La,

The Gift of Beatrix Farrand

to the General Library
University of California, Berkeley

Ex

Libris

BEATRIX
FARRAND

LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE

WINTER BOTANY

A COMPANION VOLUME
TO THE AUTHOR'S

PLANT MATERIALS OF
DECORATIVE GARDENING

BY

WILLIAM TRELEASE

PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

URBANA
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR

1918

COPYRIGHT, 1918

BY
WILLIAM TRELEASE

Add to Lib*

PE

TURE

GffT

LANDSCAPE

ARCHITECTURE

LANDSCAPE
ARCH.

CONTENTS

PAGE

FOREWORD ______________________________________________ v

INTRODUCTION ___________________________________________ vii

USING THE KEYS _________ _______________________________ ix

KEY TO GENERA _______________ _ _________________________ xii

LEAVES WHORLED ____________________________________ xii

LEAVES OPPOSITE _____________ • _______________________ xiii

LEAVES ALTERNATE __________________________________ xx

WINTER CHARACTERS _____________________________________ 1

REFERENCES _____________________________________________ 361

GLOSSARY _ ________________________________ s ______________ 363

INDEX _ __385

370

FOREWORD.

While at the University of Wisconsin, nearly forty years
ago, I became interested in the differences by which woody
plants may be recognized in winter — sometimes more surely
than when in flower — and learned from Willkomm's excellent
but inconveniently shaped book how readily these differences
may be grouped for differential purposes. ' A large collection
of winter twigs was accumulated subsequently at the Missouri
Botanical Garden, and I owe a lasting debt of gratitude to
many friends — among them the even then venerable Dr. Chap-
man of Florida — who collected such material for me.

Willkomm's book, like other contemporary publications
of its kind, was confined to the commonest deciduous trees
and shrubs of northern Europe. My intention at that time
was to prepare a winter manual of the trees native to the
Eastern United States, and illustrations of many of these were
prepared by Miss Grace E. Johnson (now Mrs. George Clifford
Vieh). For a variety of reasons, this undertaking was laid
aside, and her skilful and expressive drawings remain un-
published except for those picturing Acer, Carya, Juglans and
Leiineria. It is a pleasure . to record that though long out
of practice, Mrs. Vieh has prepared for the engraver some of
the simplified drawings now published.

URBANA, ILLINOIS,
August 1918.

INTRODUCTION.

When my Plant Materials pocket manual was issued, in
1917, an unusually full account was given of characters that
are not mentioned in the usual handbooks, but the keys were
based in large part on differences used by the old herbalists, —
position and other peculiarities of the foliage. The key of
the present volume utilizes leaf-scar and bud differences in
the same manner.

Because the keys of the first volume are as available for
coniferous evergreens in winter as in summer, this important
group of trees is not considered here at all ; but angiospermous
evergreens and the few deciduous conifers are treated now in
even greater fullness. To avoid .unnecessary repetition, fam-
ily descriptions are not repeated here, and the generic charac-
ters are confined to the direct purpose of the book.

This purpose, naming our common trees and shrubs when
without foliage, involves a close accounting for small differ-
ences between small parts, so that illustrations are more in-
dispensable than for a Summer Manual leading to the same
end with the same plants. Such illustrations are inserted in
the text, where they may be used with convenience. Occa-
sionally a twig or leaf is pictured of natural size or reduced
to one-half (or in Magnolia one-fourth) its natural size. Ex-
cept for these and the self-evident cases of Ailanthus, Aralia
and Cedrela where details are seen easily without enlarge-
ment, the essential characters of leaf-scars, bud and pith are
shown with a uniform enlargement of three diameters, which
serves the purpose though details sometimes appear small as
a result.

Even more necessary than in summer studies, is a good
pocket-lens of about 12-magnification; and it should bd an
invariable practice to examine carefully a number of buds

vii

viii INTRODUCTION

and leaf-scars, particularly those of ordinary branches rather
than suckers or spurs, before beginning to use the key. When
this practice is followed, after a few familiar species have
been traced through so as to give facility, the key will be
found simple, direct and conclusive in nearly every case; and
native and introduced species, as .well as genera, may be
named for the most part.

The present volume, though conifers are excluded, deals
with 326 genera belonging to 93 families. Species and espe-
cially varieties are not differentiated to the same extent as in
the earlier volume, but the keys lead to the names of about
1100 such forms.

As in the earlier volume, questions of nomenclature have
been waived, and the same names are used in both books
except for correction of a few oversights in the first, so that
reference may be made readily to the Standard Cyclopedia for
other information concerning the plants; and this is even
more necessary than when names are learned from summer
characters.

USING THE KEYS.

As in the Summer Manual, the keys are essentially dicho-
tomous, bringing together in couplets alternatives with usu-
ally sharply contrasted differences. In each instance, these
contrasts are grouped under a single number. A few exam-
ples will show the simplicity of using such a key, and the
directness with which it leads to the name of a plant.

Caution should be observed with all alternate-leaved
shrubs until the poisonous species of Rhus have become
known.

Having a disinclination to come into unexpected contact
with the poison ivy, I decide to familiarize myself with its
essential winter-characters at once. Remembering where I
saw it last summer, I go to a post or tree trunk over which
it is climbing, and without touching it I am able to see that
it climbs by the aid of numerous short roots that fasten them-
selves to the support, but has no tendrils, and that its leaf-
scars are distributed singly along the stem, or alternate. Cau-
tious examination under a lens, still without touching the
plant, shows that these leaf-scars are half-round or somewhat
shield- or heart-shaped or 3-sided, and after looking at several
of them I have satisfied myself that each scar is marked by a
number of dots — more or less evidently in 3 groups, each of
which is a bundle-trace corresponding to one of the woody
strands that passed from the stem to make up the framework
of the leaf last season. Over each leaf-scar is a single bud,
slightly elongated or stalked below its leaves. No sign of
stipules, or scars left after their fall, is evident near any of
the leaf-scars. I have noticed everything essential to naming the
plant without having exposed myself to danger from its poi-
son. Turning to the key (p. xi), I find only five contrasts —
no. 1 to 140; no. 140 to 150; no. 150 to 151; no. 151 to 157—
before I stop convinced that it belongs to the genus Rhus.

ix

x USING THE KEYS

Reading the winter-description of that genus on p. 187 con-
firms me in this conviction. The analysis of species under
Rhus leads as directly and certainly to Rhus radicans (L 4)
as the name of my plant.

As I return to the house, I stop to look at a velvety vine
rooted against a tree-trunk where I remember having seen
something different from poison ivy last summer. Without
touching this climber I look it over carefully, first with the
unaided eye, then under a lens, and find that it differs from
Rhus in a number of respects. Besides the roots by which it
is fastened to its support, it produces short hand-like tendrils
at many of its nodes and the fingers of these are dilated into
broad adhering tips. These tendrils are opposite the half-
round leaf-scars, each of which has a series of rather indis-
tinct bundle-traces just inside its margin; and a narrow sti-
pule-scar runs off at either side of the short round bud above
each leaf -scar. The sequence in the key here is no. 1 to 140;
140 to 150; 150 to 151; 151 to 152; and 152 to 153. The disks
at end of the tendril-branches satisfy me that this is a Vir-
ginia creeper, and the key to the several kinds of Partheno-
cissus (p. 225) shows that I have seen the rooting ampelopsis,
Parthenocissus quinquefolia Saint-Paulii, which I may trans-
plant to my house next spring without fear, — and in the cer-
tainty that it will cling closely and tenaciously to the wall.

My neighbor grows a fleecy, tall shrub that has the pecu-
liarity of discarding many of its very slender twigs every
fall, reclothing itself in a similar array the next season. I
find that instead of ordinary broad leaves, this produces small
scales, one at a node though often crowded close together.
These scale-leaves have not fallen as most leaves do, but are
present in winter. In the axil or angle over each of them is
a small round bud, and the outer scales of some of these
have parted, showing a nest of smaller buds. Cutting across
one of the reddish branchlets, I see that its pith is toward
one side rather than exactly central in the zone of wood by

USING THE KEYS xi

which it is separated from the bark. Tracing the shrub is
simple:— no. 1 to 140; to 141; to 142; to 143; to 144; to 145,
where I stop at Tamarix. The species (p. 238) are not easily
distinguished, but the color of the twigs makes me believe
that this is the commonly cultivated Tamarix gallica.

Several years ago a squirrel overlooked some sort of a
nut that he had buried next a fence. It has grown into a
small tree with sumach-like foliage, that must be either a
hickory or black walnut or butternut. I want to know which.
The twigs present several peculiarities: leaf-scars are alter-
nate, raised above the level of the stem, shaped much as in
the poison ivy, with 3 usually C-shaped or fragmented bundle-
traces; over each leaf-scar are two scaly buds, one superposed
above the other; and the twig, when split, shows a peculiar
pith, not solid, but consisting of thin brown plates separating
cavities or chambers. The key leads me from no. 1 to 140;
to 150; to 172; to 202; to 203; to 219; to 224; to 225; to 227;
to 255; to 256; to 259; to 260; where I decide that my tree is
a Juglans. The characters of this genus (p. 16) satisfy me
that this is right, and the short gray silky terminal bud and
the absence of moustache-like velvety lines above the leaf-
scars show that it was a black walnut that the squirrel planted
and forgot, here as along many other fences.

A horticultural friend brings me a twig of one of the
golden bells which survived the last severe winter better than
the common Forsythia viridissima, and asks if it can be the
hybrid ( X F. intermedia) between that species and the hardier
F. suspensa. The, key (1 to 2; to 15; to 19; to 22; to 35;
to 40; to 86; to 87; to; 92; to 97; to 104; to 124; to 126)
convinces me that what he has is really a Forsythia. Turn-
ing to p. 308 I find that the twig has the solid tissue at its
nodes characteristic of F. suspensa (f. 3), but the thin plates
or their remains between the nodes characteristic of F. viri-
dissima (f. 1) ; for the hybrid X Forsythia intermedia (f. 2)
is intermediate between the parent species in this as in other
characters.

KEY TO GENERA.

1. Leaves solitary (alternate) at each node. 140.
Leaves 2 or more at each node. 2.

(Leaves may be represented by scales or spines or by scars
from which they have fallen, in either of the groups).

2. Leaves characteristically 2 at each node. 15.
Leaves characteristically 3 at each node. 3.
(Exceptional branches may have 3 instead of 2, or 2 in-
stead of the customary 3 leaves).

LEAVES WHORLED.

3. Leaves reduced to small thin scales. p. 6. Ephedra.
Ordinary leaves or their scars present. 4.

4. Leaves persistent and green (evergreen). 5.
Leaves absent (deciduous), or dried. 10.

5. Leaves small, narrow, revolute: low shrubs. 6.
Leaves larger, broad, flat: sap milky. 9.

6. Leaves terete: aromatic. p. 181. Ceratiola.
Leaves broader than thick. 7.

7. Leaves 3 or 4 in a whorl: plants erect. p. 299. Erica.
Leaves about 5 in a whorl: plants matted. 8.

8. Leaves flat above, not toothed. p. 180. Empetrum.
Leaves biconvex, microscopically toothed. p. 179. Corema.

9. Stipules present: leaf-scars not fringed, p. 324. Allamanda.
Stipules lacking: leaf-scars fringed at top. p. 326. Nerium.

10. Twigs stout: leaf-scars large. p. 341. Catalpa.
Twigs slender. 11.

11. Buds small, often sunken in the bark. p. 344. Cephalanthus.
Buds moderate or very evident. 12.

12. Bundle-trace 1: pods long, slender. p. 340. Chilopsis.
Bundle-traces several. 13.

13. Pith spongy or excavated: buds acute. p. 77. Deutzia.
Pith continuous. 14.

14. Two or four hairy lines below each node. p. 348. Diervilla.
Without hairy ridges: buds short, blunt, p. 81. Hydrangea.

xii

KEYS — LEAVES OPPOSITE xiii

LEAVES OPPOSITE.

15. Leaves represented by small persistent scales. 16.
Ordinary leaves, or their scars, present. 19.

16. Twigs often ending in spines. 17.

Twigs not sharp and pungent. p. 6. Ephedra.

17. Spines much flattened. p. 214. Colletia.
Twigs cylindrical (terete). 18.

18. Spines rather long: no stipules. p. 241. Koeberlinia.
Spines 2 cm., outcurved: stipules minute, p. 221. Adolphia.

19. Leaf-scars and buds in 2 vertical ranks. 20.
Leaf-scars in 4 ranks unless on climbers. 22.

20. Deciduous: without stipules or stipule-scars. 21.
Evergreen: stipules persistent. p. 159. Guaiacum.

21. Not aromatic: buds elongated. p. 43. Buckleya.
Aromatic: buds round. p. 67. Meratia.

22. Climbing or scrambling. 23.
Not climbing. 35.

23. Climbing by coiling leaf -organs (tendrils). 24.
Climbing by aerial roots. 25.

Twining or scrambling, without aerial roots or tendrils. 28.

24. Wood showing a cross in section. p. 338. Bignonia.
Wood not showing a cross: stem angled. p. 52. Clematis.

25. Evergreen: leaves rather small. p. 195. Evonymus.
Deciduous. 26.

26. Leaf-scars half-round: bundle-trace 1. p. 339. Campsis.
Leaf-scars crescent-shaped. p. 81. Hydrangea.
Leaf-scars U-shaped or horseshoe-shaped: pith spongy. 27.

27. Leaf -scars U-shaped: bundle-traces 5. p. 78. Schizophragma.
Leaf-scars horseshoe-shaped. p. 79. Decumaria,

28. Pith continuous. 29.

Pith spongy: evergreen: sap milky. 30.
Pith chambered or excavated. 32.

29. Tiwgs acutely 4-lined. p. 320. Jasminum.
Twigs terete and not ribbed. p. 330. Petraea.

xiv KEYS — LEAVES OPPOSITE

30. Leaves rounded at ends. p. 328. Stephanotis.
Leaves acute at both ends. 31.

31. Leaf-scars transversely connected, p. 325. Trachelospermum.
Leaf-scars without connecting lines. p. 324. Allamanda.

32. Sap milky: leaf-scars raised, shriveled, p. 327. Periploca.
Sap not milky. 33.

33. Bundle-trace 1: commonly evergreen. 34.
Bundle-traces 3: twining. . p. 353. Lonicera.

34. Twining: stems 4-lined: leaves simple, p. 322. Gelsemium.
Scrambling: stems not lined. p. 320. Jasminum.

35. With spines ending some twigs or in the axils. 36.
Without spines or prickles. 40.

36. Scurfy with shield-shaped (peltate) scales. 37.
Without such scales. 38.

37. Evergreen: buds naked: leaves lanceolate. p. 318. Olea.
Deciduous: buds scaly. p. 248. Shepherdia.

38. Spines forking: evergreen. p. 323. Carissa.
Spines unbranched, often blunt: foliage deciduous. 39.

39. Buds several, superposed, small. p. 316. Forestiera.
Buds not superposed, relatively large. p. 220. Rhamnus.

40. Bundle-traces 3 or more, separate, in an open series. 41.
Bundle-trace 1; or many traces scattered or in an ellipse,

or nearly confluent in a straight or curved line. 86.
(This group includes cases in which the bundle-traces
are indistinguishable in a shriveled scar).

41. Leaf-scars large and broad: twigs stout. 42.
Leaf-scars small or narrow. 43.

42. Buds solitary, the terminal enlarged. p. 207. Aesculus.
Buds multiple. p. 359. Sambucus.

43. Leaf-scars linear or U-shaped. 75.
Leaf-scars horseshoe-shaped. 85.
Leaf-scars not as above unless by tearing. 44.

44. Evergreen. 45.
Deciduous. 48.

KEYS — LEAVES OPPOSITE xv

45. Leaves pinnate, frequently alternate. p. 143. Sophora.
Leaves simple. 46.

46. Bundle-traces three. 47.

Bundle-traces 7: stipules forming a sheath, p. 345. Gardenia.

47. Pith uniform and continuous. p. 349. Viburnum.
Pith gritty, finally chambered. p. 364. Aucuba.

48. Pith spongy or finally excavated. 49.

Pith characteristically continuous and persistent. 53.

49. Leaf-scars raised, or else buds superposed. 50.
Leaf-scars little raised: buds not superposed. 52.

50. Buds sessile. 51.

Buds slightly stalked: tender. p. 356. Leycesteria.

51. Buds never superposed. p. 352. Symphoricarpos.
Buds often superposed. p. 353. Lonicera.

52. Pith spongy, or lower bud-scales short. p. 77. Deutzia.
Pith excavated: lower scales as long as bud. p. 347. Dipelta.

53. Buds behind a persistent petiole-base. p. 262. Cornus.
- Buds covered by a broad membrane, p. 74. Philadelphus.

Buds exposed. 54.

54. Buds enclosed in a single outer scale or sac. 55.
Buds naked, or with separate scales. 57.

55. Scale 1, split in front. p. 49. Cercidiphyllum.
Scales 2, united in a closed sac. 56.

56. With evident stipule-scars. p. 201. Staphylea.
Without stipule-scars. p. 349. Viburnum.

57. Most leaf-scars alternate: buds silvery, p. 148. Laburnum.
Without this combination of characters. 58.

58. Leaf-scars ciliate at top. 59.
Leaf-scars not ciliate. 61.

59. Buds solitary over each leaf-scar. 60.

Buds often collaterally multiplied. p. 112. Rhodotypos.

60. Buds essentially sessile. p. 202. Acer.
Buds slightly but evidently stalked. p. 349. Viburnum.

61. Twigs with 2 or 4 often hairy raised lines, p. 348. Diervilla.
Twigs not ridged when fresh. 62.

xvi KEYS — LEAVES OPPOSITE

62. Buds without scales: stellate-scurfy. p. 349. Viburnum.
Buds with scales. 63.

63. Visible scales 1 or 2 pairs. 64.
Visible scales more than 2 pairs. 70.

64. Buds stalked: scales meeting at their edges, p. 202. Acer.
Buds not stalked. 65.

65. Leaf-scars distinctly raised. 66.
Leaf-scars low. 68.

66. Aromatic: lateral bundle-traces very small, p. 67. Meratia.
Not aromatic: bundle-traces 3, nearly equal. 67.

67. Leaf-scar on a finally torn membrane, p. 74. Philadelphus.
. Leaf-scar not on an articular membrane, p. 353. Lonicera.

68. Leaf-scar thin and tearing at top. p. 74. Philadelphus.
Leaf-scar not on an articular membrane. 69.

69. Glabrate: with stipule-scars. p. 201. Staphylea.
Velvety: without stipule-scars. p. 162. Evodia.

70. Buds sometimes superposed. 71.
Buds not superposed. 72.

71. Leaf-scars raised. p. 353. Lonicera.
Leaf-scars low. p. 348. Diervilla.

72. Bark exfoliating: traces subconfluent. p. 357. Kolkwitzia.
Bark not exfoliating, or else bundle-traces separated. 73.

73. Buds nearly globose or else plants pithy, p. 81. Hydrangea.
Buds conical. p. 202. Acer.
Buds ovoid or oblong. 74.

74. Buds branching or else leaf-scars meeting. p. 202. Acer.
Buds remaining solitary. p. 349. Viburnum.

75. Bud-scale 1, forming a closed sac. 76.
Bud-scales several or indistinct, or lacking. 77.

76. Buds gummy within. p. 349. Viburnum.
Buds not gummy when opened. p. 11. Salix.

77. Twigs with many ridges. p. 76. Fendlera.
Twigs without such ridges. 78.

78. Very woolly: savory: small. p. 334. Rosmarinus.
Neither very woolly nor savory. 79.

KEYS — LEAVES OPPOSITE xvii

79. Buds quite sessile. 80.

Buds somewhat stalked: pith continuous. 83.

80. Pith continuous. 81.

Pith spongy: often stellately pubescent. p. 77. Deutzia.
Pith excavated: twigs slender. p. 358. Abelia.

81. Evergreen: leaf-scars at first raised. p. 267. Garrya.
Deciduous: leaf-scars low. 82.

82. Leaf-scars meeting. p. 75. Jamesia.
Leaf-scars not meeting. p. 202. Acer.

83. Leaf-scars for a time raised: scales valvate. p. 262. Cornus.
Without this combination of characters. 84.

84. Leaf-scars meeting in a point. p. 202. Acer.
Leaf-scars not meeting. p. 349. Viburnum.

85. Aromatic: buds closely superposed. p. 66. Calycanthus.
Not fragrant: buds solitary. p. 165. Phellodendron.

86. Leaf-scars fringed: evergreen: sap milky, p. 326. Nerium.
Without this combination of characters. 87.

87. Soft pithy half-shrubs: buds superposed. 88.
Without this combination of characters. 92.

88. Peppery-aromatic: leaf-scars U- or C-shaped. p. 333. Vitex.
Not peppery-aromatic. 89.

89. Leaf-scar subelliptical. 90.

Leaf-scar triangular or crescent-shaped, p. 321. Buddleia.
Leaf-scar or bundle-trace C-shaped. p. 331. Callicarpa.

90. Leaf-scars of each pair connected. p. 342. Tecoma.
Leaf-scars not connected by a downy line. 91.

91. Leaf-scar straight at top. p.332. Caryopteris.
Leaf-scar notched. p. 329. Clerodendron.

92. Bundle-traces many in a compound or elliptical series. 93.
Bundle-traces few (often 3), rather distinct. 95.
Bundle-traces 1, sometimes obscure. 97.

93. Sap milky: bud-scales striated. p. 36. Broussonetia.
Sap not milky: bud-scales 2 or four, not ribbed. 94.

94. Pith chambered: leaf-scars elliptical. p. 337. Paulownia.
Pith continuous: scars shield-shaped. p. 310. Praxinus.

xviii KEYS — LEAVES OPPOSITE

95. Aromatic: middle bundle-trace largest. p. 67. Meratia.
Not aromatic. 96.

96. Stipules persistent: buds silvery-hairy, p. 148. Laburnum.
Stipules lacking: buds gray- velvety. p. 357. Kolkwitzia.

97. Heath-like or trailing, with small evergreen leaves. 98.
Not heath-like or trailing and also evergreen. 104.

98. Delicate trailing rooting vine. p. 355. Linnaea.
Heath-like or moss-like. 99.

99. Leaves auricled at base and sessile. p. 298. Calluna.
Leaves neither auricled nor sessile. 100.

100. Leaves overlapping like fleshy scales. p. 282. Cassiope.
Leaves not overlapping. 101.

101. Leaves very revolute. p. 277. Loiseleuria.
Leaves narrowly if at all revolute. 102.

102. Leaves finely toothed. p. 198. Pachistima.
Leaves entire. 103.

103. Leaves with distinct dots beneath, p. 276. Leiophyllum.
Leaves not or very indistinctly dotted. p. 278. Kalmia.

104. Evergreen. 105.
Deciduous. 124.

105. Leaves of 2 leaflets: odoriferous. p. 160. Covillea.
Leaves pinnately divided. p. 320. Jasminum.
Leaves simple, not divided. 106.

106. Aromatic. 107.
Not aromatic. 112.

107. Leaves narrowly lanceolate: shrub. p. 252. Myrtus.
Leaves broad. 108.

108. Leaves several-nerved, rather ovate, p. 69. Cinnamomum.
Leaves 1-nerved, elliptical or falcate. 109.

109. Leaves white-woolly beneath. p. 254. Feijoa.
Leaves glabrous. 110.

110. Leaves of mature growth alternate. p. 257. Eucalyptus.
Leaves all opposite and elliptical. 111.

111. Bark shredding: buds solitary. p. 250. Punica.
Bark not shredding: buds superposed. p. 255. Pimenta.

KEYS — LEAVES OPPOSITE

xix

112. Leaves and buds gray- or golden-scurfy. p. 318. Olea.
Not scurfy. 113.

113. Pith spongy. 114.
Pith continuous. 117.

114. Sap milky: pith round.

Sap not milky: pith usually 4-angled.

115. Pubescent: pith brown.
Glabrous: pith green or white. 116.

116. Leaves very small (5-8x15-20 mm.).
Leaves distinctly larger.

117. Buds not superposed. 118.
Buds often superposed. 120.

118. Leaves small (2 cm.). 119.
Leaves larger: stipules sheathing.

119. Leaves blunt.
Leaves acute.

120. Bundle-trace at top of the leaf-scar.
Bundle-trace in the middle of the leaf-scar. 121.

121. Leaf-scars relatively large (3 mm.), p. 315. Osmanthus.
Leaf-scars smaller, elevated. 122.

122. Leaves elliptical.

Leaves ovate or lanceolate. 123.

123. Leaves entire, lance-ovate.
Leaves toothed or else not ovate.

124. Pith spongy. 125.

Pith finally chambered or excavated.
Pith continuous and persistent. 130.

125. Leaf-scars round: bark flaking. p. 249. Lagerstroemia.
Leaf-scars crescent-shaped. p. 195. Evonymus.

126. Buds slender, finally much multiplied, p. 308. Forsythia.
Buds only 1-3 in each axil. 127.

127. Leaf -scars shield-shaped. p. 312. Schrebera.
Leaf-scars triangular or lens- or crescent-shaped. 128.

128. Leaf-scars raised, shriveled. p. 352. Symphoricarpos.
Leaf-scars low. 129.

p. 324. Allamanda.
115.
p. 253. Psidium.

p. 198. Pachistima.
p. 195. Evonymus.

p. 346. Coffea.

p. 177. Buxus.

p. 244. Daphne.

p. 178. Simmondsia.

p. 278. Kalmia.

p. 319. Ligustrum.
p. 314. Phillyraea.

126.

xx KEYS — LEAVES ALTERNATE

129. Leaf-scars triangular. p. 236. Ascyrum.
Leaf-scars angularly lens-shaped. p. 237. Hypericum.

130. Twigs rather sharply 4-ridged. 131.

Twigs at most angular or grooved below the nodes. 132.

131. Leaf-scars ciliate or fringed at top. p. 309. Fontanesia.
Leaf-scars not ciliate. p. 250. Punica.

132. Leaf-scars relatively broad (3 mm,). 133.
Leaf-scars minute (scarcely 2 mm.). 135.

133. Buds superposed. 134.

Buds not superposed. p. 313. Syringa.

134. Bud-scales stiff-pointed. p. 317. Chionanthus.
Bud-scales not pungent. p. 310. Fraxinus.

135. Leaf-scars low. 136.
Leaf-scars elevated. 137.

136. Buds several, superposed, separated. p. 316. Forestiera.
Buds collaterally multiplied. p. 182. Coriaria.
Buds usually solitary: bark not shredding, p. 244. Daphne.

137. Leaf-scars shriveled. p. 352. Symphoricarpos.
Leaf-scars distinctly outlined. 138.

138. Bushy. 139.

With a tendency to climb. p. 320. Jasminum.

139. With a stipular line. p. 343. Pinckneya.
Without stipular vestiges. p. 319. Ligustrum.

LEAVES ALTERNATE.

140. Leaves represented by small scales, or by spines. 141.
Ordinary leaves, or their scars, present. 150.

141. Wood-strands scattered through the stem. p. 7. Ruscus.
Wood in a zone between pith and bark. 142.

142. Leaves persistent in the form of scales. 143.
Leaves or their axes persistent as spines. 146.

143. Scales and buds minute: twigs spiny, p. 241. Koeberlinia.
Scales and buds evident, though small: not spiny. 144.

144. Percurrent tree: twigs slender. p. 5. Taxodium.
Openly branched small trees or shrubs. 145.

145. Pith central in the branches. p. 238. Myricaria.
Pith toward one side of the branches. p. 238. Tamarix.

KEYS — LEAVES ALTERNATE xxi

146. Twigs, as well as leaves, becoming spines. p. 149. Ulex.
Only the leaves becoming spines. 147.

147. Spines without leaflet-scars. 148.
Spines with leaflet-scars. 149.

148. Spines unbranched: stems rather fleshy, p. 239. Fouquieria.
Spines commonly branched. p. 57. Berberis.

149. Buds with evident scales. p. 154. Caragana.
Bud-scales indistinct: tender. p. 141. Parkinsonia.

150. Climbing or scrambling. 151.
Not climbing. 172.

151. Climbing by tendrils. 152.

With aerial roots but no tendrils. 157.

Twining or scrambling, without roots or tendrils. 158.

152. Tendrils on the persistent leaf-base. p. 8. Smilax.
Tendrils opposite the leaf-scars. 153.

153. Tendrils often ending in disks. p. 225. Parthenocissus.
Tendrils not enlarged into disks. 154.

154. Pith continuous. 155.

Pith sub-chambered. p. 222. Ampelopsis.

155. Stems rather fleshy, terete. p. 223. Cissus.
Stems firm. 156.

156. Bark not flaking: pith not firmer at nodes.

p. 225. Parthenocissus.
Bark flaking and pith firmer at nodes except in one.

p. 224. Vitis.

157. Evergreen : leaves simple, usually angular, p. 258. Hedera.
Deciduous. Poisonous. p. 187. Rhus.

158. Leaf-scars U-shaped or linear. 159.
Leaf-scars neither U-shaped nor linear. 160.

159. Buds solitary, scaly: stem often prickly. p. 123. Rosa.
Buds superposed, pubescent, indistinct, p. 44. Aristolochia.

160. Some twigs spinescent. 161.
Entirely unarmed. 162.

161. Twigs 5-ridged, pale. p. 335. Lycium.
Twigs not ribbed. p. 46. Bougainvillea.

xxii KEYS — LEAVES ALTERNATE

162. A knob or spur at each angle of the leaf-scar.

p. 151. Wisteria.
Leaf-scars without knobs at their angles. 163.

163. Buds small or sunken or covered by the leaf-scar. 164.
Buds moderately large, evident. 167.

164. Bundle-trace 1: stems not corrugated, p. 232. Actinidia.
Bundle-traces 3-7: stems corrugated. (Menispermaceae). 165.

165. Stem hairy: stone of fruit crescent-shaped, p. 61. Cocculus.
Stem becoming nearly or quite glabrous. 166.

166. Stem finally glabrous: stone crescent-shaped.

p. 61. Menispermum.
Stem somewhat pubescent: stone cup-shaped.

p. 61. Calycocarpum.

167. Buds oblong, appressed. p. 217. Berchemia.
Buds round or ovoid, not appressed. 168.

168. Bundle-trace 1. 169.
Bundle-traces several. 170.

169. Bud-scales glabrous, acute. p. 199. Celastrus.
Bud-scales pubescent, blunt. p. 336. Solanum.

170. Pith excavated: leaf-scars low. p. 65. Schizandra.
Pith continuous: leaf-scars raised. 171.

171. Deciduous: leaf-scars much raised. p. 55. Akebia.
Evergreen: leaves digitately compound, p. 54. Stauntonia.

172. With spines (pungent twigs or stipules). 173.
With prickles (superficial outgrowths). 197.
Without either spines or prickles. 202.

173. Scurfy with silvery or brown scales. 174.
Not scurfy with such scales. 175.

174. End-bud often present: twigs moderate, p. 247. Elaeagnus.
Twigs ending in spines, very slender, p. 246. Hippophae.

175. Spines at side of the leaf-scar, (stipules). 176.
Spines representing leaves. See 146.

Spines ending the twigs, or axillary (stem). 181.

KEYS — LEAVES ALTERNATE xxiii

176. Only the stipules pungent. 177.
Pungent leaves also present. See 146.
Pungent twigs also present. See 181.
Prickles also present. See 186.

177. Leaf-scars on a finally torn membrane. p. 157. Robinia.
Leaf-scars small, not on an articular membrane. 178.

178. Bundle-trace one. 179.

Bundle-traces 3: fruit a screw-like pod. p. 135. Prosopis.

179. Slender branchlets from the nodes: fruit fleshy.

p. 212. Zizyphus.
Without this combination of characters. 180.

180. Leaf-scars low: fruit umbrella-shaped. p. 213. Paliurus.
Leaf -scars raised: fruit a legume. p. 133. Acacia.

181. Wood appearing "endogenous": a supra-axillary

spine present, p. 46. Bougainvillea.
Wood distinctly in a zone between pith and bark. 182.

182. Pith chambered or excavated. p. 131. Prinsepia.
Pith spongy: spine by side of bud. p. 235. Lycium.
Pith continuous. 183.

183. Aromatic: evergreen or with green twigs.. 184.

Not aromatic: evergreen: leaves simple, p. 99. Pyracantha.
Neither aromatic nor evergreen nor green-twigged. 186.

184. Deciduous: spines strong. p. 169. Poncirus.
Evergreen: leaves compound. 185.

185. Leaflets 3: spines needle-like. p. 167. Triphasia.
Leaflet 1, but disarticulating from its stalk, p. 168. Citrus.

186. Sap more or less milky. 187.
Sap not milky. 188.

187. Without stipule-scars: bundle-traces 3. p. 302. Bumelia.
With stipule-scars: bundle-traces more. p. 35. Maclura.

188. Leaf-scars on finally torn membranes. 189.
Without such articular membranes. 190.

189. Spines branched, often clustered. p. 139. Gleditsia.
Spines unbranched. p. 143. Sophora.

xxiv KEYS— LEAVES ALTERNATE

190. Branches very green, terete. p. 142. Cercidium.
Branches gray-green, flat-ribbed. p. 197. Glossopetalon.
Branches very gray or white: Southwestern. 191.
Branches neither conspicuously green nor white. 192.

191. Twigs terete. p. 216. Microrhamnus.
Twigs 5-angled. p. 215. Condalia.

192. With clustered stipules in the axils. p. 135. Prosopis.
Without bristly dwarf-branches. 193.

193. Spines very pungent, beside the buds. 194.
Spines less specialized twigs or branch-tips. 195.

194. Bud-scales fleshy: twigs terete. p. 111. Crataegus.
Bud-scales dry: twigs angular. p. 103. Chaenomeles.

195. Bundle-trace 1: Western. p. 219. Ceanothus.
Bundle-traces 3. 196..

196. Leaf-scars linear or U-shaped. p. 104. Pyrus.
Leaf-scars broader: with stipule-scars. p. 127. Prunus.

197. Leaf bases persistent and torn at top. p. 115. Rubus.
With clean-cut though sometimes shriveling leaf-scars. 198.

198. Leaf-scars on articular membranes. p. 157. Robinia.
Leaf-scars relatively broad. p. 161. Zanthoxylum.
Leaf-scars small, elliptical or shriveled. p. 133. Acacia.
Leaf-scars linear or U-shaped. 199.

199. Leaf-scars nearly encircling the thick stem. p. 260. Aralia.
Leaf-scars shorter: twigs not excessively stout. 200.

200. Buds elongated and stalked: pith spongy. p. 82. Ribes.
Buds round-ovoid: pith continuous. 201.

201. Leaf -scar U-shaped : bundle-traces 5. p. 259. Acanthopanax.
Leaf -scar nearly straight: bundle-traces 3. p. 123. Rosa.

202. Bundle-traces 2: dwarf-twigs abundant. p. 3. Ginkgo.
Without this combination of characters. 203.

203. Creeping or matted or heath-like evergreens. 204.
Not evergreen, or else not matted or heath-like. 219.

204. Leaves revolute nearly or quite to the midrib. 205.
Leaves not revolute to the midrib. 208.

KEYS — LEAVES ALTERNATE xxv

205.. Twigs and revolute leaves terete. p. 181. Ceratiola.

Twigs flat-ribbed below the leaves. 206.

206. Leaves quite entire: twigs glabrescent. p. 180. Empetrum.
Leaves microscopically toothed. 207.

207. Twigs downy in the grooves. p. 179. Corema.
Twigs glabrous. p. 279. Phyllodoce.

208. Delicate, trailing, the leaves not crowded. 209.
Not loosely trailing or else the leaves crowded. 210.

209. Stems chaffy: leaves not white beneath, p. 297. Chiogenes.
Stems not chaffy: leaves white beneath, p. 295. Vaccinium.

210. Leaves very narrow: plants small, moss-like. .211.
Leaves broader: plants not at all moss-like. 212.

211. Leaves glabrous. p. 282. Cassiope.
Leaves white-hairy. p. 240. Hudsonia.

212. Not forming distinct leaf-scars. 213.

Leaves finally falling from clean-cut scars. 214. .

213. Leaves obtuse, spatulate, outcurved. p. 300. Diapensia.
Leaves acute, oblanceolate. p. 301. Pyxidanthera,

214. With stipules. p. 100. Cotoneaster.
Without stipules. 215.

215. Leaves neither toothed nor dotted. 216.

Leaves minutely toothed, or else dotted beneath. 217.

216. Leaves densely woolly beneath. p. 280. Daboecia.
Leaves not woolly. p. 292. Arctostaphylos.

217. Leaves elongated or else pungent. p. 291. Pernettya.
Leaves relatively broad, not pungent. 218.

218. Leaves broadest below the middle. p. 294. Gaylussacia.
Leaves broadest above the middle. p. 295. Vaccinium.

219. Without leaf-scars. 220.

With large leaf-scar on deciduous sheath, p. 45. Coccoloba.
With leaf-scars on stem or on leaf cushion or petiole. 224.

220. Trailing hairy evergreen : leaves elliptical, p. 289. Epigaea.
Not trailing. 221.

221. Leaf -bases not overlapping: petiole torn. p. 115. Rubus.
Persistent leaf-bases overlapping at least on spurs. 222.

xxvi KEYS — LEAVES ALTERNATE

222. Evergreen: leaflets numerous. p. 56. Nandina.
Deciduous or else without many leaflets. 223.

223. Petiole sometimes elongated: deciduous, p. 117. Potentilla.
Petiole not elongated: subevergreen. p. 60. X Mahoberberis.

224. Bundle-traces 3 or more, separate, in an open line. 225.
Bundle-trace 1; or many traces scattered or in an ellipse,

or nearly confluent in a straight or curved line. 344.
(This group includes cases in which the bundle-traces
are indistinguishable in a shriveled scar).
Caution. Learn the poisonous species of Rhus.

225. Evergreen, with small finely compound leaves. 226.
Leaves not small and fern-like if evergreen. 227.

226. Leaves scarcely twice pinnate. p. 96. Chamaebatiaria.
Leaves nearly thrice pinnate. p. 122. Chamaebatia.

227. Leaf-scars linear or narrowly U-shaped. 228.
Leaf-scars C-shaped or horseshoe-shaped, or ring-like

and encircling the bud. 248.
Leaf-scars not of the preceding types. 255.

228. Stipule-scars encircling the twig. p. 63. Magnolia.
Stipule-scars, if any, not encircling the twig. 229.

229. Leaf-scars fully half-encircling the twig. 230.
Leaf-scars shorter. 231.

230. Evergreen: leaves pinnately compound, p. 59. Mahonia.
Deciduous: twigs yellow when cut. p. 51. Zanthorhiza.

231. Bud-scale distinctly 1, forming a sac. p. 11. Salix
Bud-scales several or else indistinct. 232.

232. Pith spongy: buds acute. p. 82. Ribes.
Pith chambered: buds obtuse. p. 125. Osmaronia.
Pith continuous. 233.

233. Aromatic: twigs slender: buds superposed, p. 72. Benzoin.
Without this combination of characters. 234.

234. Buds round-ovoid with resinous or fleshy scales. 235.
Buds usually indistinct: bark green. p. 142. Cercidium.
Without either of these combinations of characters. 237.

235. Buds imbedded in gum or resin. 236.

Buds not resinous, fleshy. p. 111. Crataegus.

KEYS — LEAVES ALTERNATE xxvii

236. With stipule-scars: pith flat or 3-sided. p. 23. Betula.
No stipule-scars: pith round. p. 360. Baccharis.

237. Leaf-scars low, almost straight. p. 123. Rosa.
Leaf-scars more or less raised if straight. 238.

238. Lateral buds short-ovoid or bluntly conical or oblong. 239.
Lateral buds elongated-ovoid or conical. 243.

239. With stipule-scars. 240.
No stipule-scars. 242.

240. Pith minute, flat or 3-sided. p. 23. Betula.
Pith rounded. 241.

241. Twigs hairy: bud-scales overlapping. p. 102. Cydonia.
Glabrous: buds ovoid, scales subvalvate. p. 242. Stachyurus.

242. Twigs slender (1mm.): end-bud lacking, p. 109. Photinia.
Twigs stouter: usually with end-bud. p. 104. Pyrus.

243. Pith 5-angled: bud-scales twisted. p. 110. Amelanchier.
Without this combination of characters. 244.

244. Pith minute, green, flattened or 3-sided. p. 23. Betula.
Pith not 3-sided if small. 245.

245. Bark exfoliating. p. 98. Exochorda.
Bark not exfoliating. 246.

246. Buds woolly or gummy, ovoid-oblong. p. 106. Sorbus.
Buds neither woolly nor gummy. 247.

247. Buds narrowly oblong. p. 105. Aronia.
Buds acutely ovoid: bark bitter. p. 127. Prunus.

248. Stipule-scars encircling the twig. p. 90. Platanus.
Stipule-scars not encircling the twig. 249.

249. Leaf-scar from the first nearly encircling the bud. 250.
Leaf-scar at first on an articular membrane. 252.

250. Sap milky or flowing freely: pith continuous, p. 187. Rhus.
Without this combination of characters. 251.

251. Pith continuous: nodes not swollen. p. 144. Cladrastis.
Pith spongy: nodes swollen. p. 245. Dirca.

252. Somewhat aromatic: twigs dotted. p. 164. Ptelea.
Not aromatic: end-bud lacking. 253.

xxviii KEYS — LEAVES ALTERNATE

253. With small stipules or stipule-scars. 254.

Without stipules or stipule-scars. p. 139. Gleditsia.

254. Nodes usually swollen: buds distinct. p. 143. Sophora.
Nodes neither swollen nor buds large, p. 157. Robinia.

255. Leaf-scars enlarged on trunk: sap milky, p. 243. Carica.
Without this combination of characters. 256.

256. Pith spongy between the nodes. 257. »
Pith chambered, at least at some nodes. 259.
Pith continuous. 262.

257. Leaf-scars 2-ranked. p. 40. Zelkova.
Leaf-scars in more than 2 ranks. 258.

258. Lowest bud-scale in front. p. 9. Populus.
Scales otherwise disposed. p. 85. Liquidambar.

259. Buds naked: bundle-traces large. p. 19. Pterocarya.
Buds scaly. 260.

260. Twigs coarse: leaf-scars large. p. 16. Juglans.
Twigs slender: leaf-scars small. 261.

261. Buds triangular, appressed, solitary, 2-ranked. p. 39. Celtis.
Buds globose, superposed: twigs green. p. 80. Itea.

262. Pith with firmer plates at intervals. 263.
Pith without firmer diaphragms. 266.

263. Evergreen: very rusty-hairy. p. 64. Michelia.
Deciduous. 264.

264. Buds solitary or not forming spurs. p. 266. Davidia.
Buds superposed or else forming dwarf branches. 265.

265. Buds with scales, not red-hairy. p. 265. Nyssa.
Buds red-hairy, the terminal without scales, p. 68. Asimina.

266. Evergreen or largely so. 267.
Deciduous. 281.

267. Leaves compound. 268.
Leaves simple. 274.

268. Peppery-aromatic. p. 185. Schinus.
Not peppery. 269.

269. Buds superposed. p. 208. Sapindus.
Buds not superposed. 270. •

KEYS — LEAVES ALTERNATE xxix

270. Twigs greenish. p. 143. Sophora.
Twigs brown. 271.

271. Twigs warty. 272.

Twigs not warty: leaflets small, blunt, p. 136. Tamarindus.

272. Leaflets large and pointed. 273.

Leaflets small, very numerous. p. 134. Leucaena.

273. Bark papery-exfoliating. p. 171. Bursera.
Bark not papery. p. 172. Swietenia.

274. Leaves with several nectar-glands beneath, p. 127. Prunus.
Leaves without such glands. 275.

275. Leaf-scars with acute angles: hairy. p. 108. Eriobotrya.
Leaf-scars transversely elliptical. p. 251. Rhizophora.
Without either of these combinations of characters. 276.

276. Leaf-scars at first raised and minute, p. 120. Cercocarpus.
Leaf-scars from the first low. 277.

277. Leaves large (15 cm. or more long). 278.
Leaves distinctly smaller (scarcely 10 cm.). 279.

278. Leaves oblanceolate. p. 229. Theobroma.
Leaves lance-oblong. p. 183. Mangifera.

279. Leaves with resin-glands, crenate or lobed. p. 13. Myrica.
Leaves not resin-dotted, entire. 280.

280. Glabrous: buds acute. p. 107. Raphiolepis.
Somewhat hairy: buds rather obtuse, p. 84. Pittosporum.

281. Buds small, superposed, in silky pits. p. 140. Gymnocladus.
Buds at first under a membrane. p. 139. Gleditsia.
Buds neither sunken in pits nor covered if superposed. 282.

282. With free-flowing gum or sap. 283.

Sap not flowing freely when twigs are cut. 286.

283. Pith angular: twigs often corky-ridged, p. 85. Liquidambar.
Pith not angular. 284.

284. Bundle-traces 3, or in 3 groups. 285.

Bundle-traces or groups more than 3. p. 187. Rhus.

285. Odoriferous: bud-scales 2. p. 186. Cotinus.
Not odoriferous: bud-scales several. p. 34. Morus.

286. Exuding a sweet gum: pith angled. p. 85. Liquidambar.
Not exuding a sweet gum if pith is angular. 287.

xxx KEYS — LEAVES ALTERNATE

287. Lowest scale central over the leaf -scar: pith 5-angled,

sometimes spongy. p. 9. Populus.

Without this combination of characters. 288.

288. With resin-glands or blisters, at least in sheltered

places. 289.
Not resinous-glandular. 290.

289. Stipule-scars elongated: resin in blisters. p. 23. Betula.
Stipule-scars minute or lacking. p. 13. Myrica.

290. Buds distinctly stalked below their lowest scales. 291.
Buds not stalked except as they begin to develop. 295.

291. Leaf-scars 2-ranked: buds pubescent. 293.
Leaf-scars in more than 2 ranks. 292.

292. Spicy-aromatic. p. 72. Benzoin.
Not aromatic. p. 25. Alnus.

293. Bark flaking: buds often black. p. 86. Parrotia.
Buds not exfoliating. 294.

294. Fruit in elongated clusters. p. 87. Fothergilla.
Partly developed fruit in sessile groups, p. 88. Hamamelis.

295. Pith 3-sided or much flattened. 296.

Pith neither 3-sided nor greatly flattened. 297.

296. Bud-scales scarcely meeting. p. 25. Alnus.
Bud-scales overlapping. p. 23. Betula.

297. Twigs 3-Hbbed below the (usually stipulate)

leaf-scars. 298.

Twigs not sharply 3-ribbed from the leaf-scars
when fresh. 307.

298. Twigs green or red, slender: small shrubs. 299.
Without this combination of characters. 300.

299. Twigs green: buds solitary. p. 113. Kerria.
Twigs red: buds superposed. p. 93. Stephanandra.

300. Leaf-scars fringed: buds superposed. p. 137. Cercis.
Leaf-scars not fringed or else buds not superposed. 301.

301. Buds superposed. 302.
Buds not superposed. 303.

KEYS — LEAVES ALTEKNATE xxxi

302. Bark not exfoliating. p. 160. Amorpha.
Bark quickly exfoliating. p. 92. Neillia.

303. Buds appressed: bark exfoliating. p. 91. Physocarpus.
Without this combination of characters. 304.

304. Leaf-scars notched: bark shredding. p. 114. Neviusia.
Without this combination of characters. 305.

305. Stipules falling from the twig. p. 160. Amorpha.
Stipules or their scars, if any, on a leaf-cushion. 306.

306. Leaf-cushion gland-fringed. p. 152. Colutea.
Leaf-cushion not glandular. p. 127. Prunus.

307. Buds long and spine-like: stipule-scars long. p. 27. Fagus.
Without this combination of characters. 308.

308. Twigs very stout: leaf-scars large: buds short. 309.
Without this combination of characters. 310.

309. Bundle-traces 5: end-bud present. p. 173. Cedrela.
Bundle-traces 9: end-bud fallen. p. 170. Ailanthus.

310. Buds small and appressed. 311.
Buds scarcely appressed. 314.

311. Trunk smooth and green. p. 142. Cercidium.
Trunk not green. 312.

312. Leaf-scars on raised leaf-cushions. p. 127. Prunus.
Leaf-scars low. 313.

313. Twigs zig-zag, gray: pith small. p. 39. Celtis.
Twigs straight, brown : pith larger. p. 242. Stachyurus.

314. Buds very large, acute, warty-wrinkled, p. 53. Decaisnea.
Without this combination of bud-characters. 315.

315. Bundle-traces 5 or 7 in 1 series. 316.
Bundle-traces 3 or in 3 groups. 317.

Bundle-traces grouped about a central one. p. 50. Paeonia.

316. Buds solitary: leaf-scars ciliate. p. 47. Euptelea.
Buds superposed: scars not ciliate. p. 15. Platycarya.

317. Leaf-scars rounded: bundle-traces 3. p. 97. Sorbaria.
Without this combination of characters. 318.

318. Buds superposed. 319.
Buds not superposed. 320.

xxxii KEYS — LEAVES ALTERNATE

319. Leaf-scars somewhat 3-lobed. p. 132. Albizzia.
Leaf-scars not lobed. p. 218. Hovenia.

320. Twigs warty: bud-scales fringed. p. 211. Xanthoceras.
Without this combination of characters. 321.

321. Twigs warty: end-bud lacking. p. 126. Maddenia.
Without this combination of characters. 322.

322. Stipules persistent: leaf-scars raised. p. 148. Laburnum.
Stipules lacking: leaf-scars raised. p. 109. Photinia.
Without eithe'r of these combinations of characters. 323.

323. Pith 5-sided: twigs often corky-ridged, p. 85. Liquidambar.
Pith not sharply 5-angled. 324.

324. Leaf-scars often 2-ranked. 325.
Leaf-scars in more than 2 ranks. 332.

325. Bud-scales several pairs in 2 ranks. 326.
Bud-scales not evidently in 2 ranks. 328.

326. Bud-scales acute. . p. 41. Aphananthe.
Bud-scales obtuse. 327.

327. Buds ovoid, moderate or else twigs gray. p. 38. Ulmus.
Buds round, small: twigs cherry-colored. p. 39. Planera.

328. End-bud present. p. 89. Corylopsis.
End-bud lacking. 329.

329. Bud-scales striate: bark of trunk scaly, p. 22. Ostrya.
Without this combination of characters. 330.

330. Bud-scales 2. p. 226. Tilia.
Bud-scales about half-a-dozen. 331.

331. Buds nearly globose: twigs often bristly, p. 20 Corylus.
Buds ovoid: not bristly: tree. p. 21. Carpinus.

332. Visible bud-scales two. 333.

Exposed-scales more than two or buds naked. 334.

333. Scales valvate: end-bud present. p. 262. Cornus.
Scales overlapping: end-bud lacking. p. 144. Cladrastis.

334. Without stipules or stipule-scars. 335.

With stipule-scars or persistent stipules. 338.

335. Aromatic: twigs green, mucilaginous. p. 71. Sassafras.
Not aromatic. 336.

KEYS — LEAVES ALTERNATE xxxiii

336. Buds with red fleshy scales. p. 111. Crataegus.
Bud-scales not fleshy. 337.

337. Buds woolly or gummy: no catkins. p. 106. Sorbus.
Buds not woolly or gummy. p. 14. Leitneria.

338. Stipule-scars rather elongated. 340.
Stipule-bases present, or their scars short. 339.

339. Stipule-scars or bases on a leaf-cushion, p. 127. Prunus.
Stipule-scars not on a leaf-cushion. 341.

340. Pith round: buds often superposed. p. 92. Neillia.
Pith 3-sided: buds not superposed. p. 23. Betula.

341. Leaf-scars somewhat raised. p. 242. Stachyurus.
Leaf-scars low. 342.

342. Buds nearly globose. p. 150. Amorpha.
Buds ovoid. 343.

343. Bundle-traces confluent or twigs hairy. p. 220. Rhamnus.
Bundle-traces separate or twigs glabrous, p. 127. Prunus.

344. Stipule-scars nearly or quite encircling the twig. 345.
Stipule-scars not nearly encircling the twig. 349.

345. Buds pointed and spike-like. p. 27. Fagus.
Buds not sharp and hard. 346.

346. Sap milky. p. 37. Ficus.
Sap not milky. 347.

347. Very rusty-hairy. p. 64. Michelia.
Without long rusty hairs. 348.

348. Buds terete. p. 63. Magnolia.
Buds flattened. p. 62. Liriodendron.

349. Leaf-scar nearly encircling the twig after the

petiole has fallen. p. 121. Purshia.

Leaf-scar not at all nearly encircling the twig. 350.

350. Bundle-traces 3: pith chambered. p. 19. Pterocarya.
Without this combination of characters. 351.

351. Bundle-traces many, mostly in 3 groups: leaf-scars

lobed. 352.
Without this combination of characters. 358.

xxxiv KEYS — LEAVES ALTERNATE

352. Pith chambered and angular. p. 16. Juglans.
Pith continuous. 353.

353. Evergreen: buds solitary: leaves fern-like, p. 42. Grevillea.
Deciduous. 354.

354. With terminal bud: buds ovoid: pith angled, p. 18. Carya.
Without a terminal bud. 355.

355. Buds half-ellipsoid: leaf-scars raised, p. 209. Koelreuteria.
Buds globose. 356.

356. Buds solitary. 357.

Buds superposed. p. 208. Sapindus.

357. Twigs glabrous: lenticels conspicuous. p. 174. Melia.
Twigs dingy-tomentulose. p. 210. Ungnadia.

358. Bundle-traces many in a long series, or scattered. 359.
Bundle-trace 1, not ring-like, barely broken

into 3 or 5 if divided. 370.

359. Leaf-scars large, subelliptical: buds not superposed. 360.
Leaf-scars small if they are elliptical. 361.

360. Tree: twigs green: pith continuous. p. 230. Sterculia.
Shrub: twigs buff or gray. p. 222. Ampelopsis.

361. CAUTION. (See Rhus.). Sap milky or gummy. 362.
Sap neither milky nor gummy. 365.

362. With stipule-scars. 363.

Without stipule-scars. Sometimes very poisonous.

p. 187. Rhus.

363. Pith with thin diaphragms at nodes, p. 36. Broussonetia.
Pith without firm nodal diaphragms. 364.

364. Buds ovoid. p. 34. Moms.
Buds depressed-globose. p. 35. Maclura.

365. Without stipules or stipule-scars. 366.
With stipules or stipule-scars. 367.

366. Small and soft-wooded: twigs stout. p. 50. Paeonia.
Large and woody: twigs rather slender, p. 234. Gordonia.

367. Pith, and usually twigs, grooved. 368.

Pith nearly or quite round: end-bud lacking. 369.

368. Bud-scales numerous: end-bud present. p. 29. Quercus.
Bud-scales 2 or 3: end-bud often lacking, p. 28. Castanea.

KEYS — LEAVES ALTERNATE

XXXV

369. Buds evident, with 2 broad scales. p. 226. Tilia.
Buds naked except for stipules. p. 227. Grewia.
Buds not discernible. p. 228. Hibiscus.

370. Leaf-scars minute, on ridges: fruit a cone. 371.
Without this combination of characters. 372.

371. Buds rounded: cone-scales persistent. p. 4. Larix.
Buds more elongated: cone-scales falling, p. 4. Pseudolarix.

372. Pith chambered. 373.
Pith spongy. 379.
Pith continuous. 388.

373. Leaf-scars large and saucer-like.
Leaf-scars not dish-like if large. 374.

374. Buds round-conical: subevergreen.
Buds ovoid or triangular. 375.

375. Bud-scales 2, overlapping.
Bud-scales several. 376.

376. Leaves evergreen, pellucid-punctate.
Leaves deciduous. 377.

377. Buds deltoid, closely appressed.
Buds ovoid. 378.

378. Leaf-scars notched at top.
Leaf-scars not notched.

379. Evergreen: leaves simple. 380.
Deciduous. 384.

380. Leaves entire. 381.

Leaves more or less toothed. 382.

381. Leaves flat, glabrous.

Leaves revolute, woolly beneath.

382. Leaves distinctly serrulate: aromatic.
Leaves somewhat crenate. 383.

383. Leaves flat, not pellucid-punctate.
Leaves revolute, pellucid-punctate.

3S4. Buds very small: twigs angled, pale.

p. 231. Cola.

p. 307. Symplocos.

p. 303. Diospyros.

p. 166. Skimmia.

p. 39. Celtis.

p. 304. Halesia.
p. 48. Eucommia.

p. 256. Tristania.

p. 271. Ledum.

p. 290. Gaultheria.

p. 235. Thea.

p. 166. Skimmia.

p. 335. Lycium.

Buds of moderate size: twigs not angled. 385.

xxxvi KEYS — LEAVES ALTERNATE

385. Bud-scales numerous. 386.

Exposed bud-scales two or three. 387.

386. Leaf-scars low: no stipules. p. 163. Orixa.
Scars raised: stipules persistent. p. 117. Potentilla.

387. Buds triangular-ovoid with 2 scales. p. 303. Diospyros.
Buds subfusiform, sometimes multiple, p. 233. Stewartia.

388. Pith with firmer plates at intervals, p. 200. Tripterygium.
Pith without firmer plates. 389.

389. Leaf-base for a time persistent, torn at top. 390.
Leaf-scar clean-cut even if on a raised base. 391.

390. Twigs few-ribbed, gray-green. p. 197. Glossopetalon.
Twigs finely corrugated: rush-like. p. 145. Spartium.
Twigs neither green nor sculptured. p. 306. Styrax.

391. Bundle-trace frequently broken into three. 392.
Bundle-trace undivided, or else of many fragments. 396.

392. Twigs aromatic, green, mucilaginous. p. 71. Sassafras.
Twigs neither aromatic nor- green. 393.

393. Buds solitary. 394.
Buds superposed. 395.

394. Leaf-scars raised, with stipules. p. 148. Laburnum.
Leaf-scars without conspicuous stipules, p. 220. Rhamnus.

395. Buds subglobose. p. 191. Ilex.
Upper buds oblong. p. 306. Styrax.

396. Leaf-scars fringed at top, shield-shaped. 397.
Leaf-scars not fringed. 398.

397. Evergreen: leaves thick and not veiny, p. 189. Cliftonia.
Deciduous, or leaves very veiny if present, p. 190. Cyrilla.

398. Aromatic: evergreen. 399.

Not both aromatic and evergreen. 403.

399. Leaves compound: resin flowing freely, p. 184. Pistaeia.
Leave^ simple. 400.

400. Leaves with several nerves. p. 69. Cinnamomum.
Leaves with only 1 principal vein. 401.

401. Leaves sickle-shaped: buds naked. p. 257. Eucalyptus.
Leaves lanceolate: buds with scales. 402.

KEYS — LEAVES ALTERNATE xxxvii

402. Glabrous: leaves not whitened or veiny. p. 73. Laurus.
Pubescent or else leaves whitened or veiny, p. 70. Persea,

403. Leaf-scars on dilated or ribbed leaf-cushions. 404.
Leaf-scars not on dilated or ribbed leaf-cushions. 421.

404. Evergreen: leaves compound or serrate or glandular

or varnished. 405.
Deciduous or else leaves not as above. 407.

405. Leaves at most finely toothed. p. 120. Cercocarpus,
Leaves with about 5 revolute lobes. 406.

406. Bud-scales 2: stipules lacking. p. 118. Fallugia,
Forming spurs with leaf-bases. p. 119. Cowania,

407. With bud-like axillary spurs. 408.

Not producing such dwarf-branches. 410.

408. Twigs hairy but not glandular. p. 133. Acacia,
Twigs at first glandular-bristly: bark exfoliating. 409.

409. Stipules small (scarcely 1 mm. long). p. 121. Purshia.
Stipules large (fully 5 mm. long). p. 155. Calophaca,

410. Buds globose, thicker than twig. p. 153. Halimodendron.
Buds ellipsoid: twig rounded. p. 117. Potentilla,
Without either of these combinations of characters. 411.

411. Twigs essentially terete. 413.

Twigs evanescently angled at the nodes. 412.

Twigs conspicuously corrugated or angled or ribbed. 417.

412. With peristent stipules. p. 100. Cotoneaster.
Without persistent stipules. p. 94. Spiraea.

413. Low, compact and spreading. p. 293. Arctous.
Not matted or spreading on the ground. 414.

414. Leaf-cushion equaling the bud. p. 152. Colutea.
Leaf-cushion much shorter than the bud. 415.

415. Without persistent stipules. 416.

Stipules persistent. p. 100. Cotoneaster.

416. Bud-scales indistinct. p. 146. Cytisus.
Bud-scales evident. p. 94 Spiraea.

417. Twigs corrugated: rush-like. p. 145. Spartium.
Twigs strongly angled or ribbed: not rush-like. 418.

xxxviii KEYS — LEAVES ALTERNATE

418. Twigs with narrow low ribs. 419.
Twigs deeply corrugated or grooved. 420.

419. Twigs sharply zig-zag. p. 152. Coronilla.
Twigs not conspicuously zig-zag. p, 154. Caragana.

420. Leaf-cushion without prominent ribs. p. 146. Cytisus.
Leaf-cushion 3-ribbed. p. 147. Genista.

421. Freely resiniferous when cut. p. 184. Pistacia.
Without free-flowing sap or resin. 422.

422. Scales 2: bundle-trace C-shaped. p. 303. Diospyros.
Without this combination of characters. 423.

423. Buds not scaly: leaf-scars round. p. 138. Ceratonia.
Without this combination of characters. 424.

424. Leaf-scars usually deltoid, as high as broad. 425.
Leaf-scars usually broader than high. 432.

425. End-bud not enlarged if present. 426.

End-bud distinctly larger than the lateral buds. 430.

426. Twigs glabrescent. 427.

Twigs sparingly pubescent. 429.

427. Buds slightly glaucous: twigs red. p. 269. Elliottia.
Buds not glaucous. 428.

428. Twigs reddish, becoming buff. p. 270. Zenobia.
Twigs brown: buds very glossy. p. 288. Oxydendrum.
Twigs gray. p. 286. Pieris.

429. Twigs moderate: evergreen or deciduous, p. 286. Pieris.
Twigs very slender: evergreen. p. 291. Pernettya.

430. Outer scales of end-bud shorter than the bud. 431.
Outer scales as long as the bud. p. 268. Clethra.

431. Bark shredding: capsules bristly. p. 275. Menziesia.
Without this combination. p. 272. Rhododendron.

432. Soft-wooded or aromatic, deciduous, quickly

branching. 433.
Without this combination of characters. 435.

433. Buds solitary. 434.

Buds often superposed: with stipules. p. 176. Securinega.

KEYS — LEAVES ALTERNATE xxxix

434. Not aromatic: with stipule-vestiges. p. 219. Ceanothus.
Aromatic: without stipule-scars. p. 71. Sassafras.

435. Leaf-scars often opposite or in whorls of three. 436.
Leaf-scars at most crowded toward the end. 437.

436. Deciduous: fruit of long slender capsules, p. 340. Chilopsis.
Evergreen: capsules short. p. 278. Kalmia.

437. Evergreen: leaves white or scurfy or wooly beneath. 438.
Leaves neither whitened nor scurfy nor woolly. 441.

438. Leaves whitened beneath but not dotted or scurfy. 439.
Leaves scurfy beneath. 440.

439. Capsules often present. p. 284. Andromeda.
Fruit (berry-like) not present. p. 295. Vaccinium.

440. Leaves lanceolate: capsule 2 bracted. p. 285. Chamaedaphne.
Leaves oblanceolate: capsule bractless. p. 287. Lyonia.

441. Evergreen. 442.
Deciduous. 448.

442. Leaves peltate-scurfy. p. 247. Elaeagnus.
Leaves without peltate scales. 443.

443. With minute stipules or stipule-scars. p. 191. Ilex.
Without any trace of stipules. 444.

444. Leaf-scars large, acute at sides. p. 234. Gordonia.
Leaf-sdars small, not laterally produced. 445.

445. Fruit of small capsules. p. 283. Leucothoe.
Fruit (berry-like) not present in winter. 446.

446. Leaves broadest above the middle. p. 295. Vaccinium.
Leaves broadest at or below the middle. 447.

447. Glabrous: leaves blunt. p. 294. Gaylussacia.
Pubescent: leaves acute. p. 291. Pernettya.

448. Twigs rather stout: leaf-scars large. p. 234. Gordonia.
Twigs slender: leaf-scars usually small. 449.

449. With stipules or stipule-scars. 450.
Without stipules or stipule-scars. 455.

450. Stipule-scars narrow but elongated, p. 1£8. Erythroxylon.
Stipule-scars or stipules minute. 451.

xl KEYS — LEAVES ALTERNATE

451. Buds often superposed. 452.
Buds not superposed. 453.

452. Pith small: fruit berry-like. p. 191. Ilex.
Pith large, twigs slender. • p. 176. Securinega.

453. Buds globose, with several scales: twigs very slender. 455.
Buds ovoid, with 2 scales. p. 261. Helwingia.

454. Leaf-scars slightly raised. p. 94. Spiraea.
Leaf-scars not at all raised. p. 175. Andrachne.

455. Bud-scales 2: twigs glaucous. p. 194. Nemopanthus.
Without this combination of characters. 456.

456. Leaf-scars 2-ranked: end-bud naked, p. 305. Pterostyrax.
Leaf-scars in more than 2 ranks. 457.

457. Buds ovoid or oblong. 458.
Buds subglobose. 461.

458. Fruit of small round capsules. p. 287. Lyonia.
Fruit (berry-like) absent in winter. 459.

459. Scurfy with peltate scales. p. 247. Elaeagnus.
Not peltate-scurfy. 460.

460. Twigs green or warty, or buds round, p. 295. Vaccinium.
Twigs not green or warty: buds ovoid, p. 294. Gaylussacia.

461. Tree: buds glossy red. p. 288. Oxydendrum.
Shrubs. 462.

462. Branches almost in whorls at tip. p. 281. Enkianthus.
Branches not clustered at end of the season's growth. 463.

463. Lear-scars crescent-shaped. p. 283. Leucothoe.
Leaf-scars rather 3-sided. p. 270. Zenobia.

WINTER CHARACTERS OF WOODY PLANTS

SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED
WITH KEY TO SPECIES UNDER EACH GENUS.

GINKGO. Maidenhair Tree.

(Family Ginkgoaceae).

Gray-barked trees of rather coni-
cal habit but usually with irregul-
arly placed exceptionally large
branches: deciduous. Twigs mode-
rate, rounded, with quickly shred-
ding outer bark: pith rather small,
somewhat 3-sided, brownish,
spongy. Buds solitary, moderate,
sessile, round-ovoid or hemispher-
ical, with about 3 exposed scales,
usually developing into blunt
spurs. Leaf-scars alternate, crowd-
ed on the spurs but separated else-
where, crescent-shaped or trans-
versely elliptical, low, moderately
small: bundle-traces 2: stipule-
scars lacking. (Salisburia.)

The maidenhair tree possesses
peculiar interest as the sole rep-
resentative of its family, and in
being essentially a species which

has been preserved only through cultivation. Except for the
even more primitive cycads, of which several genera are to
be found in greenhouses and are used for formal effects in
the warmer parts of the world, it is the only Spermatophyte
which possesses ciliated male gametes, — a character common
to all fernworts and mossworts.

Winter-character references: — Blakeslee & Jarvis, 333,
382, pi.; Bosemann, 68; Otis, 2; Schneider, f. 57, 64; Shirasawa,
265, pi. 9. The contrast between long shoots and spurs is
discussed by Collins in the sixth volume of The Plant World.
Twigs buff or gray: buds light brown. G. biloba.

3

PlNACEAE.

LARIX. Larch. Tamarack.
( Family Pinaceae ) .

Percurrent scaly-barked trees
with often drooping branchlets:
deciduous. Twigs slender: pith
minute, brown, roundish, inter-
rupted at the junctures. Buds
solitary, sessile, small, globose or
short-ovoid, with numerous brown
sometimes slender pointed scales.
Leaf-scars alternate, raised on de-
current sterigmata, half-round or
3-sided, minute, mostly clustered
on spurs that lengthen very
slowly: bundle-trace 1: stipule-
scars lacking. Fruit persistent, as
ellipsoid cones with thin persistent
scales, in this respect resembling
the spruces and hemlock.

1. Twigs pubescent: bark becom-
ing red. L. occidentalis.
Twigs glabrous. 2.

2. Bark dark gray: twigs straw-colored: cones puberulent,

large (2-4 cm. long). (European). (1). L. decidua.

Bark red-brown: twigs rather orange: cones glabrous and

often glaucous, small (under 2 cm. long). (2). L. laricina.

PSEUDOLARIX. Golden Larch.

The golden larch (Pseudolarix Kaempferi, sometimes
called Laricopsis Kaempferi), sometimes seen in cultivation,
differs from the true larches in that the scales of its cones
fall off at maturity, as, for example, in the firs (Abies}.

Winter-character references: — Larix decidua, Blakeslee &
Jarvis, 335, 365; Bosemann, 70; Schneider, f. 141; Ward, 1,
frontispiece and f. 105. L. laricina. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 335,
356; Otis, 16. Pseudolarix Kaempferi. Schneider, f. 141.

PlNACEAE.

TAXODIUM. Bald Cypress.
(Family Pinaceae).

Percurrent, somewhat shredding-
barked trees, when large often
buttressed, and in very wet places
surrounded by large conical
"knees" developed from the roots:
deciduous. Twigs slender: pith
minute, brown, roundish, rather
spongy. Buds sessile, minute,
subglobose, with few scales, com-
monly indistinct and very fre-
quently represented by round
scars from which transient foliage-
sprays of the season have fallen,
solitary unless developing into
flower-clusters. Leaf and stipule-
scars lacking, the buds subtended
by minute scales or their vestiges.
Fruit, when persistent, in the form
of small ellipsoid cones with
thickened scales.

The conical form of the bald

cypress is very different in appearance from the open-topped
tree of cypress swamps; but young trees about the borders
of the swamps are usually of this form. The very high knees
of old trees in some localities correspond to a former high-
water level. An interesting account of the tree in its
various forms, by Wilson, is to be found in the first volume
of Biological Lectures of the Marine Biological Laboratory
at Wood's Hole.

The Montezuma cypress of Mexico is evergreen through
persistence of its foliage-shoots.

With flat open top. T. distichum.

Conical: the usual cultivated form. T. distichum pyramidatum.

GNETACEAE.

EPHEDRA. Canatillo.
(Family Gnetaceae).

Scraggly shrubs. Twigs green,
finely striate and usually granular,
elongated, straight and slender:
pith round, red-brown, resinous,
continuous except for firm pale
diaphragms at the nodes. Buds
solitary, sessile, ovoid, small, with
about 3 pairs or whorls of scales
or the flower-buds collaterally mul-
tiple and developing into large
thin-scaled "cones" in fruit. Leaf-
scars and atipule-scars lacking.
Leaves reduced to scarious scales,
connately opposite or whorled.

The heterogeneous family Gneta-
ceae, represented here by Ephedra,
though now considered to belong
to the group of Gymnosperms was
long held to be angiospermous, and
it combines the characters of these
superior groups in so puzzling a

way that its present taxonomic location is more tenable on
grounds of embryogenesis than for other reasons. Like the
Angiosperms, its secondary wood produces true vessels,- the
other Gymnosperms containing tracheids only.

1. Leaf-scales opposite in pairs, ovate, brown, soft. 2.
Leaf-scales in whorls of three. 3.

2. Scales very short (1-2 mm.). E. viridis.
Scales moderate (4-5 mm.), sheathing. E. antisyphilitica.

3. Scales short (3 mm.), soft. E. Torreyana.
Scales elongated (10 mm.), subpungent. E. trifurca.

LlLIACEAE.

Ruscus. Butcher's Broom.
( Family Liliaceae ) .

Shrubs, sometimes scrambling:
appearing to possess evergreen
foliage because of the peculiar
leaf-like branches. Stems green:
pith lacking, — the wood "endoge-
nous" as in a corn-stalk. Buds
scarcely evident, developing im-
mediately into often pungent
striate leaf-like branches. Leaf-
scars lacking, the true leaves rep-
resented by peristent scales from
the axils of which the leaf-like
branches arise. On the backs or
margins of some of these, other
scales appear, and flowers are
borne in the axils of these.

Except in greenhouses, Ruscus
is grown only in the warmer parts
of the world where some of the
species are sometimes used to
cover trellis-work. It illustrates

the leaf-like branches called cladodia or cladophylls, familiar
in the Boston vine or "smilax" of florists. Though rarely
seen growing, it will be recognized (dyed red) as an occa-
sional component of Christmas decorations.

Other examples of cladodia or phyllocladia are afforded by
Muhlenbeckia and Phyllanthus. A superficially comparable ap-
pearance of Helwingia results from the adnation of an in-
florescence-branch to the subtending leaf.

1. Stems round: flowers dorsal on the flat branches. 2.
Stems deeply fluted: flowers marginal. R. androgynus.

2. Stems smooth: cladophylls large. R. Hypoglossum.
Stems striate: leaf-like branches small. (1). R. aculeatus.

8

LlLlACEAE.

SMILAX. Greenbrier.
(Family Liliaceae).

Woody or sometimes herbaceous
plants climbing by tendrils and
commonly armed with strong and
often large prickles: deciduous in
the North. Stems terete or sharply
angled: pith lacking, — the wood
"endogenous" as in a corn-stalk.
Buds moderate, often superposed
with the upper developing prompt-
ly, 3-sided, pointed, very diver-
gent, with a single exposed scale.
Leaves tearing away above the
dilated partly clasping base,
therefore leaving no definite scar,
but with about a dozen vascular
bundles: stipules, or their near-
equivalent, persistent as tendrils
on the leaf-bases.

Winter-character references: —
. 8. hispida. Brendel, 27, pi. 4;
Hitchcock (3), 20, (4), 139. f.

121-2. Velenovsky, in volume 68 of the journal Flora, discus-
ses the anomalous position of the bud-scales in this genus.

The tender vine so much grown by florists as "smilax"
belongs to another genus (Asparagus).

1. Evergreen: leaves elliptical to oblong.
Deciduous. 2.

2. Stems woolly, not prickly.

Stems glabrous, usually with prickles.

3. Stems glaucous.

Stems not glaucous. 4.

4. Prickles needle-like, black.
Prickles dilated or flattened at base.

(1). S. laurifolia.

3.

(2). S. pumila.
S. glauca.

(3). S. hispida.
(4). S. rotundifolia.'

SALICACEAE.

9

POPULUS. Poplar.
(Family Salicaceae).

Trees: deciduous. Bark at first
usually smooth and green or whit-
ish or orange, gray and often
deeply fissured in age. Wood rath-
er soft, white becoming brownish,
minutely diffused-porous with
fine medullary rays, satiny when
split. Twigs moderate, terete or
5-angled: pith rather small, 5-an-
gled, subcontinuous, brown. Buds
moderately small, ovoid or
elongated, appressed or sometimes
outcurved, sessile, solitary, with
several exposed scales of which
the lowermost is immediately over
the leaf-scar. Leaf-scars alter-
nate, somewhat raised, broadly
crescent - shaped to triangular,
somewhat 3-lobed, large: bundle-
traces 3, often compound: stipule-
scars narrow.

The poplars possess many winter differences besides those
used in the present key. The bark is differently roughened:
in the native cottonwood gray and grooved between flat-topped
ridges, while in the commonly planted "Carolina cottonwood"
(XP. Eugenei), as in the Lombardy poplar which is one of
the parents of this, it is dark v/ith pale fissures between rather
sharp ridges. On young trunks, and the branches of older
trees, the smooth bark is colored in a characteristic fashion:
olive in the Lombardy poplar, orange in many "Carolina"
poplars, greenish-white in the large-toothed aspen, and some-
times almost chalky white in the silver poplar and our native
aspen.

10 SALICACEAE.

1. Weeping. P. Tremula pendula.
Fastigiate. 2.

Neither weeping nor fastigiate. 3.

2. Twigs and plump buds woolly.

(Bolles' poplar). P. alba Bolleana.
Twigs and slender buds glabrous.

(Lombardy poplar). P. nigra italica.

3. Lateral buds plump, with 4 or more exposed scales. 4.
Lateral buds often elongated, mostly with 3 exposed

scales. (Cottonwoods and Balsams). 8.

4. Buds glabrous or glabrate. 5.

Buds persistently silky or tomentose. 6.

5. Buds glabrous, somewhat gummy.

(American aspen). (1). P. tremuloides.
Buds somewhat downy. (European aspen). P. Tremula.

6. Twigs glabrous. (Large-toothed aspen). P.grandidentata.
Twigs tomentose. 7.

7. Tomentum gray. (Gray poplar). P. canescens.
Tomentum white. (Silver poplar). P. alba.

8. Buds short and broad, dark and brown.

(Swamp cotton wood). (2). P. heterophylla.
Buds elongated, often gummy. 9.

9. Twigs green or gray or buff, glabrous. (Cottonwoods). 10.
Twigs brown or red-brown, somewhat villous.

(Balm-of-Gilead). (3). P. candicans.

10. Trees oblong, with ascending branches.

("Carolina cottonwood"). X P. Eugenei.
Tree ovoid or open. 11.

11. Of moderate growth: twigs rather slender.

(European black poplar). P. nigra.
Large: twigs rather stout: native. 12.

12. Buds glabrous. (Common eastern cottonwood).

(4). P. deltoides monilifera.
Buds minutely velvety: Western.

(Plains cottonwood). P. Sargentii.

SALICACEAE.

11

SALIX. Willow.
(Family Salicaceae).

Shrubs or trees: deciduous.
Bark at first usually smooth and
green, gray and more or less fis-
sured in age. Wood soft, white
becoming brown, minutely dif-
fused-porous with fine medullary
rays, satiny when split. Twigs
mostly slender, terete: pith rather
small, roundish, continuous, white.
Buds mostly small, oblong, ap-
pressed, sessile, solitary, with a
single exposed scale standing im-
mediately over the leaf-scar, or
collaterally multiple, the end-bud
absent. Leaf-scars alternate or
exceptionally opposite, low, U-
shaped: bundle-traces 3: stipule-
scars short, often absent.

Willows are particularly diffi-
cult to name at any time of the
year by characters which may be

put in words, but the comparatively few species that enter
into landscape use to any considerable extent usually differ
in habit, color of bark, etc., characters which one gardener
points out to another.

They illustrate particularly well a type of elongation in
which each season's growth is made by the development of an
axillary bud of the preceding year, the end of the twig dying
back in winter, as it commonly does in Salix, or falling early
in the season by a clean-cut abscission-scar, as in Ulmus, Tilia
and many other trees, where the scar is small and often pushed
to one side so as to be likely to be overlooked, and in Ailan-
ihus, where it is particularly large and evident.

12

SALICACEAE.

S. caprea pendula.

(1).

S. babylonica.
S. purpurea.

What is called the weeping willow here is really a com-
plex including not only Salix babylonica but a series of usu-
ally hardier hybrids of that species.

1. Weeping. 2.

Not markedly weeping. 4.

2. Twigs very slender, glabrous. 3.
Twigs stout: villous.

(Kilmarnock willow)

3. Buds alternate. (Weeping willow).
Buds often opposite. (Purple willow).

4. Buds large (5X10 mm.). 5.
Buds moderate (4-6 mm. long). 7.
Buds small (scarcely 3 mm. long). 9.

5. Buds rather sharply 2-winged. 6.
Buds plano-convex. (2).

6. Buds green-and-red : planted.

(Goat willow)
Buds blackish: native. (Pussy willow).

7. Buds frequently opposite.
Buds always alternate. 8.

Twigs glossy olive, glabrous. (Shining willow).

Twigs dull, velvety.

Trees: Twigs mostly glabrescent.

Shrubs: twigs gray- velvety. 13.

Twigs olive-green. 11.

Twigs golden. (Golden willow).

Twigs red. (Red-twigged willow).

S. vitellina Britzensis.

11. Large open trees. 12.

Slender, pole-like. (Sand-bar willow). S. longifolia.

12. Trunks mostly clustered. (Black willow). S. nigra.
Trunk single: twigs sometimes velvety.

(White willow). S. alba.

13. Buds 3 mm. long. (Prairie willow). S. humilis.
Buds 2 mm. long. (Dwarf gray willow). (6). S. tristis.

8.

9.

10

10.

S. missouriensis.

(3). S. caprea.

S. discolor.

S. purpurea.

S. lucida.
S. incana.

S. vitellina.

MYKICACEAE.

13

MYRICA. Bayberry. Wax Myrtle.
(Family Myricaceae).

Shrubs or very small trees, aro-
matic: deciduous in the North.
a Twigs rounded or angular, slen-
n? fc;| der, resinous-dotted when young:

V*t tV'la pith small, somewhat angled, con-
tinuous, green. Buds small, soli-
tary, sessile, subglobose or ovoid,
with 2 or about 4 exposed scales,
the end-bud absent. Leaf-scars al-
ternate, half-elliptical or some-
what 3-sided, more or less raised:
bundle-traces 3: stipule-scars small
if present.

The sweetfern is considered
sometimes to represent a distinct
genus (Comptonia), of which it
is the only representative. A
readable account of its ancestry
is given by Berry in volume 40 of
The American Naturalist. The
sweet-gale also has been held
apart under the generic name Gale.

1. With stipule-scars. (Sweetfern). M. asplenifolia.
Without stipule-scars. 2.

2. Buds conical-ovoid or oblong, no end bud. (2). M. Gale.
Buds subglobose, obtuse: fruit encrusted with wax. 3.

3. Buds hairy: fruit moderate (4 mm.). M. calif ornica.
Buds glabrate. 4.

4. Buds small (about 1 mm.), glandular-dotted: lenticels very

conspicuous: fruit small (3 mm.). (3). M. cerifera.

Buds larger (1.5 mm.), soon glandless: fruit larger. 5.

5. Fruit moderate (4 mm.) : leaves veiny. (4). M. carolinensis.
Fruit larger (6X8 mm.): leaves smooth. M. inodora.

14 LEITNERIACEAE.

LEITNERIA. Corkwood.
( Family Leitneriaceae ) .

Little-branched tree-like shrubs
with very soft and light wood:
deciduous. Twigs round, rather
stout: pith moderate, rounded,
continuous, white. Buds solitary,
sessile, rather small, ovoid, with
about 3 exposed scales, or the up-
per (floriferous) enlarged, oblong,
or ellipsoid, and with a dozen or
more exposed scales. Leaf-scars
alternate, half-elliptical or some-
what 3-lobed, slightly raised: bun-
dle-traces 3: stipule-scars lacking.
The North American corkwood,
apart from the fact that its wood
is very much lighter than that
of any other native shrub or tree,
is interesting in that it is the only
representative of its family, not
very closely related to any other
group, and that it occurs locally

in swamps from western Florida, where it was first found, to
southern Missouri, apparently surviving from a time when
the Mississippi carried much more water and spread over a
greater delta than at present. Like the bald cypress, though
occurring naturally in swamps, it is capable of successful cul-
tivation in soil of ordinary dryness.

On anatomical grounds, Van Tieghem and Lecomte, in
the Bulletin de la Societe botanique de France, 33:181, ally
Leitneria with Dipterocarpaceae. Dr. Pfeiffer, in the Botani-
cal Gazette, 53:119, finds in it a suggestion of derivation of
catkin-bearing angiosperms from gymnosperms.
Loosely gray-hairy: twigs purplish. L. floridana.

JUGLANDACEAE.

15

PLATYCARYA.
(Family Juglandaceae).

Trees:' deciduous. Twigs mod-
erate or rather slender, terete,
with fine lenticels: pith rounded,
moderate, pale, continuous. Buds
rather small-, superposed, sessile,
ovoid, with some 4 or 5 exposed
scales. Leaf -scars alternate,
shield-shaped: bundle-traces 5 or
7: stipule-scars lacking.
Twigs glabrous: buds puberulent
or glandular. P. strobilacea.
Though not much used in dec-
orative planting, the Juglandaceae
are effective occasionally as speci-
mens or massed in the distance,
and some of them are of rapid
growth. The native hickories and
walnuts furnish especially valu-
able wood, the former almost in-
dispensable in the manufacture of
farm implements, and the latter —

at one time the most used cabinet wood — the main reliance
for gunstocks. An interesting popular account of the geo-
logical history of the family, by Berry, is to be found in
volume fifteen of The Plant World.

Winter-character references: — Platycarya stroMlacea.
Schneider, f. 135; Shirasawa, 257, pi. 6.

Winter-characters to the principal Juglandaceae — Juglans
and Carya — are collected between the discussion of those two
genera. The family is interesting anatomically because of the
marked and characteristic differences between the solid pith
of this genus and Carya in contrast with the chambered pith
of Juglans and Pterocarya.

16 JUGLANDACEAE.

JUGLANS. Walnut.
(Family Juglandaceae).

Usually trees, sometimes of
large size: deciduous. Twigs
rather stout, more or less fluted:
pith moderate, brown, angular,
chambered with rather close thin
plates. Buds moderate, with sev-
eral scales, superposed and often
developing into catkin rudiments,
the terminal much larger and
with more or less lobed scales.
Leaf-scars alternate, shield-shaped
or 3-lobed, large, raised: bundle-
traces in 3 compound groups:
stipule-scars lacking.

Of recent years black walnut
has been planted in some quantity
for its wood; and the European
walnut furnishes one of the im-
portant Californian crops, and in
more hardy forms it is recom-
mended for other regions. Hy-
brids are known between the European walnut and the black
walnut, and Juglans rupestris has been thought (undoubtedly
wrongly) to hybridize with the Californian live-oak.

1. Terminal bud elongated: leaf-scar downy at top. 2.
Terminal bud short: leaf-scar without a downy line. 3.

2. Leaf-scars not notched at top. (Butternut). (1). J. cinerea.
Leaf-scars notched: twig very stout. J. Sieboldiana.

3. Twigs gray-pubescent: buds canescent: pith diaphragms

close together (18 to 1 cm.). (Black w.). (2). J. nigra.

Twigs and lateral buds glabrescent: bark smooth: pith

diaphragms 8 to 1 cm. (European walnut). J. regia.

JUGLANDACEAE. 17

Winter-character references to Juglans: — /. calif ornica.
1st, 1881, p. 36, f.; Blakeslee & Jarvis, 324, f. 6, 331, 398, pi.;
Trelease (1), 43, pi. 24. J. cinerea. Beal, American Natural-
Bosemann, 60; Brendel, pi. 2; Otis, 62; Schneider, f. 114;
Trelease (1), 42, pi. 24. J. cordiformis. Shirasawa, 232, pi.
1; Trelease (1), 43, pi. 25. J. mandshurica. Trelease (1),
43, pi. 25. J. nigra. Beal, Amer. Nat., 1881, p. 36, f.; Blakes-
lee & Jarvis, 331, 400, pi.; Brendel, pi. 2; Hitchcock (1), f. 13,
(3), 17, (4), 138, pi. 99, 101; Otis, 64; Schneider, f. 49, 114;
Trelease (1), 44, pi. 24. J. regia. Bosemann, 60; Malpighi,
Opera Omnia, 22, pi. 9; Schneider, f. 114; Trelease (1), 44;
Ward, 1:69, f. 48, 70, f. 49, 118, f. 59, 212, f. 108; Willkomm,
6; 27, f. 30; Zuccarini, 7, pi. 4. J. regia sinensis. Shirasawa,
232, pi. 1. J. rupestris. Trelease (1), 43, pi. 24. J. Sieboldi-
ana. Shirasawa, 231, pi. 1; Trelease (1), 42, pi. 25.

Winter-character references to Gary a: — C. al~ba (C. to-
mentosa). Blakeslee & Jarvis, 337, 404, pi.; Brendel, pi. 2;
Hitchcock (1), 6; Otis, 72; Schneider, f. 168; Trelease (1),
38, pi. 14, 15, C. cordiformis (C. amara; C. minima\. Blakes-
lee & Jarvis, 332, 337, 408, pi.; Brendel, pi. 2; Hitchcock (1),
6, f. 16, 17, (3), 18, (4), 138, f. 102-103; Otis, 78; Schneider,
f. 88; Trelease (1), 35, pi. 13. C. aquatica. Trelease (1),
34, pi. 13, C. glabra (C. porcina). Blakeslee & Jarvis, 337,
406, pi.; Hitchcock (1), 6; Otis, 76; Schneider, f. 39, 88;
Trelease (1), 36, pi. 14. C. laciniosa (C. sulcata}. Hitch-
cock (1), 6; Otis, 70; Schneider, f. 168; Trelease (1), 40,
pi. 15. C. mexicana. Trelease (1), 39. C. mytristicaeformis.
Trelease (1), 34, pi. 13. C. ovalis (under various names).
Bailev, American Garden, 11:381, 385-8; Otis, 74; Trelease
(1), 36-37, pi. 14. C. ovata (formerly called C. alba). Blakes-
lee & Jarvis, 402, pi.; Brendel, 29, 30, pi, 2; Hitchcock (1),
6, f. 18, (3), 18; Otis, 68; Schneider, f. 168; Trelease (1),
41, pi. If). C. Pecan. Brendel, 31, pi. 2; Hitchcock (1), 6;
Trelease (1), 32, pi. 13. C. villosa. Trelease (1), 37, pi. 14.

18

JUGLANDACEAE.

CABYA. Hickory.
(Family Juglandaceae).

Trees: deciduous. Twigs mod-
erate, terete: pith moderate, an-
gled, often brown, continuous or
broken at the nodes. Buds rather
large, sometimes stalked or super-
posed, the terminal larger, ovoid
or oblong, apparently naked or
with 1 or several exposed scales.
Leaf-scars alternate, shield-shaped
or 3-lobed, large, low: bundle-
traces numerous in 3 or 4 more
or less definite groups: stipule-
scars lacking.

1. Bud-scales in pairs. 2.
Bud-scales not opposite. 3.

2. Yellow-glandular: fruit bitter.

(1). C. cordiformis.

Scarcely glandular : fruit sweet.

(Pecan). (2). C. Pecan.

3. Terminal bud large (usually over 10 mm.). (Hickories). 4.
Terminal bud small (scarcely 10 mm.). (Pignuts). 7.

4. Outer bud-scales falling early. (Mockernut). C. alba.
Outer scales persistent, pointed. (Shagbarks). 5.

5. Twigs buff or orange: fruit very large. C. laciniosa.
Twigs gray or red-brown: fruit smaller. 6.

6. Twigs glabrate. (Shagbark). (3). C. ovata.
Twigs hairy. (Hairy Shagbark). C. ovata hirsuta.

7. Bark very rough, broken into squares. C. villosa.
Bark rather smooth or flaking. 8.

8. Husk of fruit not splitting far. (Eastern). C. glabra.
Husk splitting nearly to base. (Western pignut). C. ovalis.

JUGLANDAOEAE.

19

PTEROOAEYA.
(Family Juglandaceae).

Trees: deciduous. Twigs moder-
ate or rather stout, rounded: pith
moderate, angular, chambered
with rather close thin light brown
plates. Buds rather large, super-
posed, the upper distinctly stalked
or elongating the first year, naked,
with folded leaves. Leaf-scars
alternate, elliptical or 3-lobed,
large, rather low: bundle-traces 3,
crescent- pr horseshoe-shaped, cre-
nated or fragmented: stipule-
scars lacking.

Winter-characters of Juglanda-
ceae are discussed by de Candolle
in his classic memoir on the fam-
ily published in volume 18 of the
fourth series of the botanical sec-
tion of the Annales des Sciences
Naturelles, in 1862; and are shown
in Michaux' Sylva.

References to Pterocarya: — P. fraxinifolia. Leavitt, Out-
lines of Botany, 31, f. 22; Schneider, f. 5, 86. P. rhoifolia.
Leavitt, Outlines of Botany, 29, f. 18; Shirasawa, 232, pi. 1.
P. stenoptera. Schneider, f. 86.

Like the other Juglandaceae, and particularly Juglans,
Pterocarya well illustrates distinct superposed buds, of which
the uppermost is largest. This is the usual condition in such
cases.

1. Twigs distinctly pubescent and glandular. P. stenoptera.
Twigs essentially glabrous and glandless. 2.

2. Twigs and buds red-brown. (1). P. fraxinifolia.
Twigs and buds gray-brown. P. rhoifolia.

20

BETULACEAE.

CORYLUS. Hazel. Filbert.
(Family Betulaceae).

Shrubs: deciduous. Twigs mod-
erate or rather slender, zig-zag,
round: pith somewhat 3-sided,
continuous, pale. Buds solitary,
obliquely sessile, round or ovoid
and obtuse with some 4-6 exposed
scales, or early developing into
ashen catkins, the end-bud lack-
ing. Leaf-scars alternate, 2-
ranked, half-round or triangular,
somewhat raised, rather small:
bundle-traces 3, or multiplied and
finally obscure: stipule-scars elon-
gated.

Winter-character references: -
C. americana. Brendel, pi. 2; Hitch-
cock, (3), 18; Foerste, Bull. Torr.
Bot. Cl. 20: 164, f.; Schneider, f.
165. — C. Avellana. Bosemann, 68;
Fant, 12, f. 3; Schneider, f. 164;
Ward, 1:185. f. 92; Willkomm, 4,

25, f. 26; Zuccarini, 5, pi. 3.— (7. Colurna. Schneider, f. 164;
Willkomm, 8, 9, 26, f. 28.— C. heterophylla. Shirasawa, 263, pi.
8. — C. maxima. Bosemann, 68; Schneider, f. 164; Willkomm,

26, f. 27. — C. rostrata. Schneider, f. 165; Shirasawa, 264, pi. 8.

1. Buds glabrescent but with ciliate scales. 2.
Buds gray-pubescent. 3.

2. Buds small (scarcely 4 mm.).

Buds large (6 mm. long): twigs olive.

3. Outer scales elongated, quickly falling.
Scales persistent, the lower short. 4.

4. Buds rather small (4 mm.): native.
Buds larger (often 5 mm. long).

(1). C. Avellana.

(2). C. pontica.

(3). C. rostrata.

(4). C. americana.
(5). C. maxima.

BETTJLACEAE.

21

CARPINUS. Hornbeam.
(Family Betulaceae).

Rather round-topped and openly
branched trees with sinewy-fluted
trunks and smooth gray bark:
deciduous. Twigs slender, zig-zag,
terete: pith small, roundish or 5-
sided, continuous, pale. Buds sol-
itary or very rarely superposed,
ovoid, sessile, oblique, with a
dozen 4-ranked scarcely striated
scales, or developing into cone-
like catkin-initials, the end-bud
lacking. Leaf-scars alternate, 2-
ranked, raised, crescent-shaped,
somewhat small: bundle-traces 3:
stipule-scars subequal, elongated.
Winter-character references: —
C. Betulus. Bosemann, 70; Fant,
16, f. 9; Schneider, f. 10, 162;
Ward, 1:118, f. 59, 178, f. 88-89;
Willkomm, 26, f. 29; Zuccarini, 3,
pi. 2. — C. caroliniana. Blakeslee &

Jarvis, 332, 412, pi.; Brendel, pi. 2; Otis, 82. An early paper
on abscission, in which Carpinus figures, is by Ohlert in the
journal Linnaea for 1837.

1. Buds large (fully 10 mm. long), straw-colored. C. cordata.
Buds moderate (6-8 mm.): European. C. Betulus.
Buds small (scarcely 5 mm.). 2.

2. Buds straw-colored. C. japonica.
Buds brownish. 3.

3. Buds glabrous. C. Turczaninowii.
Buds somewhat silky. 4.

4. Twigs villous.

Twigs glabrescent. (Blue beech).

C. duinensis.
(1). C. caroliniana.

22

BETULACEAE.

OSTRYA. .Hop Hornbeam.
(Family Betulaceae).

Rather deliquescent trees with
scaly bark: deciduous. Twigs slen-
der, zig-zag, terete: pith small,
roundish, continuous, pale. Buds
solitary, or exceptionally super-
posed, sessile, ovoid, oblique, with
half-a-dozen spirally placed striate
scales, the end-bud lacking. Leaf-
scars alternate, 2-ranked, some-
what raised, crescent-shaped or
half-elliptical, small: bundle-
traces 3: stipule-scars unequal,
elongated. Catkins often present.
Winter-character references: —
0. carpinifolia. Bosemann, 70;
Schneider, f. 163; Willkomm, 27,
f. 30. — 0. virginiana. Blakeslee
& Jarvis, 332, 410, pi.; Brendel,
pi. 2; Hitchcock (1), 3, (2), 18;
Otis, 80; Shirasawa, 265, pi. 9.

A suggestive illustrated study

of the structure of buds as revealed in their unfolding in the
spring, in which Ostrya figures, is published by Hitchcock
in volume 6 of the Transactions of the Academy of Science
of St. Louis. One of many publications on buds superposed
above the leaves or leaf-scars is by Damaskinos and Bourgeois
in volume 5 of the Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France:
in it, reference is made to Ostrya virginiana.
Scales of staminate catkins long-mucronate : nutlets glabrate,
fusiform. (1). O. virginiana.

Scales blunt or abruptly short-pointed: nutlets pubescent
above, ovoid. (European hornbeam). (2). O. carpinifolia.

BETULACEAE.

23

BETULA. Birch.
(Family Betulaceae).

Trees or less commonly shrubs:
deciduous. Twigs slender, usu-
ally zig-zag, terete, frequently de-
veloping as dwarf-shoots so as
to make the lateral buds appear
stalked: pith minute, compressed
3-sided, continuous, green. Buds
moderate, solitary, fusiform -ovoid,
sessile, with 2 or 3 exposed scales,
the end-bud usually deciduous ex-
cept on the numerous short spurs.
Leaf-scars alternate, more or less
2-ranked, half-elliptical, small:
bundle-traces 3, sometimes indis-
tinct: stipule-scars narrow.

Though they have been much
confused in botanical publications,
the birches are not very difficult
as a rule. In accordance with the
policy of adhering to the nomen-
clature of the Standard Cyclope-
dia of Horticulture, the names here used are somewhat differ-
ent from those employed in the last edition of Gray's Manual,
though the latter rest on an extended critical study of the
group by Fernald, published in full in The American Journal
of Science for September, 1902.

An excellent character is derived from the bracts of the
fruiting cones, which are sometimes available in winter; and
this character has been applied successfully to the recognition
of certain hybrid birches by Rosendahl in volume four of
Minnesota Botanical Studies.

24 BETULACEAE.

1. Lateral buds ellipsoid or oblong, very blunt, small. 2.
Buds ovoid or fusiform-oblong, acute, at most ciliate. 8.

2. Buds very small (3 or exceptionally 4 mm.). 3.
Buds moderate for the group (4 mm.): bark papery. 5.
Buds large for the group (5 mm.): bark papery. 7.

3. Twigs not resinous warty, softly hairy. B. pumila.
Twigs with resinous warts. 4.

4. Twigs and buds with soft hairs. B. pumila glandulifera.
Twigs and buds only velvety. (1). B. glandulosa.

5. Buds hairy: twigs warty: bark orange. (2). B. nigra.
Bud-scales at most ciliate: bark creamy or white. 6.

6. Twigs very resinous-warty: glabrous. (3). B. populifolia.
Twigs sometimes with long hairs. (4). B. papyrifera.

7. Buds glabrous: bark creamy or white. B. papyrifera.
Buds hairy: lower scales long: bark orange. B. nigra.

8. Buds acutely ovoid. 9.

Buds subfusiform, acute, with short lower scale. 12.

9. Twigs puberulent, somewhat warty. B. kenaica.
Twigs glabrate. 10.

10. Twigs resinous-warty: buds small (3X5 mm.). B. utilis.
Twigs little warty: buds larger (4-5X6-8 mm.). 11.

11. Twigs and buds red-brown. (5). B. Maximowiczii.
Twigs and buds brown. B. grossa.

12. Buds short for the group (5-6 mm.). 13.

Buds long (7-8 mm.): twigs scarcely warty. 17.

13. Twigs softly hairy. 14.
Twigs glabrous. 15.

14. Pubescence persistent. (6). B. pubescens.
Pubescent only in sheltered places. B. papyrifera.

15. Twigs very warty and varnished. B. occidentalis.
Twigs sparingly if at all resinous-warty. 16.

16. Bark white: trees usually weeping. (7). B. pendula.
Bark yellowish or silvery-gray. (Yellow birch). B. lutea.

17. Buds light brown: branches red-brown, spicy. (8). B. lenta.
Buds glossy red-brown. B. japonica.

BETULACEAE.

25

ALNUS. Alder.
(Family Betulaceae).

Typically shrubs: deciduous.
Bark smoky or gray, smooth or
fissured in rather large or scaly
areas. Twigs often 3-sided: pith
small, 3-sided, continuous. Buds
rather large, solitary, usually
stalked, with 3 subvalvate scales.
Leaf-scars alternate, half-round,
somewhat raised: bundle-traces
3, or the lowest compound: sti-
pule-scars narrow.

Alders are particularly interest-
ing in winter through having
their buds distinctly stalked.
Though this character is by no
means limited to them, nor do
they all show it, there are few
genera in which it is so readily
observable. Their fruit is also
persistent in the form of small
cone-like bodies, which differ in

shape and position in different species, and as a rule the
staminate catkins for the next season are conspicuous.

1. Buds stalked. 2.

Buds sessile: bushes. 5.

2. Very tree-like. (European alder). A. glutinosa.
Bushy, even when large. 3.

3. Bud-scales narrow and separated. (1). A. maritima.
Bud-scales valvate. 4.

4. Fruiting cones erect. (Smooth alder). (2). A. rugosa.
Fruiting cones pendent. (Speckled alder). (3). A. incana.

5. Twigs glabrescent. (Mountain alder). A. crispa.
Twigs hairy. (Downy alder). A. mollis.

26 BETULACEAE.

Winter-character references to Betulaceae.

'Alnus Alnobetula. Schneider, f. 160. A. firma. Shira-
sawa, 231, pi. 1. A. glutinosa (A. vulgaris). Blakeslee &
Jarvis, 426; Bosemann, 56; Fant, 30, f. 30; Schneider, f. 17,
58, 113; Ward, 1:206, f. 106; Willkomm, 4, 21, f. 17. A. in-
cana. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 426, pi.; Bosemann, 56; Fant, 30;
Schneider, f. 112; Willkomm, 6, 21, f. 18. A. incana glauca.
Shirasawa, 230, pi. 1. A. japonica. Shirasawa, 230, pi. 1. A.
rugosa (A. serrulata). Blakeslee & Jarvis, 426. A. viridis.
Willkomm, 911, 22, f. 19. A. viridis siUrica. Shirasawa,
231, pi.

Betula alpestris. Fant, 15. B. Bhojpattra. Shirasawa,
246, pi. 4. B. fruticosa. Fant, 16; Zuccarini, 18, pi. 10. B.
globispica. Shirasawa, 246, pi. 4. B. grossa. Shirasawa, 251,
pi. 5. B. Jiumilis. Bosemann, 74; Fant, 15; Schneider, f. 161;
Willkomm, 20, f. 16. B. lenta. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 337, 414,
pi.; Otis, 86. B. lutea. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 337, 416, pi.; Otis,
88. B. Maximowicziana. Shirasawa, 252, pi. 5. B. nana.
Bosemann, 74; Fant, 16; Schneider, f. 161. B. nigra. Blakes-
lee & Jarvis, 337, 418, pi.; Brendel, pi. 3; Hitchcock (1), 3.
B. papyrifera (B. alba papyrifera) . Blakeslee, & Jarvis, 337,
422, pi.; Otis, 90; Shirasawa, 246, pi. 4. B. pendula (formerly
called B. alba; B. odorata). Blakeslee & Jarvis, 337, 424, pi.;
Bosemann, 73; Fant, 15, f. 6; Ward, 1:232, f. 119, 233, f. 120;
Willkomm, 4, 20, f. 14, 15; Zuccarini, 17, pi. 10. B. pendula
verrucosa. Schneider, f. 36, 160; Shirasawa, 246, pi. 4. B.
populifolia. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 337, 420, pi.; Schneider, f. 161.
B. pubescens (B. alba). Schneider, f. 160; Willkomm, 20, f.
15. B. ulmifolia. Shirasawa, 252, pi. 5.

Areschoug's Beitrage zur Biologie der Holzgewachse, a
unique analysis of bud- and branch-specialization in which
Betula figures, was published in volume 12 of Lunds Univer-
sitets Aarsskrift, in 1877, after many years of critical obser-
vation. A decade later its author made his principal con-
clusions more accessible in volume 9 of the Botanische
Jahrbucher.

FAGAGEAE.

27

PAGUS. Beech.
(Family Fagaceae).

Rather ovoid or round-topped
trees with cylindrical smooth gray
trunk, the bark frequently with
included woody nodules: decidu-
ous or with the dead leaves per-
sisting far into the winter. Twigs
slender, zig-zag, terete: pith
rather small, roundish, continu-
ous. Buds solitary or rarely su-
pernumerary, sessile or becoming
slightly stalked, divergent and
very oblique over the leaf-scars,
elongated fusiform and subpun-
gent, with some 10 or more spi-
rally arranged scales. Leaf-scars
alternate, sometimes 2-ranked, lit-
tle-raised, half-round, r a t h er
small: bundle-traces 3, the lower
usually compound or broken into
an irregular series: stipule-scars
linear, nearly meeting around the
twig. Children know the "lucky-nuts" of the bark.

The beech affords an excellent illustration of buds ob-
liquely placed over the leaf-scars, — a common occurrence when
they are 2-ranked; and of buds elongated without being
stalked, for the scales here begin at the very base of the bud.
The species are distinguishable with difficulty except by
aid of the foliage when it is present.

1. Twigs often villous: buds puberulent. F. sylvatica.
Twigs and lower bud-scales glabrous. 2.

2. Buds light brown: leaves undulate.

Buds red-brown: leaves serrate.

F. japonica.
(1). F. grandifolia.

28

FAGAOEAE.

CASTANEA. Chestnut.
(Family Fagaceae).

Shrubs or mostly large trees
with fissured but otherwise smooth
gray bark: deciduous. Twigs
moderate, more or less fluted:
pith moderate, star-shaped, con-
tinuous. Buds solitary, ovoid,
sessile, oblique, with 2 or 3 ex-
posed scales, the end-bud frequent-
ly lacking. Leaf-scars alternate,
little raised, half-round, rather
small: bundle-traces 3, often com-
pound: stipule-scars elongated,
unequal.

The deeply grooved pith of the
chestnut, affording one of the most
obvious means of identifying its
winter twigs, attracted the atten-
tion of Malpighi who pictured it
more than two centuries and a
half ago among the interesting
things that could be seen by the

aid of a magnifying glass. In common with many other gen-
era, Castanea shows a varying phyllotaxy or leaf-arrange-
ment,— 5-ranked on erect shoots, 2-ranked on those that spread
horizontally, — and a correlated upward displacement of the
buds on the latter. This has been attributed to a response to
gravitation similar to that which directs the upward growth
of stems in general; but Kny, in a short communication to
the Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde of Berlin in 1876
shows that it is rather the manifestation of an inherent ten-
dency to bilateral symmetry.

1. Buds downy: shrub or small tree. (Chinquapin). C. pumila.
Buds glabrous. (American chestnut). (1). C. dentata.

FAGACEAE.

29

QUEKCUS. Oak.
(Family Fagaceae).

Trees or rarely shrubs: mostly
deciduous, though the dried leaves
often persist. Twigs moderate or
slender, fluted: pith moderate,
star-shaped in section, continuous.
Buds solitary or sometimes col-
laterally multiple, sessile, globose
or ovoid to conical, sometimes an-
gled, clustered toward the tip,
with numerous 5-ranked scales.
Leaf-scars alternate, moderate or
rather small, half-round, some-
what elevated: bundle-traces near-
ly a dozen, scattered or partly in
a more or less evident ellipse:
stipule-scars small.

The Danish botanist Oersted
was very keen in discerning the
differences that oak buds show,
and Willkomm's differentiation of
the two oaks of northern Europe

that have been confused under the name Quercus Robur is as
clean-cut when this character only is used as it is when their
fruits show the distinction because of which one has been
called variety pedunculata and the other variety sessiliflora.
No differences between the common red oak (Q. rubra) and
Schneck's oak (Q. Schneckii), or between this and the Texan
oak (Q. texana), are more obvious to a close observer than
those between their winter buds, but comparisons need to be
made between developed buds on mature branches.

1. Black oaks: fruit maturing the second year. 2.
White oaks: fruit maturing the first year. 16.

30

FAGAOEAE.

2. Buds conical-fusiform, large (8-10 mm. long). 3.
Buds ovoid or conical-ovoid or else very thick. 4.

3. Twigs glabrous. ( 1 ) . Q. laevis.
Twigs puberulent.

(Blackjack). Q. marilandica.

4. Evergreen. Q. laurifolia.
Deciduous. 5.

5. Buds dull clay-colored, glab-

rous. (2). Q. Schneckii.

Buds red or brown or silky. 6.

6. Buds large (7-10 mm.), hairy,

angular. (3). Q. velutina.
Buds moderate or small. 7.

7. Twigs tomentulose. 8.
Twigs glabrous. 9.

8. Buds short (4 mm.) : glabrous.

(Bear oak). Q. ilicifolia.
Buds long (3X7 mm.), silky.
(5). Q. cinerea.

9. Buds small (3 mm. long),

glabrate. Q. georgiana.

Buds larger or hairy. 10.

10. Buds
Buds
Buds

11. Buds
Buds

12. Buds
Buds

13. Buds
Buds
Buds

14. Buds
Buds

entirely glabrous. 11.

more or less silky, or tardily glabrescent.

13.

almost woolly, dull gray-brown. (6). Q. nigra.

red, relatively large (3X5 mm.). (7). Q. rubra.
brown, smaller (2X3-4 mm.). 12.

rather obtuse. (Pin oak). Q. palustris.

very acute. (Willow oak). Q. Phellos.

almost blood-red. (Spanish oak). Q. falcata.

brown. (Shingle oak). Q. imbricaria.
brownish-red, or at first silvery-pubescent. 14.

large (4X5-6 mm.). (8). Q. coccinea.
smaller (scarcely 3x4 mm.). 15.

FAGACEAE. 31

15. Buds and twigs rather dark. (9). Q. ellipsoidalis.
Buds and twigs bright brown: Texas. Q. texana.

16. Buds subglobose or ellipsoid, nearly or quite glabrous. 17.
Buds ovoid or conical-ovoid. 22.

Buds distinctly conical. 27.

17. Evergreen: buds small. (Live oak). (10). Q. virginiana.
Deciduous. 18.

18. Buds invested by long narrow stipules. (11). Q. Cerris.
Stipules lacking or inconspicuous. 19.

19. Bark exfoliating from the branches. (12). Q. bicolor.
Bark not exfoliating. 20.

20. Buds small (scarcely 3 mm.), pale. (13). Q. Durandii.
Buds medium-sized. 21.

21. Twigs buff: buds pale brown. (Overcup oak). Q. lyrata.
Twigs gray or purple, often glaucous: buds deep brown.

(White oak). (14). Q. alba.

22. Twigs and buds gray-pubescent. (15). Q. macrocarpa.
Twigs yellow-scurfy: buds dull, silky. (16). Q. stellata.
Twigs glabrous: buds brown-puberulent or glabrous. 23.

23. Buds rather glossy blood-red, glabrate. Q. Margaretta.
Buds very large, gray-pubescent. (17). Q. dentata.
Buds light brown or the scales pale-margined. 24.

Buds deep "brown or red-brown. 25.

24. Shrub. (Chinquapin oak). Q. prinoides.
Tree. (Yellow oak ). (18). Q. Muehlenbergii.

25. Buds terete: twigs gray or purple. Q. alba.
Buds somewhat grooved, often brown-silky. 26.

26. Twigs reddish. (English oak). (19). Q. Robur.
Twigs olive or brown. (Cow oak). Q. Prinus.

27. Buds light brown. 28.
Buds deep brown. 29.

28. Bud-scales brown- or rosy-margined. Q. grosseserrata.
Bud-scales not darker at margin. Q. crispula.

29. Buds dull: outer scales pale-margined. Q. montana.
Buds glossy: scales not pale-margined. (20). Q. sessiliflora.

32 PAG ACE AE.

Winter-character references to Fagaceae: — Castanea den-
tata (C. americana). Blakeslee & Jarvis, 331-333, 430, pi.;
Otis, 94. C. sativa (C. vesca; C. vulgaris). Bosemann, 67;
Schneider, f. 25, 26, 162; Shirasawa, 264, pli. 8; Ward, 1:188,
f. 94; Willkomm, 24, f. 24.

Fagus grandifolia (F. ferruginea). Blakeslee & Jarvis,
428, pi.; Brendel, pi. 2; Otis, 92; Schneider, f. 163. F. japon-
ica. Shirasawa, 264, pi. 8. F. sylvatica. Blakeslee & Jarvis,
428; Bosemann, 70; Pant, 12, f. 2; Schneider, f. 163; Ward,
1:176, f. 87; Willkomm, 3, 4, 25, f. 25; Zuccarini, 4, pi. 2. F.
sylvatica Sieboldi. Shirasawa, 264, pi. 8.

Quercus agrifolia. Trelease (3), pi. 13. Q. alba. Blakes-
lee & Jarvis, 338-9, 432, pi.; Brendel, pi. 2; Cobb, Proceedings
of the American Philosophical Society, 54:174, pi. 4; Hitch-
cock (1), 5; Otis, 100; Schneider, f. 52, 154. Q. Ucolor (Q.
platanoides) . Blakeslee & Jarvis, 338-9, 438, pi.; Brendel, pi.
2; Cobb, 1. c. pi. 5; Otis, 104. Q. calif arnica. Trelease (3),
pi. 13. Q. Cerris. Bosemann, 71; Schneider, f. 38, 156; Ward,
1:118, f. 59; Willkomm, 6, 24, f. 23. Q. cinerea (Q. brevifo-
lia). Trelease (3), 1, pi. 12. Q. coccinea. Blakeslee & Jar-
vis, 450, pi.; Otis, 112; Schneider, f. 154; Trelease (3), 1, pk
11. Q. dentata. Shirasawa, 258, pi. 7. Q. ellipsoidalis. Otis,
114; Trelease (3), pi. 11. Q. Emoryi. Trelease (3), pi. 13.
Q. falcata (Q. digitata). Trelease (3). Q. georgiana. Tre-
lease (3), pi. 12. Q. glandulifera. Shirasawa, 257, pi. 7. Q.
grosseserrata. Shirasawa, 258, pi. 7. Q. hypoleuca. Tretease
(3), pi. 13. Q. ilicifolia (Q. nana) . Blakeslee & Jarvis, 338-9,
454, pi.; Trelease (3), pi. 11. Q. imbricaria. Brendel, pi. 2;
Hitchcock (1), 5; Otis, 120; Trelease (3), pi. 12. Q. laurifo-
lia. Trelease (3), pi. 12. Q. macrocarpa. Blakeslee & Jar-
vis 338-9, 436, pi. ; Brendel, pi. 2; Cobb, Proc. Amer. Phil.
Soc., 54:174, pi. 5; Hitchcock (1), 5, (3), 19, (4), 138, f. 106-
110; Otis, 102; Schneider, f. 155. Q. marilandica (formerly
called Q. nigra) . Brendel, pi. 2; Hitchcock (1), 5, (3), 19;
Otis, 118; Trelease (3), pi. 10. Q. montana (Q. Prinus}.

FAGACEAE. 33

Blakeslee & Jarvis, 338-9, 444, pi.; Cobb, Proc. Amer. Phil.
Soc., 54:174, pi. 6; Schneider, f. 155. Q. Muehlenbergii.
Blakeslee & Jarvis, 338-9, 440, pl.;| Brendel, pi. 2; Hitchcock
(3), 139, f. 111-112; Otis, 106. Q. myrtifolia. Trelease (3),
pi. 12. Q. nigra (Q. aquatlca) . Trelease (3), pi. 12. Q. palus-
trls. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 338-9, 448, pi.; Hitchcock (1), 5;
Otis, 110; Trelease (3), pi. 12. Q. Phellos. Schneider, f. 157;
Trelease (3), pi. 12. Q. prinoides. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 338-9,
442, pi.; Hitchcock (1), 5, (3), 19. Q. prinoides rufescens.
Blakeslee & Jarvis, 442. Q. pubescens. Bosemann, 71; Will-
komm, 4, 23, f. 22. Q. pumila. Trelease (3), pi. 12. Q. Ro-
~bur (Q. pedunculata) . Bosemann, 71; Pant, 11, f. 1; Schnei-
der, f. 16, 157; Ward, 1:47, f. 30, 418, f. 59, 217, f. Ill: The
Oak, 72, f. 19; Willkomm, 7, 22, f. 20; Zuccarini, 6, pi. 3. Q.
ru~bra. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 338-9, 446, pi.; Brendel, pi. 2;
Hitchcock (1), 5, (3), 19; Otis, 108; Schneider, f. 55, 154;
Trelease (3), pi. 11. Q. Schneckii. Trelease (3), pi. 11. Q.
serrata and var. variabilis. Shirasawa, 258, pi. 7. Q. sessili-
flora (held by many as true Q. Robur). Bosemann, 71; Fant,
11; Schneider, f. 157; Willkomm, 23, f. 21: Q. stellata. Blakes-
lee & Jarvis, 338-9, 434, pi.; Cobb, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 54:
174, pi. 4; Hitchcock (1), 6. Q. texana. Trelease (3), pi. 11.
Q. velutina (often referred to as Q. coccinea; Q. tinctoria).
Blakeslee & Jarvis, 338-9, 452, pi.; Brendel, pi. 2; Hitchcock
(1), 5, (3), 19, (4), 138, f. 113-115; Otis, 116; Trelease (3), pi.
10. Q. Wislizeni. Trelease (3), pi. 13.

Oaks, like poplars, willows and some other trees, cast off
many of their twigs by imperfect abscission in the autumn, —
a normal and regular process each year on old trees, as
Areschoug has pointed out in his Biologie der Holzgewachse.
This self-pruning forms the subject of a communication in
1865 to the Botanische Zeitung by Rose. Engelmann (Botani-
cal Works, 391) has indicated the differences in vernation
shown by species of Quercus, and Diez published a compara-
tive study of the subject in Flora for 1887.

34

MORACEAE.

MORTIS. Mulberry.
(Family Moraceae).

Trees with rather scanty milky
sap: deciduous. Twigs moderate
or rather slender, rounded: pith
moderate, round, continuous. Buds
sessile, solitary or collaterally
multiplied, ovoid, oblique, with 3
or mostly a half-dozen 2-ranked
thin scales, -the end-bud lacking.
Leaf-scars alternate, round or half-
round or obtusely triangular,
somewhat raised: bundle-traces
numerous and scattered or in an
ellipse or more or less definitely
aggregated into 3: stipule-scars
narrow, the one below the bud
larger.

Mulberry twigs are frequently
mistaken for those of linden when
carelessly observed. Apart from
their browner color they differ in
their milky sap and in their more
numerous dry and thin bud-scales.

1. Buds triangular-ovoid, short and closely appressed. 2.
Buds more elongated (6-8 mm.) and somewhat spreading. 4.

2. Bud-scales uniformly colored. (White m.) (1). M. alba.
Bud-scales brown-margined. 3.

3. Not weeping. (Tartarian m.). (2). M. alba tatarica.
Weeping, usually grafted as a standard. M. alba pendula.

4. Bud-scales white-margined. M. acidosa.
Bud-scales dark-margined. 5.

5. Twigs often downy above. (Red mulberry). (3). M. rubra.
Twigs glabrous. (Black mulberry). M. nigra.

MOBACEAE.

35

MACLTJRA. Osage Orange.
(Family Moraceae).

Trees with axillary spines, fi-
brous-flaking bark and milky sap:
deciduous. Twigs moderate,
rounded, glabrous, frequently
dwarf, the longer commonly zig-
zag. Pith moderate, round, pale,
continuous. Buds rather small,
depressed globose, sessile, often
collaterally branching or produc-
ing stout lateral spines, with 4
or 5 scales, the end-bud lacking.
Leaf-scars alternate, half-round or
broadly kidney-shaped or triangu-
lar, somewhat raised: bundle-
traces several in a transverse el-
lipse or variously consolidated
into 3 groups or a composite
transverse aggregate: stipule-
scars small or the small deltoid
stipules persistent at top of the
leaf-scar.

The Osage orange, closely related to the tropical tree
(Madura or Chlorophora tinctoria) from which fustic is ob-
tained, contains a similar dye-stuff, which has been made the
subject of industrial exploitation during the scarcity of aniline
dyes. One of its most marked characteristics is the orange
bark that peels from its roots in papery layers. The tradition
that it was a favorite bow wood with the Osage Indians gave
it the name bois d'arc, which has been transformed into the
redundant bow d'arc.

Twigs buff or olive, with spines.
Unarmed.

M. pomifera.
M. pomifera inermis.

36

MOBACEAE.

BROUSSONETIA. Paper Mulberry.
(Family Moraceae).

Rather small trees with soft
ring-porous pale wood with tan-
gential wood-parenchyma pattern
and milky sap: deciduous. Twigs
moderate, rounded, zig-zag, his-
pid when young: pith rather
large, round, white, with a very
thin green diaphragm at each
node. Buds moderate, conical,
solitary, sessile, with an outer
striate scale. Leaf-scars typically
alternate and 2-ranked, rather
large, rounded, elevated: bundle-
traces about 5, compound, aggre-
gated in an ellipse: stipule-scars
long and narrow.

Winter-character references to
Moraceae: — Broussonetia Kasino-

_ ki. Shirasawa, .243-4, pi. 4. — B.

pai^yrifera. Schneider, f. 112, —
the contraria form; Shirasawa,

244, pi. 4. — Ficus Carica. Schneider, f. 112; Shirasawa, 240,
pi. 3; Ward, 1:51, f. 33, 118, f. 59; Zuccarini, 25, pi. 14.— Ma-
dura pomifera. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 330, 494; Hitchcock (3),
17; Otis, 132; Schneider, f. 144-145.— Morus alba. Blakeslee
& Jarvis, 340, 468, pi.; Bosemann, 75; Schneider, f. 144; Will-
komm, 28, f. 32.— M. nigra. Bosemann, 75; Schneider, f. 143.
—M. rubra. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 340, 466, pi.; Brendel, 27, 29,
pi. 4; Hitchcock (1), 3, f. 14, (3), 17, (4), 138, f. 90-94; Otis, 134.
1. Twigs slender (2-3 mm.), brown. B. Kasinoki.

Twigs relatively stout (4 mm.), greenish gray. 2.
3. Leaves alternate and 2-ranked. (1). B. papyrifera.

Leaves often opposite. (2). B. papyrifera contraria.

MORACEAE.

37

Fious. Fig.
(Family Moraceae).

Rather small trees (for our
purpose) and deciduous: sap
milky. Twigs rather stout, round-
ed: pith large, more or less angu-
lar, very white, with a thick firm
diaphragm at each node. Buds
moderate, globose, often collater-
ally multiple, with several ex-
posed scales, the end-bud large,
conical, with a single infolding
striate scale. Leaf-scars alternate,
2-ranked, rather large, round,
somewhat elevated: bundle-traces
several, unequal, compound or ag-
gregated in a broken ring: stipule-
scars encircling the stem.

Though there is nothing very
interesting about the edible fig as
ordinarily grown, it is well known
that the oriental varieties of this
species require fertilization for

the development of their fruit through the activities of a
minute gall-fly which breeds in a specialized type of gall flow-
ers that accompany functionally active staminate and pistil-
late flowers in the large fleshy receptacle that we call the
fruit. Similar interrelations exist between other figs and
gall insects. In tropical regions many species send roots
down from the branches, these enlarging into supplementary
trunks which sometimes transform a single tree into an in-
tricate grove. Others, which start as epiphytes on other trees,
send down similar but interlacing roots, of which enormous
trunks are formed at length.
Glabrous: end-bud green: lateral buds brown. F. Carica.

38

ULMACEAE.

ULMUS. Elm.
(Family Ulmaceae).

Trees, usually of large size: de-
ciduous. Twigs rather slender,
zig-zag, terete: pith small, round-
ed, continuous! Buds solitary or
collaterally branching, variously
ovoid, obliquely sessile, the termi-
nal lacking: scales about half-a-
dozen, 2-ranked. Leaf-scars alter-
nate, 2-ranked, broadly crescent-
shaped or half round, scarcely
raised: bundle-traces 3 or com-
pounded in 3 usually distinct
groups: stipule-scars unequal.
References under Aphananthe.

1. Buds small (1.5 mm.), globose:

scales 4. (1). U. pumila.

Buds distinctly larger or with
more visible scales. 2

2. Twigs gray-buff, rough: buds

red-hairy. (2). U. fulva.

Twigs red-brown, or gray. 3.
Buds blackish-red. 4.
Buds brown. 7.

Buds and twigs glabrous. U. laevis.

Buds more or less hairy. 5.
Twigs glabrescent: bark rough. 6.

Twigs hispid: bark of branches smooth. (3). U. glabra.

Twigs not corky." U. campestris.

Twigs often with corky ridges.
Twigs moderately slender. 8.
Twigs very slender, often corky-winged.
Twigs not corky. (White elm).
Twigs often with corky outgrowths.

U. campestris suberosa.

(4). U. alata.

U. americana.

(5). U, racemosa.

ULMACEAE.

39

CELTIS. Hackberry.

(Family Ulmaceae).

Trees, or a few shrubs: decidu-
ous. Twigs rounded, slender, zig-
zag. Pith rather small, white,
rounded, closely chambered, or ex-
ceptionally continuous except at
some or all of the nodes. Buds
sessile, solitary, ovoid or deltoid,
closely appressed, with about 4
2-ranked scales, the end-bud lack-
ing. Leaf-scars alternate, crescent
shaped or half elliptical, somewhat
raised: bundle-traces 3, or the mid-
dle one divided, or confluent in a
C-shaped group: stipule-scars nar-
row. References under Zelkova.

1. Buds long (3-4 mm.) : bark

ridged. (1). C. occidentalis.
Buds short (1-2 mm.). 2.

2. Shrub. C. pumila.
Tree, smooth except for corky

warts. (2).C.mississippiensis.

PLANERA.
(Family Ulmaceae).

Winter characters of Ulmus, from which the warty ovary
and unwinged fruit distinguish it in early spring. Our na-
tive species, P. aquatica, in bud and twig somewhat resem-
bles U. pumila, but its red-brown puberulent buds are some-
times somewhat elongated so as to resemble those of U. alata,
from which it differs in the absence of corky wings on the
second year's growth.

References to Planera in winter are given under the next
genus, Zelkova.

40

ULMACEAE.

ZELKOVA.
(Family Ulmaceae).

Moderate-sized trees with some-
what exfoliating bark: deciduous.
Twigs slender, zig-zag, terete:
pith small, roundish, spongy ex-
cept at the nodes, pale. Buds
solitary or collaterally branching,
ovoid, sessile, somewhat oblique,
with 4 or 5 pairs of 4-ranked
scales, the end bud lacking. Leaf-
scars alternate, 2-ranked, little
raised, crescent-shaped or ellipti-
cal, small: bundle traces 3, more
or less confluent: stipule-scars
unequal, one elongated. (Abe-
licea).

Buds relatively large (2X3 mm.) :
glabrate. (1). Z. serrata.

Buds small (scarcely 1X1.5 mm.) :
pubescent. Z. crenata.

Winter-character references to
Ulmaceae (except Ulmus) : — Aph-

ananthe aspera. Shirasawa, 265, pi. 8. — Celtis australis.
Schneider, f. 166.— C. occidentalis. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 331,
464, pi.; Brendel, 27, 29, pi. 4; Hitchcock (1), 3; (3), 17;
(4), 137, f. 88-9; Otis, 130; Schaffner, Ohio Naturalist, 2:173;
3:328; Schneider, f. 136, 166.— (7. sinensis. Shirasawa, 263, pi.
8. — Planer a aquatica. Schneider, f. 135.— Zelkova serrata (un-
der various names). — Schneider, f. 2, 53, 166; Shirasawa, 267,
pi. 9.

Zelkova has been much confused with other genera. For
our purposes it differs in its 2- and not 4-ranked bud-scales
from other Ulmaceae, — a family merged in the Urticaceae,
with the Moraceae, by many botanists.

ULMACEAE.

41

APHANANTHE.
(Family Ulmaceae).

Trees: deciduous. Twigs slen-
der, somewhat zig-zag, terete; pith
small, rounded, continuous. Buds
solitary or collaterally branch-
ing, ovoid-conical, sessile, the
terminal lacking; their scales
about half-a-dozen, 2-ranked. Leaf-
scars alternate, 2-ranked, crescent-
shaped, small, low: bundle-traces
3, indistinct: stipule-scars minute.
References under Zelkova.
Twigs and buds somewhat rough
hairy. A. aspera.

Winter-character references to
Ulmus: Ulmus alata. Blakeslee
& Jarvis, 462; Brendel, pi. 4. U.
americana. Blakeslee & Jarvis,
340, 460, pi.; Brendel, pi. 4; Otis,
126; Hitchcock (1), 3; (3), 17;
(4), 137, f. 86-7; Smith, Ohio
Naturalist, 5: 315. U. campestris.

Blakeslee & Jarvis, 340, 458, pi.; Bosemann, 69; Fant, 14, f.
5; Shirasawa, 265, pi. 9; Smith, Ohio Naturalist, 5:315; Ward,
1:181, f. 90; Willkomm, 4, 28, f. 33; Zuccarini, 19, pi. II.— U.
•fulva. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 340, 456, pi.; Brendel, pi. 4; Hitch-
cock (1), 3; (3), 17; (4), 137, f. 83-5; Otis, 124; Smith, Ohio
Naturalist, 5:315. — U. glabra. Bosemann, 69; Schneider, f.
153; Ward, 1:182, f. 91.— U. laciniata. Shirasawa, 266, pi. 9.—
U. laevis. Bosemann, 69; Fant, 14; Schneider, f. 120, 153;
Shirasawa, 266, pi. 9; Willkomm, 29, f. 35; Zuccarini, 20, pi.
11. — U. parvifolia. Shirasawa, 266. — U. racemosa. Blakeslee
& Jarvis, 340, 462, pi.; Otis, 128; Smith, Ohio Nat., 5:315.—
U. sulerosa. Bosemann, 69; Fant, 14; Willkomm, 4, 29, f. 34.

42

PEOTEACEAE.

GKEVILLEA. Silk Oak.
(Family Proteaceae).

Tender rapid-growing trees.
Twigs moderately stout, for a
time rather irregulartly fluted
from the nodes: pith rather large,
angled, continuous. Buds mode-
rate, solitary, sessile or develop-
ing promptly at least into dwarf-
branches, oblong, naked, very
hairy. Leaf-scars alternate, round
to transversely elliptical, deeply
3-lobed, somewhat raised at the
lower margin: bundle-traces 3
compound groups : stipule-scars
lacking.

Grevillea robusta, which is now
one of the most commonly grown
potted plants of the florist because
of its ready cultivation and at-
tractive fern-like foliage, has been
much planted in dry tropical
countries where it makes a mod-
erately large open-topped shade- or avenue-tree. During the
flowering season its large clusters of orange flowers are much
frequented by certain birds which feed on the abundant
nectar and the insects attracted by this. Its most .obvious
disqualification as a shade tree lies in the tenacity with which
its foliage holds dust, so that except in the rainy season it
is dingily gray rather than attractively green. In parts of
Guatemala the silk oak has found favor as a cover-tree for
coffee plantations which it shades adequately without de-
priving the crop of properly distributed direct sunshine.
Twigs and buds at first very red-hairy. G. robusta.

SANTALACEAE.

BUCKLEYA.

(Family Santalaceae).

Shrubs, parasitic on Tsuga:
deciduous. Twigs slender, fork-
ing, terete or obscurely 6-sided:
pith rather small, somewhat angu-
lar, continuous, white. Buds soli-
tary, moderate, sessile, oblong, ap-
pressed, with some 3 pairs of
acute loose scales, the end-bud
lacking. Leaf-scars opposite but
by torsion standing nearly in 2-
ranks instead of decussately in 4
ranks, small, half-round or broadly
crescent-shaped, slightly raised:
bundle-trace 1: stipule-scars lack-
ing.

Buckleya affords one of the com-
paratively few illustrations of
successful garden cultivation of a
parasitic plant of large size. Like
its close relative Comandra,
though possessing foliage abund-
antly supplied with the mechanism for manufacturing carbo-
hydrates through photosynthesis, as green plants ordinarily
do, Buckleya appears to be incapable of existing without de-
riving mineral nutrients and perhaps some proteins from
other plants. In this respect it is partially comparable with
the mistletoes — belonging to the closely related family Loran-
thaceae, and other green parasites. It has long been grown
successfully in the botanical garden of Harvard University
under an old hemlock, to the roots of which it had attached
itself.
Puberulent: buds straw-colored, glabrous. B. distichophylla.

44

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE.

ARISTOLOCHIA. Dutchman's Pipe.
(Family Aristolochiaceae).

Soft-wooded twiners: deciduous.
Stems terete, green, swollen at
the nodes: wood with large dif-
fused ducts and broad medullary
rays: pith large, rounded, con-
tinuous, pale. Buds small, ses-
sile, rounded, superposed on a
silky area in arch of the leaf-scar,
with 1 silky scale, the end-bud
lacking. Leaf-scars alternate, U-
shaped, somewhat raised: bundle-
traces 3: stipule-scars lacking.

The Dutchman's pipe is one of
many plants in which axillary
buds are not to be seen until after
the leaves have fallen. This is
not because they are absent or
sunken in or covered by the bark,
but because, like those of Plata-
nus, Cladrastis and other genera,
they are enclosed in a cup-like

enlargement of the petiole base. When the leaf is removed,
or after it has fallen, this is quite evident, though the Aristo-
lochia buds are small and less easily seen than those of Pla-
tanus or Cladrastis. Like those of the latter, they are not
solitary in the axil, but in a series of several superposed one
above the other. In a paper on such serial buds published
in 1884, Velenovsky showed that this multiplicity of buds
produced above ground is not shared by subterranean buds,
which are solitary, in Aristolochia.

Stem glabrous. (1). A. macrophylla.

Stem puberulent. A. tomentosa.

POLYGONACEAE.

45

COCCOLOBA. Sea Grape.
(Family Polygonaceae).

Tender trees: evergreen. Twigs
moderate, more or less grooved or
nearly terete: pith round, in some
species continuous, in others
spongily excavated between the
nodes. Buds solitary, sessile,
concealed by the leaf-base, naked.
Leaf-scars alternate, large and
nearly round, with 3 or 5 bundle-
traces: not on the stem, but on
a persistent sheath (ochrea) that
encircles the stem and finally falls
from an annular scar, correspond-
ing to the usual stipular scars.
Leaves simple, entire. (Cocco-
loMs).

Like Ficus, Magnolia and Pla-
tanus, Coccoloba shows on the
older twigs a series of scars which
run entirely around or encircle
the stem, but it differs from

these and all other genera considered in this book in that
these do not appear immediately after the leaves have fallen,
but later. The thick base of the petiole here disarticulates
from the sheathing stipules — or ochreae as they have been
called in this family — by a clean-cut abscission, and it is only
much later that the ochrea itself separates with an equally
clean-cut scar, remaining for a time loosely about the twig
before finally disappearing.
Twigs rather stout: pith excavated. (Seaside grape).

(1). C. uvifera.
Twigs rather slender: pith continuous. (Pigeon plum).

(2). C. floridana.

46

N YOTAGIN ACE AE.

BOUGAINVILLEA.

(Family Nyctaginaceae).

Scrambling shrubs, often climb-
ing to considerable heights where
hardy: deciduous. Shoots moder-
ate, terete becoming irregularly
angular or ridged when dry: pith
minute, indistinct. Buds super-
posed, the upper developing into
a curved spine, the lower rather
small, ovoid or oblong, hairy, with
2 exposed scales. Leaf-scars al-
ternate, broadly* crescent-shaped,
to nearly round, much raised:
bundle-traces about 5, very indis-
tinct: stipule-scars lacking.

Bougainvilleas, which produce
thick almost tree-like short basal
trunks in tropical countries, form
brilliant covers for pergolas, walls
or even houses where they can be
used in the open, the showy bracts
that surround their rather in-
conspicuous flowers ranging from magenta to terra-cotta.

In common with other woody members of their family,
they produce several zones of woody bundles between the pith
and cortex of the stem, these occurring in a mass of conjunc-
tive tissue as it has been called. The result is an appearance
somewhat like that of a monocotyledonous or "endogenous"
stem, in cross section. The literature of this, and of com-
parable anatomical facts for other families, has been assem-
bled in Solereder's compendious Systematic Anatomy of the
Dicotyledons.

Very hairy, scrambling. B. spectabilis.

Glabrate, more bushy. (1). B. glabra.

TROCHODENDRACEAE.

47

L

EUPTELEA.

( Family Trochodendraceae ) .

Shrubs or small trees: decidu-
ous. Twigs moderate or rather
slender, terete, somewhat zig-zag:
pith rather small, firm, continu-
ous, greenish. Buds solitary, ses-
sile, ovoid, moderate, with half-
a-dozen blunt glossy scales, spar-
ingly hairy at base: end-bud lack-
ing. Leaf-scars alternate, 2-
ranked, moderate, broadly cres-
cent-shaped, little raised: bundle-
traces 7, relatively small: stipule-
scars lacking.

Euptelea, like Gercidiphyllum,
and Eucommia is an anomalous
genus, evidently related to the
Magnoliaceae but not fitting into
that family without doing vio-
lence to its usual association of
characters. Unlike the genera
usually taken to represent the

Magnoliaceae, this does not produce stipules, so that its twigs
lack the narrow scars that characterize the nodes of Magnolia,
Michelia and Liriodendron, and the horizontal series of bun-
dle-traces in its leaf-scar suggests rather a broken composite
group than either of the usual magnoliaceous types. The win-
ter-characters of E. polyandra are described and figured by
Shirasawa, p. 257, pi. 7.

Though of rather recent introduction and rarely seen,
Euptelea is proving fairly hardy and is likely to find ex-
tended use where open round-topped trees are desired.
Glabrate: buds glossy chestnut. E. polyandra.

48

EtJCOMMIACEAE.

EUCOMMIA.

(Family Eucommiaceae).

Tree: deciduous. Twigs moder-
ate, terete, somewhat zig-zag: pith
pale, rounded, chambered. Buds
solitary, sessile, ovoid, moderate,
with some half-dozen exposed
scales, the end-bud absent. Leaf-
scars alternate, often 2-ranked,
rather small, half-elliptical, little
raised: bundle-trace 1, C-shaped:
stipule-scars lacking.

Eucommia has attracted atten-
tion because of the occurrence in
its organs of a peculiar type of
rubber-producing cells, which ap-
pear as delicate elastic cords
when leaf or twig is broken. Ac-
cording to Weiss, who published
an account of them in 1892 in the
botanical series of the Transac-
tions of the Linnean Society,
these cells differ morphologically

from the latex tissue of other plants in that they originate
here from new initials in the developing organs, while in
other cases their development is progressive and continuous
from a few initial cells formed in the embryo.

The name ulmoides is given because of the elm-like habit
of growth of the tree, which is of recent introduction but is
proving hardy and so is likely to find an extended use.
Though no industrial application may be made of it, the fact
that Eucommia contains rubber is not to be overlooked at a
time when every possible source of that essential substance is
being investigated.
Glabrous: twigs red-brown, with pale lenticels. E. ulmoides.

CEBCIDIPHYLLACEAE.

49

CERCIDIPHYLLTJM.
(Family Cercidiphyllaceae).

Rather small finely branched
trees: deciduous. Twigs terete,
slender, swollen at the nodes: pith
small, creamy, somewhat angular,
continuous. Buds moderate, soli-
tary, often developing into short
spurs, oblong, pointed, appressed,
with 1 exposed scale standing
next the stem, the end-bud lack-
ing. Leaf-scars opposite, or 4r
ranked if separate, crescent-
shaped, raised, deciduous at end
of the first winter: bundle-traces
3 : stipule-scars lacking. — Some-
times placed in the family Tro-
chodendraceae.

One of the most dainty fine-
twigged trees of relatively recent
introduction, this shares with the
two preceding genera a combina-
tion of characters which have

subjected its systematic position to great and fluctuating un-
certainty. Unlike the others, which remain in the Trocho-
dendraceae, this genus possesses a suggestion of affinity to the
Hamamelidaceae; the prevailing disposition has been to erect
for it a distinct family, and to leave it in juxtaposition to the
Trochodendraceae. As in the two genera here considered,
and unlike the other genera referred to that family, its, wood
consists in part of true ducts. Its winter-characters are de-
scribed and figured by Schneider, f. 92, 135; and Shirasawa,
275, pi. 11.
Glabrous: buds red. C. japonicum.

50

RANUNCULACEAE.

PAEONIA. Paeony.
(Family Ranunculaceae).

Small unsymmetrically
branched shrubs (most species
herbaceous). Twigs terete, stout:
pith large, round, continuous.
Buds moderate, the upper much
larger, solitary, sessile, ovoid or
rather oblong, with about half-a-
dozen pointed scales, end-bud
lacking. Leaf-scars alternate,
somewhat raised, large, triangu-
lar or half-round: bundle-traces
about 7 in a U-shaped series and
small with a larger one central in
the scar: stipule-scars lacking.

The tree paeony has shared in
the popular approval that paeonies
have received of late years, and
like the herbaceous species it is
now grown in a large variety of
forms which differ greatly in their
flowers.

Paeonia differs from other Ranunculaceae in having the
septa between the ends of the cells that forms its ducts per-
forated by a series of transverse slits (scalariform perfora-
tions), the cross-wall disappearing entirely in other genera.
Its winter-characters are figured by Schneider, p. 119, f. 121.
Buds more or less rosy: glabrous. (Tree paeony).

P. suffruticosa.

RANUNCULACEAE.

51

ZANTHOKHIZA. Yellowroot.
( Family Ranunculaceae ) .

Small little-branched shrubs,
lemon-yellow when cut. Wood
tangentially diff used-porous : me-
dullary rays coarse. Twigs terete,
moderate, very smooth: pith re-
latively large, rounded, continu-
ous. Buds very unequal: the
lateral solitary, sessile, ovoid-
oblong, much compressed and
flattened against the stem, with
about 3 exposed blunt scales; the
terminal much larger, fusiform,
terete, with about 5 retuse mucro-
nate scales. Leaf-scars alternate,
low, shallowly U-shaped, more
then half-encircling the twig:
bundle-traces about 11: stipule-
scars lacking.

The enlargement of the leaf-
base so as to embrace a large part
of the circumference of the stem,

as in Aralia, Nandina, etc., and the yellow coloration of the
cut tissues, form ready aids to the determination of yellow-
root. Though low and lacking the graceful branching of many
plants, its foliage is pleasing, and it merits more general
planting than it receives. Its winter-characters are described
and figured by Schneider, p. 119, f. 121.
Glabrous: twigs gray: buds red-brown. Z. apiifolia.

52

RANUNCULACEAE.

tralblatt, 26:10.— C. vitalba.
Willkomm, 7. — G. viticella.

CLEMATIS. Virgin's Bower.
(Family Ranunculaceae).

Soft-wooded climbers. Shoots
6- or 12-angled over the vascular
bundles, with cavities in the cor-
tex under the ridges, straw-colored
or brown: pith angled or star-
shaped, white, continuous with
thin firmer diaphragms at the
nodes, or said to be excavated be-
tween them in C. Vitalba. Buds
rather small, ovoid or flattened,
sessile, solitary, or superposed in
C. recta, with 1-3 pairs of exposed
somewhat hairy scales. Leaves
not disarticulating, though dying,
with prehensile petioles or petiol-
ules: no stipules or stipule-scars.

Winter-character references: —
C. japonica. Shirasawa, 281, pi. 12.
C. recta. Velenovsky (paper on
superposed buds published at
Prag in 1884) Botanisches Cen-

Bosemann, 40; Schneider, f. 121;

Bosemann, 40.
2.

1. Stem glaucous and glabrous.
Stem not glaucous. 3.

2. Stem 6-sided, brown.
Stem 6-ridged, gray.

3. Stem straw-colored, 12- or 18-ridged.

Stem brown, the 6 primary ridges stronger.

4. Stem glabrate. (3). X
Stem more or less hairy. 5.

5. Finely pubescent. (4). C. virginiana.
Rather woolly at the nodes. C. Pitcheri.

(1). C. verticillaris.
C. texensis.
(2). C. paniculata.
4.
C. Jackmanni.

LARDIZABALACEAE.

53

DECAISNEA.
(Family Lardizabalaceae).

Loosely branched large gla-
brous shrubs: deciduous. Twigs
coarse, terete: pith large, homo-
geneous, roundish, pale. Buds
solitary, sessile, large, ovoid-acu-
minate, suberect or appressed, ob-
tusely somewhat 2-edged, with 2
scales, the end-bud lacking. Leaf-
scars alternate, low, shield-shaped,
very large, with 7-9 bundle-traces:
stipule-scars lacking.

Decaisnea and the two follow-
ing genera, with four others, are
now admitted to constitute a nat-
ural family, named after the ge-
nus Lardizabala. The affinities of
the plants are such, however, that
those now placed in the Lardiza-
balaceae have found earlier clas-
sification in the related families
Berberidaceae and Menisperma-

Twigs buff: buds glaucous, coarsely wrinkled. D. Pargesii.

LABDIZABALACEAE.

STATJNTONIA.
(Family Lardizabalaceae).

Strong woody twiners, some-
times cut back and grown in bush
form: evergreen. Stems terete,
moderate: pith moderate, contin-
uous, at first white. Buds mod-
erate, sessile, ovoid, with some 8
ovate mucronate rather fleshy
scales, the end-bud lacking. Leaf-
scars alternate, deeply crescent-
shaped or half-round, somewhat
raised: bundle-traces numerous,
scattered: stipule-scars lacking.
Leaves long-petioled, digitate, with
about 6 long-stalked elliptical en-
tire leaflets with channeled ab-
ruptly short-acuminate tip.

Stauntonia becomes a high-
climbing vine in the South. It is
grown as far north as Washing-
ton, where, in the Botanical Gar-
den, its branches are cut back

though the trunk is not killed. In foliage it is quite unlike

any other shrub hardy in the same latitude.

Stems green, glabrous: leaves paler beneath. S. hexaphylla.

LABDIZABALACEAE.

55

AKEBIA.
(Family Lardizabalaceae).

Woody twiners: deciduous.
Stems terete, slender: pith small,
continuous and homogeneous, pale,
Buds rather small, sometimes
branching from the axils of their
lower scales, sessile, ovoid, sub-
acute, with a dozen or more ovate
mucronate scales. Leaf-scars al-
ternate, half elliptic, much-raised:
bundle-traces half-a-dozen in a
broken ellipse (reduced to 3 at
level of the stem) : stipule-scars
lacking.

Winter-character references to
AkeMa are to be found in Schnei-
der, f. 148 (A. quinata) ; and Shi-
rasawa, p. 261, pi. 7 (A. quinata
and A. lobata).
Stems green becoming brown,
glabrous. A. quinata.

Winter-character references to Menispermaceae: — Coccu-
lus carolinus (C. virginica). Schneider, f. 65. C. Tliun-
bcrgii. Shirasawa, 259, pi. '(. Menispermum canadense. Bose-
mann, 43; Hitchcock (3), 8, (4), 134, f. 4-9; Schaffner, Ohio
Naturalist, 6:506; Schneider, f. 65. M. davuricum. Shira-
sawa, 259, pi. 7.

56

BERBERIDACEAE.

\

NANDINA.
(Family Berberidaceae).

Shrubs, rather simple except at
base: evergreen. Twigs moder-
ate, rounded, the bark yellow
when cut: pith rather large,
round, white, continuous. Buds
solitary, sessile, the lateral small,
triangular, with 2 valvate scales,
and to be seen only after remov-
ing the leaf -bases; the terminal
larger, ovoid, with 3 or 4 scales.
Leaf-scars lacking, the alternate
dilated imbricated nerved am-
plexicaul leaf-bases not disartic-
ulating, the persistent petioles
enlarged at top with 3 depres-
sions, each corresponding to a
fallen leaflet and with a central
bundle-trace: stipules lacking.
Leaves ternate, each primary di-
vision odd-pinnate with several
lanceolate acute entire leaflets, or

again ternately parted.

Glabrous: leaflets acute at both ends, arcuately 3-nerved.

N. domestica.

BERBERIDACEAE.

57

BERBERIS. Barberry.
(Family Berberidaceae).

Shrubs, mostly with branched
leaf-spines subtending short spurs
on which the foliage-leaves are
fascicled. Wood and pith often
greenish or bright yellow. Twigs
mostly sulcate, rather slender:
pith relatively large, round, con-
tinuous. Buds rather small, soli-
tary, sessile, ovoid, with about
half-a-dozen pointed scales and,
on spurs, the dilated bases of sev-
eral leaves of the season; alter-
nate, like the spines. Leaf-scars
small, at top of the broad persist-
ent leaf-bases, half-round: bundle-
traces 3, minute, often indistinct:
stipule-scars lacking.

The barberries, long represent-
ed in gardens by the single Euro-
pean species Berberis vulgaris,
have come into popularity of re-
cent years through the introduction of numerous Asiatic spe-
cies of which the compact-growing B. Thunbergii is now al-
most universally planted for low hedges and masses. Fortu-
nately, this species does not serve as an alternate host for
the black- or stem-rust of wheat, as B. vulgaris does, so that
in the prevalent crusade against the latter it may be spared
safely; and it may be added that the common barberry pos-
sesses no properties which particularly justify its retention as
a cultivated plant.

It is to be noted that the evergreen Mahonias, sometimes
referred to the genus Berberis, share with the common bar-
berry susceptibility to the black-rust (Puccinia graminis).

58 BEEBERIDACEAE.

Winter-characters of Berberis Thunbergii or B. vulgaris
are given by Bosemann, 48; Fant, 26, f. 24; Schneider, f. 80;
Shirasawa, 49, pi. 5; Ward, 1:200, f. 101; and Willkomm, 45,
f. 76.

1. More or less evergreen: twigs brownish or purplish. 2.
Promptly deciduous. 6.

2. Twigs pubescent. 3.
Twigs glabrous. 4.

3. Leaves broad (10-20 mm.), toothed: twigs puberulent.

(1). B. concinna.
Leaves narrow (2-4 mm.), entire: twigs velvety.

(2). B. stenophylla.

4. Leaves very narrow (2 mm.), entire, revolute.

B. empetrifolia.
Leaves broader. 5.

5. Twigs angled, not roughened. B. buxifolia.
Twigs not angled, granular. B. verruculosa.

6. Twigs glabrous. 7.
Twigs pubescent. 13.

7. Twigs finely very warty, slightly angled. B. canadensis.
Twigs not or scarcely roughened. 8.

8. Spine-branches mostly 5-7, often dichotomous.

(3). B. Fendleri.
Spine-branches 1 or mostly 3, simple. 9.

9. Spines long (20-40 mm.), terete. (4). B. Julianae.
Spines shorter (15 mm.), grooved or dilated. 10.

10. Twigs gray or buff. (Barberry). (5). B. vulgaris.
Twigs red or orange, or brown or purple. 11.

11. Twigs somewhat glaucous. B. koreana.
Twigs not glaucous. 12.

12. Compact and low-spreading. (6). B. Thunbergii.
Bushy and rather tall. B. Sieboldii.

13. Twigs reddish, very minutely puberlent. B. aggregata.
Twigs buff or gray, dingy-velvety. B. brachypoda.

BERBERID ACE AE .

59

MAHONIA. Evergreen Barberry.
( Family Berberidaceae ) .

Mostly low and sparingly
branched shrubs : evergreen.
Twigs roundish, relatively stout:
pith comparatively large, pale,
continuous. Buds alternate, rath-
er small except for the terminal
one which is ovoid with half-a-
dozen exposed scales. Leaf-scars
narrow, low, half-encircling the
stem: bundle-traces about 9.
Leaves alternate, pinnately com-
pound, pungently toothed: sti-
pules and stipule-scars lacking.
(Odostemon; Berberis).

Though less hardy than the true
barberries, the Mahonias are cul-
tivated to a considerable extent.
Sometimes their leaves are af-
fected by cluster-cup fungi, and
when this is the case they are
serving as alternate Lost for the
black-rust of wheat (Puccinia graminis').

1. Leaves hard and coriaceous. 2.
Leaves rather thin and membranaceous.

2. Leaflets 3- or 5-nerved at base. 4.
Leaflets 1-nerved. 3.

3. Leaflets small.

Leaflets large, netted-veined beneath.

4. With long persistent bud-scales at base.
Without conspicuous scales at base.

5.

(1). M. Fendleri.
M. dictyota.
M. nervosa.
M. japonica.

5. Leaflets large: habit erect.
Leaflets moderate: low.

(2).

(3). M. Aquifolium.
(4). M. repens.

60

BERBERIDACEAE,

X MAHOBERBERIS. Hybrid Barberry.
(Family Berberidaceae).

Rather low and sparingly
branched shrubs: subevergreen.
Twigs roundish, relatively stout:
pith relatively large, pale, contin-
uous. Buds alternate, moderate,
solitary, sessile, with half-a-dozen
or so loose gray scales, usually
developing into short spurs cov-
ered by the long-persistent ba-
sally dilated petioles. Leaf-scars
terminating the persistent peti-
oles, half-round, sometimes paired,
with indistinct bundle-traces.
Leaves papery, pungently serrate,
mostly of 1 leaflet: stipules and
stipule-scars lacking.

This hybrid between a true
barberry (Berberis vulgaris) and
a Mahonia (M. Aquifolium) indi-
cates clearly the close relation-
ship between the two groups,

which on technical characters are combined in the genus
Berberis by many conservative botanists. Such botanists
write its name X Berberis Neuberti. When species belonging
to different genera hybridize, as here, it will be found that
the genera commonly differ by relatively small or instable
technical characters. If, however, they are maintained as dis-
tinct, their hybrid progeny pertains to neither in fact. For
this reason, as in the present case, a bigeneric hybrid is given
a generic name different from that of either parent, by those
who believe in the generic separability of the parents.
Glabrous: leaves exceeding the petioles. X M. Neuberti.

MENISPEKMACEAE.

61

MENISPEBMUM. Moonseed.
(Family Menispermaceae).

Woody twiners: deciduous.
Twigs terete, fluted, rather slen-
der: pith relatively large, contin-
uous and homogeneous, white.
Buds small, hairy, superposed
with the uppermost quickly de-
veloping into an inflorescence and
the others covered by the leaf-
scar, with about 3 scarcely distin-
guishable scales. Leaf-scars alter-
nate, elliptical, raised and con-
cave: bundle-traces 3 or divided
into about 7: stipule-scars lack-
ing. Fruit, when present, with a
ring-like or crescent-shaped stone
keeled on the back.

Winter-characters to the family
are given under Akebia.
Twigs green becoming buff, gla-

brescent. M. canadense.

COCCULUS. Carolina Moonseed.

(Family Menispermaceae).

Winter-characters of Menispermum, but the fruit, when
present, with the crescent-shaped stone with cross-ridges.
Twigs, like the buds, loosely hairy. C. carolinus.

CALYCOCAKPUM. Cupseed.
(Family Menispermaceae).

Winter-characters of Menispermum, but the fruits, when
present, with deep cup-like stone.
Twigs somewhat hairy or glabrescent. C. Lyoni.

62

MAGNOLIACEAE.

LIRIODENDRON. Tulip Tree.
(Family Magnoliaceae).

Large trees: deciduous. Twigs
aromatic, moderate, terete: wood
green: pith rounded, pale, con-
tinuous, with firmer diaphragms
at short intervals. Buds solitary
or superposed, the lateral or lower
small, rounded and sessile or in-
distinct, the terminal larger, ob-
long and somewhat stalked, com-
pressed or 2-edged, with 2 valvate
scales. Leaf-scars alternate, rather
large, round, low: bundle-traces a
dozen or more in an irregular
ellipse or scattered: stipule-scars
linear, encircling the twig. Fruit,
in the form of cone-like aggre-
gates, is often present in winter.
The bark of Liriodendron is
strikingly different from that of
any other common tree in being
longitudinally fissured with con-
necting cross- strands, so as to suggest a series of parallel
mountain ridges with deep gullies in their sides. The flat-
tened winter buds are favorite objects for easy dissection.
Each is enclosed by a pair of scales representing the stipules
of the lowermost leaf of the next year: these separate easily
at their edges and when removed reveal the leaf. The process
may be continued several times. At the center, if the bud
be a flower-bud, rudiments of this organ are to be seen in a
fair stage of development. — References under Schizandra.
Glabrous: twigs and buds glossy red- or purplish-brown.

L. Tulipifera.

MAGNOLIACEAE.

63

MAGNOLIA.
(Family Magnoliaceae).

Trees or shrubs: deciduous or
evergreen. Twigs somewhat aro-
matic, moderate or stout, or less
commonly slender, subterete :
pith rather large, continuous,
round, sometimes with firmer
diaphragms. Buds solitary, ovoid
or fusiform, sessile, the terminal
sometimes enlarged or the lateral
greatly reduced, with a single
scale keeled and with a scar on
its back. Leaf-scars alternate,
commonly 2-ranked, moderate or
small, round to' U-shaped, low:
bundle-traces numerous and scat-
tered: stipule-scars linear, en-
circling the twig. Leaves, when
persistent, simple and entire.

Winter-character references to
Liriodendron and Magnolia under
Schizandra.

firm plates of pith evident. 2.
Deciduous: pith diaphragms often sparse. 3.

2. Leaves thick: twigs rusty-pubescent. (1) M. grandiflora.
Leaves thin or falling: twigs silvery. (2). M. glauca.

3. Leaf-scars clustered on annual swellings. 4.
Leaf-scars not clustered: lateral buds evident. 6.

4. Glabrous and glaucous: twigs slender. (3). M. Fraseri.
Puberulent, or twigs stout. 5.

5. Glabrous except near the end-bud.

(Umbrella magnolia). M. tripetala.
Downy: twigs very stout.

(Great-leaved magnolia). M. macrophylla.

1. Essentially evergreen:

64

MAGNOLIACEAE.

6. Leaf -scars U-shaped. (4). M. acuminata.
Leaf-scars broadly crescent-shaped. 7.

7. End-bud slender: glabrous. M. salicifolia.
End-bud mostly enlarged: hairy. 8.

8. Low shrub: twigs slender, brown. M. stellata.
Large shrubs or small trees. 9.

9. Twigs green, slender. (Purple magnolia). M. liliflora.
Twigs brown, dotted with white lenticels. . 10.

10. Pubescence of buds rather short. X M. Soulangeana.

Flower-buds with long coarse hairs. (5). M. Kobus.

MICHELIA. Banana Shrub.
(Family Magnoliaceae).

Shrubs: evergreen. T w i g s
rather slender, subterete: pith
rather small, round, white, con-
tinuous, with firmer sometimes
brownish diaphragms at intervals.
Buds solitary, ovoid-oblong, ses-
sile, with a single scale. Leaf-
scars alternate, 2-ranked, small:,
half-round, slightly raised :
bundle-traces about 5 in a single
series, or less definitely fixed if
more numerous: stipule-scars lin-
ear, encircling the twig, but
usually concealed by pubescence.
Leaves oblanceolate-obovate, blunt-
ly mucronate, entire, veiny be-
neath.

Though now considered to be
a distinct genus, Michelia has been
placed in Magnolia by many
writers, and the banana shrub is

still commonly spoken of as a species of Magnolia.

Twigs and buds very golden-rusty. M. fuscata.

MAGNOLIACEAE.

65

SCHIZANDRA.

(Family Magnoliaceae).

Woody twiners: deciduous. Stems
moderate, terete, aromatic: pith
moderate, browning and becom-
ing spongily excavated. Buds
moderate, collaterally multiple in
the axils of their lower scales,
sessile, elongated-ovoid, acute,
with some 6 or 8 ciliolate scales.
Leaf-scars alternate, half-round,
scarcely raised: bundle-traces 3,
clustered: stipule-scars lacking.

Scliizandra differs from the
preceding Magnoliaceae in the
conspicuous characters of being a
climbing shrub and of lacking the
annular stipule-scars that so
distinctly mark Magnolia, Miche-
lia and Liriodendron ; and on
technical characters it is placed
in a different section of the family.
The winter-characters of 8. chi-

nensis have been studied by Schneider, f. 92; and Shirasawa,
261, pi. 7. Other winter-character references: — Liriodendron
Tulipifera. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 330, 474, pi.; Bosemann, 61;
Brendel, 30, pi. 3; Otis, 136; Schneider, f. 108. Magnolia acu-
minata. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 340, 470, pi.; Schneider, f. 42, 108.
M. denudata (M. conspicua; M. Yulan). Blakeslee & Jarvis,
470. M. glauca (M. virginica) . Blakeslee & Jarvis, 340, 470.
M. hypoleuca. Shirasawa, 242, pi. 3. M. Kobus. Shirasawa,
241, pi. 3. M. macrophylla. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 340, 470;
Schneider, f 3, 54. M. liliflora (M. obovata; M. purpurea).
Schneider, f. 108; Shirasawa, 241, pi. 3. M. tripetala (M.
Umbrella). Blakeslee & Jarvis, 340, 472, pi.
Stems brown, glabrous. S. chinensis.

66

CALYCANTHACEAE.

CALYCANTHUS. Strawberry Shrub.
( Family Calycanthaceae ) .

Sparingly branched aromatic
shrubs: deciduous. Twigs moder-
ately slender, compressed at the
nodes: pith relatively large,
somewhat 6-sided, white, continu-
ous. Buds superposed in a single
bud-like aggregate, sessile, round
or oblong, brown-hairy, without
evident scales, the end-bud lack-
ing. Leaf-scars opposite, excep-
tionally twisted into 2 ranks or
the pairs separated, horseshoe-
shaped, raised: bundle-traces 3:
stipule-scars lacking. (Butneria).
Winter-characters of Calycan-
thus fertilis, C. floridus and C. oc-
cidentalis are contrasted b y
Schneider, f. 222.

Calycanthus, with many bracts,
sepals, petals and stamens inter-
grading so as to confirm the im-
pression that all are modified leaves, and lacking the definite
arrangement in whorls that marks many flowers, in these
respects presents a primitive floral type. On the other hand,
as in a rose, the receptacle or end of the stem is produced
into a deep cup on which these parts originate. Such cases
furnish an argument against an opinion that the Dicotyle-
dones are primarily divisible into axifloral and <5alycifloral
groups.

1. Buds rounded. 2.

Buds conical-oblong. (1). C. occidentalis.

2. Twigs more or less persistently villous. (2). C. floridus.
Twigs glabrescent or puberulous. C. fertilis.

CALYCANTHACEAE.

67

MEBATIA.
( Family Calycanthaceae ) .

Aromatic shrubs: deciduous or
partly evergreen. Twigs rather
slender, somewhat 4-sided or 4-
angled or roundish: pith moder-
ate, somewhat 4- or 6-sided, white,
continuous. Buds solitary or 2
superposed, sessile, subglobose,
with about 2 pairs of evident
scales, the end-bud lacking or
loosely scaly. Leaf-scars oppo-
site, half-round or broadly cres-
cent-shaped, somewhat raised:
bundle-trace 1, crescent-shaped,
sometimes with a minute addi-
tional trace at each end: stipule-
scars lacking. Frequently united
with the genus Calycanthus or
called Chimonanthus.

A structural anomaly in the
Calycanthaceae is found in the
occurrence of a series of four

vascular bundles outside of the normal zone. Meratia differs
from Calycanthus in its 4-sided inner zone, which is cylin-
drical in Calycanthus — a genus which has been compared in
its cortical structure with the very distantly placed family
Myrtaceae. Winter-characters of Meratia praecox are consid-
ered by Schneider, f. 222; and Shirasawa, 278, pi. 12.
Twigs and buds gray-buff. (1). M. praecox.

Twigs and buds brpwn. (2). M. retusa.

Winter-character references to Asimina triloba: — Bren-
del, 27, 30, pi. 4; Hitchcock (1), 4, f. 1, (3), 8, (4), 134, f.
1-3; Schneider, f. 92, 100. Wiesner shows that some Annona-
ceae afford illustrations of epitrophy.

68

ANNONACEAE.

ASIMINA. Papaw.
(Family Annonaceae).

Small trees or arborescent
shrubs: deciduous. Twigs round-
ed, moderate. Pith roundish,
white, continuous with firmer
greenish diaphragms, or becom-
ing brownish and chambered in
age. Terminal bud clearly naked,
larger, the lateral obliquely super-
posed with the uppermost globose
and stalked when a flower-bud or
oblong and subsessile when a leaf-
bud. Leaf-scars alternate, 2-
ranked, half-round becoming
broadly crescent- or horseshoe-
shaped by rupture of the mem-
branous top which at first covers
the smaller buds: bundle-traces 5
or 7, sometimes doubled: stipule-
scars lacking.

The "papaw" of the northern
States and the related custard

apples, sweet-sops, sour-sops, cherimoyas, etc., of the
tropics, which belong to( the related genus Annona,
illustrate a type of pith which recurs here and there
(e. g. in Magnolia and Nyssa), in which cross-bands of firmer
cells are found at intervals. In the present treatment con-
tinuous pith of this kind is spoken of as diaphragmed, in
contrast with the chambered pith of Juglans, etc., where the
cross-bands remain but the softer parts of the pith have
disappeared. Asimina is somewhat puzzling in this respect,
for the firm diaphragms are not always readily seen when a
young twig is split.
Twigs and especially buds red-hairy. A. triloba.

LAUBACEAE.

69

ClNNAMOMUM.

(Family Lauraceae).

Small aromatic trees: ever-
green. Twigs terete, or com-
pressed at base, moderately stout
or those developed from buds of
the season slender: pith rather
large, continuous, white. Buds
solitary, ovoid, sessile or prompt-
ly developing so as to be stalked
for a time, small and either
naked or scaly, the terminal en-
larged and with more numerous
scales. Leaf-scars opposite or al-
ternate in 4 ranks, half-round,
somewhat raised: bundle-scar 1,
C-shaped : stipule-scars lacking.
Leaves simple, entire, stalked.

The camphor tree has become
frequent as a street tree in south-
ern cities, where it thrives.
The true Malayan cinnamon ap-
pears to be scarcely hardy in the

United States, but the Chinese cassia-bark tree (C. Cassia)
is said to stand frost and to be grown as a shade tree, and
also for its cinnamon-flavored bark, etc., in Florida, where,
as in southern California, several other species of the genus
are planted.

Like many other genera which are confined to the tropics
today, Cinnamomum was wide-spread in northern latitudes
when circumpolar cold was less pronounced than it is now.
Buds scaly: leaves alternate: camphor-scented.

(Camphor). (1). C. Camphora.
Buds naked: leaves opposite: cinnamon-scented.

(Cinnamon). C. zeylanicum.

70

LAUEACEAE.

PERSEA.
(Family Lauraceae).

Shrubs or small or moderate-
sized trees with aromatic bark:
evergreen. ,Twigs moderate, 3s
angled and minutely fluted: pith
roundish, continuous, pale. Buds
solitary or superposed, subsessile
and ovoid or frequently develop-
ing the first year or replaced by
peduncle-scars, the end-bud larger,
with 3 or 4 exposed scales. Leaf-
scars alternate, somewhat ele-
vated, the lower of each season
nearly linear and the upper round
or elliptical: bundle-trace 1, trans-
verse, compound: stipule-scars
lacking. Leaves lanceolate, en-
tire.

Of recent years the alligator
pear, or aguacate as it is called
in Mexico and Central America,
has become a standard fruit tree

of Florida and southern California. In our eastern markets,
where the fruits have been sold from the West Indies for
many years, they are familiar as large and pear-shaped, with
smooth thin green skin. As offered at railroad stations in
Mexico, they are much smaller and rather purple. In Guate-
mala they are very large, round and with thick skin.

1. Leaves golden-satiny beneath: small shrub. P. humilis.
Leaves glabrate or loosely hairy: larger. 2.

2. Leaves honeycomb-pitted beneath. P. littoralis.
Leaves not pitted. 3.

3. Leaves whitened beneath, not veiny. (1). P. borbonica.
Leaves green, veiny. (Alligator pear). (2). P. gratissima.

LAURACEAE.

71

SASSAFRAS. Sassafras.
(Family Lauraceae).

Aromatic tree or often forming
dense masses of shrubbery: de-
ciduous. Twigs green, glabres-
cent, rounded, moderate, often
branching the first year. Pith
moderate, somewhat 5-sided, white,
continuous. Buds usually soli- ,
tary, ovoid, sessile, subglobose;
scales about 4 fleshy rather keeled,
the end-bud somewhat larger.
Leaf-scars small, half-round or
crescent-shaped, somewhat raised:
bundle-trace a transverse line
more or less broken into 3: stipule-
scars lacking.

The sassafras is one of the most
easily recognized native trees in
winter. Its rough bark, once
known, is not easily forgotten:
and its green mucilaginous spicy
twigs are often corymbosely

branched above the situation of the uppermost juncture or
winter-node — marked by scars corresponding to the scales of
the last winter bud. Its winter-characters are discussed by
Blakeslee & Jarvis, 333, 476, pi.; Brendel, 30-32, pi. 3; Hitch-
cock (1), 5; Otis, 138; Schneider, f. 143.

Though only one Sassafras is known at present, 25 North
American fossil species of the genus are included in Knowl-
ton's catalogue of Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils published
as Bulletin 152 of the United States Geological Survey. Les-
quereux, however, in his Tertiary Flora questions all but two.
Twigs not glaucous. S. variifolium.

Twigs glaucous. S. variifolium albidum.

72

LAUKACEAE.

BENZOIN. Spice Bush.
(Family Lauraceae).

Spicily aromatic shrubs: decidu-
ous. Twigs rounded, slender,
green or olive with pale lenticels:
pith relatively large, round, white,
continuous. Buds rather small,
superposed, the upper collaterally
producing green ovoid again
stalked flower-buds, the foliage
buds with about 3 scales: end-bud
lacking. Leaf-scars alternate, cres-
cent-shaped or half-round, slightly
raised, small: bundle-traces 3,
sometimes confluent: stipule-scars
lacking.

The spice bush is a native shrub
deserving of much more exten-
sive cultivation than it has been
accorded. It opens the season
with its interesting little flowers
and closes it with its bright red
berry-like fruits. vNo better ex-
amples of "dehiscence by uplifted valves" can be found than
are afforded by its anthers, which offer themselves to obser-
vation when few other hand-lens attractions, except opening
buds, are in evidence. The winter-characters of B. aestivale
(or Lindera Benzoin as it is still sometimes called) are fig-
ured by Brendel, pi. 3; and Schneider, f. 117.
Twigs and buds glabrous: flower-buds globose. B. aestivale.
Loosely hairy: flower-buds pointed. (1). B. melissaefolium.
Winter-characters of the related Lindera are given by
Shirasawa. L. glauca, 253, pi. 6; L. hypoleuca, 243, pi. 6; L.
obtusiloba, 255, pi. 6; L. praecox, 255, pi. 6; L. trilo'ba, 254,
pi. 6; and L. umbellata, 253, pi. 6.

LATJRACEAE.

73

LAURUS. Laurel.
(Family Lauraceae).

Small aromatic tender trees:
evergreen. Twigs moderate,
round: pith rather small, pale,
continuous. Buds solitary or fre-
quently superposed with the upper
developing promptly and the lower
minute, with 2 nearly or quite val-
vate outer scales. Leaf-scars al-
ternate, roundish or cordate,
raised: bundle-trace 1: stipule-
scars lacking. Leaves simple.

Though true laurel is often re-
placed by Ficus nitida and other
trees having more or less similar
foliage, it is not infrequent even
in the northern States in tubbed
specimens of globose or conical
outline that are placed out-of-doors
for formal effects through the open
season, as they are planted out
where they endure the winter.

Its buds were described (p. 202) in a treatise by Loefling on
"Gemmae Arborum" printed in 1749, — the earliest compre-
hensive publication of its kind.

The Roman use of wreaths of laurel has given origin to
the word laureate, and, when berries or baccae were attached,
to the academic expression baccalaureate and the more famil-
iar word bachelor.
Glabrous: twigs brown: leaves crisped. (Sweet Bay).

L. nobilis.

Winter-characters of Vella spinosa, one of the Cruciferae,
are given by Schneider, f. 102; as well as of Capparis spinosa,
of the Capparidaceae, f. 84.

74

SAXIFEAGACEAE.

PHILADELPHUS. "Syringa". Mock Orange.
(Family Saxifragaceae).

Shrubs, mostly with exfoliating
outer cortex: deciduous. Twigs
more or less lined or obscurely
hexagonal: pith moderate, round-
ed, pale, continuous. Buds soli-
tary, sessile with 2 nearly valvate
mostly hairy scales, the end-bud
lacking. Leaf-scars opposite or
exceptionally in whorls of 3, half-
round with a thin membrane more
or less covering the bud, or cres-
cent-shaped when this is burst,
connected transversely: bundle-
traces 3: stipule-scars lacking.
References under Decumaria.

1. Outer cortex persistent, becom-

ing gray. 2.

Outer cortex straw-colored or
red, quickly exfoliating. 3.

2. Membrane tough.

(1). P. pubescens.
Membrane thin. (2) . P. Lewisii.

3. Leaf-scar scarcely reaching the end of bud. 4.
Leaf-scar broad, covering the bud until burst. 7.

4. Leaf-scar narrow: twigs slender. 5.

Leaf-scar broad: twigs moderate. P. californicus.

5. Twigs glabrous. (3). P. microphyllus.
Twigs more or less villous or canescent. 6.

6. Pubescence scanty: buds half-covered. X P. Lemoinei.
Pubescence abundant: buds fully exposed.

(4). P. hirsutus.

7. Twigs more or less villous: fruit racemed. P. coronarius.
Twigs glabrous: fruit nearly solitary. (5). P. inodorus.

SAXIFRAGACEAE.

75

JAMESIA.
(Family Saxifragaceae).

Shrubs : deciduous. Twigs
rounded or slightly 4-sided, with
quickly exfoliating bark: pith
moderate, rounded, pale brown,
continuous. Buds solitary, ses-
sile, with 1 pair of white-hairy
scales, the terminal rather large,
the lateral small or suppressed.
Leaf-scars opposite, narrowly U-
shaped, white-ciliate, low, meeting:
bundle-traces 3, small: stipule-
scars lacking. (Edwinia).

Winter -studies of Jamesia
americana are given by Schneider,
f. 190.

The woody genera which are as-
sembled here as representing the
family Saxifragaceae in accord-
ance with the views of excellent
botanists, are considered by others
to differ too greatly for this union

with the herbs, to which they would restrict the name Saxi-
fragaceae. These authors employ the family name Iteaceae
for the genus Itea, Grossulariaceae for Ribes, and Hydran-
geaceae for the remainder.

Both Jamesia and Edwinia commemorate Edwin P. James,
the discoverer of the plant. The first had been' used earlier
for what is not considered a tenable genus: the second was
given under the principle that a name once used pertains
always and exclusively in its first meaning.
Twigs at first light brown and hairy. J. americana.

76

SAXIFRAGACEAE.

FENDLEKA.
(Family Saxifragaceae).

Shrubs, intricately branched:
deciduous. Twigs squarish or
round, soon fluted or ribbed, some-
times almost spine-tipped, rather
slender, at first gray-puberulent:
pith small, rounded, white, contin-
uous. Buds rather small, solitary,
sessile, with 1 or 2 pairs of white-
hairy scales, nearly or quite con-
cealed by the much-raised leaf-
scar. Leaf-scars opposite, trun-
cately linear: bundle-traces 3,
minute: stipule-scars lacking, but
the leaf-scars connected by a
transverse line.

The winter-characters of Fend-
lera rupicola are pictured by
Schneider, f. 190.

The persistent base of the peti-
ole with the narrow leaf-scar
running across its top, in Fend-

lerd, finds an extended parallel in Philadelphus, where the
leaf-scar is broad. In these cases it is to be seen that the
leaf-scar really has been formed by a similar but more ex-
tended oblique abscission through the enlarged base of the
petiole. Among many comparative publications on such ar-
ticular membranes or articular tegments is an excellent pa-
per by Hildebrand, in volume 13 of the Botanisches Central-
blatt. Other good examples of articular membranes are af-
forded by such Leguminosae as Robinia and Sophora.
Twigs gray or buff, stiff. (1). F. rupicola.

Twigs red-brown, flexible. F. tomentella.

SAXIFRAGACEAE.

77

DEUTZIA.
(Family Saxifragaceae).

Usually small and slender-
branched shrubs with exfoliating
bark: deciduous as to our species.
Twigs round, often stellate-pubes-
cent, usually floriferous or dying
back at the end: pith moderate,
round, pale and spongy or brown
and excavated between the nodes.
Buds solitary or collaterally
branching, nearly sessile, com-
pressed-ovoid or triangular-oblong,
with 2-6 pairs of exposed scales.
Leaf-scars opposite or exceptional-
ly whorled, triangular or trans-
versely elongated, slightly raised,
connected by transverse ridges:
bundle-traces 3: stipule-scars lack-
ing.

Though the deutzias are some-
what difficult to name by ordi-
nary characters except when in

flower, the species most commonly seen differ rather markedly
in pith and bud, so that they are quite as readily known in
winter as at other seasons. — References under Schizophragma.

1. Pith brown, excavated. (1). D. scabra.
Pith white, spongy. 2.

2. Buds canescent, ovoid: scales acute. (2). D. parviflora.
Buds glabrate, brown or straw-colored: scales attenuate. 3.

3. Buds ovoid, longer than their lowest scales.

(3). X D- Lemoinei.
Buds triangular-oblong, with long scales. 4.

4. Leaf-scars triangular. D. rosea.
Leaf-scars linear. (4.) D. gracilis.

78

SAXIFRAGACEAE.

SCHIZOPHRAGMA.

(Family Saxifragaceae).

Shrubs, climbing by aerial roots:
deciduous. Stems terete, rather
slender, finally with exfoliating
cortex: pith rounded, greenish,
spongy. Buds rather small, the
terminal somewhat larger, the
lateral mostly developing into*
short spurs, solitary, with a couple
of exposed scales. Leaf-scars op-
posite, U-shaped, somewhat raised,
nearly meeting: bundle-traces 5:
stipule-scars lacking.

Winter-characters of 8. hydran-
geoides are given by Schneider,
f. 223; and Shirasawa, 282, pi. 12.
This and the following genus
are often called climbing hydran-
geas, but the climbing habit is
found also in Hydrangea.
Twigs red-brown, sometimes loose-
ly hairy. S. hydrangeoides.

Winter-character references: — Deutzia crenata. Bosemann,
64; Schneider, f. 208; Shirasawa, 279, pi. 12. — D. gracilis.
Schneider, f. 208; Shirasawa, 279, pi. 12. — D. parviflora.
Schneider, f. 208.

SAXIFRAGACEAE.

79

DECUMABIA.
(Family Saxifragaceae).

Shrubs, climbing by aerial roots:
deciduous. Stems terete, rather
slender, the cortex finally ex-
foliating: pith rounded, greenish,
spongy. Buds small, solitary, ses-
sile, with indistinct scales. Leaf-
scars opposite, horseshoe-shaped,
raised, with concave surface,
transversely connected : bundle-
traces 3: stipule-scars lacking.

Winter - character references:
Schneider, f. 190.
Twigs puberulent: buds very red-
hairy. D. barbara.
In addition to those given under
the genera to which they pertain,
the following winter-character
references may be noted: — Phila-
delphus coronarius, Bosemann, 54;
Schneider, f. 189; Willkomm, 2,
3, 9, 51, f. 93; Zuccarini, 13, pi. 7.

P. coronafius Satsumi. Shirasawa, 268, pi. 10. — P. hirsutus.
Schneider, f. 189. — P. pubescens. Bosemann, 54; Schneider,
f. 189.

80

SAXIFBAGACEAE.

ITEA.
(Family Saxifragaceae).

Shrubs: deciduous. Twigs
rounded, moderate, glabrous: pith
moderate, roundish, chambered,
white. Buds small, sessile, super-
posed, round, with about 3 scales,
the slightly larger end-bud conical.
Leaf-scars alternate, half-round or
half-elliptical, not raised, rather
small: bundle-traces 3: stipule-
scars lacking.

Itea, which is made the type of
a distinct family, Iteaceae, by
some botanists, differs from all of
the other woody genera of Saxi-
fragaceae in the chambering of its
pith, though this is spongy in
Ribes and entirely disappears from
the internodes of some deutzias.
Reference has been made to simi-
lar chambered or "discoid" pith
under Asimina, where it is in-
constant. In Itea, as in Juglans and numerous other genera,
it is to be seen readily and constantly. Celtis, in which it is
found sometimes with great uniformity, presents a case in
which at other times the chambering is confined to the nodes,
from some of which, even, it may be absent.

Winter-studies of Itea japonica have been published by
Shirasawa, 242, 246, pi. 3; and of J. virginica by Schneider,
f. 223.
Twigs green, buds more or less puberulent. I. virginica.

SAXIFBAGACEAE.

81

HYDRANGEA.
(Family Saxifragaceae).

Small or moderate-sized spar-
ingly branched soft-wooded shrubs,
or exceptionally root-climbers :
deciduous. Twigs round, moder-
ate or relatively coarse; pith
rather large, roundish, con-
tinuous, pale. Buds moderate,
solitary, sessile or very short-
stalked, globose-conical to oblong,
with some «4 to 6 exposed scales.
Leaf-scars opposite, cresent-shaped
or 3- or 5-angled, rather large,
little raised, frequently in whorls
of 3, or with connecting cross-line:
bundle-traces 3 or exceptionally 5
or 7: stipule-scars lacking.

In the main, the winter distinc-
tions between different hydran-
geas are fairly clean-cut.

The following references may be
given: H. involucrata. Schnei-
der, f. 206. — H. opuloides. Shirasawa, 276, pi. 11. — H. panicu-
lata. Schneider, f. 207; Shirasawa, 280, pi 11. — H. petiolaris.
Schneider, f. 206. — H. petiolaris cordifolia. Shirasawa, 282,
pi. 12. — H. querci-folia. Schneider, f. 206. — H. TUunbergii.
Shirasawa, 276.

1. Climbing. (1). H. petiolaris.
Bushy. 2.

2. Red-tomentose: bark extremely flaking. H. quercifolia.
Glabrate. 3.

3. Buds round-conical, horizontal. (2). H. paniculata.
Buds oblong. 4.

4. Buds spreading: hardy. (3). H. arborescens.
Buds appressed: tender. (Hortensia). H. opuloides.

82

SAXIFRAGACEAE.

RIBES. Currant. Gooseberry.
( Family Saxif ragaceae ) .

Loosely branching shrubs with
rather quickly shredding epider-
mis: chiefly deciduous. Twigs
terete but decurrently ridged from
the nodes, moderately slender,
sometimes prickly, the prickles be-
neath the leaf-scars often triple
and enlarged: pith relatively
large, pale, round, becoming
spongy. Buds rather small, soli-
tary, sessile or mostly becoming
short-stalked, ovoid or subfusi-
form, with about half-a-dozen
rather loose scales. Leaf-scars al-
ternate, U-shaped or broadly and
often angularly crescent-shaped,
slightly raised: bundle-traces 3:
stipule-scars lacking.

Ribes, as accepted here, is often
divided into two genera, the
gooseberries being separated un-
der the name Grossularia. Apart from their frequent pro-
duction of prickles, gooseberries are usually distinguished
from currants in winter by their narrower leaf-scars.

Ribes alpinum, which is planted frequently in shrubbery
masses and resembles a dwarf ninebark, may be distinguished
from Physocarpus very readily by its narrow leaf-scars, dis-
tinctly stalked buds, and spongy pith.

Winter-character references: — Ribes alpinum. Bosemann,
48; Fant, f. 13; Schneider, f. 180; Willkomm, 30, f. 38.— R.
americanum. Brendel, pi. 3. — R, aureum. Schneider, f. 180. —
R. fasciculatum. Shirasawa, 231, pi. 1. — R. Gordonianum.
Schneider, f. 181.— R. gracile. Hitchcock (3), 15, (4), 137, f.

SAXIFRAGACEAE. 83

74. — R. Grossularia. Bosemann, 47; Fant, 20; Schneider, f.
180; Shirasawa, 249; Ward, 1:198, f. 100.— .R. nigrum. Bose-
mann, 48; Fant, 19, f. 14; Schneider, f. 181; Ward, 1:206, f.
107; Willkomm, 31, f. 40.— R. petraeum. Schneider, f. 182;
Willkomm, 9, 31, f. 39. — "R. rotundi folium" [oxycanthoidesf].
Brendel, pi. 3. — R. rubrum. Bosemann, 48; Fant, 19; Schnei-
der, f. 181. — R. sanguineum. Bosemann, 48; Schneider, f. 182.

1. Evergreen: stems prickly. R. speciosum.
Deciduous. 2.

2. Buds ovoid, glandular or puberulent: leaf-scars rather

broad. 3.
Buds elongated subfusiform: leaf-scars very narrow. 7.

3. Bud-scales and twigs with some sessile resin-glands, gla-

brate. 4.
Without sessile resin-glands: buds gray-puberulent. 5.

4. Resin-glands minute: wood fetid. R. nigrum.
Glands large and conspicuous. R. americanum.

5. Twigs quickly glabrate. 6.

Twigs rather persistently gray-puberulent. R. odoratum.

6. Spreading and stoloniferous. R. triste.
Bushy: commonly planted. (Red currant).

(1). R. vulgare.

7. With very frequent prickles. 8.
Unarmed. 14.

8. Infra-axillary prickles often large (2X10 mm. or more):

buds glossy straw-colored. (2). R. missouriense.

Prickles smaller: buds dull brown. 9.

9. Buds short (3 mm.), downy. R. rotundifolium.
Buds rather long (5 cr 6 mm.). 10.

10. Infra-axillary prickles scarcely larger than the abundant

others: twigs and buds glossy straw-colored.

R. lacustre.

11. Infra-axillary prickles longer, if accompanied by others. 11.
Twigs quickly nearly white, with exfoliating epidermis. 12.
Epidermis more persistent. 13.

84

PlTTO SPORACEAE.

12. Low, spreading, often with prickles. R. oxyacanthoides.
Larger, usually unarmed. R. hirtellum.

13. Bud-scales keeled, more or less silky. R. Cynosbati.
Scales not keeled, glabrescent. (European gooseberry).

R. Grossularia.

14. Stems with nearly white exfoliating epidermis.

R. oxyacanthoides.
Twigs buff. (3). R. alpinum.

PITTOSPORUM. Incense.
(Family Pittosporaceae).

Large shrubs: evergreen. Twigs
moderate, at first hairy, terete,
short, often enlarged at the end
of the season's growth: pith
small, white, round, continuous.
Buds solitary, sessile, the lateral
minute and subglobose with about
3 exposed scales, the terminal
larger, ovoid, with some half-
dozen ciliate scales. Leaf-scars
alternate, clustered toward the end
of the season's growth, broadly
crescent-shaped, somewhat raised:
bundle-traces 3: stipule-scars lack-
ing. Leaves simple, entire, spatu-
late-obovate in the following.

An odoriferous resin, produced
in passages that are characteristi-
cally distributed in the tissues and
which is especially abundant in
the fruit, renders this a favorite

source of incense for church purposes in the Azores.

Leaves unvariegated. P. Tobira.

Leaves variegated. P. Tobira variegatum.

HAMAMELIDAGEAE.

85

LIQUIDAMBAR. Sweet Gum.
(Family Hamamelidaceae).

More or less percurrent and coni-
cial trees: deciduous. Twigs
moderate, roundish and smooth
or with variously developed corky
ridges or thick wings: pith angled
or somewhat star-shaped, subcon-
tinuous, brownish. Buds solitary,
sessile or sometimes developing
into spurs the first season, ovoid,
the lateral often reduced and
flattened against the twig; when
well developed, with half-a-dozen
exposed scales. Leaf-scars alter-
nate, half-elliptical or triangular,
somewhat raised: bundle-traces 3,
large: stipule-scars lacking.

Winter-character references: —
L. Maximowiczii. Shirasawa, 254,
pi. 6. L. orientale. Schneider, f.
107. L. Styraciflua. Blakeslee &
Jarvis, 332, 334, 480, pi.; Brendel,
pi. 2; Schneider, f. 11, 23.

Twigs glabrescent: bud-scales ciliate. L. Styraciflua.

Like Betula and some other trees, Liquidambar is very
apt to show a short basal elongation of many buds before the
first winter.

The sweet gum, like bur oak, rock elm and some other
trees, is sometimes found with round thin-barked twigs, and
sometimes has its twigs furnished with thick .corky ridges,
especially on the upper side. Cases of this kind have been
made the subject of an extensive paper published by Miss
Gregory in the Botanical Gazette for 1888 and 1889.

86

HAMAMELIDACEAE.

PARROTIA.
( Family Hamamelidaceae ) .

Small tree, with the bark flak-
ing as in Platanus: deciduous.
Twigs rounded, somewhat zig-zag,
from somewhat dingy stellate-to-
mentose becoming glabrate: pith
rather small, 3-sided, continuous,
greenish. Buds moderate, soli-
tary, stalked, oblique, ovoid-ob-
long, with 2 scales, the end-bud
somewhat larger. Leaf-scars al-
ternate, 2-ranked, half-round or
triangular, slightly raised, small:
bundle-traces 3, sometimes com-
pound: stipule-scars very unequal.
Parrotia persica is markedly
different from other trees re-
ferred to the Hamamelidaceae in
its conspicuously exfoliating bark
and nearly black buds. Its winter-
characters are pictured by Schnei-
der, f. 96.
Parrotia agrees with Hamamelis and differs from Fother-

gilla in bearing its fruits in compact short clusters. It is

rather tenderer than either of the others but is entirely hardy

farther north than Washington.

An interesting characteristic of the family is that when

the woody capsules dehisce the pressure of their walls upon

the smooth seeds forces these out much as a melon-seed may

be snapped from between finger and thumb.

Twigs brown: buds blackish-puberulent. (1). P. persica.

Twigs olive: buds dingy puberulent. P. Jacquemontiana.

The winter-characters of Disanthus cercidifolia, of the

Hamamelidaceae, are pictured by Shirasawa, 254, pi. 6.

HAMAMELIDAGEAE.

87

FOTHEEGILLA.

(Family Hamamelidaceae).

Shrubs : deciduous. Twigs
rounded, zig-zag, slender, dingy
stellate-tomentose or more or less
glabrescent: pith rather small,
somewhat angular, continuous, for
a time greenish. Buds moderate
or small, stalked, oblique, obovate
or oblong, with 2 caducous scales,
often collaterally branched, the
end-bud largest. Leaf-scars al-
ternate, 2-ranked, half-round or
deltoid, slightly raised, small:
bundle-traces 3, more or less com-
pound or confluent: stipule-scars
unequal, one short and the other
elongated. Capsules often pres-
ent.

Though the vegetative charac-
ters of Fothergilla are much like
those of Hamamelis, the flowers
and capsules are borne in elon-
gated clusters in the former and in short groups in the
latter. This character is usually available in winter.

The winter-characters of Fothergilla Carolina — or F. Garde-
nil as it is called here — are pictured by Schneider, f. i07.

1. Very low and suckering: gray-puberulent. F. parvifolia.
Rather tall: buds yellowish or tawny. 2.

2. Openly branched. 3.

Pyramidal. F. monticola.

3. Capsules long-beaked, over 10 mm. long: stout.

(1). F. major.
Capsules short (scarcely 10 mm.): twigs often slender.

(2). F. Gardenii.

88

HAMAMELIDACEAE.

HAMAMELIS. Witch Hazel.
(Family Hamamelidaceae).

Shrubs or exceptionally small
trees: deciduous. Twigs rounded,
zig-zag, rather slender, from dingy
stellate-tomentose becoming glab-
rate and sometimes rather glossy:
pith moderately small, roundish,
continuous, at first green. Buds
moderate, stalked, oblong, tomen-
tulose, with 2 stipular scales or
naked when these have fallen,
often developed into short colla-
teral recurved branches bearing
about 3 flower-buds or flowers or
incipient capsules. Leaf-scars al-
ternate, 2-ranked, half-round or
somewhat 3-lobed, somewhat
raised and with their surface
again falling in spring: bundle-
traces 3, often compound: stipule-
scars unequal, one round and the
other somewhat elongated.
The curious double abscission of the petiole forms the

subject of a note, by Foerste in the Bulletin of the Torrey

Botanical Club for 1884.

Winter-character references: — Hamamelis japonica. Shi-

rasawa, 267, pi. 9. — H. virginiana. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 331,

478, pi.; Brendel, pi. 4; Schneider, f. 96.

1. Buds long (fully 10 mm. including stalk). H. japonica.
Buds short (5-8 mm. including stalk). 2.

2. Flowering in autumn. (1). H. virginiana.
Flowering in late winter. 3.

3. Pubescence scurfy. H. vernalis.
Pubescence long. H. mollis.

HAMAMELIDACEAE.

89

CORYLOPSIS.

(Family Hamamelidaceae).

Shrubs : deciduous. Twigs
rounded, zig-zag, moderate or
slender, mostly glabrescent:
pith rather small, somewhat angu-
lar, continuous. Buds rather
large, sessile and solitary or
finally short-stalked and collater-
ally branched, directly in the axil,
fusiform or ovoid, with about 3
glabrous scales, the end-bud some-
what larger. Leaf-scars alternate,
2-ranked, half-round or 3-sided,
slightly raised, small: bundle-
traces 3: stipule-scars equal, elon-
gated.

Fothergilla, Hamamelis and
Parrotia possess a marked general
resemblance in bud and twig
characters; and their woody
fruits, which require a year for
maturing, are much alike. Neither
Liquidambar nor Corylopsis bears the slightest resemblance
to them in these respects, so far as general appearance is con-
cerned. Winter-characters of Corylopsis have been studied
by Schneider (C. spicata, — f. 96) ; and Shirasawa (C. pauci-
flora and C. spicata, — 262, pi. 8).

1. Lateral buds fusiform. 2.
Buds ovoid. 3.

2. Second scale half the length of bud. (1). C. spicata.
Second scale longer. (2). C.Willmottiana.

3. Buds large (10 mm. long). (3). C. Veitchiana.
Buds moderate (7 mm. long), purplish. C. Gotoana.
Buds small (5-7 mm. long). C. pauciflora.

90

PLATANACEAE.

PLATANUS. Sycamore.
(Family Platanaceae).

Trees, at length large and open,
with exfoliating bark: deciduous.
Twigs moderate, rounded, glab-
rous, buff, zig-zag: pith moderate,
pale or brownish, rounded, con-
tinuous. Buds solitary, rather
large, sessile, conical, with a single
glossy closed scale, the end-bud
lacking. Leaf-scars alternate, 2-
ranked, nearly annular and en-
circling the buds, somewhat cre-
nate and elevated : bundle-traces 5,
compound or seemingly 7- 9, large:
stipule-scars narrow, encircling
the twig. Fruits, in fluffy balls on
long stalks, are present in winter.
The familiar conical buds of
the buttonball or sycamore at-
tracted the attention of Malpighi
who figured them, and sycamore
wood, on plate 9 of his Opera

Omnia as early as 1687. Each of the three caps within which
a bud is enclosed represents a pair of stipules united by their
edges. The gum that bathes these caps is the product of a
type of secretion-glands known as colleters.

Winter-character references: — P. occidentalis. Blakeslee
& Jarvis, 330, 482, pi.; Brendel, pi. 3; Hitchcock (1), 4; (3),
17; (4), 138, f. 95-8; Otis, 140; Ward, 1:35, f. 19-20; 118,
f. 59;, 214, f. 109; Willkomm, 4, 8, 19, f. 13.— P. orientalis.
Schneider, f. 107.

Fruit-ball mostly solitary on the stalk. (1). P. occidentalis.
Fruit-balls mostly 2 on the stalk. P. acerifolia.

Fruit-balls characteristically 3 on the stalk. P. orientalis.

ROSACEAE.

91

PHYSOGABPUS. Ninebark.
(Family Rosaceae).

Loosely branching shrubs with
quickly shredding brown bark:
deciduous. Twigs terete but 5-
lined from the nodes, moderately
slender, somewhat zig-zag: pith
relatively large, brownish, round,
homogeneous. Buds rather small,
solitary, sessile, conical-oblong or
ovoid, with about 5 rather loose
brown scales. Leaf-scars alter-
nate, half-elliptical or somewhat
3-lobed, raised on a distinct
cushion bearing the small stipule-
scars: bundle-traces 5, unequal,
the lower one distinctly larger.
Fruit, as clustered small follicles,
may be present in winter. Some-
times united with Spiraea or re-
ferred to Neillia or Opulaster.

Winter character references: —
P. amurensis. Schneider, f. 152.

P. opulifolius. Bosemann, 76; Schneider, f. 152; Willkomm,
11.

Novices frequently have difficulty in distinguishing be-
tween ninebark and the common snowball (Viburnum Opu-
lus). Fundamental distinctions lie in its alternate leaves or
short broad leaf-scars, and in its sessile buds with several
scales; the Viburnum having narrow opposite leaf-scars and
stalked plump buds with a closed outer sac.

1. Puberulent: buds ovoid, spreading. P. amurensis.
Twigs glabrous: buds pointed, appressed. 2.

2. Follicles puberulent. P. intermedius.
Follicles glabrous. (1). P. opulifolius.

92

ROSACEAE.

NEILLIA.
(Family Rosaceae).

Small loosely branched shrubs:
deciduous. Twigs slender, zig-zag,
quickly terete: pith small, light
brown, continuous. Buds moder-
ate, often superposed, ovoid, with
about 4 rather loose scales. Leaf-
scars alternate, 2-ranked, rather
small, angularly crescent-shaped,
slightly raised: bundle-traces 3:
stipule-scars small, at the upper
angles of the leaf-scar.

Neillias are slender spiraea-like
shrubs with no particular differen-
tials except in the technical
characters on which the genus is
segregated. Winter-characters of
N. thyrsiflora are figured by
Schneider, f. 71.

As with Stephanandra, the habit
of Neillia fits it for blending
down stiffer shrubbery.

Bark glabrous, shredding: buds large. N. sinensis.

Bark not shredding: buds small. (1). N. thyrsiflora.

Winter-character references to Uu'bus: — R. caesius.
Bosemann, 39; Fant, 26. — R. fruticosus. Bosemann, 39;
Fant, 25, f. 22; Ward, 1:202, f. 103. — R. idaeus. Bose-
mann, 39; Fant, 25, f. 22; Schneider, f. 146; Willkomm,
6, 37, f. 56, — R. incisus. Shirasawa, 250. — R. Koehleri. Bose-
mann, 39. — R. occidentalis. Foerste, Botanical Gazette, 20:78,
pi. 6; Hitchcock (3), 14; (4), 136, f. 59-63.— -.R. odoratus.
Bosemann, 39; Schneider, f. 146. — R. phoenicolasius. Schnei-
der, f. 146. — R. saxatilis. Bosemann, 39. — R. trifidus. Shira-
sawa, 257.— R. villosus. Hitchcock (3), 14; (4), 136, f. 64-68.

ROSAOEAE.

93

247, pi. 4, and of
Buds ovoid.
Buds elongated.

STEPHANANDRA.
(Family Rosaceae).

Small shrubs, loosely branched:
deciduous. Twigs terete or some-
what 5-lined from the nodes,
slender, zig-zag, red: pith small,
pale or light brown, continuous.
Buds small, superposed, the upper
of each series often developing
the first season or slightly
stalked, ovoid or oblong, with
about 4 scales. Leaf-scars alter-
nate, 2-ranked, small, half-round
or triangular, slightly raised:
bundle-traces 3 or subconfluent:
stipule-scars relatively large.

Stephanandras are slender
spiraea- or kerria-like shrubs dif-
fering from the former in some
small respects and from the latter
in their red and not bright green
twigs. Winter-characters of 8.
flexuosa are given by Shirasawa,
8. incisa by Schneider, f. 137.

S. incisa.
(1). S. Tanakae.

94

ROSACEAE.

SPIRAEA.
(Family Rosaceae).

Shrubs, usually low and little
branched or else with wandlike
branches: deciduous. Twigs ter-
ete or angled from the nodes, often
very slender, more or less zig-zag:
pith small, roundish, continuous.
Buds small, solitary or in a few
cases collaterally multiplied, ses-
sile, globose to subfusiform, mostly
with some half-dozen exposed
scales. Leaf-scars alternate, half-
round or crescent-shaped, minute,
often much raised: bundle-trace 1:
stipule-scars not evident.

Spiraea, like Pyrus and Prunus,
is a genus which has been very
differently defined by different
botanists, for some of whom it in-
cludes the plants here considered
under the genera Neillia, Physo-
carpus, Sorbaria and Stephanan-
dra. The most concise winter-key to any considerable num-
ber of its species is that of Bosemann, which treats it in this
broader and older sense. The comparatively few species that
enter into ordinary American planting} and are considered
here differ for the most part in several distinctive ways, and
their buds belong to several unmistakable types.

Winter-character references: — 8. ariaefolia. Bosemann,
76. — 8.. ft etulae folia. Shirasawa, 244, pi. 4. — 8. cana. Schnei-
der, f. 175. — X &• cantoniensis. Shirasawa, 246, pi. 4. — 8.
chamaedry folia. Bosemann, 75. — 8. crenata. Schneider, f.
174. — 8. discolor. Schneider, f. 179. — 8. hypericifolia. Bose-
mann, 77; Schneider, f. 175. — 8. japonica. Shirasawa, 274, pi.

ROSACEAE. 95

4. — 8. laevigata. Schneider, f. 133. — 8. media. Schneider, f.

176. — 8. prunifolia. Bosemann, 76; Shirasawa, 247. — 8. sali-
cifolia. Bosemann, 76; Willkomm, 37, f. 57.

1. Buds with 2 valvate scales. 2.

Buds with several exposed scales when mature. 3.

2. Buds short. S. canescens.
Buds long and slender. S. longigemmis.

3. Buds conical: twigs terete, slender. (1). X S. Vanhouttei.
Buds ovoid, or else shrubs low. 4.

4. Buds often collaterally multiplied. (2). S. prunifolia.
Buds solitary. 5.

5. Twigs glabrous. 6.
Twigs pubescent. 10.

6. Twigs terete. 7.

Twigs more or less distinctly angled. 8.

7. Twigs dark: buds elongated. (3). x S. cantoniensis.
Twigs bright red-brown. S. corymbosa.

8. Angles evanescent: rather low and simple. 9.

Angles pronounced: tall and bushy. S. chamaedryfolia.

9. Vestiges of inflorescence corymbose. S. betulaefolia.
Vestiges of inflorescence paniculate. (4). S. latifolia.

10. Pubescence gray or merely dingy, usually velvety. 11.
Pubescence often rusty and woolly. (5). S. tomentosa.

11. Twigs more or less distinctly angled. 12.

Twigs terete: inflorescence corymbose. S. japonica.

12. Twigs neither excessively slender nor numerous. 13.
Twigs filiform. (6). S. Thunbergii.

13. Inflorescence corymbose. 14.
Inflorescence paniculate. 15.

14. Stems slightly glaucous. S. virginiana pubescens.
Stems not glaucous. X s- Bumalda.

15. Pubescence abundant. S. Douglasii.
Pubescence scanty. S. alba.

96

ROSACEAE.

CHAMAEBATIARIA.
(Family Rosaceae).

Small shrubs, stellate and var-
nished: evergreen. Twigs terete,
rather slender: pith small, round-
ish, continuous. Buds small,
promptly developing into short
leafy spurs. Leaf-scars alternate,
small, half-round or somewhat 3-
angled, low, concave: bundle-traces
3, impressed: stipule-scars re-
latively large, concave, confluent
with the leaf-scar, each with a
distinct impressed bundle-trace.
Leaves petioled, elliptical, twice
pinnatifid or almost bipinnate,
with minute somewhat separated
blunt segments.

Though they are not very
closely related in the family Re-
s a c e a e , Chamaebatiaria and
Chamaebatia are rather similar in
their very finely divided fern-like

foliage. They are readily distinguished by the leaves of the
former being not quite twice pinnate, while those of the lat-
ter are essentially thrice pinnate. No other plant among
these here considered has a leaf-scar nearly divided into three
equal parts, as that of Chamaebataria is.
Twigs reddish-brown: leaf- and stipule-scars white.

C. Millefolium.

ROSACEAE.

97

SORBARIA.

(Family Rosaceae).

Low and little-branched shrubs:
deciduous. Twigs terete, some-
what zig-zag, stout for the size of
the plant, glabrous: pith rela-
tively large, rounded, brown, con-
tinuous. Buds ovoid, moderate
and sessile, with about 4 exposed
scales, or quickly developing so as
to become large, open, stalked and
collaterally multiple, the end-bud
lacking. Leaf-scars alternate,
rather large, half-round to round
or elliptical, more or less angled
or truncate, little raised: bundle-
traces 3, large: stipule-scars lack-
ing.

Sorbaria has been considered a
part of the genus Spiraea by many
botanists, and on the other hand
those who segregate it sometimes
use the generic name Basilima for

its species. The following winter-character references may
be given: — 8. alpina. Schneider, f. 133. — S. sorbifolia. Bose-
mann, 76; Schneider, f. 133. The reason why no terminal
bud is found in Sorbaria, and the structure of its buds, are
considered in an extensive article on buds published by Ohlert
in the journal Linnaea for 1837.

1. Twigs and buds red-brown. (1). S. Lindleyana.
Twigs and buds gray-brown. 2.

Twigs purple: capsules glabrous. S. Aitchisoni.

2. Capsules glabrous. (2). S. sorbifolia.
Capsules loosely hairy. S. stellipila.

98

ROSACEAE.

EXOCHORDA. Pearl Bush.
(Family Rosaceae).

Shrubs with exfoliating brown
bark: deciduous. Twigs round,
slender, brown, glabrous, rough-
ened by lenticels and longitudinal
fissures: pith small, continuous,
pale. Buds moderate, solitary,
sessile, ovoid, with about 10 more
or less pointed and fringed scales.
Leaf-scars alternate, clustered
above, narrowly and shallowly U-
shaped or linear, somewhat raised:
bundle-traces 3: stipule-scars lack-
ing.

Winter-characters of E. Alberti
are pictured by Schneider, f. 138.
Noting that the bud-scales of
Exochorda are 3-toothed at tip,
Sir John Lubbock, the most emin-
ent amateur naturalist of our day,
took the view that each scale may
perhaps represent a petiole-base

with adnate stipules, although distinguishable stipules do not
accompany many of the developed leaves.

Lubbock's many and carefully made observations on the
buds of a great variety of plants were published first in the
botanical section of the Journal of the Linnean Society —
Exchorda being noted on p. 494 of the thirtieth volume of
this series. They subsequently formed the foundation for a
convenient and very instructive volume On Buds and
Stipules.

Fruit depressed, short (7-8 mm. long). (1). E. grandiflora.
Fruit obovoid, longer (12 mm.). (2). E. Alberti.

ROSAOEAE.

PYRACANTHA. Fire Thorn.
(Family Rosaceae).

Compactly branched shrubs,
sometimes grown against walls or
other supports, with very sharp
spiny twigs: evergreen. Twigs
rather slender, subterete: pith
small, continuous. Buds solitary
or collaterally branched in spine
formation, sessile, round-ovoid,
with some half-dozen pointed dry
scales. Leaf-scars alternate, nar-
rowly crescent-shaped or 3-lobed,
somewhat raised: bundle-traces 3:
stipule-scars minute. Leaves ob-
lanceolate, glandular - crenulate.
(Crataegus).

The fire-thorn is one of the many
Rosaceae with apple-like fruit
which are separated into techni-
cally well-defined genera with
great difficulty. Though it is
usually considered to belong to a

different genus from the red-haws, many gardeners still

speak of it as Crataegus Pyracantha. Where it can be grown,

it is an effective shrub for evergreen hedges.

Twigs red, somewhat hairy, or glabrate. P. coccinea.

100

ROSACEAE.

COTONEASTEB.

(Family Rosaceae).

Shrubs: deciduous or evergreen.
Twigs slender, subterete: pith
small, rounded, continuous. Buds
solitary, sessile, ovoid or oblong,
the 2 outer scales mostly parted
and exposing the hairy interior.
Leaf-scars alternate, minute, ellip-
tical, raised: bundle-trace 1, in-
distinct: stipules rather persistent
on the leaf-cushion, leaving nar-
row indistinct scars when fallen.
Leaves when present simple, en-
tire. Fruit, often present, small
drupe-like pomes with often in-
curved sepals.

Cotoneasters are among the
favorite shrubs of Great Britain,
but the species that prove so ef-
fective in an insular climate are
rarely capable of successful cul-
tivation under continental con-
ditions even though not subjected to excessively low winter
temperatures. A considerable number of those most success-
fully grown in the United States are native to countries of
relatively dry climate, and some of the best of them are of
recent introduction.

The few winter-character references are: — G. integerri-
mus (or vulgaris). Bosemann, 78; Fant, 19; Ward, 1:231,
f. 118; Willkomm, 6, 7, 32, f. 42.— C. nigra and C. tomentosa.
Schneider, f. 151.

1. Evergreen: low and spreading. 2.
Deciduous: larger and mostly erect. 3.

ROSAOEAE.

101

2. Leaves round: twigs strigose. (1). C. horizontalis.
Leaves obovate, pubescent beneath. (2). C. microphylla.

3. Buds small (2-3 mm.) or glabrate. 4.

Buds larger (4-5 mm.) or persistently hairy. 10.

4. Buds glabrate: fruit red. 5.

Buds at first silky: fruit glaucous. (3). C. racemiflora.
Buds persistently hairy. 7.

5. Twigs very slender (1 mm.). C. hupehensis.
Twigs stouter (2 mm.). 6.

6. Buds short (3 mm.) : fruit glaucous. C. rosea.
Buds larger (4-5 mm.): fruit not glaucous.

C. acuminata.

7. Fruit black. 8.
Fruit red. 9.

8. Twigs red-brown. C. nitens.
Twigs buff or light brown. (4). C. acutifolia.

9. Twigs glabrescent: fruit oblong: sepals erect.

(5). C. divaricata.
Twigs dingy-hairy: fruit obovoid: sepals incurved.

(6). C. obscura.

10. Fruit red. 11.
Fruit blackish red.
Fruit black. 14.

11. Fruit small (6-8 mm.).
Fruit large (10 mm.). 12.

12. Outer bud-scales glabrescent.
Buds very yellow-hairy. 13.

13. Fruit glabrous.

Fruit somewhat cottony.

14. Buds subglabrescent. 15.
Buds persistently hairy.

15. Fruit very glaucous, small (7-8 mm.)
Fruit scarcely glaucous. 16.

16. Fruit small (7-8 mm.).
Fruit larger (8-10 mm.).

(7). C. multiflora.

C. Dielsiana.

(8). C. integerrima.

C. bullata.
C. tomentosa.

C. lucida.
C. melanocarpa.

C. moupinensis.
C. foveolata.

102

ROSAOEAE.

CYDONIA. Quince.
(Family Rosaceae).

Shrubs or small bushy trees
finally with somewhat flaking
bark: deciduous. Twigs rather
slender, somewhat fluted: pith
small, pale, rounded, continuous.
Buds solitary, moderate, sessile,
conical-oblong, appressed, with 1
or 2 exposed brown scales, the end-
bud lacking. Leaf-scars alternate,
small, shallow U-shaped, some-
what raised: bundle traces 3:
stipule-scars rather small, elon-
gated.

Only a few winter-character
references are to be noted: —
Blakeslee & Jarvis, 334, 490, pi.;
Bosemann, 50; Schneider, f. 171;
Willkomm, 33, 45.

The quince was placed formerly
in the genus Pyrus. In a syste-
matic study of the anatomy of the

Pomaceae, as the group of Rosaceae to which this genus be-
longs is called, Burgerstein in volume 104 of the Sitzungs-
berichte of the Vienna Academy of Sciences showed that the
structure of its wood is intermediate between the pear and
apple components — Pyrus and Mains — of that still complex
genus.
Twigs gray-woolly: buds glabrate. C. oblonga.

ROSACEAE.

103

CHAENOMELES. Japanese Quince.
(Family Rosaceae).

Rather closely branched and
small shrubs with slender termi-
nal and axillary twig spines: de-
ciduous. Twigs very slender,
round or somewhat angled from
the nodes: pith small, pale,
rounded, continuous. Buds soli-
tary, small, sessile, round-ovoid,
with few exposed scales, collater-
ally branching in spine-formation,
the end-bud lacking. Leaf-scars
alternate, small, linear or cres-
cent-shaped or narrowly triangu-
lar, strongly raised: bundle-traces
3, minute: stipule-scars somewhat
elongated. ( Cydonia) .

The Asiatic or "flowering"
quinces, which differ from the
true quince in having a consider-
able number of seeds in each of
the rather large core-cavities of

their fruit, have been placed in the genus Cydonia very com-
monly. Their winter-characters are discussed by Bosemann,
49; and Schneider, f. 128.

In an article on the winter-storage of food in the tissues
of woody plants, published in the second volume of the Me-
moirs of the Torrey Botanical Club, Halsted discusses the
spines of C. japonica as such food-reservoirs.
Twigs glabrous: leaf-scars narrow. (1). C. japonica.

Twigs somewhat-hairy: leaf -scars broader. C. chinensis.

104

ROSACEAE.

PYRUS. Pear. Apple.
(Family Rosaceae).

Shrubs or usually moderate-
sized trees: deciduous. .Twigs
moderate, rounded or somewhat
angled from the nodes, occasion-
ally ending in spines: pith some-
what angular, continuous. Buds
moderate, solitary, sessile, with
about 4 exposed scales more or
less keeled above, the end-bud
sometimes wanting. Leaf-scars al-
ternate, somewhat raised or the
nodes swollen below them, linear
or U-shaped: bundle-traces 3:
stipule-scars lacking1. The first
two species represent Pyrus in the
restricted sense, the apples often
being segregated in a genus Mains.
Dwarf fruiting branches or
spurs are particularly familiar in
this genus. An extensive study of
the winter storage of starch, begun

on the apple, is published by Halsted in the second volume
of Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club. — References under
Raphiolepis.

1. Glabrous: bud-scales submucronate, not margined. 2.
Buds, at least, often pubescent, their scales sometimes

margined. 3.

2. Twigs olive: lenticels inconspicuous. (1). P. communis.
.Twigs red-brown: lenticels conspicuous. (2). P. sinensis.

3. Buds blunt-ovoid: scales subobtuse. (3). P. Malus.
Buds conical-oblong: scales acute. (Wild Crabs). 4. -

4. Twigs glabrate. P. coronarius.
Persistently woolly. (4). P. ioensis.

ROSACEAE.

105

ARONIA. Chokeberry.
(Family Rosaceae).

Shrubs: deciduous. Twigs mod-
erate, roundish, glabrous, brown:
pith moderate, rounded, pale, con-
tinuous. Buds solitary, sessile, ob-
long, flattened and appressed, with
about 5 often abruptly short-
pointed more or less glandular-
denticulate scales. Leaf-scars al-
ternate, U-shaped, low: bundle-
traces 3: stipule-scars lacking.
(Pyrus).

Aronia, like Sorbus, is segre-
gated from Pyrus by the less con-
servative botanists and retained in
that genus by those who are more
conservative. In common with
the firethorn and several other
diverse types, it has found lodg-
ment at one time or other in the
genus Mespilus, now by common
consent restricted to the German

medlar, M. germanica. The only winter-character reference,
to A. arbutifolia, is Schneider's f. 147.

In curious contrast with the absence of apple-pear hy-
brids, several crosses are known to occur between mountain-
ash (Sorbus) and chokeberry (Aronia) variously considered
to be distinct genera or sections of Pyrus: for these the
generic name x Sorbaronia may be used appropriately.

1. Twigs and buds glabrous.

(Black chokeberry). (1). A. melanocarpa.
Twigs more or less woolly. 2.

2. Buds quickly glabrous. (Purple c.) A. atropurpurea.
Buds somewhat woolly. (Red chokeberry). A. arbutifolia.

106

ROSACEAE.

SORBUS. Mountain Ash.
(Family Rosaceae).

Rather erect-branched, small or
moderate trees: deciduous. Twigs
moderate, with rather large lenti-
cels, nearly terete: pith roundish,
brownish, continuous. Buds sub-
conical or oblong, the terminal
rather large and the lateral often
much reduced, solitary, sessile,
with several scales, the inner of
which are more or less pubescent
with long hairs often matted in
gum. Leaf-scars alternate, raised,
crescent-shaped or linear: bundle-
traces 3 or 5 or exceptionally 7:
stipule - scars lacking. ( Cormus,
Hahnia, Micromeles, Torminarm}.
Winter-character references under
Photinia.
1. Bundle-traces three. 2.

Bundle-traces three to five. 7.
S. torminalis.

2. Buds subglobose.
Buds elongated. 3.

3. Scales dark-margined. 4.
Scales not dark-margined. 6.

4. End-bud enlarged.

End-bud scarcely larger than lateral.

5. Buds of equal size.

Buds markedly unequal. (White Beam).

6. Scales with scarious-margins.
Scales not scarious-margined.

7. Bundle-traces 3 or 4 or 5: buds woolly.
Bundle-traces five. 8.

8. Buds woolly, not gummy. (Rowan Tree).

Buds gummy. (Mountain Ash).

S. Chamaemespilus.
5.

S. latifolia.
(1). S. Aria.
S. Mougeotii.
S. alnifolia.
(2). x S. hybrida.

S. Aucuparia.

(3). S. americana.

ROSACEAE.

107

RAPHIOLEPIS.
(Family Rosaceae).

Large tender shrubs: evergreen.
Twigs moderate, fluted above : pith
rather small, rounded, continu-
ous. Buds solitary, sessile, the
lateral minute or suppressed, the
terminal moderately large, ovoid,
with about 4 abruptly pointed
scales. Leaf-scars alternate,
clustered toward the tip, half-
round or the lower much nar-
rower, scarcely raised: bundle-
traces 3: stipule-scars lacking.
Leaves simple, entire or somewhat
toothed.

Winter-character references to
P y r u s : — P. amygdaliformis.
Schneider, f. 178. P. laccata.
Bosemann, 52. P. cathayensis.
Shirasawa, 254. pi. 6. P. corn-
munis. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 330,
334, 484, pi.; Bosemann, 52; Fant,

22, f. 20; Schneider, f. 14, 179; Ward, 1:240, f. 124; Will-
komm, 33, f. 46. P. coronaria. Otis, 144. P. ioensis. Bren-
del, pi. 3; Hitchcock (1), 5, (3), 14. P. japonica. Shira-
sawa, 252, pi. 5. P. Mains. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 330, 334, 486,
pi.; Fant, 22, f. 19; Schneider, 148, f. 151; Ward, 1:230, f.
117. P. Mains austera. Bosemann, 51. P. Mains silvestris.
Bosemann, 51; Willkomm, 34, f. 48. P. mitis. Bosemann,
51. P. nivalis. Bosemann, 52; Schneider, f. 178; Willkomm,
4, 9, 34, f. 47. P. praecoxl Bosemann, 52. P. salicifolia.
Schneider, f. 178. P. sinensis. Shirasawa, 252, pi. 5. P.
spectabilis. Schneider, f. 152. P. Toringo incisa. Shirasawa,
255, pi. 5.
Glabrdus: leaves obovate, pale beneath. R. umbellata.

108

ROSACEAE.

ERIOBOTRYA. Loquat.
(Family Rosaceae).

Small tender trees: evergreen.
Twigs stout, fluted: pith large,
angular, continuous. Buds soli-
tary, sessile, indistinguishable in
the pubescence, the terminal ovoid
with many paired acute very hairy
stipular scales. Leaf-scars alter-
nate, crowded toward the tip,
narrowly crescent-shaped or
triangular, low: bundle-traces 3:
stipule-scars forming linear pro-
longations of the leaf-scar. Leaves
large, oblanceolate, serrate.

Though grown under glass only,
in the North, the loquat or nes-
pera is one of the frequent fruit
trees in some of the warmer parts
of the world and its acid fruits
are much liked by those who
have come to know them. As a
decorative plant, it has nothing to

commend it.

Very rusty-hairy, the leaves glabrous above.

E. japonica.

ROSACEAE.

109

PHOTINIA.
(Family Rosaceae).

Shrubs: deciduous. Twigs mod-
erate or rather slender, rounded,
with large lenticels: pith rather
small, continuous. Buds sessile,
solitary, ovoid, acute, with about
4 somewhat keeled and mucronate
scales, the end-bud lacking. Leaf-
scars alternate, 2-ranked, linear-
crescent-shaped or somewhat 3-
lobed, somewhat raised: bundle-
traces 3: stipule-scars lacking.

Photinia has been figured in its
essentials by Schneider, f. 74.
Glabrescent. P. villosa.

Winter-character references to
Sorbus: — 8. americana. Blakes-
lee & Jarvis, 488; Otis, 146. 8.
Aria. Bosemann, 78; Fant, 14,
f. 8; .Ward,' 1:237, f. 122-123;
Willkomm, 34, f. 49. 8.
Aria Jcamaoensis. Shirasawa, 251,

pi. 5. 8. Aucuparia. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 488, pi. ; Bosemann, 78 ;
Fant, 12, f. 3; Schneider, f. 36; Ward, 1:226, f. 114-115; Will-
komm, 11, 35, f. 52. 8. avellana. Fant, 3, f. 4. 8.. Chamae-
mespilus. Schneider, f. 170; Willkomm, 35, f. 50. 8. domes-
tica. Bosemann, 78; Schneider, f. 136; Willkomm, 36, f. 53.
X 8. hybrida. Bosemann, 78 ; Fant, 13 ; Schneider, f. 136 ;
Willkomm, 6, 36, f. 54. 8. latifolia. Schneider, f. 167. 8.
Miyabei. Shirasawa, 257, pi. 5. 8. Mougeotii. Schneider, f.
170. 8. sambucifolia. Shirasawa, 248,, pi. 5. 8. scandica.
Fant, 13. 8. sitchensis. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 488. 8. tormi-
nalis. Bosemann, 78; Schneider, f. 18, 167; Ward, 1:236, f.
121; Willkomm, 7, 35, f. 51.

110

ROSACEAE.

AMELANCHIER. Shadbush.
(Family Rosaceae).

Shrubs or open trees: decidu-
ous. Wood hard, reddish brown,
ring-porous with minute ducts.
Twigs rather slender, zig-zag,
nearly terete: pith somewhat 5-
sided, continuous, pale. Buds
moderate, solitary, elongated, ses-
sile, with half-a-dozen sometimes
twisted scales. Leaf-scars alter-
nate, sometimes 2-ranked, more or
less elevated, narrowly crescent-
or U-shaped: bundle traces 3:
stipule-scars lacking.

Winter-character references: — •
A. asiatica. Shirasawa, 247, pi. 4.
A. canadensis. Blakeslee & Jarvis,
331, 334, 492, pi.; Brendel, pi. 3;
Hitchcock (1), 4; Otis, 148;
Schneider, f. 171. — A. rotundi folia.
Bosemann, 79; Schneider f. 171;
Willkomm, 32, f. 44. A. spicata.

Schneider, f. 71.

Buds red-brown or straw-color, slender.

Eastern. (1). A. canadensis.

Buds blackish, stout: Western. A. alnifolia.

Winter-characters to Rosaceae not considered here: —

Mespilus cuneata. Shirasawa, 252, pi. 5. M. germanica.

Bosemann, 51; Schneider, f. 74; Willkomm, 32, f., 43. Pera-

phyllum ramosissimum. Schneider, f. 71. Pourthiaea vil-

losa. Shirasawa, 247, pi.

ROSACEAE.

Ill

CRATAEGUS. Haw. Red Haw.
(Family Rosaceae).

Shrubs or trees, usually with
well-developed twig-spines : decidu-
ous. Twigs moderate or rather
slender, terete: pith rather small,
continuous, roundish. Buds soli-
tary or collaterally branched in
spine formation, sessile, round or
oblong-ovoid, with some half-dozen
exposed fleshy and often bright
red scales. Leaf-scars alternate,
narrowly crescent-shaped, some-
what raised: bundle-traces 3:
stipule-scars small.

A complex aggregate of minor
species incapable as yet of delimi-
tation in winter even if they may
be known when found with foli-
age, flowers and fruit: though
the pointed habit of growth of C.
Phaenopyrum (the Washington
Thorn), the open rounds-headed

form of C. mollis (the common Red-Haw of the prairie re-
gion,— 1) and its thornless variety inermis, — 2, the stratified
branching of G. Crus-galli (the Cockspur Thorn, — 3) and C.
punctata, and the ash-gray outer bark, flaking from the buff-
orange inner layers of C. viridis (the River Haw, — 4) joined
to the obvious bud-differences figured, suggest that the task
of segregating the more commonly cultivated forms in winter
may be less hopeless than it appears at first sight. The
European Hawthorns of the gardens are in part C. oxyacan-
tha and in part the very similar C. monogyna, — 5. — ^Winter-
character references under PursMa.

112

ROSACEAE.

RHODOTYPOS.
(Family Rosaceae).

Spreading rather low shrubs:
deciduous. Twigs round, moder-
ate: pith moderate, round, con-
tinuous, white. Buds moderate,
becoming collaterally branched
and at length very slightly stalked,
ovoid, with some half-dozen pairs
of glabrate exposed scales. Leaf-
scars opposite, crescent-shaped or
somewhat 3-s i d e d, moderately
small, somewhat raised, ciliate at
cop like the line by which they
are connected: bundle-traces 3:
stipule-scars lacking.

The opposite leaves of Rhodo-
typos present a rare exception to
the general rule that the leaves
of Rosaceae are alternate, which
to a novice is one of the easily
learned characters by which
woody Rosaceae may be dis-
tinguished at a glance from woody Saxifragaceae, to which
they bear a close resemblance sometimes.

From a study of the vascular arrangement in multiple
buds, Baldacci and Filipucci have shown in the second vol-
ume of the Bulletin of the Boissier Herbarium that in Rho-
dotypos, as in Coriaria and many other cases, the supernu-
merary buds are derivatives of the normal axillary bud and
not independent structures.

Winter-characters are figured by Schneider, f. 137.
Twigs olive-brown, glabrate. R. kerrioides.

ROSACEAE.

113

KERRIA. "Corchorus."
(Family Rosaceae).

Small shrubs: deciduous. Twigs
somewhat 5-angled or ridged,
very slender, zig-zag: pith rel-
atively large, white, continuous.
Buds solitary, sessile, oblong,
with about 5 exposed scales. Leaf-
scars alternate, 2-ranked, crescent-
shaped or 3 sided, somewhat
raised, small: bundle-traces 3:
stipule-scars lacking.

Like Philadelphus, Kerria il-
lustrates the tenacity of Latinized
plant names when once estab-
lished as vernacular names. In-
troduced as a Corchorus — the
genus to which the jute plant be-
longs, the plant still finds cor-
chorus clinging to it as its garden
name; just as syringa stands for
the mock orange and not for the
lilac, which belongs to the genus
Syringa, in popular parlance.

Few people have difficulty in recognizing it at sight, after
having made its acquaintance once, for its very slender zig-
zag angled bright green twigs are unlike those of anything
else that is likely to be seen. Its winter-characters are given
by Schneider, f. 137; and Shirasawa, 254.
Twigs green, glabrous: buds subappressed. K. japonica.

114

ROSACEAE.

NEVITJSIA.
(Family Rosaceae).

Loosely branched shrubs re-
sembling Spiraea and Physocar-
pus: deciduous. Twigs slender,
long, somewhat zig-zag, decur-
rently ridged from the nodes:
pith relatively large, rounded,
white, continuous: medullary rays
rather coarse. Buds rather small,
solitary, sessile, ovoid, ascending,
with about half-a-dozen some-
what keeled or striate scales. Leaf-
scars alternate', round-cordate,
slightly raised and decurrent:
bundle-traces 3, more or less
doubled: stipules persistent as
small scales from the decurrent
ridges above the leaf-scar.

Neviusia is intermediate in ap-
pearance between Spiraea and
Physocarpus. It is one of the
very local genera and consists of

a single species which was made known to botanists and in-
troduced into cultivation by the reverend Dr. Nevius of Ala-
bama, who sent to the Missouri Botanical Garden the plant
from which the accompanying sketch was made.

Winter-characters of 2V". alabamensis are given by Schnei-
der, f. 137.

Twigs golden-brown, puberulent: buds glabrate.

N. alabamensis.

ROSACEAE.

115

RUBUS. Bramble.
(Family Rosaceae).

Rather soft-wooded simple low
shrubs, mostly armed with prick-
les, occasionally trailing or
scrambling over supports: decidu-
ous, or in warm regions more or
less evergreen. Shoots moderate,
often 5-angled: pith relatively
large, brownish, crenately round
or sharply 5-angled, continuous.
Buds moderate, sessile, oblong,
ovoid, commonly superposed with
the upper developing the first
year or the second smaller and
covered by the petiole, and oc-
casionally collaterally branched,
with some half-dozen exposed
scales. Leaf-scars alternate, torn
and irregularly shriveled on the
much-raised persistent petiole-
base: bundle-trace not discernible,
but 3 bundles evident when the

crescent- or U-shaped petiole remnant is cut across at its
base: stipule-scars lacking, but the stipules often persistent
at top of the petiole remnant. — Winter-character references
under Neillia.

The brambles, or raspberries and blackberries as they are
called usually in this country, vegetatively similar to the
roses, present one of the rare instances of deciduous leaves
which do not disarticulate by a cleancut abscission but tear
away in the autumn. Growers of small-fruits are familiar,
too, with the fact that they do not stop their seasonal growth
at a definitely limited point but, like many willows, a num-
ber of them continue to produce unmatured shoots until

116 ROSACEAE.

stopped by the approach of winter so that their canes, as
these long-shoots are called, may die back nearly or quite
to the base. In this failure to make advance provision for
the winter they stand in marked contrast with such genera
as Ailanthus and Tilia, where, early in the season, a starve-
ling tip of each branch is cut off cleanly by a self-healed scar.
The chief types of Rubus, — flowering raspberries, high-
bush blackberries, dewberries, red raspberries and black-cap
raspberries, — are easily known at any season of the year, but
the individual species and their hybrids are much confused.

1. Bark shredding: unarmed.

(Flowering raspberry). (1). R. odoratus.
Bark not shredding: trailing or fountain-like. 2.

2. Trailing. (Dewberries). 3.
Forming open or recurving bushes. 4.

3. Slender and very . soft-wooded. R. hispidus.
Stouter: strong and woody. R. procumbens.

4. Stems characteristically rooting at tip, mostly

very glaucous. 5.
At most exceptionally stoloniferous. 6.

5. Prickles strongly hooked. (Blackcap). R. occidentalis.
Prickles straighter: canes purple.

(Purple cane). (2). X R. neglectus.

6. Shoots very glandular-hairy as well as prickly.

(Wineberry). R. phoenicolasius.
Scarcely glandular-hairy. 7.

7. Nearly unarmed: dwarf. R. idaeus anomalus.
Very prickly or else moderately tall. 8.

8. Unarmed. R. canadensis.
Prickly. 9.

9. Prickles bristle-like, often represented by warts

in winter. (Red raspberries). 10.

Prickles stout and persistent. (3). R. allegheniensis.

10. Shoots red, brown, orange or purple. (4). R. strigosus.

Shoots straw-colored. European. R. idaeus.

ROSACEAE.

117

POTENTILLA. Cmquefoil.
(Family Rosaceae).

Small scraggly shrubs or mostly
herbs: deciduous. Twigs slender,
subterete, with quickly exfoliat-
ing bark: pith small, roundish,
brown, rather spongy. Buds rel-
atively large, solitary, sessile, ob-
long, with about 4 somewhat stri-
ate exposed scales, the inner gray-
hairy when visible. Leaf-scars
much raised on a clasping 3-
nerved base bearing the persist-
ent stipules at top, (or in the
second at tip of the persistent
petiole), minute, round: bundle-
trace 1.

The two woody cinquefoils con-
sidered here show interesting
morphological features. P. -fruti-
cosa — t h e winter-characters of
which are described by Bosemann,
74, and Schneider, f. 71 — forms

ordinary winter buds, of large size for the plant; and these
stand in the axils of the persistent stipule-bearing leaf-bases,
at} top of which small abscission scars have been formed.
The buds of P. tridentata are to be compound with the hiber-
nacula or subterranean buds in which the growing tips of
many perennial herbs pass the winter. As in Nandina, dis-
articulation takes place at a distance above the point where
the stipules separate from the winged base of the petiole.
Low-bushy, internodes elongated. (Dasiphora).

(1). P. fruticosa.
Stems very dwarf and tufted, covered by the leaf-bases.

(2). P. tridentata.

118

ROSACEAE.

FALLUGIA. Apache Plume.
(Family Rosaceae).

Small shrubs: evergreen. Twigs
terete, slender, with splitting
creamy outer cortex, becoming
red-brown: pith minute, round.
Buds small, solitary, sessile, ovoid,
with 2 widely parted outer scales.
Leaf-scars alternate, half-round,
minute, much raised: bundle-
trace 1: stipule-scars lacking or
indefinite at top of the leaf-
cushion. Leaves small, pinnately
3- or 5- lobed, very revolute, not
glandular.

Fallugia differs from Cowania
and Purshia in having normal
buds, while those of the latter
genera usually develop into spurs
that remain covered by the bases
of fallen leaves as in the hybrid
barberry. It is attractive when
bearing its plumed fruits, but is

not commonly seen in gardens.

Twigs glabrescent: leaves often loosely hairy.

F. paradoxa.

ROSAGEAE.

119

COWANIA.

(Family Rosaceae).

Shrubs: evergreen. Twigs ter-
ete, slender, from brown becom-
ing gray with scurfy outer cortex:
pith minute, round. Buds soli-
tary, sessile, at first ovoid with 2
outer scales but rather quickly de-
veloping short branches sheathed
by overlapping leaf-bases. Leaf-
scars alternate, half-round, min-
ute, much raised on thin winged
bases topped by the rather per-
sistent stipules: bundle-trace 1,
indistinct: Leaves as in Fallugia
but very glandular-warty, or in
one species (C. ericaefolia) min-
ute, entire, and pungent.

Cowania, Fallugia, and Purshia
are three genera with rather simi-
lar leaves. As in Potentilla, these
disarticulate from the top of a
dilated persistent base correspond-
ing to the lower part oi; the petiole with stipules attached
to its sides. Leaf-bases of this sort, which are found in a
number of Rosaceae, are more frequent in the related family
Leguminosae, and transitions may be found between extreme
cases like these and the less produced but otherwise com-
parable leaf-cushion found in the greater number of rosaceous
and leguminous genera.
Twigs from bristly and puberulent glabrescent.

C. Stansburiana.

120

ROSACEAE.

CERCOCARPTJS. Mountain Mahogany.
(Family Rosaceae).

Shrubs or small trees: ever-
green. Twigs terete, rather slen-
der, commonly forming dwarf
spurs closely covered by old leaf-
scars: pith minute, rounded. Buds
solitary, sessile, round, with 2
outer scales, quickly developing.
Leaf-scars alternate, minute, half
round, at top of the stipulate-base,
or transversely linear and low
with 3 bundle-traces after the fall
of this base. Leaves obovate,
flat and toothed, or lanceolate, re-
volute and entire.

No one who has walked in the
western mountains in late summer
can have failed to have his atten-
tion drawn to one or other of the
species of Cercoparpus by the
clematis-like clusters of feathery
fruits that terminate its short

twigs, and from which the name of the genus has been de-
rived. There is a marked contrast between the leaves of the
first two species and of the other1 two.

1. Leaves toothed and nearly flat. 2.

Leaves entire and very revolute, varnished. 3.

2. Teeth rounded: Rocky Mountains. (1). C. parvifolius.
Teeth pointed: California. (2). C. betulaefolius.

3. Leaves minute (1X5 mm.), teretely revolute.

(3). C. intricatus.
Leaves larger (25 mm. long), revolute at margin.

(4). C. ledifolius.

121

PURSHIA.

(Family Rosaceae).

Spreading rather rigidly
branched shrubs. Twigs some-
what fluted, becoming terete,
slender, with quickly flaking cor-
tex: pith minute, angular, con-
tinuous, light brown. Buds soli-
tary, sessile, ovoid, with several
more or less ciliate scales, rather
quickly developing into short
branches covered by the over-
lapping leaf-bases. Leaf-scars al-
ternate, half-round, with 1 bundle-
trace, minute, much raised on
thin winged bases topped by the
stipules, or these finally falling
and their linear scars encircling
the stem. (Tigarea; Kunzia).

Purshia is hardly to be counted
a decorative plant.
Twigs at first somewhat hairy
and bristly. P. tridentata.

Winter-character references to Crataegus: — C. azarolus.

Bosemann, 50; Schneider, f. 172. C. coccinea. Hitchcock (1),

4, (3), 15, (4), 137, f. 71-73. C. crus-galli. Bosemann, 50;

Schneider, f. 173. C. monogyna. Bosemann, 50; Fant, 20;

Schneider, f. 110, 172. C. mollis. Hitchcock (1), 4, (3), 15.

C. nigra. Schneider, f. 174. C. Oxyacantha. Bosemann, 50;

Fant, 26, f. 23; Schneider, f. 174; Ward, 1:194, f. 97-98; Will-

komm, 8, 10, 31, f. 41. C. punctata. Otis, 150. C. sanguined.

Schneider, f. 172. C. tanacetifolia. Schneider, f. 173. C. to-

mentosa. Brendel, pi. 3; Hitchcock (1), 4.

122

ROSACEAE.

CHAMAEBATIA.
(Family Rosaceae).

Small hairy shrubs: evergreen.
Twigs terete with quickly ex-
foliating bark, rather slender:
pith small, rounded, brownish,
continuous. Buds small, oblong,
acute, 2-edged, with 2 or 4 scales.
Leaf-scars alternate, nearly en-
circling the twig, triangular, ob-
literated by the deciduous cortex
but evident on the denuded twig
as 3 subconfluent circles, each a
bundle-trace: stipule-scars lack-
ing. Leaves subsessile, elliptical-
ovate, thrice pinnate, with minute
overlapping rather acute leaflets.
Chamaebatia, like Chamaeba-
tiaria, is a delicate evergreen with
fern-like leaves cut into minute
leaflets. It is easily distinguished
from the latter genus in its more
decompound foliage with the very

small leaflets glandular-mucronate. Neither genus is ap-
proached in delicacy of foliage by any other flowering plant
likely to be seen by the ordinary observer.
Twigs glandular-bristly, very smooth when denuded.

C. foliolosa.

ROSACEAE.

123

ROSA.
(Family Rosaceae).

Shrubs, mostly armed with
prickles, occasionally trailing or
scrambling: deciduous or excep-
tionally evergreen. Shoots moder-
ate, terete: pith relatively large,
brownish, rounded. Buds rather
small, solitary, sessile, ovoid, with
3 or 4 exposed scales, sometimes
a little above the axil. Leaf-scars
alternate, low, narrowly and
shallowly U-shaped or almost lin-
ear: bundle-traces 3: stipule-
scars lacking. Suckers are usually •
more prickly than the ordinary
branches, from which characters
are taken here.

Winter-character references: — •
Rosa alpina. Bosemann, 44. R.
arvensis. Bosemann, 44. R. bal-
tica. Bosemann, 44. R. canina.
Bosemann, 45; Fant, 23, f. 21;

Ward, 1:201, f. 102; Willkomm, 36, f. 55. R. carelica. Fant,
24. R. centifolia. Bosemann, 45. R. centifolia muscosa.
Bosemann, 45. R. cinnamomea. Bosemann, 45; Fant, 24. R.
collina. Fant, 24. R. coriifolia. Fant, 24. R. gallica. Bose-
mann, 44. R. inodora. Fant, 23. R. lucida. Bosemann, 44. R.
lutea. Bosemann, 45. R. mollissima. Fant, 24. R. multiflora.
Shirasawa, 250. R. pimpinellae folia. Bosemann, 44. R. pomi-
fera. Bosemann, 45; Fant, 24. R. pratincola. Hitchcock (3),
14, (4), 136, f. 69-70. R. pumila. Bosemann, 45. R. ruMginosa.
Bosemann, 46; Fant, 23; Schneider, f. 147. R. spinosissima.
Schneider, f. 147. R. tomentosa. Fant, 24. R. turbinata. Bose-
mann, 44.

124 ROSACEAE.

Though they often present marked and characteristic dif-
ferences when really comparable parts are compared, the
roses differ so greatly in their individual branches that any
effort to key the species out on vegetative characters must be
taken with a large degree of allowance for fallibility.

1. Prostrate: evergreen. (Memorial rose). R. Wichuraiana.
Scrambling or climbing, or fountain-like. 2.

Bushy: deciduous. 4.

2. Evergreen: very prickly. (Macartney rose). R. bracteata.
Deciduous. 3.

3. Forming fountain-like clumps.

(Prairie rose). R. setigera.
High climbing. (Ramblers). R. multiflora.

4. Small (scarcely a half-meter high as a rule). 5.
Taller (usually 1-2 m. high). 6.

5. Prickles widened at base.

(Baby rambler). R. multiflora var.
Prickles needle-like. (Wild roses).

R. acicularis, humilis, pratincola and Woodsii.

6. Essentially unarmed except the suckers. R. blanda.
Characteristically prickly. 7.

7. Prickles needle-like, nearly straight. 8.
Prickles flattened at base or strongly hooked. 10.

8. Stems stout: planted everywhere. R. rugosa.
Stems rather slender. 9.

9. Rather dwarf. (Scotch rose). R. spinosissima.
About 2 m. high. (Yellow rose). R. foetida.

10. Stems green. 11.
Stems red or purple. 12.

11. Prickles much dilated. (Dog rose). R. canina.
Prickles not greatly dilated.

(Sweetbrier). R. rubiginosa.

12. Stems rather pink and glaucous. R. rubrifolia.
Stems purple. R. cinnamomea.

ROSACEAE.

125

OSMAKONIA. Osoberry.
(Family Rosaceae).

Shrubs or subarborescent: de-
ciduous. Twigs moderate, terete:
pith rather large, rounded, pale,
chambered. Buds sessile or more
or less supra-axillary or stalked,
ovoid, obtuse, with about 3 ex-
posed mucronulate scales. Leaf-
scars alternate, somewhat crowded
at tip, shallow U-shaped or nar-
r o w 1 y crescent-shaped, little
raised: bundle-traces 3: stipule-
scars lacking. (Nuttallia).

The winter-characters of Osmar-
onia (or Nuttallia) cerasiformis
are given by Schneider, f. 74.

Osmaronia is a distinctively Cal-
ifornian genus locally differenti-
ated into distinguishable forms
but in the minds of conservative
botanists doubtfully divisible into
as many species.
Glabrous: twigs purplish: buds green. N. cerasiformis.

126

ROSACEAE.

which one has been
country.

Glabrescent: bud-scales brown, pitted.

MADDENIA.

(Family Rosaceae).

Shrubs or small trees: decidu-
ous. Twigs moderate, rounded:
pith rather small, rounded, con-
tinuous, pale. Buds solitary or
collaterally multiple, sessile, elon-
gated-ovoid, with half-a-dozen
more or less pointed scales, the
end-bud lacking. Leaf-scars al-
ternate, somewhat raised, broadly
crescent-shaped, rather small:
bundle-traces 3: stipule-scars lack-
ing.

On its general winter-characters,
Maddenia Jiypoxantha would be
taken for a species of Prunus
lacking the terminal bud as the
plums do, but with the peculiar
pitted marking of its bud-scales
shown by the common choke-
cherry of the Eastern States. Sev-
eral Asiatic species are known, of

introduced to a small extent in this

M. hypoxantha.

ROSACEAE.

127

PEUNUS. Plum, Cherry, etc.
(Family Rosaceae).

Shrubs or trees: deciduous, or
the cherry laurels evergreen.
Twigs slender or moderate, sub-
terete or somewhat angled from
the nodes, occasionally spine-
tipped: pith roundish or angled,
pale or brown, continuous. Buds
solitary or collaterally multiple,
sessile, subglobose or mostly ovoid,
with usually a half-dozen ex-
posed scales, the end-bud lacking
in certain groups (apricots,
plums). Leaf-scars alternate,
raised on a cushion flanked by
the stipule vestiges or scars, half-
round or half-elliptical, small:
bundle-traces 3, usually minute.

Leaves of the evergreens are
simple, mostly entire, and with
round nectar-disks on the back.
Like Pyrus, this genus is con-

fusingly complex through inclusion of such diverse forms as
the evergreen cherry-laurels and the deciduous types repre-
sented by peach, apricot, plum, cherry and bird-cherry, which
nevertheless do not segregate by characters satisfactory to
many botanists.

Though the different cherries are sufficiently distinct
from one another, the American plums are almost as trouble-
some as the red haws. Only the most distinct of their types"
are differentiated in the key here given.

A classified bibliography of Prunus is given by Rehder in
volume three of the Bradley Bibliography, compiled by him
at the Arnold Arboretum.

12g ROSACEAE.

The most sumptuous American publication on Prunus is
contained in Hedrick's large volumes on The Cherries of
New York and The Plums of New York. Critical analysis of
our native species of Prunus and of the varieties of plums
derived from American species, by Wight, constitute respect-
ively Bulletins 179 and 172 of the United States Department
of Agriculture, — both published in 1915. An analysis of the
pubescent-fruited species of the Southwest is published by
Mason in the first volume of the Journal of Agricultural Re-
search, issued by the Department of Agriculture. Some of
Professor Bailey's earlier opinions on Japanese plums were
published in Bulletins 62, 106, and 139 of the Agricultural
Experiment Station at Cornell University.

Winter-characters of Prunus: — P. americana. Blakeslee
& Jarvis, 508, pi.; Brendel, pi. 3; Hitchcock (1), 5, (3), 13,
(4), 136, f. 54-58. P. angustifolia. Hitchcock (1), 5, (3), 13.
P. Armeniaca. Bosemann, 53; Schneider, f. 183. P. avium.
Blakeslee & Jarvis, 341, 502, pi.; Bosemann, 53; Fant, 21;
Schneider, f. 185; Ward, 1:50, f. 32, 69, f. 48; Willkomm, 38,
f. 60. P. Buergeriana. Shirasawa, 256, pi. 6. P. cerasoides.
Shirasawa, 256, pi. 6. P. Cerasus. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 341,
504, pi.; Bosemann, 53; Fant, 21; Schneider, f. 185; Ward,
1:245, f. 128; Willkomm, 39, f. 61. P. Chamaecerasus. Bose-
mann, 53. P. chicasa. Hitchcock (1), f. 9-10, (4), 136, f. 49.
P. (Amygdalus) communis. Schneider, f. 184. P. domestica.
Blakeslee & Jarvis, 508, pi.; Bosemann, 52; Fant, 21, f. 16;
Schneider, f. 188; Ward, 1:243, f. 126; Willkomm, 3, 39, f. 62.
P. fruticosa. Schneider, f. 187. P. Grayana. Shirasawa, 256,
pi. 6. P. insititia. Bosemann, 53; Fant, 22, f. 17; Schneider,
•f. 188; Willkomm, 39, f. 63. P. intermedia. Schneider, f. 187.
P. japonica. Shirasawa, 245, pi. 6. P. Mahaleb. Bosemann,
53; Schneider, f. 41, 128; Willkomm, 38, f. 59. P, Miqueliana.
Shirasawa, 255, pi. 6. P. Hume. Shirasawa, 253. P. Myro-
balana. Schneider, f. 186. P. nana. Bosemann, 75; Schnei-
der, f. 184. P. nigra. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 341, 506, pi.; Otis,

ROSACEAE, 129

160. P. Padus. Bosemann, 53; Fant, 20, f. 15; Schneider, f.
184; Ward, 1:241, f. 125; Willkomm, 3, 38, f. 58. P. pennsyl-
vanica. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 332, 341, 500, pi.; Otis, 158. P.
Persica. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 332, 334, 341, 512, pi.; Bose-
mann, 74; Price, Bulletin 39, Texas Agr. Exper. Station, 828,
f. 13-15; Schneider, f. 183; Shirasawa, 253. P. pseudocerasus.
Shirasawa, 256, pi. 6. P. pumila. Schneider, f. 186. P. sero-
tina. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 341, 496, pi.; Brendel, pi. 3; Hitch-
cock (1), 5; Otis, 154; Schaffner & Tyler, Ohio Naturalist,
1:31; Schneider, f. 48, 183. P. spinosa. Bosemann, 53; Fant,
22, f. 17; Schneider, f. 96, 186; Ward, 1:245, f. 127; Willkomm,
4, 9, 40, f. 64. P. tomentosa. Shirasawa, 253, pi. 6. P. tri-
flora. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 508, pi. P. triloba. Schneider, f.
185. P. virginiana. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 341, 498, pi.; Hitch-
cock (3), 14; Otis, 156.

1. Evergreen: leaves entire or slightly toothed. 2.
Deciduous. 3.

2. Tree: leaves rather lanceolate, about 3x8 cm.

(American cherry laurel)*. P. caroliniana.
Subarborescent: leaves rather ovate, about 4X10 cm.

(European cherry laurel). P. Laurocerasus.

3. End-bud present. 4.

End-bud deciduous. (Plums). 14.

4. Twigs green or red. 5.
Twigs brown or gray. 6.

5. Buds hairy: tree. (Peach). (1). P. Persica.
Buds glabrous: twigs slender: low shrubs.

(Flowering almond). P. nana.

6. Stipules persistent or broken above the base: shrub. 7.
Stipules deciduous from the leaf-cushion. 8.

7. Loosely hairy: stipules setaceous. (2). P. tomentosa.
Glabrate or puberulent: stipules deeply fimbriate.

P. triloba.

8. Twigs more or less velvety. 9.
Twigs glabrous. 10.

130 ROSACEAE.

9. Buds round-ovoid, spreading. P. Mahaleb.

Buds oblong, appressed, glabrous. P. Padus.

^10. Buds dull brown, ovoid: scales rough. (3). P. virginiana.
Buds clear brown or glossy. 11.

11. Buds conical, light brown. P. Maackii.
Buds ovoid. 12.

12. Buds small (2X4 mm.), glossy: scales rather fleshy.

(Wild black cherry). P. serotina.
Buds large (3X5-7 mm.). 13.

13. Buds glossy, ovoid-fusiform.

(Sweet cherry). (4). P. avium.
Buds duller or darker, round-ovoid.

(Sour cherry). P. Cerasus.

14. Buds scarcely longer than thick. 15.
Buds elongated. 16.

15. Buds half-covered by the ciliate leaf-cushion, twigs slen-

der, red. (Southern plum). (5). P. angustifolia.

Buds protruding: twigs velvety, very spiny. P. spinosa.

16. Buds broadly .ovoid. 17.
Buds ovoid-fusiform. 19.

17. Buds dark: scales ciliate. (Apricot). P. Armeniaca.
Buds light brown, puberulent. (European plums). 18.

18. Twigs glabrous. P. domestica.
Twigs velvety. P. insititia.

19. Twigs velvety. 20.
Twigs glabrous. 21.

20. Low and spreading: buds velvety. P. maritraia.
Tall. P. americana mollis.

21. Buds velvety: twigs slender. " (7). P. cerasifera.
Buds glabrous: twigs stouter or stiff. (Wild plums). 22.

22. Buds red-brown, short (3-4 mm.). (6). P. americana.
Buds black or gray, large (4-5 mm.) and subconical.

P. nigra.

ROSACEAE.

131

PBIN SEPIA.
(Family Rosaceae).

Shrubs, with rather short su-
pra-axillary spines somewhat con-
stricted at base: deciduous. Twigs
long and slender, round: pith
moderate, round, yellowish, cham-
bered or finally hollowed out ex-
cept for annular lines about the
cavity. Buds solitary (or the
spine representing a second),
small, indistinctly scaly, con-
cealed in brown hairs that line the
stipules and fill the axil, the end-
bud lacking. Leaf-scars alter-
nate, small, half-round, raised:
bundle-trace 1: stipules rather
large becoming firm and persistent
at top of the swollen leaf-cush-
ion.

Prinsepia, unlike most Rosa-
ceae, which have solid pith, has
its pith chambered or finally ex-
cavated, as Solereder indicates in his Systematic Anatomy of
the Dicotyledons. Mention of this discovery is made in a pa-
per on chambered or 'discoid pith by Foxworthy in the Pro-
ceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science for 1903. It is
one of a small group differing in a number of respects from
other Rosaceae.

Some Prinsepias are sometimes called Plagiospermum, but
the two genera are not considered sufficiently distinct for
segregation by other botanists. They are among the earliest
shrubs to come into leaf in spring.

Twigs becoming brown. (1). P. sinensis.

Twigs persistently gray. (2). P. uniflora.

132 LEGUMINOSAE.

ALBIZZIA.
(Family Leguminosae).

Trees: deciduous. Twigs mod-
erately slender, angled, with rath-
er evident lenticels: pith mod-
erate, angular, continuous. Buds
superposed, sessile, round, with
2 or 3 scales, the end-bud lacking.
Leaf-scars alternate, more or less
2-ranked, somewhat 3-lobed,
l\^j / raised: bundle-traces 3, rather

"/I// , I'1"''1',; large: stipule-scars lacking.

The julibrissin is one of the
distinctive trees which present a
tropical appearance because of
their feathery foliage. This is
most seen in the/ North in the
locust and rose acacia, both be-
longing to Robinia, and especially
in the honey locust, Gleditsia.
From Washington southward, this
effect becomes more striking as
the still more delicate AlMzzia is

encountered, and as subtropical and tropical conditions are
reached the variety of trees of this type increases. A some-
what similar effect is produced by a few genera like Zizyphus
and Coriaria which bear simple leaves but produce clusters
of slender leafy twigs each year which simulate tufts of
compound leaves.

In the West Indies, a graceful tree of this genus (A.
Lebbek) is much planted under the name of woman's
tongue, — its thin clustered legumes rustling pleasingly on
every impulse.
Twigs brownish. A. Julibrissin.

LEGUMINOSAE.

133

ACACIA.

(Family Leguminosae).

Tender shrubs or small trees,
usually with stipular spines or
with strong prickles away from
the nodes: more or less ever-
green. Twigs slender, zig-zag,
somewhat angular: pith small,
roundish, continuous. Buds soli-
tary, sessile, small, usually quick-
ly developing into short spurs
covered by leaves or their bases
and sometimes bristling with
pungent stipules, the end-bud
lacking. Leaf - scars alternate,
small, elliptical, somewhat raised:
bundle-trace 1: stipules sometimes
present as strong sometimes
greatly enlarged spines, which in
many tropical species are inhab-
ited by pugnacious ants. An ac-
count of these (contributed by
Safford) is to be found under the

caption bull-horn in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture.

Leaves, if present, bipinnate (in Australian species reduced

to their dilated vertical petioles or phyllodia).

1. Unarmed: stems very angular, hairy. A. filicina.
Armed with pungent stipules or prickles. 2.

2. Stipules strong and pungent. 3.

Stipules weak: stems with strong hooked prickles. 4.

3. Spines short or swollen. (1). A. Farnesiana.
Spines becoming long (3-4 cm.) and slender. A. constricta.

4. Twigs brown: leaflets 3X10 mm. (2). A. Roemeriana.
Twigs becoming gray: leaflets small (2X5 mm.).

(Texas Mimosa). A. Greggii.

134

LEGUMINOSAE.

LEUCAENA. White Popinac.
(Family Leguminosae).

Tender graceful trees: ever-
green. Twigs moderate or rather
slender, terete: pith rather small,
round, continuous, white. Buds
solitary, sessile, ovoid, with stipu-
lar scales only. Leaf-scars alter-
nate, 2-ranked, somewhat elevat-
ed, rather small, half-elliptical:
bundle-traces 3: stipules persist-
ent at top of the leaf-cushion.
Leaves abruptly bipinnate with
numerous small oblong inequilat-
eral whitened leaflets. The fruit,
when present, is of long thin le-
gumes.

Winter-character references to
Leguminosae not considered here:
Caesalpinia sepiaria. Shirasawa,
234, pi. 2. Calycotome spinosa.
Schneider, f. 82. Dorycnium suf-
fruticosum. Schneider, f. 140.

Hedysarum multijugum. Schneider, f. 72. Indigofera Gerar-

diana. Schneider, f. 134. Lespedeza Hcolor. Schneider, f.

73. Ononis fruticosa. Schneider, f. 70. Petteria (Laburnum)

ramentacea. Schneider, f. 72.

Twigs light brown, warty, for a time puberulent. L. glauca.

LEGUMINOSAE.

135

PROSOPIS. Mesquite.
(Family Leguminosae).

Shrubs or small trees. Twigs
moderate, zig-zag: pith minute,
angular, continuous. Buds mi-
nute, rather quickly developing
into stout spurs bristling with
stipules and frequently flanked
by a solitary spine or mostly a
pair of terete nearly straight
spines, the end-bud lacking. Leaf-
scars alternate, often 2-ranked,
somewhat raised, rounded or el-
liptical: bundle-traces 3: stipules
long persistent. Leaves of 2 pin-
nate leaflets terminating the pet-
iole, or of 4 such leaflets. (In-
cludes Strombocarpa) .

Notwithstanding its compound
leaves, their characteristic droop-
ing position and the openly
branched top of the tree cause a
grove of mesquite to suggest a

peach orchard to many people when they see it for the first
time. As in many other Leguminosae the stipules of Prosopis
persist, even when they are not converted into spines; and
their presence gives a peculiar shaggy appearance to the axil-
lary spurs on which the foliage is clustered.

The screw-bean or tornillo, P. pubescens, is separated
frequently from the other species under the generic name
Strombocarpa.

1. Stipules becoming spines: downy. (1). P. pubescens.
Spines not representing the nodal stipules. 2.

2. Glabrous. (Common mesquite). (2). P. glandulosa.
Leaves, and twigs above, gray-pubescent. P. velutina.

136

LEGTJMINOSAE.

TAMAEINDUS. Tamarind.
(Family Leguminosae).

Large round-topped rough-
barked tropical tree: evergreen.
Twigs rather slender, zig-zag,
nearly terete: pith rather small,
rounded, continuous. Buds soli-
tary, sessile, triangular, with 2 or
3 exposed brown scales, the end-
bud lacking. Leaf-scars alternate,
2-ranked, abruptly much elevat-
ed, half-round: stipule vestiges or
scars more or less evident at top
of the leaf-cushion. Leaves ab-
ruptly pinnate with about a dozen
pairs of inequilateral entire leaf-
lets. Fruit, when present, a short
legume with acid pulp surround-
ing the few seeds.

The tamarind is sometimes
planted as an avenue tree in trop-
ical countries, and its round top
and dense fleecy foliage make it
unusually effective for this use.

Like the chick-pea, its foliage is reputed to produce an
acid which renders the dew or rain that drips from them,
or water that stands on them after they have fallen, so ex-
tremely caustic as to disintegrate fabrics on which it falls;
and the Hindus are said to be afraid to sleep under the trees.
Twigs dull brown, sparingly soft-hairy. T. indica.

LEGUMINOSAE.

137

CERCIS. Redbud. Judas Tree.
(Family Leguminosae).

Shrubs or small trees: decidu-
ous. Twigs moderate, zig-zag,
subterete: pith roundish, contin-
uous, pale or pinkish. Buds gla-
brous, superposed, the upper
slightly stalked, the lower sessile
and covered by the top of the
leaf-scar, ovoid or obovoid, with
2 or, in case of flower-buds, sev-
eral often keeled scales, the end-
bud lacking. Leaf-scars alternate,
2-ranked, somewhat raised, ob-
tusely triangular, with decurrent
ridges, fringed at top: bundle-
traces 3: stipule-scars lacking.

Winter-character references: —
C. canadensis. Blakeslee & Jar-
vis, 332, 518, pi.; Brendel, 27, 30,
pi. 4; Hitchcock (1), 4, (3), 12,
(4), 185, f. 41; Otis, 166; Schnei-
der, f. 91. C. chinensis. Shira-
sawa, 245, pi. 4. C. Siliquastrum. Schneider, f. 91.

Though the Old World species of Cercis are not success-
fully grown in the interior of the country, the native redbud
(C. canadensis) is much planted, and, with Cornus florida, it
makes a most effective combination in the native forest.

1. Buds short (2-3 mm.). 2.

Buds elongated (5 mm.), closely appressed, acute.

(Judas tree). C. Siliquastrum.

2. Buds ovoid or obovoid, blunt: twigs reddish.

(Redbud). (1). C. canadensis.
Buds acute: twigs greenish. C. chinensis.

138 LEGUMINOSAE.

CEBATONIA. Carob.
(Family Leguminosae).

Round-topped tender trees: de-
ciduous. Twigs moderate, at first
somewhat grooved but becoming
terete: pith moderate, obscurely
angled, continuous, salmon-col-
ored. Buds small, solitary, ses-
sile, oblong, naked except for a
pair of stipular scales, the termi-
nal, larger and more open. Leaf-
scars alternate, 2-ranked, subor-
bicular, little raised: bundle-
trace 1, rather large: stipule-
scars small.

Winter-characters are pictured
by Schneider, f. 73.

The name carob is a modifica-
tion of the Arabic name algaroba:
it is commonly called St. John's
bread, or Johannisbrot in the
German cities where the sweet
pulp of its pods is much liked by

children. It is said to be an important forage plant in the
Mediterranean region, and under favorable cultural conditions
to produce a greater food yield per acre than alfalfa, averag-
ing several hundred pounds of pods to the tree each year and
in some cases producing over a ton to the tree. Efforts are
being made to introduce it into the warmer parts of the
United States as a staple crop.
Twigs gray-velvety, with large brown, lenticels. C. Siliqua.

LEGUMINOSAE.

139

GLEDITSIA. Honey Locust.
(Family Leguminosae).

Trees, often large and spread-
ing, usually armed with often
horridly compound spines arising
above the axils and persisting on
the trunk. Twigs moderate, some-
what nodose and zig-zag, irregu-
larly terete: pith rounded, con-
tinuous, pale or pinkish. Buds
glabrous, sessile, superposed, the
uppermost often developing into
a spine or replaced by an inflo-
rescence-scar, the others more or
less covered by the torn margin
of the leaf-scar, glabrous, with
few scales, the end-bud lacking.
Leaf-scars alternate, rather large,
irregularly shield-shaped, little
raised: bundle-traces 3: stipule-
scars lacking.

Winter-character references: —
G. japonica. Shirasawa, 239, pi.
2. G. triacanthos. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 330, 333, 516, pi.;
Bosemann, 51; Brendel, 28, pi. 3; Hitchcock (1), 4, (3), 13,
(4), 136, f. 46-8; Otis, 164; Schneider, f. 22, 68.

1. Unarmed. 2.
Spiny. 3.

2. Large tree. (Thornless honey 1.). G. triacanthos inermis.
Shrub. G. triacanthos elegantissima.

3. Spines terete. 4.
Spines flattened. 5.

4. Tree. G. sinensis.
Shrub. G. sinensis nana.

5. Pods elongated, with many seeds. (1). G. triacanthos.
Pods short, with 1-3 seeds. G. aquatica.

140

LEGUMINOSAE.

GYMNOCLADUS. Coffee Tree.
(Family Leguminosae).

Large rough-barked tree: de-
ciduous. Twigs stout, terete or
irregularly 3-sided above: pith
large, round, continuous, salmon-
colored. Buds superposed in raised
silky craters, indistinctly scaly,
the end-bud lacking. Leaf-scars
alternate, large, irregularly heart-
shaped, little elevated: bundle-
traces 3 or 5, large, rather indefi-
nite and divided: stipule-scars
minute and fringed at top, or
lacking.

Winter-character references : —
Blakeslee & Jarvis, 333, 514, pi.;
Brendel, 28, pi. 3; Hitchcock (1),
4, f. 11, (3), 13, (4), 136, f. 43-
45; Otis, 162; Schneider, f. 13, 33,
72, 139.

Like the ailanthus, Gymnocla-
dus presents unmistakable evi-
dence of the absence of a true terminal bud on its stout
twigs. Von Mohl has published on this abscission in the
Botanische Zeitung of 1848 and 1860, and it is figured by
Foerste in volume 20 of the Botanical Gazette. The large
leaf-scars afford a particularly good opportunity for observing
the progressive obliteration of self-healed wounds, and the
changes in the leaf-scars in successive years were described
by von Mohl in the Botanische Zeitung for 1849. The mechan-
ism of leaf-fall is described by van Tieghem and Guignard
in the Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France for 1882.
Twigs with whitening epidermis and fine lenticels. G. dioica.

LEGUMINOSAE.

141

PARKINSONIA.
(Family Leguminosae).

Small trees with brown trunk
and greenish twigs: evergreen or
deciduous. Twigs moderate, 3-
sided and more or less striate:
pith moderate, roundish, continu-
ous. Buds solitary, or superposed
with the lower developing into
an inflorescence, minute, indis-
tinctly few-scaled. Leaf-scars al-
ternate, somewhat raised, 3-lobed
or broadly crescent-shaped, with
3 indistinct bundle-traces; or the
spinescent rachis persistent, bear-
ing spiny stipules and marked by
leaflet-scars below. Leaves, when
present, with a few pairs of long
narrow pinnae with flat rachis
and many small oblong pinnules.

Like Caragana, Parkinsonia
has the rachis of its compound
leaf transformed into a persistent

spine, and on this the former position of the fallen leaflets is
marked during the winter by the scars caused by their
abscission.

Glabrous: evergreen. (Jerusalem Thorn).
Puberulent: deciduous. (Retama).

(1). P. aculeata.
P. Torreyana.

142

LEGUMINOSAE.

CEBCIDIUM. Palo Verde.
(Family Leguminosae).

Green-barked glabrous small
trees of the Southwest, sometimes
with axillary spines: deciduous.
Twigs slender, subterete, some-
:r\-;";^ what zig-zag, finely but distinctly

granular-roughened: pith moder-
$;!<pf ate, roundish, continuous. Buds

solitary and sessile, or collaterally
branching in spine formation or
becoming somewhat stalked in
developing, minute, obscurely few-
scaled. Leaf-scars alternate, lit-
tle elevated, crescent-shaped or
transversely almost linear, mi-
nute: bundle-traces 3, indistinct:
stipule-scars minute, at. the angles
of the leaf-scar.

The palo verde or green tree is
one of the particularly striking
and unusual trees of the South-
west because of its smooth green

bark. Though characteristically spiny, it is sometimes nearly
or quite unarmed.

Of Arizona and arid California. (1). C. Torreyanum

Of Texas. C. floridum.

LEGUMINOSAE.

143

SOPHORA.

(Family Leguminosae).

Small trees or shrubs for our
purpose: deciduous or exception-
ally evergreen. Twigs moderate,
swollen at the nodes, more or
less zig-zag with elongated inter-
nodes, subterete or angled: pith
somewhat 3-sided, continuous, pale
or greenish. Buds woolly, super-
posed, sessile, sometimes small
and at first concealed by the leaf-
scar, the end-bud lacking. Leaf-
scars usually alternate, raised,
from nearly round or deltoid be-
coming narrowly U-shaped by
tearing of the articular mem-
brane: bundle-traces 3: stipule-
scars or remnants minute, at the
upper angles of the leaf-scar.

Winter-character references: —
Sophora japonica. Schneider, f.
91; Shirasawa, 238, pi. 2.

1. Buds covered by the articular membrane: twigs green. 2.
Buds evident in the axils. 4.

2. Native of the Southwest.
Cultivated rather generally. 3.

3. Not weeping, (Pagoda Tree).
Weeping.

4. Unarmed: twigs greenish: evergreen.
With axillary spines: twigs purple.

(2). S. affinis.

S. japonica.

S. japonica pendula.

(3). S. secundiflora.

(1). S. viciifolia.

144

LEGUMINOSAE.

CLADRASTIS. Yellow-wood.
(Family Leguminosae).

Rather small trees: deciduous.
Twigs moderate, terete, some-
times zig-zag: pith moderate^
round, continuous, usually pale.
Buds sessile, either solitary and
evidently scaly (1) or not dis-
tinctly scaly and in superposed
aggregates resembling single buds
(2, 3), the end-bud lacking. Leaf-
scars . alternate, 2-ranked, half-
round (1) or narrowly C-shaped
and encircling the bud (2, 3),
slightly raised: bundle-traces 3 or
5: stipule-scars lacking. (Includes
Maackia).

Winter-character references: —
C. amurensis. Schneider, f. 70.
C. amurensis floribunda. Shira-
sawa, 245, pi. 4. C. lutea. Blakes-
lee & Jarvis, 331, 334, 520, pi.;
Schneider, f. 4, 63, 70.

The two groups represented respectively by Cladrastis
(or Maackia) amurensis and by (7. lutea and (7. sinensis, show
a vary marked difference in winter-characters, though on
technical taxonomic grounds they are now united under a
single generic name.

1. Buds with 2 exposed pale-margined scales.

(1). C. (Maackia) amurensis.
Buds not evidently scaly: leaf-scars narrow. 2.

2. Twigs red-brown: buds short (scarcely 5 mm.).

(2). C. lutea.
Twigs buff: buds conical, 7-10 mm. long. (3). C. sinensis.

LEGUMINOSAE.

145

SPARTIUM. Spanish Broom.
(Family Leguminosae).

Shrubs with elongated rush-like
stems: deciduous. Shoots moder-
ately slender, terete, striate-
ridged: pith rather large, some-
what angular, white, continuous.
Buds small, solitary, shorter than
the much elongated leaf-cushion,
the end-bud lacking. Leaf-scars
opposite or more commonly those
of a pair widely separated, mi-
nute: bundle-trace 1, indistinct
when the leaf-base is shriveled:
stipule-scars lacking.

Spartium, which is called Spar-
tianthus sometimes, represents an
extreme case of the persistence
of a prolonged leaf-cushion or
petiole-base, which here far ex-
ceeds in length the subtended
bud. The condition is figured by
Lubbock, On Buds and Stipules,

81, f. 124; and Schneider, f. 75.

Glabrous, green, not pungent, though tapered at end.

S. junceum.

146

LEGTJMINOSAE.

CYTISUS. Broom.
(Family Leguminosae).

Shrubs, usually rather small:
commonly deciduous. Twigs slen-
der, terete or more usually ribbed
or grooved: pith small, roundish,
continuous. Buds small, solitary,
sessile, round-ovoid, with about 4
often indistinct scales. Leaf-scars
alternate, elevated, minute: bun-
dle-trace 1, indistinct: stipules or
minute stipule-scars at top of the
leaf-cushion. Cytisus scoparius is
frequently referred to as Spar-
tium; and Laburnum, as Cytisus.

1. Twigs forming blunt slender

spines. (1). C. pungens.

Not at all spiny. 2.

2. Twigs distinctly ridged or

angular, never villous. 3.

Twigs obscurely ridged, staring-
pubescent. (2). C. nigricans.

Twigs terete. 6.

3. Twigs narrowly ridged. (3). C. canariensis.
Twigs prominently angled or ridged. 4.

4. Twigs finely granular, almost winged. (4). C. scoparius.
Twigs not granular. 5.

5. Twigs glabrescent or appressed-pubescent.

(5).
Twigs quite glabrous.

6. Pubescence rather short and appressed.
Pubescence long and loose. 7.

7. Erect.

Low and spreading.

References on p. 148.

C. glabrescens.
C. purpureus.
C. leucanthus.

C. hirsutus.
C. supinus.

LEGUMINOSAE.

147

GENISTA. Whin.
(Family Leguminosae).

Small shrubs, sometimes spiny:
deciduous. Twigs slender, ribbed
or grooved: pith small, rounded,
continuous. Buds small, solitary,
sessile, ovoid, sometimes develop-
ing the first season or collaterally
branched and producing a green
grooved spine, with some half-
dozen scales. Leaf-scars alter-
nate, much raised, minute: bun-
dle-trace 1, indistinct: stipules at
top of the leaf-cushion, or their
scars indistinct.

Winter-character references: —
Genista anglica. Bosemann, 34. G,
dalmatica. Schneider, f. 78. G.
germanica. Bosemann, 34. G. pi-
losa. .Bosemann, 34. G. radiata.
Schneider, f. 89. G. tinctoria.
Bosemann, 34; Schneider, f. 78.
G. triangularis. Schneider, f. 89.

1. Stipules persistent: twigs not spiny. (1). G. tinctoria.
Stipules deciduous. 2.

2. Without spines: twigs tomentulose: prostrate.

(2). G. pilosa.
With short spines: villous or glabrate: erect.

(3). G. germanica.

148

LEGUMINOSAE.

LABURNUM. Golden chain.
(Family Leguminosae).

Shrub or small tree: deciduous.
Wood somewhat ring-porous with
tangential wood-parenchyma pat-
tern. Twigs rather slender, te-
rete or slightly fluted: pith mod-
erate, roundish, continuous, white.
Buds moderate, solitary, sessile,
ovoid, with about 4 exposed sil-
very-haired scales scarred at top.
Leaf-scars alternate or rarely op-
posite, transversely elliptical,
small, elevated: bundle-traces 3,
more or less confluent or indis-
tinct: stipules persistent on the
leaf-cushion.

Winter-character references : —
Laburnum anagyroides (common-
ly called Cytisus Laburnum).
Bosemann, 54; Schneider, f. 140;
Willkomm, 42, f. 70; Zuccarini,
32, pi. 18.

Not weeping. L. anagyroides.

Weeping. L. anagyroides pendulum.

Winter-character references to Cytisus: — C. alpinus.
Schneider, f. 68; Willkomm, 4, 42, f. 71; Zuccarini, pi. 18.
0. austriacus [f. 6]. Schneider, f. 177. C. Mrsutus. Bose-
mann, 54; Schneider, f. 76; Willkomm, 42, f. 69. C. nigricans.
Bosemann, 54. C. purpureus. Schneider, f. 75. C. ratisbo-
nensis. Schneider, f. 76. C. scoparius (often referred to
Sarothamnus or Spartium). Bosemann, 38; Fant, 30, f. 32;
Schneider, f. 75; Willkomm, 43, f. 73. C. sessilifolius. Schnei-
der, f. 76. 8. supinus. Schneider, f. 177.

LEGUMINOSAE.

149

ULEX. Furze.
(Family Leguminosae).

Small very twiggy and spiny
shrubs, the triangular leaf-spines
persistent. Twigs short, slender,
tapering into spines, fluted, the
stouter branches loosely hairy and
often papillate: pith minute, con-
tinuous. Buds small, usually su-
perposed with the upper develop-
ing promptly and the lower flat-
tened between it and the leaf,
with about 4 rather indistinct
scales. Leaves alternate, nar-
rowly triangular, keeled, very
pungent: stipules lacking.

It is unusual to find the equiv-
alent of leaves as well as twig-
branches of the stem converted
into spines: as a rule when one is
spinescent the other is not. Ulex
presents both cases. Like other
plants in which the leaves are

changed into spines, it does not form leaf-scars, for the modi-
fied leaves do not disarticulate.

Though a plant of dry sandy regions, the furze grows
naturally where rain or mist is frequent. In hedges, or
massed, it is attractive, especially when flowering, but for
the perfection of its beauty symmetrical single plants should
be seen in the early morning or after a gentle rain, when the
moisture-laden down with which they are covered gives a new
meaning to the colloquial word fuzzy.

Twigs green: buds tomentulose.

U. euopaeus.

150

LEGUMINOSAE.

AMORPHA. False Indigo.
(Family Leguminosae).

Shrubs: deciduous. Twigs rath-
er slender, slightly angled below
the nodes: pith moderate, round-
ish, continuous, white. Buds
rather small, sometimes super-
posed, ascending, with 2 or 3 ex-
posed scales. Leaf-scars alter-
nate, somewhat triangular-cres-
cent-shaped, elevated: bundle-
traces 3: stipule-scars small, at
the upper angles of the leaf-scars.
Winter-character references: —
A. canescens. Hitchcock (3), 12.
A. fruticosa. Brendel, 27, pi. 3;
Hitchcock (3), 12, (4), 135, f. 40;
Schneider, f. 82.

The common lead plant is be-
lieved by some people to grow
only where it finds a considerable
amount of lead in the soil and
to the extent to which this belief

is held it is considered indicative of the occurrence of min-
eral, like Eriogonum in the western silver mountains. Little
useful dependence is to be placed on such indications, though
there is some foundation for the credence placed in some of
them. A paper on such indicative plants was published by
Rossiter W. Raymond in volume 15 of the Transactions of
the American Institute of Mining Engineers.

1. Buds superposed: twigs glabrate: stipule-scars evident.

(1). A. fruticosa.
Buds solitary: stipule-scars minute. 2.

2. Twigs glabrate. A. microphylla.
Twigs white-woolly. (Lead plant). (2). A. canescens.

LEGUMINOSAE.

151

WISTERIA. Wistaria.
(Family Leguminosae).

Woody twiners: deciduous.
Stems moderate, somewhat fluted:
pith moderate, white or becoming
brown, round, continuous. Buds
moderate, solitary, sessile, nar-
rowly oblong, very acute, nearly
surrounded by the outer scale.
Leaf-scars alternate, transversely
elliptical, much raised and with a
horn- or wart-like prominence at
each side: bundle-trace 1, trans-
verse: stipule-scars lacking.

Winter-character references: —
Wisteria brachybotrys. Shirasawa,
260, pi. 7. W. polystachya. Schnei-
der, f. 81.

The different species of Wiste-
ria are not easily named except
when they are in .flower. The
most beautiful of them are the
Asiatic species, W. sinensis and

W. floribunda, the latter especially extensively grown near
the coast; in the interior the native species, of which W.
macrostachys is one, succeed better, though they are far less
attractive.

Wisteria, or Wistaria as it was intended to be written
and as it has passed into popular parlance, was named in
honor of Dr. Caspar Wistar, one of a number of American
physicians forming the subject of a little volume on some
American medical botanists commemorated in our botanical
nomenclature, published in Troy by Dr. Howard A. Kelley in
1914.
Stems somewhat retrorsely hairy. W. macrostachys.

152 LEGUMINOSAE.

COLUTEA. Bladder Senna.
(Family Leguminosae).

Shrubs: deciduous. Twigs mod-
erate, terete except for shortly
decurrentj lines from the nodes:
pith moderate, rounded, continu-
ous. Buds small, usually super-
posed and the upper promptly
developing into slender branches,
with 2 or 4 visible scales or
leaves. Leaf-scars alternate,
broadly crescent-shaped, much ele-
vated: bundle-trace 1 or 3, or the
middle one divided: stipules per-
sistent on the sides of the leaf-
cushion.

Winter-character references: —
C. arborescens. Bosemann, 54;
Schneider, f. 81, 139; Willkomm,
3, 7, 42, f. 69, C. orientals.
Schneider, f. 81.

In a paper published in the
journal Linnaea in 1837, Ohlert

shows that Colutea produces some thirty internodes in a year's
twig-growth. Half-a-dozen of these are preformed in the bud:
the remainder develop during the growing season. He notes
the striking contrast between this and the behaviour of, for
instance, Tilia, in whi-ch more preformed leaves are found in
the bud than are to be counted on the developed branch be-
cause of the abscission of its terminal parts.
Appressed-pubescent. (1). C. arborescens.

Glabrescent. (2). C. cilicica.

LEGUMINOSAE.

153

HALIMODENDRON. Salt Tree.
(Family Leguminosae).

Shrubs with more or less pun-
gent stipules and frequent per-
sistent spine-tipped leaf-axes, oth-
erwise deciduous. Twigs slender
or often forming globose spurs
invested by the many persistent
bud scales, angular: pith rather
small, somewhat angular, contin-
uous. Buds usually thicker than
the twig, solitary, sessile, globose,
with some half-dozen exposed
acute scales. Leaf-scars alternate,
much raised, minute: bundle-trace
1: stipules erect beside the bud,
on the leaf-cushion.

Halimodendron differs from
other commonly seen plants with
a much raised persistent leaf-base
in that this spreads almost hori-
zontally from the stem, in this
way making place for the globose
These frequently develop into short
leafy spurs, on the leaf-bases of which spines sometimes per-
sist. As in Parkinsonia and Caragana, the spines are per-
sistent axes, marked with scars from which leaflets have
fallen. The winter-characters of H. Jialodendron are pictured
by Schneider, f. 72.

relatively large buds.

Outer bud-scales dark, the inner pale.

H. halodendron.

154

LEGUMINOSAE.

CAEAGANA. Pea Tree.
(Family Leguminosae).

Shrubs, exceptionally subarbo-
rescent or grafted as standards;
somewhat spiny: deciduous. Twigs
moderate or rather slender: an-
gled from the nodes: pith moder-
ate, somewhat angular, continu-
ous. Buds small or moderate, ap-
parently solitary, sessile, with 3
or 4 exposed scales. Leaf-scars
alternate, much raised, minute,
half-round or the leaf-rachis per-
sistent as a spine or leaving a
round scar if this falls: bundle-
trace 1: stipules persistent, often
pungent.

Winter-character references: —
Caragana altanga. Bosemann, 46.
C. arborescens. Bosemann, 46;
Schneider, f. 134. C. frutescens.
Bosemann, 46. C. mollis. Bosemann,
46. C. spinosa. Schneider, f. 134.

1. Stipules not pungent: spine falling. (1). C. frutex.
Stipules and rachis both spinescent. 2.

Stipules very pungent: rachis falling. 4.

2. Twigs slender (1-2 mm.). 3.

Twigs coarse, with many subglobose spurs. C. spinosa.

3. Leaflet-scars crowded near end of the spine. C. pygmaea.
Two scars near the middle of the spine. (2). C. Chamlagu.

4. Buds small: bark exfoliating. (3). C. decorticans.
Buds relatively large (4-6 mm. long). 5.

5. Stipule-spines short (3-4 mm.). (4). C. microphylla.
Stipule-spines moderate or long (5-10 mm.). 6.

6. Twigs, spines and buds green or olive. C. arborescens.
Twigs, spines and buds dull red. (5). C. Boisii.

LEGUMINOSAE.

155

CALOPHAOA.
(Family Leguminosae).

Shrubs, or grafted as weeping
trees: deciduous. Twigs moder-
ate, terete; cortex exfoliating:
pith small, roundish, continuous.
Buds solitary, sessile, concealed
by the leaf-cushion, often develop-
ing the first season, with numer-
ous leaf-base scales evident as the
bud expands. Leaf-scars alter-
nate, minute, round or elliptical,
at the top of a greatly dilated
base that half-encircles the stem:
bundle-trace 1: stipules large,
brown.

Calophaca is one of a consider-
able number of Leguminosae in
which the leaves disarticulate
from a much elongated and di-
lated base which persists on the
stem. Usually such persistent
leaf-bases are crowned by persist-
ent stipules. In Calophaca these are exceptionally large. Its
winter-buds are sheathed in similar notched leaf-bases so that
they resemble those of hybrid barberry, — X Mahoberberis.
The winter-characters of G. wolgarica are pictured by Schnei-
der, f. 73.

Stipules long (10 mm.): loosely hairy. C. grandiflora.

Stipules shorter (scarcely 6 mm.): puberulent.

(1). C. wolgarica.

156

LEGUMINOSAE.

g

CORONILLA.

(Family Leguminosae).

Shrubs (or often herbs) : de-
ciduous. Twigs moderate or slen-
der, zig-zag, angled or ribbed, gla-
brous, green: pith round, white,
very soft (and sometimes cham-
bered?). Buds solitary, sessile,
with a pair of outer scales, ovoid,
more or less covered by the
strongly 3-ribbed leaf-cushion, the
end-bud lacking. Leaf-scars alter-
nate, 2-ranked, much raised,
rounded: bundle-trace 1: stipules
persistent as supplementary scales
of the bud or forming narrow
transverse lines on the stem.

Winter-character references: —
Coronilla Emerus. Fant, 27, f.
25; Schneider, f. 70, 139; Will-
komm, 7, 44, f. 74.
1. Low and trailing. C. viminalis.
Bushy. 2.

2. Twigs very slender (1 mm.), glaucous. (1). C. glauca.
Twigs stouter, green. 3.

3. Twigs sharply lined or fluted.

(Scorpion senna). (2). C. Emerus.
Twigs less evidently lined. C. emeroides.

LEGUMINOSAE.

157

ROBINIA. LOCUSt.

(Family Leguminosae).

Trees or shrubs: deciduous.
Wood hard, yellow or brown, ring-
porous. Twigs zig-zag, more or
less angled: pith round, continu-
ous, brown. Buds small, super-
posed beneath a membrane left
after leaf-fall, the end-bud lack-
ing. Leaf-scars alternate, broadly
triangular or 3-lobed, consisting
of a membrane that splits open
later: bundle-traces 3. Stipules
bristle- or prickle-like.

Winter-character references: —
Robinia hispida. Blakeslee &
Jarvis, 522; Bosemann, 47; Bren-
del, 28; Hitchcock (1), 4, (3), 12;
Otis, 168; Schneider, f. 67; Shira-
sawa, 230, pi. 1; Ward, 1:197, f.
99; Willkomm, 36, 41, f. 68. R.
viscosa. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 522;
Bosemann, 47; Schneider, f. 139.

A note on the stipular spines of RoMnia is to be found
under Zanthoxylum.

1. Trees. 2.
Shrubs. 4

2. Twigs glandular.
Twigs not glandular. 3.

3. With spines. (Black locust).
Unarmed.

4. Twigs both viscid and bristly.
Twigs without viscid glands. 5.

5. Twigs very bristly. (Rose acacia). (3). R. hispida.
Twigs not bristly. R. Kelseyi.

(1). R. viscosa.

(2). R. Pseudacacia.

R. Pseudacacia inermis.

R. neo-mexicana.

158

EBYTHEOXYLACEAE.

EBYTHROXYLON. Coca.
(Family Erythroxylaceae).

Shrubs: deciduous. Twigs
slender, somewhat zig-zag, round:
pith moderate, round, continuous,
pale. Buds solitary, sessile, glo-
bose with a pair of stipular-scales,
or those that are to develop flow-
ers quickly compound and with
numerous chaffy scales, the end-
bud lacking. Leaf-scars alternate,
2-ranked, small, crescent-shaped,
low: bundle-trace 1, indistinct:
stipule-scars very narrow, elon-
gated.

Erythroxylon, which is of no
decorative value, is included here
only because it is the source of
the important anaesthetic alka-
loid cocaine. The leaves of the
plant are imported from Bolivia
and Peru chiefly, though it is cul-
tivated also in the East Indies.

As with the opium poppy, it produces a number of distinct

active principles.

Glabrous: twigs brown.

E. Coca.

. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE.

GUAIACUM. Lignum Vitae.
(Family Zygophyllaceae).

Trees with very hard yellow
wood and resinous bark: ever-
green. Twigs rather slender,
forking at short intervals, green,
subterete: pith small, round, con-
tinuous, white. Buds scarcely dis-
cernible, not evidently scaly ex-
cept as the abortive end-bud may
show several stipules. Leaf-scars
opposite but the pairs not decus-
sating, broadly crescent-shaped,
somewhat elevated by the swollen
nodes: bundle-trace 1, indistinct:
stipules rather persistent, one of
each pair overlapping the other.
Leaves abruptly pinnate, with sev-
eral pairs of rather large entire
leaflets.

In his collected essays On Buds
and Stipules Sir John Lubbock —
who subsequently became Lord

Avebury — pictures twigs of Guaiacum which have the leaf-
pairs decussating in the normal manner.

Stipules blunt: leaflets prominently veiny.
Stipules pointed: leaflets obscurely veiny.

(1). G. officinale.
(2). G. sanctum.

160

ZYGGPHYLLACEAE.

COVILLEA. Creosote 'Bush.
(Family Zygophyllaceae).

Odoriferous small shrubs exud-
ing balsam where wounded: ever-
green. Twigs 4-angled, becoming
round in age, with short inter-
nodes: pith 4-sided, continuous.
Buds solitary, sessile, small, ovoid,
with 2 scales, usually imbedded
in " balsam. Leaf-scars opposite,
somewhat raised, minute, round:
bundle-trace1 1, usually, like the
outline of the scar, concealed by
the exudation: stipules relatively
large, brown, persistent. Leaves
short-stalked, of 2 falcate more or
less parallel leaflets. Fruit, when
present, long-hairy capsules,
(Larrea).

Few plants are more character-
istic of the dry country than the
creosote bush or, as it is called
often though improperly, grease-
wood, and none is more readily recognized at sight. As in
lignum vitae, the evident persistent stipules give it a dis-
tinctive character. In an account of the native trees and
shrubs published as Bulletin 87 of the New Mexico Agricul-
tural Experiment Station, Wooton speaks of the characteris-
tic bright color of Covillea in contrast with the prevailing
gray of other vegetation.
Twigs at first green, puberulent. C. tridentata.

RUTACEAE.

161

ZANTHOXYLUM. Prickly Ash.
(Family Rutaceae).

Small trees or shrubs, aromatic
or pungently acrid, usually armed
with detachable prickles which
sometimes occur paired at the
nodes: deciduous. Twigs moder-
ate ' or stout, subterete: pith
rounded, continuous, very creamy
white. Buds moderate, super-
posed, sessile, globose, woolly and
indistinctly scaly. Leaf-scars al-
ternate, broadly triangular or 3-
lobed, little raised, sometimes with
a conspicuous articular mem-
brane: bundle-traces 3: stipule-
scars lacking. Winter-character
references under Evodia.

The strong prickles beside the
leaf-scar in Zanthoxylum present
a puzzling question as to their
morphology. If they represent
stipules, they should be called

spines: if they are superficial outgrowths of the cortex, they
are truly prickles. Position is not a safe guide. The pungent
outgrowths of gooseberry and rose are prickles: they are sti-
pules in the locust, and, like other stipules, are connected
with the vascular system of the stem at least in their early
stages. They are believed to be prickles in Zanthoxylum.

1. Prickles broad and acuminate. (1). Z. Bungei.
Prickles not acuminate even when widened. 2.

2. Nodal prickles often widened: articular-membrane

conspicuous: buds red-rusty. (2). Z. americanum.

Prickles not greatly dilated nor articular-membrane

developed: buds glabrous. (3). Z. Clava Herculis.

162

RUTACEAE.

EVODIA.

(Family Rutaceae).

Trees: deciduous. Twigs round
or somewhat 4-angled or wrin-
kled: pith moderate, somewhat
angular, firm, continuous. Buds
solitary, sessile, ovoid, with 1 pair
of rather indistinct scales, the
end-bud lacking. Leaf-scars op-
posite, broadly crescent-shaped,
low: , bundle-traces 3: stipule-
scars lacking.

Winter-characters of Evodia ru-
taecarpa are pictured by Shira-
sawa, 270, pi. 10.
Puberulent: buds gray-brown.

E. Daniellii.

Winter-character references to
Zanthoxylum: — Z. ailanthoides.
Shirasawa, 237, pi. 3. Z. alatum.
Shirasawa, 239, pi. 3. Z. ameri-
canum. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 330,
522, pi.; Brendel, 31, pi. 3; Hitch-
cock (1), f, (3), 8, (4), 134, f. 12-13; Schneider, f. 85. Z.
Bungei. Schneider, f. 85. Z. piperatum. Shirasawa, 239, pi.
2. Z. schinifolium. Shirasawa, 239, pi. 3.

Foerste states in the Botanical Gazette for 1892 that vas-
cular strands are found beneath the usual position of the
larger prickles of Xanthoxylum even when these are aborted.
Specialized outgrowths from a plant member are sometimes
distinguished under the name emergences, particularly when
they contain vascular elements.

RUTACEAE.

163

OKIXA.

(Family Rutaceae).

Shrubs, glabrous: deciduous.
Twigs moderate, more or less 3-
sided, sometimes zig-zag: pith
rather small, pale, rounded,
spongy. Buds sessile or forming
short spurs, solitary, ovoid with
about 10 broad scales. Leaf-scars
alternate, half-round or obtusely
triangular, moderate, low: bundle-
trace 1, C-shaped, compound: sti-
pule-scars lacking.

The winter-buds of Orixa, with
the conspicuous pale margin of
their scales, are quite unlike those
of any other shrub or tree likely
to be encountered. The winter-
characters of 0. japonica are pic-
tured by Schneider, f, 97, and
Shirasawa, 254, pi. 6. At differ-
ent times it has been placed in
Celastrus, Ilex and Othera.

Like other Rutaceae, Orixa produces an essential oil in its
various parts that gives it a characteristic odor. Sometimes,
as in Citrus, such odors are pleasant to our senses: some-
times, as in the rue, they are very disagreeable. Orixa is of
the odoriferous rather than the aromatic type.
Twigs olive: bud-scales with pale ciliate margin. O. japonica.

164

RUTACEAE.

PTELEA. Hop Tree.
(Family Rutaceae).

Shrubs or small trees: decidu-
ous. Twigs moderate, warty and
dotted, terete: pith rather large,
roundish, continuous, white. Buds
moderate, closely superposed in
pairs, very low-conical, sessile,
breaking through the leaf-scars,
not distinctly scaly, silvery-silky,
the end-bud lacking. Leaf-scars
alternate, somewhat raised, rather
large, horseshoe-shaped when torn
by the buds: bundle-traces 3: .
stipule-scars lacking.

Winter-characters: — Ptelea tri-
foliata. Bosemann, 56; Brendel,
27, 30, pi. 3; Hitchcock (1), 4,
f. 3; Schneider, f. 97.

To some persons, notwithstand-
ing its blue-green foliage, Ptelea
resembles Staphylea when grow-
ing, but its alternate leaves or

leaf-scars and very different buds afford a ready and sure
means of recognition. In winter it is much more likely to
be mistaken for Phellodendron.

The importance of twig-characters, observance of which
need not be restricted to the winter months, is pointed out
by Greene in the tenth volume of Contributions from the
United States National Herbarium, where he segregates 59
nominal western and southwestern species of Ptelea, — in addi-
tion to an earlier subdivision (Torreya, 5:100) of what is
here called P. trifolia.

Twigs glabrous, buff. (Wafer ash). P. trifoliata.

Twigs puberulent. P. trifoliata mollis.

RUTACEAE.

165

PHELLODENDRON. Cork Tree.
(Family Rutaceae).

Small trees with spongy soft
bark: deciduous. Twigs moderate,
rounded: pith moderate, brown,
continuous: bark yellow when cut.
Buds solitary, sessile, half-ellip-
soid, compressed from the sides,
silky with red or bronzed hairs
so as to mask the overlapping of
the 2 scales. Leaf-scars opposite
or the pairs separated, horseshoe-
shaped, raised, rather large: bun-
dle-traces 3, often compound.

Winter-characters of Phelloden-
dron ammurense are pictured by
Schneider, f. 97; and Shirasawa,
272, pi. 10.

Phellodendron and Evodia dif-
fer from the other Rutaceae here
considered in having their leaf-
scars opposite or in broken decus-
sating pairs, and not alternate

on the stems. Winter twigs of Ptelea, which might be mis-
taken for those of the cork tree, are easily distinguished by
this character.

Though in some respects well suited to cultivation, the
cork trees possess the great demerit of holding their black
berry-like fruits late into the season so that, like the black
cherry in summer, they become an unusual nuisance until the
last fruit has fallen.

1. Twigs orange: bark of trunk corky. P. amurense.
Twigs red or purple-brown: bark of trunk not corky. 2.

2. Twigs glabrous. (1). P. sachalinehse.
Twigs somewhat hairy above. P. chinense.

166

RUTACEAE.

SKIMMIA.
(Family Rutaceae).

More or less aromatic tender
shrubs: evergreen. Twigs mod-
erate, green, terete, smooth ex-
cept for oil-papules: pith relative-
ly large, round, spongily exca-
vated. Buds solitary, small,
round-conical, with 2 or 3 small
scales, for the most part sup-
pressed. Leaf - scars alternate,
low, half-round, crowded toward
the end of the season's growth,
separated, narrower and reduced
elsewhere: bundle-trace 1, round:
stipule-scars lacking. Leaves sim-
ple, slightly revolute, somewhat
crenate above the middle. The
small red or black berry-like
fruits are often present in winter.
Skimmias are tender and can
be grown only in the South,
where they are counted among
the best evergreen shrubs for smoky cities.
Leaves oblanceolate, blunt-pointed: fruit scarlet.

(1). S. japonica.
Leaves more lanceolate and acuminate: fruit crimson.

S. Fortunei.

RUTACEAE.

167

TRIPHASIA. Limeberry.
(Family Rutaceae).

Tender shrubs with paired nee-
dle-like branch-spines: evergreen.
Twigs terete, rather slender: pith
small, white, more or less angu-
lar, homogeneous. Buds minute,
solitary, sessile, depressed-globose,
obscure or developed into the
short-flower-stalk, the end-bud ab-
sent. Leaf-scars very small, alter-
nate, half-elliptical, low: bundle-
trace 1, crescent-shaped, com-
pound: stipule-scars lacking.
Leaves short-stalked, digitate, pel-
lucid-dotted.

The limeberry is used for hedges
and shrubbery where the winters
are sufficiently mild, and is said
tot be tolerant of a considerable
amount of salt in the soil.

The generic name Limonia has
been used for Triphasia, which is

considered separable from that genus. The limeberry is
spoken of sometimes as a citrus, which is proper only when
the name is used in the most general sense and even then
may lead to confusion with the deciduous hardy orange,
Poncirus, which has been called Citrus trifoliata.
Glabrescent: leaflets 3. T. trifolia.

168

RUTACEAE.

CITRUS. Orange, Lemon.
(Family Rutaceae).

Aromatic shrubs or small trees,
often with axillary spines: ever-
green. Twigs moderate, green,
more or less 3-sided: pith small, 3-
sided, continuous. Buds solitary,
sessile, small, round, with about
3 scales, the end-bud deciduous.
Leaf - scars alternate, crescent-
shaped or half-round or lens-
shaped, rather small, somewhat
elevated: bundle-trace 1, round or
elliptical: stipules and stipule-
scars lacking. Leaves appearing
simple but really of a single low-
crenate pellucid-punctate leaflet
disarticulating from the typically
winged petiole. (Including For-
tunella).

Like the plum, olive and many
other commonly cultivated fruit-
trees and shrubs, the citrus spe-
cies present a great variation in spininess. In addition to the
citrange hybrids between the common orange and Poncirus,
crosses have been effected between the Tangerine type (C, no-
bilis) and the grape fruit (C. grandis), which are called
"tangelos"; and between the lime (C. aurantifolia) and the
kumquat (C. japonica).

1. Leaves ovate, pubescent: petiole winged. C. grandis.
Leaves lanceolate, glabrous. 2.

2. Petiole moderately winged. (Orange). (1). C. Aurantium.
Petiole narrowly winged. 3.

3. Leaves and fruit large. (Lemon). (2). C. Limonia.
Leaves and fruit small. (Fortunella) . (3). C. japonica.

RUTACEAE.

169

PONGIRUS. Hardy Orange.
(Family Rutaceae).

Shrubs with branch-spines: de-
ciduous. Twigs triangular, di-
lated into the thorns at the nodes,
rather stout: pith rather large,
white, homogeneous. Buds rather
small, solitary, sessile, subglobose,
with about 3 exposed scales, the
end-bud absent. Leaf-scars very
small, alternate, 5-ranked, half-
elliptical, scarcely raised: bundle-
trace 1, crescent-shaped, evanes-
cent: stipule-scars lacking. (Aegle,
Citrus}.

The hardy orange, capable of
growth even in the North as an
effective and attractive hedge-
plant, presents another instance
of the occasional occurrence of
hybridization between different
genera, and at the same time em-
phasizes the closeness of the re-
lationship of such genera. Poncirus gives hybrids, more or
• less intermediate in character, with the grape fruit belonging
to the evergreen unifoliolate genus for which the name Citrus
is now reserved; but it has been considered itself to belong
to that genus by botanists for whom generic characters might
be drawn a little more broadly than they are under the pre-
vailing custom. Its winter-characters are pictured by Schnei-
der, f. 85.

For the hybrid "citranges" the generic name X Ponciro-
citrus might find appropriate use.
Twigs glabrous, glossy green: buds glabrous, blood-red.

P. trifoliata.

170

SlMAEUBACEAE.

AILANTHUS. Tree of Heaven.
(Family Simarubaceae).

Rather smooth-barked loosely
branched trees with persistently
prominent lenticels: deciduous.
Twigs coarse, somewhat 3-sided:
pith large, homogeneous, round-
ish, becoming colored. Buds sol-
itary, sessile, hemispherical, rela-
tively small, with 2 or 4 exposed
scales, the end-bud fallen, leaving
a large scar. Leaf-scars alter-
nate, cordately elliptical-shield-
shaped, slightly raised, large:
bundle-traces about 9: stipule-
scars lacking.

Winter-character references: —
Ailanthus glandulosa. Blakeslee
& Jarvis, 334, 524, pi.; Bosemann,
61; Hitchcock (3), 9; Otis, 170;
Schneider, f. 35, 99; Shirasawa,
236; Ward, 1:118, f. 59.

Like Gymnocladiis, Ailanthus

offers exceptionally good opportunities for recognizing that
year after year the branches of certain trees are continued
by development of axillary or lateral buds, the tip of each
year's growth disappearing early by a clean-cut abscission.

Mr. Swingle, after reviewing the early European history
of Ailanthus, shows that the commonly cultivated species
should be called A. altissima, in the Journal of the Washing-
ton Academy of Sciences, of August 19, 1916.

1. Twigs prickly. A. Vilmoriniana.
Unarmed. 2.

2. Twigs puberulent. (1). A. glandulosa.
Twigs glabrescent. A. glandulosa pendulifolia.

BURSERACEAE.

171

BURSERA. West Indian Birch.
(Family Burseraceae).

Tender resinous trees with pa-
pery-flaking red or brown bark
and extremely light, soft and ut-
terly worthless wood: subdecidu-
ous. Twigs glabrous, moderate,
terete: pith round, continuous,
light brown. Buds solitary, ses-
sile, small, depressed globose, with
about 3 more or less short-pointed
scales. Leaf-scars alternate, half-
round, low: bundle-traces 3: sti-
pule-scars lacking. Leaves, if
present, like the twigs closely re-
semble those of mahogany, from
which in bark, wood. and habit it
greatly differs, as it does in the
technical characters of flowers and
fruit.

An effective contrast of the bark
of Bursera and Swietenia is af-
forded in figures 9 and 10 of the

text accompanying part 13 of Hough's American Woods, of
which thus far 325 species have been distributed in cross sec-
tion, and tangential and radial longitudinal sections.
Twigs light brown, warty. (Gumbo limbo). B. Simaruba.

172

MELIACEAE.

SWIETENIA. Mahogany.
(Family Meliaceae).

Tender trees, often of large
size and then with buttressed
trunks: subevergreen. Twigs gla-
brous, moderate, terete: pith
round, continuous, light brown.
Buds solitary, sessile, small, de-
pressed globose, with about 3
more or less abruptly pointed ex-
posed scales, the end-bud lacking.
Leaf-scars alternate, half-round or
somewhat shield-shaped, little
raised: bundle-traces 3: stipule-
scars lacking. Leaves, if present,
pinnately compound.

Mahogany, which furnishes the
most important cabinet wood ex-
ported from the tropics where it
occurs as scattered individual
trees in a mixed forest, is rather
effective as a shade tree where
temperatures are favorable. In

twigs, buds and foliage it resembles the preceding closely

but differs in its compact bark and excellent wood.

An idea of the buttressed trunk of a mature mahogany

tree is given by the plate facing p. 463 of Gibson's American

Forest Trees.

Twigs light brown, warty.

S. Mahagoni.

MELIACEAE.

173

CEDRELA. False Cedar.
(Family Meliaceae).

Rather smooth-barked loosely
branched trees: deciduous. Twigs
coarse, terete: pith large, homoge-
neous, roundish, from white be-
coming colored. Buds solitary,
sessile, short-ovoid, with about 4
short-pointed exposed scales, the
end-bud much larger. Leaf-scars
alternate, cordately elliptical-
shield-shaped, slightly raised,
large: bundle-traces 5: stipule-
scars lacking.

Wood of the West-Indian and
Central American cedar, C. odora-
ta, out of which the better cigar
boxes are made, resembles mahog-
any in many respects. The cheap
grade of cigar boxes is made of
sycamore wood, the heavy medul-
lary rays of which are very char-
acteristic. The Asiatic hardy ce-

drela presents much the appearance of ailanthus. The win-
ter-characters of C. sinensis are considered by Schneider, f.
99; and Shirasawa, 232, pi. 2.
Twigs puberulent. C. sinensis.

174

MELIACEAE.

MELIA. China Berry.
(Family Meliaceae).

Moderate-sized trees: decidu-
ous. Twigs rather stout, terete:
pith moderate, continuous, round-
ed, white. Buds solitary, sessile,
globose, moderate, with 3 exposed
scales, the end-bud absent. Leaf-
scars alternate, 3-lobed, elevated,
large: bundle-traces in 3 com-
pound C-shaped groups: stipule-
scars lacking.

Winter-character references: —
Melia Azedarach. Schneider, f.
94. M. japonica. Shirasawa, 236,
pi! 2.

Though the China berry is usu-
ally connected with the South
Atlantic region, where it is plant-
ed as a shade tree, it stands the
drought of the Southwest, and,
especially in its round-topped
form, it proves very effective

where green foliage is uncommon.

Twigs olive with many small pale lenticels.

M. Azedarach.

EUPHORBIACEAE.

175

ANDRACHNE.
( Family Euphorbiaceae ) .

Small shrubs: deciduous. Twigs
5-angled or terete; the youngest
very slender, the older with some-
what flaking bark: pith small,
rounded, continuous. Buds small,
collaterally multiple, with several
ciliate scales, the axils often oc-
cupied by pedicel-scars. Leaf-
scars alternate, minute, half-
round, low: bundle-trace 1: sti-
pules more or less persistent at
the side.

Neither Andrachne nor Securi-
nega is of much merit, but the
rarity of woody Euphorbiaceae
outside of the tropics make them
a little puzzling when they are
encountered. Winter-characters of
Securinega ramiflora are given by
Schneider, f. 125. As typical of
many anatomical studies to which

reference is not made in this book, may be cited a paper on

the phyllanthoid Euphorbiaceae by Rothdauscher, published

in volume 68 of the Botanisches Centralblatt.

Twigs terete, glabrous. (1). A. colchica.

Twigs 5-lined, somewhat hairy. (2). A. phyllanthoides.

176

EUPHOBBIACEAE.

SECURINEGA.
(Family Euphorbiaceae).

Small shrubs: deciduous. Twigs
slender, 5-sided, glabrous: pith
relatively large, angular, white,
continuous. Buds rather small,
solitary or with a small lower one,
compressed-ovoid, with about 3
exposed scales. Leaf-scars alter-
nate, minute, half-round, slightly
raised: bundle-trace 1: stipules
subpersistent at the sides. Most
of the upper axils are occupied
by scars from which flower- and
fruit-clusters have fallen. — Some-
times called Acidoton.

Though a number of large and
important or interesting trees be-
longing to the Euphorbiaceae oc-
cur in the tropics, and poinset-
tias, crotons and castor beans are
frequent among herbaceous plants
grown in temperate regions, An-

drachne and Securinega, which are scarcely more than half-
shrubs, are the only woody genera found native or cultivated
in the North.

Twigs olive-colored or green. (1). S. ramiflora.

Twigs purple. S. flueggeoides.

Shirasawa gives winter-characters of Excoecaria japonica,
245, pi. 4; Glocnidion obovatum, 253, pi. 6; Mallotus japonica,
234, pi. 1; and Stillingia sebifera, 244. These genera belong
likewise to the Euphorbiaceae.

BUXAGEAE.

177

Buxus. Box Tree.
(Family Buxaceae).

Shrubs or small trees: ever-
green. Twigs very slender, green,
flat-grooved between each pair of
leaves: pith minute, continuous.
Buds sessile, solitary, small, ovoid,
with 1 or 2 pairs of visible
scarcely specialized scales, or the
flower-buds quickly globosely en-
larged and multiple. Leaf-scars
opposite, minute, crescent-shaped,
raised: bundle-trace 1: stipule-
scars lacking. Leaves small, sub-
elliptical, entire, short-petioled,
paler beneath.

Box, like ivy, unfortunately is
unable to endure the winter ex-
tremes of the North and it is
rarely seen, at any rate far from
the coast, except as unhappy
stragglers or in satisfactorily
grown tubbed specimens. It is

not commonly known that it is acridly poisonous. As a rule
winter-manuals do not concern themselves with evergreens,
but Buxus sempervirens is included by Bosemann, 38; and
Ward, 1:43, f. 65. Goebel, in the Botanische Zeitung for 1880,
p. 756, points out that the buds are naked.

Boxwood was used formerly almost exclusively for rulers,
and is found yet in the finer draftsman's scales.

1. Twigs puberulent in the grooves. (1). B. sempervirens.
Twigs glabrous: leaves rather obovate. 2.

2. Bushy. B. japonica.
Prostrate or small. B. microphylla.

178

BUXACEAE.

SIMMONDSIA. Jojoba.
(Family Buxaceae).

Shrub or small bushy tree:
evergreen. Twigs rather slender,
terete, often forking, the bark fis-
sured: pith somewhat angled and
colored, continuous. Buds com-
monly superposed, the upper often
developing promptly, sessile,
round, very hairy and with indis-
tinguishable scales. Leaf-scars
opposite, raised, crescent-shaped:
bundle-trace 1, large, in the upper
part of the scar: stipule-scars
lacking. Leaves rather small, el-
liptical, sessile, entire.

Some years since, Simmondsia
attracted attention as a plant
worthy of trial in the Mediter-
ranean region because of its oily
seeds.

Simmondsia affords an example
of the misfortunes that may attend

the use of names indicating the source or peculiarities of
plants. What is called 8. calif or nica, now, was grown in the
botanical garden at Berlin a century ago, supposedly from
China. Link, recognizing its now admitted but sometimes
questioned relationship to the box, christened it Buxus chi-
nensis. The genus Simmondsia was described two decades
later, when Nuttall found and named its original if not only
species 8. californica. Strict application of the nomenclato-
rial rule of priority would cause restoration under Simmond-
sia of the totally misleading name chinensis.
Appressed-puberulent: leaves thick. S. californica.

EMPETRACEAE.

179

COREMA. Broom Crowberry.
(Family Empetraceae).

Low spreading shrubs: ever-
green. Twigs tender, ridged be-
low the leaf-scars: pith minute,
continuous. Buds solitary, sessile,
compressed round-ovoid, minute,
with 2 or 3 scales. Leaf-scars
subverticillate, minute, half-round,
somewhat raised: bundle-trace 1,
indistinct: stipule-scars lacking.
Leaves linear-oblong, revolute to
a dorsal slit, microscopically den-
ticulate.

Though very different in tech-
nical characters, the Empetraceae
are suggestive of Ericaceae in
vegetative characters. Anatomi-
cal comparisons are made by Gi-
belli in volume eight of the Nuovo
Giornale Botanico Italiano, and
by Mori in the same journal for
1877; and an instructive lecture

by Miall, in which their inrolled leaves figure, is published
in volume 58 of Nature. The leaf-anatomy is discussed com-
paratively by MacEwan in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botani-
cal Club for 1894.

Corema Conrj&dii has borne the generic names Tucker-
mannia, given it by Klotzsch in 1842, but already in use for
another plant, and Oakesia, given it by Tuckerman in the
same year, — both botanists failing to identify the supposedly
new genus with the earlier named Corema.
Glabrate on the ridges: bark exfoliating. C-. Conradii.

180

EMPETRACEAE.

EMPETRUM. Crowberry.
(Family Empetraceae).

Low spreading shrubs with ex-
foliating bark: evergreen. Twigs
slender, ridged below the leaf-
scars: pith minute, continuous.
Buds solitary, sessile, compressed
round-ovoid, with 2 or 3 exposed
scales, very minute except for the
flower-buds in the upper axils.
Leaf-scars subverticillate, minute,
half-round, somewhat raised:
bundle-trace 1, indistinct: stipule-
scars lacking. Leaves small, el-
liptical-oblong, revolute to a hairy
groove, entire.

The winter-characters of Em-
petrum nigrum are given by
Bosemann, 35; and Fant, 53.
Solereder figures a cross-section
of its leaf in his Systematic Anat-
omy of the Dicotyledons, 2:800,
f. 188.

The type of inrolled leaves that Empetraceae and certain
Ericaceae possess has been shown by Gibelli's developmental
studies to differ essentially from the usual type of revolute
leaves which are merely rolled backward for a distance from
the margin. Here, the grooves at either side of the midrib
develop in such a manner as to make them morphologically
elongated pits rather than merely covered parts of the nor-
mal lower leaf surface.

Glabrate. E. nigrum.

Tomentose. E. nigrum andinum.

EMPETRACEAE.

181

CEBATIOLA.
(Family Empetraceae).

Low tender aromatic shrubs:
evergreen. Twigs very slender,
terete: pith minute, continuous.
Buds sessile, compressed-ovoid,
solitary and minute or the flower-
buds in the upper axils larger
and collaterally multiple, with
about 3 exposed scales. Leaf-
scars subverticillate, minute, cres-
cent-shaped, elevated: bundle-
trace 1: stipule-scars lacking.
Leaves linear, revolute to a dor-
sal slit so as to be almost terete.
Only the genera of Empetra-
ceae here given are known, and
there is only one additional spe-
cies,— a Corema in the Mediter-
ranean region. Ceratiola is dis-
tinctly more southern than our
others and occurs from Florida to
South Carolina. The cavity
formed by its revolute leaves is filled by loose hairs.

The Empetraceae not only resemble heaths in the peculiar
type of revolution that their leaves show, but their fruit is
comparable with that of the bearberry, and their pollen-grains
occur in coherent groups of four as in the Ericaceae, of which
family Dr. Gray has supposed the Empetraceae to be a re-
duced off-shoot.
Twigs puberulent: bark tardily exfoliating. C. ericoides.

182

CORIARIACEAE.

CORIAEIA.

(Family Coriariaceae).

Shrubs, sometimes soft-wooded:
deciduous. Twigs terete, or 4-
lined below the nodes, stout, with
red-scaly short spurs bearing
clustered very slender shoots of
the season: pith rather large,
round, continuous, brownish.
Buds at first solitary and with 2
nearly valvate scales but very
quickly on the stout twigs be-
coming multiple by branching,
with several scales. Leaf-scars
opposite, low, crescent-shaped or
the smaller rounded: bundle-trace
1: stipule-scars lacking.

The axillary clustering of slen-
der leafy shoots which suggest
compound leaves recalls a some-
what similar appearance in Zizy-
phus, where, however, the slender
twigs may bear flowers and fruit,

and results in an appearance not unlike that of Prosopis and
other Leguminosae which produce compound leaves in clus-
ters from dwarf spurs. The winter-characters of Coriaria
myrtifolia are pictured by Schneider, f. 116.
Twigs glabrous, glossy red-brown: lenticels prominent.

C. japonica.

ANACABDIAGEAE.

183

MANGIFERA. Mango.
(Family Anacardiaceae).

Glabrous trees with milky or
gummy sap: evergreen. Twigs
moderate, somewhat corrugated :
pith relatively large, continuous,
brownish. Buds solitary, sessile,
depressed-ellipsoid, indistinctly 2-
scaled, the terminal conical. Leaf-
scars alternate, more crowded
near the end of the season's
growth, low, half-round to nearly
elliptical, somewhat concave at
top: bundle-traces about 9: sti-
pule-scars lacking. Leaves sim-
ple, entire, petioled.

A striking feature of the ma-
ture mango is its long clusters of
large fruits., Though a tropical
tree, it is coming into consider-
able cultivation in subtropical
parts of the United States, in
carefully selected varieties.

The mango is one of the rather few really good exclu-
sively tropical fruits, of most of which, as a lady who had
learned to know them through many years of experience once
said, it is nearly or quite true that each new kind puts one
in mind of a new toilet soap. To millions of persons living
within the tropics this fruit is said truthfully to be of greater
importance than the apple is to us.
Leaves lance-oblong, large (5X20 cm.). M. indica.

184

ANACARDIACEAE.

PISTACIA. Mastic.
(Family Anacardiaceae).

Tender gummy aromatic shrubs
or small trees: evergreen or de-
ciduous. Twigs moderate, round-
ish: pith small, round, continu-
ous. Buds solitary, sessile, ovoid,
with several scales, the end-bud
lacking. Leaf - scars alternate,
crescent-shaped, somewhat raised:
bundle-trace 1, compound, or a
curved series: stipule-scars lack-
ing. When leaves are present
they are odd-pinnate.

Like Mangifera and Schinus,
Pistacia is cultivated only in the
warmer parts of the country. Be-
sides the mastic species, P. vera
which yields the pistachio nuts of
confectioners is coming into cul-
tivation, in selected varieties, in
California.

Another, but very tender, mem-
ber of the Anacardiaceae, capable of growth only in the
extreme subtropical parts of our country, is the small tree
Anacardium occidentale, that yields the now rather familiar
cashew nuts, and, in the tropics, the brilliant red or yellow
cashew "apples" which are the enlarged flower-stalks or re-
ceptacles. This color contrast recalls strikingly that of sweet
peppers, tomatoes, holly-berries, etc., in which a normal bril-
liant red coloration is replaced by an equally brilliant yellow.
Deciduous, very resinifluous. P. Terebinthus.

Evergreen. (1). p. Lentiscus.

ANACABDIACEAE.

185

SCHINUS. Pepper Tree.
( Family Anacardiaceae ) .

Tender round-topped rather
weeping trees, pungently aro-
matic, glabrous: evergreen. Twigs
slender, roundish, zig-zag: pith
rather small, more or less 3-
angled, continuous, white when
fresh. Buds superposed, the up-
per commonly developing pre-
cociously, round-ovoid or oblong,
much flattened, with 2 scales, the
end-bud absent. Leaf-scars alter-
nate, often 2-ranked, crescent-
shaped, slightly raised: bundle-
traces 3, large or often compound:
stipule-scars lacking. Leaves pet-
ioled, odd-pinnate with pointed
leaflets. Fruit glossy round
drupes of the size of peas, in
rather large panicles or racemed.
Broken leaflets, thrown on wa-
ter, are a source of interest, the

explosive liberation of the volatile oil that they contain

causing them to dart forward on the surface.

Leaves of many leaflets: fruit panicled. (1). S. Molle.

Leaves of about 7 leaflets: fruit racemed. S. Terebinthifolius.

180

ANACARDIACEAE.

inn

COTINUS. Smoke Bush.
(Family Anacardiaceae).

Shrubs or small trees with
free-flowing gummy aromatic sap:
deciduous. Twigs round, moder-
ate, brown or purplish, with
prominent lenticels, glabrate:
pith moderate, round, brown, con-
tinuous. Buds small, solitary,
sessile, round-ovoid, often com-
pressed, with 1 or 2 pairs of ex-
posed glabrous scales. Leaf-scars
alternate, clustered above, cres-
cent-shaped or 3-lobed, raised:
bundle-traces 3 : stipule-scars lack-
ing. (Rhus).

The American smoke bush or
chittam wood is counted among
our very rare or local native
plants though it occurs from Ala-
bama to Texas and extends as far
north as Forsythe on the White
River in Missouri, where it grows
along the cliffs.

Buds alternate: leaf -scars lobed. (1). C. americana.

Buds acute from the front: leaf-scars not lobed.

(2). C. Coggygria.

Winter-character references: — Cotinus coggygria (Rhus
Cotinus). Schneider, f. 79; Willkomm, 41, f. 67. Rhus cana-
densis (R. aromatica). Brendel, pi. 3; Hitchcock (3), 12,
(4), 135, f. 37-39. R. copallina. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 342, 526;
Hitchcock (1), 4, f. 7. R. glabra. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 342,
526; Brendel, pi. 3; Hitchcock (3), 11; Greene, Ottawa Natu-
ralist, 24:139. R. javanicu (R. semialata Osbeckii). Shira-
sawa, 236, pi. 2. R. succedanea. Shirasawa, 233, pi. 1. R.

ANACARDIACEAE.

187

sylvestris. Shirasawa, 233, pi. 2. R. Toxicodendron (includ-
ing R. radicans). Blakeslee & Jarvis, 528; Brendel, pi. 3;
Hitchcock (3), 11, (4), 135, f. 35-36; Schneider, f. 79; Shira-
sawa, 259, pi. 1. R. trichocarpa. Shirasawa, 233, pi. 1. R.
typhina (R. hirta). Blakeslee & Jarvis, 342, 526, pi.; Bb'se-
mann, 55; Greene, Ottawa Naturalist. 24:139; Schneider, f.
79. R. vernicifera. Shirasawa, 232, pi. 1. R. Vernix. Blakes-
lee & Jarvis, 333, 334, 528, pi.

RHUS. Sumach.
(Family Anacardiaceae).

Shrubs, exceptionally climbing
by aerial roots or becoming small
open trees; with milky sometimes
very poisonous sap: deciduous as
to our species. Twigs round or
bluntly 3-sided, sometimes fluted,
slender to very stout: pith rather
large, roundish, continuous, often
pink or brown. Buds moderate or
rather small, solitary, sessile,
round-ovoid, hairy and indistinct-
ly scaly or with 3 or 4 evident
scales, the end-bud often lacking.
Leaf-scars alternate, round or
crescent-shaped, or C-shaped and
encircling the buds, more or less
raised: bundle-traces rather nu-
merous in the lower half of the
round leaf-scars but sometimes in
3 more or less evident groups or
3 or 5 to 9 single scars or groups
in the narrower leaf-scars: stipule-scars lacking.

The fragrant sumach has a very distinctive type of leaf-
fall and the generic name Schmaltzia has been used exclu-

188 ANACARDIACEAE.

sively for it sometimes. The poisonous group, for which the
name Toxicodendron has been used, but to which the name
Rhus is most strictly applicable, is equally distinct in leaf-
scars from the true sumachs, to which the name Schmaltzia
is extended. Opinions differ as greatly in the definition of
their species as in the limitation of these nominal genera;
and Greene, in the eighth volume of Proceedings of the Wash-
ington Academy of Sciences, has made no fewer than 29 spe-
cies of what is here called R. glabra.

1. Leaf-scars round, much elevated, covering the small yellow

hairy buds: twigs slender.

(Fragrant sumach). (1). R. canadensis.
Leaf -scars C-shaped, nearly encircling the buds: twigs

stout. 2.
Leaf-scars U-shaped: twigs terete, puberulent.

(2). R. copallina.
Leaf-scars broadly crescent- or shield-shaped. Poisonous. 5.

2. Tall shrubs or small trees. 3.
Very low hairy shrub.

(Southern hairy sumach). R. Michauxii.

3. Twigs glabrous, 3-sided. (Smooth sumach). (3). R. glabra.
Twigs hairy, rounded. 4.

4. Hairs dense, concealing the lenticels.

(Staghorn sumach). R. typhina.
Hairs scanty: lenticels prominent.

(Asiatic sumach). R. javanica.

5. Twigs slender: buds stalked, naked. 6.
Twigs stout: buds sessile. 7.

6. Climbing by aerial roots, or spreading.

(Poison ivy). (4). R. radicans.
Bushy. (Poison oak). R. Toxicodendron.

7. End-buds yellow-pubescent, large (8-10 mm. long).

(5). R. vernicifera.
End-buds glabrate, moderate (scarcely 5 mm.).

(6). R. vernix.

CYBILLACEAE.

189

CLIFTONIA. Buckwheat Tree.
(Family Cyrillaceae).

Shrubs: evergreen. Twigs
rather* slender and 3-sided: pith
small, more or less 3-sided, con-
tinuous, pink. Buds small, ses-
sile, solitary, ovoid, with about 2
exposed scales. Leaf-scars alter-
nate, shield-shaped, often acutely
angled at the sides, fringed at
the top: bundle-trace 1, trans-
verse, sometimes broken: stipule-
scars lacking. Leaves obovate-
oblanceolate, entire, subsessile,
thick and nearly veinless.

The single species of Cliftonia
has been known as C. nitida and,
more commonly, C. ligustrina. The
specific name monophylla which it
bears now has been restored of
late years because it was applied
to the plant before either of the
others, though under another ge-
nus, Ptelea, to which Lamarck referred the plant because of
the winged fruits to which it owes also its common name of
buckwheat tree.
Twigs gray, glabrous: leaves puberulent, glaucous.

C. monophylla.

190

CYRILLACEAE.

CYBILLA. White ti ti.
(Family Cyrillaceae).

Shrubs or small trees: decidu-
ous or subevergreen. Twigs rath-
er slender and 3-si^ed: pith small,
somewhat 3-sided, continuous.
Buds small, sessile, several super-
posed in an axillary groove, with
a few pointed scales. Leaf-scars
alternate, low, shield-shaped with
acute lateral angles, fringed at
top: bundle-trace 1, rather large
and curved: stipule-scars lacking.
Leaves when present rather thin,
very hairy, entire, petioled.

In addition to the two barely
differentiate cyrillas of the
southern United States, another
occurs in the West Indies and
still another in Brazil. Even these
are so similar to our northern
species that for some botanists
they constitute only varieties of it.
Twigs straw-colored, glabrous: leaves glabrous, green.

Some leaves 10 cm. long. C. racemiflora.

Leaves under 5 cm. long. C. parvifolia.

AQUIFOLIACEAE.

191

ILEX. Holly.
(Family Aquifoliaceae).

Shrubs or trees: evergreen or
deciduous. Twigs usually 3- or
5-sided, rather slender, often de-
veloped as spurs with densely
crowded leaf-scars: pith small,
roundish or angled, continuous.
Buds small, commonly superposed,
sessile, with 2 or mostly 4 or 6
exposed scales. Leaf-scars alter-
nate, clustered above, crescent-
shaped, more or less raised: bun-
dle-trace 1: stipule-scars minute
or the minute pointed stipules
persistent at the angles of the
leaf-scars. Leaves, when persist-
ent, coriaceous and sometimes
very pungently toothed. Fruit a
berry-like drupe with several nut-
lets.

Winter-character references: —
Ilex Aquifolium. Blakeslee &

Jarvis, 530; Bosemann, 34; Fant, 48; Ward, 1:144, f. 66. 7.
decidua. Hitchcock (1), 5. I. geniculata. Shirasawa, 236,
pi. 2. /. macropoda. Shirasawa, 265, pi. 9. I. opaca. Blakes-
lee & Jarvis, 329, 530, pi. I. SieboUii. Shirasawa, 235, pi. 2.
I. verticillata. Brendel, pi. 3; Schneider, f. 116.

The dots or cork-warts which characteristically mark the
lower leaf-surface of certain species are figured in section by
Solereder in his Systematic Anatomy of the Dicotylendons,
1:210, f. 50.

As Sir John Lubbock points out in his studies of buds
and stipules, Ilex possesses small stipules. Though they are
often so minute as to escape attention unless very carefully

192

AQUIFOLIACEAE.

looked for, they are of diagnostic value as between Ilex and
Nemopanthus.

On the large-leaved evergreen
hollies some leaves are entire and
others pungently toothed in the
same species — sometimes even on
the same plant, and correspond-
ents of the Gardeners' Chronicle
(1853, pp. 630, 646; 1864, p. 25)
have discussed this. Assumption
that the toothing of leaves within
reach of grazing animals is a pro-
tective adaptation which is lost
when it becomes unnecessary is
typical of many teleological as-
sumptions that have brought the
entire category of so-called adap-
tations into more or less unde-
served disrepute. The idea of
aging or maturity, paralleled in
the ivy, as causative is embodied
in Gaudin's name, Ilex Aquifo-
lium senescens, for the entire-
leaved holly of Europe.

1. Deciduous. 2.
Evergreen. 10.

2. Twigs dingy-tomentulose.

Twigs at most sparingly puberulent.

3. Often very divaricately twiggy.
Not stiffly twiggy. 4.

4. Buds appressed, pointed. 5.
Buds spreading, blunt. 6.

5. Buds 2 mm. long: pedicels short.

Buds smaller: pedicels very long (15 mm.).

6. Bud-scales obtuse: sepals ciliate. 7.
Bud-scales acute: sepals glabrous. 9.

(1). I. serrata.

(2). I. decidua.

(3). I. monticola.
(4).I.geniculata.

AQUIFOLIACEAE. 193

7. Branches spreading. 8.

Branches upright. I. verticillata fastigiata.

8. Fruit bright red. (Black alder). (5). I. verticillata.
Fruit yellow. I. verticillata chrysocarpa.

9. Fruit orange-red. (Smooth winterberry). (6). I. laevigata.
Fruit yellow. I. laevigata Herveyi.

10. Leaves dotted beneath. 11.
Leaves not dotted. 13.

11. Leaves small (5X15 mm.), low-serrate. (7). I. crenata.
Leaves larger (15X30 mm. or more). 12.

12. Leaves entire or sharply low-serrate: dots black.

(8). I. lucida.
Leaves crenately few-toothed above: dots pale.

(Inkberry). (9). I. glabra.

13. Leaves small (scarcely 10X20 mm.). 14.
Leaves much larger. 15.

14. Leaves blunt, crenate or low-serrulate.

(Cassena). (10). I. vomitoria.
Leaves pointed, entire or serrate.

(11). I. Cassine myrtifolia.

15. Leaves ovate: petioles long (8-10 mm.).

(12). I. pedunculosa.
Leaves not ovate: petioles short (5-8 mm.). 16.

16. Leaves oblong or oblanceolate-obovate : teeth

if any small. 17.
Leaves elliptical or quadrate, often very pungent. 18.

17. Leaves oblanceolate-obovate, large. (Dahoon). I. Cassine.
Leaves oblong, scarcely 15 mm. wide.

I. Cassine angustifolia.

18. Leaves dull. (American holly). 19.
Leaves very glossy above. 20.

19. Fruit red. I. opaca.
Fruit yellow. I. opaca xanthocarpa.

20. Leaves elliptical. (European holly). I. Aquifolium.
Leaves quadrate with large teeth at the angles. I. cornuta.

194

AQUIFOLIAOEAE.

NEMOPANTHILS. Mountain Holly.
(Family Aquifoliaceae).

Shrubs: deciduous. Twigs
rather slender, often remaining
short, glabrous, and more or less
glaucous, with finely fissured cor-
tex when old: pith small, con-
tinuous. Buds rather small, soli-
tary, sessile, ovoid, usually at-
tenuate at tip, with about 2 ciliate
exposed scales. Leaf-scars alter-
nate, clustered at the ends,
slightly raised, triangular or
crescent-shaped: bundle-trace 1:
stipule-scars lacking. (Ilicioi-
des).

Winter-characters are pictured
by Schneider, f. 127.

The mountain holly differs
from the true hollies in lacking
the short sepals that are to be
found at the base of holly ber-
ries, so that when its long-
stalked red fruits are present this aids in an otherwise diffi-
cult recognition.

Twigs from glaucous purplish becoming gray. N. mucronata.
Like Prunus, Quercus, Rhamnus and other generic names
of woody plants, Evonymus proves puzzling as to the agree-
ment of its specific names. Following earlier botanists, Lin-
naeus treated it as masculine and in this he has been fol-
lowed by most writers though Schneider, as well as Rehder
in the Standard Cyclopedia, has considered it to be a femi-
nine fourth-declension noun because some of the species are
unquestionably trees. The practice of Linnaeus is followed
here, and agreements are made masculine.

CELASTRAGEAE.

195

EVONYMUS. Burning Bush. Spindle Tree.
(Family Celastraceae).

Shrubs or very small trees, ex-
ceptionally scrambling or climb-
ing by. aerial roots: deciduous or
a few species evergreen. Twigs
moderate, terete or mostly 4-lined
from the nodes, sometimes with
warty lenticels or corky wings,
characteristically green: pith
round, angled or 4-armed, green-
ish, spongy or finally incompletely
excavated. Buds small to rather
large, solitary, sessile, with 3 to
rarely 5 pairs of at first serrulate
scales. Leaf-scars opposite or ex-
ceptionally whorled or the pairs
broken, half-elliptical, rather
small, somewhat elevated: bundle-
trace 1, transverse, toward the top
of the scar: stipule-scars minute
and usually indistinct. (Euony-

Winter-character references: — Evonymus alatus. Shira-
sawa, 278, pi. 2. E. atropurpureus. Brendel, 28, 29, 30, pi. 1;
Hitchcock (1), 3, f. 4, (3), 9, (4), 34, f. 15. E. europaeus.
Bosemann, 65; Fant, 44, f. 48; Schneider, f. 209; Ward, 1:172,
f. 85; Willkomm, 51, f. 95; Zuccarini, 12, pi. 7. E. europaeus
.Hamilton! anus. Shirasawa, 278, pi. 12. E. latifolius. Schnei-
der, f. 195; Willkomm, 11, 52, f. 96; Zuccarini, 10, pi. 6. E.
nanus. Schneider, f. 209. E. oxyphyllus. Shirasawa, 277,
pi. 12. E. verrucosus. Bosemann, 65; Schneider, f. 209; Will-
komm, 52, f. 97; Zuccarini, 11, pi. 6.

Gibson pictures a very large waahoo tree at p. 499 of his
American Forest Trees.

196

CELASTBAOEAE.

The corky lines or wings which occur on the twig-angles
in E. europaeus, beside them in E. americanus, and between
them in E. alatus, have been described by Miss Gregory in
the Botanical Gazette for 1888, p. 12, and 1889, pp. 7, 10, 39, 43.

1. Deciduous. 2.

Partly or wholly evergreen. 12.

2. At least the terminal buds long (20 mm.).
Buds moderate or small. 4.

3. Buds ovoid.
Buds fusiform.

4. Twigs very warty: buds round-ovoid.
Twigs- corky-winged: bud-scales 6-8 pairs.
Twigs neither warty nor corky-winged. 5.

5. Twigs square: buds oblong, upcurved. 6.
Twigs terete but often 4-lined. 7.

6. Low and prostrate.

Bushy. (Strawberry bush). (2).

7. Buds narrowly oblong, appressed, 2-scaled.
Buds about 6-scaled. 8.

8. Buds rather oblong: scales oblong, loose.
Buds round-ovoid: scales ovate, appressed,

dry-margined. 10.

9. Very dwarf: buds very small.

Bushy or arborescent. (Waahoo). (3)

10. Bud-scales with long points. 11.
Scales not long-pointed. (Spindle tree).

11. Fruit small (10 mm.), bright red.
Fruit large (12-15 mm.), dull.

12. Leaves thin, partly evergreen.
Leaves thick, more persistent. 13.

13. Low and spreading or else climbing. E. radicans.
Bushy. E. japonicus.

3.

E. sanguineus.

E. latifolius.

E. verrucosus.

(1). E. alatus.

E. obovatus.

. E. americanus.

E. occidentalis.

9.

E. nanus.
E. atropurpureus.

(4). E. europaeus.

E. lancifolius.

E. yedoensis.

E. patens.

CELASTRACEAE.

197

GLOSSOPETALON.
(Family Celastraceae).

Shrubs: deciduous. Twigs,
sometimes forming blunt spines,
slender, flat-ridged below the leaf-
scars: pith small, roundish, white,
j\ continuous. Buds solitary, sessile,

jji] minute, round-ovoid, appressed,

with 2 or 3 exposed scales, the
end-bud lacking. Leaf-scars al-
ternate, very narrowly triangular-
crescent-shaped or almost linear,
slightly elevated, minute, the
petioles at first persisting and
covering the buds: bundle-trace
1: stipule-scars lacking. (For-
sellesia).

When Dr. Gray first published
this genus he called it Glossopeta-
lon, with the characteristic Greek
ending, and this form is used
here. In an effort to Latinize all
generic names, some botanists

write it in the form Glossopetalum. The plant is a close
counterpart, vegetatively, of the rhamnaceous Adolphia.
Twigs gray-green, transversely rugulose. G. spinescens.

198

CELASTRAGEAE.

PACHISTIMA.
( Family Celastraceae ) .

Low shrubs: evergreen. Twigs
very slender, somewhat 4-sided,
the bark becoming corky-thick-
ened an.d transversely checked:
pith minute, rounded, brownish
and spongy. Buds solitary, ses-
sile, ovoid, appressed, very small,
with about 2 pairs of exposed
scales, the terminal somewhat
larger and with more visible
scales. Leaf-scars opposite,
minute, crescent-shaped, some-
what raised: bundle-trace i, in-
distinct: stipule-scars lacking.
Leaves small, subsessile, more or
less serrate toward the end.

In the Canadian mountains
Pachistima is called the mountain-
lover. It is pictured photographi-
cally under this name in the Al-
pine Flora of the Canadian Rocky

Mountains by Stewardson Brown and Mrs. Charles Schaffer.

Leaves elliptical-oblong, revolute. (1). P. Canbyi.

Leaves elliptical-oblanceolate, often flat. (2.). P. Myrsinites.

CELASTRACEAE.

199

CELASTRUS. Bittersweet.
(Family Celastraceae).

Woo.dy twiners: deciduous.
Stems terete, rather slender: pith
relatively large, continuous and
homogeneous, round, white. Buds
small, solitary, sessile, sufaglobose,
with half-a-dozen mucronate
scales. Leaf-scars alternate, half-
elliptic or br o a d 1 y crescent-
shaped, low: bundle-trace 1, trans-
verse: stipule-scars minute or in-
distinguishable, or the persistent
stipules minute and resembling
tufted hairs.

Winter-character references to
Celastrus scandens: — Brendel, 30,
pi. 4; Hitchcock (3), 9, (4), 134,
f. 14; Schneider, f. 116.

In two species referred to this
genus, Damaskinos and Bourgeois,
in volume 5 of the Bulletin de la
Societe Botanique de France,

show that two axillary buds are superposed, the lower devel-
oping into a spine or an inflorescence.
Stems and buds glabrous, brownish. C. scandens.

200

CELASTRACEAE.

TRIPTERYGIUM.
(Family Celastraceae).

Snrubs: deciduous. Twigs
moderate, angled, very warty,
somewhat zig-zag: pith round,
continuous, with firmer cross-
plates at intervals, pale, pink-
ish. Buds moderate, solitary, ses-
sile, conical, nearly horizontal,,
with about 2 exposed scales. Leaf-
scars alternate, somewhat raised,
half-round: bundle-trace 1, C-
shaped: stipule-scars lacking.

Few shrubs are so well marked
by conspicuous winter-characters
as this newly introduced Asiatic
species, and Mrs. Vieh has brought
these out unmistakably in a few
strong lines in the accompany-
ing sketch which may be taken
as a model of such illustration.
The rusty coloration of the twigs
is quite as characteristic as the

clean-cut buds, leaf-scars, and surface.
Twigs rust-colored, glabrous.

T. Regelii.

STAPHYLEACEAE.

201

STAPHYLEA. Bladdernut.
( Family Staphy leaceae ) .

Shrubs or small trees: decidu-
ous. Twigs moderate, rounded,
glabrous : pith rather large,
rounded, continuous, white. Buds
solitary, sessile, ovoid, glabrous,
with a single sac or 2 or 4 ex-
posed scales, the end-bud com-
monly lacking. Leaf-scars op-
posite, broadly crescent-shaped or
half - round, slightly raised:
bundle-traces 3, compound, or
often 5 or 7 or broken into an
elliptical series: stipule-scars half-
round or elongated.

Winter-character references: —
Staphylea Bumalda. Shirasawa,
271, pi. 10. 8. pinnata. Schneider,
f. 193; Willkomm, 51, f. 94; Zuc-
carini, 29, pi. 16. 8. trifolia.
Brendel, 28, 29, 30, pi. 1; Hitch-
cock (3), 11, (4), 135, f. 32-34;
Schneider, f. 193.

1. Buds with 4 blunt exposed scales. (1). S. trifolia.
Buds 2-edged, with 2 sometimes connate exposed scales. 2.

2. Buds acute: bundle-traces 5 or 7. S. pinnata.
Buds acuminate: bundle-traces three or five. 3.

3. Twigs brown: buds long-pointed. (2). S. Bumalda.
Twigs green: buds short-pointed. (3). S. colchica.

Winter-characters of Euscaphis japonica, another mem-
ber of the Staphyleaceae, are given by Schneider, f. 193; and
Shirasawa, 275, pi. 11.

202

ACEBACEAE.

ACER. Maple.
(Family Aceraeeae).

Shrubs or round-topped trees:
deciduous. Wood rather hard,
brownish, diffused-porous. Twigs
moderate, nearly terete or some-
what 6-sided: pith round, con-
tinuous, pale. Buds moderate,
solitary or sometimes collaterally
multiple, ovoid or conical, dis-
tinctly stalked in some groups,
with 2 or several pairs of scales.
Leaf-scars U-shaped: bundle-
traces 3 or occasionally 5 or ? or
9, or multiplied: stipule-scars
lacking. The box elders are segre-
gated frequently as Negundo or
Rulac.

Winter-character references: —
Acer argutum. Shirasawa, 275, pi.
21. A. calif or nicum. Schneider,
f. 219. A. campestre. Bosemann,
63; Fant, 42, f. 41; Schneider,

f. 217; Ward, 1:170, f. 84; Zuccarini, 14, pi. 8. A. car pini folium.
Shirasawa, 278, pi. 12. A. circinatum. Schneider, f. 218;
Trelease (2), 101, 103, pi. 14. A. cissifolium. Shirasawa, 272,
pi. 10. A. crataegifolium. Shirasawa, 271, pi. 10. A. disty-
lum. Shirasawa, 275, pi. 11. A. Drummondii. Trelease (2),
101, 104, pi. 15. A. floridanum. Trelease (2), 102, 105, pi.
16. A. Ginnala. Schneider, f. 220; Shirasawa, 279, pi, 12.
A. glabrum. Trelease (2), 101, 102, pi. 14. A. grandidenta-
tum. .Trelease (2), 102, 104, pi. 16. A. japonicum. Shira-
sawa, 276, pi. 11. A. leucoderme. Trelease (2), 105. A.
macrophyllum. Schneider, f, 218; Trelease (2), 101, 103, pi.
15. A. monspessulanum. Bosemann, 63; Schneider, f. 221.

ACERACEAE. 203

A. Negundo. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 342, 546, pi.; Bosemann, 63;
Brendel, 29, pi. 1; Hitchcock (1), 3, (3), 11, (4), 135, f. 26-
31; Otis, 192; Schneider, f. 50, 219; Trelease (2), 105,— illus-
tration on cover of separates. A. nigrum. Blakeslee & Jar-
vis, 536; Otis, 182; Trelease (2), 102, 105, pi. 16. A. nikoense.
Shirasawa, 278, pi. 12. A. obtusatum. Schneider, f. 220. A.
palmatum. Schneider, f. 219; Shirasawa, 271, pi. 10. A. penn-
sylvanicnm. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 342, 532, pi.; Otis, 176;
Schneider, f. 221; Trelease (2), 101, 102, pi. 14. A. pictum.
Shirasawa, 280, pi. 12. A. platanoides. Blakeslee & Jarvis,
342, 542, pi.; Bosemann, 63; Fant, 42, f. 40; Otis, 188; Schnei-
der, f. 51, 217; Ward, 1:154, f. 72; Zuccarini, 16, pi. 9. A.
pseudoplatamis. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 342, 544, pi.; Bosemann,
63; Fant, 42, f. 42; Otis, 190; Schneider, f. 19, 217; Ward,
1:156, f. 73; Willkomm, 4, 9, 53, f. 99; Zuccarini, 15, pi. 8.
A. purpurascens. Shirasawa, 280, pi. 12. A. pycnanthum.
Shirasawa, 280, pi. 12. A. rubrum. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 324,
f. 7, 342, 540, pi.; Otis, 186; Schneider, f. 221; Trelease (2),
101, 104, pi. 15. A. ruflnerve. Shirasawa, 271, pi. 10. A.
saccharinum. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 342, 538, pi.; Brendel, 29,
pi. 1; Hitchcock (1), 3, f. 8, (3), 11; Otis, 184; Trelease (2),
101, 103, pi. 15. A. saccharum. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 342, 536,
pi.; Brendel,. 29, pi. 1; Hitchcock (1), 3; Otis, 180; Trelease
(2), 102, 104, 105, pi. 16. A. Sieboldianum. Shirasawa, 276.
A. spicatum. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 342, 534, pi.; Otis, 178;
Trelease (2), 101, 102, pi. 14. A. tataricum. Bosemann, 62;
Schneider, f. 220.

In their opposite lobed leaves, maples in general are fa-
miliar to most people who have even the slightest knowledge
of plants, and the characters of flowers and fruit on which
their botanical classification rests are distinctive.

A novice is apt to mistake the sweet gum for a maple
through failing to observe that its leaves are alternate and
riot opposite, and comparable leaves occur more confusingly
in Viburnum and some other genera, certain species of which

204 ACERACEAE.

have been given specific names indicative of their maple-like
foliage. Indeed it proves difficult to point out unexception-
able vegetative characters by which maples and viburnums
may be told apart with certainty, though individual species
are recognized readily after they have been learned.

Some few Asiatic maples have elongated leaves that are
toothed but not at all lobed, and such a species as that which
has been named Acer car pini folium might be mistaken for a
hornbeam or some related shrub if attention were not paid to
its opposite leaves. Though the box elders appear to us pe-
culiar in their compound leaves, the Rocky Mountain maple is
trifoliolate, and certain Asiatic species not of the American
Negundo group, have conspicuously compound leaves.

1. Scales 2, valvate. 2.
Scales more than two. 8.

2. Buds short (scarcely 5 mm.). 3.
Buds large (8 mm. or more). 5.

3. Twigs and buds glabrous.

(Rocky Mountain maple). A. glabrum.
Twigs and buds puberulent. 4.

4. Buds rather slender (2X5 mm.).

(Mountain maple). A. spicatum.
Buds stouter (2.5X4 mm. Asiatic. A. argutum.

5. Buds moderate (8 mm.) : glabrous. 6.

Buds long (10 mm. or more), thick and blunt, glabrous. 6.

6. Buds slender, pointed. Asiatic. A. Tschonoskii.
Buds stouter, blunt.

(Striped maple). (1). A. pennsylvanicum.

7. Twigs olive. A. rufinerve.
Twigs dull purplish. A. capillipes.

8. End-bud lacking: buds short. 9.

End-bud characteristically present or scales numerous. 12.

9. Leaf-scars low and narrow: glabrous.

(Japanese maple). A. palmatum.
Leaf-scars broad or raised in a cup, or ciliate. 10.

AOEBACEAE. 205

10. Leaf-scars with a membranous wing at top. 11.
Leaf -scars not winged: twigs purplish.

(Vine maple). A. circinatum.

11. Scales blunt: buds and twigs usually green. A. japonicum.
Scales mucronate: buds and twigs purplish.

A. Sieboldianum.

12. Exposed scales about four. 13.
Exposed scales six or more. 23.

13. Leaf-scars meeting in a point. 14.
Leaf-scars connected by a transverse line. 20.

14. Buds gray-hairy: leaf-scars with minute red glands

above. (Box elder). 15.
Buds glabrate: leaf-scars not glandular. 18.

15. Twigs very glaucous. 16.

Twigs little if at all glaucous, or else puberulent. 17.

16. Twigs green when rubbed. (2). A. Negundo.
Twigs violet when rubbed. A. Negundo violaceum.

17. Twigs olive, puberulent. A. Negundo interius.
Twigs bright green, glabrous. A. Negundo Nuttallii.

18. Twigs moderate (4 mm.): buds large.

(Norway maple). A. platanoides.
Twigs slender (3 mm.) : buds small. 19.

19. Bud-scales purplish, brown-bordered. A. pictum.
Bud-scales light brown. A. truncatum.

20. Twigs woolly near the end.

(Woolly red maple). A. Drummondii.
Twigs glabrous. 21.

21. Buds collaterally multiple toward spring. 22.
Buds always solitary. 27.

22. Bark of trunk rough but not flaking.

(Red maple). (3). A. rubrum.
Bark flaking, leaving brown areas.

(Silver maple). A. saccharinum.

23. Buds ovoid, usually very blunt. 24.
Buds conical or acute. 29.

206 ACERACEAE.

24. Twigs stout (4-6 mm.), green.

(Oregon maple). A. macrophyllum.
Twigs moderate or slender. 25.

25. End-bud rather long (over 5 mm.).

(Sycamore maple). A. pseudoplatanus.
Buds distinctly smaller. 26.

26. Exposed scales about 6: buds as thick as long,

(Tartarian maples). 27.
Exposed scales about 8. (Field maples). 28.

27. Buds blackish: twigs dark. A. tataricum.
Buds red-brown or paler. A. Ginnala.

28. Buds gray-woolly, at least above. A. campestre.
Buds glabrate, becoming dark. A. monspessulanum.

29. Buds glabrous. 30.

Buds more or less silky or hairy and dull. 31.

30. Buds stout, prismatic: end-bud often lacking.

A. carpinifolium.
Buds fusiform, terete, very acute. A. mandshuricum.

31. Twigs loosely hairy above. A. nikoense.
Twigs glabrescent. 32.

32. Twigs 3-4 mm. thick: buds 10 mm. long. A. diabolicum.
Twigs slenderer and buds smaller. 33.

33. Buds moderate (the terminal 5 mm. long). 34.
Buds small (scarcely 2X3 mm.). 35.

34. Twigs and buds dull straw-color, hairy.

(Black maple). A. nigrum.
Twigs glossy buff: buds darkening, glabrate.

(Sugar maple). (4). A. saccharum.

35. Bark of trunk finally rough. A. floridanum.
Bark persistently smooth and white. A. leucoderme.

HlPPOCASTANACEAE.

207

AESGULUS. Horsechestnut. Buckeye.
(Family Hippocastanaceae).

Round-topped trees or excep-
tionally shrubs: deciduous. Twigs
stout, nearly terete: pith large,
rather 6-sided, continuous, pale.
Buds, especially the uppermost,
very large, solitary, ovoid, sessile,
with some half-dozen pairs of ex-
posed scales. Leaf-scars opposite,
low, shield-shaped or triangular:
bundle-traces 3 or in 3 compound
groups, exceptionally 7 or 9 in a
single series: stipule-scars lack-
ing.— References under Koelreu-
teria.

Meyer reports in volume 7 of
Linnaea exceptional superposed
buds in horsechestnut. A char-
acteristic feature of the bud-
scales is the rudimentary leaf, or
its scar, at the tip. As in Acer
and other genera with terminal
inflorescence, the twig may end 'in an inflorescence-scar.

1. Buds gummy. (§Hippocastanum, the horsechestnuts). 2.
Buds not gummy. (§Pavia, the buckeyes). 3.

2. Buds persistently gummy. (1). A. Hippocastanum.
Buds gradually becoming dry. (Hybrid h.). X A. carnea.

3. Trees. 4.
Shrubs. 5.

4. Bark rough, soft and cork-like. (Ohio b.). (2). A. glabra.
Bark smooth and firm. (Sweet buckeye). A. octandra.

5. Lowest scale less than half as long as bud. A. Pavia.
Lowest scale half as long as bud. ( Shrubby b. ) . A. parviflora.

208

SAPINDACEAE.

SAPINDUS. Soapberry.
(Family Sapindaceae).

Trees (some species erect or
climbing shrubs) : deciduous or
some species evergreen. Twigs
rather stout, somewhat fluted:
pith rather large, roundish, con-
tinuous, pale. Buds sessile, su-
perposed, depressed-globose, with
2 exposed scales, the end-bud
lacking. Leaf-scars alternate, lit-
tle raised, rather large, triangu-
lar or somewhat 3-lobed: bundle-
traces 3, large but indistinct: sti-
pule-scars lacking.

Winter-character references: —
Sapindus Drummondii. Hitch-
cock (1), 4, f. 6, (3), 10. S. Mu-
kurosi. Shirasawa, 237, pi. 2.

Acer and Aesculus, now made
the basis of distinct families, were
formerly placed in the Sapinda-
ceae, the name of which, as of

its typical genus Sapindus, refers to a saponifying glucoside,
saponin, which occurs abundantly in the buckeyes. One case
has come to my knowledge in which pollen of Aesculus (jla~bra
caused a severe inflammation of the eyes that extended to
the throat and bronchial tubes and was held to be the pre-
disposing cause of a fatal pneumonia infection.

1. Twigs and buds quite glabrous. S. Saponaria.
Buds, at least, pubescent. 2.

2. Twigs becoming nearly glabrous.

(Wild China-tree). (1). S. Drummondii.
Twigs persistently yellow-tom«ntose. S. marginatus.

SAPINDACEAE.

209

KOELREUTERIA.

(Family Sapindaceae).

Small or moderate-sized trees:
deciduous. Twigs rather stout,
very slightly angled: pith rather
large, rounded, continuous, white.
Buds moderate, solitary, half-
ellipsoid, sessile, with 2 exposed
scales, the end-bud lacking. Leaf-
scars alternate, raised, rather
large, shield-shaped: bundle-traces
3 and compound, or forming a
singled jagged irregular series:
stipule-scars lacking.

Winter-character references: —
Koelreuteria paniculata. Schnei-
der, f. 47, 215; Shirasawa, 245,
pi. 4.
Twigs olive-buff, glabrescent.

K. paniculata.

Winter-character references to
Aesculus: — X A. carnea. Schnei-
der, f. 214. A. glabra. Blakeslee

& Jarvis, 548; Brendel, 29, pi. 1; Otis, 198; Schneider, f. 214.
A. glabra Buckleyi. Hitchcock (1), 3, f. 5, (3), 10, (4), 135,
f. 24. A. Hippocastanum. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 320, f. 4, 330,
548, pi.; Bosemann, 64; Pant, 41, f. 38; Otis, 196; Schneider,
f. 213, 214; Ward, 1:15, f. 7-8, 104, f. 57, 118, f. 59, 150, f.
70; Willkomm, 53, f. 98; Zuccarini, 31, pi. 17. A. humilis.
Schneider, f. 215. A. octandra. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 548; Bose-
mann, 64; Schneider, f. 214. A. parviflora. * Schneider, f. 215.
A. Pavia. Bosemann, 64. A. turbinata. Shirasawa, 268,
pi. 10.

210

SAPINDACEAE.

UNGNADIA. Mexican Buckeye.
(Family Sapindaceae).

Tender shrub: deciduous. Twigs
moderate, subterete: pith moder-
ate, rounded, continuous, slightly
brownish. Buds solitary, some-
what above the axil, sessile, glo-
bose, very red-hairy and with
concealed scales, the end-bud
lacking. Leaf - scars alternate,
somewhat raised, 3-lobed: bundle-
traces numerous, following the
contour of the scar, or somewhat
clustered in 3 groups: stipule-
scars lacking.

Like the horsechestnut and
true buckeyes, the large seeds of
this species contain a poisonous
principle. It is considered worthy
of cultivation where the winter
temperature is moderate, but
rather as a novelty than in com-
petition with many other shrubs.

Like the following genus, it has the sapindaceous char-
acter of alternate leaves, in contrast with the opposite leaves
of Hippocastanaceae.
Twigs densely dingy-tomentulose. U. speciosa.

SAPINDACEAE.

211

XANTHOCERAS. Chinese Buckeye.
(Family Sapindaceae).

Tree-like shrub, or small tree:
deciduous. Twigs moderate, te-
rete, with coarse lenticels: pith
moderate, continuous, slightly
brownish. Buds moderate, soli-
tary, sessile, round-ovoid, with
about half-a-dozen more or less
fringed or lacerate scales. Leaf-
scars alternate, half - elliptical,
moderate, elevated: bundle-traces
3, large.

Winter-character reference to
Xanthoceras sorbifolia: — Schnei-
der, f. 127.

Xanthoceras is coming into ex-
tensive cultivation on lawns and
in shrubbery masses, and is a
shapely hardy plant with pleasing
compound leaves and conspicuous
white flowers which show a
change in their striping similar

to that of the spotting of horsechestnut flowers, as they
change in maturity.

Glabrate: buds chestnut, glossy. X. sorbifolia.

Winter-characters of Meliosma myriantha, of the related
family Sabiaceae, are pictured by Shirasawa, 234, pi. 1.

212

RHAMNACEAE.

ZIZYPHUS. Jujube.
(Family Rhamnaceae ) .

Shrubs or trees, more or less
armed with pungent stipules: de-
ciduous in the North. Twigs
terete, stout, with spurs bearing
clustered-scars and very slender
zig-zag shoots: pith small and
brownish and spongy, or larger
and continuous. Buds minute,
rounded, very obliquely sessile,
solitary, or in some species super-
posed, with several scarcely dis-
tinguishable scales, the end-bud
lacking. Leaf-scars alternate, 2-
ranked, minute, elliptical or tri-
angular, low: bundle-trace 1 or
fragmented, indistinct: stipule-
scars small and round, or the sti-
pules forming short spines.

Winter-character references: —
Zizyphus sativa (Z. vulgaris).
Schneider, f. 69; Shirasawa, 235,

pi. 2. — According to the belief of many people the food of the
African lotus eaters was the fruit of a species of Zizyphus,
which, in this belief, botanists have called Z. Lotus.

1. Tomentose: spines stout, curved. (2). Z. Jujuba.
At most puberulent. 2.

2. With slender spines, one straight.

Unarmed.

Z. sativa.
(1). Z. sativa inermis.

RHAMNACEAE.

213

PALIURUS. Jerusalem Thorn.
(Family Rhamnaceae).

Shrubs or small trees, more or
less armed with unequal pungent
stipules. Twigs slender, zig-zag,
terete: pith small, rounded, pale,
continuous. Buds solitary, ob-
liquely sessile, ovoid with a half-
dozen pointed scales or the
smaller indefinitely scaly. Leaf-
scars alternate, 2-ranked, minute,
half-round, low: bundle-trace 1
or fragmented, indistinct: stipule-
scars minute and round or the
stipules forming short spines.

Winter-character references: —
Paliurus Aubletia. Shirasawa,
235, pi. 2. P. australis. Lubbock,
On Buds and Stipules, 194, f.
313, — with suggestion that the
hooked stipule is an aid in scram-
bling; Schneider, f. 69.

A gray-twigged Oriental jujube,

Zizyphus Spina-Christi, like this shrub, has been given its
specific name because it has been taken to be the plant which
was used in making the biblical crown of thorns.
Puberulent: twigs brown. P. Spina-Christi.

214

RHAMNACEAE.

COLLETIA.
(Family Rhamnaceae).

Shrubs, horridly spiny by the
decussate branchlets: pith moder-
ate, rounded, white, continuous.
Buds superposed, the upper at
once developing into a spirie-
branch, the lower minute with
about 2 scales concealed in to-
mentum. Leaf-scars lacking, the
opposite minute scales which rep-
resent the true foliage persistent.
Except for a few other species
of Colletia, which have slenderer
or more rounded spines and are
seldom if ever seen in this coun-
try, Colletia cruciata, or C. Jior-
rida as it is called sometimes, re-
sembles only the related genus
Adolphia of the Southwest, and
the rather distantly related Mexi-
can Koeberlinia which differs
from both in having its spines

alternately placed and not in the form of a cross.

Gray-tomentulose, leaf-green when denuded. C. cruciata.

RlIAMNACEAE.

215

CONDALIA.

(Family Rhamnaceae).

Intricately branched spiny
shrubs or small trees of
the southwest. Twigs slender,
usually obscurely 5-angled, gray:
pith small, roundish, continuous.
Buds sessile, small, rounded, with
about 2 exposed scales, solitary,
or collaterally branched in spine
formation, more or less developed
as short spurs. Leaf-scars alter-
nate, crescent-shaped, minute,
somewhat raised: bundle-trace 1,
indistinct: stipules persistent be-
side the bud. The first and last
species are frequently treated un-
der Zizyphus.

Though the Spanish word
chaparral, now familiar in the
southwest, properly means a
thicket of scrub oak, it has come
into general use as the designa-
tion of any dense tangle of low stiff shrubs, Condalia, Ceano-
thus and Lycium are prominent spiny constituents of such
tangles.

1. Tree. (Purple haw).
Shrubs. 2.

2. Twigs glaucous, with black dots.
Twigs not glaucous when mature. 3.

3. Twigs terete, with roughening bark. (2). C. spathulata.
Twigs rather evidently angled. 4.

4. Glabrate. (3). C. lycioides.
Persistently somewhat white-hairy. C. lycioides canescens.

C. obovata.

(1). C. obtusifolia.

216

RHAMNACEAE.

MlCROBHAMNUS.

(Family Rhamnaceae).

Intricately branched shrubs of
the southwest: deciduous. Twigs
glabrous, terete, slender, with
short internodes, spine-tipped:
pith minute, roundish, continu-
ous. Buds solitary or collaterally
branched in spine formation, ses-
sile, minute, round, appressed,
quickly developing into short
foliage spurs on which numerous
stipular scales persist for a long
time. Leaf-scars alternate, more
or less raised, crescent-shaped,
minute: bundle-trace 1, indistinct:
stipules persistent, minute, trian-
gular. The very small leaves,
when present, are closely revolute
to the midrib as in Loiseleuria
and some other Ericaceae and in
some Empetraceae.

Like the preceding genus,

Microrhamnus often forms dense masses of chaparral.

Twigs with light gray splitting epidermis. M. ericoides.

RHAMNACEAE.

217

BERCHEMIA. Supple Jack.
(Family Rhamnaceae).

Woody twiners: deciduous.
Stems terete, slender, twiggy:
pith moderate, continuous and
homogeneous, round, pale. Buds
small, solitary, sessile, elongated-
triangular, closely appressed, with
a couple of exposed scales. Leaf-
scars alternate, small, round or
half-round, much-raised, with
minute persistent stipules at the
top: bundle-trace 1, elliptical.

Winter-character figures of the
similar hardier Asiatic Berche-
mia racemosa are given by Schnei-
der, f. 69; and Shirasawa, 260, pi.
7.

When they can be grown suc-
cessfully, the berchemias are ef-
fective climbers, growing rapidly
and producing an abundance of
slender branches covered in the

open season with rather small and neat leaves. In the South

B. scandens, or B. volubilis as it is called sometimes, often

reaches far up into the tops of tall trees.

Glabrous: bud-scales with exfoliating cuticle. B. scandens.

218

RHAMNACEAE.

HOVENIA. Honey Tree.
(Family Rhamnaceae).

Trees: deciduous. Twigs ter-
ete, slender, zig-zag: pith relative-
ly large, pale, continuous, round.
Buds rather small, superposed,
sessile, ovoid, with 1 or 2 exposed
scales, the end bud lacking. Leaf-
scars alternate, round-heart-
shaped, somewhat elevated:
bundle-traces 3, large: stipule-
scars lacking.

Winter-characters of Hovenia
dulcis are given .by Shirasawa,
241, pi. 3.

Hovenia dulcis, which is grown
successfully as far north as
Washington, somewhat suggests a
hackberry in its foliage and
slender zig-zag twigs. When it be-
comes old enough to fruit its
fleshy edible branching flower-
stalks, quite unlike the product of

any other northern tree but in a way morphologically com-
parable with the cashew "apples" of the tropics (Anacar-
dium), attract attention, and finally litter the ground, in au-
tumn and winter.
Twigs from villous, glabrescent: buds dark brown, hairy.

H. dulcis.

RHAMNACEAE.

219

CEANOTHUS. New Jersey Tea.
(Family Rhamnaceae).

For our purposes low and de-
ciduous shrubs, sometimes with
twig-spines. Twigs rounded,
rather slender, more or less pu-
berulent, green or brownish: pith
relatively large, white, continuous,
rounded. Buds small, solitary,
sessile or often developing the first
season, ovoid, with several glab-
rate stipular scales of which the
lowest only are distinct and the
leaf-blades are very hairy. Leaf-
scars alternate, half-round, some-
what raised, small: bundle-trace 1,
transverse, more or less evidently
compound; sometimes distinctly 3:
stipules small, persistent or leav-
ing narrow scars. Bases of the
half-inferior clustered capsules
usually persist and some tender
species have opposite evergreen
leaves. — In California known as wild lilac.

Winter-character references: -- Ceanothus americanus.
Hitchcock (4), 134, f. 16-18; Schneider, f. 94. C. ovatus.
Hitchcock (3), 9.

Except for the short time when they are in flower, the
New Jersey tea shrubs of the Northeast are of little interest;
but several Mexican and Californian species have been favor-
ites in the milder climate of Europe for many years, and a
number of their hybrids are very attractive in English gar-
dens.

Unarmed, low-bushy. (1). C. americanus.

Spiny, prostrate: twigs gray-hairy. (2). C. Fendleri.

220

RHAMNAOEAE.

RHAMNUS. Buckthorn.
(Family Rhamnaceae).

Shrubs or rather small trees:
deciduous. Twigs rather slender,
rounded: pith moderate, rounded,
continuous, white. Buds moderate,
solitary, sessile or exceptionally
developing the first season, naked
(Frangula) or with some half-
dozen scales (Rhamnus proper).
Leaf-scars alternate, or in some
species opposite or in decussating
broken pairs, crescent-shaped or
half-elliptical, small, more or less
raised: bundle-traces 3 or joined
into a transverse series: stipule-
scars mostly minute, or stipules
small and persistent. References
under Adolphia.

Cascara sagrada is much used in
medicine.
1. Buds scaly (Rhamnus). 2.

Buds naked (Frangula). 6.

2. Buds chiefly opposite: shoots often spine-tipped. 3.
Buds alternate: not spiny. 4.

3. Spines scarcely longer than buds. (1). R. cathartica.
Spines long and very pungent. R. japonica.

4. Buds large (7-8 mm. long). (2). R. alpina.
Buds small (under 5 mm. long). 5.

5. Twigs gray, often downy. (3). R. lanceolata.
Twigs red or brown, glabrous. R. alnifolia.

6. Buds long (8-10 mm.). (Cascara sagrada). R. Purshiana.
Buds short (scarcely 5 mm.). 7.

7. Fruiting pedicels separate. R. Frangula.
Fruiting pedicels several in a cluster. (4). R. caroliniana.

RHAMNACEAE.

221

ADOLPHIA.
(Family Rhamnaceae).

Intricately green- branched
shrubs, very spiny by the decus-
sate terete granular and puberu-
lent branchlets: pith moderate,
rounded, continuous. Buds super-
posed, the upper at once develop-
ing into a recurving spine-branch,
the lower minute, with 2 outer and
ultimately several inner black-
ening scales. Leaf-scars opposite,
transverse, minute and indistinct,
or lacking, the infra-spinal buds
developing as short spurs on
which the small spatulate leaves
sometimes persist.

In its opposite spines Adol-
phia resembles Collctia, to which
the genus is not distantly related;
and it suggests Koeberlinia.

Of Arizona, New Mexico and Mexico. A. infesta.

Of Lower California. (1). A. californica.

Winter-character references to Rhamnus: — R. alpina.

Schneider, f. 169; Willkomm, 40, f. 64. R. cathartica. Bb'se-

mann^ 48; Fant, 41, f. 39; Schneider, f. 169; Ward, 1:46, f.

28, 160, f. 76-77; Willkomm, 4, 45, f. 77. R. Frangula. Bose-

mann, 49; Fant, 40, f. 36; Schneider, f. 101? Ward, 1:215, f.

110; Willkomm, 40, f. 66. R. japonica. Shirasawa, 268, pi.

10. R. lanceolata. Brendel, 27, pi. 1; Hitchcock (3), 9. R.

pumila. Schneider, f. 101. R. saxatilis. Bosemann, 48;

Schneider, f. 169. R. utilis. Schneider, f. 169.

222

VlTACEAE.

AMPELOPSIS.
(Family Vitaceae).

Rather soft-wooded climbers,
sometimes with tendrils only on
the upper branches, these opposite
the leaf-scars when present and
not thickened at tip: foliage de-
ciduous. Stems angled or nearly
terete, moderate: pith moderate,
white, without firmer diaphragms
even at the nodes, soon dividing
into thin plates by transverse
fissures beginning at the peri-
phery. Buds subglobose, solitary
though collaterally branched in
development, sessile, with 2 or 3
scales. Leaf-scars alternate, 2-
ranked, rounded: bundle-traces,
about a dozen in an ellipse, rather
small and indistinct: stipule-
scars long and narrow. (Cissus).
Winter-character references: —
Ampelopsis cordata (Cissus Am-
10, (4), 135, f. 21.
A long time will be required to get uniform usage of the
name Ampelopsis. Popularly it is applied almost universally
to the Virginia creeper and Boston ivy, now called variously
Parthenocissus or Psedera by botanists.

1. Bushy and usually without tendrils. (1). A. cordata.
Climbing. 2.

2. Stems subterete: tendrils rather few.

(Pepper vine). A. arborea.
Stems angular. (Turquoise berry). (2). A. heterophylla.

2)dopsis). Hitchcock (3),

VlTACEAE.

223

Cissus. Marine Ivy.
(Family Vitaceae).

Soft-wooded or rather succulent
climbers with simple coiling tend-
rils opposite the leaf-scars: decidu-
ous. Stems subterete, moderate
or rather slender: pith rounded,
moderate, white, continuous and
without nodal diaphragms. Buds
small, collaterally branching,
globose, sessile, with 2 scales.
Leaf-scars alternate, 2 - ranked,
rounded: bundle-traces indistinct,
in an ellipse: stipule-scars small.
Sometimes included in Ampelop-
sis as now denned.

A still tenderer specias than
C. incisa is C. acida, which is
cultivated in the open sometimes.
The beautiful C. discolor, some-
times called trailing begonia, is
familiar in hot-houses every-
where.

Glabrous or puberulent: internodes short (2-3 cm.). C. incisa.
Winter-character references to Vitis: — V. cinerea. Hitch-
cock (3), 10. V. cordifolia. Engelmann, Bushberg Catalogue,
10, f. 36; Hitchcock (3), 6. V. flexuosa. Shirasawa, 260, pi.
7. V. labrusca. Engelmann, Bushberg Catalogue, 9. V. ro-
tundifolia (V. vulpina). Engelmann, Bushberg Catalogue, 10,
f. 37. V. rupestris. Engelmann, Bushberg Catalogue, 10, f.
35. V. Thunbergii. Shirasawa, 261. V. vinifera. Schneider,
f. 122; Shirasawa, 260, pi. 7. V. vulpina (V. riparia). Bren-
del, 27, pi. 4; Engelmann, Bushberg Catalogue, 10, f. 34;
Hitchcock (3), 10, (4), 135, f. 19-20.

224

VlTACEAE.

VITIS. Vine. Grape.
(Family Vitaceae).

Rather hard-wooded climbers,
often very thick-stemmed in the
forest, with usually very flaking
bark: deciduous. Stems striate,
subterete or exceptionally angled,
moderate: pith moderate, brown,
continuous or somewhat fissued
near the swollen nodes, usually
with a firmer diaphragm at each
node. Tendrils opposite the leaf-
scars, not thickened at tip. Buds
subglobose, not superposed, but
collaterally branching, with 2
broad scales, the end-bud lack-
ing. Leaf-scars alternate, 2-
ranked, half-round or crescent--
shaped: bundle-traces several in a
C-shaped series, usually indis-
tinct: stipule-scars long and nar-
row. References under Cissus.

1. Pith without diaphragms: bark tight. (1). V. rotundifolia.
Pith firmer at the nodes: bark flaking. 2.

2. Twigs distinctly angled, woolly. (2). V. cinerea.
Twigs nearly terete. 3.

3. A tendril at each node. (Hybrids of, and) V. labrusca.
Tendrils lacking from usually each third node. 4.

4. Spreading and rather bushy. V. rupestris.
Climbing. 5.

5. Nodal diaphragms thin (under 1 mm.) (3). V. vulpina.
Nodal diaphragms thick (2-4 mm.). 6.

6. Panicle vestiges open and large. V. cordifolia.
Panicle vestiges, compactly branched. V. aestivalis.

VlTACEAE.

225

PARTHENOCISSUS. Virginia Creeper.
(Family Vitaceae).

Somewhat fleshy woody climb-
ers: deciduous. Stems terete,
moderate or rather slender:' pith
relatively large, continuous, green-
ish and large-celled in the inter-
nodes, whiter and more compact
at the swollen nodes. Buds mode-
rate, not superposed, but fre-
quently collaterally branching in
development, sessile, round-coni-
cal, with 2 or 3 exposed scales, the
end-bud absent. Leaf-scars alter-
nate, half-round or nearly cir-
cular: bundle-traces about a dozen,
rather indistinct, in an ellipse:
stipule-scars long and narrow.
Tendrils opposite the leaf - scars,
absent from every third node.
(Ampelopsis; Psedera).

Winter-character references: -
Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Am-

pelopsis hederacea). Bosemann, 41; Hitchcock (3), 10;

Schneider, f. 122. P. vitacea (A. quinquefolia). Brendel, 27,

pi. 4. P. tricuspidata. Schaffner & Tyler, Ohio Naturalist,

1:32.

1. Nearly or quite glabrous. 2.
Persistently distinctly pubescent. 4.

2. Tendrils rarely with suckers, long. (1). P. vitacea.
Suckers abundant at ends of the tendrils. 3.

3. Tendrils rather long. P. quinquefolia.
Tendrils and internodes short. (Boston ivy). P. tricuspidata.

4. Pubescence coarse: not rooting. P. quinquefolia Engelmannii.
Pubescence downy: rooting. P. quinquefolia Saint-Paulii.

226

TlLIACEAE.

TILIA. Linden. Lime. Basswood.
(Family Tiliaceae).

Trees: deciduous. Twigs mode-
rate, zig-zag, with elongated in-
ternodes, terete, the cortex with
fibrous wedges in section: pith
round or squarish, moderate, con-
tinuous, pale, sometimes pink or
yellowish. Buds solitary or preco-
ciously branched in inflorescence,
obliquely sessile, rather large, in-
equilaterally ovoid, with 2 mostly
green or red glistening-punctate
scales, the end-bud lacking. Leaf-
scars alternate, 2-ranked on
shoots, somewhat elevated, half-
elliptical: bundle-traces 3 or most-
ly compound and then sometimes
scattered : stipule-scars unequal,
one of each pair much elongated.

The winter-characters of lindens
are not very marked. References
to them are given under Grewia.

1. Twigs somewhat loosely hairy. T. platyphyllos.
Twigs tomentulose. 2.

Twigs glabrous. 3.

2. Weeping. T. petiolaris.
Not weeping. T. tomentosa.

3. Twigs slender (2-3 mm.). T. cordata.
Twigs moderate (3 mm.). T. heterophylla.
Twigs relatively stout (often 4 mm.). (1). T. americana.

TlLIACEAE.

227

GEEWIA.
(Family Tiliaceae).

Shrubs: deciduous. Twigs
rounded, somewhat fluted near the
tip, rather slender, hispid: pith
rather small, roundish, continuous,
white with somewhat greenish or
browning border. Buds small,
solitary, sessile, naked, hairy, the
end-bud lacking. Leaf-scars al-
ternate, 2-ranked, somewhat
crowded at tip, elliptical or half-
round, raised: bundle-trace elipti-
cal, compound: stipules setaceous,
hairy, persistent, surpassing the
buds.

The winter-characters of Grewia
parviflora are pictured by Schnei-
der, f. 66.

Twigs olive, with conspicuous len-
ticels when denuded.

G. parviflora.

Winter-character references to the limes or lindens: —
Tilia americana. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 550, pi.; Brendel, 27, 29,
30, 31, pi. ^4; Hitchcock (1), 3, f. 2, (3), 8, (4), 134, f. 10-11;
Otis, 200; Schneider, f. 44, 66. T. cordata (T. parvifolia).
Bosemann, 68; Fant, 31, f. 31 ; Schneider, f. 32,129; Willkomm,
44, f; 75; Zuccarini, pi. 9. T. heterophylla (T. Michauxii).
Blakeslee & Jarvis, 550. T. japonica. Shirasawa, 263, pi. 8.
T. Miqueliana. Shirasawa, 263, pi. 8. T. platyphyllos (T.
grandifolia). Bosemann, 68; Fant, 31; Schneider, f. 129. T.
tomentosa. Schneider, f. 43, 129. T. vulgaris (T. europaea).
Blakeslee & Jarvis, 550; Ward, 1:186, f. 93.

228

MALVACEAE.

HIBISCUS. Rose of Sharon.
(Family Malvaceae).

Shrubs or very small trees: de-
ciduous. Twigs rounded, fluted
near the dilated tip, rather slender,
glabrescent: pith rather small,
continuous, white with green
border. Buds not evident, their
position usually occupied by the
scars of fallen inflorescences or
branch-vestiges. Leaf-scars alter-
nate, crowded at tip, half-round
or transversely elliptical, raised,
shortly decurrent in more or less
evident ridges: bundle-traces about
4, compoundly irregular and in-
definite: stipule-scars small, ellip-
tical.

Winter-character references to
H. syriacus: — Schneider, f. 66;
Shirasawa, 236.

Damaskinos aand Bourgeois, in
the Bulletin de la Societe Botan-

ique de France, 5:604, indicate the position of the inflores-
cence below the rudiments of the vegetative bud; and the
literature of the subject is given by Russell in the botanical
section of the Annales des Sciences Naturelles for 1892.

Though it is a stiff shrub out of harmony with most of
its associates, ttye shrubby Althea as it is often called is one
of the most universally planted shrubs, and in its better va-
rieties affords an abundance of bright color through the sum-
mer. The tender H. Rosa-sinensis is used frequently in
bedding.
Twigs gray: flower-scars abundant. H. syriacus.

STEBCULIACEAE.

229

THEOBEOMA. Cacao.
( Family Sterculiaceae ) .

Tender small trees, flowering
and fruiting on spurs from the
trunk: evergreen. Twigs mode-
rate, terete: pith small, round,
continuous, white. Buds small, sol-
itary, sessile, subglobose, not evi-
dently scaly except for the stipules
of their leaves, the end-bud oblong
with a number of protruding
slender stipules. Leaf-scars al-
ternate, 2-ranked, very slightly
raised at the bottom, half-round
to nearly round: bundle-traces 3,
rather large: stipule-scars some-
what elongated. Leaves simple,
entire, petioled.

Cauliflory, as flowering and
fruiting from the trunk or spurs
on it instead of from ordinary
branches is called, is considered
in detail by Huth in volume 30

of the Ablandlungen of the Botanischer Verein der Provinz
Brandenburg.

Cacao, or cocoa as English-speaking people too often call
it, like coffee and tea produces a stimulating alkaloid, which
in this case is theobromin while in the others it is caffein.
It has been esteemed for untold centuries, and was so common
in South America in the time of the Incas that its seeds are
said to have been strung like cash or wampum shells and
used in place of money, — which in this instance possessed in-
trinsic value.
Twigs brown, puberulent or glabrescent. T. Cacao.

230

STERCULIACEAE.

STEBCULIA.
( Family Ster culiaceae ) .

Trees: deciduous. Bark smooth,
gray. Wood soft, pale, somewhat
ring-porous, with small ducts,
moderate medullary rays and tan-
gential wood-parenchyma pattern.
Twigs very stout, terete: pith
very large, round, continuous,
white. Buds subglobose, solitary,
sessile, with several very hairy
scales; the lateral buds small, the
terminal large. Leaf-scars alter-
nate, more crowded toward the
tip, low, elliptical: bundle-traces
about 10, in an irregular ellipse,
compound : stipule - scars elon-
gated, often upcurved.

Winter-characters of Sterculia
plat ani folia are indicated by
Shirasawa, 283, pi. 13.

Sterculia platanifolia is prob-
ably the most striking tree that

can be cultivated in the near-North, because of its very large
leaves, deeply palmately lobed with rounded sinuses and acu-
minate segments. In, winter its thick green twigs with
strongly contrasting reddish hairy buds and large leaf-scars
mark it almost as distinctly in comparison with anything else
grown in the Botanical Garden at Washington, where it is to
be seen.
Twigs green: buds dark red-brown. S. platanifolia.

STEKCULIACEAE.

'231

COLA. Cola.
( Family Ster culiaceae ) .

Trees: subdeciduous. Twigs
moderate, terete: pith relatively
large, rounded, spongily excavated,
orange. Buds solitary, sessile,
conical, divergent, with stipular
scales only. Leaf-scars alternate,
nearly round, abruptly raised,
large for the size of the twig:
bundle-trace 1, round, large but
indistinct: stipule-scars elongated.
Leaves, if present, simple, oblan-
ceolate, acuminate, on a petiole
nearly as long as the blade. Some-
times spelled Kola.

Few words of recent introduc-
tion are in such common popular
use as the name of this tropical
African tree, because of the ex-
tent to which the active stimulant
contained in its fruit is used or
supposed to be used in summer

beverages. Like the mate or Paraguay tea of South America,

it enjoys the repute of enabling men to sustain long periods

of exertion with little or no food.

Twigs brown, stellate-scurfy when very young. C. acuminata.

232

DlLLENLACEAE.

ACTINIDIA.

(Family Dilleniaceae).

Woody twiners: deciduous.
Stems moderate, terete, brown:
pith moderate, white and con-
tinuous in some species, pale
brownish and chambered in others,
terete. Buds small, concealed in
the thickened cortex above the
leaf-scar, the end-bud lacking.
Leaf-scars alternate, round, rather
large, much raised: bundle-trace
1, round or crescent-shaped:
stipule-scars lacking.

The curious anomaly of buds
buried in the cortex, which Actini-
dia shows, does not rest upon ad-
ventitious development from the
vascular axis of the stem, as ap-
pears to be the case. In a paper
published in volume 3 of the
Botanisches Centralblatt, Hilde-
brand shows that in their earlier

stages these buds are at the surface, as in ordinary plants,
but as the development of the node progresses the large cor-
tical cushion about them thickens so as to surround and
finally overtop them.

Winter-character references: — A. arguta. Shirasawa, 259,
pi. 7. A. polygama. Schneider, f. 93; Shirasawa, 259, pi. 7.

1. Pith white, continuous. (Cat vine). A. polygama.
Pith brownish, chambered. 2.

2. Twigs glabrous. (1). A. arguta.
Twigs hairy. A. chinensis.

TEBNSTROEMIACEAE.

233

STEWAKTIA.
( Family Ternstroemiaceae ) .

Shrubs or small trees with
flaking bark: deciduous. Twigs
moderate or slender, subterete:
pith rounded, somewhat spongy.
Buds moderate or small, solitary
or superposed, sessile, compressed-
fusiform, with 2 or 3 exposed
scales. Leaf-scars alternate, half-
round, little raised: bundle-trace
1, large, round, at the top of the
scar: stipule-scars lacking. (Stu-
artia).

Winter-character references: -
Stewartia monadelpha. Shiras-
awa, 262, pi. 8. S. pseudocamellia.
Shirasawa, 262, pi. 8.

The stewartias are tender ex-
cept in the south or near the
coast. Where they can be grown
they vie with Camellias, which
they resemble somewhat in flower,

Cape jessamines, and magnolias among the large-flowered

shrubs.

1. Buds silvery, rather small (scarcely 7 mm. long). 2.
Buds brown, large (fully 10 mm.). (1). S. Pseudo-Camellia.

2. Buds moderate (fully 5 mm. long). S. pentagyna.
Buds small (2 mm. long). (2). S. Malachodendron.

Many botanists use the name Theaceae for the family to
which this and the next two genera belong.

234

TEBNSTROEMIACEAE.

GORDONIA.
( Family Ternstroemiaceae ) .

Trees or shrubs: evergreen or
deciduous. Twigs moderate, ter-
ete: pith continuous. Buds usually
solitary, round-ovoid, naked. Leaf-
scars alternate, half-round or
shield-shaped, scarcely raised:
bundle-trace 1, transverse or V-
shaped, compound : stipule»-scars
lacking. Leaves, when persistent,
sessile, oblanceolate, serrate.
(Franklinia) .

Like stewartias, the gordonias
are large-flowered plants much
prized where they can be grown,
which is only in the South or
near the seashore or Eastern
lakes. The Franklinia, G. Alta-
maha, possesses a special interest
in that, though extensively culti-
vated, all of the specimens of.it
have been propagated directly or

indirectly from a single tree cultivated by Bartram near
Philadelphia. Notwithstanding its conspicuous flowers, it is
not refound in the wild state, even in the locality from
which Bartram's specimen came, though repeated search has
been made for it.

Leaves evergreen, tomentulose beneath. (1). G. Lasianthus.
Leaves deciduous: pith rather large, coffee-colored.

(2). G. Altamaha.

TEBNSTKOEMIACEAE.

235

THEA. Tea. Camellia.
(Family Ternstroemiaceae).

Shrubs : evergreen. Twigs
moderate or slender, terete: pith
round, more or less spongy. Buds
rather small, solitary, sessile,
ovoid, with 2 scales, or the flower-
buds enlarged and exposing some
eight 2-ranked scales. Leaf-scars
alternate, crescent - shaped t o
nearly elliptical, more or less
raised from a somewhat shrunken
area: bundle-trace 1, compound,
crescent- or C-shaped: stipule-
scars lacking. Leaves moderate,
short-stalked, crenately serrate.
(Includes Camellia).

Tea (Thea) and coffee (Coffea)
are entirely unrelated plants
which produce what is regarded
as an identical alkaloid, caffein,
which gets its name from the lat-
ter but is prepared commercially

in large quantities from tea-leaves. The Paraguay tea (Ilex)
owes its stimulating properties to the same substance, as does
the guarana (Paullinia), one of the Sapindaceae. Chocolate
or cacao contains a closely related alkaloid, theobromin.

1. Twigs glabrous. 2.

Twigs somewhat loose-hairy. T. Sasanqua.

2. Twigs slender: leaf-scars crescent-shaped.

(Tea). (1). T. sinensis.
Twigs stouter: leaf-scars subelliptical.

(Camellia). (2). T. japonica.

236

GUTTIFERAE.

ASCYRUM. St. Peter's Wort.
(Family Guttiferae).

Small dense but flexible shrubs:
deciduous. Twigs very slender,
2-winged beneath the leaf-scars,
with red quickly exfoliating bark:
pith brown, minute, spongily ex-
cavated. Buds solitary, sessile,
minute, with 2 exposed scarcely
specialized scales, often develop-
ing the first season. Leaf-scars
opposite, minute, triangular,
raised by the enlarged nodes:
bundle-trace 1, scarcely distin-
guishable: stipule-scars lacking.

American botanists have been
unwilling to merge this and the
following genus into the Gutti-
ferae, as is done here, and in
local Manuals the family Hyperi-
caceae is maintained for them. As
a rule they are small plants
scarcely more than half-shrubby,

and in comparison with most of the popularly selected shrub-
bery plants they are without marked value. Like species of
Gistus, however, they are bright when in flower, and St. Pe-
ter's Wort, especially, forms compact masses that fit well into
certain situations.
Very low and slender (twigs 1 mm. thick).

(St. Andrew's cross). (1). A. hypericoides.
Somewhat larger and stouter (twigs 1.5-2 mm. thick).

(St. Peter's wort). A. stans.

GUTTIFERAE.

237

HYPEBICUM. St. John's Wort.
(Family Guttiferae).

Small shrubs (or most species
herbaceous) , with exfoliating
bark: deciduous. Twigs slender,
usually small, angled at least be-
low the nodes: pith small, green
or brown, spongy and finally ex-
cavated. Buds solitary, sessile,
minute, with 2 or several scarcely
specialized scales, often develop-
ing the first season and sometimes
forming short axillary branches
covered by scars. Leaf-scars op-
posite, small, triangularly lens-
shaped, little raised: bundle-
trace 1: stipule-scars lacking.

Very little attention has been
paid to the winter-characters of
Hypericaceae. Lofling, in his
Gemmae Arborum, p. 198, de-
scribed the buds of Hypericum
Androsaemum; H. calycinum is
pictured by Schneider, f. 119; and Meigen considers the win-
ter condition of H. elodes and H. perforatum in a paper on
the vegetative organs of various perennials.

1. Twigs very evanescently angled. (1). H. prolificum.
Twigs rather persistently 4-angled. 2.

2. Buds distinctly scaly. (2). H. calycinum.
Buds scarcely with specialized scales. 3.

3. Openly bushy. (3). H.- Kalmianum.
Round-topped. (4). H. aureum.

238

TAMARICACEAE.

TAMAEIX. Tamarisk.
(Family Tamaricaceae).

Shrubs or small trees: decidu-
ous through the fall of their very
slender branched foliar shoots.
Twigs slender, elongated,
rounded: pith small, rounded,
continuous, not central. Buds
small, sessile, rounded, compressed
against the twig, solitary or
quickly becoming concentrically
multiple, with about 3 exposed
scales. Leaf-scars lacking. Leaves
alternate, scale-like with persist-
ent* dilated base, without evident
bundle-traces or stipules.

Winter-character references to T.
gallica: — Schaffner & Tyler, Ohio
Naturalist, 1:31; Schneider, f.
118.

1. Quite glabrous. 2.
Leaf-scales puberulent.

T. hispida.
2. Twigs and buds green or pinkish and glaucescent.

T. odessana.
Twigs and buds red-brown, not glaucous. (1). T. gallica.

MYRICABIA.

(Family Tamaricaceae).

Winter-characters of Tamarix, except that the pith is
larger and more central. The single species is M. germanica,
the winter-characters of which are indicated by Fant, 27; and
Schneider, f. 119.

FOUQUIERIACEAE.

239

FOUQUIERIA. OCOtlllO.

( Family Fouquieriaceae ) .

Shrubs, rather few- and
arcuately-branched from near the
ground, with very sharp slightly
curved spines below the buds: de-
ciduous. Twigs moderate or
slender, rather fleshy, broadly
ridged below the nodes: pith
angular, continuous, (or becom-
ing chambered according to Sole-
reder). Buds small, spindle-
shaped, quickly developing into
short axillary leaf-clusters. Leaf-
scars found only on the axillary
spurs or at the annual junctures,
minute, half-round, raised: bundle-
trace 1, minute: stipule-scars lack-
ing. , Each spine represents the
dorsal part of the petiole of a
fallen foliage leaf.

The second species, of Lower
California, forming a tapering

columnar trunk covered with slender ungrooved branches, and
with globose buds, is sometimes separated under the generic
name Idria. Incidentally, a grove of this is shown on plate
29 of the twenty-second Report of the Missouri Botanical Gar-
den, in a photograph by Mr. E. A. Goldman of the superb
agave subsequently named after him.

Shrub: twigs flat-ridged below the spines. (1). F. splendens.
Tree: twigs terete: buds globose. (2). F. columnaris.

240

ClSTACEAE.

HUDSONIA.

(Family Cistaceae).

Low tufted villous shrubs of
dry regions: evergreen. Twigs
very slender, terete: pith very
minute. Buds scarcely evident
except as short branches, without
differentiated scales. Leaf-scars
lacking, the long-persistent leaves
finally falling with the outer cor-
tex. Leaves very small, alternate,
narrow and pointed, much longer
than the internodes: stipules
lacking. Capsules, if present,
narrow, scarcely surpassing the
sepals.

Hudsonia scarcely possesses
horticultural merit, but it attracts
attention when it is found grow-
ing wild.

1. Leaves short (2 mm.), appressed. (1). H. tomentosa.
Leaves larger (3-6 mm.): fruit distinctly stalked. 2.

2. Leaves moderate, rather gray, ascending. (2). H. ericoides.
Leaves long, more spreading, green. (3). H. montana.

Winter-characters are given for the related genus Helian-
themum as follows: H. amaHle. Schneider, f. 119. H. oe-
landicum. Bosemann, 35. H. vulgare. Bosemann, 35.

KOEBEBLINIACEAE.

241

KOEBERLINIA. All Thorn.
(Family Koeberliniaceae).

Shrubs, horridly spiny by the
ascending or horizontally spread-
ing terete branchlets which taper
somewhat acuminately into very
sharp black spines: pith moder-
ate, round, continuous. Buds soli-
tary, sessile, not evidently scaly,
very minute. Leaf-scars lacking,
the minute scales which repre-
sent the leaves drying on the
twig. The branching is some-
times alternate and very irregu-
lar, and sometimes decussately
opposite, as is the disposition of
flower buds.

Koeberlinia presents very much
the appearance of some of the
spiny Rhamnaceae, but differs
from them in technical charac-
ters. Only the one species is
known.

Velvety and minutely scabrous. K. spinosa.

Winter-characters of Idesia polycarpa, of the family Fla-

courtiaceae, are given by Schneider, f. 84; and Shirasawa,

283, pi. 13.

242

STACHYUBACEAE.

STACHYURUS.
( Family Stachyuraceae ) .

Shrubs, with some inflorescence-
branches developed the first year:
deciduous. Twigs glabrous, mod-
erate, rounded: pith relatively
large, round, continuous, white.
Buds rather small, sessile, soli-
tary, ovoid, appressed, with 2
more or less pointed scales. Leaf-
scars alternate, narrowly cres-
cent-shaped, somewhat raised,
rather small: bundle-traces 3: sti-
pule-scars short.

Winter-character references to
Stachyurus praecox: — Schneider,
f. 87; Shirasawa, 242, pi. 3.

The family Stachyuraceae in-
cludes only the one genus, Stachy-
urus, and was known until re-
cently only through one species
from Japan and one from the
Himalayan region. Of recent

years, several Chinese species have been discovered. Those
that have been brought into cultivation, like Forsythia, some
of the bush honeysuckles, and the Asiatic magnolias, are
prized because they flower early, before their foliage expands.
Twigs and buds rather glossy brown: Japan. S. praecox.

Twigs green or dull brown: China. S. chinensis.

CARIOAOEAE.

243

CAKICA. Papaya. True Papaw.
(Family Caricaceae).

Soft-wooded glabrous tender
usually unbranched small trees
with thin milky sap and smooth
barR on which the enlarging leaf-
scars persist for years: evergreen
at the crown: pith 5-sided, at
length hollow in the center, like
the petioles. Buds small, round,
essentially naked though the out-
ermost leaves do not enlarge
greatly, usually abortive except as
they collaterally branch and pro-
duce inflorescence shoots. Leaf-
scars alternate, broadly shield-
shaped or shallowly 3-lobed, slight-
ly raised at base: bundle-traces
many, small in an open series,
quickly effaced : stipule-scars lack-
ing. Leaves simple, long-stalked.
The papaya is the tropical rep-
resentative of the muskmelon as

a table fruit, and somewhat resembles an under-flavored
melon in taste as it does in appearance. It is grown often in
plant houses and fruits not infrequently under such condi-
tions. Plants that have reached the flowering age prove to
be essentially dioecious, the staminate flowers borne in elon-
gated clusters and the pistillate close to the stem, — though an
occasional fruit forms on an otherwise sterile inflorescence.
The latex of Carica contains the digestive ferment papain.
Leaves palmately 7-divided. (1). C. Papaya.

Leaves oak-like, shallowly 3-lobed. C. quercifolia.

244

THYMELAEACEAE.

DAPHNE. Mezereon.
( Family Thymelaeaceae ) .

Small shrubs: evergreen or de-
ciduous. Twigs moderate, rounded
or somewhat 4-sided: pith small,
roundish, continuous. Buds ses-
sile, usually solitary but some-
times superposed or collaterally
branched, ovoid, with 4 or some
half-dozen exposed scales. Leaf-
scars opposite or the pairs widely
separated in 4 ranks, crescent-
shaped, small, exceptionally ele-
vated: bundle-trace 1: stipule-
scars lacking.

Winter-character references: -
Daphne alpinum. Schneider, f. 118,
D. Mezereum. Bosemann, 75;
Schneider, f. 118; Willkomm, 29,
f. 36; Zuccarini, 26, pi. 14.

A peculiar white-dotting of the
lower surface of the leaf in some
of the species is shown to .be
caused by groups of granular cells surrounding the stomata.

1. Leaf-scars raised: twigs pubescent. (1). D. Genkwa.
Leaf -scars low: twigs glabrate, or habit low. 2.

2. Deciduous. 3.
Evergreen. 5.

3. Twigs staring pubescent and glandular. (2). D. alpina.
Twigs glabrate. 4.

4. Twigs buff-olive. D. Mezereum.
Twigs red, quite glabrous. D. altaica.

5. Leaves large (2X8 cm.): bushy. D. Laureola.
Leaves small (.5X2 cm.): spreading or prostrate. 6.

6. Glabrous: somewhat bushy. D. Blagayana.
Twigs crisp-puberulent: trailing. (3), D. Cneorum.

THYMELAEACEAE.

245

DIRCA. Leatherwood.
( Family Thymelaeaceae ) .

Small rounded shrubs with soft
wood but very tough bark: de-
ciduous. Twigs terete, moderately
slender, glabrous, light brown be-
coming olive or darker, with con-
spicuous small white lenticels,
gradually enlarged upwards
through the season's growth: pith
small, roundish, spongy. Buds
small, solitary, sessile, short-coni-
cal, with about 4 indistinct dark-
silky scales, the end-bud lacking.
Leaf-scars alternate, 2-r a n k e d,
nearly annular and almost en-
circling'the bud, elevated at the
swollen nodes: bundle-traces 5,
indistinct: stipule-scars lacking

Winter-characters of Dirca pal-
ustris are given by Brendel, 27,
pi. 3; and Schneider, f. 98.

Though during the winter

the bud-scales are small and closely covered by hairs, the
structure of the bud becomes very evident during its unfold-
ing period in the spring, when the scales elongate greatly.
A developing bud is pictured in volume 7 of Nature Notes,
pp. 171-2.

The curious lace-bark tree of Jamaica, Lagetta, possesses
the structural winter-characters of leatherwood, to which it is
closely related.
Twigs often forking, glossy. D. palustris.

246

ELAEAGNACEAE.

HIPPOPHAE. Sea Buckthorn.
(Family Elaeagnaceae).

Shrubs, commonly with termi-
nal and axillary twig-spines, stel-
lately pubescent and with silvery
or browning small peltate scales:
deciduous. Twigs very slender,
subterete: pith small, brown,
round, continuous. Buds minute,
solitary or collaterally branched
in spine formation, sessile, round,
or heart-shaped from the parting
of the 2 scales, the end-bud lack-
ing. Leaf-scars alternate, half-
round or transversely elliptical,
minute, low: bundle-trace 1:
stipule-scars lacking.

Winter-character references to.
Hippophde rhamnoides: — Bose-
mann, 49; Fant, 31, f. 33; Schnei-
der, f. 132; Ward, 1: 118, f. 59,
191, f. 95; Willkomm, 4, 30, f. 37;
Zuccarini, 30, pi. 16.

Hippophde is tender and much less frequently seen in
America than Elaeagnus, from which it scarcely differs in
vegetative characters except in having none of its shoots end-
ing in a developed bud, and in its more delicate twigs.
Twigs for a time silvery: buds brown-scurfy. H. rhamnoides.

ELAEAGNACEAE.

247

ELAEAGNUS. Oleaster.

(Family Elaeagnaceae).

Shrubs or small trees, often
twig-spiny, stellate-hairy or with
often silvery or glistening-brown
peltate scales: mostly deciduous.
Twigs terete, rather slender: pith
small, round, continuous. Buds
small, solitary or collaterally
branched in spine-formation or
exceptionally superposed, sessile,
round, conical or oblong, with
about 4 exposed scales. Leaf-
scars alternate, half-round, minute,
more or less raised: bundle-trace
1 : stipule-scars lacking. — Refer-
ences under Shepherdia.

1. Evergreen. 2.
Deciduous. 6.

2. Silvery. E. macrophylla.
Twigs brown-scaly. 3.

3. Not variegated. E. pungens.
Leaves variegated, crisped. 4.

Variegation marginal. E. pungens variegata.

Variegation median. 5.

Center yellow. E. pungens Frederici.

Blotched with yellow. E. pungens maculata.

Marked with yellow and red. E. pungens Simoni variegata.

Twigs and buds silvery or olivaceous. 7.

Twigs and buds brown-scaly. 9.

Without any brown scales. (1). E. angustifolia.

Some scales brown. 8.

End-bud elongated: twigs very slender. (2). E. umbellata.

End-bud conical-ovoid. (3). E. argentea.

Buds rather silvery and conical. E. argentea.

Buds dark red-brown, subglobose. (4). E. multiflora.

248

ELAEAGNACEAE.

SHEPHERDIA. Buffalo Berry.
(Family Elaeagnaceae).

Shrubs or .small trees, often
twig-spiny, with glistening fringed
silvery or red-brown peltate scales :
deciduous. Twigs nearly terete,
rather slender: pith small, round,
continuous. Buds rather small,
solitary or early multiple through
branching, stalked, oblong, with 2
valvate scales or a second pair
visible when these are parted.
Leaf-scars opposite, half-round,
minute, slightly raised: bundle-
trace 1: stipule-scars lacking.
(Lepargyraea) .

Winter-character reference to
Shepherdia argentea: - - Schnei-
der, f. 132.

Shepherdia is confused with
Elaeagnus frequently, and her-
barium collections do not escape
this confusion entirely. Unlike

either Elaeagnus or Hippophtie, it has opposite leaves. Meyer,
in Linnaea, volume 7, p. 443, speaks of its buds being super-
posed,— a condition resulting from branching, probably, if the
record does not rest on error.

Scurf silvery. (1). S. argentea.

Scurf red-brown. (2). S. canadensis.

Winter-character references to Elaeagnus: — E. angustif ci-
lia. Bosemann, 49; Schneider, f. 132. E. argentea. Bosemann,
49. E. multiflora (E. longipes). Shirasawa, 235, pi. 2. E. um-
bellata. Shirasawa, 234, pi. 2.

LYTHRACEAE.

249

LAGERSTROEMIA. Crape Myrtle.
(Family Lythraceae).

Small trees or large shrubs with
flaking bark: deciduous. Twigs
rather slender, angled: pith small,
roundish, at length spongy. Buds
moderately small, solitary, sessile,
oblong, somewhat elbowed above
the base, closely appressed, with
2 acute ciliate scales. Leaf-scars
4-ranked, separated, or approxi-
mated in pairs, or opposite, nearly
round, slightly raised and decur-
rent from the sides but concave:
bundle-trace 1, composite, crescent-
shaped, sunken: stipule-scars lack-
ing or glandular.

Winter - characters of Lager-
stroemia indica are figured by
Shirasawa, 244, pi. 4.

Like the oleander, the crape
myrtle is very popular in the
south, where it thrives, and it is

rather frequently grown as a tubbed plant north of this, —
say a line reaching from Washington to Cairo, Illinois.
Twigs glabrous, 4-winged. L. indica.

JILL

250

PUNICACEAE.

PUNICA. Pomegranate.
(Family Punicaceae).

Glabrous shrubs or small trees
with flaking cortex: deciduous.
Twigs narrowly 4-winged, becom-
ing terete, rather slender: pith
minute, roundish or flattened, con-
tinuous. Buds small, solitary, ses-
sile, round-ovoid, with about 2
pairs of rather loose pointed
scales. Leaf-scars opposite or less
characteristically in whorls of 3,
half-round or narrowly shield-
shaped, raised: bundle-trace 1,
transverse: stipule-scars minute,
at the angles of the leaf-scar.
Often referred to the family Lyth-
raceae.

Winter-character references to
Punica granatum: — Bosemann,
49; Schneider, f. 109; Shirasawa,
268, pi. 10.

Like the crape myrtle, the

pomegranate is much grown where the climate permits, — and
about to the same northern limit; and it is a favorite in cool
greenhouses. The dwarf form has come into considerable use
for temporary summer bedding effects.

Tall and often arborescent. P. Granatum.

Dwarf. P. Granatum nanum.

RHIZOPHORACEAE.

251

RHIZOPHORA. Mangrove.
(Family Rhizophoraceae).

Semi-aquatic shrubs or small
trees of the tropical seaside, lifted
above the water on outcurving
roots: evergreen. Twigs rather
stout, round: pith large, round,
continuous, brown. Buds solitary,
sessile, small, indefinite, with a
stipular scale; their position often
marked by a flower-scar. Leaf-
scars low, half-round or very per-
fectly transversely elliptical,
crowded toward the end of the sea-
son's growth: bundle-traces 3,
round, becoming indistinct: sti-
pule-scars encircling the stem.
Leaves simple, entire, petioled.
Fruit commonly germinating on
the plant, the dart-like seedlings
later falling into the mud.

The common mangrove, Rhizo-
pliora Mangle, a salt-loving plant,

forms one of the most striking and characteristic features of
tropical shores, where it occupies lagoons behind the beach
or follows the coral formation to the extreme depth of water
in which it can exist. The stilted roots on which it stands
and its rather fine branching and deep green color produce an
appearance of delicate finish quite in contrast with the shores
from which it is absent. Figures of the mangrove are pub-
lished by S. M. Coulter in the Report of the Missouri Botani-
cal Garden, vol. 15, pi. 22-23. Its precocious germination has
been the subject of many observations by travelers and natu-
ralists. It forms clearly marked annual rings in its wood.
Glabrous: leaves elliptical, coriaceous. R. Mangle.

252

MYRTACEAE.

MYRTUS. Myrtle.
(Family Myrtaceae).

Aromatic shrub : evergreen.
Twigs slender, terete: pith very
minute, somewhat spongy. Buds
sessile, solitary, small, ovoid, ap-
pressed, with 1 or 2 pairs of ex-
posed gray-hairy scales. Leaf-
scars opposite, minute, raised:
bundle-trace 1: stipule-scars lack-
ing. Leaves small, lanceolate,
very acute at both ends, entire,
pellucid-dotted.

Myrtle, like the rather similar
laurel, was used in an emblema-
tic way by the Greeks, with whom
it was a particular badge of judi-
cial authority.

To an inexpert person, , myrtle
is rather like box in its general
effect, and in Azorean gardens a
similar suggestion is found in the
quite unrelated genus Myrsine.

The name running myrtle is sometimes given to the peri-
winkle, Vinca minor, for a like reason.
Twigs puberulent, with flaking cortex. M. communis.

MYETACEAE.

253

PSIDIUM. Guava.
(Family Myrtaceae).

Tender trees: evergreen. Twigs
moderate, terete, or 4-ribbed or
even winged below the nodes: pith
moderate, compressed, 4 - sided,
spongy, brown. Buds solitary,
sometimes developing promptly,
naked. Leaf-scars opposite, broadly
crescent-shaped, raised, black-cili-
ate at top : bundle-trace 1, crescent-
shaped: stipule - scars lacking.
Leaves simple, entire, pellucid-
punctate, with looping veins.

Guavas scarcely possess any de-
corative value, but they are grown
in most tropical gardens for their
small rather peculiarly flavored
seedy fruits, - - most favorably
known in the West Indian guava
jelly which is justly esteemed one
of the best of confections.

Twigs angled, hairy. (Guava). (1). P. Guayava.

Twigs terete, glabrous. (Strawberry guava). P. Cattleyanum.

254

MYETACEAE.

FEIJOA. Pineapple Guava.
(Family Myrtaceae).

Somewhat aromatic shrubs with
shredding bark: evergreen. Twigs
moderate, nearly terete: pith
roundish or somewhat flattened,
spongy, brown. Buds solitary, ses-
sile, globose becoming ellipsoid,
naked. Leaf-scars opposite, half-
round, somewhat raised: bundle-
trace 1, transverse or C-shaped:
stipule-scars lacking. Leaves
simple, entire, minutely punctate
with black. (Fejoa).

Feijoa is a close relative, botani-
cally, of the true guavas. Its
white-woolly leaves give it an at-
tractive silvery appearance when
they are turned by the wind. It
appears to be coming into exten-
sive cultivation in southern Cali-
fornia, as along the Riviera, for
its pleasantly flavored fruit.
At first gray-tomentose: twigs brown. F. Sellowiana.

MYRTACEAE.

255

PIMENTA. Allspice.
(Family Myrtaceae).

Aromatic trees: evergreen.
Twigs moderate, decussately com-
pressed and lined, or even winged,
from the nodes: pith compressed,
spongy, brown. Buds usually su-
perposed, sessile or the upper be-
coming stalked, naked. Leaf-scars
opposite, half-round or broader,
minutely black-fringed at top, not
raised except as the nodes are
dilated: bundle-trace 1, large but
indefinite: stipule-scars lacking.
Leaves simple, entire, pellucid-
punctate.

Some botanists place allspice in
the genus Eugenia, the flower-buds
of which constitute the cloves of
commerce. Both Pimento, and
Eugenia exemplify well the aroma-
tic property which forms one of
the myrtaceous characters.
Glabrous: twigs green, glandular-punctuate. P. officinalis.

256 -

MYRTACEAE.

TRISTANIA. Brisbane Box.
(Family Myrtaceae).

Large trees: evergreen. Twigs
rather slender, terete:- pith small,
round, pale, spongy. Buds soli-
tary, sessile, subglobose, the lateral
small with 2 exposed scales. Leaf-
scars alternate and narrow but the
uppermost subverticillately crowd-
ed and half-round or broadly
crescent-shaped, slightly raised :
bundle-trace 1, transverse: stipule-
scars lacking. Leaves pellucid-
punctate, rather lanceolate, peti-
oled.

Like Eucalyptus, Tristania is a
tree which produces good timber
and becomes very large. It is
said to be a favorite avenue tree
in Australia, where it is at home,
and it is rather unusually toler-
ant of cold for a member of its
family.
Glabrate: twigs and buds green. T. conferta.

MYRTACEAE.

257

EUCALYPTUS.
(Family .Myrtaceae).

Tender aromatic trees, often of
large size: evergreen. Twigs at
first slender and 4 angled or rib-
bed, becoming terete and stout:
pith small, more or less angular
and flattened, spongy. Buds
naked, very small and insignifi-
cant, or the lateral like the end-
bud elongated as filiform often
deciduous branches. Leaf - scars
alternate or on young wood op-
posite, even then sometimes 2-
ranked by torsion of the twig, half-
round, little raised: bundle-trace
1, large and round: stipule-scars
lacking. Leaves simple, entire,
pellucid-punctate, those of mature
branches often sickle-shaped and
standing vertically.

Eucalyptus shares with the coni-
ferous genus Sequoia the distinc-
tion of producing the tallest trees known. Like many Austra-
lian trees, it is given to producing leaves which hang with
their edges vertical so that their surfaces are not exposed to
the full glare of the sun. fl. globulus, which produces an ex-
cellent timber, is one of the most rapid growing of trees,
and its trunk, even when of large size, is willowy and yielding
under the force of a gale.
Outer bark loosely shredding: slender twigs, warty.

(Blue gum). E. globulus.

258

ARALIACEAE.

HEDERA. Ivy.
(Family Araliaceae).

Woody plants, typically climb-
ing by numerous aerial roots:
evergreen. Stems moderate, ter-
ete: pith moderate, spongy. Buds
small, conical, solitary, sessile,
naked or with about 2 fleshy un-
specialized scales. Leaf-scars al-
ternate, U-shaped, somewhat
raised: bundle-traces 5 or 7: sti-
pule-scars lacking. Leaves pal-
mately lobed and cordate or on the
older pendent shoots lanceolate, or
ovate or deltoid and round- or
acute-based.

Winter-characters o f Hedera
Helix are noted by Bosemann, 37;
Fant, 48; and Ward, 1:147, f. 67-
68. The ivy is in a horticultural
class quite by itself where it can
be grown as a wall-covering. It
occurs in a very large number of
foliage varieties, some of them very beautiful.
Climbing. (1). H. Helix.

Bushy or grafted as a standard. (2). H. Helix arborescens.
Winter-character references to Acanthopanax: — A. penta-
phyllum (A. spinosum). Schneider, f. Ill; Shirasawa, 250.
A. ricinifolium. Schneider, f. Ill; Shirasawa, 248, pi. 5. A.
sciadophylloides. Shirasawa, 248, pi. 5. A. senticosum. Schnei-
der, f. 124. A. sessiliflorum. Schneider, f. 111.

Two species of a related deciduous araliaceous genus,
Fatsia, with large palmately lobed leaves, are more or less
hardy, — F. japonica and F. papyrifera. The pith of the lat-
ter, sliced into thin sheets, constitutes the Chinese rice-paper.

ABALIACEAE.

259

ACANTHOPANAX.

(Family Araliaceae).

Shrubs or exceptionally trees,
usually armed with 1 to 3 prickles
beneath each narrow leaf-scar and
so likely to be mistaken for leaf-
spines: deciduous. Twigs mode-
rate, terete; somewhat zig-zag,
often forming spurs: pith mode-
rate, rounded, continuous, white.
Buds solitary, sessile, conical-
ovoid, with about 3 exposed thin
scales. Leaf-scars alternate, nar-
rowly crescent-shaped or U-shaped,
somewhat raised: bundle-traces 5,
small: stipule-scars lacking. Panax
and its compounds, following Lin-
naeus, are treated usually as
neuter — for no classical reason.
1. Scrambling or climbing.

A. trifoliatum.
Bushy or arboreous. 2.

2. Trees: prickly between nodes. (Kalopanax). A. ricinifolium.
Loosely branched shrubs. 3.

3. One or two prickles at each node. (1). A. pentaphyllum.
Essentially unarmed. A. sessiliflorum.
Prickly between the nodes. 4.

4. Prickles slender, numerous.

(Eleutherococcus) . A. senticosum.
Prickles stout and strong, fewer. 5.

5. Glabrous and smooth. A. Simonii.
Twigs pubescent or scabrous. A. Henryi.

260

AEALIACEAE.

ARALIA. Angelica Tree.
(Family Araliaceae).

Small few-branched trees or ar-
borescent shrubs with strong cor-
tical prickles, — or other species
herbaceous: deciduous. Twigs
very stout, terete: pith large, pale,
roundish, continuous. Buds ovoid-
conical, solitary, sessile, with few
scales. Leaf-scars alternate, U-
shaped, fully half-encircling the
stem, low: bundle-traces about 5
in a single series: stipule-scars
lacking. (Dimorphanthus) .

Winter-character references: —
Aralia sinensis. Shirasawa, 248,
pi. 4. A. spinosa. Schneider, f.
11.

The angelica tree, Hercules'
Club, tear-blanket, or monkey
tree, as it is variously called, is
one of the most tropical-looking
of hardy woody plants because of
its enormous twice- or thrice-pinnate leaves. If well grown
it forms dense masses from the ground, and when it is killed
back by an unusually severe winter this habit of growth is
intensified.

Few plants present equally good leaf-scars for ready un-
derstanding, and few present equally good examples of unmis-
takable prickles, — representing neither modified leaves nor
twigs, but outgrowths of the cortex. As with the devil's club
of the Northwest (Echinopanax horridum), the prickles are
believed popularly to be poisonous.
Branches gray-straw-colored, glabrous. A. spinosa.

COBNACEAE.

261

HELWINGIA.
(Family Cornaceae).

Shrubs: deciduous. Twigs ter-
ete, rather slender: pith relatively
large, round, continuous, very
white. Buds solitary, sessile,
small, ovoid, with 2 scales. Leaf-
scars alternate, crescent-shaped,
somewhat raised: bundle-trace 1,
transverse or slightly curved:
stipule-scars minute, round.

By common consent, Helwingia
is now placed in the Cornaceae,
but the Standard Cyclopedia fol-
lows the usually excellent judg-
ment of Bentham and Hooker in
placing it in the related family
Araliaceae.

Winter-character references to
Helwingia japonica: — Schneider,
f. 124; Shirasawa, 242, 250, pi. 5.

The specific name ruscifolia,
which is a synonym of japonica,

indicates a peculiarity recalling the genus Ruscus of
the Liliaceae; for the 'flowers of Helwingia are clus-
tered on the surface of its leaves. There is this im-
portant difference, though, that in Helwingia what are
called leaves are really leaves, while in Ruscus they are leaf-
like branches of the stem, developed in the axils of small
scales which are morphologically the true leaves. The in-
florescence of Helwingia is comparable with that of Tilia with
its adnate bract, — except that here the really axillary flower-
cluster has grown into attachment to a foliage leaf, while in
Tilia the leaf is reduced to a bract.
Glabrous, with occasional rather large lenticels. H. japonica.

262

COBNACEAE.

CORNTJS. Dogwood. Cornel.
(Family Cornaceae).

Shrubs or occasionally small
trees: deciduous. Twigs moder-
ate or rather slender, often bright-
colored, round or more or less 6-
sided: pith moderate, round or
more or less compressed or an-
gled, white and continuous or
somewhat colored and spongy.
Buds solitary or exceptionally su-
perposed, stalked, characteristi-
cally oblong, with a pair of near-
ly or quite valvate scales consist-
ing of more or less developed
leaves or less commonly of peti-
oles with blade-rudiments at top.
Leaf-scars opposite except in one
species, crescent- or U-shaped, com-
monly raised during the first win-
ter on petiole-bases that are later
deciduous at the level of the twig:
bundle-traces 3: stipule-scars lack-
ing, but the leaf-scars meet or are transversely joined. (Cy-
noxylon, Svida).

Winter-character references: — Cornus alba. Bosemann,
58; Brendel, pi. 3; Schneider, f. 195. C. alt erni folia. Blakes-
lee & Jarvis, 333, 552; Otis, 206; Schneider, f. 195. C. Amo-
mum (C. sericea). Hitchcock (3), 15. C. asperifolia. Hitch-
cock (3), 15, (4), 137, f. 75-76. C. circinata. Schneider, f. 194.
C. florida. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 329, 552, pi.; Hitchcock (1), 3;
Otis, 204. C. ignorata. Shirasawa, 269, pi. 10. C. Kousa.
Shirasawa, 272, pi. 10. C. macrophylla. Shirasawa, 283, pi.
13. C. mas (C. mascula). Bosemann, 57; Schneider, f. 194;
Willkomm, 56, f. 92; Zuccarini, 21, pi. 12. C. officinaUs. Shi-

CORN ACE AE. 263

rasawa, 272, pi. 10, 11. C. racemosa (C. candidissima; C.
paniculata) . Brendel, pi. 1. C. sanguined. Bosemann, 58;
Fant, 44, f. 46; Schneider, f. 194; Ward, 1:170, f. 83; Will-
komm, 9, 50, f. 91; Zuccarini, 22, pi. 12.

1. Leaf -scars alternate: arborescent. C. alternifolia.
Leaf-scars opposite. 2.

2. Leaf-scars raised through the first winter and covering the

buds: flower-buds biscuit-shaped: arborescent. 3.
Buds not concealed, even if the leaf-scars are elevated. 4.

3. Leaf-axils brown-hairy. C. Kousa.
Leaf-axils not brown-hairy. ( Flowering d. ) . ( 1 ) . C. florida.

4. Flower-buds enlarged, subglobose. 5.
Flower-buds not enlarged. 6.

5. Lateral buds very divergent.

(Cornelian cherry). (2). C. mas.
Lateral buds suberect. C. officinalis.

6. Branching divaricately twiggy: somewhat silky. 7.
Branching loose and osier-like. 8.

7. Twigs olive-gray. (Panicled dogwood). (3). C. racemosa.
Twigs reddish or purplish.

(Rough-leaved dogwood). C. asperifolia.

8. Twigs bright yellow in winter. C. alba flaviramea.
Twigs very bright red. (4). C. alba sibirica.
Twigs black-purple, not rooting. C. alba Kesselringii.
Twigs purple, rooting at tip. (Red osier). C. stolonifera.
Twigs green, becoming pink or purple: not stoloniferous. 9.

9. Buds long-stalked or developing the first year. C. alba.
Buds nearly sessile. 10.

10. Twigs and buds glabrate. C. femina.
More or less pubescent. 11.

11. Pubescence woolly. (Kinnikinnik). C. Amomum.
Pubescence closely appressed. 12.

12. Buds hairy only at tip: twigs rather pink: (5). C. rugosa.
Buds hairy throughout: twigs often green.

(6). C. sanguinea.

264

CORNACEAE.

AUCUBA.

(Family Cornaceae).

Shrubs: evergreen. Twigs rath-
er stout and succulent, rounded:
pith moderate, rounded, continu-
ous when fresh, but becoming
chambered with granular septa
when dry. Buds minute or be-
coming rather large and some-
what stalked, with several point-
ed rather hairy scales. Leaf-scars
opposite, slightly raised, relative-
ly large, crescent-shaped: bundle-
traces 3. Leaves broadly lanceo-
late, stalked, toothed and some-
what acuminate.

Like other plants grown chiefly
for their foliage, Aucuba, japonica
occurs in a multiplicity of forms
which are not classified readily.
1. Dwarf, unvariegated.

A. japonica pygmaea.

Rather tall shrubs. 2.

2. Leaves lanceolate, narrow. A. japonica angustifolia.
Leaves broadly lance-elliptical or ovate. 3.

3. Leaves sinuately toothed. A. japonica ovata.
Leaves slightly dentate, large. A. japonica macrophylla.
Leaves coarsely serrate or dentate. 4.

4. Leaves green.
Variegated with yellow. 5.

5. With yellow margin.
With scattered small spots.
With a larger central blotch.

6. With smaller yellow spots.
Without smaller spots.

A. japonica.

A. japonica limbata.
A. japonica variegata.

japonica latimaculata.
A. japonica bicolor.

CORNACEAE.

265

NYSSA. Tupelo.
(Family Cornaceae).

Trees: deciduous. Twigs mod-
erate or rather stout, terete: pith
moderate, white, rounded, continu-
ous, but with firmer diaphragms
at intervals. Buds moderate, ses-
sile or slightly stalked and super-
posed or solitary, ovoid, with
about 4 exposed scales, the end-
bud somewhat larger. Leaf-scars
alternate, broadly crescent-shaped
or deltoid, sometimes becoming
broadly U-shaped by rupture of
an articular membrane, low: bun-
dle-traces 3: stipule-scars lacking.
Winter-character references: —
Nyssa sylvatica (N. multifiora).
Blakeslee & Jarvis, 331, 554, pi.;
Brendel, pi. 3; Otis, 208; Schnei-
der, f. 45, 124.

The firmer cross-plates in the
pith of Nyssa afford a ready

means of identification in the summer when the alternate sim-
ple leaves are the only obvious characters in evidence, as is
true of staminate trees when out of flower, or pistillate trees
when without flowers or fruit.

Nyssa uniflora, growing in deep swamps, is particularly
characterized by the enormously swollen base of its trunk, —
well figured by S. M. Coulter in the Report of the Missouri
Botanical Garden, vol. 15, pi. 18, 19.

1. Twigs densely velvety. (Ogeeche lime).
Twigs and buds glabrescent or glabrous.

2. Buds depressed. (Cotton gum).
Buds ovoid. (Pepperidge).

(1). N. capitata.
2.

(2). N. uniflora.
(3). N. sylvatica.

266

COKNACEAE.

DAVIDIA.
(Family Cornaceae).

Tree: deciduous. Twigs mod-
erately stout, terete, somewhat
zig-zag: pith moderate, rounded,
pale, continuous with firmer
plates at short intervals. Buds
solitary, sessile or the lateral de-
veloping into short spurs, rather
large, with about half-a-dozen
blunt pale-margined scales. Leaf-
scars alternate, moderate, half-
elliptical or 3-lobed, little raised:
bundle-traces 3, large: stipule-
scars lacking.

Davidia and Nyssa are some-
times separated from the Corna-
ceae in a family Nyssaceae. Bail-
Ion, who named the genus and its
one known species, was a versa-
tile writer whose Histoire Natu-
relle des Plantes, and Diction-
naire de Botanique are illustrated

with the particular care for detail and artistic touch that

characterize the best French work.

Twigs and buds glabrous. D. involucrata.

COENACEAE.

267

GAEEYA.
(Family Cornaceae).

Shrubs, sometimes grown in es-
palier: evergreen. Twigs moder-
ate, terete, for a time tomentu-
lose: pith moderate, round, con-
tinuous. Buds solitary, sessile,
ovoid, with 1 or 2 pairs of ex-
posed scales. Leaf-scars opposite,
at first elevated but low after the
fall of the deciduous base, angu-
larly U-shaped: bundle-traces 3:
stipule-scars lacking. Leaves sim-
ple, entire, very short-petioled.

This has been made the type
of a distinct family, Garryaceae,
which some botanists do not con-
sider at all closely related to the
Cornaceae.

Most garryas are . of the Pacific
North American region. A single
West Indian species has been sep-
arated under the name Fadyenia;

but the closeness of its relationship to the others is shown
by the fact that it has been hybridized with G. elliptica.
Leaves elliptical, crisped, tomentulose beneath. G. elliptica.
Winter-characters of Marlea platanifolia, of the Corna-
ceae, are given by Shirasawa, 238, pi. 2.

268

CLETHRACEAE.

CLETHRA. Pepper Bush.
(Family Clethraceaej.

Shrubs or small trees, mostly
scurfy- or tussocky-tomentulose
when young: commonly decidu-
ous. Twigs rounded or obscurely
3-sided: pith relatively large,
white, or browning when cut, con-
tinuous, reticulated with firmer
strands. Buds solitary, sessile or
frequently developing in the first
season, the lateral small and ob-
scure, the terminal larger, ovoid,
rosy, very sharp, with three cadu-
cous tomentulose scales. Leaf-
scars alternate, clustered toward
the tip, triangular, little raised:
bundle-trace 1, protruding: sti-
pule-scars lacking.

Winter-character references: —
Clethra alnifolia. Schneider, f.
95. C. barbinervis. Shirasawa,
283, pi. 13.
Twigs slender: end-bud 3X5 mm.

(White alder). (1). C. alnifolia.

Twigs stouter: end-bud large (5X10 mm.). (2). C. barbinervis.
Clethra is unusual among its relatives in possessing a
type of pubescence which appears much like that in which
the hairs are spoken of as stellate, or several-armed from a
common stalk: here the appearance results from the occur-
rence of unbranched hairs in closely set clusters or tufts.

ERICACEAE.

269

ELLIOTTIA.
(Family Ericaceae).

Shrubs, glabrescent: deciduous.
Twigs rather slender, somewhat
3-sided or becoming terete, with
firm thin bark: pith rounded ex-
cept below the nodes, continuous,
brownish. Buds solitary, sessile,
somewhat compressed and point-
ed, small, with about 3 exposed
scales of which the outer two fall
readily. Leaf-scars alternate, low,
shield-shaped: bundle-trace 1: sti-
pule scars lacking.

Elliottia, like Gordonia, is one
of the particularly localized plants
of the southeastern United States,
rare in cultivation; and though
several localities have been found
for it, it has disappeared from
each in succession or at any rate
has eluded subsequent search. An
interesting note on it is to be
in the Journal of the New York Botanical Garden for

found

August, 1901.

Twigs brown, becoming gray: slightly glaucous.

E. racemosa.

270

ERICACEAE.

ZENOBIA.
(Family Ericaceae).

Shrubs: Deciduous. Twigs slen-
der, roundish: pith small, more
or less 3-sided, continuous but
with firmer strands here and
there. Buds solitary, sessile,
small, conical or somewhat 2-
edged and pointed becoming glo-
bose and blunt, with 2 or 3 ex-
posed scales. Leaf-scars minute,
somewhat raised, rather 3-sided:
bundle-trace 1: stipule-scars lack-
ing. If fruit is present it con-
sists of small depressed-globose 5-
celled capsules.

Like the Rosaceae, the family
Ericaceae comprises a number of
genera which are readily separa-
ble on the technical characters af-
forded by flowers and fruit, but
do not present readily seized win-
ter-differences unless they chance

to be evergreen. Elliottia, Enkianthus, Leucothoe, Lyonia,
Menziesia, Oxydendrum, Pieris and Zenobia are certain to
afford puzzles: but the fact that they are ericaceous will be-
come the more evident because of this.
Glabrous: twigs reddish becoming buff, smooth.

Z. pulverulenta.

ERICACEAE.

271

LEDUM. Labrador Tea.
(Family Ericaceae).

Bog shrubs: evergreen. Twigs
rather slender, rounded: pith
small, somewhat 3-sided, spongy,
brownish. Buds solitary, sessile,
somewhat compressed, small, with
about 3 exposed scales; the ter-
minal inflorescence buds large,
round or ovoid, with some 10
broad mucronate glandular-dotted
scales. Leaf-scars alternate, most-
ly low, half-elliptical or bluntly
cordate, the lowest transversely
linear: bundle-trace 1: stipule-
scars lacking. Leaves simple, en-
tire, elliptical to narrowly oblong.
The small ovoid or conical-oblong
5-celled capsules, dehiscing from
the base, may be present in win-
ter.

Winter-character references to
Ledum palustre. Bosemann, 35;

Fant, 51. Unlike most of the Ericaceae, but agreeing with
GauHheria, Ledum, possesses a distinctly spongy pith. A sug-
gestion of this condition, however, is seen when the twig of
some blueberries is split.

1. Leaves very rusty woolly beneath, revohite. 2.
Leaves glabrous, but glandular-dotted beneath. 3.

2. Leaves broad: capsules oblong. (1). L. groenlandicum.
Leaves narrow: capsules ellipsoid, glandular. (2). L. palustre.

3. Leaves long (4 cm.), much whitened and obscurely gland-

ular beneath. L. columbianum.

Leaves small (2 cm.), less whitened but more glandular

beneath. (3). L. glandulosum.

272

EBICACEAE.

RHODODENDRON.
(Family Ericaceae).

Shrubs or exceptionally arbo-
rescent: evergreen (in true rho-
dendrons) or deciduous (in rho-
dora and most azaleas). Twigs
slender or moderate, or stout in
the larger species, terete: pith
rather small, roundish, somewhat
colored, continuous. Buds soli-
tary and sessile but usually clus-
tered above so that the branches
are often clustered from the end
of a season's growth, the upper
usually ovoid, larger and with
half-a-dozen or more ciliate scales
and the flower-bud usually much
enlarged, but the lower success-
ively smaller and with fewer ex-
posed scales (of which the lateral
or lowermost may be almost sup-
pressed) and the lowermost mi-
nute. Leaf-scars alternate, low,

shield-shaped and often notched at top or the lowest linear:
bundle-trace 1, round or crescent-shaped: stipule-scars lack-
ing. Fruit often persistent, as oblong 5-valved capsules. (In-
cludes Azalea and Rhodora).

A number of the Ericaceae contain gludosides or other
poisonous substances and are counted among the dangerous
stock-poisons. In some cases persons have been made ill by
eating the flesh of birds or other animals that have fed on
these plants without themselves being injured. The honey
of 'others is reputed to be poisonous, including Rhododendron,
one species of which possesses a classic reputation.

ERICACEAE. 273

Winter-character references: — Rhododendron (Rhodora)
canadensis. Arnold! pictures a cross-section of the winter
bud in Flora, 87:466, f. 27. R. dahuricum. Schneider, f. 126.
R. dilatatum. Shirasawa, 284, pi. 13. R. ferrugineum. Ar-
noldi, Flora, 87:450, f. 8, — bud-section. R. flavum. Schnei-
der, f. 95. R. (Azalea) procumrtens. Fant, 52. R. Schlippen-
bachii. Shirasawa, 284, pi. 13. R. sinensis. Shirasawa, 284,
pi. 13.

1. Twigs with slender flat chaff-like scales rather than

hairs. 2.

Without chaff: sometimes pubescent or glandular-dot-
ted. 6.

2. Evergreen or partly evergreen. 3.

Deciduous: rather tall. R. Kaempferi.

3. Leaves glossy above: low and compact. R. indicum.
Leaves dull. 4.

4. Leaves moderate (2.5-5 cm. long), acute. R. indicum.
Leaves rather small (usually under 2-5 cm.). 5.

5. Leaves acute: rather tall. R. Simsii.
Leaves typically obtuse: low, compact. (1). R. obtusum.

6. Evergreen. 7.
Deciduous. 17.

7. Leaves with large glandular dots beneath. 8.
Leaves glandless and glabrous beneath. 16.

8. Loosely long-hairy: leaves small (1X2 cm.). R. hirsutum.
Twigs velvety. R. micranthum.
Glabrate except for the glandular scurf. 9.

9. Leaves with scattered glands, green beneath. 10.
Leaves brown beneath from the glandular scurf. 11.

10. Leaves rather obtuse, smooth-margined. R. dahuricum.
Leaves very acute, crisped. (2). R. mucronulatum.

11. Leaves small (about 1 cm. long) : low. R. lapponicum.
Leaves much larger. 12.

12. Leaves lanceolate, relatively narrow. 13.
Leaves ovate- or elliptical-lanceolate. 14.

274

ERICACEAE.

R. ferrugineum.

X R. arbutifolium.

R. minus.

X R. myrtifolium.

R. carolinianum.

R. catawbiense.

13. Leaves small (1x4 cm.), mucronate.
Leaves larger (1.5x5 cm.), acute.

14. Twigs red-brown.

Twigs green or reddish. 15.

15. Leaves obscurely crisped or crenulate.
Leaves quite entire.

16. Leaves broadly elliptical, round-based.

Leaves elongated-oblanceolate, acute-based. R. maximum.

17. Buds glabrous except for occasional stalked glands. 18.
Buds glandular-dotted. 22.

Buds puberulous. 23.

Buds with long appressed hairs. 27.

18. Leaf -scars raised, scarcely notched. (3). R. Vaseyi.
Leaf-scars not raised. 19.

19. Pedicels tomentulose and with glands. R. japonicum.
Pedicels glabrous except for long glands. 20.

20. Twigs entirely glabrous. R. arborescens.
Twigs usually sparsely long-hairy. 21.

21. Buds brown.

calendulaceum.

R. nudiflorum.

R. dahuricum.
mucronulatum.
. R. canadense.

Buds rosy.

22. Twigs red-orange.

Twigs buff-orange. (2). R.

23. Leaf -scars slightly raised. (4)
Leaf-scars not raised. 24.

24. Twigs reddish. R. luteum.
Twigs buff or gray. 25.

25. Twigs tomentulose, at least near the tip. R. canescens.
Twigs glabrate or with stalked glands. 26.

26. Capsules with spreading glands. R. viscosum.
Capsules with ascending hairs. (5). R. nudiflorum.

27. Leaf-scars distinctly raised. . R. albiflorum.
Leaf -scars not raised. (6). R. rhombicum.

ERICACEAE.

275

MENZIESIA.
(Family Ericaceae).

Shrubs: deciduous. Twigs
slender, roundish, with shredding
bark: pith small, rounded, con-
tinuous. Buds solitary, sessile,
ovoid, small, with about 2 ex-
posed scales or the terminal or
subterminal flower-buds larger
and with some half-dozen scales.
Leaf-scars crowded toward the
tips of the sometimes dwarfed
and sometimes greatly elongated
twigs, small, low, 3-sided or the
lower transversely linear: bundle-
trace 1: stipule-scars lacking.
The ovoid capsules may be pres-
ent in winter..

Winter - character reference to
Menziesia pilosa: — Schneider, f.
123.

In contrast with Gaulthe-
ria, and in agreement with the

larger number of Ericaceae as one ordinarily views them,
Menziesia has a compact homogeneous pith. Comparative
studies of the pith are given by Gris in a memoir on the pith
of woody plants published in full in volume six of the Nou-
velles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle of Paris, and
in an abridgement of this in volume 14 of the fifth series of
the Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Plate 13 of the former
is devoted to Ericaceae.

Capsules bristly-glandular.
Capsules glabrate.

(1). M. pilosa.
M. glabella.

276

ERICACEAE.

(ID

LEIOPHYLLUM. Sand Myrtle.
(Family Ericaceae).

Small shrubs of sandy regions
near the coast: evergreen. Twigs
very slender, subterete: pith mi-
nute, continuous. Buds sessile,
solitary, ovoid, appressed, with
about 2 exposed scales. Leaf-
scars opposite or the pairs more
or less broken and then 4-ranked,
minute, crescent-shaped or 3-
sided, raised: bundle-trace 1: sti-
pule-scars lacking. Leaves small,
subelliptical, entire, distinctly
petioled. The minute-beaked 5-
valved clustered pale capsules
may be present in winter. (Den-
drium ) .

The sand myrtle, which makes
its northern limit in the pine bar-
rens of New Jersey, is pictured
photographically in an amply il-
lustrated volume on the plants ,of

southern New Jersey by Witmer Stone, constituting the Re-
port of the New Jersey State Museum for 1910.
Glabrous: leaves obscurely dotted beneath. L. buxifolium.

ERICACEAE.

277

LOISELEUBIA. Trailing Azalea.
(Family Ericaceae).

Small matted shrubs: ever-
green. Twigs very slender, sub-
terete: pith minute, continuous.
Buds sessile, solitary, ovoid, ap-
pressed, with about 2 scales.
Leaf-scars opposite, minute, cres-
cent - shaped, elevated : bundle-
trace 1: stipule-scars lacking.
Leaves very small, subelliptical,
very revolute, entire, petioled.
The small beaked 5-valved red
capsules may be present in win-
ter. (Chamaecistus) .

The trailing or alpine azalea is
one of a number of plants which
occur only on the higher moun-
tains in our latitude, but have a
wide distribution even at sea-
level farther north. Sometimes,
as in the present instance, they
not only extend entirely across

the American continent but are found in Europe and Asia in

very similar if not identical forms.

Glabrous: leaves revolute to the midrib. L. procumbens.

278

ERICACEAE.

KALMIA. American Laurel.
(Family Ericaceae).

Small trees or mostly shrubs:
evergreen. Twigs moderate or
slender: pith small, rounded, con-
tinuous. Buds minute, naked or
with 2 small green scales, soli-
tary, sessile, the end-bud abortive.
Leaf-scars clustered at end of the
season's growth, variously alter-
nate or opposite or in whorls of
3, half-round or shield-shaped,
sometimes raised for a time by a
finally deciduous base, or sunken :
bundle-trace a transverse line:
stipule-scars lacking. The small
subglobose 5-celled capsules are
persistent in winter. (Includes
Kalmiella).

Kalmia is reputed among the
most poisonous of the Ericaceae.
For an analysis of the subject,
with bibliography, reference may

be made to Pammers Manual of Poisonous Plants. The
woody genera listed there as containing poisonous or medici-
nal properties are Andromeda, Arctostaphylos, Calluna, Epi-
gaea, Erica, Gaultheria, Kalmia, Ledum, Lecothoe, Lyonia,
Rhododendron and Vaccinium.

1. Large shrubs or small trees: leaves large. (1). K. latifolia.
Small shrubs: buds with 2 scales. 2.

2. Twigs 2-edged: leaves opposite. (2). K. polifolia.
Twigs terete. 3.

3. Leaves mostly in whorls of 2 or 3. (3). K. angustifolia.
Leaves alternate. 4.

4. Twigs glandular-hairy. (Kalmiella), K. hirsuta.
Twigs hisute, not glandular. K. cuneata.

ERICACEAE.

279

PHYLLODOCE. Mountain Heath.
(Family Ericaceae).

Low matted shrubs: evergreen.
Twigs slender, ridged below the
leaf-scars: pith minute, continu-
ous. Buds minute, solitary, ses-
sile, of scarcely evident structure.
Leaf-scars alternate, minute, cres-
cent-shaped, raised: bundle-trace
1, scarcely distinguishable: sti-
pule-scars lacking. Leaves small,
oblong, minutely serrulate. The
small ellipsoid capsules, erect on
long slender glandular stalks, are
evident in winter. Sometimes
placed in Bryanthus.

Winter-characters of Phyllodoce
caerulea are given by Fant, 51.

The phyllodoces afford another
example of the occurrence of iden-
tical or equivalent species in high
latitudes on both continents, with
extension away from the pole at
increased altitudes.

Midrib glabrous: fruit-stalks not bristly. (1). P. Breweri.

Midrib puberulent beneath: pedicels bristly. (2). P. caerulea.

280

ERICACEAE.

DABOECIA. St. Dabeoc's Heath.
(Family Ericaceae).

Compact small heath-like
shrubs: evergreen. Twigs slender,
round, the bark soon shredding:
pith minute, roundish, continuous.
Buds solitary, subglobose, with
about 2 scales, commonly develop-
ing a pair of narrow leaves
promptly. Leaf - scars alternate,
minute, low, crescent-shaped :
bundle-trace 1; stipule-scars lack-
ing. The fruit, if present, is of
relatively large rather conical
glandular-bristly capsules with
very acute valves. Leaves simple
and entire, small, elliptical or
somewhat ovate, slightly revolute,
densely white- or rusty-tomentu-
lose beneath.

St. Dabeoc's heath, as the com-
mon name indicates, occurs in Ire-
land and has been supposed to be

peculiar to the Emerald Isle; but it is found occasionally as
far south as the Mediterranean, and on the oceanic Azores.
Twigs transiently puberulent and sparsely hairy. D. polifolia.

ERICACEAE.

281

ENKIANTHUS.
(Family Ericaceae).

Shrubs: deciduous. Twigs sub-
verticillate, slender, 3-sided or
rounded, often reddish: pith
rather small, roundish, continu-
ous. Buds minute, sunken and in
the notch of the leaf-scar, solitary,
sessile, indistinctly scaly, the ter-
minal flower-buds large, ovoid
and with some half-dozen mucro-
nate scales. Leaf-scars minute,
crescent-shaped or triangular, low:
bundle-trace 1, minute, round:
stipule-scars lacking. The small
oblong or ovoid 5-celled few-seeded
capsules are present in winter.

Winter-characters of Enkian-
thus japonicus are given by
Shirasawa, 284, pi. 13.

Like many of our common na-
tive Ericaceae, among them the
dwarf blueberries which cover

barren hills in the Eastern States, these Asiatic species color
brilliantly in autumn.
Pedicels straight: capsules subglobose: sepals ovate.

(1). E. subsessilis.
Pedicels bent: capsules oblong: sepals elongated.

(2). E.campanulatus.

282

ERICACEAE.

CASSIOPE.
(Family Ericaceae).

Small tufted and trailing
shrubs: evergreen. Twigs very
slender, concealed above by the
overlapping leaves: pith very
minute. Buds solitary, sessile,
very small and indistinct. Leaf-
scars alternate and much raised,
or opposite and low, minute, cres-
cent-shaped, with 1 indistinct vas-
cular bundle: stipule-scars lack-
ing. Leaves very small, essential-
ly entire. The subglobose cap-
sules may be present in winter.
The species with alternate leaves
have been segregated as the genus
Harrimaniella.

A foliage-key to Cassiope and
Harrimaniella is given by Coville
in the second volume of Proceed-
ings of the Washington Academy
of Sciences. Winter-characters- of
C. hypnoides are given by Fant, 50.

1. Leaves opposite, closely imbricated, broad. 2.
Leaves alternate. 3.

2. Leaves not grooved on the back. (1). C. Mertensiana.
Leaves with a groove on the back. (2). C. tetragona.

3. Leaves widely spreading, broad, blunt. (3). C. Stelleriana.
Leaves closely imbricated, narrow, acute.

(4). C. hypnoides.

ERICACEAE.

283

by its fragrance,
stock.

LEUCOTHOE. Fetter Bush.
(Family Ericaceae).

Shrubs: evergreen or deciduous.
Twigs rather slender, finally sub-
terete: pith roundish or somewhat
3-sided, continuous. Buds small,
solitary, sessile, globose or ovoid,
with 3 or 4 exposed scales, the
end-bud lacking. Leaf scars al-
ternate, small, crescent-shaped or
half-round, little elevated: bundle-
trace 1: stipule-scars lacking.
Leaves, when present, simple,
serrulate. The small depressed-
globose capsules are often present
in winter.

Winter-character reference to
Leucothoe racemosa: — Schneider,
f. 123.

The flowers of Leucothoe are
intensely fragrant and a plant that
is quite concealed in surrounding
shrubbery may be located often
Unfortunately the genus is poisonous to

Deciduous. 2.

Evergreen. 3.

Capsules scarcely lobed : racemes straight.

Capsules deeply lobed: racemes curved.

(1). L. racemosa.
(2). L. recurva.

3. Leaves small (4 cm. long), ovate, very obtuse. L. Davisiae.
Leaves larger, pointed. 4.

4. Leaves lanceolate, acute. L. axillaris.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. (3). L. Catesbaei.

284

ERICACEAE.

ANDROMEDA. Bog Rosemary.
(Family Ericaceae).

Bog shrubs: evergreen. Twigs
slender, at first 3-sided: pith small,
3-sided, continuous. Buds soli-
tary, sessile, compressed, small,
ovoid, with 2 exposed scales. Leaf-
scars alternate, more or less ele-
vated, half-round or crescent-
shaped, minute: bundle-trace 1:
stipule-scars lacking. Leaves sim-
ple, entire, elliptical to narrowly
oblong, revolute, whitened be-
neath. The small short-ovoid 5-
celled capsules are present in
winter.

Winter-character references: —
Andromeda cernua. Shirasawa,
284, pi. 13, A. ovalifolia. Shira-
sawa, 242, pi. 3. A. polifolia. Bose-
mann, 35; Fant, 50.

Like Kalmia, Pieris, Leucothoe,
Chamaedaphne and Rhododendron,
this genus is reputed to be poisonous.

Leaves glabrous: capsules brown. A. polifolia.

Leaves tomentulose beneath: capsules glaucous.

A. glaucophylla.

ERICACEAE.

285

CHAMAEDAPHNE. Cassandra.
(Family Ericaceae).

Bog shrubs: evergreen. Twigs
slender, roundish, at first puberu-
lent and scurfy, then with shred-
ding gray bark, and finally smooth
and deep red-brown: pith small,
roundish, continuous. Buds soli-
tary, sessile, small, globose and
with about 3 exposed scales or be-
coming oblong in expansion. Leaf-
scars alternate, minute, low, cres-
cent-shaped: bundle-trace 1: sti-
pule-scars lacking. Leaves simple,
entire, scurfy beneath. The small
depressed-globose 5-celled cap-
sules, with persistent scurfy calyx
and 2-bracted at base, are present
in winter.

A peculiar interest attaches to
many bog plants in that although
they grow with their roots in
water they have leaves that are

woolly beneath as in Ledum, or of firm structure or scurfy as
in Chamaedaphne, or very glaucous beneath as in Vaccinium
Oxycoccus, or with their stomata in grooves between the mid-
rib and the revolute margin. These are characters usually
connected with plants that scarcely obtain enough water;
and, in fact, these bog plants really cannot absorb a suffi-
ciency of water and so experience the condition of physiologi-
cal if not of actual physical drought.

Leaves relatively broad, flat. (Leather leaf). (1). C. calyculata.
Leaves narrow, crisped. C. calyculata angustifolia.

286

ERICACEAE.

PIEBIS. Stagger Bush.
(Family Ericaceae).

Shrubs: evergreen or deciduous.
Twigs rather slender, 3-sided or
finally terete: pith somewhat 3-
sided, continuous. Buds small,
subglobose to conical, with 2-5 ex-
posed scales; the end-bud lack-
ing. Leaf-scars alternate, small,
half-round or triangular, somewhat
raised: bundle-trace 1: stipule-
scars lacking. Leaves, when pres-
ent, simple, entire and revolute or
serrulate. The small globose or
urn-shaped capsules are often pres-
ent in winter.

As its common name indicates,
the stagger bush is poisonous to
stock, like Ealmia, etc. The
species of Pieris have been placed
in the genus Andromeda fre-
quently; and they are placed un-
der Lyonia by some botanists; as
they have been placed by others in Leucothoe.

1. Deciduous: buds round-ovoid: capsules urceolate.

(1). P. Mariana.
Evergreen: buds compressed. 2.

2. Pubescent: sepals much shorter than capsules.

(2). P. floribunda.
Glabrous: sepals equaling the capsules. (3). P. nitida.

ERICACEAE.

287

LYONIA.
(Family Ericaceae).

Shrubs or sometimes subar-
borescent: evergreen or decidu-
ous. Twigs slender, somewhat 3-
sided, becoming terete. Buds soli-
tary, sessile, small, oblong, more
or less flattened against the stem,
with 2 exposed scales. Leaf-scars
alternate, minute, low, half-round
or crescent-shaped : bundle-trace 1 :
stipule-scars lacking. Leaves, when
persistent, simple, entire or ob-
scurely serrulate, and scurfy be-
neath.

As with Pieris, Lyonia was for-
merly merged in Andromeda, and
the generic name Xolisma has
been used for its species, which
occur in a number of variants
which have been thought by some
botanists to represent distinct
species.

1. Deciduous: capsules very small, subglobose.

(1). L. ligustrina.
Evergreen: capsules oblong. 2.

2. Leaves without prominent veinlets: tall. (2). L. ferruginea.
Leaves raised-reticulate beneath: dwarf. L. fruticosa.

288

ERICACEAE.

OXYDENDRUM. SoUFWOOd.

(Family Ericaceae).

Small or moderate-sized tree:
deciduous. Twigs rather slender,
zig-zag, terete: pith pale, continu-
ous. Buds rather small, conical-
globose, solitary, sessile, with
about half-a-dozen scales, the end-
bud lacking. Leaf-scars alternate,
low, small, half-round or shield-
shaped: bundle-trace 1, C-shaped:
stipule-scars lacking. Fruit per-
sistent, panicled, as small canes-
cent oblong - pyramidal 5-celled
capsules with their valves break-
ing away from the style.

Winter-character reference to
Oxydendrum arboreum: — Schnei-
der, f. 123.

The generic name Oxydendrum
was given to what Linnaeus had
called Andromeda arborea be-
cause of its acidity. Though a

pure Greek derivative, its author Latinized the name by chang-
ing the ending on of the Greek into um in accord with a gen-
eral effort to Latinize all plant names, of whatever deriva-
tion,— and a correction of this kind has been made in many
though not all cases where the author of a name did not do
this himself. Curiously, the established Latinized name of
this tree is sometimes written in on.
Twigs glabrous, olive or bright pink. O. arboreum.

ERICACEAE.

289

EPIGAEA. Trailing Arbutus.
(Family Ericaceae).

Prostrate and rooting small
shrubs with finally exfoliating
bark: evergreen. Twigs slender,
terete: pith moderate, rounded,
continuous, brown. Buds solitary,
or the inflorescence-buds quickly
multiple and conical-ovoid with 2
hairy outer scales and a number
of smooth very acute inner scales.
Leaf-scars linear when cataphyls
have fallen, or usually lacking, the
leaves falling only with the cor-
tex: stipule-scars lacking. Leaves
elliptical-ovate, often cordate, en-
tire but usually ciliate.

Like blueberries and rhododen-
drons, the popular fragrant-
flowered May-flower or trailing
arbutus requires a certain acidity
of the soil for its successful cul-
tivation ; but, as Coville has shown,

it is capable of successful growth as a compact full-flowered
potted plant if given the proper soil conditions.

This sensitiveness of Ericaceae to the condition of the
soil has been shown to be connected with the fact that their
roots grow in a sort of mutually helpful parasitic relation-
ship with certain fungi, which themselves are prevented from
thriving unless the soil is too acid for the growth of most
bacteria. An interesting discussion of the question is given
by Coville in Bulletin 193 of the Bureau of Plant Industry at
Washington.
Twigs very red-bristly. E. repens.

290

ERICACEAE.

GAULTHERIA. Wintergreen.
(Family Ericaceae).

Aromatic small shrubs, either
bushy or with short erect shoots
that are leafy toward the top:
evergreen. Twigs moderate, zig-
zag and 3-sided in the large type,
slender and rounded in the
smaller: pith relatively large,
honey-combed or finally spongy.
Buds solitary, sessile, ovuid, with
about 5 ciliate scales. Leaf-scars
alternate, minute and linear in
the smaller type, but half-round or
shield-shaped in the larger and
then with a large bundle-trace:
stipule-scars lacking. Leaves
simple, short-stalked, minutely
somewhat serrate.

Wintergreen "berries'*, which re-
ally are soft-walled capsules en-
closed by a fleshy calyx, are some-
times brought into northern cities
by the Indians.

Wintergreen and sweet birch are so similarly flavored as
to give rise to the impression that oil of Wintergreen and oil
of birch contain identical aromatic substances. The princi-
pal constituent in each is said to be methyl salicylate, but
the characteristic flavor is due to small quantities of an ester.

1. Bushy: twigs sparsely hairy or papillate: buds large. 2.
With nearly simple short shoots from prostrate stems. 3.

2. Upright: leaves ovate, round-based. (1). G. Shallon.
Spreading: leaves elliptical to obovate. G. Veitchiana.

3. Loosely hairy: leaves ovate, round-based. G. Myrsinites.
Glabrate: leaves elliptical to obovate. (2). G. procumbens.

ERICACEAE.

291

PERNETTYA.
(Family Ericaceae).

Small shrubs: evergreen. Twigs
very slender, terete, more or less
puberulent and sparsely stiff-hairy,
at first green: pith minute, round-
ish, somewhat spongy. Buds
small, solitary, sessile, ovoid or
round, flattened, with 2 outer
scales. Leaf-scars alternate, min-
ute, obtusely 3-sided or crescent-
shaped, low: bundle-trace 1: sti-
pule-scars lacking. Leaves com-
monly twisted into one plane,
small, simple, minutely somewhat
toothed. Fruit axillary, commonly
present in winter in the form of
small berries.

The genus Pernettya is one of
peculiar distribution: most of its
species are of the North American
highlands, but it is represented
also in New Zealand. Reasons for

believing that there was once a direct land connection be-
tween South America and New Zealand and Australia are
brought together in an interesting volume by Scharff, on Dis-
tribution and Origin of Life in America.

1. Leaves ovate, pungently pointed. 2.

Leaves lance-oblong. P. angustifolia.

2. Fruit red. (1). P. mucronata.
Fruit white. P. mucronata alba.
Fruit nearly black. P. mucronata nigra.

292

ERICACEAE.

AECTOSTAPHYLOS. Red Bearberry.
(Family Ericaceae).

Dwarf northern shrubs, as here
considered: evergreen. Twigs
slender, somewhat 3- or 5-sided:
pith small, slightly angled, con-
tinuous. Buds solitary, sessile,
ovoid, with about 3 exposed scales
or the uppermost showing a larger
number. Leaf-scars alternate,
somewhat elevated, small, cres-
cent-shaped: bundle-trace 1: sti-
pule-scars lacking. Leaves spatu-
late, rather small.

The bearberry is one of the
plants that are characteristically
limited to the South and that in
high latitudes occur in Europe and
Asia as well as America. In an
account of the biology of the
region north of Saskatchewan and
Alberta, published as No. 27 of
North American Fauna, Preble

states that the natives smoke the dried leaves of the bear-
berry, usually mixed with tobacco; and they are somewhat
used medicinally.
Twigs puberulent, the bark finally exfoliating. A. Uva-ursi.

ERICACEAE.

293

ARCTOUS. Mountain Bearberry.
(Family Ericaceae).

Low northern or alpine shrubs:
deciduous. Twigs rather slender,
subterete: pith minute, 3-sided,
continuous. Buds solitary, sessile,
ovoid, appressed, with about 3 ex-
posed scales. Leaf -scars alternate,
somewhat raised, small, crescent-
shaped: bundle-trace 1: stipule-
scars lacking. (Mairania; Arcto-
staphylos).

Though the fruits of Arctosta-
phylos are eaten by bears, as the
scientific and popular names of
the genus indicate, they do not
appeal to the palate of even the
average boy. Even the black bear
berries, borne by Arctous, though
pulpier and of pleasing appear-
ance, are said to be nearly taste-
less. Many botanists still place
the deciduous bearberry in the genus Arctostaphylos.

Glabrous: bark quickly exfoliating.

A. alpinus.

294

ERICACEAE.

GAYLUSSACIA. Huckleberry.
(Family Ericaceae).

Shrubs: deciduous, or evergreen
occasionally or in the South.
Twigs slender, roundish: pith
small, 3-sided or rounded, continu-
ous. Buds solitary, sessile, ovoid,
small, with 2 or some 4 or 5 ex-
posed scales, the end-bud lacking.
Leaf-scars alternate, low, crescent-
shaped or 3-sided: bundle-trace 1:
stipule scars lacking.

Winter-characters of Gaylus-
sacia dumasa are pictured by
Schneider, f. 126.

The deciduous species of Gay-
lussacia and Vaccinium are not
readily placed in the proper
genus in winter, even though they
may be told apart with some as-
surance. In this respect the
genera resemble the group re-
ferred to under Zenobia. Because

of their inferior ovary, these two genera and Chiogenes are
believed by some botanists to constitute a family Vacciniaceae,
distinct from the Ericaceae.

1. Evergreen: leaves serrulate. (1). G. brachycera.
Deciduous, or the leaves entire and glandular-
dotted if present. 2.

2. Glabrous: shoots glaucous. (Dangleberry). (2). G. frondosa.
Twigs more or less pubescent. 3.

3. Buds with 2 or 3 exposed scales. (Black h.). (3). G. baccata.
Buds with 4 or 5 exposed scales. 4.

4. Twigs puberulent but not villous. ( Dwarf h.). (4). G. dumosa.
Twigs also with long glandular hairs. (5). G. hirtella.

ERICACEAE.

295

VACCINIUM. Blueberry. Cranberry.
(Family Ericaceae).

Shrubs, usually under 1 m. high,
exceptionally trailing or subar-
borescent: deciduous, or partly
evergreen in the south, or some
species evergreen. Twigs slender,
very obscurely 3- or 5-sided or
distinctly angled: pith small,
nearly round, continuous. Buds
small or minute, solitary, sessile,
with 2 apparently valvate scales
or the larger with same half-dozen
scales, the end-bud deciduous.
Leaf-scars alternate, small or
minute, half-round or crescent-
shaped, somewhat elevated:
bundle-trace 1: stipule-scars lack-
ing.

Winter-character references: —
Vaccinium Myrtillus. Bosemann,
36; Schneider, f. 95. V. Oxycoccus.
Bosemann, 36; Fant, 50. V. uliyi-

nosum. Bosemann, 36; Schneider, f. 95. V. Vitis-idaea. Bose-
mann, 36; Fant, 49, f. 55. Vaccinium comprises the very
different groups of trailing cranberries, sometimes segregated
under the generic name Oxycoccus, low-bush cranberries, for
which the name Vitis Idaea has been used, tree huckleberries,
sometimes called Batodendron, squaw huckleberries, Polyco-
dium, mountain cranberries, which Small segregates under
the name Hugeria, and blueberries.

1. Trailing evergreens: leaves small (scarcely 5X15 mm.). 2.
Bushy, tufted. 4.

2. Leaves entire, rather elliptical. (Cranberries). 3.
Leaves serrate, somewhat ovate. (1). V. crassifolium.

296 ERICACEAE.

3. Leaves very small (10 mm.), re volute. (2). V. Oxycoccos.
Leaves larger (15 mm.). V. macrocarpon.

4. Low evergreens with small leaves. 5.
Deciduous. 8.

5. Leaves blunt-mucronate, notched, dotted.

(3). V. Vitis-Idaea.
Leaves acute: twigs puberulent and often granular. 6.

6. Leaves prevailingly oblanceolate and acute. 7.

Leaves obovate and acuminate. (4). V. nitidum.

7. Leaves green on both sides. (5). V. Myrsinites.
Leaves glaucous beneath. V. Myrsinites glaucum.

8. Buds oblong, appressed, with 2 obtuse exposed scales. 9.
Buds ovoid or subglobose: scales several, or pointed. 15.

9. Twigs without angles. 10.
Twigs conspicuously angled. 12.

10. Bark finely shredding: twiggy and low. V. uliginosum.
Bark scarcely shredding. 11.

11. Scarcely a span high: tufted: -slender. (6). V. caespitosum.
Taller and stouter. V. erythrocarpum.

12. Dwarf and tufted, scarcely over a span high. 13.
Taller and more bushy. 14.

13. Twigs slender: buds 1-1.5 mm. (7). V. erythrococcum.
Twigs stouter: buds often 2 mm. long. V. oreophilum.

14. Twigs almost winged. V. parvifolium.
Twigs only ribbed. V. ovalifolium.

15. Buds ovoid or oblong, ascending or appressed. 16.
Buds subglobose or round-ovoid, divergent. 19.

16. Low shrubs. 17.

Tall: twigs angled and warty. (8). V. corymbosuni.

17. Twigs grooved above the buds, or angular. 18.

Twigs nearly terete, very hairy. (9). V. canadense.

18. Twigs nearly smooth. V. pennsylvanicum.
Twigs distinctly granular-warty. V. vacillans.

19. Moderate or low shrub. (10). V. stamineum.
Large shrub or small tree, often twiggy. V. arboreum.

ERICACEAE.

297

CHIOGENES. Moxie Plum.
(Family Ericaceae).

Low very delicate aromatic
trailing shrubs: evergreen. Stems
filiform, brown-chaffy, terete: pith
minute. Buds solitary, sessile,
ovoid, appressed, minute, with
about 2 exposed scales. Leaf-
scars alternate, low, minute, cres-
cent-shaped : bundle-trace 1, scarce-
ly discernible : stipule -scars
lacking. Leaves small, subellipti-
cal, acute, short-petioled, entire.

In some respects the creeping
snowberry, as Chiogenes is called
sometimes because • of its white
fruit, is the most attractive and
dainty of our woody plants, and
it is rarely seen except by close
observers because of its habit of
growth and its small size. The
name capillaire given it by the
French Canadians expresses well

the delicacy of its stem. Like the wintergreen, it is pleas-
Stem brown-chaffy: leaves slightly chaffy beneath.

C. hispidula.

298

ERICACEAE.

CALLUNA. Heather.
(Family Ericaceae).

Small shrubs: evergreen. Twigs
very slender, terete: pith very
small, roundish, continuous. Buds
small, solitary, sessile, angularly
globose, with about 3 scales,
usually developing promptly. Leaf-
scars opposite, minute, half-round
. or crescent-shaped: bundle-trace 1:
stipule-scars lacking. Leaves
small, V-shaped, grooved on the
keel, closely overlapping in 4
ranks except on elongated shoots.

The winter-characters of Cal-
luna vulgaris are indicated by
Bosemann, 33.

Heather, one of the most char-
acteristic shrubs of European re-
gions where soil sterility and
mist meet, occurs in this country
only along the northern Atlantic
seaboard.

Twigs puberulent: leaves glabrous.

C. vulgaris.

ERICACEAE.

299

ERICA. Heath.
(Family Ericaceae).

Typically, small bog shrubs:
evergreen. Twigs very slender,
more or less ridged below the
leaves: pith very small, continu-
ous. Buds minute, solitary, ses-
sile, ovoid, with 2 or 3 exposed
scales. Leaf-scars whorled, mi-
nute, half-round: bundle-trace 1:
stipule-scars lacking. Leaves
small, mostly, except the lower-
most, very revolute or folded so
that the edges meet down the
back, rather longer than the in-
ternodes except on elongated
shoots.

Winter-character references to
Erica Tetralix: — Bosemann, 33;
Fant, 52.

Like heather, the true heaths
have barely secured a foothold in
this country, — on the coast.

1. Leaves in whorls of 3. (1). E. cinerea.
Leaves in whorls of four. 2.

2. Leaves glandular-bristly. (Bell heather). (2). E. Tetralix.
Leaves not glandular. (3). E. carnea.

300

DlAPENSIACEAE.

DlAPENSIA.

( Family Diapensiaceae ) .

Dwarf matted high-northern
shrub: evergreen. Stems slen-
der, with shredding bark finally,
but long covered by persistent
leaf -remnants. Buds minute,
naked, concealed by the bases of
the leaves. Leaf -scars absent:
stipule-scars or stipules lacking.
Leaves alternate, spatulate, dense-
ly overlapping, somewhat recurv-
ing and revolute.

Kerner von Marilaun, one of
the most popular exponents of
adaptive teleology, mentions Dia-
pensia in his charming Natural
History of Plants as an illustra-
tion of Arctic plants character-
ized by the absence of pubescence
restricting transpiration, in con-
trast with woolly plants of more
southern and drier regions.
Glabrous, but the leaves minutely papillate. D. lapponica.

DlAPENSIACEAE.

301

PYXIDANTHERA. Pyxie.
(Family Diapensiaceae).

Matted and trailing half-shrub
of sandy pine barrens: evergreen.
Stems slender, long covered by
the persistent leaf - remnants.
Buds minute, naked, concealed by
the petioles. Leaf-scars absent:
stipules or stipule-scars lacking.
Leaves alternate or subopposite,
oblanceolate, rather crowded,
spreading or ascending.

The pyxie is counted among the
most attractive plants of the New
Jersey pine barrens, particularly
as it flowers very early in the
Spring. A special interest at-
taches to this region because in
it, when Darwinian biology was
new, Mrs. Mary Treat made many
observations on the localized
plants with which she was sur-
rounded, and demonstrated the

value and pleasure of a truly amateur interest in natural
history in a series of contributions to The American Natural-
ist, the earlier volumes of which possess a readability which
is rare in journals devoted to Science.

Somewhat transiently white-hairy: leaves acute. P. barbulata.
Winter-characters of Ceratostigma plumbaginoides, of the
family Plumbaginaceae, much grown over walls, etc., in warm
regions, are given by Schneider, f. 109.

302

SAPOTACEAE.

BUMELIA. False Buckthorn.
(Family Sapotaceae).

Shrubs or small spreading
trees with branch-spines: mostly
deciduous. Twigs moderate, zig-
zag, often occurring as short leafy
spurs: pith continuous, white or
striped with brown.. Buds small,
hemispherical, sessile, sometimes
branched or developing a collat-
eral spine, with about 4 exposed
scales. Leaf-scars alternate, tri-
angular or crescent-shaped or
shallowly U-shaped, somewhat
raised: bundle-traces 3, sometimes
subconfluent: stipule-scars lack-
ing.

Winter - character reference : —
Bumelia lanuginosa. Hitchcock
(1), 4.

One of the first novelties to
which a visitor to Mexico is in-
troduced is the zapote or mamey

sapote, the fruit of Calocarpum mammosum or Lucuma mam-
mosa; and one of the sweetest of all fruits is the sapote chico,
chicozapote, or sapodilla, the fruit of Achras Sapota, a tree
which furnishes the too-familiar chicle chewing gum, of which
large quantities are brought up by every fruit ship touching
at Belize. A very readable account of these sapotaceous
plants is given by Pititier in volume 18 of Contributions from
the U. S. National Herbarium.

1. Subevergreen : leaves golden-satiny beneath. (1).B. tenax.
Mostly deciduous: leaves not satiny if present. 2.

2. Glabrous: twigs black-purple. (2). B. lycioides.
Somewhat tomentose: twigs red-gray. B. lanuginosa.

EBENACEAE.

303

DIOSPYROS. Persimmon.
(Family Ebenaceae).

Shrubs or mostly moderate-
sized trees: deciduous. Twigs
moderate, terete, somewhat zig-
zag, red-brown, finally with evi-
dent lenticels: pith moderate,
rounded, greenish becoming white,
sometimes becoming spongy or
even chambered between lace-like
plates. Buds solitary, sessile, del-
toid-ovoid, with 2 greatly over-
lapping scales, the end-bud lack-
ing. Leaf-scars variable in posi-
t i o n , 2-ranked on spreading
branches, elsewhere 5-ranked or
exceptionally sub-oppositely 4-
ranked, half-elliptical, somewhat
raised: bundle-trace 1, C-shaped:
stipule-scars lacking.

Winter-character references : —
Diospyros kaki. Shirasawa, 243,
pi. 3. D. Lotus. Schneider, f.

117; Shirasawa, 243, pi. 3. D. virginiana. Brendel, pi. 3;
Hitchcock (1), 5.

Few trees possess a more characteristic bark than the
persimmon. The sometimes very regular squares into which
it checks differentiate the mature tree from any other with
which it is likely to occur. In contrast with this, it is un-
usually variable in leaf-position and in the structure of its
pith, though no other tree possesses a combination of bud- and
leaf-scar characters likely to be mistaken for those of
Diospyros.

Twigs from loosely hairy glabrescent: buds glabrous, blackish.

D. virginiana.

304

STYRACACEAE.

HALESIA. Silver Bell.
(Family Styracaceae).

Shrubs or small trees, or in the
mountains of Tennessee large
trees, with shredding bark: de-
ciduous. Wood brownish, dif-
fused-porous with very fine
medullary rays. Twigs m o d-
erate, at first stellate-scurfy, te-
rete: pith rather small, round,
finally chambered, white. Buds
moderate, superposed, ovoid, with
about 4 fleshy red scales. Leaf-
scars alternate, somewhat raised,
moderate, half-round, notched:
bundle-trace 1, crescent-shaped,
compound: stipule-scars lacking.
(Mohrodendron) .

The woody fruits are frequent-
ly persistent well into the winter.
When present they are character-
istic of the species, — 4-winged in
H. Carolina, and 2-winged in H.
diptera, which is not easily differentiated otherwise.

Winter-character references: — Halesia Carolina (H. te-
traptera). Schneider, f. 87. H. corymbosa. Shirasawa, 233,
pi. 1. H. Mspida. Shirasawa, 233, pi. 1.

The scaly trunk of a very large tree of Halesia Carolina
or Mohrodendron carolinum is pictured in connection with an
account of the silver bells as timber trees (p. 601) in an in-
structive book on American Forest Trees, which consists sub-
stantially of articles published between 1905 and 1913 in the
journal Hardwood Record, by Henry H. Gibson.
Glabrate: buds acute, slightly stalked. (1). H. Carolina.

Puberulent: buds obtuse: pith less chambered. (2). H. diptera.

STYBAGACEAE.

305

PTEROSTYBAX.
(Family Styracaceae).

Shrubs, glabrescent or more or
less microscopically stellate-
scurfy: deciduous. Twigs round-
ed, rather slender: pith moderate,
rounded, continuous, white. Buds
moderate, sessile, usually soli-
tary, the terminal elongated and
hairy and naked, the lateral ovoid,
glabrate, with 2 exposed scales.
Leaf-scars alternate, 2-ranked,
finally broadly crescent-shaped,
somewhat raised: bundle-trace 1,
indistinct: stipule-scars lacking.

Winter-character reference to
Pterostyrax hispida: — Schneider,
f. 87.

Pterostyrax is considered not
generically different from Halesia
by some botanists, and, as its
generic name indicates, it bears
winged fruits like Halesia.

Though they do well in the South, its species are even less

dependable in the North than the silver bells.

Twigs with quickly shredding gray bark. P. hispida.

306

STYEACACEAE.

STYEAX. Storax.
(Family Styracaceae).

Shrubs: deciduous. Twigs
rounded, rather slender, zig-zag,
rough-scurfy: pith small, rounded,
continuous, green. Buds small,
sessile, naked, scurfy, superposed,
the end-bud lacking. Leaf-scars
alternate, 2-ranked, at first torn,
narrow and shriveled, finally
broadly crescent-shaped and less
raised with a central more or less
fragmented bund.e-trace: stipule-
scars lacking.

Winter-character references: -
Styrax japonica. Shirasawa, 238,
pi. 2. 8. Obassia. Shirasawa, 238,
pi. 2. 8. officinalis. Schneider,
f. 117.

The gum styrax of druggists is
not obtained from species of
Styrax though the genus gets Us
.name from that substance which

is produced by the Oriental equivalent, Liquidambar orient-
ale, of our sweetgum which derives its specific name from
the same substance.

1. Twigs very slender: buds short (scarcely 3 mm.).

S. americana.
Twigs stouter (2-3 mm.): buds rather long (4-6 mm.). 2.

2. Twigs 2 mm. thick: bark not exfoliating. (1). S. japonica.
Twigs stouter (3 mm.): bark exfoliating. S. Obassia.

SYMPLOCACEAE.

307

SYMPLOCOS. Sweet Leaf.
(Family Symplocaceae).

Shrub or small tree: tardily de-
ciduous. Twigs moderate, terete:
pith moderate, pale, chambered.
Buds sessile, solitary or super-
posed, broadly conical, with about
4 scales. Leaf -scars alternate,
half - round, low, bundle-trace a
single crescent-shaped or trans-
verse aggregate : stipule-scars lack-
ing. Leaves when present oblan-
ceolate, cuneately petioled, entire.
(Hopea).

The chambered pith of Symplo-
cos, which seems to have escaped
the notice of special writers on
the pith of trees, is mentioned
and photographically illustrated
in Hough's Handbook of the
Trees of the Northern States and
Canada, p. 381. The tree is ever-
green in the southern part of its

range, and holds its foliage until heavy frosts come else-
where. It is sometimes called horse sugar because its sweet-
ish leaves are eaten by stock after green herbage has gener-
erally disappeared in early winter.

End-bud absent: leaf -scars 2-ranked. S. paniculata.

End-bud present: leaf-scars more than 2-ranked.

(1). S. tinctoria.

308

OLEACEAE.

for 1906, p. 199, f. 21.

1. Pith solid at the nodes.

FORSYTHIA. Golden Bell.
(Family Oleaceae).

Loosely branched spreading or
sometimes scrambling shrubs: de-
ciduous. Twigs somewhat 4-
sided, moderate: pith moderate,
finally excavated between the
nodes but continuous or
chambered at them. Buds mode-
rate, becoming multiple, fusiform
though sessile, with some half-
dozen pairs of scales. Leaf-scars
opposite, shield-shaped, rather
small, raised: bundle-trace 1: sti-
pule-scars wanting.

Winter-character references: -
XForsythia intermedia. Schnei-
der, f. 201. F. suspensa. Schnei-
der, f. 201; Shirasawa, 277, pi. 12.
F. viridissima. Schneider, f. 201.
The pith - characters of species
and hybrids of this genus are dis-
cussed by Koehne in Gartenflora

2.

Pith chambered or finally all excavated. ( 1 ) . F. viridissima.

2. Pith chambered in the internodes. (2). X F. intermedia.

Pith excavated between the nodes. (3). F. suspensa.

OLEACEAE.

309

FONTANESIA.

(Family Oleaceae).

Shrubs : deciduous. Twigs
slender, 4-angled, the bark soon
fibrous-shredding: pith greenish,
rounded, continuous. Buds small,
solitary, sessile, compressed ovoid,
with 2 or 3 pairs of pointed
scales. Leaf-scars opposite, short-
shield-shaped, small, somewhat
raised, ciliate: bundle-trace 1, half-
round: stipule-scars lacking.

Winter-character reference to
Fontanesia phillyraeoides: —
Schneider, f. 205.

Fontanesias, like privets, are
rather conspicuous among shrubs
grown in the northern states in
showing no autumnal coloration
but holding their bright green
foliage well through the fall, — a
habit that dictates caution in un-
skilfully blending them in pro-

miscuous planting.

Twigs and buds glabrous, brown.

F. phillyraeoides.

310

OLEAOEAE.

FRAXINUS. Ash.
(Family Oleaceae).

Trees: deciduous. Twigs rather
stout, stiff and divergent, often
squarish or compressed at the
nodes: pith often 6-sided or lemon-
shaped. Buds sessile, superposed
with the lower somewhat 'covered
by a narrow articular membrane,
with 2 or 3 pairs of opposite
scales, those of the end-bud often
lobed. Leaf-scars opposite, half-
round to subelliptical or broadly
U-shaped, low: bundle-traces in
an elliptical or C-shaped aggre-
gate: stipule-scars lacking.

In a comparative study of re-
serve food materials in buds and
surrounding parts published in
volume 2 of the Memoirs of the
Torrey Botanical Club, Halsted
gives the ash as one example illus-
trating the accumulation of re-
serve starch in winter near the terminal bud. Schaar, in vol-
ume 99 of the Sitzungsberichte of the Vienna Academy, in-
cludes Fraxinus among genera which store food in their bud
scales; and Goebel explains the color of the scales as due to
the dried cell-contents of their scurf.

One species, • .F. Ornus, is spoken of sometimes as the
manna ash because when wounded it exudes a sugary sub-
stance called by this name. A tree "boxed", somewhat as a
pine is for turpentine, is pictured *n Baillon's Dictionnaire
de Botanique, vol. 2, p. 643.

Winter-character references to Fraxinus: — F. americana.
Blakeslee & Jarvis, 343, 556, pi.; Brendel, pi. 1; Denniston,

OLEACEAE. 311

Pharm. Archiv., 1:6-13, pi. 3-4; Hitchcock (1), 3; Otis, 212;
Schneider, f. 198. F. Bungeana. Schneider, f. 197. F. Bunge-
ana pubinervis. Shirasawa, 274, pi. 11. F. excelsior. Blakes-
lee & Jarvis, 343, 558; Bosemann, 61; Fant, 40, f. 37; Schnei-
der, f. 198; Ward, 1:14, f. 6, 118, f. 59; Willkomm, 46,' f. 80;
Zuccarini, 9, pi. 5. F. lanceolata (F. viridis). Blakeslee &
Jarvis, 343, 558; Brendel, pi. 1; Hitchcock (1), 3, (3), 16,
(4), 137, f. 81-82; Otis, 216. F. longicuspis. Shirasawa, 274,
pi. 11. F. nigra (F. sambucifolia) . Blakeslee & Jarvis, 343,
560, pi.; Brendel, pi. 1; Otis, 220. F. oregana. Schneider,
f. 197. F. Ornus. Bosemann, 62; Schneider, f. 198; Will-
komm, 47, f. 81. F. parvifolia. Schneider, f. 197. F. penn-
sylvanica (F. pubescens). Blakeslee & Jarvis, 343, 558, pi.;
Brendel, pi. 1; Hitchcock (1), 3, (3), 16; Otis, 214. F. quad-
rangulata. Brendel, pi. 1; Hitchcock (1), 3; Otis, 218. F.
Sieboldiana. Shirasawa, 274, pi. 11.

1. Twigs acutely 4-angled: buds gray. (1). F. quadrangulata.
Twigs not acutely angled or winged. 2.

2. Buds blue-black. 3.
Buds brown. 7.

3. Leaf-scars vertically elliptical. (Black ash). (2).F. nigra.
Leaf-scars half-round. 4.

4. Shrubby. F. excelsior nana.
Trees. 5.

5. Not weeping. 6.

Weeping. (Weeping ash). F. excelsior pendula.

6. Bark gray. (European ash). F. excelsior.
Bark golden. (Golden-barked ash). F. excelsior aurea.

7. Leaf-scars deeply concave at top. 8.
Leaf-scars nearly straight at top. 9.

8. Twigs very velvety. (Pumpkin ash). F. profunda.
Twigs glabrate. (White ash). (3). F. americana.

9. Twigs glabrate. (Green ash). (4). F. lanceolata.
Twigs velvety. (Red ash). F. pennsylvanica.

312

OLEACEAE.

SCHREBEBA.

(Family Oleaceae).

Tender trees: deciduous. Twigs
slender, subterete though a little
compressed and sometimes with
slight decurrent lines at the nodes;
pith moderate, round, white,
spongily chambered at the nodes
but disappearing between them.
Buds small, with 2 overlapping
ciliate scales. Leaf-scars opposite,
obtusely shield-shaped, somewhat
raised: bundle-trace 1, compound,
crescent-shaped: stipule-scars lack-
ing. (Nathusia).

The name of the genus Schreb-
era, which is botanically inter-
mediate between Forsythia and
Syringa, illustrates, like Jamesia,
the conservative retention of
names that have had often earlier
but transient use. Nathusia is
sometimes taken as the proper

name for the present genus because the name Schrebera, first

given it in 1798, had been used as early as 1791 for another

genus not now considered to be tenable.

Twigs very minutely gray-puberulent. S. Saundersiae.

OLEACEAE.

313

SYRINGA. Lilac.
(Family Oleaceae).

Shrubs, exceptionally tree-like:
deciduous. Twigs moderate or
slender, usually somewhat 4-lined
or 6-sided: pith moderate, homo-
geneous, roundish, pale. Buds
solitary or exceptionally collater-
ally multiple, sessile, ovoid, mode-
rate, with about 4 pairs of scales,
the end-bud frequently absent and
the branches then forking. Leaf-
scars opposite, crescent- or shield-
shaped, raised, rather small:
bundle - trace 1, transverse and
compound: stipule-scars lacking.
Winter-character references: -
Syringa amurensis. Schneider, f.
212. 8. chinensis. Bosemann, 66;
Schneider, f. 211. 8. japonica.
Schneider, f. 212; Shirasawa, 277,
pi. 11. 8. josikaea. Schneider, f.
211. 8. ollata. Schneider, f. 210.

8. persica. Bosemann, 66; Schneider, f. 211. 8. pubescens.

Schneider, f. 210. 8. vulgaris. Bosemann, 66; Pant, 46, f.

51; Schneider, f. 210; Shirasawa, 277, pi. 11; Ward, 1:14, f.

5, 42, 157, f. 74; Willkomm, 46, f. 79; Zuccarini, 8, pi. 5.

1. Bud-scales fleshy. (Common lilac). (1). S. vulgaris.
Bud-scales quickly drying. 2.

2. Twigs slender: lateral buds compressed. (2). S. persica.
Twigs rather stout: buds plump. (3). S. villosa.

314

OLEACEAE.

PHILLYRAEA.
(Family Oleaceae).

Shrubs or small trees: ever-
green. Twigs rather slender, 4-
lined from the nodes: pith round-
ish, small, continuous. Buds
small, sessile, superposed, com-
pressed-ovoid, with 1-3 pairs of
scales, the end-bud frequently
lacking. Leaf - scars opposite,
raised, crescent-shaped: bundle-
trace 1: stipule-scars lacking.
Leaves petioled, dotted beneath.

Loefling, in his essay on Gem-
mae Arborum, 191, 197, noted in
1749 that PUillyrea appears to
have two terminal buds. This re-
sults, as with the lilac, from the
absence of a true terminal bud,
the branching of the next year re-
sulting from the development of
the uppermost pair of axillary
buds.

1. Exposed bud-scales 2, valvate. 2.
Exposed scales 4 or 6: leaves lanceolate.

(1). P. angustifolia.

2. Buds and twigs pubescent: leaves small, toothed.

(2). P. media.
Glabrous: leaves larger (8-10 cm.), entire. (3). P. decora.

OLEAGEAE.

315

OSMANTHUS. Fragrant Olive.
(Family Oleaceae).

Shrubs or small trees: ever-
green. Twigs moderately slender,
rounded or 4-lined from the
nodes: pith angular or roundish,
pale, continuous. Buds small, ses-
sile, sometimes superposed, with
a pair of valvate scales. Leaf-
scars opposite, broadly crescent-
shaped, somewhat raised: bundle-
trace 1, crescent-shaped: stipule-
scars lacking. Leaves simple,
coriaceous, sometimes pungently
toothed.

Osmanthus Aquifolium bears
considerable resemblance to an
evergreen holly and is sometimes
cultivated as a holly; but it may
be recognized readily by its op-
posite leaves, those of Ilex being
alternate. 0. fragrans, like the
related jessamines, emits an in-
tense and penetrating fragrance which gives its common
name to the genus.

1. Leaves small (5-7 cm.), typically toothed.

(1). O. Aquifolium.
Leaves larger, subentire. 2.

2. Leaves elliptical, somewhat denticulate. (2). O. fragrans.
Leaves oblanceolate, entire, revolute. (3). O. americanus.

316

OLEACEAE.

FORESTIEBA. Swamp Privet.
(Family Oleaceae).

Shrubs or small trees with
many short divergent almost
spiny twigs: deciduous. Twigs
slender, round: pith small, con-
tinuous, white, rounded. Buds
superposed, sessile, globose, small,
with 2-4 pairs of exposed scales.
Leaf-scars opposite, shield-shaped,
low and small: bundle-trace 1,
crescent - shaped : stipule-s cars
lacking. (Adelia).

Winter-character references to
Forestiera acuminata: — Hitchcock
(1), 3; Schneider, f. 205.

In the rich bottom lands of the
Mississippi river the swamp privet
makes thickets that are very
dense at top but open near the

ground. Such a thicket is pictured

(pi. 10) by S. M. Coulter in a
discussion of various types of

swamps in volume 15 of the Report of the Missouri Botanical
Garden.

Twigs glabrous or puberulent, warty.

F. acuminata.

OLEACEAE.

317

CHIONANTHUS. Fringe Tree.
(Family Oleaceae).

Shrubs or small trees: decidu-
ous. Twigs moderate, more or less
4-sided: pith moderate, homogen-
eous, roundish, white. Buds often
superposed, sessile, round-ovoid,
rather small, with about 3 pairs
of pungently pointed keeled
scales. Leaf-scars opposite, cres-
cent-shaped, raised, rather small:
bundle-trace 1, transverse, com-
pound: stipule-scars lacking.

Winter-character references: —
Chionanthus retusa. Shirasawa,
274, pi. 11. C. virginica. Schnei-
der, f. 205.

An excellent contrast between
the woods of closely related gen-
era is afforded by the cross sec-
tions of the strongly ring-porous
wood of Fraxinus (p. 385), the
weakly ring-porous wood of

Chionanthus (p. 401) and the diffused-porous wood of Foresti-
era (p. 403), as illustrated in Hough's uniquely "photo-de-
scriptive" Handbook of the Trees of the Northern States and
Canada.

Buds ovoid, buff: scales short-pointed. (1). C. virginica.

Buds subconical, dark: scales often long-attenuate. C. retusa.

318

OLE ACE AE.

OLEA. Olive.
(Family Oleaceae).

Small trees, sometimes with
spiny twigs: evergreen. Twigs
slender, more or less 4-lined from
the nodes, or quadrangular, mic-
roscopically peltate-scurfy like the
buds and the lower leaf-surface.
Buds solitary, or occasionally 2
superposed, sessile, ovoid, naked
but the valvate outer leaves simu-
lating scales. Leaf-scars broadly
crescent-shaped, little raised,
small: bundle-trace 1, transverse:
stipule-scars lacking. Leaves
simple, entire.

Winter-character reference: -
Olea europaea Oleaster (0. Oleas-
ter). Bosemann, 49. Malpighi
figured the 'buds of the olive as
early as 1687, — Opera Omnia, p.
22, pi. 9.

1. Spiny: leaves oblong, gray beneath. O. europaea Oleaster.
Unarmed: leaves lanceolate, acute. 2.

2. Leaves gray beneath. (Common olive). O. europaea.
Golden-scurfy. (Golden-leaved olive).

(1). O. europaea chrysophylla.

OLEACEAE.

319

LIGUSTRUM. Privet.
(Family Oleaceae).

Shrubs: deciduous, but holding
their foliage late, or more or less
evergreen, where winters are mild.
Twigs slender, rounded, or 4-
ridged below the nodes: pith
moderate, white, homogeneous.
Buds sometimes superposed, ses-
sile, ovoid, small, usually with 2
or 3 pairs of exposed scales. Leaf-
scars opposite or the pairs some-
times divided, crescent-shaped or
transversely elliptical, raised,
small: bundle-trace 1, transverse:
stipule-scars lacking. Leaves,
when present, simple, entire.

Winter-character references: —
Ligustrum Ibota. Shirasawa, 276,
pi. 11. L. ovalifolium. Schnei-
der, f. 201. L. vulgare. Bosemann,
66; Fant, 44, f. 47; Schneider, f.
60, 201; Ward, 1: 174, f. 86; Will-
komm, 44, f. 78.

1. Scar as broad as bud: subevergreen. (1). L. ovalifolium.
Leaf-scars narrow: deciduous. 2.

2. Scales alternate: twigs rather hairy. 3.

Scales at most acute: twigs barely velvety. (2). L. vulgare.

3. Tall, with outcurving branches. 4.

Low, with horizontal branches. (3). L. Ibota Regelianum.

4. Lenticels low: pubescence sometimes short. L. Ibota.
Lenticels prominent: pubescence long. L. amurense.

320

OLEACEAE.

JASMINUM. Jessamine.
(Family Oleaceae).

Shrubs, tender in the North,
often scrambling or climbing:
sometimes evergreen. Twigs
slender, often 4-lined: pith small,
roundish, continuous or cham-
bered. Buds usually solitary, ses-
sile, small, divergent, sometimes
developing the first season, with 2
or 3 or, when elongated, several
pairs of scales. Leaf-scars op-
posite, or separated in 4-ranks,
crescent-shaped, small, somewhat
raised: bundle-trace 1, small: sti-
pule-scars lacking. Leaves, when
present, mostly pinnately parted
or compound.

Winter-character references: -
Jasminum fruticans. Schneider, f.
115.- J. nudiflorum. Schneider, f.
Hi). J. officinale. Schneider, f.
115. The chambered or discoid

pith is noted by de Candolle, Vegetable Organography, 1:48;
Foxworthy, Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Sciences
for 1903, 192; Morren, Annals and Magazine of Natural His-
tory, 4:84, pi. 2; Solereder, Systematic Anatomy, 1:525.

1. Twigs terete: pith spongy, becoming chambered. 2.
Twigs acutely 4-lined, glabrous: pith continuous. 4.

2. Very hairy: climbing. 3.

Glabrate: loosely scrambling. • J. officinale.

3. Pubescence white. J. Sambac.
Pubescence rusty. (1). J. pubescens.

4. Buds globose, with broad blunt scales. (2). J. humile.
Buds and their scales acute. (3). J. grandiflorum.

LOGANIACEAE.

321

BUDDLEIA.

(Family Loganiaceae).

Soft -wooded shrubs or half-
shrubs: deciduous. Stems more
or less strongly 4-ridged, rather
slender, puberulent or yellow-
woolly or glabrescent: pith rela-
tively large, white, continuous.
Buds sessile, sometimes super-
posed and the upper commonly
developing the first season, ob-
long, with a pair of exposed
scales.. Leaf -scars opposite, half-
round or triangular, small, low:
bundle-trace 1, roundish: stipule-
scars transversely connected.

Winter-character reference to
Buddleia japonica: — Schneider, f.
125.

Buddleias, which are coming in-
to popularity for cultivation under
glass as well as in the open, be-
long to a group of rather pithy

and soft-wooded or suffruticose plants, untidy in winter un-
less cut back, of which Vitex, Callicarpa and Caryopteris are
other examples.

Stems gray-puberulent: buds small. (1). B. Davidii.

Stems yellow-tomentose: buds larger (5 mm.). (2).B. nivea.

322

LOGANIACEAE.

GELSEMIUM. Carolina Jessamine.
(Family Loganiaceae).

Woody twiners: evergreen.
Stems terete or somewhat dilated
and angled at the nodes, slender,
branched: pith white, chambered
at the nodes and finally excavated
between them. Buds small, soli-
tary, sessile, oblong or conical,
with about 2 pairs of scales, or
the flower-buds much larger and
with numerous exposed scales.
Leaf-scars opposite, somewhat
elevated, crescent-shaped: bundle-
trace 1, transverse: stipule-scars
minute and indistinct, connected
by a transverse line. Leaves lan-
ceolate or ovate, petioled, entire.

The Carolina jessamine, which is
tender except in the South, is
very attractive in early spring
when its fragrant yellow flowers
expand. Its- roots are of medicinal

value. Strychnine is the product of another member, Strych-

nos, of the same family.

Stems purplish, puberulent. G. sempervirens.

APOCYNACEAE.

323

CAEISSA. Amatungulu.
(Family Apocynaceae).

Shrubs with milky sap, usually
with many forking axillary terete
spines: evergreen. Twigs terete:
pith moderate, spongy. Buds soli-
tary, sessile, small, ovoid, "with 1
or 2 pairs of exposed scales, or,
when spines are present, these are
above the axillary buds. Leaf-
scars opposite, crescent-shaped,
elevated: bundle-trace 1: stipule-
scars lacking. Leaves simple, en-
tire.

Carissa Arduina, as C. bispinosa
is usually called, is familiar in
greenhouses and is grown out-of-
doors in parts of the South for its
large fragrant white flowers. The
branches of its regularly forking
spines are produced from the
axils of small leaf-scales corres-
ponding in arrangement to the

opposite foliage leaves, the end-bud being abortive.

Glabrous: branches green, glossy: leaves deltoid-ovate.

C. bispinosa.

324

APOCYNACEAE.

ALLAMANDA.
(Family Apocynaceae).

Tender usually scrambling
shrubs with milky sap: ever-
green. Stems green or reddened,
obtusely somewhat angled below
the leaves, moderate: pith rather
large, roundish, spongy. Buds
rather small, solitary, sessile,
roundish, with 2 pairs of scales.
Leaf-scars variably opposite or in
whorls of 3 or 4 or 5, half-round
or half-elliptical, raised: bundle-
trace 1, indistinct: stipule-scars
lacking, but persistent outer
scales occupy the position of sti-
pules, which are considered to be
characteristically absent from the
family. Leaves simple, entire.

Though the Tropical American
allamandas are known only as
conservatory plants in the North,
in one or other of the distinct

forms that are collectively named A. cathartica, their large
yellow flowers are familiar everywhere. In the extreme
South, they make effective and showy covering for trellises,
etc.

1. Bushy. A. neriifolia.
Climbing. 2.

2. Slender: flowers purple. A. violacea.
Moderately stout: flowers yellow. (1). A. cathartica.

APOCYNAGEAE.

325

TKAOHELOSPERMTJM. Star Jasmine.
(Family Apocynaceae).

Tender twining shrubs with
milky sap: evergreen. Stems ter-
ete, moderate, red-brown: pith
round, spongy. Buds rather small,
solitary, ovoid, sessile, appressed,
with several fleshy scales. Leaf-
scars opposite, raised, half-round
or broadly crescent-shaped: bun-
dle-trace 1, C-shaped: stipule-
scars connected by a transverse
line. Leaves elliptical to lanceo-
late, acute at both ends, entire.
(RhyncHospermum) .

The genus Trachelospermum is
represented in the coastwise na-
tive flora from Delaware to Texas
by the climbing dogbane, which
is slightly woody. The star jas-
mine or jessamine — the Confed-
erate jessamine of the reconstruc-
tion period of the South — gets its

common name from its star-shaped very fragrant flowers.
Like allamandas and bougainvilleas, it is grown often in
bushy masses under glass, though a strong climber out-of-
doors.

Leaves green, often granular beneath. T. jasminoides.

Leaves variegated with yellow. T. jasminoides variegatum.

326

APOCYNACEAE.

NERIUM. Oleander.
(Family Apocynaceae).

Shrubs or small trees with
milky sap : evergreen. Twigs
moderate, more or less 3-sided:
pith moderate, irregular, spongy.
Buds solitary, sessile, small, round-
ed, with 2 or 3 exposed scales.
Leaf-scars in whorls of 3 or op-
posite, broadly triangular, slight-
ly notched, little raised, the axils
tomentulose and fringed: bundle-
trace 1, rounded: stipule-scars
lacking. Leaves lance-oblong, en-
tire, firm, slightly revolute, the
lower surface with minute pubes-
cent pits in which the stomata
are grouped.

Notwithstanding its attractive
flowers, the oleander, which has

^ ^ made itself at home in the South-

west, is regarded with disfavor. as
being poisonous. This aspect of

the plant is presented by Wilson in Bulletin 59 of the Ari-
zona Agricultural Experiment Station.
Branches green and puberulent, becoming glabrous.

N. Oleander.

ASCLEPIADACEAE.

327

PERIPLOCA. Silk Vine.
(Family Asclepiadaceae).

Soft-wooded twiners with milky
sap: deciduous. Stems terete,
moderate: pith round, excavated.
Buds rather small, solitary, near-
ly concealed by the leaf-bases.
Leaf-scars opposite, raised, shriv-
eled or elliptical with a single
crescent-shaped bundle-trace: sti-
pule-scars lacking.

Winter-characters of P. graeca
are figured by Schneider, f. 109.

Several herbaceous milkweeds
are twining plants and become
troublesome weeds when they get
a foothold in orchards or beside
fence-posts where it is hard to
dislodge their strong perennial
roots. The silk vine, which is the
only woody representative of the
family that is hardy well into the
North, is a strong climber.

A technical distinction between the closely related fami-
lies ^Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae is found in the powdery
or granular pollen of the former and the coherent pollinia of
the latter, familiar to every student of milkweed pollination
and to every close observer of bees and other insects, to which
the pollen masses become attached. In Periploca these pol-
linia are less firm than in most genera of the family. A
typographic slip in one case has caused the apocynaceous pol-
len to be called glandular, tempting one to parallel Engel-
mann's impatient exclamation when what he wrote for glu-
tinous pollen appeared in type as gelatinous, "but who ever
heard of gelatinous pollen?"
Stems glabrescent from somewhat puberulent. P. graeca.

328

ASCLEPIADACEAE.

STEPHANOTIS.
(Family Asclepiadaceae).

Tender twining woody plants
with milky sap: evergreen. Stems
somewhat 4-sided, moderate: pith
angled, spongy. Buds (often sup-
pressed) solitary, small, naked.
Leaf-scars opposite, raised, half-
round: bundle-trace 1, indistinct:
stipule-scars minute and round,
or the stipules present as small
points. Leaves simple, entire,
petioled, grooved near the apex,
and with a few minute glands at
top of the petiole.

Because of its rich green leaves
and, particularly at night, very
fragrant flowers, Steplianotis is a
popular climber where the cli-
mate permits its cultivation.

No phase of out-of-doors botany
exceeds in interest the study of
pollen interrelations between flow-
ers and certain groups of insects and Knuth's compendious
Handbuch der Bliitenbiologie affords a ready key to under-
standing many queer floral structures besides giving a mean-
ing to those that are most familiar.
Glabrous: twigs green and glossy. S. floribunda.

VEBBENACEAE.

329

CLERODENDKON.
(Family Verbenaceae).

Soft-wooded loosely branched
shrubs: deciduous. Twigs more
or less obscurely 4-sided, moder-
ate: pith relatively large, round-
ish, white, continuous. Buds small,
superposed but the lower often
concealed by the leaf-scar, and
the upper developing the first sea-
son, round-ovoid, indistinctly few-
scaled. Leaf-scars opposite or
sometimes in whorls of 3, ellip-
tical but the produced top
notched, rather low: bundle-
traces about 9, more or less ag-
gregated in a U-shaped series:
stipule-scars lacking.

Winter-characters of dleroden-
dron trichotomum are described
and figured by Schneider, f. 191;
and Shirasawa, 269, pi. 10.

Twigs gray -buff, glabrescent: buds violet. C. trichotomum.
Winter-characters of Ehretia acuminata are given by Shi-
rasawa, 237, pi. 2; and of E. serrata, by Schneider, f. 84. The
genus is placed in the family Boraginaceae.

330

VERBENACEAE.

PETKAEA. Purple Wreath.
(Family Verbenaceae).

Tender twining shrubs: subde-
ciduous. Stems terete, moderate:
pith rather small, continuous,
pale. Buds small, solitary, ses-
sile, roundish, with 2 scales, or
an upper bud quickly developing.
Leaf-scars opposite, half-round or
shield - shaped, raised: bundle-
trace 1, large: stipule-scars lack-
ing. Leaves, if present, lanceo-
late, undulate, or somewhat
toothed above.

Though its foliage and flowers
are very different, the purple
wreath produces something of the
effect of a wistaria when in bloom,
the flowers being borne in long
hanging clusters. In tropical
countries it is frequent as a cov-
ering of tree-trunks and hanging
from the eaves of houses.
Somewhat pubescent: cortex cracking below. P. volubilis.

VERBENACEAE.

331

GALLIC ARPA. French Mulberry.
(Family Verbenaceae).

Rather small and soft-wooded
shrubs: deciduous. Twigs round
or obscurely 4-sided, slender, more
or less stellate-scurfy: pith rela-
tively large, rounded, white, con-
tinuous. Buds small, superposed,
often distinctly stalked or the
uppermost developing the first
season, round or fusiform-oblong,
naked or the smaller appearing to
have 2 nearly valvate scales.
Leaf-scars opposite or the pairs
often irregularly separated in 4
ranks, broadly crescent-shaped,
low: bundle-trace 1, crescent-
shaped: stipule-scars lacking.

Winter-character references: —
Callicarpa japonica. Schneider, f.
191; Shirasawa, 269, pi. 10. C.
mollis. Shirasawa, 269, pi. 10. C.
purpurea. Shirasawa, 269, pi. 10.

1. Buds fusiform or oblong: twigs gray-buff. (I),. C. japonica.
Buds subglobose: twigs dingy straw-color. 2.

2. Twigs glabrescent. (2). C. purpurea.
Twigs persistently scurfy. C. americana.

332

VERBENACEAE.

?

Twigs gray-puberulent.

CARYOPTEEIS.
(Family Verbenaceae).

Small, soft-wooded shrubs: de-
ciduous. Twigs round or very ob-
scurely 4-sided, slender: pith rel-
atively large, rounded, white, con-
tinuous. Buds small, superposed,
the upper often developing the
first season, round-conical, with 1
or 2 pairs t>f indistinct canescent
scales. Leaf-scars opposite, broad-
ly crescent-shaped : stipule-scars
lacking. (Mast acanthus ) .

Winter-characters of C. incana
(C. Mastacanthus, C. sinensis)
are pictured by Schneider, f. 122.

Caryopteris. Callicarpa, Vitex
and Buddleia are somewhat simi-
lar suffruticose or soft-wooded
genera differing more in detail
than in general winter appear-
ance.

C. incana.

VERBENACEAE.

333

VITEX. Chaste Tree.
(Family Verbenaceae).

Soft - wooded peppery - aromatic
shrubs or half-shrubs: deciduous.
Stems compressed at the nodes,
quadrangular with obtuse or flat-
tened angles, rather slender: pith
relatively large, more or less an-
gled, white, continuous and homo-
geneous. Buds superposed, ses-
sile or the upper commonly de-
veloping the first season, subglo-
bose, the 1 or 2 pairs of leaf-rudi-
ments or scales concealed in pu-
bescence. Leaf-scars opposite, re-
shaped, rather small, low; the
surface usually torn and the soli-
tary bundle-trace indistinct: sti-
pule-scars lacking.

Winter-character references: —
Vitex Agnus-castus. Schneider, f.
191. V. Negundo. Shirasawa,
270, pi. 10. V. trifolia unifolio-

lata.
Stems

Shirasawa, 270.
gray-puberulent.

V. Agnus-castus.

334

LABIATAE.

ROSMAKINUS. Rosemary.
(Family Labiatae).

Small savory half-shrubs: de-
ciduous. Twigs moderate, ob-
scurely 4-sided: pith minute.
Buds small, solitary, round and
sessile or quickly becoming ob-
long and somewhat stalked or de-
veloping into leafy shoots. Leaf-
scars opposite, deeply U-shaped,
somewhat raised: bundle-traces 3,
often not discernible: stipule-
scars lacking.

Rosemary is one of a number
of labiates that may or may not
be considered as woody, according
to one's predilection. Like sage,
hyssop and thyme it is of more
interest as a component of the
kitchen garden than as a deco-
rative plant. The fact that most
such plants are herbaceous lias
given the word herbs an old-fash-
ioned popular usage as their collective name.
Stellate tomentulose: inner bark lace-like. R. officinalis.

Winter-character references to other suffruticose Labia-
tae:— Hyssopus officinalis. Schneider, f. 224. Phlomis fruti-
cosa. Schneider, f. 224. Salvia officinalis. Schneider, f. 224.
Thymus vulgaris. Schneider, f. 224.

SOLANACEAE.

335

LYCIUM. Matrimony Vine.
(Family Solanaceae).

Spreading or (often high)
scrambling shrubs with spinescent
twigs: deciduous. Twigs slender,
5-angled, glabrous, often whitish
or short striate: pith moderate,
spongy. Buds small and incon-
spicuously multiple, or develop-
ing into very dwarf aggregates,
subglobose, indistinctly scaly. Leaf-
scars alternate, crescent-shaped,
small, somewhat raised: bundle-
trace 1: stipule-scars lacking.

Winter-character references: —
Lycium chinense. Shirasawa, 235.
L. Jialimi folium (L. bar'barum of
common usage; L. vulgare). Bose-
mann, 51; Schneider, f. 83.

The bushy southwestern ly-
ciums, in common with condalias,
ceanothuses, etc. enter into the
composition of chaparral.

1. Intricately branched bushes of the Southwest. 2.
Loosely branched, sometimes scrambling. 3.

2. Twigs straight, gray. L. californicum.
Twigs zig-zag, buff. L. parviflorum.

3. Wide-spreading or scrambling. (1). L. chinense.
Bushy, with moderate shoots. 4.

4. Twigs red-brown, with fissured gray surface. L. pallidum.
Twigs pale. 5.

5. Axils slightly hairy. (Garrambullo). L. Torreyi.
Without hairs in the axils. 6.

6. Cultivated everywhere. (Matrimony vine). L. halimifolium.
Wild, in the South. L. carolinianum.

336

SOLANACEAE.

SOLANUM.

(Family Solanaceae).

Soft-wooded twiners (for our
purposes) : deciduous. Stems
rather slender, terete or tortuously
somewhat 3-angled: pith relatively
large, greenish and white, spongy.
Buds small, solitary, sessile, sub-
globose, with about 4 hairy blunt
scales. Leaf-scars alternate, half-
round, much-raised: bundle-trace
1, comparatively large: stipule-
scars lacking. Panicle - vestiges
with dried berries often present,
extra-axillary and often opposite
the leaf-scars above.

Winter-character references: —
Solanum Dulcamara. Bosemann,
40; Fant, 12, f. 7; Schneider, f.
83.

Notwithstanding its rather suc-
culent stem, the bittersweet is one
of the hardiest climbers. Its

berries are reputed poisonous if eaten and some of the most
active alkaloids are derived from the Solanaceae; but the
tomato, potato and egg plant are produced by species of the
genus Solanum to which the bittersweet belongs.
Stems olivaceous, glabrate. (Bittersweet). S. Dulcamara.

SCROPHULARIACEAE.

337

PAULOWNIA.
(Family Scrophulariaceae).

Moderate-sized trees: deciduous.
Twigs stout, resembling those of
Catalpa, compressed at the nodes:
pith large, white, roundish, chamb-
ered or hollowed out between the
nodes. Buds superposed, sessile,
half-round, with about 4 exposed
blunt scales, the end-bud lacking.
Leaf-scars opposite, subelliptical,
more or less notched at top, raised:
bundle-traces many in a nearly
closed and sometimes almost con-
tinuous ellipse: stipule-scars lack-
ing. The rather large ovoid cap-
sules persistent.

Winter-character references: —
Paulownia tomentosa (P. imperi-
alist. Schneider, f. 200; Shira-
sawa, 281, pi. 12.

The compact wood of Paulownia
is said to be a favorite for mak-
ing tea boxes in Japan, retaining the aroma of the tea well.

Paulowina tomentosa is not hardy in the northern inte-
rior where, if at all, it is seen usually in the form of strong
large-leaved suckers from the persistent roots, but it is one
of the conspicuous trees in front of the Smithsonian building
in Washington, and has been used as a street tree as far
north as Brooklyn near the coast.
Minutely velvety. (Imperial tree). P. tomentosa.

338

BlGNONIACEAE.

BIGNONIA. Cross Vine.
(Family Bignoniaceae).

Rather soft-wooded climbers.
Stems subterete or somewhat
fluted, rather slender: pith pale,
spongy and finally excavated. Buds
moderate, solitary, sessile, oblong,
with about 3 pairs of exposed
scales. Leaf-scars opposite, some-
what elevated, depressed, shield-
shaped, with 1 C-shaped bundle-
trace: or the more or less ever-
green leaves of 2 lance-cordate
leaflets, not disarticulating and
ending in coiling tendrils some-
times thickened at tip: stipule-
scars lacking, the leaf-bases con-
nected by transverse ridges.

The cross-vine is partly ever-
green where it is native or suc-

_ cessfully grown. Its common name

refers to the intrusion of four
large rays into its wood, — one of

the many abnormalities that are seen in lianas, as high-
climbing stems are called in the tropics. A comprehensive
account of such stems is contained in Schenck's Beitrage zur
Biologie und Anatomie der Lianen, published in 1893.
Glabrous except about the nodes. B. capreolata.

BlGNONIACEAE.

339

CAMPSIS. Trumpet Creeper.
(Family Bignoniaceae).

Straggling shrubs, usually
climbing, often by aerial roots
emitted in double bands from be-
low the nodes: deciduous. Stems
subterete, moderately slender,
warty: pith pale, rounded, con-
tinuous or progressively disappear-
ing from the nodes. Buds rather
small, mostly solitary, sessile, tri-
angular, compressed, ascending,
with 2 or 3 pairs of exposed scales.
Leaf-scars opposite, shield-shaped,
low: bundle-trace 1, C-shaped, com-
pound: stipule-scars lacking, but
the leaf-scars connected by hairy
transverse ridges. (Tecoma).

Winter-character references: —
Campsis chinensis. Schneider, f.
200. C. radicans. Brendel, 28, pi.
1; Schneider, f. 200.

The trumpet creeper, which is

native as far north as middle Illinois, is one of the most vig-
orous and tropical-appearing of hardy climbers. Its flowers
are among the most brilliant and largest of those borne by
such plants and, like most other American flowers with
large red tubular flowers containing a great deal of nectar,
are pollinated by humming birds whose visits afford another
reason for planting such vines as this and the trumpet
honeysuckle.

1. Glabrous, climbing. C. chinensis.
Puberulent or scabrid. 2.

2. Climbing, with abundant roots. (1). C. radicans.
Bushy. C. radicans speciosa.

340

BlGNONIACEAE.

CHILOPSIS. Desert Willow.
(Family Bignoniaceae).

Shrub or small tree: decidu-
ous. Twigs slender, ridged below
the leaf-scars: pith rather small,
rounded, continuous, white. Buds
solitary, sessile, small, subglobose,
with some 3 or 4 pointed scales
swollen at base, the end-bud lack-
ing. Leaf-scars 6-ranked, in whorls
of 3 or in pairs, or scattered sin-
gly, small, half-elliptical, raised:
bundle-trace 1, transverse: stipule-
scars lacking. The long terete
pods, with seeds ciliate at the
ends as in Catalpa, persist in
winter.

Chilopsis is the southwestern
equivalent of the northeastern
catalpas, and like them, though
not in the same profusion, pro-
duces large and showy flowers' It
is scarcely hardy north of St.

Louis in the interior, and like the catalpa is of rather irregu-
lar open habit; but its slender willowy twigs and narrow
leaves give it a grace entirely lacking to its coarser relative.
Somewhat mealy: lenticels conspicuous. C. saligna.

BlGNONIACEAE.

341

CATALPA. Indian Bean.
(Family Bignoniaceae).

Small or moderate-sized trees:
deciduous. Twigs stout, round:
pith large, round, continuous,
pale. Buds solitary, sessile, glo-
bose, with some half-dozen rather
loose pointed scales, the end-bud
lacking. Leaf-scars in whorls al-
ternately of two large scars and
one small scar, and one large scar
and two small scars, round-ellipti-
cal, raised; bundle-traces a dozen
or so, compound, in an ellipse:
stipule-scars lacking. The long
terete pods, with thin ciliate
seeds, persist, and afford import-
ant specific characters.

Winter-character references: —
Catalpa Mgnonioides (C. syringae-
folia; C. Catalpa). Blakeslee &
Jarvis, 562; Bosemann, 67; Bren-
del, 28, pi. 1; Otis, 226; Schnei-
der, f. 15, 199. C. ovata (C. Kaempferi). Schneider, f. 179;
Shirasawa, 280, pi. 12. C. speciosa. Blakeslee & Jarvis, 329,
562, pi.; Hitchcock (3), 16; Otis, 224; Schneider, f. 199.

1. Twigs and fruits (5 mm.) slender. (1). C. ovata.
Twigs and capsules stouter. 2.

2. Capsules moderate (8 mm.): seeds pointed.

(2). C. bignonioides.
Capsules thick (10 mm.): seeds truncate. (3). C. speciosa.

342

BlGNONIACEAE.

TECOMA. Yellow Elder.

(Family Bignoniaceae).

Soft-wooded shrubs or half-
shrubs: deciduous. Stems some-
what quadrangularly compressed
at the nodes, rather slender: pith
relatively large, roundish, pale
brown, continuous. Buds super-
posed with the upper somewhat
stalked, flattened-ovoid, with 2
exposed scales. Leaf-scars oppo-
site, elliptical, or concave at top,
low: bundle-trace 1, compound,
following the contour of the leaf-
scar: stipule-scars lacking, but the
leaf-scars transversely connected
by puberulent lines. (Stenolo-

Numerous misunderstandings
seem to have arisen as to the
earlier generic limitations estab-
lished in the Bignoniaceae, and
the trumpet creeper, now called

Campsis, is still known to most people as a Tecoma, while
these low bushy plants are coming to be known as species
of Stenolobium. They are not hardy in the North, but their
compound leaves and large yellow flowers give them an at-
tractive appearance in the Southwest. Apparently they pro-
duce medicinally active organic compounds.
Glabrous: twigs brown, with orange lenticels. (1). T. stans.
Gray-tomentulose. T. mollis.

RUBIACEAE.

343

PINCKNEYA. Georgia Bark.
(Family Rubiaceae).

Shrubs, or somewhat arbores-
cent: deciduous. Twigs rather
stout, terete: pith round, very
white, continuous. Buds solitary,
sessile, ovoid and small or the ter-
minal irregularly conical and en-
larged, with 1 or 2 pairs of ex-
posed scales. Leaf-scars opposite,
crescent-shaped to angularly is-
odiametric, at first much raised:
bundle-trace 1, crescent- or C-
shaped, compound: stipular scars
or membrane connecting the leaf-
scars.

A century ago Pinckneya pu-
bens possessed considerable repute
in the South as a specific for ma-
larial fevers. The common name
Georgia bark comes from this use
of the bitter bark. The genus is
related to Cinchona, the source

of quinine, and it was thought at one time that Peruvian or
cinchora bark might find a rival in Georgia or pinckneya bark.
Twigs from villous glabrescent. P. pubens.

344

RUBIACEAE.

CEPHALANTHUS. Button Bush.
(Family Rubiaceae).

Rather slender openly branched
L shrubs: deciduous. Twigs round,
I i! W slender, floriferous or dying back

u Jw*^i\ I a^ ^ne en(*' glabrous: pith rather

small, more or less 4- or 6-sided,
light brown, continuous. Buds
mostly solitary, sessile, conical,
indistinctly scaly, in depressed
supra-axillary areas, the end-bud
lacking. Leaf-scars in whorls of 3,
or opposite in pairs, roundish,
somewhat raised: bundle-trace 1,
crescent-shaped: stipule-scars or
persistent stipules connecting the
leaf-scars.

Winter-character references: —
Cephalanthus occidentalis. Bren-
del, 28, 30, pi. 1; Hitchcock (3),
16; Schneider, f. 223.

Even through the winter, the
button bush usually carries at the

ends of its branches some of the round inflorescence-heads
that have given it its common name. Its prevailing leaf-
arrangement appears to be whorled, but many plants with
opposite leaf-scars are found. In this respect it parallels
Deutzia, Diervilla and Hydrangea: but in these genera the
opposite arrangement seems to be the more characteristic,
and the whorled the exceptional.
Twigs reddish and glossy. C. occidentalis.

RUBIACEAE.

345

GAKDENIA. Cape Jessamine.
(Family Rubiaceae).

Shrubs: evergreen. Twigs mode-
rate, rounded or finally 4-sided:
pith relatively large, somewhat
crenately angled, green, continu-
ous. Buds small and naked with-
in a supra-axillary sheath or with
a single enveloping scale when
terminal. Leaf-scars opposite or
in whorls of 3, slightly raised,
small, half-round ; bundle-traces
7, the central one large and cres-
cent-shaped. Leaves nearly ses-
sile, with their stipules connate in
a tube above each node.

The sheathing stipules of Gar-
denia florida are shown by Lub-
bock, on Buds and Stipules, f.
133.

Though gardenias are known in
the North only as conservatory
plants, their fragrant large white

flowers are handled by florists to a considerable extent in
winter. In the South they are favorite out-of-door plants.
Unless the flowers are removed, they fail to fall promptly,
and neglected plants become untidy as neglected perpetual-
flowering roses do.
Twigs harsh-pubescent: leaves very glossy above.

G. jaaminoides.

346

RUBIACEAE.

COFFEA. Coffee.
(Family Rubiaceae).

Tender shrubs or small trees,
more or less deciduous. Twigs
rather slender, somewhat flattened
or dilated at the nodes: pith
roundish, continuous, pale. Buds
small, naked, nearly covered by
the stipular sheath. Leaf-scars
opposite or sometimes in whorls
of 3, half-round or half-elliptical,
somewhat raised, especially on
branches with short internodes:
bundle-trace 1, crescent-shaped:
stipules united into a sheath about
the stem, long persisting. Leaves
simple, entire.

Coffee and tobacco are perhaps
the most widely used unessential
luxuries derived from the vege-
table kingdom. Though it con-
tains the active alkaloid caffein,
now obtained largely from tea-
leaves, it is not commonly conceded by those whose break-
fast or dinner would be considered impossible without it that
they are seeking the stimulus afforded by coffee, any more
than those who follow the meal by tobacco admit that they
are in quest of its sedative effect.
Glabrous: stipular-sheath 2-pointed. C. arabica.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE.

347

Twigs glandular-pubescent.

DlPELTA.

(Family Caprifoliaceae).

Shrubs with exfoliating bark:
deciduous. Twigs rather slender,
rounded: pith pale, moderate, be-
coming excavated between the
nodes. Buds solitary, sessile, coni-
cal or ovoid, at first with 2 alter-
nate scales but later becoming
more open. Leaf-scars opposite,
crescent-shaped or 3-lobed, moder-
ate, low, transversely connected:
bundle-traces 3: stipule-scars lack-
ing.

Dipeltas, like weigelias, to
which they are closely related, are
Asiatic shrubs, but unlike the lat-
ter, which are very hardy and are
seen everywhere and have been in
cultivation for a very long time,
they are rather tender, of recent
introduction, and not commonly
planted.

D. ventricosa.

348

CAPRIFOLIACEAE.

DIEBVILLA.
(Family Caprifoliaceae).

Shrubs: deciduous. Twigs ter-
ete, straw-colored or brownish,
with 2 or 4 often crisp-puberulent
ridges decurrent from the nodes,
moderate: pith moderate, pale,
continuous. Buds often super-
posed, sessile, oblong, appressed,
with about 5 pairs of exposed
scales. Leaf-scars opposite or oc-
casionally in whorls of 3, crescent-
shaped, moderate, connected by
transverse lines: bundle-traces 3:
stipule-scars lacking. The linear
2-valved capsules persist. (In-
cludes Weigelia).

Winter-character references: -
Diervilla grandiflora. Shirasawa,
279, pi. 12. D. japonica. Schnei-
der, f. 216; Shirasawa, 279, pi. 12.
D. rosea. Bosemann, 64. D. ses-
silifolia. Schneider, f. 216. D.
D. trifida; Lonicera Diervilla).

Lonicera (D. canadensis

Schneider, f. 216.

1. Lower scales very much shorter than the bud.

2.

(Asiatic). 4.

D. rivularis.

Lower scales nearly as long as the bud.

2. Twigs villous.

Twigs glabrescent or merely velvety. 3.

3. Twigs scarcely lined: capsule slender-beaked:

sepals setaceous. D. Lonicera.

Twigs 4-ridged: capsule with shorter beak and

relatively short and broad sepals. (1). D. sessilifolia.

4. Calyx with an evident tube. D. florida.
Sepals linear, distinct to the base. (2). X D. hybrida.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE.

349

VIBURNUM. Arrow Wood.
(Family Caprifoliaceae).

Shrubs or occasionally small
trees: deciduous except for a few
tender species. Twigs moderate
or rather slender, more or less 6-
sided: pith moderate, round or
somewhat 6-sided, white or brown-
ing, continuous. Buds solitary or
very exceptionally superposed,
mostly stalked, ovoid or oblong,
without scales (1) or with a pair
of mostly connate scales (2, 3), or
with one (4, 5) or rarely several
pairs of separate exposed scales.
Leaf-scars opposite, crescent-
shaped or exceptionally broad,
sometimes ciliate at top, often
raised and meeting or transversely
connected: bundle^traces 3: sti-.
pule scars lacking.

Winter-character references: -
Viburnum dentatum. Brendel, pi.

1. 7. dilatatum. Shirasawa, 273, pi. 11. V. furcatum. Shi-
rasawa, 269, pi. 10. V. Lantana. Bosemann, 57; Schneider,
f. 192; Ward, 1:70, f. 49, 165, f. 80; Willkomm, 3, 9, 49, f. 88;
Zuccarini, 28, pi. 15. V. Lentago. Brendel, pi. 1; Hitchcock
(1), 3; Otis, 228; Schneider, f. 192. V. Opulus. Bosemann,
57; Fant, 45, f. 50; Lubbock, On Buds and Stipules; Schnei-
der, f. 192; Shirasawa, 270, pi. 10; Ward, 1:168, f. 82; Will-
komm, 9, 10, 11, 49, f. 87; Zuccarini, 27, pi. 15. V. phlebotri-
chum. Shirasawa, 277, pi. 12. V. prunifolium. Hitchcock
(1), 3. V. Sieboldii. Shirasawa, 273, pi. 11. V. tomentosum.
Shirasawa, 273, pi. 11. V. Wrightii. Shirasawa, 274, pi. 11.
On winter-characters some species of Viburnum are easily

350 CAPEIFOLIACEAE.

confused with Cornus and Acer, though in each genus some
species stand out unmistakably as belonging to it. The na-
tive high-bush cranberry, V. americanum, not too easily dis-
tinguished in summer from its European counterpart, V.
Opulus, is believed by some nurserymen to differ from the
latter in golden rather than brown or reddish winter twigs.

1. Evergreen. 2.
Deciduous. 6.

2. Leaves entire or denticulate: more or less pubescent. 3.
Leaves usually distinctly toothed: glabrous. 5.

3. Leaves neither woolly nor impressed-veiny. 4.
Leaves impressed-veiny, tomentose beneath.

V. rhytidophyllum.

4. Glabrate or the leaves ciliate. V. Tinus.
Hirsute. V. rigidum.

5. Leaves crenate: twigs slender. V. suspensum.
Leaves serrate to subentire: twigs stouter.

• « V. odoratissimum.

6. Buds naked, stellate-scurfy, like the twigs. 7.
Buds scaly. 11.

7. Leaf-scars very broad: twigs glossy-purple. V. alnifolium.
Leaf-scars narrow: twigs dull, usually brown. 8.

8. Dwarf: twigs slender (scarcely 3 mm.). V. Carlesii.
Tall: twigs stouter (4-5 mm.). 9.

9. Twigs soon gray. V. macrocephalum.
Twigs brownish straw-colored. 10.

10. Scurf at first dense: lenticels prominent. (1.). V. Lantana.
Scurf sparse: lenticels inconspicuous. V. cotinifolium.

11. Leaf-scars broad, meeting. V. Sieboldii.
Leaf-scars relatively narrow. 12.

12. Scales closely valvate or connate as a closed sac. 13.
Outer scales parted, mostly short. 22.

13. Buds ovoid, globose, green. 14.

Buds subovoid, stellate-scurfy. V. tomentosum.

Buds oblong or flask-shaped, mostly appressed, scurfy. 17.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 351

14. Dwarf. 15.
Tall. 16.

15. Buds round-ovoid: native. V. pauciflorum.
Buds oblong-ovoid: cultivated. V. Opulus nanum.

16. Twigs glabrous. (2). V. Opulus.
Twigs more or less bristly. V. Sargentii.

17. Buds very red-scurfy. V. rufidulum.
Buds brown, becoming lead-colored. 18.

18. Twigs often short, rigidly spreading: buds smooth. 19.
Twigs mostly elongated and flexuous. 20.

19. Southern: buds very small. V. obovatum.
Northern: buds nearly as in the next. V. prunifolium.

20. Buds smooth, quickly lead-colored. (3). V. Lentago.
Buds rather loosely peltately brown-scurfy. 21.

21. Twigs dull: northern. V. cassinoides.
Twigs rather glossy: southern. V. nudum.

22. Twigs and buds hispid. 23.

Not hispid, though sometimes sparingly hairy. 24.

23. Twigs very hairy, rather stout (3-4 mm.). V. dilatatum.
Twigs sparsely hispid, slender (2-3 mm.). V. erosum.

24. Bark freely exfoliating. V. molle.
Bark not exfoliating. 25.

25. Buds stalked, rather small or slender. 26.
Buds sessile, plump and rather large. 29.

26. Bud-scales 4: buds appressed. 27.

Bud-scales often 6: buds plump, spreading. V. pubescens.

27. Lower scales short: twigs mostly pubescent.

(4). V. acerifolium.
Lower scales often reaching the middle of the bud. 28.

28. Twigs, and buds below, somewhat hairy. V. venosum.
Twigs and buds glabrate. (5). V. dentatum.

29. Twigs purple. V. hupehense.
Twigs olive, becoming gray. 30.

30. Lower scales nearly half the length of bud. V. theiferum.
Lower scales nearly as long as bud. V. Wrightii.

352

CAPRIFOLIACEAE.

SYMPHORICAKPOS.
(Family Caprifoliaceae).

Rather small shrubs: deciduous.
Twigs round, slender, more or less
pubescent: pith small, round,
somewhat brownish, usually ex-
cavated. Buds small, solitary or
collaterally multiple or developing
lateral branches the first season,
ovoid-oblong, more or less com-
pressed, sessile, with about 3 pairs
of keeled scales. Leaf-scars op-
posite, half-round, small and
mostly torn, raised, partly con-
nected by transverse ridges:
bundle-trace 1, indistinct: stipule-
scars lacking.

Winter-character references: -
Symphoricarpog orHculatus (8.
vulgaris; Lonicera Symphoricar-
pos). Hitchcock (3), 16, (4), 137,
f. 80; Schneider, f. 196. 8. race-
mosa. Bosemann, 66; Schneider,
f. 196.

Like the related genus Lonicera, Symphoricarpos pre-
sents the phenomenon of two types of pith, excavated and
continuous, in different groups of species that are referred to
it; in this respect recalling Jasminum, some species of which
have a continuous pith, while the pith is exquisitely cham-
bered in others.

1. Pith continuous. (Coral berry). (1). S. orbiculatus.
Pith excavated. (Snowberry). 2.

2. Buds small (2 mm. long): twigs glabrate. S. racemosus.
Buds moderate (3 mm.): puberulent. (2). S. occidentalis.
Buds large (4 mm.). (Hybrid snowberry). X S. Heyeri.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE.

353

LONICERA. Honeysuckle.

(Family Caprifoliaceae).

Bushes or woody twiners: de-
ciduous or exceptionally partly or
wholly evergreen. Twigs rounded,
mostly slender: pith moderate,
pale or brown, in some groups ex-
cavated between the nodes. Buds
often superposed with the lower-
most largest or developing into an
inflorescence the first season, ses-
sile, variously shaped, with 2 to
rather numerous 4-ranked scales.
Leaf-s cars opposite, crescent-
shaped, small, on the narrowed
extremities of raised bases that
are more or less connected by
transverse lines: bundle-traces 3:
stipule-scars lacking.

Sometimes divided into several
genera: Capri-folium, Distegium,
Xylosteum, etc. References under
Leycesteria.

1. Bushy: buds often superposed. 2.
Twining: buds solitary: pith excavated. 17.

2. Pith white, continuous. 3.

Pith brown, excavated between the nodes. 12.

3. Buds with valvate lower scales. 4.
Bud-scales parted, the lower mostly short. 7.

4. Buds flattened, closely appressed, elongated. 5.
Buds flask-shaped, ascending, elongated. 6.

Buds short, spreading. (Mountain fly-h.). L. caerulea.

5. Buds pale, long (10 mm.). (1). L. hispida.
Buds brown, shorter (8 mm.). L. chaetocarpa.

6. Buds rather long (7 mm.). (2). L. Standishii.
Buds moderate (5 mm.). L. fragrantissima.

354 CAPRIFOLIACEAE.

7. Lower scales essentially as long as the bud. 8.
Lower scales distinctly shorter than the bud. 10.

8. Inner bud-scales woolly. L. iberica.
Buds glabrate. 9.

9. Twigs glabrous. (Swamp fly-honeysuckle). L. oblongifolia.
Twigs mostly long-hairy, 4-lined. L. involucrata.

10. Buds short-ovoid or nearly globose, glabrate. 11.

Buds distinctly elongated, grooved. (3). L. Maximowiczii.

11. Scales acuminate. L. gynochlamydea.
Scales acute. (American fly-honeysuckle). L. canadensis.

12. Lower scales as long as the bud. (4). L. deflexicalyx.
Lower scales distinctly shorter than the bud. 13.

13. Buds oblong or ovoid or subglobose: scales

short-pointed. 14.

Buds oblong-ovoid: scales long-pointed. L. nigra.

Buds conical-fusiform, hairy. 16.

14. Twigs and buds glabrous. (Tartarian h.). (5). L. tatarica.
Twigs pubescent. 15.

15. Buds somewhat puberulent, small and blunt. L. Morrowii.
Buds gray-hairy, oblong or acute. (6). L. Maackii.

16. Twigs somewhat puberulent. (7). L. Xylosteum.
Twigs with long as well as short hairs. L. chrysantha.

17. Stems red-brown, hairy: subevergreen. L. Japonica.
Stems gray or straw-colored. 18.

18. Often with long glandular hairs above. L. Periclymenum.
Not glandular-hairy. 19.

19. Rough or papillately hairy. L. hirsuta.
Essentially glabrous, often glaucous. 20.

20. More or less evergreen. ( Trumpet h.). L. sempervirens.
Deciduous. 21.

21. Buds oblong, many-scaled. (Woodbine). L. Caprifolium.
Buds ovoid, the lower scarcely surpassing their

lowest scales. 22.

22. Scales narrowly triangular, pointed. L. glaucescens.
Scales ovate, abrupt. L. dioica.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE.

355

LINNAEA. Twinflower.
(Family Caprifoliaceae).

Low trailing and rooting
shrubs with finally exfoliating
red-brown bark: evergreen. Twigs
almost filiform, terete: pith
minute. Buds solitary, sessile,
oblong, appressed, minute and con-
cealed by the dilated petiole, with
2 valvate scales. Leaf-scars op-
posite, much raised and shriveled,
the single bundle-trace obscured:
stipules or stipule-scars lacking.
Leaves small, obovate-orbicular,
crenate, their petioles meeting
transversely.

Winter-characters of Linnaea
borealis are given by Bosemann,
37; and Fant, 51.

Though the American twin-
flower, Linnaea ~borealis ameri-
cana, or L. americana, differs
characteristically from its Euro-
pean representative, typical L. borealis, the distinction is not
readily made out except when flowers are present.
Sparingly white-hairy. L. borealis.

Linnaea presents the seeming anomaly of a genus dedi-
cated to himself by its author. Under international conven-
tion the nomenclature of flowering plants dates from the
publications of the great author of the binomial system of
designating plants. Linnaea was published by Linnaeus in
his Genera Plantarum in 1737, and embodied in his Species
Plantarum in 1753. He appears to have been extremely fond
of the dainty little plant; but his friend Gronovius, and not
he, named it in his honor.

356

CAPRIFOLIACEAE.

LEYCESTERIA.
(Family Caprifoliaceae).

Soft-wooded small shrubs or
half-shrubs: deciduous. Twigs
rather slender, round: pith mod-
erate, excavated. Buds solitary,
slightly stalked, oblong, with 1 or
2 pairs of exposed scales, the
outer attenuate. Leaf-scars oppo-
site, minute, crescent-shaped,
much raised so as to equal the
bud, with a connecting cross-line:
bundle-traces 3, indistinct: sti-
pule-scars lacking.

Though tender, Leycesteria is a
very attractive little plant when
in fruit.

Winter-characters of Leyceste-
ria formosa are pictured by
Schneider, f. 202.
Glabrate and slightly glaucous.

L. formosa.

Winter-character references to Lonicera: — L. alpigena.
Bosemann, 42; Schneider, f. 204; Willkomm, 11, 48, f. 85;
Zuccarini, 23, pi. 13. L. caerulea. Bosemann, 42; Fant, 43,
f. 45; Schneider, f. 203; Shirasawa, 273; Willkomm, 3, 48, f.
84; Zuccarini, 24, pi. 13. L. Caprifolium. Bosemann, 41;
Schneider, f. 204; Ward, 1:163, f. 79; Willkomm, 11, 48, f. 86.
L. gracilipes. Shirasawa, 273, pi. 11. L. Morrowii. Shira-
sawa, 272, pi. 11. L. nigra. Bosemann, 42; Schneider, f. 203;
Willkomm, 47, f. 83. L. Periclymenum. Bosemann, 41; Fant,
43, f. 44; Schneider, f. 204; Ward, 1:163, f. 78; Willkomm,
11. L. tatarica. Bosemann, 42; Schneider, f. 203. L. Xylos-
teum. Bosemann, 42; Fant, 43; Schneider, f. 204; Willkomm,
11, 47, f. 82.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE.

357

KOLKWITZIA.

(Family Caprifoliaceae).

Shrubs with exfoliating bark:
deciduous. Twigs round, at first
villous: pith small, round, white,
continuous. Buds solitary, ses-
sile, ovoid, with 3 or 4 pairs of
scales. Leaf-scars opposite, cres-
cent-shaped or triangular, raised,
connected by transverse lines:
bundle-traces 3, or more or less
conflue'nt transversely: stipule-
scars lacking.

Only the one species of Kolk-
witzia, related to Amelia, is
known. From twig and bud char-
acters it is likely to be taken for
a bushy honeysuckle with solid
pith, or, if its 3 typically distinct
bundle-traces seem to blend in a
single long trace, for a privet or
some similar oleaceous shrub.

Twigs hispid and villous: buds canescent.

K. amabilis.

358

CAPRIFOLIACEAE.

ABELIA.
(Family Caprifoliaceae).

Rather small and soft-wooded
shrubs: typically deciduous in the
North. Twigs round or some-
what 4-sided, very slender, puber-
ulent: pith small, excavated.
Buds small, solitary, sessile or
somewhat developing the first
season, ovoid, with about 2 pairs
of rather loose scales. Leaf-scars
U-shaped, somewhat raised, with
connecting cross-line : bundle-
traces 3: stipule-scars lacking.

Winter-character references: —
Amelia rupestris. Schneider, f.
196. A. serrata. Shirasawa, 281,
pi. 12.

As far north at least as Wash-
ington, where it is used effect-
ively at the foot of the steps west
of the Capitol, Amelia is one of
the most attractive of compact

small-leaved shrubs, and flowers well into the autumn. The
most comprehensive analysis of the species of this genus, as
of other genera cultivable in cool-temperate climates, is
given in Schneider's Handbuch der Laubholzkunde, which,
like his Dendrologische Winterstudien, is adequately and skil-
fully illustrated.

1. Half-evergreen: leaves small, ovate. 2.

Truly deciduous. A. chinensis.

2. Leaves small (under 2.5 cm.). A. floribunda.
Leaves medium (3-4 cm.). (1). A. grandiflora.
Leaves large for the genus (4-5 cm.). A. triflora.

CAPEIFOLIACEAE.

359

SAMBUCUS. Elder.
(Family Caprifoliaceae).

Open shrubs, or exceptionally
arborescent: deciduous. Twigs
more or less 6- or 8- or 10-sided
or angled, stout: pith very large
and soft, continuous. Buds soli-
tary or multiple, the larger some-
what stalked and occasionally de-
veloping the first year, ovoid or
the smaller depressed, with 3-5
pairs of scales: end-bud mostly
lacking. Leaf-scars opposite or
exceptionally in whorls of 3,
broadly crescent-shaped or 3- or
4-sided, large, low, more or less
transversely connected : bundle-
traces 3 or 5 or 7: stipule-scars
usually lacking.

Winter-character references: —
Sambucus canadensis. Brendel,
28, pi. 1; Hitchcock (3), 16, (4),
137, f. 77-79. S. nigra. Bose-

mann, 65; Fant, 45, f. 49; Schneider, f. 20, 202; Ward, 1:58,

f. 75; Willkomm, 9, 49, f. 89. 8. racemosa. Bosemann, 65;

Schneider, f. 202; Willkomm, 4, 7, 50, f. 90. S. racemosa Sie-

boldiana. Shirasawa, 277.

1. Pith white: buds rather small (4 mm.), often superposed. 2.
Pith brown: bundle-traces mostly three. 3.

2. Lenticels moderate. (1). S. canadensis.
Lenticels very numerous and prominent. S. nigra.

3. Buds rather small, often multiple. S. racemosa.
Buds large (10 mm.), solitary. S. pubens.

360

COMPOSITAE.

BACCHARIS. Groundsel Tree.
(Family Compositae).

Openly bushy soft-wooded
shrubs with resin-passages in the
wood, etc.: tardily deciduous.
Twigs slender, about 8-ridged, for
a long time green: pith small,
crenulate, pale, continuous. Buds
rather small, solitary, sessile,
nearly globose, with about 4 ex-
posed scales, all or all but the
outermost encased in hardened
greenish resin. Leaf-scars alter-
nate, small, angularly crescent-
shaped, slightly raised, decurrent
in ridges from the angles: bun-
dle-traces 3: stipule-scars lacking.
Inflorescence or its vestiges often
present as rather small composite
heads or their involucres.

Winter-characters of Baccharis
halimifolia are indicated by
Schneider, f. 77.

Twigs minutely puberulent, or glabrescent. B. halimifolia.
Winter-character references to other, rather suffruticose,
Compositae: — Artemisia camphorata and A. tridentata. Schnei-
der, f. 102. Aster (or Amphiraphis) albescens. Schneider,
f. 102. Chrysanthemum indicum. Schneider, f. 77. Gutier-
rezia euthamiae. Schneider, f. 77. Iva frutescens. Schnei-
der, f. 98.

REFERENCES.

Blakeslee, A. F. & C. D. Jarvis. New England trees in winter.
(Bulletin no. 69, Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station,
pp. 307-576, with many half-tone illustrations). 1911.
References are to this edition. The work was reissued
under the title Trees in winter by the Macmillan Com-
pany of New York in 1913.

Blakeslee, A. F. & C. D. Jarvis. The identification of trees.
Storrs, Conn. 1913. Pp. 195-209.— A separate issue of the
keys from the Macmillan edition of Trees in winter.
Bosemann, F. A. Deutschlands Geholze im Winterkleide. Pp.

91, ff. 17. Hildburghausen. 1884.

Brendel, F. The tree in winter. (Bulletin no. 1, Illinois Mu-
seum of Natural History, pp. 26-32, 73-76, 4 pi.). 1876.
Fant, C. G. Sveriges trad och buskar i vinterdragt. Pp. 56,

pi. 11. Stockholm. 1872.
Frank, A. B. Pflanzen-Tabellen. Leipzig, 1869. Pp. 169-176

consist of keys to woody plants in winter.
Hitchcock, A. S.

(1). Key to Kansas trees in their winter condition. Pp.
6, pi. 1. (Biennial Report of the Kansas Board of
Agriculture). 1893.

(2). A key to the woody plants of Manhattan based upon
twig characters. Pp. 1-8. Manhattan, Kansas. 1901.
(3). The woody plants of Manhattan in their winter con-
dition. Pp. 20. Manhattan. 1893.

(4). The opening of the buds of some woody plants.
(Transactions of the Academy of Science of St.
Louis. 6:133-141, 4 pi.). 1893.

Huntington, A. O. Studies of trees in winter. Boston. 1901.
Pp. xxiv -f 198, with many beautiful photographic illus-
trations of habit and bark.

361

362 REFERENCES

Otis, C. H. Michigan trees. (University Bulletin, University

of Michigan, n. s. vol. 14, no. 16). Pp. xxxii -f- 246, with

illustrations of all of the species. Ann Arbor. 1913.

Sargent, F. L. Key to common deciduous trees in winter and

key to common woods. Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1903.

Schneider, C. K. Dendrologische Winterstudien. Pp. vi -j-

290, ff. 224. Jena. 1903.

Shirasawa, H. Die japanischen Laubholzer im Winterzu-
stande. (Bulletin of the College of Agriculture, Imperial
University, Tokio. 2:229-300, pi. 5-17 — renumbered, and
referred to in the text, as 1-13). 1895.
Trelease, W.

(1). Juglandaceae of the United States. (Report of the
Missouri Botanical Garden. 7:25-46, pi. 1-25). 1896.
Pp. 28-45 and pi. 13-15 and 23-25 deal with winter-
characters.

(2). The sugar maples, with a winter synopsis of all
North American maples. (Report of the Missouri
Bot-nicnl Garden. 5' 88-106, pi. 4-16). 1894. Pp.
100-105 and pi. '4-7, 9, 11, 12 and, especially, 14-16
ar^ concerned with winter-characters.
(3). Clrssification of the black oaks. (Proceedings of the
American Philosophical Society. 51:167-171, pi. 10-
13). 1912.
W-H-r, E. Der Baum im Winter. Pp. 47, with a series of

loose determination-tables. Bern. 1894.
Ward, H. M. Trees, vol. 1, Buds and twigs. Cambridge. 1904.

Pp. xiv -f- 271, frontispiece and ff. 136.

Wiegand, K. M. & P. W. Foxworthy. A key to the genera of
woody plants in winter. Pp. 33. Ithaca, New York.
1904.— 2 ed. 1906.— 3 ed. 1908.

Willkomm, M. Deutschlands Laubholzer im Winter. Pp. ii -f-
60, ff. 106. Dresden. 1859. References are made to the
third edition, published in 1880.

Zuccarini, J. G. Charakteristik der deutschen Holzgewachse
im blattlosen Zustande. Pp. 32, pi. 18. Miinchen. 1829.

GLOSSARY.

Abortive. Undeveloped, rudimentary.

Abscission. The falling of leaf, twig-tip, etc. from a clean-
cut scar, by a self-healing wound.

Acuminate. Pointed, with a line-of-beauty curve.

Acute. Sharp-pointed, in contrast with obtuse and acuminate.

Adnation. Growing together of different members.

Adventitious. Not in the usual place (buds that have re-
mained undeveloped so that they are no longer evidently
axillary, or that really originate elsewhere, as on a root).

Aerial roots. Roots produced above ground, often used for
j! climbing (ivy).

Aggregated. Joined together, confluent, as applied to bundle-
i| traces.

Alternate. On.e at a node, as applied to leaf-scars.

Amplexicaul. Encircling the stem (magnolia stipules, nan-
dina leaves).

Analogous. Of comparable function but different origin. — See
physiology.

Angiosperms. Plants that mature their seeds within the pis-
til. They constitute the dominant vegetation of today.

Appressed. Not spreading, as applied to buds, hairs, etc.

Approximated. Brought near to one another, as applied to
buds.

Arboreous. Tree-like.

Arborescent. Becoming small trees.

Arcuate. Arched, bent like a bow.

Armed. With spines (barberry, Japanese quince) or prickles
(brambles). Leaves that are pungent at tip or around
the margin (holly), are not included in this limited defi-
nition.

Aromatic. Fragrantly scented, at least when broken.

Articular-membrane or tegment. A membrane consisting of
the thin enlarged base of the petiole, on which the leaf-
scar occurs (mock-orange, locust).

364 GLOSSARY

Ascending. Between spreading and appressed, as applied to
buds.

Attenuate. Narrowly drawn out, in contrast with acute.

Auricled. With small projections at base (leaf of heather).

Axil. The angle above a leaf: the point above a leaf-scar.

Axillary. In the axil.

Balsam. A fragrant gum.

Balsamiferous or Balsamifluous. Producing or exuding bal-
sam.

Bark. The rough outer part of the cortex; loosely used for
the entire cortex.

Bast. The fibrous part of the cortex. Technically, the phloem
or part of the fibro-vascular bundles of higher plants that
contains sieve-cells.

Beaked. Ending in a beak or prolonged point.

Berry. A fleshy fruit, usually small.

Bi-. Twice, or doubly (bipinnate: bibracteate).

Bract. A modified leaf of an inflorescence. Several bracts
form an involucre.

Bracteate or bracted. With bracts.

Branch. One of the coarser divisions of a trunk or main
stem: loosely, any division of the stem.

Branch-spine. The same as twig-spine.

Bristly. With stiff hairs.

Broken. Not continuous, as applied to bundle-traces.

Bud. The rudimentary or resting end or branch of a stem:
usually referring to the stage in which the growing tips
pass the winter or dry season; also applied to undeveloped
flowers or flower-clusters. Scaly buds are protected by
modified leaves or stipules. Naked buds lack such spe-
cial protection. Usually one bud occurs in each axil or
angle above a leaf, but these often branch and collateral
buds, standing side by side, are thus produced: in some
plants (walnut, honeysuckle) several buds occur one
above the other (superposed) in an axil.

GLOSSARY 365

Bundle-traces. The points on a leaf-scar where woody strands
passed from the stem into the leaf; their number and
position afford good winter-distinctions, and usually they
are constant in number and position for a given species.
Some entire families are characterized by the number of
their bundle-traces: 1 in Myrtaceae and Ericaceae, 2 in
Ginkgoaceae, etc. In long narrow leaf-scars their num-
ber is usually greater in the species with longer scars
(3 to 5 in maple). Frequently the common number 3 is
increased by the fragmentation or division of one or all
into a corresponding number of groups of aggregated
traces (species of maple, Juglandaceae, elm). In Olea-
ceae, which frequently have 1 transversely elongated bun-
dle-trace, this may be transformed into a nearly closed el-
lipse, either uninterrupted or broken at rather short
intervals. Rather exceptionally, numerous bundle-traces
occur scattered over the leaf-scar, as in oak. — See, fur-
ther, foliar gaps.

Burl. A knot or woody growth of very irregular grain, usu-
ally because of the continued activity of many slowly
developing buds or branch-rudiments.

Buttressed. With supporting wings (mahogany trunk).

Caducous. Falling away early (bud-scales of clethra).

Calyx. The outer floral envelope, consisting of sepals.

Canes. The long shoots of blackberry, grape, etc.

Canescent. Ash-colored, with gray hairs.

Capsule. A dry dehiscent fruit (rose-of-sharon, mock orange).

Cataphyls. Scales or leaf rudiments on the lower part of a
stem.

Catkin. The simple elongated flower-cluster of willow, etc.

Cauliflorous. Flowering on the trunk or on specialized spurs
from it or from the larger branches (redbud, cacao).

-celled. Referring to the number of seed-cavities in a fruit.

Chaffy. With flattened hairs (chiogenes) ; thin and chaff -like
(coca scales).

366 GLOSSARY

Chambered. With cavities separated by plates or disks, as
applied to pith; discoid.

Ciliate. Hairy on the margin, like the eyelids.

Cladophylls or cladodia. Leaf-like flattened branches which
serve the purpose of foliage (ruscus).

Clasping. Growing around; amplexicaul.

Climber. A plant which raises its foliage by supporting itself
on surrounding objects, either by twining or coiling about
them (bittersweet), by the aid of tendrils (greenbrier,
Virginia creeper) or aerial roots (ivy), or by scrambling
over them without either coiling or having such special-
ized organs of attachment (rose).

Coiling. Twining; winding about a support.

Collateral. Side-by-side (buds of silver maple in winter).

Composite. Compound: the common name of a member of
the Compositae.

Compound. Of several distinct parts (tamarind leaf; bundle-
traces of some maples, branched buds).

Compressed. Flattened from the sides, as applied to nodes or
buds.

Cone. The characteristic scaly fruit of larch and cypress.

Confluent. Blending together, not easily distinguishable apart,
as applied to bundle-traces.

Connate. Grown together (ephedra scales; gardenia stipules;
weigelia sepals).

Continuous. Not broken by chambers or spongy: solid as ap-
plied to pith.

Cordate. Heart-shaped in the conventional sense.

Coriaceous. Firm and leathery.

Corky. Soft and springy, like bottle-cork (bark of Ohio
buckeye).

Corky-ridged. With elongated warts or ridges on the bark
(twigs of bur-oak, sweet gum, rock elm).

Corolla. The inner floral envelope, consisting of petals.

Corrugated. Closely grooved (stem of moonseed).

GLOSSARY 367

Cortex. The rind or outer covering of a stem; technically it

lies outside of the vascular bundles, which constitute the

stele.

Cottony. Much the same as woolly, with white hairs.
Creeping. Prostrate and spreading over the ground.
Crenate. Scalloped; with rounded teeth.
Crenulate. Finely crenate.
Crisped. Wavy on the margin (leaves of laurel) ; short and

curly when applied to pubescence.

Cuticle. The outermost layer of the epidermal cell walls.
Deciduous. Falling away (leaves of elm in contrast with the

persistent or evergreen leaves of ivy; terminal bud of

ailanthus in contrast with the persistent end-bud of false

cedar). Deciduous leaf -scars occasionally form at the top

of a leaf-cushion which later falls away (cercidiphyllum,

cornus, garrya, hamamelis).
Decompound. Repeatedly compound.
Decurrent. Continued down the stem in a ridge or wing, as

applied to leaf-bases.
Decussate. With the pairs successively over the gaps of those

below (leaf-scars of maple).
Dehiscent. Opening to discharge the seeds (fruit) or pollen

(anther).

Deliquescent. Breaking up into fine branches (white elm).
Deltoid. Triangular, with equal sides.
Dentate. Toothed, the teeth spreading.
Denticulate. Finely dentate.

Denuded. Naked through loss of pubescence, epidermis, etc.
Depressed. Shortened, as applied to round buds or fruits.
Diaphragmed. With firmer plates at the nodes (grape%) or

between them (tulip tree), as applied to continuous pith.
Dicotyledonous. Belonging to or characteristic of Dicotyledo-

neae, one of the two main groups of angiosperms.
Diffused-porous. Wood in which the ducts are scattered and

neither larger nor more numerous in the spring wood

368 GLOSSARY

than in that formed in summer (willow, basswood). Con-
trasted with ring-porous.

Digitate. Spreading like the fingers, the leaflets leaving the
petiole at one point (stauntonia), as applied to compound
leaves.

Dingy. Neither white nor brightly colored, as applied to
pubescence.

Disarticulating. Palling away by abscission, leaving a clean-
cut scar, as with most leaves, many flowers, some twig-
tips, etc.

Discoid. The same as chambered, when applied to pith.

Disk. An enlarged tip, as applied to tendrils (Boston ivy).

Distichous. Two-ranked.

Divergent. The same as spreading.

Divided. Deeply lobed (leaves): compound (bundle-traces).

Dorsal. Of or on the back of a leaf, etc.

Dotted. With lighter or darker spots or blackened hairs or
glands, usually on the lower leaf-surface, as here used.

Downy. Pubescent with soft short straight hairs.

Drupe. A stone-fruit (cherry). Many "berry-like" fruits are
technically small drupes, — even that of the huckleberry.

Duct. A water-passage in the wood; a trachea or vessel:
easily seen in oak which is ring-porous, and walnut which
is diffused-porous. The size and distribution of ducts
afford usable means of distinguishing between bits of
wood.

Dull. Not glossy.

Dwarf-shoots. The same as spurs.

Elbowed. Bent, like an arm at the elbow (crape myrtle bud).

Ellipsoid. Elliptical in section, like a football.

Emergences. Appendages other than hairs, of root, stem or
leaf.

End-bud. The growing tip normally terminating a stem or
its developed branches: sometimes transformed into a
flower (magnolia) or inflorescence (lilac), or cast off

GLOSSARY 369

early in the season (linden), or killed in winter (bram-
ble).

Endogenous. Inside-growing. Applied formerly to stems of
Monocotyledoneae, which have the wood in fibers scat-
tered through the stem.

Entire. Neither toothed nor lobed, as applied to leaves.

Epidermis. The outer layer of cells covering a leaf or a
young twig; often detached from the latter as a thin
gray pellicle.

Epiphyte. A plant growing on another without being a para-
site (conservatory orchids), or on a rock or tree-trunk
(mosses, lichens). Contrasted usually with plants rooted
in the soil; sometimes with parasites.

Epitrophic. More nourished and developed on the upper side
(horizontal branches of linden).

Erect. Contrasted with spreading, appressed, prostrate, etc.

Evanescent. Quickly disappearing.

Evergreen. Holding or constituting green foliage through
the winter.

Excavated. Hollowed out, as applied to pith, making the
stem fistulous.

Exfoliating. Peeling away (bark of canoe birch).

Exogenous. Outside growing. Applied formerly to the stems
of Dicotyledoneae and Gymnospermae, which have the
wood in a zone between pith and bark and add to it by
annual growth.

Extra-axillary or supra-axillary. Above rather than in the
axil.

Falcate. Sickle-shaped (leaves of mature blue gum).

Fascicled. Clustered, like leaves on a spur of barberry.

Fastigiate. With upright branches (Lombardy poplar).

Fibrous-flaking. Flaking in narrow shreds (bark of osage
orange).

Filiform. Thread-like and slender (chiogenes stem).

Fimbriate. Fringed: perhaps more properly with a torn
membrane.

370 GLOSSARY

Fissured. Torn lengthwise, as applied to bark, or to pith,
for which the more general term spongy is used.

Fistulous. Hollow, with excavated pith (honeysuckle stem).

Flaking. Shredding, but with short fragments.

Fleshy, or -succulent. Not hard and woody (stem) ; not dry
(fruit, bud-scales).

Floriferous, florigerous. Flower-bearing, or producing flowers.

Fluted. Corrugated or ridged lengthwise.

Foliage. Collectively, the leaves of a plant: the green ex-
panded organs in which carbon from the air is combined
into organic compounds.

Foliage-sprays. Twigs that finally fall away carrying the
small leaves with them, — sometimes at end of the first
season (tamarisk), sometimes after several years (arbor
vitae).

Foliar-gaps or lacunae. Breaks between the vascular bundles
of the stem which run continuously from one internode
into another. Through these breaks certain bundles of
the stem pass out into the leaves to constitute the net-
work of veins through which these organs are supplied
with water absorbed by the root and conducted to them
through the stem. An admirable illustrated paper on the
anatomy of the node as an aid in the classification of
angiosperms is published by Sinnott in The American
Journal of Botany for July 1914.

Follicle. A small dry fruit opening down one edge (nine-
bark).

Fragmented. Not continuous, as applied to bundle-traces.

Fringed. Ciliate with glands or scales rather than fine hairs,
as here used.

Fusiform. Spindle-shaped (buds of beach).

Gametes. Sex-cells: egg and sperm.

Gamophyllous. Of united leaves; — gamopetalous when these
are petals, gamosepalous when they are sepals.

GLOSSARY 371

Glabrate. Nearly glabrous.

Glabrescent. Becoming glabrous.

Glabrous. Not hairy; without trichomes.

Glands. Secreting organs (resin-glands of sweet bay, — nec-
tar-glands of cherry laurel, oil-glands of orange). Leaf-
teeth and stipules often end in minute glands.

Glandular-bristly. With stiff gland-tipped hairs.

Glandular-ciliate. Fringed with small glands.

Glandular-pubescent. With gland-tipped hairs.

Glaucous. With white or bluish bloom (box elder twig).

Globose. Shaped like a globe; spherical.

Granular. Minutely roughened.

Gritty, Containing hard particles (pith of aucuba).

Gum. A rather fluid resin, as loosely used.

Gummy. Sticky, as applied to sap.

Gymnosperms. Plants that have naked seeds, not enclosed
in a pistil. With angiosperms, they constitute the flower-
ing plants or seed-plants.

Habit. General appearance or mode of growth.

Hairs. Superficial outgrowths; trichomes: sometimes flat and
scale-like (rhododendron), sometimes of rays like the
spokes of a wheel, when they are spoken of as stellate
(deutzia), sometimes round plates attached in the middle,
when they are spoken of as peltate (oleaster).

Hairy. Pubescent: often used when the hairs are rather
long.

Half-shrub. A suffruticose or soft-wooded* plant.

Hardy. Used in the horticultural sense, enduring winter-cold.

Harsh. Rough to the touch, as applied to pubescence.

Head. A round or flat cluster of sessile flowers.

Heath-like. Fine-stemmed and low, rather simple, with per-
sistent leaves.

Herbaceous. Not woody; in contrast with lignified.

Hispid. With stiff bristly hairs.

372 GLOSSARY

Homogeneous. Without firmer plates or grit, as here used
for pith: composed entirely of living cells, as applied by
Gris.

Homologous. Of comparable morphological origin. — See mor-
phology.

Honeycombed. Finely spongy (pith of wintergreen).

Horrid. Used in the classical sense.

Hypotrophic. More nourished and developed on the lower
side (horizontal branches of yew).

Imbricated. Overlapping like shingles.

Impressed-veiny or venulose. With sunken veins or veinlets.

Incipient. Beginning or developing.

Indefinite or indistinct. Not readily made out: usually be-
cause very small or hairy (bud-scales), or because over-
grown by a corky layer (bundle-traces).

Indehiscent. Not opening, as applied to fruits.

Inequilateral. With unequal sides: the same as oblique when
applied to leaves or leaflets.

Inferior. Applied to a flower or fruit in which the pistil
appears to bear the calyx on its side (witch hazel) or
top (apple).

Inflorescence. A flower cluster.

Inflorescence-scar. The scar from which a flower-cluster has
fallen.

Infra-. Below. — Infra-axillary, below the axil or leaf (goose-
berry prickle) ; infraspinal, below the spine (bougainvil-
lea bud).

Internode. The part of a stem between two nodes.

Intricate. Much branched with entangled branches.

Involucrate. With an involucre or cluster of bracts.

Involucre. A cluster of modified leaves about a flower-cluster.

Isodiametric. As broad as high.

Junctures. The same as winter nodes. The points at which
one season's growth is succeeded by the next: they com-
prise the interrameal region of Gris.

GLOSSARY 373

Keel. A ridge on the back of a leaf or bud-scale.

Knees. Pointed or dome-like outgrowths from cypress roots,
rising above the water.

Lacunae. See Foliar-gaps.

Lanceolate. Shaped like a lance-head, as applied to leaves.

Lateral. Applied to all but the truly terminal bud.

Leaf. The foliage appendages of the stem, though not al-
ways serving as foliage: sometimes metamorphosed into
a spine (barberry) or tendril (clematis) or reduced to a
scale (tamarisk). Leaves originate at and mark the
nodes or joints of the stem. Buds normally occur in the
angles or axils above leaves and are correspondingly alter-
nate, opposite or whorled on the stem.

Leaf-axis. The same as rachis.

Leaf-cushion. A raised base on which the leaf-scar sometimes
appears.

Leaf-scars. Scars from which leaves have fallen. They usu-
ally occur characteristically either singly (alternate) or
paired (opposite) or in groups of more than 2 (whorled)
at each node. Leaf-scars differ greatly in size and shape,
and offer some of the best winter-characters. The points
where woody strands passed up into the leaf are usually
evident, and are called bundle-traces. Typical leaf-scars
are essentially at the level of the stem; but they are
raised on a pronounced base or leaf-cushion in some cases,
or the buds are covered by an articular membrane in
others.

Leaf-spine. A spine metamorphosed from a leaf.

Leaflet. One of the divisions of a compound leaf.

Legume. A pod: characteristic fruit of the pea family.

Lenticels. Wart-like prominences breaking through the bark
of most young twigs (elder, cherry).

Lignified. Woody, in contrast with herbaceous.

Linear. Long and narrow (leaves) ; nearly straight (leaf-
scars).

374 GLOSSARY

Lined. Rather lightly ridged or ribbed.

Lobed. Divided rather deeply, as applied to leaves.

Lucky-nuts or knots. A name sometimes given by children
to woody structures imbedded in the bark of beech, olive,
etc. They represent loosely attached rudimentary
branches and are comparable with burls.

Matted. Growing in very compact tufts, or so as to form a
low close cover to the ground.

Medullary rays. The plates radiating between pith and cor-
tex in exogenous stems. Like pith, they serve for the
storage of reserve food, — usually starch as may be demon-
strated by a drop of iodine on the end of a twig cut in
winter.

Member. A morphological part of a plant: root, stem, leaf.

Membranaceous. Thinner and less firm than coriaceous.

Metamorphosis. Conversion of a member of the plant body
into an organ differing in function from its usual form:
tendril of grape (stem) or clematis (leaf) and aerial roots
of poison ivy (root) as organs of climbing; spine of red-
haw (stem) or barberry (leaf), or pea-tree (leaf rachis)
as organs of protection; cladodia of butcher's broom
(stem), green roots of some conservatory orchids, etc.," as
foliage.

Midrib. The strong main vein of a leaf.

Milky. Colored, usually white, as applied to sap.

Moniliform. Resembling a necklace of beads (sophora fruit).

Monocotyledonous. Belonging to or characteristic of Monoco-
tyledoneae, one of the two main groups of angiosperms.

Morphology. The science of form in living things, classify-
ing their parts as members from the view-point of origin
and development. However they may differ in function,
members that are morphologically of like origin are ho-
mologous one with another.

Mucronate. With a short stiff abrupt point.

Mucronulate. Minutely mucronate.

GLOSSARY 375

Multiple. Applied to several buds in or over an axil, instead
of the customary single or solitary bud.

Naked. Without specialized scales, as applied to buds.

Nectar-glands. Glands that secrete the sugary fluid nectar:
common in flowers; characteristic of the petioles of cher-
ries, the under surface of leaves of the cherry-laurel, the
calyx of paeonies, etc.

Netted-veined. Much the same as reticulate.

Nodal. At or pertaining to a node.

Node. The part of a stem marked by a leaf, or a pair or
whorl of leaves.

Nodose. Swollen into joints.

Nutlets. Small, hard fruits or their parts, or the stones of
a small drupe.

Ob-. Used as a prefix to indicate inversion: obcordate in con-
trast with cordate, oblanceolate, etc.

Oblique. Not immediately over the leaf-scar (mulberry
bud): not equal-sided at base (tamarind leaflet).

Obliquely opposite. Sometimes said of normally opposite
leaves with some pairs broken (ash, etc.).

Oblong. Between elliptical and linear in shape.

Obscure. Not easily made out, as applied to buds, bundle-
traces, etc.

Obtuse. Blunt, in contrast with acute.

Ochreae. Sheathing stipules, or their near equivalent, of
Polygonaceae.

Odd-pinnate. Pinnate with a terminal or odd leaflet: con-
trasted with abruptly pinnate.

Odoriferous. Much the same as aromatic but of questionable
fragrance.

Olivaceous. Brownish or yellowish green, like a pickled olive.

Opposite. Two at a -node, as applied to leaf-scars.

Organ. A physiological part of a plant, considered with ref-
erence to the work it does rather than its morphological
origin.

376 GLOSSARY

Osier-like. Long and lithe (shoots of willow or dogwood).

Ovate. Shaped like the section of an egg.

Ovoid. Egg-shaped.

Palmate. The same as digitate. Contrasted with pinnate.

Panicle. A branched cluster of stalked flowers (lilac).

Panicled. In panicles.

Papery. Firm but thin, as applied to leaves.

Papillate. Much the same as granular, the granules more

elevated.
Papillately hairy. With short thick hairs, or hairs from

papillae.
Parted. Much the same as divided, when applied to leaves or

stipules.

Pedicel. The stalk of an individual flower in a flower-cluster.
Pedicel- or peduncle-scar. The scar from which a flower or

flower-cluster has fallen.
Peduncle. The stalk of a flower-cluster, or of a solitary

flower.
Pellucid-dotted or punctate or glandular. With translucent

dots when held to the light (orange leaf).
Peltate. Attached to a stalk nearly by its center (scales of

oleaster).
Percurrent. With the main trunk continued through to the

top: contrasted with deliquescent.

Persistent. Not deciduous, as applied to leaves: not disap-
pearing, as applied to pith, pubescence, epidermis, etc.
Petals. Modified leaves forming the inner floral envelope.
Petiole. The leaf-stalk; rarely (nandina) persistent after the

rest of the leaf has fallen.
Petioled or petiolate. With a petiole: stalked, as applied to

leaves.

Petiolule. The petiole or stalk of a leaflet.
Phyllodia. Dilated petioles taking the place of foliage

(acacia).

GLOSSARY 377

Phyllotaxis. Leaf-arrangement: alternate, or separate in 2,
3, 5 or 8 ranks, on many plants; opposite, or in groups
of 2, in others; whorled, or in groups of more than 2, in
still others.

Physiology. The science of function in living things, classi-
fying their parts as organs with respect to the work they
perform. Organs of unlike morphological origin are anal-
ogous to one another. — See metamorphosis; morphology.

Pinna. One of the divisions of a pinnate leaf.

Pinnate. Like the plume of a feather: having the leaflets
along a rachis, as applied to compound leaves (tamarind).
Contrasted with digitate or palmate.

Pinnule. A leaflet of a bipinnate or decompound leaf.

Pistillate. Producing pistil, or seed-organ, but not stamens
(ear of corn, "female" cottonwood).

Pith. The central part of a dicotyledonous or exogenous
stem, surrounded by the woody cylinder: usually continu-
ous and of uniform texture, or gritty or surrounded by
cells different from those at the center, or exceptionally
with plates of firmer cells, or diaphragms, at the nodes
(paper mulberry, grape) or at intervals between them
(tupelo) though otherwise continuous; rather commonly
with cavities like a sponge (evonymus), or entirely exca-
vated or disappearing, at least between the nodes (honey-
suckle) so as to make the stem fistulous; not infrequently
chambered between persistent thin plates or disks (wal-
nut) when it is spoken of sometimes as discoid.

Pithy. Sometimes used in the sense of having large pith
and little wood.

Pod. A dry dehiscent seed-vessel.

Pointed. The general equivalent of acute, acuminate or mu-
cronate.

Pollen. The male cells or microspores produced by flowers.

Pome. An apple-fruit, with a papery or bony core at center
and crowned by sepals or scars from which they have

378 GLOSSARY

fallen. Many "berry-like" fruits are really small pomes
(cotoneaster).

Preformed. Already with definite shape or structure (leaves
within the bud).

Prehensile. Clasping, coiling in response to touch (tendrils).

Prickle. A pungent outgrowth of a stem or leaf, not repre-
senting a modified form of either member (rose).

Prominent. Standing out, usually in the literal sense.

Pruinose. Encrusted with wax, very glaucous (bayberry
fruit).

Puberulent. Minutely pubescent.

Pubescence. Collective name for the hairs of a plant.

Pubescent. With hairs, in contrast with glabrous: sometimes
used to designate the presence of soft short hairs in con-
trast with villous, hispid, etc.

Punctate. Marked with small points: dotted.

Pungent. With a sharp hard point: acrid in taste or odor.

Raceme. An elongated unbranched cluster of stalked flowers.

Racemed or racemose. In racemes.

Rachis. The axis along which the leaflets of a pinnate leaf
are arranged (tamarind).

Rachis-spine. A spine metamorphosed from a leaf-rachis.

Ranks. As applied to leaf-scars, the longitudinal series in
which these are arranged on the stem; usually 2, 3, 5
or 8 when they are alternate, and twice as many as the
scars at a node when these are opposite or whorled; also
applied to bud-scales.

Receptacle. The part of a stem that bears the floral organs
or, when enlarged, the flower (cashew apple) or flowers
(fig).

Reduced. Smaller or simpler than usual, as commonly ap-
plied.

Resin. A hardening gum, as loosely used.

GLOSSARY 379

Resin-warts or glands. Glands that secrete resin (bayberry,

black birch).

Resiniferous or resinifluous. Exuding or producing resin.
Reticulate. Netted, usually referring to veins of a leaf.
Retrorsely hairy. With hairs directed downward on stem or

leaf.

Revolute. With the margins rolled back, as applied to leaves.
Ring-porous. Wood in which the ducts first formed in the

season are either larger or more crowded than those

formed in summer (oak).

Root-climber. A plant climbing by aid of aerial roots.
Rudiment. Beginning of an undeveloped member. Con-
trasted with vestige.

Rugulose. Minutely rugose or wrinkled.
Savory. Smelling like thyme.
Sap. As here used, the fluid that flows from a freshly cut

leaf-stalk or twig.
Scabrous. Rough to the touch.
Scale. As usually employed, a reduced leaf, as in winter

buds, ruscus, etc.: one of the parts of a cone of the larch,

etc.: a flattened (rhododendron) or peltate (elaeagnus)

hair.

Scarious. Thin, dry and papery.
Scattered. Not in any of the usual definite groups, as applied

to leaves, bundle-traces, etc.
Scrambling-plants. Climbers that neither coil nor produce

aerial roots or tendrils (rose).
Scurfy. Scaly rather than hairy.

Sepals. Modified leaves forming the outer floral envelope.
Serrate. Saw-toothed: the teeth pointed upward.
Serrulate. Serrate with fine teeth.
Sessile. Not stalked.
Setaceous. Bristle-like, very narrow.

380 GLOSSARY

Sheathing. Forming a (frequently tubular) sheath (sea
grape stipules).

Shield-shaped. Of the conventional shield-form (leaf scar of
cyrilla) : peltate (scale-chaff of oleaster).

Shredding. Falling away in shreds (bark of grape).

Shrub. A woody plant not becoming a tree: usually the
equivalent of the colloquial word bush, which also ex-
cludes climbers.

Silky. With soft appressed hairs.

Simple. Not compound, of one part (ivy leaf; maple bundle-
traces).

Sinuate. With wavy margin, as applied to leaves.

Smooth. Not roughened, not warty: wrongly used for gla-
brous.

Soft-wooded. Suffruticose, not fully lignified, as here used.

Spatulate. Oblong with the upper part rather abruptly
widened.

Spermatophytes. Seed-plants: flowering plants.

Spine. A specialized pungent form of the leaf (barberry) or
its stipules (locust) or rachis (pea-tree) ; or of a twig
(hawthorn). Contrasted with prickle.

Spinescent. Turning into spines.

Spirally arranged. Leaves or their equivalent that are
neither opposite nor whorled and not 2-ranked.

Spongy. Porous, suggesting a sponge, as applied to pith.

Spreading. Not closely appressed to the twig (buds) or the
surface (hairs) ; horizontal as applied to branches.

Spur. A dwarf-branch, as applied to twigs (larch, birch),
often bearing the flower-buds (pear).

Stalked. Elongated perceptibly below the lowest scales, as
applied to buds (alder).

Staminate. Producing stamens or pollen-organs, but not pis-
til (tassel of corn, "male" cottonwood).

GLOSSARY 381

Standard. In horticulture, a small tree commonly produced
by grafting a weeping or dwarf form on a trunk of the
desired height.

Star-shaped or stellate. With several arms radiating from a
center (hairs of deutzia; pith of oak in cross section).

Staring. Widely spreading, as applied to hairs, etc.

Stellate-scurfy. Scurfy with star-shaped hairs or scales.

Stem. The trunk and its branches: one of the three funda-
mental parts of a higher plant, — root, stem and leaf.

Sterigmata. The raised bases from which some small leaves
fall (spruce).

Stipular. Pertaining to or derived from stipules.

Stipulate. Provided with stipules.

Stipule-scars. Scars from which stipules have fallen; some-
times forming a ring around the twig (magnolia), or
very unequal (elm) ; usually small.

Stipule-spines. Spines metamorphosed from stipules.

Stipules. Small basal outgrowths of a leaf; sometimes serv-
ing as bud scales (beech), or spines (locust); usually
otherwise represented by scars, if at all, in winter. The
relation of stipules to the nodal anatomy of plants is
considered by Sinnott and Bailey in The American Jour-
nal of Botany for November 1914.

Stolon. A stem that arches over and roots at the tip (black-
cap).

Stoloniferous. Producing stolons.

Stomata. The "breathing-pores" of a leaf.

Stone. The hard inner part of a drupe or stonefruit
(cherry).

Stratified. In horizontal layers (foliage of red haw and
tupelo).

Striate. Striped, usually by alternating ridges and grooves.

Sub-. Often used as a prefix in the sense of nearly: — sub-
acute, subsessile, etc.

382 GLOSSARY

Subtending. Standing below.

Succulent. Fleshy (stem of ocotillo; scales of hawthorn).

Suckers. Adherent disks on tendrils (Boston ivy) ; also ap-
plied to new stems that originate underground (poplar),
or to canes (rose).

Sulcate. Grooved.

Sunken. In depressions (buds of coffee-nut or buttonball).

Supernumerary. Beyond the usual number (superposed or
collateral buds).

Superposed. One above the other (buds of coffee-nut).

Suppressed. Undeveloped or rudimentary, when applied to
buds, etc.

Surpassing. Sometimes used in the sense of longer than.

Tender. In the horticultural sense of not enduring winter
cold.

Tendril. A climbing organ metamorphosed from leaf (cle-
matis), stipules (smilax) or stem (grape).

Terete. Round in cross-section as though rolled between the
fingers, as applied to twigs, capsules, etc.

Teretely. In a terete manner.

Ternate. Compound or decompound with 3 divisions (nan-
dina leaf).

Thorn. The same as spine.

Tomentose. Woolly.

Tomentulose. Microscopically tomentose or woolly.

Toothed. With the margin cut into, but not deeply enough
for lobing, as applied to leaves.

Torsion. Twisting. It frequently gives a false impression of
the number of ranks in which leaf-scars stand. Leaves
of privet, pernettya and many other plants lie in one
plane through curving of their petioles, though they origi-
nate on the stem in 4 ranks.

Torulose. Much the same as moniliform: necklace-like.

GLOSSARY 383

Tracheae. The ducts or vessels of wood; chains of elongated
cells the cross partitions between which have more or
less completely disappeared.

Tracheides. Short pitted or spirally thickened cells replac-
ing tracheae as water channels in the wood of most gym-
nosperms.

Trailing. Slender-stemmed, prostrate on the ground.

Transverse. Used sometimes in the sense of transversely
lengthened.

Transversely joined leaf-scars. Those of a pair or whorl con-
nected by a ridge or line running around the twig.

Tree. A woody plant, usually of large size or with a single
trunk when smaller. Contrasted with shrub, but not
easily separated in definition, as sumach, witch hazel and
many other plants show.

Trichomes. The same as hairs.

Trifoliolate. Of 3 leaflets, as applied to compound leaves.

Truncate. Abruptly cut off (seed of hardy catalpa; petiole
of fendlera; leaf-scar of sorbaria).

Truncately. In a truncate manner.

Trunk. The main stem or axis of a tree.

Tuberculate. Warty.

Tube. The lower tubular part of a gamophyllous calyx or
corolla, etc.

Twig-spine. A spine metamorphosed from a twig.

Twigs. The finer or finest branches of a stem.

Twiggy. Used in the sense of having many divergent twigs.

Twinned-hairs. Two-armed appressed hairs (dogwood).

Unarmed. Without either spines or prickles, — though the
leaves may have pungent teeth or tip as in holly.

Unifoliolate. Really compound, though of only one leaflet
(leaf of barberry or orange).

Uniform. Neither diaphragmed nor gritty, as here applied
to pith.

284 GLOSSARY

Urceolate. Urn-shaped in the conventional sense, with the

neck contracted.

Valvate. Meeting by the edges but not overlapping.
Valves. The parts into which a capsule finally breaks.
Vascular bundles. The strands, chiefly woody, of root, stem

or leaf.

Veinlets. The finer or finest veins of a leaf.
Veins. The woody bundles of a leaf, — often called nerves

when they run rather distinctly from its base to tip.
Veiny. Usually meaning with conspicuous veins.
Velvety. Downy: pubescent with short spreading hairs.
Venulose. Finely veiny.

Vernation. Arrangement of leaves in the bud.
Verticillate. Whorled.
Vessels. Ducts, or tracheae.
Vestiges. The remnants of disappearing parts. Contrasted

with rudiments or unformed parts.
Villous. With long spreading hairs.
Vine. A- climbing or trailing plant, in popular usage.
Warty. With rounded warts or tubercles (twig of elder).

Contrasted with granular, where the roughening is fine.
Weeping. With drooping branches, as used horticulturally.
Whorled. Three or more at a node, as applied to leaf-scars.
Winged. With thin border or appendage (leaf-scar of some

maples, twig of some spindle-trees, petiole of orange).
Wood. Technically, the xylem or part of the fibro-vascular

bundles of higher plants that contains ducts or trache-

ides, in contrast with the bast or phloem which contains

sieve-cells.
Wood-parenchyma. Tissue with ducts and tracheides, in

wood.

Woody fibers. As here used loosely, the vascular bundles.
Woolly. With long curved tangled hairs.
Zig-zag. Bent back and forth at the nodes.

INDEX.

Abelia 358
Acacia 133
Acacia, Rose 157
Acanthopanax 259,

258

Acer 202, 208, 350
Achras 302
Acidoton 176
Actinidia 232
Adelia 316
Adolphia 221, 197,

214

Aegle 169
Aesculus 207, 208,

209

Aguacate 70
Ailanthus 170, 11,

116, 140
Akebia 55
Albizzia 132
Alder 25
Alder, Black 193
Algaroba 138
Allspice 255
All thorn 241
Allamanda 324
Alligator pear 70
Almond 129
Alnus 25, 26

Amatungulu 323
Amelanchier 110
American laurel 278
Amorpha 150
Ampelopsis 222, 225
Amphiraphis 360
Anacardium 184, 218
Andrachne 175, 176
Andromeda 284, 278,

286

Angelica tree 260
Annona 68
Ants 133

Apache plume 118
Aphananthe 41, 40
Apricot 130
Aralia 260, 51
Arbutus, Trailing 289
Arctostaphylos 292,

278

Arctous 293
Aristolochia 44
Aronia 105
Arrow wood 349
Artemisia 360*
Ascyrum 236
Ash 310

Ash, Mountain 106
Ash, Prickly 161
385

Ash, Wafer 164
Asimina 68, 67
Asparagus 8
Aspen 10
Aster 360
Aucuba 264
Azalea 272
Azalea, Trailing 277

Baccharis 360
Bald Cypress 5
Balm of Gilead 10
Balsam 9
Banana shrub 62
Barberry 57, 59, 60
Basswood 226
Batodendron 295
Bay 73
Bayberry 13
Bean, Screw 135
Bearberry 292, 293
Beech 27
Beech, Blue 21
Begonia, Trailing

223

Benzoin 72
Berberis 57, 59, 60
Berchemia 217
Betula 23, 26, 85

386

INDEX

336

Bignonia 338 (Buckthorn, Sea 247

Birch 23, 290 Buckwheat tree 189

Birch, West Indianj Buddleia 321

Buffalo berry 248
Bull horn 133
Bumelia 302
Burning bush 195
Bursera 171
Butcher's broom 7
Butneria 66
Butternut 16
Button bush 344

171

Bittersweet 199,
Black alder 193
Blackberry 115
Blackjack 30
Bladder nut 201
Bladder senna 152
Blue beech 21
Blueberry 295
Blue gum 257
Bog rosemary 284
Boston ivy 222
Bougainvillea 46
Box 177, 252
Box, Brisbane 256
Box elder 204
Bramble 115
Brisbane box 256
Broom 146
Broom, Butcher's 7
Broom, Spanish 145

Buxus 177

Cacao 229, 235
Caesalpinia 134
Caffein 235, 346
Callicarpa 331, 321
Calluna 298, 278
Calocarpum 302
Calophaca 155
Calycanthus 66, 67
Calycocarpum 61
Calycotome 134

Broom crowberry 179, Camellia 235

Broussonetia 36
Bryanthus 279
Buckeye 207
Buckeye, Chinese

211
Buckeye, Mexican

210

Buckleya 43
Buckthorn 220

Camphor 69
Campsis 339, 342
Caiiatillo 6
Cape jessamine 345
Capillaire 297
Capparis 73
Caprifolium 353
Caragana 154, 153,
141

Buckthorn, False 302 Carica 243

Carissa 323
Carob 138
Carolina jessamine

322
Carolina moonseed

61

Carpinus 21
Carya 18, 17
Caryopteris 332, 321
Cascara sagrada 220
Cashew apple 218
Cassandra 285
Cassena 193
Cassia bark 69
Cassiope 282
Castanea 28
Cat vine 232
Catalpa 341, 337
Cauliflory 229
Ceanothus 219, 215
Cedar, False 173
Cedrela 173
Celastrus 163, 199
Celtis 39, 40, 80
Cephalanthus 344
Ceratiola 181
Ceratonia 138
Ceratostigma 301
Cercidiphyllum 49,

47

Cercidium 142
Cercis 137
Cercocarpus 120
Chaenomeles 103
Chamaebatia 122, 96

INDEX

387

Chamaebatiaria 96,

Clematis 52

Corylopsis 89

122

Clerodendron 329

Corylus 20

Chamaecistus 277

Clethra 268

Cotinus 186

Chamaedaphne 285

Cliftonia 189

Cotoneaster 100

Chaparral 215, 216

Climbing hydrangea

Cotton gum 265

Chaste tree 333

78

Cottonwood 10

Cherimoya 68

Clove 255

Covillea 160

Cherry 127

Coca 158

Cowania 119, 118

Cherry, Cornelian

Coccoloba 45

Cranberry 295

263

Cocculus 61, 55

Cranberry, High-

Cherry laurel 129

Cockspur thorn 111

bush 350

Chestnut 28

Cocoa 229

Crape myrtle 249

Chick pea 136

Coffea 346

Crataegus 111, 99,

Chicozapote 302

Coffee 346, 42, 229,

121

Chilopsis 340

235

Creeping snowberry

Chimonanthus 67

Coffee tree 140

297

China berry i74, 208; Cola 231

Creosote bush 160

Chinese buckeye 211

Colletia 214, 221

Cross vine 338

Chinquapin 28, 31

Colutea 152

Crowberry 179, 180

Chiogenes 297, 294

Comandra 43

Crown of thorns 213

Chionanthus 317

Comptonia 13

Cupseed 61

Chittam wood 186

Condalia 215

Currant 82

Chlorophora 35

Confederate jessa-

Custard apple 68

Chokeberry 105

mine 325

Cydonia 102, 103

Chocolate 235

Coral berry 352

Cypress, Bald 5

Chrysanthemum 360

Corchorus 113

Cyrilla 190

Cinchona 343

Corema 179

Cytisus 146, 148

Cinnamomum 69

Coriaria 182, 132

Cinnamon 69

Cork tree 165

Daboecia 280

Cinquefoil 117

Corkwood 14

Dahoon 193

Cissus 223, 222

Cormus 106

Dangleberry 294

Cistus 236

Cornel 262

Daphne 244

Citrange 169

Cornelian cherry 263

Dasiphora 117

Citrus 168, 167, 169

Cornus 262, 137, 350

Davidia 266

Cladrastis 144, 44

Coronilla 156

Decaisnea 53

388

INDEX

Decumaria 79
Dendrium 276
Desert willow 340
Deutzia 77, 78, 344
Devil's club 260
Dewberry 116
Diapensia 300
Diervilla 348, 344
Dimorphanthus 260
Diospyros 303
Dipelta 347
Dirca 245
Disanthus 86
Distegium 353
Dogwood 262
Dorycnium 134
Dutchman's pipe 44

Echinopanax 260
Edwinia 75 ,
Egg plant 336
Ehretia 329
Elaeagnus 247, 246,

248

Elder 359
Elder, Box 204
Eleutherococcus 259
Elliottia 269, 270
Elm 38, 85
Empetrum 180
Enkianthus 281, 270
Ephedra 6
Epigaea 289, 278
Erica 278, 299
Eriobotrya 108

Eriogonum 150
Erythroxylon 158
Eucalyptus 257
Eucommia 48, 47
Eugenia 255
Euonymus 195
Euptelea 47
Euscaphis 201
Evodia 162
Evonymus 195, 194
Exochorda 98

Fadyenia 267
Fagus 27, 32
Fallugia 118, 119
False buckthorn 302
False cedar 173
False indigo 150
Fatsia 258
Feijoa 254
Fendlera 76
Fetter bush 283
Ficus 36, 37, 45, 73
Fig 37
Filbert 20
Fire thorn 99
Fontanesia 309
Forestiera 316, 317
Forsellesia 197
Forsythia 242, 308
Fortunella 168
Fothergilla 87, 86, 89
Fouquieria 239
Fragrant olive 315
Frangula 220

Franklinia 234
Fraxinus 310, 317
French mulberry

331

Fringe tree 317
Furze 149
Fustic 35

Gardenia 345
Garrambullo 335
Garrya 267
Gaultheria 290, 271,

275, 278

Gaylussacia 294
Gelsemium 322
Genista 147
Georgia bark 343
Ginkgo 3

Gleditsia 139, 132
Glossopetalon 197
Golden chain 148
Gooseberry 82, 161
Gordonia 234, 269
Grape 224
Grape, Sea 45
Greenbrier 8
Grevillea 42.
Grewia 227
Groundsel tree 360
Guaiacum 157
Guarana 235 -
Guava 253, 254
Gum, Blue 257
Gum, Cotton 265
Gum, Sweet 85

INDEX

389

Gum styrax 306
Gumbo limbo 171
Gutierrezia 360
Gymnocladus 140,
170

Hackberry 39
Hahnia 106
Halesia 304, 305
Halimodendron 153
Hamamelis 88, 86,

87, 89

Harrimaniella 282
Hawthorn 111
Hazel 20
Heath 299
Heath, Mountain

278
Heath, St. Dabeoc's

280

Heather 298
Hedera 258
Hedysarum 134
Helianthemum 240
Helwingia 261, 7
Herbs, Savory 334
Hercules' club 260
Hibiscus 228
Hickory 18
Highbush cranberry

350

Hippocastanum 207
Hippophae 248, 246
Holly 191, 194, 315
Honey locust 139

Honey tree 218
Honeysuckle 353
Hop hornbeam 22
Hop tree 164
Hopea 307
Hornbeam 21
Hornbeam, Hop 22
Horse sugar 307
Horsechestnut 207
Hortensia 81
Hovenia 218
Huckleberry 294
Hudsonia 240
Hugeria 295
Humming bird 339
Hybrid barberry 60|
Hybrid chokeberry

105

Hybrid orange 169
Hydrangea 81, 344
Hydrangea, Climb-
ing 78

Hypericum 237
Hyssop 334
Hyssopus 334

Idria 239

Ilex 191, 163, 235,

315

Ilicioides 194
Imperial tree 337
Incense 84
Indigo, False 150
Indigofera 134
Inkberry 193

Itea 80, 75
Iva 360
Ivy 258, 177
Ivy, Boston 222
Ivy, Marine 223
Ivy, Poison 188

Jamesia 75, 312
Jasmine 320, 325
Jasminum 320
Jerusalem thorn

141, 213
Jessamine 320, 322,

325, 345
Jojoba 178
Judas tree 137
Juglans 16, 68, 80
Jujube 212, 213
Julibrissin 132
Jute. 113

Kalmia 278
Kalmiella 278
Kalopanax 259
Kerria 113, 93
Kinnikinnik 263
Koeberlinia 241,214,

221

Koelreuteria 209
Kola 231
Kolkwitzia 357
Kumquat 168
Kunzia 121

Labrador tea 271

290

INDEX

Laburnum 148, 134,

146

Lace bark 245
Lagerstroemia 249
Lagetta 245
Larch 4
Larix 4
Larrya 160
Laurel 73
Laurel, American

278

Laurel, Cherry 129
Laurus 73
Lead plant 150
Leather leaf 285
Leatherwood 245
Ledum 271, 278, 285
Leiophyllum 276
Leitneria 14
Lemon 168
Lepargyraea 248
Lespedeza 134
Leucaena 134
Leucothoe 283, 270,

278

Leycesteria 356
Lignum vitae 159
Ligustrum 319
Lilac 313, 113
Lilac, Californian

219

Lime 226

Lime, Ogeeche 265
Limeberry 167
Limonia 167

Linden 226
Lindera 72
Linnaea 355
Liquidambar 85, 89,

306
Liriodendron 62, 47,

65

Locust 157, 161
Locust, Honey 139
Loiseleuria 277, 216
Lonicera 353, 356

348, 352
Loquat 108
Lotus 212
Lucuma 302
Lycium 335, 215
Lyonia 287, 286, 270,

278

Maackia 144

Maclura 35

Maddenia 126

Magnolia 63, 65, 68,
45, 47

Mahoberberis 60, 155J

Mahogany 172

Mahogany, Moun-
tain 120

Mahonia 59, 57

Maidenhair tree 3

Mairania 293

Malus 102, 104

Mamey 302

Mangifera 183

Mango 183

Mangrove 251
Manna ash 310
Maple 202
Marica 267
Marine ivy 223
Mastacanthus 332
Mastic 184
Mate 231

Matrimony vine 335
Melia 174

Menispermum 61, 55
Menziesia 275, 270
Meratia 67
Mespilus 105, 110
Mesquite 135
Mexican buckeye 210
Mezereon 244
Michelia 64, 147
Micromeles 106
Microrhamnus 216
Mimosa, Texas 133
Mistletoe 43
Mock orange 74
Mockernut 18
Mohrodendron 304
Monkey tree 260
Moonseed 61
Morus 34
Mountain ash 106,

105
Mountain bearberry

293

Mountain heath 279
Mountain holly 194
Mountain lover 198

INDEX

391

Mountain mahog-

Ocotillo 239

any 120

Odostemon 59

Moxie plum 297

Ogeeche lime 265

Muhlenbeckia 7

Olea 318

Mulberry 34

Oleander 326

Mulberry, French

Oleaster 247

331

Olive 318

Mulberry, Paper 36

Olive, Fragrant 315

Myrica 13

Ononis 134

Myricaria 238

Opulaster 91

Myrslne 252

Orange 168

Myrtle 252

Orange, Hardy 169

Myrtle, Crape 249

Orange, Mock 74

Myrtle, Running 252

Orange, Osage 35

Myrtle, Sand 276

Orixa, 163

Myrtle, Wax 13

Osage orange 35

Myrtus 252

Osmanthus 315

Osmaronia 125

Nandina 56, 51

Osoberry 125

Nathusa 312

Ostrya 22

Negundo 202

Othera 163

Neillia 92, 91, 94

Oxycoccus 95

Nemopanthus 194

Oxydendrum 288,

Nerium 326

270

Nespera 108

Neviusia 114

Pachistima 198

New Jersey tea 219

Paeonia 50

Ninebark 91

Paeony 50

Nuttallia 125

Pagoda tree 143

Nyssa 265, 266, 68

Paliurus 213

Palo verde 142

Oak 29, 16, 85, 215

Papain 243

Oak, Poison 180

Papaw 68, 243

Oak, Silk 42

Papaya 243

Oakesia 179

Paper mulberry 36

Paraguay tea 231,

235
Parkinsonia, 141,

153

Parrotia 86, 89
Parthenocissus 225,

222

Paullinia 235
Paulownia 337
Pavia 207
Pea tree 154
Pear 104

Pear, Alligator 70
Peach 129
Pearl bush 98
Pecan 18
Pepper bush 268
Pepper tree 185
Pepper vine 222
Pepperidge 265
Peraphyllum 110
Iperiploca 327
Periwinkle 252
Pernettya 291
Persea 70
Persimmon 303
Peruvian bark 343
Petraea 330
Petteria 134
Phellodendron 165
Philadelphus 74, 76,

79, 113

•Phillyraea 314
Phlomis 334

,392

INDEX

Photinia 109
Phyllanthus 7
Phyllodoce 279
Physocarpus 91, 82
Pieris .286, 270
Pigeon plum 45
Pignut 18
Pimenta 255
Pinckneya 343
Pineapple guava 254
Pistacia 184
Pittosporum 84
Plagiospermum 131
Planera 39, 40
Platanus 90, 44, 45
Platycarya 15
Plum 127
Plum, Moxie 297
Plum, Pigeon 45
Poison oak 188
Poison ivy 188
Polycodium 295
Pomegranate 250
Poncirocitrus 169
Poncirus 169, 167
Popinac 134
Poplar 9, 33
Populus 9
Potato 336
Potentilla 117, 119
Pourthiaea 110
Prickly ash 161
Prinsepia 131
Privet 319
Privet, Swamp 316

Prosopis, 135, 182
Prunus 127, 194, 94
Psedera 222, 225
Pseudolarix 4
Psidium 253
Ptelea 164, 165,
Pterocarya 19
Pterostyrax 305
Puccinia 57, 59
Punica 250
Purple wreath 330
Purshia 121, 118
Pyracantha 99
Pyrus 104, 107, 94,

102, 105, 127
Pyxidanthera 301
Pyxie 301

Quercus 29, 32, 194
Quinine 343

Rambler 124
Raphiolepis 107
Raspberry 115
Redbud 137
Red haw 111
Retama 141
Rhamnus 194, 220,

221

Rhizophora 251
Rhododendron 272,

278

Rhodora 272
Rhodotypos 112
Rhus 187, 186

Rhynchospermum

325

Ribes 82, 75
Rice paper 258
Robinia 157, 76, 132
189 Rosa 123

Rose 123, 161
Rose acacia 157
Rose of Sharon 228
Rosemary 334
Rosemary, Bog 284
Rosmarinus 334
Rowan tree 106
Rubus 115
Rue 163
Rulac 202

Running myrtle 252
Ruscus 7
Rust, Wheat 57, 59

Sage 334

St. Andrew's cross

236
St. Dabeoc's heath

280

St. John's bread 138
St. John's wort 237
St. Peter's wort 236
Salisburia 3
Salix 11
Salt tree 153
Salvia 334
Sambucus 359
Sand myrtle 276
Sapindus 208

INDEX

393

Sapodilla 302
Sapote 302
Sassafras 71
Schinus 185
Schizandra 65
Schizophragma 78
Schmaltzia 187
Schrebera 312
Scorpion senna 156
Screwbean 135
Sea buckthorn 247
Sea grape 45
Securinega 176, 175
Senna, Bladder 152
Senna, Scorpion 156
Sequoia 257
Shadbush 110
Shagbark 18
Shepherdia 248
Silk oak 42
Silk vine 327
Silver bell 304
Silver plant 150
Simmondsia 178
Skimmia 166
Smilax 8
Smoke bush 186
Snowberry 352
Snowberry, Creep-
ing 297
Soapberry 208
Solanum 336
Sophora 143, 76
Sorbaria 97, 94
Sorbaronia 105

Sorbus 106, 109, 105
Soursop 68
Spanish broom 145
Spartianthus 145
Spartium 145
Spice bush 72
Spindle tree 195
Spiraea 94
Stachyurus 242
Stagger bush 286
Staphylea 201, 164
Star jasmine 325
Stauntonia 54
Stenolobium 342
Stephanandra 93, 92,

94

Stephanotis 328
Sterculia 230
Stewartia 233
Storax 306
Strawberry bush 196
Strawberry guava

254
Strawberry shrub

66

Strombocarpa 135
Strychnine 322
Strychnos 322
Styrax 306
Sumach 187
Supple Jack 217
Swamp privet 316
Sweetbrier 124
Sweetfern 13
Sweetgale 13

Sweetsop 68
Sweet bay 73
Sweet gum 85
Sweet leaf 307
Swietenia 172, 171
Sycamore 173, 90
Symphoricarpos 352
Symplocos 307
Syringa 313, 113, 74

Tamarack 4
Tamarind 136
Tamarindus 136
Tamarisk 238
Tamarix 238
Tangelo 168
Taxodium 5
Tea 235, 229
Tea, Labrador 271
Tea, New Jersey 219
Tea, Paraguay 231r

235

Tear blanket 260
Tecoma 342, 339
Thea 235
Theobroma 229
Theobromin 235
Thorn, Jerusalem

213

Thyme 334
Thymus 334
Ti ti 190
Tigarea 121
Tilia 226, 227, 11,

116, 152

394

INDEX

Tobacco 346
Tomato 336
Torminaria 106
Tornillo 135
Toxicodendron 188
Trachelospermum

325

Trailing arbutus 209
Trailing azalea 277
Trailing begonia 223
Tree of Heaven 170
Triphasia 167
Tripterygium 200
Tristania 256
Trumpet creeper 339
Tsuga 43

Tuckermannia 179
Tulip tree 62
Tupelo 265
Turquoise berry 222
Twinflower 355

Ulex 149

Ulmus 38, 11, 41

Ungnadia 210

Vaccinium 295, 278,

285

Vella 73
Viburnum 349, 91,

203

Vinca 252
Virginia creeper 222,

225

Virgin's bower 52
Vitex 333, 321
Vitis 224, 223
Vitis Idaea 295

Waahoo 196
Wafer ash 164
Walnut 16
Washington thorn

111

Wax myrtle 13
Weigelia 348
West Indian birch

171

Wheat rust 57, 59
Whin 147
Whitebeam 106

Wild lilac 219
Willow 11, 33
Willow, Desert 340
Wineberry 116
Winterberry 193
Wintergreen 290
Wistaria 151, 330
Wisteria 151
Woodbine 354
Woman's tongue 132

Xanthoceras 211
Xolisma 287
Xylosteum 352

Yellow wood 144
Yellowroot 51

Zanthorhiza 51
Zanthoxylum 161,

162

Zapote 302
Zelkova 40
Z-enobia 270
Zizyphus 212, 215,

132, 182

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