etasacausetreressorseeateasemeaeas SSS Dissserreasssos sascrataes: rasSeeeses. steseassseasn Seessss SSS seisers eens nee reeset seeae’ eee. Site Sgesversesoss so cyee. : i H 1 f tt ee | THE WILTSHIRE ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY MAGAZINE Volume 60 1965 ACCESSIONS AND OFFICERS’ REPORTS PAGE ACCESSIONS TO THE LispRaARy, 1964 - - - - - - - - =~ 149 ACCESSIONS TO THE County Recorp Office, 1964 - - - - - = =, 150 ReEcENT ACCESSIONS TO THE DiocESAN RECORD OFFICE — - - - - Sey REPORT OF THE ReEcoRDs BRANCH FoR 1963 TO May 1965 _ - - - = bt ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING, 1965 - - - - - - : - - 152 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY FOR 1964 - - - - - - - - 153 REPORT OF THE CURATOR FOR 1964 - - - - - - - = OSES REPORT OF THE Hon. MEETINGS SECRETARY FOR 1964 - - - - - 160 NATURAL HISTORY SECTION AN ORNITHOLOGICAL REPORT FOR BLACKMOOR COoOpsE RESERVE, 1962-3, by A. A. Dunthorn - - - - - - - - - - - 161 THe Stratus OF THE LEssER SPOTTED WooDPECKER (Dendrocopus minor) IN WILTSHIRE, 1957-64, by Beatrice Gillam - - - - - - - 167 THe Draconriies OF WILTSHIRE, by C. F. Cowan - - - - - - 170 GARDEN PLANT SURVIVALS IN THE VILLAGE OF ImBER, by Charles F. Gowan - Sai i72 THE WEATHER OF 1964, by R. A. U. Jennings - - - - - zy. E70 WILTSHIRE Birp NoTEs FOR 1964 - - - - - - - - es S77) WILTSHIRE PLant Notes (25), compiled by Donald Grose - - - - 192 ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORT FOR 1964, by B. W. Weddell — - - - - = SLOT. REPORT OF THE Hon. SECRETARY FOR 1964 - - - - - - - 200 REpoRT OF THE Hon. MEETINGS SECRETARY FOR 1964 - - - - - 200 ACCOUNTS OF THE SOCIETY FOR 1964 - - - - - - - =7e 203 NOTES FOR THE GUIDANCE OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THE MAGAZINE - - - 207 List oF MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY - - - - - - - - =? 210 INDEX TO VOLUME 60 - - - - - - - - - - - 226 PLATES - - - - - - - - - - - at end of volume iV "The Wiltshire Po sion and Natural History Magazine Vian 60 1965 THE WILTSHIRE ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY The Society was founded in 1853. Its activities include the promotion of archaeological and historical work within the County, and of the study of all branches of Natural History; the issue of a Magazine and other publications; excursions to places of archaeological and historical interest; collaboration with a Records Branch; and the maintenance of a Museum and Library. The subscription rate for membership of the Society is at present as follows: Annual Subscription (minimum), £1 12s. 6d.; Junior Subscription, ros.; Life Membership, £25. Enquiries about membership should be made to the Secretary of the Society, 41 Long Street, Devizes. OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY, 1964-65 PATRON: The Earl of Pembroke, c.v.0., M.A., H.M.L. TRUSTEES: E. C. Barnes, Esq. The Lord Devlin Sir Michael Peto, Bt. Bonar Sykes, Esq. VICE-PRESIDENT : R. B. Pugh, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., F.R.HIST.S. COMMITTEE : The Marquess of Ailesbury, J.p., D.L. (President and Chairman) R. E. Sandell, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., F.L.S. (Hon. Librarian) K. H. Rogers, Esq., B.a. (Hon. Meetings Secretary) Miss I. F. Smith, B.A., PH.D., F.S.A. (Hon. Editor of W.A.M.) Maurice G. Rathbone, Esq., A.L.A. (ex officio as County Archivist) H. de S. Shortt, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., F.R.N.S. (ex officio as Curator of Salisbury Museum) Group Captain F. A. Willan, c.B.E., D.F.c. (representing the Wiltshire County Council) H. I. Chant, Esq. (representing the Wiltshire County Council) Mervyn Fitzgerald, Esq. Lt.-Col. C. H. Floyd, 0.3.£., B.A. P. J. Fowler, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. J. S. Judd, Esq., T.p. Group Captain G. M. Knocker Miss J. de L. Mann, M.A., F.R.HIST.S. J. W. G. Musty, Esq., F.s.A. Harry Ross, Esq., B.A. T. R. F. Thomson, Esq., M.A., M.D., F.R.HIST.S., F.S.A. Miss 'T. E. Vernon SECRETARY AND TREASURER: Brigadier A. R. Forbes CURATOR: ASSISTANT CURATOR: F. K. Annable, Esq., B.A., F.S.A., A.M.A. A. M. Burchard, Esq., M.a. HON. ARCHITECT: HON. SOLICITOR: D. A. S. Webster, Esq., M.A., F.R.1.B.A. H. G. Awdry, Esq. NATURAL HISTORY SECTION: E. A. R. Ennion, Esq., M.a. (Chairman) Arnold Smith, Esq. (Hon. Treasurer) Mrs. C. Seccombe Hett (Hon. Secretary) Mrs. 8S. M. Lee (Hon. Meetings Secretary) \ EXCAVATIONS AT KNAP HILL, ALTON PRIORS, 1961 by GRAHAM CONNAH (With contributions by I. F. Smith, F. K. Annable, P. J. Fowler, C. B. Denston and B. W. Sparks) INTRODUCTION THE 1961 EXCAVATIONS in the Neolithic causewayed camp on Knap Hill were designed to re-examine this site in the context of modern archaeological research. Untouched since the excavations by the Cunningtons in 1908 and 1909,? this is the site at which the phenomenon of the causewayed ditch was first observed and at which the independent existence of the pottery now known as Windmill Hill ware was first suspected. THE SITE Knap Hill forms a part of the chalk escarpment along the northern edge of the Vale of Pewsey. The hill itself is in the form of a steep-sided ridge lying north-east/ south-west; it rises to a height of 857 ft. O.D. at SU/121636 and is connected to the greater mass of Golden Ball Hill by a narrow saddle.3 On the top of Walker’s Hill, about a quarter of a mile to the west, lies a chambered long barrow, Adam’s Grave, and a little over 2 miles, again to the west, is Rybury Camp, an Iron Age earthwork masking a Neolithic causewayed camp.4 Windmill Hill lies about 5 miles to the north-north-west. Although basically chalk, Knap Hill carries a capping of clay-with-flints. In general this seems to be confined to the part of the hill above the Neolithic ditch, although the ditch segments cut through occasional ‘pipes’ of this material. The demonstrably Neolithic earthworks consist of six segments of ditch and bank broken by five causeways. Counting from the southern end, there is possibly an extra causeway dividing the fourth segment, but for the sake of simplicity this is here ignored. The ditch (Fic. 1) follows the 825-ft. contour on the north-west side of the hill, curves round its south-west angle, and then disappears. It also curves round the northern end of the hill, but is masked there by Romano-British and later occupation on what the Cunningtons termed the ‘plateau enclosure’. At the north-east angle, where one would expect to see it emerge from this interference, it is not to be found. On the south and east sides of the hill there are in general no clear traces of the ditch either on the ground or on air photographs, although the Cunningtons, whilst test-trenching round the southern side of the hill, found two sections of ditch at the south-east extremity. There is some slight indication I KNAP HILL CAUSEWAYED CAMP ite NS di iy ec dpetay, fag eas! SY 8 Uy aoe =i, Miuiisidully me = Me pt ATEAU 3k” anit ) AN ARR yy NW; We rn, * “2 ROUND BARROW GRINSELL 8 Ny My oon MY i uy) | SONAL y ” SR QVe397 SSS ws ONE ACRE i—iv : 1961 EXCAVATIONS 100 aes ; 1000 SCALE OF FEET Fic. 1 Plan of the causewayed camp on Knap Hill. Reproduced by kind permission of R.C.H.M. (England) in advance of its own publication. \ Crown Copyright reserved of these on the air photographs, but it is noticeable that the Royal Commis- sion on Historical Monuments has not included them on the plan, although a break in the hachures at this point represents their position. The situation has been complicated by a low bank (probably the spoil from parallel ditches on either side) which appears to run from the south-east corner of the ‘plateau enclosure’ round the south side of the hill and then straight down to disappear in the edge of the arable at its foot. The Cunningtons noted this feature and also the one that stems from the fourth causeway of the Neolithic ditch (counting from the south) and runs away downhill to the north-west. The latter definitely has only a single ditch, however, as can be seen on Fic. 5. The Cunningtons evidently failed to recog- nize ditches associated with either of these features, which seem likely to have been boundaries of some description. Apart from the Neolithic earthwork, the Romano-British occupation of the ‘plateau enclosure’ and the boundary ditches, the hill has other features of interest. 2 There is one round barrow on its top and another® on its steep flank beyond the ditch. A third, formerly on the hill-top, has long since been destroyed.7 There are also traffic-ways, probably medieval, worn deeply into the north-west shoulder of the hill. Finally, the Cunningtons found evidence of a 17th-century re-occupation of the ‘plateau enclosure’,® whilst later still, in the rgth century, the hill-top attracted the attention of flint diggers. The upper part of Knap Hill remains pasture and has probably never been under cultivation. It is what would at one time have been called typical sheep country—and it was perhaps sheep-minding that attracted Romano-British and later occupation. In recent times the hill has frequently been grazed by cattle as well as by sheep. Judging by the remains excavated in 1961, the Neolithic occupants of the area were also principally concerned with cattle. In their time, however, the hill probably looked somewhat different from the bare wind-swept expanses of today. As will be seen below, mollusca from the Neolithic layers of the site seem to indicate an ‘open scrub’ on the ground at the time when the enclosure bank was built, but this scrub became thicker as the Neolithic ditch silted up. THE 1961 EXCAVATION The excavation, from 3rd to 24th July, employed voluntary workers numbering from a dozen to thirty. This was a private venture, made possible by the extremely detailed preparations carried out by its recorder (Miss P. M. Ireland). It also owed its existence to such material assistance as the loan of equipment and to co-operation in all sorts of ways from various organizations, authorities, and private individuals. The writer takes this opportunity to thank all those concerned.9 The excavation was planned to re-section the Neolithic bank and ditch and to strip one causeway. This was accomplished by cutting three major sections, each 65 ft. long by 6 ft. wide, and one six-panelled grid, the baulks of which were eventually excised to open an area 58 by 20 ft. Table I (p. 12), which shows the location of finds, should be referred to in conjunction with the following descriptions of the cuttings. Layer numbers (enclosed in circles) are included in many parts of the text to facilitate reference to Tables I, II and III. They do not, however, appear on the section drawings, as they are simplifications which it is difficult to relate to the drawings. They are employed as follows and are the same for all cuttings: Turf and humus over whole cutting. Deeper humus, sometimes with flints, behind the bank. Deeper humus over the ditch. Humus and small chalk rubble mix. Upper silting of ditch. Chalk (or clay-with-flints) rainwashes in the ditch. Primary rubble (chalk or clay-with-flints) in the ditch. Bank. Buried soil underneath the bank. OAQAOQGeW0 Go MY > bk yreugy ra ; “NMOHS Sv WNAWONSHd TWIIHdVYDILWYLS WIHLO HSYM IVHD ONY 3788N¥ HIVHO “AMALLOd TWH TIWANIM @ “SLNITS IWNOISVID0 ONY 3788N% MIVHD TIYWS ‘HSYMNIVY 34n8 “3788NY HIWHD TIYWS ONY HSYMNIVS SLIHM/AaYD “ABS1LLOd HSILING-ONWWOY “XIW J1NGON LNITd ONY SOWNH “(NMOHS SW AZIS NI AYWA HIVHD JO $393/d) “xIW 37gEY HIVHD (Ws) ONY SAWOH "MOS AaIWNG YO SNWOH *22va 183M HinOSs HOLIG QNV ANVE s1ya3a DNIddvNX “394 LS¥3 HLYON SZINVBYNLSIG TWWINY swaW or aoe £ z Bie RS = — + ne + 1 ale ~ itt ot s q ° *NOILI3S SIHL OLNO G3LISLOYd HINAYL S,YOLWAWIXA SNOIASYd 30 SUIWID SEO arate =, e000 vase 9009 iit anni iaraaee Vv alt ott 1334 : —_e oz st or s ° sxa Hall lit aan a € z + hy ne rh th UT € tt il 1961 —1 NOILDSS —T7IH dVNy ll CUTTING I (FIG. 2) This cut was made through the third of the ditch segments. Below 3-6 in. of black humus ((1)) lay a bank (()) rising to over 1 ft. 6 in. at its highest point and sealing a deposit of buried soil ((8)) 1-4 in. thick and 14 ft. wide. The ditch had a maximum depth of 6 ft. 6 in., including a thickness of up to 12 in. of black humus (QD and @)). At its top the ditch was about 17 ft. wide. These dimensions refer to the south-west face of the section. The opposite face was rather different. Here the bank had been destroyed by a disturbance (Feature I) very much resembling an old excavation trench. This disturbance ran parallel to Cutting I, extending in width about one-third of the way across it and in length almost across the bank. (For the limits, projected on to the south-west face of the cutting, see Fic. 2.) There seems to be nothing in the Cunningtons’ report which could explain this old cutting, but it most likely represents an excavation of some sort. Its base cut into the top of the natural chalk and its filling consisted of a loose mix of earth and small chalk rubble. On the north-east side of the cutting the ditch, too, was very different from that on the south-west, only 6 ft. distant. Here it was less than 4 ft. deep and only 14 ft. wide. The reason for this contrast is that the ditch seems to have con- sisted of a series of deep pits separated by low baulks. The south-west face of Cutting I exposed part of a pit and the north-east part of a baulk. The bank (pi. Ib) was of ‘dump’ construction, with alternate tips of smaller and larger rubble sloping down from front to back. The original front of the bank is now indeterminate, however, merging imperceptibly with a mix of humus and small chalk rubble which continues down the weathering ramp to form the upper silting (@) of the ditch. In this cutting, as also in Cuttings II and III, the bank exhibited a false stratification: the base was composed of chalk rubble mixed with chalky wash and the upper part of chalk rubble mixed with humus. ‘This had no direct stratigraphic significance, being in all probability the result of humic infiltra- tion from the overlying topsoil. It is, however, a factor to be borne in mind when considering the report on mollusca from the bank. Finally, behind the bank was a mix of humus and flint nodules (@)) which was very probably a clay-with-flints derivative that had drifted downhill to the back of the bank. The buried soil ((8)) beneath the bank consisted, on the other hand, of a relatively stone-free brown earth. CUTTING II (FIG. 3) This cutting was taken through the fifth of the ditch segments. The section revealed agreed closely in its general character with that of Cutting I. Here again the ditch section was part deep pit and part shallow baulk, but the filling was com- plicated by the ditch having cut through a small ‘pipe’ of clay-with-flints on its inner face, resulting in a dual silting. In the sloping tip-lines of the bank, otherwise much as in Cutting I, it was possible to observe a front tip of humus and small chalk rubble. The buried soil beneath the bank was deeper than in Cutting I, reaching in places a thickness of about 9 in. In this cutting the accumulation (@Q)) behind the bank was represented by a deepening of the humus with only a few shattered 5 aife ymugy wenn D "NMOHS SV VN3WON3Hd TYDIHdVYOlvyLS BIHLO “HSWM ‘JMS ONW INIDS O32Y3LLVHS “S37NQON LNINS £378GNY HIWHD JO LUIS AYVWIed “S3TNGON N3¥0¥S ONY LNITS G3YBLLIVHS SNIVLNOD 'HSYMNIVEY SLNITS HUM AVID JINVYO “S3INGON M34 ING SLNITS G3BILLVHS SNIVLNOD HSUMNIVY SINITS HLIM AW1D NMOUE SANBWOWSS TWH (LAOH LIM 30) Hui HSVMNIVY SLIHM “HSYM WIVHD dN avesay AIVHD “SLN3WOWYS HIVHD (LNONLIM YO) HLIM HSVMNIVY J408 *“S31NGON LNITS 3WOS ONY JIaENy *VHO TWS “HSVMNIVY 420@/AT¥D (NMOHS S¥ 3ZIS NI AYWA HTVHD JO S3D314) “MIW 378% HIWHD (IWWs) aN SAwoH “W0OS GS!IunB Bo sawnH "AW31L10d THH TUWANIM @ “AW3110d UINvIe “AVD1LLOd HSILIBG-ONYWOU W S210H 10040 s3wu3aw t t 1334 “NOILIAS OLNO QILIZLOYd S3NOB MOD = = or °39v4 153M HANOS HOLIQ GNV ANY WIAWHO WUALvN NI SLNITS HIM AVTD 40 13N30d S3LVIIGNI 3NIT N3NOWE ‘1961 — 11 NOILOAS — TH dVN» Wh g flints and flint nodules, which lay at the very rear of the bank. Windmill Hill ware occurred in the surface of the buried soil under the bank in association with a group of ox bones (pL. IIa). CUTTING II (FIG. 4) This cutting crossed the sixth of the ditch segments. It revealed a section agreeing closely with those of Cuttings I and II. Here, however, was exposed part of one of the deep pits which, together with shallow intervening baulks, make up the ditch. Over g ft. in depth at this point, the inner side was unusually steep. The structure of the bank was as in the other cuttings, and it exhibited the same front tip of humus and small chalk rubble that was seen in Cutting II. The height of surviving bank was a little greater in Cutting III than elsewhere, being almost 2 ft. at its maximum. The buried soil beneath it was, on the other hand, barely 2 in. thick and so noticeably thinner than in the other cuttings. Behind the bank, and dipping beneath it, was a ‘pipe’ of clay-with-flints. Its surface had been con- siderably broken down by weathering, and some archaeological material had been carried down into it from the overlying humus. These finds included four Romano- British and four medieval sherds, as well as a fragment from a clay pipe-stem. Dug into the top of the chalk rainwash of the ditch was a grave orientated roughly north-east/south-west and containing the extended skeleton of a woman between 40 and 50 years of age. This burial had probably been inserted from some level in the upper silting (@)) and was in any case sealed by a deep stone-free modern humus. Only the legs below the knees protruded into Cutting III and a small extension panel was opened to make the whole burial accessible. The skeleton lay upon its back with the head turned to the right. The right arm was extended at the side, but the left one was slightly flexed, with the hand resting on the anterior surface of the left side of the pelvis. One of the patellas was found amongst the foot bones, and the left clavicle had been displaced upwards towards the mandible, but these phenomena had probably resulted from animal burrowing, as two such disturbances were found in or near the grave filling. Around both feet lay a number of small iron nails, of which parts of nine were recovered. They had pyramidal heads and had probably been from 1-5 to 2 cm. long. Five of them were still moderately complete and all these had been clenched, one having been double-clenched. It seems likely that these were boot-nails hammered into the edge of a sole and clenched over the welt, one of the surviving ones having had its tip clenched a second time into the edge of the welt. It would appear from the paucity of nails recovered that these boots were merely reinforced with a few hob-nails, not completely studded. Above the grave, ), (3) and @ all contained Romano-British pottery and, although the date of the burial must remain in some doubt, it probably belonged to that period and relates to the contemporary occupation of the ‘plateau enclosure’. The Neolithic ditch would provide the most readily available soft ground for a burial on a hill-top where elsewhere the chalk or clay-with-flints is so close to the surface. The anatomical report shows that the deceased was trebly unfortunate, having sutural abnormalities, serious dental disease, and osteo-arthritis (see p. 18). 47/6 ng) mays fe “NIAGHS SY ; , YN3WONBHd WIIHGVYDILYYLS BIHLO (enn HEMT "aqggny xIVHO ie] = TWWS ONY HS¥MNIVY Jine/AZeD LS_e. "aTesny AIWHD THYWS ONY HSYMNIVY AHLYYS FZ) “HSVM HOVWHOD ONY a78aNy ATVHD “a37egNy AIVHD TIVWS GNY HSYMNIVY 3LIHM “AUBLLOd TH TUWwaNim @ “XIW 31NdON INIT N3NOYS GNY SAWNH ae ‘ | ry “AWBLIOd HSILIYS-ONVWOU V Saw sqwaH anv ining o3waiuvKs Fle /2]} pa Soe ae ’ (NMOHS S¥ 3ZI5 NIAWYA HIVHD JO S393I4) METER EEE MEE 2 “xIW 37g9N¥ AVHD OTWWs)aNy sawnH bles! HOLIG GNV YNVG “aH a31une wo SawnH. |||] | 394 1S¥3 HIYON 10 9 996" NOILYWOAHNI 30 S937 SSONVEUNLSIA TW WINW “SLNITS HLIM AYTD TWWUNLWN OLN! ‘Gaw AYT) GNY LNITA @3¥341L¥HS) -AHOIS OL SNIddid SLNITS HALIM AV AWUNLVN 40 J « s/\ Ff ee 2 Lo | s/e—s/\ = o = uw . 4 sea 5 Ree * ¢ [2 a Te s/e-s/e€ u & Js|,06 > O08 s/s—s/yv 2 906 s/s-s/s v2 6K s/t-s/9 Is] s< L fo) (a) fe) ° fe) fo) &K So w + ~m n= a a Se Dae ees ee ee | cite | ae | 8 S fe) ~ x x x 3 9 Q fe) g ey re] . é 0 |oi-o -|/o1-o -|| z> ~ Z—Ol S “loz-o1 $= Ke of—02 of-02 9-% Ov-—0€ 8-9 OS—OF ol-8 ne es}09—OS Zi-ol Bb - [oz-os fs vi-Zl is © |} 08-02 uJ 91-1 Ze x ojos < Y 91 : Y 3 s an $ - 16 a preponderance of Beaker sherds. No. 13 is a_ steeply trimmed _ end-scraper; No. 15 appears to be a combined end- and side-scraper, but it is broken at the crucial point; No. 16 is an asymmetrical end-scraper made on an already broken flake. Both the latter are trimmed with shallow secondary working and belong with the Beaker pottery. wo further scrapers (Nos. 17 and 18) likewise have Beaker associations. Both are made on flakes, one being a combined end- and side-scraper, the other an end- scraper. Again their secondary working is shallow. The remaining four scrapers have concave trimming along part of one side and are all topsoil finds. Hammerstone. Only one was found, of flint; it came from the primary rubble of the ditch in Cutting I. STONE As will be seen from Table I, lumps of sarsen, some of it burnt, occurred in (1), Q) and (3), together with pieces of flaked sarsen and actual sarsen flakes. Sarsen lumps, some burnt, were also found in the lower ditch silting (6) and @)) and in the bank and buried soil ((7) and (8)). The Cunningtons recorded sarsen from the ditch, a ‘chip’ and a piece with secondary working,*3 seemingly a sort of scraper. Two sarsen flakes which seem to have had some secondary working were found amongst those from the topsoil in 1961. The incidence of ‘foreign stone’ from (1), @) and (8) will also be seen in Table I. These specimens were examined by Dr. Forbes of the Sidgwick Museum of Geology, in the University of Cambridge, who reported that they were remnants of the Tertiary material from the clay-with-flints and thus could all have a local origin. Dr. Forbes also examined an apparent ‘stone rubber’ from topsoil in Cutting IV, which he found to be a sponge chert from the greensand, the ‘artificial’ surfaces of which were quite natural. On breaking it was found to have a cortex of sorts which crossed what had been considered the main artificial surface. ANIMAL BONE The stratigraphical pattern of the occurrence of animal bone can be seen in Table I.*4 There is clear evidence of ox in both the certainly Neolithic and the more superficial layers. There is slender but apparently satisfactory evidence for sheep or goat and pig in the certainly Neolithic layers, but the evidence is greater in the more superficial ones. Table II summarizes the evidence in detail. It should be noted that in three cases evidence of articulation was found. The first was a radius and ulna (ox) from the surface of the buried soil in Cutting III. The second was a broken metacarpal, a magnum and an unciform (ox) from the bone group in the surface of the buried soil in Cutting II. The third was the broken distal end of a tibia, an astragalus, calcaneum, and another tarsal bone (ox) from the same bone group (pL. IIa). In general, however, most of the bone from the site was in a rather fragmentary condition. The overall impression is that we are dealing with food remains. As an interesting side-issue, however, it may be questioned why any articulated material should be found if the people at Knap Hill kept dogs. No canine bones were in fact found. It will be seen from Table I that red deer antler was found in the lower silting of the ditch (() and @)) and in the bank ((7)), as well as in a more superficial layer of the ditch (4). However, only a very few doubtful red deer bones occurred, all in (4). The antler was mostly in a fragmentary condition, but probably represented the remains of ~ antler picks broken in use. The ends of some tines showed traces of ancient wear. Thus, although shed antlers were no doubt collected, there is no real evidence for the hunting of deer. 17 TABLE II Stratification of identified animal bones ANIMAL (certainly identifiable pieces only). SCAPULA () (2) @) @ i SRECREOSS “eR HUMAN SKELETON The skeleton from the upper fill of the ditch in Cutting III was submitted to Mr. C. B. Denston of the Duckworth Laboratory, Department of Archaeology and Anthro- pology, University of Cambridge, who reports as follows: Sex: Female. Duckworth Laboratory Number: Eu.t.3.227. Age: 40-50. Stature: Approximately 5 ft. 2 in. The majority of the bones are in a fair state of preservation, but determining the sex and age of the skeleton was more complicated than one usually finds, due to robustness of some features, lack of suture closure, and shocking condition through disease of the maxilla and teeth. On repairing the skull, it was found that the area glabella and supra-glabella, with parts of the left side of the maxilla, had been broken post-mortem and were not present. The cranium possesses a metopic suture, but the most striking feature is the condition of the maxilla. The area of the 2nd and grd left molars has possibly been lost post-mortem, with also the left canine, but the rst left molar and both ist premolars were lost ante-mortem, the tooth cavities having healed. The alveolar borders in the area of the right molars have been eaten away due to the combined action of abscesses and periodontal disease, the tooth sockets being diminished to 2-3 mm. deep, with the teeth held precariously in place. The roots of the molars have also been affected and have a swollen, bulbous appearance. ‘The socket holding the right lateral incisor has been considerably enlarged due to an abscess, and there is a large abscess cavity, 14 mm. in diameter, in the region of the left canine fossa, spreading right through to the palate. An extensive amount of calculus or tartar is attached to the molars, possibly caused through the action of the periodontal disease, and two neck caries can be observed. Of the mandible, the three right molars, two left molars, the 1st right and 2nd left premolars, were lost ante-mortem, the cavities having healed; the 2nd right premolar was lost 18 post-mortem. The socket of the molar tooth has been slightly enlarged due to an abscess, and the roots display the same bulbous appearance as those of the upper molars; it also has a neck carie. Both upper and lower incisors, with the rst left premolar of the mandible, display an extensive degree of attrition, the rest of the teeth a medium degree, with the exception of the upper 3rd molar, which is only slightly marked, the probable pattern of attrition being due to the ante-mortem loss of the lower molars. Very slight enamel hypoplasia can also be detected on both the lower canines. Of the post-cranial remains, the deltoid tuberosities of the humeri are well developed for a female. The tibiae seem to have a slight twist and are bowed slightly in the proximal third of the shafts, the area of the tubercle being also more filled out than usual. Many of the bones display slight to medium degrees of osteo-arthritis, the most affected being the vertebrae. To sum up: the bones give one the impression that this individual was not a very feminine female, and most probably suffered agonies with abscesses and osteo-arthritis. MOLLUSCA Soil samples were taken from (]) and (4)- (8) of Cuttings II and III. They were examined for molluscan content by Mr. B. W. Sparks of the Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, whose report follows: Of the samples from Cuttings II and III the following proved to contain no Mollusca: (a) K/II/@)/SS4, i.e. that part of the primary rubble derived from the clay-with-flints in the ditch in Cutting IT; (6) K/III/(@)/SS6, SS7 and SS8, i.e. the primary rubble and its humic inclusions from Cutting III. All the remaining samples contained Mollusca, although the numbers from the bank in Cutting III and from the primary fill of the ditch in Cutting II are small. Details of the numbers recovered from all horizons are listed below in Table III. All the species are land snails, mainly characteristic of fairly dry, open grass, scrub or woodland, but there are variations from level to level. The fauna of the old land surface is given by samples K/II/(8)/SS6-7, in which fairly high percentages of Pomatias elegans and Vallonia spp. indicate probably open scrub, Vallonia not being found in woodland and Pomatias not on bare downs or in dense woods usually. Such a situation would be quite suitable for the other important elements of the fauna, viz. Carychium tridentatum, Clausilia bidentata, Hygromia hispida and Discus rotundatus. This fauna is probably that showing the most even distribution of numbers of individuals among the various species present. The lower part of the bank (K/II/()/SS8) has a fauna which in its general proportions is practically identical with that of the old surface below and probably contained this fauna when it was thrown up. On the other hand, the upper part of the bank (K/II/(7)/SSq) is virtually identical in its fauna with the modern turf above (K/II/()/SS10). This fauna is smaller in number of species and has predominant Hygromia hispida, with Vallonia excentrica and Vertigo pygmaea also important. It is typical to find fewer species in the modern fauna and also, to judge by some Wiltshire dry valley deposits I have recently studied, to find that, of the two xerophilous species of Vallonia, excentrica is much more important than costata. In the chalk rainwash of the ditch (K/II/(6)/SS3 and K/III/(6)/SS5) are found the most genial conditions for Mollusca occurring in these deposits. All the samples from Cutting IT were of about the same size so that the number of molluscs is of significance, provided that no com- parisons are made with Cutting III from which the samples were much smaller. Both K/II/(5)/SS3 and K/III/(5)/SS5 are dominated by Carychium tridentatum and Discus rotundatus, but some other features of the faunas are probably more significant. This is the only level at which Acicula fusca and Clausilia rolphii are found. These two species have woodland alliances and so too has Cochlodina laminata, while A. fusca is also intolerant of human influence. In addition, the open ground genus, Vallonia, is virtually absent. The high number of individuals, the presence of ‘woodland’ species, one of them anthrophobe, and the absence of open ground species all suggest a thicker scrub with a well-developed litter of humus and a lack of human interference at this stage of the silting of the ditch. In the horizon above (K/II/(@/SS2 and K/III/(@/SS4) the conditions are similar in both cuttings, though they are somewhat different from those prevailing in horizon (5) below. There is less dominance by any one species, while the increase of Pomatias and Vallonia and disappearance of the ‘woodland’ species probably indicates some opening up of the vegetation. The faunas are nS) Taste III LAND MOLLUSCA (Fragments indicated by x) ce Wee os ° roa MCN [Se og © oO D i es oO an ee O i) n N i) Nin N S — a ay ONO © .C) OrO) SOS SS eee = ae pete eee ee mad ee oe ae eee s OS SA ML i a a | ee ae Pomatias elegans (Miiller) .. 2 91 1] x 27 48 5/— x x — Ai oe el 150 Acicula fusca (Montagu) —- — — —|— 12 — —|—- —- — — I — — 13 Carychium tridentatum (Risso) 61 7 — —J| 2 620 78 67 20 — 855 Azeca goodalli (Férussac) .. — 1 —_—- — I Cochlicopa lubrica (Miiller) . . 7 os dl I 3 —- — 15 Cochlicopa lubricella (Stabile) a a I 2 2, — — — 6 Cochlicopa sp. - ae 14 04 21 2), 26. FY 4) oe —8 21) 5S 65 Vertigo pygmaea (Draparnaud) 1 — 5 18/— — 2 13/— — 2 1), — — «1 43 Pupilla muscorum (Linné) I | — 9g 2 I I 14 Lauria cylindracea (da Costa) 2 — —|— — — —] — — — 2 Acanthinula aculeata (Miller) 14 4 — —|— 38 25 3 11 — 95 Vallonia costata (Miller) 25 4 — —|— — 8 ry~—~ ~—~ 1 ~—| ~~ ~— — 39 Vallonia excentrica Sterki 3 2 rt I1H|/— — 3 12}/— 1 I g|/ — 1.5 63 Vallonia sp. . . - SS: Il — 1 5 I I 2 7/— — — 3g] —.— 2 33 Ena montana (Draparnaud) I | —- —| —- — — I Ena obscura (Miiller) ; 2 eae ca — —- —- — 3 Cochlodina laminata (Montagu) 5) s3 2 9 1)/— — — —|] — 1 — 18 Clausilia bidentata (Str6m) . . 23° 5 — \f2 |-x 2 9? I — — — I 3 — 48 Clausilia rolphii ‘Turton 8 2 —. — 10 Helicigona lapicida (Linné) x — — —|— x 2 2/— — — — Ke ee 4 Arianta arbustorum (Linné) x — —}|— me — 1 — — I Helix nemoralis Linné — 1 yr — — —|] —- — — I Helix (Cepaea) sp. x x — —]|— xX — xf/o— — — —]}] — 1 — I Hygromia striolata (C. Pfeiffer) —- —- — —/— 1 2 —|— — — —}| — — — 3 Hygromia hispida (Linné) 24 It 27 -74.{— ~— 30 82 145 1 GES 16s Io) O23 2277 496 Helicella itala (Linné) a 7 3 9 I11}|— — 3 6);— 39 +r: 2) — — — 45 Punctum pygmaeum (Draparnaud) . . 3 I — 38/— Ope Oimamal — — | 2 5 — 33 Discus rotundatus (Miiller) . . ..| 46 18 — 1]— 336 158 2 i 61 & ==] 47. 3352 — 644 Vitrea crystallina (Miller) .. ?r — — —|}— 19 8 — —- — —| — 6 — 34 Vitrea contracta (Westerlund) 1p — Fl 18 —|—.— — —] — 2 — 97 Oxychilus cellarius (Miiller) Py Pg — — | Pr 2h PR | ot Pr we PP 48 Oxychilus alliarius (Miller) . . I — I Retinella radiatula (Alder) .. 6 — — 5/— 2 3 4/— 1 — —]| — — 1 22 Retinella pura (Alder) 8 6 — —]— 108 75 3/— — — —} 1g 23° 1 237 Retinella nitidula (Draparnaud) 21 4 — —|— 7 41. 1 I — — —] 13 12 — 166 Vitrina pellucida (Miller) I — I Limax sp... - os Pr o— 2 Tf I 8 I _— 8 Agriolimax cf. laevis (Miiller) 17 4 — —}|— 7 12 g/{/— 31 — — 2 2 — 48 Total 374 89 47 140 | 4 1,427 603 225} 5 20 22 39] 170 160 39] 3,364 similar, in fact, to those found on the old surface beneath the bank (K/II/(8)/SS6-7). Finally, the surface turf samples (K/II/()/SS1 and K/III/()/SS1-2) have faunas almost identical with that of the surface samples from the bank and point to the uniformity of conditions recently prevailing. The bank at Cutting III, although yielding only small numbers of specimens, seems to have a high proportion of Hygromia hispida throughout, like the modern surface turf, but some of the specimens are unweathered and, I suspect, derived from above. None of the faunal variations have climatic implications, being probably explicable in terms of slight changes in vegetation and human influence as suggested above. 20 POLLEN ANALYSIS Samples were collected from the buried soil ((8)) by Dr. (now Professor) G. W. Dimbleby, who subsequently reported that they were ‘almost completely lacking in pollen and no useful construction could be put on the odd grain’ that was seen.*5 CHARCOAL Comparatively little charcoal was found and this has been employed to make up specimens for radiocarbon dating. Some fragments were, however, included in a soil sample collected from the bank ((7)) in Cutting I by Dr. Dimbleby. He reported that it comprised ‘small fragments of charcoal embedded in chalky matrix. All of hazel (Corylus avellana).’ RADIOCARBON DATING Specimens were made up of charcoal from the primary rubble (@)) of the ditch in Cuttings IT and III and from the upper silting (@) in Cutting Il. They were small in quantity and so were supplemented by antler fragments K/I/(@)/A1 and K/II/(@)/A4. These samples are in the hands of the British Museum Research Laboratory and results will be published separately when available. This laboratory also has for analysis some material found adhering to the inner surface of Windmill Hill sherd K/III/ @)/P23. Results will also be published separately. DISCUSSION The causewayed ditches on Knap Hill belong undoubtedly to the Windmill Hill culture. Windmill Hill pottery was found both low in the ditch silting and in and under the bank. The paucity of such pottery and of occupation material in general, together with the absence of any other Neolithic wares and the presence of a molluscan anthrophobe in the chalk rainwash of the ditch seems to indicate abandonment of the site at an early stage. This may or may not explain the apparent incomplete nature of the enclosure. The position of Knap Hill is a commanding one, with fine views to the east along the escarpment and to the south-east into the Vale of Pewsey. On these sides it is extremely steep, especially on the east where a narrow dry valley lies at one side of the saddle which connects Knap and Golden Ball Hills. To the north- west, however, there is a relatively gradual slope down to the gap between Knap and Walker’s Hills, through which the Ridgeway runs. It is across this more gradual slope that the Neolithic ditches have been dug. An earthwork situated in such a way on this exposed and waterless hill might well be thought to have had some sort of defensive purpose, the more so when its ditches seem to be advanced far enough down the slope to minimize the danger of ‘dead ground’ in too close a proximity. This possibility is further enhanced by the unusual height of bank surviving at Knap Hill—nearly 2 ft. in one place. It seems, indeed, that the class of sites known as ‘causewayed camps’ might have been intended for varying purposes. The most significant factor diagnostic of all of them is the ‘causewayed’ ditch and this may reflect nothing more than a common method of quarrying material to construct a bank. The ditches of these sites seem to have two types of causeway: namely, actual breaks in the ditch visible PAA on the ground, and also subterranean breaks within the ditch itself so that it takes the form of a series of pits partially separated by unexcavated baulks of natural which have been left to varying heights. Even of the causeways visible on the modern surface there seem to be two categories: some could well have been entrances while others, even before weathering, were probably too narrow ever to have been of much practical use in this sense. The proliferation of ditch interruptions at some sites may well be regarded as phenomena which cannot be explained away in their entirety as entrances. Many of them seem to be nothing more than the accidental concomitants of a specific type of ditch digging. The causeways at Knap Hill belong to the first of these two categories. At this site the visible causeways bear all the appearances of being intended as entrances: they are few in number and of a sufficient width. Furthermore, the bank is always interrupted when the ditch is interrupted. It is suggested in conclusion that the ‘causewayed camp’ at Knap Hill was of a defensive character and was abandoned at an early stage—perhaps so early that it was never completed. Following the Windmill Hill phase, the next sign of human activity at Knap Hill is the presence of sherds of Long-Necked Beakers with a little associated flint- work. These are from stratigraphically superficial locations and were found only in Cutting II and the nearby Cutting IV. Their significance is obscure; presumably they represent transient visits to the hill-top. ‘The Romano-British pottery, on the other hand, clearly relates to the settlement in the ‘plateau enclosure’, as, it is assumed, does the inhumation in Cutting III. The later pottery seems to imply occupation somewhere in the vicinity. ? Grateful acknowledgement is made to New College Estates, Oxford, to Mr. A. G. Stratton of Alton Priors, and to the Ministry of Public Building and Works for permission to carry out these excavations. The archaeological material recovered is housed in the Wiltshire Archaeological Society’s museum at Devizes, except for the human skeleton from Cutting [II (in the Duckworth Laboratory collection at Cambridge) and the molluscan specimens (Department of Geography, Cambridge). All field records, including the originals of the section drawings, photographic prints and nega- tives, have been deposited in the Society’s library at Devizes, where they may be consulted by arrangement. 2 M.E. Cunnington, Knap Hill Camp, W.4.M,, XXXVII (1911), 42-65. 3 The site falls on the edge of the appropriate 6-in. O.S. map (Wilts. XXXV. S.W., 1926 ed.). Its general position can be appreciated better on the 2}-in. O.S. map (Sheet SU 16, provisional edition). 22 4 E. C. Curwen, Neolithic Camps, Antiquity, Iv (1930), 22-54. Later doubted by many, but recently partly confirmed by test digging carried out in 1964 by Mr. D. Bonney (W.A.M., 59 (1964), 185). 5 The photographs used were from the Cam- bridge University Collection, taken by Dr. J. K. St. Joseph, prints NX42 and LL67. Also used were two photographs taken by G. E. Connah in 1959 with the co-operation of the R.A.F., Upavon, and some photographs taken during the 1961 excava- tions by Mr. A. J. Priddy with the co-operation of a local flying club. 6 Excavated by Mr. C. W. Phillips before the Second World War; unpublished. Note that in V.C.H. Wilts., 1, Part 1, 149, round barrows Alton 13 and 10 seem to have been confused. It is possible that No. 13 never existed and that No. 10, dug without result by John Thurnam, was the one later dug by Phillips. 7 Cunnington, loc. cit., 43. 8 [bid., 55-6. 9 Grateful acknowledgement is made in par- ticular to the excavation recorder, Miss P. M. Ireland, and to the photographer, Mr. A. J. Priddy; also to Miss B. Johnson, Mr. N. Thompson, Dr. N. E. France, Commander J. D. R. Davies, R.N., Mr. O. Stroh, Miss E. Abbot, Miss J. Patterson, Mr. R. Belsey, Mr. Inigo Jones of the Nature Conservancy, Miss D. Royle, Dr. R. Bell, Miss E. Fenton, Mr. N. Bradford, Mr. J. Hooper; and to masters and boys of Marlborough College, and to one of the masters, together with boys and girls, of the Kingswood Grammar School, Bristol. Dr. J. C. Belshé of the Department of Geodesy and Geophysics in the University of Cambridge kindly lent his assistant, Mr. I. Bishop, to spend some days on the site with a proton magnetometer, a magnetic gradiometer, and a ‘4c’ mine detector. The principal purpose was to locate a ditch on the south side of the hill, if one indeed existed. The results were negative. Excavation equipment was lent by the museums at Avebury and Devizes, the Wiltshire County Council and the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology in the University of Cambridge. Thanks are also due to Mr. H. J. Cuss, building contractor, Swindon, who went to great trouble in hiring out equipment and trans- porting it. ro Cunnington, loc. cit., 47. 1m R. J. C. Atkinson, Worms and Weathering, Antiquity, XXXI (1957), 219-33. ™ Cunnington, loc. cit., 53. "3 [bid., 61. To judge from the profile, Mrs. Cunnington’s fig. 15 seems to be part of the bowl with fingernail impressions from Pit 2. This bowl has also been illustrated in Arch. Journ., LXXxvtI (1931), 67ff., fig. 5, and in Guide Catalogue of the Neolithic and Bronze Age Collections in Devizes Museum (1964), 83, fig. 6. ™ I. F. Smith, Windmill Hill and Avebury: Excavations by Alexander Keiller, 1925-1939 (1965), 44. 15 W.A.M., 59 (1964), 12. 16 Tbid., 27, note 19. 17 Ibid., 58 (1962), 143-55. 18 Cunnington, loc. cit., 62-5. 19 W.A.M., 58 (1963), 342-50. 20 J. G. D. Clark, and E. S. Higgs, P.P.S., xxv1 (1960), 214. 21 Similar observations were made by Mrs. Cunnington, loc. cit., 61-2. 22 Clark and Higgs, loc. cit., 216. 23 Cunnington, loc. cit., 61. 24 Grateful acknowledgement is made to Miss J. E. King of the Department of Zoology in the British Museum (Natural History), who kindly checked the diagnoses of the animal bones. 25 Soil samples were also collected (see Table I) in the hope of obtaining information from opal silicate analysis, but technical difficulties have delayed results. 23 EXCAVATION OF A BELL BARROW, AVEBURY G.55 by I. F. SMITH A FLATTENED ROUND BARROW, Avebury 55 in L. V. Grinsell’s list of bowl barrows (V.C.H. Wilts., 1, 1), was excavated by the writer on behalf of the Ministry of Public Building and Works in October 1964.* The site (NGR. SU/10246788) lies 300 yds. west-north-west of the West Kennet Long Barrow, almost on a line between the latter and Silbury Hill, and on the false crest of the high ground to the south of the Kennet valley, at a height of about 560 ft. O.D. Before excavation it could be seen from the valley as a slight hump on the sky-line. SUMMARY The exposed hilltop that was ultimately to be occupied by a Bronze Age burial mound was found to have been the scene of still earlier prehistoric activities that could be traced backwards over a span of perhaps a thousand years. The testimony was gathered mainly from the ploughsoil; in this were dispersed the pottery, flint implements and broken animal bones that had been discarded by the successive groups of people who had stayed here. Pottery and tools of the Windmill Hill culture suggest that the earliest activity could have been related to the construction of the nearby West Kennet Long Barrow at a date around 2500 B.C., and throughout the long sequence that followed this tomb must always have dominated the surroundings. Later on the same place was frequented by people who made Peterborough ware (in all its three styles) and by others of the Rinyo-Clacton culture. Bearers of the Beaker culture came too: first the more immediate descendants of the Bell Beaker immigrants, then their successors who are known to us by their more insular Long-Necked Beakers. One of these Beaker folk. was left buried in a simple flat grave. The only other permanent traces in the ground were a number of pits dug by the Long-Necked Beaker folk and probably used by them for storage. When one of these pits had served its purpose and was being refilled, parts of the dismembered * Acknowledgements. ‘The writer would like to thank the following: Mr. R. Hues, the owner of the site, for permission to excavate and for providing access across ploughland; Mrs. S. M. Pollard and Mr. J. G. Evans (Assistant Supervisor), who helped throughout the excavation; and Messrs. J. R. Clive, J. Scantlebury, A. H. Stokes and N. P. Thompson, all of whom contributed some time to it. Special thanks are offered to those named below, who have given expert opinions on various classes of finds: Mr. F. K. Annable (Romano- British pottery), Dr. F. 8. Wallis and Mr. E. D. Evens (identification of rock specimens), Mr. E. R. Pater (identification of animal bones), and Mr. J. G. Evans (analysis of molluscan fauna). Mr. P. J. Fowler kindly provided information about features visible on air photographs in the files of R.C.H.M. (Eng.). 24 body of an infant were flung into it. The pits, which seem likely to have been in use sometime between 1600 and 1550 B.C., represent the last recognizable episode in this sequence. It was around this time that the West Kennet Long Barrow was finally sealed and abandoned, and these last occupants of our site may have had a hand in this. After a while an Early Bronze Age bell barrow was constructed within the area of the former settlement. A large oblong pit was cut to receive a cremation accompanied by a pygmy cup, bronze awl, horn pendant, three beads made from fossils, and perhaps one made of chalk. (There may have been other things as well, for at some time this pit had been rifled.) This interment had been covered by a mound which, though wholly destroyed by the time of the excavation, seems to have been about 50 ft. in diameter and not centred exactly over it. A space some go ft. across was enclosed by a flat-bottomed ditch that had been laid out in such a way as to leave a berm of variable width between its inner edge and the mound. During the next two or three centuries some secondary cremations were deposited on the berm, and perhaps also in the mound. A study of the land molluscs contained in the barrow ditch and in several of the pits within it has thrown light on some of the changes in the immediate environment during the long history of human activity on the site. PREVIOUS HISTORY A high mound which almost certainly represents this barrow? appears in Tab. XXII of Stukeley’s Abury (1743), though not in his other published drawings of the area. By the 19th century the mound had evidently been reduced to incon- spicuous dimensions, for, though it appears on O.S. maps, it is absent from the lists compiled by Colt Hoare, A. C. Smith and Goddard, and is not mentioned by Merewether or Thurnam. As described below, it had suffered three unrecorded disturbances. GEOLOGY It is convenient to anticipate the account of the excavation by a brief description of the natural features encountered. The barrow was situated on or very close to the point where the Middle Chalk emerges from beneath the Upper Chalk, and thermally fractured flints, including abraded and stained pieces, occur in large numbers in the ploughsoil. “Solid? chalk was encountered only at a depth of 3 to 4 ft. beneath the present surface (at the bottom of the barrow ditch). Above this the whole of what will hereafter be called the subsoil consisted of more or less severely contorted beds of chalk interrupted by pockets and long parallel troughs containing a soft pinkish buff material in which lay rounded chalk fragments and weathered flints. Here and there were small masses of hard chalk and flints con- creted together. It is evident that this north-facing slope exhibits the effects of climatic conditions harsh enough to produce frost-heaving and sludging. All the features on the site had been dug at least partly into the deposits of buff material, which presumably represents in the main a residue from decomposed chalk. The term ‘decayed chalk’, which appears on Fics. 1 and 2, refers to an entirely different phenomenon, as set forth below. 25 AVEBURY G55 Poe 4 MM eee ee A-C: Postholes bee re -- HOT = [oe I-10 : Pits - I os Se | Te he \ N \ \ ‘ \ Ns N Ss x \ \ \ \ \. \ \ ss x \ \ \ ‘ n% ‘ \ . \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ i / Extent of \ \ / He decayed chalk y \ / / a : ‘ \ / re / 4 % \ \ / / P \ ‘ dk / ae \ \ / / iD i / a A \ ‘ 1 ! * %, \ \ i 4 Yo Cremation | 5 | \ i H : ss \ \ | ‘ s | ! ! ! F: H | | ! / H \ I é i ( ! ! F ! ( : OB { \ 1 \ f | I I \ | , Ae Disturbance } f / i af / i / f / y / f / \: / j \ \ 10? / i ‘ / ; x Cremation Il / fi » Xe Disturbance ie / %y S ; : / ' / oe / Sy wr / ia, a / Pe saat Top of ditch ex posed } HE 5 lo ft et £ +——t = ——F_ Metres Fic. 1 Plan of the barrow. THE BARROW THE SITE OF THE MOUND Prior to excavation, quadrants were marked out in relation to the centre of the visible elevation, which was less than 50 ft. in diameter and barely 1 ft. in height. As soon as work began it became evident that none of the original structure survived. The elevation was simply a rise in the natural subsoil where it had formerly been protected from weathering by the mound. At least an inch or two had already been ploughed off this rise, so that the upper part of the prehistoric land surface was also destroyed. Its base remained over the rise in the form of humic material which had infiltrated the softer patches in the subsoil; in section this appeared as dark pockets and festoons, 2 to 6 in. deep, between the harder ridges of chalk. This remnant is indicated by the term ‘decayed chalk’ in rics. 1 and 2. Everywhere else the modern ploughsoil rested directly on clean subsoil, except where the latter was cut by the ditch and other features. As will be seen from Fics. 1 and 2, the circular area just described was not concentric with the ditch, but lay towards the southern arc. Across its middle was AVEBURY G.55 A x Y Zz B t ¢ Decayed aie Disturbances 10 io) 10 20 0 4 8 i=s-s-s-2- ——— ———— ae) ot Metres sherd @ Romano-British e Molluscan sample Pat rornnteny HOME nila Se seterter ea Decayed chalk i) 1 Zz, v Qo v 2 3 4 5 beet st Fs Feet Metres Fic. 2 Skeleton section across barrow and detail sections of ditch and primary cremation-pit. 27 an excavators trench which must have been made at a time when the mound was still well enough preserved to attract attention. Since a pre-20th-century excavator would have begun by digging at the point where he judged the centre to be, the position of the trench is of some significance. It suggests that the edges of the area of ‘decayed chalk’ corresponded fairly accurately with the original periphery of the mound. The barrow will therefore have been of bell form, with an excentrically placed mound about 50 ft. in diameter separated from the ditch by a berm 10 to 27 ft. in width.3 THE DITCH Six complete sections were cut across the ditch; its inner edge was located in a further two; and the upper fill of this edge was also exposed round the southern part of its course. There were no indications of causeways and on the air photograph the ditch appears to be continuous. It was not quite circular; the average internal diameter was go ft. It had been cut neatly, with a smooth flat bottom (Fic. 2) that varied only slightly in width, from 4 ft. 3 in. to 4 ft. g in. The depth below the present surface of the subsoil was 2 ft. 6 in. to 3 ft. 6 in.4 On either side were broad ramps which appear to have been produced almost entirely by ploughing.s These ramps are shown in the skeleton section of the barrow at the top of ric. 2, but not on the plan, where the upper edges of the ditch are taken as the change in angle between the normal weathering profile and the ramp. The lower fill of the ditch was completely devoid of finds in all the cuttings except the north-western, where a flint flake came from the bottom, and 17 worked flints, a few fragments of animal bone (a red deer metatarsal, a molar of ox and horse respectively),® and a small quantity of pottery (two sherds of Windmill Hill ware, five of Bronze Age fabric) came from the central fill near the bottom. With minor variations, the sections exposed were all similar to that illustrated in Fic. 2. The outer and inner angles at the base were filled with a clean compact deposit of small rubble and rainwash (Layer 6). Occupying the space between these was a looser, coarser material interspersed with fine dark soil (Layer 5). These deposits were sealed by Layer 4, a dark soil containing relatively few fragments of chalk or flint and representing the surface that had formed after the cessation of rapid silting. The molluscan fauna from this layer indicates the development of scrub growth in the ditch at this stage (see Appendix If). Layer 3 consisted also of dark - soil, but contained a good deal of weathered rubble. Layers 1 and 2 were the modern ploughsoil and an earlier one. A Romano-British sherd at the base of Layer 2 is shown on the section; no material of that or later date was found below this level. Since ‘Celtic’ fields visible in the air photograph seem to have run close to the north side of the barrow, and perhaps surrounded it, Layer 2 may have resulted from the cultivation of these fields. The absence of woodland species from the molluscan sample taken from the lower part of the layer testifies to fairly extensive contemporary clearance. In all, some half dozen Romano-British tile fragments and 18 sherds? came from this layer, which also yielded a further 18 sherds that appear to be medieval.® 28 Other finds from Layer 2 (and also from the modern ploughsoil) comprised earlier prehistoric material that had been ploughed out of the old land surface, and doubtless out of the mound as well. There were, in addition, some sherds of Bronze Age urns that may represent destroyed cremation deposits. These finds are discussed in more detail below. THE CREMATIONS Cremation I (plan, Fic. 1; section, FIG. 2) was evidently the primary interment, although it lay some 1o ft. to the north of the centre of the mound and was more nearly central to the ditch. The pit dug for its reception was oblong with rounded corners and oriented west-south-west/east-north-east. It was 5 ft. 6 in. long by 3 ft. wide; the 2 ft. deep bottom was flat and the sides were vertical. ‘The contents had been disturbed, but some at least of the grave-goods, together with the cremated bones, had been replaced on the floor. As shown schematically in ric. 2, the replaced fill consisted of two kinds of material: a tip of loose powdery rubble that had been thrown back from the north side, and another, containing an admixture of brown soil, that had come in from the south. Two minute pieces of cremated bone and a sherd from a Collared Urn (Fic. 4.1) came from the top of the fill, together with some burnt chalk and flints. Occasional fragments of burnt bone were also encountered through the fill above the main group, which, as shown in Fic. 2, lay on the bottom of the pit. This loose heap was about 2 in. thick and covered an area measuring 1 ft. 6 in. by 9 in.; beneath it was a layer of fine bone ash. Apart from a very sparse scatter of charcoal and a quantity of powdery chalk, the heavily calcined bones? were quite clean. Faint bluish stains on some of them may represent the formation of vivianite under conditions of local waterlogging.t° Taken in conjunction with the presence of the Collared Urn sherd at the top of the pit and the state of the bones, which appeared to have been tipped out of a container, this suggests that the cremation may originally have been in an urn. The following objects lay close together to one side of the bones: an inverted pygmy cup, a metal awl, a small pendant of horn, three stem-joints of fossil encrinites, evidently used as beads (Fic. 3), and part of what may have been a bead of chalk. The awl and ornaments were in a small pile of loose dark material that seems to include vegetable matter.t All had evidently been together originally, perhaps in the pygmy cup. On the other side of the bones a small amount of charcoal!? was spread over the floor of the pit. In the south-west corner were a few fragments of uncremated bone in a poor state of preservation and some large pieces of charcoal. There was no evidence to date the earlier investigation of the pit, but the unconsolidated nature of the material thrown back into it argues for a relatively recent one. Since some, if not all, of the grave-goods had been left behind the motive seems to be explicable only in terms of idle curiosity or of treasure-seeking. It is perhaps worth noting Stukeley’s record that ‘a bit of gold’ and ‘many sharp bits of iron’ were found ‘under some stones in a barrow, south of Silbury’.!3 No positive 29 links can be established between the two barrows, but this information may hint at local activities of the sort postulated above. The pygmy cup (FIG. 3.1) was badly crushed and only three small pieces of the rim could be identified. As the drawing shows by a break in the section, no join could be found between any of these pieces and the wall beneath, and there is thus some uncertainty about the exact arrangement of the decoration. Similarly, some of the lower parts were so disintegrated that it was impossible to determine whether or not there had been any perforations. ‘The cup is made of a soft friable fabric, dark brown throughout and con- taining a large quantity of fine black grog. ‘The exterior has been well smoothed to receive decoration made by pressing a twisted thread deeply into the clay. The impressions are arranged in herringbone fashion on the inner bevel of the rim and on the exterior beneath it. The existing fragments bear no trace of borders at this point. Lower down are two zones of diagonal lines bordered above and below by horizontals. It is possible that the diagonals were not evenly spaced (as in the drawing), but arranged in groups with voids between. The awl (FIG. 3.2) is 42 mm. long, and the slightly expanded tang, evidently hammered flat, merges gradually into a circular shafi. ‘The metal has not been analysed, but is almost certainly bronze. As shown in the drawing, traces of what appears to have been a wooden handle are preserved in the corrosion on the tang; and at the point where tang and shaft merge there adhere parts of two crossing groups of fibres, perhaps the remains of a woven sheath or pouch. The pendant (FIG. 3.3) is a slightly curved slip of polished horn, 10-11 mm. long, with a maximum thickness of 2 mm. The broader end has been cut across, and the object appears to be complete, apart from some scaling of the surface. The vertical line shown on either side of the perforation may be a crack rather than an intentional feature. A few short and shallow transverse cuts can be seen on the lower part of the face illustrated. The three beads are illustrated (FIG. 3.4-6) and require no verbal description. The chalk object is so damaged that its original form is uncertain. If really part of a bead, the shape was probably spherical, with a narrow hourglass perforation." Cremation IT, on the south-east berm, was fairly obviously a secondary interment. It lay in an oblong pit oriented north-west/south-east and measuring 2 ft. 11 in. Po NG heen en ta ce Nea eo AC WOT i ie he ane any Genet n NK 9) ? a ) ras hadardartantroainarninakis ify iy Q Q e i, Uy) % Q bs by ? ’ 9) a A L/Ar 9 ee CEE Ul 4 2 8 $ SNS ANIA NSIS IANA Nas WY Fic. 3 Avebury G.55. Objects associated with the primary cremation. I, cup; 2, awl; 3, horn pendant; 4-6, fossil encrinite beads. Seale: 1:1. 30 by 1 ft. g in. by 6 in. deep. At the north side was a small patch of dark soil charged with charcoal; the remainder of the fill consisted of relatively clean buff material. The bones, many of them partly covered with a calcareous crust, were concentrated in an oblong mass, 1 ft. 7 in. by 8 in., as though they had been deposited in a shallow box. There was, however, no visible trace cf a container, nor were there any grave- goods. A few extraneous objects—two fragments of animal bone, a scraper of Beaker Culture type, a core and some flakes—had been incorporated in the fill. Cremation III, which lay just beyond the south-western limit of the ‘decayed chalk’, may either have been a satellite, originally covered by the mound, or a secondary placed at the edge. The deposit was in an oval pit oriented east-west and measuring 1 ft. 4 in. by 1 ft. 1 in. by 7 in. deep. The cremation consisted of a very small quantity of bone fragments and roots of teeth, barely more than would fill a couple of match boxes. These fragments were widely dispersed in the lower part of a fill of soft black material which also contained heat-shattered flints and burnt chalk; in the centre were some larger pieces of charcoal. This fill had been deposited while still hot from the pyre, for the sides of the pit were hardened and discoloured to a depth of a quarter of an inch. A burnt bone bead (Fic. 5.1) was the only grave-gift. It is 16 mm. long and irregularly oval in cross-section; the large oval perforation has a slight facet round each end. Four inches from the east end of the pit was a circular hollow, 6 in. across and 3 in. deep; it contained only blackened soil and fine charcoal. Incidental inclusions in the fill of the main pit comprised a sherd each of Windmill Hill and Peterborough wares and a number of struck flakes. The molluscan fauna from this pit (Appendix ITI) indicates that the contem- porary environment was an open one. Other secondary cremations, placed in the mound or superficially on the berm, may have been destroyed by ploughing. This is suggested by the presence in the plough- soil over the ditch and inside it of sherds from several urns, including two of the Collared type (ric. 4.2, 3). Three sherds of hard red ware containing large quantities of flint were, to judge from the fabric, parts of Bucket Urns. POST- AND STAKE-HOLES The three holes marked A, B and C on Fic. 1 cannot be interpreted with any assurance, and may conceivably have been unrelated to one another and even to the barrow itself. Nevertheless, as possible relationships are evident on the plan, these features seem to warrant description in this section. As will be seen, Holes A and C were diametrically opposed within the edge of the mound. They look as if they should have belonged to a circle of posts or stakes, but despite a careful search no other holes could be found on the same radius. They were, moreover, of different sizes. Hole A was 6 in. across and 7 in. deep; it contained no packing, but could have held a substantial post. Hole C, on the other hand, was simply a stake-hole, 24 in. across and 6 in. deep. Hole B, not quite in line with the other two, might have supported a post related in some way to the primary cremation. (It is unlikely that it marked the spot from which the ditch was laid out, since it was by no means central and the 31 course of the ditch does not in any case appear to have been plotted by the peg-and- string method.) The hole was 84 in. across and 12 in. deep; a tight packing of small pieces of chalk and flint lined the sides, and a few fragments of these, together with a struck flake, lay in the soft dark core. DISTURBANCES As shown in FIG. 1, there were two areas of disturbance in addition to that described in connection with the primary cremation. The southernmost was in the form of an irregular trench dug into one of the troughs of soft material in the subsoil. One side was vertical; the other and both ends sloped inwards. It reached a maxi- mum depth of 2 ft. at the northern end. The fill consisted of alternating layers of clean rubble and dirty occupation soil (derived from the old land surface and con- taining sherds, flints and animal bones). On the bottom was a flat-sided glass bottle with the remains of a stopper. The position and shape of this trench suggest that it may represent some non-antiquarian activity.!5 A small hollow at its north- east corner may have been part of a pit similar to others described below, but there was nothing else to indicate that any feature had been destroyed. As noted on an earlier page, the disturbance in the centre of the mound area was clearly that of an excavator; the fact that 1t was cut into the subsoil to a depth of 1 ft. 3 in. suggests a digger of the school of Thurnam (who, however, dug square holes),"© but there was nothing to date it more precisely. ‘here was no sign that this trench had brought anything to light. THE PRE-BARROW OCCUPATION UNSTRATIFIED MATERIAL Worked flints, sherds of Neolithic and Beaker pottery, and broken animal bones occurred in such quantity in the ploughsoil over the whole of the area excavated as to indicate repeated ‘occupation’ on the site over a long period of time before the barrow was built. Apart from an occasional flint or sherd in the top of the “decayed chalk’, none of these objects was in situ. It was evident that the relatively perishable pottery and bone had survived simply because they had been incor- - porated until quite recently in the prehistoric land surface, and no doubt also in a soil or turf core in the mound. Some idea of the original density of this pre-barrow material may be afforded from the presence of a certain amount of ‘survival rubbish’ in the fill of the small pits which held Cremations II] and III, as noted above. Considerably larger quantities of purely Neolithic material had also been gathered up when the Beaker Culture pits (described on pp. 37-40) were refilled. Apart from these pits and a grave, all attributable to the Beaker Culture and to the latest phase or phases of occupation, there were no permanent features to testify to the nature of earlier activity on the site (though such may exist beyond the limits of the area investigated). Almost every facies of the local Neolithic and Beaker cultures is represented amongst the unassociated finds from the ploughsoil in the upper fill of the ditch and in the area it enclosed, as will be seen from the 32 following lists. A few of the flints are shown in Fic. 4, but the pottery is all too fragmentary to warrant illustration. WINDMILL HILL CULTURE Pottery. Seventeen abraded sherds represent some 8-10 pots. All are filled with calcined flint and/or sand. ‘The three rims are of simple or rolled forms and there is no decoration. Seven pieces of one vessel of distinctive colour and fabric came from widely separated positions in all four quadrants, and other sherds were in the fill of Pits 2 and 3. Similarly, pieces belonging to a pot represented by two sherds in the ploughsoil came from Pits 1, 3 and g. An additional 21 sherds are less readily classified, and may be (undecorated) xs a, “ZRROR IP 4) pS aa, = maennity TTT | { \\ 4 Z x \ \ es i \ ns Fic. 4 Avebury G.55. 1, sherd of Collared Urn from top of primary cremation-pit; 2, 3, sherds of similar urns from ploughsoil; 4-14, selected flints from ploughsoil. Scale: 1:2. 33 Ebbsfleet ware; five are filled with shell, two with chaff and sand, the remainder with flint and sand. Flints. Arrowhead of willow-leaf form, rather thick (FIG. 4.5); two laurel-leaves (FIG. 4.10); large blunted-back knife (FIc. 4.12) and two smaller ones; flake segment, possibly from a composite sickle; four borers with short thick points; 12 scrapers over 40 mm. long with nearly vertical working edges.!7 PETERBOROUGH WARE There are 21 sherds, of which two only appear to have belonged to the same pot. There are no rim sherds, but, as far as can be inferred from this very fragmentary material, all styles of Peterborough ware are represented (Ebbsfleet, Mortlake and Fengate, the latter by part of a very thick flat base). Bird-bone impressions occur once, twisted cord and fingernail impressions six and four times respectively, and blurred indeterminate impressions five times. Half the total number of sherds are filled with particles of angular quartz, nearly always in combination with another substance—flint, sand, shell or grog— and sometimes with two or three of these. Coarse flint occurs with sand four times, and once alone. Two sherds contain grog mixed with shell or angular fragments of dark rock. RINYO-CLACTON CULTURE Pottery. ‘There are eight body sherds, probably representing six pots. All are of soft ware containing grog, occasionally also a little sand. One has part of a curvilinear grooved pattern; two (belonging together) have a pinched-up cordon; one has a vertical cordon with diagonal incisions running to it; one has fingernail impressions and another is slightly rusticated. Flints. Arrowhead, petit tranchet derivative of Class G (FIG. 4.11); a partly-polished discoidal knife (FIG. 4.14); two discoidal objects (FIG. 4.13); a large hollow scraper (FIG. 4.4) and a smaller one of similar form. Amongst the larger scrapers from the site there are some relatively neat and thin specimens that probably belong to this group.t® BEAKER CULTURE Bell Beakers. Nine sherds (from six vessels) are large enough to show that they belonged to this class. One is from a cord-zoned beaker and one, with light fingernail impressions, represents the coarse ware of the series. Long-Necked Beakers. Twenty-two sherds come from a minimum of 17 beakers. Both fine and coarse wares are represented. Amongst the former are sherds bearing traces of the characteristic chevron and lozenge motifs. Amongst the latter are a heavy rim, 14 mm. wide, from a deeply rusticated vessel and a body fragment with small circular impressions (perhaps made with a quill) arranged in horizontal lines. Indeterminate Beakers. Twenty-three fragments clearly belonged to beakers, but cannot be classified more exactly. Flints. A broken barbed-and-tanged arrowhead (Fic. 4.6); five to seven knives, more or less oval or triangular in shape and with shallow invasive retouch, all but one less than 50 mm. in length (as Fic. 4.8, 9); 26 scrapers under 30 mm. in length and with similar retouch (as FIG. 5.21-5); and probably most of the 42 specimens that are 30 to 40 mm. long.'9 UNASSIGNED FLINTS Finished implements which cannot at present be placed in a more definite context than ‘Late Neolithic/Beaker’ are as follows: a ‘fabricator’ exhibiting heavy wear on the distal end (F1c. 4.7); an awl retouched from three directions to form a long point; a saw with coarse denticulations; a scraper-shaped object with a projecting spur; nine notched flakes. 34 = TIA, we pa Ni SU ss SS MUA WE WDE ANI EY 27 28 Fic. 5 Avebury G.55. 1, bone bead from Cremation IIJ; 2, 3, Pit 1; 4-14, Pit 2; 15-26, Pit 3; 27, 28, Pit 5. Scale: 1:2. In addition the following may be taken to include the accumulated discards of the entire series of successive occupations: 20 end-scrapers over 40 mm. long; four side- scrapers; two flakes with edges worn smooth; 62 miscellaneous retouched flakes and pieces; some 1,900 unbroken waste flakes and 100 cores. STONE The only artifact was part of a calcined quern or rubber of sarsen. There were also 10 small pieces of sarsen and seven of other rocks. The latter comprise six pieces of sand- stone and quartzite and one quartz pebble, all possibly derived from the Old Red Sand- stone of Mendip.?° : ANIMAL REMAINS It will be evident that the remains constitute a mixed assemblage which, like the majority of the flints, had accumulated during successive occupations. As Mr. Pater demonstrates in Appendix I, both ‘Neolithic’? and ‘Bronze Age’ cattle are represented. Much of the material was too fragmentary to be identified at all, yet Mr. Pater’s list of teeth and bones that were complete enough for this purpose is of some interest in view of the absence from it of game animals apart, perhaps, from horse, which is unusually well represented.?! Ox. Teeth: Ii, 13 -I,°2; PMi,.1; PM, r;°-PM,,.0; Mr.53 Mz, 45 M., 45 PIV 2: PM?, 5; PM3, 5; M', 8; M2, 4; M3, 3; PM, 1. Bones: radii, 2; proximal phalanges, 2; fragments of femur (2), radii (2), metacarpal, tibia (2), metatarsal, carpal, scapula, vertebrae (3) Sheep/goat. Teeth: Mz, 3; Mz, 3; M3, 5. Bones: calcaneum; middle phalange; fragments of horncore, mandible, tibia, humerus. Pig, Veeth:, Io;.937@, 13°PMy. 1; Mi: Dog. Fragments of mandible with following teeth in situ: Mz, Mi, PM;3, PM2, C. Horse. ‘Teeth: m!, 1 (immature); I, 1; Mz, 2; M?, 1. Bone: femur fragments (3). Bird. ‘Two long bone fragments. Only one fragment exhibits any signs of working—an ox long bone with a single deep cut across it, possibly accidental. UNACCOMPANIED INHUMATION On the west berm, 5 ft. from the edge of the ditch, was an irregularly cut grave measuring 3 ft. 4 in. by 2 ft. 3 in.; the greatest depth, at the south-south-east end, was 7 in.?? That end and the sides were vertical; the bottom rose gradually towards the north-north-west end, which itself sloped upwards. In the grave lay the tightly contracted skeleton of a mature individual with the skull 8 in. from the southern end. The body had been placed on its left side, with the legs drawn up so that the knees were close to the forehead; when excavated, the distal end of the right femur was in fact resting against the face (pL. IIIa). The right hand was thrust beneath the right femur and the left forearm; this forearm was in turn bent upwards so that the hand rested on the left shoulder. The bones of the feet were mostly missing, as were the lower parts of the left tibia and fibula. They had been propped against the slope at the end of the grave and had projected into the base of the modern ploughsoil. Despite the absence of grave-goods, it seems reasonable to infer from the posture of the skeleton, and more especially from its situation close to the ditch, that this was a Beaker Culture flat grave, unrelated to the barrow and ascribable to some phase of the Beaker occupation on the site.23 36 THE BEAKER CULTURE AND OTHER PITS Seven of the pits marked on Fic. 1 can be attributed with a fair degree of confidence to the users of Long-Necked Beakers, though only in Pit 3 were there in fact any beaker sherds. These were distributed from top to bottom of the fill and the larger ones, at any rate, had belonged to Long-Necked Beakers (ric. 5-15, 16). But the characteristic scrapers of this culture were found in Pits 1, 2 and 5, as well as in Pit 3 (FIG. 5.3, 7-9, I1, 21-5, 27); and Pits 1, 4, 5 and 7 were linked by the presence in each of heavily worn tools of red deer antler. It has already been mentioned that Pits 1, 2, 3 and g yielded (weathered) fragments of Windmill Hill ware that were found to have belonged to vessels of which other parts were scattered in the ploughsoil. As will be seen from the inven- tories 24 that follow, there was a good deal of other intrusive material in most of the pits; this had been incorporated in the scraped-up soil with which they had been refilled. Where this intrusive material consists of pottery and distinctive types of flint artifacts, its identification presents little difficulty. The thicker patina on some other flints and the weathered condition of some animal bone are also indicative of the mixed nature of the contents. (In Appendix I Mr. Pater shows that at least one of the bones from Pit I had come from an ox larger than the animals kept by the Beaker people.) ‘There remains, however, a quantity of material to which some degree of uncertainty attaches. As noted on a previous page, the hollow marked ‘10?’ on Fic. 1 may have been the partly destroyed remains of a pit similar to Nos. 1-7; it contained a dis- turbed fill. Pits 8 and 9 do not, on the other hand, seem to have belonged to this group. They differed from the others both in shape and in fill, and cannot in fact be dated, for Pit 8 yielded no artifacts and a Romano-British sherd lay beside a prehistoric one on the bottom of Pit 9. Descriptions of individual pits are given below. Except where otherwise specified, all had vertical or slightly sloping sides and rounded bottoms. Pits 1-7 had clearly been refilled by hand. Specimens of the fill in Pits 1-3 were examined for land molluscs and the species present were found to be mainly those that prefer a woodland habitat (Appendix IT). PIT I Somewhat oval in plan, 2 ft. 6 in. by 2 ft.; 1 ft. 1 in. deep. Fill: dark brown soil eee a scatter of charcoal, many large angular pieces of chalk and a few natural ints. Pottery. ‘Two scraps of Windmill Hill ware (one from a pot also represented in Pits 3 and 9 and in the ploughsoil) ; three of Windmill Hill or Ebbsfleet ware; three of Ebbsfleet ware, including rim (FIG. 5.2). Flint. Scraper of Beaker type (FIG. 5.3); 54 flakes (two retouched, six utilized) ; two cores. Stone. Small piece of burnt sarsen. Antler. Large tine from red deer; much blunted; fine scratches, mostly longitudinal, on surfaces almost wholly smoothed by wear. Animal remains. Ox: Mi; middle phalange. Pig: Mx, PM:, C; immature—six verte- brae, two metacarpals, two metatarsals, two proximal phalanges, middle phalange, fragments of radius, ulna, scapula (4), humerus; mature—carpal, femur fragment. Horse: PMxg. 37 PIT 2 Nearly circular, 2 ft. 9 in. diameter; 1 ft. 1 in. to 1 ft. 8 in. deep. Fill: at bottom dark brown soil with small pieces of chalk, most of unburnt animal bone in this; above, black soil charged with fine charcoal and with two layers of chalk rubble near top, contained mainly burnt animal bone. Pottery. Scrap of Windmill Hill ware (other pieces of same pot in ploughsoil and in Pit 3). Flint. Arrowhead, petit tranchet derivative, Class H (Fic. 5.4); three scrapers of Beaker type, under 30 mm. long (FIG. 5.7-9); larger scraper of this type (FIG. 5.11); scraper with working edge worn smooth (FIG. 5.12); thick, steeply retouched scraper, probably Wind- mill Hill type (Fic. 5.13); side-scraper; three saws (FIG. 5.5); three flakes with utilized or finely retouched edge worn smooth (FIG. 5.14); broken microlithic rod, heavily patinated, with signs of reworking (FIG. 5.6); four miscellaneous retouched pieces; 156 flakes (1o utilized) ; three cores. Stone. ‘Two flakes of sarsen and five small burnt pieces. Bone implement. Awl made of sheep/goat metapodial, tip broken (FIG. 5.10). Animal remains. Ox: M3, PM?, M:z; epiphysis of middle phalange. Sheep/goat: 11, PM.; fragments of scapula and vertebrae (3); two immature vertebrae. Pig: 2, M3; humerus. Rodent: two rib and two humerus fragments. PITS 3 AND 3A Pit 3 was nearly circular, with a diameter of 4 ft. 6 in.; it was 2 ft. 8 in. deep. Over the southern part of the bottom was a layer of loose buff material; the fill above consisted of compact dark brown soil with many pieces of chalk and naturally fractured flints. The whole of the fill on the northern side contained large pieces of charcoal; beneath it, on the floor of the pit, was a small heap of a powdery grey substance. The adjoining Pit 3A was much more irregular in shape. The sides sloped inwards at an angle of about 45° except on the west, where a short vertical wall, 1 ft. 6 in. long and 12 in. thick, partly separated it from Pit 3. To the south of this division the junction between the two was marked by an 8-in. drop to the bottom of Pit 3. The fill of 3A consisted almost wholly of clean buff material mixed with rubble and flints. A cross-section indicated that the two pits had been filled in one operation. A notable feature was the very large quantity of amphibian bones. ‘They were spread thickly on the floor of Pit 3 and filled small cavities in the walls to a height of 1 ft. 6 in. above it. The numbers were smaller in 3A, but here many large snail shells, mainly Cepacae, were clustered on the east face of the dividing wall. It therefore appears that these pits had once been accessible to various kinds of small creatures, and had probably been left empty and uncovered for a time before the final refilling. The clusters of bones and shells against the steep sides suggest that the animals had crawled or fallen into narrow spaces between the latter and some form of perishable lining. (No trace of lining material was detected, but it can be inferred that it was in situ when the pit was refilled, since its removal would almost certainly have dislodged the bones and shells.) At 12 in. below the top of Pit 3 parts of the skeleton of an infant—a few ribs, vertebrae and a humerus fragment—lay scattered in the dark fill. At a depth of 1 ft. 10 in. a more concentrated group appeared. These bones lay on the layer of clean buff material that occupied the bottom of the pit, and they extended into Pit 3A. As will be seen in pL. IIIb, they consisted of two large skull fragments with mandible, ribs, vertebrae and long bones in a heap round them, and a third skull fragment at a distance of g in. More bones, including two phalanges, were beneath the group, almost on the floor of the pit. Some parts of the skeleton were missing, and it would appear that a dismembered or partially decomposed body had been disposed of while the pit was being refilled. Other finds were as follows: Pottery. Five weathered scraps of Windmill Hill ware (two of them matching sherds 38 from Pits 1, 2 and g as well as from the ploughsoil); three sherds probably of Ebbsfleet or Mortlake ware; eight beaker sherds, the largest clearly belonging to Long-Necked Beakers (FIG. 5.15, 16). Flint. Leaf-shaped arrowhead (Fic. 5.26); four scrapers under 30 mm. long (FIG. 5. 21, 23-5); larger scraper of Beaker type (Fic. 5.22); large scraper (FIG. 5.18); two knives of Beaker type (FIG. 5.19, 20); 11 miscellaneous retouched flakes; 256 flakes (nine utilized) ; II cores. Stone. Twenty-four small fragments of sarsen, many heavily burnt; one larger tabular piece exhibiting slight bruising; flat piece of sandstone, no signs of shaping or use, possibly from Old Red Sandstone of Mendip.?5 Worked bone. Upper end of a carefully shaped slip with irregular perforation (FIG. 5.17). Animal remains. Ox: Mi, PM3; scapula; fragments of immature mandible (3), mature mandible, humerus, metacarpal, ribs (3). Pig: C, Iz; immature ulna; fragments of mandible (5), ribs (2), vertebrae (3). Sheep/goat: humerus; mandible fragment. Horse : M2. Red deer: humerus fragment. PIT 4 Circular; diameter 3 ft. 6 in.; depth 1 ft. 4 in. Fill: compact dark brown soil with quantity of chalk rubble and natural flints. Pottery. Four small weathered scraps; of these two containing quartz filler are probably Mortlake ware. Flint. ‘Twenty-seven flakes. Stone. Four fragments of sarsen, two joining. Antler. All from red deer. (1) Part of antler from slain animal; brow tine much blunted and worn smooth, with numerous scratches; beam missing above (stump of) bez tine. (2) End of another worn tine and joining fragments. (3) Beam fragment, partly scorched. (4) Small pieces, some scorched; these seem to have belonged to yet another tine or beam. Animal remains. Ox: deciduous incisor of very young animal; immature metatarsal; immature humerus fragments (2). Sheep/goat: immature proximal phalange. Pig: I. PIT 5 Oval, 3 ft. 6 in. by 2 ft. 6 in.; 1 ft. 1 in. to 1 ft. 6 in. deep. Fill: black soil, with much charcoal but no chalk or natural flints. Flint. Small scraper (FIG. 5.27); two retouched flakes; 29 flakes (one utilized) ; one core. Worked bone. (1) Part of the rib of a large animal with a broad shallow depression evidently formed by abrasion (FIG. 5.28). (2) Part of a sheep/goat metatarsal with several cut-marks on surface and a transverse perforation at point where it has split. Antler. (1) Part of shed antler of red deer; brow tine blunted and worn smooth; stump of bez tine scorched; beam, 40 cm. long, also worn smooth. (2) Three small fragments with worn surfaces; may belong to (1), but do not join. Animal remains. Ox: right side of mandible with M:, PM:2, PM, intact; middle phalange; fragments of ribs (4), pelvis, and immature ulna. Sheep/goat: 15 rib fragments. PIT 6 Circular; diameter 2 ft. 9 in.; depth 1 ft. 6 in. Fill: dark soil with much chalk rubble. Flint. Retouched flake; 46 other flakes; one core. Stone. Chip and slightly burnt fragment of sarsen. Animal remains. Ox: two fragmentary cervical vertebrae. Sheep/goat: scapula fragment. Pig: immature mandible fragment with My in situ; PMz. 39 Pinay Oval, 2 ft. 6 in. by 2 ft. 2 in.; 1 ft. 1 in. deep. Fill: light brown soil with chalk rubble and natural flints. Flint. Retouched flake; 13 other flakes; one core. Antler. Shed antler of red deer; beam missing above bez tine; burr slightly scorched. Brow and bez tines both heavily worn. Slight traces of gnawing by a rodent. Animal remains. Ox: PM2. PIT 8 Elongated oval and somewhat asymmetrical; 4 ft. 6 in. by 2 ft. 6 in.; 1 ft. 5 in. deep. Fill: brown soil, no rubble or flints. Animal remains. Ox: M*. ‘Two unidentifiable pieces of bone. PIT 9 Oval, 3 ft. 9 in. by 2 ft.; 9 in. deep. Fill: brown soil, no rubble or flints. Pottery. Sherd of Windmill Hill ware with simple upright rim (part of pot also repre- sented in Pit 3 and in ploughsoil) at top. On bottom: fragment of refired prehistoric ware and an abraded sherd of Romano-British ware of 3rd/4th-century type.?° Animal remains. Sheep/goat: five tibia fragments. DISCUSSION THE BARROW It is obvious that more than one interpretation can be put forward for a site so denuded as this one, particularly in view of the somewhat curious siting of the vestiges of the mound in relation to the primary cremation-pit and to the ditch. The reasons for supposing it to have been a bell barrow of unusual form have been given and nothing more can be added to these, except to point out that a few better- preserved bell barrows also diverge from the general rule that the primary interment should be central to mound and ditch. The primary in a bell barrow at Edmonsham, Dorset, was found to lie at a distance of some 14 ft. from the geometrical centre of the mound,?7 and similar arrangements may well exist in others that were dug without result by the central hole method.28 Two bell barrows with off-centre mounds have been noted in Wiltshire by Grinsell;79 in one of these, Bishops Cannings G.22, the width of the berm on one side is nearly twice that on the other. The grave-group associated with the primary cremation in Avebury G.55 does not, as it stands, qualify for Wessex Culture status in terms of the criteria originally used by Piggott.3° Yet, despite the absence of the imported ornaments, symbols of office, or particular kinds of accessory vessels that he used to define the culture, the group can still be seen as a manifestation of the funerary tradition exemplified in some of its mostly richly furnished graves. ‘The combination of cup, awl and ornaments is basically similar to that in Wessex Culture graves 14, 33, 62, 67, 68, 81, 95 and 96.3! It may also be significant that a few beads made of the stem-joints of fossil encrinites formed parts of necklaces that included ornaments of gold, amber or faience in Wessex graves 33, 68 and 72, where they presumably served to eke out the length.3? The horn pendant is of some interest, since only two other graves, both of the Wessex Culture, seem to have produced ornaments 40 alleged to be made of this material; all are now lost.33 Like the beads made of fossils, the horn objects were probably substitutes for amber. ‘The shape of the present specimen is vaguely reminiscent of the shield- or pestle-shaped amber pendants from some Wessex graves.34 It seems fairly clear, therefore, that the primary cremation and the barrow belong within the period of the Wessex Culture, and more likely than not to the beginning of its second phase,35 since the large size of the pit may indicate the persistence of some elements of an earlier funerary tradition. A particularly unfortunate result of the disturbance of this pit was the con- fusing nature of the evidence about the manner of interment. In pits of these dimen- sions cremations seem rarely, if ever, to have been deposited in urns.3° Yet, as has been explained, it is difficult to account for the condition in which the bones were found except on the assumption that they had been tipped out of one. Disturbance of a cremation that had been placed on a plank, in a box, or even just on the floor of the pit, would surely have produced a horizontal scatter, not the loose but circumscribed pile and slight vertical scatter that was actually found. Taking all the circumstances into account, it seems likely that a Collared Urn containing the bones had stood on the floor of the pit, with the pygmy cup, holding in turn the ornaments and awl, in or beside it. In their various ways Cremations II and III seem to reflect aspects of the same set of traditions as that which determined some of the arrangements made for the primary. The oblong pit dug for Cremation II repeated, on a smaller scale, the shape of the larger one; and the bone bead places Cremation III within the period when the custom of burying ornaments with their owners still prevailed. All three cremations may then belong to the century following 1500 B.c. If, as suggested above, the stray sherds of Collared and Bucket Urns testify to other (destroyed) cremations, the span of the barrow’s use as a cemetery may have extended somewhat further, perhaps till around 1200 B.c. THE PRE-BARROW OCCUPATION During the early stages of the excavation of Avebury G.55 the abundance and variety of the ‘occupation’ material gave rise to speculation that this might have been the spot where stood the offering-house which, as Piggott surmises, was the original repository of the pottery and other things that had been packed into the chambers of the West Kennet Long Barrow when they were at last sealed and abandoned.37 The failure to find traces of such a structure quickly led to the relinquishment of this idea, and it can only be supposed that the ‘occupation’ was just that. The Beaker Culture pits, at any rate, cannot be distinguished from other examples that seem to have been used for domestic storage purposes.3* Yet the inventories of finds from the two sites39 are so similar, in each instance beginning with Windmill Hill ware, ending with Long-Necked Beakers, and with every other known class of Neolithic pottery coming between, that it is hard to believe that there was no connection at all. The Windmill Hill ware from Avebury G.55 is so feature- less and fragmentary that comparison with the also rather sparse pottery of this general type from the long barrow is profitless; both might be contemporary, and 4I the date of c. 2500 B.c. postulated for the construction of the long barrow4® could apply to the earliest activity on the site near it. Similarly, the sherds of Long-Necked Beakers (together with those of Fengate and perhaps of Rinyo-Clacton ware) link the time of the final blocking of the long barrow with that of the latest occupation on our site, probably soon after 1600 B.c.4 In an attempt to define the limits of the occupied area a rapid search was made of the ploughsoil in the surrounding field and in the next field to the south. Though by no means conclusive, the results suggest that the successive settlements had been confined to a radius of about 150 ft. round the site of Avebury G.55. Outside this limit hardly any worked flints could be found; within it they occurred in profusion. Perhaps the initial small clearing was never deserted for quite long enough to permit full regeneration of the vegetation and so continued to offer a more or less ready- made spot for settlement and finally for the erection of the barrow. There is a growing body of evidence (much of it derived from recent and still unpublished excavations) that Early Bronze Age barrows were commonly built on abandoned settlement sites. A few other matters call for brief comment. Amongst the Beaker Culture pits Nos. 3 and 3A are of particular interest in view of the signs that they had been provided with linings. This seems to be the first time that even a hint of the former presence of a lining of organic material has been observed in a pre-Iron Age storage-pit. The relationship of No. 3A to No. 3 is rather puzzling, since they were certainly contemporary. A possible explanation might be that No. 3 turned out to be too small for its intended purpose and that it was a simpler matter to make an annexe, which could be covered by the same lid, than to prepare another separate pit. The presence of parts of human skeletons in disused Beaker Culture pits appears to reflect a not uncommon practice amongst their makers, for in addition to the remains of the infant from Pits 3 and 3A there are records of two other finds of a similar character.4? Descriptions of the extent and nature of the wear on the antler tools from Pits 1, 4, 5 and 7 have been given in the inventories, but no comment has yet been made on their possible function. The first point to note about all these fragmentary implements is the evidence for prolonged use, which has resulted in the smoothing of such parts of the beams (handles) as remain and of the tines for some distance up from their tips. Antler picks seem, as a rule, to have been discarded on the spot as soon as the tip of the brow tine was blunted (or even sooner) and before any marked signs of wear had developed elsewhere. ‘The appearance of the antlers under discussion indicates that they had served a different purpose; the smoothness of the tines and the scratches can most readily be explained on the hypothesis that they were hoes, for these are just what might be expected on an antler that had been dragged repeatedly through a flinty soil like that in the vicinity. If this is an acceptable explanation, it contributes, along with the pits, a little more information about the subsistence economy of the Beaker Culture. Only one other object requires special mention—the microlithic rod from Pit 2 (FIG. 5.6). As noted in the inventory for the pit, this object has a thicker patina than the other flints found with it, except at the broken ends and where it has been 42 chipped on the left edge. This damage appears to have resulted from an attempt at reworking. In the total absence of other recognizable Mesolithic artifacts, this flint may be considered as a prehistoric ‘collector’s find’.43 APPENDIX I NEOLITHIC AND EARLY BRONZE AGE ANIMAL BONES Except for the pieces from the lower fill of the barrow ditch, all the animal bone recovered from the ploughsoils and the pits includes stained specimens which are far more weathered than the remainder, and which seem therefore to be intrusive. An attempt was made to show this intrusive element to be Neolithic by means of a statistical analysis of Bos phalanges. A sizable quantity of greatest length/shortest breadth measurements was obtained of relevant specimens from several German Neolithic sites, and from these a mean was derived for each measurement. Since it is a known fact that Neolithic cattle were, on the average, larger than the average Bronze Age cattle, it was thought that any measurement from the bones under consideration that was within the confidence limit ft X 1°96, or at least larger than this, could with reasonable confidence be taken as being from a Neolithic bone; whereas any measurement proving to be outside the margin 3,2, and at the same time well below it, could be taken to be outside the Neolithic population: that is, it would be from a Bronze Age bone. Using the formula to find the standard deviation in each case, the results that follow were obtained. ] | | Greatest length Smallest breadth Phalange ) | poe aon Mean | Specimen Mean | Specimen Proximal fore | 65°5+0°9 | 53°0 | 2g:0ot0°5 | 15°5 Proximal hind 66-4+1°0- | 65-0 | 25°8+0-4 28-0 Middle fore | 42-5171 49°0 | 26°5+0°8 | 26°5 Middle hind | 45°6+0'9 | 38-5 25°5+0°6 | 20°0 All measurements are in millimetres, and the specimens used are: Proximal fore: suspected Bronze Age phalange from Layer 2 of ditch; Proximal hind: stained and weathered phalange from ploughsoil within ditch; Middle fore: stained and weathered phalange from Pit 1; Middle hind: suspected Bronze Age phalange from Pit 5. Although the evidence thus produced appears conclusive, and is indeed reasonably so, it should not be regarded as irrefutable, since so few specimens were available for comparison. I should like to acknowledge the help of P. M. Hazzledine, B.A., of the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, with the statistics; the guidance of E. S. Higgs, M.A., of the 43 Faculty of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, throughout; and the kind gift of all the identified bone from this site to the Cambridge University Collection. E. R. PATER Faculty of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge APPENDIX II LAND MOLLUSCA Seven samples were analysed for Mollusca. These were: 1-0 kg. from each of the pre-barrow Pits 1 and 2; 2-0 kg. from Pit 3; 1-0 kg. from the pit containing a secondary Analysis of Molluscan Fauna Pre-barrow Pits Gronmaton Barrow Ditch | Pit 1 Pit 2 Pit 3 my Layer 6 | Layer 4 | Layer 2 WOODLAND SPECIES Oxychilus cellarius 5 4 4 I II Retinella nitidula I 2 4 R. pura 6 I I R. radiatula 3 I Vitrea contracta 2 V. crystallina 2 I 2 Carychium tridentatum 3 4 3 7 Discus rotundatus 10 I 4. I Punctum pygmaeum I Acanthinula aculeata I Marpessa laminata I I Clausilia bidentata 3 2 3 2 2 INTERMEDIATE SPECIES Cochlicopa 3 2 2 5 I Pomatias elegans I I I Helix (Cepaea) sp. \ Arianta arbustorum J s) : } : i! 9 Limacids I 2 2 I 3 Hygromia hispida i I 3 I 9 8 H. striolata I GRASSLAND SPECIES Vallonia pulchella/excentrica I 2 8 4 6 V. costata 2 I 2 2 2 Helicella itala I I 12 I 2 17 Pupilla muscorum 6 3 Vertigo pygmaea I CECILIOIDES ACICULA 9 6 7 QI 2 vi ela TOTALS 61 20 42 65 7 78 74. WOODLAND SPECIES 34 9 24 6 2 33 o) INTERMEDIATE SPECIES 15 4 a 9 2 24 12 GRASSLAND SPECIES 3 I 4 29 I 8 28 aa cremation (III); 1-0 kg. from each of Layers 2 and 4 in the barrow ditch; 2-0 kg. from Layer 6. (For samples from ditch, see Fic. 2.) The weights are of the samples air dried. The Mollusca have been grouped as ‘Woodland’, ‘Intermediate’ and ‘Grassland’ species. The presence of grassland species at all is indicative of some open ground. Woodland species do occur in small numbers in grassland habitats, but only when they occur to the exclusion of grassland species can a woodland habitat be inferred. Ceciliordes acicula has been shown separately, as the snail is a burrower; living examples were found at a depth of 3 ft. in the ditch. The number of snails is not large, but is adequate to show a nice pattern of change in the area of the barrow. The fauna of the pre-barrow pits is a woodland one. That of the secondary cremation pit is a grassland one and it is evident therefore that a clearance of the area took place sometime between the two. The primary fill of the barrow ditch contains very few snails and is free of humus. It must have accumulated within a matter of two or three years. Layer 4 of the ditch— the humic layer above the primary fill—contains a mixed fauna of both woodland and grassland species, with woodland species predominating. This does not necessarily signify a woodland growth over the whole barrow area, but probably a local growth of scrub in the ditch at this stage. The upper layer of the ditch—Layer 2—has a grassland fauna. A second clearance phase is thus indicated, and the presence of a Romano-British sherd at the base of the layer may be noted. t For a full account of this monument, see S. Piggott, The West Kennet Long Barrow: Excava- tions 1955-56 (H.M.S.O., 1962). 2 On the R.A.F. vertical air photograph of the site (CPE/UK/1821/5085) there are also the crop- marks of three smaller ploughed-out round barrows to south and south-south-west of Avebury G.55. Other nearby features include ‘Celtic’ fields and what appears to be the ditch of a rectangular enclosure immediately to the south-east of this barrow. 3 These figures allow for the subsequent widening of the ditch through weathering and for the probability that the diameter of the ‘decayed chalk’ was somewhat smaller than that of the original mound. The fringes of the protected surface had doubtless been ploughed away. 4 The depth seems to have been determined by the nature of the subsoil. In most places digging had stopped at the point where really solid chalk was first encountered. 5 It is possible that prior to the ploughing there already existed incipient ramps, produced by weathering after the surrounding area had been stripped of soil for mound-building. 6 Identified by Mr. E. R. Pater. 7 Mr. F. K. Annable reports that, apart from one recognizable fragment of New Forest ware, the group consists entirely of small abraded and undatable body sherds of red, brown and grey fabrics. JOHN G. EVANS Institute of Archaeology, University of London 8 These are small fragments of gritty black and dark brown pottery containing flint and/or sand. There are parts of two basal angles and three rims. One of the latter is simple, one everted and the third T-shaped. There is also a single sherd of a different fabric; this bears raised circles and traces of glaze. 9 Dr. D. R. Brothwell’s report on this cremation and on the other human remains from the site was not received in time for inclusion here. It will be published as a note in a later volume. 10 Similar bluish stains, which differ in shade from the strong green produced by contact with copper or bronze, were noted on cremated bones from a barrow (West Overton G.6b) excavated by D. D. A. Simpson and the writer in 1962 (publica- tion forthcoming). Tests for copper were negative. 11 This substance still awaits expert examination. 12 Tt was not possible to arrange for the identi- fication of charcoal from the site prior to publica- tion. Some of the well-stratified specimens will be reserved for radiocarbon dating. 13 Abury, 45. This unlocated barrow is listed as Avebury 56 in V.C.H. Wilts., 1, 1, 155. ™ It would have been cruder than the chalk bead from the ‘Manton’ grave group (Devizes Museum Guide Catalogue, 1964, No. 198). 45 ts At the north end the sides and bottom were noticeably smoothed by wear, as if this had origin- ally been the home of an animal. Perhaps the bottle was left behind when the animal—fox or badger ?— was dug out. 16 See W.A.M., 59 (1964), 68-85, figs. 2 and 5. Since then other examples of Thurnam’s technique have come to light. 17 For comparable artifacts from Windmill Hill, see I. F. Smith, Windmill Hill and Avebury: Excava- tions by Alexander Keiller, 1925-1936 (1965), 93-100. 18 Ibid., 241. :9 Ibid., 107 and references there cited. See also Journ. Derby. Arch. and Nat. Hist. Soc., LXxx (1960), 1-48, figs. 7, 8; and Proc. Bristol Univ. Spelaeo. Soc., 10 (1964), 98-111, fig. 15. 20 Tdentified by Dr. Wallis and Mr. Evens. 21 ‘The list of animal remains from the ploughsoil includes those from Layers 1 and 2 in the ditch, where it is possible that some later bones may have been mixed with the earlier ones; it also includes bones from the two disturbed areas. All these finds were originally listed separately by Mr. Pater, but there seemed to be no significant difference between the animals represented in these suspect areas and elsewhere on the site. Although four of the horse teeth came from Layer 2 in the ditch, and another, together with the single identifiable horse bone, came from the southern disturbance, the presence of horse teeth in the lower fill of the ditch and in two of the pre-barrow pits suggests that the other, less well-stratified, teeth probably did derive from the pre-barrow occupation. 22 Tt will originally have been somewhat deeper. In this exposed position the level of the surrounding subsoil had been lowered to a considerable extent, not only by weathering but also by ploughing. 23 Flat graves of the Beaker Culture are fairly common in this area; see V.C.H. Wilts., 1, 1, 34, 120, 126. 24 The bone lists include identifiable fragments only. 25 Identified by Dr. Wallis and Mr. Evens. 26 Identified by Mr. F. K. Annable. 27 P.P.S., XXIX (1963), 395-425. 28 E.g. Amesbury G.55, Avebury G.36, Bishops Cannings G.31 (V.C.\H. Wilts., 1, i, 207-8). 29 Amesbury G.43, Bishops Cannings G.22 (ibid.). 39=P-P.S., IV (1938), 61. 3t Tbid., 102-6. 32 ‘The encrinite from Grave 68 (barrow Preshute G.1a) is not mentioned in Piggott’s register, but is included in the entry for this barrow in V.C.H. Wilts., 1, 1, and in the Devizes Museum Guide Catalogue, where it appears as No. 204. Two encrinites also formed part of a necklace in a ‘poor’ group from Winterbourne Stoke G.64a. 33 The barrows were Amesbury G.48 (Wilts.) and Wimborne St. Giles G.33a (Dorset) ; Wessex graves 38 and 14. The ‘horn’ beads are not included in Piggott’s register, but are described in Hoare’s Ancient Wilts., 1, 162-3 and 243. 34 See, for example, those from Wilsford G.8& (Wessex grave 71); they are illustrated in Devizes Museum Guzde Catalogue as Nos. 183-91. There is not much resemblance to the large pendant of bone from Wilsford G.16 (ibid., No. 307). 35 See Inst. of Arch., London, Tenth Annual Report, 1954, 50. 36 P.P.S., vit (1941), 98. 37 West Kennet Long Barrow, 75. 38 P.P.S., XXX (1964), 367-81. 39 Compare West Kennet Long Barrow, 31-45- 4° Ibid., 72. 41 The date is suggested by evidence for the overlap of the Long-Necked Beaker group and Wessex I; see Piggott, Abercromby and After... in Culture and Environment, ed. Foster and Alcock (1963), go. #2 P.P.S., Xxx (1964), 380-1. 43 For some other examples from the immediate locality, see Windmill Hill and Avebury, 168-9, 224, 242. THE CROSS-DYKE ON BUXBURY HILL, SUTTON MANDEVILLE A FIELD SURVEY AND EXCAVATION by P. J. FOWLER BUXBURY HILL and its univallate cross-dyke have already been described and set in context in a general survey of the Ebble-Nadder ridge in south Wiltshire.' It was suggested there that the dyke may have served to deflect traffic descending from the ridge on to a terrace-way passing its western end (Fic. 1), and that the bank might have included a palisade in its structure. When, therefore, the oppor- tunity, arising from the general survey, to examine the area in more detail was offered, it was gladly accepted.? The dyke and its surroundings were surveyed (Fic. 1), amplifying the descrip- tion already given. None of the five breaks through the dyke is original, and, since the survey, another has been made immediately west of the parish boundary. The eastern quarter of the dyke has been ploughed almost flat. An 80 yds. long lynchet overlies the bank about half-way across the former arable, the parallel western edge of which is clearly marked by negative lynchets to north and south of what was previously thought to be the end of the dyke. The area of this former arable is ¢. 3 acres, disposed approximately in an oblong some 300 yds. in length and about 50 yds. wide at its north and south ends. Contrary to what was previously thought, however, this area, as examination in ideal winter conditions of short grass and oblique light has made clear, does not bear any ridge and furrow. THE EXCAVATION A cutting 43 ft. long was made across the slight remains of the dyke near its eastern end (ric. 2). Since the main object was to search for post-holes in the bed- rock chalk beneath the bank, it seemed a pity not to take advantage of the denuded bank even though this meant that evidence of structure in the bank itself would not be found. The cutting here was also intended to prove that the dyke had con- tinued to the head of the steep scarp on the east, to provide a ditch section for com- parison with those of bivallate dykes already excavated,3 and to produce dating evidence for the dyke itself and the ploughing that succeeded it. The cutting, 10 ft. wide over the bank, was cleared down through the vestigial bank material, a short continuous length of buried land surface, and the rotted bedrock, in all only 1 ft. thick. No artificial features were found. Unless its uprights. were more than 10 ft. apart, a palisade bedded in the chalk had not existed. 47 aes “qoorped Ae ‘d ‘2T1Gqns Hey [Tews [Hos 1YSIT WIM a/qqns yyeyo [jews SARS SMU RY [ees [Les Seana *({ros-ysnoyd) sdwmy yyeyo [yews pue [ros umolq 1YSrT “20BJANS PUL] PO Jo snumny_T aioLetia Se oe Poe Se ees ‘Wks jrosdoy pue jan, PRET Re :9}voIpur sioquunu azaAe'T “0G -d uo Peisl] SB spioys 0} Jajor spoquuiAs optsoq sisquINNy ‘ayAp-ssor9 uMmop-peysnord ysnoiy} Suid Jo sovj sam Suoye uonvag ma Om INwO HO ool I ‘ong wi aaee) eel | Les Laan = ; OS = SS ww SEE a / QO OEE Ss oe WHE SS Won"! a WO ww — Se z Ss ~ WS, Lay 3 ee, WR eet Passel forea swt ; » = — a re, / ie Wo / ? — / ae ¥ = a an / ANS SN = oe 0 oe SENG | = See QO EIS ee ee, QE DS | ee : f \ \ é == ——__ —— ae s&s Ww : = Sa een L3HIN ATED elas ~ Rw y | = —_ wa WS : | = WN Enea tl = as SS Say = / ‘ Si el = i (= zi —_— « 1 mings =| = _A\NMUIAUULUAALLG ATIIASGNVW NOLLAS “TTIH AWAAXNA NO ANAG-SSOUO The dimensions of the ditch immediately suggested why no palisade had been necessary. The ditch was 16 ft. wide at the mouth, and even allowing for weathering, was originally perhaps ro ft. across. It was 6 ft. deep below present ground level, and over 5 ft. deep below the level of the buried surface beneath the bank (layer 3). Its bottom was 4 ft. wide and flat. Compared with the profile and dimensions of bivallate cross-dykes along the adjacent ridge, the difference could hardly be more marked: all four sectioned by Clay were less than 5 ft. deep and of V-profile. Layers 6 and 7 on the ditch bottom were of graded chalk rubble, derived from the ditch sides probably within the first few years after construction. Above them was 2 ft. of superficially homogeneous fine, chalky soil, rather wet and glutinous when excavated but drying out into a crumbly mixture of soil and small chalk fragments (layer 5). Presumably it represents a long phase of slow silting. There was no visible turf line over it, and no evidence of recutting. The upper 24 ft. of the ditch was filled with derived bank material (layer 4). Its bulk suggested deliberate slighting; its texture and the finds in it, that it had been manured and ploughed. Judging by the profile of the dyke on the spur-top, it would indeed have been difficult, if not impossible, to plough over it without first pushing some of the bank into the ditch. To check that layer 4 was derived from the bank, a small test hole (T on Fic. 1) was dug in the centre of the ditch on the highest point of the spur where the bank is intact. Beneath topsoil and a worm-sorted layer of humus and chalk lumps, the top of the fine, chalk silt (layer 5) occurred only 14 ft. below the present surface. Layer 4 was completely absent. DISCUSSION At the point excavated, no evidence of a palisade existed beneath the bank, and the ditch was both larger than expected and different in profile from those of bivallate cross-dykes. A different or specialized function for the dyke may, therefore, be inferred, and there seems no good reason to modify the suggestion about its purpose already made. No direct evidence of date was obtained, though the Romano-British sherds in layer 4 provide a terminus ante quem. Since they occur in a layer itself late in the sequence of ditch deposits, they do not conflict with the suggestion that this dyke, like others on the ridge, belongs to an Early Iron Age ‘A’ phase. ‘To a certain extent, this upholds the implication behind the general survey that the dykes in this area represent, however fragmentarily, a system, and are not simply haphazard earth- works of different periods. The sherds are, however, probably more directly relevant to the date of the slighting of the dyke and the subsequent ploughing. It was originally thought that the ploughing was medieval, representing a temporary marginal intake of the sort that is common on the downs. There is no proof that this is not so, and certainly the Romano-British sherds alone do not rule out a medieval date.4 Three other considerations, however, argue that a Romano-British date for the slighting and ploughing should be seriously considered. 49 In the first place, the block of former arable overlying the dyke is parallel to the ‘Celtic’ long fields tacked on to the bank of the dyke on the west side of the spur. This field, in its shape and dimensions (¢. 500 ft. by go ft.), is distinctive and of a type elsewhere shown or suggested to be of Romano-British date. Secondly, the lynchet crossing the dyke on the east side of the spur indicates that the 200 ft. width of the former arable at this point was approximately bisected, forming two fields of similar width to the more obvious ‘long field’ on the west. Furthermore, though it may be coincidental, the length of the block of former arable is about twice that of the ‘long field’. Thirdly, the absence of ridge and furrow or similar remains is probably significant, since medieval or later ploughing would almost certainly have left recognizable traces. The sherds themselves in layer 4, with but one exception of Romano-British type, could indicate either contemporary or later ploughing. If later, then the area must have already been used in Romano-British times. The derivation of the sherds from midden material scattered as manure on contemporary fields is made more probable by the lumps of limestone and, probably, Greensand, also in layer 4. Their presence could suggest that the settlement responsible for this arable was not on the downs but below on the Greensand Plateau or river valley.6 So, whatever its date, this small area of former arable perhaps represents marginal cultivation. If it is Romano-British, which seems on balance more likely than not, its survival is truly remarkable, not least in view of the tremendous increase in the cultivation of marginal land in recent times.7 THE FINDS Finds were few and, apart from one piece of daub, a flint flake and some bones in layer 5, confined to layers 1, 2 and 4. POTTERY (numbered as on FIG. 2) HM and WM indicate hand-made and wheel-made respectively. Iron Age sherds 1. HM. Buff ext., reddish int. Smooth fabric with mica. Characteristically E.I.A. ‘A’, similar to the unfilled buff wares at the Mancombe Down enclosure (this volume, Pp. 55). 2. HM. Dark grey ext., much abraded grey-brown int. Smooth fabric with a few flint grits and lumps of grog. 3. HM. Fragments of coarse, flint-filled reddish pottery. Romano-British sherds® 4. WM. Fine, light grey fabric with tiny black inclusions (glauconite?) throughout. 5. WM. Brownish with mica throughout, filled with many small rounded flints. 6. Three WM sherds found together: (a) Small everted rim above slight neck, probably of jar. Smooth grey fabric with mica. (b) ‘Two sherds from same vessel. Both of fine buff fabric, superior to any other sherds found. Probably non-local, perhaps from amphora? 50 7. Two sherds found together: (a) Sliver of thin, fine red pottery, much abraded. Samian ware? (b) WM. Grey ext., buff int., light grey between. Small rounded flints in smooth fabric. 8. Sliver as 7(a) above. g. WM. Black ext., dark grey int. Rough fabric filled with many small grits, character- istically 1st-2nd century A.D., especially in Dorset. BONE The one sheep bone and three cattle bones were kindly identified by Mr. R. Harcourt. They were found together, 24 ft. deep against the inner side of the ditch in layer 5. STONE 1. Flint. Struck flake of light grey flint, including cortex along one side. No secondary working. Near the bones in layer 5. 2. Lump of Oolitic Limestone, probably part of a saddle quern. One side unworked; the opposite surface slightly dished and smoothed, though pitted with small holes probably due to removal of oolitic inclusions during use. Bottom of layer 4. ech 1 W.A.M., 59 (1964), 55. The numbers beside the dykes and barrows of Fic. 1, inset, are from V.C.H. Wilts., 1 (1957), 1. A previously unrecorded mound, 18 ft. in diameter, 6 in. high, and sur- rounded by a shallow ditch 6 ft. wide, is probably a barrow and is here numbered tra. 2 Mr. Bruce Turner, owner of the land, kindly gave permission for the excavation, which was carried out by members of Wilton Extra-Mural class, Bristol University. I would like to acknow- ledge my debt to them, to my wife for assistance with the survey, and to W. J. Fowler and my colleagues H. C. Bowen and J. Radley. 3 Antiquity, 1 (1927), 54-65. 4 As explained in this volume, pp. 67-8. Eight fragments of limestone and greensand (?), one with a worn surface. All layer 4. Fragment of ? shale. Found with sherd 7 above. 5 Defined by Bowen, Ancient Fields (1961), 24. 6 But not necessarily, in view of the non-local stones at downland settlements like that on Mancombe Down (this volume, p. 56). Similarly, a surprising amount of limestone and Greensand is scattered over the Swallowcliffe Down Iron Age ‘A’ settlement, just over a mile south-west of Buxbury Hill. 7 In Wiltshire the acreage of barley, for example, has increased by about 165 per cent. in the last decade. 8 These Romano-British sherds suggest perhaps that the virtual absence of contemporary material from the Ebble-Nadder ridge is apparent rather than real. Cf. V.C_.H. Wilts., 1 (1957), 1, Map VIII. 51 SOME EARTHWORK ENCLOSURES IN WILTSHIRE by P. J. FOWLER, J. W. G. MUSTY and GC. GC. TAYLOR SUMMARY RECENT INVESTIGATIONS of four small earthwork enclosures, three probably of the pre-Roman Iron Age and one probably medieval, are described. In discussing their implications and some of the interpretative problems they present, other adjacent remains, particularly of ancient fields, are reviewed, and a re-interpretation is offered of the so-called Wudu-burh enclosure at Broad Chalke. INTRODUCTION During 1964 three earthwork enclosures in Wiltshire were investigated by the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England) as part of its marginal work dealing with threatened sites. The results are presented here, together with a report on another small enclosure that was surveyed during excavation by the Salisbury Field Club in 1957-8. While no one site is of outstanding importance, by publishing them together we have been able to indicate some of the archaeological problems they represent in the prehistoric and historic periods and to suggest something of the value of such undramatic sites as a form of evidence. Three of the four enclosures have now been partly or completely destroyed, the work on them having been carried out immediately before or during destruction. 1. SETTLEMENT ENCLOSURE, MANCOMBE DOWN, WARMINSTER NGR.: ST/895471; O.S. 6-in. LIT N.W. (old style), ST/84 N.E. (new style); R.A.F. vertical air photographs CPE/UK 1821, 3246-7; V.C_.H., E.227. Fics. 1 and 2. The site,? a rounded univallate enclosure, lies immediately above the 600-ft. contour on a spur of Upper Chalk jutting south from Salisbury Plain and forming part of the scarp along the north side of the Wylye valley. The area is War Department property, the site being surrounded by arable though not itself previously ploughed. Deep ploughing of the interior in February 1964, occasioned the investigation, the bank alone then remaining as a grassy strip. Previous damage had been caused by surface quarrying in the north-east of the enclosure and by a military dug-out in the bank on the west. The site had been suggested to be of Roman date, though it has more recently appeared as an Iron Age ‘A and B’ site.3 One mile to the south-south-east, on the next spur, is Battles bury hill-fort, and its extra-mural settlement.4 The enclosure, 1$ acres overall, 1 acre internally, is formed by a simple bank and ditch, with short lengths of ploughed counter-scarp bank at the north corner, on the north-east, and on the south-west, where it ends in a slight overlap of the inner bank at the only original entrance.s Otherwise the entrance is a plain gap some 15 ft. wide. 52 SETTLEMENT ENCLOSURE MANCOMBE DOWN, WARMINSTER Unenclosed settlement / area / AX \ 7 r “it . nee, pib* ‘ddiddaid dake) bs ? 1 FES, aa “ay POCA TBGLeNS CO yer InTG ier Mancombe Down. Plans of area and enclosure. Plan by R.C.H.M.(Eng.). Crown Copyright reserved 10 Fic. 2 Mancombe Down. Selected finds: 1-11, pottery; 12, spindle-whorl; 13, glass bead. Scale: 1:2 53 The inner bank is mostly 1-2 ft. high, rising on the south-east to 4 ft., measured from outside. Here, however, it is partly a lynchet, owing to soil creep behind it and ploughing into its base in front. The ditch, though ploughed, is still visible (except on the south-east) as a depression up to 25 ft. wide from crest to crest, though only about 1 ft. deep. The interior, sloping north-south at 2°, increasing towards the southern bank to 54°, bore no trace of earthworks, either raised or depressed, and no definite feature showed up as a soil mark after ploughing. The ploughing, nevertheless, produced from the interior some 660 potsherds, much smaller quantities of bone, non-local sandstone and limestone, burnt flints, and one spindle-whorl, a fragment of shale, and a blue glass bead (detailed below, pp. 55-59). The bulk of this material was collected on a radial erid basis to establish precisely any concentrations, but they were mostly too small. Some were probably caused by the breaking of single pots, this being suggested in particular on the north-west, where many of the g1 sherds on the back of the bank came from one large jar. Nor could the grid indicate the consistent scatter which occurred along the back of the bank on the south. The only sherds outside the enclosure were three at the outer foot of the outer bank on the north-east, where there were also 11 sheep bones and traces of burning. The overall sherd distribution suggested that the main area of occupation was central rather than peripheral, with perhaps a bias towards the north-west of the interior. The bone distribution, though less reliable because of the much smaller numbers, followed a similar pattern. No pits were visible before or after ploughing, and since this had bitten deep into the bedrock Chalk, their absence may be accepted. DATE AND FUNCTION It is clear from the number and character of the finds that the enclosure is a settlement site, occupied in the pre-Roman Iron Age. As such it is of some interest, since it extends the range of sizes known for contemporary enclosed settlements in Wessex. Disregarding hill-forts, there are, at one end of the scale, Hog Cliff Hill (26 acres)* and Pimperne (114 acr es) ,7 7 both in Dorset; then Farley Mount, Hants (c. 6 acres),* and Little Woodbury, Wilts. (c. 4 acres).9 But in terms of size the ‘Little Woodbury’ type of enclosure has hitherto been regarded as the smallest type of enclosed settlement in Early Iron Age Wessex. The size of the Mancombe Down enclosure puts it firmly in the same bracket as literally hundreds of similar-sized settlement enclosures of the pre-Roman Iron Age and later all over Britain,'° except apparently in Wessex. In the South-West there are the ‘rounds’,'* in south-west Wales and Ireland, the ‘raths’,1: in northern England'3 and southern Scotland," the palisaded enclosures and ‘hill-forts’, and further west and north, the larger ‘duns’.'s In all these areas, among all these types of site, the area enclosed is very often about 1 acre. Though this is not the place to argue the case in a field fertile of discussion, it seems very likely that such sites characteristically represent the single ‘Celtic’? homestead, be the occupants pastoral or arable farmers, in a settlement pattern of dispersed units, whether or not related to foci such as hill-forts. This would seem to fit reasonably well with the position of the Mancombe Down site, perhaps the home of one family related in some dependent status to an early phase of the adjacent hill-fort, Battlesbury. Enclosures similar to that on Mancombe Down are few in Wiltshire, if the criteria of circular or near-circular shape and of 1 acre internal area are strictly applied.*® It looks very much as if the site is a rare type in the county, and indeed in Wessex, during the Early Iron Age. THE FINDS With the exception of three sherds and some sheep bones, all the following were collected from the surface of the enclosure’s interior.'7 54 Pottery About 80 sherds were collected by Col. Brenchley before we visited the site. A further 580 were subsequently collected on a radial grid basis. In the absence of stratification, and since the sherds ranged in colour from dark grey to buff and in thickness from 345 in. to = in., they were analysed on the basis of their filling'’ by number and weight. ‘The results are expressed as a percentage of the total number of sherds and of the total weight of sherds (c. 10 Ib.): Early Iron Age ‘A’ sherds Romano- Flint- Shell- Oolite- No ree filled filled filled filling | Sherds No. of Wt. of sherds sherds (oz.)| 56 | 17 | 89 | 28 | q1 12 | 459 | 104 | 17 2 | 663 | 163 Per cent. of total wt. 9 10 13 17 6 Per cent. of total no. Analysis of the Early Iron Age sherds by colour, though obviously more subjective, showed that 38 (70 per cent.) of the flint-filled sherds were of two or more colours, e.g. buff exterior, dark interior, an appearance here called ‘sandwich’; that 62 (70 per cent.) of the shell-filled sherds were similarly of sandwich appearance; and that about 70 per cent. of the non-filled sherds were of sandwich or buff appearance. In this last category, however, the remaining 30 per cent. were dark grey sherds forming a very distinctive group. The equally distinctive shell-filled and oolite-filled sherds indicate that material for pottery-making was being obtained away from the site. Rims, bases and decorated sherds together constituted only 7 per cent. of the total of all sherds. Individually, there were 15 rims, 15 bases and 16 decorated sherds, including in this last the furrowed neck of a carinated bowl with traces of haematite (FIG. 2: IT). No other haematite was noted. The rims are all of simple form, the bases thick and clumsy. Most of the decorated sherds show finger-printing. A few have shallow channels or slight dimpling, and one is grooved (Fic. 2: 8). One small sherd appeared to have been originally an applied boss decoration. A piece of daub was also found. The Romano-British sherds included four pieces of Samian ware. The remainder are grey or brownish in colour, with the exception of one orange-coloured sherd. None is distinctively late. Statistically their number is insignificant, though archacologically they presumably indicate some activity on the site in the Romano-British period. Romano- British sherds had previously been found south of the enclosure, but we found no more there. One sherd of 12th-13th-century A.D. pottery was found in the enclosure. Some rims and decorated sherds are shown in FIG. 2: Rim. Grey ext., orange int.; flint-filled. Rim. Dark grey throughout; chalk-filled and untypical of the site. Ext. furrowed. Rim. Brownish ext., grey int. much abraded; oolite-filled. Rim. Dark grey ext., brown int.; oolite-filled. Rim. Grey throughout; fine micaceous paste, no filling. Rim. Buff surfaces, grey between; no filling. Sherd with partly superimposed finger-decoration, printed from I. to r. as illustrated. Grey throughout; flint-filled. Sherd with narrow incised groove. Brownish ext., grey int.; no filling. Sherd with finger-nail decoration. Dark grey ext., buff int.; no filling. Sherd with slightly raised band, probably pinched up between fore-finger and thumb. Buff throughout; oolite-filled. froin tOP LOAN ACL Sate Lond 55 11. Sherd from immediately below rim of furrowed bowl with sharp carination and traces of haematite. Reddish throughout with a little flint filling. A chalk spindle-whorl and a blue glass bead were also found (Fic. 2: 12, 13). Bone Mr. R. Harcourt, B.V.M.S., M.R.C.V.S., kindly examined the 31 identifiable bones collected. Only sheep (25 bones) and cattle (6 bones) were present, though there were also numerous unidentifiable charred fragments. The sheep were similar in size and build to the Soay, and a few specimens were particularly fine and slender although from adult animals. One proximal portion of a radius was probably from a ram. In age the sheep varied from yearlings to fully mature adults; the cattle were all juveniles. Few measure- ments were possible on the cattle bones, but those taken indicated the usual small breed characteristic of the Iron Age. Stone Numerous burnt flints were lying on the surface. Amongst the sample collected was an unburnt, fist-sized nodule used as a maul. Non-local stone was represented in the sample by ferruginous sandstone, grey sand- stone, and a few lumps of limestone. Amongst the grey sandstone were four pieces with smoothed surfaces, perhaps from use in grinding. A piece of mineral shale was also found. Flint apart, all the stone must have been brought to the site, probably from the south and west. Raye. 2. TRAPEZOIDAL ENCLOSURE, DOWN BARN WEST, WINTERBOURNE GUNNER NGR.: SU/167365; O.S. 6-in. LX S.E. and SU/13 N.E.; R.A.F. vertical air photographs CPE/UK 1811, 3267-8; V.C.H., E.234. FIGS. 3-5. This univallate enclosure’? (FIG. 3), about 1 acre overall and } acre internally, lay immediately below the crest on the north-east slopes of Little Down. Less than a mile to the north are the extensive Iron Age/Romano-British settlements on Boscombe Down West.?° The enclosure consisted of a low bank and ditch, with an entrance in the north-east corner. The interior had never been ploughed and contained two depressions. Since the excavation, the area around the enclosure has been ploughed for the first time for many years. THE EXCAVATION A series of ditch sections were cut (Cuttings I, 1V, V and VI). Two of these (I and VI) and Cutting VII also sectioned the bank, Cutting VI including a hollow behind it. In addition, the entrance was stripped (Cutting III) and a depression inside the earthwork was emptied (Cutting IT). Typical ditch sections, cut on three sides of the earthwork, are shown in Fic. 4. The ditch maintained a remarkably constant profile throughout its length. It was found to be V-shaped and 2 ft. 6 in. deep, with a humus layer approximately 1 ft. thick over its centre. The bank now stands to a height of 1 ft. 6 in. above the bedrock Chalk. A thick layer of humus had piled up against the back of the bank, possibly resulting from dust stirred up from the interior of the earthwork by animal movement. There was also slight evidence for a counterscarp bank on the north side of the enclosure (Cutting I), which could have been formed as the result of ditch scouring. Only one sherd of pottery, most likely to be Early Iron Age ‘A’, was found stratified in a low position in the ditch silt. Romano-British sherds were recovered from the thick humus layer over the top of the ditch silt. From the ditch near the entrance came a 56 ENCLOSURE NEAR DOWN BARN WEST_ Bee WINTERBOURNE GUNNER = — / = ae ’ : Se ae oe z a LADRARADADADAL A \ ae r Sol ! ! errr TNTAIMNITTTTED pp, y l Hu isu Z J Z - 302 \ TTT, E 300-~ 7 298-7 re wes 296-7. min a " = \ AIL PRATT a ae a 2947 Pace Ke Sai 2920 290 - A ATT 100 100-10 0 0 SS ee eee eo | SCALE OF FEET FOR PLAN SCALE OF FEET FOR PROFILES Fic. 3 Down Barn West. Plan and profiles of enclosure. Plan by R.C.H.M.(Eng.). Crown Copyright reserved. human bone (shaft of right femur with strong linea aspera) and a quantity of flints. The presence of these flints suggests that some form of slight revetment of the bank face may have been employed at the entrance. One of the ditch sections (VI) was extended to cross a hollow behind and cutting into the bank. This hollow contained the skeleton of a horse, conveniently dated by frag- ments of a willow pattern plate. A spindle-whorl was found on the base of the hollow. The entrance area was stripped, excavation extending into the enclosure’s interior for a short distance to examine a disturbance in the Chalk. Two complex post-holes (Fic. 4) lay approximately 10 ft. apart centre to centre on either side of the entrance. Each consisted of a double post-hole with a secondary post-hole 57 DOWN BARN WEST DITCH SECTIONS [1] orp rure ge YY FR] CHALK RUBBLE [2] CHALKY SOIL ; ES FZ] WEATHERED CHALK Feet a 10 TAIL OF BANK ENTRANCE | edge of culling a \ iy A Fic. 4 Down Barn West. Sections of ditch and pit and plan of entrance. in its filling. The double post-holes were dumb-bell shaped (length of main axis approxi- mately 6 ft.) and vertical-sided. Each might originally have taken two posts, probably side by side rather than replacing one another, since a continuous layer of brown soil lay over the base of both sections of the dumb-bell. ‘The secondary post-holes were cut in the half of the double post-hole nearest the bank on each side. ‘he primary post-holes were 3 ft. to 3 ft. 6 in. deep and may have carried posts 2 ft. in diameter, whereas the secondary post-holes were only 2 ft. 4 in. deep and of smaller diameter. The post-hole fillings consisted of chalk rubble and soil with flint packing-stones. A parallel for the double post-holes at Down Barn West occurs at the eastern entrance of the Pimperne Iron Age ‘A’ enclosure, Dorset,?* and at the north-east entrance of Quarley hill-fort.2? There, post-hole A6, for example, was a double post-hole 6 ft. long and 3 ft. deep, with vertically cut sides. It also had secondary post-holes of smaller size (2 ft. deep and approximately 1 ft. diameter) cut in its fill. During the early stages of the excavation it was considered that the secondary post- holes might have been the end-posts of a palisade, and in fact a series of holes was found under the bank, and following it. Subsequent work, however, showed them to be of recent geological origin (possibly the result of periglacial weathering). The storage pit (Cutting IL). ‘The hollow which was visible inside the enclosure was found to be the mouth of a pit 8 ft. 6 in. deep from the ground surface and 8 ft. in diameter. The pit showed the following stratification (Fic. 4). Layer 1 consisted of a wall of flints 2 ft. high running round the side of the pit at the bottom and, over the remainder of the bottom, clayey earth containing Early Iron Age ‘AB’ pottery, sling stones (nearly 50) and animal bones (including an ox skull). Layer 2 was clean chalk rubble falling away 58 from the sides of the pit with a steep angle of rest and merging into a layer of dirty chalk rubble. This rubble was held in position by (Layer 3) chalk rubble and soil with much charcoal and burnt flint at its base. Layer 3 contained some Early Iron Age ‘AB’ pottery, burnt flints and fragments of baked clay. ‘The top of the pit contained (Layer 4) soil with some chalk rubble and a mixture of Early Iron Age ‘C’ and Romano-British pottery, and above this was a thick deposit of humus. It is likely that the flints in Layer 1 had supported a floor which was intended to keep the pit contents off the bottom. The clay in this layer could have originated from broken-down pit lining, the pottery and animal bones being deposited when the pit fell into disuse. Its angle of rest indicated that the clean chalk rubble of Layer 2 could only have reached its position shortly before the pit was levelled off by the tipping in of Layer 3. A possible explanation is that a lining framework (?basketwork) was removed just before the filling in,:3 and that the edge of the pit then collapsed. The quantities of rubble involved suggest that the pit may have had a domed top. DATE AND FUNCTION The Early Iron Age pit inside the enclosure need not mean that the two are con- temporary, since the enclosing of the ground by the bank and ditch could have led to preservation of the pit hollow. The entrance features and the pottery from the ditch can, however, be given greater weight. A single probably Early Iron Age ‘A’ sherd came from the lower ditch silt (by itself insignificant), and Romano-British pottery occurred in the thick humus layers over the ditch. This would suggest, in the absence of ‘Celtic’ fields hereabouts (see below, p. 67), that the enclosure was of pre-Roman origin, although the Early Iron Age ‘C’ and Romano-British pottery inside the enclosure indicate activity, if not occupation, in the first few centuries a.p. Nevertheless, whatever the date of origin, the enclosure cannot safely be regarded as a permanent settlement, the presence of a single pit being in particular distinctly unusual. THE FINDS Pottery Much is of Early Iron Age ‘AB’ character, closely paralleled at Little Woodbury and Boscombe Down West.24 It came mainly from the pit, and included flat-based bowls and large jars, principally with slightly beaded rims showing minor variations. Outside the pit, only a few sherds of Early Iron Age ‘A’ and ‘C’ and of Romano- British pottery were found. The ‘C’ and Romano-British sherds occurred in the humus at the top of the ditch silt, in the top of the pit filling, and as a general scatter all over the site. This pottery can be divided into two classes according to the type of fabric, the two being almost equally represented in the sherds recovered: (a) Coarse. A fine smooth body with many small inclusions of flint grits, chalk or shell, often breaking through the surface. It is predominantly quite hard, its smooth surface usually black, brown or red (FIG. 5: 1). (b) Fine. A fine homogeneous brown-black ware, often with very fine water-worn grits. Smooth dark burnished outer surface, which tends to flake away; the body lacks strength and some sherds disintegrate when washed. ‘This fabric, which is the ‘smooth dark ware’ found at Little Woodbury, occurs principally in the finer bowls, two of these vessels having simple curvilinear decoration (FIG. 5: 3, 7, 8). Details of the pottery illustrated in Fic. 5 are as follows: 1. Bowl. Brown ware with chalk lumps and small flint pebbles; horizontal tooling and polished black surface. Cf. Little Woodbury, fig. 6: 5a. 2. Jar. Brown sandy ware, heavily filled with very fine water-worn grits; smooth brown- grey surface. Cf. Boscombe, fig. 11: 87. shee Fic. 5 Down Barn West. Pottery. Scale: 1:4. 3. Jar (?). Chocolate-brown sandy ware, with tooled and polished surface tending to flake away. Heavy, well-formed rim. 4. Fine ungritted black ware with smooth brown surface. 5. Fine brown-grey ware with few chalk lumps and smooth grey surface. 6. Hard ungritted brown ware with polished black surface. Probably Early Iron Age ‘C’. 7. Bowl. Roughly finished chocolate-brown ware with polished black surface; decorated with a single shallow wavy line. 8. Bowl. Crumbly brown ware, as No. 7. Decorated below rim with two incised lines and a series of double arcs. Cf. Lydney, fig. 25: 29; Little Woodbury, fig. 6: 17a. Baked Clay 1. Spindle-whorl (?). This is an unusual form with blind central hole. It is biconical in shape, the perforated face being slightly flattened; on the opposite face is a pimple resulting from pushing a stick into, but not through, the unbaked whorl tc form the central channel. It is approximately i in. thick, with a diameter of 1-4 in.; the diameter of the hole is 0-2 in. 2. ‘Cover’ fragments. Several pieces of baked clay approximately 2 in. thick were obtained from Layer 3 of the pit. ‘The outer surfaces are oxidized to a buff colour for a depth of 0-2 in.; the remainder of the core is dark grey. Some fragments have a series of depressions (made by impressing a finger) in the external surface, probably intended as a decorative pattern. Similar material has been found in pits at Boscombe Down West, Highfield, Little Woodbury and Paul’s Dene,?s all in the immediate vicinity of Salisbury, and the suggestion has been made that these fragments are the remains of ovens (‘covers’). Insufficient material has been found at any one site, however, for any structural recon- struction to be attempted, although one leading feature can be observed. This is the presence of a large circular hole, g-10 in. in diameter, surrounded by smaller holes, approximately 1 in. in diameter. Fragments from the Highfield pits suggested that each ‘cover’ stood from 12-14 in. high and that the walls inclined at an angle of from 35 to 40° 76 60 Animal Bones Bones from Cutting III (near the entrance) and from the storage pit were submitted to Dr. J. Wilfrid Jackson, who reported the presence of small ox, sheep, pig and small horse. His detailed comments are as follows: ‘Small ox. From the ditch there is a solitary right innominate bone (acetabulum of diameter 52 mm. from the anterior border to the lower lip of the notch, and the rim rather acute). There is another (acetabulum about 55 mm.) from the pit, and in addition two pieces of rib, two pieces of the hind part of a skull, a dorsal vertebra, one upper molar tooth of an adult animal and one from a young beast. ‘Sheep. All the sheep remains came from the pit. There are small fragments of skull; loose teeth (adult and young); one right and one left mandible (adult); two right and one fragmentary right mandibles (young); fragments of limb bones (some young), including slender humeri and tibiae. There is also a perfect slender shank bone (metacarpal of length 118 mm.) which agrees with Roman and pre-Roman examples of Celtic sheep. ‘Pig. From the ditch a humerus and one dorsal vertebra (young) ; from the pit two skull fragments and a fragment of a mandible with two molars (M2 and 3). ‘Small horse. From the ditch a shank bone (metacarpal), 245 mm. long with distal condyles 45 mm. wide, which agrees with the Celtic pony of Roman and pre-Roman times. From the pit came an imperfect phalange, two lower incisors, and three upper molars (adult).’ J.W.G.M. 3. ENCLOSURE, CASTLE CAMP COPSE, LANDFORD NGR.: SU/248215; O.S. 6-in. LXXVII N.E. and SU/22 S.W.; V.C.H., E.130. Fic. 6. The site,?7 a univallate ovoid enclosure in Castle Copse, lies on a 6° slope just above 200 ft. above O.D. on the south side of a spur of London Clay projecting south-east from the Chalk. It is close to the north boundary of Landford parish, immediately west of the Salisbury-Southampton road (A.36), and within a generally wooded area known as the Earldoms. In November 1963, Castle Copse was cleared by bulldozer and other heavy equipment before the ploughing which has subsequently much reduced the enclosure banks. The area has now been grassed and further damage is unlikely. The enclosure, about 7 acres overall, 5} acres internally, is formed by a single bank and external ditch. These are absent on the south-west, where a 150 ft. wide gap fronts on to a marshy area caused by a spring immediately beyond it. In addition, three appar- ently modern breaks cut through the bank on the north, north-east and south-east. The original entrance, now 12 ft. wide, was on the west, with ‘hornworks’ on either side pro- jecting 40-50 ft. beyond the line of the bank. The profile on Fic. 6 is typical of the surround- ing bank and ditch. On the south the ditch had been damaged, perhaps by later tracks, but on the west it had not been dug, a broad natural gully taking its place. The interior was featureless, and no finds were made either before or after ploughing. The present depressions all over the interior, which could now easily be interpreted as pits or hut circles, are the result of the removal of tree stumps by dynamite in 1963. No finds are known from the surrounding area, except for undated sherds associated with flints found nearby and recorded by Matcham in his description of the site as it was in the mid-1gth century.?8 He includes the gap on the south-west, the spring, and the ‘hornworks’. His identification of the site with the ‘ancient citadel’ of the Saxon Charter for Frustfield is, however, not so likely.?9 DATE AND FUNCTION The site has recently been claimed as ‘Early Iron Age A and B’3° and, by V.C.H., as ‘medieval ?’. Fairly intensive documentary work in the area for other purposes has revealed no evidence for a medieval date, and it would appear most likely to belong to an Iron Age context. 61 CASTLE COPSE CAMP. LANDFORD X\ a ELOSTET OTE TUE yyy, a\\ mee lalel Ener 2 OV \WALEE Ladd VI yy yvyreerregy ree! Tren Al pretties w 4 a\\ \\ YS eS ais is ~ an S vr \y /p shabaane be yt 1 CATER PAAAOD ~ Ss <= RS z Castle Copse Camp. Plan and profile. Plan by R.C.H.M.(Eng.). Crown Copyright reserved. Both position and form of the site are nevertheless curious. The bank and ditch are not large, the entrance is curiously out-turned, and the wide gap in the west, though covered by the marshy area, would make it additionally difficult to defend. If defence had been the prime object, the enclosure could have been sited more advantageously on the spur top. The lack of finds, of any date, indicates that occupation, if present, was not permanent; yet the form and position seem to have been determined by the adjacent water, and this strongly suggests use as a stock enclosure. In this context, the ‘hornworks’ at the entrance may be explicable in terms of a drove-way or funnel for cattle. If, however, the site was primarily a cattle enclosure, its position in what is now and certainly was in medieval times a forested area is somewhat anomalous. It may be that the vegetation cover of this area in the Iron Age was very different from that existing in the historic periods, a suggestion also prompted by the relationship of forest and earthworks along the Grovely Ridge.3: C.ciT. 4. OBLONG ENCLOSURE, CORTON DOWN, BOYTON NGR.: ST/93293871; O.S. 6-in. LVIII N.W. and ST/93 N.W.; R.A.F. vertical air photographs 1821, 6310-16. Previously unrecorded, but numbered here E.53a after V:C.H., p. 263: FIGs 7. Corton Down is an area of undulating Chalk downland overlain in part by Clay-with- Flints. It forms the west side of a spur running north from the western end of the Grovely 62 Ridge. Much of the area had previously been ploughed; the whole was cleared of trees and scrub and its surface graded where necessary by bulldozer in February 1964. All the earthworks have therefore been smoothed out. Before this work a rapid survey of the whole area was carried out (Appendix B, p. 71) and an earthwork enclosure was examined in some detail.3? The enclosure lay on ground beginning to tilt north into a combe. This particular ground had not been ploughed since the abandonment of the ‘Celtic’ fields over which the enclosure lay. Its western side ran along the top of a lynchet, and the same is possibly true of the western two-thirds of its northern side. On the north and south the enclosure cut through lynchets, an abraded fragment of the link between them being visible in the interior. The bank, at most 2 ft. high, enclosed just under 4 acre. A ditch superficially about 7 ft. wide lay outside it, broken slightly north of centre on the east side by an entrance causeway 8 ft. wide. The comparative sharpness of the earthworks in profile suggested a date in the Roman or post-Roman periods. The most prominent feature of the interior was a rectangular scoop against the inside of the west bank, continued to the east by two turf-covered flint walls. Two short banks ran out of the back of the bank and partly around a slight platform in the north-west corner of the enclosure, but time did not allow examination of this feature. THE EXCAVATION Five small cuttings were excavated33 in one day in an attempt to date the enclosure and determine its function. Neither objective was achieved to any satisfactory degree. Cutting I (FIG. 7, section B-C) sectioned the west end of the enclosure where the bank overlay a ‘Celtic’ field lynchet and was immediately adjacent to the rectangular scoop. The cutting produced no structure at its east end to explain the scoop, but a mass of packed flints on the inside edge of the bank suggested either some form of internal face or revetting to the enclosure bank or an original feature of the underlying ‘Celtic’ field (see below, p. 65). A marked line of fiints in a similar position relative to the bank all down the south side was noted during bulldozing. Below the topsoil over the bank was a thin layer of flint and chalk rubble on top of a clearly-defined humus layer, presumably a buried turf line on top of the ‘Celtic’ field lynchet. The lynchet itself was represented by a layer of small flints and soil, apparently continued outside the ditch (cf. section F-G). The ditch was some 4 ft. wide at most and only slightly over 2 ft. deep. Like the linear ditch (section D-E), it was filled with large flints at the top, but below them the silt was scarcely differentiated, except that larger chalk lumps were right at the bottom. Definite tip-lines, however, were not visible. The bottom itself was slightly rounded. Five sherds and a horse-shoe were found. All the sherds are of Iron Age type or ware, but not one was stratified in a way to date the enclosure. The probably medieval horse-shoe was in the topsoil in the scoop. Cuttings Ia, b and c related to the entrance. Cutting Ila was intended to search for any evidence of a gate structure on the north side of the entrance. A hole 1 ft. 6 in. in diameter and dubiously a post-hole was found cut into the chalk to a depth of about 1 ft., its bottom being 2 ft. below ground surface. It contained no packing stones or finds, and was filled with flinty soil. Cutting IIb was in a similar position on the south of the entrance. Chalk bedrock was reached at a depth of about 1 ft. There was neither definite evidence of structure nor any finds. Cutting IIc was simply a section through the ditch silt immedi- ately south of the entrance in a last attempt to find associated material. It produced two sherds, both probably Iron Age. ‘The profile of the ditch and the silting in it were the same as found in Cutting I (section B-C). Cutting III was across the suspected flint wall running east from the scoop. The rubble wall was 3 ft. wide and well-built of flints some 3-6 in. long; it was not bedded at all and 63 EARTHWORKS ON CORTON DOWN, BOYTON ENCLOSURE (4) OVER CELTIC FIELDS = eee — ee iy i cet ae = saci _— = = oe [a ee — re _ ze _— ae = a = senmnmnennnnnee TTT ic Mia recsceni tierce —_ yyy é ete, = gynennet NVVETUCOUOLICLLOROTETVORETTTTVTTTTT ITT Vem of \ Ce NT TNT TCO ELT CEN Airis = SI ee ZS = \ = > Ss J = 2 Ses = =a2aa 3s = ee eS ; <= b ‘ See 3 Z = B —Uifip ii: : snuatneateni ieaminanuining = vee e SOUR RR iii SUN UO OLE eee PPE epee AddLAA Ad aoetadaad = 3 Ss TAAAADAAAAMAAARRAAUTO aT ERTAT TROUT OLTAND = =e Sony 3 | g, NVNULLCLELLORECOT TT mS | FH {Aub audbdt QUATULMMAddiddddiddiddennige Allii\\l\i\\ z = Cog ae \ | S Za’ = Zz Ze Z | *t t ia 150 i — aT =a | FEF? ee Pa tog. Si. ! < < PaSsS 6 Qo. Fic. 7 Corton Down. Plan and sections of enclosure bank and ditch (B-C), prehistoric linear ditch (D-E), and ‘Celtic’ field lynchet (F-G). Plan by R.C.H.M.(Eng.). Crown Copyright reserved. stood at most only 1 ft. high. There were no finds, and no indication of which was the ‘inside’ or ‘outside’ of the wall. During bulldozing a careful watch was kept, but only two sherds, both probably Iron Age, were found. Nothing else of interest emerged. DATE AND FUNCTION No positive evidence for the function or date of the enclosure was found, though the scatter of Iron Age sherds indicates that it is not prehistoric. Four sherds from Cutting I were stratigraphically earlier than the enclosure. Almost certainly all the sherds relate to the ‘Celtic’ fields on and over which the enclosure was built. The unstratified sherds were presumably disturbed during construction or subsequent use. The enclosure is later than the fields, and the absence of Romano-British finds immediately suggests that, since it is not prehistoric, it belongs to historic times. This was also indicated by the earthwork’s shape, form and appearance before excavation. It is, however, virtually impossible to place it, as an earthwork, in the post-Roman period with any certainty, except to say that on general grounds it is unlikely to be modern. That the site was not inhabited suggests that it might have been related to a valley settlement, but that hardly gives any chronological precision. Since 12th-13th-century earthwork enclosures have recently produced much pottery, 34 the absence of sherds might indicate a date earlier than c. A.D. 1100. The enclosure, however, is patently not an occupation site, so this argument is questionable. So is that by analogy. ‘The Corton Down enclosure is, as an earthwork, similar to that at Down Barn, West Overton,35 and both are close to round and square ponds, but their siting and contents are different. Doubtless there exist superficially similar enclosures of many different dates, however, and at the moment the framework for argument by analogy remains to be constructed. Other arguments hinge to a certain extent on the relevance or otherwise of the horse- shoe. It was the only object found which might bear positively on the date (and indeed function) of the enclosure. It was, however, in the topsoil, so its value as evidence is at least debatable. On the other hand, apart from the sherds, it was the only object found; it was in the artificially cut rectangular depression within the enclosure; and since at that point there was no stratification, very little soil depth and no apparent disturbance, the topsoil probably is a significant layer. It seems reasonable to accept the shoe as contemporary with or later than the enclosure. This shoe cannot be dated precisely, but it is fairly certainly not later than c. A.D. 1400. The absence of fullering itself suggests a pre-15th-century date, while a similar example from Seacourt, Berks., with a more pointed oval opening between the arms, is of the 14th century. The absence of calkins is probably significant, since they are often prominent on both early medieval and 15th-century examples. Similarly, the smooth outer edge and straight-sided nail-holes contrast with the frequent, though not invariable, sinuous edges and countersunk nail-holes of horse-shoes in the 1ith and 12th centuries. These con- siderations suggest a dating bracket of ¢. A.D. 1250-1350, with a preference perhaps for the early 14th century. The enclosure is, then, likely to be of the same date or earlier. Fig. 7. Key to layer numbers on sections B-C, D-E and F-G: Layer 1 Turf and topsoil. Layer 6 Soil and chalk rubble. Layer 2. Flint and chalk rubble. Layer 7 Chalk rubble. Layer 3 Humus, formerly cultivated. Layer 8 — Clay-with-flints subsoil. Layer 4 Small flints and soil mix. Layer g Weathered chalk. Layer 5 Large flints with little soil. Layer 10 Solid chalk. Positions of finds, together with their catalogue numbers, are shown on Section B-C; sherds are marked by X, the horse-shoe by -. The enclosure’s function is, if anything, even more obscure, the only firm point being the negative one that it is not a habitation site. Its position high on the downs but near to an ‘old’ pond (i.e. a small round one, certainly earlier than an adjacent large square one), and the absence of finds, suggest it was an animal fold or the like. What the enclosure contained is not clear, but certainly there was a long rectangular structure of some kind, probably a pen rather than a roofed building (it could have measured about 130 ft. long by 20 ft. broad). A sheep-fold immediately suggests itself, and if the site appears too permanent and solid for that, then reference to the documentary evidence for Raddun shows that sheep ‘houses’ were built.3° Alternatively, the enclosure might be specifically associated with arable expansion in the 12th-13th century. It seems best, however, in the absence of documentary and firm dating evidence, to regard it as medieval in a general sense and as the equivalent, perhaps, of “The Buildings’ and the ‘New Barns’ of later times, which were used variously for stock, equipment and produce. THE FINDS The positions of finds from Cutting I are marked on section B-C, Fic. 7, together with their numbers in the following catalogue. Pottery 1. Sandy sherd with fine grit and micaceous glitter; buff to grey-black. 2. Rough paste with flint grits and pitted surface; grey to chalky white. 3. Fine paste with small grits; pinky buff. 4. Coarse sandy ware; inside brown, outside blackish grey; polished surface with two burnished lines. 5. Rim, or immediately below, with everted neck and sharply carinated shoulder. Fine paste with small grits. Iron Age ‘A’ form. 6. Sandy ware; inside buff, outside grey. Cutting IIc: 1 ft. into ditch fill below flint layer. Also fragment of burnt bone and of mineralized iron. 7. Fine sandy ware with micaceous glitter; buff to pinky buff. Pierced by a small bored hole. Cutting IIc: depth 1 ft. 5 in., against ditch side. 8. Immediately below neck, perhaps of bowl. Ware as No. 7; inside buff, outer surface gone, exposing grey core. On flints between south side of scoop and wall to east. g. Ware as No. 6, though sherd thinner. On top of bank at north-west corner of enclosure. Metal 10. Asymmetric horse-shoe, 3 in. wide between the ends of the arms. Length, c. 3 in., originally more. Four nail-holes; two on off-side rectangular, others oval; a third hole at the front on either side worn away. No fullering and no calkins. Cf. Arch. Journ., cXv1 (1959), 183, fig. 19: 28 (¢. A.D. 1250-1300); Sussex Arch. Colls., cx (1963), 172, fig. 38: 1-2 (¢. A.D. 1300); Oxoniensia, xxvi/xxvil (1961-62), 178, fig. 30: 18 (14th century); and generally, London Museum, Medieval Catalogue (1958), 112-17. P.J.F. DISCUSSION The fieldwork largely forced upon us by threats of destruction has led us to deal in four cases specifically with small univallate earthwork enclosures. We are not concerned here, therefore, with large and obvious enclosures, in particular hill-forts, town defences and military sites, or even with those smaller enclosures which are more or less recognizable as a type, e.g. ‘causewayed camps’, henges, cursuses and barrow circles. Our interest lies more in discussing those less obvious 66 and smaller enclosures37 which have excited littie attention and which remain largely undated and unappreciated despite the reasonable assumption that they are closely associated with the predominantly rural settlement pattern and agri- cultural economy of Wiltshire from prehistoric to recent times. The limited knowledge about small earthwork enclosures in Wiltshire, and indeed in Wessex generally, bears out this idea. Examples proved or interpreted as settlements or stock enclosures are known from the Middle Bronze Age to relatively recent times.38 Medieval and later earthwork enclosures are also known which had specific functions.39 On the other hand, very few plans or photographs+? have been published, so that much of the basic material from the field has still to be assembled.4t Nor has the documentary evidence, which will be relevant in many cases, been systematically examined. In considering function especially, all available evidence should be reviewed; that is, not only relationship to the natural and archaeological setting but also basic documentary sources and the several settlement patterns successively occurring. Documents might, for example, be able to give greater precision to the description of medieval or later enclosures as ‘pastoral’ .4 The problems of dating an enclosure from excavated evidence are well illus- trated by both the Corton Down and Down Barn West sites. At the former, however, owing to the chance survival of ‘Celtic’ field lynchets immediately adjacent, not only was it possible to see without excavation that the enclosure was later than the lynchets, but the known relationship also made easy the interpretation of the five thin layers packed into the low enclosure bank. Had the fields not been visible, an excavator might have postulated two phases of bank construction. What is more important is that here survival of the fields showed the presence of the sherds to be irrelevant to the date of the enclosure except in providing a remote ¢erminus post quem. Similar problems, but without the associated evidence, occurred at the Down Barn West site. It is possible that this enclosure was built close to, or was super- imposed on, Early Iron Age features. Both the pit and the Iron Age ‘A’ sherd from the lower fill of the ditch could then be as irrelevant to the enclosure as the fields were to that on Corton Down. The excavated features at the entrance, however, and the Romano-British pottery over the centre of the ditch, point to a prehistoric date for the Down Barn West enclosure, whether or not it was associated with the pit. But the pottery evidence is not unambiguous and could be interpreted differently, as is suggested below. Another dating difficulty may arise from the different manuring habits in medieval and earlier times. It has long been realized that the sherds found strewn over ‘Celtic’ field areas reached those fields in the domestic midden material brought out from the settlements to manure the arable. In Wessex during the medieval period, however, it seems likely, both from the absence of contemporary sherds on the former open fields43 and from excavated evidence,44 that broken pottery went, not on to manure middens, but into rubbish-tips+5 and cesspits, and consequently never reached the fields.4® It follows, therefore, that a phase of medieval ploughing will probably not be represented in the small finds and, conversely, that a medieval enclosure, serving perhaps as stockyard or penning unassociated with contemporary 67 occupation, could be ‘dated’ only by finds from the cultivation of a thousand years earlier. Even if the later enclosure is associated with contemporary finds, it might still happen that the earlier material exceeds ther in bulk. This is well illustrated, for example, at the }-acre enclosure on Handley Hill in Cranborne Chase, which produced Neolithic, Bronze Age and Romano-British pottery, as well as the significant sherds by which Professor Piggott has since recog- nized its medieval date.47 The similarly-shaped enclosure of almost an acre lying over old field remains on Coombe Bissett Down was mistakenly dated on typological grounds to the Early Iron Age.48 Fieldwork by the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments has shown that the ‘lands’ Crawford called ‘Celtic’ or earlier actually overlie ‘Celtic’ fields, and that the enclosure was built only when, after these phases, the area reverted to pasture. Virtually all these problems, plus the complications of documentary and oral evidence, are present at the well-known Wudu-burh enclosure near Knighton Hill Farm, Broad Chalke.19 The enclosure (Fic. 8) consists of a small bank and ditch about 3 ft. deep bounding 24 acres which include the head of a combe. There are reasons for doubting Grundy’s identification of the site with the Waudu-burh of a troth-century charters° (Appendix A), and in any case it would seem odd to name a hill after a valley-head enclosure. Certainly the implication of Grundy’s interpretation that the enclosure is Saxon or earlier need not over-ride archaeological pointers to a later date. These depend chiefly on the fact that the enclosure lies on, and is therefore later than, not only ‘Celtic’ fields but also broad rig and other remains of strip cultivation lying unconformably on the ‘Celtic’ fields. These later cultivation remains are almost certainly medieval,s! and of a sort that does not usually contain any contemporary pottery (above, p. 67). Both Iron Age and Romano-British pottery, on the other hand, were found in a lynchet section about 100 ft. away from the enclosure, suggesting that all the finds apparently associated with the enclosure had in fact been in the ploughsoil on which it was built. This would explain why Romano-British sherds occurred in the enclosure bank as well as in its ditch; and the ‘fragmentary’ state of at least some of the sherds would be accounted for if they had arrived with manure and then been abraded by ploughing. A small doubt remains, but the site should certainly not be cited as evidence either for late-Roman pastoral enclosures or for pre-Roman or Roman strip-fields. ‘The evidence concerning the date of the adjacent one-third of an acre enclosure on the east is conflicting. Pottery and other finds in its ditch suggest the proximity of Romano- British settlement, but the enclosure itself is shown as a plot of 0-32 of an acre on the Ordnance Survey 25-in. map (LXX, 12). The nearby well was in use within living memory.*” Our impression before we began this work, that small enclosures were a class of site little-studied but potentially valuable, has in part been strengthened. It remains impossible at the moment to assess accurately the date or function of many of them in Wessex. Adjacent remains can sometimes afford a relative date, though evidence of relationship is becoming increasingly rare as more land is cultivated. Position can sometimes suggest a function. But surface finds can be misleading, as shown by the Romano-British sherds previously found at the Mancombe Down enclosure; and excavation on the much-used Wessex landscape, however desirable, is apt to produce results from small enclosures that are ambiguous or inconclusive, making their interpretation a matter for caution.53 68 EARTHWORKS | Sls KNIGHTON HILL FARM _ BROAD CHALKE 500 1000 ah EE T Fre: 8 Plan of the so-called Wudu-burh enclosure. Plan by R.C.H.M.(Eng.). Crown Copyright reserved. APPENDIX A WUDU-BURH, BROAD CHALKES5+ In view of the doubt cast upon the alleged Romano-British date of this enclosure, the following documentary evidence may be considered. 1. Saxon Chartersss The name Wudu-burh occurs only in the Charter B.g17, K.436, giving the bounds of Broad Chalke. The Charter, dated a.p. 955, is detailed, especially in the area under 69 consideration (the boundary between Broad Chalke and Bishopstone, south of the River Ebble) where the bounds given are close together and clearly on the existing parish boundary. From these bounds it is clear that Wudu burh Hylle of the charter refers to the north-east-facing spur crossed by the track known as Bishopstone Hollow, 830 yds. north- east of the enclosure itself. It is, therefore, just possible that ‘the Camp of the Wood’ after which the Hill is named may not be the enclosure at all, but some now destroyed enclosure near Bishopstone Hollow. A different spelling of the ‘Camp of the Wood’ occurs in a second Charter (B.27, K.985), giving the bounds of Bishopstone, and reputedly dated before a.p. 672. This early date cannot be correct, but even so it is clear that the Charter in its original form was earlier than B.g17 and should probably be dated a.p. 793-6.5° Though clearly referring to the same boundary in the area in question, it is, as one might expect from its earlier date, less detailed. All one can deduce is that the ‘Hill of the Camp of the Wood’ is somewhere along the boundary between the Dorchester-Old Sarum Roman Road (the ‘Stret’?) and the edge of the Ebble Valley (Berigancumb). Assuming, therefore, that the bounds follow the line of the later charter and the modern parish boundary, the Hylle is either the eastward-projecting spur 500 yds. south-east of the enclosure, or the spur to the north-east crossed by Bishopstone Hollow. The latter is more likely, since the former is sloping east and is hardly a ‘Hylle’ where the boundary crosses it. One further point. The form of this earlier ‘Camp of the Wood’ is not in fact Wudu- burh, but Wudu Beorch. Grundy reasonably enough read burh for beorch.s7 It is, however, just possible that beorch was not burh at all but beorg, i.e. a mound or barrow; and that in fact there was not a ‘Camp of the Wood’ but a ‘Wooded Mound or Barrow’ here in the Saxon period. ‘This of course presupposes that subsequently the mound or beorg became known as burh or camp; unlikely, but not impossible.s§ The evidence from the Charters, then, while by no means conclusive, suggests some doubt about the identification of Wudu-burh with the earthwork enclosure on Knighton Hill. 2. Later Evidence The fact that the earthwork enclosure overlies ridge-and-furrow raises the question of when the ploughing that produced it took place. By analogy with similar ridge-and- furrow elsewhere it should almost certainly fall into the medieval period (above, p. 68), but its slight appearance and its position at the head of a steep combe indicate temporary ploughing of marginal land at a time of land hunger. Some basic documentary research has been done to try to indicate when this could have occurred. Although the Knighton Hill area is within the parish of Broad Chalke, it is part of a rectangular block of land, some 1,000 yds. wide and 2 miles long, lying between Grims Ditch in the south and the River Ebble in the north. This land belonged to the manor and village of Knighton, and as such was always separate from the rest of the parish. It is also clear that this land was largely occupied, throughout the medieval and later periods, by the open fields of Knighton.s9 The exceptions to this are closes along the river certainly existing in 1567, and the area of Knighton Wood south of the Dorchester- Old Sarum Roman Road, which must have been woodland and pasture. Today Knighton consists only of Knighton House and two or three cottages, and even in 1773 there was little more.®° ‘There is no doubt, however, that at an earlier period it was very much larger, for there are 83 taxpayers listed in the 1377 Poll ‘Tax Returns. ° This is a very large number of people, i.e. a total population of perhaps 150-65, for a manor with only perhaps 500 acres available for cultivation. It may be that during the 13th-14th centuries the population of Knighton was such that all potentially arable land had to be cultivated. The strip lynchets that remain on the steep slopes of the Ebble Valley south of Knighton House are probably evidence of the land hunger at this time, and it seems very likely that the area now occupied by the earthwork enclosure was also cultivated then. CiG.a. 70 APPENDIX B THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CORTON DOWN, BOYTON Extensive, if fragmentary, remains of linear ditches and ‘Celtic’ fields existed before bulldozing (p. 63 and Fic. 7). The Down was crossed north-west/south-east by a linear ditch (D.66) with a slight and discontinuous bank on its east side. The ditch first appeared in arable about 4 mile north of enclosure E.53a, and ran for c. 365 yds. down into a combe bottom where there was an apparently original break. It then continued right across Corton Down into woodland on Rowdean Hill (whence it was not followed), a distance of about 1 mile. In its course it crossed the line of a similar ditch (previously unrecorded, here numbered D.66a), running north-east/south-west. Though it seemed that this latter was cut by D.66, certainty was impossible because of recent heavy ploughing at the point of junction. In the ploughed area, the line of both ditches was crossed by a double lynchet track which bent sharply south-west and then apparently elided with D.66a along the side of the spur south-south-west of Corton Down. Both ditches were directly related to ‘Celtic’ fields (see below, p. 72). A section (FIG. 7, D-E) was cut across ditch D.66 where it ran through old pasture at the top of the slope falling north into the west-east combe bounding Corton Down on the north. The ditch was some ro ft. wide and 3 ft. 6 in. deep below the existing surface. The almost flat bottom was only 1 ft. wide. The size and proportions are similar to those of other excavated linear ditches,®? though it can be emphasized that, as indicated by the break in slope on the east side of the ditch above which weathering has proceeded, the ditch would originally have been much narrower (c. 5 ft. ?) at the top. There were no finds. Such steep-sided and narrow ditches would have been extremely susceptible to weathering, even if open in the drier climate of a presumed date c. 1000 B.c., and silting would have occurred fairly rapidly.*3 The clearing out of such ditches was probably, therefore, a routine farming practice, and there should be evidence of it. In this case there was nothing unequivocal, but it is notable that the tip lines of the lower three layers (Layer 7), all of differentially-graded chalk, sloped from west to east, whereas the weathering of the ditch sides was most marked on the eastern, south-westerly-facing side. It seems legitimate to ask where this material has gone, and to suggest that, after falling from the sides, it was cleared out of the ditch bottom. Its removal may have contributed to the low bank on the east side of the ditch (though this was absent at the place sectioned) ; alternatively, if the fields are contemporary, it may have been scattered over them as marl. Probably the mass of large flints (Layer 5) over the top of the chalk silts can also be related to adjacent arable, representing the results of clearance by hand of the flints which come to the surface with ploughing (a phenomenon which still occurs and which is similarly dealt with). Layer 3 on each side of the ditch is probably a ploughsoil, consisting of humus characteristically speckled with chalk fragments. Although the ditch had more than half silted up before the first ploughsoil dribbled into it (see especially the west side of the section), the cultivation respected the ditch, presumably as a boundary. Ploughing had already continued long enough for some ploughsoil to fall in before most of the flints had been deposited. After their deposition silting was slight, the earthwork being stabilized by the growth of turf over it until its destruction in 1964. The ‘Celtic’ Field System (E.35) The Down had clearly once been widely cultivated in ‘Celtic’ fields related in part at least to the ditch system. Their boundaries existing in February 1964, together with traces visible on vertical air photographs taken in 1946, are shown on Fic. 7 (area plan). It can be assumed that the fairly complete pattern of fields over the north portion of the Down once continued to the south. Around the enclosure (E.53a) and to the west, the fields were clearly laid out with 7X reference to linear ditch D.66. ‘They were contemporary with or later than this ditch, as was shown by the ditch section D-E and by the way that the lynchet at point Z on the area plan rode up on to the slight bank on the east side of the ditch. The evidence, such as it 1s, suggests that ditch D.66 was dug before the fields were cultivated and that its continuing existence as a boundary between arable areas was perhaps a secondary function. It would, of course, have provided a useful access to the fields, particularly when packed with flint over the chalk silting. D.66 specifically did not surround the fields of group F.35. 6 on the north-east, the fields probably also respected D.66a, but in the centre of the Down crossed over it, following the line of the double-lynchet track. To the south, the prominent surviving lynchet running along the contours on the west-facing slope clearly, as its characteristic angular kinks indicate, once lay between ‘Celtic’ fields above and below it. They, almost certainly a continuation of group F.35 to the north and linking up with group F.36 to the south-west, could have been related to either or both the southerly continuations of D.66 and 66a. Eleven ‘Celtic’ fields were sufficiently well-preserved to be measured. They ranged in length from c. 100 yds. to c. 165 yds., the average length of all of them and the actual length of five of them being 140 yds. The widths varied slightly within fields, since the long sides were not always parallel, but all seem to have been intentionally ¢. 65-70 yds. across. A typical size was, therefore, just under 2 acres, slightly larger than is usual with *Celtic’ fields. 6s Under archaeological supervision, a cutting across a typical 3 ft. high lynchet north of enclosure E.53a was kindly bulldozed by the contractors. A section was then cleaned up and drawn (FIG. 7, section F-G). The characteristic negative and positive lynchets were visible, the former cut down 6 in. into the Chalk bedrock, the latter having accumu- lated to a depth of 2 ft. behind a line, 3 ft. wide and 9g in. high, of loosely-piled large flints. Brown soil from the positive lynchet had trickled down between them. Although resting directly on the Chalk, this flint feature was presumably the original marking-out boundary between the ‘Celtic’ fields to west and east. The flints found beneath the west bank of enclosure E.53a in Cutting 1 (FIG. 7, section B-C) were possibly a similar feature bounding the other side of the same field. In position and size these flint features compared closely with the small dry-stone sarsen wall excavated beneath a much larger ‘Celtic’ field lynchet on Fyfield Down, near Marlborough. °° No finds came from section F-G or anywhere else in the area. All nine of the probably Early Iron Age sherds found during the excavation and bulldozing of enclosure E.53a, however, almost certainly came either directly or indirectly from the ploughsoil associated with these ‘Celtic’ fields. The origin and abandonment of the fields within the pre-Roman Iron Age is then indicated; and, unless they were cultivated but not manured in Romano- British times, a continuing disuse until recently is highly probable. P.J.F. ' Wherever possible, earthworks already listed in the Wiltshire Victoria County History, vol. t (1957), pt. I, are referred to by their number there. All such fall within the categories D—ditches, E enclosures, and F—fields. The abbreviation V.C.H. refers specifically to this volume unless otherwise indicated, and since V.C.H. gives site references up to 1951, only more recent ones are added here. Previously unpublished material in R.C.H.M.’s files has added significantly to this report and is hereby acknowledged. We have been greatly helped throughout by H. C. Bowen. 2 We are grateful to Col. and Mrs. Brenchley and the Army authorities at Warminster for co-operation in dealing with this site. 72 3. O.S. Map of Southern Britain in the Iron Age (1962). The symbol indicates an ‘open’ site, which of course it is not. 4 W.A.M., Lv1 (1956), 262-4. The ‘neighbouring lynchets’ referred to on p. 264 are strip lynchets of characteristic medieval form. 5 For reasons unknown, earlier writers refer to the entrance as being on the south-east. This is not so. The narrow break on the north-east is not original and is probably associated with quarrying. 6 Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. and Arch. Soc., LXXX1 (1959), 94+ 7 Antiquity, xxxvuI (1963), 63-4. 8 Crawford and Keiller, Wessex from the Air (1928), 102. 9 P.P.S., v1 (1940), 30 ff. 10 For observations on the significance of size, the frequency of enclosures of under 200 ft. diameter, and much comparanda, see Antiq. Fourn., XLIV (1964), 23-7. 11 Summarized in Aileen Fox, South West England (1964), 125. 12 Arch. Fourn., CxIx (1962), 311; Med. Arch., Vv (1961), 94. 13 Arch. Aeliana, 4th series, Xxxv (1957), 163-79; XxxvuI (1960), 1-38; xxxIx (1961), 371-2; XL (1962), 1-34, 47-58; XLI (1963), 19-35, 211-15; XLII (1964), 41-64. 14 Summarized with references in Feachem, Prehistoric Scotland (1963), 94-161. 15 Feachem, op. cit., 175-86. 16 Out of 261 sites in V.C.H., Category E, Enclosures and Hill-forts, only six conform to these criteria. Of all Early Iron Age enclosures in Wessex, only 11 per cent. are under 3 acres in internal area. 17 All the finds, now at the R.C.H.M. office, Salisbury, will be placed in Salisbury Museum. 18 ‘Filling’ is here used for material deliberately included in the potting clay in preference to ‘backing’, ‘tempering’, etc., following Hodges, Artifacts (1964), 20. ™9 We are grateful to Mr. B. F. White for permission to undertake this excavation and for his interest and encouragement throughout. 20 W.A.M., Liv (1951), 123-68. 21 Antiquity, XxxviIl (1963), 63. This site, inci- dentally, also produced a human femur, as well as half a human skull, from the ditch near the entrance. 22 Proc. Hants. Field Club, x1v (1939), 174. 23 This idea has recently been independently suggested by first experiments in the storage of corn in pits carried out near Broad Chalke by the C.B.A. Ancient Fields Committee, to which we are grateful for permission to make this reference. 24 The pottery was submitted to Mr. J. W. Brailsford, Sub-Department of Prehistory and Roman Britain, British Museum, and the dis- cussion of it is based on his comments. The three abbreviations, Little Woodbury, Boscombe and Lydney, used here refer respectively to the excavation reports in P.P.S., xv (1948), 1 ff.; W.A.M., Liv (1951), 123 ff.; and Society of Antiquaries Research Reports, 1X (1932). 25 Finds in Salisbury Museum. 26 W.A.M., xLv1 (1934), 586. 27 Both here and at Corton Down, Boyton (below, pp. 62-6) we received ready and sympathetic co-operation from F. A. Willan Limited, the contractors, which we would like to acknowledge. 28 G. Matcham, Hundred of Frustfield (1844), 68. 29 W.A.M., 59 (1964), 110-15. 3° O.S. Map of Southern Britain in the Iron Age (1962). 31 Parts of both the sites known as Hamshill Ditches and Ebsbury, for example, are now in Grovely Wood and have been since at least late medieval times. Cf. Wessex from the Air (1928), Pls. XIb and XVIII. 32, Mr. and Mrs. E. R. Wheatley-Hubbard kindly allowed us to investigate the site, where we were much helped by Miss O. Anderson. 33 Carried out by members of Salisbury Museum Research Committee, directed by P.J.F. and J.W.G.M. Finds with R.C.H.M. at Salisbury. 34 E.g. Raddun, Fyfield Down, in W.A.M., 58 (1962), 112 and 342-8; Wick Farm, Tisbury, in Antiquity, xxxvit (1963), 290-3. 35 W.A.M., 58 (1963), 348-50, fig. 2. 36 Ibid., 58 (1962), 114. 37 V.C.H., 261-79, lists over 100. 38 For Middle/Late Bronze Age enclosures see summary with references in Grinsell, The Archae- ology of Wessex (1958), 122; for pre-Roman Iron Age and Romano-British examples, see V.C.H., Category E, passim; for medieval and later examples, see Antiquity, xxxvu (1963), 290-3; W.A.M., XXXVI (1910), 590-8; 58 (1962), 109-12, and (1963), 342-8; and 58 (1962), 103, no. C.4, of which an air photograph (upside down) is in Geographical Journ., cxxvu (1961), facing p. 480, where described as of ‘medieval or earlier date’. 39 E.g. deer pales, recently surveyed for Dorset in Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. and Arch. Soc., Lxxxu1 (1961), 109-16; LxxxIv (1962), 145-53; LXXXV (1963), 141-52; and coppice enclosures, Sumner, Local Papers (1931), 149-77. ‘Valley-bottom’ enclosures surely fit into a similar context, though the type has not recently been assessed; see Sussex Arch. Colls., LV (1914), 45, and Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. and Arch. Soc., XXx1I (1912), 34. 4° Most are in publications already noted. See also enclosures at Latton, Wilts. (V.C.H., E.132-5), in R.C.H.M., A Matter of Time (1960), 14 and Pl. 4b. 41 Cf. Grinsell’s remark in The Archaeology of Wessex (1958), 227. 4 The use of the phrase, perhaps in this paper too, sometimes recalls the definition of ‘ritual pit’ aptly expressed by Grinsell, op. cit., xv. 43 Cf. Bowen, Ancient Fields (1961), 48-9. 44 W.A.M., Lv1 (1955), 12-16, and 57 (1958), 18-23. Similarly, no medieval pottery was found in a small trial cutting into a ridge of the ridge-and- furrow on Fyfield Down, near Marlborough. 45 That at the north end of House IV, Raddun, Fyfield Down, is but one of many: W.A.M., 58 (1963), 342-4. Pottery-rich cesspits are a common feature of medieval settlements. 4° Although fragments of red tile, probably from cow-shed floors and farm-yards, are often found scattered over modern arable, pottery later than Roman is rarely noted. 47 P.P.S., Wu (1936), 229-30. 48 Crawford and Keiller, Wessex from the Air (1928), Pl. XX. 49 Idem., op. cit., 131-7, Pl. XXIb. An Early Iron Age date was claimed by the excavator, Dr. R. CG. C. Clay, but subsequently Professor Hawkes suggested a Romano-British date, Arch. Journ., cv (1947), 33, 79. There are in fact two enclosures, see above, p. 68, but the larger has always been assumed to be Wudu-burh. Mr. R. Lamb was of the greatest help when the site was surveyed by R.C.H.M. 13 5° Arch. Fourn., LXXVI (1919), 145-8, and Lxxvi (1920), 26-7. st As summarized in Bowen, op. cit., 21, 48-50. Cf. W.A.M., 58 (1962), 106, no. 5. st The use of either enclosure specifically for cattle is not necessarily the only possible inter- pretation: a sheep population of 8,000-10,000 has been estimated for the parish in the mid-17th century and might suggest a post-medieval need for such enclosures. See Trethowan, A Short History of Broadchalke (undated, but 1964), 9. The 19th- century oral tradition that an enclosure here was called The Dairy may, however, suggest otherwise. 53 For a survey and discussion of enclosures and their problems across the Channel see Ogam, x1, Fasc. 1, 4-5, and 6 (1959), 23-34, 257-60, and 441-54. 54 NGR. SU/058238; O.S. 6-in. LXX S.E. and SU/oz S.E.; R.A.F. vertical air photograph CPE/UK 1811, 2128-30; V.C.H., E.61. 55 Abbreviations used here are: B.—Birch, Cartularium Saxonicum (1885-93) ; K.—Kemble (ed.), Codex Diplomaticus Aevi Saxonici (1839-48). 56 Finberg, Early Charters of Wessex (1964), no. 195. 5? Arch. Journ., LXxv1 (1919), 146. 58 Smith, English Place-Name Elements, Part 1 (1956), 58. 59 V.C.H. Wilts., 1v (1959), 52; Stratton (ed.), Pembroke Survey, 1 (1909), 307; Kerridge (ed.), Survey of Lord Pembroke’s Manors, 1631-32 (W.A.S. Records Branch, Lx (1953), 6, no. 15). 60 Cf. Andrews and Dury, Map of Wiltshire (1773). 6 V.C.H. Wilts., 1 (1959), 307. 6 E.g. on Easton and Roche Court Downs, W.A.M., xtvui (1935), 73, fig. 3; and xLv (1932), 569 and Pl. III. 63 Four years after being dug, the ditch bottom of the Overton Down experimental earthwork is completely covered by material from the ditch sides. For earlier work, see Jewell (ed.), The Experimental Earthwork on Overton Down, Wiltshire, 1960 (1963). 64 Contra V.C.H., 273. 65 Cf. Bowen, op. cit., 2, 24. 66 W.A.M., 58 (1962), 105, Pl. Ila. NOTE The Society is much indebted to the Council for British Archaeology for a grant towards the cost of publishing this paper. 74 ST. MARY’S CHURCH, CRICKLADE by T. R. THOMSON and H. M. TAYLOR ST. MARY’S CHURCH, Close beside the north gate of the Anglo-Saxon fortifications of Cricklade, presents a number of interesting problems to the archaeologist. For instance: why was the church built almost on top of Cricklade’s north wall which formed part of the Anglo-Saxon defences of the time of Alfred the Great, and why is the north chapel oriented exactly along the line of this wall while the main axis. of the nave and chancel is inclined at a considerable angle to it? And why, again, is a line joining the centre of the 14th-century tower-arch to the centre of the Norman chancel-arch not parallel to the 16th-century main arcades which open from the nave to the aisles? And why, again, does the chancel extend eastward so as to make an awkward bulge beyond what was clearly the original building-line on the west of Cricklade’s High Street? The purpose of this paper is to give a definitive description of the church and to propose at any rate tentative answers to these questions in the hope that subsequent investigation will enable our proposed answers either to be confirmed or else to be superseded by better-based alternatives. SECTION 1. GROUND PLAN The large-scale dated ground plan (Fic. 1) enables a number of the questions. to be brought into sharper perspective, and it will also serve as a source of reference for the later sections in which we give detailed descriptions of the exterior and interior of the church. 75 A’‘A‘A’ BBB CCC DDD 76 60 FEET Fie. Cricklade, St. Mary. General ground plan. Surviving walls of Norman (12th-century) church, and Early English (13th-century) south aisle and west tower, all aligned parallel to, or at right angles to, the main axis (AA) of the original aisleless Norman nave and chancel. Former position of walls of type AAA now demolished. South wall of extended chancel and north wall of north aisle (later 13th-century) ; and line of nave arcades (now 16th-century arcades but presumably replacing arcades of later 13th-century date). All these are on an alignment inclined at 2° clockwise to the main axis AA. East and north walls of extended chancel (14th-century). These walls have a high plinth (pz) and are inclined a further 2° clockwise from the original axes. 15th-century east and north (and des- troyed south) walls of north chapel. The axis DD is a further 2° clockwise from the original axis AA (i.e. 6° in all). 15th-century three-light west window with pointed head, inserted in west wall of later 13th-century north aisle. Modern two-light window inserted in place of former ‘cottage-type’ window which itself replaced a (re-used) Norman door- way. Three-light 15th-century windows in- serted in 14th-century north wall of north aisle. A single flat-headed drip-moulding encloses all three cinquefoil-headed lights of each of these windows. I J UV Three-light 15th-century window in wall of same date. Early lancet (probably 13th-century) re- used in 15th-century east wall of north chapel. 15th-century two-light window without hood-moulding inserted in 14th-century north wall of chancel. Modern three-light window inserted in 14th-century east wall of chancel; in 1810 Buckler’s drawing showed only a lancet with trefoil head in this gabled east end; in the restoration of 1863 it is recorded that a three-light window of Early English form was inserted here. The present window dates from 1908. Modern two-light windows, separated by modern doorway; Buckler’s drawing of 1810 showed twin lancets with trefoil heads at each of M and N, and a square-headed doorway between. Modern lancet window in east wall of south aisle. Three-light 15th-century windows inserted in 13th-century south wall of south aisle. Modern lancet window near west of south wall of south aisle. Three-light 15th-century window, with pointed head, inserted in west wall of south aisle. Lancet window contemporary with 13th- century west wall of tower. Square-headed openings cut through solid eastern parts of north and south walls of nave. These solid eastern parts were no doubt originally designed to carry a rood- The earlier bases are now below-ground, loft, and the openings were no doubt cut but were exposed during repairs in 1964. after the rood-loft had been destroyed. eccc Later 13th-century (or 14th-century) but- WW _ Presumed north and south jambs of 13th- tresses added to (and not in bond with) century doorway to tower, now cut away earlier 13th-century west tower. by 14th-century arch of the full width of d At this point the hood-moulding of the the interior of the tower. window G cuts away part of the top of the XX North and south jambs of Norman chancel- buttress, thus confirming that the window eerie is a later insertion in the wall. ; ay; At this point the moulded impost of the nore ae te ee eon a phe eeet RS) north jamb of the chancel-arch is returned Be eee : g Buttress of the same later 13th-century for a distance of 20 in. northward along the eastern face of the wall; this fact has been used to settle the interior width of the original Norman chancel (now des- troyed) as ro ft. Th, Destroyed outer stairs of uncertain date; these originally led to the rood-loft, through a high doorway (of which traces remain) at the west of the south wall of the chancel; and, thence turning left, through type as those of the north wall of the north aisle; no doubt it was moved and re-erected here when the insertion of the wide arch, h, caused movement in the wall. h Wide round-headed arch which we regard as a 17th-century insertion in the west wall of the north chapel. Note how it is the full width of the west wall and how it therefore overlaps part of the north wall of : ; aisle. a doorway in the east wall of the nave into ij Westward projecting buttresses at west the south end of the rood-loft. (A corbel ends of north and south walls of north at q supports remains of one of the steps, chapel. and the doorway through the east wall of k Angle buttress at north-east of north the nave must have been higher up, at r.) chapel. Note how the high plinth is carried aa 15th-century stone lower walls of south round this buttress. porch, supporting wooden upper frame- ] At this point the high plinth pr ends; and work, and with stone seats. the quite different high plinth pz begins, bbb 13th-century buttresses on south of south and runs round the earlier north and east wall of south aisle; note that these were walls of the chancel. originally shallow buttresses with cham- m At this point the high plinth pz ends; fered and mitred bases and were given a the still earlier south wall of the chancel greater projection in the 14th century. has no such plinth. In Fic. 1 the main axis AA of the nave has been drawn through the centre of the tower-arch and through the centre of the chancel-arch. It will be noted that the walls of the tower are parallel to or at right angles to this axis, that the east and west walls of the nave are at right angles to this axis and that the south wall of the south aisle is also parallel to it. All these walls which survive have been marked with the letter A on the plan, and walls which we think were formerly on these alignments but have now disappeared are shown dotted and are marked A’. By contrast it will be noted that the main arcades of the nave are on an align- ment BB inclined at 2° in a clockwise direction to the main axis, so that while the arcades are equally spaced at a distance of 6 ft. 6 in. from the axis at the west of the nave, they are displaced southward at the east end of the nave, with the north arcade only 5 ft. 6 in. from the centre of the chancel-arch while the south arcade is 7 ft. 3 in. from the same point. Moreover, the north wall of the north aisle and the south wall of the chancel are both on this alignment BB, and all these features are marked with the letter B on the plan. Next it should be noted that whereas the east and north walls of the chancel are at right angles, the east wall is inclined at an angle of g2° to the south wall. We have therefore marked with a letter C on the plan these east and north walls of the chancel which are displaced by yet a further 2° from the main alignment AA. In looking at these walls, CCC, it should be noted how they stand on a well-defined plinth, p2, whereas the south wall of the chancel has no such feature. V7 In the matter of alignment it should finally be noted that, whereas the north chapel is itself a rectangular building, its east wall is inclined at an angle of 88° to the north wall of the chancel, so that its axis DD is yet further inclined away from the main axis of the church. The plan shows this alignment DD of the northechapel, which coincides with the alignment of the ramparts of the Saxon town wall. Reference will be made back to ric. 1 throughout our detailed descriptions of the church, and for this reason both the plan itself and the caption are provided with key-letters to simplify cross-reference to the various features that are recorded on the plan. SECTION 2. EXTERIOR OF THE CHURCH THE TOWER The north, south, and west walls of the tower are all 3 ft. g in. thick whereas by contrast the east wall is only 2 ft. 6 in. thick. This strange arrangement arises from the fact that the tower is a later addition to an earlier nave against whose thinner west wall the thicker side walls of the tower were built. It can easily be seen that the side walls of the tower are not bonded into the west wall of the nave as they would be if both had been built at the same time. The buttresses, cccc, of the tower are still later additions, for again it will be seen that their courses do not align with those of the tower, nor are they bonded into the main fabric. The west window, T, in the ground floor is a lancet with trefoil head; the middle stage has two simple lancets; and the top stage has single lancets in its north and south faces. The windows would suggest that the tower was built about the end of the 13th century towards the close of the Early English period, but the originally unbuttressed form of the tower suggests an earlier date in the 13th century, with the buttresses added in the 14th century. THE SOUTH AISLE The buttresses of the south aisle are of a simple type, sloped inward at the top. During repairs in 1964 earlier bases were exposed below the present level of the ground, and these showed that the original butressses were of shallower projection - than at present, with chamfered bases, mitred at the angles, of Early English charac- ter. The same excavations also showed that the main fabric of the south wall over- hangs the foundations in a curious way (see fy, in FIG. 2) ; this suggests some rebuilding. The main fabric of the south wall of the aisle seems, however, to be of 13th-century date, although the triple windows, P and Q, with cinquefoil heads grouped under a flat hood-moulding, are 15th-century insertions. The westernmost south window, R, is a simple lancet of early form either heavily restored or modern. The west window, S, is a three-light Perpendicular window with good tracery in its pointed head, and is perhaps the most interesting 15th-century window in the church. The east window, O, is recorded in a newspaper report of the 1862 restoration as having been inserted to ‘replace a small lancet window of early date of which only the sill and parts of the jambs remained’. 78 The porch has stone lower walls, apparently of the 15th century, with stone seats. The newspaper report of the 1862 restoration said that ‘a new porch 1s to be made after the model of the old one’, but this probably referred to the wooden upper walls and roof, which are again in need of some repair. THE NORTH AISLE The north wall stands on a simple flat plinth (f in ric. 1) which projects boldly northward. There are simple buttresses at the centre and at the north-west angle; these have simple sloped tops, and splayed, chamfered, and mitred bases. They suggest a 14th-century date, and it should be noted how the hood-moulding of the 15th-century window, G, cuts away part of the sloped top of the adjoining central buttress, thus indicating that the wall and buttress are earlier than the window. A third buttress, g, now standing at the north-west corner of the north chapel, is of the same type as those of the north aisle and seems to have been moved thence, to be re-erected later in its present position. The two three-light windows, G and H, are similar in form and date to those already noted in the south aisle (P and Q). The two-light window, F, is a modern replacement in the 1862 restoration of a window ‘of cottage type’. Below it can be seen vestiges of the jambs of a doorway which earlier stood in this place. The reports of the 1862 restoration referred to various pieces of Norman mouldings (which are still preserved in the vicarage garden and in the north chapel) as having come from this doorway. It is not clear on what evidence they could be claimed as having come from this place; nor if this could be proved need it date this wall earlier than we have suggested above, for it was usual practice when adding an aisle to a church to move an existing doorway out from the earlier walls into the new outer walls of the aisle or aisles. The three-light window, E, is of similar pointed form to the Perpendicular 73 west window, S, of the south aisle but its tracery is not of quite such high quality although of much the same date. THE NORTH CHAPEL This building provides some of the church’s most difficult problems; it also has a very independent appearance, being 2 ft. wider than the north aisle and aligned quite noticeably at an angle to it. The three-light north window, I, is of much the same design and date as those already noted in the north and south aisles (G, H, and P, Q). It differs appreciably only in that its hood-moulding runs straight down at the sides whereas theirs are turned out horizontally at the ends. The east window, J, is a simple lancet of 13th-century design, probably re-used from another place in the church. As seen from outside it is set markedly to the south of the centre of the wall, but as is shown in FIG. I it is in the central axis DD of what seems originally to have been a free-standing rectangular building. The walls of the chapel stand on a tall plinth whose top is both chamfered and moulded (p, in Fic. 1, and in Fic. 2). This plinth and its mouldings are carried round the diagonal north-east buttress, k, thus proving that it is contemporary with the present walls of the chapel; but by contrast the plinth and its mouldings pass behind the north-west buttress, g, which we have already noted as being of earlier, 14th- century type, re-used to support this 15th-century wall when it was rendered unstable at a later date by the insertion of the wide arch, h, which we shall note within the church. This northward-projecting buttress, g, incorporates a westward-projecting buttress, j, of the original 15th-century fabric along whose western face the tall moulded plinth, p:, runs before disappearing behind the wall of the north aisle. A second westward-projecting buttress will be noted within the church, at j, at the west of the original south wall of this chapel. In 1965, beneath the buttress, g, was exposed as a footing a large rectangular chamfered stone which looked remarkably like a pre-Reformation mensa. The roof of the chapel is contemporary, without any parapet; there is a kneeler at the north-east corner and an apex-stone at the top of the eastern gable. ‘The fabric of the chapel incorporates several very large stones, which may indicate the re-use of material from an early building. The chapel is bonded into the north wall of the chancel although the different character of the plinths of these two buildings may be used as a sure indication that they are of different dates. It should also be noted that the east wall of the chapel is less regularly coursed at this point than elsewhere. We think this indicates that the 15th-century re-builders of the chapel on an old alignment re-used early walling at this point where a bonded junction had been made in the 14th century between the north wall of the present chancel and an earlier building on the site of the present north chapel. It should here be noted that the land on which this chapel and the north aisle stand is markedly higher than that of the Vicarage garden to the north. In fact, as has already been mentioned, this higher land is part of the Anglo-Saxon north wall of Cricklade, probably erected in the reign of Alfred the Great. The axis DD 80 of the present north chapel is parallel to the main alignment of this northern Anglo- Saxon town wall, and in excavations in 1964 it was shown that the north wall of the chapel rests upon a much earlier type of foundation (f,) than can be seen elsewhere round the building, a foundation of large rough stones set slantwise on edge at a deeper level than the foundations of the other walls. In fact, therefore, the 15th-century north chapel which is so curiously set askew to the main axis of the church is built on early foundations that are parallel to the face of the gth-century Anglo-Saxon town wall, and just beside the gth- century north gate. There therefore seems some reason to believe that the strange alignments may have their origin in the building of a Norman two-cell church with its chancel close to the south of the Anglo-Saxon gate-house, and in the later use of the foundations of the gate-house to support the present north chapel. The Norman church might possibly have been aligned somewhat askew to the wall in order to keep the western part of its nave from going too close to the wall which then no doubt stood much higher than now. THE CHANCEL The north window, K, of the chancel is of two cinquefoil lights under a single square head, generally similar to the 15th-century windows G, H, I, P, and Q, already noted, but without any hood-moulding such as they possess. ‘The north and east walls of the chancel are at right angles and both stand on a tall plinth of stepped profile (p. in Fic. 1 and Fic. 2). It should be noted that this plinth is not returned along the south wall of the chancel; and, moreover, that the south wall is not at right angles to the east wall. We regard this as evidence that the south wall was built first, and that there was a slight change of plan before the building of the east and north walls. The three-light east window, L, is modern. Buckler’s drawing of 1810, which we here reproduce in miniature (p. 75), showed only a narrow lancet with trefoil head in the east wall, placed high up near the gable. In the restoration of 1862 it is recorded that a three-light window of Early English form was inserted here, to the design of Mr. Galpin. The present window was inserted in 1908. The two south windows, M and N, each of two lights, are also modern, as 1s the doorway between them. The form of their predecessors is shown in Buckler’s drawing of 1810. That drawing also showed a covered external stairway leading upward along the east wall of the south aisle from a doorway near the south-east corner of the aisle; we have shown these stairs in dotted lines at Z in Fic. 1, and we shall return later to their purpose, including a doorway high up in the south wall of the chancel, at q in FIG. 1. SECTION 3. INTERIOR OF THE CHURCH THE CHANCEL-ARCH AND CHANCEL The chancel-arch, X, is the earliest surviving part of the church, and it implies that the 12th-century Norman church, of which it formed part, consisted of a nave 81 and a chancel. We believe that the west wall of the nave, on either side of the tower- arch is part of this 12th-century church whose nave was therefore of much the same extent as the present nave, but without the aisles. By contrast we think that the original chancel was much smaller than the present one, whose side walls are most unusually placed wider apart than the main walls of the nave arcades. Moreover, on the east side of the chancel-arch, within the chancel, it can be seen that the mouldings of the northern impost, from which the chancel-arch rises, are returned about 20 in. along the east face of the wall. If the north wall of the Norman chancel joined the west wall of the chancel at this point (Y in Fic. 1), the result would have been a wali 5 ft. from the central axis; that is to say a chancel ro ft. wide, or quite a reasonable width for a nave 12 ft. in width. Moreover, the chancels of small Norman churches were often almost square, and a chancel 10 ft. square internally would have stood just clear of the Anglo-Saxon gate-house (on the site of the present north chapel) and also quite clear of the main line of Cricklade’s High Street. The later enlarging of the chancel to achieve its present shape will be referred to below, but at present we may note simply that almost all the work could have been carried out by building outszde the original chancel and therefore without disturbing the holding of services in the chancel. Only when the builders were ready to pull down the walls of the original chancel would it be necessary to screen off the chancel and hold services in the nave. ACCESS TO THE ROOD-LOFT Within the chancel (at q, FIG. 1) on the south wall and beside the western window we should next note a corbel which supports the eastern end of a step that is set obliquely in the wall. Above this step the high doorway already referred to may be seen as a raised area covered with 19th-century plaster. The outside stairway led up to this doorway and, as the angle of the one surviving step shows, the stairs then turned left in order to pass through the west wall of the chancel (at r, Fic. 1), and thus to reach the rood-loft. THE NAVE The nave opens to the aisles through 16th-century north and south arcades each of three bays. It will at once be noted, therefore, that these arcades are later even than the outer walls of either of the aisles; and that the arcades must have been rebuilt for some reason after the outer walls of the aisles had assumed their present form. It should next be noted that at the east of each arcade there is a length of over 5 ft. of solid walling pierced only by (later) square-headed openings to give direct access from the nave to the eastern ends of the aisles. A possible explanation of this peculiar arrangement is that the sections of solid wall were left at this eastern end of each side wall to give firm support for the rood-loft; and that only after the loft had been destroyed were the square-headed openings cut through the walls. It should next be noted (see Fic. 1) that whereas the arcades are evenly placed from the centre of the tower-arch at the west, the north wall is only 5 ft. 6 in. from 82 the centre of the chancel-arch while the south wall is 7 ft. 3 in. from the centre. This means that, as we go from west to east along the nave, the arcades (although roughly parallel) are displaced almost a foot southward from the axis of the church as defined by the tower-arch and chancel-arch, although the east and west walls of the nave are parallel to each other and at right angles to the central axis AA. We shall return later to possible explanations for this peculiar arrangement. The pointed arch which opens from the nave to the tower is now the whole width of the interior of the tower. It has no capitals to separate its upright jambs from its arched head, but there are quite pretty traceried stops at the point where capitals would be expected. This wide arch seems to be a 14th-century alteration, and we indicate at WW in Fic. 1 how we envisage that the nave previously had a much narrower doorway into the tower when this was first added to the nave in the 13th century. The reports of the restoration of 1862 record that the foundations of the Norman nave were discovered, as well as some Saxon coins and Roman bricks; they also record that the floor was laid on sleepers and joists which contained burnt timbers, perhaps part of a former roof; and from this fact it may perhaps legitimately be deduced that the church was at one stage damaged or destroyed by fire. THE SOUTH AISLE The font stands in the west end of the south aisle. The unlined bowl is of the 13th century but the shafts which support it are modern, in replacement of a single columnar support shown in an old water-colour in Devizes Museum. The south wall of the aisle is parallel to the main axis of the church, so that the aisle narrows by nearly a foot from west to east. Before the restorations of 1862, part of this aisle was occupied by the so-called Priory Gallery to which access was had by way of the outside stair already referred to; it is possible that by that time the access was obtained by turning through the east wall of the aisle, since the reports of the restoration refer to the small lancet window (O, Fic. 1) at the east end of the aisle as having been inserted in place of a small lancet of which only the sill and jambs remained. An altar now stands at the east of the south aisle. A squint cut through at the south of the chancel-arch gives a good view of the main altar in the chancel; this squint seems to have been much altered, and brick infilling has been found beneath it. NORTH AISLE The outer wall of this aisle is nearly parallel to the arcades of the nave, so that the aisle is of nearly constant width along its length. There is now no altar at the east of this aisle but a squint has been cut to give a view of the chancel. The aisle now has no east wall at all because at some late date a wide round-headed arch was opened through this wall into the north chapel. We shall return later to this very confusing feature, but here we should record that removal of plaster in 1964 showed that the wall above this arch was of very rough rubble construction. At the south of this wide arch it should be noticed how a westward-projecting 83 buttress (j, in FIG. 1) corresponds to the similar buttress, j, already noted outside the church; and how the arch itself rests on plain rectangular imposts. THE NORTH CHAPEL The south-eastern corner of this chapel is absorbed into the north wall of the chancel, and the panelled wooden ceiling defines the rectangular plan of the chapel, with the eastern lancet window in the middle of its narrower side. The wide circular arch, perhaps of the 17th-century, which opens westward from the chapel is perhaps the most confusing of all the problems set by this tan- talizing church. It is of course easy to understand the making of a connection here between the chapel and the north aisle, but it is very difficult to understand why the builders made their arch the full width of the chapel, so that it extends nearly 2 ft. wider than the aisle and thus exposes this amount of the east face of the outer wall of the aisle. The insertion of so wide an arch with no proper support from the north produced the obvious result of threatened failure of the north wall of the chapel even with added buttressing at g, outside; and in consequence the arch is now borne up from below on timber supports erected early in the 2oth century. The only possible explanations for the insertion of this wide arch in the 17th century would seem to be either that it was then planned to make an even wider chapel in the eastern end of the north aisle (a plan which was for some reason later abandoned), or alternatively that the voussoirs of this arch were obtained from some other source cheaply as a ‘job lot’ and were thought suitable for use when an opening was wanted into the chapel. (Section 4. Architectural History. To be continued in Volume 61.) SOURCES W.A.M., xxvu, 23 (Ponting), and xin, 193 Bulletin of the Cricklade Historical Society, I, 3. (Glynne). 1gth-century newspaper cuttings in Cricklade Materials for a History of Cricklade, O.U.P., 1958-61, Museum. pp. 20-30. 84 CLAY TOBACCO PIPES AND PIPEMAKERS OF MARLBOROUGH by D. R. ATKINSON INTRODUCTION STEMS AND SOMETIMES the bowls of clay tobacco pipes are to be found in fields and gardens in most places which have a history of occupation in recent times dating back at least 100 years, for the briar pipe and the cigarette did not oust the clay until the second half of the rgth century. These pipes are also frequently dug up during road works, on building sites and at excavations. At Marlborough the broken fragments of these pipes litter the place. Not only are they to be found in gardens and fields, but they also occur in roadside banks, on waste ground and even in stony paths and lanes. So noticeable, in fact, have they become that they are known to many residents of the town (whereas they are usually overlooked by most people) and a number of persons have made interesting collections of them, notably boys of Marlborough College at one time or another.t Much of their attraction here is due to the frequency with which fragments stamped with the maker’s name or initials are found. Marlborough Borough Records show that in the 16th century it was possible to obtain a licence to deposit rubbish in the town ditch. Undoubtedly a large proportion of the pipes found must have been deposited in this way, and on the nearby waste ground in the succeeding centuries. Today a large part of this area has been built over or is cultivated and pipes have been found in profusion. Also, on the edge of the town pipes are found in fields (sometimes in molehills) and it has been suggested that this is due to rubbish having been used to level uneven ground (thus facilitating cultivation besides helping to manure the soil). EARLIEST MAKERS—ESTABLISHMENT OF THE INDUSTRY The earliest written record of a Marlborough maker so far is of 1667,? and from that time the picture is clear until the mid-18th century. Small pipes dating from as early as 1620 are quite common, however, though generally unmarked. They have a short spur or small flat heel. It is not certain that most of these were actually made in the town, as the industry, having originated in London, spread only slowly, to ports at first and then later to inland towns.3 Pipemaking was probably estab- lished at Marlborough, therefore, in the reign of Charles I, with the very earliest pipes having been imported from London or Bristol. With the growth of the Bristol industry in the mid-17th century it seems clear that members of well-established pipe-making families there left the city and set up business in the smaller country 85 towns. Once established they began to take apprentices and thus the local industry itself flourished. FIRST PIPES WITH MAKERS’ MARKS A very few of the earliest Marlborough pipes have stamped on the heel a mark showing an animal, bird or similar device (FIG. 1, marks 20, 21, 22). Some pipes of c. 1640-70 are stamped with a hand or gauntlet, the trade mark of the Gauntlet family of pipemakers who lived at Amesbury and Salisbury in the 17th century. Some of these are undoubtedly genuine Amesbury specimens (mark 39) as they match Amesbury examples. Others are quite different and are either imitations by early Marlborough makers or imports from Bristol where the gauntlet mark was also pirated.4 The earliest stamped marks consisting of initials, usually incuse, are mostly on Bristol pipes, most of which can be identified with actual makers owing to the completeness of written records there and the great quantity of pipes found over the years.5 Examples found at Marlborough are shown in Fic. 1, marks 28-38. Others probably originate from Salisbury, where there were many makers. Marks 40, 41 and 42, all in relief, match pipes in the Salisbury Museum collection. The first pipes stamped with full names on the heel date from the Common- wealth period. A common one is Jeffrey Hunt, whose pipes occur all over the West Country, are usually of exactly the same bowl type and have the same mark except for a few later ones which have the surname abbreviated to H'. Where this maker worked is still unknown, though he is believed to have originated from Norton St. Philip, Somerset.6 John Hunt’s pipes are also found. These were undoubtedly made at Bristol, where two or three different John Hunts worked between c. 1650-90.7 They, too, are widely distributed over the West Country and are recorded as far east as London.*® EARLIEST IDENTIFIED MARLBOROUGH MAKERS Contemporary with the Jeffrey Hunt pipes are those with the name of George Adames. A few are found at Marlborough, and, although he has been ascribed to Bristol, it is possible that he worked at Marlborough. Thomas Hunt marked pipes are undoubtedly the commonest of all. Those with the name stamped on the heel (in numerous different forms) are widely distributed in the south-western counties and date from c. 1640-80. ‘This long period of working probably represents more than one person. Perhaps the Marlborough Thomas Hunt was a son of an earlier maker of the same name who worked elsewhere. The later Thomas Hunt pipes which have the name stamped on the stem extend the period to at least 1700.9 The very earliest are not recorded from Marlborough, but have been found in Somerset. By about 1660 the Thomas Hunt pipe is common at Marlborough, however. The first record we have of him is taking an apprentice in 1667, so it can reasonably be assumed that he came and set up business at about the time of the Restoration. 86 Another maker who may have settled in Marlborough about the same time was Richard Greenland, although no mention of his name has yet been found in Borough records. As with some of the makers already mentioned, his pipes are widely distributed and are found in several south-western counties. They seem to be centred on Marlborough, nevertheless, and are one of the commonest finds. They are either stamped with the full name, spelt GRENLAND, or with the initials RG with a fleur-de-lis. There are plenty of records to show how itinerant pipemakers were, and I believe that this maker, or possibly his son, later moved to Bath and worked there in the early 18th century, as his pipes of a later style (not like the Marlborough style) are common there, and the name is spelt GREENLAND. With the exception of one isolated specimen, these pipes are not found at Marlborough. This brings us to the change of fashion which produced a new form of pipe at the end of the 17th century. THE CHANGE OF PIPE STYLES Of the earlier marked pipes a fair quantity have been found at Marlborough with names of makers, who probably worked elsewhere, stamped on the heel, such as the Howells, a noted pipemaking family in the West Country from c. 1640-80. It was between 1680 and 1690 that the style of pipe made in Wiltshire changed. Tobacco became cheaper at this time (prices had dropped to 2d. a lb. for growers, and retailers made about gd. a lb.) and longer ‘smokes’ were called for. Hence the demand for larger pipe bowls and the introduction of a new form. The most striking change was the replacement of the flat heel by a pointed spur.'° At first the bowl shape differed little from the old form. Gradually, however, it became more elongated, had thinner walls and the pronounced bulge in the middle began to disappear, so that the bowl became more straight-sided and, at the same time, more upright. As there was now no heel, the maker’s name was stamped on the stem, usually within an inch or two of the bowl. Stems, too, gradually became thinner and as the mark was always stamped across, not along it, it became necessary with some of the larger marks (Widdo Mills for instance) to impress them round the stem. As the pipes were unfired when this was done, considerable skill must have been required for the mark to be impressed so that it gave a clear impression. Many of the later marks, like those of Roger Andrus, are for this reason poorly struck, sometimes only a few letters of the name being legible. As stems became thinner the stem bore tended to become narrower, too. This change is most notice- able on the Roger Andrus pipes. Few makers are known to have produced both pipes with the flat heel and the spurred variety. One who did was Thomas Hunt, and it is interesting to note that none of his full-name stamps found on the heels of his earlier pipes occur on stems of the later ones. When he began producing the new form about 1685 he changed to a new style of mark altogether. One or two makers, however, who were also at work when the change in style came in continued using the same stamp on the stems that they had previously impressed on the heel. Edward Mills and Edward Mells both did this, but had apparently only been at work for a short time when the 87 new spurred pipe was introduced because only one example of each of their stamps is known on a heel pipe. The last Marlborough maker to stamp his name on pipes was Roger Andrus (Andrews). He came from Cloverton and was apprenticed to ‘Thomas Widdos (Widdows) of Marlborough in 1718. His pipes are very common and the later ones, dating to ¢. 1750, have thin stems and large, upright bowls. The spurs became gradually shorter and less pointed until they almost resembled the small, flat-based spurs of the large, gently curving bowls found in London and the south-east of England from ¢. 1720-50. THE LATE 18TH-CENTURY AND THE VICTORIAN PERIOD The industry at Marlborough was at its height about 1700. Due partly to the popularity of snuff, for which the upper classes gave up smoking to a great extent in the 18th century, the pipe-making industry then underwent a sharp decline in some areas. After Roger Andrus, who was probably the only maker at Marl- borough after c. 1730, no record of another maker has been found, and pipes of the second half of the 18th century, though not uncommon in some places, are practically unknown in Marlborough. If there were makers here after c. 1750, their identities are unknown. Smoking picked up again in the 19th century, and pipes of the Victorian period are quite common. These usually had pointed spurs, sometimes bearing the maker’s initials, moulded. Two or three of these, R.R., J.S., and F.R. occur quite frequently, but there is no mention of a pipemaker working in the town in mid-century trade directories. Pipes at this time were, in any case, imported from Bristol, where the industry flourished right up to the beginning of the present century. LIST OF KNOWN MAKERS WHOSE PIPES HAVE BEEN FOUND AT MARLBOROUGH > I. NAMES STAMPED ON THE HEEL—17TH CENTURY (FIG. I) George Adames. Working c. 1660. A few bowls of type C are found stamped with mark 16. Attributed to Bristol, but may have been at Marlborough. John Buckland. Working c. 1660. A few bowls of type D are known from Marlborough and Devizes. Heel marked with No. 15. Hugh Gauntlet. This member of the famous family was working at Amesbury in 1651.1 The family is believed to have made pipes there throughout the 17th century. They also lived at Netherhampton. Quantities of pipes with the gauntlet stamp on the heel have been found in Marlborough, some of which have the genuine Amesbury-type marks and others imitations. Some of these latter may have been produced here, but others doubtless originate from Bristol, where the mark was copied. Mark 39 is a typical example of the Amesbury type, bowl type G. John Greenland. A few specimens are known with mark 71 on a heel, but the bulk of his pipes are of the later period, marked on stems. Richard Greenland. Working c. 1660-80. Bowl types F and J with heels marked as 17, 18 and 19. I have seen only one example of 18. The others are common at Marlborough and No. 17 is also found in quantity at Salisbury, Devizes, Bath, Taunton, etc. 88 BIG 17th-century pipes marked on the heel, except for type A, which is unmarked. All marks are incuse except for Nos. 20, 21, 22, 23, 34, 40, 41 and 42, which are in relief. Actual size. John Howell. Working c. 1650. A few bowls of type E with heel marked 10HN/HOWE/LL. Occurs at Marlborough, Bristol, Taunton, Salisbury, etc. Attributed to Bristol, but this is not confirmed by records. Nathaniel Howell. A few small bowls of type B marked on the heel with No. 26. Working c. 1640-50. Found at Marlborough, Devizes, Salisbury, Taunton, etc. Attributed to Bristol, but again not confirmed by records. Jeffrey Hunt. Working c. 1650-70. Many bowls of type B with mark 25 and a few larger ones with mark 24. The earlier ones are common at Marlborough, Salisbury, Taunton, Devizes, Bristol, etc., and the later ones occasionally at Marlborough, Salisbury and Devizes. Again, attributed to Bristol but not confirmed by records. May have originated from Norton St. Philip. John Hunt. At least three makers of this name worked at Bristol in the second half of the 17th century and became freemen there. Their pipes occur over a wide area of southern England, reaching as far east as London, but are mostly concentrated in the south-west. Odd specimens are found at Marlborough, mark 27. Thomas Hunt. Working at Marlborough from at least 1667 to 1696. Took apprentices in 1667 (Rebeccah Kingston), 1671 (Jane Sawyer), and 1689 (George Mills). Leased a garden on the west side of Rawlins Well Lane from Marlborough Borough on 10th November 1686. Was a burgess of Marlborough between 1681 and 1691. Site of pipe factory unknown. The very earliest pipes stamped on the heel with his name date from c. 1640 and have been found in Somerset, but so far not in Marlborough. Pipes of c. 1660-80, types K, L, M, N and O with a variety of stamps on the heel, as 1-14, are common and also occur over a wide area, mainly in the south-west but also as far east as London. Two other Thomas Hunts lived at Marlborough at the same time, one the innkeeper of the Angel in 1687'? and the other a bookseller who died in 1693. Edward Mells. Apprenticed to Edward Mills for 7 years in 1680. One example is known, bowl type P, with heel stamped with mark 82. Thick stems also occur with this mark (see section 2). Unfortunately the original indenture documents have disappeared, but Edward Mells (incorrectly transcribed as ‘Wells’) is recorded in the printed list of 1929 as ‘. . . late of Kengeworts in the County of Westminster with the consent of his friend put himself an apprentice to Edward Mills of Marlborough, pipemaker, for 7 years’. This would give him the year 1687 as setting up in business for himself, which coincides. exactly with the one heel pipe recorded for him, followed by the new fashion of stem mark- ing which began at that time. There is no trace of any Edward Wells at Marlborough. Edward Mills. Working in 1680 when he took Edward Mells apprentice. One example known with heel stamped with full name. Examples with spur and name on stem are common (see section 2). Other makers. Other 17th-century pipes with flat heels have a variety of stamped marks consisting of symbols or initials. Some of these are Bristol products as the marks, nos. 28-38, match specimens found there. Others originate from Salisbury, being identical with examples in the Salisbury Museum collection, marks 40, 41 and 42. Richard Smith took an apprentice (John Pearce, son of poor deceased) in 1668, but marked pipes of his are unknown. 2. NAMES STAMPED ON STEM, LATE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURY (FIG. 2) Roger Andrus. Came from Cloverton and was apprenticed to Thomas Widdos of Marlborough in 1718. Working c. 1725-50. Examples with marks 97 and 98 are common. Early ones had thick stems and a pointed spur with mark 97. Bowl type S, with new style of spur and thinner stems bearing mark 98 are much commoner. Most of the stems have a thin bore, an 18th-century characteristic, and the stems become thinner and thinner. Many of the bowls have moulded at the base, inside, a cross or star, another feature of some mid-18th-century pipes. The quantity and variety of Roger Andrus pipes found at Marlborough indicates a lengthy period of working, perhaps 20-30 years, and he was go (7) say Mm Z a = es BAS! ors| >&X z iS Ww 53 S54 Ss 56 58 59 60 THO THO) THO rats “ED areas YVNT HVNT HVNT. aie 62 63 bad 6s 66 67 és 3 THO! (THO) RICH RICH «<2 ED JOHN (grees «= wea.) Ly D ARD.S REEN ae DOS ae AR Aves GR BEAS 7 72 75 74 75 76 w ay ae 2 > 78 Xi QA MBOL 86 80 8) 82 83 84 85 /ED* ww {EG 4 fED- DS } | gure) Gis) OB ERY Eis Fig Es - Se 7 ae 92 93 —" 94 95 I RoG ROG MOR: BON ANDRus) {ANDRU: GAN: 96 97 98 e5% us Fic. 2 Pipes of c. 1685-1750 marked on the stem. Marks 43-99 are all incuse. Actual size. probably the last Marlborough maker to stamp his name on the stem. No later pipes than his are found at Marlborough with stamped marks. All examples seen so far from Marlborough only. Joseph(?) Arns. One stem known from Marlborough with mark 87. W. Bains. A few stems from Marlborough and Winchester have mark 88. They are thick ones, probably pre-1700. Ed. Beasten. A few stems stamped with mark 78 are known from Marlborough and from Winchester dating to ¢. 1700. Origin unknown. I. Bonner. One stem found at Marlborough with mark 96. John Clefard. Apprenticed to Edward Mills in 1689. Working from about 1696 to 1730(?). he only bowl so far seen for this maker is type U, which is quite late, about 1730. Earlier ones were probably type OQ or similar. Stems of varying thickness have a short, pointed spur. Mark 83 is the only one recorded and is not uncommon. It will be seen from the illustration that bowl type U is tailer, more upright and becoming more straight-sided than its predecessors. This type was itself the immediate predecessor of the ‘churchwarden’ pipes of c. 1760-70 which had straight-sided, upright bowls with long, pointed spurs, sometimes bearing moulded initials and often a design such as the Royal Coat of Arms or the Prince of Wales’s Feathers moulded on the back of the bowl.3 Clefard pipes are found at Marlborough only. kichard Cutts. This maker is particularly interesting as his pipes occur over a wide area, but where he worked is still uncertain.'4 His pipes, many of which had a beautiful polished finish like the ‘Thomas Hunt ones, are known from Winchester, Southampton and London,’ besides Marlborough. Bowl type V, mark 75. A stem found at Winchester has a similar mark in which the T’s in curts are shaped like reversed F’s. All other examples recorded have mark 75. Period: ¢. 1690-1720. William Fery. Another maker whose products are confined to Marlborough. Bowl types Q-R, datable to c. 1700. Mark 84. These are not particularly common and would suggest again a short period of working. The mark is frequently poorly stamped and the frame seldom prints. John Greenland. Was at work before the spur pipes appeared, but only just. Mark 71 is known on a heel. Bowl type R, and three different marks, Nos. 70-72 occur on the stems, which vary in thickness. Not yet known where he worked, but probably Marlborough, as his pipes are found only here. Richard Greenland. 'The pipes from Bath with mark 81 do not belong im this list, but I include the mark because one example has been found at Marlborough. Mark 79, similar to 19, is found on the stem of pipes from Marlborough and Salisbury, but rarely. They represent this maker’s first pipes of the new style, c. 1690, but few were made. Later ones with mark 81 from Bath have a type of bowl not quite like any of the Marl- borough ones. Several contemporary Bath makers used it. ‘The pipes with mark 79 on the stem also have a bow] not quite like any of those illustrated. It is not pinched in below the lip and is smaller, like M or N would be with a spur replacing the heel. It seems likely that Richard Greenland (or his son) moved to Bath and continued business there about 1700. However, no trace of his name has yet been found at Marlborough or Bath. Edward Higgins. This maker worked at Salisbury, where his pipes are common, and only the odd example occurs at Marlborough. He was married in 1698 and was at work as late as 1710.15 Mark 69, bowl type V. Thomas Hunt. It was probably this maker who first produced the new style of pipe at Marlborough, about 1685. Some of the early ones have bowls no larger than the later pipes with the heel, but they gradually increased in size. A feature of the Tho. Hunt ones is that the spur is seldom pointed in the usual way but has the tip sliced off at a down- ward angle (bowl types QO and V). Very few are found in the condition of the finished product as the acids in the soil take the surface off the clay, but most of these pipes were of superior quality and had a beautiful, shiny, polished surface finish. They far out- number any other type from Marlborough and they are remarkable for the number and 92 variety of the stamped maker’s marks on the stems. Twenty-five different ones are illus- trated (43-67) and there are others. One pipe is known with two different stamps on the stem, indicating that more than one was in use concurrently. They have also been found at Salisbury, Basing and Southampton. Edward Mells. Thick stems datable to c. 1690 are occasionally found stamped with mark 82, already recorded in Section 1 on the heel of bowl type P (drawn from the actual pipe). Their scarcity indicates a short period of working, and they are only found in Marlborough. Edward Mills. Working as early as 1680 when he took Edward Mells apprentice. Took John Clefard in 1689. Living in Oxford Street, Marlborough, in 1703.'° Examples are quite common with marks go-95 and a few are known with mark 89. Widdo Mills. Probably the wife of Edward Mills and carried on the business for a while after his death. Stems are thinner than the Ed. Mills ones and have mark 80 rolled round them. Bowl was probably more like type U, with the same type of spur. B. Morgan. One stem found at Marlborough, mark gg. William Pearce. Probably a son of that John Pearce who was apprenticed to Richard Smith in 1668. Mark 85 and another similar one with rounded top to the frame are found on thick stems dating to before 1700. They are scarce, and again indicate a short period of working. Found at Marlborough only. No bowl yet seen. Richard Sayer. Another maker who has yet to be located and whose pipes have a fair distribution. ‘They are known from Salisbury, Basing and Winchester besides Marlborough, with mark 76 on the stem. No bowl yet seen, but it was probably of the Q to V group. May have been at work as early as c. 1680, as the mark also occurs on the flat heel of a bowl like type O, though not from Marlborough. Thomas Widdos. At work in 1718 when he took Roger Andrus apprentice.'7 Bowl type IT. Later ones have a thin stem and small spur. Marks 73 and 74. Mark 68, which is rare, may also be of this maker. Frame seldom prints and marks are usually poorly stamped. Working ¢. 1710-1730. Edward Wimbol. Stems with mark 86 are recorded from Marlborough and Winchester, but very few. No bowl yet seen. Dating c. 1720. G.R. One stem is recorded with mark 77, maker unidentified. Of the several children, mostly sons or daughters of paupers, or orphans, who were apprenticed to Marlborough pipemakers it appears that few actually completed their apprenticeship to become pipemakers, or if they did they must have set up in business elsewhere. Rebeccah Kingston, a ‘poor friendless child’, was apprenticed to Thomas Hunt in 1667 for 10 years, but we hear no more of her. John Pearce, ‘son of poor deceased’, was received by Richard Smith for 7 years in 1668. Will Pearce, marking pipes about 20 years later, is the only reminder we have of him. Jane Sawyer was taken in by Thomas Hunt in 1671 for 8 years. The only clue here is that a Jane Sawyer was a pipemaker at East Woodhay, Hants (not far from Marlborough) early in the 18th century and that a Bartholomew Sawyer, pipemaker, was married at East Woodhay in 1728.8 George Mills, for 7 years to Thomas Hunt in 1689, ‘shall teach him to write and to read the New Testament in English’, is another who apparently failed to make the grade. He may have been related to Edward Mills, but like the Hunts and the Cliffords there were several Mills in Marlborough at that time. CONCLUSIONS It is quite clear that the manufacture of tobacco pipes was an important domestic industry at Marlborough tor well over a century. Marlborough pipes, like those of the Gauntlets, must have been well known in their time and reached the peak of their quality about the period of Thomas Hunt’s new spur type. Thomas 93 Hunt was undoubtedly not only an educated man but also a skilled craftsman, and I believe it was he who was responsible for the change in pipe styles which produced so many imitators in the succeeding decades after his death, the date of which is, as yet, unknown. Unless earlier records than those at present available turn up we shall probably never know exactly when the industry first came to Marlborough, but it is clear that it was well established by the mid-17th century. Fifty years later there may have been as many as half a dozen makers working in the town, but this peak soon passed and by the mid-18th century but one was left. When the popularity of tobacco smoking waned in favour of snuff, it appears at present that this caused the Marlborough industry to die out completely. Whether or not it ever recovered is a question still unanswered. Certainly by the 1850’s the only Wiltshire makers were at Salisbury. By this time most country towns and villages were supplied from the big centres of manufacture like Bristol, partly due to transport and carriage by then being so much easier and less expensive. Pipes were also being imported from Holland and France. It is not surprising, therefore, if in the face of all this competition, a defunct industry failed to recover. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Without the very kind assistance of many people such a complete survey as this would have been quite impossible. I should like to thank all those who have so kindly helped with information or given up their valuable time to aid in research most sincerely: museum curators and private collectors who have made specimens available for study, local historians whose untiring researches have yielded scraps of invaluable information here and there, sometimes after hours of unrewarding effort, and private individuals who have helped in other ways. ' Details of these collections have been pub- lished in the Reports of the Marlborough College Natural History Society, No. 87 (1938), No. 89 (1940), and No. 96 (1947-55). 2 Marlborough Borough Records (Apprentice- ship Indentures). 3 For an account of the growth and spread of the industry in the early 17th century see A. Oswald, The Archaeological and Economic History of English Clay Tobacco Pipes, 7. Brit. Archaeol. Ass., XXII (1960). 4 The gauntlet as a trade mark was widely imitated, even in Holland, and became popular all over the country. Although the genuine Wilt- shire products can usually be identified, it is not always easy. Some imitations were crude, others of quite different styles from the true marks. In London, Winchester and at Broseley the makers’ initials were included on either side of the hand in their marks from c. 1640-1720. 94 5 See J. Pritchard, on Bristol pipes and makers, Trans. Bristol and Gloucester Archaeol. Soc., XLV (1923). More complete lists, the work of years of research and excavation at Bristol during the past 10 years, are due for publication shortly. 6 Although he did not, apparently, take his freedom, it has been suggested by Pritchard that this maker worked at Bristol, though there is no evidence other than the finding of actual specimens that he did work in the city. 7 Bristol Freedom Rolls and Apprenticeship Indentures. 8 See the author, Makers’ Marks on London Clay Tobacco Pipes, Archaeol. News Letter, Vol. 7, No. 8 (April 1962). 9 For a map showing the known distribution of these late Thomas Hunt pipes, see 7. Brit. Archaeol. Ass., Xx1tt (1960), 47. to It should be noted that the pipes with spur had, in some areas, been as fashionable as the heel ones throughout the century. 1 From Life in a Noble Household, being accounts kept by the Duke of Bedford of expenditure at Woburn Abbey and at his house in London. An order given in March 1651, for a gross of clay pipes to Hugh Gauntlet at the sign of the Swan, Ames- bury, ‘. .. You know the shape I like’. The price was 18s. 6d. By the next year it had gone down. ™ Pipemaking was a domestic occupation and kilns were often sited in back gardens or yards. There is some evidence that innkeepers sometimes made their own pipes, so that this Thomas Hunt may be the pipemaker. 13 These first decorated pipes, though well known in most places, do not appear to have been found at Marlborough yet. For an illustration of one, see the author, Sussex Clay Tobacco Pipes, Sussex Notes and Queries, xv1, No. 3 (May 1964). ™ A Richard Cutts married Mary Harris of East Woodhay, Hants, on 24th August 1693. East Woodhay was a noted pipemaking centre at the time and, although there is yet no proof as the trade is not mentioned, this is probably the pipe- maker. 1s Hants Marriage Licences and Salisbury City Archives. ‘6 Marlborough Borough Survey Book, p. 211. ‘7 Apprentices List, Guildhall Library, London, P. Boyd, and Apprentices book, Public Record Office. "8 Hants Marriage Licences. A study of parish registers in Hampshire has shown that pipemakers frequently married the daughters of other pipe- makers, and that pipemaking families were often closely related. BOLINGBROKE’S BIRTHPLACE by FRANK T. SMALLWOOD WAS HENRY ST. JOHN, first Viscount Bolingbroke, the Queen Anne politician, a Wiltshire man by birth? Admittedly he came of a Wiltshire family, for the younger branch of the St. Johns had been Lords of the Manor of Lydiard ‘Tregoze (between Swindon and Wootton Bassett) since the middle of the 15th century, and St. Mary’s Church there contains a most remarkable series of monuments recording the history—or what was believed to be the history—of the family from the Conquest down to Bolingbroke himself, who died in 1751, and his half-brother John, second Viscount St. John, who died in 1748. In 1593 a younger son married the heiress of the family that had held for several generations leases of the Manors of Battersea and Wandsworth in Surrey. Having made fame and fortune in Ireland and been created Viscount Grandison in the peerage of Ireland and Baron Tregoze in the peerage of England, he bought the two Surrey manors from the Crown in 1627. Having no issue he settled his Surrey property on his nephew, Sir John, first Baronet, and consequently the St. Johns of Lydiard Tregoze, who were also ‘of Hatfield Peverel, Essex’ and ‘of Purley, Berks’, became in addition ‘of Battersea’. Sir Walter, the sixth son but ultimately the heir of Sir John, seems to have divided his time for the most part between Lydiard Tregoze and Battersea. Boling- broke was his grandson, a son of Sir Walter’s eldest son, Henry the elder; and it is certain that the future politician was christened in St. Mary’s Church, Battersea, on the 10th October 1678. Some of his biographers have stated the fact and have left it at that. Others have declared that the babe was born in the Battersea Manor House, which stood—but no longer stands—next to the Church and facing the ‘Thames. The Dictionary of National Biography states—and other writers have repeated— that ‘Sir Walter and his son Henry lived together in the Manor House at Battersea’. Superficially, the following entries in the Battersea Parish Registers would support the view that Henry and his wife made their home at Battersea: Burials 1675 27th April Mary daughter of Henry St. John Esq. 2end July Walter son of Henry St. John Esq. 1677 gth April Walter son of Henry St. John Esq. Christenings 1678 10th October Henry son of Henry St. John Esq. 96 But if the young married couple were living with the grandparents in the Battersea Manor House, presumably their children were born there; and if the children were born there, they were presumably christened at St. Mary’s. Unfor- tunately, however, the Parish Registers, which are in good order, have no mention of the christenings of the three young children who were buried there in 1675 and 1677. To that problem the present article addresses itself and assembles evidence that points to a very different conclusion. In the late autumn of 1673 Henry the elder married Lady Mary Rich, second daughter and co-heiress of Robert Rich, third Earl of Warwick. When the third Earl died—his wife had predeceased him—he committed his three young orphan daughters to the care of his brother Charles, who succeeded as fourth Earl, and his wife Mary (née Boyle). The Countess, a very devout lady, kept a voluminous diary in which family events—weddings, births, burials, visits—are mingled with the record of the lady’s devotions. The Warwicks had their town house—Warwick House, High Holborn—and their country seat at Leighs, a few miles north of Chelmsford. The fourth Earl died about the middle of Henry St. John’s courtship of the Lady Mary Rich, and his widow had to complete the marriage settlement and the wedding arrangements at Leighs, and to execute her husband’s will, which proved to be an unexpectedly complicated business. The marriage of Henry St. John the elder and the Lady Mary Rich lasted for a little less than five years, from December 1673 to September 1678, and evidence of their places of residence is very material to the present discussion. In the year of the wedding (1673) Sir Walter settled his property at Lydiard Tregoze on his son Henry and his heirs male by Lady Mary Rich.? Late in November 1675 the Dowager Countess dined at Lady Mary St. John’s, the implication of the entry in the diary being that the aunt went from Warwick House to her niece’s town house for dinner; and shortly afterwards Henry St. John was assessed to pay poor rate for a residence in Berry Street (i.e. Bury Street), St. James’s. In addition to Battersea there were therefore four places at which the young couple might on occasion be found—the town house and the country seat of the bride’s family, the husband’s family seat in Wiltshire, and their own town house in St. James’s. Apart from the implications of the burials of the three very young children, there is only one direct reference to Lady Mary’s presence in Battersea. A letter written to her brother-in-law Daniel Finch records that she was at Battersea, indisposed, in the summer of 1674.3 Concerning the first child, the aunt’s diary and two parish registers combine to tell us that Mary was born in Warwick House, was christened at St. Andrew’s, Holborn, on the 14th February 1675; was ‘dangereously ill’ on the rgth April; was ‘very ill and in great danger of death’ on the 23rd; died at Warwick House in the presence of the parents 10-11 p.m. on the 24th; and was buried at Battersea on the 27th in the evening. Lady Mary was much distressed at the loss of her child, and on the 30th April the Countess ‘went with my La Mary to visett Mr Baxsetor had from him much good edifying warmeing discourse, and got him to pray with my La M in her aflicted condition’. (‘Mr Baxsetor’ is doubtless Richard Baxter, the famous 97 Presbyterian divine.) On the 14th May the aunt ‘went with my Neafue and my La Mary St. Johns part of the way towards their own house at Lidyarde, they this day parting from me gave me a very sensable troble I spent before they went much time in giveing them good advise and prest them with much earnestness to improve their solitude in the contery in walkeing more closely with G then ever yet they had done’. A fortnight later the Countess received ‘alarameing ill newes of my La Mary St Johns being falne very ill at her house at Lydyarde’. Lady Mary desired to see her aunt, so the latter ‘toke coaech to goe that night to Reading had with Mr Woodroofe [her domestic chaplain] in the coaech much good and usefull discourse’. They reached Reading that night and arrived at Lydiard late in the next evening, finding ‘my La Mary something better’. On Sunday, the 30th, the Countess ‘went to Lydearde church and heard the minestor of the place’. Two days later the Countess gave the young couple ‘counsell to doe good, and be examples of it for the place where they were now com to live’. On the 2nd June, ‘leaveing my La Mary in a hopefull way of recovery’, the Countess began her return journey; but on the 12th Lady Mary came ‘unexpectedly up from Lydeyard to me at Warwicke House upon the acounpt of her health’. She stayed with her aunt for a full month, going ‘from me back to Lydearde’ on the 13th July. The next item in the narrative is the record of the burial of Walter at Battersea on the 22nd. The story is not without its difficulties; the place of the child’s birth and death cannot be determined, but the evidence of the presence of the young St. Johns in Lydiard during the summer of 1675 is very significant for the present purpose. The diary and two parish registers provide the evidence of the next incident. A boy was born on the 25th or the 26th January 1677; was christened Walter at St. Martin’s in the Fields on the 4th February; died on the 8th April ‘about 6 aclock haveing had the smalepoxse and convoltion fittes’; and was buried at Battersea on the goth. (A christening at St. Martin’s squares with residence in Bury Street.) During February the aunt had had ‘much good discourse’ in London with two of her nieces, and during the summer Lady Mary visited her aunt at Leighs and accompanied her on visits to relatives at Matching and Hatfield. The diary ended—most unfortunately—in the following November, and the aunt died in April 1678, some five months before the birth of the future Bolingbroke. But it is already clear that evidence of Lady Mary’s residence in Battersea is very scanty, but of her presence in St. James’s, in High Holborn, at Leighs, and at Lydiard Tregoze the evidence is fairly abundant. The known facts about Bolingbroke’s birth are as follows: . 16th September 1678—he was born at a place not recorded ;4 . On a date not recorded the mother died at a place not recorded; end October 1678—the mother was buried at Lydiard Tregoze; 10th October 1678—he was christened at Battersea. Where then had the birth of the child and the death of the mother taken place ? Of five conceivable places Leighs and Warwick House can safely be ruled out, for 98 mon H the aunt was dead. Moreover, death at Leighs would probably have been followed by burial among her forebears there; death at Warwick House might have been followed by burial at Battersea but hardly at Lydiard. Death in St. James’s or at Battersea would probably have been followed by burial at Battersea, where her father’s first wedding had taken place and where her first three children were already buried. But why take the remains some eighty miles from Battersea or St. James’s into Wiltshire for burial? The grounds for believing that the future Bolingbroke was born in the old family home in Wiltshire and was afterwards brought to Battersea to be christened and to be looked after by his grandmother seem to the present writer to be strong enough to settle the problem. Bolingbroke was a Wiltshire man not only by descent but by birth. 1 B.M. Add. MS. 27351-5. 3 Hist. MSS. Comm. Finch MSS., Vol. 11, p. 20. -R.O. €54/4873 No. 7. 4 B.M. Egerton MS. 2378, f. 37. ee) POPULATION STUDIES IN 17th-CENTURY AND 18th-CENTURY WILTSHIRE by CG. GC. TAYLOR PARISH REGISTERS are much worked over by local historians for tracing families, tc., but they have rarely been used as sources for population studies.t Certainly in Wiltshire such work has never been done. One reason is perhaps because the study involves much laborious counting and calculating, often with very little result. A study of the registers for Whiteparish during which population figures, etc., were Calculated led on to a general examination of other published registers easily accessible to the writer. Some of the results are discussed here. They are not put forward as definitive statements, but rather as notes on the problems involved, and possible trends. Four aspects are dealt with: Total Population, Deaths, Infant Mortality, and Illegitimate Births. I. TOTAL POPULATION Prior to 1801, the year of the first National Census, knowledge of the population of Great Britain can only be obtained from a variety of records, few of which were designed specifically to give this information. Before the 16th century such records are few, fragmentary and difficult to interpret. From the mid-16th century there are parish registers and, if these were accurately kept, it should be possible to arrive at some idea for the total population of a parish at a given time. The usual and most popular method for calculating population from registers is that suggested by Dr. Cox.? This method is to take the total number of baptisms over a period of ten years, divide by ten to get the average per year and multiply this result by thirty. This is said to give a fairly close estimate of the total population. Using this method, the population for nine south and central Wiltshire parishes has been calculated. None of these parishes is adjacent to towns and therefore all are likely to represent rural communities. The registers for Whiteparish and Durn- ford are unpublished,3 while the rest, for All Cannings, Bishops Cannings, Broad Chalke, Codford St. Peter, Etchilhampton, Stourton and Wylye, have been published at various times.4 Some of these, especially Codford St. Peter, are by no means complete and all have years where no baptisms are recorded or where the figures are so low that they must be treated with suspicion. At Whiteparish, for instance, the baptisms for the years 1640-60 are very few, but this is explained by the then vicar, who in 1647 wrote: “Many children in these years were preter- mitted by reason of the troubles of the times and the continual vexations we endured 3... 100 Some of the figures calculated have been plotted (Fics. 1 and 2). The rest have similar features. The main points to be noted are as follows. First, the graphs all have large fluctuations within short periods, which cannot reflect the true population trends. However, in spite of these fluctuations, the graphs show what appears to be a definite rise of population in the early 17th century, followed by a general fall in the mid-17th century. For the next 60-70 years there is a fairly constant popula- tion, and not until 1710-20 is there a renewed growth of population. These are the features which the calculated figures produce when plotted. Before any attempt is made to draw firm conclusions, the figures must be examined in more detail to see how far they can be trusted. First of all the method of calcula- tion is suspect. It is admitted that the figures are not likely to be accurate to within WYLYE: TOTAL POPULATION FROM BAPTISMS ee se 18 Ds @ o CENSUS Fic. 1 oF $00) STOURTON: TOTAL POPULATION an AS census FROM BAPTISMS ¢ te i, FROM BURIALS ® fi 3 P tf IOI more than -+10 per cent.5 This means that with the low numbers involved in all of these parishes any results may be wildly out. Then the calculation of baptisms is based on the assumption that the death rate is constant. Yet it can be seen that this was probably not so over the period being studied, and therefore again the figures may not be accurate. Another difficulty is that the parish registers only recorded the baptisms of members of the Established Church. Non-conformists of all sects were not included. This is not a serious factor in the 17th century, but in the 18th century, and especially in the latter half of that century, a considerable proportion of the population might have been non-conformists. The result is that the calculated population figures may be much lower than they in fact were at this period. With these doubts as to the accuracy of the calculated figures in mind, an attempt has been made to check them using other methods and records. Another method to calculate population from parish registers is that using the numbers of burials.5 This is to multiply the mean annual number of deaths for ten-year periods by 31. This has been done for all the nine parishes concerned. The results, only shown here for Stourton (FIG. 2), are very similar to those obtained from the number of baptisms. There are the same fluctuations over short periods, on the whole greater than those calculated from baptisms, but also the same general tendency for figures to rise sharply in the early 17th century, then fall or level off until 1710-20, followed by a steady rise. This method still has the same faults as the first, i.e. a possible error of -+ 10 per cent. and a probable tendency to be too low in the second half of the 18th century due to non-conformists. Nevertheless, there is a general agreement between the two methods. Various other sources for population have also been used to check these figures. For the mid-17th century there are the Protestation Returns of 1642 which give a good idea of population for certain parishes at the time.® For the parishes under consideration here only Broad Chalke and Wylye are recorded. Using the method suggested by Hoskins,7 the probable total population can be calculated. The resulting figures for Wylye agree exactly with the population calculated from the baptisms, but those for Broad Chalke are 23 per cent. too high. For the late-17th century there is the religious census of 1676 known as the ‘Compton Returns’.’ For the parishes concerned there are returns for All Cannings, Broad Chalke, Codford St. Peter, Stourton, Whiteparish, and Wylye. Again using the method suggested by Hoskins, the All Cannings figures appear to be about 20 per cent. higher than the calculated figures, but they include the population of Etchilhampton, then a paro- chial chapelry of All Cannings. If the calculated population of Etchilhampton is added to that of All Cannings the 1676 return is just under 6 per cent. too high. The Broad Chalke return for 1676 is 80 per cent. higher than the calculated figure, the Codford St. Peter figure is 40 per cent. higher, Stourton g per cent., and White- parish g per cent. The returns for Wylye correspond exactly with the calculated figures. The discrepancies between the apparently accurate returns of 1676 and the calculated figures are serious enough to question the validity of the latter. However, a study of the Compton Returns for the whole of Wiltshire, at least, raised the 102 question of the accuracy of these. No less than 40 per cent. of all the Wiltshire returns are in round figures, statistically a near impossibility. It seems at least a probability that the Compton Returns may not be as accurate as some writers have suggested.9 In fact for some of the Wiltshire towns the figures look suspiciously like wild guesses. For Broad Chalke the difference between the figures for 1642 and those for 1676 is so great that short of a population explosion in the intervening period, a most unlikely event, the only conclusion that can be reached is that the 1676 return is far too high. Nevertheless, the discrepancies between the 1676 figures and the calculated figures are of such proportions as to doubt the accuracy of the latter. For the end of the period under discussion the calculated figures can be checked against the 1801 census returns. Bearing in mind what has been said with regard to non-conformists, one would expect the calculated figures to be lower than the census returns, but this is not always so. For All Cannings the figures correspond almost exactly, the calculated figures being c. 2 per cent. higher than the census figure. For Bishops Cannings the census figure is 44 per cent. higher than the calcu- lated figures, but this is explicable by the fact that it includes the Chapelry of St. James whose population was not listed in the registers.'? The census returns for Broad Chalke and Etchilhampton are both 33 per cent. higher than the calculated figures, for no apparent reason. The census returns of 1801 for Stourton cannot be used, as the ones published are for the Wiltshire part of the parish only, but the 1811 figures, which are for the whole parish, are very close to the calculated figures."! The discrepancy one would expect in this parish with its large Roman Catholic population is avoided as the Roman Catholic baptisms and burials are listed in the published registers. In Whiteparish the 1801 census returns and the calculated figures are in agreement, while in Wylye the calculated figures are 11 per cent. higher than the census returns. On the whole the impression gained from the various checks on the calculated figures is that one would hesitate to use them as a really accurate assessment of population in any one parish for the period, though they may have value in showing general trends. To confirm the impression of these general trends, all the figures for the parishes have been added together and then divided by the requisite number of parishes where they have contributed towards the total. This gives the average population of these nine parishes from 1570 to 1800 and the resulting graph is reproduced here (FIG. 3). This graph, while ironing out the local fluctuation, does preserve the general trends already seen in the individual parishes. There does appear to be a sharp rise in population starting around 1580 and reaching its peak around 1620. This rise is in the region of 30 per cent. within 40 years. There is then a fall of c. 15 per cent. in 20 years to 1650, after which the population remains roughly static until about 1710. Then there is a steady increase until about 1760, a rise of 40 per cent. in 50 years. Thereafter there is a static period until 1800 when the rapid rise of population in the 19th century begins. What these general trends, if correct, mean and why they occurred is difficult if not impossible to tell. There is a good deal of evidence for an increase of population in England in the late 16th and 17th centuries. At Wigston Magna in Leicestershire 103 AVERAGE POPULATION OF NINE PARISHES 600 e@ @ © gis ® @ CENSUS the population increased 50 per cent. in the 40 years from 1563-1603, while in south-west England Plymouth doubled in size in the last quarter of the 16th century, Tiverton more than doubled in size between 1560 and 1620, and Bideford the same between 1560 and 1610. There is also evidence for a general increase of population for the whole of Europe at this period.'3 The rise of population for these Wiltshire parishes may very well be part of this increase. The levelling off of population in the mid-late 17th century is also a feature elsewhere, but the rise soon after 1700 is not so well attested in England as a whole, where the increase starts rather later, about 1750 and then rises steadily.t3 The reason for these increases is not clearly understood. Various reasons have been put forward, such as better and more varied food, and better housing conditions for the late 16th—early 17th-century increases,!? but this is by no means certain. To try and find a possible explanation, the total burials and baptisms per decade have been plotted for each parish, to see how far the general population trends are reflected by excess of births over deaths. The early 17th-century rise in baptisms, and thus in the calculated population, is certainly accompanied by a levelling off or in some cases a fall in the number of burials. The apparent fall in population in the mid-17th century and its subsequent static position is accompanied by a rising death rate, which for certain parishes, notably Wylye, results in the numbers of births and deaths being almost identical for 50-60 years. ‘The apparent rise in population in the early 18th century is also seen to be the result of a rise in the number of births in comparison with a near static death rate, while the apparent tendency for the total population to level out in the late 18th century is accompanied by a decade with a high death rate in 1760-70, where for four parishes deaths exceeded births. 104. Until much more is known about population studies it appears that while the general trends noted here seem correct, the reasons for the increases, apart from a connection with a falling or static death rate, must remain an open question. II. DEATHS Parish registers also provide interesting information about the possible causes of death in relation to disease and economic conditions. By plotting the number of annual burials for each parish and noting the years in which most deaths occur certain features become clear. First of all it is clear from even a cursory examination that certain years for individual parishes have excessively high numbers of deaths. When all years which have deaths in excess of 75 per cent. above the average for the decade for each parish are plotted, the results are significant. The period 1610-40 is a period when there are many years with extremely high numbers of burials. ‘Then there are 11 years with average burials. This is followed by three periods, 1652-63, 1669-71, and 1679-85 with large numbers of burials. Thereafter, until 1727, there are only occasional years in which certain parishes have a high percentage of deaths. Then again there are three periods 1729-31, 1779-81 and 1794-6 which have larger numbers of deaths. However, though these periods are ones with years of large numbers of deaths, there is very little correlation between individual parishes. Of a total of 74 years between 1580 and 1800 which have high deaths, only 17 are bad years for more than one parish. In most cases, only one parish in any given year has an excessively high number of deaths. ‘Thus, for the period 1609-15, 1609 is a bad year for Wylye, 1610 1s a bad year for Broad Chalke, 1611 for Codford, 1612 for Codford, Wylye and Stourton, 1613 for Stourton, 1614 for Codford and Whiteparish, and 1615 for Bishops Cannings. All this would suggest that the main reason for these high deaths is the occurrence of sporadic outbreaks of disease rather than any overall economic or climatic disaster which would perhaps affect all the parishes simultaneously. This is borne out by work done in these fields by various writers. There is little or no relationship between known bad or poor harvests and years of high deaths. In 1596, a year with a very bad harvest, none of the nine parishes had more than an average number of deaths and the following year, also one with a very bad harvest, only Bishops Cannings and All Cannings had an excessively high number of deaths. Similarly, in 1608, another year with a bad harvest, no parish had a large number of deaths.'4 Of all the years of bad harvests in the 18th century,'5 only those of 1782-3 and 1795-6 show any parishes with a large number of deaths. In 1782-3 only All Cannings and 1795-6 only Stourton had a high death rate. Although it appears that high death rates in various parishes are the result of disease, little work has been done on the history of epidemics and it is difficult to identify the actual diseases.'® The registers themselves sometimes help. In the Wylye registers for 1603, when there were 22 deaths compared with a total of six for the previous three years, the then rector wrote: ‘Md quod pestilenta perhibitur in Autumno 1603 quosdem ex his abstulisse, etc., and in the Durnford register for 1627 of the 105 23 burials six were ‘sepultus in campis, both perhaps indicating epidemics of the bubonic plague. From work that has been done on epidemics it seems clear that the main disease of the late 16th—late 17th centuries was the bubonic plague.'7 Creighton regarded the years 1603-66 as a period of plague equal to that of the 14th century in England and certainly the large number of deaths in the various parishes of Wiltshire in this period can be paralleled by evidence elsewhere. How far other diseases played a part in the death rate is unknown. However, the importance of the plague must not be allowed to overshadow other diseases. There is evidence from Somerset that smallpox also played its part in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.t® After 1666 the plague seems to have largely died out in England, but the high death rates for various Wiltshire parishes between 1668 and 1683 may still have been due to this disease. ‘There is, however, evidence of an influenza epidemic in England in the late 1670’s. The 18th century, as noted above, has relatively few years with excessive death rates. ‘The period 1729-31, though only two parishes, Broad Chalke and Whiteparish, are involved, was a period of influenza and typhus epidemics,'9 and other bad years later on may be due to the same diseases, or smallpox.?° Ill. INFANT MORTALITY Much has been written about infant mortality in periods before modern statistics were kept, yet there seem to be few accurate assessments of the actual numbers of children who died within a year of their birth. It seemed to the writer that by using parish registers it ought to be possible to get some reasonably accurate figures for this. The process is a laborious and time-consuming one, for each birth has to be checked against the burials for the period covering the next 12 months. As a result of this it has only been possible to work out the infant mortality for three parishes, Broad Chalke, Whiteparish and Wylye. For these three parishes the infant mortality has been calculated per decade. The results show large fluctuations; the lowest infant mortality rate is 5 per cent. or 50 per 1,000 live births in 1660-9 for Broad Chalke, the highest is 20 per cent. or 200 per 1,000 live births for the same decade for Whiteparish. There seems to be no close relationship between years with a high number of deaths and high infant mortality, etc., and on the whole all the fluctuations seem to be local and temporary variations of a fairly constant average. This being so, the important results from this work seem to be the average infant mortality per decade for the period studied. ‘These are as follows: Broad Chalke 1550-1779 87°5 per 1,000 live births Whiteparish 1560-1799 91-7 per 1,000 live births Wylye 1580-1799 93°5 per 1,000 live births These results for three widely separate areas are extremely close, and may well be representative of rural Wiltshire as a whole. If they are, then a g per cent. infant mortality rate for the 17th and 18th centuries is perhaps lower than expected. 106 This brings into question the accuracy of the figures obtained. Clearly there is a certain number of children whose parents may leave the parish soon after their birth and whose death, if it took place within a year, may not be recorded. This factor would result in the figures being lower than they were in fact. However, due to the way the entries on the registers are often made, the figures are more likely to be too high rather than too low. Often when a child with the same christian name as its father or mother is born, the occurrence of the same name within a year in the burial register may mean the death of one of its parents rather than its own. In addition, the existence of a number of families with the same sur- name can also create difficulties. In the calculations all these possibilities have been included, so that the g per cent. infant mortality rate is probably the maximum number for these parishes and the actual figures may have been lower, though probably very little. One final point is worth noting. The above figures of infant mortality are per 1,000 live births. Still-births were not, of course, recorded in parish registers, nor indeed in official statistics until relatively recently. IV. ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS A constant feature of the baptism registers is the recording of illegitimate births. They are normally recorded as ‘illegitimate’, ‘base-born’, ‘base’, ‘bastard’, or ‘natural son or daughter’, though not always. In some cases, and especially in the second half of the 17th century, only the mother’s name, instead of the more usual father’s name or father’s and mother’s names, is recorded, indicating that the child is illegitimate. An attempt has been made here to calculate the percentage of illegitimate births to the rest, per decade for seven parishes: All Cannings, Bishops Cannings, Broad Chalke, Etchilhampton, Stourton, Whiteparish and Wylye from 1560-1809. Not all parishes have complete registers for all this period, but there are enough figures to get adequate results. All seven parishes show exactly the same features, though the actual percentages vary. There is a general rise in the numbers of illegitimate births from 1570 to 1600-20, after which there is a fall and a period of few or no illegitimate births until 1700. After this date there is a steady rise until the end of the period, though there is an apparent tendency for them to start to fall again after 1790-9. Whether this fall was a permanent feature is unknown and work on the registers for the subsequent period is needed. When the average percentages for all seven parishes are plotted (Fic. 4) these features are clear. This rise in the illegitimate birth rate in the 18th century is not unknown elsewhere, and Cox noted it for the parish of Letheringham in Suffolk.2* The reason for this rise, and for the one in the early 17th century, is unknown. The apparent similarity between all the parishes appears to make it a general rather than a purely local feature. However, local factors may have had their effects. Thus, Bishops Cannings and Etchilhampton both show an extremely high illegitimacy rate for 1790-1809. At Bishops Cannings there was an 11 per cent. illegitimacy rate for 1800-9. At Etchilhamptor for 1790-9 the rate was 20 per cent., mainly due to 107 10%, ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS OF SEVEN PARISHES 1560 1580 1600 1620 1640 1660 1680 1700 1720 1740 1760 1780 1800 Fic. 4 a large number of illegitimate births in 1796-9, and 10 per cent. for 1800-9. These high rates may well be explained by the construction of the Kennet and Avon Canal, 1796-1807,27 which passes through Bishops Cannings and near Etchilhampton, and which would have brought an influx of ‘navvies’ to the area. However, the Canal also passes through All Cannings parish, yet there the illegiti- macy rate for these years, though high (5 per cent.), is not of the proportions of the other two parishes. At the same period (1790-9) the figures for Whiteparish rise to nearly 8 per cent., and here there is no explanation, except possibly the con- struction of the Salisbury-Southampton Canal at the end of this decade through the Deans to Waddon,?3 24 miles to the north. However, at Wylye, where there is no similar explanation, the figures rise to 10 per cent. for the decade 1750-60. t One recent study is by G. P. Jones, Trans. Cumberland and Westmorland Ant. and Arch. Soc., n.s. LVI (1959). 2 W. E. Tate, The Parish Chest (1946), 81. 3 The writer would like to express thanks to the Rev. B. N. Carver and to Canon E. J. Mackie, Vicars of Whiteparish, for permission to use the registers for that parish, and to his colleague Mr. D. J. Bonney for information from the Durn- ford registers. 4 The Registers of All Cannings and Etchilhampton, transcribed by J. H. Parry (1905). The Registers of Bishops Cannings, transcribed by J. H. Parry (1906). The Registers of Broad Chalke, ed. by Rev. C. G. Moore (1881). The Registers of Codford St. Peter, by F. A. Crisp, Fragmenta Genealogica, n.s. 1 (1910). The Regisiers of Stourton, ed. by Rev. J. H. Ellis (1887). The Registers of Wylye, by Rev. G. R. Hadow (1913). 5 W.:E.. Tate, op. cit., 81. 6 Wilts. Notes and Queries, vit (1911-13), 16, 79, 105, etc. 108 7 W. G. Hoskins, Local History in England (1959), 147. 8 Wilts. Notes and Queries, 11 (1899-1901), 533- 9 But see V.C.H. Leics., u, 72. 10 See Introduction to Bishops Cannings Registers. 1 V.C.H. Wilts., 1, 358. 1 W. G. Hoskins, Past and Present, No. 4 (November 1953), 44-59. Reprinted in Provincial England (1964), 131-48. 13 B. H. Slicher Van Bath, The Agrarian History of Western Europe (1963), 90-2. 14 W. G. Hoskins, Agricultural History Review (1964), 28. 15 ‘T. S. Ashton, An Economic History of England: The 18th Century (1955), 192. 16 C. Creighton, A History of Epidemics in Britain, 2 vols., 1891 and 1894. 17 Idem., op. cit., 1, 470. 18 Somerset and Dorset Notes and Queries, Xx (1930-2), 147-8. 19 C. Creighton, op. cit., 1, 63, 326-9, and 346. 20 W.A.M., xxvit (1894), 314. ar J.C. Cox, Parish Registers of England (1910), 72. 22 V.C.H. Wilts., 1v, 272. 23 W.A.M., 58 (1962), 171. JAMES TOWNSEND OF GREAT CHEVERELL, 1654-1730 WITH SOME NOTES ON HIS FAMILY IN GREAT CHEVERELL AND STRATFORD SUB CASTLE, 1653-1748 by M. H. WALEY ON THE 4TH OF AUGUST 1669, the Almshouse of Heytesbury granted a lease of lives of the Manor of Cheverell Hales to the Townsend family. It was the first time this name had occurred in Great Cheverell and the indenture made (written on a single large sheet of sheepskin)! is of 2,500 words and very explicit. To summarize: it was made ‘Between the keeper poor men and woman of the Almshouse of Walter and Robert his son late Lords Hungerford and of Heytes- bury in the County of Wilts on the one part and James Townsend the younger and William Townsend sons of James ‘Townsend the elder of Avon in the parish of Stratford under the Castle in the said County of Wilts Gents on the other part . .. in consideration of a surrender made by Priscilla Merewether of Great Cheverell widow of a former leaseholder of a lease granted to her by the almshouse in 1654 for the lives of Jane Harris then wife of John Harris since deceased and of Jane and Thomas Harris children of the said John and Jane who are both also deceased Jane the mother alone surviving and in consideration of the sum of £320 paid by the Townsend brothers with which the Almshouse acknowledges itself fully satisfied.’ Nevertheless, a rent had also to be paid and many other conditions satisfied. Before listing these it is necessary to make clear who are all the persons already mentioned. Walter, 1st Lord Hungerford, had obtained the two manors of Great Cheverell, firstly in 1421 Burnell by marriage and secondly in 1424 Hales by purchase. These names, used afterwards to distinguish the two properties, were those of the families from whom they passed to that of Hungerford. Walter Lord Hungerford intended to form an almshouse at Heytesbury (about 10 miles south-west of Great Cheverell) and to use these manors and a right to take firewood from Southleigh Wood near Heytesbury (a right which had previously belonged to the Burnell Manor) to form the chief endowment for the almshouse. Walter died in 1449 and his son Robert in 1459, without completing the necessary transfer of the lands, but Robert’s widow Margaret (born Botreaux) set up the almshouse in 1472; old servants and tenants of the Hungerford family had priority for admission. Many (though by no means all) of the leases of the two manors granted by the Almshouse between 1562 and 1741 have survived and these have now been deposited 109 in the Wiltshire County Record Office. From these and other sources we know that successive members of the Merewether family held the lease of Cheverell Hales from the time of Henry VIII till 1669 and that Cheverell Burnell was tenanted by the Harris family of Imber from before 1571 till 1665. The families of Merewether and Harris had intermarried and the widow Jane Harris mentioned in the 1669 lease was the elder daughter of Mrs. Priscilla Merewether, who was a very old woman at this time. As Priscilla Burrows of Woodford she had married John Merewether of Cheverell Hales in the winter of 1602-3. He was a widower, born in 1556, and father of two sons already on his lease in 1592. Of his second marriage two daughters survived: Jane Harris and Ann who married c. 1625 William Davis (or Davye or Davies—all three spellings were in use) of Avon in Stratford sub Castle. Avon was an old estate and sub manor of Fugglestone St. Peter; it is on the Wilton side of the River Avon and was on the Earl of Pembroke’s estate. ‘The Davis family had been in occupation there since at least 1563 and held two farms, one of four yardlands, the other of two. William and Ann Davis had four children, of whom a daughter, another Ann, married in 1653 James ‘Townsend, only son of a deceased William Townshend of Market Lavington, and the Davis family then relinquished their holding at Avon to James and Ann ‘Townsend. Ann Townsend seems to have died young, leaving James with the two sons, James and William, to whom the new lease of Cheverell Hales was granted when they were 144 and perhaps 13 years old respectively. It will be seen that Jane Harris was their great-aunt and her life continued on the lease till she died in 1689. Jane Harris’s husband had died in 1664 when his was the life in possession at the Manor of Cheverell Burnell. A younger daughter, Ann Harris, survived and in 1665 married Henry Bruges. The lease of Cheverell Burnell then passed into the family of Bruges. I append two tables to show: (1) how the succession to the Manors went in the 17th and 18th centuries, and (2) the genealogy of James and William ‘Townsend and of the descendants of James ‘Townsend of Great Cheverell. The rent of the farm of Cheverell Hales payable to the Almshouse was £9 a year plus 1s. for an acre called Marsh Close and 13s. for the right to pasture certain beasts on the common, a right which before 1613 had been held with Enocks? Mill. ‘The rent had to be paid in equal half-yearly portions at Lady Day and Michaelmas. The lessors had to pay all taxes and were responsible for all repairs and for keeping the land in order. It was their job to collect all dues payable by the customary tenants including one each year called Oves money for the right to pasture sheep. They had also to entertain and house the Manor Court for twenty- four hours once a year, while the Almshouse reserved to itself the bodies of all timber trees on the manor lands. In return the Townsends were to receive the capital messuage of Cheverell Hales, and all other houses, barns, buildings and all the lands of the farm, together with right to feed 4oo sheep on the downs and common fields. And they could appropriate boughs and tops of timber trees to repair buildings and fences and take wood from the waste for firewood and the making of sheepfolds and farm implements. Ilo Unfortunately we are given no particulars of the farmhouse or any other buildings on the Manor. The main house was probably a half-timbered farmhouse on the same site as the present manor house and incorporated into it. No antique farm buildings have survived. The Townsends held at least two cottages and one small-holding on copyhold tenure in addition to their lease, and probably some freehold land too. When the common and downland were divided in the Enclosure Act of 1802 enough fell to the heirs to make a farm of about 400 to 450 acres in all. TasLeE I LEASEHOLDERS OF CHEVERELL HALES (1619-1801) AND CHEVERELL BURNELL (1658-1787) (Leaseholders of Cheverell Hales in bold type; heirs who never inherited in italics.) 2 2 ist wife = John Merewether = Priscilla Burrows = Rich! Merewether d. 1601 | 1556-1619 1603, held lease by 1624 of Market | | widowhood, Lavington: | | 1619-34; held d. 1634 John Rich' lease by repur- on lease 1592: chase, 1654-69: Jeffery Merewether held lease by | both d. by 1627 | d. 1672 brother of Rich?; | purchase, 1634-54 1627 | { c¢. 1625 John Harris = Jane Ann = William Davis inherited the on lease of of Avon: Burnell Manor Cheverell Hales, 1658: d. 1664 1654-89: | d. 1689 = ] | 1665 | 1653 Thomas Jane Ann = Henry Bruges Ann = James Townsend on lease of Cheverell held lease of of Avon: Hales, 1654: | Cheverell | d. 1679 both d. by 1669 Burnell: d. 1713 | 1691 1680 Rebecca Warriner = Th°s Harris Bruges James Townsend = Catherine Hunt b. c. 1666: of Great | 1655-1738 alive 1723 Cheverell, parted with lease of Cheverell Burnell, 1654-1730 | 1723, to Isaac Warriner of Conock (brother of Mrs. Bruges), d. 1737, and | his son Gifford Warriner, d. 1787 fe eae mee John Wadman = Susanna James Townsend of Imber, 1684-1752 ‘as of Great 1680-1746 Cheverell, 1686-1748 3 John Wadman = Mary Parker of Imber, (later Mrs. Burslem) : 1710-94 d. 1816 John Townsend Wadman 1783-1801 (estate in hands of his trustees, 1794-1801) TABLE I] GENEALOGY OF JAMES TOWNSEND OF GREAT CHEVERELL AND HIS DESCENDANTS 1602-3 John Merewether = Priscilla Burrows of Great Cheverell of Woodford 1556-1619 d. 1672 ¢. 1625 William Davis = Ann William Towns(h)end of Avon (alive of Market Lavington 1672) (Will, 1651-2) 1653 Ann = James Townsend died young of Avon after marriage d. 1679 1650 | Catherine = James Townsend William Townsend dau. of John Hunt of Great Cheverell of Avon, c. 1656-1738 of Ham, Wilts., 1654-1730 unmarried 1655-1737 Nae | 1713 Catherine James Townsend = Ann Brouncker 1682-1721 1686-1748 1693-1715 m. 1706 John Merewether ‘As of Great Cheverell’ — dau. and co-heiress of of Market Lavington: d. 1714 No issue Dauntsey Brouncker No issue of Erlestoke 1708 Susanna = John Wadman of Imber 1684-1752 c. 1680-1746 I 3 Ursula = John Wadman of Imber = Mary Parker dau. of Viscount Windsor 1710-1794 (afterwards Mrs. Burslem) | d. 1816 =e Three children died infants, 1741-3 John Townsend Wadman 1783-1801 In 1680 Mr. ‘Townsend’s tithe on corn ‘excluding the land in Mr. Townsends own hands’ was £19 a year, and this supposes an average acreage of corn on the land of his tenant or tenants of about 140, paying 4d. per acre. There were many other tithes, including those on sheep and lambs, all payable to Mr. Shute, the Rector, who made this calculation. Before that, in 1677, we have evidence that James ‘Townsend, not yet living in Great Cheverell, was resident in Devizes, where he acted as trustee in the purchase of a house which was settled as marriage portion by a bridegroom on his bride. It is clear that James ‘Townsend had been to some extent educated in law. He was, however, always described as ‘Gent’? and was not a member of an Inn of Court.3 Later on he often acted as trustee or executor and at least once was guardian to a young orphan Merewether. At an undetermined date he was probably acting E12 as Steward of a royal manor in Market Lavington.4 He was never a farmer, in contrast to his brother William, who spent his long life at Avon farming the land till he retired in 1720. Late in life James ‘Townsend was acting as Steward to the Leet and Manor Courts of Sir William Pynsent of Urchfont, but these are the only evidences we have of what was probably a lifetime’s occupation. James Townsend of Avon died in 1679 and provided by wills that his lands should be divided, the estate of Great Cheverell falling to James (hereafter referred to as James Townsend of Great Cheverell) and that at Avon to William. In Great Cheverell church, on 25th September 1680, James Townsend, aged 26, married Catherine, aged 25, daughter of John Hunt of Ham, Gent., and Susanna, his wife. Catherine belonged to a prosperous family which had been seated at Ham in East Wiltshire, since before 1576.° ‘Three children were born to the ‘Townsends in the next few years—Catherine, Susanna (born 1684), and James (baptized in Great Cheverell in 1686). By that time it is probable that the house had been remodelled in brick with a tiled roof. With the exception of some changes in the windows, the south and west fronts have been little altered since then and the south front is illustrated in pL. [Va. The Court House was on its present site in 1702, but its appearance seems to date from the time of George II. A plan of the manors, church and neighbouring part of Great Cheverell is shown in Fic. 1.’ Nathaniel Shute, Rector of Great Cheverell from 1680 till 1711, left many notes in his Church Register. From one comes the information that in 1698 James Townsend contributed £5 (more than anyone except Mr. Shute himself) towards a new second bell for the church and in 1704 James ‘Townsend held not fewer than six seats in the church, of which he donated one to the poor. Jane Harris died in 1689 and in 1693 her life on the lease was replaced by that of Mrs. Catherine Townsend. By this time all duties owed by the Copyholders, including the payment of Oves money, had been extinguished by law. All three children of James and Catherine lived to grow up. In 1706 their daughter Catherine married John Merewether’ of Market Lavington, but this marriage was childless and short-lived, John dying in 1714 and his widow in 1721. In 1708 Susanna, the younger daughter, married John Wadman of Imber,9 a Justice of the Peace and considerable local landowner. An only child, another John, was born to them in 1710. This man lived till 1794 and was the Townsends’ only grandchild. His mother, surviving her husband by a few years, died in 1752, the longest-lived of her parents’ children. James Townsend, the youngest,t? was educated at Hart Hall, Oxford, at New Inn and the Middle Temple, of which he was admitted a member in 1715. ‘Two years before he had married Anne, younger daughter and co-heiress of Dauntsey Brouncker. She died childless in 1715, as did her sister and her sister’s husband in 1716, After the death of their mother, who made James Townsend (her surviving son-in-law) her residuary legatee, the Erlestoke estate was divided. James received as his share two large Brouncker farms freehold, which entitled him thereafter to be described as ‘esquire’. A paper-covered note-book inscribed ‘Sundry Accounts of Mr Townsend 1724’ Di Feet SCALE: 20. 30 fo ae ; eae Metres ‘-——+—_1___1i | Still standing Demolished Built since lfo/der than 1702) since (B00 1730 Fic. 1 Part of Great Cheverell, Wilts. Key to buildings as follows: A. Manor House of Cheverell Hales (now Manor G. Church Farm (now Glebe Farm). House). H. Mr. Townsend’s School (demolished before B. Court House. 1920) and school playground. C. Parish church. I. Gardhams (demolished c. 1820). D. Manor House of Cheverell Burnell (now J. Bell Inn (built before 1752). Manor Farm). K. Gate of old rectory (still standing). E. Rectory (demolished 1844). F. Rectory (built 1844). forms one item in a bundle concerned with the Urchfont Estate which reached the Wiltshire County Record Office together with many other papers deposited by Lord Radnor in 1962. It shows that James Townsend of Great Cheverell in his 7oth year acted as Steward of the Leet or Hundred Court of Swanborough of which Sir William Pynsent was the Lord. Great Cheverell is situated in this hundred. Mr. Townsend seems also to have presided at the Urchfont and Patney 114 Manor Courts, to have checked on rents received and on the sums paid out by Robert Merritt, who was in charge of the home estate of Urchfont Manor. From these accounts it is possible to glean some information on estate manage- ment, prices and wages at this time. For instance, 8,000 whitethorns were bought for £4 (enough for perhaps 13 miles of hedge), suggesting that an enclosure was being made, and go trees cost £4 10s. Wages for the workmen employed were gd. a day and amongst jobs tackled in the winter of 1723-4 were cleaning ditches, building a bridge, faggoting, cutting furze and thorn digging. Two thousand four hundred and eighty bundles of faggots or furze were cut and sold by the hundred, but 350 of the best sort at 5d., and 400 of the worst sort at 4d., were reserved for ‘My Lady’. In 1725 James Townsend retired from being the life in possession of the Manor of Cheverell Hales and, when £52 10s. had been paid to the Almshouse, his son James took over this position. In the same year Mr. Townsend made his will. Catherine his wife was named sole executrix and residuary legatee. His charitable bequests to Great Cheverell included a clothing charity and a similar gift was made to Market Lavington, once the home of his grandfather William Townshend and in later times of his daughter, dead four years earlier. For Great Cheverell there was also an educational charity and a gift of loaves of bread for the poor in winter and an endowment to the Rector for preaching a sermon on Good Friday. None of these was on a large scale—the clothing was to be ‘two cloth coats of gray colour and two hats for the use of poor men not in receipt of parish relief, or cloaths for two poor women’. The total spent was to be gos. The loaves were to cost 1s. each week and to be given each Sunday after service to five or six poor people from November onward through the winter, and the payment to the Rector for his sermon was to be 10s. There was to be a Charity School where six poor children were to learn to read and be educated in the principles of the Church of England. A school house was designated, some rents were assigned to the foundation, and 100 faggots annually from Great Cheverell Common were allocated to the Schoolmaster. All these charities were financed by the rents of sundry pieces of land, including 5 acres at Easterton in Market Lavington and 1 acre in Marston. In 1720 (five years before this) the South Sea Bubble had burst; many who had speculated in the South Sea Company or in one of the many wild ventures started at that time found themselves ruined. Amongst them was Sir George Heathcoat, who had bought the mansion and home grounds at Erlestoke a little before this crash and had to sell his estate afterwards. Older men like Mr. Townsend must have been reinforced in their faith in the possession of land and buildings. It may be that he was much more nearly affected for one of the provisions he made for his son in this will is to forgive him his debts. The lands with which these charities were endowed once yielded £16 a year and in the bitterly poor years of the 19th century as many as nine or ten men and women received a garment each year from the Charity. The endowment of the Charity School must always have assumed that many fee-paying children would make up the master’s salary; with at least one gap it lasted till a National School 115 was built on another site in 1844. In 1867-8 Townsend’s foundation money, about £7 per annum, allowed six children there to be educated without payment of fees. In later days what was left of the foundation’s money was used to supply school prizes. The bread charity lasted into the goth century and is still remembered, and the clothing charity, in modified form, still exists. No other charities have survived in Great Cheverell. Mr. Townsend left his Manor of Netton to his son and his heirs for ever. This certainly implies freehold tenure, but the only two manors of Netton I have traced are Netton in Bishopstone, belonging to the Earl of Pembroke, where no Townsend occupier is recorded, and Netton in Durnford (much nearer Avon), the manor of which was held by the Swayne family. As W. Davis, Gent., of Netton in Durnford was a signatory of the Wiltshire Protestation Return of 1641-2, it is likely that his estate there passed to the Townsend family. It cannot have been a manor.!2 Mr. ‘Townsend also expressed his great wish that his son should settle himself in (second) marriage, a wish not granted, and left to his wife a newly-built house called Gardhams, on which was put a rent charge of 1os. a year to pay for the rector’s Good Friday sermon. It is stated that the garden of this house adjoined the school ground. It is unlikely that Mrs. Townsend moved into Gardhams, as her son never took up residence in Great Cheverell. Gardhams was described as in poor repair in 1783" and seems to have been pulled down before the Charity Enquiry of 1834. Mr. Townsend died in 1730, aged 76; his wife lived till 1737. She was never able to administer her husband’s estate, but gradually made over to her son the several small pieces of land and cottages which were held by copyhold from the Almshouse, separately from the Manor. William Townsend (‘my loving brother William’ as he is referred to in the will of 1725) led a bachelor life at Avon. He was lessor of a considerable amount of Prebendal land at Stratford sub Castle and when he died intestate in 1738 his nephew had to pay a fine of £1,000 to the sub-dean of Salisbury to inherit his lease. In the years 1704, 1713, 1714 and 1717 he was Churchwarden at Stratford.14 In 1720 he retired from farming and let everything except his own living quarters at Avon to Henry Brown for £120 per annum. He retained for his own use for the length of his life ‘the hall, the parlour, the pantry or buttery adjoyning the parlour, the bottle house under the stairs and three chambers over the same, one chamber over the milk-house and another buttery, the garden and orchard and the backside with the fruit and food thereof, the court before the house, one garner in the granary, the coalhouse in the other orchard, the keeping of two pigs in the backsides, bartons and other parts of the premises with the pigs of the lessee, the stable called the fodder house, the royalty of fishing the two rivers and the fruits of the wallnut tree by the saw pitt, and also the use of the brewhouse for brewing baking and washing and the use of the pump and use of the house of office parcell of the premises’. James Townsend the younger is a very different character and decidedly an enigma. He described himself (or any rate is described in Alumni Oxonienses) as of ‘Griciverd’, Wilts., ‘as of Great Cheverell’. Whether this was his name for a house at Netton or Erlestoke, I have no way of telling. After his father retired, in the years 116 1727 to 1734, he also worked for Sir William Pynsent: he kept the courts but was principally employed in working up a case at law against Henry Skelling, Esq., which seems eventually to have ended in Pynsent’s favour. In 1736 James Townsend, Esq., of “Erlestoke’ was a Justice of the Peace for Wiltshire, one of about forty who actually functioned at Quarter Sessions during that year.'5 Once in these years James Townsend did something for Great Cheverell, for the tenor bell in the Church is inscribed ‘James Townsend Jun: Esq and Henry Somner Gent Benefactors 1727’. The bell weighs about 114 cwt.; there are now five others in the ring, which is in regular use. Experts report this bell has a par- ticularly sweet tone. In 1741, when he had finally wound up the estates of his parents and uncle, James Townsend took a new lease of Hales Manor with his nephew John Wadman as second life on the lease. James is described as Esquire and received the right to hunt, hawk and fish on the land, a right previously held by the Lord of the Leet; this right must really have been granted him, not by the Almshouse but by his old employer Sir William Pynsent. James Townsend affixed a seal to this lease which carries the image of a cock but is no part of armorial bearings. His death occurred between the Spring and Autumn Courts held by the Almshouse in 1748. John Wadman then surrendered all the copyholds and had them returned to him. James passed on to him all his own land and the holdings of his father and uncle, but I have been unable to discover the whereabouts of his will, if any existed, or where he died or was buried. He certainly was not buried either in Great Cheverell, where he had been christened, or in Erlestoke, where he had been married and where his wife was buried.'® John Wadman lived in Imber and it is unlikely that he resided in Cheverell Hales Manor House at any time. The house was presumably let, though the first evidence we have of a tenancy is not till 1780. John Wadman lived till 1794. He was married three times and was survived by a daughter, probably of the second marriage, and a son and heir of the third, named John Townsend Wadman, who, however, died in 1801, aged 18.17 His widow lived till 1816 and the estate was not finally broken up till after her death, when the Hales Manor and its lands were sold piecemeal, realizing about £10,000 in all—that is, for life leases, for the Hospital still retained their Lordship of the Manors. In Mr. Townsend’s will, in 1725, he asked to be decently buried in the north aisle of Great Cheverell church. In the aisle, now usually called the ‘Townsend Chapel, stands a monument over 11 ft. high commemorating James ‘Townsend and his wife (pL. IVb). The monument itself, rather too large for its present position, is made of foreign marble.!® It is crowned by the (wrongly blazoned) arms of Townshend of Raynham (in Norfolk) impaling those of Hunt of Somersett»— families with neither of which have I been able to trace a connection. The design and workmanship of the monument is good and probably it was ordered from a London workshop. It must have been supplied without any inscrip- tion and the one provided locally is badly spaced and unskilfully cut. In compen- sation it seems to have been composed by a friend or by their own children, and reads: C07 Here under lies JAM! TOWNSEND of this Parish Gent. who departed this life the 12th of July 1730, in the 76th year of his Age. He was a man of Great patience, Steadfast faith, sincere Intentions, strictly Just, to the utmost of his Power, free from Vice, a loving Husband, a Kind and Indulgent Father, a sure Friend, a loss to the Oppressed, and Greatly Lamented by all that truely knew Him. Also here under lies) M* KATHERINE TOWNSEND, Relict of JAMES TOWNSEND Gent. and Daughter of M* John Hunt of Ham Gent. who departed this life August ye 30th 1737 Aged 84. She was an Affectionate Wife, a Kind and tender Mother, and much Esteem’d for her Great Piety and Extensive Charity, and whose death is Greatly Lamented by all that knew Her. And more Especially by the Poor of this Parish. We Grieve indeed but Grieve for them in Vain Their Death’s Our loss to them Immortall Gain ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank Mr. John Tarlton and Mrs. Oliver Brooke for the use of the photo- graph of the Manor House (Cheverell Hales), Great Cheverell; the Bath Academy of Art for the photograph of the Townsend monument in Great Cheverell church; Mrs. Olive D’Arcy Hart for finding the whereabouts of wills, especially that of William Townshend, made 1651-2; the staff of the Wiltshire County Record Office, who have given me every help in my researches; the Rt. Hon. the Earl of Pembroke, for permission to use his archives at Wilton House; Mr. R. E. Sandell, who invited me to write this paper; and Mr. F. K. Annable, who gave much help with details of presentation. t Wiltshire County Record Office, 251/57. 2 Enocks Mill. A common name for mills, fields and woods in Wiltshire and neighbouring counties; variations: Innox, Ennicks, etc. P. H. Reaney (The Origins of English Place-Names) derives it from Middle English znhdke, meaning a place newly cleared or enclosed, in this case probably in the 13th century. 3 Information kindly obtained by Mr. K. H. Rogers of the W.C.R.O. 4 Wilts. Notes and Queries, 111, 470; article by E. Kite on the Delamere family and their Chantry Manor at Market Lavington. The mention of Sir Frederick Hyde (d. 1673) as deceased probably places this Rent Roll in the late 17th century. 5 W.C.R.O. 251/57. 6 List of taxpayers for Subsidy of 1576: P.R.O. E.179/198/230. John Hunt of Ham, tax £3 6s. 8d.; John Merewether of Cheverell Hales, tax £1 os. od. 7 Adapted from estate plans of Mr. G. Watson Taylor, 1826 (W.C.R.O. 84/20). 8 The number of John Merewethers is pro- digious. This one was for a time head of his family in Market Lavington, where he held a lease of the Rectory from Christ Church, Oxford, holders of the advowson. 118 9 Wadman of Imber: pedigree in Colt Hoare, Modern Wiltshire, 1, 165. Also two monuments in Imber church. ro James ‘Townsend, 1686-1748. Spelt Towns- (h)end in Joseph Foster’s Alumni Oxonienses, 1500-1720. The author refers to his work Judges and Barristers, but this was never published. Brouncker inheritance at Erlestoke: V.C.H. Wilts., vil, 83. 1 Printed Parliamentary Papers (B.M.), 1867-8, Vol. 28, part 11. 12 Swayne family holders of the manor of Netton in Durnford (Colt Hoare, Modern Wiltshire, it, 124). W. Davis, Gent., of Netton: Protestation Returns, 1641-2 (Wilts. Notes and Queries, vil, 345). 13 Reply made by the Rev. Dr. James Stonhouse, Rector of Great Cheverell, 1780-96, to the first visitation queries of Bishop Shute Barrington, 1783 (Salisbury Diocesan R.O.). Furthermore, he had appointed a schoolmaster at his own expense to teach 30 children and objected to there being a sermon or any service on Good Friday, ‘it being a working day’. Salisbury Diocesan Records. 14 Bishop’s Transcripts of Stratford sub Castle parish registers, 1704, 1713, 1714, 1717 (Salisbury Diocesan R.O.). 1s Wiltshire Quarter Sessions and Assizes, 1736 (ed. J. P. M. Fowle, 1955, W.A.S. Records Branch, x1), 127, etc. 16 Parish registers of Great Cheverell (St. Peter’s Church, Great Cheverell), and Bishop’s transcripts of those of Erlestoke, 1713 and 1715 (Salisbury Diocesan R.O.). '7 First wife: Ursula, daughter of Viscount Windsor (Colt Hoare); second wife: Miss Walker of Beverley, Yorks. (Gents. Mag., 1773); third wife: Mary, daughter of — Parker, M.D. (Colt Hoare). His widow married secondly Mr. Godolphin : Burslem. The only mention of a surviving daughter (unnamed) is in his will (1792). :8 This monument is wrongly placed in Eriestoke in V.C.H. Wilts., vu. Nikolaus Pevsner (The Buildings of Wiltshire, 1963) gives this description of it: ‘James Townsend} 1730. Corinthian pilasters and an architrave curved up in the middle. Looped up baldacchino to reveal the inscription.’ 19 Arms of Townshend of Raynham: Azure a chevron ermine 3 escallops argent. Arms of Hunt of Somerset: Azure a chevron voided between 3 martlets. OTHER MANUSCRIPT SOURCES t. In the Wiltshire County Record Office at Trowbridge: (i) Leases from Heytesbury Almshouse, 1669, _, 1693, 1725, 1741 (251/57): (ii) Indenture marked ‘My brother’s Assign- ment’ (after 1679) (251/57). (iii) An agreement for the sale of two houses in Devizes, 1677 (212>/Devizes 4/37). (iv) The Manor Court Rolls of Great Cheverell, 1719 onwards (84/17, 84/18), plus one vol. plans, 1826 (84/20). (v) Notebook marked ‘Mr ‘Townsend’s Account’, 1724 (temporary no. 490/361). (vi) Account of James Townsend (the younger) to Sir William Pynsent, Bt., 1734 (tempo- rary no. 490/361). (vii) Lease of the farm of Avon, given by William Townsend to Henry Brown, 1720 vy 6334/18). bt (viii) Intestacy statement of William Townsend, 1738 (Sub-Dean of Sarum Admon. No. 15). 2. In the parish church of St. Peter’s, Great Cheverell: Notes in the registers by the Rev. Nathaniel Shute, Rector of Great Cheverell, 1680-1711. 3. Amongst papers collected by the late Mrs. Helena Bateson, resident owner of Cheverell (Hales) Manor House, 1920-58: (i) Summary of the will of James Townsend of Great Cheverell (1725), made for the administrators of his charities, 1823. (ii) Summary of the will of John Wadman of Imber (1792), made for the descendants of his eventual heir (James Mathew Davis) in 1928. (iii) Sundry architectural drawings of Cheverell (Hales) Manor House. 4. In the archives of the Earl of Pembroke at Wilton House: Summary of leases granted by the Pem- broke estate to the Davis family and their successors at Avon, 1563, and many subsequent dates to the early 19th century. 5. Abstracts of Wills in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury: (i) William Townshend (sc) of Lavington Forum, 1651-2. P.C.C. Brent 147. (ii) Administration Act Book, 1741. Infor- mation that the will of James Townsend (d. 1730) (Will Auber 265) remained unadministered until 1741. 6. In the library of the Wiltshire Archaeological Society: Sundry genealogical data in the Erlestoke Papers (Brouncker family) and collections of the late Col. R. W. Awdry (Mere- wether family). OTHER PRINTED SOURCES Victoria County History of Wiltshire: 111, Almshouse at Heytesbury, 337-40. v1, Hundred of Under- ditch, Stratford sub Castle; Prebendal Estate, 203; Avon, 207. Publications of the W.A.S. Records Branch: 1x (1953), for Avon and the Davis family [f.11 (12)], 7, 283. x (1954), Cheverell Magna, 87; Hamme, 122. Wilts. Notes and Queries: vit (1917), marriage of J. Wadman, 17th May 1773, 403. 119g NOTES ON THE LIFE OF JOSEPH RICKETTS, WRITTEN BY HIMSELF, c. 1858 The original manuscript of these notes was presented to the Society's Library by Tue Rev. J. A. Harrison in 1962. He ts also responsible for part of the annotation of this transcript; further details have been supplied by Mr. K. H. Rocers. IN LAYING DOWN the History of my life I cannot tell exactly the time of every event, therefore I shall commence with the first seven years of my Boyhood and continue by sevens. ‘he place of My Nativity was Castle Eaton in Wiltshire. I was born about the 14th February 1777.1 My Parents was poor honest Labourers in the pursuits of Agriculture. My Father was a descendent from the Poultons formerly of Broadleaze at Cricklade & My Mother of the Harris’s of Lushill-wick, Parish of Castle Eaton. My spirit of Childwood was buoyant & elastic—I was naturally a wild roving boy of an Active Unconquerable mind—for Mischief I was superior to other boys of my Age—was stiled their Captain. And on many events I can well recollect the severe floggings my father gave me: but no more than I deserved. The longest time back as I can remember was when I was in Peticoats. I recollect a tub of water standing in the court into which I peeped, and was supprised to see my face—being not satisfied with seeing my face, I reached farther over, my head overbalanced my heels and into it I went. A person being in the street near hearing the splashing about, he ran and pulled me out, otherwise there would have been an end of poor Joe. Also I recollect in the Months of May & June [ did rove very wide seeking for Violets & Cowslips &c till I could not find my way home—but if I did get there I was in such a pikle that I was severely flogged for it— but twas soon forgotten—Off again. Since that time I have written the following on it When I was a little boy in Petticoats wa dresst Was always roving out, within I could not rest All this remembers [! A tub of water in the court ’twas in a certain place In it I peept—to my surprize for to behold my face All this remember. I look’d to see my Shoulders too As I the truth do tell My head Oerbalanced my heels & into it I fell All this remember A person in the Street hard by hearing the splashing sound 126 He ran and pull’d me out again or else I should been drownd All this remember Then I was dress’d in breeches fine which I could not intie I dirted them, alas! for that, severely flog’d wis I All this remember Advice My little Ones take my advice—dont go abroad so free But see for One to keep you safe lest flogged you may be— This Advice give I In the Autom of my seventh Year I was sent to School? to Mr Gills of Kempsford —TI was there 6 Months at 1°/ a Month—was the biggest dunce in the scholl— learnt nothing. I finished the 7th year in the fields & Farm Yards And begun my 8th Year as before At Kempsford School but there was such a change in me which surprized all. I soon became a good reader, writer, & Arithmetician, but alas! I was obliged in floody times to wade part of the way to school and set in my wet things—took cold—had a fever—which settled in my left knee & right hand rist which was entirly stiff and my knee & leg was a complete Angle for 3 years—under Crutches. But Providence smiled on me with that little learning I had was the means of my Opening a Night School Assisted by my father which was a great help for a livelyhood. My Old Master Mr Gills kindly offered so teach & instruct me in any thing which I wanted to know gratis—So I again hopped over to Kempsford School And gained whatever Instruction I could while a cripple. At that time the Canal was making which went through the Vilage Kempsford—Our foot road to school was on the line of Canal;3 And the Rude Navies would not let us go by at quiet in the morning in September & October without giving them Apples. We youths knew all the Orchards and what fruit the produced—so either the eveing or morning, or both was occupied in stealing Apples for those Scoundrells with their welldone, Good-boys &c—Now since you have been so good to bring us fruit; for which you shall be rewarded. One of them said You well knows old Guys Orchard in the corner of the home field dont you (Yes we Answered) well, I have bought the Apples therein, and at your dinner time you may go and take as many as you like, So we were Anxious for the hour to come, when we hilter Skilter over One another to this Orchard And two or three was soon up into a beautiful pearmain tree and well shook a Quantity down And the rest of us began filling our Pockets and bags; We saw young Mr Guise a coming towards us and thinking all was right —until he laid hold of two or three of us and drew a whip from under his smock frock and severely whipt us. We stood and dsputed his having any right to the Apples. we told him our Authority! Ah said he, and I have told you mine: He was obliged to try the virtue of Stones to pay those in the tre—twas very sower fruit. Ever Afterward we forsook the navvies & went the Horse road. So I finished the winter at School And at spring I Assisted Mother & sisters at Spinning & Carding wool—We had a supply of 20 Ib every fortnight from Mr Chamberlen of Highworth at 3° a lb. After which I was sent to drive plough with a very ill tempered I2I Carter and I being a little lame could not keep up with the horses without holding to the traces—and very frequently was knocked down with a large lump of hard dirt which I did not relish—But formed a resolution not to drive any More. So the next morning came, And my bread bag was filled as usual—but I started as a lame tramp or beggar—I called at the Earl of Radnor’s Mansion4 at Coleshill and asked Charity at the same time there was a begger at the door—he complemented me saying you have not taken up this calling long? I said no he said I thought not— you want a great deal of drilling to make you a perfect begger—I thought so myself. So I took my way home again where I found the devil to pay between my father & the Carter. After which I was employed in all the pursuits of Agriculture Clean Boots & Shoes Knives & forks bridles & Saddles and Groom the Nag &c. I was fond singing in the Church from 16 years of age to my death. I kept to Farmers Work as usual And at 16 My Master Mr David Archers hired me to live in the house at £2.10.0 the year to continue my work as usual— Milk & fodder Plough & sow reap & Mow and every think required of an Agri- cultural Servant. At 17 Years I was hired again at £3.10.0 to work as above I was an excellent Rickmaker & thatcher particularly Wheat ricks. At the same time I employed my Odd time in mending Gates & herdles &c for which my Master gave me many half Crowns for encouragement. I recollect he went to Burford fair And told me to begin thatching a Bean rick, which I did, & covered it well And Another in the same yard before eight o’Clock in the evening. My Master came home about 10 o’Clock and said well boy, hast thee done the Rick? Yes Sir,— said no more that night. In the night there was heavy thunder & rain—And in the Morning the Old Gentleman went out & surveyed my works, he was well pleased to see two ricks done and particularly as the weather had been. He said well-done boy, here is 2/6. Now I must get into my 4th 7 or 22. About this time I was taken Ill with a fever and Rhumatism which confined me to my bed a long time—During which I saw an Advertisment of Reeces Medical Guide to be obtained of any Bookseller Price g/ I sent to Mr Stevens Bookseller of Cirencester and he sent one to me— So I could do nothing but lay in bed and read & study this Book, which I did to a great advantage—by adhereing to what was laid down in this Book I soon became well; not only well myself—but could administer medicine and give advice to others. So I became a Man of great Note. In the Summer a Typhus fever spread its ravages through the parish—Some had one Doctor—and some had another— but I had the most. My Patients all lived, but the Doctors all died—certingly I had the advantage being on the spot, the Doctors 4 & 5 Miles distance—I could run in two or three times a day and examine the pulse and the state of the Skin, which I was anxious to get Moist, and that I accomplished with Salines and smali doses of Ipecacuanha, to Nausciate—So I was at last made Parish Doctor. My fame spread, the faculty began to be jealous of Me—And was trying to stop me from Practicing—But applied to a friend in London to send me the Appothecary’s Act®—which bid them defiance—having practiced some years before the Act Passed—But all the above did not prevent me from my regular Occupation in My Masters business. 122 Attendance on Cattle A the same time I attended all my Masters Horses & Cattle when Illness required it—Also all the neighbouring farmers. I worked in an Old Farm house close to my Master’s. The Kitchen was my shop where I made all the Implements in husbandry Gates &c &c. The Dairy room was used for brining And limeing wheat to prevent smut at seedtime— The Parlour I kept very private for at that time Duty on Malt was very high, Myself & a watchbird contrived to build in it a Malt Kiln: We had a great deal of night work—we wetted 3 Sacks of Barley at once, and worked it in Rooms above we had the advantage of the trade because we could use the sprinkleing Pot when required, but the trade dared not so there was the reason that our malt was the best. To prevent suspicion when drying off—I did carry a side of Bacon & hung it in the Chimney that People may think that it was Bacon drying smoke not Malt Steam. I had some difficulty in procuring Tinby7 coal it was got very scarce— but I heard of some being at the Old Wharf at Leachlade—So I took the Name Board off the Cart and started to the above Wharf & had what I wanted. The Wharfinger very Politely asked from whence I came? I said some distance up in Wiltshire—When do you expect more coal in I shall want more. I forgot to name what we were deficient in the Killn building. The first floor of Malt I thought it would never be dried but it made some very black drink—Not very drinkable. I was Malter & Brewer too—I was asked Questions And Answers to such was very difficult—But however I got a Pickett Punch and made the holes in the Kilnplating, in one corner, about 12 inches square, as thick as I could. The Malt on that Spot was dried in a little time & as white as possible. So I got my watchbird to stand at the Window to give hush while I punched the Kiln well all over—then we made an excellent Article without any suspicion. The old Farm house kiln & All was doomed to come down, so we pulled the kiln to pieces & the plating in sheets we threw into the Thames, (Gooseypill) a flood came and took some parts of it into Kempsford Meadow & else where. What a Lucky escape. So I kept on as usual. At eighteen he hired me again for £4.10—to keep on as usual; I became more useful as a superintendent. My Masters business was always at heart Night & day I was always looking after his propertis. At spring he gave me a Calf, I weaned it, Mr Poulton of Broadleaze, Cricklade—a distant relation,— gave me the summer’s run of it, at Autum I sold it for £4.10. My Master David Archer & Mr Pitt of Cirencester bought the whole Manor of Castle Eaton’ & Appointed me their Gamekeeper? by which means I was taken by the hand by most of the Gents in the Neighbourhood. Before I was twenty one years old I took to a Wifet® & we scrabled along as well as we could. I received only 8/ a week. I sat up with my Master Nights during his illness was with him when he died.t! He left me £20 and all his Clothes. His two Nephews was his Executors Mr John Archer & Mr John Green the latter lived with his Uncle David but the former lived in a Farm at Water Eaton—They exchanged for Mr Archer to come home to Castle Eaton at Once. I was then in the employment or servant 123 to both—I was in difficulties to know which I must serve. I then made up my mind to keep to the Name of Archer On which account I was prevented from being served with an Exchequer writ. Mr Green was Assessor of Taxes at Castle Eaton. Mr King of Coxes Farm had a small Estate, Blackford, at C.E. On which the Land tax was to be collected. M.G. sent me to colect it—I being fond of my Gun which I took in my hand to the above Coxes Farm. I had taken the tax & was returning home and entering a field of Miss Jenners!2 Lady of the Manor of Marston, I shot at some Wood Pigeons, On going a little farther A Covey of Partridges flew up, at which also I shot but did not kill. Old Rich? Lane a labourer on the Highways told some One that he saw me shoot at Partridges & it was whispered about until it came to Miss Jenner ears. She immediately sent for the Old Man and compelled him to go with her Bailiff to — Nicholst3 Esq Magestrate at Ashton Keyns & fetch a Summons to Appear before him on — day which I obeyed. But there was a Mistake in the date of Summons by which we could prove it an Alabi. The Blacksmith came to Marston on Tuesdays & Fridays And the Old Man swore to the wrong day, I told the Old Man I shot at wood pigeons But however, when he was to swear that I shot at Partridges—He said I believe it was Partridges. Magestrate—that wont do. O.M. I believe it was Partridges. I spoke, it was Woodpigeon. Magestrate Stop, Stop Will you swear as it was Partridges or No?—TI cant—So the Magestrate sent a Note by Miss Jenner’s Servant to say that the Old Man’s evidence was no Use and beside they could prove it an Alabi. So she wrote to Mr Pit about it determined to Exchequer me. In a few days Mr Archer sent me on business to Mr Pitt. Mr P. said Joseph what is the Matter between Miss Jenner & you I thought you & she was on the best of terms—& so we were but I think it is a jelousey about who is my Master. Now if you will be advised by me, as you go home, you call upon her (you know what sort of a Lady she is) and ask her Pardon. I said what you have advized I will do—So on calling she came to the door full hot, face red as fire— I made my Obedience and asked her pardon—She said thee knowst very well that I would not let your parson™ shoot over my Land neither thee. I dont think but it is thy d—d Masters J.G.s doing. I said He is not my Master. Mr A—is my Master. Well, then, come in and go into the Pantry & have some Victuals—Sarah! go and fetch Jo some Ale—and so we become friends. About two days after I had the good luck of shootting a brace of Woodcocks —so I made her a present with them. She gave me a sevenshilling bit & sent me a good Sparib. I shot for her ever after. That was rubbing off nicely. About this time I commenced Land Measuring &c several Estates I surveyed & Mapped. One Estate called Hardwell's 345a. ir. 1p. which was afterwards sold. ‘The Purchaser wishing to be satisfied had it remeasured by a regular surveyor whose Admeasurement was within 2 Roods. The Agent said it spoke Volums in the behaif of Ricketts copy. On Musical Instruments &c A the same time I attend to My Masters Business and I worked frequently all night in making musical Instruments. My first was a Violoncello (Bass Viol) 124. which I was rather ashamed to see, so I let my children have it for a draw-cart. It was a rattleing dust cart—But they thought it would be a better Boat—they put it into the River and it swam bravely until the Glue was soaked then all-to-Pieces it went. Then I made Another A very good one. After that I had 4 bespoke at 4 Guineas each. And others I made at 3 Guineas—Violins at £1—Tenors at £2— Clarionets at £1. I cast all the Keys myself—I made double & side Drums And was Master of the first Band in the neighbourhood. There was no idle time lost by me night or day. I also made a small Printing press & bought a font of Pica Type and com- menced Printing to the asstonishment of all my Neighbours,'® as I never saw any thing of the kind done. My homemade press became to small as business increased — So I got a Friend in London to purchase a F Cap 2 Pull Broadside—-which I have at this time 1858—But in 1854 I was obliged to have A New Double Crown Colum- bian (Clymer’s) which is a capital good one Blind Bill the fiddler was very quick in feel & hearing He was setting in the Public House & heard some Poachers laying out their Plans—and if they were likely to be taken by me Death should be lot—Afterwards I took precaution, and in less than 4 Years One of them died in Gloucester Jail & One was transported & One ran away. About this time I found a Hare in a Wire it was in the Afternoon—I made an enquiry of the honest Shepherd if he had seen any One about that was likely, he said no. I asked him to bear an eye—So I laid several cold Mornings in the Hedge watching—But after a time I found that my honest Shepherd was the Man. On searching for some stolen Goods in a Poachers House we found some Birding Framels & a Hare under the Pillow for which he went to jail. dine mith) 7 Year 28 to 35: My son being out of his time as a Smith & Farrier in the year 1822—TI left him to my business at Castle Eaton And I went to Highworth where I opened as a Druggist and Printer, after a little while I commenced stationer & Bookseller & Bookbinder!7—And had the management of the singing & Organ in the Church and carried the Above on until 81 Years of Age. I then gave up my business to my Grandson Richard Ricketts & Retired.1§ But I must remember that I am highly indebted to the Bennetts’ & Matthews’ who first took me by the hand and by their interest spread my fame in all my Undertakings Viz As a Farm Labourer A Carpenter & Wheeller A Land Surveyor Never worked a day A Cattle Doctor with a tradesman Maltster A Sportsman with Dog & Gun A Musician A Musical Instrument Maker Druggist Printer 125 Bookbinder & Stationer Bookseller and now Independent When I was 21 Years of age I very much admired the Psalms, Particularly the 5th part of the r19th “Teach me o Lord the way of thy Statutes’ Since that time scarce a day has passed without calling the above Psalm to my mind. ‘Give me understanding & I shall keep thy Law’'9 « Ricketts was the eldest child (of ten) of Stephen Ricketts, who married Mary Bavis at Castle Eaton on 16th May 1776. He was baptized there on 8th February 1777. 2 A charity school in this Gloucestershire village (2 miles from Castle Eaton) was endowed by Thomas, Lord Weymouth, in 1709; the school house was built in 1750. 3 The Thames and Severn Canal, authorized in 1783 and opened for navigation in 1789. 4 This house, just across the Berkshire border, was burnt down a few years ago. 5 Of a family which later lived at Lus Hill in Castle Eaton. 6 55 Geo. III, c. 194, an Act for better regu- lating the Practice of Apothecaries throughout England and Wales. 7 Early r1oth-century gazetteers refer to the export of coal from Tenby. 8 Land tax assessments in the Wilts. Record Office show that this took place c. 1797. The sale took place in consequence of a private Act (35 Geo. III, c. 84) vesting part of the settled estates of the Rev. William Goddard for sale. 9 There is a gamekeeper’s deputation of 1800 in the Wilts. Record Office. 10 Ricketts married Mary Lea at Castle Eaton, 23rd January 1796. They had eight children. 11 David Archer was buried at Castle Eaton, 23rd September 1800, aged 67. 12 Mary Jenner, spinster, apparently only lessee of the manor farm at Marston Meysey: Wilts. Record Office, Land tax assessments. 126 13 Nicholas. ™%4 John Green was vicar of Norton, near Malmesbury, instituted 1796. 15 Apparently not in Wiltshire or Gloucestershire (E.P.N.S. volumes). 16 In the Wilts. Record Office is an account (315/96) dated November 1817 for printing 50 notices for Mr. J. Crowdy of Highworth. It is accompanied by a request for payment, printed in pica type, and signed by Ricketts. 17 In the Wilts. Record Office is an engraved bill (315/112) headed ‘Bought of Joseph Ricketts, Druggist and Stationer, Printer, Book Binder & Music Seller, Patent Medecine Vender [sic], Dealer in Vinegar, Spices, Cheese, Colouring, Blacking, &c. &c. &c. Circulating Library, all sorts of Fancy Paper’. The account shows that Ricketts also performed veterinary services and sold harp strings. There are several examples of his printing while at Highworth in the Record Office and the Society’s Library, chiefly posters and sale particulars. 18 Directories between 1842 and 1855 mention Joseph Ricketts in business in the Market Place at Highworth. Richard was still there, as a chemist and brewer, in 1867, but was not mentioned in 1875. 19 There is no record of Joseph Ricketts’s burial in the parish registers of Highworth or Castle Eaton. His wife died gzgth November 1822, aged 36, and was buried in Highworth churchyard (Society’s Library, Monumental Inscriptions). NOTES NEOLITHIC POTTERY FROM RYBURY CAMP In December 1964 Mrs. Robin Kenward discovered some abraded sherds protruding from the base of the turf where a bare patch has been worn above the inner edge of the southern arc of the Iron Age ditch (SU/08306387). There are about a dozen crumbs and sherds, including one from a rim, all from the same pot. The fabric is dark red to black and contains much sand and rather coarse flint. The rim is a heavy ‘T-shaped one, a typical example of the Abingdon style of Windmill Hill ware. It is decorated by deep diagonal incisions across the top and small oval impressions along the inner and outer edges. : It is far from clear how the sherds had reached the spot where they were found, but a reasonable guess would be that at some time in the past they had been thrown out (perhaps then in the form of a single fairly large fragment) from a Neolithic ditch or pit. Such features could easily have been disturbed by the chalk quarries. The find lends further weight to the evidence recently put forward by Mr. D. J. Bonney for the existence at Rybury of a Neolithic causewayed enclosure (W.A.M., 59 (1964), 185). I. F, SMITH A BRONZE AGE PIT NEAR JENNER’S FIRS, UPAVON In October 1964, while surveying the Romano-British settlement at Chisenbury Warren, Enford, we learnt that Grenadier Guards recruits digging a slit trench about 4 mile to the north had unearthed a complete pot. On visiting the spot (SU/175546) with Lieut. N. Chancellor, we were able to see that the pot, by then broken, had come from a small pit exposed in the side of the trench. We retrieved most of the sherds, which were subsequently re-assembled by the Curator at Devizes Museum. Four days after the discovery, we completely excavated the remainder of the pit, showing it to be small and cylindrical, without, however, adding to the finds. The pit had been almost exactly bisected by the original trench, so the section obtained (FIG. 1) is representative. The pit was circular at its mouth, 1 ft. in diameter, and 1 ft. deep into the Chalk, its slightly dished base being 1 ft. 5 in. below present ground level. The sides dropped vertically from a sharp, angular and unweathered lip. On the Bronze Age Pit, Upavon N.E. S.W. Oo) aes mM wy 5 . Osa 24 north-east, the pit side continued downwards for.a further 5 in. into a 14-in.-wide hole. Shape, position and filling suggested this was the hole of a stake driven into the pit bottom, possibly before the pit was filled and perhaps temporarily to mark its position. The lower half of the pit fill consisted of a fine, dark grey soil containing blackened humic grains (possibly burnt), a few small flints and chalk varying from minute fragments to lumps c. 1 in. across. This filling had been originally around and probably inside the pot which had lain in the destroyed, western half of the pit. It also filled the ‘stake-hole’. Above was brown soil, dipping down as if replacement material over the ‘stake-hole’, and surrounding an apparently deliberate filling of medium-sized flints in the centre of the pit. The whole was sealed by 5 in. of soil and small flint rubble, formerly a plough-soil. The pit lay within a 40-yd.-wide ‘Celtic long field’, part of an extensive but now fragmentary field system apparently related to Chisenbury Warren Romano-British settlement. The lynchets forming the north and south sides of the field were only 1 ft. high, suggesting that the field could not have been under intensive cultivation for very long, even allowing for the natural southerly slope of only c. 3° and the use of possibly only a light plough. Whatever the reason, the pit had not been disturbed by this later ploughing, although there was no evidence whatsoever to suggest that it had at any time been covered by a mound. The pit’s function is not clear: its apparently careful filling and the presence of the complete pot indicate that it served a ritual, perhaps even funerary, purpose, though it contained no burial. The dark lower filling may suggest cremation, which the dimensions of the pit—if it was funerary—demand in any case; but no fragment of cremated bone was found in a careful sifting of the pit fillmg. On the other hand, a later but almost exact parallel for the pit, at Ford, Laverstock,3 though without a stake-hole, ‘was full of black ash’ and contained two scraps of cremated bone and a small complete pot. Even assuming a funerary purpose for the Upavon example, however, at best it can only represent a token burial. The absence of a mound and of ‘grave goods’ other than the pot make it of interest in counteracting a tendency to regard accompanied barrow burial as the norm in the earlier Bronze Age when it was surely a privilege. Dr. I. F. Smith has kindly commented on the pot: “The small vessel (Fic. 2) is some- what asymmetrical, with average dimensions as follows: rim and base diameters, 110 and 57 mm.; height, 80 mm. The 10 mm. thick base is slightly splayed and is convex rather than flat externally. The rim has a well-defined internal bevel, upon which remain a few shallow and evidently incidental impressions made by the fingers that moulded it. The surfaces, both internal and external, have been left rough and unsmoothed; both are a INS_ CMS Fic. 2 Drawn by F. K. Annable 128 grey-brown in colour, with reddish patches. Particles of grog up to 6 mm. across are present in the fabric, from which any form of hard inclusion seems to be absent. ‘Small plain pots bearing a generalized resemblance to this one were made in Wessex not only throughout the Bronze Age but also in the Early Iron Age. Nevertheless, this pot from Upavon may be attributed with confidence to the Early/early Middle Bronze Age (c. 1600-1400 B.C.) by virtue of its fabric. The colour, texture, and above all the use of grog as a filler in place of crushed stone, shell or sand, show it to be the product of a potter working in the Collared Urn and “‘Food Vessel’’ tradition. The rough finish recalls in particular that of a ‘Food Vessel’? which accompanied inhumations in barrow Figheldean G.25.’4 H. C. BOWEN and P. J. FOWLER 1 As defined in Bowen, Ancient Fields (1961), 24. 3 W.A.M., xvii (1936), 410 and PI. III. 2 V.C.H. Wilts., 1 (1957), i, 70. Plan, etc., 4 Guide Catalogue . . . Devizes Museum (1964), forthcoming in C.B.A. volume on Rural Settlement no. 4093. a in Roman Britain. MARLBOROUGH CASTLE In an article under the above title the late H. C. Brentnall expressed his reasoned belief that the motte was originally a barrow (W.A.M., xLvut (1938), 133-43). A late 18th-century view that this was so cannot, of course, have any scientific value in strengthening Brentnall’s case, but it may be worth noting since it obviously expressed an opinion generally held at the time. It is by that Prebendary of Salisbury, William Gilpin, in his Observations on the River Wye .. . relative chiefly to picturesque beauty; made in . 1770 (London, 1782), and the passage, on pp. 95-6, reads: ‘Marlborough-down is one of those vast, dreary scenes, which our ancestors, in the dignity of a state of nature, chose as the repositories of their dead. Every where we see the tumuli, which were raised over their ashes; among which the largest is Silbury-hill .. . At the great inn at Marlborough, formerly a mansion of the Somerset-family, one of these tumuli stands in the garden, and is whimsically cut into a spiral walk; which, ascending imperceptibly, is lengthened into half a mile. The conceit at least gives an idea of the bulk of these massy fabrics.’ No doubt there are other expressions of this opinion of even earlier date. In his article —delivered as an address in August 1937—Brentnall says that excavation into the motte might not now be profitable, and that in any case we should wait for further evidence from penetration into Silbury Hill. J. H. P. PAFFORD ROMAN SITES NEAR MOTHER ANTHONY’S WELL, ROWDEFIELD A site near the spring commonly known as Mother Anthony’s Well was first noted by Mrs. M. E. Cunnington in 1908 (W.A.M., xxxv, 441). Quantities of Romano-British pottery and some coins have been found there, and Dr. M. H. Callender did some excava- tion in 1951 but obtained, as far as I know, no conclusive evidence of a building. A new site about half a mile north-north-west of this was seen in May 1963. It lies between two spurs of the Roundway Downs, Oliver’s Castle and Beacon Hill, at the head of yet another spring named Mother Anthony’s Well on O.S. maps published in 1960 (ST/997648). It was first noticed when the barley was about 4 in. high except over a large L-shaped plot, where it was only 2 to 2} in. Romano-British brick, pottery and slag were found on the surface. In the last week of July the barley elsewhere in the field was green, heavy-eared and standing upright; on the site it was short-stalked, thin-eared and very dry. When one faced north-west and looked down from Oliver’s Castle, this dry 129 barley showed up as straight light lines. The apparent principal wall faces south-west and is approximately 40 yds. long. In The Archaeology of Wessex (1958), L. V. Grinsell records (p. 242) the large quan- tities of iron cinder found between Bromham and Seend. After ploughing in November, large quantities of slag were on the surface of the site just described. Does this indicate an industrial site ? L. E. DREW A (?)MEDIEVAL INTERMENT AT MARLBOROUGH During bulldozing operations in July 1964, a stone coffin came to light on a building site in a field known as Spittle Field, north of the junction of Stoney Bridges Lane and the London Road, on the east side of Marlborough (SU/19556915). The coffin, buried 3 ft. 3 in. below ground level, was externally of rectangular shape, and had been hewn from a single block of Cotswold stone. Internal measurements were as follows: length, 5 ft. 3 in.; width, 1 ft. 44 in.; depth and thickness of walls, 11 in. and 5 in. respectively. In contrast to its roughly worked exterior, each internal surface of the coffin had been smoothly finished off. ‘The head portion was round-ended, and small ramps cut into the sides of the interior, also at the head, down to floor level, were doubtless intended to accommodate the shoulders of the corpse. The coffin lid was a single block of Swindon stone 1 to 2 in. thick, roughly hewn on both faces and tapering to a rough point towards the feet. The greater portion of the cover had been broken and dispersed by the bulldozer and its overall shape could not be reconstructed. The burial was that of an extended adult inhumation without grave goods, although a single sherd of Romano-British pottery was found outside the west side of the coffin, level with the top. The smooth finish of the interior and the arrangements at the head are quite unlike the crudely finished examples of Roman sarcophagi normally found in the county,' and make it fairly certain that the interment was of post-Roman date. Information has been recorded on the O.S. 6-in. map, anu photographs are deposited in the Society’s Library. The lower half of the coffin is now in the possession of Mr. B. J. Lloyd, Great Bedwyn, and the skeletal remains, along with the single sherd, are in Devizes Museum (Acc. No. 6.1965). Mr. E. G. H. Kempson kindly contributes the following additional note: ‘The name Spittle Field is, of course, significant, and its position is marked on the Tithe Award map of Preshute of 1842, as a g-acre field. The name appears, too, in rentals of 1552 and of 1654 (Alnwick, box 23). ‘Now a deed of about 1300 describes the Leper Hospital of St. Thomas of Canterbury as lying outside Marlborough and yet next to a meadow in the Marsh Ward of the borough. Also in the second half of the 15th century a half-virgate of land in “‘Elcot and Newbury Street” late of St. Thomas’s hospital was producing rent for St. Margaret’s Priory.3 ‘All the evidence then points to the fact that this hospital was sited in Spittle Field. The fullest account of the history of the hospital can be read in V.C.H. Wilts., 11, 342. It was apparently established as a leper hospital in the early 13th century. Being ill- endowed, it was eventually handed over to the Prior of St. Margaret’s, a quarter of a mile to the south. Wardens were appointed up to 1398. As the coffin is of stone in a stoneless area, it presumably belonged to one of the wardens or some well-to-do sufferer.’ F. K. ANNABLE « Thanks are due to Professor J. M. C. Toynbee, 2 Public Record Office, A.D./C.1561. F.S.A., F.B.A., for her confirmation (in litt.) of the 3 Public Record Office, $.C.6/1055/17-19. almost certain post-Roman date of the coffin. 130 PEDIGREE OF PENN OF CO. WILTS AND OF BRISTOL by O. F. G. HOGG Chief Clerk to Christopher George of Bawnton, assessed to the and 1580 as of Malmesbury: ob. v. patris John Penne assessed to the Sub- sidies of 1522 and 1550 as of Minety William Penne = assessed to the Subsidy of 1560 as of Minety: d. 12.3. 1591/92 (M.I. — Jackson): will P.C.C. 31 ‘Harrington’ William Penn = Margaret Counsellor-at-law: Subsidies of 1570 dau. Gloucester, and Ann, his wife; sister of Christopher George of Cirencester and Bawnton,* of John Rastall, alderman of (Glos. Counsellor-at-law R.O. P 86. CH.1, 4-5 and 7-8) Mrs Ann Green mentioned, with her daughter Elizabeth, in her father’s will George Penn = Giles Penn = Joan William Penn Maria Sara Susanna b. c. 1570: assessed to the Subsidies Capt., R.N.: b. c. 1573: merchant dau. of — Gilbert of merchant at Bristol 1597, 1599, and 1603 as of Minety: of Bristol: consul at Sallee: men- co. Somerset: m. with his brother: mentioned in B.M. Laus. MS. no. 39 tioned in his grandfather’s will St. Mary Redcliffe, mentioned with his as an officer of Bradon Forest in 1630: 5.11.1600 sisters in his grand- bur. Minety 5.11.1632: mentioned in father’s will the wills of his grandfather and of Admiral Penn William Penn a Penn = a Spanish lady Sir William Penn = Margaret ane Elegnor Ensign: Clerk to the Cheque merchant at San said to have Admiral, R.N.: bap. dau. of John Jasper bap. St. Mary d. in childhood: at Kinsale Harbour: d. 1696: Lucar:2 b. 1600: been — divorced St. Thomas’s, Bristol, of Rotterdam and Redcliffe, bur. St. Mary mentioned in Admiral Penn’s d. 30.7.1664 in 1646 under 23.4.1621: d. 16.9. widow of — van der 24.2.1607 Redcliffe, 1612 will the influence of 1670: bur. St. Mary Schure: m. St. Mary the Inquisition Redcliffe, 3.10.1670: Redcliffe, 6.1.1643: will P.C.C. 1669/70, bur. Walthamstow, 130 ‘Penn’: D.N.B. 4.3.1681 a so | Guliema3 = William Penn = Hannah4 Richard Penn Margaret = Anthony Lowther dau. and h. of Sir founder of Pennsyl- dau. and h. of Thomas ob. ssp. 1679: m. probably in London, of Mask, co. York: b. William Springett vania: b. 14.10.1644: Callowhill of Bristol: bur. Walthamstow 14.2.1666/67 (lic.): bur. 1642: bur. Waltham- of co. Sussex: b. bap. 23.10.1644 at b. 18.4.1664: m. St. Walthamstow, 1718: stow, 1692 1644: m. Charle- All Hallows, Barking: Mary Redcliffe, 1696: 4 s., 1 dau. wood, 4.2.1672 d. 30.7.1718: — bur. d. 20.12.1726: bur. (Soc. of Friends, Jordans: D.N.B. Jordans Record 168): d. 23.2.1694: bur. Jordans t Granville Penn, Memorials of the Professional Life and Times of Sir William Penn, Kt. (J. Duncan, London, 1833), where is printed a letter from John George, M.p., greai-nephew of Christopher, to Admiral Penn. 2 See Bright’s footnote on his extraordinary history—Pepys Diary, 1st August 1644. 3 She had eight children, three sons and five daughters. Five of these died in infancy. Springett died unmarried. William and Letitia married. 4 She had four sons, John, Thomas, Richard and Dennis, and three daughters. Two daughters died in infancy, but Margaret married. Dennis died young. John never married. Thomas and Richard married. [ face page 130 AN AS za WILTSHIRE FAMILIES OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN (W.A.M., 58, 225) Of Neeld of Grittleton and Jenner of Widhill nothing further has come to light. The origins of these families remain unknown. Of John Yonge Akerman (D.N.B.), the distinguished secretary of the Society of Antiquaries, more can be said. His family is not nearly connected with the Bromham family of Akerman as set out in Burke’s Colonial Gentry, 1, 778, but seems to have arisen from Akermans settled in considerable numbers in the parishes of Stratton St. Margaret, Broad Blunsdon, and Rodbourne Cheyney. Of these, possibly a son or nephew of Moses Akerman, probably came James Akerman, a subscriber to the bell fund of St. Mary’s, Cricklade, in 1780, a dairyman and grazier in 1782, and a burgess of Cricklade in 1784. His wife Sarah died in 1783, and was buried in St. Mary’s churchyard, aged 45 (Regr. & M.I). They left a son George Akerman, baptized at St. Sampson’s, Cricklade, 23rd April 1762. He married at Eisey, 15th November 1803, by licence, Mary, daughter of Edward Barnes of Cricklade. The date and place of his death are unknown, and his will has not been traced. Now from W.A.M., x1v, 235, Num. Chron., xiv n.s., 13-19, and Wilts. Worthies, 146, it seems certain that John Yonge Akerman was born in London, 12th June 1806, that his father had gone to London at an early age ‘to engage in mercantile pursuits’, and that he came from Eisey. After his marriage there is no further note of George in Eisey or Cricklade. It seems that his children were probably 1. George, a county elector 1840/41 and 1859 for a freehold house at Eisey. Resident in Cricklade in what is now called London House. 2. Edward, buried St. Sampson’s, Cricklade, 21st March 1880, aged 75. His wife, Susan Ann, died 1884, aged 76. 3. John Yonge, born in London 1806, died Abingdon 1873, aged 67. In Holden’s Directory, 1805-7, there appears a John Young, apothecary, of 23 Charles Street, West- minster. It is possible that George Akerman was this man’s apprentice or partner and named his son after him. No record of George’s apprenticeship is extant. To. Ft BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CLOCKMAKERS, ETC., IN WILTSHIRE A Bibliography of Clock and Watchmakers, Apprentices and Dealers for the County of Wiltshire has been compiled by Mr. C. A. Osborne. Copies have been deposited in the Society’s Library and in the County Record Office. WILTSHIRE MILITIAMEN ON THE ISLE OF WIGHT Mr. C. Thomas Witherby has compiled an account of the attack on the Isle of Wight and Portsmouth by the French in 1545, an episode in which soldiers from Sussex, Hamp- shire and Wiltshire took part. By using the Taxation Rolls he has been able to identify some of the Companies from Wiltshire who were on the island, and in particular to trace to Salisbury a certain Captain Fisher who was killed in 1545 in fighting at Bonchurch, near Ventnor. A copy of the account has been deposited in the Carisbrooke Castle Museum. 131 EXCAVATION AND FIELDWORK IN WILTSHIRE 1964. KINGSTON DEVERILL: LONG BARROW ON COLD KITCHEN HILL EAST (ST'/849380) Neolithic A barrow at the eastern end of Cold Kitchen Hill was excavated by Major and Mrs. H. F. W. L. Vatcher on behalf of the Ministry of Public Building and Works during July and August. The site (Grinsell’s Kingston Deverill 1) is listed in V.CLH. Wilts., 1, 1, as a bowl barrow. It proved to be a long barrow, with traces of a mound which measured 60 x 30 ft. and was flanked by ditches which yielded Neolithic pottery, antler, and animal bones. Post-holes, many of them recut to receive replacement posts, provided evidence for a timber facade and a mortuary house. No human skeletal material was recovered, as ploughing had partially removed even the protected surface beneath the barrow mound. BISHOPS CANNINGS: LONG BARROW (SU/06666773) Neolithic The long barrow in the dry valley west of Beckhampton Firs (Grinsell’s Bishops Cannings 76) was excavated by Dr. I. F. Smith on behalf of the Ministry of Public Building and Works during August and September. A previous investigation, probably by John Thurnam, had disturbed an area some 30 ft. square at the north-east end of the barrow; the whole of the remaining mound was excavated, as well as both ends of the side-ditches and a cross-section of each. The barrow was orientated north-east/south-west and was found to be 135 ft. long, with a width of 35 ft. at the north-east end, which was convex in plan. The ditches were of unequal lengths; the south one was the longer, 170 ft. No human skeletal material was found under the mound, nor was any recovered by ‘Thurnam. Three incomplete ox skulls had been deposited at intervals in or under the barrow, more or less on the line of the long axis. The elaborately constructed mound represented a single period of activity. The spoil from the ditches, consisting of fine-grained water-laid deposits and chalk gravel, had been heaped within a framework of wattle fencing, with brushwood spread hori- zontally between successive layers. An external revetment bank gave additional support to the structure around the broader end and along the south flank. Owing to the earlier disturbance and to more severe damage by ploughing on the north flank, it was not possible to determine whether a similar revetment had existed there. After the side-ditches were partially filled with silt and a thin soil had formed on the flanks of the mound, a round barrow was set on its north-eastern end. Only the southern fringe of the barrow itself remained, but nearly the whole circumference of its ditch was traced. It was about 65 ft. in diameter and followed closely round the existing convex front of the long barrow; it cut across both berms, into the upper silt of the southern side-ditch, and pursued an up-and-down course through the long barrow mound. AVEBURY: ROUND BARROW (SU/102679) Bronze Age As reported elsewhere in this volume, a ploughed-out round barrow north-west of the West Kennet long barrow (Grinsell’s Avebury 55) was excavated during October by Dr. I. F. Smith on behalf of the Ministry of Public Building and Works. BISHOPS CANNINGS: ROUGHRIDGE HILL (SU/060660) Bronze Age During September and October Mrs. Edwina Proudfoot directed excavations on behalf of the Ministry of Public Building and Works at three round barrows on Roughridge 132 Hill (Grinsell’s Bishops Cannings 61, 62, 62a). All three barrows, now extensively damaged by ploughing, had previously been excavated by Thurnam (IV.A.M., vi (1860), 323). Grinsell’s Barrow 61 This was a bowl barrow covering a cremation. According to Thurnam, the central grave covered a cremation associated with fragments of two kinds of pottery and two bone pins, one of which was tinged green. These finds are now in the British Museum. Some pottery and cremated bone and ashes were found in situ in the grave, which had not been fully excavated by Thurnam. Two secondary inhumations were found. One was of an adult on its back, and was considerably disturbed by ploughing. The other was an infant in a crouched position on its left side. Both were unaccompanied. To the north of the ditch, and cut by it, was a large Neolithic pit, filled with black ashy material and containing examples of many types of Neolithic artefacts: Windmill Hill sherds, a broken flint core, half a perforated chalk block, flint flakes, bone pins, a stone bead, charcoal, hazelnuts, burnt and unburnt bone and burnt antlers. Grinsell’s Barrow 62 This barrow had covered a central cremation found by Thurnam, who stated that it was unaccompanied. Traces of this cremation were found in his infilling. There was no ditch surrounding this turf and earth mound, but there were three concentric circles of stake holes: one within the mound, one at its edge, and one outside. A cremation beneath a Collared Urn was found in a pit beyond the barrow on the south. A pit containing a burnt square bead of bone was found on the south-west. There was a number of other pits, but these were barren. Grinsell’s Barrow 62a This barrow also covered a cremation, and Thurnam found an incense cup and bone bead with it. Again there was no ditch. There were two stake circles within the mound, and traces of a rectangular structure round the central grave. This had been partially destroyed by Thurnam’s excavation. As at Barrow 61, there were pre-barrow pits, here ten altogether. One contained a quantity of burnt antler, another a few sherds, bone fragments and a small horn-core, and a third large pit was filled with grey ashy material and much Windmill Hill pottery, fragments of bone, charcoal and hazelnuts. At the base of this latter, a smaller pit had been dug; it contained a cremation sealed by the grey ashy filling of the main pit. One further pit contained a cremation; the remainder, however, proved barren of finds. The presence of these pits and the one at Barrow 61 suggest a Neolithic settlement in the area, presumably connected with the building of the Easton Down and Wansdyke long barrows, which overlook the site. SUTTON VENY: BELL BARROW (ST/913415) Bronze Age A bell barrow (Grinsell’s Sutton Veny 4a, listed with the bowl barrows in V.C.H. Wilts., 1, 1) was excavated in August by Mr. D. E. Johnston on behalf of the Ministry of Public Building and Works. The mound, built of sods and 92 ft. in diameter, was separated from the 9g ft. wide ditch by a berm 15 ft. wide. The central grave was a pit measuring 8 ft. 6 in. by 4 ft.; it contained a collapsed wooden coffin, made of planks and provided with a lid, in which lay a crouched and partially disarticulated skeleton accompanied by an elaborately decorated Food Vessel, a pygmy cup, and the poorly preserved remains of a metal knife or dagger. The coffin rested on a bier, apparently made of branches lashed together. 133 A secondary cremation was found on the southern berm; this was in an upright Collared Urn which had been protected by a small mound of humus. Ploughing had sliced off the top of the urn. An extended inhumation was also found in the chalk crust at the northern edge of the mound. WINTERBOURNE STOKE: ROUND BARROW (SU/09894410) Bronze Age The excavation of a round barrow north of Greenland Farm (Grinsell’s Winterbourne Stoke 45) was directed by Mrs. P. M. Christie on behalf of the Ministry of Public Building and Works. The barrow mound was composed of undisturbed reddish brown soil, stiff and clayey in the centre, and measured 67 ft. in diameter; there was no encircling ditch. It had been constructed on the old land surface over two pits and a small grave cut into the natural chalk. The larger pit was 4 ft. 9 in. by 4 ft. 3 in. by 2 ft. 6 in. deep, and contained a dark compact clay fill throughout. No finds were present, but the possibility that it had originally contained unburnt organic remains cannot be ruled out. Residual clay-with-flints was present under the mound (though elsewhere eroded away) and would have created a more acid environment than that found today. The smaller pit, 2 ft. in diameter and 1 ft. deep, was dug into the yellow clay of a solution hollow; it contained no finds. The rectangular grave, measuring 3 ft. 9 in. by 2 ft. 6 in. by 1 ft. 9 in. deep, contained an unaccompanied cremation consisting of large pieces of bone. The mound was encircled by a ring, 4 ft. 9 in. wide, of struck flints: cores, flakes, and a number of distinguishable tool types such as scrapers and borers. Clusters at intervals with numerous flake spalls suggested knapping im situ, but in general this ring is not thought to represent knappers’ débris but rather a deliberate, possibly ritual, placing of flints around the mound. No flints were found on the old land surface under the barrow. Within the flint ring a small deposit of plain red Bronze Age sherds and a similar deposit of black sherds were found, and are also thought to have been deliberately placed. No other pottery was found in or under the mound. In the absence of datable finds, little can be said of the cultural or chronological context of this barrow, though unurned cremations in grave-shaped pits may belong early in Wessex IT. COLERNE: BURY WOOD CAMP (ST/817740) Iron Age A further season’s work at Bury Wood Camp was again directed by Mr. D. Grant King. The investigations were concentrated within the interior of the camp. ‘Two quarry- ditches have been completely excavated, a formidable task which, it is hoped, will clarify some of the complex problems attendant on occupation within the area. An unusual storage-pit, entered from the side instead of from the top, was examined. Dr M. J. Aitken (Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, Oxford) carried out a magnetic survey of a large part of the north sector of the fort, and this was followed immediately by excavations during the autumn and winter of 1963-4. Of sixteen positions pin-pointed, fourteen proved to be at the centre or on the periphery of genuine archaeo- logical sites. Post-holes within the ‘Ring’ or ‘Small Earthen-work’, as it was first described by Colt Hoare, suggest the general plan of a timber structure of Little Woodbury type. ‘The north-east entrance has been examined and 22 ft. of revetment walling exposed on the west side, but here work is incomplete. The south-west opening has been explored by a 60-ft. cutting, which revealed the unexpected fusion of two lengths of rampart, the older—on the north-west side—being partly covered by the section from the south-east. Work here is still proceeding. Two items need special emphasis: 1. The stone hearth found at the bottom of the quarry No. 2 has been tested in Oxford, and it will give a tentative and approximate date—the first for the prehistoric Iron Age in Britain—in the magnetic time scale devised by Dr. Aitken. 134 2. The pottery at Bury Wood Camp, represented by many hundreds of sherds, is now revealing a predominant Iron Age ‘B’ character; as far as can be seen, this terminated in its developed form as Glastonbury ware. Both derivative and ‘classical’ decorated sherds indicate associations with the culture which had its centre in the Somerset lake- villages. This may, at present, imply no more than trading connections. Nevertheless, the general advance of the culture is impressive, not only north of the Mendips, but also north of the River Avon into the southern territory of the Dobunni. Four sites are now clearly established in this highly debatable province: Sion Hill, Bath (where an unpublished Glastonbury pot, now in Kingswood School Museum, was found in 1958), Blaise Castle, Little Solsbury, and Bury Wood Camp. WYLYE: BILBURY RINGS (SU/o010363) Iron Age The interim report in this section of the Magazine for last year (V7.A.M., 59 (1904), 186) indicated the line of research necessary for elucidating the existence of a southern entrance to the hill-fort. This work was carried out during the sixth season of excavation on the site, directed by the Rev. E. H. Steele, from 22nd August to 6th September 1964. A section across the main ditch of the ramparts confirmed the findings of the first season’s excavation in 1959, though without providing any additional dating evidence. It became clear that Colt Hoare’s suspicion of an original entrance on the south (Anczent Wilts., 1, 108) was without foundation, the ditch being continuous at this point. It was, however, shown that from a very early date a trackway into the hill-fort had existed here, 1or a rammed flint causeway had been laid down on the top of the ditch silting at a time when a considerable layer of humus had already accumulated. At the same time it was evident that this causeway had ceased to be used for many centuries before the ramparts were demolished in the rgth century, inasmuch as a further thick layer of soil had accumu- lated above it before the rampart material was superimposed. A 4th-century Roman coin and a sherd of Romano-British pottery sealed into the rammed flint surface suggest that the trackway was formed about that time. The degree of destruction precluded any definite decision as to whether the ‘barrow’ was in fact such, or was some kind of outwork; but the absence of an original causeway, added to the fact that the later outer ditch was interrupted, and that the trackway appeared to pass between the eastern termination of the outer ditch and the site of the ‘barrow’, suggests that the mound was in fact a prehistoric burial place which had been respected. A section was also made across the outer bank of the hill-fort ramparts at the point where it was believed to be intersected by a curious flint-filled ditch apparently connecting Bilbury with the adjacent Church End Ring, and which had been the subject of an earlier excavation by the Salisbury Museum Research Committee. There is no doubt that this ditch, which here appeared without any flint filling, and with a pronounced V-shaped section, does intersect the ramparts. First indications are that it underlies the outer rampart, which was formed from spoil excavated from the Roman period girdle ditch referred to in earlier reports, in which case it would appear to date between the Iron Age ramparts and the Roman modification. Further excavation will be necessary in order to elucidate this problem completely. SAVERNAKE FOREST: (SU/248635) Romano-British Pottery Kiln During the summer of 1964 a proton-magnetometer survey indicated the presence of kilns in the Deer Park, south of Tottenham House. Excavation of one site, directed by the Rev. E. H. Steele, resulted in the discovery of the most complex kiln structure yet revealed in connection with this industry. Previous kilns have shown evidence of minor remodelling, but the site excavated in 1964 contained no less than seven variations, some involving a drastic alteration of the structure. At the lowest level there had been two small kilns, one of which still contained a complete, though much distorted, pot of typical Savernake fabric, having a small beaded 130 rim. With it were found a large loom-weight, also made of typical Savernake clay, and a curious cubical object, about 3 in. in each dimension, of the same material. No loom- weight has hitherto been found in these kilns, and the use of the cubical object is quite unknown. Above these kilns there had been a succession of large oval kilns, having double stokeholes, the final modification having involved a complete reorientation of the kiln so that the long axis of the oven was at right angles to that of the earlier ovens. This neces- sitated the provision of two new stokeholes at either end. The final version of the kiln had been abandoned while still containing the distorted remains of four large storage jars, and two smaller pots of normal Savernake type. Previous kilns at Savernake having oval ovens with opposed stokeholes have been constructed on the level. The ovens here described, in each modification, had a pronounced slope to the floor, the opening to the firepit at the lower end being slanted and curved around the wall of the oven. By contrast, the openings at the upper end were rectangular in shape, having horizontal lintels. In the final version this opening had been carefully blocked, and the inner face lined with saggers of circular shape, which were plentiful on this site. Since these upper openings revealed little sign of stoking operations, it could be suggested that they were in fact doors through which the kilns were loaded, being sealed before each firing commenced. The clay roof of the final oven was clearly visible as a collapsed mass of partly burnt clay lying across the area, and having on its underside numerous fragments of carbonized sticks. WESTBURY: WELLHEAD (S1'/873502) Romano-British During 1964 Lt.-Col. W. D. Shaw continued his investigations in the area immediately surrounding the garden of his house. ‘T'wo sites were dug over, the first producing occupa- tion material beginning with the late Iron Age and continuing to the end of the Roman period. The finds included a denarius of Marcus Aurelius in mint condition, sherds of ‘Savernake’ ware, and rim types characteristic of the Durotrigian culture. A few Saxon sherds were also recovered from the upper levels. (Lt.-Col. Shaw has generously deposited in Devizes Museum all the Saxon pottery found during his investigations.) A pit, excavated to a depth of 9 ft., appears to have been connected with iron ore working, and produced some Iron Age ‘C’ sherds and one Neolithic sherd with a herringbone pattern. The second site was prolific of Samian and coarse wares of Romano-British date, including a quantity of sherds with reeded decoration not previously encountered in the area. Nails, large rocks, a section of rough flagstone flooring, and traces of a hearth, also came to light during trenching. FYFIELD AND OVERTON DOWNS: NEAR MARLBOROUGH Iron Age/Romano-British Further investigations in this area were again conducted under the direction of Mr. P. J. Fowler. All the known settlements surviving as earthworks, and the Romano-British field system on Totterdown (W.A.M., 59 (1964), 186) were surveyed. Much of the information will be published, probably in 1966, in a volume resulting from the C.B.A. Conference on The Pattern of Rural Settlement in Roman Britain (Oxford, January 1965). In addition, a second cutting was made on Overton Down through the ‘Celtic’ field lynchet sectioned in 1963 to examine further the evidence for ‘pre-lynchet marking-out features’ (W.A.M., 58 (1962), 105). Beneath the lynchet, post-holes and a gully were again found, the former apparently of a fence originally bounding the field, the latter probably around an earlier, circular building. As in 1963, Early Iron Age ‘A’ pottery formed the bulk of the finds, but whether it dates the building or the lynchet, or both, is not yet clear. The gully contained many such sherds, and on top of it was an iron bracelet. 136 Most of the sherds, almost without exception abraded and small, were, however, in the ploughsoil over the gully. Though they may indicate an Early Iron Age ‘A’ origin for the field, as was the case on Fyfield Down in 1961 (W.A.M., 58 (1962), 101, B.3, and 103, C.3), a few Romano-British sherds and, oddly, a tessera, certainly indicate later cultivation. Only area excavation can further elucidate the site, which lies near the centre of a fragmentary rounded enclosure overlaid by ‘Celtic’ fields and already suggested as being perhaps of ‘Little Woodbury’ type (IW.A.M., 59 (1964), 186). MILDENHALL: BLACK FIELD (Cunetio) (SU/216695) Romano-British Walled Township Small-scale investigation was carried out by F. K. Annable and A. J. Clark during the summer and autumn at Mildenhall (Cunetio) to resolve minor problems concerning the west gate of the town. A small ditch, the purpose of which is not understood, on the north side of the gate was excavated and proved to antedate the west wall foundation. The recovery of a coin of A.D. 360 from the primary filling of the ditch bears with it the interesting implication of a post-a.p. 360 date for the building of the masonry defences of the town. WESTBURY: WELLHEAD (ST/87265032) Following the recognition of mid/late Saxon pottery among Romano-British material at this prolific site (W.A.M., 58 (1962), 245, and 59 (1964), 185-6), a small trial excava- tion was carried out at the invitation of Lt.-Col. W. D. Shaw in September 1964, by members of the Salisbury Museum Research Committee, J. W. G. Musty and P. J. Fowler. A cutting 13 ft. by 6 ft. was excavated to the Greensand subsoil (c. 3 ft. deep) in the garden of Wellhead, the Colonel’s bungalow, in an area which had previously produced Saxon sherds from an alleged depression in the subsoil suggested to be a ‘hut’ site. The top 1 ft. of soil certainly, and down to 1 ft. 9 in. probably, was disturbed and made-up, and contained clinker, brick-bats, scrap iron and post-medieval pottery. The earliest sherd was of Tudor date. Below, and resting on the even but slightly sloping surface of the subsoil, was a virtually sterile humus layer c. 1 ft. thick, flecked with charcoal and chalk fragments and almost certainly a ploughsoil. At its base the quantity of charcoal increased slightly, and a few late Romano-British sherds, one small sherd of Saxon fabric, and some stones were found. Three contiguous stones may have tumbled from some nearby (Romano-British?) structure. There were no post-holes in the subsoil, and no signs of occupation or structural features in situ. The cutting therefore failed to produce either a stratigraphical relationship between Romano-British and Saxon material or a context for the Saxon pottery previously found. It suggested, however, that probably medieval ploughing and subsequent disturbance have already destroyed much of the archaeological value of the site, and that any apparent associations from it must be very carefully considered. Ploughing could explain the spread of material which, though absent from our cutting, occurs over an acre and more of the garden and adjacent land, but the original context of all the débris, on a site so far sadly lacking in structural features, remains uncertain. RESCUE AND RESEARCH WORK IN THE SALISBURY AREA THE PRINCIPAL EXCAVATIONS of the Salisbury Museum Research Committee during 1964 were of Bronze Age and Saxon barrows on Ford Down (John Musty), the Old Sarum-Dorchester Roman road (J. E. D. Stratton), and the deserted medieval village of Gomeldon (John Musty and D. J. Algar). The investigations are summarized below. 137 LAVERSTOCK FORD: FORD DOWN (SU/173332) Bronze Age and Saxon Barrows Two previously unidentified barrows were excavated following the discovery during agricultural operations of a Bronze Age cremation and soil marks indicative of barrow ditches. In Barrow I an area 60 ft. in diameter was enclosed by the ditch. At the centre there was a small grave 2 ft. by 3 ft. which had contained the cremation and a pair of bone tweezers of Wessex II type. From the area of the barrow, but not associated with a grave, was obtained the tip of an iron sword and a bronze strip. It would therefore appear that Barrow I was a Bronze Age barrow which had had an intrusive Saxon interment in the destroyed mound. The ditch of Barrow II, which was interrupted by a single causeway, enclosed an area 25 ft. in diameter. At the centre of the barrow there was a large grave, 8 ft. by 4 ft. by 3 ft. deep. This grave contained a Saxon interment with a rich deposit of grave goods. The most important finds were as follows: a seax with silver-mounted pommel inset with garnets and in a decorated sheath; a bronze hanging-bowl containing crab apples and onions (the remarkable preservation of the contents of this bowl was due to the infusion of copper salts into the remains); a decorated double-sided bone comb and a double- tongued buckle decorated with three garnets. Also in the grave were two spears and a shield-boss of ‘sugar-loaf’ form. No prehistoric remains were found, and it is likely that the Saxon grave is the primary; the contents of the grave are of 7th-century date. STRATFORD-SUB-CASTLE (SU/136320) Roman Road: Old Sarum-Dorchester As already noted (W.A.M., 58 (1963), 471) a parch and crop mark observed in 1962 has led to attempts to prove a new line for the stretch of the ‘Portway’ running from Old Sarum to the Devizes road. Excavations in 1962 were unfortunately sited, and a somewhat more suitable site was awaited. In October 1964 permission was obtained to cut a trial trench across the line of the parch mark in the Theological College’s playing field at Stratford-sub-Castle with the following results: Fifteen inches below the present ground surface there was a layer of fine rolled flint overlying a layer of large flints which were in turn bedded in more fine gravel. Below this was yet another layer of large flints, this time set directly on the natural river gravel subsoil. The agger stood to a height of 1 ft. 4 in. and was 21 ft. wide. On either side of it were large flints which formed a kerb to prevent the gravel in the agger from spreading. Beyond the kerbs were small side-ditches 15 in. wide and 11 in. deep. In the fine silting in one of these ditches was found a sherd of unrolled Samian. Including the side-ditches, the road was 23 ft. 6 in. wide. Ploughing had taken away the top surface of the road, so there was no evidence of rutting or wear; thus it is impossible to say at present when the road went out of use. Further excavations along the line of the road are planned to substantiate these initial findings. An additional structure was encountered during this excavation which may further help to date the road. Abutting on to one of the side-ditches (north-north-west side) were the corner stones and knapped flint wall of a Roman building. From the associated finds (which included iron, iron slag(?), pottery, plaster, bones, etc.), it has been possible to date this structure to the 4th century a.p. As some of its foundations overlap and obliterate the side-ditch in places, it obviously post-dates the road. It is rather unusual to have a building of some substance quite so near a road, and it would be of interest to be able to determine the association between the two at some future date. 138 GOMELDON (SU/182356) Deserted Medieval Village During 1964 excavations were continued at the deserted medieval village site of Gomeldon, attention being directed to an examination of Building 3 and a further examination of the scarp west of Building 2. Building 3 was found to be of 13th/14th-century date and to exhibit two phases of construction. In the first phase the typical ‘long-house’ plan had been adopted, with living and byre ends. In the living end there were two hearths, one in each long side, and in the byre end there was a laterally placed sump. In the second phase the entrance to the byre had been blocked, and the whole area of the house given over to living quarters. In this conversion the side hearths had been replaced with hearths near each end on the axis of the building. In both phases the overall length of the building was 30 ft. (internal), but, following the conversion, the width of one end was reduced from 14 ft. to 12 ft., whilst the other end remained at 15-16 ft. Like Building 1, excavated in 1963, the walls of Building 3 were of unmortared flint, and another similar feature was the absence of substantial post-holes for roof supports. Thus Buildings 1 and 3 both contrast with Building 2 (also excavated in 1963), which produced evidence for substantial ground-based timber framing (cruck-trusses) and this may well represent a significant difference in construction methods between r12th- and 13th-century peasant buildings in the Salisbury area. Further work is required, however, to confirm this generalization. Finds from the excavation included a coin of Alexander II of Scotland. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks are accorded to all those named above for their contributions to this summary of excavations. oe, OBITUARIES Lady Colum Crichton-Stuart, who died in March 1964, was the daughter of Sir Edward Hope, K.C.B., and was first married to the sixth Marquess of Lansdowne in 1904. After the death of her first husband she married secondly in 1940 Lord Colum Crichton-Stuart. She was a Justice of the Peace for Wiltshire and served for a while on the Wiltshire County Council. In 1936, on the death of the sixth Marquess of Lansdowne, she became Patron of the Wiltshire Archaeological Society, a position which has been held by the Lansdowne family since the foundation of the Society. Gilbert William Collett died at Chippenham on 24th July 1964, aged 76. A Wiltshireman by birth, he migrated to London as a young man and spent his business life there, interrupted for a period by the 1914 war when he served in the Royal Naval Air Service. Upon his retirement in 1941 he returned to Wiltshire and resided at Chippen- ham until his death. Collett was a keen naturalist with, in his early years, a particular interest in ornithology. He was a personal friend of E. K. Robinson and, as Bird Recorder for St. James’s Park, frequently in contact with Neville Chamberlain, who was himself an ornithologist. Later in life Collett concentrated more on botany and his greatest joy was in recording the first flowering dates of our common plants from year to year. His phenological notes (W.A.M., Lim, 94-6) make interesting reading. He was a founder- member of the Natural History Section of the W.A.N.H.S. and acted as Honorary Treasurer from its inception until 1961. He also served as Honorary Treasurer to the Flora Committee and assisted in many ways in the publication of The Flora of Wiltshire. He was a quiet, unassuming man, always ready and willing to help when needed. Ernest William Horseil of Avebury Trusloe died on 12th April 1965, at the age of 81. He was born at The Firs, Beckhampton, and had lived all his married life at Avebury. Mr. Horsell was a direct descendant of Reuben Horsell (Horsall), the Parish Clerk immortalized by William Stukeley, who held him in high esteem. Reuben Horsell is mentioned several times in Stukeley’s Abury, a Temple of the British Druids (1743, 22, 25, 34) and his portrait forms the tailpiece to Chapter VIII. The late Mr. Horsell bore a striking resemblance to his ancestor. He leaves a daughter and four sons. Obit.: Swindon Evening Advertiser, 13th April 1965. H. Inkpen, for 36 years headmaster of the village school at Atworth, died at Bridport on 27th December 1964 at the age of go. Mrs. Inkpen, who had been headmistress of the girls’ section of the school, died some years ago. Upon retirement in 1934 they lived for a time at Swanage and more recently in London. They leave a daughter and a son. Obit.: The Wiltshire Times, 1st January 1965. Sir Armand Hunter Kennedy Wilbraham Northey died on 30th December 1964, aged 67. Sir Armand, the younger and only surviving son of the late Mr. and Mrs. G. W. Northey of Cheney Court, Box, was educated privately and at Balliol College, Oxford, and was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1923. He practised on the Western Circuit until 1935. He was appointed deputy chairman of the Wiltshire Quarter Sessions in 1945, and also served as chairman of the Quarter Sessions Appeals Com- mittee. Appointed as a Justice of the Peace in 1936, he became chairman of both the Chippenham and Corsham benches; he resigned from the former in 1962 and from the latter in the following year. He was for many years chairman of the Wiltshire Agricultural Wages Committee, and served terms as both chairman and president of the Chippenham 140 Constituency Conservative Association. During the First World War he was attached to the Foreign Office, and from 1939 to 1945 was at the Admiralty at Bath. Sir Armand received his knighthood for political and public services in Wiltshire in the Queen’s Birthday Honours List in 1958. He is survived by his wife, a son and a daughter. Obit.: The Wiltshire Times, 8th January 1965. Major Alfred Alexander Oliver, C.B.E., T.D., died at Warminster on 19th January 1965, at the age of 90. Major Oliver joined the Customs in 1893 and was transferred to the Department of Inland Revenue in the following year. In 1920 he became Controller of Repayments, then Clerk to the Special Commissioners of Income Tax, and finally, from 1925 until his retirement in 1936, a Special Commissioner. He was for many years a member of the Militia and later of the Territorial Army. During the Boer War he served with the City of London Imperial Volunteers and in the First World War he became a major with the 15th London Regiment (Prince of Wales’s Own Civil Service Rifles). He saw much service abroad and was twice mentioned in despatches. He had lived in Warminster since 1939, having formed friendships there when his regiment was stationed in the Deverill valley. He became treasurer of the local National Savings and of the South West Wilts Boy Scouts Local Association. He leaves a daughter. Obit.: The Wiltshire Times, 29th January 1965. Robert Edwin Walrond, an Underwriting Member of Lloyd’s and a partner in the firm of Walrond, Scarman and Company, died on 28th January 1965, at the age of 54. He was the elder son of the late Robert Dudley Walrond, one of the original founders of the firm, of which his brother is also a partner. Mr. Walrond was a Citizen of London and a Freeman of the Drapers’ Company. He was a keen member of the W.A.N.H.S. and of the Society of Genealogists, and was himself the head of the last remaining family directly descended from the Walronds of Wiltshire. A memorial service was held on 2oth February at Aldbourne Parish Church, the Rev. R. H. Gilding officiating. 141 REVIEWS Ancient Trackways of Wessex, by H. W. Timperley and Edith Brill. Pp. xvi and 188, 16 pls., 31 maps. Phoenix House, 1965. 50s. The Ridgeway has become the Great Ridgeway. Its distinction above all other ridgeways was never in doubt and the use of the unadorned definite article seemed to indicate just that, but great is Great and it is to be hoped that the epithet will endure. The authors of Ancient Trackways of Wessex have made a less happy choice of name for the path along the hills overlooking the Vale of Pewsey to the south; it is dubbed the ‘Wansdyke Ridgeway’, a term which may lead to confusion. It would have been helpful if some system of enumeration had been adopted or references given to the numbers used by Dr. Grundy in his Ancient Highways. The course of the Great Ridgeway is described in detail from Streatley to the Devon coast and nearly all other ridgeways and trackways throughout the area are similarly traced and discussed. Statements are never dogmatic and where evidence is meagre or where doubt exists, alternative solutions are often suggested. Much attention has been given to minor ways and their probable relationship to the more important ones. It is this aspect of the work, never before adequately treated, which makes it of real value to the archaeologist and of interest to the general reader who may be already familiar with the better-known routes. ‘The trackways of the book are those believed to be of pre-Roman origin. ‘The frequent references to them in the Saxon Land Charters (where, incidentally, a weg is often designated eald) provide the earliest direct evidence of their existence, but topographical features and the character of the tracks themselves are used as aids in identification. At the end of the volume are twenty-six pages of clear, clean, uncluttered maps. which may be easily consulted while the book is being read. The entire complex system of trackways superimposed on a modern road map is shown on a large folding sheet on a scale of five miles to one inch. This map is inaccurate in some respects: thus the Berkshire White Horse is shown north of the Icknield Way and the Great Ridgeway is drawn south of Liddington Castle. (I understand that Mrs. ‘Timperley had no opportunity to check it in proof.) The book is written in a precise, factual manner, but it is enriched here and there by shafts of light revealing an intense appreciation of the beauty of the Wessex country- side. DONALD GROSE Guide Catalogue of the Neolithic and Bronze Age Collections in Devizes Museum, compiled by F. K. Annable and D. D. A. Simpson. Pp. vii, 82, 10 pls., 646 line illustrations. Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, The Museum, Devizes, 1964. 25s. (post free, 26s. 6d.). A serious student of archaeology from overseas who sets out to obtain the essence of British Neolithic and Bronze Age culture through its surviving artifacts would have to visit upward of twenty museums scattered throughout the British Isles. He would discover that our national collections of prehistoric material are contained in an odd assortment of buildings which include a converted stables, a Georgian town house, and a variety of museums built as such during more than a hundred years of unco-ordinated collecting. If such a student were to attempt to find out what these great collections comprised in advance of his visit, or if he wished to study the material without actually 142 seeing it, he would be in the greatest difficulty. From the British Museum he would have a series of guides in which the British material formed but a part, and one summary guide devoted to the remains of the last three and a half millenia of prehistory in these Islands. For fourteen other important museum collections the material is described in a wide scatter of periodicals, books and monographs, the standard of publication varying as widely as the dates between which it has taken place. Very few of the museums have attempted anything like a complete, objective catalogue of their Neolithic and Bronze Age remains. The National Museum of Wales with Professor Grimes’s The Pre history of Wales (1951), Sheffield and its Catalogue of the Bateman Antiquities (1899), Hull’s Catalogue of the Mortimer Collection of Prehistoric Remains from East Yorkshire Barrows (1929), and the Catalogue of Antiquities (1892) of the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland at Edinburgh are with one exception about the best we have. For surely this exception is the museum of the Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society at Devizes, which leads the field in the production of catalogues of its archaeological collections. By 1934 it was able to announce publication of its third antiquities catalogue despite the perennial poverty of a society so surprisingly small for the size and archaeological importance of its county. In 1938 Professor Piggott’s epoch-making paper on the Wessex Culture appeared in the Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society. His illustrations of more of our Devizes Bronze Age grave groups than ever before made us long for a really detailed catalogue, just as the thesis of his paper started prehistorians along new lines of thought and research into the Early Bronze Age. Time was not ripe for the production of a definitive catalogue and luckily it was not started until late in the ‘fifties. Then the museum’s curator, F. K. Annable, and his colleague, D. D. A. Simpson—Professor Piggott’s pupil—began the task which was completed in 1964. Now we can hail the appearance of this new work, Devizes Museum’s fourth catalogue and without doubt the most valuable catalogue of British antiquities ever published by a museum in Britain. The catalogue stands as a monument to a number of devoted Wiltshire antiquaries, first among whom are William Cunnington and Sir Richard Colt Hoare. It is fitting that the frontispiece reproduces, at twice life-size, the best of the metal inscribed discs with which these two incredible men liked to record for posterity their opening of a barrow when—but I think only when—their efforts had been rewarded with the discovery of a good grave group.* The introduction to the catalogue begins with a sensitive essay on what is now known of this partnership between baronet and wool merchant, which, as the compilers have pointed out, was remarkable not only in itself and for its success, but also for the way in which their common love of the antiquities of Wiltshire bridged the social gulf that would otherwise have separated them.’ There follows an invaluable and thoroughly up-to-date account of the Neolithic and Bronze Age Cultures of southern Britain in which the antiquities to be catalogued are set in their context. So to the catalogue itself, a selected group of fifty-two Early and Middie Neolithic objects, all the ninety-three pots and other objects associated with our Beaker Culture, and the complete collection of Bronze Age antiquities, four hundred and ninety-nine separate items. Only some miscellaneous flintwork has been omitted from the Bronze Age section, together with such pre-Beaker Neolithic antiquities as have been published fully elsewhere, like the West Kennet material, and such other pieces as would deaden this part of the inventory with repetition. Moreover, all this material, six hundred and forty-six pieces, is illustrated in a series of line drawings that are excellent, although some suffer from over-reduction; and beyond them there is the series of eleven half-tone illustrations which is perhaps the most astounding part of the whole work. There is, finally, a good bibliography, an invaluable concordance between the present catalogue numbers “and the references to them which occur in Cunnington’s letters to Hoare, in Hoare’s Ancient Wiltshire and in his manuscript notes now at the Society of Antiquaries; and an index of the sites. The catalogue contains a certain amount of material that has not yet been published; 143 and it also includes at least one internationally renowned grave group which has only recently been presented to the Wiltshire Society. This is, of course, the group of objects from the Manton barrow near Marlborough, Preshute G. 1(a), Nos. 195-210 in the catalogue. It can be no exaggeration to suggest that this is the most important Early Bronze Age grave excavated in this century—perhaps indeed since the days of Hoare and Cunnington. One cannot help feeling that somewhere in the catalogue a reference should have been made to the generosity of its donors, the late Dr. and Mrs. Walter Maurice of Marlborough, on whose property the barrow lay and in whose entrance hall this grave group resided, in a specially-made glass case, until they gave it to the Society in 1953. Another important grave group has come to the museum through the excavations of the Ministry of Works, from barrow Wilsford G. 54, Nos. 136-46; while to Beaker No. 112, Ashbee’s re-excavation of Amesbury barrow G. 51 has added a trepanned cranial disc. The excavations at Snail Down, Collingbourne Kingston, have also yielded urns, beads, an awl and two other trepanned discs (curiously, omitted from the catalogue) to the collections at Devizes. And the Bell Beaker from the West Kennet long barrow is a splendid addition to the series of these vessels in the museum. This catalogue includes a series of hitherto unrecorded facts about objects, often well-known, which have long been in the care of the museum. Of these, quite the most outstanding are the details of the gold pin inlay to the handle of one of the Bush Barrow daggers, No. 169. For the first time we can see that the pins are truly miniature nails, each with its head (perhaps produced when it was being set into the handle) and its bevelled point. With this discovery goes the writer’s own contribution, the evidence for a similar inlay to dagger No. 266, a fact which he reported in a paper read to the Prehistoric Society when it met at Salisbury in 1953 but which seems then to have been forgotten. Now it is fully established by the photograph in this catalogue. Cleaning has revealed that the bronze ring-headed pin from Snail Down, Collingbourne Ducis G. 4, No. 193, is decorated with incised and dotted decoration, as is the top of the crutch- headed pin from Wilsford G. 23, No. 166. Moreover, the dotted decoration on the midrib of the dagger from this grave group, No. 164, has been shown to exist, for it had been omitted from the drawing in Piggott’s paper of 1938. The bone flute, No. 167, from the same grave, also receives for the first time the prominence which it deserves. The production of this catalogue has involved such an immense labour that it is perhaps to be regretted that the opportunity was not taken to re-number all the Neolithic and Bronze Age objects in the museum to correspond with their numbers in the published catalogue. Thus at present it is possible to have a palstave like that from Avebury, which is listed in the catalogue as No. 591, which has its own museum number, DM 1110, and was numbered B23 in the museum numbering system in use when the Cunningtons compiled their 1934 catalogue. Similarly, the Stourhead Collection now bears three different sets of museum numbers. Had the Neolithic and Bronze Age collections been entirely re-numbered during the compilation of the new catalogue, it would then have been possible to include references to everything, while detailing only those items which have appeared in this catalogue. How many continental scholars are aware, for instance, that sherds from the Rev. H. G. O. Kendall’s early excavation at Windmill Hill are kept at Devizes, along with assemblages from Knap Hill, Robin Hood’s Ball and Whitesheet ? The compilers of the catalogue of 1964 have brought fresh, informed and thoroughly professional minds to bear upon the material, most of which was already more or less well-known to students of the British Neolithic and Bronze Ages. What they offer in the catalogue seems new and refreshing; looking again, as they have, at material which scholars have been picking over since Hoare wrote Ancient Wiltshire and therein attributed disc-barrows to the Druids, they have in 1964 given us much to think about. How, for instance, can thousands of gold pins have been inserted into the dagger handles of Nos. 169 and 266 except with the aid of some sort of magnifying glass? And until these amazing magni- fications of daggers 159, 169, 170, 194, 220 and 266 were photographically reproduced, 144 have most British archaeologists really appreciated the complicated construction of Early Bronze Age scabbards? ‘The authors would have been justified in including a special section on this aspect of these weapons, for no other museum contains so many daggers bearing elaborate traces of their scabbards and handles. Dagger scabbards present an aspect of Bronze Age craftmanship which has been curiously neglected, not least by the compilers of this catalogue, who do not always comment adequately upon these fascinating traces in their text. Moreover, when they do, as in the caption for the photograph of Bush Barrow dagger No. 170, they describe as wood what is in fact the undressed leather lining of its scabbard, whose wooden casing only shows on the tip of the blade (cf. their line drawing). The metal of the axe (No. 178) and the single large rivet (No. 172) from Bush Barrow, together with the rivetted knife from Oakley Down, Dorset (No. 77) and the tanged Beaker knives from Roundway and Mere (Nos. 62 and 95) have been analysed, but there is no reference to this in the catalogue.3 Also, it should perhaps have been pointed out that the small bronze axe, No. 387, from Collingbourne Kingston G. 4, was originally mounted in the bone handle No. 382. It seems a pity, when complete publication and illustration of the grave groups has been intended, that it should not quite have been achieved. It would surely have been worth the extra space to include the rest of the series of stone tools from the Upton Lovell ‘Bone’ Barrow (Nos. 242-62). This interesting grave, presumably the burial of a master craftsman whose kit of tools had been interred with his corpse, still remains to be fully published. The awl from Collingbourne Kingston G. 6 (D.M. Cat., 1, 104a), Site II on Snail Down, and the rim fragment of the second incense cup from this saucer-barrow which were recovered in 1953, have also failed to appear. Among the illustrations, the other side of the bone plate from Norton Bavant, No. 326, should have been illustrated since it bears grooves across its face which must have some bearing upon its purpose. In the Beaker section the electrotype copy of the gold disc from Farleigh Wick could perhaps have been included in view of its importance and the inaccessibility of the original. Minor omissions in the references which form so important a part of each catalogue entry include, for Nos. 193-4, a note on the partial excavation of Collingbourne Ducis G. 4 during the 1957 season on Snail Down,‘ and J. F. S. Stone’s reference to the faience bead from Snail Down Site III (Collingbourne Kingston G. 8), No. 516.° Since the notes on some of the poorer Wessex graves by Thomas and ApSimon (W.A.M., Lv (1954)) are mentioned in some places, they should have been recorded under Nos. 211-18, barrow Wilsford G. 58. Likewise a reference to the first interim report on the Snail Down excavations® ought to have been included for Nos. 492 and 501. Presumably the catalogue was already in the press when the jadeite axes Nos. 23 and 46 were discussed by W. Campbell Smith.” Finally, it must be pointed out (p. 23) that Hameldon Down, where the amber pommel decorated with gold pins was found, occurs in Devon, not Dorset, and the reference here is inappropriate.® In a work of such detail it is, nevertheless, extremely difficult to notice inaccuracies. For several of them the writer himself must take some blame since they concern the finds from his excavations at Snail Down, and delay in the publication of this material probably accounts for these. Attention has already been drawn to the absence of published references to objects (Nos. 501, 193 and 194) from Snail Down, Collingbourne Kingston G. 6 and Collingbourne Ducis G. 4. Of No. 492, a Food Vessel from the former barrow, it was not possible to tell whether this was primary or secondary, or whether it was associated with the central burial or with a second (? or satellite) which lay a few feet to the south-west. The fine collared urn No. 510 came not from Collingbourne Kingston G. 8, our Site III, but from the bowl-barrow just to the north, our Site XVII. It is wrong to attribute the small fragmentary urn No. 533 to a secondary cremation in Site XVII: it had been buried originally as a group of sherds on the edge of this barrow, in a small pit containing traces of charcoal, but nothing else. 145 Since our excavation designation, ‘Site XVII’, has been used in connection with urn No. 533, probably to the mystification of many who will use this catalogue, the following concordance of numberings has been compiled for the barrow cemetery on Snail Down: XV XVI XVIT XVIII XTX XX XXT XXII Barrows and other structures Modern numbering as in Hoare in | D.M. D.M. excavated by N. and A. C. V.CLH. Wilts., based on Ancient Cat., Cat., Thomas, 1953-7 Goddard’s list Wilts. 1896 1964 Disc Collingbourne Kingston G. 18 18 Saucer Collingbourne Kingston G. 6 4 104, 104a) 492, 501 Bell Collingbourne Kingston G. 8 7 | 515-518, 594, 5955 543 Disc Collingbourne Kingston G. 14 14 Ring ditch Collingbourne Ducis G. ga 23 Linear earthwork V.C.H. Ditches 95, 96 -— Linear earthwork V.C.H. Ditches 95, 96 — Bell Collingbourne Kingston G. 13 13 Hedgebank and cart track Part of V.C.H. Ditches 95, 96 _- Bowl Collingbourne Kingston G. 10 12 Bowl _ Bowl — ; Apparently not in V.C.7. Bowl oe Bowl — ; Bowl Collingbourne Ducis G. 3 29 Pond Not in V.C.H. — Bowl Apparently not in V.C.A. — 510, 533 Bowl Collingbourne Kingston G. 17 20 255 540 Twin bell Collingbourne Ducis G. 4 24 Bowl Collingbourne Kingston G. 12 Il Bowl Collingbourne Kingston G. 16 16 Bell with additional mound Collingbourne Ducis G. 5 25 146 For a very few items, lack of information in the catalogue raises questions in the reader’s mind. It would be interesting to know when the incense cup, No. 449, was dug out of the side of the bowl-barrow Wilsford G. 40. This information was given in the Catalogue of 1934 (p. 56, No. XII7). Similarly, the history of the Beakers from Wilsford G. 52, ‘Nos. 123 and 124, is desirable, since these two vessels do not appear to possess the museum’s D.M. numbers. Presumably they are the products of a recent excavation. The antler comb, No. 52, of Western Neolithic type, came from the causewayed camp on Windmill Hill.? Here then is the catalogue for which we have so long been waiting. It should inspire the staffs of other museums with collections of comparable importance to publish their material and it can safely be used as their model. These collections at Devizes, which are a thrilling and fascinating part of our own heritage, are also of international importance, providing as they do much of the framework upon which scholars of the European Neolithic and Early Bronze Ages have established their systems of chronology and culture. The Wiltshire Archaeological Society, and particularly its museum curators, Kenneth Annable and Derek Simpson, have been found more than equal to the task of setting out, in ordered sequence, this incredible wealth of antiquities so that at last the world of archaeological scholarship knows what is in their charge and how it is to be understood. The Devizes Museum Catalogue of Neolithic and Bronze Age Antiquities is another achievement in the history of this leading county society and perhaps its greatest. NICHOLAS THOMAS 1 Snail Down Site III, which I excavated in he not have commissioned the striking of these 1955, yielded no such disc, and here Cunnington found only an urn, which he or Hoare subsequently lost. In Site I at Snail Down a penny of 1799, the latest copper likely to have been in Cunnington’s pocket in 1805 when he was at work here, was tossed into the pit where an unaccompanied cremation had been found. But at the centre of Snail Down Site II, an incense cup and awl (D.M. Cat., 1896, 104, 104a; D.M. Cat., 1964, 501, but awl omitted) had been replaced by an example of the brass disc inscribed ‘Opened by Wm. Cunnington, 1805’. Hoare once referred to the use of ‘one of Mr. Boulton’s new pennies’ for this purpose, presumably one of the great issues of 1806 and 1807 from the Soho Mint at Birmingham. Cunnington’s 1805 disc is so well designed and struck, so outstandingly better than any of the other copper and lead discs which he and Hoare used (cf. plate Ia in Paul Ashbec’s The Bronze Age Round Barrow in Britain, 1960) that I have often wondered whether it was not a product of Matthew Boulton’s foundry. Clearly Hoare was conscious of the qualities of Boulton’s work. If he was prepared to send incense cups, beakers, collared urns and Samian ware to Etruria for reproduction by Wedgwood, might Celtic Britain, by Nora K. Chadwick. Pp. 238, 67 pls., medalets for his friend from Boulton himself? This is not, however, to underrate the work of the innumerable Birmingham die-sinkers of lesser fame, many of whom would probably have produced medalets as high in quality. 2 This relationship was probably, nevertheless, something of a strain upon Cunnington. When he sat to Samuel Woodforde for his portrait he wore a wig which, so C. Willett Cunnington told me when we were looking at the newly-cleaned portrait about 1953, would normally have been worn by members of professional classes then considered socially superior to his own. 3 P.P.S., xxut (1957), 91 ff; ibid., xxrx (1963), 258 ff. 4 W.A.M., 57 (1958), 5 ff. P.P.S., xxtt (1956), 79. W.A.M., Lv (1955), 127 ff. P.P.S., Xxx (1963), 133 ff. 8 It should refer to Kendrick’s note in Ant. 7., XVII (1937), 313 ff. 91. F. Smith, Windmill Hill and Avebury: Excavations by Alexander Keiller, 1925-1939 (1965), pl. XIX, c. Naw 27 figs., 8 maps. Vol. 38 in Ancient Peoples and Places Series. ‘Thames and Hudson, 1963. 30s. Celtic Britain is the ambitious title of a book donated by the publishers to the Society’s Library. The author, distinguished in literary and historical studies of early Britain, is rather less happy in the archaeological field, and, perhaps mainly for this reason, the volume lacks the comprehensiveness the title implies. Furthermore, Celtic Britain here largely excludes the South-West and Ireland. 147 The book summarizes the history of Roman Britain, and then deals authoritatively with the history, art and literature of parts of Wales and Scotland in the rst millenium A.D. The references and bibliography are most useful, and include primary sources. The photographic illustrations are apt, wide-ranging and well-produced. Wessex, predictably, is not considered: perhaps the documented deeds of the West Saxons successfully obscure the largely anonymous history of their Celtic predecessors. The region, nevertheless, probably has a fascinating story both as a ‘buffer’ and an ‘impact’ zone between Saxons and Celts in the middle of the 1st millenium a.p., though the story has hardly yet begun to be told. Mrs. Chadwick demonstrates amongst much else the interpretative problems of the period. The demonstration is pointedly, if inci- dentally, relevant to the scanty archaeological and ambiguous documentary evidence of post-Roman ‘Celtic Wessex’, a superficially self-contradictory phrase which epitomizes the problems. P. J. FOWLER Warneford. Being the Life and Times of Harriet Elizabeth Wetherell Warneford, by Mary Gibson. Pp. 153, 8 pls. Published privately, 1965. 35s. There is space upon library shelves for well-written reminiscences from family records, as distinct from the more formal histories which long-established families deserve. Mrs. Gibson, who is herself a Warneford, makes, in this expensively-produced private publication, a valiant effort to supply such a book. Harriet Warneford was, by any standard, a ‘character’; her family, not lacking in other strong personalities, had been settled for centuries in North Wilts.; and her home, now unhappily demolished, was a beautiful one. The story, therefore, could have been of absorbing interest. That the book does not quite come up to expectations is due to the absence of a simple family tree, or of any list of references. It is quite impossible to know when the author is drawing upon original material, or when she is using her imagination. More careful proof-reading and revision could have eliminated spelling mistakes, loose composition, and errors in the historical background. Mrs. Gibson’s book will doubtless give much pleasure to those who live in the Warneford country, but it is to be hoped that a careful history of this interesting family will one day be written. E. H. STEELE SHORTER NOTICES The Church of St. Mary the Virgin, Winterbourne Gunner. 1964. Is. A concise description and history of the church, with information about the contents of the registers. The front cover bears a black and white reproduction of the 1805 water- colour by Buckler. Studies in Speleology, Vol. I, Part 1 (1964; for 1963). Published by the Association of the Pengelly Cave Research Centre, London. 253s. This new journal, to be published annually, is a by-product of the purchase by the Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves of a limestone quarry at Buckfastleigh in Devon containing the entrances to five caves of considerable scientific interest and of the subsequent establishment in London of the Association of the Pengelly Cave Research Centre. The present issue contains a wide range of articles on caves at home and abroad, with a special emphasis on conservation. Natural history topics should be of interest to readers of W.A.M. 148 ACCESSIONS AND OFFICERS’ REPORTS ACCESSIONS TO THE LIBRARY, 1964 BOOKS PRESENTED This Farming Business, by F. Sykes Humus and the Farmer, by F. Sykes Science in Archaeology, ed. D. Brothwell and E. Higgs. 1963 Burke’s Landed Gentry. 1886 Coombs Divine Amusement, by J. M. Coombs A Guide to Pythouse, by G. Kingdon. 1964 Dark Age Britain, ed. D. B. Harden. 1956 Supplement to History of Fovant, by Dr. R. C. C. Clay The Families of Allnutt and Allnatt, by A. H. Noble. Dolphin Publishing Company, 1962 The Prehistoric Ridgeway, by Patrick Crampton. The Abbey Press, Abingdon, 1962 Documents illustrating the Wiltshire Textile Trades in_ the Eighteenth Century, ed. Miss J. de L. Mann. W.A.N.HLS. Records Branch, Vol. xrx, 1963 Dictionary of British Sculptors, by R. Gunnis John Norris of Bemerton, Selected Poems An Agricultural Geography of North West Wiltshire, by B. R. Dittmer. M.A. thesis, 1964 Memorial of Charles Hemington Medieval Libraries of Great Britain, ed. N. R. Ker. 1964 Raven-Hill’s Indian Sketch Book BOOKS BOUGHT Yorkshire Archaeological Society, Index DONOR K. Rogers K. Rogers A. J. Clark K. Rogers Bo G,. Pitt G. Kingdon Author Author Publishers Publishers R. Sandell J. Buckeridge Author Mrs. A. E. Woodroffe Dr. T. R. Thomson Capt. E. A. Rendell Wiltshire Visitation Pedigrees, 1623. Harleian Society, Vols. cv and evi, 1954 Modern Rural Rides, by G. Winder. Hutchinson, 1964 Somerset Parochial Documents Visitation of Dorset. 1623 Visitation of Dorset. 1565 and 1531 Visitation of Berkshire. 1664 Index to Wills proved in the Court of the Chancellor of Oxford University The Early Charters of Wessex, by H. P. Finberg. Leicester University Press, 1964 The Cartulary of Cirencester Abbey, ed. CG. D. Ross. Oxford University Press, 1964 Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica. Five volumes, 1886 to 1894, Second Series Essays in British Mstory, ed. H. R. Trevor-Roper. Macmillan, 1964 Mrs. Duberly’s Campaigns, by E. P. 'Tisdall. Jarrolds, 1963 Register of Roger Martival, Vol. u. Canterbury and York Society PAMPHLETS GIVEN Article on Stephen Duck, by D. A. Cross Water-mills and Production of Hydro-Electricity of the Rivers of the Hampshire Avon Basin, by D. A. Cross. 1964 DONOR Author Author 149 A Particular of the Manor of Erchfont. 1784. Guide to Display in Chippenham Geld Hall, by J. H. Chamberlain The Saxon Bounds of Grittleton Captain William Wyndham of the Hindon Troop, by Lt. Alan Harfield Report on the Botanical Survey of the C.O.S.D. Site, Westbury, by Westbury W.E.A. Guide to Avebury Manor Guide to Great Chalfield. 1964, MS. Autobiography of Joseph Ricketts of Castle Eaton English Medieval Base Metal Church Plate, by Charles Oman. Archaeological Journal, Vol. cx1x Run-off of Chalk Streams, by A. 'T. Macdonald and W. J. Kenyon. 1961 Pedigree of Pleydell Family Salisbury Museum Excavation Sub-Committee Reports, Nos. 1 and 2 Collection of papers relating to Knowle, Wilts. 1901 Collection of papers relating to excavations at Old Sarum, by Sir W. St. John Hope Papers relating to the Broome family Seven letters written by Wiltshire antiquarians to J. Sowerby Photograph of Spackman monument in Clyffe Pypard church Bowen’s Map of Wiltshire Election Broadsheet, Daniel Gooch, Cricklade Photograph of Davies brass in ‘Tisbury church Papers concerning the installation of Bishop Anderson as Bishop of Salisbury. 1949 Bishops Giffard and Ellis, 1688-1715, by J. A. Williams Silver Treasures from English Churches Set of works of A. G. Street Air photograph of Rockley White Horse Photographs of Bronze Age objects in Devizes Museum Act concerning settled estates of Rev. William Goddard. 1795 Sale Particulars of Old Manor Farm, Barford St. Martm Excavations in the Lake Group of Barrows, Wilsford, by W. F. Grimes Morphology of Chalk Escarpments, by R. Small. 1961 The Escarpment ef Dry Valleys of the Wiltshire Chalk, by R. Small. 1964 Three Grinding-stones, by A. D. Lacaille Large collection of papers relating to the history of Chippen- ham and Corsham Report of excavations at Great Bedwyn, by F. C. Warren and E. R. Pole Bishops Cannings, by O. B. Carter; drawings P. R. Crook Author Mrs. D. M. Brackenbury Author R. Bennett R. Sandell Lt.-Col. C. Floyd Rev. J. A. Harrison Author W. J. Kenyon Col. G. H. Plummer J. Musty Reading Museum Surrey Archaeological Society Mrs. Broome Mrs. Eyles Dr. C. Nicholson Mrs. R. S. Williams Dr. T. R. Thomson B. M. Stratton F. C; Pitt Author Rev. E. H. Steele Rev. E. H. Steele O. Meyrick Bath Academy of Art CREO, C.R.O. Author Author Author Author R. C. Hatchwell C.R:.O. G.R.O: ACCESSIONS TO THE COUNTY RECORD OFFICE, 1964 Family and Estate Clark of Lydiard Tregoze: accounts, 1846-69; misc., 1873-8. 150 Deeds All parts of county, 1560-1889. Manorial Court rolls: Heale, 1615-32, Calne, Calstone and Bowers, 1594-5; rent rolls: Potterne, 1631, 1663. Parish and Parish Council Seven parishes, 1538-1959; 1 council, 1894-1945, with earlier records from 1839. Inclosure Award, Avebury, 1795. Maps and Plans Oaksey Park estate, 1868. Miscellaneous Appointment of surveyor of highways, Chute Forest, 1765; vagrancy records, Semley, Bradford-on-Avon, Baydon, Westbury Hundred, Box, Warminster, 1702-3; Tyburn ticket, Devizes, 1791; discharge certificate from 12th Royal Lancers, 1859. RECENT ACCESSIONS TO THE DIOCESAN RECORD OFFICE AT THE WREN HALL, THE CLOSE, SALISBURY Early in 1963 a large accession of deeds and other estate records was received from the Church Commissioners. They belong to the former estates, not only of the Bishopric, but also of the Chapter, the Dean, Precentor and other Cathedral dignitaries. They relate chiefly to Wiltshire, but also to Dorset, Berkshire, Devon, Hampshire and other counties; and date mostly from the 17th century, though there are some earlier ones, including a charter of Matilda, undated but almost certainly executed in June 1148. A volume containing copies of terriers of Dorset benefices, sent into the Bishop of Bristol’s registry at Blandford, as a result of an episcopal visitation in 1784. They are mostly dated 1784 and 1785. This volume was received, via the Dorset County Record Office, from the solicitors who formerly acted as registrars at Blandford. ANNOUNCEMENT The records of Salisbury Cathedral Chapter, though still housed in the Cathedral Muniment Room, have now come under the charge of the Wiltshire County Archivist, as Hon. Cathedral Archivist. Enquiries should be addressed to the Assistant Diocesan Archivist, The Wren Hall, 56c The Close, Salisbury; visits by appointment only. REPORT OF THE RECORDS BRANCH FOR 1963 TO MAY 1965 Volume xix for 1963, Documents Illustrative of the Wiltshire Textile Trades in the 18th Century, edited by Miss Julia de L. Mann, was published in the spring of 1964. The Diary of Thomas Naish, the diary of an early 18th-century Sub-Dean of Salisbury, edited by Miss Doreen Slatter, Volume xx for 1964, was held up for a number of unavoidable reasons, and was not issued until the late spring, 1965. Good progress has been made with The Highworth Hundred Rolls, which will make Volumes xxi and xxui for 1965 and 1966, and it is hoped to publish the two books with only a short interval between them in 1966. The editor is Mrs. Brenda Farr. Volume xx for 1967 will be The Earl of Hertford’s Lieutenancy Papers, 1603-12, if Mr. W. P. D. Murphy is able to complete his work in time. It is then hoped to publish the volume in the year for which it is issued. Some six other prospective volumes are also in hand. The membership of the Branch is now 240 private and institutional members, but even better support is needed if the publication of one book a year is to continue. The attention of members of the Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, 151 who are not yet members, is particularly invited. The subscription is only £2 a year. It must be emphasized that the Records Branch is a separate Society, and was founded in 1937 to promote the publication of written sources of Wiltshire history. At the Annual General Meeting at Corsham Court in May 1963, Mr. Maurice G. Rathbone, the County and Diocesan Archivist, resigned the office of Hon. Secretary owing to pressure of work. He became an officer of the Branch in 1947, and Hon. Secretary in 1953. His work and experience helped to build up the Branch during a difficult period, and the thanks he received, together with a presentation, were some small token of the gratitude felt. Miss ‘Thelma E. Vernon, former Hon. Assistant Secretary of the Buckinghamshire Record Society, was elected in his place. Her address is Dyer’s Leaze, Lacock, Chippenham. Tel.: Lacock 231. ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING, 1965 The Annual General Meeting of the Society, covering the period 1st January to 31st December 1964, was held on Saturday, 15th May 1965, and was well attended. ‘The day’s programme started at 11.15 a.m. with a visit to Compton Park, by kind permission of Mr. and Mrs. D. C. Berry; the church was included in the itinerary. Afterwards members and their guests met for lunch at the Old Mill Hotel, West Harnham, where the Mayor of Wilton, Councillor F. J. Josling, was guest of honour. He later gave an address of welcome in Wilton ‘Town Hall, prior to the commencement of the meeting. The President, the Most Noble the Marquess of Ailesbury, was in the chair. He paid tribute to the invaluable administrative work done during the past two years by the Rev. E. H. Steele, M.A., as Secretary and Treasurer, the greater part of the time in an honorary capacity. He then welcomed Brigadier A. R. Forbes, who had now taken over these duties. The Treasurer reported a surplus for 1964, amounting to £439, which, taking into account that the Guide Catalogue had been paid for in full, showed an encouraging trend. As a result of the response by members to the appeal, the income from subscriptions had gone up by over £200. The benefits of covenants were also beginning to show. The County Council grant for 1964 showed a generous increase from £1,300 to £1,600, and would continue to increase on a sliding scale at a rate sufficient to pay the salaries of the Curator and his Assistant. The modest confidence expressed last year had been clearly justified. The accounts having been adopted, reports were made on the various aspects of the Society’s work and activities by the Secretary, the Hon. Librarian, the Curator of the Museum, the Hon. Meetings Secretary, and the Editor of the Magazine. In the unavoidable absence of the Hon. Secretaries of the Records Branch and the Natural History Section, their reports were read for them. ‘The following officers were elected to serve during the ensuing year: President, the Most Noble the Marquess of Ailesbury, D.L.; Hon. Librarian, R. E. Sandell, M.A., F.S.A., F.L.S.; Hon. Assistant Librarian, K. H. Rogers, B.A.; Hon. Editor, Isobel F. Smith, B.A., Ph.D., F.S.A.; Hon. Meetings Secretary, K. H. Rogers, B.A. The following were elected to serve on the Committee: Messrs. M. G. Bennett, C. E. Blunt, and N. P. Thompson. Rule [X was amended to provide that the Curator of Salisbury Museum should be an ex officio member of the Committee. A resolution was passed having the following effect: (1) to confirm a resolution of the Committee dated 16th October 1954 absolving the Trustees from any liability which might be incurred in investing in ordinary or non-Trustee shares, and (2) to empower them so to do. The President, in referring to his memorandum, ‘Some Thoughts as to the Public Image of the Wiltshire Archaeological Society’, asked members to consider the proposal under one of three headings: (1) a good idea; (2) a silly idea; (3) not a bad idea, but 152 the advantages would be outweighed by the trouble and expense involved. Members were invited to give thought to the matter and let the Secretary have their views. The business having been concluded, Mr. P. J. Fowler, M.A., F.S.A., gave an inter- esting address on “The Nadder Valley’. After tea two visits were made. The first was to Stapleford church where the Vicar, the Rev. J. P. Adams, told members about the history of the church; the second was to the earthworks of the Castle, where Mr. Harry Ross expounded his theory about the origin of the site and Mr. Fowler put forward some very interesting suggestions as to the types of buildings which probably stood there. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY FOR 1964 At the Annual General Meetings in 1963 and 1964 this Report made reference to the need for a continual growth in membership if the Society were to combat success- fully the difficulties imposed by rising prices. ‘The 1963 Report recorded a net increase of 9 only in membership figures; it is therefore pleasing to report that the net increase for 1964 was over 50, an improved rate of recruitment which shows every sign of being maintained. By 11th March 1965 there were 627 Ordinary Members, 64 Institutional, 7 Junior, and 39 Life Members, the total of 737 being 66 more than at Ist January 1964. Some part of the improved recruitment can be attributed to the appeal made early in 1964. ‘This was one of a number of schemes proposed by a sub-committee of which Group Captain F. A. Willan was Chairman. Another was that an Archaeological Conversazione should be held annually. In 1964 the place of this was taken by the Annual Open Meeting of the Wessex Group of the Council for British Archaeology held in Devizes, the Society acting as local organizer. A record number of people attended, many being our own members. During the day a substantial number availed themselves of the free entry to the Society’s museum. The lectures given to schools and institutions by the Curator and sometimes by the Secretary, together with the Bristol University Extension lectures held in the Society’s lecture hall, provided another valuable medium for publicity. Such events bring the Society’s aims and work before many people, and it is therefore regrettable that a promised scheme for lectures on behalf of the Society in other centres in the county was not fulfilled. In the realm of administration much time has been given to completing the transfer of the supervision of the Society’s securities to a professional adviser, preparatory work for the installation of the new heating system, and similar work in connection with the Iron Age Room. The two latter projects will call for comment in next year’s report. Most arduous of all has been the task of issuing the splendid new Guide Catalogue, which was given wide publicity, resulting in orders from all parts of the world. Over three hundred copies were dispatched. Valuable business has also been done in the sale of other publications and slides. I am very glad that this, my farewell report as Secretary, even if it is not an entirely satisfying record, does at least indicate that the Society is undeniably alive, that the future is bright, and that the machine is working with ever-increasing momentum. For this good news the Society must thank the Curator, the Hon. Librarian, and other officers, without whose knowledge and practical work no administration could be effective. REPORT OF THE CURATOR FOR 1964 FORWARD LOOKING Towards the end of the year your Committee finally resolved to install oil-fired central heating throughout the museum to replace the existing antiquated coal-burning system. To those of us who work within these four walls it will be an inestimable blessing. No more nightmares about fuel deliveries on a windy day, with the inevitable fall-out 199 of coal-dust penetrating to every room. Now we can look forward to the museum staying brighter and cleaner without the all-too-frequent need for spring-cleaning and redecora- tion. For this reason alone, in the long run, oil-heating must surely be an economy, not to speak of a spiritual economy which, in the first days of 1965, already steals upon us through the benediction of extra warmth. Our second major event has been to achieve a satisfactory solution to the problem of the proposed new Iron Age room. Members will recall that in 1963 the grant-in-aid of £750 generously offered to the Society by the Carnegie United Kingdom Trust nevertheless fell substantially short of the estimate submitted by Messrs. Hurst and Co., Cheltenham, for case construction in this room. Our difficulty was, therefore, to seek further estimates nearer to our limited financial means. At the suggestion of Dr. Harden a number of local firms were approached for estimates, and it has now been decided to accept that submitted by the Wiltshire Joinery Co., Wootton Bassett, which, including the cost of internal lighting for the display, amounts to approximately £1,000. The original overall design for the room has not been altered, but slight economies have been made in the internal construction of individual cases. A considerable saving has, however, been effected by an agreed arrangement to have the prefabricated case units fitted in the room by our carpenter/electrician, Mr. Cole. A new Iron Age room, worthy, we hope, of our classic collections is thus assured, and for this we are more than indebted to the Grants Committee of the Carnegie Trust, and in particular to Dr. D. B. Harden and Mr. Norman Cook, representing the Museums Association on the Committee. ‘They have spared no effort in our support, and in seeing these monetary benefits ultimately conferred upon the Society. Few of our members perhaps realize that the combined sums received from the ‘Trust for our Bronze and [ron Age rooms probably exceed those received by most other museums in the British Isles. No less are these subsidies the outcome of your Committee’s own earnest endeavours over the last eleven years to reconstitute their famous museum and library. Nothing succeeds like success! To complete the trilogy, the new Guzde Catalogue of Neolithic and Bronze Age Antiquities in Devizes Museum was published in September. Admirably produced by Messrs. Headley Brothers of Ashford, Kent, it seems to have found general favour both with serious archaeologists and the interested layman, which was exactly what we had hoped for. MUSEUM FABRIC Old buildings need constant attention, and this is certainly true of our own 18th- and rgth-century museum premises. In July a small.outbreak of dry rot in the cellars. beneath the Roman room was successfully treated by Messrs. Rendell and Co. The front of the museum (unhappily its most unattractive feature) was considerably improved when one of a surfeit of doorways along the facade was converted into a window to give uniformity to this part of the elevation. At the same time, again for uniformity’s sake, the ordinary glass in the Centenary room windows facing Long Street was replaced by small hammered glass. A word of thanks here to Mr. R. S. Child, at whose instigation this worth-while little architectural improvement was achieved. Redecoration has been carried out in the Bronze Age room and in the museum entrance hall up to the first floor landing. The floors of the entrance hall and staircase, the library stairs, and the main library were all resealed before the start of the summer season. THE COLLECTIONS Re-labelling and re-arrangement of exhibits in the smaller of our two Recent History rooms was completed early in February by the Assistant Curator. The Recent Accessions case in the entrance hall has had its contents changed twice 194 during the year, and on display now is the fine group of Early Iron Age metalwork from Barbury Camp, until recently preserved in Marlborough College museum. We are beholden to Mr. E. G. H. Kempson, President of the College Society, for the decision to transfer this important collection to our custody. Structural work in the new Anglo-Saxon and Medieval room is complete, and the final arrangement of the remaining case displays is in progress. Completion of this room has been seriously held up by the work of seeing the Catalogue through the press, and by the Curator’s own preoccupation (jointly with Dr. Isobel Smith) with editing the Society’s. Magazine; but with no apparent serious obstacles in the way, it is hoped to have the room open by the early part of 1965. LABORATORY AND TECHNICAL All the ironwork in the Barbury Camp assemblage, as noted above, has been cleaned; an urgent task, as many of the finds had deteriorated somewhat in the College museum, although, happily, not so badly as was feared on the first examination. Further metal objects from Col. Shaw’s investigations at Wellhead, Westbury, were also cleaned at his request. The Bury Wood Camp excavations, under the direction of Mr. D. Grant King, continue to yield many fragments of ironwork, and these have been treated in the labora- tory during the year. Mr. Grant King has intimated that all the finds, including metal- work, from this interesting and important hillfort will, eventually, be placed in our collections. Can we hope that they may come before we have gone too far with the new Iron Age room? At the request of the Area Museums Council for the South-West, pending the appointment of an Archaeological Technician for the south-west region, a number of vessels of Roman, Dark Age and Recent dates were restored on behalf of the Devon Archaeological Exploration Society and the Helston Museum, Cornwall. Earlier this year, at the request of the Conservation Officer of the Area Council, two haematite bowls of Early Iron Age ‘A’ date from All Cannings Cross were restored by the Area Council’s own technician at Taunton Museum. They are now back in our collections. In May an iron ’cello of tgth-century date from Milton Lilbourne was repaired and restrung by G. H. Oliver and Co., Devizes. PUBLICATIONS As noted above, the new Guide Catalogue was published in September. A pre-publication prospectus describing it was printed and sent out to subscribers to Antiquity and to members of the Prehistoric Society. The prospectus has also been inserted in the Magazine for 1964, and we make no apology for appealing to every member to endeavour (ietatis causa) to purchase a copy, thus substantially increasing the Society’s resources and, at the same time, becoming aware of the richness of their own museum’s prehistoric collections. A very pleasing aspect of the Catalogue is the series of truly excellent detail photographs taken by the Department of Photography, Bath Academy of Art. We are grateful to Mrs. Rosemary Ellis, head of the Department, and her students who went to very great trouble over the production of these first-rate illustrations. A happy instance of collabora- tion, which we hope will be continued in the future to our mutual benefit! EXHIBITIONS Two small exhibitions were arranged during the year. The first of these, illustrating ‘Wiltshire Prehistory’, and coupled with a small stand publicizing the Society, was dis- played during the week ist-6th June. The second, illustrating the work of the Archaeology Research Committee, was included with other exhibits at the Open Day organized by Group XII of the Council 15D for British Archaeology, and held in the Town Hall, Devizes, on Saturday, 3rd October. The guest speaker was Professor J. C. Toynbee, who lectured to a capacity audience on “The Christian Roman Mosaic at Hinton St. Mary, Dorset’. Throughout the day the museum was open without charge to all visitors. COLOUR TRANSPARENCIES In May, Pictorial Colour Slides Ltd. kindly rephotographed a selection of objects from the collections and have since produced improved colour transparencies to replace those already on sale in the museum. Five other colour slides of the Roman and Saxon periods, and a small group illustrating Avebury, Stonehenge, and the West Kennet chambered long barrow, have been put on sale, making a total in all of 48. It is pleasing to note that our transparencies sell steadily throughout the year. LOANS FROM THE COLLECTIONS Schools and lecturers have again made use of our collections for teaching purposes. A selection of prehistoric pottery was lent to Reading Museum for demonstration during the Diploma Course of the Museums Association held in September. A bronze tanged chisel of prehistoric date, and our portable model of the West Kennet barrow were lent at the request of the B.B.C. Television Service for demonstration during a recent archaeological series. Cooking and excavation equipment was made available to the Bedfordshire Archaeological Society for use during excavations on an Iron Age hillfort on the Herts./ Beds. border, and to Mr. Harry Ross during excavations at the Barnsley Park villa site near Cirencester. LECTURES AND MEETINGS Two groups of University Extension Lectures were arranged jointly by the Society and Bristol University and held in the museum lecture hall. They were as follows: 14th February. ‘England and the Continent in the 11th Century’, by Mr. P. H. Sawyer, M.A. 2tst February. “The Late Literature of the Anglo-Saxon Period and its Survival beyond the Conquest’, by Dr. Rosemary Cramp, F.S.A. 28th February. ‘Scandinavian and English Art’, by Mr. David Wilson, M.A., F.S.A. 6th March. “The Architecture of England and Normandy in the 11th Century’, by Dr. F. Kidson, F.S.A. 4th November. ‘Recent Developments in Romano-British Studies’, by Professor Sir Ian Richmond, F.B.A., F.S.A. 12th November. ‘Roman Britain: The Urban Scene’ , by Dr. Graham Webster, F.S. A. 18th November. ‘Roman Britain: The Villa and the Rural Scene’, by Mr. Barry Cunliffe, F.S.A. 25th November. ‘Air Photography and Roman Britain’, by Dr. J. K. St. Joseph, F.S.A. A further University Extension course of six fortnightly lectures on ‘Wild Life and Scientific Research’, given by speakers from the Botany and Zoology Department of Bristol University, also took place at the museum. The Curator gave the following lecture courses during the year: ‘The Identification, Drawing and Restoration of Pottery’; six lectures at Devizes Museum. A further concentrated two-day course on the same subject was also given to a small group of students during April. A group of six lectures on ‘Wiltshire Prehistory’, accompanied by visits to representative sites, organized by the Devizes College of Further Education. A series of ten lectures on ‘Roman Britain’, given to a W.E.A. group at Swindon. 156 Outside talks, including in some cases visits to important sites, were given to a number of local groups and societies. These included pupils of the grammar schools at Devizes and Swindon, Marlborough College Archaeological Society, a children’s audience at Gloucester City Museum, Devizes Teachers’ Association, students from Urchfont Manor, the Porton Historical Society, and various professional bodies. The Natural History Section, we are pleased to record, has made more use of our lecture hall this year for their indoor meetings, including their autumn Conversazione, and we are especially happy to give hospitality to the Committee of the Wiltshire Trust for Nature Conservation, who hold their regular meetings in the museum. With this considerable increase in organized lecture series and specialist talks, the museum lecture hall is being used more than ever before. This is as it should be. For we see the Society’s headquarters not simply as a repository of important archaeological finds and historical and topographical records, but equally as a dynamic meeting point vitally affecting the cultural life of the county. VISITORS Student and specialist visitors this year included 8. E. Thomas and D. D. A. Simpson, Leicester University, photographing prehistoric material; Professor and Mrs. C. F. C. Hawkes, Oxford University, photographing Iron Age and Saxon objects; Mr. Derek Roe, Cambridge University, Palaeolithic implements; Mr. Humphrey Case, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, Bronze Age and Neolithic grave-groups; Mrs. Watling, Institute of Archaeology, London, Middle and Late Bronze Age pottery; Mr. Neal, Anglo-Saxon jewellery. Visiting parties and student groups included Exeter and Oxford Universities, Hull and Sheffield Training Colleges, the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, the Bedfordshire Archaeological Society, the Bournemouth Natural History Society, Urchfont Manor, W.E.A. students from Bristol, and the Portsmouth College of Technology. Twenty-one school parties visited the museum during the year and were given guided talks by the Curators. Amongst them were schools from Dorset, Middlesex, Sussex and Bath. The total number of visiting pupils was 562, a considerable drop on last year’s figures. The number of visitors to the museum excluding specialist visits and school groups is given below, with the figures for last year: 1963 1964 January-March B72 January-March 449 April-June 964 April-June 957 July-September 1,161 July-September 1,404 October-December 261 October-December 378 Total 2.779 Total 3,188 FIELDWORK Small-scale investigations were carried out during the summer and autumn at Mildenhall (Cunetio) to resolve minor problems concerning the west gate of the town. A small ditch, the purpose of which is not understood, on the north side of the gate was excavated and proved to antedate the west wall foundations. The recovery of a coin of A.D. 360 from the primary filling of the ditch bears with it the interesting implication of a post-a.pD. 360 date for the building of the masonry defences of the town. A number of isolated burials of varying dates were recorded during the year by the museum staff. Two of these were in stone coffins: at Bradford-on-Avon (late Roman), and a (probably) medieval burial at Marlborough, brought to light during building operations in a field known as Spittle Field. The interest of this particular interment 157 To lies in its location, near to the presumed site of the medieval hospital for lepers dedicated to St. Thomas of Canterbury. A further group of three uncoffined inhumations approximately 150 yds. due north of Blount’s Court, Potterne, was also recorded. Although no grave goods were directly associated with the burials, sherds of Savernake Forest type pottery scattered within the grave-pits suggest a well- nigh certain late 1st-century date for their deposition. Finally, a small ‘pit’, supposedly medieval, was investigated north of the church at Bratton, at the request of Mr. H. Leventon, Steeple Ashton, the owner of the site. This ‘pit’ eventually proved to be a natural subsidence, but may it suffice to say here that its excavation proved to be a salutary and informative experience for the Curator and Mr. Norris Thompson, whose assistance on two hot days was greatly valued. RESIGNATION OF ASSISTANT CURATOR On 31st October Mrs. G. P. Mitchell resigned her post as Assistant Curator, and we take this opportunity of thanking her for her work at the museum, coupled with good wishes for future happiness in her married life. The post will be re-advertised early in the New Year. LOOKING FORWARD It is eleven years since the Committee of the Society embarked upon no less a project than the complete reorganization of the outstanding archaeological and natural history collections within its museum. Since 1953 much has been done towards fulfilling this enormous task. ‘The Stourhead Collection is redisplayed in two galleries equipped with up-to-date and attractive display units. Our rich geological and bird specimens have undergone full reorganization in a modern setting, and the Recent History material has been pleasingly arranged in two small rooms. On the working side of the museum we now possess two small conservation laboratories, a darkroom, a separate workroom, and a lecture hall which is being increas- ingly used for cultural and educational purposes. By the first half of 1965 we anticipate the completion of the Anglo-Saxon and Medieval display, and currently under construction by outside contract are new showcases for the Iron Age room. These are scheduled for delivery during April 1965. Thus a major part of the task of physical rearrangement within the museum is virtually complete; with the opening of the Anglo- Saxon room only the Iron Age and Roman periods remain for re-exposition. Over the past two years work has currently been in progress on the new Guide Catalogue which finally came out in September last; the first printed Catalogue to be published by the Society since 1934. With this publication we may mark the beginning of a new phase in the continuing development of the Society’s museum. Important and necessary as is the work of con- servation and exhibition in any museum, and as it must inevitably continue to be as advancing knowledge and new interpretations make it necessary to recast our displays for the enlightenment and enjoyment of the public, nevertheless this is not the most important of a curator’s duties. His ultimate achievement must surely be the full and accurate classification of every object in his charge, and its recording in a permanent form in an illustrated, printed catalogue. For the future, then, there should be more time spent, and greater emphasis put upon the preparation of printed catalogues to follow on from the new publication. Thirty years is a long time to wait, and as well as our existing collections we must hold in mind the urgency of keeping abreast with new accessions as they come in. It is too easy for any curator beset with the needs of daily administration to allow his newest accessions to slip, almost inadvertently, into limbo when full information about them is so much demanded by present-day scholars. 158 Preoccupation with internal museum affairs over the past decade has also precluded the planning of any sort of programme of archaeological excavation or fieldwork as part of overall museum policy. It is to be hoped that in the near future small-scale selective excavations or field investigations may be planned and carried out by the staff of the museum with the support of the Society, to enable us to make our own small contribution to archaeological studies within the county and, at the same time perhaps, to fill in some of the gaps in our unique collections. ACCESSIONS The Society extends its thanks to all who have made gifts or loans during the past year. These are listed below: GEOLOGY Fossil ammonite and matrix. From the Greensand near Drew’s Mill, Potterne. Rear-Admiral McGlashan. 16/64. PREHISTORIC Fragments of Collared Urn, a Beaker sherd and cremated bone. From excavations directed by D. Johnston on a barrow group north-east of Pearce’s Farm, Fosbury. NGR. 32095902. Ministry of Works. 2/64 Upper half and fragments of barrel urn, with applied cordons and finger-tip ornament. Found during excavations directed by the Rev. E. H. Steele on a group of barrows on Codford Down. NGR. 978427. Messrs. J. and W. Collins. 5/64 Polished stone. Petrological No. 1266. Possibly a polished axe of Neolithic date. Found during ploughing at Berwick Bassett. NGR. 09657410. C. R. Garrett, Esq. 7/64 Three Collared Urns, one accessory vessel, large quantity of skeletal material, human and animal bone and other finds. From excavations carried out by students of the Institute of Archaeology, University of London, on the Lake group of barrows. Institute of Archaeology. 8/64. Collection of iron tools, of Iron Age date, possibly a blacksmith’s hoard (W.A.M., 58 (1963), 394). Stated to have been found at Barbury Castle, this collection was. originally donated to Marlborough College Museum in 1875. Marlborough College. 9/64. Six flint implements of Palaeolithic date. From Knowle Farm Pit, Savernake. Reading Museum. 10/64 Beaker and Windmill Hill sherds. From excavations directed by G. Connah at Knap Hill causewayed camp. G. Stratton, Esq. 11/64 Axe-hammer, bronze dagger, flint arrowheads, pottery of Windmill Hill, Rinyo- Clacton and Beaker types, and flint artifacts. From excavations directed by E. Greenfield on behalf of the Ministry of Works at Wilsford (S.). Ministry of Works. 12/64 Flint artifacts, animal bones and worked sarsen fragments. From excavations directed by G. Connah at Knap Hill causewayed camp. G. Stratton, Esq. 17/64 Tanged flint arrowhead of Beaker type. Surface find at Etchilhampton. NGR. 04956055. Capt. D. Mann. 15/64 ROMAN Group of Romano-British sherds. From excavations directed by Dr. Isobel Smith on behalf of the Ministry of Works on a group of barrows on Overton Hill. English Farms Ltd. 6/64. Fragments of jug of 4th-century date. Surface find near Etchilhampton. NGR. 04496089. Capt. D. Mann. 15/64 159 MEDIEVAL Green-glazed handled jug. From the Laverstock kilns. Loan, Salisbury Museum. 3/64 Lead counter with six petal flower design on one side. Probably of medieval date. F. J. Tippett, Esq. 1/64 Lead counter, with raised cross and pellet in each angle on one side only. Found on site of Roman villa, Box. F. P. Hughes, Esq. 21/64 RECENT Lock, inscribed ‘W. P. GILBERT, Locksmith, Devizes’. Loan, Salisbury Museum. 4/64 Oil-lamp, probably rgth century. A. V. Breach, Esq. 13/64 Badge, inscribed “Devizes and Dist. Women’s Emergency Corps’. Belonged to the donor’s mother. R. E. Sandell, Esq. 14/64 Clay pipe fragment with unidentified stamp. Surface find at Etchilhampton. NGR. 04956055. Capt. D. Mann. 15/64 Clarinet, dated c. 1805. Bought in a shop in Devizes. Loaned, J. C. Hughes, Esq. 18/64. Blade of sheep shears, 1gth-century date. Found during renovations at 70 New Road, Studley. J. Davey, Esq. 19/64. Small green glass bottle, miniature copy of sack bottle of 17th/18th-century date. Probably for cosmetics. Found on Keevil Airfield. D. Dafforn, Esq. 20/64 Lead disc, bearing inscription ‘Gbr. vV’. Probably a trade seal, German, 1gth- century date. Found on site of Roman villa, Box. F. P. Hughes, Esq. 21/64 REPORT OF THE HON. MEETINGS SECRETARY FOR 1964 On 23rd May the Annual General Meeting of the Society was held at Marlborough College, and was followed by a conducted tour of the College buildings. In the morning members had visited Avebury Manor, by invitation of Sir Francis Knowles, and Avebury church, where the Rev. R. A. Robbins spoke. The second meeting, on 24th June, owed much to Mr. Hugh Braun, who acted as guide for the morning and afternoon sessions. In the morning the party visited Farley church and the Wardenry of Fox’s Almshouses. After lunch the two chief features of the Wiltshire section of the Salisbury Canal—the Alderbury deep cutting and the West Dean basin—were visited, and the party also saw the Evelyn chapel at West Dean. After tea at Farley, kindly provided by the Mothers’ Union, Mr. J. W. G. Musty showed the party over the deserted medieval village site at Gomeldon, preceding this by an illustrated talk. On 18th July Mr. E. E. Levell guided members round Ludgershall, where the preaching cross, castle and church were seen. After lunch a visit to Biddesden House, by invitation of Lord Moyne, gave rise to an occasion probably unique in the Society’s annals so far, when a number of members bathed in the pool in the grounds. After tea Mr. W. T. Fowle spoke to the party at Chute Forest church, with which his family has been closely associated since its foundation. The final excursion on 15th August, was to the castles at Farleigh Hungerford and Nunney in Somerset, and to the motte-and-bailey site at Bishopstrow, at all of which Mr. H. Ross was guide. ‘The church at Berkley was also visited. 160 NATURAL HISTORY SECTION AN ORNITHOLOGICAL REPORT FOR BLACKMOOR COPSE RESERVE, 1962-3 by A. A. DUNTHORN INTRODUCTION BLACKMOOR COPSE RESERVE has been administered for the Wiltshire Trust for Nature Conservation Limited, by a management committee under the chairmanship of Major- General C. G. Lipscomb, C.B., D.S.O., since August 1963. Before that date the adminis- trative authority was the Society for Promotion of Nature Reserves and the reserve was managed by a local committee whose chairman was the Countess of Radnor. Its nearness to Salisbury has led it to become a study area for the Salisbury and District Natural History Society, and it was in this connection that I accepted responsibility for an ornithological survey of it. This paper is an account of one year, from December 1962 until November 1963, and the method of collecting and treating the information has been deeply influenced by Colquhoun.” * 3 TOPOGRAPHY AND VEGETATION In 1958 Hemsley and Roberts of the Nature Conservancy conducted a vegetational survey of the reserve and suggested a plan of management.* The topography and descrip- tion of the vegetation are taken from this report. Blackmoor Copse (FIG. 1) is on a south- east slope with the ground rising gently from the southern tip of the wood, traversing a vertical interval of about 100 ft., and reaching its highest points in compartments 1 and 2 on about the 275-ft. contour line. The lower parts of the wood are relatively flat and on London Clay, with the slope becoming increasingly important north-westwards of a line drawn through compartments 3, 4, 5 and 6. Running down the slope are two main drainage systems, one through compartments 4 and 7 and the other through compartment 6 and part of 9. Both systems have become impeded over much of their length, giving rise to local waterlogging, with abundance of rushes (Juncus) and other species favouring such sites. A main drain running along the lowest part of the wood, parallel with the Winterslow- East Grinstead road takes the full drainage of the wood. The higher parts of the reserve are on Reading and Woolwich beds, pebble loams with free drainage and tending to leach, leading to open-textured acid soils along the ridge of compartments 1 and 2. Dominant Oak Wood (Quercus robur) occurs and is practically confined to com- partments 9 and 10, at the southern end, and to compartment 1(d) in the west of the wood, but it can rarely be said that an unbroken canopy exists. Below is a mixed under- storey of Hazel (Corylus avellana), Birch (Betula pendula) and Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), some Sallow (Salix) and scattered groups of Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa). Mixed coppice of Hazel and Birch, with occasional Oak, Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and Aspen (Populus tremula) occurs mainly on the sloping ground of the central/southern section, including compartments 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, part of 10, and 11. Birch is a prominent feature of the wood, all stages of growth occurring. In some areas it is present as scattered poles up to 40 ft. in height, and in compartments 4 and 5 161 g A Whites 7 Common @ wv G se Fic. I Blackmoor Copse Reserve. Based upon the Ordnance Survey map, with the sanction of the Controller of H.M. Stationery Office. Crown Copyright reserved. 162 dense stands of younger regeneration are in the thicket stage, commonly in association with Hazel, Sallow, Bramble (Rubus) and Hawthorn. There are well-defined belts of Aspens in the lower half of compartment 2 and the species occurs elsewhere in localized groups. Stands of Ash, Alder (Alnus glutinosa) and Poplar (Populus) occur almost entirely in flush areas in the southern parts of the wood. Dense low Blackthorn thickets occur at sub-compartment 6(c) and other areas of impeded drainage, in association with Hawthorn and Wild Rose (Rosa). There are many clearings and glades in the wood, most of them created by past fellings. Bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) has invaded them, and is dominant in large areas, especially in compartments 1 and 2. METHOD The reserve was visited once each calendar month, except in January 1963, when it was not possible because the approach roads were closed by snow, and in March 1963, when two visits were made. A route through the reserve was designed so as to pass through or near all types of habitat in one hour at a walking speed of about 1 m.p.h. Counts were made between 1130 and 1645 hours G.M.T. All birds identified visually were counted, whilst vocal identification was restricted to those near at hand. The vertical distribution of the birds seen and heard was also recorded, and the zonation adopted was that used by Colquhoun and Morley,’ and is as follows: Zone 1 Upper Canopy >35 ft. usually "Tree 15-35 ft. 3 Shrub 4-15 ft. 4 Herb 4-4 ft. 5 Ground TasLe I Birds recorded in Blackmoor Copse Reserve, 1962-3 (37 species) Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes) Pheasant (Phaszanus colchicus) Mistle Thrush (Turdus viscivorus) Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) Fieldfare (7. pilaris) Woodcock (Scolopax rusticola) Song Thrush (7. philomelos) Wood Pigeon (Columba palumbus) Blackbird (7. merula) Turtle Dove (Streptopelia turtur) Nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos) Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) Robin (Frithacus rubecula) Tawny Owl (Strix aluco) Sedge Warbler (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus) Jackdaw (Corvus monedula) Blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla) Magpie (Pica pica) Common Whitethroat (S. communis) Jay (Garrulus glandarius) Lesser Whitethroat (S$. curruca) Great Tit (Parus major) Willow Warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus) Blue Tit (P. caeruleus) Chiffchaff (P. collybzta) Coal Tit (P. ater) Hedge Sparrow (Prunella modularis) Marsh Tit (P. palustris) Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) Willow Tit (P. atricapillus) Bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula) Long-tailed Tit (Aegithalos caudatus) Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs) Nuthatch (Sitta europa) Yellow Hammer (Fmberiza citrinella) Tree Creeper (Certhia familiaris) DISCUSSION A list of the birds identified is shown in Tas e I and the frequency with which some of them occurred is shown by Fic. 2(a), (b), and (c). From these, one might reasonably expect to see the Wood Pigeon, Jay, Great Tit, Blue Tit, Blackbird, Robin and Bullfinch 163 Wood Pigeon Number of birds recorded per hour 5 Bullfinch Blackbird Blue Tit Chiffchaff Great Tit 105 Willow Warbler Number of birds recorded per hour Number of birds recorded per hour 1 ER MOACM Ue A SO! NOD y-F MA M ¥ 1 -A>SCO ND Fic. 2 (a), (b) and (c) Numbers of birds recorded per hour for each calendar month. on every visit to the reserve, but because the Wood Pigeon normally occurred in relatively large numbers its absence during October and November made a strong impact. The number of disused Wood Pigeons’ nests found whilst following a given route, in December 1962, was 21, and in November 1963, 25 nests were found over a slightly increased route. The area scanned was about one-fifth of the reserve, representing 16 acres. The frequency with which the birds are noted does not necessarily reflect their relative abundance in the area concerned. Different species show a considerable range of con- spicuousness which may be visual or auditory. A coefficient of relative conspicuousness, C, for a species has been defined* as C = p/y where p = the known adult population per acre (derived from breeding birds) and y = abundance recorded per hour, and studies of distribution or abundance should take such a factor into account. Conspicuousness in woodland communities is largely auditory.* The Chiffchaff and Willow Warbler, the most numerous of the summer migrants, were identified by voice, and many birds which have been recorded as sightings first drew attention to themselves by call or song. Reference to ‘TaBLeE II shows that out of 26 Blackbird records 14 were auditory, and for the Robin, 20 out of 22. The stratum analysis for three species is given in Tas eE III. It has long been recog- nized that closely-related species living within the same community obtain their food from different strata.* Although there is some overlap in the vertical distribution of the Great Tit and Blue Tit in the reserve, the upper canopy and tree zones are favoured by the latter species and the tree and shrub zones by the former. The Blackbird is included TABLE II Visual and Auditory Conspicuousness of Robin and Blackbird Blackmoor Copse Reserve, 1962-3 Auditory Records Species Veen Tes : os Records Singing Alacine Calling No. 3 juveniles Robin 2 14 3 3 22 Blackbird ite 6 8 — 26 Tasce III Vertical Distribution of Great Tit, Blue Tit, and Blackbird Blackmoor Copse Reserve, 1962-3 Zones Species oe es naked liree Shrub Herb Ground Dee anopy Great Tit 8 12 21 — | a= 41 Blue Tit 22 8 5 = = 35 Blackbird 3 4 10 3 6 26 to draw attention to sexual and seasonal vertical distribution, as 6 out of the 7 upper canopy and tree records for this species were of singing males in spring or early summer. It may be of interest to compare the species of birds noted in Blackmoor Copse with those of another woodland community in Wiltshire, Savernake Forest.5 The Savernake account has certain features in common with this survey: (a) it covered almost one year (1938-9); (b) visits were made each calendar month; (c) visual and close auditory records were made; and (d) the walking speed of the observer was about 1 m.p.h. Unlike Blackmoor Copse, however, Savernake is on chalk overlaid with varying thicknesses of clay marl. At the time of the report, it was pre-eminently mature Oak (Q. robur) with open canopy, the understorey was Hawthorn and the floor was covered with Bracken. There were islands of Beech (Fagus sylvaticus) on the high ground and considerable areas of parkland. It was heavily infested with rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Taste [V Birds recorded in Savernake Forest, 1938-9 (37 species), after Colquhoun Mallard Tree Creeper Pheasant Wren Wood Pigeon Mistle Thrush Stock Dove (Columba oenas) Song Thrush Cuckoo Blackbird Tawny Owl Redstart (Phoenicurus phoenicurus) Green Woodpecker (Picus viridis) Robin Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dryobates major) Carrion Crow (Corvus corone) Garden Warbler (Sylvia borin) Common Whitethroat Lesser Whitethroat Jackdaw Willow Warbler Magpie Chiffchaff Jay Goldcrest (Regulus regulus) Great Tit Hedge Sparrow Blue Tit Starling Coal Tit Bullfinch Marsh Tit Chaffinch Long-tailed Tit Yellow Hammer Nuthatch House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank Major-General C. G. Lipscomb and the Blackmoor Copse Reserve Committee for permission to publish this report, Mr. K. Grinstead for introducing me to the Reserve, Mr. J. Milne for drawing the text figures, and Robert and Hugh Dunthorn, who accompanied me separately on many visits to provide an extra pair of eyes and to climb trees. My especial thanks go to Miss A. Hutchinson, secretary under both adminis- trations, for many kindnesses and encouragement. 1 M. K. Colquhoun, The Density of Woodland Birds determined by the Sample Count Method, J. anim. Ecol., 9 (1940), 53-67. 2 M. K. Colquhoun, Visual and Auditory Conspicuousness in a Woodland Bird Community: A quantitative analysis, Proc. zoo. Soc. Lond., Series A, 110 (1940), 129-48. 3 _M. K. Colquhoun, and A. Morley, Vertical 166 Zonation in Woodland Bird Communities, 7. anim. FEcol., 12 (1943), 75-81. 4 J. H. Hemsley, and E. A. Roberts, Blackmoor Copse Reserve. Vegetational Survey and Suggested Management. Nature Conservancy, Furzebrook, Wareham (1948). 5 M. K. Colquhoun, The Birds of Savernake Forest, Wiltshire, 7. anim. Ecol., 10 (1941), 25-34. THE STATUS OF THE LESSER SPOTTED WOODPECKER (Dendrocopus minor) IN WILTSHIRE, 1957-64 by BEATRICE GILLAM IN 1957 THE COMMITTEE Of the Natural History Section recommended that an enquiry should be made into the probable status of the Lesser Spotted Woodpecker in Wiltshire. It was felt that this diminutive woodland bird was probably overlooked and that an inquiry might encourage observers to watch for it more closely in suitable habitats, thus helping to build up a picture of its distribution with some degree of accuracy. No period was agreed on for the duration of the inquiry, but G. W. Collett promised to collect the records from observers and eventually compile a summary from them. However, he was regrettably unable to complete this task before his untimely death in 1964. With observa- tions for eight years now available there is sufficient evidence for a short summary to be made and I have therefore undertaken to complete the work. During the period covered by this inquiry forty contributors sent in positive sight records. Negative reports were only submitted for a few areas where observers keep a regular watch all the year round. It is therefore not known whether many woodland and parkland areas which might be expected to support at least one pair of birds have been under observation or not. In areas regularly watched—Coate, Clarendon and Corsham, East Knoyle and the water-meadows near Marlborough—there has been little change in the observed population during the period. It therefore seems likely that at Ramsbury, Spye Park, Savernake, Wardour, Cole Park and ‘Tockenham, where records have only been supplied for one or two years during the period, the position may well be similar. ‘The birds have probably either been overlooked or annual observations have not been undertaken. No records have been received from many large wooded areas— Stourhead, Longleat and Shearwater, Great Ridge Wood, Bowood, Fonthill, Erlestoke, Castle Combe, Colerne or Braydon Forest—most probably because no observer has been able to visit them sufficiently often. Apart from the above woodland areas, many of the isolated observations were made in river valleys as follows: R. Ebble, 2; R. Bourne, 3; R. Wylye, 2; Salisbury Avon, 2; R. Kennet, 3; Bristol Avon, 4; and R. Thames, 1. In several instances the bird was reported as being seen in willows. These could provide both adequate food and suitable nesting sites though no definite evidence of breeding in any of these localities has been confirmed. A dozen records are of a pair or a single bird ‘seen in my garden’, the most surprising of these being in the Close in the heart of Salisbury. In several instances the bird was seen at very close quarters either on clothes posts, feeding on rotten apples or, more characteristically, in trees in the garden. It is clear from many reports that this bird is not shy of human company and can be watched without showing concern for the observer in any habitat in which it is finding adequate food. It is its preference for insects inhabiting the higher branches of trees that makes it appear to be so elusive until its shrill call indicates its presence. The eight years of this inquiry include the prolonged intense cold of 1962-3 which was followed by a cold, dull summer. As was expected, 1963 produced several nil reports 167 MAP SHOWING AREAS JN WHICH THE LESSER SPOTTED WOODPECKER WAS RECORDED IN WILTSHIRE 1057-64 Figures indicate the number of years in which birds were recorded inthat area Crickladg Malmesbury R.Ebble 168 —— —= and few sight records. However, the fine year of 1964 produced more records, especially during the breeding season, than any of the other years under consideration. Does this indicate a good recovery in 1964 or birds overlooked in 1963? It is inevitable in an inquiry of this kind, which attempts to cover as large an area as the county of Wiltshire, that the distribution of recorded birds (see map, Fic. 1) bears some relationship to the distribution of observers. ‘This becomes apparent as soon as both are plotted on the map! However, although the inquiry is by no means conclusive, it can be said to have confirmed the findings of L. G. Peirson in his Handlist of Wiltshire Birds (1959) that the Lesser Spotted Woodpecker is ‘an uncommon resident widely distributed and . . . often reported from built-up areas where there are trees’. Observers : D. A. W. Alexander, Mrs. R. G. Barnes, D. G. Barnes, G. L. Boyle, E. J. M. Buxton, J. Cuss, C. A. Cutforth, Mr. and Mrs. G. H. Forster, the late Miss M. C. Foster, D. W. Free, D. E. Fry, Miss B. Gillam, G. W. Hemmings, A. J. Horner, E. L. Jones, Mrs. V. Lawson, J. R. Lawson, Miss M. Luckham, J. E. Major, Marlborough College Natural History Society, P. W. Morris, Mrs. Morrison, J. CG. GC. Oliver, Mrs. Peall, Brigadier J. R. I. Platt, the late P. Roberts, J. C. Rolls, Brigadier E. E. G. L. Searight, Mrs. Seccombe Hett, Lt.-Col. W. D. Shaw, A. Smith, R. J. Spencer, Lt.-Col. J. K. Stanford, B. M. Stratton, Miss E. M. Thouless, G. L. Webber, R. Whitlock, Lady Young. THE DRAGONFLIES OF WILTSHIRE by C. F. COWAN WILTSHIRE’S DRAGONFLIES are very little known. ‘The writer could find no list when he came to the county at the end of 1962, so had to cull what information was given in the two latest books on British Dragonflies. Though these number only 44, the county could only muster 20, all of these having been recorded in North Wilts. (vice-county 7), and a mere 10 of them in South Wilts. (v.-c. 8). On all spare weekends in 1963-4 I concentrated on photographing all I could. This results in considerable intimacy with the flies, and the urge to recognize them quickly, to avoid waste both of time and film. Two of the original twenty were not seen; undoubtedly my fault. But in the two years I was able to get good photos of one new species for North Wilts. and seven for South Wilts., raising the total for the county to 23. In the table below, all the Wiltshire species are listed, showing by vice-counties the former records and those seen in 1963-4. With it, and use of the Wayside and Woodland (Warne) and New Naturalist (Collins) series books, any dragonfly seen in the county should be readily identifiable. The Twenty-three Species of Dragonfly recorded from Wiltshire | | | Vice-County Records = Main | Species | + | flying Types of habitat Hitherto | In 1963-4 | months | | | DAMSELFLIES | | Agrion virgo ne iG | aS June | Sheltered streams. Local Agrion splendens Thy, 2) 4, 8 June |_—_ Sheltered streams. Local Lestes sponsa pee 7 July ——_— Lakeside herbage. Local Platycnemis pennipes 7 | — June Running water. Local Erythromma najas 7 ey 75 82 June Still water. Local Ischnura elegans 1, Js & |. 29, 6 «| june Lakeside marsh. Common Pyrrhosoma nymthula Lee ray £83 | 7,8 | May-July — Universally common Coenagrion pulchellum ey | —t | June Pond vegetation. Local Coenagrion puella sera te | 7,8 | June | Universally common Ennalagma cyathigerum (7.8 7, 8 | June-Aug.| Universally abundant | | DRAGONELIES | | Cordulegaster boltoni | 7 (once)| ™ 8? | July Sheltered rides near ponds. Local Anax imperator | |e ekty 824 June —_—_— Ponds. Singly Aeshna grandis eo ate foo Aug. Still water. General Aeshna cyanea 7,10: | 750 Aug. __ Still water. General Aeshna mixta 7, 8 7,8 | Sept. | Still water. Migrant Cordulia aenea os eens, June | Peaty ponds. Very local Orthetrum cancellatum ey [i 7 June Peaty ponds. Very local Orthetrum coerulescens = 8? | July-Sept. | Peaty bog. Local Libellula quadrimaculata. | 7 ee 7502 June Peaty marsh. Local Libellula depressa y 7, 83 June Peaty marsh. Local Sympetrum striolatum 7, 8 7, °o Aug.-Sept.| Pondsides. Common Sympetrum sanguineum | = ie 37 ee Sept. | Pondside. Local Sympetrum danae — 8? | Aug.-Sept.| Pondside. Local 170 All the species recorded in 1963-4 are confirmed as breeding in the vice-counties shown above except Aeshna mixta, a notorious migrant which I think, but cannot be sure, emerged at Braydon Pond in August 1964. I certainly saw it there both years. Species occurring in neighbouring counties which may yet be found in Wiltshire are the Damselflies Certagrion tenellum and Coenagrion mercuriale, and Dragonflies Gomphus vulgatissimus, Brachytron pratense, Aeshna juncea, Sympetrum flaveolum, and Sympetrum fonscolombei. 1 That these three species still occur is very 3 Sandridge sandpit (v.c.7), both sexes and likely. I visited the west of the county little. nymphal case; also in y.c.8 at Limmer Pond, 2 All new records for South Wilts. were made at Imber Village (sic) and Hamptwortb. Hamptworth. 4 Breeding at Bravdon Pond. 171 GARDEN PLANT SURVIVALS IN THE VILLAGE OF IMBER by CHARLES F. COWAN IT IS NOW SOME QI years since the evacuation of Imber. Untended by man, and in conditions of perennial war, over a hundred different kinds of garden plant still grow in this isolated valley in the Wiltshire chalk downs. The Natural History Section of the Society compiled a list of these survivals over some five years on their annual summer pilgrimages there. In 1964 it was possible for one member to make visits roughly fortnightly from mid-April, before the weeds grew up, and there was a concerted visit by the Section at the end of June. The resulting list is appended. Names used, where possible, conform to Eyre and Spottiswoode’s recent delightful Kew Series books Garden Shrubs and Trees (S. G. Harrison, 1960) and Garden Flowers (R. D. Meikle, 1963). These do not cover bulbs or climbers. Identification of the species of Picea, Pinus, Chamaecyparis and Thuja was very kindly carried out from fresh specimens collected in December 1964, by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Not included in the list are several earlier records which could not be confirmed in 1964. ‘These ten were: Delphinium orventale Larkspur By Rectory Gate; July 1961. Viola cornuta Horned Pansy Not since 1959. Prunus domestica institia Damson 1962, 1963 (West). Sedum album White Stonecrop July 1961. Chrysanthemum parthenium Feverfew July 1961. Jasminum nudiflorum Winter Jasmine Now gone. (13.)* Verbascum virgatum Twiggy Mullein 1961, 1962. (14.)* Linaria purpurea Purple Toadflax 1962. Juglans regia Walnut Till 1962. Since felled. Ribes nigrum Black Currant (4s) 2 * Number indicates locality; see below. Certain plants are included which are more or less common on the neighbouring downs. In each case, however, they are clearly in planted situations. The Beech and Common Privet are both in hedges, for example. The Blackberry was a fine variety. It is arguable that the Potato plant may be a recent product of Army Rations; that it could have survived, however, is proved by the fact that alongside it is a strong colony of Arisaema. It was clear that our recorders were not the only people interested in the flowers. Every time Dorothy Perkins was visited, a large truss of flowers had just been cut off, and it was some time before a bloom was found and its identity could be confirmed. A large, well-budded clump of cottage Paeony still bearing some 1963 seedheads was watched in growing bud for weeks with photography in mind, but on the crucial day, when the roads were open to the public, the flowers had all been roughly uprooted. Again, before our visits commenced—perhaps during the Easter weekend—some flowers growing among Snowdrops had been removed, which we could not name; they may have been the Spring Snowflake, or a large form of Snowdrop. 172 For locality reference purposes in the list below, the Army Number of the nearest building is given (Nos. 1 to 21). Between the Manor (16) and No. 21 are three unnumbered ruins just north of the main road which have been designated Xr (nearest the Manor), X3 (the former Post Office), and X4. Opposite X3 is a small ruin designated X2. The Church is denoted by Ch. It may be mentioned that towards the end of 1964 several localities, notably round 10, X3, and X4, were cleared and, from our point of view, probably spoiled. Thalictrum minus Eranthis hiemalis Aquilegia vulgaris Aquilegia caerulea Aconitum anglicum Paeonia lactiflora Paeonva officinalis Papaver orientale Meconopsis cambrica Armoracia rusticana Hesperis matronalis Viola odorata Viola odorata alba Saponaria officinalis Lychnis chalcedonica Malva moschata alba Tilia x europaea Oxalis floribunda Ilex aquifolium Aesculus hippocastanum Acer pseudoplatanus Vitis hederacea Staphylea pinnata Laburnum anagyroides Robinia pseudoacacia Lathyrus latifolius Prunus avium Prunus domestica Spiraea arguta Rubus idaeus Rubus sp. Geum quellyon Rosa maxima alba Rosa spinosissima fl. pl. Rosa wichuraiana Rosa wichuraiana x Pyrus communis Malus < pumila Cotoneaster prostrata Philadelphus coronarius Ribes uva-crispa Ribes sativum Rubus loganobaccus Sedum spurium Meadow Rue Winter Aconite Common Columbine Spurred Columbine Monkshood Chinese Paeony Garden Paeony Oriental Poppy Welsh Poppy Horse Radish Dame’s Violet Sweet Violet White Sweet Violet Soapwort (double) Jerusalem Cross White Musk Mallow Lime Crimson Sorrel Holly Horse Chestnut Sycamore Virginia Creeper Bladdernut Laburnum False Acacia Everlasting Pea Cherry Plum Shrubby Spiraea Raspberry Blackberry Red Geum Double White Rose Double Burnet Rose American Pillar Dorothy Perkins Pear Apple Cotoneaster Mock Orange Gooseberry Red Currant Loganberry Caucasian Stonecrop IMBER GARDEN SURVIVALS, 1964 F521, 4 19 15 (blue) 15 (white) 19 (weak), X2 15 i, 4, 0, 12A, 15, 16, X1,. Xo, X3, X4. 17.4, 0,0; 12, 15) 16,21 4, 12, 15, 16, 21 (all scented) 12A (extensive, scented) 19, X2 I Extensive behind 19 5, Oy 16, etc. x4 Ch, 16 Ch, 16, 19, etc. od, 28:2,etc. 1g (two) (dead at 16) 4 4, 19 4, 16 (two) X2 I A, 13. 15, 19, 22). X39 I 1, 6, 7, 12A, 13,15 X11, X3 Ag 5310; 95 135.15 4, 6, 14, 15, X3 19 4, 12A, 15, 16 AYey pyr dca, ©) 4, 55 6, 7> 21, X4. 9 13 173 Oenothera erythrosepala Cornus mas Symphoricarpus rivularts Aster novi-belgit Cicerbita macrophylla Primula vulgaris Primula vulgaris f. Lysimachia nummularia Syringa vulgaris Syringa vulgaris alba Forsythia suspensa Ligustrum vulgare Ligustrum ovalifolium Lycium halimifolium Pulmonaria officinalis Myosotis sylvatica Myosotis sylvatica alba Solanum tuberosum Veronica filiformis Mentha piperita Mentha spicata Melissa officinalis Chenopodium bonus-henricus Rheum rhaponticum Buxus sempervirens Buxus sempervirens f. Corylus avellana Betula verrucosa Fagus sylvatica Quercus ilex Salix fragilis Tris germanica Iris xiphioides Iris spp. Crocosmia crocosmuflora? Hemerocallis sp. Galanthus nivalis Galanthus nivalis fl. pl. Galanthus nivalis f. atkinsii? Galanthus tkarvae? Narcissus pseudonarcissus f. Narcissus pseudonarecissus f. Narcissus pseudonareissus f. Narcissus poeticus x Convallaria majalis Endymion non-scriptus Endymion hispanicus Endymion hispanicus f. Endymion hispanicus f. Crocus ff. Tulipa f. Tulipa ff. Arisaema sp. ? Ornithogalum umbellatum 174 Evening Primrose Cornelian Cherry Snowberry Michaelmas Daisy Blue Snowthistle Primrose Deep Red Primrose Creeping Jenny Lilac White Lilac Forsythia Common Privet Garden Privet Tea Tree Lungwort Garden Forget-me-not White Forget-me-not Potato Slender Speedwell Peppermint Spearmint Balm Good King Henry Rhubarb Box Variegated Box Hazel Birch Beech Holm Oak Crack Willow Bearded Iris English Iris Spanish Iris Montbretia ? Day Lily Snowdrop Double Snowdrop Giant Snowdrop Turkish Snowdrop Daffodil Double Daffodil Cup Narcissus Pheasant Eye Lily-of-the-Valley Bluebell Spanish Bluebell White Bluebell Pink Bluebell Garden Crocus Yellow Darwin Garden Tulips Dragon Root Star of Bethlehem General I I; -12)"16;-10, ete; 9 I, 4 4, 16, 19 (also pink), etc. X3 15 Tig As Oy £9 I, 45, 8,155, 165,10, “2 4 16;shedges at 6,°X3, ‘ete. 6, 15, 16, X3, X4 1, 7,9 1, 15 A, 5 pO, Lae elc, 8, 15, 21 I, 4, 9, 19, etc. I 4, 16 19 Hedge at X4 Ch BEES) 1, X4 (leaves only) 12A 1, 8, 15, X4 (leaves only) 9 (leaves only) I, 13 (leaves only) I, 4, 7s 8, 19, etc. I; 4, 3, 16, ete; 7 f Frequent 15, X$3 General General 8,15, 16, Xe 6..9)-1'5,. 10, 19%, 21 7, 8, 19 (all leaves only) 13 I, 15, 21, X4%(all leaves only) QI 85,95. F551 05,44 Taxus baccata Yew I, 10, 16; 19 Taxus baccata fastigiata Irish Yew 14 Pinus sylvestris Scots Pine Ch, 16, 10, X%4 Picea abies Norway Spruce 3, 16 Thuja occidentalis American Arbor-Vitae Ch Thwya plicata Western Arbor-Vitae Ch, X4 Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Lawson’s Cypress 33 Phyllitis scolopendrium Hart’s Tongue Fern T5,.10 Dryopteris filix-mas Male Fern 1, 105. %3, 4 ADDENDA (confirmed by visits in early 1965). Ruscus aculeatus Butchers Broom 1 (gateway) Gladiolus sp. Gladiolus 13 (leaves only) Tris reticulata Dwarf Iris X4 (flowered March 1965) Muscari armeniacum Grape Hyacinth 15 (flowered April 1965) THE WEATHER OF 1964 by R. A. U. JENNINGS A YEAR.MAY EASILY WIN a golden reputation when its predecessors have been dismal, and 1964 is among the lucky ones. We can be grateful for its comparative clemency even if the figures reveal only one remarkable achievement for the meteorologically-obsessed. This achievement is the very low rainfall. The Marlborough College records com- pleted their century with the close of the year, and only 1921 was more arid. ‘The shortage of winter rain may cause trouble with wells and springs on the chalk uplands. The period from mid-June to mid-October was probably the most rainless four-month stretch for a hundred years, but it secured a good and safe harvest even if it distressed gardeners. The winter of 1963-4 was certainly the most sunless within living memory. November was even warmer than in 1963 and over most of the County there was no early sharp frost to shorten the life of the flowers. We shall gratefully remember, too, the varied and copious brilliancy of the autumn leaves, especially on the Corallian formation. ‘The emotional reactions of the elderly are notoriously unreliable and we are habitual nostalgics, yet we may safely compare 1964’s autumn colours with those of its fabulous predecessor, 1926. In the table below ‘T means temperature; R means rainfall; S means sunshine; + means excess; — means deficiency; 0 means nearly normal. R. oli; S. January —— _ —— Cold, dry and dark. February —— O — Dull and dry. March a — — Bleakly undistinguished. April + ) — Sub-average. May + ++ ) Good. June - fo) — Not enough sunshine. July ——— + August —— Oo + Three agreeable holiday months. September —— co) + October —— — + Good on the whole. November — ++ fe) Warm and dry. December = fo) + Much ground frost. 1964. —— O — Adry and rather sunless year. WILTSHIRE BIRD NOTES FOR 1964 RECORDERS: Ruth G. Barnes, M.B.o.u., Geoffrey L. Boyle, Dr. E. A. R. Ennion, M.a., M.B.o.u., C. J. Bridgman, M.B.o.vu. 1964 HAS SEEN THE CONTINUED RECOVERY in numbers of most species from the disastrous winter of 1962-3. The Collared Turtle Dove has spread rapidly since the first recorded nesting in 1962, and the Curlew has bred in a new area. A party of Pinkfoot Geese spent 3 weeks of winter in the county. There has been no record of Woodlark or Red-backed Shrike this year. A regular winter visitor, the Short-eared Owl, stayed on to breed on Salisbury Plain for the first time. A Roseate Tern made sure of its first record in the county by tactfully selecting a recorder’s garden path on which to wait until its identity was established and ring number duly read. Contributors : Marquess of Ailesbury AG Mrs. Lawson V.C.L. D. A. W. Alexander D.A.W.A. J. R. Lawson J-R.L. D. G. Barnes D.G.B. Rey Hakee R.F.L. E. C. Barnes EE GsB: Cc. G. Lock Fs C.G.L. Mrs. Barnes oe R.G.B. Miss M. C. Luckham M.C.L. G. L. Boyle as G.L.B. J. E. Major £3 : J-E.M. G. H. A. Blackwoo G.H.A.B. Marlborough College Nat K. C. Briand K.C.B. History Society .. M.C. C. J. Bridgman CAB: O. Meyrick ae O.M. K. Brightwell KeB: Dr. M. S. Mitchell M.S.M. Mrs. Brooke N.B. P. W. Morris ae = ae eb WME, N. M. D. Brown N.M.D.B. North Wiltshire Ornithological Miss M. Butterworth M.B. Group... ae Be .. N.W.O.G. E. J. M. Buxton E.J.M.B. J. G. C. Oliver J-G.G.O. D. E. D. Campbell D.E.D.C. E. G. Parsons E.G.P. M. L. Clark M.L.C. Mrs. Oscar Peall D.P. Major W. M. Congreve W.M.C. C. M.R. Pitman .. C.M.R.P. R. M. Curber R.M.C. Brigadier J. R. I. Platt JeRelR2 Cc. A. Cutforth C.A.C. Countess of Radnor [Re Mrs. E. S. Davies E.S.D. C. Rice set a : G.R. Dr. E. A. R. Ennion E.A.R.E. Dr. W. K. A. Richards . W.K.A.R. F. P. Errington F.P.E. Mrs. Richards : F.D.R. R. C. Faulkner R.G.F. J.C. Rolls .. of J: GLRS Mrs. Forbes ae E.V.F. Brigadier E. Searigh E.E.G.L.S. Miss K. G. Forbes K.G.F. Mrs. Seccombe-Hett C.S3H: J. R. Forder J-R-E: A. Smith — A.S. G. H. Forster GEE: R. J. Spencer : Ralco: Mrs. Forster G.M.F. Miss J. M. Stainton J.M.S. D. W. Free D.W.F. Miss E. Stewart ; E.S. DE. Bry DEE. Miss M. J. Stokes .. M.J.S. Mrs. Gandy I.C.G. Mrs. Stopford Beale J.B. Miss B. Gillam B:G. B. M. Stratton B.M.S. G. H. Hemmings .. ee G.H.H. F. G. Thurlow F.G.T. Major R. K. Henderson .. R.K.H. C. N. Tilley C.N.T. A. J. Horner A.J.H. J. F. Traylen jebeb: F. J. Hulbert F.J.H. J. L. A. Tyler J-EAGT. Dr. E. L. Jones E.L. J. J. D. R. Vernon J.D.R.V. _ ~sI ~j = HEPA oKy oe ara R. W. Woods ee “i 2. RWW: Surgeon Captain W. P. vy iS : Lady Young 4 oe wt R.Y. Nae Walton G. L. Webber Major T. B. Whitehead R. Whitlock Abbreviations used in text: Po J. A. Whittet British Birds Journal B.B. Dr. A. E. Williams Gravel Pit G.P. Mrs. Williams Sand Pit S.P. Miss D. Williams .. D.W. Reservoir Res. Rev. H. R. Williamson H.R.W. Sewage Farm S.F. 5. GREAT CRESTED GREBE. ‘Iwo pairs at Coate reared young, 2 and 3, after several early failures (G.L.W.). One pair reared 2 broods, totalling 6 young, at Corsham Lake (J.C.R.). A pair reared at least 3 young at Braydon Pond (R.G.B., R.W.W.). A pair with brood on Station Pond, Westbury (E.E.G.L.S. e¢ al.). Present throughout year at Coate (G.L.W.). Also non-breeding records elsewhere. 6. BLACK-NECKED GREBE. One with 15 mallard on Bowood Lake, 15th Nov., a fine day following two days of strong south-westerly winds with considerable rain (B.G.). Full descriptive notes and sketch received. Q. LITTLE GREBE. ‘['wo pairs nested successfully at Coate Water. Up to 9 at Wroughton Res. during autumn (G.L.W.). Maximum number at Tockenham Res., 16, 13th Sept. (R.W.W.). Ones and twos reported seen at Fonthill Lake, Great Wishford, Corsham Lake, R. Avon near Chippenham, Longleat and Lacock G.P. (N.M.D.B., K.G.F., R.M.C., R.F.L., R-C.F.). 30. HERON. The number of occupied nests this year was as follows: Great Bradford Wood, 15 (R.J.S.); Tockenham Res., 2, one successful (R.W.W.); Savernake Forest, 3 (C.N.T.); Boyton, 5 nests but only 3 definite broods (N.M.D.B., J.R.I.P.); Bowood, 13 (G.L.W.); Britford, 9 (A.J.H.) and Leigh, 3 (E.J.M.B.). 38. BITTERN. One at Corsham Lake during January, February, and March. Last seen 8th Apr. (J.C.R.). 45. MALLARD. Maximum numbers: Corsham Lake 359, 15th Sept. (J.C.R.); Braydon Pond, 96, 4th July (R.W.W.); Barford St. Martin, 145, 13th Dec. (K.G.F.); Queen’s Park, Swindon, c. 180, 15th Jan. (K.G.B.), and Coate Water, c. 250, 3rd Mar., and c. 400, 20th Dec. (G.L.W.). Breeding noted in many areas. 46. TEAL. Maximum numbers: Coate Water, c. 120, 2nd Feb., and 42, 12th Dec. (G.L.W.); Lacock G.P., 9, 19th Mar. (N.W.O.G.); Wilton Water, 50 plus, 11th Nov. (M.C.); Braydon Pond, 11, 18th Nov. (R.G.B.); Corsham Lake, 6, 25th Jan. (R.C.F.); Fonthill, 25, 13th Dec. (N.M.D.B.). 47. GARGANEY. A pair at Coate Water 5th Apr. and an eclipse male there 17th Sept. (G.L.W.). An eclipse male and a female together, with c. 30 mallard on Fockenham Res. 17th June (R.W.W.). 49. GADWALL. A male, in partial eclipse, Coate Water, 7th June (G.L.W.). 50. WIGEON. Maximum numbers: Coate Water, 31, 8th Mar. and 15th Mar., and 1, 31st Oct. (G.L.W.); Clarendon Lake, 10, 27th Mar., and 70, 19th Dec. (D.E.F., A.J.H.); Lacock G.P., ee 1st Mar. and 2nd Mar. (N.W.O.G.); Braydon Pond, 1, 14th Dec. (R.G.B.); Fonthill, 1, 7th Jan., and Longleat, 5, 18th Dec. (N.M.D.B.). 52. PINTAIL. A pair a Coser Lake in he years: (J.C.R., R.C.F.). Occasionally one or two males in the first quarter of the year, at Ramsbury Lake (Vv. C.L., JER: L..M.CJE A male at Wilton Water, 21st Jan. (M.C.). At Coate Water a pair on 1st Mar. and 1 to 3 males, 3rd-10th Mar. (G.L.W.). Nine at Braydon Pond, rg9th Oct. (D.G.B.). 53. SHOVELLER. At Coate Water, a pair present 5th Apr. to 23rd June, single 17th Sept., 4th Oct., and 7th Nov., and a pair in December (G.L.W.). At Tockenham Res., 2 first-winter males, 15th Jan., 1, 24th June, 3 males in partial eclipse, 4th July (R.W.W.). One at Lacock G.P., 8th Feb. and 1st Mar., 4 on 1st Aug. (N.W.O.G.). At Corsham 178 Lake, a pair, 6th and 7th Aug., 1 on 14th Sept., 2 on 19th Oct., and a first-winter male on 25th and 26th Dec. (J.C.R.). Small flocks on R. Avon at Charlton during early January (C.G.L.). 54. RED-CRESTED POCHARD. At Lacock G.P., a female, first seen on 8th Mar., was recorded on 8 days in March, 11 days in April, 12 days in May, and on roth June (N.W.O.G.). It was also recorded there 14th Mar. (R.J.S., C.S.H.), and 5th Apr. (R.M.C.). What was considered to be the same bird was recorded at Corsham Lake, 26th and 27th Mar., 8th Apr., 25th May and aist June (J.C.R., R.C.F.). A female at Coate Water, Ist Mar. (G.L.W.). 55. scAuP. One female on Broadwater at Chilton Foliat, 5th Jan. (V.C.L., J.R.L.). 56. TUFTED puck. Maximum numbers: Coate Water, 8, 2ist Mar., 9, 13th Dec. (G.L.W.); Lacock G.P., 5, 19th Mar. (N.W.O.G.); Corsham Lake, 15, 19th Feb. and gth Mar. (R.C.F.); Tockenham Res., 22, 27th Mar. and 9, 15th Nov. (R.W.W.); Braydon Pond, 8 pairs, 15th Mar. (R.G.B.); Ramsbury Manor, 12, 12th Jan.; Chilton Foliat, 65, 18th Jan.; Wilton Water, 22, 19th Jan. (J.R.L., V.C.L.); Fonthill, 60 plus, 13th Dec., and Longleat, 100 plus, 14th Dec. (N.M.D.B.). Smaller numbers elsewhere. One female with 7 young on Shearwater, 7th July (R.M.C.). 57. POCHARD. Maximum numbers: Coate Water, 41, 26th Dec. (G.L.W.); Tocken- ham Res., 7, 21st Jan. (R.W.W.); Corsham Lake, 16, 3rd Mar. (J.C.R.); Braydon Pond, 31, 18th Nov. (R.G.B.); Wilton Water, 22, 18th Jan. (J.R.L., V.C.L.); Fonthill, 60 plus, 13th Dec. and Longleat, 40 plus, 18th Dec. (N.M.D.B.). 60. GOLDEN EYE. A female on Broadwater, Chilton Foliat, 5th Jan. (V.C.L., J.R.L.). Two first-winter birds on Avon at Longford, 17th Jan. (R.W.). A female at Steeple Langford G.P., 26th Jan. (A.E.W., J.W.). MANDARIN. A male at Shearwater, 14th Dec. (N.M.D.B.). 70. GOOSANDER. One at Corsham Lake, 16th Feb. (J.C.R.). 73. SHELDUCK. One, in flight, at Lacock G.P., 14th Feb. (N.W.O.G.). Male on Broadwater, Chilton Foliat, 16th and 18th Jan., and a male on Wilton Water, Burbage, 15th Jan. (V.C.L., J.R.L.). PARADISE SHELDUCK. Male on R. Avon, two miles south of Amesbury, Oct. and Nov. (N.B.). GREY GEESE. Eight flying south-south-west and west at Chippenham, 24th Oct. and 14th Nov. respectively; 80 flying west at Seagry, 25th Oct. (R.C.F., J.C.R.). Six flying south over Tockenham, 2nd Jan. (D.G.B.); 26 flying near Aldbourne, gabbling, Ath, Feb. .(V.G.L.). 76. WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE. ‘I'wo seen flying east near Maiden Bradley, 3rd Jan. (J.C.C.O.). On the afternoon of 22nd Jan. a pair with 1 young bird flew into meadow by R. Avon at Seagry and remained until dark grazing, drinking flood water and preening, but watchful of observers with binoculars at c. 100 yds. (E.C.B., R.G.B.). A flock ranged the countryside around Salisbury from January until 3rd Mar. (G.H.F.). One first-winter bird at Lacock G.P. from rst Feb./r1th Mar. (N.W.O.G.). Seven flying over Boscombe Down, 30th Dec. (A.J.H.). 78. PINK-FOOTED GOOSE. One, with injured leg, flew away north from near Maiden Bradley, 16th Jan. (J.C.C.O.). A flock of 11/14 birds foraged on two farms at Little Bedwyn, from 7th Jan. until the 28th (A., M.C., T.B.W.). 82. CANADA GOOSE. Thirteen at Wilton Water, 13th Sept. (M.C.). Twenty-seven flying north-west near Milbourne, 28th Jan. (E.J.M.B.). Seven birds reared by local farmer released on Crofton Water in summer (O.M.). 84. MUTE SWAN. Eggs were taken from nest at Coate Water (G.L.W.). 85. WHOOPER SWAN. Two on R. Avon at Longford, 17th Jan. (R.W.). One at Steeple Langford in January (A.E.W., J.W.). A first-winter bird on Coate Water driven off by male Mute Swan which had shown no interest in Bewick Swans, 21st Mar. (G.L.W., H.R.W.). 179 86. BEWICK SWAN. At Coate Water: 10 adults, roth Mar. (H.R.W.); 6 adults and 4 first-winter males, 15th Mar.; 2 adults and 1 first-winter bird, 24th Mar. (G.L.W.). Two at Britford, 1st Jan. (D.E.D.C.). Two adults at Shearwater, roth Jan. (N.M.D.B.). QI. BUZZARD. Near Semley, 2 nests with evidence of young. Birds seen throughout year (J.E.M.). Bred successfully near Maiden Bradley where the species can be seen almost daily (J.C.C.O.). Sightings widespread throughout most of county. 93. SPARROW HAWK. ‘Iwo young reared at Long Dean; 1 juvenile male trapped and ringed at Pewsham, 11th May (R.C.F.). One breeding record in Swindon area (G.L.W.). Two recently-fledged young being fed by parents, Bybrook, 9th Aug. (R.F.L.). A nest, Savernake, 18th Apr. (M.C.). Sightings, well spread throughout county, reported by 22 observers. 100. HEN HARRIER. Cock seen in Charlton area, 13th Jan. onwards through month and 1 in the same area, 4th Dec. (C.G.L.). A cock at Battery Hill, Porton, 4th May (C.M.R.P.). Male at Bentley Wood, 23rd and 24th Mar. (F.G.T.). A fine male at Burderop Down, 24th Oct. (G.L.W.). A dead immature bird found on downs near Four Mile Clump, 2ist Oct., sent for examination (M.C.). An immature or female quartering over downs near Clearbury, 4th Dec. (C.G.L.). 104. HOoBBy. Pair reared 3 young in a previously reported site (G.L.W.). Two preyed on starling roost, Lacock G.P., 17th Aug. to end of month (N.W.O.G.). Singles at: Corsham Lake, 17th and 18th Sept. (R.C.F., J.C.R.); Tockenham Res., 17th June and 14th July (R.W.W.); Seagry, roth Aug. (R.G.B.); Tidworth, 23rd June (A.J.H.); Swindon, 8th May, Coate Water, 31st July (G.L.W.). Six sightings on Marlborough Downs during summer (R. C. Upton per M.C.). A pair remained in the Barbury Down area for about a fortnight from 30th Aug. (G.L.W.). 105. PEREGRINE. ‘['wo seen at Charlton, 26th Apr. (C.G.L.). A female at Dean Bottom, 23rd Jan.; a juvenile at Fyfield, 7th July (M.C.). One at Stratford-sub-Castle, and May, and one over Salisbury, roth Sept. (D.E.F., A.J.H.). One, using thermal, at Tockenham, 24th Apr. (D.G.B.). 107. MERLIN. A juvenile at Coate Water, 20th July, an early migrant, and a male at Burderop Down, 24th Oct. (G.L.W.). A female at Dean Bottom, 24th Jan., and 1 at Poulton Down, 2nd Feb. (M.C.). Two near Wishford, 30th Nov. (E.G.P.). 110. KESTREL. Bred near Hodson and Tidworth (G.L.W.). A nest with 5 eggs, Hackpen Hill (R.F.L.). A nest, 7 young, Fyfield (M.C.). Two adults and 3 flying young, Imber, 28th June (C.S.H.). Sightings reported by 17 observers, some of whom made frequent observations. 115. RED-LEGGED PARTRIDGE. A few scattered pairs, on the chalkland in the extreme south of the county, during spring and summer (J.E.M.). Pair at Yatton Keynell, 15th Aug. (R.F.L.). 116. PARTRIDGE. Scarcity recorded (J.E.M., R.K.H., E.E.G.L.S.). Coveys noted in late August were small: 3, 4, 4 and 7 birds (E.E.G.L.S.). 117. QUAIL. First heard 23rd May, Walkers Hill (M.C.), and 26th May, 5 calling in Barbury area (G.L.W.); other dates after 18th June. The only evidence of breeding was a bird with 6 chicks in a field near Tytherington, 20th Aug. (K.G.F.), and a covey flushed when barley was cut at Bishopstone (G.L.W.). Birds very numerous this summer, too many noted to list in full. The majority of the records are from the Marlborough Downs and the slopes of the Pewsey Vale (B.G., M.C., R.J.S., G.L.W.). A few selected notes: at very least 10 calling in Snail Down and Hoxton Down area, 18th June (G.L.W.). Five heard in barley and 2 in grass between Allington and Horton Down, rst July and 6 heard on Tan Hill/Allington Down in barley, 19th July (R.J.S.). Other areas less frequently reported: 2 at Oxenwood, 21st July (H. E. Ennion); many on ‘Tidworth range, 23rd June (A.J.H.); calling in tall grass between Porton range and Lopcombe Corner (G.H.F.); Neston, a new locality, 27th June (J.C.R.). 120. WATER RAIL. Most sightings confined to winter and autumn months: in January, Corsham (R.C.F.), Lechlade (C.N.T.), Dauntsey (J.C.R.), and Froxfield 180 (D.A.W.A.). In February at Castle Combe (R.C.F.); in March, Idmiston (G.H.F.), Corsham Lake (J.C.R.) and Froxfield (D.A.W.A.). In October at Wilton Water (M.C.), in November at Idmiston and Charlton (G.H.F.), and in December at Maiden Bradley (J.C.C.O.). In April birds were seen at Froxfield and Coate Water (D.A.W.A., G.L.W.), and a juvenile was trapped at Coate Water, 28th Aug., very early for passage (G.L.W.). 125. CORNCRAKE. Heard in May at Burderop Down (G.L.W.), and Corsham (G.H.A.B., R.C.F., J.C.R.), where birds heard up to mid-June (J.C.R.). 126. MOORHEN. Quotes: ‘Numbers recovering’, ‘back to normal’ and ‘common’. 127. cooT. Excellent breeding year at Coate Water (G.L.W.). 133. LAPWING. Maximum numbers: c. 1,000 below Barbury Down, 15th Aug. (G.L.W.); ¢. 750, Allington, r1th Dec. (B.G.); 400 plus, Mere, 1oth Jan. and 800 plus, near Chitterne, 7th-Dec. (N.M.D.B.); 277, Lacock G.P., 8th July (N.W.O.G.); ¢. 500, Yatton Keynell, 14th Dec. (C.S.H.). Reported as numerous at the following: southern end of Ridgeway (M.C.); Stratford Tony (R.Y.), and on Erdington Down and between Trowbridge and Bradford-on-Avon, mid-July/early September (E.E.G.L.S.). Breeding areas recorded (R.J-S.,, R.F.L.). 134. RINGED PLOVER. At Rodbourne S.F.: 1 adult and 1 juvenile, gth Aug., 1 juvenile, 14th Aug., and 2 adults, 15th Aug. (G.L.W.). 140. GOLDEN PLOVER. Maximum numbers: c. 100, Harnham, 8th and gth Mar. (M.S.M.); 200 plus, Mere, roth Jan. (N.M.D.B.); c. 100, Lower Bishopstone, gth Jan., and ¢. 350, Old Sarum, 8th Dec. (D.A.W.A.); ¢. 100, Burderop Down, 31st Oct. (G.L.W.) ; 300 plus, Chisledon (M.C.). Last seen in spring: Harnham, oth Mar. (M.S.M.). First seen in autumn: small flock, Old Sarum, 11th Sept. (A.J.H.). At least 100 seen during journey, Devizes to Coate, 19th Dec. (B.G.) ; 30 plus, Horningsham, 18th Dec. (N.M.D.B.); 13 and 35 Wroughton area, 11th and 31st Oct. (G.L.W.). 145. SNIPE. Varying numbers, with a maximum of 30 on 2ist Mar., recorded in most months of the year at Lacock G.P. (N.W.O.G.). G.L.W. notes that since the closing of Broome S.F. and the refilling of Coate Water this species has been relatively scarce in the Swindon area. Eleven at Seagry G.P., 19th Jan., and small numbers at Chippenham and Yatton Keynell (R.C.F.). Pair near Pains Bridge, Pewsey, male drumming, roth Apr. (B.G.). Between Barford St. Martin and Bullbridge, Wilton, 3 on 11th Apr., 8 on 15th Nov. Two near Langford in Wylye, 15th Apr. (K.G.F.). Several flushed from marsh near Great Bradford Wood, 8th Apr. (R.J.S.). 14.7. JACK SNIPE. G.L.W. saw more of this species than usual at Coate Water. His maximum number was 4, 1st Mar., and sightings were confined to February and March; R.C.F. saw 3 at this water, 7th March. Ones and twos, with 3 on 22nd Feb., in first six months of year except May at Lacock G.P. (N.W.O.G.). 148. woopcock. One flushed in Hill Wood near Erlestoke, 25th Jan. (B.G.). Two in South Savernake and Winterbourne Bassett, Feb./Mar., one roding in Grand Avenue, 4th June, and another near the Column, 2oth June, both in Savernake (M.C.). c. 30 flying over from Savernake towards Rockley, between 1100/1115 hrs., 4th Mar. (M.C.). One, Corsham Park, 21st Oct. (J.C.R.). 150. CURLEW. A pair nested near Yatton Keynell, a new breeding area. Unfortunately, on 22nd June when the 4 eggs were due to hatch, grass mowing destroyed the nest (N.W.O.G.). Nest with 3 eggs, between Lydeway and Urchfont, 13th May (R.J.S.). Possible breeding near Urchfont recorded by J.M.S. who saw 5 there, 5th Apr., but not more than 3 on 16th May and 14th June. Heard calling at Poulshot, 21st Mar. (K.G.F.). Pair active between Poulshot and Seend, 21st Mar.; 2 pairs active near Etchilhampton, 21st Mar. One calling in Sandridge Vale, 18th Apr. (R.J.S.). Pair at Potterne Wick, male calling, 20th Mar.; one bird seen in usual breeding area near Patney station, 10th May (B.G.). Three at Stanton St. Quintin, 4th Mar. (R.C.F.) and 2 at Seagry, 11th Apr. (R.F.L.). Several seen in flight. 156. GREEN SANDPIPER. One, R. Avon, Dauntsey, 1st Feb. (J.C.R.). One, Shalbourne Mill, 25th Feb. to 16th Dec., occasionally joined by second bird (E.A.R.E.). One, Upton 181 Lovell, 3 consecutive days around 15th Mar. (M.J.S.). One, Lacock G.P., on days in July, August, October and December (N.W.O.G.). One/two, Froxfield, in June, July and September (D.A.W.A.). One calling, Swindon, 4th Aug. (G.L.W.). One, Castle Combe, 2oth Aug. (R.F.L.). One flying west, Long Dean, 30th Dec. (R.C.F.). 159. COMMON SANDPIPER. Seen on spring passage: 17th Apr., Corsham Lake (J.C.R.) ; 21st Apr., Lacock G.P. (N.W.O.G.); last seen, 4 on 17th May, Coate Water (G.L.W.). Maximum numbers: Coate Water, 5, 25th Apr., and 9, 21st July (G.L.W.); Corsham Lake, 12, 5th July (J.C.R.); Lacock G.P., 4, 5th May, and 5, 18th Aug. (N.W.O.G.) ; Staverton to Bradford-on-Avon, 8, 29th Apr. (R.J.S.). Frequent records at Lacock G.P. (N.W.O.G.). Autumn passage from rst July, 1, Tockenham Res. (R.W.W.) and last seen, Coate Water, at least 2, 17th Sept. (G.L.W.). Other localities: Bybrook Valley (R.W.W.), Rowde (R.J.S.), near Marlborough (M.C.), and Shalbourne Mill and West- bury Pits (E.A.R.E.). 161. REDSHANK. Pair active at Etchilhampton, 16th May, and half-grown chick found in area the next day (R.J.S.). Male displaying, 25th Feb., and definite pair the next two days, Shalbourne Mill (E.A.R.E.). At Coate Water, 1, 21st Mar.; Rodbourne S.F., 1, 9th Apr., and a juvenile—incapable of flight until sludge contamination was washed off—23rd July; near Great Bedwyn, 3, 17th June (G.L.W.). Pair, Wilcot Park, 11th Apr. (B.G., V.C.L.). One/three, Lower Oakhill and elsewhere at Froxfield, March, April and June and a juvenile ringed there 3rd Aug. (D.A.W.A.). Two, Clatford, 21st Mar., and 2, Fyfield, 22nd Mar. (M.C.). A pair, Stoford, 15th Apr. (K.G.F.). Single birds in many areas. 162. SPOTTED REDSHANK. One in complete summer plumage, Rodbourne S.F., 8th Apr. (G.L.W.). 165. GREENSHANK. Single birds as follows: Salisbury, 31st Mar. (G.H.F., C.M.F.); Lacock G.P., 17th Apr. (N.W.O.G.); R. Avon, Ray Bridge, 14th Apr. (R.C.F.); Coate Water, roth May (G.L.W.); Lyneham Airfield, 18th July (R.W.W.). 178. DUNLIN. One winter plumage, R. Avon near Dauntsey, 18th Jan. (J.C.R.). Single birds: Coate Water, 1st and 7th Mar. (G.L.W.); Lacock G.P., 15th Mar. (N.W.O.G.). At Rodbourne S.F.: 1, 28th June; 2, 2nd Aug.; a juvenile, 3rd Aug.; 3, 7th Aug.; and 1, 29th Aug. (G.L.W.). 189. STONE CURLEW. First seen in spring: 28th Mar. (E.G.P.) and 29th Mar. (M.C.). One definite breeding record of nest with 1 chick, 1 egg, 15th June (D.A.W.A.). One nesting pair (E.G.P.). A pair probably bred (G.L.W.). Three active pairs (R.J.S.). Birds seen and heard in 13 separate areas. Last seen, 3, 21st July (M.C.). 198. GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL. At Rodbourne 8.F., a juvenile, 8th Mar., and a near adult, 11th Apr. (G.L.W.). Two, Mildenhall, 14th Mar. (M.C.). One, Seagry, 13th June (R.G.B.). Overflying high, Shalbourne Mill, on two occasions, July and September (E.A.R.E.). Six, North Downs near Cherhill, 17th Oct. (M.C.). One, Chippenham S.F., 18th Oct. (R.C.F.). 199. LESSER BLAGK-BACKED GULL. Small numbers recorded every month of year except January; autumn birds were in the majority. Largest number was 120, on plough- land, Cley Hill, Warminster, 18th Sept. (N.M.D.B.). Regular flight lines over Yatton Keynell and Chippenham in spring and autumn (R.F.L.). At Coate: occasional birds every month, except January, maximum number, 11, 2nd Feb. (G.L.W.). Maximum numbers: Corsham Lake, 30, 23rd Oct. (J.C.R.); Chippenham S8.F., 16, goth Sept. (R.C.F.); Lacock G.P., 25, 25th Mar., and 16, 15th Aug. (N.W.O.G.). Twelve, more than half juveniles, on Braydon Pond—an unusual place—14th Aug. (R.G.B.). Five flying over Spye Park, 19th Aug. (B.G.). 200, HERRING GULL. M.C. has many records including 48 adults, Dean Bottom, 21st Mar.; c. 150 adults, Mans Head, 27th Mar.; c. 50 immature, Coate Water, 28th Mar., and 33 adults, Rockley, 29th Mar. Maximum numbers: Chippenham S.F., 20, 8th Feb.; 215, 27th Oct. (R.C.F., R.F.L.); at Lacock G.P., 25, 28th Dec. (N.W.O.G.), and at Corsham Lake, 15, 29th Dec. (J.C.R.). Small number in other localities. 182 201. COMMON GULL. Many records from north-west Wiltshire (G.L.W., R.W.W., R.C.P., N.W.O.G., R.F.L., K.C.B., R.G.B.). This can be expected with the large roost at Frampton Sands on the Severn. Seen farther afield at times (N.M.D.B., J.E.M.). 207. LITTLE GULL. An immature bird at Coate Water, 1gth/23rd Dec. (G.L.W.). Full description filed. 208. BLACK-HEADED GULL. Wintered in much increased numbers in Swindon area, often 60 at Coate Water and ever-present at Rodbourne S.F. (G.L.W.). Maximum numbers elsewhere: 55, Chippenham, 19th Nov. (J.C.R.); Longleat, 40 plus, 4th Sept. (N.M.D.B.); Corsham Lake, 133, gth Jan., and 135, 19th Nov. (J.C.R.). 212. BLACK TERN. One flying over pools, Steeple Langford, 17th Apr. (J.D.R.V.). 217/218. COMMON/ARTIC TERN. One at Coate Water, 6th June (G.L.W.). One, Tockenham Res., 17th June (R.W.W.). Two birds at Corsham Lake, 29th June, 1 with blood-red bill as Arctic and plumage ‘more grey than Common’; the other with bill ‘half red, half black’ and pale grey plumage as Common (J.C.R.). At end of June bill colour may be changing from summer to winter (Eds.). 219. ROSEATE TERN. In early morning, 20th Aug., a tern was found standing on path in observer’s vegetable garden in Seagry apparently undamaged but probably dazed as it allowed itself to be caught and the number of the ring it was carrying read. It was then released beside the Bristol Avon close by. Ringed as nestling by D. Cabot, 30.6.62, in Co. Wexford, Eire, c. 190 miles west. This appears to be the first record for Wiltshire (R.G.B.). 223. SANDWICH TERN. A bird, considered to be of this species, watched through binoculars flying over Tockenham Res. on the afternoon of 13th June at a height of 20-30 ft. above water and at 50-60 yds. range. Size largish, noticeably long bill which looked mainly blackish with some lighter colour present. Well forked tail but no long streamers seen, wings fairly broad. Wings and tail mid-grey above, darker than in Black- headed Gull. Underparts mainly grey, only slightly lighter than above. No black seen at leading edge of wings; very little black, if any, on tail. Black cap on head continuous, no white forehead (R.W.W.). 232. STOCK DOVE. Marked increase at Castle Combe where present all year (R.C.F., R.F.L.). Resident in hollow trees, Stratford Tony (R.Y.). A flock at Boscombe Down, 4th Feb. (G-H.F 3. 235. TURTLE DOVE. First noted: 18th Apr., Alderbury (M.L.C.) and Charlton (G.C.L.); 26th Apr., Broadchalke (R.J.S.). Two or 3 pairs bred at Coate (G.L.W.). Last seen: 27th Sept., Bishopstone Ridgeway (E.L.J.). 236. COLLARED TURTLE DOVE. Around Marlborough, the first Wiltshire breeding area of 1962, the number of breeding pairs was difficult to gauge, about 20 plus and probably increasing rapidly. Reports of non-breeding birds at Clatford, Beckhampton, Upper Upham, Ogbourne St. George and Axford (M.C.). One in garden at Ramsbury through July and early August (O.M.). In Amesbury there were 3 pairs for certain, probably more, and young birds were seen (D.W.). Birds reported to G.H.F. in 1963 from Winterbourne Gunner, Boscombe village, and the Bourne Avenue district of Salisbury proved to be Barbary Doves escaped from captivity. Birds seen in spring in Harnham were confirmed as Collared Doves in September when c. 5 were present. ‘'wo were seen at Britford, 25th Sept. by Mrs. M.S. Shortt, and 2 at Coombe Bissett by Sir Christopher Andrewes (G.H.F.). 237. cuckoo. First heard: 7th Apr., East Knoyle (B.M.S.); 15th Apr., Fovant (R.C.C.C.); 17th Apr., Froxfield (D.A.W.A.), Clarendon (C.R.M.P.), Seagry (R.G.B.), Weol Woods (C.A.C.), and Chippenham (R.W.W.). Last seen: 19th July, Chippenham (R.F.L.). Reduced numbers noted by R.Y., R.F.L., R.C.F., G.L.W. 241. BARN OWL. Nest at Everley, 12th May; a bird died after having been struck by car at Dean Bottom (M.C.). Bred at Stratford Tony (R.Y.). One standing at night on white line in centre of A4o at Christian Malford was difficult to see, roth Aug. (D.G.B.). 183 Seen Black Bridge, Chippenham, and occasionally Castle Combe (R.C.F.), and latter locality (R.F.L.). One between Lockeridge and Boreham Wood (B.G.). Only 1 in Swindon area (G.L.W.), and Berwick St. John (J.E.M.). 246. LITTLE OWL. Three pairs around Yatton Keynell (R.F.L.). Heard and seen frequently, Corsham (J.C.R.). Heard at Lacock G.P. and c. 3 there in August (N.W.O.G.). Only one pair at Coate (G.L.W.). Fewer records than last year; one dead on road at Axford (M.C.). A number about Stratford Tony (R.Y.). Probable pair at Pewsey; single birds seen: Roundway Down, Kings Play Down, near Figheldean, and Heddington (B.G.). Still occasionally seen in Semley district (J.E.M.). Seen regularly throughout summer between Sherrington and Boyton (E.S.). Single birds: Allington, 6th June, and Bishopstone Downs, 10th Dec. (E.L.J.). 247. TAWNY OWL. One pair reared young and another pair attempted to breed, but no young seen, Coate Water (G.L.W.). A nest found at Rockley and at Boreham Wood. Over 35 birds found in Michaelmas term enquiry for B.T.O. (M.C.). Family of 4 brought by parent to garden at Stratford Tony (R.Y.). Single at Warminster; many heard at Longleat in summer (N.M.D.B.). Quite often heard and seen and 5 present at Lacock G.P. in August (N.W.O.G.). Calling frequently in Bybrook valley and at Chippenham and other localities; pair very noisy at Yatton Keynell in spring (R.F.L.). Heard at Corsham Park and Neston (J.C.R.). Singles: Stanton St. Quintin, 12th Oct. (R.G.B., B.G.); Roundhay Park, and Rowde, 15th Nov. (B.G.). 248. LONG-EARED OWL. One dead at Poulton Down, 25th Jan.; 1 in usual place on the Downs, 30th Mar., but nesting not confirmed (M.C.). 249. SHORT-EARED OWL. A party of up to 6 at Dean Bottom until the end of March, when they were paired. From 1 to 4 on Barton Down (M.C.). One near Aldbourne, 28th/goth Jan. (I.C.G.); also in same area, 30th Jan. (V.C.L.). Two flushed at Barbury, 27th Mar. (G.L.W.). A pair hunting, then soaring to great height over Casterly Camp and Rushall Down, 6th Apr. (B.G.). On 14th June Mr. and Mrs. J. Squire visited an area of rough downland near Tidworth. A bird was seen hunting and later a second bird flushed which circled low, making hissing sounds and diving down. On 18th June they made a thorough search with G.L.W. and H.R.W. and several places where young had been were found, with quantities of buffish white down and numerous castings of various sizes. Finally, 2 young birds were flushed from a spot with more down, castings, and freshly killed Field Vole. Both young were much more buff, almost yellowish above, than the adults and had much less prominent facial disks. The flight appeared much less buoyant, more direct, with no gliding and a clumsy landing. This appears to be the first breeding record for Wiltshire (G.L.W.). At least 6 birds, adults and young, were seen 26th June (G.H.F.). First autumn records: 28th Sept., 3 at Liddington, and 1 at Shrewton, 5th Nov. (C.A.C.). 252. NIGHTJAR. First noted at Maiden Bradley, 28th Apr. (J.C.C.O.). Heard and seen on several occasions on Somerford Common in June, at least 4. males present (G.L.W.). One churring, 20th June, and 2, 11th July, near Column in Savernake (M.C.). Two or more churring, Horningsham, 1oth July (N.M.D.B.). Heard on several occasions, Shearwater (G.L.B.). Heard in Stokke area, 25th June; a dead bird on road in Savernake, 2ord ‘Aug. (CIN.1.). 255. swirT. First seen: Steeple Langford, 17th Apr. (J.D.R.V.); Charlton, 25th Apr. (C.G.L.). Bred in Chippenham (R.C.F.) and in church, Stratford Tony (R.Y.). Last seen: Hilperton Marsh (G.L.B.), and 2, Chippenham S.F. (R.C.F.), 21st Aug.; Corsham, 26th Aug. (N.W.O.G.); 2, Coate, 28th Aug. (G.L.W.). 258. KINGFISHER. Single birds trapped, Coate, 18th July and 13th Aug. A juvenile rescued from sludge tank at Rodbourne S8.F., washed, dried and released, 2nd Aug. (G.L.W.). One watching goldfish in garden pond at Seagry, 13th Oct. (R.G.B.). Breeding attempted at Castle Combe but nest deserted (R.C.F.). Five juveniles ringed at Oakhill Water Meadows, 27th June to 19th Sept. Three control trappings there: 16th May, ringed as adult male, Aug. 1962; 19th Sept., ringed as juvenile, 21.9.63; and 19th Sept., 184. ringed as juvenile, 21.10.63 (D.A.W.A.). A juvenile, caught and ringed, Cole Park, 28th June (E.J.M.B.). Numerous sightings from 19 observers. 261. HOOPOE. One near Clarendon S.F., 16th Apr. (Several observers per R.W.) For a few days from 27th Aug., 1 was seen feeding on lawns in Oare (D.P.). 262. GREEN WOODPECKER. Still absent at Coate and very scarce elsewhere in Swindon area (G.L.W.). None where it used to be common at Bratton (E.E.G.L.S.). Still very rare at Codford (E.V.F.). Recorded in 15 areas by 10 observers. 263. GREAT SPOTTED WOODPECKER. Pairs at : Coate and Town Gardens, Swindon (G.L.W.); near Roundway Park (B.G.); Seagry (R.G.B.). Possible breeding at Hillocks Wood, Tockenham (R.W.W.). Three chasing one another, 29th Mar. (K.G.F.). Recorded, Bowood Park, West Woods, Stratford ‘Tony, Spye Park, Corsham, Marlborough, Hil- perton’ and Box Hill) (B.G.. R.Y., C.S.H., J.G.R., M.C., G.L.B., J.5.B., M:G.L.), 264. LESSER SPOTTED WOODPECKER. See separate report on this species. 265. WRYNECK. One seen at close quarters in observer’s garden at Warminster, 8th June (M.B.). A bird caught in wire netting in a garden at Winterbourne Dauntsey, 18th Sept., was taken to W.P.V. for identification before release. He considered it to be a young bird. It had been seen in the garden on and off in summer. WEST INDIAN FLAMINGO. An escaped bird present at Fonthill Lake for some days from 20th May (B.M.S., G.H.F.). 271. WOODLARK. No records received this year. 274. SWALLOW. First seen: 30th Mar., Fonthill Lake (J.E.M.); 4th Apr., Braydon Pond (R°G:B.); rith Apr., Marlborough (D.W.F.), Tisbury (W.K.A.R;:, F.D.R.), and Long Dean (R.F.L.). Breeding birds in Coate area appeared to be in much smaller numbers than usual and the roost at Coate almost unused (G.L.W.). Last seen: 14th Oct., Burbage (D.A.W.A.); 18th Oct., Chippenham (R.F.L.); 26th Nov., Pewsham (J.L.A.T.). 276. HOUSE MARTIN. First seen: gth Apr., Long Dean (R.F.L.); 12th Apr., Coate (G.L.W.), and Hilperton Marsh (G.L.B.); 15th Apr., Corsham Lake (J.C.R.). Last seen: 11th Oct., Hodson, Wroughton Res. (G.L.W.), and Chippenham S.F. (R.C.F.); 16th Oct., Porton (F.P.E.). a bird found at Longford by I.R. on 16th June had been ringed at Alderbury, 15.6.63. Three nests at Netheravon all contained young, 12th Oct., with parent birds feeding them. On the morning of 13th Oct. all three nests were empty (K.B.). 277. SAND MARTIN. First seen: 27th Mar., Britford (D.E.F., A.J.H.); roth Apr., Lacock G.P. (N.W.O.G.); 11th Apr., Ramsbury (B.G.). Colony at Great Bedwyn decreased from c. 50 pairs in 1962 to 15 pairs this year (G.L.W.). Following destruction of old nesting sites by river widening a new colony of ¢. 30 pairs established at Chippenham (R.F.L.). Nine pairs bred in Calne sandpits (J.C.R.), and the colony north of Dinton remained at 8 or g pairs (B.M.S.). Colony at West Grimstead in overgrown sandpit showed signs of use this year (B.G.). ¢. 200 birds at Coate, 17th Sept. and last seen there, c. 30, on 20th Sept. (G.L.W.). 280. CARRION GROW. Birds roosting with Jackdaws near Lacock G.P. numbered c. 50, 27th Aug., and c. 20, 16th Oct. (N.W.O.G.). A considerable build-up of these predators noted near Wishford. In a favourite feeding area shells of ¢. 100 eggs counted, mostly pheasant, presumably sucked by this species (E.G.P.). 281. HOODED CROW. One seen on main road near Enford, 5th Apr. (D.P.). 282. ROOK. At Swindon on 8th Oct. birds seen drinking water dripping from underside of the crossbar of soccer goal-posts. Hoar frost was melting in the sun, birds pecked on bar and leaned outwards and downwards until their heads were under the bar. Heads were raised periodically to allow water to pass down their throats (G.L.W.). 284. MAGPIE. A party of 16 birds seen near Yatton Keynell, 3rd Feb. (R.F.L.), and a similar number near Minety, 12th Mar. (D.A.W.A.). Increase noted in Hilperton area (G.L.B.) and Teffont (N.B.). 288. GREAT TIT. On investigating a nestbox at Yatton Keynell containing a Tree Sparrow’s nest, the box was found to contain a male Great Tit alongside the sitting Tree Sparrow. The Tit did not leave when the box was opened, but the Tree Sparrow did. 185 The latter soon returned and later the Tit left and was not seen again. No Tit eggs were present (R.F.L.). A bird seen opening a milk bottle in a secluded doorway in Malmesbury, 2ist. Dec.. (B:G;). 289. BLUE TIT. In a nestbox regularly used in Yatton Keynell the first clutch of 11 eggs was deserted and of a clutch of 6 laid later on top of the old eggs, only 2 hatched and were successfully reared (R.F.L.). In a Chippenham nestbox birds incubated for 23 days, then female disappeared. ‘The nest contained only 3 eggs (R.W.W.). In both these cases infertility may have been caused by toxic chemicals. 292. MARSH TIT. A bird ringed at Cole Park, 18.1.57, retrapped there 14.1.64, at least 74 years old (E.J.M.B.). 293. WILLOW TIT. In Bentley Wood 1 heard and 2 others seen 26th Mar. (G.H.F.). One seen at Wilton on 25th Apr. (F.J.H.). Two pairs bred in May near a tributary of the R. Nadder. Nest holes noted as deeper and much neater than Marsh Tits, apart from the distinctions of voice, behaviour and plumage (J.E.M.). A pair seen at Coate and song heard r2th Apr., and 2 seen in a hedgerow near Barbury, and 1 trapped 4th Oct. (G.L W.). 294. LONG-TAILED TIT. Spring records showed some evidence of recovery from the winter of 1962-3. In the sheltered Bybrook valley a party of 12 was seen at Castle Combe; 5 at Long Dean; and 8/10 near Weavern (R.C.F.). A party of 10/15 near Yatton Keynell, 12th Aug. (R.F.L.); and 20 near Ramsbury Lake, 22nd Nov. (M.C.). 296. NUTHATCH. A pair brought off 3 broods in a hole in an apple tree at Corsley where they have nested for years (E.S.). The Handbook notes ‘one brood usually, excep- tionally two’. 298. TREE CREEPER. Six roosts in a Wellingtonia near Bowood Lake, all facing north and north-east, 13th Dec. (B.G.). 299. WREN. Recovery in numbers from the winter of 1962-3 was noted by J.R.I.P., E.V.F., N.B., G.L.B., R.Y., E.E.G.L.S., e¢ al. 300. DIPPER. In 5 breeding areas on the Bybrook: (a) One pair; 2 nests built, only 1 used. Two broods reared, each of 3 young birds. (b) One pair, 1 nest built. Two broods attempted, none from first, 3 young from second brood. (c) One pair, but no nest found in extensive search and no young seen. (d) No pair seen, but area of private land not covered. (e) One pair present all the year but no nest or young found. Conclusion: a poor season with only 9 young birds successfully reared (R.C.F., R.F.L.). A nest seen in autumn in a usual site on R. Frome and pair nearby, 11th Oct. (A.S.). 302. FIELDFARE. Last seen in spring: 6th Apr., Clearbury Down (C.G.L.); 13th Apr., Yatton Keynell (R.F.L.); 15th Apr., Corsham (J.C.R.). First seen in autumn: 1oth Oct., Corsham (J.C.R.); 13th Oct., Burderop Down (K.C.B.); 17th Oct., Slaughterford (R.C.F.). On 15th Nov., ¢. 1,000 in fields below Burderop Down (G.L.W.). 303. SONG THRUSH. Several early nests in Swindon area had rather small clutches of 2/3 eggs instead of more usual 4/5 (G.L.W.). A nest with 6 eggs just hatching, 15th Apr., at Stoford, and it is thought that 6 young flew (W.M.C.). 304. REDWING. Last seen in spring: gth Mar., a roost at Slaughterford (R.F.L.); 11th Mar., Casterley Camp (B.G.); 30th Mar., c. 30 at Coate (G.L.W.). First noted in autumn, heard calling at night: goth Sept., Swindon (G.L.W.), and 3rd Oct., Lyneham (R.W.W.); seen 3rd Oct., Marlborough (M.C.). Heavy night passage at Swindon, 29th/3oth Oct. (G.L.W.). On 31st Oct., between 2030/2340 hrs., many thousands estimated to have passed over Chippenham in westerly direction (R.C.F.), and a very large nocturnal movement that night over Marlborough (M.C.). 307. RING OUZEL. A male bird identified by sound and sight on the south-west slope of Tan Hill on 27th Mar. (J.A.W.). 3II. WHEATEAR. First seen: 22nd Mar., Pewsey (M.C.); 26th Mar., Fyfield Down (B.G.), and Porton Down (G.H.F.); 1st Apr., Boscombe Down (D.E.F., A.J.H.). Fifty seen on rolled cornfields near Highpost, roth Apr. (A.J.H., D.E.F.). A pair near Coate, 3rd May, appeared from their size and colour to be of the Greenland race. Last seen: 186 16th Sept., Cleyhill (N.M.D.B.); 4th Oct., Wroughton airfield (G.L.W.), and Preshute Down (M.C.); 13th Oct., Avebury Down (M.C.). 317. STONECHAT. The only records are as follows: a male on Porton Range, 28th/2gth Feb. (F.P.E.); a male near Chippenham, roth Sept. (T. Andrews per R.F.L.); a male found dead on Beckhampton road, 13th Oct. (M.C.); an immature female on Burderop Down, 17th Oct. and 15th Nov. (G.L.W.). 318. WHINCHAT. First seen: 22nd Apr., Berwick St. John (J.E.M.); 26th Apr., Porton Range (G.H.F., C.M.F.); 8th May, Fyfield (M.C.). No evidence of breeding this year. Last seen: 11th Sept., 7 at Tan Hill (G.L.B.); 26th Sept., 2 juveniles presumably on passage, Beckhampton gallops (M.C.); 28th Sept., Chippenham S.F. (R.F.L.). $20. REDSTART. First seen: 10th Apr., Weavern (R.F.L., R.C.F.); rath Apr., Idmiston (G.H.F.); 19th Apr., Maiden Bradley (J.C.C.O.). Several pairs nested near Maiden Bradley (J.C.C.O.). Many records from Savernake Forest (M.C.). Heard singing in Fonthill and Stockton Woods, also breeding in many small downland woods and copses. One nesting hole near Alvediston occupied for third successive year (J.E.M.). Nest with 5 eggs in Grovely Wood, 13th June (J.R.F.). At least 2 pairs with young in Castle Combe area, although nests not found and nest boxes unused (R.F.L.). Only one pair in Coate area (G.L.W.). Last seen: 22nd July, Shaw (C.A.C.); 2nd Aug., Imber (E.E.G.L.S.); 28th Aug., Coate (G.L.W.); 29th Aug., Lacock G.P. (N.W.O.G.). 322. NIGHTINGALE. First heard: 12th Apr., Clarendon (C.M.R.P.); 18th Apr., Sandridge Vale (R.J.S.); 19th Apr., Coate (G.L.W.). Not noted later than 14th June, Stanton Park (R.C.F.). 325. ROBIN. On 28th Mar. near Aldbourne a bird with upper mandible 2 mm. longer than lower and crossed over as in Crossbill (K.C.B.). A juvenile trapped on 24th June at Corsham had its upper and lower mandible crossed (J.C.R.). 327. GRASSHOPPER WARBLER. First noted: 16th Apr., Maiden Bradley (J.C.C.O.); 18th Apr., Bentley Wood (F.P.E., M.L.C.); rgth Apr., Spye Park (R.J.S., C.S.H. e¢ al.). Heard regularly at Shearwater (G.L.B.). On 11th June c. 12 were singing on Somerford Common (G.L.W.). Several records in Savernake, also in West Woods and Bedwyn Common (M.C.). Heard in Southleigh Woods, 15th July (R.J.S.); and heard for a short time in garden at Codford, 25th Aug. (K.G.F.). Last noted, 1 ringed at Pewsham, 27th sept. (R:G.E.): 333. REED WARBLER. First noted: 17th Apr., Corsham Lake, where 8/10 pairs later nested (J.C.R.); 18th Apr., Coate Water, where c. 20 pairs were seen later, a slight increase on 1963 (G.L.W.). One singing at Tockenham Res., 5th May, and 3 on 24th June (R.W.W.). 337. SEDGE WARBLER. First noted: 11th Apr., Alderbury (C.M.R.P.); 18th Apr., Corsham Lake (J.C.R.), near Froxfield (D.A.W.A.), and at Coate (G.L.W.). In unusual habitats, were 1 singing on Rockley Down, roth July (M.C.); and a nest found in a black- thorn thicket on escarpment of Marlborough Downs near Barbury, 1st Aug., where the nearest water (a very small pond) was 1} miles distant. The young fledged successfully (G.L.W.). Mimicry of Swallow and Blackbird noted (R.C.F.), and of House Sparrow, Great and Blue Tits (R.W.W.). Two birds ringed in Oakhill water meadows in June 1963 were retrapped there on 13th June and 4th July respectively (D.A.W.A.). Last noted: 17th Sept., Coate (G.L.W.); 20th Sept., Lacock G.P. (N.W.O.G.). 343. BLACKCAP. First noted: 22nd Mar., Clarendon (C.M.R.P.); 1oth Apr., Long Dean (R.F.L.); West Yatton, Weavern (R.C.F.), and Corsham Park (J.C.R.). Last noted: 27th Sept., Pewsham (R.C.F.). A female ringed at Coate on 4.8.64 was recovered at La Réole (Gironde), France, on 5.10.64 (G.L.W.). 346. GARDEN WARBLER. First noted: 16th Apr., Maiden Bradley (J.C.C.O.); and May, Ford (R.C.F.); 3rd May, Gastard (C.S.H.), and Coate (G.L.W.). Last noted: 13th Sept., Coate; and goth Sept., Barbury (G.L.W.). 347. WHITETHROAT. First noted: 11th Apr., Corsham (J.C.R.); 16th Apr., Yatton Keynell (R.F.L.); 19th Apr., Gastle Combe (R.C.F.). Last noted: 13th Sept., Rodbourne 187 S.F. (G.L.W.); 27th Sept., Lacock G.P. (N.W.O.G.), and Pewsham (R.C.F.). An adult female ringed 20.7.63 at Idmiston (51° 08’ N., 1° 44’ W.) by G.H.F. recovered alive 2.10.63 at Salas (Oviedo), Spain (43° 25’ N., 6° 15’ W.), cf. B.B., Vol. tvu, p. 572. 348. LESSER WHITETHROAT. First noted: 7th Apr., E. Knoyle (B.M.S.); 22nd Apr., Idmiston (G.H.F., C.M.F.); 23rd Apr., Yatton Keynell (R.F.L.). A big increase in numbers in the Marlborough area (M.C.). In South Wilts. found almost wherever suitable habitat occurred (J.E.M.). An extremely good year for this species noted in Castle Combe, Yatton Keynell and Lacock areas (R.C.F., R.F.L.). Noted in Colerne Park and by Tockenham Res. (R.W.W.). Last seen: 14th Sept., Coate (G.L.W.); 17th Sept., Corsham (J.C.R.). 354. WILLOW WARBLER. First noted: 4th Apr. (R.F.L.); 6th Apr., Corsham (J.C.R.), and Tockenham (D.G.B.). Last seen: 8th Sept., Corsham (J.C.R.); 14th Sept., Coate (G.L.W.); 16th Sept., Pewsham (R.C.F.). 356. CHIFFCHAFF. First heard: 5th Feb., Long Br dge; 29th Feb., Atworth (C.S.H.); perhaps overwintering birds; 13th Mar., Bratton (E.E.G.L.S.); 21st Mar., Idmiston (G.M.F.) and Seagry (R.G.B.). Last noted: 3rd Oct., Roundway (B.G.); 4th Oct., Wroughton (G.L.W.); 18th Oct., Blackmoor Copse (G.H.F.); one ringed at Coate 7.8.64. recovered at Ceanuri (Vizcaya), Spain, on 16.10.64 (G.L.W.). 357. WOOD WARBLER. First noted: gth Apr., Yatton Keynell (R.C.F.); 16th Apr., Longleat (C.S.H.); 18th Apr., Castle Combe (R.F.L.). Later noted at Bowood (R.W.W.) ; Spye Park and Chittoe (C.S.H.); Somerford Common (G.L.W.); Savernake and Bedwyn (M.C.); Fonthill Terraces (B.M.S., G.H.F.); Stratford Tony (R.Y.), and again at Longleat (G.L.B., N.M.D.B.). Last noted: 15th July, Pewsham (R.C.F.). No other records received. 364. GOLDCREST. This species is making a slow recovery from the winter of 1963. Noted near Braydon Pond and Hillocks Wood, Tockenham (R.W.W.); at Longleat (G.L.B.); West Woods (B.G.), and Maiden Bradley (A.S.). Has regained its position in the Bybrook Valley where only 1 was seen in 1963 (R.C.F., R.F.L.). An occasional bird beginning to appear in East Knoyle area (B.M.S.). Seen at Sherrington and Stockton in December for the first time since 1963 (E.S.). Singing at Hodson and Everleigh, and several in blackthorn on Burderop Down in October (G.L.W.). 366. SPOTTED FLYCATCHER. First seen: 8th May, Corsham (J.C.R.); oth May, Ramsbury (D.A.W.A.); 1oth May, Patney (B.G.), and at Stoford, where later, on 28th June, a brood flew from a nest hidden by leaves on a stump on a steep bank, at most 18 in. above ground (W.M.C.). Last seen: 17th Sept., Coate (G.L.W.); 18th Sept., Corsham (J.C.R.) ; 21st Sept., Pewsham (R.C.F.). Young left a nest on a house at Stratford ‘Tony in a very dry spell and were immediately taken down to a thicket near a stream. After rain the family returned to garden (R.Y.). 368. PIED FLYCATCHER. A good view was had of a hen bird near the canal at Burbage, 5th June (M.C.). 373. MEADOW pipIr. About 20 pairs bred on Burderop Down (G.L.W.). Present at Lacock G.P. throughout year except for breeding season. Flocks of 25 common, 60 on goth Sept. (N.W.O.G.). 376. TREE PIPIT. First noted: 8th Apr., Maiden Bradley, where it is a common nesting bird (J.C.C.O.); 19th Apr., Hodson Wood (G.L.W.); 26th Apr., Bentley Wood (G.H.F.). Birds were also seen near Stockton Wood (J.E.M.), and Stockton earthworks (B.M.S.); at Longleat (G.L.B.), and Warminster chalk pits (N.M.D.B.), Burderop Down, Somerford Common (G.L.B.), West Woods and Sound Bottom (M.C.). Last noted: 2oth Sept., Rodbourne S.F. (G.L.W.). 380. PIED/WHITE WAGTAIL. At Lacock G.P. a roost built up from early September to 70/80 birds through October. It broke up in early November when reeds became depressed (N.W.O.G.). Single White Wagtails at Lacock G.P., 29th Mar., 15th Apr. (N.W.O.G.), and Long Dean, 1ith Apr. (R.F.L.). 188 381. GREY WAGTAIL. Numbers still seem low in most areas, although reported to be numerous as ever at Bratton (E.E.G.L.S.). One pair bred at Castle Combe and a pair was present at Long Dean in April (R.F.L.). A pair by canal between Burbage and Wilton in summer (M.C.), and a pair beside the Kennet (I.C.G.). Seen near some former breeding places in Semley area, but numbers not yet fully restored (J.E.M.). Ten other observers sent records, chiefly autumn. 382. YELLOW WAGTAIL. First seen: 11th Apr., Lacock G.P. (N.W.O.G.); 12th Apr., Coate (G.L.W.); 23rd Apr., Salisbury (C.H.F.). Two pairs at Cole Park, nests probably destroyed by grass cutting and/or discing, no sign of young being fed (E.J.M.B.). Bred at Rodbourne S.F. (G.L.W.), and 1 pair at Chippenham S.F., where numbers rose to 32 on 28th Aug. (R.C.F.). Last seen: 7th Sept., Lacock G.P. (N.W.O.G.); 19th Sept., Chippenham S.F. (R.C.F.), and 28th Sept., Coate (G.L.W.). 383. WAXWING. One, by virtue of very bright wax spot, probably male, in garden at Sheldon Road, Chippenham, feeding on rotton apples still hanging on tree. In and out all day, 25th Jan. Seen again 26th Jan. and call note heard—the Handbook does not include rotten apples in food list (C.R.). 384. GREAT GREY SHRIKE. One at Barton Down seen by Mr. R. C. Upton several times in December 1963, and up to 11th Jan. this year (M.C.). 388. RED-BACKED SHRIKE. No record received this year. 389. STARLING. In March and April ‘vast flocks’ flew east at dusk over East Knoyle and returned soon after dawn (B.M.S.). These presumably were from a ‘vast roost’ in rhododendron and conifers at The Grove, Wardour (J.E.M.). On 4th and 15th Feb. there was a gathering place of c. 15,000 birds near Pewsey for an untraced roost to south- east (M.C.). On 5th Jan. a roost previously sited at Hawthorn was located near Badminton (R.C.F.). Really huge flocks were heading south to roost over Charnage Down, rgih and gend Mar. (N.M.D.B.). At Lacock G.P. a roost of ¢c. 1,500, 1gth Aug., was estimated to have risen to 100,000 birds by 25th Aug. Numbers began to drop towards end of Septem- ber and roost was deserted by 16th Oct. The birds had come from a radius of 10/12 miles, although further in some directions. Hobbys had obviously preyed on the roost (N.W.O.G.). A roost was found above Ogbourne St. Andrew during last part of year and later appeared to have moved to near Ramsbury (M.C.). Descriptions of semi-albino birds received from B.M.S., J.E.M., and M.C. A bird ringed as juvenile at Cole Park, 9.8.57, was recovered at Kingsdown, Box, 23.4.64 (E.J.M.B.). 391. HAWFINCH. ‘Three seen at Clarendon, 12th Apr. (F.P.E.). An adult at outskirts of Hodson Wood, 14th June (G.L.W.). 392. GREENFINCH. A flock of ¢. 200 on 17th Feb. in kale field on Downs near Wilton (F.J.H.). ¢. 300 feeding on weeds in Oakhill Water Meadows, September and October, and 77 birds ringed there (D.A.W.A.). A flock of ¢. 200 on Bishopstone Downs (north Wilts.), roth Dec. (E.L.J.). 393. GOLDFINCH. Evidently a good breeding season; increased numbers noted in Swindon area (G.L.W.), and about Marlborough (M.C.). Flocks of ¢. 40 at Chippenham S.F., 25th Aug., and at Pewsham, 2oth Sept. (R.C.F.); and ¢. 75 at Lacock G.P., goth Aug. (N.W.O.G.). 394. SISKIN. Two plus seen at Fonthill, 7th Jan., and 1 plus at Shearwater, roth Jan. (N.M.D.B.). Present in small numbers at Weavern during January and February (R.F.L.). A party of 5 (2 males and 3 females) feeding in alders near Fonthill Lake, 16th Dec. (J.W.). 395. LINNET. A flock of c. 800 in kale field on downs near Wilton, 17th Feb. (F.J.H.). 397. RED POLL. Three at Coate from gth Feb. to end of March (G.L.W.). A flock of ¢. 20 feeding on a raft of alder and similar debris on a very swollen tributary of R. Frome at Bradley Wood, 14th Mar. (J.F.T.). A flock of 20/30 amongst birches and alders at Bentley Wood, 26th Mar. (G.H.F.). Four in alders at Weavern, 4th, 5th Apr. (R.F.L.). Twelve in young larches at Savernake, 6th and gth Apr. (G.L.B.). A pair seen on various occasions in September at Shalbourne feeding on seeds of Greater Willow-herb (E.A.R.E.). 189 13 One flying over woods at Ford, calling, 8th Nov. (R.M.C.). An increase noted in autumn migration, birds heard during October at East Knoyle, Milton and Fonthill (B.M.S.). 404. CROSSBILL. At Shearwater c. 10, roth Jan., but none seen or heard in Longleat later (N.M.D.B.). At Maiden Bradley 12/15 on 13th Jan., 30 on 2nd Mar., and 17 on 5th Mar. No later records (J.C.C.O.). A pair at Clarendon, 12th Apr., was thought by gamekeeper to have nested in the area (G.H.F., V.C.L.). In Ramsbury Manor Park 1 bird seen, 19th Jan., 8 plus on 1st Nov., and 5 on 12th Nov. (M.C.). 408. BRAMBLING. Very few records early in year. A flock of c. 150 in kale field on downs near Wilton, 17th Feb. (F.J.H.). Last seen in spring: gth Mar., a considerable flock feeding in a hedge between Aldbourne and Baydon (1.C.G.); 15th Mar., 3 at Biddestone; and 4th Apr., 1 at Lan Hill (R.C.F.). First noted in autumn: a2ist Nov., Fyfield (M.C.). Many in mixed finch flocks at Maiden Bradley (J.C.C.O.). Several hundreds under beeches in Savernake, 30th Nov. (G.L.B.). Large flocks in December under beech avenues at Wilton (E.G.P.). Small numbers noted in December by E.S., J.M.S., A.J.H., N.M.D.B., and C.A.C. 410. CORN BUNTING. Seen near Castle Combe (R.F.L.) and on 22nd July at Mountain Bower (R.W.W.). Singing near Corston, 21st June (J.C.R.). Between Wilton and Tilshead c. 8 mostly on roadside fences, 19th Apr. (R.W.W., C.J.B.). Also seen in breeding season on Allington Down (R.J.S.); on downland near Avebury, Yatesbury and Hackpen (R.C.F.); on Tan Hill and Rybury Camp (R.W.W.). On Burderop Down 6 singing males and c. 10 females; 2 singing north of Everleigh (G.L.W.) and noted at Stratford Tony (R.Y.). 413. RED-HEADED BUNTING. On a2ist July a male on drive at Cole Park, same area as in June 1962. Seen at a few yards range on ground, on wire, where it was pulling seeds from Cocksfoot grass, and in flight. Bright yellow underparts, greenish yellow rump, absence of white on tail noted as before. Area of chestnut colour on head seemed not to extend so far down breast as in 1962 bird, but after 2 years it is hardly possible to be certain, and obviously (in spite of intervening severe winter) it is much more likely to be the same bird returned, than a different one—unless of course a pair has bred somewhere in the neighbourhood (E.J.M.B.). (See W.A.M., Lvmt (1963), 491.) 415. CIRL BUNTING. Notes on this species will be included in the Cirl Bunting Enquiry 1963-4. 421. REED BUNTING. Breeding noted at Coate, 6 pairs (G.L.W.); Tockenham Res. (R.W.W.); Lacock G.P. (N.W.O.G.); Corsham Lake (J.C.R.), and Watermeadows near Marlborough (M.C.). An adult male ringed 28.1.62 at West Wycombe, Bucks., recovered alive at Amesbury, 1.2.63, 51 miles south-west (cf. B.B., Vol. tvm, p. 580). 425. TREE SPARROW. Breeding at Yatton Keynell and probably at Westrop and Chippenham S.F. (R.C.F.). Seven pairs bred in nestboxes in observer’s garden at Seagry, 4 boxes being taken over after some skirmishing from Blue Tits (R.G.B.); and c. 30 seen at Seagry, 18th Oct. (R.C.F.). Two pairs, possibly more, bred near Tisbury (J.E.M.). Birds in Hodson area appeared to have second broods, 21st June (G.L.W.). A flock of c. 200 in thick hawthorn hedge on Somerford Common, 11th Feb. (R.W.W.). Flocks of up to 40 regularly seen, especially near Biddestone (R.F.L.); c. 250 at Four Mile Ciump, 1oth Dec. (M.C.). Small numbers seen by D.A.W.A., E.L.J., N.W.O.G., and C.G.L. Species noted in 1964 but not mentioned in report: Pheasant, Wood Pigeon, Skylark, Jackdaw, Jay, Coal Tit, Mistle Thrush, Blackbird, Dunnock, Bullfinch, Chaffinch, Yellowhammer and House Sparrow. Addition to Bird Notes for 1963: 321. BLACK REDSTART. One near R.A.F. Hospital, Wroughton, 24th Mar., using wire fences as a feeding perch and dropping down to grass, catching and eating prey, then back to fence. Full description of plumage given, probably a first-winter male (G.L.W.). Corrections to Bird Notes for 1963: Shoveller. 16th, 23rd and 24th Feb., should read Wilton Water. Tufted Duck. 140 on 24th Feb. should read Chilton Foliat. Delete Golden 190 Plover at Barton Stacey, which is in Hampshire. Corn Bunting at Castle Combe: the second observer’s initials read R.F.L. COATE RESERVOIR, 1959-64 Coate Reservoir was constructed early in the 19th century as a buffer supply to the canal locks at Swindon. During the 1939-45 war a leaking culvert caused the water level to fluctuate greatly. In 1959 the reservoir was partly drained to allow this culvert to be sealed and at the same time alterations were made to increase the depth and surface area at the western end. Since then levels have been normally some 5-8 ft. below overflow, occasionally dropping to 12-14 ft. and exposing a considerable area of mud. The Local Authority took advantage of this to mow the reed beds and taller vegetation in the autumn of 1963. Scrub (which had colonized the exposed areas) was then sprayed with herbicide and burnt off prior to refilling. Little vegetation showed above the new water level, but by the summer of 1964 recovery was well under way. Some of the effects on plant and wild life during 1959-64 are described below. The exposed areas were colonized by various plants, the most common being the following: Salix and Osier spp., Greater Reedmace, Bur-reed, Bulrush Scirpus, Juncus, Carex, Bur-Marigold and Willow-herb spp. Where periodic flooding occurred, Persicaria and various Docks carpeted the mud. Phragmites did not begin to recover until 1964. Immediate effects on bird life were the loss of the Grasshopper-Warbler as a breeding visitor, and a severe reduction in breeding Reed-Warblers from some 100 pairs in 1958 to 8 pairs in 1960. The fluctuating water levels and reduction of surface area caused a fall in numbers and in breeding success of Great Crested Grebe, Coot and Little Grebe, the latter never having been numerous. Wintering wildfowl also fell in numbers, with the exception of Teal, which increased slightly. The exposed areas were colonized initially by the Lapwing and the Yellow Wagtail, both of which bred with reasonable success until 1963: neither ever exceeded 12 breeding pairs. During 1962 two pairs of Redshank bred, but only one bird returned after the 1962-3 winter. In the area of Salix/Osier scrub the dominant species was the Sedge-Warbler which greatly increased its numbers. The Reed-Bunting also increased, and newcomers breeding in the scrub were the Linnet, Goldfinch and Bullfinch (the latter actually built in the reed-bed). Other species, including Blackcap, Whitethroat and Lesser Whitethroat, used this area for feeding, but nested in their normal habitat, in larger numbers. Prior to 1963, during the late summer and autumn, a large roost had built up. Maximum numbers of the following species were noted: hirundines 5,000 plus; wagtail spp. 200 plus; reed-bunting up to 100; and some other passerines also roosted in increasing numbers. After the spraying the roost numbers dropped spectacularly from 3,000 to 60 in a few days. In the early days when new vegetation was low many interesting waders occurred, but these decreased as cover grew. Since refilling, conditions have returned very much to those of the 1939-45 period. The Reed-Warbler, however, only maintains a precarious hold of some 15 pairs. GEOFFREY WEBBER 1gI WILTSHIRE PLANT NOTES (25) compiled by DONALD GROSE During 1964 several interesting additions were made to the Wiltshire list. Also, although these are not mentioned below, many early records were confirmed. Judging by the numerous notices received, the year was particularly good for orchids—or can it be that the now very restricted suitable areas left by the plough have been more extensively explored ? Undated records are for 1964. The numerals refer to the botanical districts as delimited in the Flora of Wiltshire. Native plants for identification may be sent to the writer at Downs Edge, Liddington; garden escapes and obvious aliens should be named at the British Museum or Kew Herbarium. Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L. Black Spleenwort. 4. Roadside bank, Chisbury, Major Cowan. Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth. Lady Fern. 2. Prickmoor Wood. Form with forked frond. 2. Somerford Common. Dryopteris borreri Newm. Scaly Male Fern. 5. Blackmoor Copse, Miss A. Hutchison. Aconitum anglicum Stapf. Monkshood. 1. Roadside near Westbury. Adonis annua L. Pheasant’s Eye. 7. The Butts, Salisbury, Miss A. Hutchison (261). Aquilegia vulgaris L. Columbine. 2. Prickmoor Wood, D. Rice! Berberis vulgaris L. Barberry. 4. Lane near South Farm, Avebury, G. Grigson. Papaver lateritium C. Koch. Armenian Poppy. 7. The Butts, Salisbury, Miss A. Hutchison (261). Lepidium latifolium L. Dittander. 2. Bank of Avon near Melksham, well established, Admiral Sir John Coote (A; G)! Not now known elsewhere in Wiltshire. Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. Hoary Cress. 2. ‘Trowbridge, Mrs. E. Curtis. Iberis amara L. Candytuft. 10. Near Homington, Mrs. F. D. Richards (261, 1962). Rorippa amphibia (L.) Bess. Great Yellow Cress. 2. River Avon near Monkton House. Polygala calcarea ¥. Schultz. Chalk Milkwort. 3. Charlbury Hill. Silene armeria L. Sweet William. 7. The Butts, Salisbury, Mrs. V. Morgan (261). Saponaria officinalis L. Soapwort. 8. Between Imber and Warminster, L. F. Mead. Chenopodium hybridum L. Sowbane. 9. Harnham, C. S. Gummer (261, 1962). Geranium nodosum L. Knotty Crane’s-bill. 2. Corsham Park, Miss D. M. Frowde. G. phaeum L. Dusky Crane’s-bill. 2. Hungerdown, Seagry, Mrs. R. Barnes. Impatiens glandulifera Royle. Himalayan Balsam. 2. Near Monkton House, Admiral Sir John Coote! Acer pseudoplatanus L. Sycamore. 1826. ‘Beyond the garden (of the inn at East Everleigh) is a large clump of lofty sycamores’, William Cobbett (Rural Rides). This is the first record for Wiltshire. One tree has died; others are healthy. Genista tinctoria L. Dyer’s Greenweed. 8. Stony Hill, Sherrington, 1963. Ulex gall Planche. Western Furze. 8. Brimsdown Hill, c. 1955, Dr. A. S. Thomas. g. Fovant Wood (G). Haddon Hill, Dr. M. C. F. Proctor. U. minor Roth. Dwarf Furze. 9. The record for Fovant Wood (212) was an error. Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall. Field Melilot. 2. Westbrook, D. Rice! M. alba Medic. White Melilot. 1. Near Flinty Knapp, L. F. Mead. 2. Westbrook, D. Rice! 192 Trifolium fragiferum L. Strawberry-headed Clover. 2. Roadside, Somerford Common, Miss D. M. Frowde! T. repens L. White Clover. Proliferous form. 7. Near Bristow Bridge, Major Cowan. T. dubium Sibth. Lesser Yellow Trefoil. Proliferous form. 1. Devizes, Major Cowan. Hippocrepis comosa L. Horse-shoe Vetch. 3. Charlbury Hill. Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb. Smooth Tare. 2. Frequent. Lathyrus nissolia L. Grass Vetchling. 1. Frequent. Pisum sativum L. Garden Pea. 3. Several young plants on small island in Coate Water, 1962; mode of introduction obscure. Rubus silvaticus Weihe & Nees. 2 Somerford Common, Miss A. M. Marks det. Beverley. Miles (A; G)! The first localized record for North Wilts. Potentilla anglica Laichard. Procumbent Tormentil. 2. Silverstreet Wood. P. anglica X reptans. 2. Prickmoor Wood (G). Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl. Small-leaved Cotoneaster. 8. Down west of Brixton Deverill, 1962, P. Hunt! Crataegus oxyacanthoides Thuill. Midland Hawthorn. 2. Somerford Common. Chrysosplenium alternifolium L. Alternate-leaved Golden Saxifrage. 1. Stert Valley, Major Cowan! Epilobium roseum Schreb. Pale Willow-herb. 2. South Wraxall, Bath N.H.S. (264, 1963). 8. Shear Cross (G). E.. adenocaulon Hausskn. 2. Ditteridge, Bath N.H.S. (264, 1963). 8. Shear Cross (G). Daphne laureola L. Spurge Laurel. 4. Old Totterdown, W. 7. Earp (209). Euphorbia lathyrus L. Caper Spurge. 2. Casual, Kingsdown, Bath N.H.S. (264, 1963). 7. The Butts, Salisbury, C. S. Gummer (261). E. cyparissias L. Cypress Spurge. 7. The Butts, Salisbury, C. $. Gummer (261). Polygonum amphibium L. Amphibious Persicaria. Var. terrestre Leers. Near Monkton House. Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. Buckwheat. 2. Casual, plantation near Prickmoor Wood. Humulus lupulus L. Hop. 1826. ‘All along here (by Blunsdon) I saw great quantities of hops in the hedges’, William Cobbett (Rural Rides). The first record for Wiltshire. Ulmus angustifolia Weston x procera Salisb. 2. Somerford Common, det. Dr. R. Melville (As Gs KK). Alnus incana (L.) Moench. Grey Alder. 2. Prickmoor Wood, D. Rice (A; G)! Salix aurita < caprea. 2. Somerford Common (G). S. atrocinerea X aurita. 2. Somerford Common (G). Salix caprea x viminalis. 2 Near Liddington Manor, det. Dr. R. Melville (G). S. repens agg. Dwarf Willow. 2. Somerford Common (G). It is gratifying to record this new station particularly as the species has been exterminated by ploughing in all other north-west Wiltshire localities. ‘The Forester has undertaken to protect it. Monotropa hypophagea Wallr. Yellow Bird’s-nest. 5. Winterslow, Dr. A. FE. Williams. Lysimachia vulgaris L. Common Loosestrife. 2. River Avon near Monkton House, Admiral Sir Fohn Coote! Buddleja davidii Franch. 1. Chalk-pit, Etchilhampton Hill, B. M. Stratton. Blackstonia perfoliata Huds. Yellow Centaury. 8. Cow Down, Longbridge Deverill, Mrs. I. M. Grose! Gentianella anglica (Pugsl.) E. F. Warb. Early Gentian. 10. Frequent. Symphytum peregrinum Ledeb. Prickly Comfrey. 9. Frequent. Borago officinalis L. Borage. 1. Roadside near Dewey’s Water, Major Cowan. Lycopsis arvensis L. Bugloss. 5. Frequent. Calystegia pulchra Brummitt & Heywood. 2. Near Ditteridge, Miss D. M. Frowde. C.. silvatica (Kit.) Griseb. 2. Near Ditteridge, Miss D. M. Frowde. Near Lacock Halt. Var. zonata Beauverd. 2. Roadside, Somerford Common. Cuscuta europaea L. Great Dodder. 2. Bank of Avon near Monkton House, Admiral Sir John Coote (G)! Lycium halimifolium Mill. ‘Tea-tree. 9. Chilmark and Tisbury, B. M. Stratton. we) Solanum sisymbrifolium Lam. 1. Piggery, Barnes Field Farm, Erlestoke, W. Hampton, det. Dr. A. J. Willis. S. sarrachoides Sendtn. 2. Garden weed, Bromham, P. Cleverly. Verbascum phlomoides L. 9. Roadside near Zeals, Miss D. O. Cole. hickxia elatine (L.) Dum. Fluellen. 1. Bremeridge Farm, Westbury, R. Bennett. Kk. spuria (L.) Dum. Round-leaved Fluellen. 1. Field north of Hill Wood, Miss B. Gillam. Veronica peregrina L. Annual Smooth Speedwell. g. Wilton House, 1913, Lady Muriel Herbert (247, 1964; K). The discovery of the specimen at Kew constitutes the only Wiltshire record. V. filiformis Sm. 2. Garden weed, Monkton House. Rhinanthus calcareus Wilmott. Chalk Yellow Rattle. 3. Charlbury Hill. 6. On Chalk near Sunton Heath. 10. Martin Down (Hants). Euphrasia micrantha Reichb. 4. Tottenham Park, 1919, C. P. Hurst sub E. curta var. glabrescens, det. P. D. Sell and Dr. P. F. Yeo (C). See note in the Flora of Wiltshire, - 437- E. nemorosa (Pers.) Wallr. Common Eyebright. 2. Somerford Common, det. Dr. E. F. Warburg (G). 10. Martin Down (Hants). Lathraea squamaria L. Toothwort. 8. Wood, Long Knoll (v.c. 6), Mrs. M. White. Odontites verna (Bellardi) Dum. Red Bartsia. Subspp. verna and serotina. 6. Sunton Heath, 1963, Dr. A. E. Williams. Orobanche elatior Sutton. ‘Tall Broomrape. Forma citrina (Druce) Pugsl. 4. Near Stanton St. Bernard, 1963, Major Cowan. Mentha piperita L. Peppermint. 2. Near Wood Hill, Brinkworth, Mrs. E. Curtis. M. longifolia (L.) Huds. Horse Mint. 3. Waste ground, Old Swindon. Thymus drucei Ronn. Wild Thyme. 8 and g. White Sheet Hill, Mere. Prunella laciniata L. Cut-leaved Self-heal. 2. Limestone pasture near Colerne, Mrs. 7. G. Cobbold (G)! New for Wiltshire; an earlier record for Salisbury Plain was afterwards found to refer to Hampshire (254). P. lacimata x vulgaris. 2. Various forms of the hybrid with the above, Mrs. 7. G. Cobbold and Miss D. M. Frowde! Campanula latifolia L. Giant Bellflower. 9. Grovely Wood, Miss D. M. Wear (261, 1963). C. trachelium L. Nettle-leaved Bellflower. 8. Wylye, Mrs. V. Morgan (261, 1963). Sambucus ebulus L. Danewort. 8. East Codford Farm, 1962, B. M. Stratton. Viburnum lantana L. Wayfaring Tree. A form with thin leaves lacking the white tomentum beneath and agreeing with the description of var. viride Kerner. 2. Edge of canal, Murhill, 1963, &. S. Smith (G). 5. Blackmoor Copse, A. Grinstead (G). Senecio aquatica X jacobaea. 2. Somerford Common. 7. One plant, Rox Hill, 1963 (G). S. squalidus L. Oxford Ragwort. 2. Roadside, Somerford Common. S. vulgaris L. Groundsel. Var. radiatus Koch. 1. Crookwood Lane, Urchfont, R. Bennett. 8. Boreham Down, Miss K. Forbes. Doronicum pardalianches L. Leopard’s Bane. 9. Fonthill Abbey Wood, M. A. Chaplin. Gnaphalium syloaticum L. Heath Cudweed. 2. Prickmoor Wood. Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Pearly Everlasting. 2. Old quarry, Box, Bath N.H.S. (264, 1963). Solidago ae L. Golden Rod. 2. Somerford Common, Miss B. Gillam! Erigeron canadensis L. Canadian Fleabane. 2. Melksham. Tanacetum vulgare L. Tansy. 9. Frequent. Cirsium palustre (L.) Scop. Marsh Thistle. Fasciated form. 3. Coate Water, G. L. Webber (G). C. tuberosum (L.) All. Tuberous Thistle. 8. Between Corton Down and Great Ridge, 1963, Major Cowan! ‘The locality is about a quarter of a mile west of the “Corton Down’ station of the Flora of Wiltshire. It could not be refound in this latter spot and all the downs towards the west except this very small piece have been ploughed. C. acaule x tuberosum. 8. Between Corton Down and Great Ridge, 1963, Major Cowan! tOe Centaurea nigra L. Black Knapweed. 9. Netherhampton, C. S. Gummer (261). C. nemoralis Jord. Lesser Knapweed. 2. Somerford Common (G). Hieracium maculatum Sm. 10. Railway bank, Downton, A. Grinstead, det. C. E. A. Andrews (261; G). H. perpropinquum (Kahn) Pugsl. 2. Somerford Common, Mrs. I. M. Grose! 5. Roadside between Blackmoor Copse and Redlynch, Mrs. V. Morgan, det. C. E. A. Andrews. H. vagum Jord. 1. Waste ground, Westbury, Mrs. EF. Curtis. Crepis biennis L. Rough Hawk’s-beard. 5. Bentley Wood, Mrs. V. Aforgan (261, 1963). Sagittaria sagittifolia L. Arrowhead. 2. River Avon near Monkton House, Admiral Str John Coote! Elodea callitrichoides (Rich.) Gasp. Greater Water-thyme. 1. Canal, Bradford-on-Avon, Bath N.H.S. (264, 1963). Kannichellia palustris L. Horned Pondweed. 2. By Brook near Box, Bath N.H.S. (264, 1963). Convallaria majalis L. Lily-of-the-Valley. 5. Frequent. Gagea lutea (L.) Ker-Gawl. Yellow Star of Bethlehem. 10. A new site near Downton, Mrs. F. D. Richards (261). Ornithogalum umbellatum L. Star of Bethlehem. 10. Near Bodenham, Major Cowan. Scilla italica L. 2. One plant in hedge between Foxley and Easton Grey, Lady Radnor, det. Dr. C. E. Hubbard! Doubtless of garden origin, although the site is far from houses. Juncus bulbosus L. Lesser Jointed Rush. 2. Somerford Common (G). 6. Woodland pool near Burridge Heath. J. conglomeratus L. Common Rush. 8. Wood near Shear Cross. Tris foetidissima L. Gladdon. 2. Northwood Farm, Colerne, Mrs. 7. G. Cobbold. Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch. Narrow-leaved Helleborine. 1805 or before 1835. 5. ‘Winterslow Wood, near Sarum’, Maton (K, ex-Herb Lambert, undated) comm. P. Hunt. This specimen was probably the source of the record for C. damasonium in the Botanist’s Guide (85) published in 1805. Lambert contributed to the Guide and was friendly with Maton. The fact that Maton did not mention the plant in his Natural History (107) may be due to some doubt of identification. See note in the Flora of Wiltshire, p. 526. Beech plantation, Winterbourne Down, 1956, 1957, 1958, A. Rose- weir; V. S. Summerhayes (247, 1964; K). Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz. Broad-leaved Helleborine. 9g. Frequent. E. phyllanthes G. E. Smith. 4. Savernake Forest, Mrs. A. Sheppard, det. Dr. D. P. Young. New for North Wilts. 9. Between West Harnham and Lower Bemerton, 1963, C. S. Gummer (261, 1964). Neotiia nidus-avis (L.) Rich. Bird’s-nest Orchid. 1. Frequent. Herminium monorchis (L.) R. Br. Musk Orchid. 9. Hoop Side, Miss D. Stevens. 10. ‘Trow Down, Miss A. Hutchison and Kk. Grinstead. Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. Frog Orchid. 1. Hillier’s Hole, Great Cheverell, L. F. Mead. C. viride x Dactylorchis fuchsii. 8. Cow Down, Longbridge Deverill, det. V. S. Summer- hayes. A poor, scanty plant in striking contrast to earlier finds of this hybrid which have usually been magnificent specimens. Gymnadenia conopsea (L.) R. Br. Fragrant Orchid. 1. Frequent. 3. Charlbury Hill, A. Whiting! 10. Frequent. Platanthera chlorantha (Custer) Reichb. Greater Butterfly Orchid. 1. Hillier’s Hole, Great Cheverell, Z. F. Mead. 2. Frequent. 10. Frequent. P. bifolia (L.) Rich. Lesser Butterfly Orchid. 1. Hillier’s Hole, Great Cheverell, LZ. F. Mead. Ophrys apifera Huds. Bee Orchid. 3. Charlbury Hill, A. Whiting! O. insectifera L. Fly Orchid. 2. Frequent. Orchis ustulata L. Burnt Orchid. 1. Hillier’s Hole, Great Cheverell, L. F. Mead. 10. Martin Down (Hants), 1963, R. E. Sandell. O. morio L. Green-winged Orchid. 8. Barford Down, Dr. A. E. Williams (261). BO5 Dactylorchis fuchsa X praetermissa. 8. Fisherton Delamere, Miss Houghton Brown (G). 8. Gow Down, Longbridge Deverill, B. M4. Stratton! D. maculata subsp. ericetorum (E. F. Linton) Vermeul. Heath Spotted Orchid. 2. Somer- ford Common. D. incarnata (L.) Vermuel. Early Marsh Orchid. 8. Fisherton Delamere, Miss Houghton Brown. Sparganium emersum Rehm. Unbranched Bur-reed. 2. River Avon near Monkton House. Carex caryophyllea Latour. Vernal Sedge. 3. Frequent. C. polyphylla Kar. & Kir. 5. Roadside near Blackmoor Copse, 1963, R. E. Sandell. C. muricata L. (C. pairaei F. Schultz). 2. Somerford Common, Miss B. Gillam! C. pulicaris L. Flea Sedge. 2. Central sector of Somerford Common, Miss W. Stevenson. Molinia caerulea (L.) Moench. Purple Moor Grass. 2. Field adjoining Prickmoor Wood. Festuca pratensis < Lolium perenne. 7. Salisbury, C. S. Gummer (261, 1962). Vulpia bromoides (L.) S. F. Gray. Squirrel-tail Fescue. 1. Westbury. 6. Frequent. V. myuros (L.) C. CG. Gmel. Mouse-tail Fescue. 9. Ashfield Road, Salisbury, 1963, since destroyed, C. S. Gummer (G). Catabrosa aquatica (L.) Beauv. Water Whorl Grass. 7. Salisbury, C. S$. Gummer (261, 1962). Catapodium rigidum (L.) C. E. Hubbard. Hard Poa. 4. Chalk-pit, Ogbourne St. George, W. Ff. Earp (209). Poa angustifolia L. Narrow-leaved Meadow Grass. Cc. S. Gummer. Bromus carinatus Hook. & Arn. 7. The Butts, Salisbury, Miss Buckle (261, 1963). Awa caryophyllea L. Silvery Hair Grass. 6. Ride in Collingbourne Wood. Agrostis canina L. subsp. canina. Silver Bent. 2. Somerford Common (G). 7. Railway bank, Salisbury, 1962, 85 The Botanist’s Guide through England and Wales, 254 The Flora of Wiltshire, 1957. D. Turner and L. W. Dillwyn, 1805. 261 Salisbury and District N.H.S. Bulletins. 107 The Natural History of a part of the County of 264 Bath N.H.S. Magazine. Wilts, G. Maton, 1843. A The Devizes Herbarium. — : C The University of Cambridge Herbarium. 209 Marlborough College N.H.S. notebooks. G. “Eheainitess he bancie 212 Wiltshire Plant Notes—(2), 1939. K ‘The Kew Herbarium: 247 Proceedings of the Botanical Society of the British ! Seen by the writer in the locality named. Isles. det. Identified by... 196 ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORT FOR 1964 by B. W. WEDDELL Our doleful prognostications of the past decade or so are being only too fully justified. 1964 has not been without its highlights, yet the general tendency towards the impoverishment of our fauna continues. Added to the hazards of intensive agriculture, afforestation, building, roadmaking and insecticides, affecting our insects, in such a dry summer as this, there is also the ordeal by fire. The damage caused to our moths and butterflies and smaller mammals by widespread stubblefield fires, is quite incalculable. It has been a good year for our most noble butterfly, the Purple Emperor, which has been observed in greater numbers than for several years in its regular habitat in the South of the County. This aristocrat has also made its appearance in a new area in the North, according to I.R.P.H. For the general appraisal of the season, I feel I cannot do better than quote verbatim R.A.J., who is probably the most experienced lepidopterist in the county: ‘Generally, this was another bad season, especially as far as moths were concerned. This was particularly noticeable when, in spite of reasonable weather and very good ivy blossom, very few moths indeed were to be found. ‘As regards butterflies, the larger fritillaries were in great numbers on the Downs and in Grovely Wood. The Silver-washed Fritillary was very common, with plenty of the dark variety of the female, Valesina. It is extremely sad to see that this fine wood is being felled and planted with conifers. ‘The Chalkhill Blue was not up to numbers and had a shorter season than usual. Very few good varieties were taken. The position as regards the Adonis Blue (see Report for 1963, p. 232) was deplorable. The spring brood was very thin, and so was the second emergence. This was not peculiar to Wiltshire, for the butterfly was very scarce in its Dorset habitat at Hod Hill. ‘It is satisfactory to record that the Dusky Sallow is still gaining ground. It has been reported in numbers on the Ranges on Salisbury Plain, as well as coming to light in several widely separated localities.’ Contributors M.C. Marlborough College N.H.S. E.J.M.B. Mr. E. J. M. Buxton, Malmesbury. C.F. Lt.-Col. Charles Floyd, 0.3.£., Holt. B.W. Mr. B. W. Weddell, Trowbridge. R.A.J. Capt. R. A. Jackson, o.B.E., R.N.(Retd.), F.R.E.s., Codford. C.G.L. Major-General C. G. Lipscomb, c.B., D.s.o., Crockerton. C.M.R.P. Mr. C. M. R. Pitman, Salisbury. 9.F.C. Salisbury Field Club. M.E.T. Mr. M. E. Tyte, Hawthorn. I.R.P.H. Mr. I. R. P. Heslop, M.a., F.R.E.s., Salisbury. R.H. Mr. R. Haines, Salisbury. 197 Large White Marbled White Meadow Brown Cinnabar Garden Carpet Brimstone Moth Orange-tip White Clouded Yellow Large Pearl-bordered Fritillary Large Tortoiseshell Painted Lady Red Admiral White Admiral Purple Emperor Small Copper Lime Hawk Death’s-head Hawk Convolvulus Hawk Hummingbird Hawk Puss Lobster Great Prominent Figure of Eighty Lappet Green Silver-lines Alder Dagger Broad-bordered Yellow- underwing Pale-shining Arches Dusky Sallow Rustic Butterbur Ear Angle-striped Northern Drab Dark Bordered Straw Gold Spot Plain Wave Barred ‘Tooth-striped Large Seraphim 198 PHENOLOGICAL REPORT Average date 25.4 25.6 15.6 18.5 28.4. 14.5 Euchloe cardamines Colias croceus Argynnis euphrosyne Nymphalis polychloros Vanessa cardui V. atalanta Limenitis camilla Apatura iris Lycaena phlaeas Mimas tiliae Acherontia atropos Ferse convolouli Macroglossum stellatiarum Cerura vinula Stauropus fagi Notodonta anceps Tethea ocularis Gastropacha quercifolia Bena prasinana Apatele alni Lampra fimbriata Polia nitens Eremobia ochroleuca Hydraecia petasitis Enargia paleacea Orthosia advena Heliothis peltigera Plusia festucae Sterrha inornata Nothopteryx polycommata Lobophora balterata 1904 emergence Difference 22.4 => 3 1.7 — 6 25.6 —10 2) aa 25.5 —27 12.5 a M.EVE:. 3.5, MC. 015.5; o.F.G: Greatly increased in April. O.L. C9 23.95 | 2s ae Ok aw Clay, scarce. S.F.C. 26.5. C.M.R.P. 26.3. A very welcome appearance. S.F.C. 17.5, 26.5. Early immigrants. M.E.T. 15.5, E.J.M.B. Abundant August and September. RAL A077 S.F.C. 11.7. IL.R.P.H. Apparently well up to strength this year. M.C. 22.5. M.C. 23.5. C.M.R.P. 19.11. Larva found near Winterslow | emerged —mid- December. Tape _ recording made of its voice. S.F.C. 28.8. S.E.C..1.7, E.J.M.B. 33:8: M.C. 17.5. M.C. 17.6. M.C. 24.5, 5.6. M.C. 10.6, B.W. 9.6. M.C. 18.7. M:C. 31.5. B.W. 25.5, M.C. 30.5, 22.6. B.W. 18.7. M.C. 10.7. R.A. J. 4.8, B.We11.8: RA. J..27:8. R.H. 15.8. The first county record. Probably a migrant. M.C. 12.5. R.A.J. 30.5. Rare migrant. M.C. 26.6. B.W. 11.7 at Bentley Wood. C.M.R.P. 12.3. Unusually early. B.W. 25.5. Vestal Wood Carpet Royal Mantle Blunt Peacock Angle Scalloped Hazel Osier Hornet Clearwing Wood Leopard Rhodometra sacraria Epirrhoe rivata Euphyia cuculata Semiothisa notata Gonodontis bidentata Sphecia bembeciformis Keuzera pyrina R.A.J. 18.8. An uncommon mi- grant, but this insect was un- doubtedly bred here. S.F.C. 8.5. B.W. 14.7. Unusual occurrence in a town garden of this downland species. B.W. 11.7 at Bentley Wood. C.M.R.P. 8.5. Melanic form. C.M.R.P. Larvae in Sallow stumps in January. C.M.R.P. Larva in an Ash log. 19 REPORT OF THE HON. SECRETARY FOR 1964 THE TOTAL MEMBERSHIP of the Natural History Section is 288, of which 147 are claims from the parent Society and the remaining 141 are Section members only. There are 13 more claims this year than in 1963, and it is the first time that this list has exceeded the Section members’ list. The annual subscription to the Section was raised from 7s. 6d. to 15s. with effect from Ist January 1965. In June 1964 the Committee mounted a small display at the Bath and West Show in Swindon, in conjunction with the parent Society, the Wiltshire Trust for Nature Conservation and the Rural Studies Association. The winter of 1964/5 was the fifteenth successive one in which the wildfowl in Wiltshire have been counted for the National Wildfowl Count, which is organized by the Wildfowl Trust. ‘The continuous support for this long-term national survey indicates the increasing interest that arises when the same area is under observation for a number of years. The National Badger Survey, organized by the Mammal Society of the British Isles, now in its fifth year, is also being supported in the county. For three years in six areas of farm and woodland, individuals and teams have taken part in the Breeding Season Census of Common Birds, organized by the British ‘Trust for Ornithology on behalf of the Nature Conservancy. Reports by a number of members have been submitted to the Nature Conservancy Research Programme concerned with the ecology and distribution of certain birds of prey. In the county there were 14 holders of permits to ring birds. It is evident that, in common with many other Natural History Societies, interest of the Section has been increasingly focussed on the fostering of conservation in the countryside, and a number of members are acting as wardens to supervise rarities in conjunction with the Wiltshire Trust for Nature Conservation. REPORT OF THE HON. MEETINGS SECRETARY FOR 1964 Twenty-two field meetings were held during 1964 with an average attendance of 14. No less than 12 of these were joint meetings: seven with the Salisbury and District Natural History Society, one with the Ornithological Section of the Somerset Archaeo- logical and Natural History Society, and two each with the North Gloucestershire Natural History Society and the Ornithological Section of the Wimborne Historical Society. The most popular meeting of the year was Mr. L. F. Mead’s Orchid expedition to. Great Cheverell Hill, attended by 48 members. Thirteen species of orchids were seen. Mr. J. D. Grose led two Botanical meetings, one to Somerford Common, continuing the study of the survival of species in a re-planted woodland, and the other to Imber to record garden survivals in the deserted village. Some attempt was made to name the various roses. ‘I'wo other Botanical expeditions were enjoyed, one in March at the Pepper- box to see the rare Asarabacca, and the other an April walk through Clarendon Park. The Ornithologists had nine meetings arranged for them: three during the winter months and six during the spring, summer and autumn. Of the three winter meetings, the most popular was the expedition to Bridgwater Bay Nature Reserve, led by the Warden, Mr. J. Morley, and attended by 32 members, 200 a few of whom had the good fortune to see a Short-eared Owl quartering the Spartina beds. A large flight of at least 150 Mergansers flying seawards for the night was seen at the Poole Harbour Meeting, led by Mr. Bryan Dixon. The third winter meeting was our annual visit to Chew Valley Lake. Owing to the exceptionally dry weather our leader, Mr. Bernard King, was able to take us across to the island. Many species of duck were noted, a large flock of Golden Plover and a large hawk, afterwards authenticated as a Goshawk. Both the expeditions with the North Gloucestershire Naturalists were held in August: Ham Hill, led by Dr. E. A. R. Ennion, and Frampton on Severn, led by Mr. T. Jones. Many migrant waders were seen at the latter meeting. Despite bad weather a visit to Lacock gravel pits, led by Mr. Julian Rolls in March, was memorable for good views of a female Red Crested Pochard. The Dawn Chorus expedition, held at Great Chalfield Manor and led by Colonel Floyd, was attended by the record number of 14 members. Thirty-two birds were heard singing, the first three being Robin, Pheasant and Crow. The Ornithologists also visited the New Forest and Tan Hill. On the latter expedition, led by Mr. J. Spencer, although blessed with good weather, not many members saw Stone Curlew, but Quail were heard. The two Geological meetings were not well attended, the Swindon meeting, led by Mr. Prismell, being spoilt by heavy rain. Mr. Barron’s meeting, entitled “Geology South of Salisbury’ was most interesting: the geological formation was studied through the different types of vegetation seen. Tests were made also for soil acidity. Two mercury vapour lamps were set up at Blackmoor Copse by Mr. Pitman and Mr. B. Weddell on a hot thundery night in July, and 61 species of moths were noted. Mrs. Macintyre kindly supplied coffee and biscuits in a nearby garage. Owing to the exceptionally dry conditions practically no fungi could be found at our Fungus Foray led by Mr. Hardstaff on Fyfield Down. Instead, the Lichens on the sarsen stones were studied. Led by Mr. Andrew Watson and Mr. Tony Oldham, Fonthill Grottos were visited during January in search of bats. Five different species of bat were found and examined: Greater and Lesser Horseshoes, Daubenton’s, Natterer’s, and Long Eared. For our annual Forestry walk in April, Mr. M. J. Penistan chose Spye Park. Over Whitsuntide 13 members spent a very enjoyable week in Suffolk, visiting, among other places, Minsmere and Havergate Island. On the Saturday we were enter- tained by Lord Cranbrook, President of the Suffolk Naturalists’ Society, and Lady Cran- brook, at Great Glemham House where we met and talked with the Suffolk Naturalists. The Museum at Devizes was used for three indoor meetings in 1964. In January a meeting was held for members to show their transparencies and films. Six members showed photographs. Of particular interest were Mr. Wood’s slides of the Falkland Islands. A conversazione was held in November and was well attended. A number of exhibits included a map showing an area where a Census of Common Breeding Birds was being carried out under Miss B. Gillam’s leadership; a tray of fungi; an exhibition of old books on Wiltshire; a geological section map showing the sources of water in the Devizes area; and some paintings by Dr. Ennion. An interesting exhibit was a Salamander and an Axolotl, the former having recently completed its life cycle by changing from its axolotl state: it was most interesting to compare the two. Members gave short talks on their exhibits. After tea, very kindly supplied by Mr. L. Strong, coloured slides and films were shown by several members. ‘The third meeting at the Museum was an interesting lecture by Dr. Ennion entitled ‘Sketching Birds’. The Section was again lucky in being invited to attend lectures arranged both by Bath Natural History Society and by Dauntsey’s School. These covered such diverse subjects as ‘Wanderings in Wales’; ‘Micro-biology’; ‘A Geologist Looks Around’; and ‘Taxidermy’. 201 The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on 25th April at the Old Bell Inn, Warminster. Finally, I would like to thank all who have supported me during the year, and those who have acted as Leaders and Speakers. 202 11 G1 6bo'o7 99 9 Zz QI 0 oO oS Iv 18 SNe) 0 o SE LE 66 €1V'1 & gi 2Sz‘1 bog 62 o 9 I61 z Lg 196° OF Oe g i vv G v &aP 0 0 009'1 o V oz 8 9 &§& G Gr §0S‘1 2 Q g&s‘r Fe iS: "+ 4sa19]UT suondriosqng i ygeq joueds siquasay puny dryssaquayy aftT 4S.191U] suondriosqng 2yda GC ‘P4o— Sq ame Pung ay aftT * 4saroquy Sydaq jouseds —s\fiasy qyunovp = ansasay rs 4So19]UT 21qa ai ‘plQ—sfraray qunorp ansasay Pg6r1 ‘raquraoaqq 3s1& 1 oS Put SONSOTLIL) JO B[V : sopyg pure Spreosod jo greg uo yWoOIg QUIZESLIN [eorsooseyoIy IITYSIIMA, J suoyvoyqng $30] 1 CDLQUT UOTSSTUIPY Swnasnyy uoroeg Ar0\sTFT [Rane -ssurnO uo snjding sjue OHO DUO IGE Sie en isi Mere EO Mee "+ sorzpung . cea Me aN ee | ySo19}UT pure spuospTATC suoljeu0g pure suondriosqng yhravay jossuan Kg AWOON] b961 “YAGINADAC 41816 CUGNY UVAA AHL WOA LNNOOOV AAUNLIGNAdXaA ANV AWOONI t961 WOA ALAIOOS AHL AO SLNAOOOV — 419 G1 C1 's 6&7 OIG 1ZV'S 611 Fo0°6 F oOoOOoN tt Gi gI Gol solLIpuns 9& sosieyry AourjUNODYy LE : SUT][IACL I, 1 suondriosqng J posauay QgI‘i ansoejern GEs‘1 QUIZESLIN [eoIsoposeyoIy IITYSITMA /suo1vayqng gv solipunsg ol saseyoing / CADAQUT ZI sosuodxy wooyYy yeq pue A10ye10qe'T oSé sjuowmaAoidury pue Avydsicy Junasnyy ZI uonernoidaq z SdILY INVA Lo gouRinsuy £0 yeopy pur yYsryT QgI sjemousy pur saveday 6D ; suoyday J, Gz1 Sunuig pue ose ~rery ‘ArouoTieiIg ‘asvysog VVis ae SoTIe[eS I SaSADY’) WUAULYSYGDIST OT, wi FANLIGNAdX |] sinjyipusdxy JOAO oUIODUT JO ssooxy 203 agidainien ceaarthiepanynmnnejerueas aeeplmmenaeret 0 0 oGG 6 & gf pos 7 z Fr zoh'r @ 1 zal 0 0 009 Pes. 7 g br Sqn F O18 * 9007; 6 § gog — Lr.St.9 ig oe 7°. 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II Qt 31 uonernoidag ssa7 II gi 26 cs "+ yunosoy [eraues) 0 0 9 ‘* safeg ssay isazmag “pry yuvg spcoz7 SS 6.1 Geer ge es ** ssopipasTy Capuny o1 0 &9 a “~ jeok SULINP suouIppP |"1T 9 QVEVS = To) 50: s me F961 ‘diwwnuvf 6 9 6&P ae “+ Qangipuedxy gsr qo sp Squaudinby = dapuny JQAO QUIOOUT JO SsoOXy ppy o1 bi V6E‘S re Po6r ‘Arenuel isi Z QI 306s , ops 6961 ye se Yoang Suoy 1P/oP ‘Arenuef 4st ye se sourpeg £Gsaqdorg poyaasg Lqunosapy pojudvy Dies) 2 pe ree ee ao ee SLOSSYV | SALLITIGVI'T Fo61 YAGINADAC ISIS LV SV LAGHS FONVIVE SJUDJUNOIIP Padajz4DY,) ; a — eee SSS 206 NOTES FOR THE GUIDANCE OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THE WILTSHIRE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE The editor will be glad to consider for publication articles and notes on the history, architecture, folk-lore, archaeology and natural history of the county. Much helpful advice about the preparation of papers of all kinds (not solely, as may seem to be implied, those with an ‘archaeological’ content) will be found in The Preparation of Archaeological Reports, by L. Grinsell, P. Rahtz and A. Warhurst. Paper-bound copies may be obtained from the Bristol Archaeological Research Group, The City Museum, Bristol, 8 (4s., post free) ; this work will also be published in book form during 1966. PREPARATION OF COPY Contributions must be typewritten and double-spaced on one side of the paper only, preferably on sheets of quarto size. Margins of not less than 1 inch should be left at the top and left-hand side of each sheet. Clean copy helps to eliminate printing errors and the need for costly corrections at proof stage. ‘The approximate number of words should be indicated on the title page. References to footnotes should be numbered consecutively throughout the text, and the footnotes themselves, correspondingly numbered and double-spaced, should be added on separate sheets at the end. References to books and to articles in journals should take the following forms: J. F. S. Stone, Wessex before the Celts (1958), 68. T. R. Thomson and R. E. Sandell, The Saxon Land Charters of Wiltshire, Wiltshire Archaeological Magazine, 58 (1963), 442-6. Titles of journals should be given in full; abbreviations will be made by the editor. Abbreviations should be avoided in the text. Thus, compass points should be written out as ‘north’, ‘south-east’, etc., and such words as ‘per cent.’, ‘tenth’, should not be shortened, except in tables or appendices. ILLUSTRATIONS The space available for line-drawings and half-tone plates is 54 inches wide by 74 inches long. 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Text figures must be numbered consecutively in the text, and these numbers, together with a brief identification, must be written in pencil on the margins of the drawings. Maps which serve no other purpose than that of indicating the geographical position of a single site (e.g. a barrow) are wasteful of space; with the use of the National Grid Reference system and a concise description the necessary information can be conveyed in a few words. 207 14B Authors will be expected to make a case for the inclusion of half-tone plates. Photo- graphs submitted for this purpose must be prints of good quality on glossy paper of double weight, and should preferably be capable of some reduction. Prints must be lettered serially A, B, C, etc., and the corresponding identification inserted in pencil in the appropriate places in the text. Care must be taken not to mar prints by writing heavily on the backs or by the use of paper-clips. A list of line-drawings and photographs, together with the captions, should be typed on a separate sheet of paper. USE OF COPYRIGHT MATERIAL If maps based on those issued by the Ordnance Survey are to be used, the editor will arrange for permission, provided that authors supply the necessary information or copies of the proposed maps. (Tracings in pencil will suffice.) Authors must be responsible for obtaining permission to use other copyright material. PROOFS The editor will agree the final draft of an article with the author. Thereafter, altera- tions and additions will be permitted in the most exceptional circumstances only. A galley proof will be supplied to authors, who should correct and return it promptly to the editor. The editor will not be responsible for errors arising from untidy and illegible corrections, and authors should follow the system set out in the B.S. Table of Symbols for Printers’ and Authors’ Proof Corrections (British Standards Institution, 1219: 1958; 2s. 6d., obtainable from H.M. Stationery Office). An extract may be obtained from the British Federation of Master Printers, 11 Bedford Row, London, W.C.1. OFFPRINTS ‘Twenty-five offprints of major articles will be supplied free to authors. Orders for additional copies (to be charged to authors) must be placed with the editor when galley proofs are returned. Offprints of minor notes are not supplied. The editor disclaims all responsibility for the opinions expressed by contributors. 208 THE WILTSHIRE ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY 1965 PATRON: The Earl of Pembroke, c.v.o., M.A., H.M.L. TRUSTEES : E. C. Barnes, Esq. The Lord Devlin Sir Michael Peto, Bt. Bonar Sykes, Esq. VICE-PRESIDENT : R. B. Pugh, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., F.R.HIST.S. COMMITTEE: The Marquess of Ailesbury, J.P., D.L. (President and Chairman) R. E. Sandell, Esq., M.A., F.s.A., F.L.S. (Hon. Librarian) K. H. Rogers, Esq., B.A. (Hon. Meetings Secretary) Miss I. F. Smith, B.a., PH.D., F.s.A. (Hon. Editor of W.A.M.) Maurice G. Rathbone, Esq., A.L.A. (ex officio as County Archivist) H. de S. Shortt, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., F.R.N.S. (ex officio as Curator of Salisbury Museum) Group Captain F. A. Willan, c.B.£., D.F.c. (representing the Wiltshire County Council) H. I. Chant, Esq. (representing the Wiltshire County Council) M. G. Bennett, Esq. C. E. Blunt, Esq., 0.B.£., F.S.A., F.R.N.S. Mervyn Fitzgerald, Esq. Lt.-Col. C. H. Floyd, 0.8.£., B.A. P, J. Fowler, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. Jes. Judd, Esq., 1.p: Group Captain G. M. Knocker J. W. G. Musty, Esq., F.s.A. Harry Ross, Esq., B.A. N. P. Thompson, Esq. T. R. F. Thomson, Esq., M.A., M.D., F.R.HIST.S., F.S.A. Miss T. E. Vernon SECRETARY AND TREASURER: Brigadier A. R. Forbes CURATOR: ASSISTANT CURATOR: F. K. Annable, Esq., B.A., F.S.A., A.M.A. A. M. Burchard, Esq., M.A. HON. ARCHITECT: HON. SOLICITOR: D. A: S. Webster, Esq., M.A., F.R.L.B.A. H. G. Awdry, Esq. OFFICERS OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SECTION: E. A. R. Ennion, Esq., M.a. (Chairman) Mrs. C. Seccombe Hett (Hon. Secretary) Arnold Smith, Esq. (Hon. Treasurer) Mrs. S. M. Lee (Hon. Meetings Secretary) CARETAKER: Mrs. F. A. Cole 209 SUBSCRIBING PRIVATE MEMBERS Addresses have been abbreviated and the location of Wiltshire parishes is not generally given. The list shows Crown honours, county commissions of the peace, service rank (of professional soldiers, sailors and airmen), university degrees, and membership of societies, etc., where relevant to our work and interests. The Secretary will welcome corrections. Ager, J. A. M., m.p., Roman Bank, Mill Lane, Swindon. Ailesbury, Marquess of, J.p., D.L., Sturmy House, Savernake Forest. Alexander, D. A. W., Katref, Cold Harbour Lane, Marlborough. Alexander, Lt.-Col. E. T. H., j.p., Gockhatch, Hilperton. Algar, D. J., 26 Hulse Road, Salisbury. Allnatt, R. S., 12 Northampton Street, Swindon. Anderson, Col. R. J. F., Netton House, Bishopstone. Annable, Mrs. M., B.a., Box Hedges, Horton, Bishop’s Cannings. Appleby, Mrs. D. M., 1 Jacks Lane, Frome. Armin, W. L., 4 Hartfield, Hartmoor, Devizes. Armitage, Mrs. G., Elms, Nursteed, Roundway. Ashby, M. F., 16 Back Lane, Ramsbury. Atkinson, Professor R. J. C., M.A., F.s.A., Old Rectory, Wenvoe, Cardiif. Aust, Mrs. A., Tindalls, Chapel Knap, Corsham. Austin, Mrs. R. E., Woolcombe Farm, Toller Porcorum, Dorset. Avon, Countess of, Fyfield Manor, Pewsey. Awdry, E. P., M.c., T.p., Coters, Chippenham. Awdry, Miss H. E., Fairview, Littleton Panell, Devizes. Awdry, H. G., Heddington Manor, Calne. Awdry, Mrs. P. J., Heddington Manor, Calne. Awadry, Mrs. R. W., 0.8.£., Eastsands, Little Cheverell. Bachelier, Miss Anna, St. Breward, Worplesdon, Surrey. Badeni, Countess Jan, Old Rectory, Waters Upton, Salop. Badger, K. H. C., Cleeve Farm House, Seend. Baines, Mrs. T. N., Shipways Leaze, Kington Langley. ’ Baker, Miss A. E., B.sc., 17 Blair Road, ‘Trowbridge. Baker, G. H., 23a New Road, Calne. Baker, J. C., 196 Coombe Lane, London, $.W.20. Balfern, Miss K. M., 8.a., Long Thatch, Uffington, Berks. Barkham, J. P., B.a., 2 Church Road, North Curry, Somerset. Barlow, F., Marsh House, Clarendon Road, Alderbury. Barnes, E. C., Hungerdown, Seagry. Barnes, Mrs. E. C., J.p., Hungerdown, Seagry. Barrington Brown, C., M.c., Tapshays, Marnhull, Dorset. Batchelor, The Rev. K. B., m.a., Holt Vicarage. Batten Pool, Capt. A. H., v.c., m.c., Chatham Park, Cleveland Walk, Bath. Battersby, The Rev. R. St. John B., Chittoe Vicarage. Battock, R. D., 54 Belsize Park, London, N.W.3. Baynes, Mrs. R., Corner Cottage, Seend. Beale, Mrs. J. S., Dryfield, Bristol Road, Chippenham. Beer, Mrs. K. M., B.a., Carey Cottage, Littleworth, Milton Lilbourne. 210 Behrens, B. Tunstall, Barley Hill, Poulshot. Behrens, Mrs. B. Tunstall, Barley Hill, Poulshot. Bennett, R., Dilton Vale Farm, Westbury. Bennett, J. F., Oak Lodge, Alderbury. Bennett, M. G., Little Clench, Wootton Rivers. Bennett, Mrs. M. G., Little Clench, Wootton Rivers. Berry, D. C., j.p., Compton House, Compton Chamberlayne. Berry, Mrs. S. M., Ingleside, Holt. Bevir, Miss M., The Little House, Wootton Bassett. Bilbrough, Mrs. E. M., The Limes, Ramsbury. Birley, N. P., D.s.o., M.c., M.A., Hyde Leaze, Marlborough. Birley, Mrs. N. P., Hyde Leaze, Marlborough. Bladon, F. McK., Middledean, Swallowcliffe. Blake, T. N., Glebe Farm, Tilshead. Blease, H. F., 5 Victoria Road, Trowbridge. Blough, Earl, 520 East 86th Street, New York. Blunt, C. E., 0.B.£., F.S.A., F.R.N.S., Ramsbury Hill, Ramsbury. Bonner, Lt.-Cdr. W. H., 34 High Street, Old Portsmouth. Botting, Miss Elizabeth, 8 Winston Gardens, Boston, Lincs. Botting, Col. E. L., m.a., Courtleigh West, Westbury. Botting, Miss M. E., Courtleigh West, Westbury. Bowen, H. C., M.A., F.s.A.. Rougemont, Manor Road, Salisbury. Bowerman, P. H., The Manor, Pewsey. Boyce, J. H., Forge Cottage, Keevil. Boyd, Mrs. D. A., Chestnut Cottage, Corton, Warminster. Brackenbury, Mrs. D. N., 17 Darlington Place, Bathwick, Bath. Bradbury, R. H., Georgian House, Wilton, Marlborough. Bradford, N., The Stores, Everleigh. Bradley, Mrs. B., The Vicarage, Charlton St. Peter. Bradley, Mrs. J., 37 Low Lane, Calne. Brakspear, O. S., Pickwick Manor, Corsham. Braun, Hugh, r.s.a., The Merlin, Marlborough. Briant, A. J., ‘The Cedars, Bottlesford, by Pewsey. Brice, G. R., Branchways, Willett Way, Petts Wood, Kent. Bridges, Miss M. H., Quaker’s Lane, Goatacre. Briggs, Mrs. E. W., Lawrence Farm House, Goodwyn Avenue, London, N.W.7. Broderstad, P. R., 25 Prospect Place, Swindon. Brooke, C. E., Martinscote, Oare. Brooke, Mrs. N., Teffont Manor, Salisbury. Brooke, Mrs. T. C., Sandfield, Potterne Road, Devizes. Brown, J. Houghton, D.s.o., T.p., Lower Pertwood Farm, Hindon. Brown, Mrs. M. Clifton, Kirksfold, Uffington, Berks. Brown, W. E., 1 Southbridge House, Potterne Road, Devizes. Browne, The Rev. F. B. R., M.a., The Rectory, Marlborough. Brunger, A. G., B.sc., 18 Upham Road, Swindon. Buckeridge, J. M., 46 Hatton Park Road, Wellingborough. Burcombe, Miss L. A., Rose Cottage, Hullavington. Burge, Miss H. M., The Old Rectory, Huish. Burge, S. F. M., The Old Rectory, Huish. Burnett Brown, A. D., M.c., T.D., Lacock Abbey. Burton, Mrs. P. M., School House, Pewsey. Butler, R. B., King’s Hall, Milton Lilbourne. Buxton, E. J. M., m.a., Cole Park, Malmesbury. Buxton, Mrs. G. J., Tockenham Manor, Wootton Bassett. 2iI Calkin, J. B., m.a., F,s.A., Langton Matravers, Dorset. Calley, Miss J. M., j.p., Burderop Park, Wroughton. Campbell, Miss J., Russell Cottage, West Lavington. Carne, The Rev. B. G., B.com., The Rectory, Lydiard Millicent. Carter, Miss N. M. G., B.a., Gatehouse, Cricklade. Cartwright, A. CG. M., 7 Paganel Close, Minehead. Cattanach, Miss M. E., Wayside, Aldbourne. Catterns, B. G., Clements Meadow, Marlborough. Chandler, J. E., Orchard Close, Marlborough. Child, R. S., Brighstone, ‘The Breach, Devizes. Child, Mrs. R. S., Brighstone, The Breach, Devizes. Chilton, G., m.a., Merle Cottage, Marlborough. Chitham, Sir C. C., c.1.£., J.p., The Old Rectory, Great Cheverell. Christie, Mrs. P. M., Bay’s Cottage, Henham, Bishop’s Stortford, Herts. Churchill, Miss P. F., 49 Drove Road, Swindon. Clark, A. J., F.s.A., 1 The Drive, Farnham Road, Guildford. Clarke, D. V., 25 Pitman Avenue, Trowbridge. Clark, R. W., 10 Campden Street, London, W.8. Clark, N. J. G., Glench House, Wootton Rivers. Clay, R. C. C., F.s.a., Manor House, Fovant. Clayton, Mrs. M. D., Edington Priory, Westbury. Cleverley, E. V., The Lodge, GConock Manor, Devizes. Cobbold, R. H., B.A., Bourne House Flat, Dragon Road, Winterbourne, Bristol. Codrington, Mrs. C. A., Wroughton House, by Swindon. Codrington, Sir .G. R., K.¢.v.0., C.B.,°6.M.G., .D.8.0., O.B.E., T.D.;/McA.,..Roche: Court, Winterslow. Codrington, Miss N. E., Wroughton House, by Swindon. Coffin, 8. W., 1 Turner Drive, Golders Green, London, N.W.11. Coggin, F. L., m.a., The Hermitage, Geelong, Victoria, Australia. Cogswell, Lt.-Col. W. C., 5603 Catlett Street, Springfield, Virginia, U.S.A. Colliard, A. M., Fern Cottage, Piddletrenthide, Dorset. Collins, Victor, Hatchett Gate, Hale, Fordingbridge. Collis-Sandes, Miss J. E., J.p., Dene House, Seend. Cooke, L. B., Ringstead, Manningford Abbas. Cookson, J. G., Martindale, Easton Royal, Pewsey. Cooper, Kenneth, County Hall, ‘Trowbridge. Corbyn, Mrs. N. L., Yewtree House, Pave Lane, Newport, Salop. Cornall, P. M. P., m.a., 7 Gulliver’s Lane, Steeple Ashton. Cory, L. W. J., 20 St. John’s Hill, London, S.W.11. Coupe, T. B., Yew Tree Cottage, West Grimstead. Cowan, Major C. F., The Cow Roast, London Road, Tring. Cowley, Miss B., Wesley Cottage, Seend. Cox, Fr. D. H., 41 Canadian Avenue, Salisbury. Crichton Maitland, Mrs. M. M., Island House, Wilton. Crisp, S. E., M.a., Rangemoor, Lytchett Matravers, Poole. Crittall, Miss E., M.A., F.s.A., 16 Downside Crescent, London, N.W.3. Cross, R., 7 Langport Green, Corby, Northants. Cullis, J. P. A., 53 Lottage Road, Aldbourne. Cummins, Mrs. R., Forest Hill, Great Bedwyn. Cunnington, Miss E. A., 45 Hillway, London, N.6. Cunnington, R. A., 210 Watling Street, St. Albans. Cutforth, C. A., Shaw House, Lockeridge. Currey, Mrs. A., 41 Pickwick, Corsham. Cuss, H. W. J., Doubledays House, Cricklade. 212 Dallett, F. J., m.a., Glebe Farm House, Tellisford, by Bath. Dampier-Child, Miss E., School House, Avebury, by Marlborough. Dancy, J. C., M.A., Master’s Lodge, Marlborough College. Daniels, C. G., 81 Goffenton Drive, Fishponds, Bristol. Dann, 8S. W., Hardenhuish. Darwall, Mrs. J. C., The Rookery, Malmesbury. Davey, N., 0.B.E., D.SC., PH.D., F.S.A., Porch House, Potterne. Davies, Cdr. J. D. R., M.B.E., R.N., 16 Churchill Way, Cardiff. Day, Cuthbert, 34 Parkfields, Chippenham. Deane, N., Lu.B., The Braes, Great Cheverell. Deason, T. G., c/o Midland Bank, Godalming. Devlin, Lord, Q.c., B.A., West Wick House, Pewsey. de Udy, Mrs. A. R. G., Windygates, Bratton, Westbury. Dickson, G. K., Victoria House, Wilton, Marlborough. Dimont, Miss H. M., 35a The Close, Salisbury. Dineley, Mrs. D., The Priory, Berwick St. John. Dix, Mrs. G., Meadowside, Downton. Dobson-Hinton, Mrs. D. P., M.A., LITT.D., J.P., F.S.A., c/o Mrs. J. M. CG. Scott, 3 Richmond Road, Cambridge. Dowdell, E. H., m.a., Grasmere, Marlborough. Downs, L. T., Lockeridge Dean, Marlborough. Drewry, H. R., Rainscombe House, Oare. Drinkwater, J. H., 27 Crispin Way, Kingswood, Bristol. Dudley, The Rev. R. E. H., Edington Vicarage, by Westbury. Dugdale, H. J., Appletree Cottage, Wilton, Marlborough. Dumas, Mrs. R., The Manor, Hill Deverill. Dunn, L. A., 29 Hilperton Road, ‘Trowbridge. Dunn, Sir P. G., Br., B.A., Stowell Park, Marlborough. Dyer, J. F., 45 Ashcroft Road, Luton. Dyke, P. J., 35 Buckleigh Avenue, London, $.W.20. Eeles, Air Commodore H., c.B., c.B.E., The Cottage, Sutton Veny. Egerton, Miss K., Pertwood Manor, Hindon, Salisbury. Eggleton, M. N., 65 Queen Anne’s Grove, London, W.5. Eggleton, Mrs. S. E., 65 Queen Anne’s Grove, London, W.5. Elsbury, Mrs. A. P., 31 Dover Street, Chippenham. Ennion, E. A. R., M.a., Shalbourne Mill, by Marlborough. Ennion, Mrs. E. A. R., Shalbourne Mill, by Marlborough. Evans, D. E., c/o Mrs. Chapman, 23 King Alfred Street, Chippenham. Evans, Mrs. E. E., 7 Watersmeet Road, Harnham. Evans, Robert, Jeffreys Lodge, Saltford, Bristol. Ewing, K. W., The Old Malt House, Wroughton. Faill, Miss J. M. C., Littleton House, Littleton Panell, Devizes. Fane, Mrs. A., Park House, ‘Tisbury. Farmer, B. H., m.a., St. John’s College, Cambridge. Farquharson, Mrs. J. P., The Manor, Homington. Farrington, Cdr. W. H., Woodlands House, Mildenhall. Fasken, Miss M., Far Corner, Back Lane, Marlborough. Felce, Miss W. H., Wilcot, Marlborough. Ferris, P., Melbourne Cottage, Bath Road, Devizes. Finch, Miss M., Acrefield, Seend. Fitch, Mrs. Constance, Marden Manor, Devizes. 213 Fitch, Miss D., Marden Manor, Devizes. Fitch, Miss R., Marden Manor, Devizes. Fitzgerald, Mervyn, Maiden Bradley. Fitzmaurice, J. N., 67 Wingfield Road, ‘Trowbridge. Floyd, C. M., 0.B.£., B.A., Great Chalfield. Flux, D., 7 Abbott Road, Bishopdown, Salisbury. Forbes, Mrs. E. V., B.A., Bury House, Codford. Forbes, Miss K. G., Bury House, Codford. Forster, Miss J. McC. C., County Hall, Trowbridge. Forsyth, Miss K. E., Sunnyside, Netheravon. Forward, A. J., 11 Hampton Grove, Ewell. Forward, P. J., Pope’s Farm, Corsley, Warminster. Fowler, P. J., M.A., F.s.A., Rougemont, Manor Road, Salisbury. Free, D. W., Salisbury Road, Marlborough. Free, E. J., Hughenden House, Marlborough. Frost, O. H., M.B.£., M.c., The Manor House, Ogbourne St. George. Frost, The Hon. Mrs. O. H., The Manor House, Ogbourne St. George. Fry, J. F., Little Somerford Mill, by Chippenham. Fry, Mrs. P. M., 18 Pulteney Street, Bath. Fuller, E. H. F., B.a., 23 Trevor Place, London, S.W.7. Fuller, Major Sir J. G., BT., j.p., Neston Park, Corsham. Gadsby, S$. H., 67 Cop Heap Lane, Warminster. Gandy, Mrs. Ida, Upper Sixpenny, Aldbourne. Geary, Miss B. N. H. G., Cruck End, Wilsford. Ghey, S. H. R., Prior’s Hall Avenue, Offington, Worthing. Gibbs, M. A., Sheldon Manor, Chippenham. Gillam, Miss B., 19 Roundway Gardens, Devizes. Gillett, Miss B., 52 High Street, Marlborough. Gilliat, Sidney, Embrook, Hilcot, near Pewsey. Gimson, H. M., F.R.1.B.A., Grey Wethers, Stanton St. Bernard. Gladwin, Rots 8 Oxford Street, Malmesbury. Glyn, Miss E. EF, M.LITT., M.A., 2 The Church House, Salisbury. Goddard, Miss J. E., Brow Cottage, Seend. Goddard, Miss R. A., Brow Cottage, Seend. Goddard, R. E. H., The Boot, Ramsbury. Goddard, T. P., 10 Lilac Grove, Trowbridge. Golden, W. J., Middle Chase Buildings, Bowerchalke. Gould, C. P., 1200 Old Mill Road, San Marino, California. Graham, Mrs. D. M., Yew Tree Cottage, Compton Bassett. Graham, J. M., Yew Tree Cottage, Compton Bassett. Grainger, S., Carrick Luz, Manton Hollow, Marlborough. Gray, Mrs. I. M., Springthorpe, Limpley Stoke, Bath. Gray, J. G., Springfield, Downton. Green, Miss J., 20 Innox Road, Trowbridge. Green, Miss R. A. M., 31 Cliff Drive, Canford Cliffs, Poole. Grierson, Mrs. P. R., 58 Cardinal Road, Eastcote, Ruislip. Griffiths, H. J., 39 Seend Cleeve, Seend. Grimston, Lord, 3 Lowndes Court, London, $.W.1. Grinsell, L. V., F.s.a., City Museum, Bristol. Grose, J. D., F.u.s., Downs Edge, Liddington. Grubb, Miss Violet M., pH.p., Moot Farm, Downton. Grudgings, Mrs. D., 1 Bank Street, Melksham. Grudgings, N. U., 1 Bank Street, Melksham. 214 Gunn, Mrs. A. E. A. P., c/o Foxcombe Corner, Boars Hill, Oxford. Gutman, Kenneth, School House, Figheldean. Hadley, J. D., 83 Brown Street, Salisbury. Haines, W., The Croft, Quemerford, by Calne. Haines, Mrs. K. M., The Croft, Quemerford, by Calne. Halcomb, R. F., Littlebrook, Wiston, Pembrokeshire. Hallows, J. A. de B., White Posts, Walkwood End, Beaconsfield. Ham, Chester W., Jr., B.A., 187 Rounds Avenue, Providence, Rhode Island. Hamel, Mrs. E. V. de, Orchard House, Bouverie Avenue South, Salisbury. Hamlin, A. W., 71 Kingsley Road, South Harrow. Hancock, B. O., m.B., Beecroft, Devizes. Hankin, A. M., c.m.c., M.a., Threepenny Mead, Sharcott, Pewsey. Harber, Mrs. M., 106 Shrivenham Road, Swindon. Harding, A., M.a., Silterton Farm, Bere Regis. Harfield, Capt. A. G., r.A.s.c., Ward Barracks, Bulford. Harford, Michael, 50 Nythe Road, Stratton St. Margaret. Harker, Mrs. M. V., Ivor Lodge, Milton Lilbourne. Harrison, The Rev. J. A., 1 Holway Cottages, The Mall, Swindon. Harrison, T. B., 2 Moore Road, Church Crookham, Aldershot. Harrison-Smith, Miss M. E., The Glebe House, West Lavington. Harvey, M. E. M., Flat 4, 26 Willow Road, London, N.W.3. Hatchwell, R. C., The Old Rectory, Little Somerford. Haworth, The Very Rev. K. W., m.a., The Deanery, Salisbury. Hayes, R. A., Ballards Piece, Marlborough. Hayman, The Rev. P. E. C., m.a., Rogate Vicarage, Petersfield. Hayman, Mrs. 8. M., Rogate Vicarage, Petersfield. Haynes, Mrs. B., Mildenhall. Haythornthwaite, B. F. J., B.A., M.B., Steeple Ashton. Hedges, Brig. K. M. F., p.s.0., c.B.£., M.A., Wedhampton Cottage, Devizes. Helliar, Miss G. C., 18 Southbroom, Devizes. Henderson, Miss L. S., Bennetts, Oare. Henderson, R. K., M.B.E., M.A., Crabbs Close, Marlborough. Henry, Robert, 3 Redlands Close, Highworth. Heytesbury, Lord, B.a., Heytesbury, Warminster. Hickmott, Mrs. P. A., 61 Mellstock Avenue, Dorchester, Dorset. Higgins, Cdr. H. G., The Croft, Winterbourne Dauntsey. Hill, F. C. G., j.p., Graemar, Okus Road, Swindon. Hill, Col. F. M., c.3.£., Manor Farm House, East Knoyle. Hill, Mrs. F. M., Manor Farm House, East Knoyle. Hill, J. K., Moorookyle, Terrara Road, Vermont, Australia. Hillier, Miss J., Southcroft, Milton Lilbourne. Hoather, H. M., 31 Buckingham Avenue, Whetstone, London, N.20. Hobbs, K. P. J., 65 Third Avenue, Teignmouth. Hobbs, Mrs. P., Rookery Cottage, Sutton Veny. Hodge, B. L., Gloucester House, Malmesbury. Hodge, Mrs. J., Parkdale House, Devizes. Holloway, Miss S., j.p., Rickbarton, West Lavington. Holmes, CG. W., 12 South Bailey, Durham. Hony, H. C., M.B.£., D.LITT., B.A., Sunny Brow, Marlborough. Hony, Miss J. M., Stack House, Woodborough, Pewsey. Hope, Robert, 25 Hengistbury Road, Southbourne, Hants. Howe, Miss L. E. G., The Cottage, Coulston, Westbury. Howells, E. G. H., Berkeley, Nursteed Road, Devizes. 215 Hudson, A. K., Long Batch, Ditcheat, Shepton Mallet. Hudson, G. P. L., High Butts, Rodborough, Stroud. Huffman, P. K., Longbridge Deverill House, by Warminster. Hughes, C. J. Pennethorne, Blakemore Cottage, Keevil. Humphrys, A. F. W., 0.B.£., The Grange, Marston Meysey. Hunt-Grubbe, Mrs. B., Eastwell, Potterne. Hunter, Mrs. T. A. A., The Hermitage, Marlborough. Hurd, Lady, Winterbourne Holt, Newbury, Berks. Hurn, R. G., Bassett House, Melksham. Hussey, Professor Joan, M.A., B.LITT., Royal Holloway College, Englefield, Surrey. Hussey-Freke, Mrs. A. F., Hannington Hall, by Swindon. Hutchins, Miss N. M., Sunnycroft, Marlborough. Hutchinson, Miss A. M., B.sc., 12 Harcourt Terrace, Salisbury. Hutchinson, John G., Greenheys, Seend. Inchbald, The Rev. C. E., 2 St. Clements, The Avenue, Walton St. Mary, Clevedon. Ingles, H. N., Langleys, Brixton Deverill. Jackson, R. H., 17 Queen’s Road, Tisbury. James, A. 8., 88 High Street, Burbage. James, Mrs. A. S., 88 High Street, Burbage. Jarvis, The Rev. W. A. W., B.A., Allington Rectory, by Salisbury. Jennings, R. A. U., M.a., F.s.A., Wykeham House, Marlborough. Johnson, Col. T. W. M., The Green Farm, Dynnock, Glos Johnston, Capt. D. H., r.n.(retd.), M.v.o., 0.B.E., The Pink Cottage, West Kington. Joliffe, Michael, B.a., University College, Khartoum. Jones, Brian, The White House, Easton Royal. Jones, Inigo, Minafon, Waunfawr, Caernarvon. Jones, Mrs. P. Marsden, Coxhill Lane, Potterne. Judd, J. S., r.p., The Manor House, Winterbourne Dauntsey. Kapitany, I., 1 Shrewton Walk, Penhill, Swindon. Kay, H. E. M., m.p., 102 Lexham Gardens, London, W.8. Keil, I. J. E., 24 Imber Road, Warminster. Kemp, R. T., Paddocks, Breachfield, Devizes. Kempson, E. G. H., M.a., Sun Cottage, Marlborough. Kempson, Mrs. M. C., Sun Cottage, Marlborough. Kendall, Miss C. V., Far End, Great Bedwyn. Kennedy, E. G., The Willows, Pewsey. Kenyon, Miss Susan, Marden Grange, Devizes. Kerr, J. A., B.sc., Flat 2, 19 West Hill, St. Leonards-on-Sea. King, D. Grant, Little Cheverell, Devizes. King, N. E., Forest Lodge, West Woods, Lockeridge. King, Mrs. P. D., 75 Mount Pleasant, Keyworth, Notts. Kirkaldy, J. N., Gornbury Farm, West Lavington. Kirkham, Mrs. G. J., 45 Broadleas Crescent, Devizes. Kitching, H. D., Seymour House, Maiden Bradley. Knocker, Group Capt. G. M., Brook House, Ashton Keynes. Lansdowne, Marquess of, M.A., D.L., J.P., Meikleour House, Perthshire. Lane, A. G., Elibank, Everton, Lymington, Hants. Latham, Mrs. J. G. R., Hyde Lodge, Marlborough. Laugharne, Mrs. Grace, Hanging Langford, by Salisbury. Laurence, Professor D. R., M.p., 29 Ennerdale Road, Kew Gardens. 216 Lawrance, The Rev. N. A. H., m.a., Enford Vicarage, Pewsey. Lawson, Mrs. G. W., Knap Cottage, Ramsbury. Lee, A. W., Castle Cottage, Farley Hill, Berkshire. Legge, Miss M. E., ‘Tutton Hill House, Colerne. Legge, Miss R. S., Orchard House, Little Hinton. Lever, R. E., Reads Close, Teffont Magna. Lewis, Miss B. F. N., 1 High Mount, Shady Bower, Salisbury. Lightfoot, Miss S. Le Blanc, White Cross House, Zeals. Little, J. E., The Pantiles, Uffington, Berkshire. Livingstone, Miss I. H., Broom Corner, ‘Tytherton Lucas, by Chippenham. Livock, Group Capt. G. E., D.F.c., A.F.c., Iwerne Minster, Blandford. Lloyd, Ben J., Great Bedwyn. Longland, Frank, Lowndes, G. A. N., M.c., B.LITT., 29 The Green, Marlborough. Lowndes, Miss P. B., Friar’s Cottage, Urchfont. Luckham, Miss L. M., Barley Close, Kingston Deverill. Ludlow-Hewitt, Air Chief Marshal Sir Edgar, G.c.B., G.B.E., C.M.G., D.s.0., M.c., Westbrook, by Chippenham. Lumley, J. D. S., The Anchorage, Salisbury Road, Amesbury. Lupton, Mrs. M., Granham West, Marlborough. Lyall, Lt.-Col. J., Hillside Cottage, Lockeridge, Marlborough. Lywood, Miss P. G., The Old Rectory, Wanborough. McClintock, Mrs. M. K., Milkwell, Donhead St. Andrew. McClement, Miss Jean, The Infirmary, Salisbury. McDowell, Miss V. M., Cherry Trees, Littleton Panell, Devizes. McGlashan, Lady, j.p., Drew’s Mill, Devizes. Mackintosh, D. R., Etchilhampton House, Devizes. Maggs, Frank H. G., B,a., End Farm, Marston, Devizes. Mann, Miss J. de L., M.a., F.R.HIST.s., The Cottage, Bowerhill, Melksham. Mansergh, Miss D., 159 Wilton Road, Salisbury. Margadale, Lord, T.p., J.P., D.L., Fonthill House, Tisbury. Marks, Mrs. Dorothy, Whistley House, Potterne. Marriott, S. F., 1a Shipley Road, Westbury-on-Trym. Marsh, Miss D. G., Seend Bridge Farm, Seend. Marsh, J. E. B., m.a., St. Peters, Yatton Keynell. Marshman, M. J., 26 Bond Street, Trowbridge. Mather, Miss L. I., Ox Barn, Codford St. Mary. Mather, P. E. G., Barley Mead, Baydon. Matthews, G. V., Ballard’s Piece, Marlborough. Mathews, Miss M., Fallow Corner, Upper Old Park, Devizes. Maulton, W. J. T., Orchard Close, The Gravel, Holt. May, M., B.a., South Royd, Station Hill, Devizes. Mavrogordato, J. G., c.M.G., B.A., South Manor, Tilshead. Mead, J., Wilts. County Constabulary, Box. Megaw, J. V. S., M.A., University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Mellor, A. S., M.A., M.B., Box House, Box. Merritt, F. W. C., Tawsmead, Eastleigh Road, Devizes. Merryweatber, A., 2 Foxwell Drive, Hucclecote, Gloucester. Methuen, Hon. A. P., Ivy House, Corsham. Methuen, Hon. Mrs. Anthony, j.p., Ivy House, Corsham. Methuen, R. A. H., Luccombe Mill, Bratton. Meyrick, Qwen, B.A., Ridgelands, Ramsbury. Miller, Mrs. G. Butt, Donhead Lodge, Shaftesbury. 217 15 Mitchell, P., South Street, Wishford. Mizen, Brig. L. R., c.B.£., The Old Rectory, Little Langford, Salisbury. Moody, G. C., 87 Shaftesbury Road, Wilton. Moore, C. H., 60 Park Lane, Hayes, Middlesex. Moore, Mrs. Clare, 53 Coxwell Street, Cirencester. Moore, I. G., Raycroft, Lacock. Morley-Hewitt, A. T., The Old Manor House, Fordingbridge. Morris, Miss Bronwen, 9 Cleveland Gardens, ‘Trowbridge. Morris, E. J., Shefford Woodlands, Lambourne, Berks. Morrison, Hon. C. A., m.p., South Wraxall Manor, Bradford-on-Avon. Morrison, Mrs. J. M., Priory Cottage, Bratton, by Westbury. Morton, Lady (Doreen Elizabeth), Beechlea, Ogbourne St. George. Mulcock, D., 36 Beatrice Road, Salisbury. Mumford, L/Bdr., R.A., School of Artillery, Larkhill. Musty, J. W. G., F.s.A., 6 Osmund’s Close, Salisbury. Nan Kivel, R. de C., Honorary Life Member, 20 Cork Street, London, W.1. Neathey, Mrs. D., B.sc., 53 Leigh Road, Holt. New, R. G., London House, Cricklade. Newall, R. S., F.s.A., Avon Cottage, Lower Woodford, Salisbury. Newsom, G. H., Q.c., M.A., J.P., The Old Vicarage, Bishop’s Cannings. Nibbs, H. H., 272 The Gravel, Holt. Nicholson, R. P. de B., Uplands, Saxon Road, Salisbury. Nicholson, Miss J., Corner Cottage, Ashton Keynes. Noel, Mrs. C. P., Stourhead, Warminster. Noel, G. L. G., M.a., Stourhead, Warminster. Noel-Baker, F. E., M.p., 10 Drayton Gardens, London, $.W.1o. North, E. H., m.a., 75 Victoria Street, London, $.W.1. Nosworthy, Mrs. M. H., Highfield House, Great Cheverell. Nurse, Mrs. M. E., Little Cheverell, Devizes. O’Kinealy, J. T., Applegarth, Ogbourne St. George. Oliver, Capt. F. N. L., r.N.(retd.), Le Royal, Boulevard de Suisse, Monte Carlo. Oliver, J. G. C., Orchard House, Maiden Bradley. Oram, Miss D., Tower Folly, Fairseat, Wrotham, Kent. Oram, Mrs. James, Belle Vue, Devizes. Ord, Miss E. R., Garden End, Marlborough. O’Regan, Mrs. A., Killycoonagh, Marlborough. Ormond, Mrs. C., ‘The Manor House, Chiseldon. Osborne, R., 100 Westcott Place, Swindon. Pafford, J. H. P., M.A., F.s.A., 62 Somerset Road, London, $.W.19. Palmer, A. E., Brookfield, ‘Pwyford, Winchester. Palmer, V. L., 117 Orchard Way, East Grinstead. Parker, Mrs. C. M., Tau Cross, West Lavington. Parnwell, P., Woodlands Manor, Mere. Parry, G. N., Lotmead Farm, Wanborough. Parsons, Miss B. M., Bell’s Farm, Farley, Salisbury. Parsons, E. G., Little Wishford, by Salisbury. Partridge, Mrs. F. C., Flat 5, 14 West Halkin Street, London, $.W.1. Paskin, Sir John, K.c.M.cG., M.c., B.A., Wylye Cottage, Wishford Magna. Paterson, Miss M. R., Kibbor, Holcombe Glen, Minchinhampton, Glos. Patton, D. S., M.B., cH.B., Rectory Cottage, Coleshill, by Highworth. Peall, O. M., Hatfield Farm, Oare. 218 Pelham, R. A., pH.p., The Court House, West Meon, Hants. Pelly, Mrs. R. S., St. Nicholas’ Hospital, Salisbury. Penruddocke, Mrs. M. V., Down House, Wylye, by Warminster. Perkins, E. H., Applegarth, Ogbourne St. George. Petch, W. J., West Stowell, Marlborough. Peto, Lt.-Col. Sir J. M., Br., p.u., J.p., [ford Manor, Bradford-on-Avon. Phillips, A. J., Philsden, Pewsey. Philpott, Miss E. J., 5 Mead Park, Atworth, Melksham. Phipps, Lady, 6 Chelsea Square, London, S.W.3. Phipps, Lady Sybil, 8 Cumberland Mansions, London, W.1. Pickering, D. W., B.sc., Eastfield, London Road, Devizes. Pickering, P. E., Eastfield, London Road, Devizes. Piggott, Professor Stuart, B.LITT., F.B.A., F.s.A., Edinburgh University. Pile, J. G. A., 25 Stradbrook Road, Bratton. Piper, J. E. C., Fawley Bottom Farm House, by Henley-on-Thames. Pitt, F. C., The Old Rectory, North Bradley. Plank, G. G., Windy Ridge, Pewsey. Plummer, Col. G. H., 0.8.£., M.c., Devonshire Club, Eastbourne. Polehampton, Miss R. M., Parson’s Lane, Crockerton, Warminster. Ponting, K. G., Becketts House, Edington, by Westbury. Poston, Mrs. M. E., The Rectory, Portland. Potter, Miss E. A., Thimbles, Wootton Rivers. Potter, R., F.R.1.B.A., de Vaux House, Salisbury. Powell, The Rev. G. P., Wanborough Vicarage, by Swindon. Pratt, F. W. M., M.s., M.B., Byeways, Milton Lilbourne. Pratt, R. C., 5 High Street, Marlborough. Prest, Major C. A., Mascalls, Broad Chalke. Prest, Mrs. C. A., Mascalls, Broad Chalke. Prest, J. M., M.a., 21 ‘Tower Road, Tadworth, Surrey. Price, M. G., B.A., PH.D., Urchfont Manor. Price, O. D., Greenways, Hanging Langford. Prior, The Rev. J. M., B.sc., Bishopstone Vicarage, by Swindon. Prismall, S. E., 17 Broome Manor Lane, Swindon. Proudfoot, Mrs. E. V. W., M.A., 1 Flassburn Road, Durham. Pugh, R. B., M.A., F.R.HIST.S., F.S.A., 6 Lawn Road Flats, London, N.W.3. Quick, Mrs. J. R. B., 23 Clark’s Way, South Cerney, Glos. Radnor, Countess of, 0.B.E., Longford Castle, Salisbury. Rathbone, M. G., Craigleith, Snarlton Lane, Melksham. Raybould, Miss F., B.A., 20 Radnor Road, Salisbury. Reeves, Miss M. E., m.a., 38 Norham Road, Oxford. Reiss, J. 5., The Manor Farm, Compton Bassett. Rendell, E. A., Wick, Devizes. Rendell, W. J., Treetops, The Fairway, Devizes. Renton, H. B., m.z., Littlecroft, Devizes. Reynell, A. C., m.a., Winds Point, Marlborough. Reynolds, A., ‘The White House, River Field Road, Staines. Richmond, Miss D. L., Riley, Mrs. C. J., Teffont, by Salisbury. Rimington, Miss I., Sedgehill Grange, Shaftesbury. Roberts, Miss B. E. L., 145 Hill Street, North Adelaide, Australia. Roberts, L. P., High Street, Seend. Robertson, A. W., Forest Farm, Easterton, Devizes. 219 Robinson, A. C., 25 Corby Avenue, Swindon. Robinson, Mrs. 8. C., Ibsens, Worton, Devizes. Robinson, Cdr. V. J., Henford, Warminster. Robinson, Mrs. V. J., Henford, Warminster. Rogers, Major H. D., r.a., Redlynch Lodge, by Salisbury. Rogers, K. H., B.a., Silverthorne Cottage, Erlestoke. Rombulow Pearse, Miss A. M., c/o Lloyds Bank, Salisbury. Rooke, J. W., 0.38.£., The Ivy, Chippenham. Rooke, Mrs. J. W., The Ivy, Chippenham. Rooke, Miss 8. F., The Ivy, Chippenham. Rose, D. A., 58 Greenway Lane, Chippenham. Ross, Harry, B.A., Wellhead Lane, Westbury. Rudgard, R. R., 100 Frome Road, Warminster. Rundle, Miss P. A., m.a., 11 West Street, Wilton. Rycroft, A. J., Old Vicarage, Wilsford, by Pewsey. Rycroft, Miss Barbara, Old Vicarage, Wilsford, by Pewsey. Sainsbury, H. L., Manor Farm, Castle Eaton. Salmon, Clifford, Trefula, Wick Lane, Devizes. Sandell, R. E., M.A., F.s.A., F.L.S., 64 Devizes Road, Potterne. Sandford, E. G., 2 Drake’s Avenue, Exmouth. Sands, Mrs. M., Mill House, Woodborough, by Pewsey. Sawyer, L. F. T., 51 Sandridge Road, Melksham. Scott-Ashe, Major C. R. L., Langley House, Langley Burrell. Scrivener, G. P., Mow Cop, Aldbourne. Scrope-Howe, R. G. H., 15 Queensfield, Cricklade Road, Swindon. Seamer, J. W., M.A., Pudmore House, Marlborough. Seymour, Sir H. J., G.c.M.G., c.v.o., Bratton House, Westbury. Shadbolt, Mrs. L., Penn Stowe, Penn, Bucks. Shaw, Lt.-Col. W. D., Wellhead, Westbury. Shearing, E. A., pu.p., 1 Cranleigh Drive, Brooklands, Sale, Cheshire. Shipley, E. B., King Alfred’s College, Winchester. Shore, E. A., 24 Green Street, Bath. Shortt, H. de S., M.A., F.S.A., F.R.N.S., The Museum, St. Ann Street, Salisbury. Shortt, Mrs. H. de $., 2 The Moat House, Britford. Siggers, C. J. C., Sandcliffe, Devizes. Simpkins, F. B., 34 Park Avenue, Chippenham. Simpson, Mrs. C., Flat 46, Sunningdale, 28 Braidley Road, Bournemouth. Simpson, D. D. A., M.A., F.s.A.(scoT.), The University, Leicester. Slade, W. G., Ferfoot, Chippenham. Slater, D., 1 Roundway Park, Devizes. Smedley, J. L., 27 Hardenhuish Avenue, Chippenham. Smith, G. F. R., Mill House, Honey Street, Pewsey. Smith Miss Isobel, B.A., PH.D., F.s.A., Church Walk Cottage, Avebury, by Marlborough. Smith, J. D., 24a Ashford Road, Swindon. Smith, R. G., 12 Dowling Street, Swindon. Snelgar, Miss P. M., School House, Donhead St. Andrew. Snell, M. J. R., Milford Grove, Shady Bower, Salisbury. Soden, Brig. J. N., c.B.z., Old Manor Cottage, Coulston, Westbury. Soden, Mrs. J. N., Old Manor Cottage, Coulston, Westbury. Solomon, The Rev. G. T. N., B.A., The Rectory, Corsley, by Warminster. Spearing, M. G., Greenlands, Salisbury Road, Fordingbridge. Spillane, Mrs. C., Manor House, Manningford Abbots. Stainton, Miss J. M., 14 Warwick Square, London, S.W.1. 220 Stanbrook, K. W., The Haven, Manton, Marlborough. Stanton, Professor W. K., M.A., D.Mus., Barley Close, Kingston Deverill. Stedman, A. R., m.a., Greenlands, Marlborough. Steeds, Mrs. P. Pyemont, Fyfield, Milton-under-Wychwood, Oxon. Steele, E. H., m.a., c/o Lloyds Bank, Devizes. Steele, Mrs. N. D., B.4., 41 Castle Road, Salisbury. Steele, Richard, 41 Castle Road, Salisbury. Steele, Miss Susan, 41 Castle Road, Salisbury. Stephenson, Mrs. M. N., Kelmscott House, Upper Mall, Chiswick. Stevenson, Charles, Barley Hill, Poulshot. Stevenson, Miss S., Barley Hill, Poulshot. Stevenson, Miss W. M., B.sc., 14 Broadleas Road, Devizes. Stewart, Miss Hilda, Court Hill House, Potterne. Stewart, Miss K. P., m.a., Moxham Villa, Bemerton, by Salisbury. Stockwell, General Sir Hugh, c.c.B., K.B.E., D.s.0., 129 Elgin Crescent, London, W.11. Stockwell, Lady, 129 Elgin Crescent, London, W.11. Stokes, A. H., 1 Kempton Road, London, E.6. Stokes, Miss M., 18 Upton Lovel, by Warminster. Story, D. P., 0.B.£., 13 Westlecott Road, Swindon. Stott, The Rev. A., Crockerton Vicarage, by Warminster. Stratton, A. G., j.p., Alton Priors, Marlborough. Stratton, J. E. D., 47 Macklin Road, Salisbury. Stratton, J. M., Manor House, Stockton. Stuckey, Miss A., 20 Whitworth Road, Swindon. Swinnerton, The Rev. C. G. D., m.a., Moulsford-on-Thames, Berks. Sykes, Brig. A. C., c.B.E., D.s.o., The Grange, Edington. Sykes, Bonar, Conock Manor, Devizes. Sykes, Tristram, Diana’s, Stockton. Symes, Mrs. B. M., M.a., 10 South Street, Wilton. Talman, J. J., M.A., PH.D., University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario. Tanner, Miss J. M., 155 Shrivenham Road, Swindon. Tanner, P. W., Vicarage Flat, Westbury. Tasker-Bone, L., Wharfside Cottage, Honeystreet, by Marlborough. Taylor, C. C., B.a., Rougemont, Manor Road, Salisbury. Taylor, H. M., c.B.E., M.A., PH.D., F.S.A., Clock House, Keele, Staffs. Terry, P. J., 4 North Row, Warminster. Thomas, A. C., M.A., F.s.A., Edinburgh University. Thomas, Miss J. G., Restharrow, Wishford Magna. Thomas, N. de PE. W., .a., F.s.A., City Museum, Birmingham. Thomas, P. H., 6 High Street, Purton. Thompson, Mrs. M. C., Southbridge House, Devizes. Thompson, N. P., Box Cottage, Wilcot, Pewsey. Thomson, T. R. F., M.A., M.D., F.R.HIST.S., F.S.A., Cricklade. Thornton, J. 8., Firs Farm, Lopcombe Corner, Salisbury. Tilley, CG. N., 17 Stokke, Great Bedwyn. Tilney, C. E., c.m.c., M.A., Woodborough House, Worton, Devizes. Titcombe, C. P., 9g The Moorlands, Devizes. Tombs, L. G. C., 50 Chandos Avenue, London, W.5. Tomkinson, Miss E. J., J.p., Stert House, Devizes. Tratman, Professor E. K., 0.B.E., M.D., F.s.A., Primrose Cottage, Burrington, Bristol. Travell, Miss M., 3 Guilford Street, London, W.C.1. Trethowan, H. M., Crown Chambers, Bridge Street, Salisbury. Tuck, David, Grove Cottage, Chittoe. Tunks, I. D. A., B.sc., 252 Worplesdon Road, Guildford. Turner, G. C., C.M.G., M.c., M.A., 1 St. Martin’s Square, Chichester. Turner, J. D., B.a., 33 George Lane, Marlborough. Tweed, A. R. M., m.a., Stibb Hill House, West Lavington. Tweed, Mrs. M., Stibb Hill House, West Lavington. Tweedy, Mrs. W. P., The Church House, Potterne. Twine, W., M.sc., 2 Elgin Road, London, N.22. Tyler, Mrs. A. R., The Limes, Erlestoke. Underwood, William, 21 Sheep Street, Devizes. Vandy, K. W., Dunkirk, Devizes. Vatcher, Mrs. F. de M., F.s.a., The Old Cottage, Wishford Magna. Venables, Miss M. A., Fountain View, Maiden Bradley. Vernon, R. L., Keevil Manor, Trowbridge. Vernon, Miss T. E., Dyers Leaze, Lacock. Voisk, Miss S. V., B.sc., South Wilts. Grammar School, Salisbury. Wadsworth, Mrs. T., 15 Brunswick Road, Withington, Manchester. Wait, Miss M. E. K., Beechcroft, Urchfont. Waley, H. D., Beechy Ride, Great Cheverell. Waley, Mrs. M. H., Beechy Ride, Great Cheverell. Walker, Mrs. C. E., Humphrey’s Orchard, Kingston Deverill. Walker, The Rev. J. G., B.A., Brookside, Uckfield, Sussex. Walker, Miss M., Clare Cottage, Wootton Rivers. Walker, Mrs. O. M., Brookside, Uckfield, Sussex. Walsworth, C. I., 59 Wimpole Street, London, W.r. Walter, Mrs. Constance Walter, 2 Cooks Yard, Aldbourne. Walter, Miss K., Nyholms Allé 4a 11, Vanlose, Denmark. Warburton, Miss K. M., m.a., Thimbles, Wootton Rivers. Ward, Mrs. G. D., 16 South Avenue, New Milton, Hants. Wardle, A. C., 15 Marlborough Buildings, Bath. Waterfield, Mrs. J. E., 2 Hyde Park Gardens, London, W.2. Waterlow, Lady, Parsonage House, Oare. Watkins, Mrs. G., Yew Tree Cottage, Castle Combe. Watkins, W. T., 16 Westbury Road, Warminster. Watson, Lt.-Col. M. K., Coulston, Westbury. Watson, Mrs. M. K., Coulston, Westbury. Watts, T., 5 Reybridge, Lacock. Wayman, J. K., 6 Chalfield Crescent, Melksham. Webb, A. W. M., 11 Wentworth Court, Strawberry Hill, Middlesex. Webb, W. J., B.sc., 83 Argyle Road, London, W.13. Webster, C. J., Old Wyatts, Seend. Webster, D. A. S., M.A., F.R.LB.A., Old Wyatts, Seend. Weldon, H. de W., m.a., Marlborough College. Welsh, Mrs. R. F., Beechingstoke Manor, Pewsey. West, D. R. C., m.a., Marlborough College. Wheelwright, E. A., Alderbury Hill House, by Salisbury. Whitby, R. E., m.p., Mere. White, The Rev. Canon A. W., m.A., St. Michael’s Vicarage, Salisbury. Whiteman, Miss E. A. O., M.A., D.PHIL., F.S.A., Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. Whittaker, W. J., ““Normandie’’, Chiseldon. Whittet, Mrs. D. F., Hollybrook House, Broughton Gifford. Wickham, Mrs. A. K., Gaston Manor, Tisbury. 222 Wigan, Mrs. D., Etchilhampton, by Devizes. Willan, Group Capt. F. A., c.B.£., D.F.c., Bridges, Teffont. Willan, Mrs. J. F. S., Bridges, Teffont. Williams, D. P., Spragnells, Aldbourne. Williams, Miss M. F., 278 Highfield, Holt, Trowbridge. Williams, Major R. S. A., Little Bridge House, Chinnock, by Crewkerne. Williams, Mrs. R. S. A., Little Bridge House, Chinnock, by Crewkerne. Willoughby, R. W. H., B.sc., Berwick St. James. Wilson, Mrs. Werden, Field House, Shalbourne, by Marlborough. Wiltshire, D. C. S., c/o 33 St. John Street, Devizes. Wiltshire, L. V., B.sc., Westacre, Sleepers Hill, Winchester. Wimhurst, N. E. P., The Villas, Etchilhampton. Winearls, Mrs. C. M., Stonlea, Purton. Wood, Mrs. E. D., Willoughbys, Easterton, Devizes. Woodward, C. F. R., Springfield, Potterne Road, Devizes. Woolnough, Lt.-Col. G. F., m.c., Ebford, Courtenay Road, Tavistock. Wort, Brig. G., c.B.e., The Old Rectory, Hilcot, Pewsey. Worthington, B. S., Vale Lodge, Colnbrook, Bucks. Wright, Miss D. E., 59 Ashville Road, Birkenhead. Wright, L. P., 13 Ellis Road, Bedford. Yeates, Mrs. C. G., Wylye Lodge, Boreham Road, Warminster. Yeatman Biggs, Mrs. W. H., Long Hall, Stockton, Warminster. Young, Lady, Stratford ‘Tony. Young, W. A. M., Hawthorns, Market Lavington. Young, Mrs. W. A. M., Hawthorns, Market Lavington. Young, W. E. V., Gawens, Ebbesbourne Wake. Younghusband, Mrs. N., Shepherd’s Cottage, Bratton, Westbury. INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERS Institute of Archaeology, Gordon Square, London, W.C.1. Institute of Archaeology, 35 Beaumont Street, Oxford. County Archivist, ‘Trowbridge. Bath Academy of Art, Corsham. Bath Corporation Library. Birmingham City Library. Birmingham University Library. Boston Public Library, Massachusetts. Bristol University Library. Bristol Municipal Public Library. British Museum: Department of Printed Books (S.B.). Sub-Department of Prehistory and Roman Britain. Department of British and Medieval Antiquities. Natural History (Cromwell Road). Bury Wood Camp Excavation Club, The Thatched House, Cold Ashton. University of California (Serials Department, General Library). Chippenham Grammar School. Cleveland Public Library, Ohio. 223 University of Chicago (General Library), Illinois. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Cornell University Library, Ithaca, N.Y. Dauntsey’s School, West Lavington. Devizes Castle Ttownswomen’s Guild, 16 Elmtree Gardens, Devizes. Edinburgh University Library. Exeter, Roborough Library. Glasgow University Library. Gottingen University Library. Guildhall Library, London. Harvard University Library, Cambridge, Mass. Institute of Historical Research, London University. Goldsmiths’ Library, London University. Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, California. Illinois University, Urbana, Ilinois. Northern Llinois University, Swen F. Parson Library, Dekalb., Il. Leicester University Library. Liverpool University Library. London Library. Lord Weymouth School, Warminster (The Field Club). Marlborough College Library. Marlborough College, Natural History Society. Melksham and District Historical Association. Michigan State College, East Lansing, Michigan. Michigan University, Ann Arbor, Michigan. New England Historic Genealogical Society, 101 Newbury Street, Boston. Newberry Library, Chicago. New York Public Library. Nottingham University Library. Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Ordnance Survey, Chessington. Peabody Institute. Princeton University, New Jersey. Public Record Office, Chancery Lane. Reading Public Library. Reading University Library. John Rylands Library, Manchester. Salisbury Clerical Library, Church House. Salisbury Public Library. Salisbury, South Wilts. and Blackmore Museum. Sheffield University. Stamford University Library, California. Swindon Public Library. Victoria & Albert Museum, South Kensington. University College, London. University of Wales, Aberystwyth. National Museum of Wales, Cardiff. Wiltshire County Library. Wiltshire Gazette, Devizes. Wiltshire News, Devizes. Bishop Wordsworth’s School, Salisbury. Yale University Library, New Haven, Connecticut. Yatesbury, R.A.F. Field Studies Club, Calne. York University Library. 224 EXCHANGES The Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine is sent to the following bodies in exchange for their publications which are kept in the Library for the use of members: Kent Archaeological Society. Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne. Berkshire Archaeological Society. Bristol Naturalists’ Society. Bristol and Gloucester Archaeological Society. University of Bristol Spelaeological Society. Cambridge Antiquarian Society. Cotteswold Naturalists’ Field Club. Devon Archaeological Exploration Society. Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club. East Herts Archaeological Society. East Riding Antiquarian Society. Essex Archaeological Society. Essex Field Club. Geologists’ Association. Hampshire Field Club. Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society. Powysland Club. Queen’s University, Belfast. Bedfordshire Archaeological Journal. Oxford Architectural and Historical Society. University of Lund, Library of. Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. Société Suisse de Préhistoire. Society of Antiquaries of London. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Somerset Archaeological Society. Surrey Archaeological Society. Sussex Archaeological Society. Ulster Archaeological Society. Yorkshire Archaeological Society. 225 INDEX TO VOLUME 60 Accessions: County Record Office, 150; Diocesan Record Office, 151; Library, 149; Museum, 159 Adames, George, 86 ff. Akerman family, 131 Algar, J. D., 137 All Cannings, 100 ff. Alton Priors, 1 Amesbury, 86 ff. Andrus (Andrews), Roger, 87 ff. Anglo-Saxon: barrow, 138; charter, 69; pottery, 136-7; town wall, 75, 81 Animal bones from excavations, 17, 36-40, 43, 51, 56, 61 Annable, F. K., 14, 45, 130, 137 Archer family, 122 ff. Arns, Joseph (?), 92 Ashton Keynes, 124 Atkinson, D. R., 85 Avebury, 24 Avon, Stratford sub Castle, 109 ff. Axe, stone, 159 Axe-hammer, 159 Bains, W., 92 Barbury Castle, 159 Barnes, Mrs. Ruth G., 177 Barrows: long, 132; round, 3, 24, 40, 45, 132-4, 138, 146, 159 Battlesbury, 52, 54 Bavis, Mary, 126 Baxter, Richard, 97 Beasten, Ed., 92 Berwick Bassett, 159 Bishops Cannings, 40, 100 ff., 132 Bishopstone, 70, 116 Blackmoor Copse Reserve, 161 ff. Bolingbroke, 1st Viscount, 96 ff. Bonner, I., 92 Bonney, D. J., 127 Boscombe Down West, 56 ff. Botreaux, Margaret, 109 Bowen, H. C., 129 Boyle, Geoffrey L., 177 Boyton, 62 Bradford-on-Avon, 157 Bradon Forest, facing 130 Bratton, 158 226 Bridgman, C. J., 177 Broad Blunsdon, 131 Broad Chalke, 68-74, 100 ff. Bromham, 130 Bronze Age: accessions, 159; barrows, 3, 24, 40, 45, 132-4, 138, 146, 159; pit, 127; pottery, 14, 30-1, 128, 133-4, 159 Brouncker family, 112 ff. Brown, Henry, 116 Bruges family, 110-11 Buckland, John, 88 Burrows, Priscilla, rio ff. Bury Wood Camp, 134 Callender, M. H., 129 Castle Copse Camp, 61 Castle Eaton, 120 ff. Causewayed enclosures, 1 ff., 127 ‘Celtic’ fields, 28, 50, 59, 63, 65, 67-8, 71, 128, 136-7 Charcoal identified, 21 Charity School, 115 Cheverell Burnell, 109 ff. Cheverell Hales, 109 ff. Christie, Mrs. P. M., 134 Clark, A. J., 137 Clefard, John, 92 Cloverton, 90 Coate Reservoir, 191 Codford Down, 159 Codford St. Peter, 100 ff. Coffins: medieval, 130; Roman, 157 Coins: medieval, 139; Roman, 135-7 Colerne, 134 Collett, G. W., obituary, 140 Collingbourne Ducis, 146 Collingbourne Kingston, 144, 146 Compton Returns, 102 ff. Connah, Graham, 1 Conock, 111 Coombe Bissett Down, 68 Corton Down, 62, 71 Cowan, C. F., 170, 172 Crichton-Stuart, Lady Colum, obituary, 140 Cricklade, 75 ff, 120, 131 Cunetio, 137 Cutts, Richard, 92, 95 Davis, William, 110 ff. Harrison, The Rev. J. A., 120 Denston, C. B., 18 Heathcoat, Sir George, 115 Devizes, 88 ff., 112 Heytesbury, 109 Dimbleby, G. W., 21 Higgins, Edward, 92 Ditches, linear, 2, 9, 47, 71, 146 Highfield, 60 Down Barn, West Overton, 65 Highworth, tar ff. Down Barn West, Winterbourne Gunner, 56 Hillforts, 52, 54, 134-5 Drew, L. E., 130 Hogg, O. F. G., facing 130 Dunthorn, A. A., 161 Horsell, E. W., obituary, 140 Durnford, roo ff., 116 Howell family, 87 ff. Human skeletal remains, 7, 18, 24 ff., 57, 130, 133-4, 138, 157-8 Earldoms, The, 61 Hungerford family, 109 Easterton, 115 Hunt, Catherine (Mrs. Townsend), 111 Ebsbury, 73 Hunt, Jeffrey, 86 ff. Eisey, 131 Hunt, John, 86 ff. Enford, 127 Hunt, John, of Ham, 112 Ennion, E. A. R., 177 Hunt, Thomas, 86 ff. Erlestoke, 112 ff. Etchilhampton, 100 ff., 159 Evans, John G., 44 Imber, 110 ff., 172 ff. Experimental Earthwork, Overton Down, 74 Inkpen, H., obituary, 140 Ireland, Miss P. M., 3 Iron Age: accessions, 159; cross-dyke, 47; enclosures, 52, 56, 61, 136; hillforts, 134-5; pit, 58; pottery, 55, 59, 66, 68, 135-6 Fery, William, 92 Figheldean, 129 Flint implements, 10, 14, 34, 37-40, 134, 159 Fosbury, 159 Fowler, P. J., 14, 47, 56, 66, 72, 129, 136-7, 148 Frustfield, 61 Fugglestone St. Peter, 110 Fyfield Down, 72-3, 136-7 Jackson, J. Wilfrid, 61 Jenner family, of Widhill, 131 Jenner, Mary, of Marston, 124 Jennings, R. A. U., 176 Johnston, D: E., 133 Gauntlet family, 86 ff. Gillam, Beatrice, 167 Gilpin, William, 129 Kempson, E. G. H., 130 Gomeldon, 139 Kennet and Avon Canal, 108 ‘Grandison, Viscount, 96 Kenward, Mrs. Robin, 127 Great Cheverell, 109 ff. King, —, of Blackford, Castle Eaton, 124 Green, John, 123-4 King, D. Grant, 134 Greenland, John, 88 ff. Kingston, Rebeccah, go, 93 Greenland, Richard, 87 ff. Kingston Deverill, 132 Grims Ditch, 70 Knap Hall) 1 tk. Grittleton, 131 Knighton, Broad Chalke, 70 Grose, D., 142, 192 Grovely Ridge, Wood, 62, 73 Lake, 159 Landford, 61 Ham, 112 ff. Latton, 73 Hamshill Ditches, 73 Laverstock, 128, 138 Harcourt, R., 56 Little Down, 56 Harris family of Great Cheverell, 109 ff. Little Woodbury, 54, 59-60 Harris family of Lushill-wick, 120 Lydiard Tregoze, 96 ff. 227 Mancombe Down, 52 Market Lavington, 110 ff. Marlborough, 85 ff., 129-30, 136 Marston, 115, 124 Medieval: accessions, 160; deserted village, 139; enclosure, 62; interment, 130; pottery, 14, 28, 55 Mells, Edward, 87 ff. Merewether family, 109 ff. Mesolithic flint, 38 Mildenhall, 137 Mills, Edward, 87 ff. Mills, George, 90, 93 Mills, Widdo, 87 ff. Minety, facing 130 Ministry of Public Building and Works, 24, 132 ff. Mollusca from prehistoric sites, 19, 37 Morgan, B., 93 Musty, J. W. G., 61, 137 Neeld family of Grittleton, 131 Neolithic: accessions, 159; causewayed enclo- sures, I ff., 127; long barrows, 132; pits, 133; pottery, etc., 24 ff., 127, 132-3, 136 Netherhampton, 88 Netton, 116 Nichols (Nicholas), magistrate at Ashton Keynes, 124 Northey, Sir A. H. K. W., obituary, 140 Norton St. Philip, 90 Old Sarum, 138 Oliver, Major A. A., obituary, 141 Osborne, C. A., 131 Overton Down, Hill, 74, 136, 159 Pafford, J. H. P., 129 Palaeolithic flints, 159 Parish registers, 100 ff., 113 Parker, Mary (Mrs. Burslem), 111 Pater, E. R., 43 Patney, 115 Paul’s Dene, 60 Pearce, John, 90, 93 Pearce, William, 93 Penn pedigree, facing 130 Pipes, clay, 85 ff. Pits, prehistoric, 11, 37-40, 58, 127-8, 133-4, 136 Pollen analysis, 21 228 Population, methods of calculating, roo ff. Portway, The, 138 Potterne, 158-9 Poulton family, 120, 123 Preshute, 130 Protestation Returns, 102, 116 Proudfoot, Mrs. Edwina, 132 Pynsent, Sir William, 113-14 Raddun, 73 Rich family, 97 Ricketts family, 120 ff. Robin Hood’s Ball, 11 Rodbourne Cheyney, 131 Rogers, K. H., 120 Romano-British: accessions, 159; bricks, 83; burials, 7, 157-8; coffin, 157; coins, 135-7; Cunetio, 137; field system, 136; pottery, 14, 45, 50, 55-6, 68, 135-7, 158; road, 138; Savernake kilns, 135; settlement, 127; sites, 129 Rowdefield, 129 Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England), 1, 52, 68 Rybury Camp, 1, 127 St. John family, 96 ff. Salisbury, 86 ff. Salisbury-Southampton Canal, 108 Savernake kilns, 14, 135-6 Sawyer, Bartholomew, 93 Sawyer, Jane, 90, 93 Sayer, Richard, 93 Seend, 130 Shaw, Lt.-Col. W. D., 136-7 Shute, Nathaniel, 112-13 Skelling, Henry, 117 Smallwood, Frank T., 96 Smith, I. F., 11, 24, 127-8, 132 Smith, Richard, go, 93 Snail Down, 144-6 Somner, Henry, 117 Sparks, B. W., 19 Steele, E. H., 135, 148 Stourton, 100 ff. Stratford sub Castle, 109 ff., 138 Stratton, J. E. D., 137 Stratton St. Margaret, 131 Sutton Mandeville, 47 Sutton Veny, 133 Swanborough, Hundred Court of, 114 Swayne family, 116 Swindon, 96 Taylor, C. C., 62, 70, 100 Taylor, H. M., 75 Thames and Severn Canal, 121 Thomas, Nicholas, 147 Thomson, T. R., 75, 131 Totterdown, 136 Townsend family, 109 ff. Tregoze, Baron, 96 Upavon, 127 Urchfont, 113, 115 Vatcher, Major and Mrs. H. F. W. L., 132 Wadman family, 111 ff. Waley, M. H., 109 Walrond, R. E., obituary, 141 Warminster, 52 Warriner family, 111 Warwick, Earl and Countess of, 97 ff. Water Eaton, 123 Webber, Geoffrey, 191 Weddell, B. W., 197 Well, Mother Anthony’s, 129 Westbury, 136-7 West Overton, 65 Whiteparish, 100 ff. Whitesheet Hill, 11 Widdos (Widdows), Thomas, 88 ff. Widhill, 131 Wilsford (S.), 159 Wiltshire militiamen, 131 Wimbol, Edward, 93 Windmill Hill, Avebury, 1, 11 Winterbourne Gunner, 56, 148 Winterbourne Stoke, 134. Witherby, C. Thomas, 131 Woodford, 110 Wootton Bassett, 96 Wroughton Copse, 14. Wudu-burh, 52, 68-70 Wylye, 100 ff., 135 229 PLATE I y gO y tee ~b. Bank section in Cutting I. Photographs by A. 7. Priddy KNAP HILL, Ig61 PLATE II a > jj Ge a. Articulated ox bones and Windmill Hill sherd under bank in Cutting IT. Vix ye Co y a pe we BS onthe 2 eS Ns te Wi ae wel SON y 3 SZ b. Cutting IV, showing surface of causeway and gap between banks; shallow boundary ditch in foreground Photographs by A. J. Priddy NAP HILL, 1961 PLATE [Tl es a. Contracted skeleton in grave on west berm of barrow. b. Parts of the skeleton of an infant in Pit 3. EXCAVATION OF A BELL BARROW, AVEBURY G.55 PLATE IV yy 3 Sie Pees p ox se: SP IR 5 till a. Manor House of Cheverell Hales seen from the south; the Court House is on the left, the church on the right. Photograph by John Tarlton, AJI.B.P., A.R.P.S. dou ~ A ee Ridden K b. 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