Division of Mollusks Sectional Library Ga @apey See ee eee eee ee eee eee eee ee ee — ee DPttex, Rections) r At ALOE Molianie. =! nd win nels ii sfpeal t sm mi A , : , % aa aS ae > 2 S BY \ y 4, 4 aA 4 Crouch hood . WODARCH'S ; Diviaion of Moltusk INTRODUCTION Sectional Library TO THE STUDY OF CONCHOLOGY, DESCRIBING The Orders, Genera, and Species OF SEMEL 3 WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF THE ANIMALS; AND DIRECTIONS FOR COLLECTING, PRESERVING, AND CLEANING SHELLS. SECOND EDITION, Revised and considerably Enlarged BY J. MAWE. 4 Author of Familiar Lessons on Mineralogy and Geology; Treatise on Diamonds and Precious sc ; Travels in South America, and through the Gold and Diamond Districts of Brazil, &c. &c. PMOnudsit; PUBLISHED BY LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND BROWNE PATERNOSTER ROW; AND BY J. MAWE, NO 149, STRAND. 1822. a f+ ae WW. M‘Dowall, Printer, Pemberton Rog Gough Square. fi® OE a Ai he) | > FEB2O 1998 ¥) | oh Se, Re We i | oe ADVERTISEMENT TO THE SECOND EDITION. THE alterations in this edition, consist in the introduc- tion of some species which were unknown at the time of Linneus ; the division of the genera into classes, whereby the different characters of the genus may be more readily recognized; the addition of the English names to many of the species ; a comprehensive nomenclature of the terms used in Conchology ; and lastly, by the embellishment of three new plates: the Frontispiece shewing four genera of spiral shells ; and the two others exhibiting the hinges of Bivalves, and displaying the peculiarities of some par- ticular shells. J. MAWE. 149, StRAND, Fer. 1822, a : s bs | , a Vb ads nye am si # peste yy Be pes : : 4 iereren e yal ee in, BQLTIAY Gh spa ROMP ou)! - ee PRET ENG Me hi as ‘ é rere lp ia sts ia Shi ev eee> vig ‘Wi te Bek es * adel ‘Gavi Ane Ys Ay aaa Be B ppb suid . 8 oe A we i: fe one Sat io ah i, ales eae boa am ee a ‘ae 4 oa WET | Cea, neha AAS Sas sh MG ie apt be oe at hy, ‘ a en ae | think res, Spann. $) akon Ly “RR bh ay, ey hh A ah . m e a. NE ease yrs \) een Kaban Tk wh A % “aa cea afar ‘d a’ LF ge? i aa ie Reina Pay sepals qnate sera sicv nga 1a eae id Ly -a i eT MNS nate et beet ony Ti te vpiagtiaedt ae ey, eae oA anit halt. a, sibhow | ted eit ie ae ic i Gate ~ an’ a won ylra a Berets hen chat ek ‘oie ale ie 3 saves THAT AO. } : oy i i ; : i ‘ ? - f Pi teire | oon’ lige 4 Lb th ee sid a Peete See. uae PSE ANON ONS ge hice ta de Mr . rt } a ise a | ae min beh ' Pot ua ‘ 4 A j , 2 Aes ; oe ee " » 23 ~ y t ; awn f « 1 Oo & & . yee he’ 4 : j A nl “ by fe ; ‘ - i ig ‘ by v' > 4 ¥ TAA §, aaa : : } re) a & As } a, , 4 . y . i i; iL. CONTENTS. ——— Page. GLOSSARY «eecccsccccssese eceeeccees eeccecces ix Introduction +--+... ee eccrscccece Prev eT rr i Tec 1 Properties cf animals inhabiting shells -+++++++-+- 2 Customary uses to which shells and their inhabi- tants are converted =e «+ esp eesessntessen, 5B Enemies to shells and and shell-fish -+++++--+e+¢ 4 Directions for collecting shells, and arranging them systematically ---+-++-+seeeeeeeeeee enone idea he Methods of preserving and cleaning shells --++++> 7 Cem GRENGION. 4s taeaeelies cree Te ae wae. S J]. Multivalves -- + cccccedeccccccece “Oo Boce cout 1b. IL. Bivalves -----+- Rik aha aa aaa ae aid ee mma a eid a ate 10 II. Univalves.—1. With a regular spire ------ vee 1] 2. Without a regular spire ---+- > 2b. I. MULTIVALVES. VI CONTENTS, ii. BIVALVES. SOICNL «seiscis cele: = alfa (a| cinpalaieeininiadaie |e s'* '= 15.6 \«,ole = plateiale Tellina ceoeeeoce eeeeeerecnceaceocs Wie 0's 0/6) ete whe, e inate Cardium cereee eetnmesecesretsecetes eereecesee* ences Mactra eceseee @eeeoeeseveos SBE OPE LP we pole el ae Oho eat aaa Donak «sees PPL eer ee Pens soereees eosece die fisld miaiwidb\ bie bale wbie a eocece Spondylus ee eae i Sick ee ele» ds ele on aia es Chama Fete SSt c3F. reas sos ese eSe as wine Arca coosccssiss eoecece ener = bis sles Ostrea pcvccee Sesdee ecnccccecce eee © ee ee Wi noMmld ©: 22 so 3% sete’ otohn ture a'0 e « elatetetn oo bis @a le c's (ees Mytilus ints te Aetoletakelompieieeteds cere cce cee seeseacs Pivina ssaes ss mfelata|sjsl/siatoiw anya te late /eis|a%e (ols cvcccsoerses Argonauta eeoeeweeoreeveee Ce eoeeteeeeereee @seee eo INSPERIETS: 0's 'w cla are die cle oie mie evolu inte o 4.6 relvio'p etaitl wievolalote S Conus eereeneeeeeees @eesceecseseresesevererensecsee . Bulla --+-. ee ° . Woluta <<... anemia apereaeeceseae for 0p~. Buccinum <«««s. Va binis alsin si sie(s seis aiaisioneie’ “eisic didis » Fe Strombus <«essececs Stdaeee sace Cheeta eees cisve e —— ss. re CONTENTS. Murex eo wecccccccecscencesesescvsstes eevves Trochus «-ccccesescsce Stn wer dec oonvesenaste Turbo «o2-cccccee SSD MNACM EM SKE Caw eee vemos Helix cocccccccccecseescee eovssesecreeee eocces Nerita os cvcecccsccccvccccccecvcccccsce snes s® Haliotis +--+ cccccces seeeecrsccscveersesvere eve Patella @eseveee seve. ereeesee eceveverezes ecosee Teredo ocecccecs:eccecvssccescoe ceecccvere eee a Mls | cig acs sin ino at gihs sit) lewis seewceweccsecees , aT LOE Pe EIEN DE en Nee wile 3 ee ae Explanation of the Plates --+e++++sseeeesees ove Vii Page. 100 108 113 120 128 132 135 143 146 149 151 153 154 vi Sy. ba Se 3 ? ary eae is ¥ ve ; i 3 ee ae aS Oot FEE Oe ee en ee wun eee couhu eee Pies Ones ev eet ee weve cae ee 5 cae ‘Kener i. i ; 5 ~~ ; ar ‘ x PPO C EERE Eee ener ea tem eee ee rese ees OF £ esceian cine CeO a a #47. Seer se teeeees Sat, i ee ce . « Py - : Aer, ¥ . GEE, eens eerste cc eegeceuveerees needed eae cok. J x its - RA 2 * 4 M wees . * i, os Tac Ie aback hei eroded yf achat ee ee se | Pick Sh Cevbeeerees tte oe se WAN bien “geil ‘ Ve hy ate - HUE e tener ee eee sede nanan er eees 7. Ssh "7 ‘ te Al OE SEAT ERT test 4 Seamimmans bcos eo ee wy are chase. Ha i Say eer ee rine eee eee ss NEA S HEN ES oad aie) 8 lodge aes At aut Uttda ee ee denier nee om Sprtee gama | a WONGL : Pmt ties ere ete t otf a nvitanbee « a re WL eld Tee Tete per Hiagua sa PS). leade ity a as i Wie es a poebiinS ” : Wee nthe oA opi Bore ald vivihve aes Fish: THOM: Labseyiaciy hosi Ce FT sai faletite ook ee Mien ee reer bfieee sd. sk Been BY eR ei Japan 6 Py P fois ~t? a bl ne y Peo AF >* sida: 20) Soest” sale ajest its neal RS, 1 Vedas Tae v8 io ate a Pom atied vie wMbor L09 ting HEA oe Divina) Bak) St thy Beek Mpatghapnnste 9 orth: Sekeiganets ti Haske AT ANE Ys wane eo ) hice dt Rat bate i td ees vO edt Brace eth ta oe MN 33 Aa legit ae aig 4 | ALA ED QI Pind Sinise | Wook vol rare apie ae ih Dt - a) eee omy Pon i Ramm Seema eet (tosh aid By ase Statin Sith oF HR: {hehigagtt GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN CONCHOLOGY. Acuminated, terminated in a sharp point. Anterior, (in Univalves) the part which forms the spire, the summit: (in Bivalves), see Margin. Aperture, the orifice or opening of the shell; it is called bimarginated, when the right lip forms a double mar- gin: coarctate, contracted: compressed, flattened: linear, when narrow and the length greatly exceeds the breadth: transverse, when the breadth is greater than the length. Apex, the tip or small end ofa shell. Articulated, (applied to Multivalves), when the different pieces of which the shell is composed are so strongly united, that they appear to form one shell: (when applied to Bivalves), see T'eeth. Auriculated, having ears. Base,(applied to Multivalves), the part on which the shell is supported ; (to Univalves), the most elevated part of the shell opposite to the spire. x : GLOSSARY. Beak, Beahed, having the extremity of the base of the shell elongated and contracted in the fourm of a beak. Bearded, when the epidermis is of a bristly or hairy na- ture, (see plate vi. fig. 3.) Byssus, a hair-like substance formed by some of the ani- mals of Bivalves, by which they attach themselves to extraneous bodies, (see plate vi. fig. 1.) Canal, the prolongation of the mouth ina kind of groove or gutter, as in the Murex and Strombus. Canaliculated, channelled or grooved. Cardinal, see Teeth. Carinated, having the form of the keel of a boat. Cartilage, see Ligament. Chambered, when the shell is internally divided by par- titions, parallel to the mouth. Ciliated, surrounded with parallel filaments. Clavate, club-shaped. Columella, is that part of the shell round which the whorls turn. . Compressed, (in Bivalves), when the valves are nearly flat, flattened. Conecamerated, see Chambered. Convolute, when the whorls turn round a lengthened cone, nearly vertical to each other. Cordiform, heart-shaped. Coronated, having the apex surrounded with a row of spines. 3 Crenated, having blunt teeth. Decollated, having the spire or upper part of the shell truncated transversely. r Decussated, striated transversely. ee ee - ee ee GLOSSARY, XI Dentated, having teeth. Diaphanous, transparent. Digitated, resembling the fingers. Dorsal, belongin g to the back. Ears, external projections on the sides of the hinge, (see plate vi. fig. 5.) Effuse, having the lips separated by a gutter. Emarginate, having the margin excavated by a canal. Epidermis, the outer skin or membrane of a shell. Equlateral, when the anterior and posterior parts of a shell are exactly similar. Equivalve, (applied to Multivalves) when the two prin- cipal valves have the same form, size, aud position: (to Bivalves), when the two valves are exactly si- milar. Exserted, very thin or slender. Fissure, a notch or slit, as in the Patella Fissura. Furrow, a gutter or groove running parallel to the hinge in Bivaives. Fusiform, spindle-shaped. Gaping, (in Bivalves), when the valves do not shut close : (in Univalves), when the lower part of the lips is dis- tended. Gibbous, swelled. Glabrous, smooth. Hinge, the part where the valves are united, and gener- ally furnished with one or more teeth: it is said to be compressed, when it is formed of one compressed tooth : lateral, when placed on one side of the shell: reflected, Xl GLOSSARY. when its edges are folded over the exterior margin: terminal, if situated at the extremity of the shell: and truncated, if the beaks of the shell appear to have been transversely cut off and the teeth of the hinge fixed in this part. Hispid, covered with hairs, as is the Helix Hispida. Imbricate, when the surface is covered with scales over- lapping each other. Imperforate, having no umbilicus. Inequilateral, when the anterior and posterior parts of the shell are dissimilar. Inequivalve, when the valves are dissimilar. Involute, without a spire, as in the Patelle. Keeled, see Carinated. Labium, see Lip. Lenticular, when the valves are round, and diminish m thickness from the centre towards the edges. Lid, see Operculum. Ligament, amembranous substance which connects the valves: and is prickly : punctated, marked with small cavities: scaly: or smooth. It is interior and exterior in the generality of Bivalves. Linear, when the length of the shell is greater than its breadth, and its form not cylindrical. Linguiform, tongue-shaped. Lip, (im Univalves), the sides of the apertures: (in. Bi- valves), the exterior edge of the valves. Lunar or Lunate, having a circular form. Margin, the edge of the shell: anterior, the space in GLOSSARY, Xi which the ligament is situated: posterior, the space on ' the other side of the hinge: superior, the space be- tween the anterior and posterior parts. Marginate, (in Univalves), having the sides of the shell thickened ; (in Bivalves), surrounded with an elevated margin. Mouth, see Aperture. Muscle, a fleshy, flexible organ by which the animal is attached to its shell. Muscular Impressions, are the marks made by the mus- cles with which the animal adheres to the shell, as may be seen in the common oyster. Obovate, nearly oval. Obsolete, obliterated. Obtuse, blunt pointed. Operculum, (in Multivalves), the four stellular valves which shut up the superior orifice: (in Univalves), the part which exactly fits into the aperture and encloses the animal. Papillary, having the apex rounded. Papyraceous, of the thinness of paper. Patulous, gaping. Pectinated, when the longitudinal ribs on the anterior surface form acute angles with the transverse striz. Peduncle, is a tendinous substance belonging to some of the Multivalves, by meansof which they adhere to so- lid bodies. Z Pillar, see Columella Pisiform, pea-like. Plaited, when the columella is toothed, as in Volutes, Posterior, see Margin. XiV GLOSSARY: Reticulated, like net-work. . Retuse, when the lower whorls are pressed into the body. Rostrum, see Beak. Rugose, wrinkled, Scabrous, rough. Serrated, toothed like a saw. 1 “*, Semilunar, like a half-moon. ; Sinuous, waved. Sinus, a deep cut, asin the lip of the Murex Babylonius. Slope, the side from the beaks, (see plate vi. fig. 0.) Spinous, having prickles or thorns. Spire, is formed by the whole of the upper whorls: it ts coronated, when the outer edge of each whorl is fur- nished with a row of spines. Stria, lines, flat or raised: they are called longitudinal, when they run from hinge to margin: transverse, when in a contrary direction: and concentric, when they form segments of circles. Subcordate, approaching the form of a heart. Supellucid, not clear. Subulate, tapering. Superior, sce Margin. Suture, a toothed joint. Syphon, a prolonged tube running through the partitions of chambered shells. Teeth, (in Univalves), angular plaits on the pillar lip of Volutes : (in Bivalves), pointed protuberances, within the hinge, by which the valves are united. They are ealled: alternate, when the teeth of one valve are re- ceived between the teeth of the other valve: articu- GLOSSARY. KY lated, when the tooth is received into a corresponding cavity in the opposite valve: cardinal, the central tooth or teeth of the hinge: compressed, when flattened : erect, perpendicular to the plane of the hinge: forked, hay- ing the point divided into two: longitudinal, when it extends along the margin. Tubercle, a protuberance or knob. Tubular, (applied to Multivalves), when the greatest part of the shell is cylindrical. Turbinated, when the belly of the shell is large m pro- “portion to the spire, which seems to proceed from the centre. Valves, the different pieces which compose the shell. Ventricose, bellied. Vermiform, having the form of worms. Vertex, the top or point of a shell. Umbilicated, having a hole in the base of the pillar. Umbo, the summit. Undulated, waved. Wherl, a spiral convolution. b J A a _ a ¢ ‘ | 25> Aas, F 193 alae bec a "* ; ; twee" . ae. ewe wears rf ‘ ey © t. SEER PS Fo TNE ob Re Wee sd ute s) Bed clitee va oh Leaeitow is ievtes oil egg ark % wir «loathe avebar aaaitities rg NE att. od “Ww cite ie hor ne leg oct? on ween is Fe OS oui Pete ti 5 , 4 ai) ony 4 Veh pnre eines weno gat wnten devin itiaht et bowls Es, a fan ten Oe “e . , ofl ON FERRERS Zoe aL [fs a ‘ PS eh opted 22 Peds ort ia vied sold att Sal cart tay Poe INTRODUCTION. THE division, or branch of natural history on which this work treats, is called Conchology, and comprehends the study and history of all animals which are testaceous, or with shell coverings; and not only includes those of the sea, but also those of rivers and land. Testaceous animals are such as have a stone-like, cal- careous covering or habitation, in which the animal, otherwise naked or fleshy, lives included and protected. All animals inhabiting shells are exsdnguinous, that is to say, they have noblood, like other animals; and, unlike them, are destitute of bones; but they are endowed with a heart, lungs, mouth, and other organs adapted to their nature. It is perhaps necessary to prepare the young Concholo- gist with the knowledge, that all shells, in their various stages of growth, assume very different appearances: in the younger ones, the shell is usually fragile, thin, and semitransparent, and generally unprovided with those ribs, tubercles, ramifications, and denticulations, which are manifest in those of maturer growth; the adults, how- ever, as they advance to old age, become more thick and ponderous, and are remarkable for the callosities which. cover their surface; they also lose that brilliancy of ex- EB 2 INTRODUCTION. ternal coloring and marking which had characterized their earlier periods. But although these differences, in some instances, are sufficient to excite a considerable de- gree of perplexity, yet there is always a certain appear- ance by which the Conchologist will beable to distinguish the genus and species by the shells alone; for every genus and species have their generic and specific characters, either in color, work, or substance, which the shells of that genus almost invariably retain in all their stages of growth and varieties of form, and consequently are thereby easily known and distinguished. Properties of Animals inhabiting Shells. THEsE animals possess the power of extending or aggran- dizing their calcareous habitation or shell, and are also enabled to repair whatever breaches this brittle dwelling may have sustained, by the turbulence of the tempestu- ous ocean. The operation of enlarging and repairing the shell is supposed to be effected by a peculiar en- dowment of the animal, which can at pleasure discharge a viscous humor, and which readily becomes hardened or consolidated, and soon acquires the consistence of the rest of the shell. Many shells are covered with a cutaneous or skin-like substance, called the epidermis, which serves to protect the beautiful colors and workings which are frequently concealed beneath it. ‘Customary uses to which Shells and their Inhabitants are converted. Tue principal benefit derived by man from shell-fish, _appears to be in the way of food. Whole countries are Known to have no other sustenance for weeks together fREM, LED, pred Ll INTRODUCTION, 3 but what is the produce of the sea; and shell-fish fill no unimportant station in the immense catalogue of its pro- duct. The nutritive and delicious food afforded by oysters, scallops, muscles, and cockles, is too well known to re- quire further detail. In many countries which do not produce limestone, (as the coast of Brazil, &c.) shells are collected in great quantities, and after having been calcined, afford a most desirable substitute for that useful material; in this state they are also considered excellent as manure. The Indians frequently convert shells into domestic and defensive implements; the South-sea islanders, for ex- ample, make fish-hooks, head their javelins with, and manufacture different sorts of tools of them. Their prin- cipal ornaments are also often studded or embossed with rows and groups of shells, artfully disposed, in regular order, and are worn as bracelets or armlets, and com- monly form handsome appendages for the ears. A very extensive commerce is carried on in Ceylon with the shank shell, which is manufactured into these ornaments. The Chinese convert shells, that are pearly when un- coated, into various articles of domestic economy, such as drinking cups, ewers, &c. &c. &c. and the Indian cabi- nets, so famous for their beauty and exquisite workman- ship, are chiefly composed of iridescent shells, judicious- ly inlaid and blended with tortoise-shell and other sub- stances. Shells of the oyster and muscle genera, are famous for the production of pearls, the beauty and value of which can perhaps best be estimated by those who are in the habits of purchasing and wearing them. There are many of the larger species of buccina and B2 4 INTRODUCTION. strombi, which, after having had the apex, or extreme tip broken off, become excellent substitutes for a trum- pet or horn, and are frequently used by the New Zea- landers for that purpose. The famous Tyrian dye, which did formerly, and per- haps does at present, give the luxuriant purple color to the robes of royalty, is an extract from a common shell- fish of the genus Murex, and commonly known under the appellation of purpura, or purple-fish. An interest- ing account of the method of using it in marking linen, &c. is given by Mr. Mawe in his Travels through the Gold and Diamond Districts of Brazil, 2d edit. p. 70. Enemies to Shells and Shell-fish. Ir appears that shell-fish, besides providing food for man, are destined to supply other creatures with nourishment also. It is said that monkies are particularly fond of some species of bivalves, and the mode they take to catchthem is as follows: At low-water the monkey repairs to the shore, and searches for oysters and muscles that have been left by the tide; the fish, for want of water, gene- rally have their shells partly open; the subtle animal, foreseeing the danger of trusting his paws between the shells, artfully drops a stone or two into them, which en- tirely prevents their being closed by the fish; the con- sequence is, he is enabled to extract his prey without danger or difficulty, and devours it at his leisure. Tortoises and turtles consume great numbers of shell- fish, and the strength of their jaws (as reported) is such, as to macerate the strongest and roughest shells with the greatest facility. Birds also (sea-fowl especially) are great devourers of shell-fish; and when they cannot penetrate the shells by INTRODUCTION. 5 their beaks, they ascend with them to a considerable height, and then let them fall suddenly on some rough or craggy place, by which means the shells are broken, and the fish becomes an easy victim.* Crabs and other crustaceous animals, are known to make serious attacks on the testaceous orders, The lar- ger sort of crabs are able by their great strength to open the valves of most shells by main force; but those of smaller dimensions make their inroads in a different man- ner: the pea-crab, in particular, is very destructive to Bivalves, especially to muscles; it enters their shells whenever it has the opportunity of finding them open, and there remains preying upon the fish, till it has en- tirely consumed it; at which period the shell opens, the crab takes his departure, and proceeds to make similar depredations elsewhere. Another species, called the hermit-crab, is also sup- posed to be implicated in similar offensive operations among Univalves, for it is frequently found housed in the vacant habitation of some buccinum or whelk, and is therefore suspected of having previously devoured the animal, aud afterwards to have secured itself a retreat in the empty shell. Shell-fish, however, are not only exposed to the vora- * Mr. Mawe states in his Travels in Brazil, that he saw a spot of bare granite, not more than one hundred yards square, covered with an immense number of mutilated shells; the whole neigh- bourhood was rich in wood and verdure, and the sea at least five miles distant. On enquiry he was informed, that large flocks of birds repaired every evening to this place with shells left by the tide, which they let fall on the rock, in order to obtain their cons tents, 6 INTRODUCTION. city of other animals, but they frequently are assailed by, and fall victims to each other. The serpule, pholades, and anomie, are celebrated for affixmg themselves to, and perforating other shells, in which they bore a small circular hole or aperture, that affords them access to the animal, which they feed upon and finally destroy. Shell-fish, though they are the universal prey of ani- mals, birds, and fish, yet, in their turn, have some op- portunity of retaliation, by partially destroying the float- ing habitation of the universal despoiler, Man; for the pholas and teredo navalis frequently commit such se- rious injury on ships, by boring into their planks, as often to endanger the safety of the whole fabric, if not speedily prevented in their depredations. Directions for collecting Shells, and arranging them systematically. Wirn regard to collecting shells, it is necessary to hint to those collectors, who, by a residence on the sea-coast, may have an opportunity of forming collections for them- selves, that the best way is to select those shells which have the animals alive in them; for those that are found empty on the beach, are for the most part objectionable, as the shell becomes impaired, and the co-operation of the sun and waters greatly tends to destroy the beauty of the coloring and marking. Besides, a double advantage is to be derived from having the animals alive, for, by keeping them a few days (not longer) in sea water, much useful information may be obtained, by an accurate observation of their structure and habits. Storms frequently cast up live shells on the beach: such should be collected as soon as convenient, as they INTRODUCTION. ‘4 frequently lose their delicate spines and foliations, by being suffered to remain beating about on the shore. As land and river shells are seldomso beautifully form- ed, marked, or colored, as those of the sea, they are in consequence rarely so much prized; however, their pre- sence is absolutely necessary in all collections. The collector should keep the following objects in view, whenever he commences the arrangement of his shells: First, the order to which they belong, that is, whether they are to class with the Multivalves, (i. e. shells of ma- ny valves) ; Bivalves, (shells of two valves) ; or Univalves, (shells of one part or piece only): which three grand di- visions constitute the leading distinctions of shells. Secondly, he should be careful in placing them in the proper genus of the order to which they belong. And Thirdly, he should avoid misplacing or confusing the species which appertain to such genus; andifin the course of his studies he should be fortunate enough to obtain any hitherto undiscovered genus, species, or variety, he would do well to provide such an accurate description and drawing, as would, by submitting them to the opinion and judgment of the scientific, confirm him in the cor- rectness of his own conclusions, and tend to promote the general advancement of conchological knowledge. Methods commonly and successfully adopted for preserving and cleaning shells. Ir the shell has the animal alive in it, and you would wish to kill it, nothing more is necessary than to place the shell and fish in boiling water, and after some minutes have elapsed, plunge them into cold water, which causes the animal to contract, and renders it easier to be ex- tracted; crooked pins, and other sharp instruments, are 8 INTRODUCTION. sometimes necessary to effect a perfect extraction. If a large quantity of shells is to be cleaned, dissolve half a pound of potash, and half a pound of soft soap, in two quarts of boiling water, stirring it until all the particles are dissolved, then pour it warm over the shells; let them remain in this liquid two or three days, frequently warming it, and pouring it over them; rinse them out of this witha brush, and cleanse them well in warm wa- ter. This method will generally be sufficient to,clean © all smooth shells, such as olives, cowries, cones, &c. When dry, brush them with a nail-brush; and if they are not dead shells, they will have a sufficient polish. Rugged shells generally require a different process from the preceding, though it is prudent to try that me- thod first. But when the shells are covered with adhe- sions, or the epidermis will not separate from the shell, it is necessary to use acid, which should always be applied by a careful and skilful hand. After the shells have un- dergone the foregoing process, and are dry, with a ca- mel’s hair pencil apply muriatic acid to the parts which require it, dipping the brush in sand, and using constant friction until the adhesions are removed. After this, cleanse them with warm water, and dip them in alkali, to neutralize the effects of any acid that may remain; and having again washed them in warm water, they may be coated with a weak solution of gum-arabic. CLASSIFICATION. LINNZUS ranks Testacea as the third order in his sixth class of animals called Worms. He has made three principal or grand divisions, viz. MULTIVALVES, BIVALVES, AND UNIVALVES. Tue latter division he has subdivided, as will be seen in the sequel.—It may be proper to acquaint the reader, that, throughout this work, his system has been adopted. —_eS TESTACEA. MOLLUSCA COVERED WITH A SHELL. I. MULTIVALVES. Shells with many Valves. 1, Curton: Valves placed in tranverse plaits down the back. 2. Lepas: Valves unequal; body sessile. 5. Puonas: Shell bivalve, with accessory valves at the hinge. 10 CLASSIFICATION. II. BIVALVES. Shells with two Valves. —Concehs. 4. Mya: Hinge with generally a broad thick tooth, not let into the opposite valve. 5. SoLeN: Shell open at each end; hinge with asingle or double subulate reflected tooth, not let into the opposite valve. 6. Tetxina: Hinge with the lateral teeth of one valve not let into the other. 7. Carpium: Hinge with remote penetrating lateral teeth. §. Macrra: Hinge with a complicated triangular mid- dle tooth, and an adjoining hollow. _ 9. Donax: Hinge witha generally remote lateral tooth, not let into the opposite valve. 10. Venus: Hinge with generally three approximate di- varicate teeth. 11. Sponpyxus: Hinge with two teeth, separated by a small hollow. 12, Cuama: Hinge in one shell, with two oblique ob- tuse teeth. 13. Arca: Hinge with numerous penetrating teeth. 14. Ostrea: Hinge without teeth, but an ovate hollow. 15. Anom1a: Hinge without teeth, but generally a linear depression on the rim, the beak of one valve curved over the hinge. 16. Myriius: Hinge without teeth, with a subulate de- pression, and generally fixed by a silky beard. 17. Pinna: Hinge without teeth, valves united at one end, and open at the other. CLASSIFICATION, ll Ill. UNIVALVES. 1. With a regular Spire. 18. Arconavuta: Shell with one cell, spiral, involute. 19. Nautiius: Shell with many cells, with a hole of communication. 20. Conus: Aperture effuse, longitudinal, without teeth. 21. Cyprma: Aperture effuse, linear, longitudinal, tooth- ed on each side. 22. Butxa: Aperture alittle contracted, and placed ob- liquely. 23. Votuta: Aperture effuse, the pillar plaited. 24, Buccinum: Aperture with a small canal leaning to the right. 25. StromsBus: Aperture with a small canal leaning to the left. 26. Murex: Aperture with a small straight canal. 27. ‘TRocuus: Aperture contracted, and somewhat square. . 28. Turgo: Aperture contracted and orbicular. 29. Hexix: Aperture contracted, lunate on the inner side. 30. Nerita: Aperture contracted, and semiorbicular. 31. Hanroris: Shell with a row of orifices along the surface, 2. Without a regular Spire. 32, Parenua: Shell conic, the aperture widened like a basin. 12 CLASSIFICATION. 338. Dentatium: Shell slender, subulate, open at both ends. $4. Serpuxa: Shell tubular, mostly serpentine, adher- ing to other bodies. 35. Terepo: Shell thin, penetrating wood. 36. Sanetta: Shell composed of agglutinated grains of sand. CONCEIOMOE We. — Oa TEST ACEA, or SHELLS. ANIMALS, SOFT, OF ASIMPLESTRUCTURE; COVERED WITH A CALCAREOUS HABITATION OR SHELL. I. SMultivalves. CHITON.—Coar or Matt. Animal inhabiting the shell—a Doris; shell consisting of several segments of valves disposed down the back. THE genus Chiton ranks first in the classification of Testacea, or Shells; and no less than twenty-eight species are described, some of which are exceedingly beautiful and uncommon. Itis next to impossible to confuse this genus with any other of the shell tribes, for all its species and varieties coincide so nearly in their general formation and attributes, as to decide at once upon the precise situ- ation in which they ought to be placed. The most distinguishing character of the Chiton is, that of bearing a strong resemblance to a small vessel or boat, 14 MULTIVALVES. — CHITON,. high built at the stern, and turned upside;down; and this peculiar form is constituted by the attachment of six or seven, but generally of eight moveable valves,* which. are connected by a cutaneous or cartilaginous substance, and, when the animal is alive, is capable of sufficient dis- tention and contraction, to admit of considerable action or play on the part of the valves; so much so, that the animal can at pleasure convert,its shell into the form of a ball, and thereby assume the appearance of a little in- sect, well known as an inhabitant of old and decayed wood, and which, when in danger, rolls itself up in its steel-colored armour, and thereby defeats the various as- saults of its enemies. The covering and coloring of the valves serve to create distinctions; some being perfectly smooth, others nodul- ous, or knobbed; some beset with spines, prickles, or hairs; and others, again, are striated, dotted, and rayed, as inthe Chiton hispidus, squamosus, and marmoratus. The color of the exterior is frequent] y ofa dusky-brown, often varying into different shades of olive-green: others partake of a reddish or pinkish tint; whereas some spe- cimens are of an ochreous or yellowish-white complexion; and many have their valves adorned with elegant designs and marblings (not unlike tattooing) in the liveliest co- lors imaginable. “ An experienced conchologist has never met with a Chiton with less than eight valves, without being able to discover an imperfection in the margin; which renders it extremely pro- bable that those with five or six valves owe their variation from the usual number to the art and ignorance of the dealer, who has cemented the valves together, withont attending to the number in the natural state. MULTIVALVES.——CHITON. 15 The interior also admits of much variation with regard to color; however, the most prevalent is that ofa blueish- white, often beautifully diversified with cloudings of yel- low, brown, light green, and pink. The margin, which confines the valves in their pro- per situations, differs materially in the various species; in some instances, it is smooth and of a yellowish brown color: generally, however, it is beset with fine scales, of a green or olive color; frequently it is of a reddish tint, and some species have it of a dusky-brown, and even black. The situation and formation of the valves throughout the genus resemble the plates which constitute a suit of armour or coat of mail, andit is perhaps from this marked resemblance that the Chiton has derived its name. The habitat or place of residence of these shells seems to appertain, indiscriminately, to all parts of the globe.— America affords the most, several are from the East In- dies, Africa supplies a few, and the Northern seas con- tribute their portion of the remainder. The Chiton is frequently found adhering to other sub- stances, as shells, stones, madrepores, corals, &c. &c.; and some of the northern species frequent the roots of ulve, &c. The following is a list of the different species, taken from Linnzus’s Systema Nature, with the addition of some species which have been discovered since the pub- lication of that work.—A similar list will follow the ge- neral description of each genus. (S Those names that are preceded by an Asterisk, describe Species found on the British coasts; and those whick are printed in Italic characters are the corresponding English names. 16 MULTIVALVES, — LEPAS. CHITON.—( Coat of Mail.) Hispidus. Fuscus. Thalassinus. Maculatus. Tuberculatus. Marmoratus. *Crinitus. Granulatus. Aculeatus. Piceus. *Fascicularis. Indus. Squamosus. Minimus. (Mealy C.) Punctatus. Cimex. Ruber. Asellus. (Millipede.) Albus. Gigas. Cinereus. Islandicus. Bicolor. *Marginatus. Cerasinus. *Levis. Magellanicus. Amiculatus. Se aoe LEPAS.—Acorn SHEL, or BARNACLE. Animale-a Triton. Shell affixed at the base, and consist- ing of many unequal, erect valves. Tue genus Lepas includes thirty-two species, and which, for the most part, bear strong resemblance to each other, at least with regard to their general formation and out- line. The most prominent feature of these shells is their be- MULTIVALVES, — LEPAS. 17 ing (with few exceptions) of amore or less conical shape, which is acquired by a number of valves being placed perpendicularly on a base, broad at the lower margin, - and gradually tapering towards the summit, which is clos- ed by other smaller valves, placed horizontally, thereby serving as alid or covering to the animal within. The perpendicular valves are capable of no motion ; whereas, on the contrary, the horizontal ones are movea- ble at the pleasure of the animal; who, through their me- dium, performs those functions which are necessary to its existence. The Lepas is never found independent or isolated, as most other shells are; on the contrary, all its species are known to affix or attach themselves by their base or fleshy stalk to other bodies; they adhere in clus- ters or groups, to rocks, coral reefs, ships’ bottoms, and shell-fish: even fish themselves, while swimming, are not exempt from their encroachments, for instance, the whale, and others, are frequently found laden with them; and even tortoises are often encrusted with groups of the Lepas species. It would therefore appear, that the genus is merely capable of motion, and in case of their being transported from one place to another, it is to the exertion of other bodies that they must be indebted for their migration. | The exterior of the shell is often varied in form, cover- ing, and coloring; the usual outline is conical; in others, it resembles a pyramid, and, in some instances, is para- bolical, and even hemispherical: the Lepas diadema partakes of the latter form, and somewhat resembles a divided globe. The number of valves which constitute the shell is often very indefinite, their usual amount is six; but the Lepas palmipes has sometimes only four ; c 1s MULTIVALVES,— LEPAS. and other species possess the intermediate gradations of number, as far as twenty-four, which amount is not un- frequent in the Lepas Pollicipes.—The valves, of what- ever number they consist, are variously diversified with striae, ridges, and grooves. The ridges are mostly longitudinal; the striae, on the contrary, are transverse, and not unfrequently beset with rough projections and acute spines, as is the case in the Lepas spinosa. | The color also differs considerably, though the most usual complexion is of a blueish, purplish, or reddish cast, intermixed with a whitish hue. However, some are pied with black and green alternately, and others are of a greyish-white, or dirty-yellow tint, as may be observed in the Lepas mitella and others. The valves which compose the lid or operculum, often vary in their number and shape; sometimes they only consist of two, at others, of three and four, and not unfre- quently of a far greater number. They are usually at- tached to a ligament, and sometimes present a pointed or acute form, while in other species they are perfectly blunt or obtuse. The interior of many of this genus is a mere vacuum, but in others it is either filled up with tubular pores, as in the Lepas Porosa, or else is divided into separate com- partments or chambers. Notwithstanding the great affinity which exists throughout the Lepas tribe, yet there are afew excep- tionable species, in which a resemblance is difficult to be traced; as, for example, in the Lepas scalpellum, anser- ifera, anatifera, and varieties emanating from them. These three species are closely allied to each other, but exceedingly dissimilar to the rest of their genus, for the MULTIVALVES,—LEPAS. 19 eenerality of Lepades are affixed to other bodies or sub- stances, by their own proper base, or lower part of their shells; whereas, these are attached by a stalk, stem, or pedicle, which proceeds from the base of the shell to the substance which sustains it. This peculiar structure engenders the idea of comparing them to the form of certain dwarf plants, as the crocus, and others of the like description, to which, in appear- ance, they bear considerable analogy. The stem which supports the shells often differs ex- ceedingly m quality and substance; sometimes it appears like a smooth, film-like tube, of a texture finer and thin- ner than gold-beater’s skin, though somewhat lighter co- lored, and not unfrequently tinted with bright red or orange; and often, it is of a dark or blueish-brown, much coarser, and wrinkled or granulated with little warts. The Lepas anserifera and anatifera, are almost inva- riably composed of five valves; they are supplied with beautiful feathery. tentacula of a brown color, and ele- gantly curled: from this circumstance, probably, they were supposed to be the origin of the Barnacle or Brent- geese, and are, therefore, commonly known by the name of goose-shells or duck-barnacles. ‘The Lepas anserifera is sometimes found in a fossil state. The Indian, American, Atlantic, and Arctic Oceans, alike provide a habitat for the species of this genus; and no less than eleven of them are to be occasionally met with on the British coasts. The Lepas, in all probability, derivesits name from its custom of adhering to the crags of rocks, and other pro- jections in the sea. 20 MULTIVALVES,.—PHOLAS, LEPAS.--Acorn Shell or Barnacle. A. Affixed at the base to other substances. *Balanus. (Common A. S.) *Tulipa. *Balanoides, (Small striated A. S._) Minor. *Intertexta. Verruca. *Cornubiensis. Angustata. *Tintinnabulum (Tulip A.S.) °- -Porosa. *Diadema (Turban A. 8.) Elongata. *Baleenaris. (Whale A.S.) Patellaris. *Costata. Spinosa. *Conoides. Viclacea. *Testudinaria. Cylindrica. *Galeata. Crispata. *Palmipes. Cariosa. Streemia. B. Affixed by a pedunele. “Mitella. Aurita. Scalpellum. Psittacus, Anserifera (Striated A.S.) Pollicipes (Cornucopza. ) * Anatifera (Barnacle, Goose-shell.) PHOLAS.—SrToneE-PIERCER. Animal—an Ascidia: shell bivalve, divaricate, with several smaller, differently-shaped accessory valves at the hinge: —hinges recurved, united by a cartilage; in the inside, beneath the hinge, is an incurved tooth. Ir appears chat hitherto only twelve species of this ge- nus have been enumerated, and some of thoSe are so alike, MULTIVALVES,.—PHOLAS. a1 that in many instances, they might be considered as mere varieties rather than different species; however, they 21! possess sufficient determinate characters, to prevent 9%) admixture with the genera of Bivalves. The form of the Pholas is in most species ovate or ob- Tong, which is constituted by two large valves, being si- tuated opposite to each other, and to which is attached, in the vicinity of the beaks, a number of smaller ones, which serve as substitutes for a hinge, which, in Bivalves, or shells of two opposite parts only, often determines their generic character. It is from the circumstance of the Pholas possessing more than two valves that it is distinguished, and, conse- quently classed among the Multivalves, or many shelled genera, and not among the Bivalves, or shells of two valves*. Another character ofthe Pholas is, that the valves, (i.e. tlie two large ones) never shut close, they invariably are open at one end, and, in most instances, at both. In the interior of the shell, in each valve, nearly under the beak, is an incurved tooth, sometimes of considerable length, and which may certainly be considered as a pe- culiarity of the genus. The exterior of the Pholas is mostly destitute of all co- lor; sometimes, however, it partakes of a brownish cast, but, generally, the shell is of a calcareous appearance, * Tt was perhaps unnecessary to have been thus explicit, with regard to this distinction ; but as the Pholas is by no means un- frequently seen without the accessory valves, the young collector might, under such circumstances, be deceived, and be induced to place them among the Bivalves, instead of the Multivalves. 32 MULTIVALVES._—PH OLAS. and either inclines to a pure or dusky-white, or else a sort of blueish or yellowish-brown tint is spread over it: however, the absence of color is amply compensated for by the beautiful fret-work with which shells of this ge- nus‘are adorned. In some species the reticulations are so delicate in their fabric, as to resemble the finest lace; in others the tex- ture is coarser, and approaches nearer to small basket- work; and in the Pholas costata, the shell is covered with regular, elevated, jagged, or scolloped ribs, so ele- gantly disposed as to render it no Jess desirable for its beauty than its scarcity. The Pholades are found in company, but not in groups or clusters, as inthe Lepades; for each individual Pho- Jas is detached from its neighbour, and occupies a sepa- rate and distinct habitation, which it forms for itself, by expressing a corroding juice, in any substance which accident or intent had made most eligible. Stone, clay, wood, sponge, coral, equally serve as ha- bitations for the Pholades; even the stoutest oak planks of ships’ sides are pierced by them with the greatest faci- lity: and as they advance in growth, they enlarge their habitation within, leaving the small aperture, by which they originally entered, of its primitive dimensions, thereby precluding all possibility of a retreat. The animal possesses the property of emitting a phos- phorescent liquor, which shines with brilliancy in the dark, and illuminates whatever it touches. The American, Indian, and European seas supply the few species that are known. Late discoveries have proved the existence of fossil Pholades, called Pholadites. MULTIVALVES.—-PHOLAS. 23 PHOLAS.—Stone Piercer. *Dactylus (Prickly Piercer) Costata (American Pholas) Striata (Goose-winged Ph.) *Candida. (White Piercer) Pusilla. *Crispata. Orientalis. Campecheusis. Cordata. Chiloensis, Teredula. Hians. 24 BIVALVES,——MYA. II. Wibalves. MYA.—Truncate TRouGH-sHELL oR GAPER. Animal—an Ascidia: Shell bivalve, generally gaping aé one end; hinge with broad, thick, strong teeth, seldom more than one, and not inserted into the opposite valve. THIS genus may properly be called the first on the list of Bivalves; its species, however, are by no means nu- merous, their number being limited to twenty-six. The principal characteristic of the Mya consists in its gaping at one end: the next general distinguishing mark is, its having-a single, broad, patulous tooth, proceeding from beneath the beak. This tooth differs from that of . the foregoing genus, inas much as it is otherwise shaped ; for, in the pholas, it is long and slender, and almost of equal size throughout; whereas, in the Mya, it is much wider and broader at one end than the other; and the broadest end has an excavation, which gives it the ap- pearance of the bow] of a spoon or ladle. However, this sort of tooth is not always discernible in every species of the Mya, for some are entirely without BIVALVES.— MYA. 25 it; others, again, have two or three teeth, and, in some instances, small crenulations supply the place of a regu- lar hinge. The form of the Mya varies exceedingly, some are ob- jong and truncate, as if part of the shell had been chopped off; others, again, are more orbicular or round, and many are angular and eared. With regard to their general coloring, little can be said, for the greatest part of them are covered with a thick brown or green epidermis; which, when removed, seldom exhibits any other appearance than that of a livid or wan-colored surface; except in those cases whe e the substance composing the shell is of a pearly nature, then the removal of the epidermis exposes the hidden beau- ties of the shell, which, when polished, affords the most brilliant mother-of-pearl imaginable. The Mya margaritifera is famous for the production of the finest pearls, and used formerly to be found in great quantities in the river Conway, in Wales. The creation of pearls is said to originate in a disease of the animal. Some species of this genus grow to a large size, the Mya glycemeris, for instance, is often found from ten to twelve inches broad. Others, again, as the Mya crassa, &c. are remarkable for their excessive weight and thick- ness; and their weight often appears out of proportion to their dimensions. Rivers and cataracts afford heavy and thick specimens; but they are, for the most part, more fragile, and less weighty than those of the sea. In some places the Mya constitutes a considerable por- tion of food, not only for man, but also for aquatic birds, &c, &c.. They have a propensity to burrow in the sand and mud, aud are wholly or partially concealed therein. 26 BIVALVES.-—MYA.~ They also frequent alge, &c. adhering to them by a byssus or beard. Some species of the Mya inhabit the East Indian seas; others are found on the coast of Africa; and several are common in the European and Northern seas; some spe- cies are also to be found in the South seas. Mr. Mawe has found Myee im considerable abundance in the neigh- bourhood of Sheerness and Sandgate Creek. MY A.—Gaper. *Truncata. Australis. *Declivis. Gaditana. * Arenaria. Corrugata. *Pictorum ( Pearl Musele. )Rugosa. *Margaritifera (Pearl G.) Nodosa. Aurita. Norwegica. Perna (Smooth M.) = — Spuria. Vulsella. Glycemeris (Great M.) Arctica. Syrmatophora (Angular G.) ° Edentula. Nitida. Radiata. Membranacea. Oblonga. Byssifera. Anatina. *Dubia. Nicobarica. to “J BIVALVES,._—SOLEN. SOLEN.—Razor-sHEeatu orn KNEFE-HANDLE. Animal—an Ascidia: Sheil bivalve, oblong, open at both ends: hinge with a subulate reflected tooth, often double, and not inserted in the opposite valve. Axutnovuen the number of species in this genus are but few, viz. twenty-three, yet their shapes, and general ap- pearance, are exceedingly varied. In some of the species, as in the Solen siliqua, vagina, &c. &c. the breadth of the shell is in the proportion of about seven to one of its length, thereby giving it a re- semblance to the handle ofa knife, or sheath of a razor- strop; some, on the contrary, though possessing nearly the same proportions, are curved or bent, like the scab- bard of a scimitar, as the Solen ensis, &c. &c. In others, the form approaches nearer to some of the truncated species of the preceding genus, being swollen or puffed-up like a bladder; and other specimens afford a likeness to a cockle or cardium. However, the surest criterion how to class the Solen, is by observing both ends of the shell, which invariably will be found open or gaping. _ The next characteristic is derived from the hinge, which usually is supplied with one subulate tooth; yet it often occurs that this tooth is found double, though not always inserted in the opposite valve. The genus Solen, for the most part, contains but little beauty; there are, indeed, some few exceptions—such as the Solen radiatus, roseus, &c. &c. these, from being rayed with purple and white, or having a fine pink co- 28 BIVALVES.—SOLEN. lor, may perhaps claim admiration; but whatever beauty they may possess, they are infinitely surpassed by innu- merable species in the other genera of Bivalves. Most of the species of Solen are found covered with a thin cuticle or epidermis, which, if not removed, renders the colors beneath very obscure, and, in some instances, undiscoverable. ‘There is one species only which is said to produce pearls, viz. Solen macha. The European and Northern Seas afford by far the greatest proportion of shells of this genus. However, the Indian, American, and Mediterranean seas, are by no means remiss in producing their supplies also. The river Tees affords one species, viz. Solen crispus. They often reside among zoophites. SOLEN—Razor Sheath. *Vagina. Virens. *Siliqua (Long Brown R.S.) Diphos. *Knsis (Scimitar S.) Minimus. *Pellucidus. Maximus. *Legumen. Coarctatus. *Cultellus (Kidney R. S.) Roseus. Radiatus (Violet or radiated R.S.) Sanguinolentus. Strigilatus (Black R. 8S.) Striatus. Anatinus, Oriens. Macha. Occidens. Bullatus, *Crispus. Minutus. Spengleri. BIVALVES,,.—_ TELLIN A, 29 TELLINA.—TEtuen. Animal —a Tethys: Shell bivalve, generally sloping on one side: in the fore part of one valve there is a convex, andin the other, a concave fold ; hinge with usually three teeth, the lateral ones smooth in one valve. Amongst all the different genera of Bivalves, there are none, except the Venus, which can vie with the Tellinze in point of beauty, variety, or number, which amounts to no less than ninety-four species: and whether the attention be directed to their elegance of form, bril- jiancy of color, or delicacy of structure, the eye is equally astonished and delighted with the infinity of beauties which incessantly crowd on the sense. Yet, amidst this display of beauty and magnificence, considerable relief is derived from the modest unassuming appearance of several of the more subordinate and common species. The usual form of the Tellina is something resembling a Jong pear, being broad at one end, and gradually taper- ing to the other; im some cases so much so, that the pointed termination of the shell forms a perfect beak or proboscis, as is the case in the Tellina rostrata, vir- gata, &c. &c. &e. Others, on the contrary, are more of an orbicular, or spherical form, as the Tellina scobitina, &c. and some again, as the Tellina radiata, &c. &e. are nearly allied to species of the Solen genus, with which (from their near resemblance) they are sometimes confounded; however, from the general propensity of all Tellinze to termimate in a more or less acute beak, much inaccuracy cannot well be committed. At the same time, the hinge of the Tellma will remove any 30 BIVALVES._—TELLIN A. doubts that may have originated from the simple obsery- ance of the exterior; for it is usually furnished with three teeth, the middle one often cleft; the lateral teeth are most commonly smooth, the interior margin rarely, if ever, crenulate. ‘The outside of the shells is surprisingly varied, some being perfectly smooth and polished, whilst others are covered with minute striz and undulations. In some in- stances the whole suface is beset with coarse imbrica- tions or scales; but the more elegant species of the Tel- linze are chiefly remarkable for their beautiful radiations, the colors of which are rarely to be equalled in any of the other genera. As the Tellinze are most important among the Bivalves, so the sources from whence they are derived, usually abound in the different varieties they afford. ‘The Me- diterranecan, Baltic, and Adriatic Seas, give being to many; the American and Atlantic Oceans produce num- bers; andthe European and Northern seas by no means contribute an inferior portion. The rivers, pools, ponds, and marshes of Europe and America, supply only a few. The finest varieties are found in the pearl fisheries of Ceylon. It is said, that ‘Telline are very speedy in their growth. TELLINA.—Tellen. A. Ovate and thickish. Gargadia (Toothed T.) Gari (Varying T.) Lingua-felis. *Fragilis. Virgata (Tulip Wedge.) — *Depressa. Aneulata. *Crassa. BIVALVES..—TELLINA. 31 Rugosa. Inflata. Multangulata. Papyracea. Gibbosa. Inequilatera. Knorrit. Bornii. Pusilla. *Maculata. *Rivalis B. Ovate and compressed. Albida. Foliacea. *Planata. *Variabilis. Levigata. *Radiata. Rostrata. *Inequivalvis. *Trifasciata. *Incarnata. Donacina. Truncata. Trilatera. Oblonga. Spengleri. *Rugosa. *Cornubiensis. *Fervensis. Operculata. Hyalina. Vitrea. Lanceolata. Apelina. ‘Coccinea. Virginica. Alata. Pectinata ¢ Lister's T’.) Angustata. Variegata. Madagascariensis. Purpurescens. Aspera. Triangularis. Lata. Jamaicensis. *Rhomboides. *Vinacea. Zonata. Albicans. Rufescens, Plana. Striata. Rosea. Punicea. Complanata. *Fabula. Adansoni. Cancellata. Strigosa. C. Sub-orbicular. Balaustina, Remies (Waved 7.3 32 Reticulata. Scobitina. Lactea. *Carnaria. *Bimaculata, Balihica. Pisiformis. Divaricata. Digitaria. *Cornea. *Lacustris. Amnica. Papyracea. BIVALVES._..CARDIUM, Fluminalis. Fluminea. Fluviatilis. Iberica. Adriatica. Sinuosa. Purpurata. Candida. Gallica. Senegalensis. Anguiosa. Polygona, CARDIUM.—CockLe or Pidaniuavaiede Animal—a Tethys: Shell bivalve, nearly equilateral, equi- valve, generally convex, longitudinally ribbed, striated, or grooved, with a toothed margin; hinge with two teeth near the beak, and a larger remote lateral one on each side, each locking into the opposite. Tuts genus, though not so numerous as the last, contains great variety of structure and coloring. ‘There are fifty- two species. The valves of the Cardium are for the most part of a convex, swollen, or gibbous construction, and often spherical; yet, in some instances, their form is elongated BIVALVES.—CARDIUM. $3 and compressed. In other species the contour exhibits the figure of a perfect heart, as in the Cardium cardissa, &e. &e. The shells are usually equivalve, and have their out- sides adorned with longitudinal ridges and grooves, crossed by transverse strize, something in the manner of the common cockle, only much more articulate. In others, again, the ridges are beset with rows of acute spines, as in the Cardium aculeatum and echina- tum; but the exteriors of some, on the contrary, exhibit a perfectly smooth and polished surface, as in the egg- cockle, &c. The Cardium fragum and unedo exhibit a peculiar formation, for they are sub-angular, and are only heart- shaped when seen in one particular position. A similar coincidence is observable in the Cardium retusum, though, in other respects, it differs; for the fragum and unedo have their ridges covered with crowded pink or yel- low elevated lunules or crescents, whereas, the retusum has nodules rather than imbricate scales. The interior margin of this genus is almost universally crenate or toothed. ‘The hinge is furnished with two teeth, and a larger remote lateral one on each side of it, each locking into its opposite. The Cardium edule, or common cockle, is found in great abundance beneath the sand on sandy coasts; the fish afford a wholesome and nourishing food. The most rare and valuable species of the genus Car- dium, is the costatum or pipe-ridged cockle, which has rows of white hollow elevated ribs, situated at regular distances on its surface, and proceeding in a longitudi- nal direction from the beaks to the margin; the inter- D 34 BIVALVES,._CARDIUM, stices, or spaces between these ribs, are (in perfect spe- cimens) of a fine dark-brown color, which gives the sheil a great boldness of character. A great part of this genus inhabits the European and Northern seas; however, many are collected from the American, African, and Indian oceans; the Mediterra- nean, likewise, produces some of the species, and the mouths of rivers, as the Tees, Thames, &c. &c. alsosup- ply specimens, though rarely. One species is mentioned as sometimes being found in a fossil state, viz. Cardium lithocardium. CARDIUM.—Cockle or Heart-shell. Costatum (White fluted H.)Flavum. Cardissa (Venus H.) *Levigatum. Roseum (Smooth-edged V.H. Serratum. Retusum (Diana H.) *Edule (Common C.) Hemicardium. Islandicum. Lithocardium. Greenlandicum. Lineatum. Rusticum. Medium (Marbled H.) Glaucum. *Aculeatum (Knotted H.) Pectinatum. *Echinatum (Rake H. Shell) Virgineum. *Ciliare. Trilaterum. Ciliatum. Auricula. *Tuberculatum. Triste. Isocardia ( Rasp C.) Monstrosum, Fragum (White Strawb.C.) Lima. Unedo (Strawberry C.) —_ Ringens. -Muricatam. Papyraceum, Magnum (Yellow ribbed C.) Holicum (Janus. ) BIVALVES.—MACTRA. 35 Oblongum. Brasilense. Crassum. Amboinense. Latum. Squamosum. *Pygmezeum. Cancellatum. Maculatum. Rubiginosum. Flexuosum. Albidum. *Fluviatile. Virescens. Gaditanum. Fasciatam. a MACTRA.—KNEADING-TROUGH. Animal—a Tethys: Shell bivalve, unequal sided, equi- valve; middle tooth of the hinge complicated, with a small hollow on each side; lateral ones remote, and in- serted into each other. Tue genus Mactra has little to boast of, either in regard to beauty or variety. The number of species amounts but to twenty-seven, and in those no great difference of coloring or form is manifested. The shape of the Mactra is usually inclined to be some- what triangular; however, in some instances, it is more oblong. The surface of the exterior is generally smooth, or mi- nutely striate; some exceptions, however, may be found, 2s in the mactra plicataria, and others, which exhibit a wrinkled or ribbed appearance, similar to that observed in the different species of the cardium, but in a reverse D2 36 BIVALVES..—MACTRA,. direction; they being ridged or plaited longitudinally, whereas in the Mactra, the elevations and their adjacent grooves are placed transversely. The generality of Mactree are of a.delicate construc: tion, and afford a semipellucid appearance. They are, for the most. part, thin, brittle, and remarkably light; and in some species the valves are open or gaping. The most prevailing color is blueish or yellowish-white, but some have, upon a brown ground, delicate rays of purple, heightened with rich tints of the same color: others, again, are of a brilliant lilac, passing into a deli- cate blue. The hinge of the Mactra is its best distinction from all the other genera of Bivalves, for the middle tooth is al- most invariably complicated, and of a triangular form, having a small hollow on each side of it; the lateral teeth are remote from the beaks and inserted into each other. The hinge of the Mactra, though very articulate, is re- markably thin and delicate; in some cases, the teeth which compose it are much thinner than paper. The Mactree are mostly equivalves; the interior margin is rarely crenate or toothed. The Northern and European seas supply many of the species of Mactra. The Indian and American oceans also produce them; some are found in the Mediterranean, and others are in- debted to the Cape of Good Hope and African shores for their subsistence. They are alsofrequently found at the mouths of rivers. BIVALVES.__DONAX. 87. MACTRA. Spengleri. Cygnus. Plicataria. Maculata. Papyracea. Turgida. Striatula. Violacea. Striata. Cuneata, Rotundata. Glauca. Glabrata. Pellucida. Nitida. Fragilis. Corallina. Rugosa. Lactea. Nicobarica. *Stultorum, Complanata. Grandis. * Listeri. *Solida. Piperita. *Lutraria (Large M.) DONAX.—W EDGE-SHELL. Animal—a Tethys: Shell bivalve, with generally acrenu- late margin, the frontal margin is very obtuse; hinge with two teeth, anda single marginal one placed a little behind, rarely double or triple. Tue most leading characteristic of the Donax is derived from its form, which (throughout the nineteen species) is similar to that of a wedge, being very brovd and thick at one extremity, and gradually narrowing and lessening to 38 BIVALVES,.._DONAX+ the other. The frontal margin is generally very obtuse, and the anterior slope is not unfrequently furnished with a sort of fissure or gape; near to which is situated a carti- laginous ligature or ligament, which prevents the two shells from separating when the animal has oceasion to open them. Some of this genus, however, are a little ambiguous in their external appearance; so much so, that they fre- quently hold forth an inducement to rank them among the species of the Venus; but in these cases the hinge alone must be the guide, which inthe Donax is furnished with two teeth, and asingle marginal one placed some- what behind, not often doubled or tripled. The exterior of the Donax is mostly of a smoothish sur- face, though many are covered with nearly obsolete lon- gitudinal striz, being embellished at the same time with numerous reddish or purple rays, diverging from the beaks to the margin. Other species are perfectly rough on their outside, which is caused by crowded striz cross- ing each other in a longitudinal and transverse direc- tion; this disposition of the striz gives the shell a fo- liated and even a spiny appearance, as in the Donax scortum and pubescens. A very prevalent color in this genus is a fine rich purple, or purple rays on a white ground; however, many of the species are of an olive-yellow cast, which not un- frequently inclines to a bright orange; others, again, have a pink hue, and are finely lettered with brown zig- zag markings, as is the case in the Donax scripta, &c. and in some instances the shells have a banded appearance. The interior almost always partakes of the coloring of the exterior; andthe margin, which is generally of a high color, is almost invariably crenulate or beset with BIVALVES,._ DON AX. 39 small contiguousteeth. Although the species and va- rieties of this genus.are but few, yetthese few are thinly scattered over most parts of the globe; however, some coasts (the European in particular) supply a. profusion, but not attended by any great variety: they are mostly found buried in the sand, The Indian, Atlantic, American, and Northern seas, have also their share, and the Mediterranean is not ex- empt from the general contribution. It is not exactly ascertained that any of this genus are natives of rivers. The Donax derives its name, in all probability, from its shape, which resembles the barbed head of a javelin or dart. DONAX.—Wedge-shell. Scortum (Beaked W.) *Irus (Foliated W.) Pubescens. Leevigata. Rugosa. Spinosa. *Trunculus( Yellow W.) —_ Incarnata. Striata. Argentea. * Denticulata. Bicolor. Cuneata. Radiata. Faba (Bean-shaped W.) — Straminea, Scripta. Candida. Muricata. 40 BIVALVES.—_ VENUS. VENUS.—VeEnvus. Animal—a Tethys: Shell bivalve, the frontal murgin flat- tened with incumbent lips: hinge with three teeth, all of them approximate, the lateral ones divergent at the tip. Ir has already been observed, that this genus, with re- gard to beauty, bears a decided pre-eminence over all the other genera of Bivalves: and it is in all probability from this very circumstance that it has obtained the title it bears. In point of number it exceeds all other genera of Bivalves; for it contains no less than one hundred and fifty-three species; among these the variety in formation and coloring is almost infinite: however, one of the lead- ing features of this genus is, that many of its species have the frontal margins of their shells somewhat flattened, and not unfrequently with the lips incumbent. The elongated, compressed, angular, and orbicular forms, equally find a place in this genus, as may be observed on inspecting the four following species: viz. Venus literata, compressa, scripta, and tigerina. In some, the form is very much inflated, gibbous, or swollen, as in Venus verrucosa, fimbriata, and reticulata. Many of this genus are famous for their smoothness, and the brilliant lustre of their surfaces, such as the Venus Ericina, maculata, Chione, &c. these at the same time are remarkable for their high and rich coloring. Othe:s, again, have less of color and polish, but more of carved work or reticulations about them, asin the Venus Paphia, reticulata, &c. and one species is even spinous, viz. Venus Dione. In many specimens the exterior surface is covered with BIVALVES.__VENUS. 4l longitudinal or transverse strize, sometimes with both, which not unfrequently terminate in foliations near the margins. The interior of the shells of this genus is often adorned with rich coloring, as in the Venus mercenaria or wam- pum clam, which in fine specimens is of a rich purple. It is from these shells that the North American Indians make their wampum or money. ‘The same shell, ina fossil state, is often found in the Swedish mountains. The hinge of the Venus, with scarce any exception, contains three teeth, all approximate or close to each other; besides these three, there is a lateral tooth, not unfrequently divergent at the tip, the inner margin of the shell is sometimes crenulate. Some of the species, though rarely, gape. Almost all parts of the world supply specimens of this genus. The American, African, Eastern, and Western Oceans abound with them. ‘The Mediterranean, Caspian, and Southern Seas likewise produce some species; as also do the European and more northern oceans. Several species ave found in a fossil state. VENUS. A. Shell somewhat heart-shaped. Dione (Prickly mouthed V.) Lapicida. Paphia : Divergens. Marica. *Casina (Broad ribbed.) Dysera. Cancellata. Bajana. *Gallina. Excavata. Guineeusis, *Verrucosa (Old woman.) Petulea. BIVALVES,.__ VENUS. Flexuosa. Coaxans. Erycina (Polished V.) Casta. * Mercenaria. Affinis. *Islandica. Opima. *Chione (Smooth brownV.) Triradiata. Maculata. Nebulosa.- Meretrix. Contempta. Leta. * Japonica, Castrensis. Striata. Phryne. Textile. LV.) Meroe. Corragata (Wrinkled Minuta. Monstrosa. *DeflorataPurple streaked V.Ponderosa. Fimbriata (Cancellated V.) Subviridis. Reticulata. Rostrata. Squamosa. Fusca. Puerpera (Spotted V.) Lusitanica. Tripla. Punctulata. Plicata. Fasciata, Rugosa. Carnea. Caliste, Virgata. Granulata. Versicolor. Imbricata. Variegata. Divaricata. Amcethystina. Contraria. Calipyga. Gallus. Senegalensis, Flamea. ’ Matadoa. Corbicula. , Succincta, *Sinuosa. Compressa. Hermaphrodita, Australis. Giganiea. BIVALVES,._VENUS, 43 B, Orbicular. Aculeata, Tigerina. Obscura. Prostrata. Purpurata. Pensylvanica. Nux. Spuria. Rugata. Incrustata. Gibbula. Punctata. Stellata. *Exoleta( Painted V. Cockle )Italica. *Undata. Brasiliana. Tumidula. Pellucida. Sinensis. Holosericea. Sinuata. Macassarica. *Borealis. Aurantia. Pectinata. Fulva. Scripta. Candida. Edentula. Albicans. Concentrica. Undulata. Juvenilis. Lineata. Histrio (Map V.) Levis, Globosa. Cornea. Pectunculus (Painted V.) Guttata. Albida. Rufescens, Campechensis. Virens. Crassa. Maculosa, Purpurescens. Costata. Rubra. Wauaria. Pusilla. Tumens. Violacea. Diaphana. Spadicea. Dura. Cancellata. Eburnea. Bengalensis, Lucida. * Aurea, Discors. 4A BIVALVES. —_SPONDYLUS, C. Ovate, a little angular near the beaks. *Literata (Camp letteredV.) Cruentata. *Geographica. Lutescens. Rotundata. Sanguinolenta. *Decussata. Argentea. Virginea, Donacina. Virginica. Afra. *Rhomboides. * Dealbata. : Lithophaga. cinemas SPONDY.LUS.—Tuorny Oyster or ARTICHOKE- HEAD. Animal—a Tethys: Shell hard, solid, with unequal valves ; one of the valves convex, the other rather flat: hinge with two recurved teeth separated by a small hollow. Tuts genus, though containing innumerable varieties, is divided into no more than four distinct species, and even these, from their extreme irregularity of formation and great difference of appearance, are often confounded with each other. However, the usual character of the Spondylus is to have its valves something similar to those of the common oyster, viz. one convex, the other a little flattish, having their outsides covered with longitudinal rows of erect spines or ramifications. The spines are usually tubular or round, ending in a point; the rami- fications or branchings, on the contrary, are flat, jagged, BLVALVES.—-SPONDYLUS. 45 and patulous at their extreme terminations. Those Spondyli that are spined, as the Geedaropus, &c. are mostly of one color, as orange-red, purple, white, brown, and yellow; which colors, in fine specimens, are exceed- ingly brilliant. Those which have branches or plaits, (as the Spondy- lus plicatus, &c.) have, on the contrary, a ground color of either of the above-mentioned tints, and the ramifica- tions are left entirely white. In some instances there is a compound of coloring, as white and brown, purple and white, &c. &c. which gives the shell a pied or brindled appearance; and in others (especially those which have a tendency to being foliated as well as branched) the upper valve is of one color, as purple or brown, having the lower valve per- fectly white. The Spondyli generally have unequal valves, the lower one protruding much beyond the other, and which not unfrequently terminates in a curved and lengthened beak. The hinge is furnished with two recurved teeth, which are very strong and articulate, and separated by a small but deep hollow; the inner margin is mostly crenulate, and highly colored with orange or purple. Some of this genus are surmounted with ears on each side the beaks, similar to the manner of escallops; others, on the con- trary, are perfectly earless. They are found adhering to rocks, corals, &c. in groups more or less numerous, often forming large masses; others are also found attached to shells. They are to be met with in the American, Indian, Mediterranean, and other seas. 46 - BIVALVES...{(.CHAMA.. SPONDYLUS. Geedaropus (Thorny Oyster. ) Plicatus (Cat's Paw.) Regius. Citreus. CHAMA.—Ctramp, Cram, or Gaper. Animal—a Tethys: Shell bivalve, rather coarse: hinge with a callous gibbosity, obliquely inserted in an oblique hollow; anterior slope closed. Tis genus is by no means numerous, as it only contains twenty-five species, and they, for the most part, are rough and uncouth looking shells. The Chama cor is, how- ever, an exception; it being usually smooth, and from its beauty and peculiarity of structure, is signalized from every shell in the numerous catalogue of Bivalves. This shell, which varies in size from two to five inches in dia- meter, is invariably a true fac simile of a perfect heart; its top being surmounted by the beaks which wind round towards the hirge in the most graceful curvature possible. The genus Chama affords a subject for amazement rather than admiration, for some of its species grow to an uncommon size; the Chama hippopus, for instance, (or Bear’s-paw clam), is aspecimen, of the general propensity to unusual aggrandizement: the shell is usually of a yel- lowish cast, with pink spots and murications, and is found BIVALVES. __ CHAMA. 47 from one inch to near a foot long. But this dimension appears nothing when compared to the monstrosity of the Chama gigas or giant clam, which, from a quarter of an inch, will advance to the enormous size of four and a half feet in breadth; and two valves frequently weigh between five and six hundred pounds. Of this species there are many varieties, they are rnioatity : however, more or less ribbed and foliated, sometimes im- bricate or scaly; the usual color of the commoner sorts isa dirty white, but the rarest are those which have a fine red- pink, or yellow tinge. Some of them, when perfect, are highly prized. The cartilage of the hinge has a dull brown color, but when polished and cut in ovoid, its iridescence is so brilliant that it rivals the opal in beauty, and has even been sold for it. A grand mark of distinction in this genus is, that the posterior slope is usually open or gaping, not unfrequently having its margin crenulate. ‘The valves are mostly ine- quilateral, one protruding beyond the other, and often appearingas if deformed. The hinge has usually a cal- lous gibbosity, inserted in an oblique hollow. The anterior slope is usually closed. There is onespe- cies of the Chama, the concamerata, which is in itself a curiosity ; for, inthe interior of each valve, thereis placed an additional one of smaller dimensions, which gives the shellan appearance of being double. The more beautiful species of this genus are those which are richly foliated or spined,—as the Chama laza- rus, gryphoides, and arcinella; the varieties of which are sometimes highly worthy cf admiration. It seems a principle with the Chame, (like the spon- dyli), to affix themselves to any extraneous substance ac- cident throws in their way. They often adhereto rocks, 48 BIVALVES,.—CHAMA. stones, and various shells; however, they in many instances seem to give a preference to some particular genus of shells, for the Chama arcinella is more commonly found aftixed tothat species of murex called the thorny wood- cock, than to any other body known. However, it retains a partiality for others of the murices, especially those often known under the name of triplices. The Ameri- can, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans; and the Mediterranean, Caspian, and Adriatic Seas, all produce infinite varieties of this genus. The Chama Foliacea is found fossil in Campania. CHAMA.—C.am. A. Closed. *Cer. (Fool's Cap C.; Cockle.) Bicornis. Moltkiana. Arcinella (Hedge-Hog) Hippopus ( Bear's Paw Clamp.) Concamerata. _Antiquata. Macerophylla. Trapezia, Foliacea, Semiorbiculata. Arata. Calyculeta. Fusca. Cordata. Citrea. Satiata. Thaca. Oblonga. Rugosa. Lazarus. Gryphica. Gryphoides. Coralliophaga. B. Gaping. Gigas (Furbelow'd Clamp, Giant Clam.) BIVALVES,—AREA. 49 ARCA.—ArRgK. Animal—a Tethys? Shell bivalve, equivalve ; hinge with _ numerous sharp teeth, alternately inserted between each’ other. Tue Arca, of which there are forty-three species, are rea- dily distinguished from the other Bivalves, by the peculi- arity of the hinge; which, without exception, is composed of numerous sharp teeth, alternately inserted into or be~ tween each other. The line of direction of the hinge admits, however, of two variations: in some species, as the Arca Now, barbata, Kc. it is perfectly straight; in others, as the Arca pectunculus, pilosa, &c. &c. it is arched or curved. However, in all the species, the same description of hinge exists, though in some it may be dif- ferently situated. The forms of the Arks vary exceedingly; some are elongated, as the tortuosa, Noe, and barbata, and are usually covered with a brown epidermis ; in the barbata or bearded ark, the greater part of the surface of the shell is concealed by a thick bristly or hairy covering. There are many arks which gape at the outer margin; others, on the contrary, are perfectly close. Some have the margin entire; others, again, are crenulate, and several have prominent angular slopes, which give the shell an appearance of being eared; the anterior slope is, however, far the most prominent of the two. The next variation of form is manifest in the Arca. senilis, granosa, and rhomboidea, which rather partake of the shape of a heart, than of any other form. They are, besides, somewhat gibbeus, and usually covered with E 50. BIVALVES.— ARCA. smooth or muricate grooves, not unfrequently having their whole surface covered with a brownish or greenish- black epidermis. The next form that the ark presents itself in, is that of a roundish or suborbicular description. The Arca Gly- cymeris and pilosa are sufficient examples; they are for the most part smooth on the outside, except where the longitudinal strize are placed ; which striz are frequently more articulate in the interior than on the exterior, and often terminate at the inner margin, in determined ele- vated teeth. This genus contains but little beauty, though some of its species are considered rare. The Ark is found in the European, Indian, American, and Atlantic oceans: the Baltic, Northern, and Red seas also produce some species. The Arca nucleus is found fossil, as is also the Arca fossilis, in the Duchy of Limbourg. ARCA. A. Margin very entire, beaks reeurved. Tortuosa. B. Margin entire, beak inflected. *Nove (Noah's Ark.) Striata. *Barbata (Bearded A.) Pulchella. Modiolus. Afra. Pella. Fossilis. Ovata. Cancellata. Pellucida. Minuta. Rostrata, BIVALVES,— ARCA. 51 C. Margin crenate, beaks recurved. *Lactea. Cucullus (Chambered A.) Nodulosa. Magellanica. Antiquata. Reticulata. Senilis. Candida. Granosa. Indica. Corbicula. Jamaicensis. Decussata. Campechensis. Equilatera. Lata. Pallens. Senegalensis. D. Margin crenate, beaks inflected. Undata (Lettered A.) *Nucleus (Silvery A.) Pectunculus (Spotted A.) Rhomboidea. Pectinata. Marmorata. *Glycymeris (OrbicularA.) Angulosa. Pilosa. Scapha. Nummaria. > eee OSTREA.—Ovysrer anv ScatLop. Animal—a Tethys: Shell bivalve, generally with unequal valves, and slightly eared; hinge without teeth, but fur- nished with an ovate hollow, and mostly lateral trans- verse grooves. Tuere are no fewer than one hundred and thirty-six species in this genus, and which constitute an inexhausti- ble mine of endless beauty and variety. 52 BIVALVES.——OSTREA. The Ostrese may be divided into two classes: the first is that which comprises the innumerable.varieties of es- callops or scallop shells; the second (and much the least, numerous) is that which includes the species somewhat resembling the common oyster. The former division is, for the most part, composed of very elegant specimens; their form is usually regular, and their surface is adorned with elevated divergent ribs, in number from five to forty, which proceed from the tip of the beaks, to the extremity of the margins, and there terminate in a fine scalloped or vandyked outline, describing in their course the most graceful expansion possible. It usually happens that the Ostrez are inequivalve, that is, the degree of convexity often differs in the two shells of the same animal, as in the Ostrea ziczac, jacobea, &c. &c. which invariably have the upper valve flat, while the lower one remains of a convex form. However, in other species, as the Ostrea pallium, (ducal mantle), &c. &c. the shells are equivalve, or both possessing the same degree of rotundity and gib- bosity. It isremarkable that many of the Ostree have the upper valve adorned with bright colors, and the lower paler: this occurrence is particularly observable in the Ostrea pleu- ronectes, known by the name of the compass or floun- der Pecten, which has one valve perfectly white, and the other of a brownish or reddish cast. This species is also in possession of another peculiarity, which is, that it in- variably gapes at both ends; whereas, in other species, the gape is only at one end. The situation of the beaks often varies considerably among the Ostrez; some, as the maxima, jacobea, &c. &c. having them placed in the centre; whereas, in the Ostrea Lima, glacialis, &c. they are situated obliquely or KIVALVES, — OSTREA. 53, en oné side, which gives the outline of the shell an ap- pearance of slight distortion, occasioned by one margin being straight and flattened, while the other remains round and inflated. There is also considerable variation. in the size and form of the ears, which in some speties are nearly of the same dimensions, but in others are une- qual, having one much larger than the other; and some are so small as hardly to be discernible. The ears of many of the scallops are almost smooth on the outside, whilst others have them rough, and even spined- The Ostrea pallium, and others, have one ear ciliate, and are spined within. The exterior of the shells, as has been before observed, is usually covered with elevated longitu- dinal ribs and grooves, which are variously diversified with beautiful colors and fine chequer-work. The ribs are mostly covered with undulate and transverse strize, not unfrequently assuming the appearance of elevated scales, as in the Ostrea imbricata and dubia. In others again the strie are crenate, as in the Ostrea radula; and some, as the Ostrea nodosa, &c. have large knobsor tubercles raised upon the ribs. The margins of the interior of the Ostrez are mostly crenate or toothed, and are often beau- tifully colored. . - The hinge is universally without teeth, and is furnished with an ovate hollow; in the vicinity of which are placed lateral transverse grooves, which run in a parallel direction in each valve, but do not lock into each other, asin the genus Arca. This division of the Ostree, viz. the scallops, have the faculty of leaping out of the water, even tothe height of half-a-yard, or more; and, opening their shells, they eject the water contained within them; after which, sinking under water, they suddenly close their shells with a loud snap. 54 BIVALVES —OSTREAe The common scallop, Ostrea maxima, is found in. most, European seas, in large beds, from which they are dredged- up by the fishermen, and afterwards pickled and barrelled forsale; in some instances also they are brought to market in the state they are caught, and are eaten fresh. These shells were formerly worn by pilgrims, on their. hat or coat, as a mark of their having crossed the sea, for, the purpose of paying their devotions at the holy shrine,, in Palestine: in commemoration of which, they are still preserved in the armorial bearings of many families of, distinction. Scallops delight in harbouring among fuci and zoophites. The second class or division of Ostreze consists of those which in construction, substance, and coloring, are more nearly allied to that sort of shell so universally known by. the name of the common or eatable oyster. ‘The species of this division are mostly of a much more irregular form than the scallops, and are usually very rugged, unfinished looking shells. The hammer oyster (Ostrea malleus) is, perhaps the most remarkable of all this tribe, its form resembling that of a long headed hammer, or more pro- perly a pick-axe; there are two distinguishable varieties of it, viz. the white and the black, both of which, when in fine preservation, are considered rare and valuable. These shells are rough and plaited on the outside, but their inside is smooth and glossy, having a steel-blue co- Jor or metallic lustre diffused over the surface. The hinge of some of the species, as the Ostrea camel and isognomon, has a perpendicular grooved line at- tached to it. Some, again, as the Ostrea vulsella, &c, gape at the hinge; others terminate in a long beak from the hinge upwards, as is the case in the Ostrea cornucopiz (horn of plenty) and virginica. Some species have all BIVALVES. — OSTRBEA. 55 the appearance ofa dried leaf, such as the Ostrea folium, &c. &c. which often grows to the roots and stumps of trees, especially the magnifera; they are also often found affixed to the Gorgoniz. The common oyster (Ostrea edulis) is too well known for its nutritious and palatable properties to require much description; suffice it to say, that the exterior of the shell is usually covered with undulate and imbricate scales, of a yellowish or pinkish olive cast, and the old shells are often covered with various adhesions, such as anomiz, serpule, lepades, sertularie, and other marine productions. The interior of the shell has generally a pearly appearance, and specimens are often found con- taining pearls. They are to be met with in most seas, affixed to rocks ; and in some places are considered so profitable a branch of traffic, that the greatest care is taken to promote their generation and growth. By proper management their multiplication becomes immense. They are formed into large layers or beds, extending many miles: these beds generally, in favorable seasons, proye a submarine mine of wealth to their proprietors. Almost all seas abound with Ostrez. The Ostrea di- luviana is found fessil in the calcareous mountains of Sweden. OSTREA. A. Valves furnished with ears, and radiated. — Sca.vor. a, equilateral; ears of the valves equal. “Maxima. (Common Scal.) Striatula. *Jacobzea (Mediterranean S.) Minuta. Ziczac. Pleuronectes (Compass S.) BiVALVES.— OSTREA. ‘Laurentii. Japonica. Magellanica. Hybrida. Radula (Royal Mantie) Imbricata. Subrotunda. Plica. Crenata. *Sinuosa. Squamosa, Dubia. *Subrufa. Versicolor, Rosea. Fusca. Tenuis. Lutea. Muricata. Conspersa. Nodulosa. Radiata. Punctata. Aculeata. . Plana. Pusilla. Flavescens. Flabellum. Spondyloides. Violacea. Aurantia. Vittata. Miniata. Inflata. b. Ears unequal; one of them generally eiliated, with spines within. Pallium (Ducal Mantle.) Sanguinolenta. Maculosa. * Nodosa (Duck's Foot.) Pes-felis-(Cat's Foot.) Pellucens. Obliterata. Sanguinea. *Varia. *Pusio ( Wrinkled S.) *Obsoleta. * Levis. *Glabra. *Opercularis (Painted S.) Gibba. Sulcata. Histrionica. Islandica. Triradiata. Fuci. Tigerina. ~ Septemradiata. Arata. Senatoria. Citrina. — Turgida. Sulphurea. Porphyria. BIVALVES.— OSTREAL 57 Vitrea. ‘Tranquebaria. Sauciata. Crenulata. Innominata. Rutescens. Squamata. Anonyma. Decemradiata. Tenuis. Valentii. Media. Crocea. Florida. Ochroleuca. Mustelina. Flammea. Incarnata. Guttata. Depressa. Regia. Palliata. Seminuda. Modesta. Principalis. ‘Versicolor. c. Valvesmore gibbous on one side. Flavicans, Lima (File.) Fasciata. Glacialis. Fragilis. Hians. Excavata. B. Rough and generally plaited on the outside.—Ovst er. Malleus (Hammer O.) Plicatula. Vulsella ( Z’ongue ShapedO.) Rostrata. Anatina. . Virginica. Diluviana. Cornucopie (Hornof Folium (Leaf O.) Parasitica. [plenty.) Orbicularis. Exalbida. *Edalis (Common O.) Cristata. Semiaurata. Senegalensis. *Striata. Stellata. Fornicata. : Ovalis. Sinensis. Papyracea. Spondyloidea. Annulata. Forskablin Retusa, 58 BIVALVES. —OSTREAe C. Hinge with a perpendicular grooved line. Perna (Oblong O.) Legumen. Isognomon (Rudder O.) — Alata. Ephippium (Saddle O.) = Mytiloides. Picta. Torta. Pes-lutree. ANOMIA.—Anomia or Antique Lamp. Animal—an emarginated, ciliated, strap-shaped body; with bristles or fringe affixed to the upper valve; arms two, linear, longer than the body ; connivent projecting, al- ternate on the valve, and ciliate on each side, the fringe affixed to each valve: shell bivalve, inequivalve, one of the valves flattish, the other gibbous at the base, with a produced beak, generally curved over the hinge: one of the valves often perforated near the base: hinge with a linear, prominent cicatrix, and a lateral tooth placed within, but in the flat valve, on the very margin: two bony rays for the base of the animal. Or this curious genus of Bivalves, there are fifty-one spe- cies described; however, several out of that number have hitherto only been found in a fossil or petrified state. Those which are recent, or found alive in the sea, are frequently rare and valuable. The shells are usually in- equivalve, one of them often flattish, the other gibbous at the base, terminating in a produced beak, which curves upwards over the hinge, and frequently has a small per- foration in it, near the base; through which the, animal BIVALVES __ ANOMIA« 59 thrusts a strong ligament, by which it affixes itself to dif- ferent marine substances, as fuci, crabs, spines of echini, and especially to the stars of the madrepora prolifera. The form of the Anomia differs materially, some re- sembling the shape of an oyster, as the Anomia cepa, ephippium, &c. &c. all of which have a large hole in their flat valve. Others, again, are nearly orbicular, as the Anomia craniolaris, placenta, &c. &c. and some are oblong, like the Anomia pectinata, &c. &c. and many of them, when looked at in profile, nearly resembie the form of an antique lamp, as the Anomia caput-serpentis, &c. &c. and others bear a strong affinity to the hooked or curved beaks of a parrot, as is manifested in the Ano- mia psittacea, &c. &c. The prevailing color in this genus is that of a dirty yellow, or dusky white; however, some are bright yel- low, as the Anomia electrica. The Anomia cepa (the onion peel), and the Anomia sella (the saddle oyster), have a fine coppery or bronze- like appearance; and the Anomia capensis and sanguino- lenta have a fine pink or red coloring. The Anomia flexuosa, and other similar species, have their shelis of 2 smoke color, or olive black, and some are found of a per- fect shining jet black. Some of the Anomiz are almost smooth, while others, on the contrary, are ribbed and striated; others, again, decline on the fore-part, and have a groove or channel running down the middle of the shell. The Anomiz are for the most part thin, delicate shells, and usually semitransparent. ‘The Anomia placenta (the cake) but commonly called the Chinese window oyster, is, when in a young state, almost transparent, and is by some trifling polishing process, reducible toa state nearly’ 60 BIVALVES_— ANOMIA. resembling glass; and, as is reported, frequently made’ use of by the ingenious Chinese as a substitute for it. The hinge of the Anomia admits of considerable va- riation; but its most prominent feature is that of being furnished with a linear prominent cicatrix, and a lateral’ tooth placed within; and in the flattest valve, quite on the margin, are placed two bony rays, or linear callosities, which serve as a base for the animal. However, some have only one tooth or ray in each valve. The interior of these shells is often silvery, and the margin is frequently: crenate, notched, or toothed, but in many itis perfectly. entire. Although the generality of Anomiz are mode- rately smooth on the outside, yet there are two excep-: tions to be found in the Anomia spinosa and muricata, both of which are covered with strize, which terminate in scales and hollow spines, almost as long as the shells. The European, Indian, American, and African oceans, supply many species of the Anomia, as also do the Medi- terranean and Northern seas. There are no less than fifteen or sixteen species to be met with ina fossilstate. England, Germany, and Swit- zerland produce most of them. -ANOMIA.—Anomia. Craniolaris. Scobinata. *Pectinata. Aurita. *Ephippium (Green Onion-rind) Retusa. *Cepa (Onion-peel.) *Gryphus. Electrica (Small amber A.) *Pectens. *Squamula. Striatula, Patelliformis. Dorsata. BIVALVES.— MYTILUS. 61 Psittacea. Flexuosa. Tridentata. Rugosa. ) Spondyloides. Placenta (Chinese window QO.) *Truncata. Sella (Saddle O.) Reticularis. *Spinosa. Plicatella. Aculeata. *Crispa. Muricata. * Lacunosa. Squama. Pubescens. Punctata. *Cuspidata. Undulata. Farcta. Capensis. Caput-serpentis. Detruncata. *Terebratula. Sanguinolenta. Angulata. Vitrea. Hysterita. Cranium. Biloba. Cylindrica. Veutricosa. Nucleus. Gryphoides. Avenacea, Saudalium. EEE MYTILUS.—Muscue. Animal allied to an Ascidia: shell bivalve, rough, gene- rally affixed by a byssus or beard of silky filaments; hinge mostly without teeth, with generally a subulate excavated longitudinal line. Or the genus Mytilus there may be enumerated. sixty- four species; though some of these are a little indistinct, 62 BIVALVES.—MYTILUS, yet the greatest proportion of them bear a near alliance to the general form and character of the common or eat- able muscle. There are, indeed, someexceptions, such as may be observed in the Mytilus crista-galli (cock’s- comb oyster), and the Mytilus margaritiferus (true mo- ther-of-pearl shell;) and others of a similar description; most of which give strong evidence of belonging to the ostrea or oyster, rather than Mytilus or muscle genus. However, the hinge seems to regulate the arrangement in most instances, and in the Mytilus it is usually without teeth, having generally a subulate excavated line in place of them. However, some have little denticulations with alternate grooves, which amount in number from ten to fifty in diferent species. The Mytilus niger has the greatest number of any, viz. one hundred... The Mytilus crista-galli and the like, affix themselves to Gorgonia and other bodies, not by a beard or byssus, as is usual with other muscles, but by a formation of the shell itself, which assumes the appearance of several distinct claws or hands, by which the shell is secured to whatever body it may have selected for its basis. The greatest part of this genus exhibit internally a pearly appearance, and some (when uncoated and polish- ed) afford the brightest radiance possible. The Mytilus margaritiferus is renowned for the iridescent colors it displays, and is, moreover, famous for the fine and valu- able pearls it engenders within its silvery valves. The young shells of this species, are sometimes so different to the adults in appearance, that they can scarcely be recognized for the same. Some of this genus possess the faculty of penetrating and eating away coral-rocks, hard marble, and limestone; into which they insinuate and immure themselves so artfully, that it becomes ne- BIVALVES.._ MYTILUS. 63 eessary to break the stone before there is a possibility of withdrawing the shell and its inhabitant. Of this description are the Mytilus lithophagus and rugosus. The latter is sometimes found in lakes as well as seas. There are some muscles, which, ona superficial glance, might be mistaken as belonging to the genus Mya; such are the Mytilus versicolor, discors, and afer; but, by a minute inspection of the hinge, the error would soon be discovered. The general appearance of muscles differs greatly, some being perfectly smooth, and beautifully marbled and variegated with fine coloring; others are elegantly radiated with purple and white, like a tulip; and some again are coarsely ribbed and grained with minute tubercles, making the shell quite rough, and of one color only, such as black, blue, green, yellow, and brown. But they are most of them indebted to their epidermis for whatever outward color they may possess; which, when removed, often presents so different a surface, that even an adept might be puzzled to recognize two shells of the same species. Some of the cuticles or skins are often bearded or shaggy, and, in some instances, the valves gape,as in the Mytilus bilocularis,and other similar species. However, almost the whole of the different species of muscles, seem to accord with the habits of the common or eatable muscle (Mytilus edulis), which invariably af- fixes itself to other bodies, by means of its silky byssus; and is found in immense beds or layers, consisting of many myriads. The Mytilus cygneus and anatinus, (both fresh-water species), frequently become the food of ducks and crows; the latter of which, when they find the shell too hard, mount with it into the air, and then Ictting it fall, they pick out the fish from the breken shell. G4 BIVALVES. —_ MYTILUS,. The Indian, Atlantic, American, and Northern oceans, produce many species; some are also from New Zealand, the Red Sea, Mediterranean, and Russian seas. The Mytih from the rivers m Africa, are often of great beauty when polished, and exhibit fine colors. MYTILUS.--Musele. A. Pavasitical, affixed by claws. Crista-galli (Cock's-comb Oyster) Hyotis (Gt. finger HM.) Frons. B. Flat, or compressed: slightly eared. Margaritiferus ( Mother of Pearl M.) Unguis. C. Ventricose er convex. Lithophagus( BurrowingM. )Ater. Rugosus. * Discors. Bilocularis. Hirundo (Swallow M.) Exustus. Pholadis. Barbatus. Striatulus (Cross Beak M.)} * Edulis. Vulgaris. *Incurvatus. Plicatus. Pellucidus. Niveus. *Umbilicatus. Afer, *Curtus. Smaragdinus. Ungulatus Versicolor. Bidens (Furrow-cap M.) — Coralliophagus. *Modiolus (Smooth M.) —_ Lineatus. *Cygneus. Faba (Bean M.) * Anatinus, Flaviatilis. Viridis, Fuscus, Rubcr. Mammarius. Albus, Persicus. BIVALVES, — PINNA. G5 Pictus. Cordatus. Fasciatus. Stagnalis. Undatus. Zellensis. Purpureus. Roseus. Saxatilis. Puniceus. Argenteus, Niger. Fulgidus. Levigatus. Azureus. Dubius. Murinus. Polymorphus. Testaceus. Canaliculatus, Virgatus. Rostrum. Camellii. eee oe PINNA.— Fin Suetr or Nacre, atso Sra-Wine. Animal—a Limax; Shell bivalve, fragile, upright, gaping at one end, and furnished with a byssus or beard ; hinge without teeth, the valves united into one. Tue number of species contained in this genus is limited to eighteen, and some of those are so alike, as barely to’ admit of being called distinct. The usual form of the Pinnz issomething allied to that of the larger species of muscles, being long tapering shells, narrow at the beaks, and gradually expanding to a con- siderable breadth to the opposite extremity: however, there are instances where the form is more compressed. The Pinnz are by no means such entire or solid shells as the muscles, for they are (with few exceptions) exceed- F 66 BIVALVES. —-PINNA. ingly brittle or fragile in substance, and almost invaria- bly gape atone end. The greatest portion of the Pinnz have longitudinal ribs, and on them are placed elevated transverse striz, often terminating in imbricate arched scales, and prominent canaliculate tubular spines. Such is the case with the Pinna rudis and muricata: in the younger shells of these two species, the spines ap- pear but as minute prickles. In other specimens, as the Pinna saccata (satchel), &c. &c.-the ribs are not so ar- ticulate, but more undulate, and are perfectly free from scales or spines. ‘The colors of Pinnze admit of some va- riation, though they usually have a horn-like appearance, which is often overcast with asteel-blue or copper-colored gloss. The hinge of the Pinnez is invariably without teeth, notwithstanding which, the valves adhere so close- ly in the region of the beaks, that they appear as if unit- ed in one. ‘There are some of the young shells of this genus that do not exceed an inch in length, whereas some ofthe adults grow to more than three feet. This genus is famous for producing a very fine sort of byssus or beard, which it affords in large quantities; and the Italians frequently convert it into sundry articles of wearing apparel, which in appearance vie with the finest silk. These shells are usually found in smooth water and bays, with the smaller end sticking in the mud or sand, and the wide end somewhat open. ‘The animal, insome instances, is accounted excellent and luxurious food. The Mediterranean produces Pinnz in great number: they are also to be found in the Indian, American, At- lantic, and Europeanoceans. ‘The Adriatic and Red seas also supply some species. The Pinna, probably, derives its name from its resemblance toa wing, or fin ofa fish. BIVALVES., —~ PINNA. PINNA.—Sea Wing. Rudis. Lobata. Pectinata. Vitrea. Nobilis. Incurva. *Muricata (Red Sea Wing.) Bicolor. Rotundata (Giant S.W.) —_Exusta. Squamosa. Vexillum. Carnea. Papyracea. Saccata (Satchel.) Sanguinea. Digitiformis (White S. W.) Bullata. 67 Gs UNIVALVES..___ARGONAUTA, Hil. Univalves. SHELLS OF ONE PART ONLY, AND HAVING A REGULAR SPIRE. a OSs ARGONAUTA.—Papver Sainor. Anmal—a Sepia or Clio: Shell univalve, spiral, invo- lute, membranaceous, one-celled. THE genns Argonauta contains but five species; and, in sosmall a number, much variety is not to be expected. The form throughout is generally like that of a scroll, with avery large aperture, and mostly a double carinated outer margin. However, inthe Argonauta vitreus (the glassy nautilus) the margin is but single: this rare and beautiful species is by far the most costly of any.* The shells of this genus are remarkable for their exces- ey ® There are only three shells of this species knowns; one in the possession of the Earl of Mountnorris, another in the Public Col- lection at Paris, and a third in the private collection of a French gentleman. UNIVALYVES, —— ARGONAUTA,. 69 sive thinness, brittleness, and lightness. The Argonauta argo, usually known by the name of the paper nautilus, is the identical shell supposed in the early ages einoaiety to have first taught men the use of sails. A mucilaginous animal, called poulpe*, is often mis- taken for the paper-nautilus; it isseen sailing onthe ocean with its arms erect, and amembrane thrown out between them, by which means it is driven forward, like a vessel under sail. The Mediterranean often has whole fieets of these diminutive navigators floating on its calm surface. The color of the Argonautz is mostly blueish, or yellow- ish white, having the keel often tinged with a brownish hue. As to size, the Argonautz differ greatly; the argo, for instance, will often grow to ten or twelve inches in width; whereas the cornu and arctica seldom exceed three or four lines in diameter. The Mediterranean and Indian seas produce some va rieties; others are from the Cape of Good Hope, and some inhabit the Northern and Greenland seas. None of this genus have hitherto been found fossil. They are supposed to have derived their name from theA rg onautz. ARGONAUTA.—Paper Sailor. Argo (Paper Nautilus) Cymbium (Minute P.S.) Vitreus. Cornu. Arctica. “ Mr. Mawe in his ‘* Shell Collectors’ Pilot” has given an ac- count of this animal, which had before been supposed to belong to the Argonauta Argo. 70 UNIVALVES.__NAUTILUS. NAUTILUS.—PeEarty Sattor. Animal—-(vide Rumpf. Mus. tab. 17. fig. B.) Shell wni- valve, divided into several departments, communicating with each other by an aperture. THis genus contains no less than thirty-one species. They are nearly allied in point of general formation and structure; but the most prominent mark of distinction is, that most of the species have their whorls divided into separate compartments or chambers, which are connected by a little tube or pipe (syphon), which runs spirally throughout the shell. This syphon is sometimes central in the shell, and sometimes contiguous to the surface. The Nautilus Pompilius, when bisected, exhibits inan eminent degree the pearly comcamerations for which this genus is famous. The inhabitants of the East often con- vert fine specimens of the above species into drinking cups, whose surface they carve into various devices and orna- ments; they also frequently remove the outer coating en- tirely, and thereby bring the shell to a beautiful pearly mass. The umbilicated varieties of this species are ac- counted exceedingly scarce. The general form of the Nautili is mostly spiral or scroll-like, some having their whorls contiguous, as the Pompilius, calcar, crispus, &c. and others having them detached or separated, as the spirula, &c. But others, again, have a very different formation, being tooth or funnel-shaped, almost like some of the Dentalia; such are the fascia, legumen, cbliquus, &c. The size of the Nautili differs exceedingly; some are so small as only to be defined by the microscope, while UNIVALVES, — NAUTILUS. il others, on the contrary, (especially some of the fossil spe- cies), have been known to exceed two feet in diameter. Some species of this genus are found adhering to coral rocks, the siphunculus for instance, is often brought from the coral reefs on the Sicilian shores, Among the three or four fossil species, the Nautilus helicites is worthy of notice, as coming from St. Peter’s Mountain at Maes- tricht. The Nautilus belemnita, or thunder-stone, is also re- markable, on account of its being considered by the vulgar as a thunder-bolt, and only to be found after a storm, They are found fossil in most parts of Europe, and, when burnt or rubbed, smell like rasped horn. The American and Indian Oceans produce some of the species of the Nautili, as also dothe Mediterranean, A dri- atic, and Red Seas; but by far the greater number. are found on the European and British coasts, Most of the species are minute. NAUTILUS.—Suailor. A. Spiral, rounded, with contiguous whorls. Pompilius (Gt. chamber'd S,) *Crassulus. *Calcar. * Lobatulus. * Crispus. *Carinatulus. *Beccarii, *Subarcuatulus. * Levigatulus. Balthicus. *Depressulus. Helicites. *Umbilicatulus. Rugosus. Umbilicatus. B. Spiral, rounded, with separate whorls, Spirula (Ram's Horn.) — Spengleri. Unguiculatus. G2 UNIVALVES.—-CONUS. C. Elongated and nearly straight. Semilituus. Radicula, Lituus ( Crozier.) Fascia. Obliquus. Inzequalis. Raphanistrum. Siphunculus. Raphanus, Legumen. Granum. Orthocera. *Belemnita. cannes CONUS.—Cone. Animal—a Limax: Shell univalve, convolute, turbinate: aperture effuse, longitudinal, linear, without teeth, en- tire at the base; pillar smooth. Or this beautiful and valuable genus there are but eighty- three described as distinct species; however, that num- ber is certainly very much under the real amount. The general form of cones is very similar; their principal dif- ferences consist in the coloring, marking, and band- ing, though form sometimes assists their arrangement in classes; as for instance, those shaped like the Conus marmoreus and imperialis, make one division. Another division is formed of those species which are similar to the Conus betulinus or butter-firkin, Conus glaucus, &c. all of which are of very broad and thick structure, quite the reverse to the Conus generalis or flambeau cone, which is very long and narrow, having its spire very acute and prominent. UNIVALVES,.—C ONUS. 73 The Conus textile (the embroidered or cloth of gold cone), and Conus aulicus or courtier cone, have their shapes something like a cylinder, contracted at each end, and nearly resembling the three following species, viz. Conus tulipa, geographicus, and bullatus; though they are distinguished by their wide mouths and inflated or bellied sides. There perhaps is no genus throughout the whole of the shell tribes, which holds so important a station in collec- tions as the cones; and it is difficult to decide whether they are most to be valued for their rarity or beauty. The mention of a few of the most beautiful and va- Juable species, will be sufficient to give an idea how they are to be appreciated. The Conus ammiralis or admiral cone, ranks first among the beauties and rarities of this genus. Of the high-admiral alone the varieties are incalculable; next come the vice-admirals, guinea-admirals (Conus genu- anus), and others equally rare; most of which, when fine, are frequently valued at from five to twenty guineas. But this valuation appears trifling when compared to the sum that has been set upon the cedo-nulli; which, in- credible as it may appear, amounted to no Jess than three hundred guineas! Among the other rarities of the cone genus, the Conus arausiacus is much valued, as is also the Conus glaucus (the blue or grey cone), Conus magus (magician), Co- nus nobilis (yellow tiger), Conus arachnoideus (spi- der’s-web), the Conus cingulum (box-wood cone), with an elevated girdle round it, from the Friendly Isles; and ihe varieties of the zebra cones from the South Seas. The generality of cones have a smooth surface, aud in most istances bear a high natural polish; however, 74 UNIVALVES.—-CONUS. some, as the Conus nussatella and granulatus, are co- vered with granulated trrnsverse striz, and even globular tubercles. There is perhaps no other genus which affords so much beauty and diversity of coloring aud marking asthe Co- nus; the Conus literatus, for instance, has its spots ar- ranged in such a manner as often to resemble Hebrew, Greek, or Arabic characters. The Conus Ebreeus is likewise subject to similar appearances. In other species the colors are arranged into different shades of cloudings, veins, marblings, dots, stripes, bands, and reticulations; each surpassing the other in point of beauty and ele- gance. The far greater number of species come from the In- dian Ocean, though some are brought from the shores of Africa and America, and others again from the South Seas. CONUS.—Cone. A. Spire or turban nearly truncated. Marmoreus (Black Tiger C.) Virgo (Virgin €.) Imperialis Imperial crown C. Capitaneus (Captain C.) Literatus (Alphabet C.) Tribunus (7'ribune C.) Generalis (Flambeau C.) Miles (Girdle ; Sergeant.) Cingulum (Box-wood C.) B. Pyriform, with a rounded base; cylinder half as long again as the spire. Princeps. 2 Americanus, Ammiralis (Admiral C.) a Anglicus. 1 Larvatus. b Coronatus. UNIVALVES. —CONUS. 75 a Regius. Stercus-muscarum F'ly-speot. a Ordinarius. Varius. b Guineensis. Achatinus (Agate C.) — ¢ Surinamensis. Radiatus. a Summus. Leoninus (Lion Rampant.) Occidentalis. Jaspideus. a Cedo nulli. Nebulosus. Vicarius. Oculatus. Senator. Coffexe. Nobilis (Yellow T'iger.) Amadis (False Admiral.) Genuanus (Guinea Adml.) Fulmineus. 2 Papilio Butterfly’s wing C.Arachnordeus (Spider's web) Glaucus (Blue or Grey C.) Costatus. Monachus. Leucostictus. Minimus. Citrinus. Rusticus. Jnsularis. Mercator (Neé-work C.) Ceronatus, Betulinus (Butter Firkin) Punctatus. Figulinus (Oak-bark C.) — Zeylanicus. Ibraeus (Hebrew C.) Solidus. : C. Elongated and rounded at the base; cylinder as long again as the spire. Clavus. Polyzonias. Nussatella. Bifasciatus. Terebellum. Niveus. Coccineus. Arausiacus. Leetus. Magus (Magician. ) Ochroleucus. Striatus (Great Spectre.) Levis. Textile (Gold Brocade C.) Affinis. Aulicus (Courtier C.) Violaceus. ~ Thome. Granulatus. Sinensis. 76 UNIVALVES.__CYPR A&A, Spectrum (Spectre C.) Nubicula. Bullatus. Spurius. Tulipa (Z'ulip C.) Vexillum. (Flag C.) Geographicus. Ventricosus. CYPRAA.—Cowry or Gowrie. Animal—a Slug: Shell univalve, involute, subovate, smooth, obtuseat each end ; aperture effuse at each end, linear, extending the whole length of the shell, and toothed on each side. Tuts beautiful genus contains no less than a hundred and twenty species, and these may again be subdivided into many hundred varieties. The Cypraece are, however, much of the same formation, though their colorings, mark- ings, and workings, are amazingly dissimilar; the greater part of them are smooth glossy shells, of exquisite bril- liancy of color, and elegantly marked with dots, zigzag lines, undulations, streaks, &c. Such are the Cypraea mappa (map cowry), the Cypraea Argus (thousand eyes), and the Cyprzea testudinaria (tortoise-shell cow- rie). ‘To these may be added the Cyprea vitellus (fal- low-deer cowrie), the carneola (carnelian), the talpa (mole), and others of the like description. There are other smaller sorts of Cyprase, however, which are completely opposed to the Jast mentioned, ex- cept in the general form, and in having their mouth run the whole length of the sheil: those which come under UNIVALVES.._CYPR&EA. T7 this denomination are such as the Cypraa nucleus, ci- cercula, staphyleea, &c. &c. all of which have but little coloring, and are completely rough, from having theirsur- faces covered with small globular tuberculations or warts. In the Cyprzea pediculus, the shell, though rough, is not indebted to tuberculations for its rugze, but to ap-. proximate parallel elevated ribs or strize, which cover the whole of the shell. There are four divisions in the Cypreea; the first in- cludes those that have a manifest spire, such as the Cy- prea Arabica (the nutmeg cowry), Cypreea amethystea (the young of Arabica); Cyprza exanthema, Cypreea plumbea (the young of exanthema); Cyprza oculata, and others. Those, on the contrary, which are without a manifest spire, class with such as the Cypraa caput-serpentis (the serpent’s head), Cypraa Mauritiana and moneta; the last of which, the Cypreea moneta, is fished-up by the negro women, three days before or after full-moon, and transported into Bengal, Siam, America, and the ad- jacent islands; where it is used by the native blacks in commerce, instead of money. The third division is composed of the umbilicated or perforated varieties; such as the Cypreea ziczac, asellus, &c. And those species which are marginated form the fourth class: as for instance, the Cypraeamoneta, annulus, &e. One of the rarest, most valuable, and largest cowries is the Cyprza aurantium, or orange cowry, which is found, though very rarely, at the ['riendly Isles. One of the rarities of the smaller sorts of cowries is the Cyprza rubiginosa, or tron-mould cowry. The grand mark of distinction in the cowries is, that, 78 UNIVALVES..-—CYPR.EA- when arrived at maturity, the two lips on cach side of their mouths are always beset with strong articulate teeth. The greater proportion of the Cypreez are from the In- dian ocean; many, however, come from the American, African, and Mediterranean shores; some also from the South seas. CYPREA.—Cowry or Gowrie. A. With a manifest spire. Exanthema (False Argus.) — Livida. Mappa (Map C.) Gibba. Arabica (Nutmeg C.) Turbinata. Argus (Eyed C.) Venerea. Testudinaria (Tortoise-shell C.) Purpurescens. Stercoraria. Albida. Carneola (Carnelian C.) Rufescens Zebra. Translucens. Talpa (Burnt-mouth C.) Punctulata. Amethystea. Tigrina. Lurida. Dubia. Venelli. Trifasciata. Lota. Conspurcata. Fragilis. Bifasciata. Guttata. Cylindrica. Cinerea. Teres. Plumbea. Ovata, Oculata. Minuta. Histrio (Harlequin C.) Sanguinolenta. Aurantium (Orange C.) Fasciata. Ferruginosa, Regina. Undulata. UNIVALVES,__CYPRAA, 72 B. Obiuse, without a manifest spire. Caput-serpentis (Viper's-head.) Flammea, Reticulum, Olivacea. Mauritiana (Surinam Toad.) Feoeminea. Vitellus (Fallow Deer C.) Lynx. Mus (Mouse C.) Isabella (Orange-tipt C.) Tigris (Leopard C.) Ambigua. Scurra (Green-spot C.) C. Umbilicated or perforated. Onyx. Nebulosa. Clandestina. Ochroleuca. : Succincta. Stellata. Ziczac. Subflava. Hirundo. Leucogasta. Asellus ( Wasp.) Variolosa. Erronea. Fulva. Ursellus (Great Bear.) Leucostoma. Pyrum. Lincata. Maculosa. Cancellata, Pulla. Lutea. Indica. Badia. | Ovum. Punctata. Felina. Zonaria. Atomaria. Conoidea. D. Margined. Cribraria (Steve C.) Derosa. Moneta (Money C.) Flaveola. Annulus (Ring C.) Spurca. Caurica (Dark-spotted C.) Oblonga. Erosa (White-spotted C.) — Stolida. SO UNIVALVES.—_BULLA- Helvola. | Cruenta. Ocellata. Reticulata (Netted C.) Poraria. Rubiginosa Iron-mould C. *Pediculus (Sea Louse.) Miliaris. Nucleus (Wrinkled C.) Acicularis. Madagascariensis. Crassa. Staphyloea, Vinosa. Cicercula. Angustata. Globulus (Pearl C.) — Similis. Affinis. Striata. Squalina. Chinensis. Fimbriata. — Pusilla. a BULLA.—Drpper or Bueete. Animai—a Limaxr: Shell univalve, convolute, unarmed with teeth: aperture a little straitened, oblong, longitu- dinal, verg entire at the base; pillar oblique, smooth. Tuts genus, which contains fifty-two species, is in some instances so nearly allied to the latter, i.e. the Cypreea, that much caution is necessary in order to prevent. confu- sion in the classification; for many of the Cypres, when young, so nearly resemble some of the Bullee, that authors have actually intermixed the genera. However, one grand mark of distinction in this genus is, that, in what- ever stage of growth its species are found, they never have teeth on both their lips; the pillar-lip being invari- ably free from all sorts of denticulations or crenulations; UNIVALVES,.—BULLA. 81 whereas, in the Cypreee, both the pillar and outer lipsare strongly mounted with articulate and prominent teeth. There is also a greater variety of form in the Bulle than in the Cypréze; as, for instance, the Bulla volva, or true weaver's shuttle, is of an elongated form, having its length much increased by two long beaks: this shell, though far from beautiful, is accounted a great rarity, and when fine bears a high price; it is from Jamaica and the parts adjacent. There is also a variety of this shell known by the name of the false weaver's shuttle. The next variation of form is discernible in the Bulla ovum or poached egg, of which there are two varieties: the comnion sort (from Amboyna) is white without, and yellow within; the rarer sort (from the Friendly Isles) is White without, and pink within. ‘These shells are less beaked and more gibbous than the latter species, and lead into the following orbicular or swollen species, such as the Bulla naucum, physis, ampulla or lapwing’s-egg; &e. &c. These are without teeth, and somewhat umbi- licated. There is a curious exception to the general form of the Bulle in the Bulla terebellum or auger dipper, whose shape is remarkably long and slender, and appears more like alengthened olive than what it really is. Some of the Bulle, as the ficus, and rapa or turnip, are very similar to the genus murex; the latter species, i.e. the Bulla rapa, is esteemed a rarity. The former, on the contrary, is common, and very much resembles the shape of a fig. The Bulla zebra, bifasciata, achitina, and others simi- lar to those, are land species; they are in form nearly al- lied to the genus helix: and what is worthy of remark, the animals which inhabit them are oviparous, their G 82 UNIVALVES..—BULLA. young being produced fromeggs. ‘The reverse varieties (that is to say, those having their whorls or spires twist- ed contrary to the usual direction, and having, at thesame time, their mouths placedon the opposite side) are highly valued. The Bulla purpurea inhabits Africa, and is found in rice-fields. The snail-shaped Bulle, such as the fasciata, virginea, &c. &c. are most beautifully banded with parti-colored streaks ; they are found in the rivers of Asia. The Bulla gelatinosa, is an inhabitant of the rivers of Denmark; the fontinalis is found in the Danube, and other species inhabit various lakes and rivers of Europe: in wet mea- dows, among moss, they arealsoto be met with. Some species of this genus are remarkable for the brittleness and lightness of their shells; such are the Bulla velum, vesica, &c. &e. The inhabitant of one of the species, Bulla lignaria, and, in all probability, those of most of the genus, is fur- nished with an organ resembling the gizzard of.a fowl, and which it appears to use for the purpose of masticat- ing its food. The different species of this genus are to be found in the Mediterranean, African, American, Indian, European, and Northern seas. The Bulla, probably, derives its name from some of the lesser species resembling a dew-drop, or bubble of water caused by the rain. BULLA.—Dipper. Ovum (Poached Egg.) Birostris (False Weaver's S.) Volva (Weaver's Shuttle.) Spelta (Oblong D.) UNIVALVES... 96 |) Solemn ---.---..5.... Q7 Dental <--...... 143 || Spondylus ......... AA Donax .-.... : - 371||Strombus --........ 96 Fialiotis. << «sta. .'s..) 495 PALOMA -- fered ee. - 29 Helix ..... ersccsese 190 ]] Peredo --... Pe Depag .6s25.3.: «sé Gi) Lrechupg - dea. 22 108 WhaeGra oe be es on : Feet. PNW os « edete Sea ie [a 100 | Vy MR es or ie a ais 4D RING pecece Aer De ug |b Miglurtn. 6 «yiex0e 9% cay ee ees FRONTISPIECE. Shewing four different genera of Spirav Suewrs. Fig. : 4 Buccinum Dimidiatum --- Fawn Needle. 2 Buccinum Subulatum.---- ‘Tiger Spire. 3 Strombus Fusus --+-+++-- Spindle. 4 Murex Colus Nicobaricus - Embroidered Crane. 5 Murex Colus «++++--++-- Crane. 6 Turbo Imbricatus ------» Rusty Screw. 7 Turbo Exoletus,orCinctus» Ribbed Screw. ue * ‘y . On a es al a al JT Mewe,.24g, Strand EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE I. Fig. 1 Chiton Squamosus -+ - 2 Lepas Anatifera ------- 3 Lepas Balanoides 4 Pholas Dactylus ----:- 3 Mya Truncata --+-++-+--- 6 Tellina Feroensis ------ 7 Pinna Pectinata +------ 8 Solen Sanguinolentus -- 9 Solen Legumen 10 Mytilus Modiolus ----- 11 Anomia Ephippium --- 12 Ostrea Opercularis ---- 13 Arca Now 14 Chama Gigas -++++--++> 15 Spondylus Geedaropus > 16 Venus Chione 17 Donax Denticulata ---- 18 Mactra Stultorum ----- 19 Cardium Edule -->---: cereee er ve ae eeesneeveve Scaly Chiton. Duck Barnacle. Smooth Acorn Shell, Prickly Piercer. Abrupt Gaper. Brindled Tellen. Muricated Pinna. Pink or Rosy Solen. Pease-pod Razor Shell. Tulip Muscle. Common English Anomia. Common English Pecten. Noah’s Ark. Furbelowed Clam. Thorny Oyster. Smooth Brown Venus. Toothed Wedge Shell. Common English Mactra. Common Eatable Cockle. PLATE II. Fig. 20 Argonauta Argo -++--:- Paper Nautilus. 21 Nautilus Pompilius ---- Chambered Nautilus. 22 Nautilus Spirula ------ Spiral, or Crozier-headed Nautilus. 23 Conus Virgo, or Tessel: Mosaic, or Tessellated latus. pavement Cone. 24 Conus Ebreeus -------- Hebrew Cone. 25 Conus Textile ------«: Embroidered, or Cloth of Gold Cone. 26 Cyprea Arabica ------ Nutmeg Cowry. 27 Cypraa Moneta -----: Trussed-fowl, or Black-a- moor’s-tooth Cowry. 28 Cyprea Mus -------- - Mouse Cowry. 29 Bulla Terebellum ----- Auger, or Borer Bulla. 30 Bulla Naucum -------- White Bulla, or Dipper. 31 Bulla Lignaria ----+---+ Wood-grain Bulla. 32 Voluta Utriculus ---»*- Common Olive, 33 Voluta Musica ---+---- Music Volute. 34 Voluta Episcopalis ---. Bishop's Mitre. 35 Voluta Persicula -++++- Pigmy Volute. 36 Voluta Tornatilis ------ Mouse-ear Volute. J Mawe,2149, Strand. te us _ ’ a : ¥ oe BA ie ees ngs a =r a Ee... & —o , As rece Meeoices = ai eel re s 2 OO me te Pies a eee Strand . J Mawe,149, PLATE IIL Fig ge 37 Buccinum Patulum ---- Common, or Wide-mouth- ed Scoop. . 38 Buccinum Dolium ----- Ribbed Tun. 39 Buccinum Areola -+-+-> Draft-board Helmet. 40 Strombus Auris Dianze- Ass’s-ear Alatus. 41 Strombus Pes-Pelicani - Pelican’s-foot Alatus. 42 Murex Tribulus ------ - Thorny Woodcock, 43 Murex Neritoideus ----- Mulberry. 44 Murex Ramosus --.++-- Aculeated Triplex. 45 Trochus Perspectivus -- Staircase Trochus. 46 Helix Ampullacea-----» Apple Snail. 47 Helix Cornea--.---.+-- Ram’s-horn Snail. PLATE IV. Fig. 48 ‘Turbo Bidens:+++..-«.- 49 Turbo Petholatus ------ 50 Nerita Virginea ------- 51 Nerita Plicata --...--.- 52 Haliotis Tuberculata - -- 53 Haliotis Asinum ----+-> 54 Haliotis Tuberculata --- 55 Patella Perforata ------ 56 Patella Vulgata-------- 57 Patella Fissura -------- 58 Patella Chinensis ---:+-- 59 Patella Equestris ------ 60 Dentalium Striatulum -- 61 Serpula Aquaria ------- 62 Teredo Navalis ---+---- 63 Sabella Belgica -+---- Two-toothed Turbo. Ribband Turbo. Guinea-hen Nerite. Plaited Limpet. Common Ear Shell. Ass’s Ear Shell. Outside view of fig. 52. Perforated, or Key Hole Limpet. Common Limpet. Cracked Limpet. _ Chinese-bonnet Limpet. Cup-&-saucer Limpet. Striated Tooth Shell. Watering-pot Serpula. Common Ship Worm. Granulated Sabella. SS © « a : a « & aa J Mawe,i99, Strand. at S . = Strand. J. Mawe,749, PLATE V; Shewing the ninees of Bivalves, and other Peculiarities. Fig. Pies view of the Donax Scortum, shewing the hinge. 2 Internal view of the Solen Siliqua, shewing the hinge. . 3 Internal view of the Solen Vespertinus, shewing the °°: . binge. 4 Internal view of the Ostrea Isognomon, shewing the hinge, 5 Internal view of the Pholas Dactylus, shewing the teeth. 6 Internal view of the Pinna Pectinata. 7 Internal view of the Mactra Stultorum, shewing the hinge. 8 Internal view of the Mytilus Hirundo. 9 Internal view ofthe Mya Aurita, shewing the hinge. 10 ‘Trochus Conchyliophorus, shewing its singular pro- pensity of collecting and affixing shells to itself. 11 Variety of the above, sometimes called the Minera- logist, because it collects stones. PLATE VI. Fig. 4 Mytilus Edulis, shewing the beard or byssus. 2 Teredo Navalis, shewing the shells imbedded in the wood, which they have perforated. 3 Variety of the Murex Lotorium, shewing its hairy epidermis. 4 Helix Ampullacea, partially covered with its epi- dermis. 5 Variety of Ostrea Varia, shewing a Serpula adhering to it. 6 Venus Meretrix, shewing the anterior slope. 7 Arca Glycymeris, shewing the inside and the hinge. 8 Cardium Lineatum, shewin2 the inside and the hinge. 9 Internal view of the Anomia Sella, (in a young state), shewing the triangular hinge. 10 Internal view of the Tellina Virgata, shewing the hinge. 11 Internal view of the Spondylus Geedaropus, shewing the hinge. ; 12 Internal view of the Chama Cor, shewimg the hinge. 13 A group of Lepas Tintinnabulum. 14 A group of Lepas Anatifera, shewing the pedun- cles and tentacula. | W. M* Domnall, Printer, Pemberton Rom, Gough Square. L > rari 7 Mawe, 749, . 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