WIND STRESS AND WIND STRESS CURL
OVER THE CALIFORNIA CURRENT

Craig Scott Nelson

DUDLEY KNOX UBKARY
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHUOi

MONTEREY. CALIF. 93940

*

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

Monterey, California

THESIS

WIND STRESS AND WIND STRESS CURL
OVER THE CALIFORNIA CURRENT

by

Craig Scott Nelson

June 1976

Thesis Advisors: R.L.

J.B.

Haney
Wickham

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4. TITLE , Td Subtitlm)

Wind Stress and Wind Stress Curl
over the California Current

S. TYPE OF REPORT * PERIOD COVERED

Master's Thesis;
June 1976

4. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

7. AUTHORS

Craig Scott Nelson

• CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBERS

9 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California 93940

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Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California 93940

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June 1976

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136

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IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

IS. KEY WORDS Com'nu* on nmii tide II neeeeemry «*<* Identity by Block number}

California Current
Wind Stress
Wind Stress Curl
Drag Coefficient
Upwel ling

20. ABSTRACT Continue on reeeree tide II neeeeemry end identity ey •!•«* mmmber)

Historical surface marine observations are summarized by 1 -degree
square area and long term month to describe the seasonal distribution
of wind stress over the California Current. Off the coasts of southern
California and Baja California, an alongshore equatorward component
is present throughout the year. The distributions north of Cape Mendocino
are characterized by marked changes in direction and magnitude between
summer and winter. The predominant wind stress maximum shifts northward

DO ,,

(Page 1)

Fah"7, 1473

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(20. ABSTRACT Continued)

coherently from off Point Conception in March to south of Cape Blanco
in September, and extends approximately 500 km in the offshore direction
and 1000 km in the alongshore direction. Maximum values of surface
wind stress occur during July near Cape Mendocino.

The wind stress curl is positive near the coast and negative in
the region offshore. A line of zero wind stress curl parallels the
coast 200 km to 300 km offshore, except off central Baja California.
The patterns of wind stress curl are consistent with the existence of
a southward Sverdrup transport offshore and a poleward transport near
the coast.

DD Form 1473

. 1 Jan 73 __ llisjri A^qTFTFn

b/N 0102-014-6601 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS P»GErW>« Datm Enfrmd)

Wind Stress and Wind Stress Curl
over the California Current

by

Craig Scott Nelson
Lieutenant, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
B.S., Yale University, 1971

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN OCEANOGRAPHY

from the

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
June 1976

ABSTRACT

Historical surface marine observations are summarized by 1-degree
square area and long term month to describe the seasonal distribution
of wind stress over the California Current. Off the coasts of south-
ern California and Baja California, an alongshore equatorward component
is present throughout the year. The distributions north of Cape
Mendocino are characterized by marked changes in direction and magni-
tude between summer and winter. The predominant wind stress maximum
shifts northward coherently from off Point Conception in March to south
of Cape Blanco in September, and extends approximately 500 km in the
offshore direction and 1000 km in the alongshore direction. Maximum
values of 'surface wind stress occur during July near Cape Mendocino.

The wind stress curl is positive near the coast and negative in
the region offshore. A line of zero wind stress curl parallels the
coast 200 km to 300 km offshore, except off central Baja California.
The patterns of wind stress curl are consistent with the existence of
a southward Sverdrup transport offshore and a poleward transport near
the coast.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION 13

II. DATA REDUCTION - - 17

A. QUALITY OF INPUT DATA - 20

III. DEPENDENCE OF STRESS ESTIMATES ON CD 25

A. EFFECT OF AVERAGING 25

B. EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY - 29

IV. THE WIND STRESS DISTRIBUTIONS — 34

A. SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY 36

B. THE SEASONAL CYCLE AT THE COAST 47

V. WIND STRESS CURL — 52

A. THE MONTHLY CURL DISTRIBUTIONS 56

B. COASTAL TIME SERIES 59

VI. DISCUSSION 62

A. PHYSICAL IMPLICATIONS 63

B. BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS - — 66

APPENDIX A. MONTHLY SURFACE WIND STRESS DISTRIBUTIONS 70

APPENDIX B. STANDARD ERRORS OF THE MEANS 107

APPENDIX C. MONTHLY WIND STRESS CURL DISTRIBUTIONS 118

LITERATURE CITED 131

INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST — 135

LIST OF FIGURES

1 . Chart of the west coast of the United States showing
the grid of 1 -degree squares used for summaries of
wind observations. Large dots indicate squares for
which frequency diagrams are displayed in

Figures 9-12. 18

2. Distribution of observations per 1 -degree square.
The contour interval is 2500 observations. Values

greater than 5000 are shaded. 21

3. Equivalent neutral drag coefficient for JUNE. The
plotted value is the drag coefficient appropriate for
wind observations averaged over a month. The contour

interval is 2.5. 27

4. Equivalent neutral drag coefficient for DECEMBER.
The plotted value is the drag coefficient appropriate
for wind observations averaged over a month. The

contour interval is 2.5. 28

5. The effect of atmospheric stability on surface wind
stress for JUNE. Plotted values are the percentage
increase (decrease) in the surface wind stress above
(below) neutrally stable conditions. The contour
interval is 10.0. Positive values correspond to

unstable conditions. Negative values are shaded. 32

6. The effect of atmospheric stability on surface wind
stress for DECEMBER. Plotted values are the
percentage increase (decrease) in the surface wind
stress above (below) neutrally stable conditions.
The contour interval is 10.0. Positive values
correspond to unstable conditions. Negative values

are shaded. 33

7. Wind stress constancy for JUNE. The plotted values
are defined as the ratios of the vector means to

the scalar means. The contour interval is 0.25. 38

8. Wind stress constancy for DECEMBER. The plotted
values are defined as the ratios of the vector means

to the scalar means. The contour interval is 0.25. 39

9. Relative frequency surfaces and frequency histograms
for JUNE. Data are shown for the 1 -degree squares
labelled 1 through 5 in the upper left inset. Contours
of relative frequency are drawn at intervals of 2.5%.

Mean vector wind stress is indicated by an arrow. 42

10. Relative frequency surfaces and frequency histograms
for DECEMBER. Data are shown for the 1 -degree squares
labelled 1 through 5 in the upper left inset. Contours
of relative frequency are drawn at intervals of 2.5%.

Mean vector wind stress is indicated by an arrow. 43

11. Relative frequency surfaces and frequency histograms
for JULY. Data are shown for the 1 -degree squares
labelled 6 through 10 in the upper left inset. Contours
of relative frequency are drawn at intervals of 2.5%.

Mean vector wind stress is indicated by an arrow. 45

12. Relative frequency surfaces and frequency histograms
for JANUARY. Data are shown for the 1 -degree squares
labelled 6 through 10 in the upper left inset. Contours
of relative frequency are drawn at intervals of 2.5%.

Mean vector wind stress is indicated by an arrow. 46

13. Seasonal cycle of alongshore surface wind stress
near the coast. Means of the alongshore components
of wind stress were computed by month for the

1 -degree squares immediately adjacent to the coast.
Units are dyne cm-2. Equatorward alongshore stress
is shaded. 48

14. Seasonal cycle of onshore surface wind stress near
the coast. Means of the onshore components of wind
stress were computed by month for the 1 -degree squares
immediately adjacent to the coast. Units are

dyne cm-2. Offshore stress is shaded. 50

15. A conceptual diagram of the relationship of wind
stress curl to the divergence and convergence of
surface Ekman transport offshore of the primary

coastal upwell ing zone (after Bakun and Nelson 1975). 53

16. Discretization grid used in calculating the wind

stress curl . 55

17. Seasonal cycle of wind stress curl near the coast.
The wind stress curl is shown by month for the

1 -degree squares immediately adjacent to the coast.

The calculations were based on the monthly mean _2

surface wind stress distributions. Units are dyne cm"'

per 100 km. The contour interval is 0.25 dyne cm-2

per 100 km. Negative values are shaded. 60

18. Distributions of A. Wind stress curl, B. Surface

currents, and C. Anchovy subpopulations. Wind stress

curl is shown for September. Units are dyne cm~^ ?

per 100 km. The contour interval is 0.25 dyne cm

per 100 km. Negative values are shaded. The winter

distribution of surface currents is depicted in terms

of 2 -degree summarizations of ship drift data.

Vector symbols are scaled according to the key on the

chart. Units are cm sec~^ . Large arrows suggest

the split cyclonic circulation which develops off

southern California and Baja California. The winter

distributions of the three subpopulations of

northern anchovy are shown in the bottom figure.

Figures A and B are after Bakun and Nelson (1975).

Figure C is after Vrooman and Smith (1971). 68

LIST OF CHARTS

1. Resultant surface wind stress vectors for JANUARY 71

2. Resultant surface wind stress vectors for FEBRUARY 72

3. Resultant surface wind stress vectors for MARCH 73

4. Resultant surface wind stress vectors for APRIL 74

5. Resultant surface wind stress vectors for MAY 75

6. Resultant surface wind stress vectors for JUNE 76

7. Resultant surface wind stress vectors for JULY 77

8. Resultant surface wind stress vectors for AUGUST 78

9. Resultant surface wind stress vectors for SEPTEMBER 79

10. Resultant surface wind stress vectors for OCTOBER 80

11. Resultant surface wind stress vectors for NOVEMBER 81

12. Resultant surface wind stress vectors for DECEMBER 82

13. East component surface wind stress for JANUARY 83

14. East component surface wind stress for FEBRUARY 84

15. East component surface wind stress for MARCH 85

16. East component surface wind stress for APRIL 86

17. East component surface wind stress for MAY 87

18. East component surface wind stress for JUNE 88

19. East component surface wind stress for JULY 89

20. East component surface wind stress for AUGUST 90

21. East component surface wind stress for SEPTEMBER 91

22. East component surface wind stress for OCTOBER 92

23. East component surface wind stress for NOVEMBER 93

24. East component surface wind stress for DECEMBER 94

25. North component surface wind stress for JANUARY 95

26. North component surface wind stress for FEBRUARY 96

27. North component surface wind stress for MARCH 97

28. North component surface wind stress for APRIL 98

29. North component surface wind stress for MAY 99

30. North component surface wind stress for JUNE 100

31. North component surface wind stress for JULY 101

32. North component surface wind stress for AUGUST 102

33. North component surface wind stress for SEPTEMBER 103

34. North component surface wind stress for OCTOBER 104

35. North component surface wind stress for NOVEMBER 105

36. North component surface wind stress for DECEMBER 106

37. Wind stress curl for JANUARY 119

38. Wind stress curl for FEBRUARY — —120

39. Wind stress curl for MARCH - 121

40. Wind stress curl for APRIL — - 122

41. Wind stress curl for MAY 123

42. Wind stress curl for JUNE - 124

43. Wind stress curl for JULY 125

44. Wind stress curl for AUGUST - 126

45. Wind stress curl for SEPTEMBER 127

46. Wind stress curl for OCTOBER 128

47. Wind stress curl for NOVEMBER 129

48. Wind stress curl for DECEMBER — 130

10

LIST OF TABLES

1. Wind speed equivalents of Beaufort force estimates

in knots and meters per second 22

11

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author is indebted to Mr. Andrew Bakun for his original
suggestions, constructive criticism, and continued encouragement
throughout the course of this work. Mr. Gunter R. Seckel and Mr. David
M. Husby provided invaluable advice and many stimulating discussions.
Grateful appreciation is extended to Mr. James H. Johnson for pro-
viding the opportunity to complete this research. All are colleagues
at the Pacific Environmental Group, National Marine Fisheries Service,
NOAA.

Historical surface marine data and electronic computing and plotting
facilities were provided by the U.S. Navy, Fleet Numerical Weather
Central .

12

I. INTRODUCTION

Spatial variation in the distributions of surface wind stress has
long been recognized as a fundamental quantity in discussions of the
wind-driven ocean circulation. Sverdrup's (1947) transport balance
relates the vertically integrated meridional mass transport in the
interior ocean to the open ocean wind stress curl. Munk (1950) ex-
tended the theory to a closed basin and estimated the mass transports
for several oceanic circulations from a knowledge of the wind stress
alone. Recent theoretical developments have attempted to explain the
well-known westward intensification, but have largely ignored the
wind-driven circulation in eastern boundary currents, such as the
Cal ifornia Current.

The California Current flows southeastward along the west coast of
the United States as one branch of the large anti cyclonic gyre in the
North Pacific Ocean. The predominant surface flow occurs between a
cell of high atmospheric pressure to the west and a continental thermal
low situated over California. Seasonal variations in the direction and
strength of the surface wind are related to shifts in location of the
high pressure system and intensification of the semi -permanent thermal
low.

The basic features of the California Current system may be de-
scribed in terms of the local wind stress (Reid et al . 1958). The
equatorward surface current and poleward undercurrent are typical of
eastern boundary currents (Wooster and Reid 1963). Munk (1950) has
suggested that the average wind distribution off California is con-
sistent with the existence of an equatorward surface flow offshore and

13

a poleward flow inshore. However, lack of an adequate data base has
precluded a detailed analysis of the relationships among the dis-
tributions of surface wind stress, the southward flowing California
Current, and the northward flowing countercurrent which appears
seasonally off the coasts of California, Oregon, and Washington.

A related phenomenon in eastern boundary currents is the process of
coastal upwelling. The role of upwelling in bringing nutrients into
the surface layers where they are available for organic production is
widely recognized. According to the simplified model (Sverdrup 1938),
equatorward wind stress parallel to the coast induces flow in the
surface Ekman layer of the ocean which is deflected offshore by the
earth's rotation (Ekman 1905). When this occurs over an expanse of
coast where horizontal surface flow cannot compensate for that driven
offshore, the balance is maintained by upwelling of subsurface water.
Smith (1968) suggests that wind stress, being the driving force in this
mechanism, may be the most important single parameter in coastal
upwelling.

Previous estimates of the surface wind stress over the oceans have
been based primarily on wind data taken from the U.S. Hydrographic
Office Pilot Chart wind roses (Hidaka 1958, Hellerman 1967). The
large scale features evident in these distributions are consistent
with the occurrence of the major cyclonic and anticyclonic circulations
in the oceans. However, the coarse spatial and temporal resolution of
these data (5-degree quadrilateral space average and 3 month time
average) are not adequate to describe the locally driven processes
evident in the California Current system.

14

Wooster and Reid (1963) used Hidaka's estimates of surface wind
stress to calculate the offshore Ekman transport and described the
locations and seasonal timing of the major coastal upwelling regimes
in terms of these "upwelling indices." Bakun (1973) extended the
concept of the upwelling index by computing estimates of Ekman trans-
port from routinely available analyzed surface atmospheric pressure
fields. Temporal fluctuations are well described by these data.
However, both the derived quantities based on Hidaka's wind stress
data, and Bakun 's upwelling indices suffer from an inability to
characterize small scale features of the Ekman transport field,
particularly near the coast. For example, where these data may in-
dicate surface divergence on the large scale, smaller scale surface
convergence might exist, with associated effects on the distributions
of organisms within the coastal upwelling zone.

This report is an attempt to provide more detailed descriptions of
the surface wind stress distributions over the California Current.
The study differs from previous work by calculating the monthly mean
values on a 1 -degree square area basis. Surface marine wind observa-
tions have been utilized in the computations. Roden (1974) evaluated
the surface wind stress on a 1 -degree latitude-longitude grid.
However, Roden' s distributions have been derived from monthly mean
surface atmospheric pressure analyses based on a 5-degree latitude-
longitude grid. Thus, any information concerning space scales smaller
than 5 degrees is due to the particular interpolation scheme used to
refine the data to a 1 -degree grid, rather than due to observed data.

The monthly mean data described in this report adequately resolve
the seasonal cycle, which is the dominant time scale for coastal

15

upwelling (Mooers et al . 1976). The high resolution in space and
time may provide the observational background for more detailed in-
vestigations of the relationships among the local wind stress distri-
butions, the equatorward surface current offshore, the poleward
surface and subsurface flow inshore, and the distributions of certain
species of fish, such as the northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) , and
the Pacific mackerel (Scomber japonicus).

16

II. DATA REDUCTION

The monthly mean distributions of surface wind stress presented in
Appendix A are based on summaries of data contained in the National
Climatic Center's file of surface marine observations (Tape Data
Family - 11). The total file contains approximately 40 million in-
dividual ship reports dating from the mid-nineteenth century. Over
1 million of the reports are within the area of the California Current
system.

Long term composite monthly fields of surface wind stress have
been compiled on a 1 -degree square area basis within the geographical
area outlined in Figure 1. The data grid extends from 20° N latitude
to 50° N latitude and parallels the coastline configuration, extending
10° of longitude in the offshore direction. Each 1 -degree quadrilateral
is centered on a whole degree of latitude and longitude. Approximately
25% of the total available reports contain positions recorded to the
nearest whole degree of latitude and longitude. The grid orientation
used in this study thus minimizes spatial bias which might be intro-
duced by summarizing the data according to the Marsden square num-
bering system.

The historical data contain errors in position, measurement, and
processing. A single pass editor was used to remove gross errors in
the data, including duplicate reports (0.5%), position errors (0.1%),
and measurement errors (0.5%). Erroneous wind directions and wind
speeds greater than 100 m sec" were removed. Reports of variable
winds were treated as calms.

17

137 135 13b 134 133 132 131 130 129 123 127 126 125 124 i 120 i 117 116 115 1U 113 11? Ill

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43
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43
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3S
36

37

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33
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NOTIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIROM1ENTPL CROUP

MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA

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!37 136 [35 134 ;33 .32 131 130 129 12b 127 .26 :23 12J 123 !22 121 120 119 1 114 i

FIGURE 1. Chart of the west coast of the United States showing the
grid of 1 -degree squares used for summaries of wind
observations. Large dots indicate squares for which
frequency diagrams are displayed in Figures 9-12.

18

An estimate of the surface wind stress was calculated for each
wind velocity report according to the bulk formula:

where £ and (.y denote the eastward and northward components of

stress, p is the density of air which was considered to have a

constant value of 0.00122 g cm" , fW | is the observed wind speed,

and (1 and V are the eastward and northward components of the
10 vio

wind velocity measured at a height of 10 m. The empirical drag
coefficient C is referred to the 10 m level. A constant value of
0.0013 (Kraus 1972) was used in the calculations.

The resultant long term monthly mean vectors were computed as the
arithmetic means by east and north components of all available reports
from 1850 to 1972 within a 1 -degree square area. The appropriate
average is defined in Equation 2:

(tx)ry) - J-Z^.Vi (2)

A/ i-.\

where A/ is the total number of reports within a 1 -degree square
area and month. The values (Ty TS)- were evaluated according to
Equation 1. A mean value for each long term month and square is
therefore formed from a data set which is independent of all other
months and squares. The monthly fields of surface wind stress are
displayed in Appendix A as vector quantities and as east and north com-
ponents. No attempt has been made to smooth the fields, either by
removing data which do not appear to fit the distributions or by

19

applying objective smoothing procedures. The mean values were con-
toured by machine and "bull's-eyes" in the contours, even where they
possibly reflect erroneous data, were left in the figures as indica-
tions of the general degree of consistency in the composite distribu-
tions. The "bull 's-eyes" may reflect either a paucity of ship
observations, or extreme variability associated with inadequate
sampling of strong winds.

The spatial distribution of observations is biased in that "ship
of opportunity" reports are generally confined to the coastwise
shipping lanes. The total numbers of observations per 1 -degree square
area are shown in Figure 2. The highest density of reports is found
within 300 km of the coast, exceeding 40,000 observations per 1 -degree
square in the area south of Point Conception. The number of reports
per 1 -degree square per month varies from less than 20 (in January off
Vancouver Island) to more than 3800 (in May off Los Angeles). A
significant increase in the number of observations is evident along the
shipping route between San Francisco and Hawaii. Less than 20% of the
vector means are based on fewer than 50 observations per 1 -degree
square per month. Some temporal bias may also exist, since approx-
imately 50% of the total reports have been taken since 1945. However,
the general coherence of the resulting vector fields indicates that
the composite wind stress distributions can be used to describe the
dominant seasonal cycle in the California Current system.

A. QUALITY OF INPUT DATA

The historical surface marine observations used in this study have
been obtained primarily from ship logs, ship weather reporting forms,

20

NCC - TDF-11 - BC OEGREE SUrfMRRIZBTICN

137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 U

126 125 124 123 122 121 123 119 116 117 115 113 114 115 112

137 136 135 134 135 132 131 133 129 1-3

FIGURE 2. Distribution of observations per 1 -degree square.
The contour interval is 2500 observations. Values
greater than 5000 are shaded.

21

and published ship observations. The reports differ markedly in method
and precision of measurement, ranging from observations made aboard
19th century vessels, to those taken aboard modern oceanographic
research ships. Possible errors in wind measurement have been sum-
marized by Hantel (1970). These include influences of anemometer
height, atmospheric stability, wind gusts, and duration of the obser-
vation. Sources of error in wind estimates include the wind effects
observed, error in determining the true wind from the observed
apparent wind, and the unavoidable subjectivity of the observer.

A substantial portion of the historical data consists of wind
reports based on the antiquated Beaufort wind force scale (Kinsman
1968). Table 1 lists the conversion scale between the Beaufort number
and the equivalent wind speed in knots and meters per second. These
estimates are equivalent to a wind speed measurement at a height of
10 m.1

TABLE 1. Wind speed equivalents of Beaufort force
estimates in knots and meters per second

0 12 3

4

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

0 2 5 9

13

18 24 30 37 44 52 60 68

0.0 0.9 2.4 4.4

6.7

9.3 12.3 15.5 18.9 22.6 26.4 30.5 34.8

Knots
M sec"

Based on the documentation for the National Climatic Center's data

o
file (TDF-11 ) , a determination was made of the number of wind

Resolution 9, International Meteorological Committee, Paris, 1946.

National Climatic Center, Tape Data Family 11, N0AA/EDS/NCC,
Asheville, N.C.

22

observations estimated and those actually measured by an anemometer.
Approximately 35% of the reports in this study consisted of Beaufort
wind force estimates. An additional 53% of the reports were estimated
wind speeds which did not correspond to the Beaufort wind force scale.
Less than 12% of the total reports consisted of measured quantities.

In addition to the errors introduced by the necessary calculation
of true wind from the measured apparent wind, the reported directions
vary in precision. Resolution varies from + 11.25° to +_ 5° corres-
ponding to observations based on 16 points of a 32 point compass and
a 36 point compass respectively.

The above considerations lead to the conclusion that random obser-
vational errors may be as large as real non-seasonal fluctuations in
the distributions of surface wind stress. The problem may be form-
alized by expressing the individual stress estimates Cx , Ly as the
sums of monthly mean values Lx , L. ' , deviations from the monthly
means Cx , Cy , and error terms L% , Cv . The second and
higher moment statistics would consist of the non-zero correlations
between the deviations from the monthly means and the error terms. If
the observational errors are greater than the real fluctuations, then
the standard deviations of the monthly means would reflect observa-
tional noise rather than actual non-seasonal variability. However,
provided that these errors are not systematic, the resultant first
moment statistics will be the appropriate estimates of the monthly
mean wind stress.

The standard error of the mean provides a more appropriate quan-
titative measure of the relation between the standard deviation of a
set of measurements and the precision of the mean value of the data

2.3

set (Young 1962). The standard errors of the means are defined by:

(\,\) '- (\jfN , \/*N)

(3)

where Sx , 5= are the standard errors of the means of the eastward

and northward components respectively, S-. , SL are the standard

deviations, and A/ is the number of observations. Large values of

N and small values of Sr , S corresDond to mean values Tv >

Lx cy *

Ty which closely approximate the population means.

The computed standard errors of the means and numbers of obser-
vations for each 1 -degree square area and long term month are tabulated
in Appendix B. Values less than 0.1 dyne cm occur throughout a

large portion of the summary area, although spatial and seasonal

_2
dependence is evident. Standard errors greater than 0.1 dyne cm

occur over large areas north of Cape Mendocino and between 500 km

and 1000 km off the coast of Baja California. High values are

generally associated with regions of sparse data, although inadequate

sampling of intense storms may also lead to large values. Typical

ratios of the standard error to the mean stress (S= /r^) range from

0.01 off southern California to 1.0 offshore from Cape Blanco.

Near Cape Mendocino, this ratio varies between 0.02 and 0.10. Minimum

values adjacent to the coast south of 40° N latitude and along the

shipping lane between San Francisco and Hawaii are well correlated with

the distribution of observations shown in Figure 2.

24

III. DEPENDENCE OF STRESS ESTIMATES ON Cp

A constant drag coefficient was used to compute the surface wind
stress data displayed in Appendix A. Stress calculations were made
for each wind report and then averaged to form the resultant monthly
mean vectors. Different results might have been obtained if the
stress were calculated from monthly mean wind data, or if effects of
atmospheric stability were considered. These aspects are discussed
below.

The errors associated with the observational data used in this
study place certain limitations on the form of the bulk exchange
formula expressed in Equation 1. If measurement errors are large,
there may be little value in refining the parameterization by replacing
CD by a variable drag coefficient which is a function of stability or
wind speed. Even with a constant CD, the bulk formula contains non-
linearities. Therefore, the drag coefficient must be appropriate
for the particular time averaged winds used in the calculations.

A. EFFECT OF AVERAGING

The empirically derived transfer coefficient CD, determined by
eddy correlation and profile methods, is based on wind measurements
averaged over periods of 30 to 60 minutes. Pond (1975) indicates
that the appropriate values of lW;ol, U , and Vlo should be
obtained over a period of a few minutes to a few hours at most. If
the surface stress were calculated using winds averaged over much
longer periods, a higher drag coefficient would be required. The
surface stress calculated from a monthly mean surface wind field would

25

be significantly less than the surface stress field calculated as the
mean of the individual stress estimates, if the same drag coefficient
is used and all other parameters are held constant.

The difference described above has been determined for the data
used in this study. For each 1 -degree square area and long term month
the following ratio has been calculated:

<CD>equ = !Xj <4>

where \X \ is the magnitude of the monthly mean surface stress, I Wl0l

is the magnitude of the monthly mean surface wind, and (Cn) „ is an

D equ

equivalent drag coefficient. This is the value which would be
necessary to make the stress values calculated from the monthly mean
wind data agree with the values calculated as the means of individual
stress estimates.

The values of (Cn)eau f°r tne months of June and December are
shown in Figures 3 and 4. The values are significantly different from
the constant value of CD = 0.0013 employed in this study. In all
cases, (Cn)eau is greater than CD. Spatial and seasonal variability
is marked. There is a tendency for much higher values in the northern
section of the grid than in the southern area. Large values of
(CD) are more evident in December than in June. The geographical
and seasonal variations in the quantity (Cn)eau agree with the
general geographical and seasonal fluctuations in meteorological
conditions over the Northeast Pacific Ocean. This would indicate that
a large part of the monthly variance of the wind stress data is due
to actual intra-month fluctuations and not due to observational errors.

26

NCC - TDF-11 - CfC OEGREE SUWHUZPTION

137

136 135 134 133 132 131 130 J29 123 J27 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 113 117 lib lib 1U 113 117 m

FIGURE 3. Equivalent neutral drag coefficient for JUNE. The
plotted value is the drag coefficient appropriate
for wind observations averaged over a month. The
contour interval is 2.5.

27

NCC - TDF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION

38
37
36

35
34
33

135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115

114 113 112 111

CBPE rENOCCIKD

3.35 ::. S3 10. 99 11.59
5.16 7. 62 9.1/10.08
S3-7.29 a.0»U.3l
•^J» S. 7^8.6^ 6.S7^a^^L^ 7/5^98^47^13.38^
6.75 5.8* 4i?95' 5.S71 5.54.^*535 6.38^674% 4.8*

NORfl

NATIONAL MRRINE FISHERIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP

MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA

EQUIVALENT
DRAG COEFFICIENT

LONG TERN MEAN
FOR

DECEMBER

I860 - 1972

Ad-

5.38 6.37 5.36 6.68 5.79 5.33 7.39 1.55 4

jjii

5.88 5.38 S.35 4,91 6. 15. 4. 15 3.34 3.79

_5.44 4.07 5,-15 3.97 3.58 3.65 3.0* 3.39 4.38 8.E
3.68 3.59 3.58 3.69 2.87^ Z.79' 2.6L

4S

(8

LI

if

45

4J

43

42
41

i.1
39
33
37
36
33
34
33
32
3;
jj

3'=

137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 '.26 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 123 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 111

FIGURE 4. Equivalent neutral drag coefficient for DECEMBER. The
plotted value is the drag coefficient appropriate for
wind observations averaged over a month. The contour
interval is 2.5.

28

If a resultant surface wind stress were calculated from the monthly
mean wind field, these calculations imply that the wind stress
estimates would be underestimated, on average, by as much as 50% to
100%. The departures would be even larger off Oregon and Washington.

B. EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY

Investigations on the functional form of the drag coefficient have
alternately suggested constant values, or a dependence on wind speed.
Wilson (1960) gave a detailed review of the available data and
adopted values of CQ = 0.0024 + .005 for strong winds and
CD = 0.0015 + .0008 for light winds. Smith (1970) proposed a constant

value of CD = (1.35 + 0.34) X 10"3. Wu (1969) adopted the form

1 /2 -3

Cp = (0.5 X U-jq ) X 10 . Considering the large scatter in the open

ocean determinations of CD, the lack of conclusive data at wind speeds

greater than 15 m sec" , and the lack of agreement among individual

observers, a constant value for the neutral drag coefficient was used

in this study.

Recent investigations by Davidson (1974) and Denman and Miyake
(1973) have demonstrated the dependence of the drag coefficient on
atmospheric stability and the spectral shape of the ocean wave field.
A generally accepted formulation of the dependence of CD on wave
properties does not seem well enough established to be incorporated in
the calculations of surface wind stress based on historical ship obser-
vations. However, effects of atmospheric stability on the momentum
exchange may be significant in the regions where seasonal upwelling
typically produces a stable boundary layer.

The specific effects of atmospheric stability on the exchange of

2-9

momentum have not been completely determined and are still under
investigation. However, for a given wind speed, the effect of stable
(unstable) stratification is to decrease (increase) the magnitude of
the momentum exchange (surface wind stress) across the atmosphere-
ocean interface.

Deardorff (1968) defined the bulk Richardson number as an
appropriate dimensionless measure of atmospheric stability. The
monthly mean fields of surface wind stress were recomputed, replacing
the constant value CQ in Equation 1 by a coefficient varying with
atmospheric stability. The method of Deardorff was adopted to
parameterize the dependence of the drag coefficient on stability,
while neutral stability was assumed when the absolute value of the
air-sea temperature difference was less than 1° C. Details of the
calculations will be reported elsewhere.

The effect of atmospheric stability was computed as a percentage
increase (decrease) in the magnitude of the monthly mean surface wind
stress above (below) the appropriate neutral values. The following
ratio was calculated:

" " 'ilia, -fix 100 <5>

If 1

where \X lVflLr is the magnitude of the surface wind stress calculated
using a drag coefficient which varies with stability, and |c ln€a is
the magnitude of the surface wind stress computed with a constant
(neutral) coefficient. A value of R = 0.0 corresponds to neutrally
stable conditions.

30

The ratio defined by Equation 5 is displayed in Figures 5 and 6
for the months of June and December respectively. The average
percentage difference is between 2% and 5%. Values greater than 10%
are rare. In December, the values are positive, indicating unstable
conditions. Negative values occur in June. These are related to
the stable stratification induced by positive air-sea temperature
differences within the coastal upwelling zone. The effects of
atmospheric stability determined in this study are less than the values
of 6% to 15% reported by Husby and Seckel (1975) for Ocean Weather
Station "Victor", but consistent with the values of less than 5%
reported by Dorman et al . (1974) for Ocean Weather Station "November."

31

MCC - TOF-il - OC DEGREE SUfWRIZFITION

137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 12S 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 1U 113 11 "f

1.5* l.TW;* 2.17J-I.8S-3.17-3.0B-3.3
3.51r2."36' 2.63 fl.0» i.W-l.S.A' 1 .82 2. 3#-L. 79- L.
•2.22 1.S2 6.5* 3.39 *.» 5.13 i.» a.« 8.» 2.08 2!

137 136

134 133 132 131 130 129 126 127 125 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 1 18 117 116 115 114 113 112 ill

FIGURE 5. The effect of atmospheric stability on surface wind stress
for JUNE. Plotted values are the percentage increase
(decrease) in the surface wind stress above (below)
neutrally stable conditions. The contour interval is
10.0. Positive values correspond to unstable conditions.
Negative values are shaded.

32

NCC - TDF-ll - ONE DEGREE SUfinfiRlZBTION

137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 12b L2§ 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 116 117 lib 115 1U 113 117

4S

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NOW

notion™, marine fisheries service

pacific environmental, croup

monterey. california

BULK RI STABILITY

EFFECT ON STRESS

( PERCENT )

LONG TEPfl MEAN
FOR

DECEMBER

•*>m i

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a

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3.79 3.79 6.49 2.34 4.89 1.72 4.00 1

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7.69 2.39 1.92 2.17 1.27 2.94 2.S5 £09

4.44 4.55 3.39 2.59 1.25 2.99 4.32

1.75 3.64 3.51 3.45 5.41
5.39 4.23 5.29 1

3.54 2.63 4.29

7.H 7.27; 5.41 5.45-^04^09 5.59 6.25 S.S7t?4
3.09 5.13 4.17 6.52 5,13 6.99 4.79 6.99 8.11123

5.25

3.77
3.09

2.99 7.14 7.3210,53 6.99 9.09 5.71 3.79 5.26)22

6.98)2

3.09 3.51 3.85 4.55 5.59 5.89 8.11 6.09

137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 12S 123 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 115 115 114 113 112

FIGURE 6. The effect of atmospheric stability on surface wind stress
for DECEMBER. Plotted values are the percentage increase
(decrease) in the surface wind stress above (below)
neutrally stable conditions. The contour interval is
10.0. Positive values correspond to unstable conditions.
Negative values are shaded.

33

IV. THE WIND STRESS DISTRIBUTIONS

The long term composite monthly mean fields of surface wind stress
are displayed in Appendix A as resultant vectors (Charts 1 to 12),
east components (Charts 13 to 24), and north components (Charts 25 to
36). These data indicate two characteristic features. The mean stress
tends to be directed equatorward along the coast from Cape Mendocino
to Baja California throughout the year. Off the coasts of Oregon and
Washington, the wind stress exhibits marked seasonal variability in
both magnitude and direction.

The distributions of surface wind stress off Baja California have
been previously discussed by Bakun and Nelson (1975). They concluded
that most of the seasonal variability is in magnitude rather than
direction. The mean surface wind stress tends to have an alongshore,
equatorward component during all months, implying conditions generally
favorable for coastal upwelling throughout the year. This is con-
trasted with the situation to the north. Off the coasts of Oregon
and Washington, the patterns of surface wind stress change seasonally.
From December to February, the stress impinges on the coast at Cape
Blanco, forming the southern boundary of the low pressure system which
develops in the Gulf of Alaska during the winter. From May through
September, the surface wind stress veers toward the south. The com-
ponents are directed onshore and equatorward. The months of March and
April, and October and November appear as transition periods. The
surface wind stress is directed primarily onshore during these months.

The most evident feature in these distributions is the position

34

and extent of the predominant wind stress maximum. For purposes of
discussion, this maximum is defined by the 1.0 dyne cm contour and
is highlighted by light shading in Charts 1 to 12. Large values of
stress occurring between 45°N and 50°N latitude during winter are
probably associated with either high winds or sparse data, and will be
ignored in this discussion.

The maximum is first evident in March, south of Point Conception.

During succeeding months, the maximum strengthens, increases in size,

_2
and shifts northward. In April, values exceeding 1.0 dyne cm cover

an area from Point Conception to San Francisco. Winds off Oregon have
veered, suggesting an alongshore component and implying conditions
generally favorable for coastal upwelling. The pattern of surface
wind stress is repeated in May. The northern boundary of the central
maximum reaches the coast south of Cape Blanco.

The mean wind stress reaches maximum intensity during June and July
off Cape Mendocino, where characteristic values exceed 1.5 dynes cm .
The large scale maximum extends approximately 500 km in the offshore
direction and 1000 km in the longshore direction. A more intense
coastal maximum (|T1>1.5 dynes cm" ) is coherent over an area approxi-
mately one-fifth this size. Maximum values of mean surface wind stress
typically occur 200 km to 300 km off the coast, rather than adjacent
to the coast. This feature was previously observed by Munk (1950) and
Reid et al . (1958). The mean distributions for August and September
suggest relaxing conditions. The maximum is reduced in extent and
intensity. These months still exhibit a degree of equatorward stress
along the coasts of Oregon and Washington, but in October, the
direction backs to the north. The poleward components correspond to

35

onshore Ekman transport and subsequent downwelling at the coast. The
distributions for November, December, January, and February indicate
characteristic winter conditions. Mean values are typically less than
0.5 dyne cm . High winds associated with intense storm activity in

the North Pacific Ocean result in regions of mean surface wind stress

_2
exceeding 1.0 dyne cm off the coasts of Oregon and Washington.

The seasonality of the surface wind stress and its association
with coastal upwelling is easily observed along the northern section
of the grid. Large changes in mean direction are apparent. Maximum
magnitudes occur during the winter. Winds favorable for coastal
upwelling occur from April to September. During the remaining months,
the direction of the mean surface wind stress corresponds to down-
welling at the coast.

The coast along southern California and Baja California is
characterized by winds favorable for upwelling throughout the year.
Peak values of surface wind stress occur in April and May. Values
exceeding 0.5 dyne cm are evident from February to July. A local
maximum immediately north of Punta Eugenia is easily observed in May.
This feature is consistent throughout the year. A region of local
wind stress minima is indicated along the coast south of Point
Conception. This feature corresponds in location to the semi-
permanent cyclonic eddy which dominates the ocean surface circulation
in the Southern California Bight (Reid et al . 1958).

A. SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY

Spatial and seasonal variability of the monthly distributions will
be described in terms of standard errors of the means (Equation 3),

36

constancy of the wind stress, and frequency diagrams for selected
1 -degree square areas and months. In general, these data indicate
greater variability in magnitude and direction within the region north
of Cape Mendocino than in the area to the south. Summer distributions
are characterized by well defined mean directions and magnitudes.
Broad-banded frequency histograms are typical of the winter months.

Within the regions outside of the primary shipping lanes (see
Figure 2), the monthly mean distributions are based on fewer than 2500
observations per 1 -degree square area. Intercomparisons of the mag-
nitudes of the computed standard errors of the means should be a
function of the measured wind stress variability. Accordingly, stan-
dard errors to the north of Cape Mendocino are larger by a factor of
2 to 3 than those to the south. Thus, the data imply a greater degree
of variation in the direction and magnitude of the surface wind stress
off Oregon and Washington than off California.

A contrast between winter and summer conditions is also evident.
South of Cape Mendocino, the magnitudes of the standard errors of the
means remain nearly constant throughout the year. Off Oregon and
Washington, the computed values decrease to a minimum during the

summer. Typical values range from 0.10 dyne cm in June to

_?

0.30 dyne cm in December.

Similar features of the large scale temporal and spatial variations
are evident in the monthly distributions of constancy of the wind
stress as defined by the ratio of the magnitude of the average stress
to the average magnitude of the stress. Figures 7 and 8 show the
patterns for June and December. During December, values greater than
0.5 occur south of Point Conception. To the north, the wind stress

37

NCC - TDF-lt - OC DEGREE 9UNHU2HTXU

137

136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 ~

137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 123 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 111

FIGURE 7. Wind stress constancy for JUNE. The plotted values
are defined as the ratios of the vector means to the
scalar means. The contour interval is 0.25.

38

NCC - TOF-11 - QrC DEGREE SUMMRRIZflTION

137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 123 127 126 125 12d 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 1U 113TT7TTT

0.89 0.87' 0.84 0.8* 0.93 0.37 0.81 077S~0. 74 T. 76 2 1

36 135 13d 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 124. 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 1M 113 112 111

FIGURE 8. Wind stress constancy for DECEMBER, the plotted values
are defined as the ratios of the vector means to the
scalar means. The contour interval is 0.25.

39

constancy decreases to relatively small values, Implying a high degree
of directional variability. An increase in directional stability is
indicated during June. Values greater than 0.50 extend from Baja
California to Vancouver Island. Values less than 0.50 occur only in
the northwest section of the grid. South of Cape Mendocino, the ratios
approach a value of 1.0, implying very little variation in wind stress
direction.

The patterns of wind stress constancy indicate possible error in
estimates of the total mechanical energy transfer at the air-sea
interface. In the region off California, the magnitude of the mean
vector wind stress appears to be a good estimator of the total stress
acting on the sea surface. However, in the northern regions of the
data grid, these data show that the magnitude of the mean vector wind
stress underestimates the total stress acting on the sea surface.
This has important implications for mixed-layer modelling, in which
the input of turbulent energy depends on the total stress acting on the
sea surface regardless of direction (Denman 1973).

The large scale spatial and temporal variations in the surface
wind stress distributions are finally described in terms of selected
frequency diagrams. Data for the 10 squares indicated in Figure 1 are
displayed in Figures 9, 10, 11, and 12. Figures 9 and 10 show data
for June and December taken from the 5 squares indicated in the inset.
Similar data at 5 different locations are presented for July and
January in Figures 11 and 12.

Wind roses for all 1 -degree squares within the area north of 34° N
latitude may be found in, Climatic study of the near coastal zone; West
Coast of the United States, published by the Director, Naval Ocean-
ography and Meteorology, June, 1976, 133 p.

40

The available wind stress data have been classed by direction and
magnitude for each 1 -degree square area and month. Relative frequencies
have been determined for 16 direction bands and for 11 magnitude bands.
A category for calm winds also includes variable winds. The direction
bands are 22.5° wide and the magnitude bands correspond to equivalent
wind speed intervals of 2.0 m sec" .

The relative frequency surfaces shown in these figures display
contours of percentage of total reports falling within a given direc-
tion and magnitude band. The contours were drawn by hand. A contour
interval of 2.5% was used. The 2.5% contour is labelled and is
indicated by a solid line. Alternating dashed and solid contours
indicate larger relative frequencies. The mean vector magnitude and
direction is indicated by an arrow. Note that directions are defined
with the oceanographic convention (i.e. the direction toward which the
wind blows).

The histograms shown to the right of each frequency surface dis-
play relative frequencies for magnitude at the top, and direction at
the bottom. Relative percent is labelled along the ordinate. Mid-
points of the magnitude and direction class intervals are labelled on
the abscissa.

If Figures 9 and 10 are compared, the contrast between winter and
summer distributions appears as a change in the character of the
frequency surfaces. In general, the number of contours indicated
for June is greater than the number of contours appearing in December.
Evidently, the wind stress is relatively constant in magnitude and
direction during the summer months. A slight shift in the direction
and magnitude of the wind stress is indicated between summer and

41

*• 1

3*

4*\

t\

2«

^

1*

FIGURE 9. Relative frequency surfaces and frequency histograms for
JUNE. Data are shown for the 1 -degree squares labelled
1 through 5 in the upper left inset. Contours of
relative frequency are drawn at intervals of 2.5%.
Mean vector wind stress is indicated by an arrow.

42

■•s

3*

1^

1 1

125 120 115

FIGURE 10. Relative frequency surfaces and frequency histograms for
DECEMBER. Data are shown for the 1 -degree squares
labelled 1 through 5 in the upper left inset. Contours
of relative frequency are drawn at intervals of 2.5%.
Mean vector wind stress is indicated by an arrow.

43

winter. The mean stress in December is directed more toward the south,
and the magnitude has decreased.

The frequency histograms also show these features. During June,
the direction histogram is characteristically narrow-banded. Over
70% of the observations may be concentrated within 3 direction in-
tervals. In December, the observations tend to be spread over a wider
range of directions. The histograms are broader and the peaks in
direction are less well defined. The peak magnitudes in June are gen-
erally one class interval larger than the peak magnitudes in December.
However, the winter distributions are characterized by an increase in
relative frequency at high values of wind stress magnitude.

A similar pattern of contrasts between the summer and winter
distributions is apparent in the northern section of the grid. As
shown in Figures 11 and 12, the direction histograms are generally
well defined during the summer, although bimodal distributions are
evident. During the winter, the observations are nearly uniformly
spread among all directions. There is a lack of consistency in the
frequency surfaces in Figure 12. The direction histograms for January
are broad and flat. The peaks which characterize the summer dis-
tributions are missing. The mean directions shift from equatorward
to poleward between summer and winter. A complete reversal in the
mean direction occurs at point 7 (Figures 11 and 12). A shift in
magnitude is equally pronounced. Peak magnitudes are higher in
January than in July. There is a greater contribution of high wind
speeds in January.

The above discussion adds a new dimension to the seasonal descrip-
tions of the surface wind stress distributions over the California

44

45

khI1^-

9T

8*

135 130 125

i:

j

b J p C3.

£6 «• ' * «• » t» n« M

5 6 - S ' * C Si n

FIGURE 11. Relative frequency surfaces and frequency histograms for
JULY. Data are shown for the 1 -degree squares labelled
6 through 10 in the upper left inset. Contours of
relative frequency are drawn at intervals of 2.5%.
Mean vector wind stress is indicated by an arrow.

45

FIGURE 12. Relative frequency surfaces and frequency histograms for
JANUARY. Data are shown for the 1 -degree squares
labelled 6 through 10 in the upper left inset. Contours
of relative frequency are drawn at intervals of 2.5%.
Mean vector wind stress is indicated by an arrow.

46

Current. Pronounced seasonal variations In the magnitude and direction
of the monthly mean wind stress are indicated along the entire west
coast of the United States. These changes are most evident off the
coasts of Oregon and Washington. In addition, these data suggest
month to month changes in the large scale spatial variability. The
magnitudes and directions are broad-banded during the winter months,
and along the northern coast. Well defined peaks in magnitude and
direction characterize the distributions during the summer and along
the southern coast. One may conclude that marine biological com-
munities inhabiting the coastal zones off Oregon and Washington must
respond to a wider range of environmental fluctuations than those
organisms which exist in the waters off southern California.

B. THE SEASONAL CYCLE AT THE COAST

Time series of the surface wind stress within the 1 -degree square
areas immediately adjacent to the coast are displayed in Figure 13
as the alongshore component, and "in Figure 14 as the onshore compo-
nent. For these displays, the vector means have been resolved into
components parallel and perpendicular to the coast. The coastline
angles were determined by visually fitting a line to the dominant
trend of the coast within each 1 -degree square. The months are in-
dicated along the top of the figures. The latitudes of the 1 -degree
squares are indicated on the right and left sides of the figures.
Negative values are shaded and indicate equatorward stress in Figure
13 and offshore stress in Figure 14.

Several characteristic features are apparent in these figures.
South of 40° N latitude, there is an equatorward component throughout

47

NCC - TOF-11 - OE DEGREE SUnfHUZflTION

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PflCIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP

MONTEREY. CRLIFORNIR

LONGSHORE SURFRCE STRESS

t DYNE CN-2 )

longshore "iheseries grid section i 1 )
long term mean

1857 - 1972

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84-* 24-0. 19-0. 21 21

Jfflj FEB ggj aPR fWY JUN -UL AUG SEP OCT NOV CEC

FIGURE 13. Seasonal cycle of
alongshore surface wind stress
near the coast. Means of
alongshore components of wind
stress were computed by month
for the 1 -degree squares
immediately adjacent to the
coast. Units are dyne cm~2.
Equatorward alongshore stress
is shaded.

48

the year, implying conditions favorable for coastal upwelling in
all months. Off the coasts of Oregon and Washington, the data suggest
that upwelling occurs seasonally between the months of April and
September.

Two relative maxima occur in the time/space domain. Off the coast
of Baja California, maximum values of wind stress are evident near
Punta Eugenia in May. A large maximum occurs just south of Cape
Mendocino between May and August. A smaller, local maximum occurs
in May and June at 36° N latitude.

The timing of the central maximum off the coast from Cape
Mendocino agrees with the description of the mean yearly cycle of
indicated upwelling given by Bakun (1973). However, Bakun's data are
spatially distorted, and indicate maximum values at 33° N latitude,
119° W longitude in the middle of the Southern California Bight.
The gross spatial distortion is primarily caused by the development
of an intense thermal low over southern California during the summer.
The influence of this low pressure system, and the effects of coastal
mountain ranges distort the analyzed pressure fields used in Bakun's
computations.

Figure 13 is similar in appearance to a time series of offshore
Ekman transport shown by Bakun et al . (1974). They showed a good
correlation between the occurrence of maximum offshore transport at
39° N latitude and a suppression of seasonal warming in the adjacent
coastal waters during early summer.

The time series of alongshore surface wind stress (Figure 13)
suggests a slight tilt, with time and space, to the region of maximum
values. This corresponds to a northward shift in the intensity of

49

NCC - TOF-U - ONE DEGREE SUfWPRtZRTIQN

NOflfi - NRTIONRL MflRINE FISHERIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP

MONTEREY. CRLIFORNIfl

ONSHORE SURFACE STRESS

( DYNE CH-2 )

LONGSHORE TinESEfllES GRID SECTION I 1 J

LONG TERM ."CRN
1857 - 1972

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45

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a? a. i» a. 3* a. 39 a.22 a. 27

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32

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00-0.0Br-S.08 2S

1. 19-0. 12-0.02 a. » a. as 3.39 a. as a.01 a.as-a.aa-a.ia-e.ig

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0433

10 26

JPN FEB .iflR APR rlRY JUN JUL RUG SEP OCT NOV QEC

FIGURE 14. Seasonal cycle of
onshore surface wind stress
near the coast. Means of the
onshore components of wind
stress were computed by month
for the 1 -degree squares
immediately adjacent to the
coast. Units are dyne cm~*.
Offshore stress is shaded.

50

the surface wind stress from April and May off the coast of Baja
California, to June, July, and August off Cape Mendocino and Cape
Blanco.

Figure 14 indicates a tendency for the surface wind stress to be
directed onshore throughout the year. Off the coast of Baja
California, the surface stress is characterized by offshore components,
except between the months of April and October. Offshore components
are also apparent in the vicinity of Cape Mendocino and Point
Conception. Near these points, abrupt changes in coastline orientation
may influence the direction and magnitude of the surface wind stress.

51

V. WIND STRESS CURL

The surface wind stress curl is the forcing function for the
vertically integrated mass transport of the wind-driven ocean circula-
tion. Under linear, steady-state conditions on the " & -plane", in
the absence of friction, the meridional component of mass transport
(A^y ) is directly proportional to the vertical component of the curl
of the wind stress as expressed in Equation 6:

7 /3

where /Ay is the meridional component of the vertically integrated
mass transport, jQ is the meridional derivative of the Coriolis
parameter -p , and b-Cvx?) is the vertical component of the wind
stress curl. According to the simplified model, positive (negative)
wind stress curl is associated with northward (southward) meridional
transport. Surface Ekman divergence (convergence) corresponding to
positive (negative) wind stress curl is balanced by geostrophic con-
vergence (divergence) in the northward (southward) meridional flow.
Coastal upwelling occurs only at the ocean boundary. However,
wind induced upwelling will occur whenever divergence in the surface
wind drift is not balanced by other modes of horizontal surface flow.
Figure 15 shows a mechanism by which the wind stress curl determines
the divergent or convergent nature of the surface wind drift offshore
of the primary coastal upwelling zone. An increase in the equatorward

52

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53

wind stress parallel to the coast (Figure 15A) is characterized by
positive wind stress curl. In this situation, the offshore component
of Ekman transport increases in the offshore direction, resulting in
continued surface divergence. Upwelling is required to maintain the
mass balance. If the equatorward longshore surface wind stress de-
creases in the offshore direction (Figure 15B), the wind stress curl
is negative. Convergence in the surface wind drift will result.
Frontal formation and downwelling may occur just offshore of the pri-
mary coastal upwelling zone.

Direct measurements of wind stress curl are not available. Since
the curl is a linear operator, the curl of the monthly mean surface
wind stress fields has been computed. The vertical component of the
curl of the wind stress in spherical coordinates is defined by:

where f\ is the radius of the earth, (p and ?\ denote geo-
graphic latitude and longitude respectively, and Tx and £y denote
the eastward and northward components of the mean surface wind stress,
A finite difference equation approximating the curl at the grid point
(i,j) in Figure 16 is given by:

''' 2AA (8)

111*'

^ a A CO L

2.A^

54

bk*hd[- i

FIGURE 16. Discretization grid used in calculating the wind stress
curl .

55

where A tf = A ?\ = 1°. The method is similar to calculations
described by Hantel (1970). Centered differences were utilized
throughout the interior of the data grid. Forward and backward
differences were required along the boundaries. As a result, certain
artificial features may have been introduced at these boundaries.

A. THE MONTHLY CURL DISTRIBUTIONS

Monthly fields of surface wind stress curl are displayed in
Appendix C (Charts 37 to 48). These distributions correspond to the

monthly mean wind stress distributions shown in Appendix A. The

p
values are plotted in units of dyne cm per 100 km. A value of

-2 7 3

1 dyne cm per 100 km is equivalent to 1 X 10 dyne cm" . Negative

values of wind stress curl are shaded.

The small scale features evident in these distributions should be
viewed with caution. Detail within a single 1 -degree square area
which is not supported by similar values in surrounding squares
probably reflects "noise" in the monthly means of surface wind stress.
Objective smoothing procedures applied to the monthly mean wind
stress fields would result in more homogeneous distributions of wind
stress curl. A particular method has been described by Evenson and
Veronis (1975).

Characteristic absolute magnitudes of the spatially averaged wind
stress curl are 1 X 10 dyne cm . This value is approximately an
order of magnitude less than the summertime mean reported by Hal pern
(1976) for an upwelling region near the Oregon coast. Considering
the time and space averages used in the present study, this difference
appears to be reasonable. The probable errors associated with these

56

estimates of wind stress curl may be calculated from a knowledge of
the spatial distributions of standard errors of the (wind stress)

component means (see Appendix B). On average , the expected error is

-8 3 8

1 X 10 dyne cm , with maximum and minimum errors of 4 X 10

-3 -10 -3

dyne cm and 1 X 10 dyne cm respectively. Of course, these

values apply to particular individual 1 -degree squares. Large values
generally correspond to "holes" in the distributions, which are easily
seen in the monthly charts. For larger space scales, the errors
associated with the gradients of the mean wind stress components would
tend to cancel. Thus, greater confidence may be expected for the
patterns of wind stress curl which are consistent over several degrees
of latitude and longitude.

The large scale features of positive and negative curl along the
coast are significant. The important details to note are the sign of
the wind stress curl at the coast, and the position of the line of
zero wind stress curl. A general feature common to all months, is
the occurrence, on average, of positive wind stress curl near the coast,
and negative curl at some distance offshore. This feature is well
developed from May to September. Greater spatial variability is evident J
in the winter distributions.

The existence of an offshore wind stress maximum results in a line
of zero wind stress curl approximately parallel to the coast. Positive
curl occurs inshore of the maximum wind stress. Negative curl in the
offshore region is associated with the anticyclonic atmospheric
circulation over the interior ocean. The positive curl near the coast
is related to topography and to local features in the surface wind
stress distributions.

57

The distributions from December to March are characterized by
positive wind stress curl near the coast from San Francisco to
northern Baja California, and south of Punta Eugenia. Large areas
of associated Ekman divergence extend several hundred kilometers off
the coast. The patterns of wind stress curl are less well behaved
near the coasts of Oregon and Washington. However, negative wind
stress curl near this coastal region appears to be typical of the
distributions during the winter.

During the spring and summer upwelling, the dominant patterns of
surface wind stress curl are easily recognized. The line of zero
wind stress curl parallels the coast approximately 200 km to 300 km
offshore, along the entire boundary from northern Baja California to
Vancouver Island. This is a consistent feature from June through
September. Yoshida and Mao (1957) placed this boundary at approxi-
mately 500 km from the coast. Considering the coarse resolution
(5-degree squares of latitude and longitude) of their data, the
disparity is not surprising.

The months of April and May, and October and November appear as
transitional periods. During the transition from spring to summer,
the negative curl along the coasts of Oregon and Washington shifts to
positive curl. The offshore distribution takes on a more uniform
character. Scattered regions of positive and negative curl are
replaced by a large area of negative curl. The late fall transition
is marked by a total breakdown in the curl distributions within the
northern sector of the grid.

Several local (positive) curl maxima are associated with major
topographic changes in the coastline configuration. Large values

58

of positive wind stress curl are found near Cape Blanco, Cape Mendo-
cino, San Francisco, and Point Conception. These features may be
real, or they may be artifacts of the finite difference calculations
or the data distributions. However, one does note that near Point
Conception, the values of positive wind stress curl are consistent
with a decrease in the magnitude of the surface wind stress in the
lee of the point. Where areas of positive wind stress curl extend
offshore of capes, there would tend to be a continued, although much
reduced level of upwelling outside of the primary coastal upwelling
regime.

A region of negative wind stress curl (Ekman convergence) reaches
the coast of Baja California between Punta Eugenia and Punta Baja to
the north. This feature appears consistently throughout the year.
A partial breakdown in this system occurs in August, October, and
November. However, considering the probable uncertainties in these
derived data, one might reasonably conclude that the coastal region
near Punta Eugenia can be characterized in the mean by convergence
in the surface wind drift. The distributions of wind stress curl in
this area imply favorable conditions for formation of fronts and
convergent patches of recently upwelled water.

B. COASTAL TIME SERIES

The mean annual cycle of wind stress curl near the coast is shown
in Figure 17. Positive wind stress curl occurs along most of the
coast throughout the year. Exceptions to this generalization are
found in the region south of 30°N latitude and between 40°N and 47°N
latitude. The temporal persistence of the negative wind stress curl

59

mcc - TDF-n - arc degree sunmuznTioN

FIGURE 17. Seasonal cycle of
wind stress curl near the
coast. The wind stress curl
is shown by month for the
1 -degree squares immediately
adjacent to the coast. The
calculations were based on
the monthly mean surface wind
stress distributions. Units
are dyne cm"2 per 100 km.
The contour interval is
0.25 dyne cm"2 per 100 km.
Negative values are shaded.

60

near Punta Eugenia (29°N latitude) is clearly seen in this time series
A similar feature occurs near the tip of Baja California. A seasonal
variation between positive and negative curl is apparent from Cape
Mendocino to the Columbia River.

Yoshida and Mao (1957) presented evidence indicating that open-
ocean upwelling is related to the wind stress curl. This process is
distinct from coastal upwelling which is primarily a boundary
phenomenon. However, the two mechanisms are not totally independent.
In regions where positive wind stress curl occurs, such as between
30°N and 40°N latitude throughout the year, and near the coasts of
Oregon and Washington during the summer, the ascending motion related
to the wind-induced divergence offshore, enhances the upwelling
associated with the more dominant coastal divergence.

61

vr. DISCUSSION

The monthly distributions of surface wind stress show an offshore
maximum which progressively develops over a large extent of the
California Current and shifts northward and intensifies on the seasonal
time scale. This process is a primary forcing function for coastal
upwelling. Off Baja California, wind-induced surface divergence
occurs on average throughout the year. Downwelling occurs near the
coast of Vancouver Island, except during the restricted period between
May and August when a small equatorward component is observed.

The major seasonal variations in the magnitude and direction of
the surface wind stress can be described simply in terms of the general
atmospheric circulation over the Northeast Pacific Ocean. Monthly mean
surface pressure charts typically show two well developed pressure cells,
A high pressure system over the ocean shifts northward and increases
in strength from spring to summer. The center of the cell moves in a
northwestward direction. The seasonal variation of the high pressure
system is small. This shift in the large scale anticyclonic circulation
results in the observed winter to summer reversal in the alongshore
wind component off the coasts of Oregon and Washington. A low pressure
system is situated over the southwestern United States throughout the
year. This semi -permanent thermal low is fully developed over the
Central Valley in California during the summer. Cyclonic circulation
associated with the low leads to equatorward surface wind stress
parallel to the coast. The amplitude of the annual cycle is large.
During the winter, both of these pressure cells weaken. The high

62

pressure system moves southward and the coasts of Oregon and Washington
come under the influence of the intense low pressure system in the
Gulf of Alaska.

The primary mechanism controlling the location and strength of the
wind stress maximum and the associated coastal upwelling is described
by seasonal variations in the gradient between the two pressure cells.
During the winter, this gradient is weak. Strong heating over the con-
tinent during the summer deepens the low and increases the amplitude
of the onshore-offshore pressure gradient. As a result of the northward
shift and slight strengthening of the high, and deepening of the low,
the region of maximum wind stress moves from the area south of Point
Conception to the vicinity of Cape Mendocino. These variations are,
of course, a function of differential ocean-continent heating related
to the annual cycle of solar radiation.

A. PHYSICAL IMPLICATIONS

The climate of the adjacent coastal regions is influenced by
upwelling. During the summer, the dome of high pressure which develops
over the North Pacific Ocean, favors large scale subsidence and a
strong temperature inversion over the west coast of the United States.
This suppresses deep cloud formation and greatly inhibits precipita-
tion. Unpublished distributions of cloud cover, summarized from ship
observations, show a large onshore-offshore gradient in the total cloud
amount. Minima occur at the coast. The effect of the large scale
subsidence is noted in the true desert climate of Baja California, and
in the almost complete lack of rainfall along the coasts of California,
Oregon, and Washington during the summer. Coastal upwelling primarily

63

influences the local climate of the nearshore zone within 10 km to
20 km of the coast and contributes to the formation of low stratus
clouds and fog typical of much of the coast along California and
Oregon.

A secondary mechanism may account for local intensification of the
surface wind stress and persistence of coastal upwelling over periods
ranging from several weeks to a few months (Bakun 1974). In a simpli-
fied positive feedback model, wind stress parallel to the coast brings
cold water to the surface and cools the adjacent air. The resulting
temperature contrast between the continent and the ocean increases
the local pressure gradient. The alongshore surface winds are in-
creased and upwelling is enhanced (Ramage 1971). This mechanism may be
slightly modified by the effect of atmospheric stability. Within the
summertime coastal upwelling zone, the air-sea temperature difference
is usually positive. This stable stratification decreases the magni-
tude of the surface wind stress. The resulting negative feedback may
partially offset the increase in surface winds associated with the
described changes in the local pressure gradient.

The existence of maximum wind stress some 200 km to 300 km from
the coast is an interesting feature. Of course, a maximum in the
onshore-offshore pressure gradient offshore may explain this phenomenon,
The positive feedback associated with wind-induced upwelling extending
hundreds of kilometers off the coast may act to intensify the along-
shore winds. However, this feature also suggests a coastal boundary
layer which acts to frictionally retard the winds near the coast,
leading to a positive wind stress curl in the nearshore region.

64

A characteristic feature of the wind stress curl distributions is
the occurrence of a line of zero curl at some distance from the coast.
Observations show positive curl inshore of this line and negative curl
in the offshore region. A theoretical analysis suggests that a pole-
ward undercurrent along an eastern boundary is favored by positive
wind stress curl along the coast and a poleward decrease in surface
heating (Pedlosky 1974). The monthly distributions of wind stress
curl presented in this study are generally consistent with an equator-
ward Sverdrup flow offshore and a poleward Sverdrup flow near the
coast, except in the region from Punta Eugenia to Punta Baja, where the
wind stress curl is negative. The general pattern of positive wind
stress curl along the coast and observations of the California Counter-
current (Wooster and Jones 1970, Wickham 1975), are consistent with
Pedlosky's theory.

The Sverdrup transport balance expressed in Equation 6 may provide
a simple and reasonable explanation for the existence of the current-
countercurrent system observed along the west coast of the United
States. Transport calculations based on the July wind stress curl data

for the line of 1 -degree squares extending offshore of Cape Blanco

12 -1
(43° N latitude), show a net southward transport of 3.53 X 10 g sec .

Within 300 km of the coast, an integrated northward transport of

12 -1
2.20 X 10 g sec is required. Negative wind stress curl between

127° W and 133° W longitude is associated with a southward vertically

12 -1
integrated mass transport of 5.73 X 10 g sec . These values

somewhat underestimate the total volume transport of the California

Current (10 sv) suggested by Sverdrup et al . (1942, p. 724).

65

B. BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

Relationships among patterns of coastal and equatorial upwelling
and the distributions of primary production have been discussed by
Cushing (1969). Favorable conditions for phytoplankton growth are
maintained within the surface photic layers by upwelling of nutrient
rich subsurface water. Offshore divergence related to the vorticity
of the wind stress effectively extends the width of the biological
upwelling zone. Fronts may form in areas of negative wind stress curl
just offshore of the primary coastal convergence, such as near Punta
Eugenia. These fronts would tend to concentrate both the available
food and the grazers within the same areas. This process may be
important to the survival of fish stocks which spawn in this coastal
region.

Seasonal changes in the surface circulation may also provide
mechanisms for survival and possible separation of stocks along the
coast. The current-countercurrent system characteristic of southern
California suggests a mechanism whereby fish stocks could migrate
seasonally from primary feeding grounds within the coastal upwelling
regime off northern California to spawning grounds off Baja California,

A relationship between wind stress curl and the California Current
system has been suggested. The data indicate that the poleward under-
current observed along the west coast of North America may be driven
locally by positive wind stress curl. However, a possibility does
exist that the boundary current is not entirely the result of local
forcing. Coastal areas may respond to wave-like disturbances propa-
gating from other regions of the ocean, as in the case of El Nino
(Wyrtki 1975).

66

A general requirement for vertically integrated northward
Sverdrup transport along the coast apparently breaks down near Punta
Eugenia where negative wind stress curl is observed (Figure 18A).
Within this region, there must be southward vertically integrated
Sverdrup transport.

With this consideration in mind, it is interesting to note the
winter distribution of surface currents depicted in Figure 18B. The
large scale pattern suggests two separate cyclonic gyres associated
with positive wind stress curl within the Southern California Bight,
and south of Punta Eugenia. In the region of negative wind stress
curl, the indicated surface flow is toward the south.

Correspondences of features in the patterns of wind stress curl ,
surface currents, and winter distributions of the northern anchovy
(Engraulis mordax) (Vrooman and Smith 1971) are highly suggestive
(Figure 18C). A mechanism which could lead to formation of subpopula-
tions of pelagic fishes in the California Current is described by
Parrish (MS) . Distributions of Pacific mackerel (Scomber japonicus)
are similar to those for the Central and Southern subpopulations of
northern anchovy shown in Figure 18C.

This study has demonstrated the utility of historical marine
observations in describing details of surface properties over an area
of the North Pacific Ocean. Resolution by 1- degree square and long
term month is feasible when the seasonal cycle is large. This method

PARRISH, R.H. (MS) Environmental -dependent recruitment models
and exploitation simulations of the California Current stock of
Pacific mackerel (Scomber japonicus) Ph.D. Thesis, Oregon State
University (in preparation).

67

I28W I26W I24WI22W I20W II8W II6W II4W II2W HOW

34N-

128W I26W I24W I22W I20W II8W II6W II4W II2W HOW

321*

FIGURE 18. Distributions of
A. Wind stress curl, B. Surface
currents, and C. Anchovy sub-
populations. Wind stress curl
is shown for September. Units
are dyne cm'2 per 100 km. The
contour interval is 0.25 dyne cm"2
per 100 km. Negative values are
shaded. The winter distribution
of surface currents is depicted
in terms of 2-degree summariza-
tions of ship drift data.
Vector symbols are scaled accord-
ing to the key on the chart.
Units are cm sec . Large
arrows suggest the split cyclonic
circulations which develops off
southern California and Baja
California. The winter distri-
bution of the three subpop-
ulations of northern anchovy
are shown in the bottom figure.
Figures A and B are after Bakun
and Nelson (1975). Figure C is
after Vrooman and Smith (1971).

68

of summarization may fail in regions of sparse data, or in the tropics
where long term fluctuations frequently obscure the seasonal cycle.
Summarization of these data by 1 -degree square, month, and year
often fails to produce consistent time series. The resulting fields
may not be statistically significant if the mean values are based on
too few observations. Objective analysis provides a method to obtain
consistency in time and space. However, with these methods, continuity
in time is gained at the expense of spatial resolution. An engineering
approach might be used to calibrate the large scale analyzed fields in
terms of the features evident in higher resolution distributions as
presented in this report. The resulting time series could be related
to fluctuations of marine biological communities which must respond to
wide variations in environmental conditions on time scales ranging from
a few days to several years.

69

APPENDIX A
MONTHLY SURFACE WIND STRESS DISTRIBUTIONS

The long term composite monthly mean surface wind stress distri-
butions are displayed in Charts 1 to 12 as resultant vectors, in
Charts 13 to 24 as the eastward components, and in Charts 25 to 36
as the northward components. The values are plotted in units of
dyne cm . The month is indicated in the figure legend in the upper
right corner of the charts. The two years displayed below the month,
for example 1858-1972, correspond to the year of the earliest report
and the year of the most recent report respectively. The coastline
configuration is superimposed on the grid as a visual aid and does
not represent a conformal mapping.

In Charts 1 to 12, the vectors are plotted according to the scale

shown below the figure legend. The mean vector magnitudes are con-

_2
toured at intervals of 0.5 dyne cm . Contour labels have been

_2
omitted for clarity. Magnitudes greater than 1.0 dyne cm are shaded,

Charts 1 3 to 24 display contoured values of the eastward component

of the resultant surface wind stress. The contour interval is

_2

0.5 dyne cm . Positive values correspond to eastward components.

Negative values are shaded.

The northward component of the resultant stress is plotted in

_2
Charts 25 to 36. The contour interval is 0.5 dyne cm . Positive

values correspond to northward components. Negative values are

shaded.

70

NCE - TQF-lt - ONE OEGREE SJMfWHZflTION

137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 1 IS IU 113 112

136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 113 117 116 115 114 :

CHART 1. Resultant surface wind stress vectors for JANUARY.

71

NCC - TDF-ll - Of€ DEGREE SUrtrWUZHTICN

130 129 123 127 126 125 123 123 1

i 120 us lie ii7 :is us ;u

CHART 2. Resultant surface wind stress vectors for FEBRUARY.

72

NCC - TDF-lt - OtC. DEGREE SUMflfWIZATION

137 136 135 13a 133 132 131 130 129 12b 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 1/0 119 118 117 115 US 114 113 112

f

CHART 3. Resultant surface wind stress vectors for MARCH.

73

NCC - TOF-ll - Qt£ DEGREE SUHMflRIZflTICN

135 134 133 132 131 130 129 123 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 1U 113 112

1 \ I V
ill l i i- 1 -V-i-\.

137 ;36 135 134 13';

130 123 123 127 126 125 124 123

CHART 4. Resultant surface wind stress vectors for APRIL

74

NCC - TDF-ll - ONE DEGREE SUMMFWIZHTION

134 133 132

CHART 5. Resultant surface wind stress vectors for MAY.

-z,

75

NCC - TDF-11 - »C QEGREE SUIIMRRIZflTION

CHART 6. Resultant surface wind stress vectors for JUNE.

76

NCC - TDF-11 - DC DEGREE SUMMFWIZUTION

137 136 135 134 133 132 1J1 130 129 128 L2? 128 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 lu fiTTT?

34 153 132 131 130 \2i

CHART 7. Resultant surface wind stress vectors for JULY,

77

NCC - TOF-H - ONE DEGREE SUMnRRIZRTION

36 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 123 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 123 119 113 117 116 115 114 113 112 llf

NATIONAL MPRINE FISHERIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL CROUP

MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA

SURFACE STRESS
FIELD

l DYNE CM-2 )

LONG TERM MEAN
FOR

AUGUST

18S7 - 1972

STRESS IN Qltf. Crt-2

53

ts

K

a
is

ic,
u
a
a

41

a

3S

3?
33
36

:-;
:--

33
32

CHART 8. Resultant surface wind stress vectors for AUGUST

78

NCC - T0F-I1 - 0* OEGREE SUHflRRISmON

137

136 135 134 133 132 131 130 123 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 1U 113 112'

111

~^-^

CHART 9. Resultant surface wind stress vectors for SEPTEMBER.

79

NCC - TDF-lt - OC OEGREE SUMMARIZATION

137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 123 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 ill

CHART 10. Resultant surface wind stress vectors for OCTOBER.

80

NCC - TDF-ll - Gt£ DEGREE SUMMRRIZATION

[37 136 135 134 133 132 131 130

128 127 126 125 12.1 123 122 121 122 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 1 ~

5 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 125 127 126 125

CHART 11. Resultant surface wind stress vectors for NOVEMBER,

81

NCC - TOF-11 - DC OEGREE SUMMRfllZaTION

132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 12A 123 12

CHART 12. Resultant surface wind stress vectors for DECEMBER.

82

NCC - TDF-ll - Gt€ DEGREE SUWWUZHTION

CHART 13. East component surface wind stress for JANUARY.

83

NCC - TDF-U - GtC DEGREE SUHMRRIZflTION

137 136 135

50
19
4£
47
t6
15
id

13
12
11

10
39
3€

37

36
35
31

:3
32

31
3£
29
28
27
26
25
21
23
22
21

131 133132 ,31 [3d 129 128 12? 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 1 U 113 112

: <#~V-^

OiAER ISLAND

in

3.17 3.S9 0.13 3.19 8.36 3,29 3.29 8.01 0.12

8.31 0.17 0.19 8.23 8.15 0.19 8.11 07] 3-0.1

---j — -J~r-J — -« — y^R

0.29 0.17 0&2 0.31 8.86-0.23-0.
0.39 8.29 0.3? 0.69-0.39-0.25 3.29-Bvtf.' 0.11-0.25

8.59

0.

0.29 0.11 0.13 0.13 0.33 B.07^COl-'"18IB RlvEft

----- Hi

3.19 0.59 0.12

8. S3 8.32 i.ta 0.29 0.36 8v51 0.33 8.27 8.22 8.21
M 8.39 0.11 0.29 0.12' 3.15 0.27 0.29 3.09

.19 8.33 8.39 0.51 8..15 0.89 a. 56 0.11 0.19 8. CI

B.3S 0.71 *J.36 3.33 0.19 8.37 0.29 0.29 0.17' 0.09

V

■v

a.49 0.37 8.^9^8.56 3.25 0.19 8.29 0.08 8.37

"Tl" J'C ; CBPt r€NODn«i

wvn

NRTIONRL MRRINE FISHERIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP

MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA

ERST COMPONENT
SURFRCE STRESS

t DYNE Crt-2 1

LONG TEHH HERN
FOR

FEBRUARY

1B58 - 1972

0.21 8.39 0.69 0.31 0.31 8.51 8.32 0.29 0.19-0.02

0.29 a.

'^^- -±-\ pj

.17 3.39^51 0.35 0.32 8.32 0.21 0.13 8.lS

"^

-0.19 0.17 0.21 0.29 0.39 0.27 3.25 3.21 3.3» 0,

0.15 0.29 0.29 0.33 9.22 0.21 0.3S 0.11 8.33 0.21
3.31 0.33 3.15 8.29 8.33 3.25 8.22 0.17 3.22 0,
8.35 0.39 3.37 0.25 0.25 C. 19 3.25 0.31 0.

0.27 8.29 8.26 3.31 0.37 0.12 8.11
3.21 0.19 3.2* 0.31 0.35 3. 40

L

0.19 0.19 0.23 0.33 0.13 0. 19 ' 3: «_«•. 58 0.29 0.1
09 0.09 8.12 0.22 3.35 0.35 0.39 3.33 0.10 0.25
3.20 3.25 3.l£AS2> 0.33 3.21 0.19 3.27 0.27: a.
0.10 0.09

A.S2 0.33 3.21 0.19 3.27 0.27 0.31 V

0.19 0.ZS 8.11 0.21 3.22 3.30 3.39 3.19V \%

-0.89 0.35.0.01 3.15 3.33 8. 11' 8.11 3.21 3.21 8.21

-3.15-3.17-9.13 a.-8»-&.l» 0.09 0.07 8.21 0.21

3.09 0.27' 0.01 0v31' 8.62 3.17 3.29 0.13 0.29 3.29

0.11 8.18-8.12 0.31 0.29 0.23 0.11 0.23 0.39 0

-9.89-tf. 1B-S. 19-0:«t. J3.03 0.05 0.11 0.11 0.21 0.25

-B.17-fl.ll-0.21-B.08-3.81~a.01 0.00 8.01 0.17 0.18(23

3. 1 1(22

-3.39-3.23-0.33-0.31-0.85-0.02-0.01 3".-W 8.05

-0.39-0.32-0.26-0. I9-0.09-a.28-0.23-0.29-3.Bl 0.32 2

:3l 133 132 131 138 129 128

127 126 125 124 123 122 12!

.18 i:

16 115 111 LP

CHART 14. East component surface wind stress for FEBRUARY.

84

NCC - TDF-1I - ONE DEGREE SUMMPWIZATION

137 136

aa

49
49
17

46

45

44

43
!

42
11

4C
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22

135 134 133 132 131 13H 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 123 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 n?

lii

3.56 3. 53 0.38* 2.61 0.S6 3.41 0.41' 3.35 0.34 0.12

0U9 0.641 0.3i 0.39 0.if,aii-^tf> KIVER

r^

f

0.67; 0.61 0.55 0.82' 0.82

_yj§ B^420^JSJL56 0.S2 0.6^ 0.29 0.42 0,23 0.34.

3.69 0.7» B.Byjl_.3J' 0.79 0.99 1.49 0.31

a;

0.62 0. 72 3.44 0.99 0.79 3.37

0.^B5-0T44 0.75 0.71 >B.4l

^t>» 0.72'

0.33 0.39

0.41 0.22 0.34. 0.33 CBPe a^o

0.23 0.19

0.84 0.S& 0.64. 0.S5-«J12i liB2/B.lS 0J}63 B.13 3.17
...,......-..,. .A..-. A--./.-.. jT.Yj- ...J./~ J

0.59 0.52' 0.52' 3.70 3. 37 0T4& 0.12 0.6
0.65 3.57'

0.29-0.12

Nom

NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP

MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA

ERST COMPONENT
SURFACE STRESS

1 DYNE CM-2 )

LONG TERM MEAN
FOR

MRRCH

1857 - 1972

0.45 0.42. 0.32' 0.36 0.24 0.34 0 29 0.
0.45 0.39 3.44. 3.49 3.35 0.46 0.42 3.-lT 3.55 1.

3-.S3 3.36 3.25 3.39 0.36 0.41 Cl.46~3.49 0.36 0.33

a. 37.

3.49 3.31 0.39 0.31

3.31 0.41 0.29 0.
3.32

H

0.37;
3.32

0.34 2.PS 0.41 0.
0.36 0.34 3.49 3.

3.32 3.34 0.34 0.37 i.U 3.49 3.66 0.61 3

3.29 3.19 3.29 3.31 3.59 3.65 0.75 3.82' 3.63 3.37

0.25 0.29 a;«9 a.'*Z. 0.61- 0.S9 0.60( 0.33 3.2
. . j j 1 1 . ;~w_^-_ j A. — 1

3.14 3.16 0.26 3,25 3.29 0.34 0.39^.56' J>. 49 3.39
■0.07 & 39 0.35 0.25 3.32 0.45 0.33 3.39 0.39

3.12 3.23 3.24 3.03 3.27' 0.30 3.35 3.49 3.40 0

-0.09 3. 03 0.B7' 0.37 0.03 0.24 3.19 0.25 0.36 0.41

iPUNTH ;UCEN[H

0.36^-0.36-3.09 3.01 3.E9 0.42' 0.39 0.27 3.42 3.41

-3. 13-3.37-3,3?; 3.02-3702-0.15 3.25 3.34 3.49 0.42

•0.15-0.03 3.39-3.34-0.33-3.33 0.22 3.39 9.49 3.37'

-3.36-3.11 3.32 Jfeg» 3.37 0.16 3.24 3.29 3.37

30
IS
18
47
46
15

Li.
43

42

4'.
It

3S

:-:
33
3c
35

34

33

?:

31
38
29
3
27
2S

3.36 24

•*Y' -■ .

-0.15-0.39-3.36-3.39-3.84 3.39 0.15 0.19 3.26

3.362
0.1S22

-0.33-3.21-3. 15-3. 23-0. 01 0.35 3.12 3.14 3.19
«;..-.' j j j -. j - - -"><- - - j -

-0.34-fl.39-0. 13-0. 16HJ. 19-3.14 3.-39-0. 05" 3.33 3.17(2!

•-5T 136 135 134 133 1 32 131 13a 129 129 127 126 125 124 123 \t

120

116 115 114 ;;3 ::;

CHART 15. East component surface wind stress for MARCH

85

NCC - TOF-11 - OC OEGREE SUMMRRIZfiTION
137

1 36 1 35 1 34 1 33 1 32 131^1 30 1 29 L 23 1 ^7 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 113 117 116 lib iu !13 l~

CHART 16. East component surface wind stress for APRIL.

86

NCC - TDF-ll - OC DEGREE SUttWUZATION

137

136 135 |34 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 125 125 124 123 122 121 123 119 118 117 116 115 1U iT3~M?~

CHART 17. East component surface wind stress for MAY

87

NCC - TDF-11 - ȣ DEGREE SbfWWIZBTION

137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 128 i 19 113 117 116 115 1 14 71TTi7

CHART 18. East component surface wind stress for JUNE

88

NCC - TDF-1! - ONE DEGREE SUflMRRIZATION

50
4S

48
47
46

137 136 135 134 133 : 32 131 133 129 123 127 126 125 124 123

45
44
43
42
41

3S

37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30

2S
23
27
26
25
24
23
22
21

3.3» 1.33 0.25 0.37 0.34- 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.450.1

121 120 1 I'd 118 117 116 115 114 113 112

111

■ MZZU'l" ISUNO

0.43 3.36 3.33 3.22 3.36 0.43 0.34 0.40 0.23 0.12

- li,

0.39 0.2& 0.34 0.44 0.39 0.20 a.27^ caLune:R "'V^

0.30 0.24 0.39 0.29 3.12 0.09

0.21 0.43 0.31
0. 13 0.23 3. 12

0.21

0.Z2 0.19 15.20 0.13 0.23 0.14

0.18 3.25 Z. IS 0.13 0.09 0.1&

0.19 0.19 0.14 0.13 0.17 3.02

0.2B 0.09 0.19

0.07 3.07 SJ.09 0.07

3.36 3.-J»r3.31 0.09 0.13 0.24 0.29 3.37 0.56 0.

0.09 l.-W 0.04 0.13 0.19 0,34 0.49 0.73 0.79 0.S2J

3.13 0.17 0.13 0.£9'

0.02 0.050.09 Mh,E ajMc
3.17 3.2S 0.32
3.14 0.10 0.14 3. i3-~«U3i 0.36 0.42
0.14 0.21 0.27 0.42 0.45 0.22

NORA

NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP

MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA

ERST COMPONENT
SURFACE STRESS

t DYNE CM-2 1

LCNG TERM MEAN
FOR

JULY

iasa - 1972

-S.06 C00 0.11 0.19 0.26 0.i» B.S2 3.65 3.34 0.39

"\~

-0.01-0.03 0.02 0.11 0.25 0.32 0.49^54 0.57 0,

\

"*. 10-0.02 3.07; 0. IS 0.31 0.32 3.39 0.54 0.57

-0.*Z 0.19 0.19 B.35 0^53 3.50 B.S4 0.67^ 0.54 3.1

-ffi.01 (4.10 0.25 0.32 0.43 0.63 3.60 0.59 fl. 47 0.29

-\-

0.08 0. 17 3.21 e.32 i^n^SS 0.57 2jSl 0.39
^0310.30 0.11 0.16 0.26 0.41 >^0 0.42. 0.37 0.32

-e.32 "0.31 3.10 0.12 0.23 0.33 3.19 0.39 0.36 0.3

0100 0.13 0.20 3.13 0.19 0.16 0.32 0.36 0.36 0.4

-«-. 30-8". 02- 0.03 3.14 0.17 0.19 0.13 0.25 3.34 0.34

HJ.03 0.0J^0j04. 0.07 0.06 3.19 0.20 3.24 0.37 0

-0.03-0.14 0.06-e.Bl 0.09 0.16 ;1.1S 0.29' 0.36 0.31

.'- i-.-.-1-U :..

-0.13-fl.04 WMrKM 3.03 0.15 3.17 0.23 0.32 0.32

-0. 12-3.07-0.0 I 0.35 3.10 3.23 0.21 0.29 0.27 0.28 2

-0. IS 3.02-0.05-0.^6.04 0.39 0.16 3.15 0.19 0.25 23

3. 10-0.0S-0. 18-3. 19-0.82 g.SS> 0.04 0.04 3.09 0.12 22

r8.29-0.29-0.22-0.23-d.22-3. ;&-0.03 3.09 3.«»=9;0l2:

55 134

S3 129 \2t

126 125

li 123 122 :_1 123 119

CHART 19. East component surface wind stress for JULY.

89

NCC - TDF-U - OC DEGREE SUfWRIZflTIOl

137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 1

SB

IS

i£

a

i6

«s

u
*3
a
ti

3S

38

57
36
35
1-
33
32

31

30
29
25
27
26
25
24
23
22

3.33 a.44 0.48 a. 46 0.48 0.44 0.39 0.31 0.25**0.08

0.43 0.38 0.42 0.48 3.47 4.40 0.35 0.43 0.21 0.1
0.33 0.41 3.3-3 0.35 0.35 0.13

i 127 126 125 124 123 122 121~T20~113 113 117 116 115 1U fTTTTT

Ill

0.43 0.38 0.35
0.33 0. 42

^.48 3.35

0.38 0.22 0.38 0.38 0.34 0.32 0.08 0.11
0.35 0.35 0.35 0.36 0.38 0.34. 0. H 0. lS^ CBLUKBW RIVER
0.45 0.33 0.33 0.48 3.27 0.27 0.27' 0.27 0.03 0.U6

0.22 0.29 8.23 0.33 0.38 0.23 0.15 0.08 0.02 0.04
0.37 0.21 0.13 0.1b 3.18 0.29 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.12

\

0.18 0.19 0.2lf-0.13>0.13 0.10 0.12 0.10 B.21 0.15

- -•! — - ----Ni# .......... .... j. ...,.....; yj

0.10 0.1» 0.15 0.12 0.17 0.14 0.18 0.23 0.27' 0.1?

0.15 0.03 0.14 0.05 0.13 0.17 0.18 0.28' 0.33 0.13
----- .-.-,.......... .\

NOfifl

NATIONAL HBRIr.'E FIS(€RIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIRGW1ENTAL GROUP

MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA

ERST COMPONENT
SURFACE STRESS

( OYW: CM-2 )

UQNG TEW MEAN
FOR

AUGUST

1857 - 1572

0.0* 0.05 0.12 0.11 0.20

0.35 3. 45 5.36 0.

SS 0.

■.ag 0.02 0.11 0.23 0.25 0.35 0..S2 0.63 0.& 0.37

---A- : . J '

■0.36-0,02" 3.01 0.04 0.21 0.33 fc.44 0.42 I

^...V-.-f

42^0.54 3.5B\

-3.85 0.01 0.06 0.15 3.22 0.27 0.41 i.5l 0.52 3.-^

0.07 0.12 0.13 0.38 0.35 0vS.l_0.St 3.51 0.67 0.1

.01 0.07' 0.21 0.28 0.42 0.46 0.58 0.74 0.45 0.38

■i~--j— i- V----V---V

0.05 0.12 0.25 0.31' 0.4t 0.53 0.55 0.54 0.34 0.2

J.

-J.Ea.J3 0.11; 0.15 0.17 3.38 0.44 0.43 0.36 0.32

-0.07 ■ 3. 36 3.09 0.14 0.27 0.35 0.38 0.33 0.31 0.3

h'fAl

-3.32 0.23 0.35 0.15 0.15 0.18 0.21 0.38

-3.21 -3. 13 0.04< 0.06 0.07' 3.20 0.18 3.25 3.23 0.32

-3.12-0.13-3.33 0.11; 0.13 0.35 0.14 3.22 0.35 3.

■* 13-0.85-0733^8.01 0.38 0.06 3. 12 0.25 0.33 0.36"

-0.12-0.23 3:82 -0.-00. 3. 0fc0.02 0.12 0.16 0.25 0.38

-0.43-0.21-3.32. 3.36 3.33 3.04 0.11 0.24 0.25 0.32 ?•!

-0.33-8.87-0.27-0.17-0.36^8.18 0.12 0.15 3.09 0.1723

•0.06-3.32-3. 12-0. 12-«.56;-0.25-0;-02u3;06 0.13 0.1322

-8.06-8.32-8.25-0.09-8.36 3.03-3. 17-0. 2S 3.08 0.1121

f

126 125 124 123 122 121

19 118 117

s in

u 113 n;

CHART 20. East component surface wind stress for AUGUST.

90

NCC - TOF-11 - MB DEGREE SUHHRRIZRTION

52
49

is

a

46
45

43
12
11
40
39
38
37

36

35
34

33
32
3;
32
29

28
27
26
2S
24
23
22
21

136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 !26 L'7 126 12S 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 ~

111

0.39 0.29 0.29 0.39 3.49 0.39 KS3 8.37 S-lS 0.Z6

■-j -j i....Jf^J....J..j3

B.46 0.42> 9.47 0.42 3.26 0.4ft 0.19>fl.b> 0.19 ■.■5^alu*1B"' R:VES

0.31 0.47; 0.21
3.29 0.33 0.17
0.33 0.1» Z. 06
0.19 3.23 0.11

:£*

a. 29 fl3b 0.37 0.32 3.3* 0.07 0.10

0.15 3.19 0.19 0.39 3.23 0.03 0.07

•.111 0.2* 0.27: 3.-0Br3.02 0.00 B.MJ CRPE ^^

---j — -j- ----: -— j - 1 ■ \ ---;

0.29 0.29 3.0ft 0.12 3.35 0.11-0.0*

0.05 0.05 0.09 0.10 0.19 0.1 1.-0.1 5 0.14 0.13 3.09
..-J... .J... J j Si52 / J

0^0* 3.06-eiai 0.22 0.14 a.00 0.11 0.13 a.29 0.17.

NOHR

NflTlONAL MARINE FISteRIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL CROUP

flOWTtREr CALIFORNIA

ERST COMPONENT
SURFRCE STRESS

l DYNE CM-2 )

LONG TERM fEBN
FOR

SEPTEMBER

18S4 - 1972

-0.12-O.B2 0-.aft-3-.00 0.02 0.10 0.1» 0.15 0.

0.02 3.0ft 0.03 3.09 0.05 0.17 0.24 0.39 0.47 0,

B. 39 0.37t

-ftflft-ftjl 0.05 0.12 0.22 2.23 0.39 0.46 3.41 0.33

-T

-e.02-0.lft a.03 3.05 0.19 0.23 0.27 0.29 3.39 0.

-0.07 3.3* 3.06 0.11 0.17 0.3» 3.27 0.35 0.42 0,

0.41V

PCiNT CONCEPTION

0.03 0.09 0.25 0.22 0.35 0.39 3. ** 3.59 0.51 0.

:=K-' v \-

-0.33 0.10 0.19 0.22 0.32 0.42 0.S6 0.66 0.45 3.29

3.03 0.14 3.19 0.32 0.33 3.-49^54^0.49 3.35 0.1

3.31 0.05 0.02; 0.20 3.29 3.43 0.41 0.37' 0.37 0.32
0.05 3.04 0.21 e.22

0.27 0.32 3.34 0.35 0.34 3.
8,3^ 0.01 0.15 0.09 0.16 3.27' 3.15 3.31 0.3b 0

-0.*j 0.04 3.05 0.12 0.14 3.27' 0.22 3.17 2.2S 3.33

[-0.09-

.09-0.1* 0.13 0.11 3.15 0.21 0.16 0.24 3.37 0.3

-3,36 "3.02 0.04 0.19 0.19 0.15 0.22 0.22 0.34 3.32"

-0.14-0.24 3. W 3.30 3.10 0.25 0.37. 0.17 0.25 3.29

liWk_B

-0. i> 3.» 3.09 0.12 3.1ft 0.9 0.29 3.29 0.23

"T

-0.19-0.16-0.09 3.22 3.06 0.15 0.14 0.25 0.25

0.17 23
0.14 22
-0.03-0.03-0.04 0.19 0.07 0.09 0.4» 3.16 0.3ft 0.0*2

>»-0J#

-3.09-3.29 0.00-a.iS 0.39 0.33 0.06 0.19 0.22

137 :?6 :35 154

131 133 123

25 '.25 12a 123 122 121 1.:

19 113 111

CHART 21 . East component surface wind stress for SEPTEMBER

91

NCC - TDF-11 - !>C DEGREE a*miIZRTIGN

~ :35 :;; :u :~3 :-z is: .;: ~

4S

m

a

46
45

44

43
U
i.
-J

39
3S
37
36
35
34
33
32

2S

26
27
26

:r

24

:;-

22

?^

B.78 3.o» 8.67 8. 71 L9 8.37 3.22 8.13 3.36"0,

a.55 a.s: 3.52 1.34 a.z? 3.19 2.29-9.:

8.81 8.75 0.<

T>4 8.62 -BTtt 8.53 8.72 3.57 2ja_i ^ 8. 12 3.35

^C-8^P 8.23 8.39 8.13 8. ]$-{). 1

8.57 8.S4 3.79^1' !6 8.42 8.45 8.29 8.28 8.87-8.13

8. 23-3. «^
4-

8. -"5 8.55 8.32 8.79 8.53 8.33 3^4 3.23

::_."=:- 3;.i?

8.73 J_i5 3.9 3.39 8.34 8.45 8.15 3.89 3.23 8.85

' .— Jr-

B.S3 8.77 3.^9 8.33 8.29 3.38 8.21 B.li-fl.13 3.33 -^ gj^.

~===*; — - Y-^-.--

8.42 8.32 3.28 8.35 3251 8.21 3.19 3.87 3.35 3.82

V

8.21 8.18 8.27 8.25 8.39 8.17 8.11 8.15 8.88 8.39

" £-" 3P? ■exsx.'c

8.14 8.44 8.25 8.15 8.15 3.23 3.28 3.21 3.13 8.33

NOW

NHT10NRI WfllNE F1S>€RIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIRGNIENTai. GROUP

rtOMTERTr. CflLIFORWR

ERST COMPONENT
3URFRCE STRESS

( DYNE Ot-2 1

LONG TERM PERN
FOR

OCTOBER

1654 - 1972

8.29 8.21 3.22 3.24 3.28 8.85 8.17 c.H 8.22 3.3

8.37 8.27 8.24 8.09 3.17 3.19 8.19 8.31 3.33 3.

1

8.18 0.84 3.15 8.14 3.21 8.23 [3.35 3.34 3.39 2.22

-/*■'.

3.35-0.3J 8.85 3.89 3.17 3.19 3. :S 3.22

39 3.Z

3.38 3.32\

"0~ai 8.11 3.83 8.12 3.09 3.15 3.27 3.24 3.39 3.

n ZMS>TUM

B. 14 8.83 0.13 3.17 3.24 8.34 l.U ?.•=. 8.39 3.1

0.11 8.11 8.21 8.23 3.25 3.42 3.45 8.47 3.48 3.23

3.26 3.14 8.15 8.32 3.31 3.39 *.li 3.42 3.37 3.

8.31 8.39 3.17 3.25 3.23 8.31 8.31 8.39 8.37 8.25

8.83 8.18 8.18 3.25 3.25 8.27 8.31 8.27 8.38 8.

3.07 3.87 3.12 8.13 3.29 3.17 3.29 3.31 3.34 3

8.14 3.87 3.18 t... 3.13 3.24 3.3 8.32

-3.23 4 £Z 3.13 3.83 3.13 l.Sr-Z.i\ 3.29 3.35 3.3^

-3.37-a.~23~?. 3; 8.12 8.07 8.11 8.19 3.29 3.36 3.33""

-3.13-0.12 3.J4_0r08 3.85 3.12 3.89 3.22 3.43 3.38

-0.15-0.05-0.BV 3.32 2.SS 8.12 8.11 3.23 3.25 8.2^^
-0.23 8wW-a04 0.30-8.35 3.12 8.17 8.14 3.22 8.24(23

-0.17-0.11-0.1 4 3.3» 3.23-2.32 8.85 3.13 2.25 2. .3
-0.25-0.28-0.03-0.32-0.39 0.34 3.35 3.07 3.r-e.23

.':2

CHART 22. East component surface wind stress for OCTOBER,

92

NCC - TDF-11 - ONE OEGREE SUhflRRIZBTION

50
L9
46
47
46

45
a

43

137 136 135 J34 133 132 131 130 129 12S .27 :26 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 :u 113 ::,-

42
11

-2

39

38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31

30
2S
28
27
26
25
24
23
22

3.2^4.2^-0.^3,

/SNCO'JVER ;5LflNO

.0.36 3.52 B.79 3.S5 0.4I?' 3.63 3.23 0.35 3.13-8.27
.i. . j . . i . j -...yr....i, jL . _ J^77>L . . Ij . . a^

-a.98 aua a.s9 a.4» i.32 a. 73 0/49 Oi»».i7Hj.il**cc"-ur'-BIf' j
... -j.JZ*^,:...: :... ...... j .f...\^;

0.79 3.55 2.39 3.54. B.'55 a.S5 3.6<£33 0.22 a.o&

a,ss 2.T& 'a. 41 a.32 a.sz a.s<~a.4S 0.29 a. 19 a.ai
a. 83 0.59 a. 37 a.57 a.57 a.55 0.01 0.23 a. 13 3.09

8.55 8.67 8.59 0.73 0.49 3.Z* 8.35 8.21-«k'Bl^-e. 19'

a. 72 a. 73 a.65 a.57 a.sa a. 1* ai-si 3.22 a.« j.'es

a.as a.2S 0.03-0. is

CHPE rENCGCINO

NOflH

NATIONAL MRRINE FISHERIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL CROUP

MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA

EAST COMPONENT
SURFACE STRESS

( OYNE CM-2 )

LONG TERM MEAN
FOR

NOVEMBER

185i - 1372

0.59 3.58 a.36 0.4*^0.39 0.21

---....-j..... ...... ...........

0.74- 3,«=CS1 0.41 0.2B 0.29 0.42 0.

0.39 0.49 0.39 3.31 3.34 0.33 3.36 0.19 0.13 0.1

3.29 0.39 0.29 0.29 Z.2S 3.32 0.26 3.27 0.29 3.12

3.14 3.15 3.03.

-^

CONCEPTION

XS3 3.32 3.29 a. 25 0.25 0.21 0.23 0.15 3.2S 0.

0.22 0.25 0.21 3.23 3.19 8.27 8.19 3.29 0.

0.14 0.27 3.19 3.26 3.26 0.39 3.39 0.39 0.33 8

3.1* 0.13 0.14 0.22 0.31; 8.32 3.47 3.45 3.32' 3.21

3.09 8.17 8.19 0.32 0.29 0.26 3.34' 0.36 0.26 0.1

0.09 0.09 3.06 3.13 0.33 3.21 3.33 3.39 3.39 8.21
0.19 0.02 3.36 8.29 8.19 3.34 3.26 3.26 3.27

-0.04. '3. 82- 0.03 BC52 3.07 3.13 8.21 3.22
I.871 0.35-«.03-«r0» 8.05 8.09 0.17 0.19 0.24 3.25

a;

-\-

-0.37 8.11^-0.e9 Z.03-«.01 3.22-0C3Z 3.15 3.23 8.1

-a.09-fl.ia a.32^0.03- a.a* 0.13 0.01 3. u 3.29 3.23

-0.1 3-0. 15-0.09-0. 09 B^Z^&fei 3.09 3.00 3.19 3.20

-0.12-0.17-3.15 0V01_0v0O-'B.00>0.0l 3.15 B.19 3.1924

-0.39-0. 29-0. 09-0. 22-4.05-0. 03 0.09 0.03 0.13 0.15 23

-0.33-0.41-0.07-0.20-0. 13-a.B9-fl.34 3.05 0rfl£ B.07C2

-9. 42-0. 23-0. 20-0.09-0. 12-0.32-0.06-0.05-0.06-9.

»1

136 135 134 133 132 131

29 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 113 113 11

114

CHART 23. East component surface wind stress for NOVEMBER.

93

NCC - TDF-11 - DC DEGREE ajnnRRIZfiTION

137

50
43
48
47
46
45
44

«3

42
41
40
33
:3
37
36
35
34
33

i.ZB

0.94

136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 1U 113 1 1~

3ST

0,40 0.1* 0*53-0. 2 1x0.75^1.1

VBNCOUVEB iSLBNO

a.S5 0.35 e.4» 0.35-3. 19-e^iB. z,

0*40 0,75 B.41 0.25 0.2L 0.28 0.12-0

" 0. 25- 0.68 3.60 3.55 0.36 0.'03-0,37J

0.86 0.79 0.50 0.59 0.52 0.36 i.BT^OLuneiR RIVEB

l.» 0.9* 0.70 3.60 0.93 3.SS 0.*2 0.*0 0.U*

0.90 1.1* 3.^9 Z.5S Ull 1.16 0.71 3>5l

0.32; 0.28
39 0. 17 0. 19

"~"faj

0.15-3.18

W-j

0.31

3.75 0.81' 0.61 0.75 3.JS 0.*WE51

3.5* 0.39 0,

7^*'

•/

-h-

. 3.91, 0. 16 0.31 0.09 0.25 0.05

-W,

0.57 3.62 0.60 0.27 0.25 0.39 3.27 0.26 0.35-3.1 !■

■/-

0.53 0.78 3.45 0.19 0.39 3.21 0.2S 0.39 0.09 0,
J/ ! J. 1 I !„

/

0.53 3.33 0.20 0.45 0.17 0.11 0.19 0.15 0.13-3
V ' ' ■ '

3.55 0.37 0.3S 0.32 0.23 0.20 0.29 0.29 0.09 3.35

._0,.5»' 0-42 0.37 0.22 0.25 0.25 0.22 0.09 0.16 0,

0.2* 3.16 0.1* 0.32 0.29

CRPE PEUCOCINO

NGflfi

NATIONAL MARINE F1S1€RIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP

MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA

ERST COMPONENT
SURFRCE STRESS

C DYNE CH-2 )

LONG TERM MEAN
FOR

DECEMBER

1B68 - 1972

k

-3.09-0.10 0.05 0.25 3.19 0.11 0.20 0.21 0.22' 0,

■X

CONCEPTION

0.14 0.23 0.25 3.
3.12 0.23 0.15 0.22 0.19 0.1* 0.21
0.1* 0.00 3.19 0.20 3.31
0.09 0.12 0.10 0.22,
0.01 0.09 0.19 0.10 0.10 0.29 0.1* 0.33 0.31 0.17

0.29 0.40 0.39 0.29 0.19
0.39 0.39 0.*0 3.39 0.21 0.1

0.05-0.34^0.36 0.19 0.51 0.16 0.1* 0.29 0.29 0.

-0.1 4-0. 05-0. 03-0~."B3 0.10 0.31' 0.02 0.29 0.17 0.19

-h-

-3.21-3.22' 0.-00-0".02^a:02' 0.3* 3,-30 0.15 0.19' 0.1

-0,22-0.15-0.09-0.13-0705-0.29 0.11 B. 17 0.12 0.19

-8.32-0.26-0. IS 3.08-8.33-0.16-0.35 0.09 0.09 0.15

-0.21-0. 14-0. 19-0.09-0.07 0rfl0-0.09 0.07' 0.12 0. 12 U

-0.35-0.19-0. 13-0.16-0. ll-0.05< 0.05 0.11 0.05 0.0723

-0.37^-0.05-0.14-0.17^-0.09-0.19 0.02-0.14-0.09 0.0823

-0. 49-0. 34-0. 25-0. 15-0. 1 9-0. 1 7-0. 02-0. 03-0. 1 2-0. 03 2 '.

137 136 125 134 133 132 131 1 30 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 123 119 i!8 117 116 115 114 il3

CHART 24. East component surface wind stress for DECEMBER.

94

NCC - TDF-ll - Gt€ QEGREE SUIWWIZflTION

137

50
49
48

47
46
45
44
43

42

41
4^

39

38

37

35
35

34
::

136 135 13d 133 132 131 130 129 126 12? 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 U7 116 115 114 I iJTiT

111

B.26rfl.l7 0.34. 0.29 0.29 if. IS 0. 29 3. 79 B,i&"a

0.29 0.22 0.53 B. 19 0.39 0.33

0.39 9.59 3.11 0.07'

\0.lS 0.25 3.99 '8.19 0.29' 0.40 0.82 0.65 0.49

(0.78 0.57 0.65 6.72 8.4(> COLIinBift R;vw

->r-

/0.19 0.47 0.29 0.20

-/

Z0V&L

0.07

0.29

0.11

0.35 0.39 0.22 0.29
0.14 C.38 0.03 8.39
0.22

0.29 0.31 0.84 3,

u

Hi

0.39 0.57- 0.35-^.57 8.45

0.38 J». 51; 0.72; C.97: 0.64

B Aejj-UjpNpl 0.31^1^3* B.75I E.43 ^pj a^u-p

- / i»~"- - --** ^ — j- - . . ^. *^- j\ _ . 4 — j

'' ZJ -*""! ' \_ S V i /I

i.45 3,S5-9.35-».S6 0. lX"lt^-i.4f 0LS9 0.29

0.09 0. 29-0,^1^0.27^-8. 37-0. 21 0JJ&JJ.06 0.54.

....j j ----?-; ; -; J.->--l-jr-- J cnPE rEMBCIND
-0.19 Or^B^re 8.36-0l09-«U»_0>B9--e.49' 0,2b 8.62;

-0.37-0.0s( 0.13 fcSlj 0.31 0^03 0.37-^09-0."linr-tf.l0:

NOffl

NflTlONflL MURINE FIStCRIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIROMIENTflL CROUP

MONTEREY. CfillFORNIfi

NORTH COMPONENT
SURFRCE STRESS

( DYNE CM-2 )

LONG TERfl MEAN
FOR

JRNURRY

1B57 - 1972

"O.B3pB:0T-0. 1*-*. 10-0.29x0. 13*0. 13-fl. 39-0. 24-0. BSjf*

-3.09 0.08-8. 12-0.21-0.89-3.21-0.27-«. 13-0.20-3.03'
-0.21-0. 09-0. 14~0.09-B.Z2-a. 14-0. 09-0. 37-0. 33-B.

-9. 12-0. 15-0.26-0. 23-0. 01-H.04-0. 14-0.21-8,

-0. 19-8. 19-«.31;-0.2>0. 37-3. 39-0. 33^8,45-8. 19-0. 1

-8. 39-0.27-0. 39-8.43-8.59-0, 57-0. S5-0.43-B.ZS-B. 1 i

-E.35-B. 34-0, 42-8.35-8. 43-2. 34-0. 31-8. 35-8. 19-0. 1
-0.22-8. 32-0. 39-0. 2Z-9. 3l|-0.23i-pfS8--flUt}H_. 49-8.25

. 49-0. 47-B. 33-0. 38-8;. 53-0, .56-8. 40-8. 42-0. 34-8,

-0, 2S'-e^3-r0. 43-B. 39-0.21-0. 15-0.29-0. 39-0. 49-8.

A-

-0. 43-0. S6-B. 47-Z. 38-8. 45-0. 21-8. 29-8. 33-0. 45-0. 4 1

—LT**^ .,H,/....J» J. ...J . J , , . - . . . j . . . "%

|^3t-8.29^.2!^.4S-«.44-0.47^0rS>:a:6V-e.43-lj.4l

-0.32-0. 39-0. 45-0. 49-B»Sl r2. 52-0. Sa-Brf9-0,3B-0. 40*

-0. SS-B. 43-0, 59-0. 29-0. 45-0. 4W-0. 7l|<UJ 3-B, 4 1-8. 33

-8. 55-8. 4 t-B. 47-8-49-8.-7-8759-0. 4 1-8. 35-8. 39-8. 28 2
-fl.a2~0:iSl-B.37f-0.6t-B. 45-8. 34-8.23-8.47-8. 38-0. 3723

••V

4. 55-0. 34J-0. 4/4-0. 63-3. 59-ft 59-0. 37-0. 27-0. 39-8. 36 22
-0. 3H, 59-0. 53-B. 35-9. 59-9.49-0.47-8. 42-0. 36-0. 38 2 1

137

135 134 133 132 131

:9 123

126 125 12,1 123 122 121 120 119 113 117 115 115

CHART 25. North component surface wind stress for JANUARY

95

NCC - TDF-li - BE DEGREE SUMttRRIZflTION

137 ^ 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 129 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 111 113 112

111

42}
41

40

33
38
37
36
35
34
33
32

3;

30
29
28
27

0.34 3.35 0,46 0.29 0.44
0.1* 0.26 0^6 3.4* 0.6?£ 0.27 0.ra>OlLunetH aivER

0.23 3. 45 1,04 2.3,7 0.81 0,43 0.'j»

0.36 0.96 0,45 s£S3 0.40 0.33\0.61>'07X1 B.71 0.20 ^ ^p^

•— V. — -i-j--."^^: ---.VJ....^^..,
0.29^9.65 0,41-t0.22-fl.l1» 3.32: 0.39 3.37 3.37 0.US

0.7Z 0.15 0.95)3.17-0.11X0. IS 3.>* 0.23 0.33-0.12:

_y. X^/.-.-i.-./J J.7.1J J y/ j

• /■ yr~L:~> ckpe rewGcrw

0.15 0.04 a^a^.-oft- 0.03 0.27: 0.29 3.32-0. 10-0. r;

NOPP

NRTIONPL MfiRINE FISHERIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL CROUP

MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA

NORTH COMPONENT
SURFACE STRESS

( OYNE Crt-2 1

LONG TERM HERN
FOR

FEBRUARY

1858 - 1972

-0.25 3*00-0.29 a,04»-B.08~0.30-0.2B~Tfc0t-0.11-0l

1.03-0, 10 0.00-0.2;-0.45-0.48»-0.43-0.

■SiHt-H, 15-0.22-0, 12-0. 12-0.3E-flv3S-0.C5-0. 37-3.30

-Yr- r-r-r-i- r j^Hr*l

■tt 00-0. 21-0. 25-0. 35-0.23-0.04-0, 27-0. 12-3. 42-0. 46\

00-0. 21-0, 25-0. 35-0.23-0.04-*. 27-0. 12-3.42-0.
-0. 15-0. 17-0.29-0. 10-0. 10-0.24~0.2S-0£Sli;0.39-

-0.26-0.20-0.32-0.39-0.43-0.52-0.71-0^3-0.40-0.0!

-0. 17J-0.30-P.47-3. 62-0^49-0. 65-0. 70-0. 54-0.29-0. 10

-0i60-flj49-0. 39-0. 64-0. 87-3. 66-0. SS-0»49-0. 23-0. 13.
-0. 61-0. 55-4,56-0. S2-0. 59-0. 4 t^49-0^S5j4.47-0. 33\

|-g.63-& 55-0. aC-3.5S-C. 42-0. 36-fl. 37-0,41-0. .3-4.4^ V

-0.25-0.25-3.49-0.33-0.39-0.39-0.33-0.47-0.47~fl.49v V^

-fl. 46-fl. 26-0. 39-3^53-3. 46-0..40-0. 42-3. 40-0<30-4. 54

•0.3&T0.56-4.20-4.49 3.00-3.51-0.-50-0. 79-3.53-0.4

•0.41-0. 33-0. 29-3. 79-0. 62-3. 76-0. 61-* 50-3. 46-0. 49

■r

4.46-fl.44-0,45-flrfi0-{!.)49-4. 62-0. 46-fl. 37-0. 43-0. 42

-0. S7-0.6B-0. 53-0. 69-0.47-9.43-0*52 -3.44-0, 34-0.34 ZL

-0. 36-0*54-0. 62-3. S 1-3. 60-fl\S0-0. 32-0. 27-3. 39-9. 38 2 3

\

3. 31-3. 09-0. 59-0. 25-B.4S-fl. 54-fl. 49-3. 59-3. 39-0. 3 1 22

-3. 43-0. 49-3. 34-0. 32-0. 39-3. 39-01 S9-0. 23-3. 35-3. 33 2

137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 123 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 123 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112

CHART 26. North component surface wind stress for FEBRUARY

96

NCC - TOF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMRRIZflTION

T37

Si?

4r
48
47
45
45
44

43
42

41

ie
39

38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
3B
29
28

27
26
2S
24
23
22
21

!36 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 126 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 115 115 114 1 1TT1T

-8.25-0.B5-3J4 0.15 a. ae- a. at a.2* e»s3 a.

a. 3^

VRNCOUVE" ISLSN3

a.^a.18 a. is a.07 a. 36 a.x* 0.14 0.2* 0.33

12-8.8& a. 1 & a. 22 a. is a. 13 a.ie a. 19 a. 25 a.:
a.as a, lij 3.B& a. 17 a. i» a.z& a.ss 0.5a a.zs a. u
a. is a.is^D.07-

J5..si_a-as-s.» :i.zz a. is a.ss

a. 13 0.22

a-'iaTaT??**

COLuneiH RIVER

a.3& 0.43 0.7a a.34>

-a,: 3 -3. 39-0.29 a. as a. is a. j 9-2.27 0^02 0.39 0.4s
-a.ifr-a.3s-a.26 a.2» a.3i: a. l^arEfa. 1* 0.3S-0.07:

•8. 1 7-8. 2*-8. 06-8, 09-8. 4J£8.32\ 0.32 3.44-0.18-8.34:

HS. 17-8. 14-8. 12-8. 14-0vS3-8.7!l BVaj^aj-^.K-a. 11

£

-e.37-a.2»-fl.3»<,a.2i:?a. i4-fc48-a.2&-*ss-e. i9-a.z»

...... J;.^....j..„j_/ir ___-v.

-9. 4 1 -3. 38-8. 24-0. 25-8. 33-*SJ -8. Se-a^sj^X-B.
-J J J J ^s ,/i. J L .

CBPE rENOOllMJ

now

NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTS GROUP

MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA

NORTH COMPONENT
SURFRCE STRESS

t OTNE CM-2 )

LONG TBW MEAN
FOR

MARCH

1857 - 1972

-«. 13-8. 4S-8. iS-fl. 18-3. 27-8. 46-8. 3*78.62-8.

L

a. 43-0. 33-3. zf-v&i-o. ss^bTsj-b. 57-8. sv>&. 4*-e. 32

-0. 38-0. 49-8. 44-0.J€kiS3^0. 4p8". 58-0. 3*-B. 68-8.

-8. 39-8. 34-»8. S^-fl. 35-8*93-8. 4 1-8753-8. 3)1-3. 6*-3. 3

?feS5l

JW.

V

48-8. 39-#.52-*45-3.6l-0. 74-8.81-8. 48-0,

-8. 64-B. 62^8.69-8. 7&-lj^l-8.83-8.34J-B.7»V8.3S-8. 1*

-a. 66-8. 62-8. 7B-0. 88-0. 36-fl. 37|-B. 7B-8}s4-0. 25-8. IS

-a. at^cTis-a. s&-a?49H3. 6*-a. 75^-0. 6H. 57-3753-8. Ml

... ......................... .........

-a. 58-8. 59-8. 87-a. S4-&S2-3. 53-8. 62-B. S5Hara*-3,

-3.61-=0i45-8.E

. ia48.77|-fl.93-Bf5»j-fl.S8-B.SS-B,

P-0.SJ

jV^....,....,..^.. ........

-3.71-0.61-8.63-3. 53-8. 61-8.57-8. S3 -8.51-8. 58-0. E»

•PliNTfl EUGENIB

■8. 53-3. 52-8. 75-8. 55-8. 58-8. 92-8. 58-0. 63-8. 59-8..

Ii43r8. 5S-B. 64-a. 79-0. 81-8. 62-8. 55-fl) 58*

-1

-8. 35-8. 4 1-8. 4 l-el 49^3. 79-0. 66-8. 76-e. 56-0. 64 -4 49

J-

•-N-.---: — 1 — -:-

-8. 3 l-B, 49-B. 48-0. *8-B. 55-8. 55-8. 58 -a,

i-ei.

.46^8*58-0

63-8. 7B-a. 6 1 -8. SS-8. 48-a. 43-0. 40 2 4

25

m«

.52-8.

48-B.4423

•/•

-8, 55-8. 5S-B. 3 1-8. 58-8. 5 1-8. 66-8. 64 -0. 53-8. 54-8. 38 2,

-0. 40-8. 49-0. 33-8. 52-a. 67 -3. 4H-B-. 58-8. 5S-8. 45-8. 41 2 1

137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 123 127 12S 125 124 123 122 121 123 119 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 111

CHART 27. North component surface wind stress for MARCH.

97

NCC - TOF-U - OC OEGREE SUriMflRISmON

137

136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 12A 123 122 121 120TT

CHART 28. North component surface wind stress for APRIL.

98

HOC - TOF-ll - OC DEGREE SUJirWRIZRTION

137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 126 127 126 125 12a 123 122 121 120 119 113 117 116 115 1U 113 ;:;>'

50
IS
48
47
46
45
U
43
(2

41

ta

39
35
37
36

a.as a.23 a.82 a.n j.a&-B.ai~i.az-a.a9-«.

0.16 0.13 0.03r=0.02-e.02 0I9»,_0.8S 0.17rl4).]»-0

0.87 a.36 a.B3 B.a»-c.]2'-a.rar-B;a*-a.4»-B.a* 0.^1
.J7rx.....T.— - ........... j. re.

Bjptf-9.1* 0,8i;-S,01-9. 11-9.11; 0*B».'A^3-0.22-fl.03

B.0& 0.03 a; 00-0. 12-0.1* 0.1&-0. 10-0.21-0.38-0.20

-a. a*~0; ae-a. i 1-5. 1S-0. 12-0. 27-0. 22-0. Z7ffe«6»i-ft! 15
~Vj" --••--;----•:■•---:--•- ;----j----r-- v/-J

M3-lJ.25-0.39-0.24-0.23-9.42-0.2fr-0.14-0.87H5.2S C(,P: ^p^u
-fl. 12-0.24-0. 22-8. 58-9. 82-Vfl. 28-0»4&4}. 64f- 1 . 31-0, 73

— -J....J..-.J— ^..J^^...j....\.:_;..y;

■0. 2 1-0. 22-0. 26-0. 24^8, S4-0. 82-0. 79-3. 74-0. a?-3. 84.

...... .^_^.£ . . CRpE f€NDOC [N0

-9.16-9. 20-9.47-0. 43-0.31-r0.64.-fl. 76-1 jflfr-L 14-1. 19

•4.26-9. 39-0. 22-9. 29-9, 49-0. 79-9. 90- li 00-1. 19-1.

SO*

NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL CROUP

MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA

NORTH COMPONENT
SURFRCE STRESS

( DYNE Crt-2 )

LONG TERM MEAN
FOR

MAY

1857 - 1972

-0.43-0. 37-9,46-9. 56-8.61-0. SS-U. 05-1 .0t-t. 1 l-9.57r?>
.42^.51-9. 73-9. 88-9. 32-0. 93-1. S*-t. 18-9.88-9. 59

4g

43
47
46
45
44
43
42

4;

AH
3S
33
37

CHART 29. North component surface wind stress for MAY,

99

NCC - TOF-11 - ONE OEGREE StimttRIZATION

S2

43
48
47
46
45
44
43

137 136 135 13d 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 ;26 125 124 123 172 i21 123 119 115 117 116 115 1U llTTTT"

42

4;
40
39
38
3.7
3c
3E

:4
33
32
31
X
2S
28
27
33

0.09 0.03 0. 1» 3.39 a, 01 0.(55 0.6»-«.25-0. -CTa.
.---.j-.--.;.--.^...^.,.. ........ ......

fl. 13 0.06 0.06-8.0S 0r08-fl.07-fl.2J-0. 29-0,

■ -■j-3:-rP^"r- -:•• —

1.05 0.28-p. 10 0.02, 0.01-0.29-3.14-0,

0.37^*^* 0.08^a*-8.2&-B.37-fl:/^4H3.2t-B.n;-8vZ8
•0.2S-O. 14-fl.06>-0.2*-fl. 13-fl.33^fl.36-«Si4-0.23-fl.^^ CH.UM81R RIVER
•fl.B*-fl,ir-fl.27: B'.iB2-fl.38-a.43-0.2*-a.2>-fl.37-fl.24:

3.0

111

■fl. 17-fl,31-fl.2^flT77^fl. l<$2»-8-33?8rt8^»Sl»-fl.24:

......... .....,\s.v;^, ^... ..:.. a ..^ .

-fl.l9^43-fl.34-a.2^.8t;-fl7?r-0.S3-fl.78-e.;>-fl.27; ^pj aj^c

-fl. 2B-fl. 26-B. 4^9. 6»-fl. 64- 0. BStrV. A2-0. 75^- 1 . zY-fl. 5»

-fl.24-fl.2&-0.4

^0.43>*49-0.6t-B. 78+1. 17-1.87-1. 18-9.74
-fl.3t~3.32-8.43-3.83-fl.62-f.0^0j3&-l'.6Z>l.3*-fl.S?7:

............ .h.....;.......V.;

•fl. 4 WtSMfe 5fr-fl. S3-fl. 79-fl.S

CS"E rtNOOCIK)

NTJffl

NATIONAL MfiRINE FISICRIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP

MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA

NORTH COMPONENT
SURFACE STRESS

t DYNE CH-2 1

LONG TErtrt MEAN
FOR

JUNE

1858 - 1972

^:--~:--VS *

i.dt-1. is-1.08^1.59-1 . ia

Si
49

4a
47

46
45

a

43

42

41
40

CHART 30. North component surface wind stress for JUNE,

100

NCC - TDF-ll - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION

"137

*S

i7
16
dS
U

43
42
iX

ie

39
38
37
36
35
34
33

s;

31
32
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22

136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 126 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 1?0 119 118 117 116 115 iU 113 1 ~

in

-0.81-9.06-0.01-0. 13-0.81-0. 19-9.25-8.35-9.29-9.;

-«.B*-a.BS-a. 17-0.24-8. 17-0.30-9*51-9.49-0. n-e.

-8. l£-8. 35-3. 23-0, 46-8. 1 8-9. 37-8. 38^-i3. 36-8. 24-8. 85

■a, 26-b. 26-9. 48-«. 4*-ftstrfcsn>. 54-e.57-e.13-e. 23

-ft21:*fl.37-8.4k-ftS9^.4j^S8H3.81-8. 72-0.58^. 36
•fl.lft-fl.23-BJ47^-B.81j-ft,S»-«,S3'fl.3i(-U^"'

;ft;38^rSl-9.57-9.Sl-9.Sf^83«ajS-l. l*-teS»-i. 1

•---•---j-----_-r-«|----^-^-U r-y

-9.e8-9.S8-9.68-B.74HJ.74Vl.22-l.3t-l.39-l.42 t.28

r,-..jr...»j 'v*^* ----iv---: j. : '-£"! crpe rcNoociNC

-ft 4>-9Sl9-9. 63^1. 22^ 85^1)81-1. 29--1. 28-1. 49-1. 4*

>c..., j.\ . _/_ _ . . j. 7. . j j j j...i;

NOV)

NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP

MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA

NORTH COMPONENT
SURFACE STRESS

l DYNE CM-2 )

LONG TERM MEAN
FOR

JULY

1B58 - 1972

*48-8. 63-9. 67-9. 84-9. 93/~ 1 . 87- L . 3 1 - 1 . 33- L . 48- 1 ,

-8. 66-9. 78-8. 85-/.83-1. 88-1. 24-1.38-1. 47-1. 2S-9.

-8. 85-8. 83^1. 87-1. 12-t. lft-t. 19-1. 13-1.Z6-9.73-9.3*

m

-0.6S-9.84HJ.3S-l. 15-1. 14-1. 14-L. :c-3. 3651303-3.

.86-9. 9ftH,8i-l. 03-1. 18-1. S4t-9.PS-9.96-9. 66-0,

POINT CUNCE?TtQN

.85-8. 9T»I. 31-1. il~l.G> Uai-8. 98-3. 85-0. 34-0. 04N

j-B.8ft- 1^2-8. W-83S8-9. TO-C. 86-0. 78-0.*Sl -8.22H3.07\

-8. 33-0. 88-0. 8.H-0.78- 2. 88-0. rj-8. 53^0. 42-0. 22-0. 18
-8. 87-0. 78-ft. 87-8. 77-fl. 70-0. 73-8. BS-gL 43-0. 36J-B. 38 \
[■8. 64-0. 73tJ. 57-8. 68-8. 58-8. S8-0. 12-0.45-8. 42-0. 3$

-8. 65-0. 7E-8. 71-8. 62-8. S5-0. 42-0. 45-8. 47-0. 43-9. 5

-8.63-0. 53-9. 54-a. S2-8. 52-8. S3-8. 41-8. 48-8. 44-0. 39

. 58-0. 53-9. 52;-0. 44-8. 4S-0. 48-8. 44-0. A4.-B. 43-9. 3

43rft. 57-9.St«l 50-0. 36-9. 42J-8. J7-9. 46-8. 34HJ,

r9.<

+

1-9. 43-9". 48-9. 33-8. 46-3. 35-8. 47-3. 39-9. 4 1-8. 37-9. 25

»»>S0-9. 44-8.41-8.43-8. 37,-0. E5HJ. 38-8. 30-0. 19-9.17J2

■*. rsft-B. 42-Z. 3B-8. 39-0. 36-9. 33-8. 33-2. 27-8. 28-8. 1 9 Z

-8. 32-9. 45-E. 47-9. 39-9. 4 1-8. 45-3. Zl -3. 26-8. 21 -8. 1 7g2
-0.48^8.54-0.33-2.08-3. :9-0.38-0.'5B-9.3l-a. 17-9. 1!

35 134 133 132 131 130 U

123

124

CHART 31 . North component surface wind stress for JULY

101

NCC - TOF-ll - OC DEGREE SUIWRIZHTION

137 136 135 134 133 132

S0
49
tE

n

IE
15

44

12

25 12S 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117

,15

M 113 112 HI

42
41

40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29

28
27

26
25
24
23

22
21

-B.13-B. 17-8.89-8. 27-8. 48-8.31-8.42-8. 38-8. 18-8. 12$

fcL

:3r»C0LU«

-«- 15-8.21-3. 11^-8,31-8.31-8.38-*. 48-9^2-8. 37-8. 25

■a.01-3.22-k).2&-0.4»-a.2&-a.64-e.A5-J.3»-B.4L-B.4»
-8.39-8.35-8. 15-«.3S-«.43HB-.-5»-fl.^3.G»-«.e!>-«. 1*
*33r*29-fl.37-9,4B5^.62^BA7-8.83-B.9l-8.e8--k49; ^ a.fw.0
■9. 26-*. 3S-8. 48HJ. 22-8. 37-B. 77-B. 63HI. 87-4 . B»-B. S3

-8. 23-BrtH-3y<7-3, 78-3. 67-8. 8%* Stf-'t . a7-8iJ99-3. 36

If r'p-y'S!'"*''""?'' J- 't"-^St'*'i CRPE ItNDOClMD

-fc4t^^l-8i48>nl. 22-* 99-8.96-1.17-1.81-1.42-1.2*

NORR

NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP

MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA

NORTH COMPONENT
SURFRCE STRESS

( DYNE Cft-2 )

LONG TERM MEAN
FOR

AUGUST

1857 - 1372

-flUS-8. S*-0. 52-8.72-3.98-^03-1. 33-1. 19-1. 3»-l. 1

-a. ^i=a> 5*-«. 68-a. 9 1 -a. 84-,! . as- u^a- u 1 2- 1 . a6-a ,

-8. 52-8. 74-8. 76-B. 98c.liBZ:-8.«7V:_.jE!-fl. 97-B. 74HJ. 42
-0.61-0. 64-8. 74-8.91-B.93-B. 92-0.37-8.0*-*,

-8. 59-8. S9-8.92-B.SS-3. 78-8. M-B.35-8. 96-8. 77-B.6'

-8. 72-8. 88-B. Tf- i,__84AB. SS-B. 89-8. 73-8. 73-0, 48-0,

-3.74-8. 92-8. eS-6.e4-8. 74-6. 78-3. 78-8. 81-8.21-0. 86

-9. 78-0. 75-3. 75-B. 92-8. 97-B. 76-8. 63*8. 42-8. 21-8. 1
-8.68-8. 87-0. 75-0. 72-8. 75-8. 55-3. 53-0,

-0. 7 1-9. li4-8. 74-a 69-P. 63-8. S*-8. 48-B. 37-fl. 36-8,

-a. 51-3. 5C-0.46-a. 52-81 49-0. 43-8. 3 1 - 8. 0-Q. 42-8. 4

|-i48-8.57-8.57-ar?3-9^r0^-a.39-8^i-a.4a-B.4»lpuNTfiEuOEN[B

51-8. 6B-8. 43-8. 32-fl. 23-0. 47-B. 4 1-8. 3&-«. 4 1-a. 3*

■*51;-a. 53-8. 45-8. 44-3. 43-0. 29-0. 37 -8. 4 1-8. 3 1-8. 28

-8. 4^. S&*. 43-3. 42-8. 48-0.39-0.31-8.33-8. 35-3. 26 J

-8. 69-8.38-8. 31-8.39-8.48-8. 25-8. 28-8. 26-8. 23-3. 16 24

-8. 34-8.SB-3.31-a. 17-8.28-8.36-8.23-0.26-B.21-a. 17 23

a.4i-a.34-a.39-B.4a BfflTB108-a.34-B.29-B.2s-3.13 22

-a.39-8.34-B.23-8.15 B. 02 -a. 23-8. 23 B. 36-8. 22-3. 19 21

136 135 134 133 132 131 132 129 123 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 123

CHART 32. North component surface wind stress for AUGUST.

102

NCC - TOF-11 - ONE OEGREE SUMMARIZATION

137 13b 135 13a 133 132 131 1 3 J \.V 12

1.'^ liS 12-1 122

dG
*7

46
45
44
43
42

4:

121 12d 119 116 117 116 115 lid

3 112 111

=0. 04-0. 33-0. 25-aCSS-0. 32-0. 48-6. 25-0. 03-0. 11-0. OS
-fl.B4-0.2B-0.19HJ.19~0.44-0.39-0.40-0.42-0.25 B.ti}*' CQLUdBlB RIVER
0. 13-0.49-0. 37-0. 20-0. 33-0. 63-0. 22-0. Hi-fl.23-0. 09

-fl. 13-8.31-0. 38-S
-0.2

56-0Ua=0j 4 1-3. 1 7-0. 38.-0. ! 3
91-0. 6 1-0. 7ft-0. 85-t»r<7H3. oSr-0. 26

28-0. 35-flL S2-8n7~B; <S~0. 63-0VS9- 1 . 20V0. 8 1 -0. 56

--!—-:— >-i--N—-A-!f- -i--— S---i4-i

*S3H3rS5-0.4><. 79-0. 40-#.Sl-a. 23-1. 40^.87-* 4*

-0. 65-0. S4-0. 54-0. 73-0. 78-0. 83-0. 74-373*?W5»-0. 93
-0. S4-0. 63-0. (5-0. 73-0. 78- (. 05-0. 82-0. 07 ■-! ,03-t3. 7i

CSPE rcNOGCtrC

Norn

NATIONAL MARINE FISHtRIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL CROUP

MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA

NORTH COMPONENT
SURFACE STRESS

( DYNE CM-2 )

LONG TERM MEAN
FOR

SEPTEMBER

IBS* - 1972

-0»)4a-0.S7-0, 65-0. 73-0. 90-0. 80-0. 97-0. 89-0. 0 1-0. 3iS^

-0.77-0.73-0.72-0. /g-3. 69-0. 36-0.83-3. ez -0.Z3-B.il

— j ... J j . j . — ■ i J

0. 63-0. 57-0. 77-0. 7D-0. 78-iJ. 73-3. bS-B, . 4S--B. 2& -0. 1
-0. 55-0. 60-0. /i-0. 75 -0. 84-0. bl-0. 65-0. 53* :?. 47-0. 39
-0. 58-a. 57-3. 6B-0. 72-0. 6 1^*8-0. S9-*. 47-0. »6~0

-0. 53-0. SS-0. S7-e. 52-0. 44-0. 63+-0. 37-0. 49d£. 52-0.
-0. 66-*. 4»-tf. 38V0. a tnB. 45-0. 63-0i49-0. 34-0. 43-0. i 7

. . bs

■0. 43-'-0?S4-0. 33-0V 52-0. 55-0. 77-&r4S*=0.5.V0. 46-0.

L0. 62-0. 72-0. 64H3. 41-0. 67-0. 65-0. 35-8. 42-0.38-0. 23

-0. 69-0. 64-0* 49-0. 6S-0. SB-0. 54H5. *3-9. S5-0. 42-0. 29

-0. 63-0. 55-0. 60^0.44HJ. 53-0.52 -0.39-0.31-0. 22-0. 13 2

-0. 75-0. 78-3.62-0. E 1-0. 48-0.S 1 -0. 34 -0. 40-0. 27 -0. 1 4 2 5

-0. 1 4-0. 45-0. 23-0. 33-C. 30-0. 53-0. 30-0. 30-0. 23-0. 20 l 2
.J.y^J ..

-0.45-0.64-0.-S2-0.42-0.30-0.44 0.20-0. j»-0. 20-0. 07 2 .

13/1 133 132 131 138 129 128 127 126 125 12i 123 122 121 123

CHART 33. North component surface wind stress for SEPTEMBER,

103

NCC - TDF-H - ONE DEGREE SUMHRRIZflTICN

50
4S
ia
47
4£
i5

137 136 135 134 133132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 113 117 116 115 114 113 112

43
42
41
i2
3S
38

37
36
35
34
33
32
3!
32

zs

28
27
26

_E
24
2
221

K

-^^

a. 77 a.ss a. si 3.22 0.52 0.31 0.1s 0.33 0.zf"0.23

B.67: 0-51 B.33^9 0.32; 0.39' 0.39 0.31 0.27 !

0.<* 0.20 3.14

a.

50 0.2B 0.29 0.20 0.

25^9.05-0.09-0,241 0.29 0.31 0.29 0.49 6.4* 0.2?

-r\:--i-4-^ --i--, ■-•,-,- -U

0.1S 3.1Z-3.22-3.B9' 0.07' 0.05 3.26 0.05 0.39 0.i9^;

-'~;V*y-"^:jrv-----:---- ■----<---- j---j-i

0.24.-3.05 0,03 0.13-0.37 0.39 0.W 3.22 0.22 3.29

.OLuilBIB RIVER

0.17^fl\a2-0.I^-0.B7^fl.l6 0.28-0i02-3.1B\0. 19 0.27
0.21 0.09 0. 38-8. 33-0. 09-0. 05-0.2 1-3.1 9-0. m 3.34
0. 1 2/0, 06-3. 1 lj-0. 03-0. 46-0. 21-0. 22-0. 49-0. 35-0. 29
■9. 0B--0. 08-2.02-0. 16-0. lfr-0. 25-0. 33-0. 17-3.36-3. 3&

■e.H 33t2-0. U-0.3lj-fl. 39-0. 29-0. 3>-0;59"-fl.7*r-0.]

CAPE rENOQCINO

NORA

NATIONAL MARINE FIStCRIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP

MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA

NORTH COMPONENT
SURFRCE STRESS

( DYNE CH-2 )

LONG TERM ICAN
FOR

OCTOBER

1854 - 1&72

0. 35-0. 21-0. 1 5-0, 2B-0. 39-0. 37>-0. 65- 1 ; 3i-tS. 67-0,

-0. 1 S-0. 29-0. 49-0. 46-0. 54-6. S3-S. 62 -fl. 06-3. 36-3.

-e. Zf-Q. 4j£fl. S 1-0. 61 -0. 64-0. 67-«. 79-0. 65-3. 73MJ. 29

--:--\ !--:-'- -.--.- -}-^

-0. 37-0. 46-0. 51-0. 64-0. 63-3. 74-6. B*? 0.45-0. 72-3. S If

-0. 47.-0. 53-0. 59-14. 55-0. 6&-G. 57 -HSrSa-B. 56-3.57^-3.

NT CONCEPTION

-0. S3-0. 56-0. 65-0. 65-0. 32-0. 77-0. 84-3. BJHfc 33-0. 1

-3.51-0. 59-0. 72 -0.&&-0.65-9.72HZ. 60*0. 44-fl. 22-3. 11

-3.54-fl. 58-S. 84-3. 76-it. 59-3. SB-0. S*-e. 4 1-0. 25-3. 1

na.69-a. 59-9. 53-0. 63-3. &»-0. 47-3. 39-0, 4&-a. 4 1 -e. 32

-0. 54-0. 52-0. S4H8. 47<^3. 54-0. 44-3. 45-0. 35-0. »»-0,

-0. 47-3. 44-H3.'E2-3. 41-i 52-3.53-3. 45-0. 48-0. 59-0.

" --V

-0. 37-0. 41-3. SB-3. 49-0. 45-0. 38-3. 3^-3^3-3. 45-fl. J6

. 34-0. 33-3. 45-3, 59*0. 42-0. is-4 . 25-0; 46-fl. 43-3,

3. 4S-p. 53-3. 57-0. t,9~V.fPV7lT^3. 44-3. 46-3,

-0. 49-fl. 49-0. 47>3. 52- 3. IS-aTS:^. 46-3. 4 6-0,

/j v. ...t-;Wj....'

-3: 5 1-3. 58-0. 49-0. 39-«. 54-fl. 36-3. 34-0. 37-3. 33-0. 28 2 !4

•0. 58-0. 59-0. S&9-. 50-0. 42-0. 43-0. 43-3. 30-0. 3 1 -3. 3 1 2

•0. 4Skfl:5&^0'. 49-0. J7-B. 3 1-3. 32-3. 32 -fl. 34-3. 43-3. 24 22

r3. 35-0. 36-0. 25-0. 58-0. 30-fl. 40-3. 25-fl. 4 1 -0. 33-3. 34 2

i?S 135 ISi 133 132 :31 130 129 123 127 126 125 j2a 123 122 121 123

CHART 34. North component surface wind stress for OCTOBER

104

NCC - TDF-ll - Of£ DEGREE SJHMRRIZflTION

5.:

49

48

-

i6

45

14

43

137 136 135 134 13? 132 131 ;3lM2'J ;2S 1J? 126 175 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 1U 113 112

42

41

a

39

ie

L

36
35

34

33
32
31
30

B.65 3.65 0.26 3.55 d.69. 3.36 0.90 a.

■V

7*

TC4.7; 3.39 Bv62-«rSi_0.52: O/4V~0V*3 "Bj,S» 0.23 0

0.38 0.31 0.4S 0.24 3vS3-?.0S- 0. 13 0

TO

e.02

0.09 0.35 0.29 0.03 0.31 0.72

0.22 0.44. 0.24 0.23 0.43 0.3S 0.71 3.77 0.62. 0.b£",MLUr,BIf) RIVW

B.21 0.59 0.47 0.45 0.25 0.29 0.39-0^8.0.52. 0.84

0.1& 0.38 3.29 0.23 B.U-BjBl 0.33 0. li 0.2* 0.54
0.05 0.18-<fl.U; 0.15 0.31 0.15 0.24 0.35 &52 0.5^.

3.*2 0.12 3. 25-3. 02 0.19 0.52 0.27-2. IS- B. 19 0.29

„ '—'-■ ^----§fVMd

■Z.1& 0.15 0.21 0^5^0.02-8:^2. 0.24/-0.18 0V^-0.07:

""* '-'"' i-\-,.m—J".—/i '••-1J-^---; CBPE r^NBOClMJ

0.12 0.08-0,01-8.22 03^^09 0*0S-3|cSl-B.iS 0.49

NORA

NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP

riCNTEREY. CALIFORNIA

NORTH COMPONENT
SURFACE STRESS

( DYNE CH-2 1

LONG TEW MEAN
FOR

NOVEMBER

!BS4 - 1972

3. 13-0. 08 0.37 0.03-0. i3 0.47 0J84-3.45-8. 19-0.

-a.09-0.a4.-a. 16-0.22-0.29-0.88-3.08-0. 19-a. 18-0.0

T

%-

-3. 24-0, 15-0. 14-fl.27-0.24-B. 37-0.31-3. 39-8. 29-8. 19

1

-0. U -0. 24-0. 3 1 -0. 34-0. 33-0. 3 1-0. 27-3. 39-0. S7 -8.

8.41-8. SBHfc 514-0. 62- 0vS4-BYi8-8. 44-0. 37-8. 25-0. 1 4

Ss2^at53 -a. s7-ara>-0. 45-0. 34-0. 4 4-8. 4s~a. 4 1 -a. 3»

f-B.37-B;4a-a.41-e.37-Z.33"0. 1 l~fl.*S-8. 33-0. 37-0. 3S|

1-0. 43-0. 47>8. 4(l; '0. 94-p. 38-0. 38-0. 45-fl. 4 1-8. 43-0. 4*v *L>

i

<x,

5>-0.4a-a.4»-0.40-B.25-0.3or0.5*-0-33-8.46-0.45 J „
43-8. 1 9-0. 27-8. 24-8. 32-8,.55=-8. 46-8. 42-8. 44-0.

-8.38:^. 63J-0. 28-0.35-8. 34-3.41-0. 53-0.41-0. 43-0. 39

-•v-

-0. 3B-0^i»-0. 47^0. S3»0. 48-fl. 4 i-0. 31-8. 33-8. 43-0. 33

-3. 32-8. 47-0. 4S-0. 45-0. 4S-0. 40-0. 48-0. 3B-B. 30-0.
-0. 25-0.53-0. 31-0. 57->-0. 43-0. 47-8. 43-8. 39-0. 33-0.

-0. 33-0. 26-0. 59-0. 33-0. 46 -8. 36-0. 38-0. 42-2. 29-0.

32 2J
-0. 47-0. 33-0. 37-0. 29-0. 3 1-0. 33-0. 38-0. 47- 0. 29-0. 33J2

56 .35 .:■:

>7 126 125 124 123 122

:i i.'.o ii

CHART 35. North component surface wind stress for NOVEMBER.

105

NCC - TDF-ll - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION

4S

te

47

45
45

137 136 :?5 134 133 132 131 133 129 iZBlS? 126 125 12~123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 IIS lu 1:3

43
42
41

40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31

X

:r:
28
27
26
25
24
23
22

-8.97 8.32 0.44 a. AS 0.46 0.690.33 B.sa^jTi

2 111

B.3S 3.39 3.36 3^5 0.65 2.53 3.57 0.73 0.55

-\-

0.03 a.^5-*a» 0.X7 e.29 3.45 0.61 a.sa . j,i7

0.34 B;53 a. 16 0sSl 3. 41 8. 51 3.2& 0.63 0.35 a. 73

jsnd — 1™ -j— -ifNt—J — y f *L

■0*01 0.31 0.48 0.21 0.64-4.29 0.3<! 0.73 0.SZ l.lT*

i ^p3==4-..4.-.j.^j

42 0.45 0.45 0.33 L.09 0.74 0.55 0.73 0.69

COLun3!B ftlVER

0^A5BT0.38 0.1{^8;14^.14>8.S9 0.73^1.23 0.88
----.-^-^ ...-77^ ..;.;. .^^.^.i.^.,

B.23~«Q^S?>0.1» 0.39-8.13 Wl: 0.0a| 0.93 0.5Z; CSt,E ^0

3.33 3.58 3. 22 0.33 0.05 0.24 3. iB 3.3» 0.53 0.44

v ' ■■ *" '• ■ • V^

0.12 0.53 0.17 0.25 B. 15 0.33 0. 34-£.»J4 0.32 0.31

""j - - - - -^---^■; ----- J." •'-, i *>-"!-£ "i CflPE rENOOUNO

0.101 0.19 BtBB-B.aa? 0.06-0.84-0.87 3.23-8.2B B.42

NOffl

NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP

MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA

NORTH COMPONENT
SURFACE STRESS

{ OYNE CH-2 )

LONG TERM MEAN
FOR

DECEMBER

I860 - 1972

B.17-8»B4>0.09 0.22 0.01- 0.12 0,13^0.17:-e.B4-3.:

0.15 0.35 0.24. 0,03-0v» 0.22 0V8£-8.'01-0. 17-«.i

~-8.VJ-9.Zi-9. 12-3.31-8.17~8. 314- 3. 33-3.23-3. 23-0. 09
-8.17-8.39-0.18-8.23-8.27

.23-0. BE
27-3.28-8. 13<£,C4-3£Sl-fl.32\,

-B. 42-0. 41-3. S4-8.SS -B. 73-3.65^02-0. 43-0. 13-0. 17,
-8. 44-fl. 54-0. ST-K'iSr-2. 32-0. 4 1-B. 23-0. 44-0. 48-8. 32 \

39-8. SZf-B. 37-0*49-1.). 7B-B. 43-0. 10-3. 5»-0. 48-0. 33

1-0. 40-0. 47-0. 34-8. 52-032-3. 47-8. «2-8. 44-0.
34-3. 42-8VS1-8. 38-8. 7B-8i4BTd.S5-fl.71-W.45-8.

49-8. 32-0. 45-0. 39-0. 8e-8i48-0. 62-0. 55-0. 47-8,

.......... J... ^.. J. /..^-..^..l-. J..

-8. 34-8. 45-8. il-VTtg'-*. 4S-0.'?6-(l . 34-0L 43-0. 39-8. 49

-0. 53-8. 41-3. 46-8. 43-8}5l -8. 3£tt&-9. 33-8. 39-8. 32
_...-.....,. ..j • ..-.., i/*^\ J~ - ■ - -

-8. 44-8. 33-8. 45-8. 36-8. 55^8.43-8. 63-0. 33-8. 29-0

a

49
4£

47

4£

45

44
43

42
41
i<J
3S
38
37
36
35

:--

33
32
31

38

29

27

3, 51-8. 54-8. 35-8. 44-8. 41-3. 38-3. 38-3. 36-8. 39-8,

-8. 15-8. 59-8.53-8. 39-8. 35-0. 34-0. 34 -0. 3B-0. 25-0

36 23
36 22

-0. 45-3. 52-8. 49-0. 42-0. 36-0. 44-3. 39-3. 36-0. 29-3

fP-

. .' . . :-

127

25 12a 123 122

120

CHART 36. North component surface wind stress for DECEMBER,

106

APPENDIX B
STANDARD ERRORS OF THE MEANS

The following tables list the computed standard errors of the
monthly means by 1 -degree square area for the eastward and northward
components of the resultant surface wind stress. The standard errors
of the means are defined by Equation 3. Each page contains values for
30 one-degree squares blocked in groups of 10. Within each group of
10, all 1 -degree squares are defined by a common latitude. The first
set of values corresponds to the 1 -degree square immediately adjacent
to the coast. The final tabulations refer to the 1 -degree square
farthest from the coast.

The standard error of the mean is tabulated for each month and
square. The latitude and longitude of the center of the 1 -degree
square is listed at the left. The first two numbers below each month
are the standard errors of the means for the eastward and northward
components respectively. The units are dyne cm . The last value
is the number of observations.

107

LAT/LOM

JAN

fEb

API

lAy

JUL

AUG

SEP

NO*

3EC

21
111

N
H

.. 4

.05

7".

. 3

.03
71

. 3
.04

95

.1.3

.05
75

.' 3

.04

33

. U4

.04

87

.16
.04
101

■ 04

.04
35

.03

.06
107

.06

.04

95

.08

.05

31

.02
.03

94

21

112

N

H

.03

.as

51

.02

.03

68

.02

.07

52

.03

.07
48

.04

.06
61

. 03

. 05

66

.cs

.06
57

.11

.07

35

.03

.03

57

.0,4

.06

45

.34

.04

46

.04

.04

57

21

113

N
H

.04

.06
35

.11

.08

50

.04

.10
38

.04

.09
39

.05

.08

39

. 04

. 07

39

.05

.06

40

.15

.16

25

.08

.16

37

.34

.10

38

.08

.10

37

.05

.35

58

21

114

N
N

. 0".
. 8
41

.10
. 7

39

.34

. 8
33

.07
.17
22

.05
.11

24

. 03

.1.

21

.08

.24

32

.15

.16
13

.35

.28

23

.07

.04

28

.03

. 07

32

.05

.08

42

21

115

N

W

.16

.09
29

.09

.10

26

.08

.07

35

.08

.13
18

. .5

..6
23

.06

.03

23

.03

.02

31

• 5
.08

17

.08

.11

19

.i7

.11

20

.03

.36

27

.04

.36
40

21

lib

N

H

.15

.12

26

. 4

.06

28

.07

.09

32

.09

.14

15

. 10

.14

13

. 07
. 07

14

.08

.12

26

.14

.16

IS

.20

.15
18

.08

.06
18

.04

.39

18

.03

■ .06
25

21

117

N

N

.06

.09
38

..3

. 06
26

..7

• C9
25

.11
.C9
19

. 05

.10

12

. 05

.09

22

.16

.08

15

.13

.19
21

.14

.10

23

.09

.09

22

.02

. 36

24

.04

.07

26

21

118

N
N

.09

.38

34

.10

.05
21

.06

.07
2".

.14

.14
IS

.08

.12

19

.08

.06
19

.12

.C9
22

.19

.24

18

.11
.15

21

.03

.13

38

.05

.08

i3

.05

.08

34

21

119

N

N

.09

.08

2<»

.07

.08

26

.06

.09

30

.11
.11

27

.04

.10
19

.09

. 06
27

.16
. 13

21

.11

.06
22

.08

.18
3u

..4

.05
33

.34

.06
43

.07

.07

37

21

12C

N
M

. 9

.10
24

.5

.36

34

..6

.;5

30

.03

• C9

28

• 6

.07

33

.36

. 05

31

.12

.07
39

.05

.09

34

.07

.07

37

.09
.13

40

.05

.05

40

.38

.36
27

iff

N
M

:8i

128

.03
.03

101

164

:85

122

169

15„

:8I

143

150

161

T

16 0

:S1

150

'J?
123

22

112

N

H

."2

.34
73

. 2

..,4
60

. 3

.:s

73

.06
.05

80

.03

.05
99

.03
. 34
117

. 02
.03
105

.15

.03
116

.04
.04

110

.04
.04
100

.02

.03

90

.03

.05

69

22
113

N
H

.03

.04
51

. J4

. 11
".7

.03

.06
67

.05
.12
57

.u3

.07
67

. 05

. 05

75

. 03

. 03

84

.04

.05

63

.09

.11

7

• U3

.04

73

.03

.05
77

.06

.04
57

22

114

N
H

.03

.06

34

•Oft

.09
42

.04

.09

45

.02

.07

52

. 05

.08

53

.03

.07

50

. C4

.04
61

.09
.7

35

.11

.1-

53

.03
..3

45

.04

.05

38

.03

.04
66

22

115

N
M

.07

. .9

37

.10
.IS

3C

.06
..9

54

.04
.10
38

.05

.09

36

.03

. 09

37

. 05

. 07

32

.19

.13

34

.09

.07
31

.07

.07

34

.04

.07

22

.07

.06

30

22

116

N
H

.06

.10
2".

. 5

.10

30

.,4

.12

32

.11

.19

15

.'5
"32

. 33

. 09

30

.03

.07

26

.32

.29
17

.26
.29

24

.03

.06

21

.04

.07

32

.07

.36
33

22

117

N
M

.05

.11

33

.05

.09

29

.08

.10

34

.05
.11
23

.07

.14
11

. 33

.12

15

.07

. 10

2\

.13

.27
17

.12

.10

17

.05

.06

25

.06

.37

26

.05

.05

27

22

IIS

N
H

.06

.39
28

.1*

. 11
27

.-4

.06

33

.13

.13

21

. 03

.11

17

. 36

. 12

13

. 15

.14

15

.05

.12

17

.21

.17
17

.05

.07
19

.06

.09

23

.05

.07
34

22
119

N
N

.07

. 8

31

.17

24

.08
. 3

24

.07
• £ 5
25

.10
.1

13

. 04

.06

24

.06

.12
19

.12

.10

26

.19

.13
21

.10

.07

21

.12

.07

26

.35

.09

32

22

120

H

.07

.08

33

.08

.10

26

.07

.o&

31

.09

.08

23

.04

. 07

3*

. 17

. 14

17

• C8

. i:

20

.14

.13

19

.11

• I '■*

22

.',7

,v7

23

.06

.06
34

.37
.38

20

23

111

N

H

.01

rail

.01
10 30

.01
1125

.01
li5l

. 01

1241

. 31

.01

1126

.01

o.gt

1173

.02
.03

115 2

.01

.01

1132

.01
1199

.31

.31

1083

.03
.31
986

23

112

N
H

.32

.02
155

.32

.03
124

.02

.03
146

.03
.04
135

.. 3
..3

192

.02
. 05
2 45

.02
. CI
203

. . 4

• •- 3
181

.03
.03

206

tfc2

187

.02
. 33
154

.03
.35
140

23

113

N
M

.03

.09
1.7

.03
.04

48

.06

.06

47

.03
.06

5»

.03

.05
78

.05

. 05
73

.02

. 03
76

.04

.05

72

.04

• 1C
79

.03

.04

75

.02

.34

7C

.06

.11

47

23

114

N
M

.0".

.Oil

<.5

.;2

.05
44

. .'4

.08

49

.05

.13

59

. l3

. 06
79

. 33
. 05

7:

.02

.03

84

.04

.04

96

.05

.06

74

.04

.06
73

.33

. 05
59

.06

.09
47

23

115

N
H

.11
.04

i»2

.03
.u7

45

.04

.06

55

.03
.05
67

.03

..9

65

. 02

. us

71

.03
. 04

62

.05

. 5

52

.04

.06
71

.04

• fa '•*

63

.35

.05
55

.05

23

116

N
M

.04

.07
42

.07

.09
37

.04

.:6

48

.05
.07
45

.03

.07

63

. 05
.06

46

.03

. 35
62

.07
.04

50

.05

.08

51

• i. 4

• Co

47

.05

.36
45

.06

.05
54

23
117

N
H

..9
30

. 4
.11

Ik

• 6
..7

60

.05

.12
33

. w 6
.0 9

48

. 04

. 07

4o

. 04

.05

43

.16

.19
28

.09

.09

40

.06

.08

38

.09

.10

33

.35

.04

52

23

118

N
H

.05

.08
34

.10

. 10

29

.03

.08

37

.05
•§3

• 0 6

.03
7?

. 06

. 1-
27

.05

. 05

32

.16

.16

22

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•2-9

.06

i!

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it

.34

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38

23

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40
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168

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141

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114

LAT/LON

JAN

FEB

HSR

AP?

MAY

J UN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

3EC

12
12*

N
H

.08

.15

103

.36

.11.
107

.06

..2

71

.05

.15

9 2

. 05

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96

.05

. 09
112

. 05
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128

.05
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90

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112

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88

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76

12
125

N
M

.06
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221

.36
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273

.03
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258

. OH
.11
211

. 03
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.03
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2 96

.03
.09
238

.'3
.1.
213

.. 3

.08
268

.13
272

.36
.15

196

12
126

N
N

.17

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73

.15

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60

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77

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58

12
127

N
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61

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59

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111

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132

12
128

N
M

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91

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68

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110

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W

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260

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261

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18

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61

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152

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257

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N
N

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12

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M

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13
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M

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105

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N
M

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N
H

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156

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306

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316

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369

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320

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330

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288

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173

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118

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332

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131

N
N

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119

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11.9

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117

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103

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78

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79

13
133

N
W

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127

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112

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.07
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113

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121

11 '.

121 H

11 N
125 H

11 H
126 1

11 N
127 H

11 N

128 M

11 N
129 H

11 N

130 M

11 N
131 H

11 N
132 W

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133 M

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68

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77

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115

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126

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318

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167

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. 05
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. 02
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311

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12

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270

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177

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ill

115

L»T/L°N

FE8

ap?

*AY

JUL

DUG

SEP

OCT

DEC

-.5
12".

N
M

.11
.12
175

.08
188

.06
.09
164

.0.
.09

150

. 04

• 06
219

. 01
.04
230

. 01
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204

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182

.02
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161

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211

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175

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141

45

125

N
M

.06
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277

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338

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329

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344

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344

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3 68

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238

.01
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422

.03
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458

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355

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233

1.5
125

N
H

.13
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109

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116

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33

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103

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129

. 15

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37

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96

.09

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99

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115

.11
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113

.16
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10.1

1.5

127

N
N

.19

.26
98

.14

.17

101

.12
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116

.09
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82

. 06
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104

. 05

. 03

75

. 06

. 11

81

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31

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7Z

.12

.12
11.

132

.20
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-86

-5
128

N
M

.11
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1_2

.13

. 1".
99

.10
.15
11.3

.03
.21

105

.04
. 04
297

. 05
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10

. C5

.03

79

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71

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113

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121

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85

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129

N

H

.14

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119

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97

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144

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100

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115

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97

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95

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117

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131

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109

i»5

130

N
M

.36
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50 7

.06

. 8

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. 5
539

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55'*

. 03
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386

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559

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307

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471

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379

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482

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425

1.5
131

N

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.08

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257

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273

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251

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222

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209

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216

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199

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255

(.5
132

N

M

.12
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166

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143

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163

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192

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170

. 04

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167

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129

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141

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145

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16

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132

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127

■.5
133

N
H

.23

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61

.29

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53

.23

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59

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59

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55

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124 W

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129 H

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130 W

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LAT/LON

JAN

FEB

MAR

AP*.

MAY

J UN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

OEC

48
125

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117

APPENDIX C
MONTHLY WIND STRESS CURL DISTRIBUTIONS

The monthly mean wind stress curl distributions are displayed in
Charts 37 to 48. The plotted values are estimates of the vertical
component of the wind stress curl, calculated by applying a finite
difference, spherical coordinate curl operator to the fields of

monthly mean surface wind stress. The contoured values are plotted

-2 -2

in units of dyne cm per 100 km. A value of 1 dyne cm per 100 km

-7 -3
is equivalent to 1 X 10 dyne cm . The contour interval is

0.25 dyne cm per 100 km. Positive wind stress curl is associated
with surface Ekman divergence (upwelling). Negative values are
shaded. These correspond to surface Ekman convergence (downwell ing),

In the following charts, the month is indicated in the figure
legend in the upper right corner of the charts. The coastline con-
figuration is superimposed on the grid as a visual aid an'd does not
represent a conformal mapping.

118

NCC - TOF-ll - ONE OEGREE SUMHRRIZRTION

137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 125 128 127 126 125 124. 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 1U 113 \\2

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NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP

MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA

WIND STRESS
CURL

( DTNE CM-2/iflBKM )

LONG TERM KERN
FOR

JRNURRY

l-a. 18 a. 39~b. as a.ie a. 15 -0.09-0. y.-' B.as a.a

Si

^

(BB-fl.l3\B.B9 B.03-0.JS3 B.n: 0^TO S.14' 0.29

K-l — i — '/--- :-'v ■

B.14. 0.03~3.02-0.t!6 B.;0»' B.B7; &.B&-0. lti-0.07 0.1

_Byill-fl.nj-S.Bd; 0.09 0.03-&.13-0.re-0.07 0138 %

=8-02-0. lt-0.0Sr-£. 1 1-0.37 «.(32-0. 02 0.19 0.34. 0.5:

0.1.3-0.B7'-0. i2-0.2»-O.ia-0.Bi: 0.07 S.ZJt^M^BTZ*
B.B7 -0.04^3. 07HJ.ia-0.i

-0.U-fl.ie<B.05 0.03-0.39-0.10-2.15 0.B3 0.09 2.19

-0.24HS'.3a_0!l,*-9. 19-e.Z2 B-.02; B.0&-«:B3^0.a/*-0.ff

-0.45-3.23 BtflBrfcBli 0. 17-B.10-0. 13-0.03-0.07-0.

-flr2O-0.1*/B.B77«.0S^B.-Vtf-0.01-0.06-0.12--3.03'B702 A, ,
55 0w'0B-e.li-Bj26-0.09-0.0*-0.1& 1.03 0.07' B.I
0.0S-0. 15-0. 14-0.05-0. 14-0. 12 0.09 8.39 0.

B. 13r3. 1 1-0^23 0. BS-B. 1 2-0. 1 ^-0.

.42 0.03V0.

a. is a:s»-B.a* a.aa-a.aa'-B.ji a.ae a-.ea-a.a* a.ai

V

-0.29 a.l?-J0.B4-3.6» B.13 3.06-0. 13'-fl. 14-fl.Bt-8.0B 23

-B. 13-0. 05-0. B9-fl. 14-0. B9>.8» 0.13 3V01-a.B7-fl.B7 22
-B.3SJ-0. 17-0. 13-0.07-0.31.-0. 1& 0.02 0.07 B.'Bl-fl.Bafel

:5 134 133 132 131 13a 12S 12G 127 US 125 12-4 123 122

114 113

CHART 37. Wind stress curl for JANUARY

119

NCC - TOF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMfWIZPTION

137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 125 125 \2i 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 1U 113 112 111

SZ
19
A3
A7
A6
AS
AA
A3
42
Al
A0
3S
38
37
36
35
3A
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
2A
23

-8r€3^0v27*«.1

&

^§^

l.l*-B.ll\a.BB^B.0*B<5l fcZfB.1^ '
8.06 B.26 0. 14 0.20.-0,

ANCOlWf.!. 1SWN0

h'0.25 0.15 a. 17 8. 13-0.26-8.33 '8. 13- 3.19 D.l

3.24 8.13 B.U* 0.38

HUI--B.1& 0.11 0. 14-B.JJB-0. 13> .8.12^-0. H-B. IB- B. 13
;2»40.89 B.B7i B.33-fl^sfl.izMljB3 8. 1 1 -jf. 32-0.25'

i-e.-z&^reir-ftiaz a.24. a. a B.B7-0.I7-O.S3

i09^«B2-flr^S-B. SS. a3\ 8. 07-Hj^3-8. B7-B. 2 J-0. 3©

£53^ j^'f^-V^V •;---■-;-- f r -,V i

:t£>^eiBi; B.lSj-a.^2i-)B;0Ti B.A6)0.i»-8.12-0.2»-Z.57:

i^- j i - -*j—* - -N^- -/ - ■'V- :-f -/■"-- -^ir - '-H^- ■ -i
■G^rt.Yi'T*^ a.-ar'a.m aTi& Biaa-a^fca.z* a.e»

0.33 2.32-a.2» a.as-s.-ze-a. it- 0. i& a.m-e, .i-B..
J4. . . V — . — J — J — -■ -~r^-r^ -. . J . . . ^r.

.3*-a.i» at«t~0.B5-K29-a. 13 0.05 0.3* "a.ai

CAPE SLRNCC

CAP!: rENOOCINO

NOW

NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL CROUP

MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA

UIND STRESS
CURL

( OTNE CM-2/100KH 1

LONG TERM MEAN
FOR

FEBRUARY

a. is

-0.BB-fl.07; BV^B 3.06^12-0.1.* B.B#:97k>6~0s«» 3.15

T

-0.B5-3.B9-0.05 0.03 B.2»-2;0l-0.8£-fl. 13-9.13-3.0

-/.

<J.0B 8.85 8.83 0.B8-B.08-fc.02-3. J5 2<Bt 8.

J.^B.

-0. 1 B-B. 84-0. 08 -0. kJS-0. 8S-0,

-v-

-0. lB^B. 13-0. 24-0. 0tf-0.0G-6.p3) 0.03 BJ2A 0.41J 072B

-0.B?-0.14--0.1o-fl.lS-0.-l!J2! 8. 12 JB. 38^8. 13 0.24 3.2

X-

-a.JU-B.03 0.83~8.05 B.1B 0/08-8. 1S-8.1Z\3. 11 8.2B

b. i8.^.aa-0.aiMi0jB^a.a3^.B3-0.a7^e.fla>ejJ2H3.

_£UCS-0.2&-8-. 2S-tJ.09 3.14 0.03^8.04-0. 14 0.08-3.12

HJ.lS-3.l}| 0.17 0.05^8iBB-8.12-3.1^-0.1»rP|

■fl.34 3.02; 0.BSH8. lS-0.1l!^-35-e.05-0.89/ B.05 0

-ft 08 3v03-i0. 48-8. 30-8. 11-0.32; 3.85 0rf»-a.02>

a;Bl-B.2ft-a. H-0.15-B. 13-0.B3: 0.07fB.0S;-fl.

137

135

130 129

11 126 125124

120 Hi

-B. 1B-E.E2-B. 12-2.02; 0.04T0.06-B.09 B.-B»-BJf-B.Bl 24

i2a-B.15-a.12 8<zt»J!»03 0.38 0. ay -a. i2-a. 12^0. 03 2;

07la-B.22-0.89 0V0B-8. I4-fl.14-0.B7-0.05 B3E».Bi22
B. 0 l-fl. 83^8. 09-fl. 15-0. B4-tf. 28-8. BS-8. 1 8-0. llj-0. 06 21

a i;3 112 r.i

CHART 38. Wind stress curl for FEBRUARY.

120

NCC - TDF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMRRtZflTION

137 136 135 134 133 132 1 31 130 129 123 127 126 125 12 i 123 122 121 120 119 113 117 116 115 114 113 U2

48
±~
46
45
44
43
42
41
4£
3S

:e
37

36

35
34

33

32
31

se

29

:-;

27

26

'B.z^.ia-Brw-a.w^'.B* aA22 0.12:

'disk Lm&ak a. 44. krfetfi33S«fe

a.ae 3,a& a._3> a. i& 0.0s a.27 a.ji

(«

SBSlflfli

V.-V--:-3-v/-

.B7j;Bl a.l7,-a".3*::Bfi$*;B.74. 0.35-0. l^-fl.3* 0.1»

TT2..V ,...,,., ^P^/-l-V-K^--V ;

B.4T

B *3 B^S"* COLUMBIA RUffl
0r0S-0»0Zrfi^ B.<0:_a-3Z-JJ.J)4 0. 13-0.07-0,;:

0.27

a. 33 b.aj a. a

I ■

0.23»-e./I&-0.62

0M5-0^5 0.07-0. 1CHJ.2!

0.1? 0.0* 0.16 0.04-0. 2?-0. 35 BfflBiHJJK* f(.-<9 0.05

H. la BJZ^ai-g. 21-0. 1 tj-fc 1? B.13-0,.02^1 3.JS 0.2I
^---^^--•-r---^--i-f-->>,;-\--fss-
*<9|

CSPE "ENDOCim

NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP

MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA

WIND STRESS
CURL

( OYNE CM-2/10BKH )

a.0i 0.13V0.0&-0. 14; '0.04^0.05-0. IS 3.^24, 0.27*T?r
0.1? 0.^-0.1t-0.17-fl.34-B.0Z-*.37'-3tBi0.11' 0.25

^-0.1

f» 0.30-0. si 0.31-0.16-0.1 3 a.

07>r«0r 040B-0.03 0.30 O.tf>-3.06-0.

0.07JW8l-0.07-0.07'0.0&-0.05 0.00 0,29 ^.SS 0.

< -- -----.;.---/---J---v::-\7---^

^0.38-0.eS-P. 10-0.24-0.04^0,03. a.0»^.3&X4& 0f24

0:02-0.07-8. 15-«2'/-0. 15-0.04^.-31 0^3.24

-B^ggrMi

-C01-0. 17-0.03-0.09-0.23-0. ll-0.es-a.0a 3.14 0.20

23-0.22-0.14; e. IS 0,22-0^10-0.12 0i 00 J3J<8>-0.

0. \z-djzi 0. lB-e.aBHjjBij a. 1* 0.09-0. 10-0.07-0.

06-3. !4-0.01:-0.3&-0.tiS-0. 06-0. 02-0. 10-0. 13

0.16-0.1^-0.0* 0.0&-0t2&-0. 14-0.03 04«0"'0.04 3.2

■0.15; 0.02 0.JK-0. 13^^2-0^27 0.06 0.11 3.05 B.fl*^

-0.07; iijpA-z.&-Q. 24-0. Bp'B.Ba^^aPazBrHZiTa?.. 0.0a

0.04-0. 03-0. 09-«. 12-0. 10-0.06-0.04-0T0t.-a.05 B.032-:

0~.2B-0.08-J.B7-0. 16-0.05-0. 06-0. 03 0. 02-0.B4-0.il 23

0.09 0.02J-0.04-0. 12-0. 10-0. 15 0.00-0. 05-0. 02 0.37)22
-0.12-0.04 0.30-0.12-0.13-0.08-0.11-0.15-3.05' B.&421

134 133 132 131 130 129 128 127 i;

123 122 121 120 ilrj 113 117 ;i

CHART 39. Wind stress curl for MARCH.

121

NCC - TDF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUIWRRIZflTICIN

137 136 135 134 i3J 132 131 130 129 123 127 i:6 L25 L24 123 122 121 120 119 113 U7 116 US 114 113 "HT

52

4S

-3

-l

IE

45

44

a 3

d

41
42
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
22
31
ffi
29

:-«.l» 0.22-2. ie-c. 02-0

in

Zli B.3T

RNCOUVEB ISLMND

( 0.19 b!bB^12;^.B4^-0^^2*-^33*-»^V\

334 3. ;»-a.ro a. is 3.07 3.33 9. 14-0.05, 0. ,0 o.si

0.17 0.11-0,24 a.za 3.^&--0.a2 a.ts 0.0* a.ai 0.02

i=*v 5— -i— ^iSSS — j — 4_.__j.jC

■0.4* 0L02 3. 15 0,01 0.19 0.1* 0. 1> 0.-20 0.16 Or C0UJ,13IB ">«*

^■vj— :—^--\- --••--;•■-!- ?^-:.-^ K— V-J-i

0.1^**l'-jt^0.0^ 0.1& 0.24-0»2&V-0.41kJM* 0.10

-0.17-3.1* 0;2S^.05-a.l9)0A]3s0.?5^31~ai97>-0.10

■0.17 0.1$-2*28>0.ie 0.3270^5-0Vl» B?27>B)0* 0.03 CBPE blbnco
- .'. — lr . . .-. j. _,. . „_ . .^/..\. ~~fa_ . ■j£r-\ - Y - - J

,010^27-8.1*' aU79-fl»/0f*-3V'S9 0. l<-0;07-0. ffl! a.37,

■«.ai-Bfa&-o. i&x0. 12^.38-0. 1 1-0^27^2* 9._0shj. 1 1

j. VsTJ > *- - ->S-J - -j *-Q ■ J. CHPE PFNDOC [W

-0.07^8,02-0. 16-0. 10-0.07-0. 1 6-0. 06-0. 24-0. IS 0.22

NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP

MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA

WIND STRESS
CURL

( OYNE Ctt-2/iaBKM )

LONG TERfl MEAN
FOR

RPRIL

0.23 0.UV0.U-0.1& 0.E»-0.0&-e.0*-3.10,

r'.aS 0.4*

N

JJLBI-A^*. 01-0. 17-0. 11-0.24-0.03' 0.16^29_0.2GJ?»

-0. 12-0.01-0. 13-*08-0.01-0.08-2.^_3:09 i.l? 0.39

_0. 05r-8. 0*>0^04>0. 04-0.1 3-9. 14-e>jJ3-0.19-0i0t 3.

-0.iSa.W-0.i2tB-3s-e.2ij 0.22 0.e3f:,03 b.

i-

-0.12-0. 12-0.09; 0.19 0.09-0.02:0.05 0.2L 0,51 0.9

3.04-0.01-0. 16-3. 12-0.0S 0.05 0.14v«.23"'"0r*S"'0.33

a.19 a.r

-3. 10-2. 15-2. 14-2. 1&I0.0&SC02 0.12
-2-30^2.22-0. 12-0.06 TS.m 0.08-1

r\

0.;2~3.1&-0.16-0.0&-3.e? 0.14 0V20-0.12 0*2.10

-0.34-2. 13-0. 17J-3. 12 0V02 0.12-2,01-0.10-0.07-0.1:

5^

-0.17-2.19-0.08-0.07-0.19 0*21-2.01 B. 35-0. 05-0. 05

J.^>-0.22-0.0^ B.iar0.:i-2.03'0ja3^0.05:iaj2 0.1

-0. 15-0.10-0. U-0. 02 0.06-0.28-0.09.0.07 0.03 0.

0.11-2.05-0.27^0.22 0.01 B.20T2. 15-0.06 2100 0.03

-0.05-0. 15-0. 22 0v2l'-l3.37-0.02 3.33-2.0* 3.09-0.012^

JLBJ-Xre-a. 05-0. 08^0- 05-0. 20-3. 05. 0.06f3.0» 0.
0.11^0.12-9. 14-0.23-2. l\ 0. lCf-0. 16-2.08 0.04-f.
-0.2»-2?32 0. 10-2. 04MJ. 40-0. 06-0. 04-2. 12 0.06-0.

■ 23

m

ait?

36 .25 134 133 132 131 i 30 129 126

27 12S 125 12a

CHART 40. Wind stress curl for APRIL

122

NCC - TDF-11 - ONE DEGREE SUMMARIZATION

50
49
48

a

46
45
44
.15
12.
tl
i£
3S

137 136 135 134 133 132 131 133 123 128 127 126 135 124 123 122 12i 123 119 118 117 116 US 114 113 112

B. 29-0. 09-3. 19 0.35-8.06

K

111

r*SSI

•'V

-0.38-0. 2B-0. 19-0. il 4.05' 3.39 B.I^>9.B7>a.Bi 0.1

BNCOlAEFt 1SLBN0

-9.1» B^3-9.B6-fl.l6H?.l>a.e2HJ,

ZHJ.24HJ.94.

-0.16 3.8B "ft 82H3. 12-0.12 0.03-8.12-0.19 3.0ft 0.45

8JW' 0.1

1.04-0. IE- 3. lft 0.09

COLUMBIA RIVES

1-9.39 0.01 827 3.07-0.21-0.19 PI. 3* 0.12

0i«B 0.l6-«J2-0.02:Jl^Sf-0.09'lj;H5-0.2* O,0t» 3.55
-8.25^29 fl^8^4H3r26-9«(»* B.2*H3.3*-0JB* 0.73
3.22-0.21-3.^ 3.13 3. L2-fl;28-3.4V 3.31 I

-btuhj.

a. 79

-0.03-9. 87-9.87-9, 15-0. 16-0. 19 KWn^SB-vai 0.05

-a. 04-3. 14-0. iaf a. iei-a.i9-u.2aH3. 17-0.17 aiaa b.iS

CAPE rtNDOCINO

NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP

MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA

WIND STRESS
CURL

( DYNE Ctt-2/100KH )

LONG TERM MEAN
FOR

MAY

».l£fl.3>HJ,I7HJ.12-

12-9,17-8.09 0.

-fl.2» B^bTbTbIHJ. l^Bji

7„ ...../J.. .........

0.89 8.44-3.29 3(*t-9. 06-0. 22-0, 87 Bi0t alz7l 0.64J?>

-8.10H3.19-fl.17-9.12-fl.07-0.89-0.JB-9.0l- 0>22 0.43

.. >_._.J..-.-»_...J__ , J , _ _,._^^ . _ ,

-0.B9-8. 19-fl. 12-0.08-8. 1 1-8. 1 lJHJ.fllHl.W-e. 17HJ.

-8.15-0.13-3.16-8.15' B.B4 B.1L B.B7~lKWrfl;Bi

-8. 1 1-8. 14-8. 13-8. 1»7~~Bj3» 3.07: 3.35 gLzS a.6»"8

B,~B3H3,12-tl.-2S>-9. 22-8.83 0.11 0.88 Bv27~8vSr~3.33

y~i --i i- -\:, i— -j- "

-8.82-9. 11-0. 13HS.1 lj.ff.iaj 0.B4-0.B5 0.17 0.2* 0.

-3. 15-8. 12-8.138-0.2! -0.14-8. B7 3.32 3.12 0.12 3.17

-0. 16-8. Iff] 3. 07; 0. B8H3. 15-0. ■BJSJJZJ_aAgl| 0.04 3

-8. 07-8. B4-8. 81-0. 09-0. 1 1HJ. 12-0. 03-0. 1 0-9. 13H3.53

-8. 03-0.22-0. 04 -». 08-0.08-8.01-8.89-3. 85-0. B2-8. 16 ,
-8.13H3. 12-8.87-0.32 B.B4H3. U^.25-0;*jJ 0. H; 8.

». 09-^. 39-0. 08 3.35 0.09-3. 14-0.24-8.88 0.12 0.03

-8. 15-3. 15-0. 1 4-fl. 16-8. 87^3. 05 0. ISrB. l&-fl.2»\fl. 1 1;
j . . _ ,Nvi_ .... ■^x- . . . \. . j .

3.3&-8. 22-8. 37-B. 13-0~.BE 8. 1 4HJ. 88-8. 0$- 0. 05 '

-8. 06-0. 14-8. 16-0. 19-0. 16-8181 0.1BH3.07 0.89 0.03123

-9.33 0f0T~8-A0a-a.l4H3.09-9.37^B»fll'-a.84-8.a»- 0.8722

HJ.21- BiBl B.B4-B.1&-8.33T.81-8.21 3.B3-8.B2HJ.B7?:

13" 135 135 13.1 133 152 131 130 129 123 127 125 125 124 123 122 121 12J 11 i> 118 117 115 115 114 113 \\2

+

CHART 41. Wind stress curl for MAY.

Ultl

123

NCC - TDF-U - ONE OEGREE SUMMARIZATION

50
-IS
4£
47
46
15
11
I'z

137 136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 128127 126 125 121 ,23 122

120 119 113 117 116 115 114 113

12 111

«-0.0X0.07r-fl.07| 8JJ^0.BZ:-«. 11

l-*fl.^l: ^.^0.

WiCOUVEP JSLMND

»-0.E2-el.a» &0» 0. lB^-0. 1&-0.97' 3.-22 0.

8. 2 1-0. 09-0. &/ 0.09-0. 1 9-0. 07t, 0.1 0 0.06 0.19 0.

-0.13 0.02 3.02-0.39-1^29-0. 190. 14 0.3 0.13 3.1S

^.i3^0.iM^0j^*-a,i»-B.0&-a«s^C3*-0N.e2: 0-2S n.»*cauiiBiH river

lr-fcisl^j^. 15^34^0, 19 039-8.08-8^134. 0. IB

-fl.lZ;-0.07-K29 e^lCa^i-B, l\-0. 45^12.1 5^0. 1> 0.29
-8.3&-9.8KX»S-8.2t-fl.I8 0.23^.T7;-0.I2: B.39 0.59 ,~flPE a^Q
:a.02-«,13-«£28-0. 19-0.04-8*2* 0.12-B.J^1 0.JS 0.95

:>..;... ...... :.. ...... .;f..\:/.^...:..j.\..}..

-0.03-8. 19-0.J3-8.13-fl. 13^.35*8. 15X0.07 0.26 0.55

now
national mprine fisheries service

PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL CROUP
MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA

WIND STRESS
CURL

( DYNE CM-2/iaBKH )

LONG TERM MEAN
FOR

JUNE

-O.37-8.&MU31-0. 13-fl. U-9. 13-8.27^3. ISi K54J 0.S3

3.21-3. 17-9. 13\ 0.-21* 0.72

50
49
42
47

48
45

44

1:
42

4.
42
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
2S

27

25

CHART 42. Wind stress curl for JUNE.

124

NCC - TDF-1I - OC (DEGREE SUfWfllZRTION

-e. 1 s-a. »-«._a*^fl. a7-a. 1 &-«. &t-a. si -a^-a. a*-a. m^z

-a.22-a.19 B.is a.aa-a. is-fl.??^!' a. i5-a.a2-*.:

CHART 43. Wind stress curl for JULY.

125

NCC - TDF-H - OtC DEGREE SUMHUZHTION

137

49
48
47
(6
45
44

43

42

4

43

3S

38

37

16
35

34
33
32
31
30
2S
If
27
26
25

136 135 13a 133 132 131 !3? 129 128 127 126 1 15 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 115 114 U3 112

in

-fcW--8.B7-e.23 a.re-e.a3-a.2i A.tM-v.m a.,23 a.si '

— ■ .---■■) J./rr? J I J C..T J_> i=>

B.a>fc*-e.i3-e.n-3.B7-e.iB-e.i2i a.n b.3»

8.22 3. 34 -0.03-3. 22 -a. 20-0.32-0.12 Bi2S 3.34 6

*a» B.03r0.0S-«.22-e.ar^i8B-e:0t aj» a. 13 3.02

— -^- — — -,- —,-\- ^

:Kat>-evee-e.B4 a^8-e.a&-e.B6-a.a a-j» 0.1a B.ij*ccumBiH river

-e.37>e. ie-a. i6-e.B3-e. 1&-0. i3< B.e»4:B*-fciBrfca^

-«v«l a. lft^-fcas-reriiZj-B. 13-0.04-8. 14-0. \i fc25 3.62
/...|...|. ........ j.y.j./!..j.^..:

J-I3H0.0&-0.87MI.3^-a.H-0.2 ' "

21,-3.29 0.B9\B.34 0.30 ci*E BLRncc

.--•-y^----'-.^4S-------J.--y-v-Y--'

:B*?2-fc 1 3 <fc 06 BvB0-0. 33-fc 22-8. a l:-0. U 8/23 fc ii

-0.34.-0.21-0. W 0:00-2. ll-0.1S-8.07; 8.84* 0.4ft B.V5

-^ vr^.. -,^.... ........ ^,.^1..

*14-fcB7<-0.44H^27i'<JB.13**12. 0^00-8.1 3-8; 01 0.43;

CBPE rENOGCiNO

NOfifi

NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL CROUP

MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA

WIND STRESS
CURL

t QYNE O1-2/100W1 )

LONG TERM MEAN
FOR

AUGUST

-0.l9.-0»m-a. 12-8.19-8. 18-8.05-0.01-8.83 0.1ft 0.

-fc-82-0.:2-8.24-e.09-0.0S-S.0&-B.01-0.i32 8.39. Z.62J?»

^J. — J.... J.... j... .......... v: _v --^i?V

-0.>fr-8.i9-fl.l6-e.2t-0.0S-3.04~0.3f~0.05~X29 0.4ft'

-8. 18-8. 18-0. 13-8. 18-0.B&-8.B7-0.W-0.04>-0

^.02 0.23\
J. .J.. . .\

8.13-8.18-9.12 8.03-0. lB-B.eS-B^Bf 8.04- 8. 1ft B.^a P01NT CONCEPTION

...yX

-0. 15-8.05-0. l£-0. 12 0.03 3.0ft 0.03 0.15 B.47J 0.

;8.2&-0. 03-0- 07- 0<ttl-B. 8E--8. 0ft) 0. 05 B. 3»~bT44. /0.T7

.J....;....:....:....^..^..^.../

-8.01-0.34-3. 1S-G.22-B.0* B.Bft B.0S 0.21 0.13 3.13
ti~- -*■<>->*;-

4s2jr«.lt 0.03-0. 03- B.B2--0. 03-0. 03-B:-Zt 3.0ft 0.07:

_0JJ4-B. 07-0.04 0.00-0.0* 0,(3»-0.03-3.0^-0.'0T 0.

=8X7-8. 07-0. 02-0. 1&-0.E2 B.0*-a.06-e.e3 B.0» 0,

•Y,

A-

HJ^fr-0. 20-0. 84-P. 05-8. BS a.36~.8.03~0.B7 0.e»V3

-a.0a-a.05 0.09 0.33-0. i6-a.a9-s.a3-a. a? 3,00 0,

_. - .A J L J I J Vj'-.

-8. 8l-e7zV>. 0B-8. 04T 0. 85-8. 04-8. ! 0-0. 35V0.

-0. 03-0. 16-fl. 1 1-0. 12-0.82; 0. 35 0:81-fl. 1 1-8,

0.06 a.lt-3. 13-8. ll-B.veiL3.0Sr-e.B7.-0.B3-0.B8-e.06 24

a.eiL 3.e&r

0.flft=a.a3 0.11-8.3550^43^0.13 0.00-8.03 3.00-0.3*

22

8. 18-\e. ift-8.fl2; 8.22-0. l^-0.2*»8.22-a. 14 0.82 3.832?

8.B4 3.37-0.32 3.14 3.43' 8. 18"?. 00 -0.29-0. 16 a.012

135 134 133 132

:50 129 126 127 126

IS 124 123

CHART 44. Wind stress curl for AUGUST.

126

NCC - TOF-ll - OC QEGREE SUrtUFKlZflTION

137

4S
4S
t7
46
45
44
d3

c
*1

*8

39
38

i"7
36
35
3-
3 3
3.
31
33
29
28
27
•:e

25
24

23

136 135 134 i33 132 131 130 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 113 118 117 116 115 114 113 112
a. is 0.22-0. iS a. 02 .a. re 0.94-0. 12 9.35' a. if 3.2

ill

vwojver island

3.31 a.03 3.03
-0.3> 0.90 9)01-8. 29-a. 08 9.02-0.19 0.08 a.23 0.-jF*coLunsra RI"ER

. Jt'^t"t^'''^'''1"!"'"V"^;""^'

jJs3Hf.iaj^sB5^fl*-*.5tf-wfl2j 9}2b^9.i3"b.08 a. is

J

-0.19-8.21-0. it 0.06 a.as-u.B'/' a. 00 0.1?
-0.46fl.lS-0.24-0.07 0.17-0*23 0>92 0.04' 0.16 0.43 CBPE gLB^a

;9Ta»-0.i9-a.eSr0'.r'

.07 0.17-9,23

1-0.01 0.04-0.45-0.53 a;^- 3. -5 0.ea

■a. iz-b. 03-a. 14-e.m

B5_0,B2-9. l*-0. 3 6-0. 09 9702-8702-8. 1> 0^? 3.Zi:
-a.24~9.0S-0.0S-a.15-9.20-0.B3 9.9>-9.q& 0.(9 <S.i&

CBPE rENOOCIND

NORR

NHTIONRL MURINE FIStfRIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIROM1ENTRL CROUP

HONTEREY. CALIFORNIA

WIND STRESS
CURL

t DYNE O1-2/100KH 1

long term rem

FOR

SEPTEMBER

-0.19-0.08-0.02-0. 12-0.02 0.310.09 0. !» 9.35 0.

X.

-0.22-0.09 0,09-9. 19-0. It 0.03 B. ! l-0.08-e.34' 0.

-9.02-0.35 3.21 3.03 3.02- tf.0B 0.12 0.02 2.08 3.3

-9.18-0.teLjj01-e.l9-9;9l' 0.0S!-0.'03 0.33 9.53 0.

-V

-9.08-9.07-e.0l-9.0S-0.08-0.12xB.05v0.34 0.49 37T9

V

-0.08-0.13-3. 1» ■'J. 0S-0. 07-9. 03; 0.3* 0.17 0.19 0.i
-9. 11-9.12-9.09-9. 09-9. 13 0;00 0.19 0.03 S.07' 0.15

^i^Dfl.ai-a.is-B.as'-Ta.az-a.aa-a.as-a.az^^oi 0.06

£V--r- ■:----:-■- -r-—N

-9.08-9.09-0.05 0.00-9.13 0409 0)01-0.15-9.94-0.1

~^>--'----J ;... -a... -X.... ,....:

0.11; 9.0^-9.19^9.02-9.03-9.06 B. 17-0.03H3. 12-0.09

-9.22: 0.-09-0.03-0. 15-0.20 0.01 0.13 0V0B-0.03 0,

-0.19-0. 17 0.10-0.08- 0.17 0.03 0.13 0.08 0.04 0.08
-9.11-9.17-0.93-9.98 3.01 3. 08^H. 0& 0. M 0.11 0.11

0.04-9.02-0.0? a.'BC-0. 17 0.09 0.05' 0.07' a.l»"

.0.06-0.06 0.-kJ9 Q.M 3.18 0.12-9.04' 3.99 9.12 9.9723

■9.2* 9w9i a. 0&-a»05-0. 09-0:03 0.23 a.-a» 0.97-9.9422

-9.11' 0.19 3.05 3.31-9.29 0.01 3.37-0.21 3. 19 0.0912

1 36 135 154 133 132 131 133 129 128 127 125 125 124 123 122 121 V.Z

117

CHART 45. Wind stress curl for SEPTEMBER,

127

NCC - TDF-11 - OKE DECREE SUMMARIZATION

137 136 135 13d 133

131 150 129 123 127 126 125 i24 123 122 L2] 123 119 113 .17 116 115 UJ 113 112 TTT

5B
iS
-48
47

«e

as

44

i3
42
41

4E
3S
38

37

35
35
34
33
32
31
32
29
23
27
33
25
24
23
32
21

fl.j3$-fl.0fa.i» 0.0BT0ufl a^is a.et-0.06 ai2S a.*

j,jM.:5>.i2;Na.<4. 0.S9HS. 12-0.05 a. is e.3S 0.s£/"" ~/W

-fl.ie-fl.39-a.-27-

fl.40-B>29Xfl<rK0.A0 3.49 flYfl* 8.30/0.15 B.eT-fl.2i.

>wJ ■!— \.j.wjy

B. 19 B. 15 3.2* 0. 1»-B. l?** COLunBIB river

.'^x jr?Ffi

-a.36ffl.17-a.a2-fl.23 B.09 0. 13-0r27 M3H3.07. 3.03

_^..... :/..-t; ......... J..y../...v_..A„.<J.. j. .

fl.l4n».12.flJ4-0.13fl.03-fl.B2(-0.40i-0.06. 0.11 0.19

/

:0V27^9. 13^-0.4279. U- 3.24-8.17-8.05' 2.09 B. 12 0.10 NPE ^a^Q

■-■■ --^---v_;-vJ----^v I •

■fl.4»-fl.43^fl.n-fl.23-fl2B5 8.0S-0.21~fl.l» B. 17 B. 11

.y.:. ... ..y.

fl.lS--87B9-ft.8t-0.17-fl.21-0.09; 8.06 3J* 8.B3 B.25
-rTTJ . j '. J. J N^<r 1 •' /

B.19 8.06-8.21-0.16-0.86-0.03-0.14-3329 8.39 3.74

NHTJONRi. MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE

PflCIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP

MONTEREY. CHLIFORNIfi

WIND STRESS
CURL

( OYNE 01-2/103)01 1

LONG TERM MERN
FOR

OCTOBER

-B.2A-0.14 Bc»l-9.86-fl.l3-B.ZB-8.37'-0,Bl' fe.?3 3.23

fl.34-0i25-0.08-0. 1 1-0.04-0.03-0.03 -0.a» 0.v22 0.59
-fl.2S-fl.89-fl.12-fl.14-fl.B9 B.B1 0.1*7-0.12-0.06 8.

■fl.gfcBrflr~0?01-fl. 19-8.83 3.89 8;01-0.3t 3. 15. 3.J»[ _-oint csscEPTta

0.B6fA.06-3.a3-e.k»-B.09-B.BSv 8.09VB.39 8.39 B.E

B.31,3t24

-fl.Bl-3.14-e.U6 UHJNLD 3. IB

-0.09-0.21-0.121,8.13 0. 01-0. 05^02 3.17 Id. 15 0.1
-fl.B2-e.bl-B. 85-0.13 0.05 0.05-0.33-0.8>fl.03 8.13

'V

-0. 12-3^4 B. BB-8. 84-0. 05 -0. 09-0. 05-0. 0f=«.-0f> 0

-3-.00-0.39-3.33-S. J7-8. 13-8. 35-3. 84-0. B5 0.-0B 0

-8.07-0.14-8.21^0.04-0. 1B,0.:B2-0.>H3229 0-.00-0.ai

-0.05-0.14-0.14-0,02 B.1.7-«.43-fl.J5 0.J34. 3.82 B.14

-0, 14-0.15 a.32r«0i a-.ai a. :a-0. ;i-a.as 0.09 3.83^

.11-0.10-0.09-0.07-0.04-0703' 0. 00-0. 39-0. 05 0.B9

-0.19 3.81 0.B5-0.07-0.05 3.85-0. 11-0. flBfefltf 3.813:

8. C6 3.23-8.05 0.83 0301-0.05 0.04 3.88-0.89-8.83 23

-8.11-0.13(8.89 8.37 0. 01-0. 04-0. 86-0. 86-8. BLJ. 83 22

— - — i p— rtfrt^vj.

-B.89-fl.03 8v00H3.B3-8.8l 3.07-0.01-0.36 0.81-0.212:

15 4

i 3 1 130

'8 127

36 125 124 1Z3 122 121

CHART 46. Wind stress curl for OCTOBER,

128

NCC - TOF-U - O* DEGREE SUMflRRIZflTION

137

S2
49
48
47
46
45

u

43
42
41
40
33
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
X
29
28
27
25
25

;-

23

136 135 134 133 132 131 130 129 123 127 126 12; I Z d 123 122 121 123 113 118 117 116 115 114 113 112

-£^>

3.30-3.12-3.03 8.i7-«.2i!a.}|^a:3&-A1a3-*/Sf 2.4

•COUVER ISlANO

-«.ft arar^.22j?,24. a.23 a. 11 a.8»-e?is* a, ss 0

0.21; 0.19 8. 1^-8,21; 3.34 ^658^17 0r25^e.«0-0

}.22 0.03-8T32-3.84 3.17 87/15 3.45-0. 06-8«02' 3.19*

CSLJ18IR RIVER

0.34 a.30-3.24 0.19 8.15 0.01 0.1^-0^27; B. 12 0.49

a.3* a.i» a^»--a.03-0.i,»xa.2iffl.2»-3.^ 0.233.3$

.iW-B. tt* a. n 3.i9-e.i&-B.is 8.a» 0.13 0.0s 0.01 uvE blsnco

^^HfcWc'aTiMHS^W «?3S-«. 15-8.23-8:8* 0.21 3.10
10-27 8. 12-0.1*7».2S 3.01 0.10-0.22-0. )!■ 0.CK-3. 13
■*&£-«. ;&-0.23-8.35/82B2 8.85-8.33-8. 15? 0.60 0.63

:a?E rtnoocirc

NOFN

NBTIQNPL MflRINE FISHERIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIROM1ENTRL CROUP

MONTEREY. CflLIFORNIR

WIND STRESS
CURL

[ DYNE 01-2/108X11 )

LONG TERM KEflN
FOR

NOVEMBER

-3.89-8. n^33-0.Ur 8.13 0. 16-8^44^3.88; B.33_8

0.15 a.ffi-8. 36-8. 8S-0. 38-3. IB OJW-8J12 2.22( 0.26
3.29-3. 13-0,37-0,23 3. 3B-J.3?; 0.33-3.23 jr. 01 0.

-078*-*

89-8.37 a^Z-^aa-a. :» 0.04 0.

^Ij~0.0t-B.12-3.14-8.D8HS.05 3.85X<5.37 0.37 0.

-B.3t>~3.12:-tf.S7-0.89-3.04-8.08"0.33 0.23 3.33-0.17

-8,! 1-0.86-8. 13-B.09 0.33-3. d* 0v30 0.13 3.15 0.

-a.0i-e.a2-8.a*-e.3Sv-0^-ajs--8.37-3^BZ 0.05 0.19
7' -t, \

-V

-8.06-8.06 3". 3U:3.09 3.27-3.17-0.22 3.Ca ». 3tt 0
70.03 3.8G 8.62 0/01^8.<ffl-0.1S-i>.B5--a.08-0,

0.10 0.02 3.33-3.19 3*00-0.23 3.^3.-3. 04-9. 37 3.34

•17"

2. 19 ZJJd-3.37-3.33-0.21~0. 12 3.23-3.03-3.03 0.

^fl?^; 0101 0.39-3. 0&-3. 11-3.09-0.02-0.35 8v«B-«jai2^

-a. 28-a. 13-a. 06-3. 05-a. az^sTas a. 03-0. 1 2-a. as/ a. as

-3T29-8. 15-0. 03-3. 09-0; 03-0. 02;.--3r0I! 3.01-3.85-3.37 I

sa

4S
48
47
46

44

43
42
4.
48
35
38
37
16
25
34
33
32
3:

30

2?

21

-0^35-0.13 0j01-0.15-0.01-0.ln4 3.35 0.00-0.03-8.
0. 35-0. ES-3. 33' 3.37-0.04 3.84-3.33 3.00-3.03-0.
"9.00 3.23-3.36 3.12-3.31 3.82-3.09-3.34 3.31-8.

0423
13 22

«2!

13? 136 135 13J :33 132

ii. 125 124 123 122 121

113 r.3 n:

CHART 47. Wind stress curl for NOVEMBER

129

NCC - TDF-U - ONE QEGREE SUMMARIZATION

137 136 135 134 133 13: 131 130 129 12S 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 113 117 116 115 iU 113 112 111

52

49
4o
*7

te

45

4-1
4

«a

^s»-«.«:-fl.2i^.at a. 19 3.ii a.B5 a-ra a.sTa

•«. i3Hjyg4V a. u\m a.3^-0^ a^2* a.3*va.5*/a,
■-•;----'- -J^|-/-i-/---i-----!---^/--

25 0.43 B.4lH^/B.-SCB.47/8.a,'S.3* 0.

a.43 av24 a. 13 a. 37 3.25 a.03 a. 23 a. 64 a. 27 a.i3

a. 45 g,Bs-a.W,a.35' 0.02-0,03 BvaijjTi* a. 49 a.aT
:aT^?-«^-0.B7^£'}5(a.^-34S3-e.22>!ka9i B.ar b.35

^- • - - < - • -4- - n-kv ;-Nj- v~2™j • r - y -:

Bl-3. 16-0. M^.4# 8>J»v0.4& 3X29 B.39-e,0fr-0.43

t-£M a/i3-0^» B.B9 a. is a.a7~a.2»
B3-a.22^a.i&-B.i8 «".^&-a23»-a.i^ a. it a.ar

v-8.88-aV2G-a.02-a.l9-B.B& B. 13~Bi0l a.33 8.89

•COLUMBIA RIVER

CRPE rENOOCtfC

NORA

NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE

PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL CROUP

MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA

WIND STRESS
CURL

( DYNE CM-2/10BKH )

LONG TERM MEAN
FOR

DECEMBER

ii#Hfclt^™ai-*B*-C"B3>a.Ky-8.2*-B.li WWt-^Q

2is» a.

-0.37 3.07-0.07 0-.-B9 3. 07-0.06- 0.07 3.03 3. 16 0.29

...v....^.. ...........

aa-a.!* 0.15 a^aa-a. zt-vjii=a.4\

V

B. lisfl-.'Bl-fl. 17-9. 17 0,01 0.1» 0. lij-ft 22-0. U 0.
-0.13-0.32=37^3-e'.-0»-9i<ia-3.02 0.

s-. 00-0, 07-0. 13-0.05, a.a* b.32^3-.b» 0.23 3.33 b.

=0^7-3. l&-0.03-0.12-«.B2. 0.19 "1.05 B»2S 0.3^0.11

ISai-a. 19-0. 19-0. 1S-0.0S 0.Z&.9S03 0.28 3.29

-fl. 15-0. 15-0.09-0.01-0. 13-0; SI

-0. !*-8». 09-0.33^0706;^!. 33 0.07-T0. 12-0.15' 0.03 0.13

Ls;27-fl.B7^a:0t-0.i3 0j0i o.i7Va.i3-a.a* a. 10

B. 06.-0. 02-0. 03- A 26-4). 1 1- a. 1 0-0. 05 2. 02-0. 85-0.

-a. 12-0. 13-a. i»-B.2t-B.09"0'.-ai-a.9s-4).0A a. 1 i>a.07

.0.02-0. 06-0. 09-0.-ffi.-0. 24 2.05-e.2B 0.0/ 0.09 0.!

. J.. .. J.. ............ >,..;VW/«V

"K 0fcr9. 03-0. 05-0. 03-0. 03"XaSr3. 07^3722-0. gf^KO~l~)

0. 01-0. ed^aa"-?. 04-0. k>9-a. as/ 0.06 a.i5-0.B3-a.a3

-a-ia; a.i; a.B8v-:0.a6,a.'B2-0.36'B.a4^.09-fl.09-a.a323

-B. 13-0. 11' -0.0* 3.06 3.00-0.04-0.0i~0»0l~B. 19-0.1522

-------V" ------- - /...-..>....:

0. 15-vT.26-0.05 9.05-0.19 0.30 0.00 0.15-9.32-9.93 2'.

13" 136 155 134 135 132 131 130

:9 123 127 125 125 i24 123

120 119 113 HZ -io l!f [U 113

CHART 48. Wind stress curl for DECEMBER

130

LITERATURE CITED

BAKUN, A.

1973. Coastal upwelling indices, west coast of North America,
1946-71. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-671 ,
103 p.

1974. Properties of 6-hourly upwelling index series off western
North America. (Abstract 0-3) EOS, Trans. Am. Geophys. Union
55:1132.

BAKUN, A., and C.S. NELSON

1975. Climatology of upwell ing-related processes off Baja
California. Proceedings of: A Symposium on Fisheries Science,
Auto. Univ. Baja Calif., Ensenada, BC, Mexico (in press)

BAKUN, A., D.R. McLAIN, and F.V. MAYO

1974. The mean annual cycle of coastal upwelling off western
North America as observed from surface measurements. Fish.
Bull., U.S. 72:843-844.

CUSHING, D.H.

1969. Upwelling and fish production. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap. (84),
40 p.

DAVIDSON, K.L.

1974. Observational results on the influence of stability and
wind-wave coupling on momentum transfer and turbulent
fluctuations over ocean waves. Boundary-Layer Meteorol .
6:305-331.

DEAR-DORFF, J.W.

1968. Dependence of air-sea transfer coefficients on bulk
stability. J. Geophys. Res. 73:2549-2557.

DENMAN, K.L.

1973. A time-dependent model of the upper ocean. J. Phys.
Oceanogr. 3:173-184.

DENMAN, K.L. , and M. MIYAKE

1973. Behavior of the mean wind, the drag coefficient, and
the wave field in the open ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 78:
1917-1931.

DORMAN, C.E., C.A. PAULSON, and W.H. QUINN

1974. An analysis of 20 years of meteorological and ocean-
ographical data from Ocean Station N. J. Phys. Oceanogr.
4:645-653.

131

EKMAN, V.W.

1905. On the influence of the earth's rotation on ocean
currents. Ark. Mat. Astron. Fys. 2(ll):l-52.

EVENSON, A.J., and G. VERONIS

1975. Continuous representation of wind stress and wind stress
curl over the world ocean. J. Mar. Res. Supplement: 131 -144.

HALPERN, D.

1976. Measurements of near-surface wind stress over an upwelling
region near the Oregon coast. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 6:108-112.

HANTEL, M.

1970. Monthly charts of surface wind stress curl over the
Indian Ocean. Mon. Wea. Rev. 98:765-773.

HELLERMAN, S.

1967. An updated estimate of the wind stress on the world
ocean. Mon. Wea. Rev. 95:607-626 (see also 1968. Correction
notice. Mon. Wea. Rev. 96:63-74).

HIDAKA, K.

1958. Computation of the wind stress over the oceans.
Rec. Oceanogr. Works Jap. 14(2) : 77-1 23.

HUSBY, D.M., and G.R. SECKEL

1975. Large-scale air-sea interactions at Ocean Weather Station
V, 1951-71. U.S. Dep. Commer. , NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-696,
44 p.

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134

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