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WITH UNCLE SAM'S NATURALISTS. RELEASE Friday, January 1, 1932
\I} FOR BROADCAST PURPOSES ONLY Hy oedema He
WO ee JAN 2
ANNOUNCEMENT: We now have our visit with Uncle Sam's Naturalists of the United
States Department of Agriculture. --- Well, Mr. Wilds Man, let's start the year
right and hear the news from Nature -----
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Happy New Year, everybody }
When we get out in the wilds, we sometimes like to forget the calendar.
But on New Year's it is the "quaint old custom" to sort of look around
and get our bearings, and note the landmarks, as it were, to make sure where
we are, and how far we have come.
Of course, we think of the birds and animals of the wild as paying little
attention to our calendar dates, except possibly those we announce with guns at
the beginning of hunting seasons. Taken by and large, their habits probably
haven't changed much since the memory of man runneth not to the contrary.
Yet I gather from what Paul G. Redington, chief of the Bureau of Biologi-
cal Survey, says in his annual report, that wild life may have the same old
ways, but we are finding out new things about those ways right along. And
there is a lot we don't know yet. That's true as to the habits of individual
birds and animals, and also in regard to the way one form of life affects
another. The Bureau of Biological Survey has quite a jobs In some cases it
is a matter of protecting wild life against extermination by human beings, in
others it is a matter of protecting one kind of wild life against another, or
even protecting man or his possessions against wild animals.
Nor is that as simple as it may sound. There is such a thing as too much
protection of one species at the expense of some other. During the pnast year,
lire Redington says, specialists of his Bureau found new or added evidence that
on some of the more important deer, and antelope, and elk ranges in southeastern
Arizona, and the Kaibab deer ranges in northern Arizona the animals have in-
creased so much under protection that they are doing serious damage to the
forage already, They threaten to destroy the forest cover and the food-pro-
ducing capacity of those ranges.
In order to protect adequately the better species of shrubs and young
trees and other plants on which the animals feed, the number of deer will have
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to be reduced in some localities. Otherwise, they will overgraze, and kill off
the forage plants, so the range will not support as many animals as it can now
support without damage.
One way the investigators propose to reduce the number of deer is to let
other forms of natural wild-life flourish. That is, those areas would be
closed to private trapning and hunting of the big flesh-eating animals.
Protected from hunters, those animals would help to take care of the extra
deer.
That idea of leaving the wilds to its own wild ways of taking care of
such vroblems apneals to some folks as the proper way to handle wild life.
Just let them alone and let them fight it out among themselves.
But it is not always safe to do that. Because often the predatory
animals, such as mountain lions, and wolves, and coyotes, and bobcats get so
sunerous they threaten to wipe out some of our more valuable animals. Accord-
ing to the Forest Service, more game animals were killed on our national forests
by predatory animals than by hunters year before last. The reports indicate
that more than 88,000 deer, and elk, and moose, and mountain sheep, and ante-
lope, and mountain goats were killed on national forests by predatory animals,
while hunters killed fewer than 60,000 there.
Where there is a surplus of game animals, such predators as mountain
lions may do very little damage to domestic stock. But where game animals are
scarce, they become a serious menace. The expert hunters and trappers of the
Biological Survey are often called on to help protect stockmen against such
beasts of preye During the vast year, officials in Argentina were inquiring
about our ways of controlling mountain lions. It is reported that mountain
lions in that country are destroying large numbers of cattle and horses. But
plenty of stockmen and other informed people in this country will tell you that
you don't have to go that far away from home to find cattle killed by lions,
and wolves, and coyotes.
Coyotes, Mr. Redington says, continue to present our most serious problems
in predatory animal control. iiany people think of the coyote as being confined
to the West; but they don't know the coyote. Those little wild dogs with the
cold, calculating eyes are not only found in all the western vart of this
country, but are becoming scattered in the Bast. Last vear, a coyote was
killed near Jamieson, Florida, and another in the suburbs of Baltimore, Mary-
land. In fact, coyotes are found from Mexico to Alaska, and they sccmed to
have adapted themselves well to living in close touch with man.
By extending ranching and agriculture into what was formerly the "wilds,"
we have provided banquets for some of the wild creatures. In consequence of
the "easy-pickings" we have provided, some of these animals have in places in-
creased more than they could have in the keen-competition of their native wilds.
The same is true of some of our troublesome birds. Damage by birds has
always been most pronounced where agriculture is being extended into new arease
The orchard planted in a clearing among the foothills, or the rice field made
in a marsh where nature formerly held entire sway is imaediately recognized as
a first-rate source of food by the birds and other forms of wild life.
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That accounts for the serious situation with regard to destructive birds
on the Pacific Coast. In California, the linnet or house finch does more than
a million dollars worth of damage a year by eating buds and fruit! And that
is just one kind of bird. Horned larks do almost as much damage by destroying
seedlings of vegetable crops as linnets do to fruit. Snarrows add to the
destruction. Blackbirds and coots do heavy damage to the California rice crop.
In fact the bird situation is so serious in that State, that last year the
Biological Survey put two investigators to work studying conditions and find-
ing ways to control the damage.
You see, in this matter of either protecting wild life or of keeping it
in control, we need to know the "personal" habits of the birds and animals.
With birds here to-day and gone to-morrow, it is highly important to know
their behavior and just what conditions they find at other stop-overs along
their route, and especially the condition where they nest.
Last year, dird-banding cooperators of the Biological Survey banded more
than 169,000 birds. Since this work was started about eleven years ago; they
have banded nearly a million birds and many thousands of reports have been re-
ceived. Many of the bands have been reported or returned by hunters who found
them on legs of ducks or other birds they have brought down. Each band is
numbered, and knowing where it was put on, and where the bird was brought down,
it gives a clue to that bird's flying route. In this way, the Biological Survey
is gradually finding out more and more about the courses followed by different
migratory birds in going to and from their nesting and feeding grounds.
Of course, in determining the extent of protection or of control needed,
the food habits of the birds at different seasons and in different places along
the route must be known.
In fact, there are a number of fascinating investigations in progress
which may reveal to us new facts about our old acquaintances of the wilds.
From time to time, during the coming year, we hove to tell you about some of
theme
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ANNOUNCEMENT : You have just listened to a program presented by the United
States Department of Agriculture and Station - This time two weeks from
today we will have another visit with Uncle Sam's Naturalists.
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WITH UNCLE SAM'S NATURALISTS. RELEASE Friday, January 15, 1932
FOR BROADCAST USE ONLY
ANNOUNCEMENT; And now let's go back in the wilds for another of those visits
with Uncle Sam's Naturalists of the United States Department of Agriculture,
Today it is with foresters on our western mountain range lands.------Tell, Mr,
Wildsman, what is happening out there at the "Home on the Range'!?---------------
pie ole she st: oft se
Yell, it seems from what the U.S. Forest Service men tell me, that range
lands in the western part of this saa J have changed. Many .of them, nave
changed considerably, too.
Of. course, you know there are’ changes going. on in Mature ‘all the time. That is
the law of lifc inthe TLL 4® as’ voll. as ‘in? the tame. But; those more or less slow,
steady: abogene we think ‘of as norinal | is not what I am tall cing about.
ay out on Sortie of our western ‘mountain. range ands. Pei nadint yeat's bie piéecoe
have been taking - ‘place. ana; taking. “place fast.’ “Maybe you vouldn'tt notice the
“difference, ‘but these’ plant; experts, W210 Imow life on the range dom to the very
grass. roots, find the ground cover -haés undergone tremendously important changes.
Yea, .sir,. the very: character-of the ground cover has changed over wide stretches
of range. In many -cases, poison weeds and. worthless plants have replaced shrubs
and grasses Which used to.ve the feed of the cattle on a thousand hills. In
other places, the plant cover has heen so thinned out ims serious erosion and
washing array of the soil has set in. ae) sails
You probably guess what is behind“ thoke: -changes. And you are right. -Fire and
overgrazing are chiefly Tesponsible. When you put more cattle or. seep on tne range
than the range can support. readily, pretty soon af can't support even as many as it
did. :
The cattle and sheep go after the tastier, better forage plants first. ‘hen
the range is too heavily stocked, the better plants which may predominate are kept
down to such an extent that their less valuable competitors have a better chance
to take possession of the range. Those poorer species supply less feed and
support fewer head of stock.
On the higher and drier rariges, land sometimes gets too little rain to support
& complete ground coyer at best, With overgrazing and fires that land is soon
exposed to erosion and washing, . And, the range specialists say that if that
erosion is not stopped, it will reduce the land to a barren waste.
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How can you stov it? --— ‘Yell, naturally, the first thing you think of is to
stop grazing on such land. But in many cases, grazing helps keep dom the
danger of fire. For instance, sheep grazing on cut-over Douglas fir lands, not
only eat the foliage of many of the plants, but they trample dom much of the
uneaten vegetation. They break up a considerable cart of the dry material left
on the ground. They work it partly into the ground where it can not burn so
readily, and where it is more likely to absorb moisture. To a certain e7:tent,
therefore the grazing helps to keep dorn fire damage.
It is no simple matter to determine just how far grazing should go for the
good of the range. Hovever, foresters agree that on some tvpes of land moderate
grazing doesn't seriously interfere with the tree growth and that little injury
may be done is more than made up for by the lessening of the danger from fire.
They do say that precautions must be taken in any event to see that the range
is not overstocked and overgrazed. Grazing must be regulated.
But on many of the ranges, which have already been seriously damaged by fires
and overgrazing, just limiting the number of stock permitted on the range will
not be enough to get the range back to its old time capacity to supply good
forage.
Abnormal grazing and repeated fires, you might say, have artificially
interfered with the plnt life on the range and changed its character. For that
reason, foresters have been looking into the possibilities of artificially re-
seeding range lands. That has already been done successfully on limited areas
where growing conditions are above the average.
Of course, wnen you come to planting vast stretches of range land there are
a lot of practical »vroblems to be met. Taken by and large, the foresters say
it seems reasonable to suppose that native, wild grasses are naturally better
suited to growing conditions where they are found. But just what wild grasses
seem promising? That is one of the things investigators are now trying to find
out. Then, too, there is the question of whether enovgh seed of such grasses
can be had at low enough cost to making sowing the range to them really
practical.
It may be, the plant experts say, that we can actually discover or develop
plants that are adapted to the less favorable conditions than those found on
the mountain meadovs, and moist parks, and bottom land along streams where re-
seeding is now considered feasible. In fact, they even hold hope for vetter
forage plants than ve nov kno™.
So far, most of the work of reseeding range lands has been vith cultivated
or tame forage plants, And even those have not yet been tested out as fully,
or under as many conditions, as seems to be warranted.
But much more has been done with those teme grasses than vith our vild native
grasses. Nor do the ~ild and tame grasses now groving in this country include
all the possibilities. It may de that in other parts of the vorld, better forage
plants than any ve nov have may be groving on ranges under similar conditions
to those ve have in our Vest.
The range men say there is a real need for exploration of the likely range
lands in other parts of the earth for better forage plants for our o™m ranges.
And there seems to be nothing improbable in the idea “hen you recall that
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that nearly all the forage plants nov gromm in extensive cultivation in the more
humid parts of our country were brovgnt here from abroad, They are not native,
Why, the plant experts even tell me that our famous Kentucky bluewgrass, not
only isn't blue, but didn't really come from Kentucky to begin with, It was
introduced from the Old World, And by the vay that Kentucky blue grass igs one
of the grasses which have given good results on the moister. western mountain
grazing lands.
Timothy, however, has given vest all around results when tried out on western
range sites where the soil is moist. Quack grass classed as a troublesome weed
on farm lands in the East, seems to have possibilities for usefulness as forage
on range lands in some parts of the West. ,
When we speak of western range lands, however, tte are taking in a lot of
territor:, and a lot of different conditions, moist and dry, hot and cool, long
and short growing seasons, From what I gather from these range investigators,
wild native grasses, tame grasses from the East, yet untested plants from remote
sections of the globe may all be used to help bring back the carrying—capacity
of our western ranges,
It is a big problem, but a mighty important probdlem for the future of our
livestock industry -- or that big part of it vith its home on the range.
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ANNOUNCEMENT: The program to wnich you have just listened came to you as a
presentation of Station-------- and the United States Department of Agriculture.
Ye will have another visit with Uncle Sam's Naturalists two weeks from today.
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JITH UNCL2 SAM'S NATURALISTS RELEASE Friday, January 29, 1932
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ANNOUNCELZNT: And now our Wildsman is going to tell us a few things about
that most interesting and wnique animal, the beaver. It seems that Uncle San's
Naturalists of the United States Department of Agriculture are experimenting
with beavers --- but our Yildsman will tell you about those exoeriments ----~~—
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Maybe you heard that Mr. Vernon Bailey recently vlanted a few beavers
near the Pisgah National Forest, in North Carolina.
Mr. Bailey is a field naturalist of the U. S.
Biological Survey end an authority on the habits of beavers, and many other
wild animals- Only he might object to my calling them "wild animals" because
he insists that meny of them, and esvecially beavers, are very friendly hen
you come to knov them versonally, as it were.
Incidentally he says a lot-has deen written about beavers, but un-
fortunately moch of it by men with little first hand acquaintance with these
famous dam builders themselves. In that way, much misinformation has been
spread around about them---but more about that later. ----
First, lot me tell you about this little expcrimental colony of beavers,
Mr. Bailey just helped plant in the North Carolina mountains.
Beavers uscd to live in those forests. In fact, they originally in-
habited the greater part of North America, and at one time they produced fur
of greater value than that of any other fur-bearing animal of the continent.
Indians used them for food and warm clothing. You remember from your history,
beaver skin was used as a unit of barter with the Indians. The fur soon at-
tracted white traders and traopers, and the traffic in beaver skins became on
important commercial factor in promoting the erly settlement of the country.
But that w1s “onco on a time" »s they say in the story books. Generations of
intensive trapping completely cxtcrminnted benvers over much of their former
range, many, nny years ago.
For a number of years now, however, beavers have been given protection
in many sections of the country. Aftcr long 2bsence, they have been restored
to some parts of their old range.
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had been trapoed in Pennsylvania, when about ten years ngo a dozen benvers were
brought down from Canada to restock port of the old range in that State. Under
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the protection of good laws vell+enforced these beavers multiplied, until today
there are 10,000 beavers in Pennsylvania, and most of the wild land is well
stocked. So imch so that trapping is to be resumed and 2,500 beavers vill be
permitted to be taken during a short season next month and many will be caught
alive in traps and sold for breeding pnurposes.e Mre- Bailey himself designed the
original type of trap used in capturing beavers alive and uninjured.
Beavers have also long since been gone from our Southeastern States,
where there vere plenty in colonial days. Yet there is a lot of land not worth
cultivating and not earning anything, which lir. Bailey thinks might be made
profitable with a light stock of about 100 beavers to a 1,000 acres. It is
better to have them scattered out. You can't crowd beavers too much. In
building their doms, they sometimes flood lov ground and kill great areas of
valuable trees. Sometimes they cut choice timber trees for food and building
material. As a rule, however, in the northern statcs, beavers cut mostly aspens
and cottonwood and other trees of little value for timber.
The trees most favored in the northern range are not those uvon hich
the beavers will have to depend for food in the South. What trees they prefer
in that region is not kmown. That is one of the things the foresters and
naturalists want to find out by observation of this new exoerimental colony.
How will the beavers thrive in an environment where they don't have to store
wood for winter as they do in the North? ill beavers prove a profitable asset
on land being reforested? These and many other questicns vill be anstvered by
close observation of the new planting of beavers.
lire. Bailey savs that in all beaver colonies under control and observation
as well as in many vlaces in the wild, he has observed a great waste of food.
The beavers often cut trees in close stands and vhen cut many lodge against
others insterc of falling to the ground where the beavers can cut them up and
use them. Often half of the timber cut is wasted that way. The beavers try
hard to get tne trees down but often vithout success.
You know, in their cutting, and building, and transporting of timber,
they show remarkeble ability, but not the great enginecring skill some nature
fakers have attributed to them.
tir. Bailey says patience, and persistence, and strength, and industry
are more important factors in beaver work than quick vit or versatile mentolity.
They seldom go far from water in their search for food and building
material, because they are rather slow travelers on land, ‘here they are ensily
tired and get out of breath quickly. They are built for life in the vyater
rather than on insnd. In fact, their equipment for working wider vater is re-
markable. Their ears are equipped vith valves that close as they dive and open
instantly as they come to the surface. Their nostrils are also small and
valvular, and close under vater. Most striking of all, hovever, is a benver's
mouth. It has hairy lips, ~hich close back of its protruding chisel-like cutting
teeth, so it can use its teeth in cutting or tearing w rocts cr sticks belov
the surface vithout getting vater in its mouth. And the grinding teeth back
of valvular lips can be used for cheving while the lips are closed in front to
keep out the water.
Host of isi digging a beaver does, and he does a plenty, is under ~ntcr.
Beavers usually deeven their ponds by taking mud and earth from the bottom to
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ag rai the dam and house. Then they also make big burrows.
shese at the bottom of the pond or stream, dig up into the bank, |
widening out a sort of cave-like nest above the water level. Those
rows are sometimes 40 to 50 feet long and big enovgh for a man to
o- Then, of course, you knov they dig those canals or waterways they |
loating timber and for swimming through lowlands for food. But beavers |
c - eae S on indefinitely telling you some of the interesting things
peav 4, aaa Mre Vernon Bailey told me." Of course, you have seen their
ouses and know how they are built, and have noticed how the trees
nb ond aieed of their bark for food.
But I don't imow any better way to end this talk than to say a word
asi Saat tail. There has been a lot of specualtion about why a
; tail is wide and flat. Hr. Bailcy says one of the uses for that
\aaeees the water loudly as a sort of warning signal to fricnds and
it chiefly it is used in the water as a rudder and propeller. Its
dth 1 and stcering power is taxed to the limit as the beaver swims, tug-
y the side of a pole or log it is towing to the house or dam.
-—-—< So
ZNT; You have just listened to a program presented by the United
rtment of Agriculture and Station - This time two veeks
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UNCLE SAM AT YOUR SERVICE February 8, 1932
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
SPEAKING TIME: 11 Minutes.
ANNOUNCEMENT: This is Station in and we bring you again the
Veteran Inspector, who is going to tell you more about the work of Federal
officials who enforce the pure food and drug lave The Inspector, a veteran
in this work, is an official spokesman for the Food and Drug Administration
of the Department of Agriculture and nas been broadcasting these talks for two
and a half years nowe He has not yet exhausted his subject, nowever, Today
he is going to tell you what is going on at one of the Food and Drug
Administration's most important field inspection stations. Mre Inspector-—
—-9o0000—~
Imagine a city with 127 miles of deep waterfront—— which has the
fastest coal loading piers in the world-—- the largest grain elevator on
tide-water in the United States—— which ranks as the second American port
in volume of import tonnage handled—— the first American port in volume of
westbound intercoastal traffic handled—— and which is the seventh indus-
trial city of the natione e« e e
. | Imagine a city whose industries vary all the way from copper smelting
to the manufacture of bottle stoppers and straw hats.
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insecticides and fungicides which, of cotirse, mst be inspected to see that
they comply with the national law.
It is, of course, impossible to describe in 10 minutes all of the
activities of the Baltimore station. I may have occasion to come back to
Walsh's work later; but I want to invite you now to visit him and his men
at the offices and laboratories at 218 Water Street. You will find them
on the fourth floore
ANNOUNCEMENT: You have just heard the Veteran Inspector's latest service
talk, broadcast by Station through the courtesy of the United States
Department of Agriculturee He will be at the microphone at this hour again
next Monday and you are invited to hear him.
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LW “2 WITH UNCLE SA's NATURALISTS RELEASE Friday, February 12, 1932.
FOR BROADCAST USE ONLY
ANNOUNCEMENT: Wow for our bi-weekly visit with Uncle Sam's Naturalists
of the United States Department of Agriculture. Today, our Wildsman
tells us about the lookout service for detecting and reporting insect
outbreaks in our forests and big national parks ~—- Well, Mr. Wildman?
2K Fe a 3 OK 6 He oe 2 ok
Vell, you have all heard about fire fighting in our National For-
ests. You know about the system of lookouts for detecting fires. And
the telephone lines through the woods for giving the alarm. And the crews
of fire fighters that are rushed to the scene of action.
Of course, that is the most important and most spectacular part
of forest protection. Keeping fires down is chief of the many jobs of
our famous forest rangers. But Dr.F. C. Craighead, in charge of the
forest insect division of the Bureau of Entomology, has been telling me
about that lesser known, but still highly important, system of scouting
by which insect outbreaks are discovered and reported throughout the vast
stretches of timber in our national forests and our national parks.
£ course, you know insects at times do a tremendous amount of dam
age. Dr. Craighead points out that a tree is subject to attack by many
different kinds of insects at different stages of its growth. There are
insects which attack only the seedlings or baby trees. There are those which
attack only young trees. Others attack only mature trees. Some go after
the leaves. Other kinds infest twigs. Others are found attacking the limbs.
While still others attack the bark on the trunk.
Different kinds of insects attack different kinds of trees. Some
insects damage only onc kind of timber. Trees of a different sort in the
same stand are left undamaged. There seems to be an infinite varicty to
this life in the woods. |
Of course, the insect legions also have their troubles. Some of
them are preyed upon by othor insects, by different kinds of birds; and
we even have insect-cating animals. Weather conditions take their toll.
Also the natural enomies of insects tend to keep thom dowm so that some
years the damage they do is not very noticeable. There are relatively few
very destructive insects. Some of those, however, are very destructive.
Some are strong fliers, others spread more slowly from tree to tree. They
may sweep through a forest as a veritable plague. In a single season they
may xill thousands of valuable timber trees and change a beautiful landscape
i = ~=- —
—— “ ge
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USY —- 26 c-12-32
into a gaunt barren waste. If not checked promptly such an infestation nay
get beyond control, just as afire somotines gets out of control.
About five years ago, there was an outbréak of the spruce bud worm
near the eastern entrance of the Yellowstone National Park, That outbreak
threatened to destroy all the fir around the camp sites, and canyons, and
dude ranches. The famous scenery of that section was saved from its ap
parent doom by prompt spraying with chemicals to kill those insects. In
some cases, however, the forest and park administrators have been forced
to resort to protection of a strip of timber along the road. You can't
take claborate spraying equipment through the thick of the forest, and
even were that possible the cost would be prohibitive. In one place, Dr.
Craighead mentioned, the tourist finds himself flanked by an apparently
beautiful forest of unmeasured depth, but a thousand feet back through
this scenic screen stretch miles upon miles of skeletons of a forest com
pletely destroyed by insects.
The worst of tree-killing insects seem to de the various kinds of
bark beethes, which burrow into the bark of the tree, and kill the tree
in a single season. To stop the spread of some kinds of bark beetles it
is necessary to fell the infested trees, strip off the bark and burn it.
In case of thin—bark trees, the treatment is a little different. The work
er equipped with a compressed-air sprayer sprays the tree with fuel oil;
hen ignites it, and scorches the bark and kills the beetles. In the case
of the lodgepole pine beetle in the Crater National Park the infested tree
is merely felled in a north and south direction. The heat of the sun kills
the beetles. After a time, the workers return and turn over the log, given
the sun a chance to kill off the beetles infesting the other side.
And, by the way, that lodgepole pine beetle threatens soon to de-
stroy ail the lodgepole pine in which the Yellowstone National Park and
nearby forests are clothed. That devastating infestation started in the
Blackfeet National Forest near the Canadian border in 1909 and has swept
along since then taking all the mature lodgepole pine. It also attacks
yellow pine, and western white pine, but doesn't attack fir, or even any
young pines below 8 inches in diameter. In a stand of timber wnich is
fifty per cent fir and fifty per cent lodgepole pine, that beetle will de-
stroy the lodgepole pine and leave the fir. But then the Douglas fir
beetle may come along and take the fir.
It is estimated that bark beetles in western states destroy six
billion feet of timber, some $20,000,000 for lumber alone eacn year. This
does not take into consideration the scenic value of such trees as lodge—
pole pine in national parks worth mich more than that.
I just mention that to call your attention to what it sometimes
means for an insect outbreak to get out of control. In the vast stretches
of our national parks and national forests you can see at once, that it
might be easy for insect outbreaks to gain considerable headway before being
detected. That is the reason for this insect outlook service I mentioned
awhile ago.
In that service, Dr. Craighead tells me, that the Bureau of Entomol-
ogy cooperates with the United States Forest Service and the National
Park Service. The men who first actually spot and report insect outbreaks
——
USN pect ik 212.52
are our old fricnds, the keen-cyed forest rangers and park rangers. Of
course, if they discover any alarming insect outbreak at any time, they re-
port it promptly. But the discovery is not left merely to chance, Once
2 year each ranger makes a complete, systematic survey of his district,
keeping on a sharp lookout for dying trees. He examines any he discovers
for signs of insect damage, reports the conditions, and may send in one
or more of the insects he suspects is the culprit. If a number of trees
are infested he travels back and forth through the forest counting the
damaged trees to determine the approximate area and extent of the damage.
Reports are forwarded from district forest or park headquarters to
the nearest branch headquarters of the Bureau of Entomology. In the West,
there is a district entomologist at Portland, Oregon, one at Berkley,
California, and one at Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. If a report looks at all
alarming, the entomologist may rush to the scene to inspect the trouble
himself. The forest and park service officials are advised of the danger,
and those officials determine whether the manaced timber or scenic value
warrants the expense of fighting the insecs in that particular areca.
Of course, forest and park rangers are not alwys insect experts,
Some are naturally more observant than others. But at the annual ranger
schools, the entomologist trains these men in the method of making sur-—
veys, takes them into the forest and shows them the insect at work, and
otherwise prepares them as insect scouts.
Oi He a 2 OR ok EK i
ANNOUNCEMENT: You have just listened to an account of the forest insect
surveys o: the Bureau of Entomology, the United States Forest Service,
and the National Park Service. Two weeks from today, we will have another
visit with Uncle Sam's Naturalists.
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AN UNOLE SAM'S NATURALISTS Friday, February
FOR BROADCAST USB ONLY
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ANNOUNCEMENT: Now for another trip into the woods with Uncle Sam's
Naturalists of the United States Department of Agriculture. Our
Wildsman will lead us into the woods to get us out of the woods in some
of our thinking about the woods —--—jell, Mr. Wildsman? -----~
28 OR ok kK
Dre We Be Bell, of the Unitéd States Biological Survey, has been
telling me about the plans for finding out more about how one kind of
wild life affects another, or other, kinds. How plant life affects animal
life, and how animal life affects plant growth.
Of course, you lmow that what we call the woods == meaning the trees,
and the grass, and the leaves, and the insects, and the birds, and the
animals, and all the other forms of forest life -- make a mighty complicated
subjects Most of us go to the forest, the field, or other haunts of wild
life looking for one thing, noticing maybe a few others, and forming sone
Vague general idea of it alle For instance, if we are mnting quail or
rabbits, we are interested in finding out about their haunts and habits,
but we are not apt to be so observant of other wild life. You Imov, you
see what you look for.
No one man can know all of nature in all its relationships. Naturalists
have been forced to specialize. When they have found their forest pet, as
it were, being endangered by an overabundance of some other form of animal
or plant life, they have thought of ways to control the despoilers. But
the matter is not so simple as that.
For instance, Dr. Bell was telling me about the case of ruffed
grouse, or pheasants. Grouse make mighty good eating. They are one of
our best game birds, but, as you may know, they have proved to be quite
a puzzle. Protected from hunters, they sometimes flourish like the
proverbial green bay tree; they increase in mumberse Then suddenly they
are gone almost completely swept away over vast areas. Bacterial
and parasitic diseases have been blamed for killing them off by the
thousands This raises many questions regarding the effect of weather
conditions on life cycles and on rabbits or other animals that may harbor
the agencies that cause the diseases in srouse,
Chipmunks and squirrels uarvest seed crops from trees. What
effect does this habit have? I8 it good or bad? Some of the seed they
put in the ground may sprout, but if they eat all the crop what is the
’ forest to do for trees? Our foresters often find it necessary to seek out
the seed stores of rodents in order to get seed to plante
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Then there is the pocket gopher. Is the damage it does by its
burrowing activities offset by the good it does in stirring up and
working the soil and opening it up so the water can get down? That, you
may Suess, depends on where the burrowing is done, on the use made of
the land, and on how many pocket gophers are at work. This last considera-
tion brings up a question that hasn't been answered yet: What are the
main causes of differences in numbers of different kinds of animals or
plants at different times?
Woodpeckers are generally helpful to trees by destroying injurious
insectse However, woodpeckers have been suspected at times of performing
anything but sanitary tree surgery, for if one sticks his bill into a
diseased tree, and then flies off to attack another tree, it may be
responsible for spreading that disease.
On the Kaibab National Forest the mule deer became so numerous for
a time that they overgrazed the range and threatened to destroy both the
range and themselves in doing it, while other animals under the same sort
of protection hardly increased in numbers at all.
Of course, all these relationships which I have merely brought to
your attention have been studied for many years by scientists and scientific
organizations here and there. But not enougn and not fast enough to meet
the need for information. It is to help out in these needed studies that
the Biological Survey, under the provisions of the McNary-McSweeney Act,
has recently mapped out a comprehensive program of research to find the
facts about these complex relationships vetween many plants and animals.
Game management problems, for instance, have become prominent. Dr.
Bell exolains that it is becoming very evident that game management mst
play an important part in the future development and use of our game and
wild lite resources. But in order to manage properly we must know what
we are doings The first thing is to learn just what the conditions are,
and woat we have to deal with, in the various parts of the country. To
that end, the Biological Survey now has several men in the field, making
surveys to find out what wild life is actually here and what the animals
are doinge
Don't get the idea that this is to be just a sort of still picture
ot what is on hand at any particular time; there are few still pictures
in nature. The plan of the bureau is to keep constant track of the ever~
shifting forces in nature and the varying changes that they cause. The
program in its general features is a permanent program of research into
the relationships of plants and animals in forest, field, and stream.
Consider beasts of prey, for instance. What are their good points
and what their bad? What is their real value in keeping down the
numbers of other animals from the standpoint of the health of those
other species? What is the value of these predatory animals for fur?
On the other hand, how about the harm they do? Are they unduly destructive
to game, or livestock, or other forms of life? Then, too, there is the
problem of disease among wild life, as well as among domestic animals -
and human beingse Furthermore, there is a serious possibility of diseases
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Soreading from wild animals to different forms of domestic stock and,
of course, from domestic to wilde Even human beings are often endangered
by diseased animals. Those relationships must be looked into more.
Of course, predatory animals are just one group: Rodents are
another. There is a long list of things we need to know about rodents,
from their breeding and feeding habits to their relation to grazing,
erosion, and soil working. A wide variety of problems concerned with
game and fur animals also is pressing for a better solutione How to keep
up the game and fur supply and still be able to hunt and trap, and what
places to be restocked, are big problemse And remember wild life does
not grow in species-tight compartments. And of course, no one agency
could run dovm all the ramifications.
For the first time, though, we now have a comprehensive program
by which the work of the Biological Survey and other branches of the
Department, as well as other institutions, throughout the country will
be coordinated. Experienced field naturalists and trained biologists
are at work to find the answer to these many baffling questions in
forest=biology. The solution of these problems, as well as of new ones
that are constantly arising, should benefit not only man in his in-
dustrial operations, but should aid him in conserving valuable forms of
wild life and in controlling species having injurious tendenciese
ANNOUNCEMENT: The program you have just heard has come to you from the
United States Department of Agriculture and Station « Two weeks
from today we will have another visit with Uncle Sam's naturalists.
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WITH UNCLE SAM'S NATURALISTS RELEASE Friday, March 11, 1932
FOR BROADCAST USE ONLY
ANNOUNCEMENT: Now for another visit with some of Uncle Sam's Naturalists of
the United States Department of Agriculture. We get out in the wilds with
these naturalists every other week at this same time ~-------------
WhO 2 Ok OK
We've been talking about the woods and the wide open spaces; about
the birds, and the animals, and the insects; about tho trees and the grasses,
and the weeds. But Mr. William A. Dayton, of the range forage investigations
of the United States Forest Service, reminds us we haven't said anything about
the shrubs.
Shrubby, woody vine, and small tree vegetation is not of course, as
much value for forage for livestock as the grasses, but Mr. Dayton says, it is
of enormous importance, especially to our livestock industry under western range
conditions. He says it is impossible to say how many separate species of these
shrubby plants there are in the United States, or even in the West,
However, for the country as a whole, Mr. Dayton declares the number runs
easily into the thousands, In the past 22 years, about 1,000 species of shrubs,
undershrubs, and woody vines have been collected on national forest ranges and
studied by forest officers, and:more are being discovered every year.
In fact, Mr. Dayton points out, there are large areas of our national
forests and other lands of the West that are still practically unexplored
botanically.
And, when you come to think of it, western shrubs, are enormously varied
in their distribution. You find them everywhere from the seashore, or even
below sea level in such places as Death Valley, up to timber line, and even
at the very limit of vegetation on our high mountains. You find them in the
driest spots that vegetation can last, and in the wettest of water-logzed bogs,
Very few forms of plant life can stand as much alkali or salt as certain shrubs,
yet you also commonly meet various bushes in the richest humus.
There are millions of acres of the chaparral types of plants in
California alone, In parts of the Grent Basin and the Rocky Mountain region
generally you often come across vast stretches marked with sagebrush as fhr
as the eye can reach, And the tremendous wastes of our southwestern cosert
support any number of highly specialized types of shrubby plants.
Often they grow in pure or nearly pure stands. More commonly, however,
-_~
-2- 3-11-32
you see them mixed in with other kinds of plants, For example, as an under-
story in the forest or as more or less scattered individuals in grass and
weeds in parks, on foothills, and on mountain slopes. In the mountains of
the West, shrubs are often met with at the lower elevations, as on the foot-
hills, and lower plateaus, above or near timber line.
But what are they all good for? --- Well, that is a pretty big ordcr,
when we don't even know how many kinds there are, However, among the many
uses, they serve to protect the watershed and conserve wild life. Some of
them are poisonous. Others have medicinal properties. Others supply cordwood,
edible fruits or nuts. To the range-wise forester or stockman, certain kinds
serve as indicators or "ear marks" of overgrazed range, and planting sites,
and of land fit for farming.
And, of course, from Mr, Dayton's viewpoint, one of their chief values
is as browse for livestock, especially in times of drought and other feed
shortage, Roughly speaking, he says, only about one in eighteen of the kinds
of shrubs has very much forage value, but the number that are grazed to some
extent at least under certain circumstances, is very great.
There is no rule by which you can tell a good browse plant from a poor
one. As ifr. Dayton says, it is like the pudding in the adage, the proof is in
the eating of it. In general, stock prefer the juicier kinds with the bigger
and thinner leaves. And stock are much more likely to crop plants with bland
juices like those of most of the rose and mallow families than they are to eat
those of a bitter, acrid taste,
Yet some kinds of bitter—tasting foliage, such as that of bitter brush
and cliffrose, the animals seem to like. You know the old saying, there is no
disputing about taste. That is true enough about human taste, and seoms to be
even more so about stock. In fact, Mr. Dayton says the more he knows about
what plants livestock seem to relish, the more he is convinced that animals
make chemical distinctions in bitterness that the human palate simply can not
appreciate, They pass up some types of bitterness and relish others apparently
just as bitter.
Many shrubby plants, especially those of the goosefoot family,growing
in alkaline or saline land, have a salty taste most stock seem to like. But
animals seldom graze plants that have an acid flavor, and Mr. Dayton doubts
wheter any western shrub with a milky juice is palatable to livestock.
Whether stock graze one sort of shrub or another depends a lot on the
season of the year and what else is available, For instance, big sagebrush,
on the higher summer ranges is seldom of much value as a forage plant. But
on the lower ranges, where it is more plentiful and where its slender twigs,
and big leaves and the flowering and fruiting heads are available to livestock
through the late fall, and winter, and early spring, big sagebrush is often the
mainstay ration. Sheep and gonts especially take to it at such times. Cattle
also browse it considerably, but less so than sheep, In fact, sheep sometimes
get a "sage hunger" and often leave other feed alone for several days until
they get enough sage.
Big sagebrush is not thought so much of in Washington State and much
of Oregon, but it is highly esteemed in Nevada, and Utah, and Colorado, and
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New Mexico. That, Mr. Dayton tolls me, is largely because in the north big
sagebrush occurs mostly on summer or early fallrange. Its palatability and
usefulness is much greater in the late fall, winter, and very early spring.
The most remarkable thing about big sagebrush, however, is its enormous
root system, that reaches way down under ground for water and minerals. A
vigorous growth of big sagebrush has long been used as an indicator of potential
agricultural land, and has been very valuable in reclamation projects.
Mountain-mahogany, bitterbrush, cliffrose, and other of ty rose family
form probably the most important group of range browse plants. Yet in that
same general rose family there are some that are practically worthless from the
6razing stondpoint.
In all this grazing business, the stockman and range official has to take
into consideration not only one particular kind of plant grazed, but the effect
the grazing of that plant on the grazing of other kinds pl*::ts ..: 1 So
Mountain mahogony, for instance, stands close grazing well, and some
people claim that_on the better sites it should be grazed closely enough to
make the plants take on a bushy and more spreading form. But if that is done
with any livestock except goats, lir. Dayton says, it will cause overgrazing of
herbaseous vegetation and result in erosion and serious lowering of the live-
stock carrying capacity of the range.
Each of the thousands of shrub species growing here, there, and yonder
has an interesting story, according to Mr. Dayton. The pines, and the oaks,
and the apples, and the honeysuckles, and the willows, and the heaths, the
peas, and the beans, and several others all have representatives of their
botanical families among the shrubs of the forest, or mountains or plains. It
is surprising too, that although legumes are so important as forage for live-
stock, the members of that family among the shrubs on the range furnish little
or no browse. But they do produce several kinds of poisonous plants.
ANNOUNCEMENT :
You have just listened to our feature called "With Uncle Sam's Natura-
lists" which was prepared by the United States Department of Agriculture.
Two weeks from today we will again go out into the open and listen to
Nature's teachings.
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FOR BROADCAST USE ONLY
ANNOUNCEMENT: Good day and good luck! This is the day we tune in on
Nature or what Uncle Sam's Naturalists of the United States Department
of Agriculture have to say about it.
9 OK sk 2 Kok ok ok oe
Let's sing today with the wisest of men --- "Lo! the winter is
past; the flowers appear on the earth; the time of the singing of birds
is come,"
If the music hasn't swelled to a grand chorus around your neigh-
borhood yet, it won't be long now. Anyway W.L. McAtee, of the United
States Biological Survey, has been giving me some good hints on how to
improve my chances of getting an ear full of bird msic and an eye full
of feathered beauty. To say nothing, of the help of a number of active
workers to keep down insect pests.
Mr. McAtee says that when you take proper measures to attract and
protect birds, you can often increase the bird population several fold. And
by doing that, you can cut down the losses from depredations of injurious
insects.
Whoever said a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush, evidently
overlooked the activity of those two in the bush gobbling up troublesome
insects.
And, from what Mr. McAtee says, it seems to be a good idea to have
&@ bish for that psir of birds to make their home in. Although 2 number of
our native birds build their nests on the ground, most of them prefer to
set up housé-keeping iu trees or shrubs—- in holes or on the limbs or in
the crotches. For th:+ reason, shrubbery and trees for nesting sites are
needed to make the place attractive to birds.
Ff the kinds of trees and shrubs planted are chosen from among cer-~
tain wild fruit—bearing species, they will serve a double purpose of pro-
viding some food as well as lodging for the birds, and will help protect
domestic varieties of fruit.
However, to make shrubs more attrartive for birds, Mr. McAtee sug—
gests the shrubs be allowed to form thickets and that you prune them back
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severely when they are young sd as to produce a lot of crotches.
In these days of modern tree surgery, hole-nesting birds can't find
so many tree hollows in which to live, but most of them take very well to
bird houses.
When you see a house wren nesting in a discarded tin can, or an
old hat, or the empty sleeve of a scarecrow, or the cranial cavity of a
weathered cow's skull, you realize that bird~housing requirements are few
and simple.
A bird house doesn't have to be anything elaborate. To male the
nesting safer, and more attractive to the birds, however, Mr. McAtee sug
gests the bird house should be durable, rain—proof, cool, and readily ac-
cessible for cleaning.
Although we have more need for bird houses under present day con-
ditions, this idea of providing nest boxes for birds is nothing new. Mr.
McAtee says that early records of Asia Minor tell of the use of doves and
Pigeons for carrying messages, and that means they mst have had houses
for the birds. The shelves for swallows in Japanese temples and the feed~
ing towers with nesting places maintained by the Brahmans of India mst go
back hundreds and even thousands of years.
In this country the early colonists found that American Indians of
some of the more agricultural tribes of the eastern sections hung up gourds
for purple martins on trees trimmed to bare stubs for the purpose. That
practice has been kept up by white men in much the same form through the
Southeastern States right dow to the present hour, Since colonial times,
folks in the Southeast have put up houses for purple martins and shelves
for cliff swallows and barn swallows.
You know the Indians have always had the reputation of lnowing a
g00d bit about wild life. They evidently kmew what they were doing when
they trimmed those trees to bare stubs. Some folss put bird houses in
untrimed trees instead of on posts or poles and then wonder why the houses
don't prove successful in increasing the number of birds around the place.
Such @ location may look more natural to some o* us humans, but it evident-
ly doesn't seem quits safe to the birds. And ={tea you don't have to look
further than that prow;ing beast of prey, the house cat, to find why birds
prefer houses not so casily reached by their enemies on the ground.
Another caise of failure of some bird houses is that the entrance
hole is made too sm=!.. {ur the bird for which “:2 box is intended. But if
you want practical ins‘:rzctions on how to build = bird house, so as to make
it cortortable and avi:active to the birds you vant about, I'd suggest you
write the U.S. Deparitmcat of Agriculture for Farmors! Bulletin No. 1456 on
"Homes for Birds",
And in all this business of attracting birds, especially during hot
weather, nothing works much better than drinking and bathing places. Mr.
McAtee suggests that the bird's water supply should be a pool not more than
a few inches deep, with the bottom gradually sloping upward toward the cdge.
The edge and the bottom should both be rough so to give the feathered drinker
or bather a good safe footing.
A good comfortable, safe place to nest, and a good safe place to
drink and bathe, and then something to eat. Plenty of food just before
and during the nesting season tends to increase the nurber of eggs, and
also the number of broods in a season. Well, there are two Ways you can
supply food. One way is just to put food out in artificial devices where
the birds can get to it readily. That is most important in winter, but as
Mr. McAtee renarks, winter feeding easily passes into summer feeding, and
some birds gladly avail themselves throughout the year of that easy way of
getting a living.
Another way of supplying bird food is by cultivating their natural
food plants and letting them reap the harvest in their ow wey. Less has
been done along that line for the true seed-eating birds than for those
fond of pulpy fruits. The reason for that is that our seed-eating birds
patronize weeds, which we do not care about cultivating, while the fruit
eaters depend upon many plants which we cultivate anyway for their value
@s ornaments.
The United States Department of Agriculture will supply you with
information about plants that can be used to attract both seed-eating and
fruit-eating birds.
With plenty of food and water, and a good safe place to stay, why
wouldn't the birds be attracted?
Of course, making the birds safe from their enemies is the prime
requisite for increasing the number of the birds. If you want to establish
@ real bird sanctuary on your place, Mr. McAtee says the most effectual
single step is to surround your bird refuge with a good cat-proof fence,
one that can't be climbed, or dug under.
In case it is impractical for you to bild an impenetrable fence to
protect the birds, the next best thing is to put guards of sheet metal on
all nesting trees and on poles supporting bird houses. You should do that
anyway, if there is any danger of squirrels or snakes. It is seldom you can
fence out squirrels or snakes. Put the tree guards on 6 feet or nore above
the ground.
If you vant birdsfor their songs or service in keeping dow insects,
you can probably get thea by following a few simple rules in providing pro-~
tection, their favorite foods, and lodging.
dk ok ok ok aK 3 ok ae
ANNOUNCEMENT: That bulletin on homes for birds is Farmers Bulletin No. 1456,
and can be had free as long as the supply lasts. Write for it either to
this station or direct to the United States Department of Agriculture, at
Washington, D. C.
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; ,April 8, 1932
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WITH UNCLE SAh'S NATURALISTS
FOR BROADCAST USE ONLY
ANNOUNCEMENT: Now is our time with Uncle Sam's Naturalists of the United
States Department of Agriculture. Today we have a few suggestions about the
woods from one of our foresters.
2K 2K KK
"Come forth into the light of things,
Let nature be your teacher." -----
So says the poet, and so says Extension Forester W. R- Mattoon of the
United States Forest Service. Only lir. Mattoon says it in prose, and with
particular reference to the trees.
Of course, some of us spend a good bit of, time in the woods all the
year around. 3ut I guess more folks get the urge to get out into the woods at
this time of the year than most any others LEven people who ate content to
stick around the house or stay in town at other times, seem td be, drawn toward
the woodland in'the springs Many of us don't get out for a good long stay in
the forest until well along into summers In the spring, however, we get that
hankering to at least get out and explore around a little in whatever wood we
can reache
And HMre Liattoon suggests that those who have little knowledge of wood-
craft might do well to get better acquainted with the ways of the woods. In
fact, he says it is essential that our veople kmoyv the importance and value of
many forest tracts of small size that make up our farm woodlands.
It is certainly a facinating subject once you get into it. Folks who
are used to just drinking in the beauties of Nature without much attention to
the details, might start by getting acquainted with the different kinds of
trees. Learn to distinguish the different kinds of trees by some of their
well-marked characteristics of leaf, and bark, and fruit, and seed, and buds
and twig arrangement.
Of course, everybody probably knows some of the trees in their locality,
but you will be surprised how many you pass up or don't really know. I know I
Wase
Now that spring is coming up this way and the buds are bursting, don't
forget the flowers of the forest trees. As Mre Mattoon points out to me, the
o flowers of our trees form a clock dial for the advancing year. So, as they
bloom in succession, note the blossoms of the willow, the maple, the elm, and
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the cottonwood, until the last flower blooms in June, and seed are on the wing.
Or maybe you don't have those trees in your woods? What trees do you have in
your neighborhood? I'll venture to say there are a lot of you who have been
enjoying trips through the woods for years, who don't really lkmow the names of
all the common kinds of trees. Test yourself on this.
And while you are getting acquainted with the different trees, you will
probably notice that certain trees prefer certain localities. As you imo,
you find the willow by the stream, the yellow or tulip poplar in the valley,
the red oak on higher grounds One kind of tree needs a lot of moisture while
another will grow in a drier situation.
As you have probably noticed certain trees "hobnob" together because
they have similar needs in the way of soil, and moisture, and light and the
like. You soon learn to group your trees as belonging to certain types. There
are certain trees you find associated together on the ridges. Other groups
you notice on the slopes. Others you find hobnobbing on bottom-land. Others
seem to prefer the swamps.
What is your favorite woods? Is it the coniferous forest type? If so,
what kind of cone-bearing trees do you find in it? Or maybe it is the pure
hardwood type. Or maybe a mixed hardwood and conifer type: Did you ever
stop to figure why that woods is the kind it is?
And did you ever try to figure how some of the trees in the woods got
where they are? You know forests have been traveling about long before the
famous Birnam wood came to Dunsinane. Some trees travel by wind: That is,
the seed are scattered by the wind. And you Have probably ndticed a good many
of those ingenious contrivances vith which dome of the seed are equipped for
getting abouts
Some trees travel by animal. For instance, squirrels play an important
part in spreading the seed of certain trees.s Hickories, valnuts, butternuts,
oaks, honeylocust, persimmons, and beeches are among the trees spread by ani-
mals. Birds also carry such tree seed as red cedar and cherry from place to
place. While such trees as cypress, tupelo gum, cottonwood, willows, maples,
and a number of others are spread by water- Sometimes when you see a certain
kind of tree growing along a stream or a fence-row it is pretty easy to figure
how it got there.
When you go into the cool shade of the woods, note the forest floor
too. Note the undergrovth of young trees and shrubs and ferns and moss, and
the litter of fallen leaves. Take your jackimife or a stick and dig right
down under that cover into the mold of many years of fallen lenves. There you
will find the answer to Villon's question "Where are the snows of yesteryenr?"
When rain falls or snow melts under the shadov of the forest it sinks
into the spongy earth. The forest hns sonked up the rain and melted snov like
a sponges Find 2 spring, and you will see where the stored vater is seeping
out to feed the streams. The rainfall and snowfall that has been held back
in the hidden reservoir of the forest has been transformed into o steady sup-
ply of water for the pasture, and the farm, and the mill, and the city.
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Go out into the open and dig into the soil of an unwooded slope and
notice the difference between that and what you found in the woods soil.
Chances are you vill find the soil on that unwooded slope dry and hard. Of
course, you lmov what has happened. ‘hen the rain fell or the snow melted
on that oven hillside, there was nothing to hold it backs It just rushes
down hill.
Maybe if you look around on the open hillside, you may find places
where the soil, with no roots to bind it, has been washed away by the raine
If there are any steep slopes in the neighborhood, you may find deep gullies
dug into the sround. Trace where that soil goes that is washed down tue
slope.
When you have noted those facts about the trees, the soil, and the
stream you begin to see the relation which the forests of our country bear
to the well-being of our land. [In a little strip of woodland and neighboring
cleared lanc, you may have an example in miniature of soil protection and good
streams, or erosion and flood damage, and get 2 clearer understanding of the
larger menning of this Nation's forests to farm land and industry anc commerce.
Or if you cre of a investigative turn of mind, and want to find out
about the oast life in the woods, you may be able to detect in some stump or
the end of the saw-log much of the story of the past of that woods. In the
varying thickmesses of the annual rings is written the fat and thin yenrs of
the tree. [n ee rings, you my also find evidences of fires ond insect
attacks which rave occurred in the life of that tree. By counting the growth
Tings, froaz Be BAe back to the scar left by the fire in some cases you my
be able to tell about what year that fire happened.
In fact, whether you are a novice or a woodsman of long experience,
there is a lot that the trees can tell youe As for myself,
"J will up and get me away where the hawk is wheeling
Lone and high,
And the slow clouds go by.
I will get me away to the waters that glass
Tre clouds as they pass.
I will get me away to the woods."
dee kK
ANNOUNCEIIENT: You have just heard a few suggestions on getting better ac-
quainted with the woods. This program has come to you from the United States
Department of Agriculture. Two weeks fran today we will again go with Uncle
Sam's Naturalists into fresh fields and pastures new.
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WITH UNCLE SAM'S NATURALISTS RELEASE Friday, April 22, 1932
FOR BROADCAST USE ONLY
ANNOUNCEMENT: Again we turn to Uncle Sam's Naturalists of the United
States Department of Agriculture. Again.we catch on the wing a few facts
about outdoor life, This time it is a wild night life which you may no-~
tice most any spring night---—.
FE 6 Oe ie He Oh 26 ok ek
If you want to do a little original research in the ways of the
wild, here is a subject for yous: Bats.
Mr. Vernon Bailey, of the United States Biological Survey, tells
me that we know probably less about bats than about almost any other order
of animals. He suggests that close and patient study of bat colonies, of
groups of bats, or even of single bats found roosting in accessible places
might repay you with some new and useful information.
What we do kmow has been largely picked up by studying individual
bats seen flitting about at twklight and around camp fires at night or oc-
casionally fluttering into lighted rooms through the open windows. Some~
thing of the habits of bats has also been learned by examining specimens
shot down during the early evenings, or found hanging head downward from the
roofs of caves or dark attics, or tucked away in hollow walls or under boards
or the bark of trees.
Many people seem to have a horror of bats. When a bat comes in,
they get out and get out quickly. To them a bat is a darting terror. Of
course, no one in this audience has that eerie feeling at sight of a bat.
None of you even picture bats as attendant on witches and ghosts and hob-
goblins. It is little wonder that those notions got started. Here is a fly-
ing mammal glimpsed ordinarily only at night. By day, it is gone, often dis
appearing completely, as if the earth had swallowed it up. And, literally
that is what has happened in many cases, for many of our bats are cave
dwellers. Others. hide away in clefts of the rocks, in dark places in build
ings or trees, or under cover of dense foliage.
Then another characteristic of bats to which they probably owe a good
bit of their awesomeness is that sudden turning and darting while in flight.
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Yet that erratic movement is one of the important habits of bats, for it is
done in catching insects on the wing.
Insects, Mr. Bailey tells me, form the entire food supply of our
northern bats. None of the fruit-eating bats or the plood-sucking vale
pires of the Tropics reach the borders of the United Svates. In fact, Mre
Bailey has concluded from his studies that the bats we have in this coum
try are almost as essential to successful agriculture as are the birds, so
beneficial are they in destroying crop insectse
With birds working in the daytime and bats teking care of the in-
sects on the night shift, we certainly have valuable h2lp in our fight a
gainst the insects. Many of the night-fiying insects, especially moths and
beetles, are not easily found by the daylight birds, and the importance of
bats in keeping a check on the increase of many destructive groups of in-
sects, Mr. Bailey says, is beyond calculation.
When you realize that those tiny eyes of the bat are probably little
or no help in its swift insect lunts, you begin to realize how wonderfully
sensitive the big ears and the wide expans of sensitive wing membranes
must be to enable a bat to catch insects on the wing.
Yet so successful are these hunts that a bat brought down even a am
minutes after it has come out of hiding is usjally well filled with insects.
And a bat seems to keep up its hunt throughout mich of the night.
I say "a bat" and most of us probably think of bats in ones and
twos and threes, But Mr. Bailey tells me that in many localities there
are many more bats than there are insectivorous birds. When you run across
a lone bat hanging upside dow in the attic, it ts hard to picture the caves
with walls and ceilings literally covered with mgdreds of thousands and
even millions of bats,
Mr. Bailey studied a colony living in the great Carlsbad Cave in
New Mexico, where millions of bats have roosted mdr a great arched root
of rock for ages. Early in avtum they gather in vast numbers for winter
sleep. Then in early spring they wake up and start out on their nightly
hunts for insects. Mr. Bailey saw about 12,000 leaving the cave one evening,
and he figures that those were just the summer boardeys and not the main
colony. The summer before, some folks reported that the bats came out each
evening in a black cloud visible two miles away and kept pouring out of the
50-foot throat of the cave for two hours. There mst ave been literally
millions of them.
Well, millions of bats, each bat snapping up insa@ts all through the
night, mst account for a tremendous number of insects. Bats that Mr. Bailey
kept in his cabin seemed to live comfortably on the numetous big eray "candle
moths" there, Fortunately, bats are neither edible nor arnamental, nor is
any money value likely to be attached to them in a way thgt will help to
exterminate any of the different species. So this night %orce of insect
eaters will go right on helping us, even though some peopie do continue to
have fits of terror every time one of these helpful little night workers
flits across their sight.
That may be only a mother bat with her young clinging to her whi le
she turns and darts through the air in her search for food. Yes, sir, Mr.
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clinging to them. Imagine the baby aviator riding on such a stunt flight
as that of a mother bat in hot pursuit of her dodging prey! If there are
any thrills in flying for a bat, the young mst get them early}! There are
records, Mr. Bailey says, of old bats taken with two and. even four young
clinging to the mother, but one seems to be the regular number, with most
species.
Bats hanging upside down, as they do in the daytime may seem odd and
foolish to you. But Mr. Bailey points out that if you hold a bat in that po.
sition, you can notice that the folded wing forms a pocket or cradle where
he little nursing baby bats can rest without even holding on.
Part of the time we have been talking about bats as if they were all
the same kind; tut, of course, there are different kinds of bats just as there
are different kinds of birds, though there are not as many varieties of bats.
In bats from regions with mild climates, the inside of the wing which
forms the resting cradle for the young is either entirely naked or has only
the bottom of the pocket fur lined. In some of the more northern bats, how
ever, that folded-wing cradle is well lined with soft fur.
_ The young bats, however, can fly for thanselves before they are full
grow and they don't need their fur~lined cradles and winged baby carriages
long.
Many bats migrate from one region to another, as do birds, but we
know very little about the comings and goings of our different species of
Ddatse
Some live in caves, others, such as the pigmy or little canyon bats
of the Southwest, are rarely found far from the rocky walls of canyons or
cliffs, Others, such as the big hoary bats, are usually found within reach
of timbe> and spend the day hanging in the dense foliage of the trees. The
brown baits are forest bats too; they are also found around mildings, but
not around cliffs or caves. On the other hand, some of the socalled "house"
bats are also known to be cave bats.
All of them, in this country, eat only insects, and when twilight
comes they set out on the nightly air hunt. The first itxing most of them do
is to head for water, They apparently wako thirsty, and make a bee-line for
water, where thay skim over the surface and in a few dips scoop up enough to
satisfy them. Then they are ready to police our airways against destructive
insects,
Because bats operate under cloak of darkness, many of their habits are
still unkmown. But from what we do know of them, it seems that they are more
fit to be classed with the good fairies than with the witches.
ANNOUNCEMENT: The program to which you have just listened is a presentation
of Station and the United States Department of Agriculture. We will
have another visit with Uncle Sam's Naturalists two weeks from today.
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Te rcnicusune “By UOT (OLE BMATIO, 1ON-
WITH UNCLE SAM'S NAT Ists
FOR BROADCAST USE ONLY
ANNOUNCEMENT t Now 1lét's hedr what Uncle San's Naturalists of the United States
Department of Agriculture hdve to say about our wild life. Today we will catch
some facts on the wing -+= tHis time about birds -----
2 OK
Since man took to the air, birds have lost some of their big reputation
as flyers.
Mr. Frederick Ce Lincoln, of the United States Biological Survey, tells
me that airplane and automobile speedometers have had a lot to do with paring
down the speed ratings of birds. Accurate measurements of bird flights have
cut down many of the old estimates considerably.
Not so many years ago, Mr.e Lincoln says, some birds were credited with
making tremendous speed. That was not a mere popular fancy, either. The notion
was shared by many scientists and experienced sportsmen who had made a practice
of estimating how fast the birds move.
It was rather generally held that many birds normally flew 100, 150, 180,
and even 240 miles an hour. Of course, some birds do get up and move through
the air, especially when they are scared. But accurate timing of birds in full
flight, Mr. Lincoln declares, shows that often old claims were several jumps
ahead of the true speeds.
With the advent of the automobile, it became easy to check up on such
birds as sparrows, and horned larks, and warblers, and thrushes, and wrens, and
other weak-winged birds which often fly low along the road parallel to motor
traffice
Readings of speedometers soon showed that some of those birds that had
been supposed to travel from 40 to 60 miles an hour, normally make only about
18 to 25 miles an hour.
Stronger flying, stream-line-model birds such as the mourning-dove were
found to move at the rate of 30 to 35 miles an hour.
With the help of the airplane, many checks have been made on higher fly-
ing birds, such as ducks and geese. Instead of moving ordinarily at rates of
100, to 150 miles an hour, as some folks had figured, ducks and geese were found
to fly commonly at 40 to 60 miles an hour.
A —_ Se —— ae
There are mighty few birds that fly a mile a minute, Mr. Lincoln says,
although when scared and flying with the throttle wide-open as it were, many
step up their speed considerably above the normal rate.
For instance, Mr. Lincoln has the record of a European vulture pursued
in an airplane that flew 110 miles an ‘hour for a considerable distance. How-
ever, the swifts are probably the swiftest of birds. In Mesopotamia a swift
was observed literally to fly rings around an airplane moving at a speed of 80
miles an hour.
Mr. Lincoln says from his observation of the cloud swift of the Vest
Indies and Central America, a swift as big as our sparrow-hawk, he can readily
believe that its normal flight must be close to 100 miles an hour.
However, among the larger birds of this country, Mr. Lincoln saves his
highest admiration for the duck hawk. Nothing in feathers, in this country can
beat a duck-hawk. A duck hayk has such flight superiority that it can fly down
the fastest, most frightened duck with little or no trouble. ~
And when a duck hawk is in sight, many other birds refuse to take the
aire When the duck hawk swoops, the avocet, for instance, crouches on the
ground rather than try to escape by flight.
The duck hawk, Mr. Lincoln tells me, is the American representative of
the king of falcons, the famous Peregrine falcon, which in the Middle Ages was
the falcon of kings. In fact, he says that it takes an expert to tell the
American duck hawk from its more celebrated European cousin. In days of old,
when falconry was in vogue, these harks were used not only for bringing down
game, but also in war for intercepting messages sent by carrier pigeon.
Of course, when we mention big birds, we naturally think of the eagle.
But an eagle is not particularly fast as a flyer, except when it zooms down to
catch its prey. The eagle is a soaring bird. ‘While duck-hawks may be compared
to the pursuit planes of an aerial fleet, the eagles and buzzards represent the
gliders. In fact, they frequently operate on the same principle as the glider;
that is, by taking advantage of the rising currents of air and riding on them.
Getting back to the subject of speed in flying however, Mr. Lincoln
points out that not only have our ideas of the speed of individual birds been
revised by accurate timing, but the older notions of mass migrations of birds
have also undergone change.
Many carly naturalists held that bird migration took place at a much
faster rate than we now know to be the case. For instance, until comparatively
recently, it was frequently believed that some birds flew from Africa to
northern Europe and from Canada to South America in one swift overnight flight.
From bird banding, and other evidence, we now know, however, that most
bird migration isPrather leisurely affair. The birds as a rule move from place
to place in short hops rather than in one long non-stop flight. Warblers and
_ thrushes, for instance, travel about 20 miles an hour. But even at that in
flights of eight or nine hours at a time, it doesn't take many days for them
to pass from their winter range to their summer home. As they find things to
their liking they may linger on the way.
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a general thing, the different kinds of birds move along their course in waves,
with a number of stop-overs during the trip. The famous golden plovers, how-
ever, are still supposed to make non~stop flights of 2,000 miles from Labrador
to the West Indies and from Alaska to Hawaii, and back again.
As far as there is any record, no golden plover has ever been seen to
light upon the water along the course of its migration. However, Mr. Lincoln
Says that it is well worth noting that the golden plover and all the other
apparently non-stop long-distance fliers are water birds that could rest on
the surface of the water and take off again. Until the golden plover is caught
in that act, however, it will probably continue to hold undisputed championship
among birds for non-stop distance flights.
And now just another word on the modification of old notions. It was
believed that most bird migrations took place 15,000 feet or more above the
earth. The people argued themselves into that by the idea that as the air is
rarer aloft, flying would be easier. Since we have taken to the air ourselves,
however, we have found out that it is really harder to fly in the rarer upper
regionse We need air to support our planes. .
Of course, the birds have undoubtedly known that ever since the flying
business was in the fledgling stage. Since there is nothing to gain by going
way up, most bird migrations probably take place at a height not exceeding
3,000 to 5,000 feet. That depends, of course, on the birds. The weaker
migrants travel at only a few hundred feet up; just high enough to clear ob-
stacles.
Mr. Lincoln recalls that before the City of Washington became so well
lighted as it is now, hundreds of warblers, thrushes, tanagiers, and other birds
were often found dead at the foot of the Washington Monument on mornings follow-
ing the migrations.
But if newer knowledge has pared the height, and rate, and speed estimates
of bird flight, that knowledge has brought the birds closer to us, and us toa
closer understanding of them, and it has renewed interest in bird migration and
flight.
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ANNOUNCEMENT: You have just listened to the feature kmown as With Uncle Sam's
Naturalists, presented once every two weeks through the cooperation of Station
and the United States Department of Agriculture.
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.m © “WITH UNCLE SAM'S NATURALISTS. 20, -1932 -
FOR BROADCAST USE ONLY
ANNOUNCEMENT: Again we join the trek into the woods with Uncle Sam's Naturalists
of the United States Department of Agriculture. But from what the specialists |,
say, we are not alone.
eK OK
The thicker people get in the cities, the more of them there are who
want to get into the woods.
Dana Parkinson, of the United States Forest Service, says the number of
visitors to our national forests has jumped 1,000 per cent in the past fifteen
years.
As Mr. Parkinson points out, more and more of our people seem to be
learning the value of outdoor recreation and are feeling the need for it.
There's no question about it. The "sounding silences" of the forest
primeval often give us sweet relief from the noises of the city. --- At least,
after the first night or two in camp, anyway. A group of trees, a green moun-
tainside, a good suoply of game, all give us refreshment and diversion.
But according to Mr. Parkinson, and I guess he is right about it, all
us folks who love the outdoors, and get into the mountains or the forests
whenever we can, want the forest resources conservede Some folks even insist
that there should be no cutting of timber, no grazing, and no hunting whatso-~
ever in our national forests. Of course, the idea of trying to preserve our
forest life in all its beauty is mighty fines But just letting nature take
its course, doesn't always get the results you really want. Instead of pre-
serving the forest, you may be doing just the opnosite.
Forester Parkinson just calls our attention to what hapnens if man never
fells a tree in the forest. If no trees are cut, he says, often 30 or more
seedlings start to a square foot. That's over 100,000 trees to the acre.
You know what has to hapven. Those 100,000 trees are in a killing com
petition for what light and moisture and soil food there ise Many of those
trees must die and be wasted before others can get room enough to grow to
large size. Eventually, old age, fungi, insects or fire will get what are
left.
Mr. Parkinson sees very little advantage in that sort of protection.
; _ If on the other hand, man harvests and uses the surplus and mature trees be-
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fore they rot, the trees that are left can grow fastcr. Harvesting trees
properly, he claims, need not mar the beauty of the landscape.
Livestock grazing in the forest also has its good side as well as its
bade Any of you who have seen moyntainsides laid bare, and water polluted,
and camp grounds damaged by livestdck, on hot and hasty first thought may con-~
demn the whole idea of using any part of our forests for livestock. However,
there are millions of acres in the Test which produce valuable forage that in
many cases can be used without harm to either the recreational or aesthetic
valuese In fact, lire Parkinson reminds us that grazing cattle often draw our
attention to beautiful mountain meadows, and bands of well-managed sheep graz-
ing peacefully on the slopes add life to our mountain scenery.
Some folks, however, prefer wilds wild and would even shut hunters out
of the forests. And, the ruthless destruction of big game has brought about
the closing of large areas to hunting. Yet even that sort of protection has
its dangerse Game must eat. Their range can not be overstocked without damage.
Regulated use of surplus game is absolutely essential, Mre Parkinson declares.
Otherwise, he says, herds of wild game may grow so large that they will suffer
from shortages of food, reduction in the rate of increase, and from disease.
So you see even the wild life must be managed properly to keep our forests in
best shape for their fullest enjoyment.
As this forest specialist points out, a scientific interest in making
trees grow better and faster, and an understanding of the diffcrence between
wise usc and useless waste, really brings an added pleasure to forest recrea-
tione
Speaking of things not being always so simple as they seem, reminds me
of what another forester says about restoring forest land to forests.-
Some of wy friends seem to think that reforestation of land that has
been deforested by fire or whatnot is a simple matter. They would probably
be interested very much in hearing what this Mre Le Se Gross, of our eastern
forests region,. has to say on that score. They would find that there is more
to forest planting than merely sticking trees in the grounds. He says that in
many cases in our castern and southern national forests, repeated fires have
destroyed seed trees and reproduction and seriously lowered the productive
capacity of the soil. Under such conditions, such weeds as pin cherry, her-
cules club, sassafras, and scrub oak often cover such areas,. and briars, annual
weeds, grasses, ferns, and mosses are abundant.
Of course, under such circumstances, Nature left to herself won't re-
forest the land with valuable tinber trees, because the seed trees are lacking
and the seed bed is unsuitable.
Of course, any reforestation program calls for an adequate supply of
seede And right there the practical forester often runs into trouble.. Many
of our species of trees grow over a wide geographic range. You might think
that seed from that same kind of tree would be all right to use anywhere that
kind of tree grows.
However, lirs-Gross tells me that it has been proved that seed from the
southern part of the range of a certain kind of tree is not suited for use for
planting in a decidedly more severe climate- For that reason, seed must be
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collected from thrifty trees in a location climatically similar to the area on
which the young trees are to be planted.
Planting stock mst be lifted from the nursery just before the planting
seasone It must be counted, sorted, and bundled and vacked and shipved by
train or truck to the planting site. That planting site itself often presents
a problem. For instance, on the Allegheny National Forest in Pennsylvania,
the brush, if not too dense, provides some protection for the planted trees,
and does not greatly hinder the work of planting. But the ground cover, es-
pecially the mass of roots in the top layer of the soil, not only makes the
planting difficult, but lessens: the moisture available for the planted trees.
Planting must be carefully done to secure good survival.
Then in that National Forest, there are the deer to be reckoned with.
They cause considerable injury by browsing the young treese So much so, Mre
Gross says, that areas which show evidence of intensive use by deer should not
be planted.
Diseases, insects, porcupines, and rabbits may also destroy the newly
planted treese And, of course, severe drought may cause heavy losses in planta-
tionse The weak trees and those that are poorly planted are less likely to
survive such extreme conditions than the thrifty, well-planted trees.
But lire Gross declares that fire is the most serious enemy of the planted
forests. To protect the plantations of trees, firebreaks, roads and trails must
be built. And during dangerous fire-weather periods, lookouts and supolementary
patrols must be provided.
And those are just a few of the many things which must be considered in
re-foresting work. Taken all in all, artificial restoration of the forest,
is a very complicated jobe
2 2 i aie ok
ANNOUNCEMENT: Two weeks from today we will have another visit with Unclo
Sam's Naturalists of the United States Department of Agriculture.
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By”
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WITH UNCLE SAM'S NATURALISTS RELEASE, Friday, June 3, 1932
FOR BROADCAST USE ONLY
ANNOUNCEMENT; Wow let's go out in the fields and woods with Uncle Sam's
Naturalists of the United States Department of Agriculture. The call
of the wild is pretty strong these days ~~ Listen} ~-- Can't you hear
those birds? -~-—~
2 ee aie 3k OR Ie
Anybody who tramps the fields, or roams the woods, or wades the
sloughs, or paddles or rows along any streamor lake knows some of our
living birds by sight and sound at least.
In fact, even folks who never get out recognize a good many of then.
With all the beautifully colored picture books on birds, it is a simple
matter to learn the names of many of our birds and to identify them.
However, Dr. We Be. Bell, in charge of the Division of Biological
Investigations of the United States Biological Survey, says many folks
could get a lot more pleasure out of their trips to the wilds if they would
get really acquainted with the birds. They would also then see the vital
importance of protecting the birds and in some measure supplying their needs.
To-day I am going to give you Dre Bell's plan. It may help you em.
Joy finding out what an important part birds play in the life of the wild;
and in our own lives, for that matter.
Of course, the best times to locate the birds are in the morning and
late afternoon and evening. You probably kmow the best localities in your
vicinity for finding then. But don't confine yourself entirely to such
Places. Dress in colors that are Pjain and that tend to blend with your
surroundings. If you have an opera’ or field-glass, it may come in handy in
making out details in your spying on the birds. And always take along a
small pocket note book and a pencil to jot down the facts as you find them.
Move slowly and quietyly. In fact, it is a good idea to stop often
and stay perfectly still. Keep the sun at your bac as much ag possible,
sO you can see cé@lors clearly, Note whether the colors of the bird blend
with the surroundings. Be alert to every movement and sound.
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You won't want to confine yourself to birds at rest. Learn to
bring down the facts on the wing, as it were. However, Dr. Bell suggests
that when you get a chanco you should note the size, and form, and general 2
color, and any special markings, such as spots or stripes or bars or bor-
ders or bands on the bird's head, and back, and breast, and wings, and
tail. Notice the length and shape of the bill, the neck, the wings, the
body, tail, legs, and toese Some bird investigators carry crayons or col~
ored pencils and sketch the birds as nearly as possible in the natural
colors to fix these features in the memory.
Note whether the bird walks, runs, hops, or swims. When you saw
it, was it on a tree trunk, among the limbs or leaves,m the ground or in
the air or water?
Watch its take off. Note how it starts its flight, and whether
that flight is light or heavy. Notice whether the wings are flapped con=
stantly or at intervals with a glide in between. If the wings are flapped
at intervals, how does the bird hold them in the meantime.
There are a lot of these points also that are very useful in learn~
ing to recognize birds in the air at sight.
Does the bird soar? Is its flight in a straight line, an wdulating
line, a zig-zag, or a circle? How does it carry its legs and neck during
the flight? Does it usually fly singly or in flocks? ith some bitds you
ee find this varies with the season; so you need to date the notes you
ake.
Then another important point is how far the bird flies. That is,
does it usually fly long or short distances?
Watch the way it alights, Some birds land lightly and well-bal-
anced, Others make more awkward landings. ) " _* Some seem to
have a hard time adjusting wings and feathers after alightinge Also note
where the bird alights ~ in trees, on the ground, or in the water. If it
alights in water, does it comedown with a splash, a dip, or does it set-
tle gently on the water?
Then there is the matter of the way it takes food. Does it catch
insects or other prey in the air, from the surface of the ground, or be
neath water?
This matter of food habits is one of the most important things to
know about birds. The usefulness of the different kinds of birds is large~
ly a question of what they eat and where they get their food. Controversies
as to whether any particular kind of bird should be pfotected or extermin~
ated most often rage about whether their beneficial food habits --outwei gh’
their destructive habits.
For instance, do they eat weed seeds, or grain or insects or such
rodents as mice and pocket gophers? Do they eat standing grain, grain in the
shock, or merely scattered waste grain. On that point, Dr. Bell suggests
that you be sure to find out whether they are really eating grain or picking
off insects. Those field glasses may help in deciding that point.
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up trying to raise colts where there are mountain lions,
Mountain lions most often live in the rougher, more inaccessible
areas of mountain canyons. ."they find not only their prey in such places
but also places to live and breed with least disturbance. One of the most
striking things about these animals is the distance they will go to get
their prey. Mr. Young estimates that they often travel 20 to 25 miles a
night, and many have been lmown to travel further than that without resting
for any appreciable length of tine,
Their remarkable endurance makes hunting them an activity that takes
stamina and strength. One of the Biological Survey hunters recently started
on the fresh track of a mountain lion at 7 o'clock in the morning, and pushed
on until 5 o'clock that afternoon before he caught up and treed the big cat.
Kentucky fox hounds and a breed that is a cross between the Walker
hound and the bloodhound have been found most satisfactory for hunting moun-
tain lions. However, any good dog may tree one of these biggest of cats.
If the mountain lion doesn't tree, the hunter better not be far behind his
dogs or he stands a chance of losing some of them. When a mountain lion
chooses to fight, he can use those terrible weapons of his in a telling way.
As we mentioned awahile ago, the favorite food that the mountain lion
gets in the wild is deer, and its favorite diet among domestic animals is
young colts. But these are not the only kinds of animals on which the big
Cats prey. They are among the most destructive of the killer of the wilds.
When venison, or mountain sheep, is not to be had, they readily turn their
attention to horses, cattle, and domestic sheep; not only young colts but full
grow horses and cows are killod and dragged away. What is not eaten imne-
diately is often partly covered with litter, to be returned to and eaten later.
But these big, powerful cats we call mountain lions are not the only
predatory wildcats, Others also cause so ruch damage, it often becomes
necessary to kill some of then off to give other Ikinds of wild life and do-
mestic livestock a chance,
For instance, there is the mountain lion's smaller cousin, the bobcat,
It is mich smaller and has somewhat different habits. A bobcat can't keep
up a long fast flight like that of the mountain lion, but for short distances
he can show considerable speed. You can distinguish its bobbing motion for
sone distance as it goes bounding away almost like a rabbit.
Mr. Young says that a bobcat is really timid, tut like other cats, when
forced to fight, it can give a good account of itself. However, a bobcat is
lightly built and hasn't much strongth and a good dog of its ow size can
lcill it. One big dog or two or three smaller dogs can dispatch one of these
wild cats without mich trouble,
But don't get the idea that a bobcat isn't a dangerous killer. On its
wild ranges, the bobcat feeds largely on rabbits and other small rodents
such as wood rats, and kangaroo rats, and pocket gophers, ground squirrels,
cnipmunks, and a great variety of micey It also takes a number of game birds,
as Many as it can catch. Often it kills the young, sometimes even the adults-
of such larger animals as deer, and mountain sheep, and antelope,
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wild life. ‘They prey on poultry and pigs and calves and sheep. In fact,
Mr. Young says thoy often do thoir worst damage among sheep at laming tine,
especially on the open range where lambing grounds are often near broken,
rocky canyons or rimrock that just suits the bobcats for hide-outs, Sheep~
men often choose such rugged country for lambing grounds because it affords
protection against storms.
The bobcat sneaks into a flock of sheep under cover of darlkmess and
goes about his killing in a way that causes little commotion, It kills
the lamb with a bite on the back of the neck or head, and then pulls it
down to eat it. The worst of it is that the bobcat often doesn't confirm ite
self to merely killing for food. It often kills for the mere lust of killing,
If that lust is not satisfied with one lamb the predator keeps quietly at
work. Mr. Young says a single bobcat has been Imown to kill 38 lanbs that
way in one night,
But the wild cats are not the only animals that prey on sheep at
lambing time. Our wild dogs, the wolves and the coyotes, are responsible
for such heavy losses that controlling them also often becomes a matter of
stern necessity.
Mr. Young says that people used to think that coyotes, for instance,
only attacked domestic stock when there was a shortage of such natural food
as nee But recant evidence of attacks on flocks, seems to indicate that
the coyotée's appetite for sheep is just too strong, They just can't resist
a fat lamb, no matter how much game or other neat may be readily available.
The damage to flocks is especially serious because whelping for the
coyotes comes at the same tine as lambing for the sheep. The old coyotes
then kill and eat lambs for the pups at home in their dens as well as for
thenselves,
There are other interesting things you would like to hear about these
Wild aninals wo call predators. Perhaps we can strike the trail again sone
time with the Biological Survey!s workers, tut this onds today's excursion.
If you need to know more about the country's wild animals, send your ques+
tions to the Biological Survey of the United States Department of Agriculture
or to your local radio station.
ANNOUNCEMENT: The discussion of the dogs and cats of the wilds to which you
have just listened has cone to you fron the United States Department of Agri-
culture. Two weeks from today, Station will present another
of these visits with Uncle San!'s Naturalists,
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WITH UNCLE SAM'S NATURALISTS Friday, July 1, 1932
FOR BROADCAST USE ONLY
ANNOUNCEMENT: Now for a visit with some of Uncle Sam's Naturalists of the
United States Department of Agriculture, his time we have some of na-
ture's lore from the big tree men of the United States Forest Service,
ok 3s 2K OK eK
We have a lofty subject for you today.
The foresters have told us a little something about trees — big
trees, redwoods that tower head and shoulders above their fellows of the
forest. --- Even if you have never stood in a grove of those trees, and
felt yourself dwarfed in the presence of the massive trunks majesticly soar-
ing skyward, you have seon pictures of then.
However, it is not their impressive size or epic beauty that we
want to talk about. Rather it is the way they grow, not individually, but
as a forcst. The specialists of the United States Forest Service have had
occasion to study them to learn how nature grows timber. They make similar
investigations in other sections with other kimis of trees. But we will
talk about those other investigations some othor time.
I've always heard our virgin redwood forest spcken of as being
thousands of years old. That scems to be the common impression. Yet Uncle
Sam's forcsters tcll me nothing is further from the fact. The redwood
forest is many aged.
For example, here is the wide range of ages found on one typical 30-
acre plot of redwoods. Without counting young sprouts and saplings less than
200 years old, there wore 108 trees from 200 to 300 years old, 89 from 300
to 400 years old, 81 from 400 to 500 years old, 102 between 500 and 600 years
old, and 67 from 600 to 700 years old. You sec those young giants lacked
considerable of being tho same ago.
But that is not all those trees, the wide range of ages runs on Ue
There were 38 redwoods in that 30 acre plot that were between 700 and 800
years old. Nearly as many more, or 34, were 800 to 900 years old, while
there were 31 trees found to be 900 to 1,000 yeers old. There were just 17
more than 1,000 years old.
In other words, that patch of redwoods is a good example of na
ture's way of growing timber; so as to have a new crop of trees coming on
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all the time. Instead of growing the crop of trees all the same age, then
harvesting that crop all at once, then waiting a long time until another
crop is produced, Nature keeps the woods in continuous production.
The forestry experts say that progressive lumbermen follow the sys-
tem of selection used by Nature in the virgin redwood forest. That same
system applies in growing other trees beside redwoods.
As you know, we have been largely brought up on the idea of the
pioneer with his ax clearing the forest to make way for agriculture on the
cleared land,
In these latter days, however, we've found that doesn't always work
so well. Not only has the clearing been carried so far that we have begun
to worry where the future supply of lumber is coming from, but we have also
found that some lands grow timber better than anything else. ‘Ye have come
to look on timber as a crope But trees don't mature in a single season,
like our annual crops such as corn or wheat. We can't cut off all the trees
and then plant seed and have another crop ready for harvest next season, It
takes time to grow a tree,
However, as our foresters have pointed out, in the virgin forest
all the trees are not of an even agee There are many different ages repro~
sented. By following the forest's om system and sclecting the trees as
they mature and leaving groups of trees to restock the ground, they say,
we can keop the woods in practically continuous production.
However, these giant redwoods may take mmdreds of years to reach
the full majesty of their complcte growth, The forest experts say that the
old giants of the rodwood forest are beautiful to behcld but unprofitable
to grow. They would have certain forests kept in continuous production
according to Nature's method of selection, but for practical lumber produc
tion they would cut the new trees wnen still very young for redwoodse
The redwood tree takes a long, long time to attain its tremencous
growth, yet it is fast growing. The yield of fully stocked redwood forests
exceeds anything kmom among other American conifers even surpassing the
Doublas fir of the Northwest. On the best sites, the foresters say, the
average redwood at 50 years is 8 inches in diameter and 51 feet high, and
on good sites the average redwood is 9 inches in diameter and 53 feet high,
At that rate of growth, they figure that within fifty years a satisfactory
merchantable forest of redwoods can be produced. The wood though consist~
‘ing largely of common lumber and railroad ties, will be comparable in qual~
ity to similar grades from old-growth timber. When we talk about redwood
forests we usually think of a forest made up altogether of redwoods. But
the virgin redwood forest generally includes a considerable mixture of
‘ other trees. Redwood is rarely found in pure stands except on those par-
tially stocked cut-over lands where powerful logging machinery and repeated
fires have destroyed all the seed trees of other troos. With redwoods in
the virgin forest are found Douglas firs, lowland firs, Sitka spruccs,
and western hemlock and such hardwoods as tanbark oak, and California laurol
and red aldcr,.
pews! forest experts say that it is important that tho redwoods do
ly grow in ce with other troos. Such mixtures often servo
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as Nature's insurance against disaster to tho whole forest. Many forest in~
sects and discasos attack some species and not others. When such discases
get into a stand mado up altogethor of ono suscoptible spocics they do much
more damage than in a natural mixod forest of soveral different kinds of
trees. In Gcormany some years back puro stands of sprucc wore created by
planting spruce on cut-over lands formerly occupied by mixed forests, but
disaster followed. So wnsuccessful have been the experiences with such
artificial forests, that United States Forest Service specialists have urged
that we follow nature's methods more closely. In reforesting land, instead
of planting all the land to redwoods, for instance, to make a pure stand of
redwood, they suggest that a high. porcentage of Douglas fir, and lowland fir,
and spruce may well be retained.
Redwood bears plenty of seed, but seedling reproduction, the for-
esters find, takes place only under a very narrow range of conditions.
Most of the new growth of redwoods on cut—over lands comes from redwood
sprouts from the stumps. Scattered clumps of redwood sprouts reclaim the
land, But unaided those redwood sprouts will yield something less than a
third of the possible timber harvest. However, instead of filling in the
gaps witn planted redwood, as hag been done in a number of cases, the forests
suggest seed trees of Douglas fir and other valuable specics to make the
full stand,
Fyrom what they say» I gather that it is well to follow Nature's
methods in growing and harvesting timber crops.
De OK Ee 2K 2k 2 ak 2k
ANNOUNCEMENT: Wo will again hear from Uncle Sam's Naturalists two weeks
from today. These talks come to you through the cooperation of Station
and the United States Department of Agriculture.
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Speaking Time: 10 Minutes.
ANNOUNCEMENT: And now for another visit with Uncle Sam's Naturalists of the
United States Department of Agriculture. As usual, your Wildsman calls our at-
tention to some of the factsadout wild life as he picks them up from Department
specialists.--
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Again we hear reports from some sections of the country, that the grass-~
hopper has become a burden in the land.
But I'm not going to talk about that all-devouring host of grasshoppers.
I just mention it in passing, by way of illustration of the importance of some
other Sites, particularly our much maligned friend, the skunk.
Such serious scourges caused by tremendous multiplication of this or that
pest might happen oftener but for the forces of nature which tend to keep such
things in control. Of course, the weather is generally the big factor in the
c@ase of grasshoppers, but there are a number of other forces. Our old friend,
the much-despised slcunk, is one of them.
A lot of people have always held skunks in bad odor, but skunks do yeoman
service in destroying grasshoppers. Specialists of the Bureau of Biological Sur-
vey, who haye inside information on the subject, tell me that in July, Avgust,
and Scptember, when grasshoppers are most abundant, they form the chief food of
skumks. In fact, during some of the previous invasions of our plains country by
grasshoppers the skunk was credited vith being the principal mammal destroying
those insects.
But grasshoppers are not the only damaging crop insect on the skunk's bill-
of fare. The skunk is also the best~Imowm mammal enemy of army worm, the common
army worm, the wheat-head army worm, and the fall army worm, which are so destruc-
tive to small grains, and corn, and grassese
Slcunks are fond, too, of the insects know as tobacco worms wnicn do so
much damage to tobacco and tomato plants. In fact, they eat a great nwaber of in-
sects and mostly the kinds that are highly damaging to plant life, such as cut-
Worms, cicadas, crickets, andteetles injurious to sweet potatoes in the South,
They also seem to consider the Colorado potato beetle a delicate morsel
and spend many 2 busy evening in potato patches catching and eating tho grubs and
Mature beetles.
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However, insects are not tho ans £60 of skunks, by any marincr of means,
These hedutiful little black and white "polécate", as we used to call them, have
béen accused of killing quail and other game birds and of taking chickens and
eggse And they do sometimes, but more often they get blamed for some other ani-
mal's depredations.s As a matter of fact, I've known quails to nest and hatch out
a brood within a few rods of a skunk den. The truth seems to be that at the
season when our native game birds are nesting, skunks have plenty of insect food.
By the time that insect food fails, the birds are strong of wing and seldom fall
a prey to a polecat.
As for the chickens, the skunk gets credit for a lot of killings by
weasels and minks, which are much better climbers and far more bloodthirsty.
Likely as not, the skunk detected around the hen house was there after the rats
and mice. Polecats are really remarkably fine mousers, Of course, the individ-
ual that hunts and kills chickens should be destroyed.
Most such suspicion, the specialists tell me comes from the fact that
skunks work largely under cover of darkness and the person who sweepingly blames
the skunk usually doesn't go to the trouble of investigating thoroughly, Evi-
dence taken from the stomachs of a large number of skunks supports the idea that
skunks are on the whole highly beneficial in their food habits.
And of course we all kmow that skunk skins are highly prized for fur,
Nowadays we just have three fairly abwmdant fur animals left in the United
States; the muskrat, the mink, and the skunk, The biologists say that there
seems to be little danger of extinction of the muskrat, but that the mink is al-
ready in danger, and that the demand for skunk fur is causing more and more trap-
ping of skunks,
However, as far as the fur question goes some of our specialists believe
that skunks can be domesticated and successfully raised in captivity in many
parts of the United States.
And while we are mentioning misunderstood wild creatures, let me say a
good word for the Buropean Starlings, now found as breeding birds in many of the
States east of the Mississippi River. In the last twenty years, they have spread
fast, and there seems every reason to expect that they will continue to spread
westward -to the Rocky Mountains, and if the Mountains don't stop them, right on
to the Pacific Coast,
A lot of farmers and bird lovers have looked with suspicion on the ever-
increasing flocks of these birds and have accused them of many crimes, And
specialists of the Biological Survey admit that Starlings do damage cherries, and
other small fruits, and garden truck, and even late fruit and corn. And probably
their filth-producing roosting habits in cities are more largely responsible for
the bad name they have acquired,
Weighing atarling's good habits against their bad ones, however, our
scientists credit starlings with doing much more good than harm. They are in-
sect eating birds, and observations of them in the field has established the
fact that the time spent by starlings in destroying crops or in molesting other
birds is short compared to the endless hours they spend searching for insects
or feeding on wild fruit,
Starlings help destroy such pests as the clover-leaf weevil, the Jap-
anese beetle, May beetles, cutworms, and yes, grasshoppers too, As insect de-
stroyers starlings are more energeti¢ than some of our protected native birds,
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Now let's turn to a different subject and observe another phase of wild
life and life in the wilds
_ Mr. Earl W, Tinker, regional forester of the United States Forest Service,
has been’ telling me some of the wnusual problems in fire protection in the Super-
ior National Forest in Minnesota.
As you know, one of the problems of fighting fire anywhere is getting
the fire fighters to the fire and getting them there promptly.
In most of our forests, there are a network of roads and trails designed
to permit fast travel. But in the Superior National Forest we have some 1,000
square.miles set aside as a primitive area, where there are no roads, and prac-
tically’ no trails. It is a wild cowmtry, with little human habitation, but
plenty of game such as moose, and deer, and wolves, and other fur animals, And
what's more it is interlaced with a labyrinth of waterways, lakes, and great
areas of spruce and muskeg sWamp.
Mr. Tinker says it is practically impassable to foot travel in summer.
The crutsing of timber and other activities of the Forest Service are done in
winter when the lakes and swamps and streams are frozen and dog teams can be
used fortransportation, The usual way to get around in summer is by canoe and
portage ~- and that is slow work -—- too slow for men going to a fire. One and
one-half miles an hour is considered high speed in that region.
To meet that situation, the Forest Service plans to improve the portages
and on the chief travel routes to install light tracks over which fire equipment
can be moved faster, They also plan to improve the water routes by installing
dams to do away with slow portage work. Hydroplanes have proved a great success
in rapid transportation of small fire-fighting crews. By the use of planes,
small crews have been carried to the scene of a forest fire in the Superior
National Forest in 30 minutes where previously it took a day and half,
r
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ANNOUNCEMENT: We will have another visit with Uncle Sam's Naturalists two weeks
from today. Station _. presents these talks every other week, They
are prepared by the United States Department of Agriculture.
a af LA \ ee: ee ae
at egies gh Eft! “OFFICE OF ~
Wor AGRICULTURE" L INFORMATION=+
AO keg par aes
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Ban 2M) 5 eos
WITH UNCLE SAM'S NATURALISTS, Friday, July 29, 1932
ANNOUNCEMENt: Station now givés the results of a visit with Uncle
Sam's Naturalists of the United States Department of Agricultures This time
it is with a bird specialist who tells us a few things about the American
eagle.
Some folks seem to think that the only eagles left are those that
fly across our quarters and other smakl coins and roost on our gold pieces.
But there are still some of them in the wild right around our National Capital.
Ire He Ce Oberholser says he can't see that there has been any big decrease
in them in most places. There are still thousands of eagles in all along our
coasts. And Dr. Oberholser knows his eagles. He is one of the leading bird
investigators of the Bureau of Biological Survey.
American bald eagles are found pretty generally all over North America.
As a rule, however, they are most common near the coast. That is, within
about a mundred miles of the coast and up the big rivers and near the Great
Lakese There are some American eagles also in the Mississippi Valley. Many
of them still live along our Atlantic Coast. There are more yet on the Pacific
side. They are most plentiful in Alaska and Florida. Climate doesn't make
mich difference to a bald eagle, but he does like fish. Old Baldy wouldn't
care if every day were Friday.
That fondness for fish, Dr. Oberholser tells me has caused these national
birds to be very unpopular with salmon canners in Alaska. The eagles some-
times beat the fishermen to the fish. Most of the salmon they eat, however, are
those that die upstream after spawning. Yes, our proud old bird of prey is
sometimes quite a scavenger.
In fact, ever since Benjamin Franklin first tried to have the wild
turkey made our national bird instead of the eagle, there have been a lot
of hard things said about the feeding habits of American eagles. But the
bald eagles are not so bad as they are sometimes painted.
Dr. Oberholser says that on the whole eagles do more good than they do
harm. The fact that they are sometimes scavengers should not be held against
them. That they are very useful to man in this way is really a point in their
favore
But the American bald eagle seems to prefer his food fresh. This bird
of prey is the wild son of the wilds. He mst get his living by beak and talons,
as others of his kind doe Me generally goes after it himself. However, he is
not above acting as an aerial hi-jacker.e He often lets the Osprey catch fish
and then swoops down on the Osprey and forces him to let go nis catch.
Old Baldy even works a similar game with mman duck mnters. When the
gunner brings down a duck, the eagle may drop like a bolt from the blue and
carry it off before the sportsman can get to it.
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But the bald eagle doesn't have to have help in getting his ducks,
usually catching them when they have dived to escape. The eagle waits until
the duck comes up, then swoops again. He keeps-that up, until the duck,
tired out, falls an easy prey.
. Besides having speed as a flyer, Dra:‘Oberholser says that the eagle
can soar as well as the turkey buzzard. There is hardly any greater
compliment on soaring ability than that.
In addition, this charter member of our air service is remarkable at
zooming. He can shoot down from far aloft so fast that you can hardly see him.
When he comes up again he may be lifting considerable weight. An
American eagle has been know to carry a lamb weighing almost as mech as itself
as far as five miles.
Yes, he does sometimes attack domestic livestock, usually lambs or
young pigse But his chief food is fish. Upland game birds are seldom bothered.
He doesn't trouble song birds. He does kill squirrels, rabbits, and rats.
He has been known to attack hmman beings.
That's very seldom. He rarely does it unless provoked to it. Dr.
Oberholser points out that when not molested, our American eagle is surprisingly
tame and unsuspicioyus.e When it comes to the matter of defending the nest,
however, he shows considerable courage.
That nest is quite a remarkable home, and the bald eagle is consider-
able of a home—body. When eagles mate, they apparently mate for life. They
usually build their nest high in the top of a tall tree. If no suitable tree
is handy, they ordinarily build on a high cliff or bluff.
The nest is usually a wonderfully strong, sudstantial structure wherever
they build it, and it is quite sizable. About five feet across, and maybe
six feet deep, and so strong that a man can walk on it without breaking through.
Sticks two or three inches thick are used. Such a Imge nest high in the top
of the tallest pine may often be seen for miles.
Both parent birds take shifts in hatching the eges and taking care of
the young. There were equal rights in the eazle's aerie long before the
‘19th Amendment.
The families in these sky-scraper apartments are usually small. There
are generally two, sometimes three, egas. The eaglets stay in the nest for
three or four months after they are hatched. When young they don't have those
white featners on the head which give that bald appearance. The older birds are
the bald ones.
Old Baldy, or Old Glory, or whatever you call this typical American, has
no competitor in the air and no enemies, except man.
RH
UNCENENT: Our Wildsman has just been telling us about the American Bald
. le in his native haunts. This is one of our bi-weekly series with Unclo
a's Naturalists. This feature is presented by Station in cooperation
_ With the United States Dopartment of Agriculture.
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WITH UNCLE SAM'S NATURALISTS Friday, August 12, 1932 a
FOR BROADCAST USE ONLY
Speaking Time: 10 Minutes.
ANNOUNCEMENT: Again we visit with Uncle Sam's Naturalists of the United
States Department of Agriculture. This time we talk with one of them about
the hidden facts in the lives of one of the notorious animal characters of
the underworld on our western States,--the pocket gopher.
2H 2K oe
Mre Vernon Bailey, Chief field naturalist of the United States Biolozi=~.
cal Survey, tells me that most people who live in pocket-gopher country have
never seen a pocket gopher alive in its normal dresse
This is not surprising, when you consider that pocket gophers spend
almost their entire lives underground. They are mining, burrowing little
animals powerfully built to tunnel for food.
And they certainly are industrious miners and sappers, as farmers
and irrigation engineers in pocket-gopher country will tell you, or show you.
They leave plenty of evidence of their work. Of course, a good many people
have seen wet and mddy pocket gophers forced out of their burrows by
irrigation water. Pocket gophers in that condition are anything but attractive,
Mr. Bailey says that the clean, smooth-furred, sturdy little miner in its
normal dress is a very different looking animal.
Mr. Bailey had investigated the private habits of many different
species and races of pocket gophers, varying in size from some as small
as a big mouse to others as heavy as a big house rate
He has "shot" pocket gophers with his camera as he has caught them
coming to the door of their burrows to throw out loads of earth.
From what he says, the pocket gopher is a sort of animated wheel
Darrow, without the wheel. Instead of its scratching or kicking out the earth,
the pocket gopher brings each load of earth out wider its chin and half en<
circled by its arms. It "\wheel-barrows" itself along by pushing with its
hind feet.
But the pocket gopher doesn't waste mich time outside. It can't afford
toe It has a host of enemies on the look out for it. The pocket gopher
and its close relatives are a favorite food with hawks, and owls, and weasels,
and foxes, and bobcats, and badgers, and even bearse Hawks and owls swoop dom
on the pocket gopher when it shows itself above ground. Foxes and bobcats
will pounce on one when it throws out the earth. And when weasles can catch
; the doorway open, they go right into the burrow and capture the little miner.
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Mr, Bailey says that the métions of the pocket gophers he has observed
are so quick that only a snapshot can catch them distinctly.
As we said before, there are different species of pocket gophers.
The Colorado pogket gopher, for instance, has the highest range in the mountains,
Mre Bailey has found the upper slopes of mountains literally plowed
over by Colorado pocket gophers. The pocket-gopher burrows seem to honeycomb
the ground in some Places. The mounds of earth thrown out of the tunnels
dot the surface so thickly that they often cover from a tenth to a fifth of
the surfacee As fresh hills are thrown up, the old ones gradually sink and
disappear beneath a rich carpet of vegetation.
In that way, the pocket gophers constantly plow the ground and bury
the vegetation beneath the surface. Mr. Bailey says that the turnover":
increases the fertility of the mountain slopes in many places. Wot only that,
but the network of burrows underneath the surface helps hold and carry the
water into the soil and store it for use. Of course, the Colorado pocket
gophers uproot, and cover, and eat a great deal of the mountain vegetation,
but it all returns to the soil with a distinct gain in fertility. The work of
these high mountain pocket gophers, our naturalist estimates, is mainly
beneficial.
But all pocket gophers don't live on the uper slopese Some live on
the plateaus, others along the valley bottoms, and still other kinds live
in the desert.
Now a desert is about the last place you might think of any animal
flourishing. Yet Mr. Bailey says the desert pocket gophers seem to live
very comfortably there -- as mch so as those in apparently more favored places.
Pocket gophers go where they can find food. You might think the
cactuses and other desert plants protected by hooks and spines would offer
little encouragement to even a hungry gopher. But you mst remember, pocket
gophers are miners and sapperse They attack those armed desert plonts from
underground. They burrow into a cactus from beneath, and eat out the tender
inside. Then they tunnel their way along to the roots of the next plant.
And, by the way, the pocket gopher doesn't set its name from its size,
whether that be vest-pocket or coat pocket size. The pocket in the pocket
gopher!s name refers to the pouches in the cheeks, which make very useful
receptacles in which those little miners carry the food they take back to the
neste
Pocket gophers that live in or under the desert or high up the slopes
of mountains where theware no ranches or settlements may be just interesting
little representatives of life in the wilds. But the pocket zophers that live
in the moist fertile valleys where there are farms, with fields, and orchards,
and gardens, do serious damage to farm crops and irrigation ditches.
From what Mr« Bailey says, it would seem that farmers have spread
feasts of domestic plants that these destructive rodents prefer to the wild
plants of their range. For instance, the big golden pocket gophers and the
chestmit pocket gophers are especially partial to alfalfa.
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Mr. McAtee says the two of our best known hawks; the red~tailed hawk
and the red-shouldered hawk, often called "hen havks" are valuable to farmers.
I told my friend that, and he insisted that he had seen a hawk of that
very tribe carry off one of his chicks. ‘Well, Mr. McAtee admits that both
those hawks sometimes eat poultry. But the inside information is that the
damage red-tailed and red-shouldered hawks do that way is small compared to
the good they do.
The red-shouldered so-called "hen hawk" feeds on mice, birds, snakes,
fish, grasshopyvers, centipedes, spiders, crawfish, earthworms, and snails.
About 90 per cent of the misnamed "hen-hawk's" food is made up of injurious
animals and insects. Hardly 1 1/2 per cent of its food is poultry and gane
birds. The handsome little sparrow hawk at times attacks small birds and
young chickens, but Mr. McAtee says that grasshoppers, and crickets, and other
insects form its chief articles of diet during warm weather, and during the
rest of the year the sparrow hawk preys mostly on meadow mice and house mice.
We could go on through the list of hawks and owls giving the more or
less valuable food habits of each of theme Mr. McAtee says that services of
the barn owl are typical of those of the hawks and owls in general. A barn
owl probably ents about three small mammals at a meal and dines often. Those
in the Hast have been found to feed mostly on meadow mice, house mice, and
house rats. In California, they cat pocket gophers, field mice, pocket micc,
deer mice, harvest mice, kangaroo rats, and house mice.
Owls have long been persecuted by man, but Mr. McAtee declares that
never has persecution been more unjust. He points out that the hawks and
owls are not the only sufferers. When the hawks and owls are greatly reduced,
farmers find themselves faced with a great increase in the number of destruc-
tive rodents.
ANNOUNCEMENT: You have just listened to a discussion of the value of hawks and
owls. Station presents these results of interviews with Uncle Sam's
Naturalists of the United States Department of Agriculture every two weeks.
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FOR BROADCAST USE 0 nie
Speaking Time; 10 Mimtes,
ANNOUNCEMENT; And now for another visit with Uncle Sam's Naturalists, of the
United States Department of Agriculture. Today we go into the wilds again.
This time our naturalist tells us a little about some of those highly interesting
inhabitants of the wilds, our native American rats and mice.
* * KK OK OF
The moment anybody mentions rats and mice, mst of us think about those
filthy, thieving scavengers, the brow wharf rats, and those damging muisances,
the house mice,
Yet those ubiquitous brown rats and house mice @f our towns and cities
are not American rats and mice at all,
Those common rats and mice that cause such an enormous loss by destroying
groin ond food and other stores, and by causing fires, and by spreading disease
are old world rats and mice. They came over from Europe in colonial days. In
fact, noturalists tell us, the common brown rat was wiknown in this country until
about 1775, The brownrat first invaded our wharfs during the Amcrican Revolution.
Some of you householders may sigh for the good old days before that time-~
But wait a mimte ~~.
Mr. Vernon Bailey, of the United States Biological Survey, has found evi-
| dence that the pre-historic cliff—dwellers of northwestern New Mexico, southeastern
4 Utah, and northeastern Arizona, had their rat-troubles too.
Camping in the ruins of the ancient Pueblo Bonito in Chaco Canyon, Mr.
Bailey has been over-run by bushy~tailed wood rats, He has discovered traces
that lead him to think that those native American rats were probably serious pests
- the food-storing Indians who lived there long tefore Columbus discovered
erl Cone
Those bushyetailed wood rats are just one kind of native American rats.
As mony of you campers know, there are a number of kinds of Americen rots and mice,
You find different kinds in the cliffs, high up the slopes of the mountain forests,
a Cool streams, in the valleys, out on the wide prairies, even in the
esert.
But get this. Mr, Bailey says our Americanrats are very different from
our coit:on house rats the brown, black or roof rats, American wood rots look
more like Old World rats, than they act like then, In fact, wood rats are cleanly
animals, and lead clean, wholesome lives. With many tribes af Indians, wood rats
_ are popular game animals, and Mr. Bailey, who has tasted most of the different
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With Uncle Sam's Naturalists 3 949-32
out that the’ Colorado wood rats; one of the favorite foods of the Navajo Indians,
are slenti ful in the country where som of the early explorers starved to death.
Those explorers might have crossed through the wildernessin safety, if they had
Tealized how :Casily they could have suppliod themselves with plenty of such del-
icate, delicious small game.
411 our wood rats seem to have a passion for tuilding houses ».ut of almost
anything they can carry off. They have been called "pack rats" and "trade rats"
and mony wild stories have been told about their habits of borrowing and returning
things. However, the real facts are mre fascinating than the fictions.
Take the hoary wood rats for instance, Hoary wood rats live in the open
arid valleys where cactus and other thorny desert shrubs grow. They build thorny
walled houses in the midst of beds of big prickley~pears of thorny bushes, or in
Sroups of Spanish bayonets or in allthorn.
That sounds like a pretty good defense doesn't it? A house of thorns cer-
tainly doesn't sound inviting to intruders. But you might think that life among
thorns would not be all roses for the hoary wood rats themselves. However, Mr.
Bailey tells me he has seen one of these hoary wool rats, as bright and pretty
as a squirrel or a chipmunk, climb over a mass of thorns and apparently never get
the slightest scratch on its delicate pink feet.
The cactus is the hoary wood rat's food and drink, It eats both the flesh
and the fruit of the cactus, besides a great variety of green vegetation, and
fruits, and seeds, He lives on wide stretches of desert, where there is no water
to be had for months at a time, except what water is contained in the desert food
plants.
If cactus growing ever becomes an important industry, both the hoary wood
ret ond the white-throated wood rat, may become serious enemies to the tusiness.
Some years, much of the desert vegetation is killed by them. As it is, Mr. Bailey
explains, although they may do some local damage on the edges of irrigoted fields
and gardens, these wood rats are in the main harmless, interesting features of
the desert,
We can't tell you all the interesting things Mr. Bailey told about the
different American rats. The important thing to remeaber is that there are rats
ond rats, and you can't judge the Cleanly, delicious tasfiing Americon wood rats
by the altogether bad sped es of Old World animals to which we happen to have
first applied the same general nano,
The same thing can be said of nice. We can'tt judge all the many native
—— tice by those damaging little European house mice that give us so mich
rouble,
Don't mistake me, Some of our native American mice give us plenty of
trouble too. Others we can class as neutral: that is, the harm they do is just
about balanced by their good habits, or they just spend their lives where they
are not in conflict with our interests, And we have still other mice that nay
be classed as downright beneficial.
Mr. Beiley has suggested that our grasshopper or sco
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WITH UNCLE SAii'S NATURALISTS RELDASE Friday, Sept. 25, 1932
FOR BROADCAST USE ONLY ,
Speaking Time 10 Minutes.
(OUNCEMENT: Nor let's again spend a few minutes with Uncle Sam's Naturalists
of the United States Department of Agriculture. We will join them for a peep at
some of the interesting rodents on the ranges of our Great Plains country.
---00000---
We ride out on the range with iir. Vernon Bailey, of the United States Bio-
logical Survey, who tells us a few things about kangaroo rate - beautiful little
animals.
We will have to be careful where we ride. As any cow man will tell you, it
is no pleasant matter riding over ground where many kangaroo rats have made mounds.
Of course, some of the kangaroo rats make big mounds that are easy to see and avoid,
But there is real danger if you ride over low mounds without secing them, ‘acre
the burrows enter the ground without noticeable mounds, your horse may break
through and drop a foot or two in the ground without warning, and that may not be
any joke for ecither you or the horse if you are riding fast.
Those mounds honeycombed with passages are not only the homes built by the
kangaroo rats, but also their storehouses where they sometimes store a bushel or
more of seeds for future use, Kangaroo rats not only lay up stores for winter,
but also provide food for long dry spells when little or nothing grows, All the
kangaroo rats are dainty feeders, They shell out the seeds and eat only the clean
inner kernels. They gather the seod from many small local plants, tuck the seed
into their cheek pockets, and then return to their mounds or dens, to eat. One
movement of the kangaroo rat's hands pressing forward on those elastic pockets on
the outside of the lower jaws, ami the pockets are emptied, What the kangaroo rat
doesn't cat at the tine it stores for future use.
On most of their range, the kangaroo rats don't come in contact with any farm
cropse In some places, however, they do harvest grain and carry off a considerable
amount of it, two teaspoons full at a time in those cheek pockets, each of wrich,
in the bigger kincs, holds a little over a teaspoonful, But these little seed
toters are fast workers and male many trips.
In ordinary years, Hr. Bailey figures, they probably do very little damage to
the range, but in Gry years when seeds of grasses and other forage plants are
scarce they may take a good wart of the available secd and leave very little for
reproduction,
Seeds are not all they cat. hen we come to a little rise in the ground, we
find a lot of bare svots dotting the mesa, Tiose bare patches are Where sone of
the largest and Sandsomest of our kangaroo rats, New Mexican banner-tails, Aave
dug up some of the best range grasses by the roots. Thcoy also carry those ¢rass
roots off to thcir homes and storehouses,
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In fact, kangaroo rate can co quite a bit of damage that way, and Mr. Briley
says that as plans for improving or keeping up the cattle carrying capacity of the
range progress, we will probably have to cut down the number of kangaroo rate in
some places. In moderate numbers they are harmless and interesting neighbors, In
the day time, a surprised kangaroo rat may bob up where you can see him, but or-
dinarily you never see them by day. Kangaroo rats are night prowlers. They close
up their burrows before daylight and don't open the doors again until after dari,
Mr. Bailey says that many a time he has opened up some of the doors in the
daytime, and watched the kangaroo rate bring earth to the entrance and kick it
back of them until they closed the doorway again. That shows they are alert, and
not all to be caught napping inthe daytime when you might expect them to be asleep.
They may well be on the alert, too. They have plenty of natural enemies ready
to seize them night and day. Snakes, hawks, owls, foxes, coyotes, cats, and wea-
sels hunt them, and they have to rely on quick sight and hearing and speed as their
only defence ovtside the closed dens.
The prompt way the kangaroo rats have of closing their doors during the day,
is not the only evidence that they are on the alert. Mr. Bailey will show you
another way to tell, He will tap or scratch on the carth at the closed doorway,
and if you will listen closely, you may hear a low drumming or thumping noise from
inside the mound, something like the sound of the distant galloping of a horse,
The kangaroo rats make that tapping sound or signal with their big hind fect,
All their cnemies are not among other kinds of animals, Kangaroo rate also
have their troubles from other kangaroo rats. For instance, the big Arizona banner-
tail builds big mounds and lays up large stores, but a smaller kind of kangaroo
rat docs not store food, This little bamor-tail burglar steals from the stores
of his bigger relative. Tho Arizona kangaroo rat will pounce at the little fellow,
but when he lands exactly on the spot where the little fellow was, that artful
dodger is gone,
However, if the big banner-tail sets the little fellow cornered in close quar-
ters, it is too bad for the little thief. In fact, even with their own particular
kind, kangaroo rats are often vicious fighters,
Mr. Bailey describes a fight between two kangaroo rats. They faced each
other, jumping high in the air, trying to strike each other straight dom from
above, At first, they both jumped at once and met in the air, and little damazse
was done, But as one got tired or scared or was knocked over so that the other
got a fair stroke at it, the blows went home with deadly force. The old saying
"he wno fights and runs away may live to fight another day" doesn't seem to vork
among kangaroo rats. If one turns and runs, its fate is sealed.
Yet Mr. Bailey tells us that these kangaroo rats are very gentle with human
beingse They almost never bite, and if held loosely in the hollow hands will soon
cease struggling ani can be as easily handled as any domestic animals,
Not only does Mr. Bailey tell us that, but he shows use He has found kangaroo
rats easy to trap and keep in captivity. That gives us a chance to get a close-vo
of them,
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One look at those long powerful hind legs, and the little front feet or hands,
and the way one of these animals can hop about on its hind feet like a robin,
makes it easy to understand how it got the name of kangaroo rate
The long tail may puzzle you, but it is very usefilto the kangaroo rat. It
is long, with a long crest near the tip, That crest is along the top anda much
higher than it is wide, It is a first-rate rudder to help guide the kangaroo
rat as it leaps through the air or skims along with its hind feet just touching
the ground now and then,
The kangaroo rat has several other striking features, including its owl-litke
eyes, Which shine at night with a light-red glow; its wide head to accommodate the
remarkable ear—phones supposed to magnify and clarify the sounds that come through
the ground; anc its oil gland on top of the shoulder which supplies the oil to lkeep .
the fur soft and waterproof.
Kangaroo rats are another group of American rodents that have very cleanly
habits and are very unlike those filthy animals, the familiar wharf or house rats
which slipped into this country from Surope, and which we generally associate with
the name of rat.
On many parts of their range, Mr. Bailey holds that the best way to keep some
kinds of kangaroo rats under control, is to protect their natural enemies such as
the hawks, owls, foxes, and other animals that prey on them. On parts of their
“range where these neat, clean little rodents attack crops or damage irrigation
ditches, or do serious damage to range grasses, however, it may be necessary for
man to take a hand with more strenuous control measures. You seo it is largely a
matter of what these animals eat and where, whether we count them our ecnemios or
frienis.
ANNOUNCEMENT: Two weeks from today we will again visit with Uncle Sam's Naturalists
of the United States Department of Asriculture. At that time, we will hear about
some other phase of the wild life in the big outdoors.
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an .. SA's WATURALISTS RELEASE Friday, October 7,193;
FOR BROADCAST USE ONLY
Reading Time: 10 liinutes
ANNOUNCEMENT: etre now ready for another visit with Uncle Sam's Naturalists
or the United States Department of Agriculture. Before we go into the woods and
marsnes to see how Uncle Sam is protecting our bird life, we'll turn back for a
moment %0 one of the most fascinating stories in all wild life lore. Tis is the
story of the oassenger pigeon.
---0--=-
I suopose some of the old-timers listening in today can remember the time
wnen passenger pigeons flew over the eastern half of the United States by the
millions and millions.
No doubt some of you saw the pigeons yourself, ‘The rest of you can at leasi
recall some of the amazing tales:tie old-timers tell about the pigeons.
For instance, the great naturalists, Aulubon, describes a pigeon flight he
saw in Kentucky near the Ohio River, He says, "The air was literally filled with
pigeons; the light of noonday was obscured as by an eclipses At once, like a tors
rent, and with a noise lilte thunder, they rushed into a compact mass, pressing
each other towards the centers" And then he goes on to tell how the pigeons
< swept alons, up and dowm, like the waves of the ocean, wheeling and twisting
like the "coils of a gigantic serpent."
Back in those Cays, folks thought the pigeon would never be exterminated,
Even as recently as 1879, a pigeon butcher in Chicago said, "The pigeon is micra-
tory, it can care for itself...(The pigeon) never will be exterminated so long
asforests large enovgn for their nestings and mast enough for their food remains."
; But the passenger pigeon---the bird that at one time "shadowed the fields lik
4 a cloud," and "darkened the sun" by its tremendous numbers---is gone, The last
a pigeon died in the Cincinnati Zoo in 1914.
What became of the famous passenger pigeons of a half century ago?
Some folxs say the pigeons may have flow out over the ocean in huge flocks
and got caugit in a terrific storm, After battling the wind for hours, so tnxesc
folks imagine, the birds fell exhausted and perished in the waves. Other folks
explain tae disappearance of the wild pigeons by theories wilder than the pigeons,
The best authorities hold different ideas. One man who spent a great deal of
time studying the bird says the passenger pigeons were not exterminated at any
‘single swift stroke. This authority says the pigeon grafually decreased over a
eros of more than 20 years, He tells now the pigeon butchers caught tre ovigeons
the millions and millions and shipped them in carloai lots to the city markets,
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and then says, "And when you are asked wnat has beco-1e of the wild pigeons, f igure
up the shipping bills, and they will show what has become of tis, the grandest
game bird that ever cleft the air of any continent,"
The tales the old~timers tell of how the pigeon killers butchered the wild
pigeons are both fascinating and terrible.
Audubon describes one of these butcheries at a pigeon roost on the Green
River in Kentucky.
Audubon arrived at the pigeon roost just before sunset. He found a great
many people at the roost with horses and wagons, and guns and ammunition, wait~
ing for the pigeons to come back to the roost for the night. Some of the aunters
had iron pots containing sulphur---some haé torches of pine---many had poles--~
.the rest had gums, Two farmers had driven upwards of 300 hogs to the roost to
fatten on the slavghtered pigeons left on the ground.
Waen tne pigeons came back to the roost, Awiubon says they sounded like a
"hard gale at sea passing through the rigging of a close-reefed vessel." They
poured down into the roost out of the air like water over a gigantic waterfall.
Tae pole-men !mocked the pigeons down by the thousands, Other hunters lishted
the fires, T2e guns spurted their deadly fire, but mafe no sounéd,---their roar
was drowned out by the terrific din, Tic sight was wonderful as well as terri-
fying.
The slaughter went on all night. Along toward daybreak, the hunters began
to pile the dead, dying, and mangled vigeons up in heaps until they hai as many
as they wanted, Tnen, the farmers turned in the hogs to finish the pigeons left
on the ground,
Stories like the one Audubon tells of the Kentucky butchery are not at all
unusual. You can find dozens and dozens of similar storiés, The pigeon hunters
caught thousands upon thousands of the pigeons in nets. They set fire to the
trees to drive the young squabs out of the nests. They went to the roosts at
night and chooped down big trees to crush the pigeons perched on the limbs, They
put out poisoned bait. They sold live pigeons to sportsmen for trap-shooting,.
They shipped carload after carload to the city markets for food.
Even a bird such as the passenger pigeon---a bird that numbered in the vil-
lions---coulda't stand the strain of year-around slaughter, and the destruction
of food supplies and breeding grounds,
H. P. Sneldon, Game Conservation Officer of the Bureau of Biological Survey,
thinks the story of the passenger pigeon would have been repeated with other
game birds if the State and Federal governments hadn't taken steps to protect
them.
Starting along about 1870, when the passenger pigeon was passing out of ex
istence, a number of states began to enact laws to protect waterfowl. However,
Colonel Shelcon says the game commissioners and other men interested in protect
ing wild life realized the state laws were not adequate. Some of the states nad
Ro laws at all to protect birds, Other states protected only a few kinds of birds
_---or only in certain localities---or for only a short season.
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So, the sportsmen and conservationists got together and put through a
Federal Migratory-Bird Law. This law vassed in 1913 gave the U. S. Deoartinent
of Agriculture cower to fix closed seasons for migratory birds,
Colonel Sheldon tells us the effect of the Federal Act was immediate. Water-
fowl and other migratory birds showed a marked increase. The birds went back to
breeding places waich they had abandoned because of excessive shooting.
But, of course, even a Federal law wasn't sufficient. Many of our migratory
birds are no resoecters of national boundaries. Some birds spend their summers
in Canada and their winters in the United States. Others summer in tne United
States and winter in Mexico, or Central America, or even South America, Tuey fly
thousands of .siles in getting from their summer homes to their winter homes.
They make many stops along the way, Protection in the United States is of little
value without nrotection in Canada,
So, in 1916, ovr goverment made a treaty with Great Britain to protect
birds that fly bad: and forth between the United States and Canada. Both Canata
and the United States agreed to pass laws to protect some 500 different kinds
of migratory birds,
The regulations set up by our government under this treaty make it wilavful
to kill migratory birds with guns bigger than No. 10-gauge. They also pronibit
hunting or killing birds from airplanes, power boats, or sailboats. They also
prevent the sale of migratory birds.
In the oast two or three years the Federal csoverment has taken still a
further step to protect migratory birds, It has enacted legislation giving au
thority to set up a number of migratory bird sanctuaries,
Many naturalists think the passenger pigeon Cied off partly because we
destroyed its breeding places and food supply. It is plain that the same reason
ing applies in the case of some other species.
So, the Federal government is now engaged in setting aside refuges as feed~
ing, breeding, and resting grounds for migratory birds, Vast regions where
waterfowl were once abundant are now useless because of drainage developments
amd evaporation, But many of them can be restored to their natural condition,
and waile the work must proceed very slowly, there is hope that enough mars.
areas may be saved in time to enable the wildfowl to escape the tragic fate that
befell the pigeon,
-——O—-——
AMMOUNCE TIT: You have just heard a talk from Uncle Sam's Naturalists in the
United States Department of Agriculture on aow the Federal Government is protect—
ing bird life. ‘Te will have another tal’: from the Naturalists at tris tine tvo
weelzs from today,
~
oF es RE—"4
WITH UNCLE SAM'S NATURALISTS ae ctober 21. 1932
ae Bs y M FOR BROADCAST USE ONLY
Speaking Time: 10 Minutes.
ANNOUNCEMENT: And now for our talk with Uncle Sam's Naturalists. The United
States Biological Survey has been busy for some years now trying to provide stop.
ever privileges for migratory birds, especially ducks and geese, Today we are
going to hear a little about that work to save our wildfowl.
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Mr. Arthur A. Riemer, land valuation mgineer of the United States Bio-
logical Survey, tells us about our national chains of landing fields for ducks
and geese.
We call them our ducks and geese; but many of then, were hatched in
Canada. Many of "our ducks" have their homes far up in the Arctic Circle. Many
that our duck hunters niss this fall will go back to their northern nesting
grounds to raise new families next spring. Wild ducks are true nigramts. In-
ternational and State boundary lines mean very little in their young lives.
Some nest along the northem edges of Canada and Alaska. The nesting
sites of others are scattered through the vast stretches of western Canada. And,
of course, we also have sone very extensive areas in this country where ducks
and geese nest as well as rest and feed.
You probably heard a few weeks ago that the famous Bear River Marshes of
the north shore of Great Salt Lake, Utah, had been formally taken over as a
Federal bird refuge.
Those Bear River Marshes are one of our big concentration points for
ducks, That is a nesting site for many ducks, but with the change of the seasons
ducks hatched in that area hop off for other States and other countries, Ducks
banded by workers of the Biological Survey on those marshes have been recovered
in 14 different States-in our Great Basin and Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast
country and in Canada and Mexico.
In moving back and forth between their breeding and winter feeding grounds,
ducks and geese follow definite travel routes. In most cases probably the sane
travel routes that were followed by their ancestors long before duck shooters
ever came on this continamt,.
Year after year the ducks nove down in the fall from their summer hones to
their favorite winter feeding gromds. But year after year, men have been chang
ing the conditions along some of the chief migration routes of our waterfowl.
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Ducks don't just hop off from their nesting grounds and make a non-stop
flight to their winter feeding grounds. Bird nigration is usually a mech nore
Jeisurely affair, The birds need landing fields and refueling stations, where
they can stop and rest and feed on their long treks.
Ducks migrate along routes well sprinkled with plenty of marshes or other
shallow bodies of water. A waterfowl without water is alnost as bad off as a
land bird without land.
As the country has developed, of course, the natural ranges of many kinds
of wild life have been restricted. Waterfowl following the age~old rigration
routes have found their nesting and feeding and resting places shrinking.
In many cases we have been over-zealous in taking over duck lands for
ether uses. For instance, Mr. Riemer says draining duck marshes to use the land
for farming is one of the big cases of the decrease in the number of ducks.
Many of those projects have failed to pay for the expense of drainage. Becmse
of poor drainage or other difficulties, the farm crops raised on many former
marshes have proved less valuable than the duck crops. He mentions one very
costly attempt to drain a duck lake, which has failed and part of which has now
reverted to use as a hunting area. .
And, of course, not all bodies of water are ideal for ducks. Ducks need
water, and the water mst be of the proper depth to grow the plants they eat.
Shallow ponds and lakes and marshes mst supply the waterfowl with food as well as
lodging. Sudden and great changes in the level of a lake tend to kill out the
forms of life upon which the ducks feed.
Many years ago our biologists and sportsmen and game lovers realized that
our duck: resources needed protection, and began to urge the establishnmeat of
Federal refuges where the waterfowl could find suitable conditions and safety
from extermination. A few large waterfowl areas were set aside in some of our
western States, generally on lands already controlled by the government, and
sone of the others had long been important waterfowl concemtration areas.
In the eastern States, however, wtil less than four years ago, there were
very few waterfowl refuges, In 1929, Congress passed the nigratory~bird con-
servation act, to provide for the acquisition of land for Federal bird refuges.
Under that act, the United States Biological Survey began to exartine and nmap
large areas to determine their suitability as duck refuges. Biologists have ex-
emtined some 140 areas, and have located suitable sites in practically every
State in the Union. As a result of these investigations 16 refuges are in pro-~
cess of establishnent in 14 States.
The areas being considered form the main chains of the waterfowl landing
fields. Mr. Riener tells ne that areas as large as 10,000 to 20,000 acres are
considered more economical from an aduinistrative standpoint by the Federal
Government. Some are much larger than that,
The Great Malheur Lake Bird Refuge, in Oregon, for instance, covers about
90,000 acres and comprises a chain of three lakes. The largest Malheur is a big
shallow lake, in nost places not more than one to three feet deep.
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ANNOUNCE: ENT: And now we'll take our bi-weekly jaunt into the great open
spaces with Uncle Sam's Naturalists in the Bureau of Biological Survey. To-
day, we'll pick our way through the reeds and grasses down in the marsn to
get acquainted vith that interesting game bird---the coot, or "mud hen."
-o0o0000-
Listen! Eear that quacking?
Sounds like some ducks and coots on down this little stream.
I expect we'll find them swimaing around in that little bay where this
stream flows into the creek.
Let's move down in that direction.
Te can follow this little path along the bank and come in behind that
shack standing on the point running out into the bay. Te can watch the coots
and ducks from the porch of the shack.
Careful, there! This path is citeh ty slipvery.
de're getting closer. You can hear the quacking much louder nov.
Listen! Hear that kind of high-pitched note~--and then several deeper
notes right along close together?
That's a coot.
-—-And hear that quack? Sounds something like a duck. But it isn't.
That's a coot, too.
Funny bdirds---those coots. You can hear them in the swamps and marshes
night and day. Sometimes, they quack about like a duck. Then, they make
this sound and that sound---always a racket of some kind.
Notice hoy the stream is widening out? Ye're getting down almost to
the bay.
Listen! ---Right over there beyond that fringe of bushes along the
bank of the stream! Hear those birds thrashing around in the water? And
those coughing sounds? And those frog-like vlunks? And that kind of sawing
or filing noise? Sounds like a flock of coots down there. If we move over
toward the bank maybe we can see them.
Sure enough! Look right through that break in the bushes. There vou
, a a ee -—.
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see coots swimming by the dozens right in among the ducks.
Notice the head and neck of one of those coots. The head and neck are
a kind of blackish color. The rest of the body has a bluish-slate tint.
---And look at the bill. The coot's big, ivory-white bill makes it
easy for you to tell a coot from a duck.
Move over here a little closer to the edge of the stream.
See those three coots down over the bank there getting their breakfast?
Watch how they walk. They bob their heads and hunch their backs like a
guinea fowl. ---They vick at the seeds and grass just like a chicken.
Then, take a look at those coots out on the water,
Watch that one dive down below the surface. He's probably going under
after a fish or tadpole.
Sh-h-h-h Don't move. They see us.
. But they don't seem much afraid. As a usual thing, coots are pretty
tame if you don't disturb them too much.
Let's move on down the stream. I think that old shack is just around
the next turn in the path.
Yes, there's the shack.
We can cut right across this cleared space and get up on the front
porch.
Here we are! This porch gives you a fine view of the whole bay.
; Look at all those ducks and coots, would you! The water is fairly
alive with them.
There goes a gun! lust be hunters in a blind across the creek.
Some of the ducks are taking to the air.
The coots are getting ready to take off, too.
Just look at those coots! There they go---running along on top of the
water--—beating the water with their wings and feet. They're making the spray
fly like an old side-wheeler on the Mississippi. They're trying to get up
enough speed to rise off the water. ‘hat a commotion! No wonder folks call
those birds "spatterers."
Now they are rising off the water little by little like a heavily-
loaded airplane. But they won't go high. A coot usually flies along 10 or
15 feet above the water.
They won't fly far, either. Coots never fly long distances except
when they migrate. ‘hen they are trying to get away from an enemy, they
usually swim or scurry along on top of the water.
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Look at those doots flying along thé bank right in front of use
See how the coot stretches his feet out behind him vith his toes
turned upward? He uses his feet as a rudder in place of that useless little
tail.
---And notice how that pointed, ivor:-white bill gleams in the sun-
light against that black head? ---And see the white tips on some of those
feathers. You can tell a coot from a duck every time by the feathers and
bill.
There goes another shot---and another---and anotherl
Look at those three birds falling to the ground! I guess they are all
ducks. None are coots.
Most hunters don't shoot coots. They look upon a coot about like a
‘possum hunter looks upon a skunk. If they take home a coot, they're afraid
they'll get the horse laugh.
That's unfortunate, too. For in many places the coot is more plenti-
ful than the duck. Dr. W. B. Bell, in the Bureau of Biological Survey, tells
me waterfowl of all kinds havé been having a rather tough time during the last
year or so. Farming and other industries have been draining out some of the
waterfowl concentration areas. And the drought dried up some of the breeding
groundse In order to save our waterfowl, Uncle Sam cut the open season last
year from three and/fhalf months to one month and this year made it two months.
But, through all of the drought and draining work, the coot has fared better
than the duck. The prejudice against the coot has spared it from the hunter's
fuNne
I asked Dr. Bell how he explained the prejudice against the coot.
Dr. Bell says folks used to think a coot wasn't fit to eat. They
thought the meat had a strong, unpleasant flavor. But, if you know how to fix
it, coot makes a mighty fine dish.
A couple of years ago, a group of prominent sportsmen and conservation-
ists attended a dinner in one of the larger cities in Oklahoma. They ate what
they thought was duck. The meat was good. They asked for second helpings.
After the plates had been cleared away, those men got a big surprise. The
meat wasn't duck meat at all. They had been eating coot, or as some people
Say, mud hen.
I won't try to give you full details on how to prepare coot. For the
most part, you cook a coot just like you do a chicken or a duck. But, here's
a little secret---and an important one. The strong, unpleasant flavor of coot
that you hear so much about is only skin-deep. If you pull off the skin—-and
soak the meat in salt water or soda water for a few hours before you cook it
---you will have a fine dish. You won't be able to tell it from duck any more
than the men could at the Oklahoma dinner.
So, the next time you go gunning for waterfowl, get acquainted with the
coots. Include a’few of them in your game bag. You'll have just as much
sport shooting a coot as you would @ duck. By shooting coots instead of
ducks, you will give the ducks a chance to recover from the drought and over-
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-00000-
1: And that was our regular bi-weekly visit with Uncle Sam's
» We hear these stories about our wild life through the coopera-
e Bureau of Biological Survey in the U. S. Department of Agricul-
l have another visit with the naturalists two weeks from today.
~*
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See: Fa hb Cepick OF
™ IN FORME eae 3
WITH UNCLE SAM'S NATURALISTS RELEASE, Decesber- Ry 1936
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FOR BROADCAST USE ONLY
Reading Time: 10 Mimtes
ANNOUNCHENT: And now it's time for Uncle Sam's Naturalists to bring you their
story of the birds, and beasts, and great out-of-dovrs. Today, the naturalists
vary their program a little. They will give us a few of the high lights from the
annual report of the United States Burem of Biological Survey.
--~0000900———
As I talked with Uncle Sam's Naturalists about their work of the past yaay,
I find they have been making an intensive drive against the underworld.
Yes sir, these Governmemt men of the Biological Survey have roided some
more of the hang outs of that notorious gang of wnderworld characters--the rodents,
They have descended upon the dives and dens of the brown rats, and cotton rats,
and field mice, and in localities where these and other pests were overenbundant
they have wiped them out by the thousands and thousands.
The mdomt-control men during the year carried on more than 250 oti-rat
campaigns against the comuon brown rat alone,
One of the big campaigms in the war against the brown rat was carried on
in the oil fields of East Texas. Members of the Texas National Guard stationed
in the East Texas oil fields began to fall victim, one by one, to that dreaded
disease, typhus fever. There were 61 cases of typhus fever in this section at
one time. When State and county health officers began to look for the cause of
the epidemic, they found the oil field a regular paradise for rats. Thousands
of these gangsters were hiding out in garbage dumps, and lumber piles, and in the
Walls of poorly constructed houses and buildings. The health officers suspected
the rats might be carrying the deadly typhus germs. They kmew rats have a long
standing reputation as disease carriers, dating back to the terrible plages of
the Middle Ages. So, the health officials called on Uncle Sam's rodent~control
specialists t» help organize an anti-rat campaign.
The rodent-control men proceeded to make that Bast Texas oil field a mst
unhealthy place for rats. To begin with, they cleaned up garbage dumps, rat-
proofed old buildings, and set out rat poison. They also spread soil over new
garbage deposits to cut the rats off from fo d and shelter.
That anti-rat campaign checked the typms-fever epidemic, In fact, Briga-
Gier General Jacob F, Wolters, of the Texas National Guard later wrote to the
Biological Survey and said:.
"New cases (of typms fever) gradually fell off ond stopped altogetuer.
You not only killed the rodents, tut you tamght tow and country folks alike the
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importance of getting rid of them."
The Biological Survey also fought rats in the early-vegetable sections of
the Florida Everglades,
In the Everglades that cousin of the common brown rat, the cotton rat was
playing havoc with ,tomatoes and sweetpotatoes and other early truck crops. The
cotton rat damage in just one county amoumted to something over $150,000. in a
single year. The vegetable growers warred against the rats witnout success, They
Called upon the rodent specialists for hdlp.
The rodent control men in cooperation with the Florida game authorities
first tried out different kinds of poison bait. Farmers had been using poisoned
groin. But the rats didn't sean to like the grain baits and the grain baits also
killed birds as well as rats. To prevent that trouble the rodent me decided
upon a sWweetpotato bait. Rats like the sweetpotatoes but the birds don't,
The vegetable growers spread the sweet potato bait in their truck patches.
Members of the Future Farmers organizati>n and the 4-H Clubs scattered the bait
along the roadsides. The cotton rats ate the baite— then they died off by the
thousands. One man aftor using 27 cents! worth of bait, counted 260 dead cotton
rats on a single acre.
That poisoning campaign in the Everglades cut the cotton-rat damage to a
tenth of what it had been.
In New Ingland, the Survey's rodent experts led fruit growers in an equally
successful camapign against field mice,
Field mice chew off the rows of young trees and girdle the roots and trunks
of older trees, so aften that many growers take the damage for granted.
However, during the past year, the fruit growers put out something over
10,000 pounds of bait. That bait did its work. Nearly four-fifths of the growers
reported that mice didn{t bother a single tree after that poisoning campaign. Of
the nearly 90,000 trees protected with bait, only 92---only about one tree ina
thousand---showed any sign of mouse damage.
But, Texas, Florida, and New England farmers aren't the only farmers who
have troubles with rodents. Western farmers also have special rodent problems.
Besides rats and mice, western formers have to contend with pocket gophers, ground
squirrels, and prairie dogs. Pocket gophers, ground squirrels, and prairie dogs
burrow through irrigation channels and water reservoirs, and riddle pastures and
ronge land with holes, and ruin alfalfa fields. In the West, just as in the East,
the rodent specialists of the Biological Survey are helping farmers stage poison-
ing campaigns,
But, pocket gophers, ground squirrels, and prairie dogs aren't the Western
farmer's only worries; not by a long shot. Imp some sections, livestock growers
ond crop farmers have to fight mountain lions pnd wild-cats, to say notuing of
Wolves, ond coyotes, and other predatory animajs. During the past year, beasts of
prey have been even worse than usual in some places, because fur prices hove been
so low that hunters didn't trap so mch as formerly. So whenever the big cats,
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and Wolves, and coyotes, and other destructive onimals get bad on pudlic lands,
Uncle Sam's hunters have to take a hand to protect the livestock grazing there
and on the neighboring ranches. Last year, in cooperation with stockmen those
men trapped and otherwise destroyed more than 17,000 animals in Texas alone.
Trapping work, by the way, brings’ up a problem. A trapper sets a trap to
catch a lion, or a bobcat, or a wolf. However, when he goes to his trap the next
day instead of a lion or bobcat he may find a harmless bird or skunk in the trap,
if he has not gone about it in the right way. That not only means the loss of
a harmless bemeficial bird or animal, but also a waste of the trapper's time.
To avoid such waste A.M. Day, of the Biological Survey, devised a little spring
to attach to the traps. The spring fits right under the trigger. With that
spring on the trap a oird or small animal can walk on the trigger in safety. But
when a big animal like a lion or bobcat steps on the trigger, the trap springs.
This work of controlling destructive animals in cooperation with local land-
owners is only a small part of the Biological Survey's activities. A still Sigger
part of the jobis to study and apply methods for protecting our harmless and bene-—
ficial wild life.
For instance, the naturalists are studying a disease that has killed mil-
lions of waterfowl and shore birds in the Western States in the past <0 years. The
naturalists now know the cause of the disease. They also have found a means for
remedying the conditions producing the disease.--The remedy is to control the
depth of water on md flats. Where you can't control these water levels, the
remedy is to scare the birds away.
Another phase of the work is to provide refuges where our ducks, and geese,
and other migratory birds cm rest, feed, and breed without being routed out by
the work of a steam shovel or a dredging machine. The Biological Survey was in-
strumental insetting aside 7 new Federal migratory bird refuges, during the past
year, and enlarging 5 others. That brings the total number of wild-life refuges
under the jurisdiction of the Biological Survey to 100, and mony of them are en-
joyed by ducks, geese, and other game birds.
The birds can live in these refuges undisturbed as long as other public
agencies take the same attitude as has the State of Nebraska. A certain concern
asked the Neoraska department of public works for permission to carry out a piece
of drainage work that would have had a bad effect on the Federal migratory—bird
refuge at Crescent Lake. But the Nebraska authorities turned dowm the request.
They said it would be "detrimental t» the public welfare."
As o further step to protect our bird life, the Biological Survey collects
the facts about the habits and abundance of waterfowl and the need for shortening
or lengthening the hunting season. This year the hunting season was kept shorter
than in former years because of the serious affect on the birds brought about by
the excessive shooting, drainage operations, and drwehts of the past few seasons.
ANNOUNCELENT:; And that concludes today's visit with Uncle Sam's Naturalists
in which you have heard some of the high lights from the annual report of the
United States Biological Survey. You will hear another story from the Naturalists
over (Station) __—=—s— sat this same time two weeks from today.
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oJ“ “WITH UNCLE Sal's NATURALISTS Friday, December 16, 1932.
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Semew Op
INFORMATION:
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION
SPEAKING TIME: 10 Minutes.
ANNOUNCEMENT: This is the day and hour for our regular Friday visit with Uncle
Sam's Naturalists. Our Wilds Man has been talking with men in the Forest Service,
United States Department of Agriculture, trying to get the facts on the future of
the United States' wood supply. ‘here do we stand in reference to our stand of
timber?
--O--
I can remember the time when one of the great concerns of the farmer was to
get the timber OFF his land. That, in the country where I lived, was a time of
clearing the land, And clearing the land was no small job, But a big change has
come in the timber supplies of this country and now a whole lot of farmers would
like to see more timber ON their land,
The same change has come about in the hills and in the forests. America's
great stands of virgin timber--once thought INEXHAUSTIBLE-—-have been used up so
fast that already the last extensive stands are being tapped. The United
States is a great wood-using nation. Our newspapers alone eat up thousands of
acres of timver every year. That morning or eveiing paper you buy for a fow cents is
printed on a wood=pulp paper ad you have to have trees if you're going to have
Wood pulp. That's only one example of the country's mammoth appetite for wood
and that wood has to be supplied somehow--unless we can find a good substitute.
The trouble is, virgin timber is practically irreplaceable because of the length
of time necessary to grow material of the highest quality. You can't grow a tree
over the week-end, you know,
I was talking this over with some of the men in the Forest Service of the
Department of Agriculture the other day and they gave me some figures, The forest
land of the United States, they said, amounts to about 730 thousand square miles
altogether. Abovt 150 thousand square miles is managed for permanent timber pro-
duction under public ownership, Federal, State, and local. The other 580 thousand
square miles--an area larger than France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Ger-
many, and the British Isles, by the way--is privately owmed, This privately owned
forest land supports industries giving employment to more than a million people
and turning out each year wood products valued at 2 billion dollars. This is
enovgh to supply domestic needs and furnish wood products worth about 200 million
dollars to foreign comtries,
That soundsvery impressive--that soundslike very good business, That sounds
like America's wood pile is a very big proposition---and it is, But the trouble
is, only a small portion of this woods land is now being handled so as to produce
timber continuously, The greater part of the land is gradually drifting into
idleness, producing so little that it is a burden to its owners and to the com
munities within whose territory it lies. Some 125 thousand square miles have
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already stopped being productive and & much larger area is only partly productive,
The UNPRODUCTIVE land, the Federal fétesters say, is being abandoned not because
of any serious difficulty in keeping it PRODUCTIVE, nor because no way to keep it
productive is mown, but because its'owners doubt whether timber-growing will pay.
Up until very recent years, as the virgin timber in one region was cut, there was
always another virgin supply just over the hill or in the nearby countrys, But
that's not so any more,
Now let's take a look at another side of the question. Government experts say
that more wood is used in the United States than in any other country. WE COINSUME
AS MUCH TIMBER FROM TREES LARGE ENOUGH TO SA‘ OUT LUMBER AS ALL THE OTHER COUNTRIES
COMBINED---or about 13 BILLION cubic feet in all. The United States leads the
world in the manufacture of many products made wholly or partly of wood. ith only
6 per cent of the world's population, this coumtry has 35 ver cent of the world's
railway mileage and for the transportation industries alone--including automobiles
and railroads-—we use nearly as much saw timber per capita as is required for all
purposes in Great Britain, Germany, or France. ‘Je use immense quantities of wood
every year for making, shipping ami storing crates boxes, and barrels. Great forests
are used up every year to make pulp for our paper supply. The United States is
known all over the world as the land of wooden houses, ‘We are cutting from our
forests about 200 cubic feet of wood every year for each man, woman, and child in
the United States.
Of course, the United States isn't alone amoug the nations of the world when
it comes to using wood. Some folks think that wood is more or less out of date
and that it's rapidly being replaced by cheaper materials or better materials.
That doesn't seem to be soe Newsprint and other woodpulp product s~-automobiles--
phonographs--radio cabinets--and many other articles requiring large quantities of
wood, have come into extensive use within a generation. It seems that no sooner
do we find substitutes for wood that new uses for wood arise. Many foreign coun-
tries have learned the truth of that.
China is the classic example of a nation that has suffered from an exhausted
wood-pile. Some 2,500 years ago, China was abundantly supplied with forests. The
population increased rapidly and the people cut the timber as it was needed, waste-
fully and without thought for the future, At first, the Government seldom or never
interfered. Land clearings---wasteful cutting--repeated forest fires, continuing
throughout many centuries, gradually pushed the forests back until they are con-
fined to the least accessible parts of the mountains today. To get timber down to
the main consuming centers of the country takes from 6 months to 3 yearse This
has put timber into the luxury class in China and the general public can't afford
it. In many districts, timber large enough to make boards is so scarce that
practically none is used save for the manufacture of coffins.
Let's carry the story a step further, Since wood for building or for fuel
can't be gotten, you'd naturally expect the Chinese to turn to substitutes, such
as coal, brick, cement, and steel, The country has these and other mineral re-
sources in plenty, But without timber, it's impossible to use the substitutes.
The few coal mines that are developed depend largely on imported timber for props,
lagging, and other needed construction material. The railroads that carry the coal
run on wooden ties brought in from Manchuria, Japan, or North America. small
- Rative iron foundries use charcoal brought for many long miles on boats and on
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‘Domestic iron and coal, therefore, are produced only in small quan-
» so costly that they can hardly compete in the seaport cities with
eel brought from North eee and from Surope.
lies. Peta. the atic so far as the United ston. are concerned?
all this, we are still going to need plenty of wood in this country.
R CAPITA consuaption should fall as low as present Duropean standards,
in population which is likely to take place in the next 50 years will
er requirements at a level little, if any, below our present timber
1ermove, it often takes wood to make the very things which are de-
ake the place of wood, The coal mines of the United States alone con
ion n board feet of lumber @ year. And of course we are constantly in-
broadening the uses for wood, As our cities grow, more and more wood
ed to make the containers in which their food is shipped in from the
< ctions.
‘this briags us dow to a rather obvious moral: GROW MORE WOOD OR ELSE
We will always need our forests. ‘Te should, therefore, conserve and
--0O--
If you want more facts and figures on the future of America's wood
to the U. S. Forest Service, at Washington, De Ce The talk to which
sg Listened has come | to you through the cooperation of Station
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NF ee ‘ION
WITH UNCLE SAM'S NATURALISTS Friday, Darcter 30, 1932
PF BE » r
A sWy FOR BROADCAST USE ONLY
Reading Time; 10 Minutes.
ANNOUNCEIENT: We now chat for a few minutes with Uncle Sam's Naturalists
about the Great Out-of-Doors. Today, the Naturalists have a suggestion for
farmers, and bird clubs, and school, and -4-H clubs on how they can help
protect our useful birds.
—-o00--
I ran across two stories the other day that go to show what a wonderful
help birds are to the farmer---and, in fact, to land owners in general.
A certain Iowa farmer had a fence row of heavily sodded bluegrass right
next to his cornfield. That fence row produced swarms and swarms of Srass~-
hoppers. In one particular summer, the grasshoppers chewed up three rows of
corn 40 rods long. The farmer didn't zet a single bushel of corn from those
three rowse
Well, at that particular time, that farmer didatt put mech faith in
woat he'd heard about birds protecting crops by destroying insects. But he
decided to make a little experiment.
The following winter he went to town and got some drygoods boxese He
and his coys made those boxes tp into bird houses. They put up 21 bird houses——-
Spaced about two rods apart---all down along the edge of the cornfield.
Well, the birds took the hint. The following spring, they moved into
13 of those 21 new houses. Wrens nested in 6 of the new houses---bluedirds in
4 houses---and purple martins in 3.
All suzmer long the birds feasted on zrasshoppers.
That fall, the farmer harvested 23 bushels of corn from those three
Tows next to the fence where, the preceding year, he got no corn ai alle
Needless to say, that man had no further doubts about the value of birds.
A second man-—-this man from Wisconsin---gives still further testimony
of the value of birds to the farmer. He says:
"J commenced ... over half a century ago, and have fitted my place for a
bird paradise, with plenty of trees and shrubbery and one acre of lawn.
Commencing with a single pair of grackles about 20 years ago, I have now over
200eeeeI counted 17 on the first furrow plowed this spring. White grubs are
Ph ee — bina
about played out, and I have not seen a cutworm in five yearse"
Well, in those two particular cases, the birds happened to be feeding on
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gérasshoppers; and on grubs and cutwotms. But those three insects don't begin
to cover the birds! entire bill of fare. Birds feed on just about every kind
of harmful insect you can mention. And a great many different kinds of birds
eat the same insects. Specialists, who have looked into the eatins habits of
birds, find 205 different kinds of birds eat wireworms and 95 different species
@at grubs. I might zive you a whole host of other examples-—-for instance,
175 kinds of birds feed on leafhoppers, and 110 feed on billbugs, and so on.
But don't think for a mimute that birds simply taste a lot of different
kinds of insects and then eat very few insects of any one kind.
If you have ever watched birds traveling back and forth all day long
with food for their young, you can appreciate what great numbers of insects
a bird can eat in a day's time. Take that busy little house wren, for instance.
The house wren brings a load of food to its young about once every 2 minutes
all day longe Of course, not many birds can equal the wren's recorde Most
birds probably feed only once every 5 to 8 minutes. But even once every 5 or 8
minutes counts up pretty big in 10 or 12 hours.
The bird men checked up on the work of the birds on a 200-acre farm in
North Carolinas That farm was over-run with green bugs, or wheat aphidse But
the bird men found 3,000 birds on that farm. They figured the birds were
cleanin2 up the wheat aphids at the rate of a million a day.
If you had a hired man who killed a million harmful crop insects a day,
you probably would think he did a pretty good day's work. You would at least
think he was worth his board and keep. Well, the birds certainly deserve the
same consideration.
But, maybe you wonder just why the birds need any particular attention?
Why can't they look after themselves?
Well, as W. Le McAtee says,-~and McAtee is a bird authority in the
United States Biological Survey--The birds work along willingly and faithfully
as long as you give them a decent place to live. But, every time you clear
out a piece of woods, or drain a piece of wet ground, or cut down a hedge -
row, you wipe out birds! homes, and shelters. Finally things get so civilized
the birds just 'up and leave.'!"
But some of you may ask. "Can we afford to leave a lot of nedzerows,
and thickets around the farm, simply as shelter for the birds?"
At one time, we may have thought we couldn't. But, as we nave moved
on farther and farther with our plows and axes, we have pressed the birds
harder and harder. And now we begin to realize the value of birds. We find
it may pay us to give them a little attention, after alle
In a great many places, schools, local bird clubs, and Audubon societies,
are cooperating with landowners to set up bird refuges on farms. The land-
owner agrees to furnish the land and act as a kind of warden, while the club
or school agrees to post the places and put up bird houses, and feeding stations.
If the landowner and club decide to make the farm a refuge for game dirds, the
club may stock the farm with birds. Of course, if folks go to a lot of trouble
to set up a bird refuge, they want to protect it. So, tne folks who set up the
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RUIS.N.. 12/30/32 age
refuges make use of the laws authorizing game wardens to proceed against
tresspassers.
Several States are also establishing effective refuges for some of our
common song birds. McAtee tells me he knows of such refuges in New Hampshire,
Connecticut, Illinois, and Minnesota.
Then, of course, many individual farmers and landowners are setting aside
bird reserves themselves-—without any help from clubs, or schools.
McAtee told me just how a person can go about making his farm or home
grounds into a refuge for birds.
If you are interested in establishing a bird refuge, or in encouraging
birds to live on your place, I suggest that you get in touch with your county
agricultural agent, or the state college of agriculture.
Here are a few of his pointers on refuges.
He points out that our present-day brushless wire fences don't offer any
attraction to birds. He says you can let shrubby growth get started along the
fencerows, or you can plant fruit-bearing and other shrubs in gullies, and on
ditch banks, and in various odd corners.
And when you set out trees and shrubs, always take into account their food-
producing qualities. Keep that in mind also when you are cleaning up thickets.
I can't tell you what shrubs and trees to leave standing, and what kinds to plant.
But I can mention a few like the elderberry, blackberry, mlberry, dogwood, and
Wild grape, and sumac to give you a suggestion. I also might mention the cherry,
and holly, and blueberry, and pokeberry, and service berry.
And remember, provide the birds a place to livee As you cut out your
trees and woodlands, you destroy many of the old nesting placese Follow the
example of the Iowa farmer and fix up some bird boxes.
Taen, of course, don't forget to provide the birds a place to drink and
take a bath. If you don't have any streams and natural pools, provide water
in some other way. -----
Those are just a few suggestions on how to protect and attract birds.
As McAtee suggests, if you want further tips on how to make your place into a
bird refuge, get in touch with your county agricultural agent or the state
college of agriculture.
ANNOUNCEMENT: And that concludes today's visit with Uncle Sam's Naturalists.
This talk came to you through the cooperation of the United States Biological
Survey and Station °
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