Florida and Michigan. Flowers in April and May. Fruit ripe in August and September. The Red Chokeberry (A. arbutifolia (Linnaeus) Elliott) has the cymes and lower surface of the leaves woolly and the mature fruit is bright red. The Purple-fruited Chokeberry (A. atropurpurea Britton) also has the cymes and lower leaf surfaces woolly but the mature fruit is purple-black. Senna Family Caesalpiniaceae Wild or American Senna Cassia marilandica Linnaeus Plate 104 Stems 3 to 7 feet high, sparingly branched or simple, glabrous or with scant pubescence, from a perennial root. Leaves evenly pinnate, not sensitive to the touch, petioled and with a club-shaped gland near the base of the petiole ; leaflets twelve to twenty, oblong, blunt but mucronate at the apex, rounded at the base, ciliate, i to 2 inches long, one-fourth to two- thirds of an inch wide. Flowers yellow, about two-thirds to three-fourths of an inch broad, numerous, in pubescent axillary racemes on the upper part of the plant. Calyx lobes five, nearly equal, ovate or oblong, obtuse ; corolla nearly regular, of five spreading, nearly equal,, clawed petals; stamens ten, the upper three imperfect. Fruit a flat linear pod, 3 to 4 inches long and about one-fourth of an inch wide, curved, pubescent, con- taining flat, suborbicular seeds. The segments of the pod are about as long as broad. In moist meadows, marshes and swamps, sometimes on springy hill- sides, Massachusetts to central New York, Ohio, Tennessee and North WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Mi molr 15 N. Y. State Musvum I'l-au LOW OR PASTl'RE ROSE Rosa virginiana WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum n..u- BLACK THOKEBERRY Arnnia melanocarpa \\II.I) I |n\\| KS 01 M U \()KK 141 Carolina. Rather rare and local in New York, frequently seen along the Hudson River valley and up the Mohawk, northward along West Canada k to Newport in Herkimer county, which appears to be the northern limit of its range. Flowering in July and August. Sensitive Pea; Wild Sensitive Plant Chamaecrista nictitans (Linnaeus) Moenchhausen PUt* iou An annual plant. 5 to 16 inches high with erect or decumbent, branching and somewhat pubescent stems. Leaves evenly pinnate, sensitive to the touch, bearing a small gland near the base of the petiole; leaflets twelve to forty, liiu-ar-oblong, blunt and mucronate at the apex, rounded and oblique at the base, inequilateral, one-fourth to two-thirds of an inch long, about one-fourth as wide. Flowers two or three together in the axils, one-fourth of an inch broad or less; calyx lobes five, pointed; corolla yellow, some- what irregular, three of the five petals smaller than the others; stamens five, all perfect. Fruit a small, linear, pubescent or smooth pod, I to i§ inches long. In dry and sandy soil. Maine to Georgia, west to Indiana, Kansas and Texas. Flowering from July to September. Partridge Pea; Large-flowered Sensitive Pea Chamaecrista fasciculate (Michaux) Greene PUu losb Stems annual, rather widely branched and pubescent with spreading hairs or nearly smooth, i to 2 feet high. Leaves with a sessile gland on the petiole, sensitive, similar to the preceding species but the twenty to thirty leaflets somewhat larger. Flowers two to four together in the axils, I to i § inches broad and slender-pediceled ; calyx lobes long pointed ; petals yellow, sometimes purple spotted; stamens ten, all perfect; four of the anthers yellow, six of them purple. Fruit a linear, pubescent, or glabrous flattened pod, i J to 2} inches long and one-fourth of an inch wide or less. 142 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM In dry or sandy soil, Massachusetts to Florida, Minnesota, Texas and Mexico. Flowering from July to September. Pea Family Fabaceae Wad Indigo; Horsefly Weed Baptisia tinctoria (Linnaeus) R. Brown Plate io?a Stems glabrous, erect, much branched, 2 to 4 feet high from a perennial root, blackening in dying. Leaves petioled, three-foliate, alternate; leaflets obovate, one-half to i| inches long, nearly sessile, blunt, tapering at the base, entire. Flowers bright yellow, rather showy, in numerous, few- flowered, terminal racemes. Each flower about one-half of an inch long; calyx campanulate, the upper two lobes united into a lobe larger than the other three; corolla consisting of a standard (upper petal), two wings (lat- eral petals), and a keel (two lower petals); stamens ten, distinct; fruit a short ovoid or nearly globose pod, one-fourth to one-half of an inch long, and tipped with the subulate style. In dry or sandy soil, Maine to Vermont, Ontario, Minnesota, Florida and Louisiana. Flowering from June to September. The Blue Wild or Blue False Indigo, Baptisia australis (Linnaeus) R. Brown, has indigo blue flowers nearly an inch long and is naturalized in eastern and southern New York from the south. Wild or Perennial Lupine Lupinus perennis Linnaeus Figure XIX and Plate 106 Stems 8 to 24 inches high, erect, pubescent and often branched, from a perennial root. Leaves digitately compound with seven to eleven (usually about eight), oblanceolate, sessile leaflets, blunt and mucronate at the apex, tapering to the base, I to 2 inches long, one-fourth to one-half of an inch wide, appressed-pubescent or glabrate; flowers blue, rarely white or pink, in terminal racemes; each flower one-half to two-thirds of an inch r UJ 0 -3 ~ \NII.D FLOWERS OF NEW YORK M. in.iir 15 N. Y. State Museum H.I to 106 WILD OK PKKF \\IAL LfPINE Ltipirtus ptrennis \\ILD FLO\\I K- (H \l-\\ NOKK long, on pedicels one-fourth to one-half of an inch long; calyx two-lipped; standard (upper petal) orbicular with n-fU-xed margins, wings (two lateral petals) obovate; stamens monadelphous, with two forms of anthers. Fruit a linear-oblong, very hairy pod, i| to 2 inches long and about one- fourth of an inch wide, with three to six seeds; the two valves of the pod coiling when it dehisces. In dry, sandy soil, Maine and Ontario to Minnesota, Florida, Missouri and Louisiana. Flowering in May and June. This is the only native species of Lupine in New York, although then- an- about fifty species in the western states. Figure XIX Wild or Perennial Lupine (Lupinus pcrcnnis Linnaeus) 144 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Rabbit-foot, Old Field, or Stone Clover TrifoUum arvense Linnaeus Plate loSa An erect, usually much-branched annual, 5 to 18 inches high, silky- pubescent. Leaves very short petioled, three-foliate, oblanceolate or linear, minutely toothed, blunt and sometimes notched at the apex, nar- rowed at the base, one-half to i inch long. Flowers sessile in dense, ter- minal, peduncled, oblong or cylindric heads, one-half to i inch long; calyx very silky; corolla whitish, shorter than the elongated, slender, plumose calyx lobes. Fruiting pod very small. In waste places, dry and sandy fields, roadsides etc., Quebec and Ontario to South Carolina, Florida, Tennessee and Missouri. Naturalized from Europe. Flowering from May to September. The only Clover native to New York is the Buffalo Clover (Trifolium reflexum Linnaeus) , which occurs from the western part of the State westward and southward. Our flora contains a large number of introduced species of clovers and related plants. Among them are the following: Yellow or Hop Clover Trifolium agrarium Low or Smaller Hop Clover procumbens Crimson Clover incarnatum Red or Meadow Clover pratense Alsike or Alsatian Clover hybridum White Clover re pens Alfalfa Medicago sativa Black or Hop Medic lupulina White Sweet Clover Melilotus alba Yellow Sweet Clover " officinalis Bird's-foot Trefoil Lotus comic ulatus WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Mrmoir 15 N. Y. Suitt- Musi-um A. \\II.I) INDKiO; HORSKH.Y WEED Baptisin tinctoria I'l.llr I«C B. WHITE OR TRl'E WOOD SORREL; ALLELUIA < 'AVI//.V ncetosrUa 7. Ull.ll H.OUI-KN <>| M \\ \<>KK I ^ Goat's-rue; Wild Sweet Pea Cracta virginiana Linnaeus PUu i<*b Stems from a few inches to nearly 2 fivt high, few or many in a dense cluster, erect or nearly so, from a stout. perennial root which is elongated, tough and fibrous. Stems and leaves silky with whitish hairs. Le;tv< -^ odd-pinnate, short petioled: U-allets nine to twi-nty-five. oblong, linear- oblong or the terminal one onlanceolate, narrowed at the base, rounded and mucronate at the ajx-x or sometimes notched, three-fourths to i inch long and one-eighth to one-third of an inch wide. Flowers crowded in a ter- minal, often compound and nearly sessile racemelike cluster; each flower one-half to three-fourths of an inch long on a short pedicel. Calyx with five nearly equal teeth; petals clawed, the standard rounded, yellow and conspicuous, wings and keel reddish or purplish. Fruiting pod narrow, densely hairy. I to 2 inches long. In dry and sandy soil. Maine to Minnesota, Arkansas. Florida. Louisi- ana and Northern Mexico. Flowering in June and July or sometimes as late as August in the north. Coronilla; Azseed; Axwort Coronilla -curia Linnaeus PUU 100 Stems ascending or straggling, glabrous and usually much branched. I to 3 feet long from perennial roots. Leaves sessile; odd-pinnate; leaflets eleven to twenty-five, oblong or obovate. blunt and mucronate at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, one-half to three-fourths of an inch long, one-eighth to one-fourth of an inch wide. Flowers numerous in dense umbels terminating peduncles several inches in length; each flower one- third to one-half of an inch long on very short pedicels; standard (upper petal) pink, wings (lateral petals) white or purple-tipped. Fruit pod coriaceous, linear, four-angled, with two or three joints, each about one- fourth of an inch long or slightly longer. 146 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Waste places, fields and roadsides, Massachusetts to southern New York, Maryland and Missouri. Adventive or naturalized from Europe. Flowering from June to August. THE TICK TREFOILS M e i b o m i a The Tick Trefoils are all perennial herbs, often with stout roots, erect, ascending or trailing stems and three-foliolate leaves. The flowers are usually rather small, purplish in terminal or axillary, compound or simple racemes or panicles. Calyx two-lipped, the upper lip two-toothed, the lower lip with three acute or attenuate teeth. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous (nine and one) ; anthers all alike. Fruit (loment) flat, sessile or stalked with several joints which are easily separable at maturity. A large genus of plants with about sixteen representatives in New York State. The following key is given as an aid in placing the various species not fully described and illustrated here. Loment not constricted above, deeply constricted below, long-stalked; leaflets broad Panicle terminal on the leafy stem Leaves crowded at the base of the panicle M. grandiflora Leaves scattered along the stem M. pauciflora Panicle arising from the base of the plant, its stalk usually leafless M. nudiflora Loment constricted on both margins, more deeply below than above Stems trailing or reclining Leaflets orbicular, i to 2 inches long and pubescent M. michauxii Leaflets ovate or oval, dull green M. glabella Stems erect or ascending Leaves sessile or nearly so; leaflets linear or lanceolate M. sessilifolia Leaves petioled Joints of the loment notably longer than broad Leaflets obtuse, yellowish green, rough-pubescent. ...M. canescens Leaflets long-acuminate M. bracteosa Joints of the loment little longer than broad Loment distinctly long-stalked in the calyx WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State CORONILLA; AX WORT: AXSEED Cor on i 11^ varia WILD H.t»\\lK- "I \l-.\\ NOKK 147 Plants Rlabrous or nearly so (except varieties of M. paniculata) Leaflets lanceolate or oblong M paniculata Leaflets broadly ovate or oval, glaucous beneath M I ae Virata Plants pubescent Leaves velvety-puU-scvnt beneath, thick and coriaceous . M viri.liflora Leaves appressed-pul>esoent or villous beneath and scarcely coriaceous M. dillenii Loment sessile in the calyx or nearly so lament joints four to seven, flowers showy; leaflets not coriaceous. . M canadensis Loment joints one to three Leaflets scabrous, i to 2 inches long M r i n i d a Leaflets not scabrous, one-half to i inch lonj; Plant nearly glabrous throughout . M. marylandica Stem pubescent ; leaflets and petioles ciliate . M . o b t u s a Prostrate Tick Trefoil Meihomin miclwuxii \';iil PUw no Stems prostrate, 2 to several feet long, softly pubescent or villous. Leaves petioled; leaflets nearly orbicular, pubescent, I to 2 inches long; stipules triangular-ovate, persistent, pointed, striate. Flowers in loose terminal and axillary panicles, purple, one-fourth to one-half of an inch long; calyx lobes ciliated. Loment about i inch long, three to five- join u-«l. the joints obliquely rhomboid below, slightly concave above, pubescent with hooked hairs, on a stipe about equaling the calyx lobes or slightly longer. Dry or sandy woods. New England and Ontario to Minnesota, Florida. Missouri and Louisiana. Flowering from July to September. 148 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Large-bracted Tick Trefoil Meibomia bracteosa (Michaux) Kuntze Plate in Stems erect, 2 to 6 feet high, glabrous or pubescent below, finely pubescent above in the panicle. Leaflets 2 to 8 inches long, longer than the petioles, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, long pointed, smooth or nearly so above, usually pubescent beneath; stipules lanceolate, sharp pointed. Flowers large, purple, one-third to one-half of an inch long with cuspidate, striate, deciduous bracts; calyx deeply two-lipped, the upper lip two-toothed. Loment i to 3 inches long, three to seven -jointed, the joints obliquely oblong, about twice as long as wide, pubescent with hooked hairs, on a stipe about as long as the lower calyx lobes. In open woods and thickets, Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida, Missouri, Arkansas and Texas. Flowering in August and September. Dillen's Tick Trefoil Meibomia dillenii (Darlington) Kuntze Plate 112 Stems erect, pubescent with scattered hairs, 2 to 3 feet high. Leaflets rather thin, oval or oblong-ovate, blunt, i£ to 4 inches long, one-half to if inches wide, sparingly pubescent or glabrous above, softly pubescent beneath; petioles much shorter than the leaflets. Flowers one-fourth to one-third of an inch long, purple, in loose, terminal, compound racemes with small, deciduous bracts. Loment i to 2 inches long, two to four- jointed, the joints nearly triangular, about one-fourth of an inch long, slightly convex on the back, pubescent with hooked hairs, with a stipe shorter than the calyx lobes. In woods and thickets, Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Alabama, Tennessee. Missouri and Texas. Flowering from the last of June to September. WILD I I. 0 \V K R S OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 \. V. Si.iii- MiiMiim PROSTRATE TICK TREFOIL Meibomia michauxii WILD F L O \V K K s OF NEW YORK Memoir IS N. Y. State Must-urn Plate 111 LAROE-BRACTKD TICK TREFOIL Mcibomia bracttosa WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Ml Plate 112 DILLEN S TICK TREFOIL Mribomia dilltnii WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK 149 THE BOSH CLOVERS Lespedeza Herbs, often with perennial roots and erect or ascending stems. In a few species the stems trailing. leaves Umr-foliolate. Flowers small. purple or whitish, in axillary clusters, heads or panicles. Frequently the flowers are of two kinds intermixed, one petaliferous but sterile, tin- other minute, apetalous and fertile. Calyx lobes nearly equal, those of the petaliferous flowers usually longer than those of the apetalous flowers. Upper petal (standard) obovate or oblong, the lower petals forming an incurved keel. Stamens usually diadelphous (nine and one) ; anthers all alike. Ovary one-ovuled. ripening into a flat, indehiscent, reticulated, mostly one-jointed and one -seeded i>od. Key to the New York Species of Lespedeza Corolla purple or purplish; plants bearing both petaliferous and apetalous flowers Su-ms prostrate or trailing Foliage glabrous <>r s< >mewhat appraned-pubenent I. repens Foliage downy-pobewent or tomentosc L. procumbens Stems erect or ascending Peduncles distinct and mostly longer than the leaves Bushy-branched; pctalifcrous flowers paniculate .L. violacea Stems simple or little branched ; flowers racemose or subspicate Stems tomentose; leaves tomentose beneath L b r i 1 1 o n i i Stems and leaves glabrate or appresscd-pubcscent ; leaflets oval to sulxirbicular .. L. nut tall ii Peduncles shorter than the leaves or the flower clusters sessile Leaflets densely tomentose beneath; calyx of the petaliferous flowers lev than one-half as long as the pod I- s t u v e i Leaflets appressed pubescent beneath or glabrate Calyx of petaliferous flowers less than one-half as long as the pod; leaflets oval to oblong. I- frutescens Calyx of the petaliferous flowers two-thirds as long as the pod or more; leaflets silvery-pubescent beneath L. simulate I5O NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Corolla whitish or yellowish; flowers all complete; pod included or scarcely exserted from the calyx Leaflets oblong, ovate-oblong, or nearly orbicular Peduncles mostly exceeding the leaves L. h i r t a Peduncles shorter than the leaves L. capitata Stuve's Bush Clover Lespedeza stuvei Nuttall Plate nab Stems erect or nearly so, simple and wandlike or slightly branched, densely velvety or downy-pubescent all over, 2 to 4 feet high; petioles as long as the leaves or usually shorter; leaflets oval, oblong or suborbicular, blunt or retuse at the apex, one-half to i inch long. Flowers of both kinds in nearly sessile, axillary clusters; corolla violet-purple, one-fourth of an inch long or less. Pod oblong-ovate to orbicular, pointed, about one-fourth of an inch long or less, downy-pubescent, much longer than the calyx. In dry or sandy soil, Vermont and Massachusetts to Virginia, Alabama, Michigan, Arkansas and Texas. Flowering in August and September. Wandlike Bush Clover Lespedeza frutescens (Linnaeus) Britton Plate 114 Stems erect, i to 3 feet high, simple or somewhat branched, finely pubescent or nearly ' smooth ; petioles as long as the leaflets or shorter; leaflets oval, oblong or elliptic, blunt, truncate or notched at the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, one-half to i| inches long, smooth and dark green above, paler and pubescent beneath. Flowers of both kinds in short-stalked axillary clusters which are more or less crowded toward the summit of the stem; corolla violet-purple, about one-fourth of an inch long; pod ovate, pointed, pubescent, about one-fifth of an inch long. Dry soil in open woods, old fields, etc., Maine to Ontario, Minnesota, Florida, Illinois and Texas. Flowering in August and September. WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Mnnoir 15 N. Y. Stale Must-urn Phite A. HAIRY nt'SH CLOVER Lespedeza hirta B. SI i VI -.'s BUSH CLOVER Lespfdna stttvei WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. Stato Museum Plate 114 WAN'DI.IKI HI SH CLOVER Lespedna frutesctns WILD H.OWKKS OF M u \ORK Hairy Bush Clover Ltspfdfui hirta (Linnaeus) Hornemann PUu llja Stems rather stiff, erect and usually stout, simple or branched above, densely hairy or softly pubescent, 2 to 5 feet high. Leaflets three, oval or suborbicular. blunt at each end. or often notched at the apex, one-half to 2 inches long; the petioles shorter than the leaflets. Flowers in oblong- cylindric. rather dense heads on stalks which are much longer than the leaves; flowers all complete; corolla yellowish white, usually the standard with a purple spot near its base. Fruiting pod oval, pointed, hairy and about as long as the slender ealyx loU-s. In dry or sandy soil. Maine to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida. Ixmisiana and Texas. Flowering from August to October. The Round-headed Bush Clover (Lespedcza capitata Michaux) is similar but the stalks bearing the flower clusters an- shorter than the leaves, forming a more compact inflorescence. Its range and period of flowering are about the same. Beach Pea; Seaside Pea Lathyrns maritinnis (Linnaeus) Bigelow PUU IIS Root perennial, stem glabrous or nearly so, stout, somewhat fleshy and slightly glaucous, angled, decumbent. I to 2 feet long with broad foliaceous, hastate, pointed stipules I to 2 inches long. Ix-aves nearly sessile, pinnate, the rachis terminating in a slender, forked tendril; leaflets six to twelve, oblong, oval or obovate. blunt and mucronulate at the apex, usually narrowed at the base, I to 2| inches long, one-half to three-fourths of an inch wide. Flowers six to ten on peduncles $ to 4 inches long, purple, three-fourths to I inch long; calyx teeth often ciliate. Fruit a sessile, linear-oblong, nearly glabrous, veined pod, ij to 3 inches long and about one-half of an inch wide. 152 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Sea beaches and sandy fields near the coast, New Jersey to Arctic America, also Oneida lake, Great Lakes, Pacific coast and in northern Europe and Asia. Flowering from May to August. Myrtle-leaved Marsh Pea Lathyrus myrtifolius Muhlenberg Plate 116 Stems very slender, smooth, angled but not winged, weak, i to 3 feet long with obliquely ovate or half-sagittate stipules, one-half to i inch long, one-third to one-half of an inch wide and toothed; leaflets usually six, varying from four to eight, oval or ovate, pointed and mucronate at the apex, narrowed at the base, three-fourths to 2 inches long, one-fourth to two-thirds of an inch wide, the rachis terminating in a forked tendril. Flowering peduncles as long as the leaves or shorter, with three to nine flowers, yellowish in bud but turning purple as the flower opens; each flower about one-half of an inch long. Fruit a narrow, smooth pod without visible stalk, i to 2 inches long and somewhat less than one-fourth of an inch wide. In moist thickets, wet ground, swamps and shores, New Brunswick to Manitoba, south to North Carolina and Tennessee. Flowering from late in May until June or July. The members of the genus Lathyrus are often called Vetchlings, because of their close relationship to the true Vetches (genus Vicia), most of which are cultivated or naturalized species in our State. Another native Vetch- ling is the Marsh Vetchling (Lathyrus palustris Linnaeus), a boreal species found in the northern part of the State. It has linear leaflets and the stems are usually winged. The flowers are purple. The Cream- colored Vetchling (Lathyrus ochroleucus Hooker) with rather large cream-colored flowers, and broadly oval, acute leaflets, occurs throughout the western part of the State. WILD I 'LOWERS OF NEW YORK Mrinoir 15 N. V M.iti- MUM um BEACH PEA: »!-..\»IDE PEA Ltitlivrus marilimus WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Muwum IM.il* 116 MYRTLF.-LKAVED MARSH PEA Lalhyrus myrtifttlias \MLD FU)\\1 K- o| si U 153 Groundnut; Wild Bean Glycine af>ios Linnaeus Plat* 1 17 Stems slender, hairy or nearly smooth, with milky juice, climbing over herbs and bushes to a height of several feet, from a jx-rrnnial root- stock of several necklace-shaped, edible tubers. Leaves pinnately com- pound, five- to seven-foliolate; leaflets ovate to ovate-lanceolate, pointed at the apex, rounded at the base, I to 3 inches long. Flowers brownish purple, fragrant, about one-half of an inch long, in axillary racemes; peduncles shorter than the leaves; rachis of the inflorescence knobby; calyx two-lipped, the two lateral teeth very small, the two upper united and short, the lower one long and acute; standard ovate or orbicular and reflexed, wings obliquely obovate, adherent to the elongated, incurved and at length twisted keel; pod narrow, straight or slightly curved, 2 to 4! inches long and about one-fourth of an inch wide or less, many-seeded and rather thick in texture. Moist thickets along streams, bottomlands, or low woods. New Brunswick to Florida, west to Ontario, Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas and Texas. Flowering from July to September. Wild or Hog Peanut Fakata comosa (Linnaeus) Kuntze PUl* lite Stems very slender, simple or somewhat branched, twining and climbing over herbs and shrubs, I to 6 feet long, more or less pubescent. Leaves with three rhombic-ovate or broadly ovate leaflets pointed at the apex, rounded at the base, I to 3 inches long. Flowers purplish or nearly white in axillary, slender-stalked clusters or racemes. In the lower axils are solitary, a jx- talons, fertile flowers. Calyx of the petaliferous flowers four to five- toothed, tubular; the oblong wings of the corolla curved and adherent to the recurved, blunt keel and inclosed by the erect, 154 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM obovate standard; pods oblong- lanceolate, pointed and hairy, about i inch long. In moist, shaded places, New Brunswick to Florida, west to Manitoba, Nebraska and Louisiana. Flowering from early in August until late in September. Falcata pitcheri (Torrey & Gray) Kuntze, very closely related to the preceding species, has leaves of a firmer texture and the stems, petioles and flowering stalks villous-pubescent with conspicuous brown hairs. Trailing Wild Bean Strophostyles helvola (Linnaeus) Britton Plate n8b A twining or trailing and climbing, herbaceous, rough-pubescent vine. Stems more or less branched below, 2 to 7 feet long, or dwarfed and almost erect, from an annual root. Leaves pinnately three-f oliolate ; leaflets ovate, pointed or blunt at the apex, the base rounded, thickish in texture, usually bluntly lobed, i to 2 inches long, the two lower leaves unequal at the base. Flowers greenish purple, about one-half of an inch long, three to twelve together in dense, capitate clusters at the ends of long, axillary stalks which are longer than the leaves; keel of the corolla strongly curved and slender. Fruiting pod round in cross-section, somewhat hairy, linear and without a stalk, 15 to 3 inches long. In sandy fields and thickets, mainly near the coast, Quebec to Massa- chusetts and Florida, less frequent westward through Ontario to South Dakota and Kansas. Flowering from the latter part of July to September and October. A closely related species of Long Island and southward, S. umbel- 1 a t a (Muhlenberg) Britton, has shorter pods, slightly larger flowers, entire leaflets and perennial roots. WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum Plate 117 GROUNDNUT; WILD BEAN Glycine apios _ Z \\n i> i IMUI KN ot \i-\\ NOKK 155 <;«• ra 11 1 u in Family Geraniaceae Herb Robert; Red Robin Robert iello robertnimt (Linnaeus) Hanks (Geranium roberlianiim Linnaeus) PUt* no Roots mostly biennial, sometimes annual, giving rise to one or several ascending or nearly erect, glandular-pubescent stems 5 to 1 8 inches high. Entire plant with a strong, disagreeable odor. Leaves rounded-ovate in outline, the divisions deeply cleft or lobed, the margins with oblong, mucro- nate teeth. Flowers reddish purple, about one-half of an inch broad, two on each stalk; sepals five, each tipped with an awn. Petals five, each with a slender claw and an obovate, rounded blade. Stamens ten; ovary five lobed and five-celled. Fruiting capsule about i inch long. awn-tip|>r I K>\\1 K- <•! M \\ \(.KK 157 Violet Wood Sorrel hirioxalis violated ( Linnaeus) Small PUt* i J i • Flowering stalks and leaves smooth, 3 to 8 inches tall, arising from a perennial, brownish, scaly bulb. Leaves few or several, slender-stemmed, one-half to ij inches wide. Leaflets three, broader than long, notched at the apex. Flowers three to ten, or rarely more on each stalk, forming a loose, umbellate inflorescence at the summit, which is taller than the leaves. Each flower two-thirds to three-fourths of an inch long on a short, slender pedicel; sepals blunt, five in number, with tubercles at the apex; petals five. rose-purple, lighter toward the base, blunt, about three times as long as the sepals; stamens ten; capsule ovoid, about one-fifth of an inch in dianu-trr In open, usually rather dry woodlands, shaded hillsides and thick sometimes in open, recently cleared land, Massachusetts to Florida and Texas, west to Minnesota. Flowering in May and June. Tall Yellow Wood Sorrel Xanthoxnlis cymosa Small PUU Ulb Stems ascending or erect, branched above, 6 inches to 3 or 4 feet high and frequently reclining on surrounding vegetation, usually hairy, reddish or brown. Leaves bright green, three-fourths to I J inches broad on petioles I to 3 inches long; leaflets broader than long, sharply notched. Flowers yellow, in forking cymes; each flower on a pedicel one-fourth to one- third of an inch long, which is more or less hairy and erect or ascending. Sepals five, lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, one-sixth to one-fourth of an inch long, spreading in fruit; petals five, obtuse or notched at the apex, one-third to nearly one-half of an inch long. Fruit a slender, columnar, erect capsule, about one-half of an inch long, gradually narrowed to the summit; seeds obovoid -oblong with nearly continuous ridges. In fields, thickets and woods, Ontario to Michigan, south to Florida and Texas. Flowering from May to October. 158 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM There are several closely related species of Yellow Sorrel. Those of the northeastern states are illustrated and described by Britton & Brown (Illus. Flora, 2: 432-35, ed. 2) (X. s t r i c t a, X. b u s h i i, X. rufa and X. brittoniae). Jewelweed Family Balsaminaceae Spotted or Wild Touch-me-not Impatiens biflora Walter Plate 1210. A tall, glabrous annual, 2 to 6 feet high and much branched, more or less purplish. Leaves alternate, thin, ovate and elliptic, glaucous beneath, i to 3 inches long, blunt, the margins toothed. Flowers horizontal, orange-yellow, mottled with reddish brown, or rarely nearly white and not mottled, three-fourths to i inch long, on slender, pendant stalks. Sepals three, the two lateral ones small, green, nerved, the other one large, conic, petallike, saccate and spurred, longer than broad, contracted into a slender incurved spur, two-toothed at the apex. Petals three, with two of them two-cleft into dissimilar lobes; stamens five. Fruit an oblong capsule, violently and elastically dehiscent at maturity into five spirally coiled valves, expelling the oblong, ridged seeds. Also developing small, cleistogamous flowers later in the season. Low grounds, thickets, ditches, along streams and low, moist wood- lands, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, south to Florida and Nebraska. Flowering from July to September. Pale Touch-me-not; Jewelweed Impatiens pallida Nuttall Plate 1Mb Resembling the Spotted Touch-me-not, but usually stouter and higher. Flowers pale yellow, sparingly spotted with reddish brown or without spots, i to i\ inches long, the saccate sepal dilated-conic, as broad as long, abruptly contracted into a short, scarcely incurved spur, which is less than one-third the length of the saccate sepal. z 3 •J". \\ll l> I I «t\\| K- o| M \\ ^>KK 159 In situations similar to the preceding species but more common north- ward. Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan, south to Georgia and Kansas. Flowering from July to September. Milkwort Family Pol y galaceae A family of small herbs (our species) with alternate, opposite or whorled leaves. Flowers racemose, spicate or capitate, rarely solitary and axillary, sometimes also with cleistogamous and subterranean flowers. Sepals very unequal, the two lateral ones large and petallikt IVtals three, united into a tube which is split on the back, and more or U-ss adnate to the stamens. Stamens eight or six. monadclphous below, or diadelphous. Capsule membranaceous, compressed, dehiscent along the margin. Seeds one in each cavity of the capsule and usually hairy. Our species all belong to Polygala, a very large genus of plants, con- taining about sixty species in North America, of which about eleven are found in New York State. The following key may be of servici identifying them. Flowers orange-yellow in a dense oblong spike . basal leaves spatulate i P 1 u t e a Flowers rose or purple, distinctly racemose j P. polygama Flowers rose-puiple to white, one to four in number, axillary, but apparently terminal 3 I', pa u • i f •• I ia Flowers in terminal, more or less elongated spikes, or if the spikes oblong, flowers not yellow and no basal leaves Leaves at least the lower, verticillate. spikes 4 to 9 lines thick, blunt, flowers purple to greenish white Spikes sessile or nearly so; wings deltoid . ..4?. cruciata Spikes peduncled; wings lanceolate-ovate . . $ P. b r e v i f o 1 i a Leaves verticillate and alternate; spikes a to 3 lines thick and acute Verticillate leaves predominating; spikes dense; flowers green to purplish 6 P. vcrticillata Alternate leaves predominating; spikes loose; flowers more purple 7 P. ambigua 160 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Leaves all alternate Petals united into a tube which is cleft and about one-fourth of an inch long; flowers pink 8 P. incarnata Petals not conspicuously united into a tube Spikes ovoid to globose; bracts persistent; flowers rose-purple to white 9 P. viridescens Spikes cylindric Leaves oblanceolate to linear, 2 to 6 lines long; flowers greenish to purplish 10 P. nuttallii Leaves lanceolate, i to 2 inches long; flowers white to greenish ii P. senega Orange Milkwort; Wild Bachelor's-button Polygala lutea Linnaeus Plate I23a Stems annual, smooth, tufted from fibrous roots, erect or ascending, sometimes becoming branched, 6 to 12 inches high. Stem leaves oblong- lanceolate, pointed or blunt, three-fourths to i| inches long, one-fourth of an inch wide or less, entire; basal leaves broader and usually larger, obovate or spatulate, blunt. Flowers in terminal, blunt, spikelike racemes which are dense and ovoid or oblong in shape, one-half to i^ inches long, one-half to three-fourths of an inch thick. Individual flowers about one- fourth of an inch long, orange-yellow, preserving their color in drying; wings oblong-ovate, abruptly pointed; crest of the corolla tube minute; caruncle lobes linear, about equaling the hairy seed, or shorter. In pine-barren depressions and swamps, Long Island to New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania to Florida and Louisiana. Flowering from June to August or September. Cross-leaved or Marsh Milkwort Polygala cruciata Linnaeus Plate u.il) A small annual, 3 to 1 5 inches tall, with three or four alternate branches above, the stems angled or square. Leaves all on the stem and mostly 2 •- -. H Z u. c as O - - fi - at P o _ uni> MOUKRS OK \i-.\v YORK 161 verticillate in fours, oblanceolate or linear-lanceolate, one-half to i) inches long and about one-eighth of an inch wide, entire, blunt and mucronulate at the apex. Flowers in short-stalked, oval, blunt racemes, about one- third to one-half of an inch thick, purplish green or nearly white; wings triangular-ovate, sessile, somewhat heart-shaped, pointed or awned. one- fourth of an inch long or less, longer than the pods; crest of the corolla minute; seeds oblong and somewhat hairy. In low grounds and marshes along the coast and sandy swamps inland. Maine to Florida west to Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska and Louisiana. Flowering from July to Septemt>er. Field or Purple Milkwort Polygala riridfm'ctis Linnaeus PUl* IJ4* Stems leafy, branched above, annual, smooth and somewhat angled. 5 to 15 inches high. Leaves all on the stem, oblong to linear-oblong in shape, three-fourths to \\ inches long, one-eighth or one-sixteenth of an inch wide, pointed and mucronulate. Flowers purplish, greenish purple, whitish or greenish in terminal, globose, blunt heads about one-half of an inch thick, becoming oval; wings of the flowers sessile, ovate, often slightly cordate, longer than the pod, bracts usually j>ersistent on the elongating axis as the lower flowers fall away. In meadows, fields and sandy depressions, Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to North Carolina. Kansas and Arkansas. Flowering from June to September. Seneca Snakeroot; Mountain Flax Polygala st'ttt'K" Linnaeus PUt* JM« Stems usually several from a perennial, woody rootstock, ascending or erect. 5 to 18 inches high, usually simple, occasionally branched above, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves alternate, the lowest ones very small, closer together and scalelike. the upper ones oblong-lanceolate or ovate, some- 1 62 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM times lanceolate, sessile, i to 2 inches long, about one-fourth to one-third of an inch wide, minutely toothed. Flowers white, sometimes tinged with green, in dense, terminal, pointed spikes, i to 2 inches long. Each flower about one-eighth of an inch long; wings of the flower orbicular-obovate, concave; crest of the corolla short and few-lobed. In dry or rocky woodlands, New Brunswick to Hudson bay and Alberta, south along the mountains to North Carolina and west to Missouri and Arkansas. Flowering in May and June. Racemed Milkwort Polygala polygama Walter Plate I24b Stems usually several or many from a deep, slender, perennial root, smooth and simple, 4 to 15 inches high. Leaves crowded along the stems, oblong or broadly lanceolate, blunt, mucronulate, two-thirds to i inch long and about one-sixth of an inch wide or less, the lower leaves usually smaller. Flowers purple, rarely whitish, in a loose, terminal raceme, i to 3 inches long or less; wings of the flower broadly ovate; crest of the corolla large and fringed; stamens eight. Numerous cleistogamous flowers are developed upon conspicuous, whitish subterranean branches which rise from the base of the stems. In dry or sandy fields and meadows, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to Florida, Texas and Michigan. Flowering in June and July. Fringed Milkwort; Flowering Wintergreen Polygala paucifolia Willdenow Plate I25b Flowering and leaf -bearing stems smooth, ascending or erect, 3 to 7 inches high from slender, prostrate, perennial stems and rootstocks which are often several inches in length. Leaves few, clustered at the summit of the stems, ovate or oblong, i to i£ inches long, two- thirds to I inch wide, pointed at each end, rough-margined. Flowers one to five on a stem, axillary to the upper leaves, rose-purple or rarely white, two-thirds to z •A, o \\U u H.Ottl.kS OF NEW YORK 163 i inch long on slender, short flower stalks; wings of the flower obovatc; crest of the corolla beautifully fringed. The base of the stems and root- stocks bear numerous cleistogamous flowers on short, lateral, subterranean branches. In rich, moist woods, New Brunswick to Saskatchewan south to Georgia. Illinois and Minnesota. Flowering in May and June. Buckthorn Family Rhamnaceae New Jersey Tea; Redroot Ceanothus amtricanus Linnaeus PUU 116 A low shrub with several or many ascending stmis fnrni a deep reddish root. Leaves alternate, ovate or oblong-ovate, I to 3 inches long, one-half to \\ inches wide, pointed at the apex, blunt or slightly heart-shaped at the base, pubescent, especially beneath, the margins finely toothed, the blade conspicuously three-nerved; petioles usually less than one-half of an inch long. Flowers small and white, in dense, oblong clusters on terminal or elongated axillary stalks; limb of the calyx tube five-lobed; petals five, with narrow claws and bearded blades; stamens five, their filaments slender and elongated. Fruit dark colored or nearly black whi-n mature, three-lobed, about one-sixth of an inch long. In sandy or dry open woods and fields, Maine to Ontario and Manitoba south to Florida and Texas. Flowering from the latter part of May to July. Mallow Family Malvaceae Marsh Mallow; Wymote Althaea offifinalis Linnaeus An introduced plant, well established in certain salt marshes along the coast, with erect, herbaceous stems, 2 to 6 feet high from perennial roots, 164 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM densely velvety-pubescent all over. Leaves ovate, pointed or blunt at the apex, toothed and usually somewhat three-lobed, the lower leaves usually cordate, veins conspicuously raised on the lower surfaces. Flowers pink or nearly white, about i| inches broad in terminal and axillary leafy clusters. Calyx segments five, ovate-lanceolate, subtended by six to nine linear bractlets; petals five; stamens numerous, forming a central column around the pistil and united with the bases of the petals; styles united below. Carpels fifteen to twenty, each one-seeded, arranged in a circle around the axis of the fruit. Flowering in June and July. The photograph for the illustration of this species was taken near Port Washington, Long Island. Musk Mallow; Musk Plant Malm moschata Linnaeus Plate 128 Stems erect, i to 2\ feet high, more or less branching and hairy, from a perennial root. Leaves orbicular in outline, 3 to 4 inches broad with several broad, rounded, toothed lobes; stem leaves deeply cut into narrow segments. Flowers i^ to 2 inches broad, pink or white, slightly musk- scented, clustered in leafy racemes at the summits of the stems and branches; petals five, notched at the apex, several times longer than the pointed, triangular-ovate calyx lobes; stamens numerous, forming a column in the center of the flower; carpels of the fruit fifteen to twenty in number, densely hairy, rounded at the back. Roadsides, fields and waste places throughout the eastern states. Native of Europe and thoroughly naturalized in many places. Flowering from July to September. Other Mallows, native of the Old World and adventive or natural- ized in the eastern states, are the High Mallow (Malva sylvestris Linnaeus), the Low, Dwarf or Running Mallow, also known as Cheeses (Malva rotundifolia Linnaeus), the Whorled Mallow or Curled Mallow (Malva verticillata Linnaeus) and the Vervain Mallow U I 1 I) FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 V V M.iu Museum H.,i, I.'., M \\ IIK-I Y TEA; REDROOT Ceanothus amcriainus WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum 127 MARSH MALLOW: WYMOTE Althaea ojjuitmlis WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. Suite Muwum 1'l.llr Ml vK MAI I"U . Ml -K I'l.VM Malw moschaUi \\1ID MU\\|..KS (>l M \\ YORK 165 (Malva alcea Linnaeus). Descriptions of these maybe found in the current floras or manuals of tx>tany of the northeastern states. Swamp Rose Mallow; Mallow Rose Ilihiscns moscheiilos Linnaeus Stems tall and cam-like from a perennial root. 3 to 6 feet high. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, blunt or rounded and often slightly heart- shaped at the base, pointed or blunt at the apex. 3 to 5 inches long. the lowt-r ones sometimes lobed. all conspicuously palmately veined. toothed. densely hairy with white stellate hairs beneath, green and finely hairy or nearly smooth above. Flowers 4 to 7 inches broad, pink, clustered at the top of the plant; calyx lobes five, ovate, pointed, subtended by several narrow bractlets; petals five, broadly obovate; stamens numerous in a column surrounding the style which is five-cleft at the summit with five stigmas. Fruit a five-chambered pod about I inch long, blunt or slightly pointed. In marshes along the ocean or near the coast from eastern Massachus«-t t s to Florida and in saline situations and marshy lake shores inland, especially throughout the Great Lakes region. Flowering in August and Septeml>er. The Crimson-eye Rose Mallow (Hibiscus o c u 1 i r o s e u s Britton) is similar, but the flower is white with a dark -crimson center and the fruit pod is long pointed. It is found on Long Island, Staten Island and in New Jersey. Saint John's-wort Family Hypericaceae A family containing about sixteen species in New York State, mostly herbs, some of them shrubs, chiefly with opposite leaves and yellow or rarely reddish flowers in terminal clusters. In many of them the foliage is pellucid-punctate or dotted. Flowers regular and perfect. Sepals four or five. Petals four or five. Stamens numerous or few, often in three or five sets. 1 66 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Key to the New York State Species of the Saint John's-wort Family Sepals four, in unequal pairs; petals also four Stems erect, i to 2 feet high; leaves clasping, styles three to four i Ascyrum stans Stems diffusely branched, 5 to 10 inches high; leaves sessile; styles two 2 Ascyrum hypericoides Sepals and petals usually five Petals pink or greenish purple, imbricated in the bud; leaves sessile; capsules red- purple 3 Triadenum virginicum Petals yellow, convolute in the bud Leaves reduced to minute appressed scales ...4 Sarothra gentianoides Leaves normal Styles five, large perennials Flowers i to 2 inches broad; capsules three-fourths of an inch long 5 Hypericum ascyron Flowers one-half to i inch broad; capsules about one-half of an inch long 6 Hypericum kalmianum Styles three or rarely four Tall leafy shrubs with numerous flowers Flowers one-half to three-fourths of an inch broad; pods one-third to one-half of an inch long ...7 Hypericum prolificum Flowers one-third to one-half of an inch broad; pods one-sixth to one-fourth of an inch long ...8 Hypericum densiflorum Herbaceous perennials, or woody at the base only Stamens numerous (fifteen to forty) ; flowers one-fourth to i inch broad Capsules one-celled or incompletely three to four-celled Capsules incompletely three to four-celled by the pro- jecting placentae; leaves oblong gHypericum adpressum Capsules strictly one-celled; placentae parietal; styles united into a beak, separate above; leaves elliptic 10 Hypericum ellipticum Capsules completely three-celled; styles separate Leaves linear or oblong; sepals lanceolate. Introduced from Europe n Hypericum perforatum WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. State Museum > \\.\M I1 Ri»«iK MAI.I.OW: MAI.I.OW K Hibiscus moschftilos Ull I. I loUl k- ,» N|.\\ L*a\-v* broadly .>hl..nu. oval or ovate-lanceolate. native. sepals ovate t.. ovate-lanceolate. acute >.• llypericum punctatum Stamens few (five U> twelve); flowers one-tenth to one-fourth of an inch broad ;m- leafy-bracted 13 Hypericum boreale Cymes subulate-hrarUtl Ixaves ovate. oval or oh|..nK; capsules one-twelfth t>. five-twelfths of an inch lonn 14 Hypericum mutilum Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; capsule one-thin! to one-half of an inch lonj; 15 Hypericum majut Leaves linear, blunt, three-nen-ed ........ 16 Hypericum cana dense Great or Giant Saint John's-wort Ilypfricuni ascyron Linnaeus PUl» i jo* Stems herbaceous, 2 to 5 feet tall from a perennial root, angled, branching and smooth. Leaves sessile, ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 5 inches long and three-fourths to \\ inches widr. clasping the stem. Flowers bright yellow, showy, I to 2 inches broad, few or several in a loose, terminal cluster. Sepals five, ovate-lanceolate, about one-half of an inch long, pointed; petals five, obovate or oblanceolate ; stamens numerous, united into five sets. Styles usually fivr in number, united below, the stigmas capitate. Fruit pod ovoid in shape, three-fourths to seven-eighths of an inch long. Chiefly along streams, Quebec to Vermont and Manitoba south to Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Illinois and Missouri. Flowering in July and August. The St Peter's-wort (Ascyrum stans Michaux) and the St Andrew's Cross (Ascyrum hypericoides Linnaeus), two small, leafy, shrubby species of the coastal region, differ from the species of 168 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Hypericum by having four instead of five petals, as pointed out above in the key to the species of the family. Elliptic-leaved or Pale Saint John's-wort Hypericum ellipticum Hooker Plate uob Stems herbaceous, slightly four-angled, mainly simple or with a few branches, erect, 6 to 20 inches high from a perennial root. Leaves oval or elliptic, sessile, spreading, thin in texture, three-fourths to if inches long and one-fourth to one-half of an inch wide, blunt at the apex. Flowers pale yellow, few or several in terminal cymes, each flower about one-half of an inch broad, central flower of each cluster opening first, the lateral branches of the cluster developing later; sepals slightly shorter than the petals; styles three, united below; capsules or fruit ovoid-globose, about one-eighth of an inch long and one-celled. Sepals and petals occasionally four instead of five. In low grounds, swamps and along streams, Nova Scotia to Manitoba, south to New Jersey, Maryland and Minnesota. Flowering in July and August. Our illustration was made from plants just beginning to flower, before the lateral branches of the cyme were developed. Common Saint John's-wort Hypericum perforatum Linnaeus Plate ijia Stems herbaceous, smooth, slender, i to 2 feet high from a perennial root, usually much branched and with several barren shoots at the base. Leaves sessile, linear or oblong, one-half to i inch long, one-tenth to one- third of an inch wide, blunt, black dotted. Flowers three-fourths to i inch broad, bright yellow, several or many in terminal cymes; petals five, black dotted, longer than the lanceolate pointed sepals; stamens numerous, united by their base into three sets; styles three; fruit pod or capsule ovoid, about one-fourth of an inch long or less, three-celled. W1M) FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. V. Siuii- Must-uin A. GREAT OR (.IANT SAINT JOllN's-WORT Hyper if unt ascyron B. ELLIPTIC -LKAVED OR PALB SAINT JOH\ -WORT Hyprricum eliiplittim s -i. O 4, ^ rt < \\IID H.mxi-K-s 01 \i-\\ YORK 169 Native of Europe and naturalized as a weed in fa-Ids and waste places throughout the East. Rockroie Family t' i s t ;i e i- a e Frostweed; Rockrose Crocantkemum camulcnst (Linnaeus) Hrittmi PUU IJlb Strins i net or diffuse from a perennial nx>t. 5 to 20 inches high, finely canescvnt and becoming branched. Leaves nearly sessile, linear-oblong to oblanceolate, one-half to i \ inches long, one-third of an inch wide or leas, green above, canescent l»eneath. Flowers bright yellow, usually one or two, i to \\ inches broad; sepals live, the two outer ones much smaller; petals five, broadly obovate, soon withering and falling; capsule ovoid, about one- third of an inch long. After the petaliferous flowers fade and fall, the axillary branches elongate and bear numerous apetalous sessile flowers, which develop fruiting capsules about one-sixth of an inch in diameter. In sandy fields or rocky soil, Maine to Ontario and Wisconsin, south to North Carolina and Mississippi. Flowering from May to July. A closely related species of similar situations. C r oc a n t h e m u m ma jus (Linnaeus) Britton. is more canescent, the primary flower^ clustered at the summit of the stem and not surpassed by the branches; the secondary or apetalous flowers very small and producing capsules which are only about one-twelfth of an inch in diameter. Woolly Hudsonia; False Heather Iliuisonin lomenlosn Nut tall Pteta IJM A diffusely branched, low-tufted or matted perennial, somewhat woody, 3 to 8 inches high, pale and hoary-pubescent, the branches stout and ascending. Leaves small and scalelike, about one-tenth or one-twelfth of an inch long, overlapping one another and appressed to the stem. Flowers numerous, almost sessile or on short, stout stalks less than one-fourth of an NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM inch long, yellow, about one-fourth of an inch broad or slightly less; petals five, obovate-oblong ; stamens numerous, nine to eighteen in number; sepals blunt. Fruit a small, ovoid, smooth and one-seeded capsule. In sandy pine barrens and sandy shores along the coast, New Bruns- wick to Virginia and inland on sand hills and lake and river shores, west to Manitoba and North Dakota. Flowering from May to July. Violet Family Violaceae Because of their abundance and beauty, the violets take rank with the favorites among our native flowers. Our species of violets are all low herbs, either leafy-stemmed or stemless, that is, the leaves and flowers arising directly from the rootstock. The flowers possess five stamens, the two lowest with appendages that project into the spur or nectar sac of the lower and odd petal. Only these two stamens are developed in the apetalous flowers which come after the petaliferous flowers in most stemless species except the Bird's-foot Violet. The petaliferous flowers are somewhat irregular, the lower petal extended into a spur or sac back of the flower, the lateral petals usually narrower than the two upper petals, and usually only the spur and lateral petals adorned at the base in some species with hairs. Allied species of some groups freely hybridize when growing together. The hybrids commonly display characters more or less intermediate to those of the parent species, and show marked vegetative vigor, but very often also impaired fertility. These violets of hybrid origin are frequently unlike the mother plant and unlike one another, reverting variously in succeeding generations to the characters of the two original species. Two cultivated species of violets are common in the east, and some- times escape from cultivation. They are the English, Marsh or Sweet Violet (Viola odorata Linnaeus), and the Pansy or Heartsease (Viola tricolor Linnaeus) with variously colored flowers. The original form, and the one which the cultivated forms revert to sooner or later, has violet or purple flowers. The large Garden Pansy is the product WILD FLOWERS OF NEW YORK Memoir 15 N. Y. SIM* Museum A. WOOI.I.Y Ml OSONIA; FAI x|. IIKATIIER I liaison itl< II. I>\VAKK «.|N-IM. ->R i.kOI \DNUT /'it mix trifolium \\IIH MuUlk- ..I \l \\ \ORK 171 of various crosses of V i o 1 a tricolor with allied species of the Old World. In addition to those, then- arv alxmt thirty-thnv native species of violets in NY\v York. IXM <1 on short prostrate peduncles; their capsules mostly purplish Leaves except rarely the earliest, palmatcly five- to cleven-lobed or parted, foliage villous-pubescent Lcaf-l.iU-s Munt. lateral ones broad 3 V. pal mat a Leaf-lobes acuminate, lateral ones linear. 4\' perpensa Early and late leaves uncut, others three- to seven-lobed or parted ; V t r 1 1 o b a Leaves all uncut; hlade-i ovate 'rm. cordate, crenate- serrate Plants nearly or quite glabrous; petab violet-purple; seeds 1 >r< >wn Petioles smooth ; plants of moist soil 6V. papilionacea Petioles glandular roughened; plants of dry soil ; V latiuscula Leaves very hairy, especially beneath and on the petioles; seeds dark bn.wn J»V. sororia Leaves hirsutulous above, otherwise smooth; seeds buff. Q V. hirsutula Cleistogamous flowers ovoid on ascending peduncles, soon elonga- •.ul-i-sct-nt iH-neath and on the petioles; sepals and their auricles ciliolate; blades broadly ovate, cordate 10 V. septentrional is 172 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM Leaves glabrous beneath and on the petioles n V. affinis Cleistogamous flowers on erect peduncles, their capsules green Leaves broadly ovate, blunt at the apex; sepals obtuse Cleistogamous flowers ovoid; spurred petal villous 12 V. nephrophylla Cleistogamous flowers long and slender, spurred petal glabrous 13 V. cucullata Leaves lobed or the margins sharply incised or toothed toward the subcordate or truncate base; spurred petal villous, lateral ones with capillary beard Blade of the mature leaves ovate-oblong, ciliate, finely pubes- cent; petioles short 14 V. fimbriatula Blade of the mature leaves lanceolate, usually smooth ; petioles long 15 V. sagittata Blade of the mature leaves broadly ovate or deltoid Margin coarsely toothed near the base; blades sometimes lobed 16 V. emarginata Margin sharply toothed toward the base and more or less pectinately incised 17 V. pectinata Blade of mature leaves primarily three-lobed or three-parted, the segments two to three-cleft into linear or oblanceolate lobes 18 V. brittoniana Rootstock slender (or thicker and scaly with age) ; plants usually from stolons Petals pale violet; leaves minutely hairy on the upper surface; spur large, 3 lines long 19 V. selkirkii Petals white, with dark purple lines on the lower three Cleistogamous capsules ovoid, usually purplish ; woodland plants Leaves reniform, lateral petals beardless; stolons short 20 V. renifolia Leaves broadly ovate, acute; lateral petals bearded; seeds obtuse at the base 21 V. incognita Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate; lateral petals beardless; seeds acute at base 22 V. b 1 a n d a Cleistogamous capsules ellipsoid; always green; peduncles erect; bog and wet meadow species \vn r> i io\\i KN oi \i\\ YOKK 173 Leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, cordate, obtuse 23 V pal lent Leaves oblong to ovate, the bate sightly cordate trl>irular Stipules ovate-lanceolate, bristly serrate; leaves often i) inches wide.. jo V cons per sa Stipules linear, entire except at base; leaves not over three-fourths of an inch wide; alpine th or nearly MI; leaf blades, except the earliest, broadly ovate to reniform, heart -shajx-d at tin- hast-, the margins strongly cucullate (rolled inward) when the leaves an- young, the apex pointed, margins crenate-serrate; when mature 2 to 4 inches broad. Flowering stalks much longer than the leaves. Flowers violet -him- with a dark -blue throat or center, or sometimes entirely white: lateral jx-tals Ix-arded. the lower or spur petal smooth and usually shorter than the lateral ones. Cleis- togamous flowers on long, slender, ereet stalks, their capsules green; seeds nearly black. In moist meadows, springy places in woodlands and along streams, Quebec to (ieorgia. Flowering from late in April until June. Ovate-leaved Violet Viola fimhrialnla ]. K. Smith P1»lr I i:» Root stock long and stout, sometimes branching. The- earliest leaf blades ovate and blunt; the later ones oblong-ovate, acute, finely pr. especially l»eneath. the margins crenulate toward the apex, the bases usually somewhat heart -shajx-d or truncate and sharply toothed, incised or auricu- late. Flowering stalks about as long as the leaves when first in bloom or longer than the leaves in later flowers; the corolla violet -purple. < green; seeds brown. Oeistogamous flo\ver> on < net pt dun- Dry- fields and hillsides, throughout the eastern states and south to (k-orgia. Flowering in May and June. Arrow-leaved Violet Viola sag it la la Ait on Leaves erect from a stout n*>t stock, smooth, or sometimes cilia' finely pubescent; their petioles longer than the blades which an- lanceolate 178 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM or oblong-lanceolate, i to 4 inches long, truncate or heart-shaped at the base and blunt or pointed at the apex, the base hastately or sagittately toothed or cleft, the earliest leaves often deltoid-ovate, blunt, and merely crenate at the base. Flowers on stalks about as long as the leaves, the corolla violet-purple. Moist banks, fields and wet meadows, Massachusetts to Minnesota, south to Georgia and Louisiana. Flowering in May and June. The smooth form appears to be the commoner on the coastal plain, while around the Great Lakes region and eastward to the Hudson River valley occurs a form with pubescent foliage. Triangle-leaved Violet Viola emarginata (Nuttall) LeConte Plate I36a Foliage glabrous, succulent, frequently in dense tufts from stout or matted rootstocks. Leaf blades at flowering time narrowly ovate or triangular, slightly heart-shaped; the later ones broadly ovate or deltoid, i to 3 inches wide, often as broad as long, the base truncate or slightly heart-shaped, coarsely toothed or incised toward the base. Flowering scapes usually longer than the leaves; flowers violet-blue, the petals often notched at the ends. Dry woods, hillsides and fields, southern New York southward. Flow- ering in April and May. Viola emarginata acutiloba Brainerd, found on Staten Island, possesses leaf blades (of mature leaves) which are five-cleft or five- parted, the middle lobe long and narrow, the lateral ones shorter and narrower than the middle lobe. Closely related to the Triangle -leaved Violet is the Cut-leaved Violet (Viola pectinata Bicknell) in which the blades of the mature leaves are ovate-deltoid, wider than long, the margin deeply dentate or pectinate with numerous small linear acute, entire lobes. Low meadows and edges of salt meadows near the coast. U II I ) I I () \V E R S OF NEW YORK Mrmoir IS N. V. M.iu- Museum n.u. us A. MKAHOW IU-AI TY: DI i K (,K\— Rhexiti virginica, B. MARSH III IK Viol I I \\IID IHHMkN OF NEW YORK 179 Great-spurred or Selkirk's Violet Viola Selkirk ii Pursh P1M.IJ0. Leaves and scajx-s 2 to 4 inches high from a slender rootstock or stolon. Leaf blades thin. crcnatc margined. ovate t<> suborbicular. deeply heart- shaped. the basal lolx.-s converging <>r overlapping; leaves small at flowering time. when mature I to 2§ inches wide. smixith except for minute, spreading hairs on the upper surface of the leaves. Flowers pale violet, not bearded, the spur 2§ to 4 lines long and much enlarged toward the rounded end. In shaded ravines and cool mountain forests, New Brunswick to Penn- sylvania and Minnesota, north to Greenland. In central New York its favorite habitat is the moss-covered rocks and boulders beneath limestone cliffs and shaded by dense forests of mixed hanlwcxxls and hemlock. Flow- ering in April and May. Large-leaved White Violet Viola infORiiita Hrainerd PUU IJQb Foliage somewhat pulx-scent with soft, white hai: tially when young, upper leaf surfaces smooth. Leaves ascending from slender root- stocks. Ix«af blades at flowering time orbicular or renifonn. two-thinls to 2 inches wide, abruptly short pointed at the ajn x. cordate at the base: summer leaves with large, somewhat roughened blades, broadly ovate. cordate with an open sinus, acute. 2 to 4 inches wi is an annual plant with slender, smooth, erect stems. 3 to 8 inches high, sometimes branched. Leaves small, somewhat rounded on slender petioles; their stipules large, conspicuous and deeply cut or fringed. Flnwi-r^ --mall, bluish white to cream-colored. In fields and open woods, southern New York to Michigan and southward to Georgia and Texas. Flowering in April and May. Loosestrife Family Salicariaceae (Lythraceae) The Swamp Loosestrife and the Spiked or Purple Loosestrife belong to this family, which in addition to these two species illustrated her. represented in this Suite by two smaller flowen-d sjx*cies of Ly thrum ' L y thrum hyssopifolia Linnaeus and L. a 1 a t u m Pursh ) and the Clammy Cuphea or Blvie Waxweed (Parsonsia petiolata (Linnaeus) Rusby). Swamp Loosestrife; Willow-herb Decodon verticillatus (Linnaeus) Elliott PUU I4J* An herblike perennial growing usually in swamps or shallow water. Although appearing like an herbaceous plant it is more or less shrubby. The stems are angular, recurved, smooth and somewhat woody below, 3 to 10 feet long, often rooting at the tip when they reach the soil or mud. Leaves lanceolate, opposite or verticillatc, 2 to 5 inches long, one-third 184 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM to i inch wide, smooth above, somewhat hairy beneath, pointed at both ends, on very short petioles. Flowers numerous in cymelike axillary clusters; calyx broadly campanulate; corolla about an inch or less broad, petals cuneate at the base, pink-purple, the slender filaments of the stamens projecting from the flower. Fruiting capsule about one-fourth of an inch in diameter or slightly less. In swamps, shallow water around the edges of lakes and ponds, or along slow streams, often forming thickets, Maine to Florida, west to Minnesota, Tennessee and Louisiana. Flowering in June and July. Also known as peatweed or slink-weed, wild oleander and grass poly. Spiked or Purple Loosestrife Ly thrum salicaria Linnaeus Plate I43b Stems four-angled, 2 to 4 feet high or sometimes taller from a perennial root, smooth or somewhat pubescent or tomentose above and more or less branched. Leaves opposite or sometimes in threes, sessile, lanceolate, clasping and heart-shaped at the base 2 to 3 inches long, one-fourth to one-half of an inch wide. Flowers purple, one-half to two- thirds of an inch long and half as broad, in dense, terminal, branched racemes inter- spersed with numerous small leaves; petals four or five, usually five; stamens eight or ten, the longer ones scarcely projecting beyond the flower. Native of Europe but thoroughly naturalized and common in wet places and swamps throughout the east. Very common along the Hudson river from Albany to New York. Flowering in July and August. Meadow Beauty Family Melastomaceae Meadow Beauty; Deer Grass Rhexia virginica Linnaeus Plate i ,(H.i Stems square, 8 to 18 inches high, the angles of the stem usually slightly winged, hairy or nearly smooth ; roots perennial and fibrous with a few small WILD F LOWERS OF NEW YORK M.-moir 15 N. Y. State Museum A. l.<)\(. x|TKRKl> VIOLET Viola rnstrnta B. AMERICAN DOC VIOLET Viola consprrsa \V I I. I) 1 I ( ) \\ K R S OF NEW YORK M.-mnir 15 \. N s(.,t,- Museum IM..I,- III \. -.\\.\\ir MHM >rkii i : \\III.O\V-UKRB D<-t ittloti rcrt if Hiatus H. -I-IKIU "K Tl KIM I I.SKSTKIFE Lvlhrtim 1 \\ll l> I -lu\\| k- i» M \v \OKK tubers. Leaves opposite, sessile or nearly so, ascending, ovate or elliptical- ovate, pointed at tlu- apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, I to 2 inches lon^. one-half to I inch wide, with a U-w scattered hairs on both surface*, conspicuously three to live-nervi-d. tin- margins a liate -serrulate. Flowers bright purple, I to ij inches broad, few or several in terminal clusters; lulvx-tube urn-shaped, constricted above with four triangular-pointed lobes, and like the stalk <>t the flower glandular-pubescent; petals four, broadly obovate; stamens eight, equal; anthers yellow, linear, curved and minutely spurred on the back. Fruit a four-celled, four-valved capsule with numerous small rou^'h. Ix-nt seeds. In moist, sandy meadows and marshes. Maine to northern New York. Ontario and Iowa, south to Florida. Louisiana and Missouri. Flowering from July to Septeml>er. Common on the coastal plain, but rare or local inland, except east and north <>l < Hieida lake, when- it is very abundant in certain places. The Maryland Meadow Beauty (Rhcxia mariana Linna> occurs from IJon« Island southward. It is more densely hairy, the stems are not angled and the leaves are narrower and more spreading. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY Return to desk from which borrowed. This book is DUE on the last date stamped below NGN- i.k ill •-»*J> - LD 21-100m-7,'52(A2528sl6)476 *tl ! T. '.-