Alfred Wallis, Esq., F .Riepab., 7 Regent’s Park, : Heavitree, Exeter. / i. lee. -\ - Smithsonian Institution Libraries Purchased from the CULLMAN ENDOWMENT ns fa AL bee se. ge Sa Oy ~ » ‘a ihr So a ~ “ o as roe Te Bay te Tats leh) Aare: Colma ce fatlan lyfe Ver SG ) aor iv tn ey west Fé fo Hoe fF ie Ap FGeee eR e ia fy AAP s oleae oar “hs! sae af bs oi On rn *, . % fal RAGS 2 i ¥ A sax toe vi £41. Crouch Ltlh LMawve ing Sand. WODARCH’S INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF CONCHOLOGY: DESCRIBING The Orders, Genera, and Species GF SHELLS: WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF THE ANIMALS; AND DIRECTIONS FOR COLLECTING, PRESERVING, AND CLEANING SHELLS. A NEW EDITION, With considerable Additions and Alterations, BY J. MAWE, Author of Familiar Lessons on Mineralogy and Geology, Treatise on Diamonds and Preciou: Stones; Travels in South America, and through the Gold and Diamond Districts of Brazil, &c- &c. LONDON: FULLISHED BY LONGMAN, REES, ORME, BROWN, AND GREEN, PATERNOSTER-ROW; AND BY J. MAWE, N® 149, STRAND. 1827. ~ ' ’ - r s . u . he . ss ' = 1 : > “ ; © = ‘ ~ “ ‘ yo i 4 ' s % s ‘ - a . = . # ® ~ ¥ y ) . - 4 Pr nie ; : ‘ r a ‘ re - : = = se ‘ . : E Rey b * ‘ . — +’ i . : — =e . ‘ , r 8 * . x cathe we . . ed : . Ae -~y ; . bf ° we ; ; a i LW 7 ( FRONTISPIECE. Fig. 1 Voluta Lyrica BSE EPS ee Ae Re ee & The Lyre. 2&3 Voluta Zebra, (two varieties) ----- Zebra Volute. 4 Conus Zebra:---+++++-- seseceeeesss Zebra Cone. Flamingo Cone. 5 Conus Coccineus -+++ -+++seeereeees — A ad CONTENTS. GLOSSARY «ee ccosccenrccrrsscanevesvee Lage CHAPTER I. Genehdl OPSereAIONS "ss a's ois oos.s os + oss 6 oe 6 oe Properties of animals inhabiting shells. ......+2+e00. Customary uses to which shells and their inhabitants are COUVELED oo.i:5/) a,>. ode niate. aiwiateie cel availa Vols tals sie ateneie Enemies to shells and shell-fish......cccssscesves Directions for collecting shells, and arranging them systema- RCA oles setae a) oh a nie a ier en sin, ete ewniaial steels oer ats fa Methods of preserving and cleaning shells ......... ° CHAPTER II. Description of the animals inhabiting shells.......... : CHAPTER III. CQUASSEBICATION «oso i <0 6 ss mint whe sie, sel iss) ava" Sons I. Multivalves...... pleueteipeer avevere. stich re. Se creeetene ees RNS, Bivaleeiyc soya siaveuate wer Siafabe enue e stectrare nar III. Univalves.—1. With a regular spire............ 2. Without a regular spire.......... vi CONTENTS, ORDER I.—MULTIVALVES. Paes p eaiedinets Sen's 0 as 24 MiyalS ne ne ess 27 , Spondylus........... 45 SMS ies ain ees we DREN Sas 5s Sie so uis = 47 JE Oe ee Gk Seg. CG as sc wenn 50 eee ace Te i Pe eee eg eee 52 Ste xs bois nao YX a RO Oe epee eee 58 DIOWAE 5 a= a a.m = 0.4 «5 a = Re RR Se eee 62 i. Saar 4l a er 65 Argonauta ..........- oS Tas ee Se 107 Fe 70 RCWB Ee dee 2 witiala 2s 113 ROC eee we ee ee 72 Mitel .-2 + > ae are 119 a Cie RE ee eee 123 Sp ee Ss eee re LB OR - a ae eee eee 126 OR a no aes a nie ee OS 7 Dewees os 2 o.0:5 132 Bucemum .........2-- ae Bo: Cae ea 135 RMN Saye ea eae oe ve 3.4 Serra. es ba 138 Serene wir a sen ote ED dato No os ces a og ot 139 TENE Sac 56 oe ....102 | Explanation of the Plates 141 GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN CONCHOLOGY. Acuminated, terminated in a sharp point. Anterior, (in Univalves) the part which forms the spire: (in Bivalves), see Margin. Aperture, the orifice or opening of the shell; it is called angular, when its circumference has several angles: bimarginated, when the right lip forms a double mar- gin: coarctate, contracted: compressed, flattened: gap- ing, when one of the extremities is wider than the other: linear, when narrow, and the length greatly ex- ceeds the breadth : transverse, when the breadth is great- er than the length. (These terms are applied to Uni- valves). Apex, the tip or small end of a shell. Articulated, (applied to Multivalves), when the different pieces of which the shell is composed are so strongly united, that they appear to form one shell: (when ap- plied to Bivalves), see Teeth. Auriculated, having ears. Base, (applied to Multivalves), the part on which the shell is supported: (to Univalves), the most elevated part of the shell opposite to the spire. Vill GLOSSARY. Beak, Beaked, having the extremity of the base of the shell elongated and contracted in the form of a beak. Bearded, when the epidermis is of a bristly or hairy na- ture. Bifid, forked. Byssus, a hair-like substance formed by some of the ani- mals of Bivalves, by which they attach themselves to extraneous bodies. See plate 6. fig. 1. Callous, indurated. Callus, a thick excrescence. Canal, the prolongation of the mouth in a kind of groove or gutter, as in the Murex and Strombus. Canaliculated, channeled or grooved. Cardinal see Teeth. Carinated, having the form of a boat’s keel. Cartilage, see Ligament. Cartilaginous, resembling a ligament. Chambered, when the shell is internally divided by par- titions, parallel to the aperture. Ciliated, surrounded with parallel filaments. Clavate, club-shaped. Columella, that part of the shell round which the whirls turn. Compressed, (in Bivalves), when the valves are nearly flat, or flattened. Concamerated, see Chambered. ' Convolute, when the whirls turn round a lengthened cone, nearly vertical to each other. Cordiform, heart-shaped. Coronated, having the apex surrounded with a row of tubercles or spines. Crenated, Crenulate, having blunt teeth. GLOSSARY. 1x Decollated, having the spire or upper part of the shell truncated transversely. Decussated, intersected by strive at acute angles. Dentated, having teeth. Diaphanous, transparent. Digitated, having projecting claws. Divaricated, obliquely striated. Dorsal, belonging to the back. Ears, external projections on the sides of the hinge, (see plate 6. fig. 5.) Effuse, having the lip separated by a gutter. Emarginate, having the margin excavated by a canal. Epidermis, the outer skin or covering of a shell. Equilateral, when the anterior and posterior parts of a shell are exactly similar. Equivalve, (applied to Multivalves), when the two prin- cipal valves have the same form, size, and position: (to Bivalves), when the two valves are exactly similar. Exserted, very thin or slender, Fissure, a notch or slit, (see plate 4. fig. 57.) Furrow, a gutter or groove running parallel to the hinge in Bivalves. Fusiform, spindle-shaped. Gaping, (in Bivalves), when the valves do not shut close : (in Univalves), when the lower part of the lips is dis- tended. Gibbosity, a swelling. Gibbous, swelled. Glabrous, smooth. x GLOSSARY. Hinge, the part where the valves are united, and gene- rally furnished with one or more teeth: it is said to be compressed, when it is formed of one compressed tooth: lateral, when placed on one side of the shell: reflected, when its edges are folded over the exterior margin: terminal, if situated at the extremity of the shell: and truncated, if the beaks of the shell appear to have been transversely cut off, and the teeth of the hinge fixed to this part. Hispid, covered with hairs, as in the Helix Hispida. Imbricate, when the surface is covered with scales parti- ally over-lapping each other. Imperforate, having no umbilicus. Inequilateral, when the anterior and posterior parts of the shell are dissimilar. Inequivalve, when the valves are dissimilar. TInvolute, without a spire, as in the Patelle, Keeled, see Carinated. Labium, see Lip. Lenticular, when the valves are round, and diminish in thickness from the centre towards the edges. Lid, see Operculum. Ligament, a membranous substance which connects the valves: it is both interior and exterior in the generality of Bivalves. Linear, when the length of the shell is greater than its breadth, and its form not cylindrical. Linguiform, tongue-shaped. Lip, (in Univalves), the sides of the aperture: (in Bivalves), the exterior edge of the valves. GLOSSARY. xl Lunar or Lunate, having a crescent form. Margin, the edge of the shell: anterior, the space in which the ligament is situated: posterior, the space on the other side of the hinge: superior, the space between the anterior and posterior parts. Marginate, (in Univalves), having the sides of the shell thickened: (in Bivalves), surrounded with an elevated margin. Mouth, see Aperture. Muscular Impressions, are the marks made by the mus- cles with which the animal adheres to the shell, as in the Common Oyster. Obovate, nearly oval. Obsolete, obliterated. Obtuse, blunt pointed. Operculum, (in Multivalves), the stellular valves which shut up the superior orifice: (in Univalves), the part which exactly fits into the aperture, and encloses the animal. Papillary, having the apex rounded. Papyraceous, of the thinness of paper. Patulous, gaping. Pectinated, when the longitudinal ribs on the anterior sur- face form acute angles with the transverse striz. Pedunele, atendinous substance belonging to some of the Multivalves, by means of which they adhere to solid bodies. Pillar, see Columella. Pillar-lip, that side of the aperture in which the columel- la is situated. Pisiform, pea-like. xii GLOSSARY. Plaited, when the columella is toothed, as in Volutes. Posterior, see Margin. Reticulated, like net-work. Retuse, when the lower whirls are pressed into the body. Rostrum, see Beak. Rugose, wrinkled. Scabrous, rough. Serrated, toothed like a saw. Semilunar, like a half-moon. Sessile, low, dwarf. Sinuous, waved. Sinus, a deep cut, as in the lip of the Murex Babylonius. Slope, the side from the beaks. Spinous, having prickles or thorns. Spire is formed by the whole of the upper whirls. Stria, lines, flat or slightly raised: they are called longz- tudinal, when they run from hinge to margin: trans- verse, When in a contrary direction: and concentric, when they form segments of circles. Subcordate, approaching the form of a heart. Subpellucid, not quite clear, Subulate, tapering. Superior, see Margin. Suture, a toothed joint. Syphon, a prolonged tube running through the partitions of chambered shells. Teeth, (in Univalves), angular plaits, as on the pillar lip of Volutes: (in Bivalves), pointed protuberances with- in the hinge, by which the valves are united. They are called: alternate, when the teeth of one valve are GLOSSARY. XH received between the teeth of the other valve: articu- lated, when the tooth is received into a corresponding cavity in the opposite valve: cardinal, the central tooth or teeth of the hinge: compressed, when flattened: erect, perpendicular to the plane of the hinge: forked, hav- ing the point divided into two: longitudinal, when it extends along the margin. Tubercle, a protuberance or knob. Tuberculated, having elevations resembling warts. Tubular, (applied to Multivalves), when the greater part of the shell is cylindrical. Turbinated, when the belly of the shell is large in propor- tion tothe spire, which seems to proceed from the centre. Valves, the different pieces which compose the shell. Varix, Varices, longitudinal elevations or ribs, formed by the junction of the different additions the shell has re- ceived. Ventricose, swollen. Vermiform, having the form of worms. Vertex, the top or point of a shell. Umbilicated, having a hole in the base of the pillar. Umbo, the summit. Undulated, waved. Whirl, a spiral convolution. Pea a Pane a pate es —s J Mave,149 Strand EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE. FL Fig. 1 Chiton Squamosus -: ---- Sealy Chiton. a Chiton Fascicularis.---- Banded Chiton. 2 Lepas Anatifera-+------ Duck Barnacle. 3 Lepas Balanoides ------ Smooth Acorn Shell. 4 Pholas Dactylus---.-.-. Prickly Piercer. 5 Mya Truncata-..-+--.6- Abrupt Gaper. 6 Tellina Fervensis ------ Brindled Tellen. 7 Pinna Pectinata......-- Muricated Pinna. 8 Solen Sanguinolentus--- Red Solen. 9 Solen Legumen.----..-. Pease-cod Razor Sheath. 10 Mytilus Modiolus ------ Tulip Muscle. 11 Anomia Ephippium ---- Common English Anomia. 12 Ostrea Opercularis - -- - - Common English Pecten. 13 Arca Now --+---> «++++ Noah's Ark. 14 Chama Gigas-----.---- Furbelowed Clam. 15 Spondylus Gedaropus-- Thorny Oyster. 16 Venus Chione --------- Smooth Brown Venus. 17 Donax Denticulata.---- Toothed Wedge Shell. 18 Mactra Stultorum:-.---- Common English Mactra. 19 Cardium Edule.--..-.... Common Eatable Cockle. PLATE HU. Fig. 20 Argonauta Argo.--+..-- Paper Nautilus. 21 Nautilus Pompilius-- -- Chambered Nautilus. 22 Nautilus Spirula..-..-- Spiral, or Crozier-headed Nautilus. 23 Conus Virgo, or Tessel- Mosaic, or Tessellated Jatus pavement Cone. 24 Conus Ebreus -------+- Hebrew Cone. 25 Conus Textile .-------- Embroidered, or Cloth of Gold Cone. 26 Cypreza Arabica-:----- Nutmeg Cowry. 27 Cyprzea Moneta «------ Trussed-fowl, or Black-a- moor’s-tooth Cowry. 28 Cypreea Mus ---+------ Mouse Cowry. 29 Bulla Terebellum ------ Auger, or Borer Bulla. 30 Bulla Naucum >.---+++--. White Bulla, or Dipper. 31 Bulla Lignaria -------- Wood-grain Bulla. 32 Voluta Utriculus --..--- Common Olive. 38 Voluta Musica--------- Music Volute. $4 Voluta Episcopalis ----- Bishop’s Mitre. 35 Voluta Persicula--+ --- Pigmy Volute. $6 Voluta Tornatilis ------ Mouse-ear Volute. J Mawe,149, Strand . J. Maswe,149, Strand . PLATE Uf. Fig. 37 Buccinum Patulum .-... $8 Buccinum Dolium ----- $9 Buccinum Areola +++++- 40 Strombus Auris-Dianee - 41 Strombus Pes-Pelicani - 42 Murex Tribulus:------. 48 Murex Neritoideus:...-. 44 Murex Ramosus «-+-+--- 45 Trochus Perspectivus- - - 46 Helix Ampullacea ----- 47 Helix Cornea -.-«-..-. Common, or Wide-mouth- ed Scoop. Ribbed Tun. Draft-board Helmet. Ass’s-ear Alatus. Pelican’s-foot Alatus. Thorny Woodcock. Mulberry. Aculeated Triplex. Staircase Trochus. Apple Snail. Ram’s-horn Snail. PLATE IV. Fig. 48 Turbo Bidens 49 Turbo Petholatus 50 Nerita Virginea-.-...-- 51 Nerita Plicata .--.....- 52 Haliotis Tuberculata --- 53 Haliotis Asinum 54 Haliotis Tuberculata --- 55 Patella Perforata 56 Patella Vulgata-...--.- 57 Patella Fissura 58 Patella Sinensis-....... 59 Patella Equestris ---.+- 60 Dentalium Striatulum -.- 61 Serpula Aquaria--...-- 62 Teredo Navalis ..-.---- 63 Sabella Belgica-------- Two-toothed Turbo. Ribband Turbo. Guinea-hen Nerite. Plaited Nerite. Common Ear Shell. Ass’s-ear Shell. Outside view of fig 52. Perforated Limpet. Common Limpet. Cracked Limpet. Chinese bonnet Limpet. Cup-and-saucer Limpet. Striated Tooth Sheil. Watering-pot Serpula. Common Ship Worm. Granulated Sabella. tig Z = a © “pad <3 ae aS 2 ae - ap ., + Y da ( J Mawe,149, Strand. - Bri a) # ih hig” ek 1.4 nd thes biygt 7 nA aie Re ae s “Ai tal wots t ” ¥ ar Py tek ed ar ver J. Mawe,149, Strand. PLATE V. Shewing the nincEs of Bivalves, and other Peculiarities. Fig. 1 Internal view of the Donax Scortum, shewing the hinge. 2 Internal view of the Solen Siliqua, shewing the hinge. 3 Internal view of the Solen Vespertinus, shewing the hinge. 4 Internal view of the Ostrea Isognomon, shewing the hinge. 5 Internal view of the Pholas Dactylus, shewing the teeth. 6 Internal view of the Pinna Pectinata. 7 Internal view of the Mactra Stultorum, shewing the hinge. 8 Internal view of the Mytilus Hirundo. 9 Internal view of the Mya Aurita, shewing the hinge. 10 Trochus Conchyliophorus, shewing its singular pro- pensity of collecting and affixing shells to itself. 11 Variety of the above, sometimes called the Mineralo- gist, because it collects stones. PLATE VI. Fig. 1 Mytilus Edulus, shewing the beard or byssus. 2 Teredo Navalis, shewing the shells imbedded in the wood, which they have perforated. 3 Variety of the Murex Lotorium, shewing its hairy epidermis. 4 Helix Ampullacea, partially covered with its epider- mis. 5 Variety of Ostrea Varia, shewing a Serpula adhering to it. 6 Venus Meretrix, shewing the anterior slope. 7 Arca Glycimeris, shewing the inside and the hinge. 8 Cardium Lineatum, shewing the inside and the hinge. 9 Internal view of the Anomia Sella, (in a young state), shewing the triangular hinge. 10 Internal view of the Tellina Virgata, shewing the hinge. 11 Internal view of the Spondylus Geedaropus, shewing the hinge. 12 Internal view of the Chama Cordata, shewing the hinge. : 13 A group of Lepas Tintinnabulum. 14 A group of Lepas Anatifera, shewing the peduncles and tentacula. W. M‘Dowall, Printer, Pemberton Row, Gough Squares = = = == rs = ) J. Mawe,149, Strand. PES A.) INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER I. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. THE division, or branch of natural history on which this work treats, is called Conchology; it comprehends the study and history of testaceous animals, and not only includes those of the sea, but also those of rivers and the land. Testaceous animals are such as have a calcareous co- vering or habitation, in which the animal, otherwise na- ked or fleshy, lives included and protected. All animals inhabiting shells are exsanguinous, and destitute of bones; but they are endowed with a heart, lungs, mouth, and other organs adapted to their nature. It is perhaps necessary to prepare the young Concho- logist with the knowledge, that all shells, in their vari- ous stages of growth, assume very different appearances: in the younger, the shell is usually fragile, thin, and se mitransparent, and generally unprovided with the ribs, tubercles, ramifications, and denticulations, which are- manifest in those of maturer growth; the adults, howe- ver, as they advance in age, become thick and ponder- ous; their surface also is covered with callosities; and B 2 INTRODUCTION. — they lose that brilliancy of external coloring and marking which had characterized their earlier periods. But al- though these differences, in some instances, are sufficient to excite a considerable degree of perplexity, yet there is always a certain appearance by which the Concholo- gist will be able to distinguish the genus and species by the shells alone; for every genus and species has its generic and specific character, either in color, marks, or substance, which the shells of that genus almost invaria- bly retain in all their stages of growth and varieties of form, and consequently are thereby easily known and distinguished. PROPERTIES OF ANIMALS INHABITING SHELLS. THESE animals possess the power of extending or aggran- dizing their calcareous habitation or shell, and are also enabled to repair whatever breaches their brittle dwell- ings may have sustained by the turbulence of the ocean. The operation of enlarging and repairing the shell is sup- posed to be effected by a peculiar endowment of the ani- mal, which can at pleasure discharge a viscous humour, that soon becomes hardened or consolidated, and in time acquires the consistence of the rest of the shell. Many shells are covered with a cutaneous or skin-like substance, called the epidermis, which serves to protect the beautiful colors and markings which are frequently concealed beneath it. INTRODUCTION, 5 | CUSTOMARY USES TO WHICH SHELLS AND THEIR INHA~ BITANTS ARE CONVERTED. Tue principal benefit derived by man from shell-fish, appears to be in the way of food. Whole countries are known to have no other sustenance for weeks together but what is the produce of the sea: and shell-fish fill no unimportant station in the immense catalogue of its pro- duct. The nutritive and delicious food afforded by oysters, scallops, muscles, and cockles, is too well known fo re- quire any remark. In many countries which do not produce limestone, as the coast of Brazil, &c. shells are collected in great quan- tities, and, after calcination, form a most desirable substi- tute for that useful material: in this state they are also considered excellent as manure. The Indians frequently convert shells into domestic and defensive implements; the South-sea islanders, for example, head their javelins with them, and manufacture them into fish hooks and various sorts of tools. Their principal ornaments are often studded or embossed with rows and groups of shells, artfully disposed, in regular order, which are worn as marks of superiority, or as brace- lets or armlets, and frequently form handsome appendages for the ears. A very extensive commerce is carried on in Ceylon with the shank shell, (Murex rapa) which is in great request for ornamental purposes. The Chinese convert shells, that are opalescent when uncoated, into various articles of domestic economy, such as drinking cups, ewers, &c. and the Indian cabinets, so famous for their beauty and exquisite workmanship, B2 A INTRODUCTION, are principally composed of iridescent shells, judiciously inlaid and blended with tortoise-shell and other sub- stances. Some species of the oyster and muscle genera are famous for the production of pearls, the value and beauty of which can perhaps be best estimated by those who are in the habit of purchasing and wearing them. There are many of the larger species of buccina and strombi, which, after having had the apex, or extreme tip broken off, become excellent substitutes for a trum- pet or horn, and are frequently used by the New Zea- landers for that purpose. : The famous Tyrian dye, so celebrated by the antients for the luxuriant purple color it gave to the robes of roy- alty, is an extract from a shell-fish of the genus Murex, and commonly known under the appellation of the Pur- pura, or purple-fish. An account of the method of using it in marking linen, &c. is given by Mr. Mawe, in his Travels through the Gold and Diamond Districts of Bra- zil, 2d edit. p. 70. ENEMIES TO SHELLS AND SHELL-FISH. Ir appears that shell-fish, besides affording food for man, are destined to suppiy other creatures also with nourish- ment. It is said that monkies are particularly fond of most species of bivalves, and the mode they take to catch them is as follows :—At low water, the monkey repairs to the shore, and searches for oysters and muscles left by the tide; the fish, for want of water, generally have their valves partly open; the subtle animal, foreseeing the dan- INTRODUCTION. 5 ger of trusting his paws between the shells, artfully drops a stone or two into them, which entirely prevents their being closed by the fish; by this expedient he is enabled to extract his prey without danger or difficulty, and de- vour it at his leisure. Tortoises and turtles consume numbers of shell-fish, and the strength of their jaws (as reported) is so great, that they can with facility macerate the strongest and roughest shells, Birds also, (sea-fow] especially), are great devourers of shell-fish ; and when they are unable to penetrate the shells by their beaks, they ascend with them to a consi- derable height, and let them fall on some rough or craggy place; by which means the shells are broken, and the fish becomes an easy victim *. Crabs, and other crustaceous animals, are known to make serious attacks on the testaceous orders. The lar- ger sort of crabs are able, by their great strength, to open the valves of most shells by main force; but those of smaller dimensions make their inroads in a different manner: the pea-crab, in particular, is very destructive to bivalves, especially to muscles; it enters their shells whenever it has the opportunity of finding them open, and there remains, preying upon the fish, till it has en- * Mr. Mawe states, in his Travels in Brazil, that he saw a spot of bare granite, not more than one hundred yards square, covered with an immense number of mutilated shells: the whole neighbour- hood was rich in wood and verdure, and the sea at least five miles distant. On enquiry he was informed, that large flocks of birds eve- ry evening repaired to this place with shells left by the tide, which they let fall on the rock, in order to obtain their contents. 6 INTRODUCTION. tirely consuined it; at which period the shell opens, the crab takes his departure, and proceeds to make similar attacks elsewhere. Another species, called the hermit crab, is also sup- posed to be implicated in similar offensive operations among univalyes; for it is frequently found housed in the vacant habitation of a buccinum, turbo, or nerite, and is therefore suspected of having previously devoured the ani- mal, and afterwards to have secured a retreat for itself in the empty shell. Shell-fish, however, are not only exposed to the vora- city of other animals, but frequently fall victims to each other. The serpule, pholades, and anomie, affix them- selves to the shells of other genera, wherein they bore a small circular hole, to obtain access to the animal, which they feed upon, and finally destroy. Shell-fish, though they in part constitute the food of animals, birds, and fish, yet, in their turn, have some op- portunity of retaliation, by partially destroying the float- ing habitation of the universal despoiler, Man; the Pho- las and Teredo navalis, in particular, frequently commit such serious injury on ships, by boring into their planks, as often to endanger the safety of the vessel, if not speed- ily prevented in their operations. DIRECTIONS FOR COLLECTING SHELLS, AND ARRANGING THEM SYSTEMATICALLY. Wirn regard to collecting shells, it is necessary to hint to those students, who, by a residence on the sea coast, may have an opportunity of forming collections for them- INTRODUCTION. 7 selves, that the best way is to select the shells which have the animals alive in them; for those that are found empty on the beach, are for the most part objectionable, the shell becoming impaired by the co-operation of the sun and waters, which also greatly tends to destroy the beauty of the coloring and marking. Besides, a double advantage is to be derived from hav- ing the animals alive, for, by keeping them in sea water, much useful information may be obtained by an accurate observation of their structure and habits. Storms frequently drive up live shells on the beach: such should be collected as soon as possible, as they fre- quently lose their delicate spines and foliations, by being suffered to remain beating about on the shore. As land and river shells are seldom so beautifully formed, marked, or colored, as those of the sea, they are in consequence rarely so much prized; however, they form an interesting part in all collections. The collector should always keep the following objects in view, whenever he commences the arrangement of his shells: First. The order to which they belong, that is, whe- ther they are to class with the Multivalves, (i. e. shells of many valves); Bivalves, (shells of two valves); or Univalves, (shells of one part or piece only): which three grand divisions constitute the leading distinctions of shells. Secondly. He should be careful in placing them in the proper genus of the order to which they belong.— And, Thirdly. He should avoid misplacing or confusing the species which appertain to such genus; and if in the 8 INTRODUCTION. course of his studies he should be fortunate enough to obtain any hitherto undiscovered genus, species, or va- riety, he would do well to provide such an accurate de- scription and drawing, as would, by submitting them to the opinion and judgment of the scientific, confirm him in the correctness of his own conclusions, and tend to promote the general advancement of conchological know- ledge THE METHODS OF PRESERVING AND CLEANING SHELLS. Ir the shell contains the animal alive, it will be neces- sary to immerse it in boiling water for a few minutes; then plunge it into cold water, which will cause the ani- mal to contract, and render it more easy to be extract- ed: crooked pins, and other sharp instruments, are some- times required to effect a perfect extraction. If a large quantity of shells is to be cleaned, dissolve half a pound of potash, and half a pound of soft soap, in two quarts of boiling water; stir the solution until all the particles are dissolved, and then pour it warm over the shells; let them remain in this liquid two or three days, frequently warming it, and pouring it over them. After this process, wash them well with a brush in warm water; and when dry, rub them with a nail brush, until they have received a sufficient polish. This method may be adopted with all smooth shells, such as olives, cowries, cones, &c. Rugged shells generally require a different process from the preceding, though it is advisable to try that method first. But if they are covered with adhesions, or the epi- INTRODUCTION. 9 dermis will not separate from the shell, it is also necessary to use muriatic acid, after they have undergone the above- mentioned process. When they are perfectly dry, the acid is applied with a fine brush, dipped in sand, to the parts which require it. After the adhesions, &c. are re- moved, the shell must be immersed in alkali, to neutralize the effects of the acid, and then well washed in warm wa- ter. As these shells are not susceptible of so fine a polish as the smoother varieties, it is usual to give them an arti- ficial gloss by brushing them over with a weak solution of gum-arabic. Corats, which are so justly admired for their delicate structure, elegant ramifications, and great beauty, may be cleaned in a similar manner, by steeping them a few days in the solution of potash and soft soap; after which, they should be carefully brushed in warm water. It not unfrequently happens that corals are discolored by some extraneous substance; when this is the case, the part discolored must be immersed in a weak solution of muriatic acid until the outer surface is removed, and then dipped in alkali, to neutralize the effects of the acid. They must afterwards be cleaned by repeated ablutions _in warm water. 10 INTRODUCTION. CHAPTER I. OF THE ANIMALS WHICH INHABIT SHELLS. OF these animals a minute and accurate anatomical de- scription is not to be expected; for little more is known of their structure than what has been given by natur- alists concerning their external characters. Some of the animals which inhabit shells, are also found in the mollusca state; that is, without any testaceous co- vering. Such, for instance, is the Limax, or snail. The animals which have been described as inhabiting shells are the following; viz. Doris, 'Triton, Ascidia, Te- thys, Limax, Spio, Amphitrite, Terebella, Nereis, Sepia, and Clio. Doris.—The body is creeping, oblong, and flat beneath; the mouth is placed below on the fore part; vent behind on the back, and surrounded by a fringe. Feelers two or four, situated on the upper part of the body in front, and retractile within the proper receptacles.—The anima] which inhabits the Chiton belongs to this genus. Triton.—The body is oblong, and the mouth is furnish- ed with an involute spiral proboscis; tentacula or arms twelve, six on each side, divided nearly to the base. The hind ones cheliforous.—The Triton inhabits different spe- cies of Lepas. Ascidia.—The body is fixed, roundish, and apparently issuing from a sheath; apertures two, generally placed near the upper end, one beneath the other. The animals INTRODUCTION. ial are found in the sea, and adhere by their base to rocks, shells, and other submarine substances: they are more or less gelatinous. The only powers of motion which they possess seem to be that of contracting and dilating them- selves alternately; by which means, with considerable force, they are enabled to eject the water which they imbibe.—This animal inhabits the Pholas, Solen, some species of the Mya, Mactra, and other bivalves. Tethys.—The body is detached, rather oblong, fleshy, without peduncles: the mouth is furnished with a termi- nal cylindrical proboscis, under an expanded membrane or lip; apertures two, on the left side of the neck.—The Tethys inhabits a great proportion of bivalve shells, as, many species of Tellina, Cardium, Mactra, Venus, Ostrea, and others. Limax.—The body is oblong, creeping, with a fleshy kind of shield above, and a longitudinal flat disc beneath: aperture;placed on the right side within the shield: feel- ers four, situated above the mouth, with an eye at the tip of each of the larger ones.—The animals belonging to this genus inhabit the turbinated univalve shells; but it appears that all the animals which inhabit these shells do not exactly correspond with the above generic char. acters. Spio.—The body projecting from a tube, jointed and furnished with dorsal fibres; peduncles or feet rough with bristles, and placed towards the back; feelers two, long, simple; eyes two, long.—This animal inhabits some spe- cies of Sabella. Amphitrite.—Body projecting from a tube, and annu- late; peduncles or feet small, numerous, with lateral fas- ciculi, and branchiz; feelers two, approximate, feather- ed; no eyes.—The Amphitrite inhabits some species of Sabella and Serpula. INTRODUCTION. Terebella.—Body oblong, creeping, naked, furnished with lateral fasciculi or tufts, and branchiz; mouth pla- ced before, furnished with lips, without teeth, and pro- truding a clavated proboscis; feelers numerous, ciliated, capillary, and placed round the mouth.—This animal is an inhabitant of many species of Dentalium, Serpula, and Sabella. Nereis.—Body long, creeping, with numerous lateral peduncles or feet on each side; feelers simple, rarely none ; eyes two or four, rarely none.—According to some natu- ralists, the Nereis inhabits some species of Sabella. Clio.—Body oblong, natant, generally sheathed, and furnished with two dilated membranaceous arms or wing- like processes; tentacula three, besides two in the mouth. According to some naturalists, it is an animal belonging to this genus, which inhabits the Argonauta. INTRODUCTION. 13 CHAPTER III. CLASSIFICATION OF SHELLS. LINN ZUS ranks Testacea as the third order in his sixth class of animals called Worms. He has made three prin- cipal or grand divisions, viz. Multivalves, Bivalves, and Univalves. I. MULTIVALVES. SHELLS WITH MANY VALVES. 1. Curron: Valves placed in transverse plaits down the back, 2. Lepas: Valves unequal; body sessile. 3. Puoxas. Shell bivalve, with accessory valves at the hinge. Il. BIVALVES. SHELLS WITH TWO VALVES.—CONCHS. 4. Mya: Hinge with generally a broad thick tooth, not let into the opposite valve. 5. Soren: Shell open at each end; hinge with a single or double subulate reflected tooth, not let into the opposite valve. 14 16. INTRODUCTION. . Textina: Hinge with the lateral teeth of one valve not let into the other. . Carpium : Hinge with remote penetrating lateral teeth. - Macrra: Hinge with a complicated triangular mid- dle tooth, and an adjoining hollow. - Donax: Hinge witha generally remote lateral tooth, not Jet into the opposite valve. Venus: Hinge with generally three approximate di- varicate teeth. . Sponpyxus: Hinge with two teeth, separated by a small hollow. Cuama: Hinge in one shell, with two oblique ob- tuse teeth. - Arca: Hinge with numerous penetrating teeth. Ostrea: Hinge without teeth, but an ovate hollow. - Anomra: Hinge without teeth, but generally alinear depression on the rim, the beak of one valve curved over the hinge. Myrixus: Hinge without teeth, with a subulate de- pression, and generally fixed by a silky beard. 17, Pinna: Hinge without teeth, valves united at one 18. 20, end, and open at the other. Ill. UNIVALVES. 1. WITH A REGULAR SPIRE. ARGONAUTA: Shell with one cell, spiral, involute. . Nautitus: Shell with many cells, with a siphon of communication. Conus: Aperture effuse, longitudinal, without teeth. INTRODUCTION. 15 21. Cyprea: Aperture effuse, linear, longitudinal, tooth- ed on each side. 22. Butxa: Aperture a little contracted, and placed ob- liquely ; toothed on one side only. 23. Votuta: Aperture effuse, the pillar plaited. 24. Buccinum: Aperture with a small canal leaning to the right. 25. StromBus: Aperture with a small canal leaning to the left. 26. Murex: Aperture with a small straight canal. 27. TrRocnus: Aperture contracted, and somewhat triangular. 28. Turso: Aperture contracted and orbicular. 29. Hextrx: Aperture contracted, lunate on the inner side. 30. Nerita: Aperture contracted, and semiorbicular. 31, Hatroris: Shell ear-shaped, aperture dilated, with a row of orifices along the surface. 2. WITHOUT A REGULAR SPIRE. $2. Patetya: Shell conic, the aperture widened like a basin. $3. Dentatium: Shell slender, subulate, open at both ends. $4. Serputa: Shelli tubular, mostly serpentine, adher- ing to other bodies. $5. Terepo: Shell thin, penetrating wood. 36. Sapenxa: Shell composed of agglutinated grains of sand, &c. % is * baat a tie) cs Sanden roe © 4 oe de 7 7 STARE: oF bagasse ati os A 4 fy ot bin Spee meee fei 2 oR ; bas Deapg tne Sitio i ot de : reeny q Toa) s + ‘ fr AL r ch nies i: ae athe MW: of alte ee tk ye ny, CONCHOLOGY. ORDER I. PAultivalves. CHITON.—Coart or Matt. Animal inhabiting the shell—a Doris: Shell consisting of several segments of valves disposed down the back. THE genus Chiton ranks first in the classification of Tes- tacea, or Shells; and no less than twenty-eight species are described, some of which are exceedingly beautiful and uncommon. It is almost impossible to confuse this genus with any other of the shell tribe, for all its species and varieties coincide so nearly in their general formation and attributes, that the situation in which they ought to be placed, may at once be decided upon. The most distinguishing character of the Chiton is that of bearing a strong resemblance to a small vessel or boat, high built at the stern, and turned upside down; and this peculiar form is constituted by the attachment of eight moveable valves, which are connected by a cutaneous or c I8 MULTIVALVES, — CHITON. cartilaginous substance, capable of sufficient distention and contraction, to admit of considerable action or play on the part of the valves; so much so, that the animal can at pleasure convert its shell into the form of a ball, and thereby assume the appearance of a little insect, well known as an inhabitant of old and decayed wood. The covering and coloring of the valves serve to create distinction; some being perfectly smooth, others nodul- ous, or knobbed; some beset with spines, prickles, or hairs; and others, again, are striated, dotted, and rayed, as the C. hispidus, C. squamosus, and C. marmoratus. The color of the exterior is frequently a dusky brown, often passing into different shades of olive-green: others partake of a reddish or pinkish tint; whereas some spe- cimens are of an ochreous or yellowish-white complexion ; and many have their valves adorned with elegant desigus and marblings (not unlike tattooing) in the liveliest co- lors imaginable. The interior also admits of much variation with regard to color; however, the most prevalent is that ofa blueish- white, often beautifully diversified with cloudings of yel- low, brown, light green, and pink. The margin, which confines the valves in their proper situations, differs materially in the various species: in some instances, it is smooth and of a yellowish-brown co- lor; generally, however, it is beset with fine scales, of a green or olive color; frequently it is of a reddish tint, and in some species it is dusky-brown, or even black. The situation and formation of the valves throughout the genus resemble the plates which constitute a suit of armour or coat of mail; and it is from this marked simi- larity that the Chiton has derived its name. 19 The habitat or place of residence of these shells seems to appertain, indiscriminately, to all parts of the globe.— America affords the most, several are from the East In- dies, Africa supplies a few, and the Northern seas contri- bute their portion of the remainder. The Chiton, like the limpet, is often found adhering to rocks and other substances, as shells, stones, madrepores, corals, &c. and some of the northern species frequent_the roots of sea weed. MULTIVALVES, — CHITON, The following is a list of the different species, taken from Gmelin’s last edition of Linnzeus’s Systema Nature, with the addition of some species which have been dis- covered since the publication of that work. A similar list will follow the general description of each genus. —The species found on the British coasts are distinguished by an asterisk. CHITON.—Coat of Mail. Hispidus.—Bristly. Thalassinus.—Marine. Tuberculatus.—Knobbed. *Crinitus.— Hairy. Aculeatus.— Prickly. *Fascicularis.—Banded. Squamosus.—Scaly,. Punctatus.— Dotted. Ruber.—fed. Albus.— White. Cinereus.—Ash-colored. Bicolor.— Variegated. Cerasinus.—Cherry-colored. Magellanicus.—Magellan. Fuscus.—Brown. Maculatus.—Spotted. Marmoratus.—Marbled. Granulattts.—Granulated. Piceus.—Pitchy. Indus.—Jndian. Minimus.—Mealy. Cimex.—Banded. Asellus.—Millipede. Gigas.—Large. Icelandicus.—Icelandic. *Marginatus.—Marginated. * Levis. —Smooth. Amiculatus,—Jmbricated. 20 MULTIVALVES, — LEPAS. LEPAS.—Acorn SuHELr, oR BARNACLE. Animal—a Triton: Shell affixed at the base, and consist- ing of many unequal, erect valves. Tue genus Lepas includes thirty-two species, which, for the most part, bear astrong resemblance to each other, at least with regard. to their general formation and out- line. The most prominent feature of these shells is their be- ing (with few exceptions) of a more or less conical shape, which is acquired by a number of valves placed perpen- dicularly on a base, broad at the lower margin, and gra- dually tapering towards the summit, which is closed ge- nerally by four smaller valves, placed horizontally, and serving as a lid or covering to the animal within. The perpendicular valves are incapable of motion: the horizontal, on the contrary, are moveable at the plea- sure of the animal; which, through their medium, per- forms those functions that are necessary to its existence. The Lepas is never found independent or isolated, as most other shells are; on the contrary, all its species are known to attach themselves, in clusters, by their base or fleshy stalk to other bodies, as rocks, coral reefs, and shells ; even fish themselves are not exempt from their encroach- ments: the whale, for instance, is frequently found with groups of Lepades adhering to various parts of its body. They also affix themselves to ships, and, though at first invisible, so rapid is their increase in magnitude and num- ber, that the velocity of a vessel is considerably impeded by them. I once observed, on the coast of Africa, a piece MULTIVALVES.— LEPAS, 21 of wood, which had been placed as a buoy, in a few days become covered with a gelatinous substance, and in less than a fortnight was thickly beset with Lepades. Hence it would appear, that the animal exists in the sea in the state of animalcule. The exterior of the shell is often varied in form, cover- ing, and coloring; the usual outline is conical; in some, it resembles a pyramid, and in a few is parabolical, or even hemispherical; the Lepas diadema partakes of the latter form, and bears some resemblance to a divided globe. The number of valves which constitute the shell is very indefinite; their usual amount is six, but the Lepas pal- mipes has sometimes only four; and other species possess the intermediate gradations of number, as far as twenty- four, which number is sometimes exceeded in the L. pol- licipes. The valves are variously diversified with striae, ridges, and grooves. The ridges are mostly longitudinal; the striz, on the contrary, are transverse, and not unfrequently beset with rough projections and acute spines, as is the case in the Lepas spinosa. The color also differs considerably, though the most usual is of a blueish, purplish, or reddish cast, intermixed with a whitish hue. However, some are marked with black and green alternately, and others are of a greyish- white, or dirty yellow tint, asthe L. mitella and others. The valves which compose the lid, or operculum, often vary in number and shape; some species have only two, others three or four, and not unfrequently a much greater number. They are usually attached to a ligament, and sometimes present a peinted or acute form, while in other species they are blunt or obtuse. The interior of many shells of this genus is a mere va- 22 MULTIVALVES. — LEPAS. cuum, but in others it is either filled up with tubular pores, asin the Lepas porosa, or divided into separate compartnients or chambers. Notwithstanding the great affinity that exists through- out the Lepas tribe, there are a few exceptionable spe- cies, in which a resemblance is difficult to be traced; as, for example, the L.scalpellum, L. anserifera, L. anatifera, and varieties emanating from them. These species are closely allied to each other, but ex- ceedingly dissimilar to the rest of their genus; for the generality of Lepades are affixed to other bodies or sub- stances by the base, or lower part of the shell, whereas these are attached by a stalk, stem, or pedicle, which pro- ceeds from the base of the shell to the substance that sustains it. This peculiar structure engenders the idea of comparing them to the form of certain dwarf plants, as the crocus, and others of the like description, to which, in appear- ance, they bear considerable resemblance. The stem by which the shells are supported, differs ex- ceedingly in quality and substance; sometimes it appears a smooth, film-like tube, of a texture finer and thinner than gold-beater’s skin, though somewhat lighter colored, and not unfrequently tinted with bright red or orange; and often it is dark or blueish-brown, much coarser, and wrinkled or granulated. The L. anserifera and L. anatifera, are almost invari- ably composed of five valves; they are supplied with beautiful feathery tentacula of a brown color, and ele- gantly curled. From this circumstance, probably, they were supposed to be the origin of the barnacle or brent- geese, and are therefore commonly known by the name of Goose-shells or duck-barnacles. The Lepas anserifera is sometimes found in a fossil state. MULTIVALVES,— LEPAS. 23 The Indian, American, Atlantic, and Arctic oceans, alike provide a habitat for the species of this genus; and no less than eleven of them are to be occasionally met with on the British coasts. The Lepas, in all probability, derives its name from its custom ofadhering to crags of rocks, and other projections in the sea. LEPAS.—Acorn Shell or Barnacle. A.—AFFIXED AT THE BASE TO OTHER SUBSTANCES. *Balanus.—Common Barnacle. *Tulipa.—Tulip. *Balanoides.—Small striated. Minor.—Flesh-colored. *Intertexta.—Imbricated. Verruca.— Wart-shaped. *Cornubiensis.—Cornish. Angustata.—Narrow-mouthed. *Tintinnabulum.—Bell-shaped. Porosa.—Porous. *Diadema.—Turban. Elongata.—Club-like. *Balenaris.— Whale. Patellaris.—Limpet-like. *Costata.— Ribbed. Spinosa.—Spinous. *Conoides.—Conic. Violacea.— Violet. *Testudinaria.— Turtle. Cylindrica.— Cylindrical. *Galeata.—Helmet-like. Crispata.—Rugged. *Palmipes.—Palmated. Cariosa.—Carious. Stroemia.— Norwegian. B.—AFFIXED BY A PEDUNCLE. Mitella.—WMitred. * Anatifera.—Duck Barnacle. Scalpellum.—Knife-like. Aurita.—Eared. Anserifera.—Striated. Psittacus.—Parrot-beaked. Pollicipes. —Cornucopia. 24 -MULTIVALVES, — PHOLAS, PHOLAS.—StToNE-PIERCER. Animal—an Ascidia: Shell bivalve, divaricate, with seve- ral smaller, differently shaped accessory valves at the hinge; hinges recurved, united by a cartilage ; in the in- side, beneath the hinge, is an incurved tooth. Ir appears that hitherto only twelve species of this ge- nus have been enumerated, and some of those are soalike, that in many instances they may be considered as mere varieties, rather than different species; however, they all possess sufficient determinate characters, to prevent any admixture with the genera of Bivalves. The form of the Pholas is in most species ovate or ob- long, which is constituted by two large valves, being si- tuated opposite to each other, and to which is attached, in the vicinity of the beaks, a number of smaller ones, serving as substitutes for a hinge, which, in bivalves, or shells of two opposite parts only, often determines their generic character. Another character of the Pholas is, that the valves, (i.e. the two large ones), never shut close, they are inva- riably open at one end, and, in most instances, at both. In the interior of the shell, in each valve, nearly under the beak, is an incurved tooth, sometimes of considerable length, and which may certainly be considered as a pe- culiarity of the genus. The exterior of the Pholas is generally destitute of co- Jor; sometimes it partakes of a brownish cast, but the MULTIVALVES.— PHOLAS. 25 shell is usually of a pure or dusky-white: however, the absence of color is amply compensated for by the beau- tiful fret-work with which the shells of this genus are adorned. In some species the reticulations are so delicate in their fabric, as to resemble the finest lace; in others the tex- ture is coarser, and approaches nearer to small basket- work; and in the Pholas costata, the shell is covered with regular, elevated, jagged, or scolloped ribs, so elegantly disposed, as to render it no less desirable for its beauty than its scarcity. The Pholades are found in company, but not in groups or clusters, as the Lepades are; for each individual Pholas is detached from its neighbour, and occupies a separate and distinct habitation, which it forms for itself, by ex- pressing a coroding juice, in any substance which acci- dent or intent has made most eligible. Stone, clay, wood, sponge, coral, equally serve as ha- bitations for the Pholades; even the stoutest oak planks of ships’ sides are pierced by them with the greatest fa- cility. As they advance in growth, they enlarge their habitation within, leaving the small aperture, by which they originally entered, of its primitive dimeusions, there- by precluding all possibility of a retreat. The animal possesses the property of emitting a phos- phorescent liquor, which shines with brilliancy in the dark, aud illuminates whatever it touches. The American, Indian, and Evropean seas supply the few species that are known. Late discoveries have proved the existence of fossil Pholades, called Pholadites. 26 MULTIVALVES. — PHOLAS, PHOLAS.--Stone-piercer. *Dactylus.—Prickly-piercer. Orientalis.—Jndian. Costata.—American pholas. Campechensis. —Campeachy. Striata.—Goose-winged pholas. Cordata.—Heart-shaped. *Candida.— White-piercer. Chiloensis.— Chili. Pusilla.—Smaill. Teredula.— Teredo. *Crispata.—Curled. Hians.— Gaping. BIVALVES.__ MYA. 27 ORDER II. Bivalves, MYA.—Truncate TRovuGH-sHELL on GaPprER. Animal—an Ascidia: Shell bivalve, generally gaping at one end; hinge with broad, thick, strong teeth, seldom more than one, and not inserted into the opposite valve. THIS genus has been placed by Linnzus the first on the list of Bivalves: its species are by no means numerous, twenty-seven only having been described by him. The principal characteristic of the Mya consists in its gaping at one end: the next general distinguishing mark is, its having a single, broad, patulous tooth, proceeding from beneath the beak. This tooth differs from that of the foregoing genus, in as much as it is differenly shap- ed; for, in the Pholas, it is long and slender, and almost of equal size throughout; whereas, in the Mya it is much wider and broader at one end than the other; and the broadest end has an excavation, which gives it the ap- pearance of the bow] of aspoon or ladle. However, this sort of tooth is not always discernible in every species of the Mya, for some are entirely without 28 BIVALVES,—— MYA. it; others, again, have two or three teeth, and, in some instances, small crenulations supply the place of a regu- lar hinge. The form of the Mya varies exceedingly, some are ob- long and truncate, as if part of the shell had been chopped off; others, again, are more orbicular or round; and ma- ny are angular and eared. With regard to their general colouring, little can be said, for the greatest part of them are covered witha thick brown or green epidermis; and when this is re- moved, no other appearance than that of a livid or wan- colored surface is exhibited; except in those cases where the substance composing the shell is of a pearly nature, then the removal of the epidermis exposes the hidden beauties of the shell, which, wheu polished, affords the mest brilliant mother-of-pearl imaginable. This pearly appearance is confined to the fresh water species. The M. margaritifera is famous for the production of the finest pearls, and was formerly found in great quanti- ties in the river Conway, in Wales. The creation of pearls is said to originate in a disease of the animal. Some species of this genus grow to a large size, the M. glycimeris, for instance, is often found from ten to twelve inches broad. Others, again, as the M. crassa, &c. are remarkable for their excessive weight and thick- ness; and their weight often appears out of proportion to their dimensions. Rivers and cataracts afford heavy and thick specimens. In some places the Mya constitutes a considerable por- tion of food, not only for man, but also for aquatic birds. They have a propensity to burrow in the sand and mud, and are wholly or partially concealed therein. They al- so frequent alge, &c., adhering to them by a byssus or beard. BIVALVES. — MYA. 29 Some species of the Mya inhabit the East Indian seas; others are found on the coast of Africa; several are common in the European and Northern seas; and some species are to be found in the South seas; they also oc- cur in considerable abundance in the neighbourhood of Sheerness and Sandgate Creek. MY A——Gaper. *Truncata.—7runcated. Nicobarica.— Nicobar. *Declivis.—Sloping. Australis. —South Sea. * Arenaria.—Sand. Gaditana.—Cadiz. *Pictorum.—Painter’s. Corrugata.— Wrinkled. *Margaritifera.—Pearl. Rugosa.—Rough. Aurita.—Eared. Nodosa.—Knobbed. Perna.— Smooth. Norwegica.— Norwegian. Vulsella.—T weezer. Spuria.— Spurious. Arctica.—Arctic. Glycimeris.—Great. Edentula.— Toothless, Syrmatophora.—Angular. Radiata.—Radiated. Nitida.—Glossy. Oblonga.—Oblong. Membranacea.—Membranceous. Anatina.—Duck. Byssifera.— Bearded. *Dubia.— Dubious. SOLEN.—Razor-sHEATH OR KNIFE-HANDLE. Animal—an Ascidia: Shell bivalve, oblong, open at both ends ; hinge with a subulate reflected tooth, often double, and not inserted into the opposite valve. AxtTuouau the number of species in this genus is but few, viz. twenty-four, yet their form and general appear- ance are exceedingly varied. 30 BIVALVES— SOLEN. In some of the species, as in the S. siliqua, S. vagina, &c. the breadth of the shell is in the proportion of about seven to one of its length, thereby giving it a resemblance to the handle of a knife, or sheath ofa razor-strop; some, on the contrary, though possessing nearly the same pro- portions, are curved or bent, like the scabbard of a scimi- tar, as the S. ensis, &c. In others, the form approaches nearer to some of the truncated species of the preceding genus, being swollen or puffed up like abladder. How- ever, by observing both ends of the shell, which will be invariably found open or gaping, there can be little danger of mistaking the Solen for any other genus. The next characteristic is derived from the hinge, which is usually supplied with one subulate tooth, often found double, though not always inserted in the opposite valve. The genus Solen, for the most part, presents but little beauty; there are, indeed, some few exceptions—such as the S. radiatus, S. roseus, &c. these, from being rayed with purple and white, or having a fine pink color, may perhaps claim admiration; but whatever beauty they may possess, they are infinitely surpassed by innumera- ble species in the other genera of Bivalves. Most of the species of Solen are found covered with a thin cuticle or epidermis, which, if not removed, renders the colors beneath obscure, and, in some instances, un- discoverable. ‘There is only one species which is said to produce pearls, viz. S. macha. The European and Northern Seas afford by far the greatest proportion of the shells of this genus. They are, however, found in the Indian, American, and Mediter- ranean seas. ‘The river Tees affords one species, viz, S. crispus. ‘They often reside among zoophites. BIVALVES., —=SOLEN. 31 SOLEN—ARazor-Sheath. *Vagina.—Sheath. Virens.— Green. *Siliqua.—Long brown. Diphos.—Violet. *Ensis.—Scimitar. Minimus.—Small. *Pellucidus.— Transparent. Maximus.—Largest. * Legumen.—Pease-cod. Coarctatus—Narrow. *Cultellus.—Kidney. Roseus.—Rose-coloured. Radiatus.—Violetorradiated. | Sanguinolentus.—Blood-red. Strigilatus.—Strigilated. Striatus.—Striated. Anatinus.—Duck-bill. Oriens.—Rising Sun. Macha.—WMolini’s. Occidens.—Setting Sun. Bullatus.— Inflated. *Crispus.— Undulated. Minutus.— Minute. Spengleri.—Spingler’s. TELLINA.—TeE cen. Animal—a Tethys; Shell bivalve, generally sloping on one side: in the fore part of one valve there isa convex, and in the other, a concave fold; hinge with usually three teeth, the lateral ones smooth in one valve. Amongst all the different genera of Bivalves, there is none, except the Venus, which can vie with the Tellina in point of beauty, variety, or number, which amounts to no less than ninety-four species: and whether the at- tention be directed to their elegance of form, brilliancy of color, or delicacy of structure, the eye is equally asto- nished and delighted. The usual form of the Tellina resembles a long pear, 334 BIVALVES. —TELLINA, being broad at one end, and gradually tapering to the other; in some cases so much so, that the pointed termi- nation of the shell forms a perfect beak or proboscis, as in the T. rostrata, T. virgata, &c. Others, on the con- trary, are more of an orbicular, or spherical form, as the T. scobitina, &c. and some again, as the T. radiata, &c. are nearly allied to species of the Solen genus, with which (from their near resemblance) they are sometimes con- founded; however, from the general propensity of all Tellinz to terminate in a more or less acute beak, much inaccuracy cannot well be committed. At the sametime, the hinge of the Tellina will remove any doubts that may have originated from the simple observance of the exte- rior; for it is usually furnished with three teeth, the mid- dle one often cleft; the lateral teeth are most commonly smooth: the interior margin rarely, if ever, crenulated. The outside of the shells is surprisingly varied, some being perfectly smooth and polished, whilst others are covered with minute strize and undulations. In some in- stances the whole surface is beset with coarse imbrica- tions or scales; but the more elegant species of the Tel- lina are chiefly remarkable for their beautiful radiations, the colors of which are rarely to be equalled in any of the other genera. As the Tellinze are most important among the Bivalves, so the sources from whence they are derived, usually abound in the different varieties they afford. The Me- diterranean, Adriatic, European and Northern Seas, and the American and Atlantic Oceans produce a great num- ber. The rivers, pools, ponds, and marshes of Europe and America, supply only a few. The finest varieties are found in the pearl fisheries of Ceylon. BIVALVES. — TELLINA. 30 TELLINA. — Tellen. A. OVATE AND THICKISH. Gargadia.—Toothed. Lingua-felis.—Cat’s tongue. Virgata.— Tulip. Angulata.—Angular. Gari.—Varying. *Fragilis.—Brittle. *Depressa.— Depressed. *Crassa.— Thick. Rugosa.— Wrinkled. Inflata.—Jnflated. Multangulata.—Multangular. Papyracea.—Paper. Gibbosa.—Gibbous. Inequilatera.—Inequilateral. Knorrii.—Knorr’s Bornii.—Born’s. Pusilla.— Minute. *Maculata.—Spotted. *Rivalis.—River. B. OVATE AND COMPRESSED. Albida.— White. Foliacea.—Foliaceous. *Planata.—Substriated. *Variabilis.—Purple. Levigata.—Smooth. *Radiata.—Radiated. Rostrata.—Beaked. *Inequivalvis.—Jnequivalve. *Trifasciata.— Three=-banded. *Incarnata.—Flesh color’d. Donacina.—Donaz. Truncata.—Truncated. Trilatera.— Trilateral. Oblonga.— Oblong. Splengleri.—Spengler’s. *Rugosa.— Rugged. *Cornubiensis.—Cornish. *Fervensis.—Ferroe. Operculata.— Blushing. - Hyalina.—Pellucid. Vitrea.—Glassy. Lanceolata.—Lance-shaped. Opalina.—Opaline. Coccinea.—Scarlet. Virginica.— Virginia. Alata.— Winged. Pectinata.—Pectinated. Angusta.—Narrow. Variegata.— Variegated. Madagascariensis--Madagascar. Purpurescens.—Purple. Aspera.— Rough. Triangularis.—Triangular. Lata.—Broad. Jamaicensis.—Jamaica. *Rhomboides.—Rhomboidal. a4 BIVALVES, —TELLINA. *Vinacea.— Tawny. Zonata.—Zoned. Albicans.— Whitish. Rufescens.—Reddish. Plana.—Plain. Striata.—Striated. Rosea.—Rose-color’d. Punicea.—Flat-striated. Complanata.—Flattened. *Fabula.—Semi-striaied. Adansoni.—Adanson’s. Cancellata.—Cancellated. Strigosa—Striped. C. SUB-ORBICULAR. Balaustina.— Pomegranate. Remies.— Waved. Reticulata.— Reticulated. Scobitina.—Rasp. Lactea.—Milk-white. *Carnaria.— Rosy. *Bimaculata.—Double spotied. Balthica.— Baltic. Pisiformis.—Pea shaped. Divaricata.—Severed. Digitaria.— Digital. *Cornea—Horn-colored. *Lacustris.—Lake. Amnica.—Transversely grooved. Fluminalis.—Ditto striated. Fluminea.—Ditto ribbed. Fluviatilis.—Ditto wrinkled. Iberica.—Spanish. Adriatica.— Adriatic. Sinuosa.—Sinuous. Purpurata.— Purple. Candida.— White. Gallica.—French. Senegalensis.—Senegal. Angulosa.—Angular. Polygona.—Polygonal. Papyracea.—Paper. < CARDIU M.—Cock te or HEART-SHELL. Animal—a Tethys: Shell bivalve, nearly equilateral, equivalve, generally convex, longitudinally ribbed, stri- ated, or grooved, with a toothed margin; hinge with two teeth near the beak, and a larger remote lateral one _ on each side, each locking into the opposite. Tuis genus, though not so numerous as the last, presents BIVALVES.—— CARDIUM. 35 great variety of structure and coloring. There are fifty- two species. The valves of the Cardium are for the most part of a convex, swollen, or gibbous construction, and often spher- ical; yet, in some instances, their form is elongated and compressed. In other species the contour exhibits the figure of a perfect heart, as in the C. cardissa, &c. The shells are usually equivalve, and have their out- sides adorned with longitudinal ridges and grooves, cross- ed by transverse strize, similar to the common cockle, only much more articulate. In others, again, the ridges are beset with rows of acute spines, as in the C. aculea- tum and C, echinatum; but the exteriors of some have a perfectly smooth and polished surface, as the egg-coc- kle, &c. The C. fragum and C. unedo exhibit a peculiar forma- tion, being sub-angular, and only heart-shaped when seen in a particular position, A similar coincidence is observ- able in the C. retusum, though, in other respects, it dif- fers; for the C. fragum and C. unedo have their ridges covered with crowded pink or yellow elevated lunules or crescents, but the C. retusum has nodules rather than imbricated scales. The interior margin of this genus is almost universally crenate or toothed. The hinge is furnished with two teeth, and a larger remote lateral tooth on each side of it, each locking into its opposite. The C. edule, or common cockle, is found in great abundance beneath the surface on sandy coasts; the fish affords a wholesome and nourishing food. ; The most rare and valuable species of the genus Car- dium, is the C, costatum or pipe-ridged cockle, which D2 36 BIVALVES,——CARDIUM. has rows of white hollow elevated ribs, situated at regu- lar distances on its surface, and proceeding in a Jongitudi- nal direction from the beaks to the margin; the inter- stices, or spaces between these ribs, are (in perfect spe- cimens) of a fine dark-brown color, which gives the shell a great boldness of character. A great part of this genus inhabits the European and Northern seas; many are collected from the American, African, and Indian oceans; the Mediterranean, likewise, produces some of the species; and the mouths of rivers, as the Tees, Thames, &c. also supply specimens, though rarely. One species is mentioned as sometimes being found in a fossil state, viz. C. lithocardium. CARDIUM.—Cockle or Heart-Shell. Costatum.—Pipe-ridged. *Levigatum.— Smooth. Cardissa.—Venus’s heart. Serratum.— Egg-cockle. Roseum.—Smooth-edged *Edule.—Common. Retusum.—Diana’s H. [ral. Islandicum.—Islandic. Hemicardium.—Subquadrilaie- Grcoenlandicum.—Greenland. Lithocardium.—Subtrilateral. Rusticum.—Banded. Lineatum.—Streaked. Glaucum.—Glaucous. *Medium.—WMarbled. Pectinatum.—Pectinated. *Aculeatum.—Knotted. Virgineum.—Equilateral. *Echinatum.—Rake. Trilaterum.—Trilateral. *Ciliare.—Fringed. Auricula.—Eared. Ciliatum.—Ciliated. Triste. —Oval. *Tuberculatum—Tuberculated. Monstrosum.—Recurved. {socardia.—Rasp. Lima.—Asiatic. Fragum.— White Strawberry. Ringens.—Toothed. Unedo.— Strawberry. Papyraceum.—Paper. Muricatum.—Prickly. olicum.—Janus. Magnum.— Yellow ribbed. Oblongum.— Oblong. Flavum.— Yellow. Crassum.— Thick. BIVALVES. —CARDIUM. 37 Latum.—Broad. Amboinense.—Amboyna. *Pygmeum.—Small. Squamosum.—Scaly. Maculatum.—Spotted. Cancellatum.—Cancellated. Flexuosum.—Flexuous. Rubiginosum.—Rusty. *Fluviatile.—River. Albidum.—VWWhitish. Gaditanum.—Cadiz. Virescens.—Greenish. Brasilense.—Brasil. Fasciatum.—Banded, > a RR MACTRA.—Kn EADING-TROUGH. Animal—a Tethys: Shell bivalve, unequal sided, equt- valve; middle tooth of the hinge complicated, with a small hollow on each side; lateral ones remote, and in- serted into each other. Tne genus Mactra has little to boast of, either in regard to beauty or variety. The number of species amounts only to twenty-seven, and in those no great difference of coloring or form is observable. The Mactra is usually of a triangular form; but, in some instances, it is rather oblong. The surface of the exterior is generally smooth, or mi- nutely striated ; some exceptions, however, may be found, as the M. plicataria, and others, which exhibit a wrin- kled or ribbed appearance, similar to that observed in the different species of the Cardium, but in a reverse di- rection ; the latter being ridged or plaited longitudinally, while in the Mactra, the elevations and their adjacent grooves are placed transversely. 38 BIVALVES,.— MACTRA.. The generality of Mactree are of a delicate construc- tion, and have a semipellucid appearance. ‘They are, for the most part, thin, brittle, and remarkably light. The most prevailing color is blueish or yellowish-white, but some have, upon a brown ground, delicate rays of purple, heightened with rich tints of the same color: others, again, are of a brilliant lilac, passing into a deli- cate blue. The hinge of the Mactra is its best distinction from all the other genera of Bivalves, for the middle tooth is al- most invariably complicated, and of a triangular form, having a small hollow on each side; the lateral teeth are remote from the beaks and inserted into each other. The hinge, though very articulate, is remarkably thin and de- licate; in some cases, the teeth which compose it are much thinner than paper. The Mactre are mostly equivalves; in a few speci- mens the valves gape at both ends, and in others at the anterior only: the interior margin is rarely crenated or toothed. The Northern and European scas supply many of the species of Mactra. The Indian and American oceans, the Mediterranean, the shores of Africa and the Cape of Good Hope also produce them. ‘They are also frequently found at the mouths of rivers. MACTRA.—Kneading-trough. Spengleri—Spengler’s. Plicataria—Plaited. Papyracea— Paper. Striatula—Swubstriated. Striata—Striated. Rotundata—Roundish. Glabrata—Smooth. Nitida—Delicaie. Corallina—Banded. Lactea—Milky. *Stultorum—Simpletons’. Grandis—Great. BIVALVES.—— MACTRA, 39 *Solida—Strong. Glauca—Red-rayed. *Lutraria—Large. Pellucida—Pellucid. Cygnus—Swan. Fragilis—Brittle. Maculata—Spotted. Rugosa—Rugged. Turgida—Inflated. Nicobarica—WNicobar. Violacea— Violet. Complanata— Flat. Cuneata— Wedge-shaped. *Listeri—Lister’s. Piperata—Pepper. DONAX.—WEDGE-SHELL. Animal—a Tethys: Shell bivalve, with generally a crenu- late margin, the frontal margin is very obtuse; hinge with two teeth, and a single marginal one placed a little behind, rarely double or triple. Tune most leading characteristic of the Donax is derived from its form, which (throughout the nineteen species) is similar to that of a wedge, being very broad and thick at one extremity, and gradually narrowing and lessening to the other. The frontal margin is generally very obtuse, and the anterior slope is not unfrequently furnished with a sort of fissure or gape; near to which is situated a car- tilaginous ligature or ligament, which prevents the two shells from separating when the animal has occasion to open them. Some of this genus, however, are a little ambiguous in their external appearance; so much so, that they fre- quently create a doubt whether they should not be rank- ed among the species of the Venus; but in these cases the 40 BIVALVES.——DONAX. hinge alone must be the guide, which in the Donax is furnished with two teeth, and a single marginal one plac- ed a little behind, not often double or triple. The exterior of the Donax is generally of a smoothish surface, though many are covered with nearly obsolete longitudinal striz, being embellished at the same time with numerous reddish or purple rays, diverging from the beaks to the margin. Other species are perfectly rough on their outside, which is caused by crowded strize cross- ing each other in a Jongitudinal and transverse direction ; this disposition of the strize gives the shell a foliated and even a spiny appearance, as in the D. scortum and D. pubescens. | A very prevalent color in this genus is a fine rich pur- ple, or purple rays on a white ground; many of the spe- cies, however, are of an olive-yellow cast, which not un- frequently inclines to a bright orange; others, again, have a pink hue, and are finely lettered with brown zigzag markings, as the D. scripta, &c. and in some instances the shells have a banded appearance. The interior al- most always partakes of the coloring of the exterior; and the margin, which is generally of a high color, is al- most invariably crenulated or beset with small contigu- ous teeth. The species and varieties of this genus are but few, and thinly scattered over most parts of the globe; yet some coasts (the European in particular) supply a profu- sion, but of no great variety; they are usually found bu- ried in the sand. It is not exactly ascertained whether any of this genus are natives of rivers. The Donax derives its name from its shape, which re- sembles the barbed head of a javelin or dart. BIVALVES.— DONAX. 41 DONAX.— Wedge-shell. Scortum—Beaked. Muricata—Prickly. Pubescens—Spiny. *Trus—Foliated. Rugosa— Wrinkled. Levigata—Smooth. *Trunculus— Yellow. Spinosa—Spinous. Striata— Striated. Incarnata—Flesh-colored. *Denticulata— Toothed. Argentea—Silvery. Cuneata— Wedge. Bicolor—Party-colored. Faba—Bean-shaped. Radiata—Radiated. Scripta—Lettered. Straminea—Straw-colored. Candida— White. VENUS.—VeEnws. Animal—a Tethys; Shell bivalve, the frontal margin flattened with incumbent lips; hinge with three teeeth, all of them approximate, the lateral ones divergent at the tip. Ir has already been observed, that this genus, with re- gard to beauty, bears a decided pre-eminence over all the other genera of Bivalves: and it is in all probability from this very circumstance that it has obtained the title it bears. It contains no less than one hundred and fifty three species; and among these the variety in formation and coloring is almost infinite: many of its species have the frontal margins of their shells somewhat flattened, and not unfrequently with the lips incumbent. The elong- ated, compressed, angular, and orbicular forms, find a place in this genus, as may be observed on inspect- 42 BIVALVES. — VENUS. ing the four following species: viz. V. literata, V. com- pressa, V. scripta, and V.tigerina. In some, the form is very much inflated, gibbous, or swollen, as in the V. ver- rucosa, V. fimbriata, and V. reticulata. Many of this genus are remarkable for their smoothness, and the brilliant iustre of their surfaces, such as the V. Erycina, V. maculata, V. Chione, &c. these at the same time are distinguished for their high aud rich coloring. Others, again, have less of color and polish, but more of carved work or reticulations, as the V. Paphia, V. reticu- lata, &c. and one species is even spinous, viz. V. Dione. In many specimens the exterior surface is covered with longitudinal or transverse striae, sometimes with both, which not unfrequently terminate in foliations near the margins. The interior of the shells of this genus is often adorned with rich coloring, as in the V. mercenaria or wampum clam, which in fine specimens is of a rich purple. The North American Indians make their wampum or money of the shells of this species. The same shell, in a fossil state, is often found in the Swedish mountains. The hinge of the Venus, with scarce any exception, contains three teeth, all approximate or close to each other; besides these three, there is a lateral tooth, not un- frequently divergent at the tip. Theinner margin of the shell is sometimes crenulated. Almost all parts of the world supply specimens of this genus. The American, African, Eastern, and Western Oceans abound with them. The Mediterranean, Caspian, and Southern Seas likewise produce various species; as also do the European and more northern oceans, Several species are found in a fossil state. BIVALVES.— VENUS. 43 VENUS. A. SHELL SOMEWHAT HEART-SHAPED. Dione—Prickly mouthed. Paphia—Paphian. Marica—American. Dysera—Ribbed. Bajana—Glabrous. Excavata—Excavated. *Verrucosa—Old woman. Lapicida—Rock. Divergens—Zigzag. *Casina—Broad ribbed. Cancellata—Cancellated. *Gallina—Hen. Guineensis—Guinea. Petulea—Clouded. Flexuosa—Flexuous. Erycina—Polished. *Mercenaria— Money. *slandica—lIslandic. *Chione—Smooth brown. Maculata—Spotted. Meretrix—Lip ped Lxta—Globose. Castrensis—Camp. Phryne—Phryne. Meroe—WMeroe. Minuta—Smmeall. *Deflorata—Purple streaked. Fimbriata—Cancellated. Reticulata—WNeitted. Squamosa—Scaly. Puerpera—Swollen. Tripla—Triangular. Plicata—Plaited. Rugosa—Wrinkled. Caliste—Dirty white. Granulata—Grained. Imbricata—Jmbricated. Divaricata—Divaricated. Contraria—Contrary. Gallus—Cock. Flammea—Brown-banded. Corbicula— Yellow rayed. *Sinuosa—Sinuous. ' Hermaphrodita— Triangular. Coaxans—Green. Casta—Chaste. Affinis—Globose. Opima—Plump. Triradiata—Three-rayed. Nebulosa—Clouded. Contempta—Shabby. Japonica—Japan. Striata—Striated. Textilis—Brocade. Corrugata— Wrinkled. Monstrosa—Distorted. Ponderosa—Heavy. Subviridis—Greenish. Rostrata—Beaked. Fusca—Brown. Lusitanica—Portuguese. Punctulata—Dotted. 44 BIVALVES, — VENUS. Fasciata—Banded. Carnea—Flesh-colored. Virgata—Radiated. Versicolor—Many-colored. Variegata—Variegated. Amethystina—Amethystine. Callipyga—Arabian. Senegalensis—Senegal. Matadoa—Triangular. Succincta—Grooved. Compressa—Compressed. Australis—South-sea. Gigantea—Gigantic. B. ORBICULAR. Tigrina— Tiger. Prostrata—Recumbent. Pensylvanica—Pensylvanic. Spuria— Spurious. Incrustata—Decussated. Punctata—Punctured. *Exoleta—Painted. *Undata— Waved. Tumidula—Gibbous. Sinensis—Chinese. Sinuata—Sinuated. * Borealis—Scottish. Pectinata—Pectinated. Scripta— Written. Edentula—Toothless. Concentrica—Concentric. Juvenilis— Young. Histrio—Map. Globosa—Globose. Pectunculus—Painied. Albida— White. Campechensis—Campeachy. Crassa—Thick. Purpurescens—Purplish. Rubra—Red. Pusilla—Small. Violacea—Violet. Spadicea—Chesnut. Cancellata—Cancellated. Bengalensis—Bengal. * Aurea—Golden. Obscura—Darhk. Purpurata—Purple. Nux—WNut-shaped. Rugata— Wrinkled. Gibbula—Lentiform. Stellata—Stellated. Italica—Mediterranean. Brasiliana—Brasilian. Pellucida—Pellucid. Holosericea—Si/k. Macassarica—Macassar. Aurantia—Orange. Fulva— Yellow. Candida— White. Albicans—W hitish. Undulata— Undulated. Lineata—Lined. Lzevis—Smooth. Cornea—Horn-colored. Guttata—Speckled. Rufescens—Reddish. BIVALVES.—SPONDYLUS. 45 Virens—Greenish. Diaphana—Diaphanous. Maculosa—Spotted. Dura—Hard. Costata—Ribbed. Eburnea—ZIvory. Wauaria— W-marked. Lucida—Pale. Tumens—Tumid. Discors—Confused. Aculeata—Acute ribbed. C. OVATE, A LITTLE ANGULAR NEAR THE BEAKS. *Literata—Camp lettered. Cruentata—Red-spotted. *Geographica—Reticulated. Lutescens—Charactered. Rotundata—Ovate. Sanguinolenta—Blood-spotted *Decussata—Intersected. Argentea—Silvery. Virginea— Modest. Donacina—Donaz-formed. Virginica— Virginia. Afra— African. *Rhomboides—Rhomboidal. Dealbata—Dead-white. Lithophaga—Stone-eater. SPONDY LUS.—Tuorny Oyster or ARTICHOKE- HEAD. Animal—a Tethys: Shell hard, solid, with unequal valves: one of the valves convex, the other rather flat: hinge with two recurved teeth separated by a small hollow. Tuts genus, though containing innumerable varieties, is divided into no more than ten species, and even these, from their extreme irregularity of formation and great similarity of appearance, may often be confounded with each other. However, the most striking character 46 BIVALVES,.——SPONDYLUS. of the Spondylus is, that its valves, which resemble those of the common oyster, viz. one convex, the other rather flat, have their outsides covered with longitudinal rows of erect spines or ramifications. ‘The spines are usually tu- bular, ending in a point; the ramifications or branchings, on the contrary, are flat, jagged, and patulous at their extreme terminations. The spined Spondyli, as the S. Gaedaropus, &c. are mostly of one color, as orange-red, purple, white, brown, or yellow; which colors, in fine specimens, are exceed- ingly brilliant. Those which have branches or plaits, (as the S. plicatus, &c.) have, onthe contrary, a ground color of either of the above mentioned tints, and the ramifications are left en- tirely white. In some instances there is a compound of coloring, as white and brown, purple and white, &c. which gives the shell a pied or brindled appearance; and in others (es- pecially those which have a tendency to being foliated as well as branched) the upper valve is of one color, as pur- ple or brown, while the lower valve is perfectly white. The valves of the Spondyli are generally unequal, the lower one protruding much beyond the other, and often terminating in a curved and lengthened beak. The hinge is furnished with two recurved teeth, which are very strong and articulate, and separated by a small but deep hollow; the inner margin is mostly crenulate; and highly colored with orange or purple. Some of this genus, like the escallops, are surmounted with ears on each side of the beaks; others, on the contrary, are perfect- ly earless. They are generally found adhering to rocks, corals, &c. in groups more or Jess numerous, often forming large BIVALVES. —.SPONDYLUS. 47 masses; and sometimes attached to shells. .They are to be met with in the American, Indian, Mediterranean, and other seas. SPONDYLUS.—Thorny Oyster. Gedaropus—Thorny Oyster. Palmatus—Palmated. Regius—Royal. Spathuliferus—Pied. Aurantius— Orange. Ducalis—Ducal. Citreus—Citron. Anacanthus—Spineless. Histrix—Hedge-hog. Plicatus—Cat’s Paw. CHAMA.—Ctamp, Ciam, or SHELL. Animal—a Tethys: Shell bivalve, rather coarse; hinge with a callous gibbosity, obliquely inserted in an ob- lique hollow; anterior slope closed. Tuts genus is by no means numerous, containing only twenty-five species, which, for the most part, are rough and uncouth looking shells. The C. cor is, however, an ex- ception, it being usually smooth: from its beauty and pe- culiarity of structure, it is signalized from every shell in the numerous catalogue of Bivalves. Thisspecies, which varies in size from two to five inches in diameter, bears a strong resemblance to a heart; its top being surmount- ed by beaks which wind round towards the hinge in the most graceful curvature possible. The genus Chama affords a subject for amazement ra- ther than admiration, for some of its species grow to an 48 BIVALVES, —CHAMA. uncommon size: the C. gigas, for instance, (or Giant clam), is a specimen of the unusual magnitude to which shells of this genus attain; the valves sometimes exceeding four feet in breadth, and of the enormous weight of five hun- dred pounds; but so disproportionate are the varieties of this species, that some have been found measuring only half an inch. This species is generally more or Jess rib- bed and foliated, and sometimes imbricated or scaly; the usual color is a dirty white, but the rarest varieties are those which have a fine red-pink, or yellow tinge. Some of them, when perfect, are highly prized. The cartilage of the hinge has a dull brown color, but when polished and cut in ovoid, its iridescence is so brilliant that it rivals the opal in beauty, and has even been sold for it. The C. hippopus also deserves to be noticed; like the C. gigas it varies considerably in size, and is frequently found a foot long, while some specimens do not exceed an inch; it is usually of a yellowish color, with pink spots and murications. A grand mark of distinction in this genus is, that the posterior slope is usually open or gaping, and the anterior closed, not unfrequently having its margin crenulate. The valves are mostly inequilateral, one protruding be- yond the other, and of tenappearing asif deformed. The hinge has generally a callous gibbosity, inserted into an oblique hollow. The C. concamerata is remarkable for having, in the interior of each valve, an ovate chamber, which gives the shell an appearance of being double. The more beautiful species of this genus are richly foli- ated or spined,—as the C. lazarus, C. gryphoides, and C. arcinella; the varieties of which are sometimes wor- thy of admiration. It seems a principle with the Chame, (like the spon- BIVALVES.—CHAMA, 49 dyli), to affix themselves to any extraneous substance which accident may throw in their way. They often adhere to rocks, stones, and various shells; but, in many instances, they seem to have a preference for some par- ticular genus of shells; for the C. arcinella is most com- monly found affixed to that species of Murex called the thorny woodcock; however, it retains a partiality for others of the murices, especially those often known under the name of triplices. The American, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans; and the Mediterranean, Caspian, and Adriatic Seas, produce in- finite varieties of this genus. The C, foliacea is found fossil in Campania. CHAMA.—C.Lam. A.—CLOosEp. *Cor.—Fool’s Cap. Bicornis—Horned. Moltkiana—Moltkian’s. Arcinella—Hedge-Hog. Hippopus—Bear’s Paw. Concamerata—Chambered. Antiquata—Antiquated. Macerophylla—Fir-apple. Trapezia—Trapeziform. Foliacea—Leafy. Semiorbiculata—Suborbicular. Arata—Furrowed. Calyculata—Variegated. Fusca—Brown. Cordata—Heart-shaped. Citrea—Citron. Satiata— Obsolete. Thaca—Burrower. Oblonga— Oblong. Rugosa—Rugged. Lazarus—Jagged. Gryphica—Griffin. Gryphoides—Gryphus. Coralliophaga—Coral. B.—GaPING. Gigas—Furbelowed Clamp, Giant Clam. 50 BIVALVES—— ARCA. ARCA.—Ark. Animal—a Tethys? Shell bivalve, equivalve; hinge with numerous sharp teeth, alternately inserted between each other. Tue Arca, of which there are forty-three species, are readily distinguished from other bivalves, by the pecu- - liarity of the hinge; which, without exception, is com- posed of numerous sharp teeth, alternately inserted be- tween each other. The line of direction of the hinge ad- mits of two variations: in some species, as the A. Now, A. barbata, &c. it is perfectly straight; in others, as the A. pectunculus, A. pilosa, &c. it is arched or curved.— However, in all the species, the same description of hinge exists, though in some it may be differently situated. The forms of the Arks vary exceedingly; some are elongated, as the A. tortuosa, A. Now, and A. barbata: in the A. barbata or bearded Ark, the greater part of the surface of the shell is concealed by a thick bristly or hairy covering. The subcordate form is exemplified in the A. senilis, A. granosa, &c. which are, besides, somewhat gibbous, and have usually smooth or muricated grooves. The third form is the suborbicular, of which the A. gly- cimeris and A. pilosa are sufficient examples; they are for the most part smooth on the outside, except where the longitudinal strize are placed: these striz are fre- quently more articulate in the interior than on the exte- rior, and often terminate, at the inner margin, in deter- mined elevated teeth. The shells of this genus are co- vered with a brownish or greenish-black epidermis, BIVALVES,— ARCA, 51 There are many Arks which gape at the outer mar- gin; others, on the contrary, are perfectly close. Some have the margin entire ; others, again, are crenulated ; and several have prominent angular slopes, which give the shell an auriculated appearance; the anterior slope is, however, far the most prominent of the two. This genus presents but little beauty, though some of its species are considered rare. The Ark is found in the European, Indian, American, and Atlantic oceans: the Baltic, Northern, and Red seas also produce some species. The A. nucleus is found fossil, as is alsothe A. fossilis, in the duchy of Limbourg. ARCA.—4rk. A.—MARGIN VERY ENTIRE, BEAKS RECURVED. Tortuosa— Twisted. B.—MARGIN ENTIRE, BEAK INFLECTED. *Nox—Noah’s Ark. Rostrata—Beaked. * Barbata— Bearded. Striata—Striated. Modiolus—Muscle. Pulchella—Pretty. Pella—Brittle. Afra— African. Ovata—Oval. Fossilis—Fossil. Pellucida—Pellucid. Cancellata—Cancellated. Minuta—Smaill. C.—MARGIN CRENATE, BEAKS RECURVED. *Lactea—Milky. Corbicula—Basket. Nodulosa—Nodulous. Decussata—Decussated. Antiquata—Antiquated. /Equilatera—Aquilateral. Senilis—Heavy. Pallens—Pale. Granosa—Grained. Cucullus—Chambered. 2 52 BIVALVES.— ARCA, Magellanica—Magellan. Jamaicensis—Jamaica. Reticulata—Reticulated. Campechensis—Campeachy. Candida— White. Lata—Broad. Indica— Indian. Senegalensis—Senegal. D.—MARGIN CRENATE, BEAKS INFLECTED. Undata—Lettered. Nummaria—Coin. Pectunculus—Spotted. *Nucleus—Silvery. Pectinata—Comb. Rhomboidea—Rhomboidal. *Glycimeris—Orbicular. Marmorata—Mar bled. Pilosa—Downy. Angulosa— Angular. Scapha— Boat, OSTREA.—OvystTer Anb SCALLOP. Animal—a Tethys: Shell bivalve, generally with unequal valves, and slightly eared; hinge without teeth, but fur- nished with an ovate hollow, and mostly lateral trans- verse grooves, Tnere are no less than one hundred and thirty-six spe- cies in this genus, which present considerable variety in beauty and form. The Ostreze may be divided into two classes: the first comprises the innumerable varieties of escallops or scallop shells; the second, and much the least numerous, includes the species somewhat resembling the common oyster.— The former division is, for the most part, composed of very elegant specimens: their form is usually regular, and their surface is adorned with elevated divergent ribs, in number from five to forty, which proceed from the tip of the beaks, tothe extremity of the margins, and there ter- BIVALVES.—OSTREA, 53 minate in a fine scalloped or Vandyked outline, describ- ing in their course the most graceful expansion possible. The Ostrez are usually inequivalve, that is, the degree of convexity often differs in the two valves of the same specimen, asin the O. ziczac, O. jacobzea, &c. which in- variably have the upper valve flat, and the lower convex. However, in other species, as the O. pallium, (ducal man- tle), &c. the shells are equivalve, i.e. both possess the same degree of rotundity and gibbosity. It is remarkable, that in many of the Ostrec, the co- lors of the upper valve are brighter than those of the lower: this is particularly observable in the O. pleuro- nectes, known by the name of the compass or flounder Pecten, which has one valve perfectly white, and the other of a brownish or reddish cast. ‘This species has also another peculiarity, viz. that it invariably gapes at both ends; whereas, in other species, the gape is only at one end. : The situation of the beaks often varies considerably; in some, as the O. maxima, O. jacobeea, &c. they are placed in the centre; whereas, in the O. lima, O. glacialis, &c. they are situated obliquely or on one side, which gives the outline of the shell an appearance of slight distortion, occasioned by one margin being straight and flattened, while the other remains round and inflated. There is also considerable variation in the size and form of the ears, which in some species are nearly of the same dimensions; but in many, one is much larger than the other; and in a few, they are hardly discernible. The ears of many of the scallops are almost smooth on the outside, but some are rough, and even spined. The O. pallium and others have one ear ciliate, and are spin- ed within. 54. BIVALVES.—OSTREA. The exterior of the shells, as has been before observed, is usually covered with elevated longitudinal ribs and grooves, which are variously diversified with beautiful colors and fine chequer-work. ‘The ribs are mostly co- vered with undulated and transverse striz, not unfre- quently assuming the appearance of elevated scales, as in the O. imbricata and O.dubia. In others, again, the strize are crenated, as in the O. radula; and some, as the O. nodosa, &c. have large knobs or tubercles raised upon the ribs. The margins of the interior of the Ostrez are generally crenated, and often beautifully colored. The hinge is universally without teeth, and furnished with an ovate hollow; in the vicinity of which are placed lateral transverse grooves, running in a parallel direction in both valves, but not locking into each other, as in the genus Arca. The common scallop, O. maxima, is found in most Eu- ropean seas, in large beds, from which they are dredged by the fishermen, and afterwards pickled and barrelled for sale: m some instances, also, they are brought to mar- ket in the state they are caught, and are eaten fresh. These shells were formerly worn by pilgrims, on their hat or coat, asa mark of their having crossed the sea, for the purpose of paying their devotions at the holy shrine, in Palestine: in commemoration of which, they are still preserved in the armorial bearings of many families of dis- tinction. The scallops are found harbouring among fuci and zo- ophites: they have the faculty of leaping out of the water, and are enabled to effect a very rapid motion, by open- ing and closing their valves. The second division of Ostreze consists of those which in construction, substance, and coloring, are more nearly BIVALVES,—_OSTREA. 55 allied to the common or eatable oyster. The species of this division are of a much more irregular form than the scallops, and are usually very rugged, unfinished looking shells. The hammer oyster, O. malleus, is perhaps the most remarkable of this class; its form resembles that of a long-headed hammer, or more properly a pick axe: there are two distinguishable varieties of it, viz. the white and the black, both of which, when in fine preservation, are considered rare and valuable. These shells are rough and plaited on the outside, but their inside is smooth and glossy, having a steel-blue color or metallic lustre diffus- ed over the surface. The hinge of some of the species, as the O. perna and QO. isognomon, has a perpendicular grooved line attached toit. Some, again, as the O. vulsella, &c. gape at the hinge; others terminate in a long beak from the hinge upwards, as the O. cornucopiz and O. virginica. Some species have the appearance of a dried leaf, such as the O. folium, &c. this species often grows to the roots and stumps of trees, especially the mangrove, and is also found affixed to the gorgoniz. The common oyster (O. edulis) is too well known for its nutritious and palatable properties to require much de- scription ; suffice it to say, that the exterior of the shell is usually covered with undulated and imbricated scales, of a yellowish or pinkish olive cast; and the old shells are often covered with various adhesions, such as anomie, serpulz, Jepades, sertulariz, and other marine produc- tions. The interior of the shell has generally a pearly appearance, and specimens are often found containing pearls. They are to be met with in most seas, occasion- ally in clusters, affixed to rocks and other substances. In some places they are considered so profitable a branch 56 BIVALVES.——OSTREA. of traffic, that the greatest care is taken to promote their generation and growth. By proper management their multiplication becomes immense. They are often formed into large layers or beds, extending many miles; which, in favorable seasons, prove a submarine mine of wealth to their proprietors. Almost all seas abound with Ostreee. The Ostrea di- luviana is found fossil in the calcareous mountains of Sweden. OSTREA.—Oyster or Scallop. A.—VALVES FURNISHED WITH EARS, AND RADIATED.—Scallop. a.—Equilateral; ears of the valves equal. * Maxima—Common. * Jacobzea— Mediterranean. Ziczac—Zigzag. Striatula—Faint-rayed. Minuta— Minute. Pleuronectes—Compass. Laurentii—Lorenzo’s. Japonica—Japan. Magellanica—Magellan. Hybrida— Norway. Radula—Royal Manile. Imbricata—Imbricated. Subrotunda—Roundish. Plica—Folded. Crenata—Crenated. *Sinuosa— Distorted. Squamosa—Scaly. Dubia— Doubtful. *Subrufa—Reddish. Versicolor—Variegated. Rosea— Rosy. Fusca—Brown. Tenuis—Thin. Lutea—Muddy. Muricata—Muricated. Conspersa—Dotted. Nodulosa—Nodulous. Radiata—Radiated. Punctata—Spotted. Aculeata—Prickly. Plana—Filat. Pusilla—Minutely striated. Flavescens— Yellowish. Flabellum—Fan-like. Spondyloides—Spondylus. Violacea— Violet. Aurantia— Orange. Vittata—Filleted. Miniata—Red-spotted. Inflata—Inflated. BIVALVES.——OSTREA. 57 b.—Ears unequal; one of them generally ciliated, with spines within. Pallium—Ducal Mantle. Sanguinolenta—Blood-spot. Maculosa—Spotted. Nodosa—Duck’s Foot. Pes-felis—Cat’s Foot. Pellucens—Pellucid. Obliterata— Worn. Sanguinea—Scarlet. *Varia— Diverse. *Pusio— Wrinkled. *Obsoleta—Obsolete. * Levis—Smooth. *Glabra—Glabrous. *Opercularis—Painted. Gibba— Gibbous. Sulcata—Furrowed. Histrionica—Harlequin. Islandica—Islandic. Triradiata—Triple-rayed. Fuci— Fucus. Tigrina—Tiger. Septemradiata—Seven-rayed. Arata—Furrowed. Senatoria—Senator. Citrina—Ciiron. Turgida—Swollen. Sulphurea— Sulphur. Porphyria—Porphyry. Vitrea—Glassy. Tranquebarica—Tranquebar. Sauciata— Unequal-rayed. Crenulata—Crenulated. Innominata—Grooved. Kufescens—Reddish. Squamata—Scaly. Anonyma—Anonymous. Decemradiata—Ten-rayed. Tenuis— Thin. Valentini—Valentine’s. Media—Middle-sized. Crocea—Saffron. Florida—Rose-spotied. Ochroleuca—Ochraceous. Mustelina—Fly-spotted. Flammea—Flame-colored. Incarnata—Flesh-colored. Guttata—Speckled. Depressa— Depressed. Regia—Royal. Palliata— Variegated. Seminuda—Half-covered. Modesta— Modest. Principalis—Chief. Versicolor— Variegated. c.—Valves more gibbous on one side. Flavicans— Yellow. Fasciata—Banded. Fragilis— Brittle. Lima—File. Glacialis—Icy. Hians— Gaping. Excavata—Hollow. 58 BIVALVES. —OSTREA,. B.—ROovUGH, GENERALLY PLAITED ON THE OUTSIDE.—Oyster’. Malleus—Hammer. Plicatula—Plaited. Vulsella— Tongue-shaped. Rostrata—Beaked. Anatina—Duck. Virginica— Virginian. Diluviana—Antediluvian. Cornucopie—Horn of plenty. Folium—Leaf. Parasitica—Parasitical. Orbicularis—Or bicular. Exalbida— Whitish. *Edulis—Common. Cristata—Crested. Semiaurita—Half-eared. Senegalens s—Senegal. *Striata—Striated. Stellata—Stellated. Fornicata— Vaulted. Ovalis—Oval. Sinensis—Chinese. Papyracea—Paper. Spundyloidea—Spondyloid. Annulata—Annular. Forskalii—Forskael’s. Retusa—Retuse. C.—HINGE WITH A PERPENDICULAR GROOVED LINE. Perna—Oblong. Legumen—Pod-shaped. Isognomon—Rudder. Alata— Winged. Ephippium—Saddle. Mytiloides—Muscle-like. Picta—Painted. Torta—Twisted. Pes-lutree— Otter’ s-foot. ANOMIA.—Anomria or AnTiIQue Lamp. Animal—an emarginated, ciliated, strap-shaped body: with bristles or fringe affixed to the upper valve; arms two, linear, longer than the body; connivent projecting, alternate on the valve, and ciliate on each side, the fringe affixed to each valve: shell bivalve, inequivalve, one of BIVALVES,— ANOMIA. 59 the valves flattish, the other gibbous at the base, with a produced beak, generally curved over the hinge: one of the valves often perforated near the base: hinge with a linear, prominent cicatrix, and a lateral tooth placed within, but in the flat valve, on the very margin: two bony rays for the base of the animal. Or this curious genus of Bivalves, fifty-one species are described ; but several out of that number have hitherto only been found in a fossil state. The shells are usually inequivalve, one of them often flattish, the other gibbous at the base, terminating in a produced beak, which curves upwards over the hinge. There is frequently a small perforation near the base; through which the animal thrusts a strong ligament, whereby it affixes itself to different marine substances, as fuci, crabs, spines of echini, and especially to the stars of the Madrepora Prolifera. The Anomie differ materially in form, some resem- bling the shape of an oyster, as the A. cepa, A. ephip- pium, &c., all of which have the lower valve flat and perforated. Others, again, are imperforated and nearly orbicular, as the A. craniolaris, A. placenta, &c., and some are oblong, as the A. pectinata, &c. Many of them, when seen in profile, resemble the form of an antique Jamp, as the A. caput-serpentis, &c. and a few are very similar to the hooked or curved beak of a parrot, as the A. psittacea, &c. The hinge of the Anomia admits of considerable vari- ation; but its most leading character is that of being fur- nished with a linear prominent cicatrix, and a lateral tooth placed within. On the margin of the flattest valve in many species are placed two bony rays, or linear cal- 60 BIVALVES.—— ANOMIA. losities, which serve as a base for the animal; but some have only one in each valve. The interior of the shell is often silvery, and the mar- gin is frequently crenated, notched, or toothed, but in many it is perfectly entire. The prevailing color in this genus is that of a dirty yellow, or dusky white; however, some are bright yel- low, as the A. electrica. The A. cepa (the onion peel), and the A. sella (the saddle oyster), have a fine coppery or bronze-like appearance; and the A. capensis and A. sanguinolenta exhibit a beautiful pink or red coloring. The A. flexuosa, and other similar species, have a dingy or olive black color, and a few are found of a shining jet black. Some of the Anomiz are almost smooth; others, on the contrary, are ribbed and striated, as the A. spinosa and A. muricata, which are covered with scales and hollow spines of considerable length; and others decline on the fore-part, and have a groove or channel running down the middle of the shell. The Anomiz are generally thin and delicate shells, and usually semitransparent. The A. placenta (the cake) but commonly called the Chinese window oyster, when in a young state, becomes so transparent by the process of polishing, that it is frequently made use of by the in- genious Chinese as a substitute for glass. The European, Indian, American, and African oceans, supply many species of the Anomia, as also do the Medi- terranean and Northern seas. No less than fifteen or sixteen species are met with in a fossil state; which are chiefly found in England, Ger- many, and Switzerland. BIVALVES.— ANOMIA,. G1 ANOMI A.—Anomia. Craniolaris—Orbicular. *Pectinata—Comb-like. *Ephippium—Green onion-rind. *Cepa—Onion-peel. Electrica—Small amber. *Squamula—Scale-like. Patelliformis—Limpet-like. Scobinata—Rough. Aurita—Eared. Retusa—Blunt. *Gryphus—Griffin. *Pecten—Pectinated. Striatula—Striated. Dorsata—Keeled. Psittacea—Parrot-beak. Tridentata—Three-toothed. Spondyloides—Spondyloid. *Truncata—Tyruncated. Reticularis—Reticulated. Plicatella—Plaited. *Crispa— Wrinkled. *Lacunosa—Pitted. Pubescens—Downy. *Cuspidata—Pointed. Farcta—Subglobular. Caput-serpentis—Snake’s-head. *Terebratula—Lamp. Angulata—Angular. Histerita— Three-lobed. Biloba— Two-lobed. Ventricosa—Ventricose. Gryphoides—Griffin-like. Flexuosa—Flexuous. Rugosa—fough. Placenta—Chinese window. Sella—Saddle. *Spinosa—Spinous. Aculeata—Prickly. Muricata—Muricated. Squama—Scaly. Punctata—Punctured. Undulata— Undulated. Capensis—Cape. Detruncata—Partitioned. Sanguinolenta—Scarlet-rayed. Vitrea— Glassy. Cranium—Ventricose. Cilindrica—Cy lindrical. Nucleus—Oval. Avenacea—Pyriform. Sandalium—Sandal. 62 BIVALVES. —MYTILUS, MYTILUS.—Mosc te. Animal allied to an Ascidia: Shell bivalve, rough, gene- rally affixed by a byssus or beard of silky filaments ; hinge mostly without teeth, with generally a subulate, excavated longitudinal line. Or the genus Mytilus there are enumerated sixty-four species; though some of these are a little indistinct in character, yet the greatest proportion of them bear a near alliance to the general form and habits of the common or eatable muscle. There are, indeed, some exceptions, such as the M. crista-galli (cock’s-comb oyster), and the M. margaritiferus (true mother-of-pearl] shell,) and others of a similar description; most of which give strong evi- dence of belonging to the Ostrea, rather than the Myti- lus genus. The hinge of the Mytilus is usually without teeth, hav- ing generally a subulate excavated line in place of them. Some species have, however, little denticulations with al- ternate grooves, which vary in number from ten to fifty ; in the M. niger, which has the greatest number, they amount to one hundred. The general appearance of muscles differs greatly, some being perfectly smooth, and beautifully marbled and va- riegated with fine coloring; others are elegantly radiated with purple and white, like a tulip; and some again are coarsely ribbed and grained with minute turbercles, and of one color only, such as black, blue, green, yellow, or brown. Most of them are indebted to their epidermis for whatever outward color they may possess; when this BIVALVES.—MYTILUS, 63 is removed, so different a surface is often presented, that even an adept might be puzzled to recognize two shells of the same species. In some specimens the epidermis is bearded or shaggy. Ina few instances, the valves gape, as in the M. bilocularis, and other similar species. The greater part of this genus exhibit internally a pearly appearance, and scme (when uncoated and polish- ed) afford the brightest radiance possible. The M. mar- garitiferus is admired for the iridescent colors it displays, and is, moreover, famous for the fine and valuable pearls it engenders within its silvery valves. The young shells of this species, are sometimes so different to the adults in appearance that they canscarcely be known for the same, Some of the Mytili possess the faculty of penetrating coral-rocks, hard marble, and limestone. Of this class are the M. lithophagus and M. rugosus; the latter is sometimes found in lakes as well as the sea. A few species, on a superficial glance, might be mistaken as belonging to the genus Mya; viz. the M. versicolor, M. discors, and M. afer; but, by a minute inspection of the hinge, the error would soon be discovered. The M. edulis affixes itself to other bodies, by means of a silky byssus; it isfound in immense beds or layers, con- sisting of many myriads. The M. crista-galli, &c. form exceptions to the general habits of the shells of this genus, for they attach them- selves to Gorgonia and other bodies by a formation of the shell itself, which has the appearance of several dis- tinct claws or hands. The M. cygneus and M. anatinus, (both fresh-water species), frequently become the food of birds and aquatic fowls. The Mytili from the rivers in Africa, are often of great beauty when polished, and exhibit fine colors. 64 BIVALVES.——MYTILUS. The Indian, Atlantic, American, and Northern oceans produce many species; some are also from New Zealand, the Mediterranean, Russian, and Red seas. MYTILUS.—Muscle. A.—PaRASITICAL, AFFIXED BY CLAWS. Crista-galli--Cock’s-comb Oyster. Hyotis—Gt. finger Muscle. , Frons—Leaf. B.—FLAT, OR COMPRESSED: SLIGHTLY EARED. Margaritiferus— Mother of Pearl. Unguis—WNail. C.—VENTRICOSE OR CONVEX. Lithophagus— Burrowing. Rugosus—Rugged. Bilocularis— Two-celled. Exustus—Rose-colored. Barbatus—Bearded. *Edulis—Eatable. *Incurvatus—IJncurved. Pellucidus—Pellucid. *U mbilicatus— Umbilicated. *Curtus—Short. Ungulatus— Ox-hoof. Bidens—Furrow-cap. * Modiolus—Smooth. *Cygneus—Swan. *Anatinus—Duch. Viridis—Green. Ruber—Red. Albus— White. Ater—Black. * Discors—Discordant. Hirundo—Swallow. Pholadis—Pholas. Striatulus—Cross Beak. Vulgaris—Small. Plicatus—Plaited. Niveus—Snowy. Afer— African. Smaragdinus—Emerald-green. Versicolor—Variegated. Coralliophagus—Coral-piercer. Lineatus—Lined, Faba—Bean. Fluviatilis—Fluviatile. Fuscus—Brown. Mammarius—Mammillary. Persicus—Persian. Pictus—Painted. Fasciatus—Banded. BIVALVES,— PINNA. 65 Undatus— Waved. Stagnalis—Fresh-water. Purpureus—Purple. Zellensis—Geenish-yellow. Saxatilis—Rock. Roseus—Rosy. Argenteus—Silvery. Puniceus—Ventricose. Fulgidus—Shining. Niger—Black. Azureus—Azure. Levigatus—Smooth. Murinus—Mouse-colored. Dubius—Doubtful. Testaceus— Testaceous. Polymorphus—Cellular. Virgatus—Striped. Canaliculatus—Canaliculated. Cordatus—Heart-shaped. Rostrum—Sharp-beaked, Camelli— Camelli’s, PINNA.—Fin Suewu, Nacre, or Sea-WIna. Animal—a Limaz ; Shell bivalve, fragile, upright, gaping atone end, and furnished with a byssus or beard ; hinge without teeth, the valves united into one. Tue number of species contained in this genus is limited to eighteen, and some of those are so alike, as barely to admit of being called distinct. — The usual form of the Pinne is allied to that of the larger species of muscles, being long and tapering, narrow at the beaks, and gradually expanding to a considerable breadth at the opposite extremity: there are some in- stances where the form is more compressed. The Pinnz are by no means so entire or solid as the muscles, for they are (with few exceptions) exceedingly brittle or fragile in substance, and almost invariably gape at one end. 66 BIVALVES.— PINNA,. The greatest portion of the Pinnz have longitudinal ribs, on which are placed elevated transverse stric, often terminating in imbricated arched scales, and prominent canaliculated tubular spines; the P. rudis and P. muricata, may be adduced as examples: in the younger shells of these two species, the spines appear only as minute prickles. In other specimens, as the P. saccata (satchel), &c. the ribs are not so articulate, but are more undulated, and perfectly free from scales or spines. The Pinnz have usually a horn-like appearance, which is often overcast with a steel-blue or copper-colored gloss. The hinge is invariably without teeth; the valves never- theless adhere so closely in the region of the beaks, that they appear as if united together. Some of the young shells of this genus are less than an inch in length, but the adults often exceed three feet. This genus produces, in large quantities, a very fine sort of byssus or beard, which the Maltese frequently con- vert into sundry articles of wearing apparel, vieing in appearance with the finest silk. The Pinnz are usually found in smooth water and bays, with the smaller end sticking in the mud or sand, and the wide end a little open. The animal, in some places, is accounted excellent food. The Mediterranean produces Pinne in great number: they are also to be found in the Indian, American, Atlan- tic, and European oceans; as well as in the Adriatic and Red seas. The Pinna, probably, derives its name from its resem- blance to a wing, or fin of a fish. BIVALVES. — PINNA, 67 PINNA.—Sea Wing. Rudis—Rough. Pectinata—Spiny. Nobilis—Great. *Muricata—Muricated. Rotundata—Giant. Squamosa—Scaly. Carnea—Flesh-color’ d. Saccata—Satchel. Digitiformis— White. Lobata—Lobed. Vitrea—Britile. Incurva—IJncurved. Bicolor—Two-colored. Exusta—Pear-shaped. Vexillum—Banner. Papyracea—Paper. Sanguinea—Red. Bullata—Studded. OS UNIVALVES. — ARGONAUTA. ORDER III. Gnivalyes, I. SHELLS OF ONE PART ONLY, AND HAVING A REGULAR SPIRE. ARGONAUTA.—Paper Saitor. Animal—a Clio: Shell univalve, spiral, involute, mem- branaceous, one celled. THE genus Argonauta contains but five species: in so small a number, much variety is not to be expected. The form resembles a scroll, with a large aperture. The surface is ornamented with canaliculated grooves, proceeding from the summit to the outer margin, which is generally bicarinated; but in the A. vitrea (the glassy nautilus) the margin is single: this is the most rare and beautiful species of the genus.* * There are only three shells of this species known; one in the possession of the Earl of Mountnorris, another in the Public Col- lection at Paris, and a third in the cabinet of a French gentleman. UNIVALVES.— ARGONAUTA., 69 The Argonaute are remarkable for their excessive thin. ness, brittleness, and lightness. The A.argo, usually known by the name of the Paper Nautilus, is supposed, in the early ages of society, to have first taught men the use of sails. A mucilaginous animal, called Poulpe, is often mista- ken for the paper-nautilus; it isseen sailing on the ocean with its arms erect, and a membrane thrown out between them, by which means it is driven forward, like a vessel under sail. The Mediterranean often has whole fleets of these diminutive navigators floating upon its calm sur- face. The color of the Argonautz is mostly blueish, or yel- lowish-white, having the keel often tinged with a brown- ish hue. As to size, the Argonaute differ greatly; the A. argo, for instance, often attains ten or twelve inches in width; while the A. cornu and A. arctica seldom ex- ceed three or four lines in diameter. The Mediterranean and Indian seas produce some va- rieties; others are found at the Cape of Good Hope; and some inhabit the Northern and Greenland seas. None of this genus have hitherto been found fossil. They are supposed to have derived their name from the Argonauts. ARGONAUTA.—Paper Sailor. Argo—Paper Nautilus. Cymbium—Minute. Vitreus—Glassy. Cornu—Horn-shaped. Arctica—4rctic. 70 UNIVALVES.— NAUTILUS. NAUTILUS.—Pearty Sartor. Animal—(vide Rumpf. Mus. tab. 17, fig. B.) Shell uni- valve, divided into several compartments, communicating with each other by an aperture. Tis genus contains thirty-one species, which are all nearly allied in general formation and structure. The most characteristic mark of the genus is, that the whirls are generally divided into distinct compartments or cham- bers, connected by a slender syphon, which runs spirally through the shell. This syphon is in some species cen- tral, and in others contiguous to the surface. The shells of the first and second divisions are spiral or scroll-like; but, in the third, they are dentiform, and resemble the dentalia. The whirls in the first division are contiguous, while, in the second and third, they are detached. The N. pompilius, when bisected, exhibits in an emi- nent degree the pearly concamerations for which this ge- nus is distinguished. The inhabitants of the East often convert fine specimens of the above species into drinking cups; they carve the surface into various devices and or- naments, and also frequently remove the outer coating en- tirely, by which the beautiful pearly appearance of the shell becomes visible. The umbilicated varieties of this species are exceedingly rare. The size of the Nautili differs exceedingly ; some are so small as only to be defined by the microscope, while others, especially some of the fossil species, exceed two feet in diameter. UNIVALVES.— NAUTILUS. 71 Some species of this genus are found adhering to coral rocks; the N. siphunculus is often found on the coral reefs on the Sicilian shores. Of the fossil species, the N. helicites and N. belemnita are worthy of notice, the former as coming from St. Pe- ter’s Mountain at Maestricht; and the latter from the po- pular belief of its being a thunderbolt, and only to be met with after a storm. The N. belemnita is found in most parts of Europe, and, when burnt or rubbed, smells like rasped horn. The American and Indian oceans, and the Mediterra- nean, Adriatic, and Red seas, produce some of the species of the Nautili; but by far the greater number are found on the British, and most of the European coasts. NAUTILUS,.—Sailor. A,.—SPIRAL, ROUNDED, W!TH CONTIGUOUS WHIRLS. Pompilius—Great-chambered. *Crassulus—Strong. *Calcar—Spur. * Lobatulus—Lobed. *Crispus—Keel-edged. *Carinatulus—Keeled. *Beccarii— Beccaria’s *Subarcuatulus—Subarcuated. *Levigatulus—Smooth. Balthicus—Baltic. *Depressulus—Compressed. Helicites—Fossil. *Umbilicatulus— Umbilicated. Rugosus—Rugged. Umbilicatus— Oblique jointed. B.—SPIRAL, ROUNDED, WITH SEPARATE WHIRLS. Spirula—Ram’s-horn. Spengleri— Spengler’s. Unguiculatus—Nail-shaped. 72 UNIVALVES,. — NAUTILUS. C.—ELONGATED AND NEARLY STRAIGHT. Semilituus—Semicrozier. Radicula—Bulbous-jointed. Lituus—Crozier. Fascia—Banded. Obliquus— Odliquely-striated. Inzqualis— Unequal. Raphanistrum—Twelve-striated Siphunculus— Piped. Raphanus—Seventeen-striated. | Legumen—Pod. Granum—FEight-striated. Orthocera—Carinated. *Belemnita— Thunder-bolt. CONUS.—Cone. Animal—a Limax: Shell univalve, convolute, turbinate ; aperture effuse, longitudinal, linear, without teeth, en- tire at the base; pillar smooth. OF this beautiful and valuable genus, only seventy-one are described as distinct species; but that number is cer- tainly much less than the real amount. The Cones are very similar in form, their principal dif- ferences consisting in the coloring, marking, and band- ing; yet, form sometimes assists their arrangement into classes: for instance, those which have a subtruncated base, as the C: marmoreus and C. imperialis, constitute one division. Another division is formed of those spe- cies which are pyriform and rounded at the base, and have a thick structure: of these, the C. betulinus and C. glau- cus may be adduced as examples. The C. textile and C. aulicus have a ventricose shape, and are characteristic of the third division: they nearly resemble the C. tulipa, UNIVALVES.— CONUS. 73 C. geographicus, and C. bullatus, but are distinguished by having a wider aperture, and being more inflated. Most of the cones have a smooth surface, and bear a high natural polish; but some, as the C. nussatella and and C. granulatus, are covered with granulated transverse strize, and even globular tubercles. No other genus can vie with the Conus for the beauty and diversity of the coloring and marking; and none per- haps holds so important a station in collections. e lines on the C. literatus often resemble Hebrew, Greek, or Arabic characters; and the C. ebrzeus exhibits simi- lar appearances. In other species the colors are arrang- ed into different shades of cloudings, veins, marblings, dots, stripes, bands, or reticulations. Among the rarities may be enumerated the C. ammi- ralis or admiral cone, the vice-admirals, guinea-admirals, and the varieties of the zebra cones from the South Seas; most of which, when fine, are frequently estimated at from five to twenty guineas. But this price appears trifling when compared with the value of the C. cedo- nulli; which, incredible as it may appear, was estimated at one hundred guineas! and a fine C. gloria maris, (a va- riety of the C.textile,) is, even at the present time, esti- mated at fifty guineas. The following are also considered rare and beautiful, the C. aurisiacus, C. glaucus, C. no- bilis, C. arachnoides, and the C. cingulum, which is sur- rounded with an elevated girdle, and is found at the Friendly Isles. The far greater number of species are found in the In- dian ocean; some are brought from the shores of Africa and America; and others from the South Seas. 74 UNIVALVES, — CONUS. CONUS.—Cone. A.—SPIRE OR TURBAN NEARLY TRUNCATED. Marmoreus—Black Tiger. Virgo—Virgin. Imperialis—IJmperial Crown. Capitaneus—Captain. Literatus—Alphabet. |“ Tribunus—Tribune. Generalis—Flambeau. Miles—Sergeant. Cingulum—Belted. B.—PyYRIFORM, WITH A ROUNDED BASE; CYLINDER HALF AS LONG AGAIN AS THE SPIRE. Princeps—Persian Robe. Betulinus—Butter Firkin. Ammiralis—Admiral. Figulinus—Oak-bark. 1 Larvatus—Without-bands. Ebraeus—Hebrew. 2 Americanus—American. Stercus-muscarum—Fly-spot. a Anglicus—English. Varius—Various. b Coronatus—Coronated. Achatinus—A gate. a Regius—Royal. Radiatus—Radiated. a Ordinarius—Ordinary. Leoninus—Lion Rampoe b Guineensis—Guinea. Jaspideus—Jasper. c Surinamensis—Surinam. Nebulosa—Clouded, a Summus—High Admiral. Oculatus—White-eyed. Occidentalis— Western. Coffexe—Coffee. a Cedo-nulli— Matchless. Amadis—False Admiral. Vicarius—Banded. Fulmineus—Lightning. Senator—Senator. Arachnoides—Spider’s web. Nobilis— Yellow Tiger. Costatus—Ribbed. Genuanus—Guinea Admiral. Leucostictus—Marbled. 2 Papilio—Butterfly’s wing. Citrinus—Citron. Glaucus—Blue or Grey. Insularis—Insular. Monachus—Monk. Coronatus—Coronated. Minimus—Smal]. _ Punctatus—Fawn-colored. Rusticus—Rugged. Zeylanicus—Ceylon. Mercator—Net-work. * Solidus— Thick. UNIVALVES.——CONUS. 79 C.—ELONGATED, AND ROUNDED AT THE BASE; CYLINDER AS LONG AGAIN AS THE SPIRE. Clavus— Yellow-veined. Nussatella—Granulated. Terebellum—Tapering. Coccineus—Scarlet. Letus— Variegated. Ochroleucus— Yellowish, Levis—Smooth. Affinis— Commandant. Violaceus— Violet. Granulatus—Grained. Polyzonius—Many-zxoned. Bifasciatus— 7 wo-banded. Niveus— White. Aurisiacus— Orange. Magus—WMagician. Striatus—Great Spectre. Textile—Gold Brocade. Aulicus—Courtier. Thome—St. Thomas’s. Sinensis—Chinese. Spectrum—Spectre. Bullatus—Bubdble. Tulipa—Tulip. Geographicus—Map. Nubecula—Clouded. Spurius—Spurious. Vexillum—Flag. Ventricosus—Ventricose. CYPR#A.—Cowry or Gowrie. Animal—a Slug: Shell univalve, involute, subovate, smooth, obtuse at each end; aperture effuse, linear, ex- tending the whole length of the shell, and toothed on each side. Tis beautiful genus contains no less than a hundred and twenty species, and these may be subdivided into many hundred varieties. The shells when arrived at maturity have their two lips always beset with strong articulate teeth, which is the characteristic mark of the genus. 76 UNIVALVES,—CYPRAEA. The Cyprze, though very similar in form, possess suffi- cient distinctions to constitute four divisions: the first in- cludes those that have a manifest spire, such as the C. Arabica, C. amethystea (the young of C. Arabica), C. exanthema, C.plumbea (the young of C. exanthema), and C. oculata. Those, on the contrary, which are with- out a manifest spire, form the second division; as the C. caput-serpentis (snake’s head), and C. mauritiana. The third division is composed of the umbilicated or perforat- ed varieties; such as the C. ziczac, C. asellus, &e. And those species which are marginated, form the fourth class: viz. the C, moneta, and C. annulus, &c. The C. moneta is fished up by the negro women, three days before or after full moon, and transported into Bengal, Siam, Ame- rica, and the adjacent islands; where it is used by the native blacks, as a sukstitute for money. Most of the Cowries are smooth glossy shells, of ex- quisite brilliancy of color, and elegantly marked with dots, zigzag lines, undulations, streaks, &c.; which are beautifully exemplified in the C. mappa, the C. argus, and the C. testudinaria. To these may be added the C. vitellus, the C. carneola, the C. talpa, and others of the like description. Some of the species, however, have but little coloring, and have’ their surfaces covered with small globular tuberculations or warts, as the C. nucleus, C. pustulata, C. staphylea, &c. The C. pediculus is marked with proximate parallel elevated ribs or strize. One of the largest and most valuable Cowries is the C. aurantium, or orange cowry, which is found, though very rarely, at the Friendly Isles. Of the smaller cowries, - the C. rubiginosa and the C.pustulata are considered rare. 7 The greater proportion of the Cypreee are found in the UNIVALVES, —CYPREA, 17 Indian ocean; many, however, come from the American, African, and Mediterranean shores; some also from the South seas. CYPR/A.—Cowry. A.—WITH a MANIFEST SPIRE. Exanthema—False Argus. Livida—Pale-yellow. -Mappa—Map. Gibba—Gibbous. Arabica—Nutmeg. Turbinata—Turbinated. Argus—Argus. Venerea—Gold- spotted. Testudinaria—Tortoise-shell. Purpurescens—Purple. Stercoraria—Livid. Albida— White. Carneola—Carnelian. Rufescens—Reddish. Zebra—Zebra. Translucens—Translucent. Talpa—Burnt-mouthed. Punctulata—Dotted. Amethystea—Amethystine. Tigrina— Tiger. Lurida—Pale. Dubia— Doubtful. Vanelli—Saffron-throated. Trifasciata. Triple-banded. Lota—Blushing. Conspurcata—Speckled. Fragilis— Brittle. Bifasciata—Double-banded. Guttata—Dotted. Cylindrica—Cylindrical. Cinerea—Ash-colored. Teres—Long. Plumbea—Black-lead. Ovata—Ovate. Oculata— Eyed. Minuta—Minute. Histrio—Harlequin. Sanguinolenta—Red-spotted. Aurantium—Orange. Fasciata—Banded. Ferruginosa—Ferruginous. Regina— Queen. Undulata— Waved. B.—OBTUSE, WITHOU® A MANIFEST SPIRE. Caput-serpentis—Snake’s-head. Vitellus—Fallow Deer. Reticulum—WNet. Mus—Mouse. Mauritiana—Surinam Toad. ‘Tigris—Leopard, 78 UNIVALVES.W_CYPREA, Flammea—Flame. Olivacea— Olive. Foeminea— Young. Lynx—Lynz. Isabella—Orange-tipt. Ambigua—Ambiguous. Scurra—Green-spot. C.—UMBILICATED OR PERFORATED. Onyx—Onyz. Clandestina—Obsolete. Succincta—Banded. Ziczac—Zigzag. Hirundo—Swallow. Asellus— Wasp. Errones—Olive-mottled. Ursellus—Great Bear. Pyrum—Pear. Maculosa—Spotted. Pulla—Russet. Indica—Jndian. Ovum—Egg. Felina—Feline. Atomaria—Four-spotted. Nebulosa—Clouded. Ochroleuca—Ochraceous. Stellata—Starred. Subflava— Yellowish. Leucogaster— White- bellied. Variolosa— W hite-spotted. Fulva—Saffron. Leucostoma— White-mouth. Lineata—Lined. Cancellata—Cancellated. Lutea—Brownish. Badia—Bay-colored. Punctata—Dotted. Zonaria—Zoned. Conoidea—Conic. D.—MARGINED. Cribraria—=Sieve. Moneta— Money. Annulus—Ring. Caurica—Dark-spotted. Erosa— White-dotted. Derosa—Jagged. Flaveola—Ochreous. Spurca—Narrow-margined. Oblonga— Oblong. Stolida—Square-spotted. Helvola—Star. Ocellata—Black-eyed. Poraria— White spot. *Pediculus—Louse. Nucleus— Wrinkled. Madagascariensis--Madagascar. Staphylesa—Groove-backed. Cicercula— Vetch. Globulus— Pearl. Affinis—Subglobular. Squalina—Squalid. Fimbriata—Fimbriated. Cruenta—Rufous. Reticulata—Netted. UNIVALVES.—CYPREA. TY Rubiginosa—ZJron-mould. Angustata—Narrow. Miliaris— White-eyed. Similis—Black-spotted. Acicularis—Acicular. Striata—Striated. Crassa— Thick. Chinensis—Chinese. Vinosa—Claret. Pusilla— Small. BULLA.—Drprer or Busegte. Animal—a Limax: Shell univalve, convolute, unarmed with teeth: aperture a little straitened, oblong, longitu- dinal, very entire at the base; pillar oblique, smooth. Tus genus, which contains fifty-two species, is in some instances so nearly allied to the preceding, that much caution is necessary to prevent confusion in the classifica- tion; so great indeed is the difficulty of distinguishing the young shells of the Bulla and Cyprza that the two genera have been intermixed by some authors. How- ever, one grand mark of distinction in this genus is, that, in whatever stage of growth its species are found, they ne- ver have teeth on both their lips; the pillar-lip being in- variably free from any appearance of denticulations; while in the Cypreee, both the pillar and outer lips are crenated with very articulate and prominent teeth. There is also a greater variety of form in the Bulle than in the Cy- preee. Some species, as the B. volva, or weaver’s shuttle, are of an elongated form, having the Jength much increas- ed by two produced beaks: this shell, though far from beautiful, is accounted a great rarity, and, when fine, bears a high price. 80 UNIVALVES,—BULLA. The next variation of form is discernible in the B.ovum, or poached egg, of which there are two varieties: the com- mon, from Amboyna, is white without, and yellow with- in; the rarer, from the Friendly Isles, is white without, and pink within. These shells are less beaked and more gibbous than the B. volva, and lead into the following or- bicular species; viz. the B.naucum, B. physis, B. ampulla, &c. These are without teeth, and rather umbilicated. The B. terebellum is an exception to the general form of the Bulla, its shape being remarkably long and slen- der, and resembling a lengthened olive. Some of the Bulle, as the B. ficus, and B. rapa, are ve- ry similar to the genus murex: the latter species is es- teemed ararity; the former, on the contrary, is common, and very much resembles the shape of a fig. The B. zebra, B. bifasciata, B. achatina, and other simi- lar species, are land shells; in form, they are nearly al- lied to the genus helix. It is remarkable, that the ani- mals which inhabit them are oviparous. The reverse va- rieties, that is to say, those having their whirls or spires twisted contrary to the usual direction, and having, at the same time, their mouths placed on the opposite side, are highly valued. The B. purpurea inhabits Africa, and is found in rice fields. Some species of this genus are remarkable for the brit- tleness and lightness of their shells; such are the B. velum, B. vesica, &c. The inhabitant of the B. lignaria, and, in all probabi- lity, of many other species, is furnished with an organ call- ed a gizzard, of a testaceous nature. - The different species of this genus are to be found in the Mediterranean, African, American, Indian, European, and Northern seas. UNIVALVES —BULLA. 81 The Bulla, probably, derives its name from some of the lesser species resembling a dew-drop, or bubble of water. BULLA.—Dipper. Ovum—Poached Egg. Volva— Weaver's Shuttle. Birostris—False Weaver’s Shuttle Spelta—Oblong. Verrucosa—Warted. Gibbosa—Camel. Naucum—Sea Nut. *Aperta— Open. *Hydatis—Paper. *Ampulla—Lapwing’s Egg. *Lignaria— Wood. *Regulbiensis—Produced. Physis—Hair-streaked. Amplustra—Rose-bud. Ficus—Fig. Rapa—Turnip. Canaliculata—Canaliculated. Conoidea—Conic. *Fontinalis—Fresh-water. *Hypnorum—Slender. Turrita—Turreted. Gelatinosa—Gelatinous. Terebellum—Auger. Cyprea—Cowry. Virginea—Orange Flag. Fasciata—Banded. Strigata— Yellow-streaked. Striatula—Striated. Exarata—Grooved. Bifasciata—Double-banded. Ambigua— Ambiguous. Zebra—Striped. Achatina—A gate. Hyalina—Glassy. Ovata—Ovate. Ferruginosa—Rust-spotted. Velum—White-banded. Vesica—Bladder. *Cylindrica— Cylindrical. Oliva—Olive. Voluta—Volute. Dominichensis—S¢. Domingo. Purpurea—Purple-nouthed. Spreta—Mean. Solida—Solid. Stercus-pulicum—Flea-spot. Scabra—Rough. Akera—Elastic. Soluta— Unsealed. Truncata—Truncated. Carnea—Flesh-colored. Patula—Patulous. G S82 UNIVALVES.__ VOLUTA. VOLUTA.—Vo.uteE or WREATH. Animal—a Limax : Shell one-celled, spiral; aperture with- out a beak, and somewhat effuse ; pillar twisted or plait- ed, generally without lips or perforation. Tue one hundred and forty-four species of this genus are more or less celebrated for their beauty or scarcity; and are easily distinguished from all other Univalves, by their having several teeth or plaits on the columella or pillar- lip. In some species, the number of teeth amounts only to four or five; but, in others, as in the olives, it is un- limited, and frequently extends to as many as thirty or forty, when they are much smaller and less articulate. The Volutes are generally of a smooth and polished surface; among the exceptions may be mentioned the V. turbinellus, V. ceramica, V. capitellum, and many of the mitres. Among the innumerable varieties of the olives, the camp or panama (V. castrensis) is most conspicuous, not only for the peculiarity and beauty of its marking, but also for the considerable magnitude it attains. The rest of the species of the olives, as the V. oliva, V. ispidula, and V. utriculus, &c. although not remarkable for their scar- city, are much admired for their astonishing beauty and variety. | Some of the rarer Volutes are the produce of the land, and are curiously distinguished from the rest of the genus by having their mouths shaped like the human ear; such are the V. auris-Mide, V. auris-Sileni, V. auris-Jude, V. auris-Malchi, &c. Thethree first are foundin the marshy UNIVALVES.— VOLUTA. 83 woods and swamps of India, and are numbered among the rarities of the genus. The last is an inhabitant of New Caledonia. The fusiform or spindle-shaped volutes constitute a large portion of the genus, and are usually known by the name of mitres; some of them are very elegantly formed and finely tinted in their coloring. The species most worthy of remark are the V. patriarchalis, the V. cardi- nalis, V. papalis, and V. episcopalis or bishop’s mitre, which is frequently found in India ; the inhabitant or fish is said to be of a poisonous nature, and to wound with a kind of pointed trunk those who touch it. The natives of the island of Tanna fix these shells in handles, and use them as hatchets. Among the rest of the elongated form may be enumerated the V. sanguisuga, V. caffra, V. vul- pecula, and V. plicaria, some of which are considered rare. , The V. musica, or music shell, though not rare, is very interesting, from the circumstance of having its markings arranged in parallel lines, like the lines or a stave in mu- sic, upon which are placed small dots or punctures, in exact resemblance of the notes and other characters used in music. The wild music or bat Volute (V. vespertilio) is a curious variety of the above; as is also the V. Hebrea, which is esteemed a rarity. Among the more beautiful species of the Volutes, are the V. vexillum or orange flag Volute, V. imperialis, V. pacifica, the V. lapponica, V. scapha, and V. Magel- lanica. The species of Volutes called Melons are mostly of a large size; and some of them, as the V. Athiopica or Ethiopian crown, and its varieties, have their whirls or spires surrounded with elevated hollow spines, forming a G2 84 UNIVALVES.— VOLUTA. perfect coronation or thorny crown: most of this division are papillary at the tip, The heavy and angulated turnips are worthy of notice among the Volutes, not only on account of their great size, but for their excessive weight, which, in comparison to most other shells, is really immense. The V. fossilis has hitherto only been found in a fossil state. The different species of Volutes are found in various parts of the world; but, in all probability, the Indian seas produce the most; though the Atlantic, Pacific Northern, and European oceans, also yield their supplies. VOLUTA.—Volute. A.—APERTURE ENTIRE. Auris-Mide—Midas’ ear. Auris-Sileni—Silenus’ ear. Flammea—Flame. Auris-Judea—Judas’ ear. Sulcata—Grooved. Auris-Malchi—Malchus’ ear. Bifasciata—Double-banded. *T ornatilis—Double-banded. Flava— Yellow. *Tonensis—Jona. Minuta— Minute. * Alba— White. Pusilla—Very small. Solidula—Strong. Glabra—Smooth. Livida—Livid. Coftzea—Coffee. B.—SUBCYLINDRICAL, EMARGINATED. Porphyria—Camp Olive. Hiatula—Gaping. Oliva—Olive. Jaspidea—Jasper. Annulata—Ringed. Nivea—Snowy. Dtriculus— Quaker. Ispidula—Enamelled, Carneolus—Carnelian. UNIVALVES, — VOLUTA. 85 C.—OBOVAL, EFFUSE, EMARGINATED. Dactylus—Sia-plaited. Miliaria—Millet. Monilis—Necklace. Exilis—Brown-banded. Persicula—Red-spotted. *Pallida—Pallid. Faba—Bean. Glabella—Polished. Prunum—Plumb. Reticulata—Reticulated. Mercatoria—Clouded. Rustica—Rustic. Paupercula—Pauper. Mendicaria—Beggar. Cancellata—Cancellated. Elegans—Elegant. Ovum—Egg. Marginata—Margined. Nucea—WNut. Conus—Conic. D.—FUuUSIFORM. Tringa—Decorticated. Cornicula—Horn-colored. Virgo—Virgin. Scabriuscula—Roughly striated. Ruffina—Reddish. Nubila—Clouded. Sanguisuga— Leech. Caffra—Caffre. Morio—Tawny. Acus—Needle. Vulpecula—Fozx-like. Plicaria—Folded. Bullata—Bubble. Crenulata—Crenulated. Scutulata—Scutcheon. Nigra—Black. Subdivisa—Subdivided. Cruentata—Knotty-ribbed. Exasperata—Granulous. Granosa—Grained. Casta—Brown-banded. Leucozonias— W hite-striped. Maculosa—Spotted. Nodulosa—Nodulous. Spadicea—Five-plaited. Aurantia—Orange. Decussata—Decussated. Polygona—Polygonal. Acuminata—Acuminated. Biplicata—Two-plaited. Turricula— Tower. Lineata— White-lined. Discors—Discordant. Striata—Striated. Sulcata—Grooved. Levigata—Smooth. Ocellata—Eyed. Nasuta—Black-spotted. Marmorea—WMarbDled. Barbadensis—Barbadoes. Clathrata—Latticed. Tricolor—Tessellated. Turrita—Turreted. Syracusana—Syracusan. 86 MNIVALVES.— VOLUTA. Nitens—Polished. Citrina—Citron. Mucronata—Perforated. Rugosa— Wrinkled. Strigosa—Red-striated. Fossilis—Fossil. Leucosticta— White-girdled. Clathrus—Cancellated. Virgata—Ribbed. Leucostoma— White-mouthed. Variegata—Variegated. Filaris—Narrow. Volva—Whitish. Ziervogelii— Thick-lipped. Rhinoceros—Rhinoceros. Costata—Ribbed. Spuria—Spurious. Pertusa—Punctured. Cardinalis—Cardinal’s Mitre. Episcopalis—Bishop’s Mitre, Papalis—Papal Mitre. Patriarchalis—Patriarch’s Mitre Musica—Music Shell. Vespertilio—Bat Music. Arabica—Arabic. Hebraea—Oriental Music. Turbinellus—Devil. Capitellum—Ridged. Ceramica—Long Devil. Pyrum— Turnip. Laponica—Spotted Music. Vexillum—Orange Flag. Flavicans— Yellowish. Rupestris—Lightning Music. Nassa—Ribbed-spire. Craticulata—Gridiron. Spiralis—Spiral. Magellanica—Magellan. Filosa— Threaded. Fuscata—Brown. E.—VENTRICOSE; THE SPIRE PAPILLARY AT THE TIP. Ethiopica—Ethiopian Crown. Cymbium—Clouded Melon. Olla— Melon. Ampla—Broad. Neptuni—Neptune’s. Navicula—Gondola. Papillaris—Papillary. Indica—Spotted Melon. Scapha—Lightning. Cymbiola—Boat. Preeputium—WNipple. Glans—Reddish yellow. Reticulata—Reticulated. Spectabilis— Beautiful. UNIVALVES, — BUCCINUM. 87 BUCCINUM.—WHeELK. | Animal—a Limax: Shell univalve, spiral, gibbous, aper- ture ovate, terminating in a short canal, leaning to the right, with a retuse beak or projection; pillar-lip ex- panded. Tuis genus comprises two hundred species, which are remarkable for their great beauty and variety. The Buccinum may be distinguished from the G. Murex, (which it closely resembles), by its beak or canal being usually much shorter, and inclining to the right instead of the left; it is also generally more gibbous, which is particularly the case with those species called tuns and helmets. The tuns are for the most part of a brittle and light fabric, and although some of them grow to a large size, yet even then they retain their characteristic fragil- ity and thinness. The B, dolium, B. perdix, and the B. galea are the most common species; the latter of which sometimes ex- ceeds ten inches in diameter. The helmets, which compose the second division, are nearly allied to the tuns, but are distinguished by having both their lips, with few exceptions, crenated with strong articulated teeth; they are also covered with prominent protuberances or knobs. Among the species of this de- scription may be enumerated the B. plicatum, B. cornu- tum, and B. rufum, which is remarkable for its nodulous belts, and the fiery-red cclor of its mouth. The fifth division contains the Harps, which are con- sidered the most valuable and beautiful species of the ge- 88 UNIVALVES, — BUCCINUM. nus: among these may be particularized the B. har-— pa and B. costatum, the latter is commonly called the Many-ridged Harp, and surpasses all the other varieties in elegance and rarity. It is found at the Isle of France, - and has been sold for as large a sum as fifty pounds. Of the Scoops, which form a part of this division, the most common species are the B. patulum and B. monodon: there are two varieties of the B. persicum, both of which are considered rare. Many species of the fifth, sixth, and seventh divisions resemble in form the B. undatum or common English whelk: such are the B. spiratum (which has its whorls channelled or spirally grooved), B. scala, and Buccinum Japillus, whose animal yields a fine durable purple die. The inhabitant of the English whelk is often eaten. The Buccinum bezoar has its whirls surmounted with rows of Foliations; andis, therefore, generally called the Foliated Bulb. The B. tuba and B. spadiceum are so nearly al- lied to the genus murex, that it remains still a matter of doubt in which they ought to be classed. The last division of Buccina is more distinct than any hitherto enumerated; it comprises those shells which are usually known by the name of needles, on account of their sharp, lengthened, and spiral form; and, though by no means rare, they are often elegantly marked. The most common species isthe B. maculatum or marline-spike, which sometimes exceeds nine inches in length: some of the other species, as the B. subulatum and B. crenula- tum, are very beautiful. The B. fluviatile, the B. flumineum, and the B. virgine- um, are fresh water species. The African, American, Indian, European, and South- eri oceans produce the greater part of the species; UNIVALVES.—— BUCCINUM. 89 many are found on the British shores; and also some few in the Mediterranean. This genus derives its name from some of its species being formed like a trumpet. BUCCINUM—Whelk. A.—INFLATED, ROUNDED, THIN, SUBDIAPHANOUS, AND Olearium—Clouded Tun, Galea—Brown Tun. Perdix—Partridge Tun. Pomum— Thick-lipped. Dolium—sSpotted Tun. Caudatum—Beaked. BRITTLE. Niveum—Snowy. Clathratum—Latticed. *Lineatum—Spiral-lined. * Breve—Short. * Minimum—Smallest. *Obtusulum—Smaill obtuse. B.—WITH A SHORT EXSERTED, REFLECTED BEAK; LIP OUT- WARDLY UNARMED. *Minutum—Small. * Lzeeve—Smooth. *Obtusissinum—Very-obtuse. Echinophorum—Tuberculated. Plicatum—Plaited Helmet. Cornutum—Horned Helmet. . Rufum—Bull’s Mouth. ¥ Tuberosum—Casket. Flammeum—Tvriangular. Testiculus—Purse. Decussatum—Pincushion. Areola—Small-diced. Tigrinnm— Tiger. Undulatum—Waved. Cicatricosum—Cicatrised. Abbreviatum—Shortened. Pennatum—Feathered. Maculosum—Spotted. Bilineatum— Two-lined. Gibbum—Gibbous. Ventricosum—Ventricose. Strigosum—Spotted. Rugosom—Rugged-spire. Ponderosum—Heavy. Recurvirostrum—Recurved-beak Trifasciatum—T hree-banded. Senegalicum—Senegal. Ochrolecum—Ochraceous. Striatum—Striated. Cassis—Helmet. ~~ Tessellatum—Granulated-spire. Strigatum—Zeobra. Tyrrhenum— Tuscany. 90 UNIVALVES.—— BUCCINUM. C.—OUTER LIP PRICKLY, AT THE BASE. Erinaceus—Hedge-hog. Glaucum—Bezoar Helmet. Vibex—Agate C. Tessellatum—Tessellated. oy Nodulosum—Knobbed, Fimbria—Bordered. Papillosum—Prickly. Glans—Thread-girded. D.—PiLLAR LIP DILATED AND THICKENED. Arcularia—Fingers § Thumbs. *Pullus— Young. Gibbosulum—Gibbous. Mutabile—Changeable. Neriteum—Nerite shaped. E.—PILLAR LIP APPEARING AS IF WORN FLAT. Harpa—Musical Harp. “ Costatum—Many ridged H. Persicum—WNecklace Scoop. Monodon— Unicorn. Patulum— Wide-mouthed. Hemastoma—Bleeding-mouth. *Lapillus—Stone Shell. Smaragdulus—Emerald. Tuba—Fusiform. Pyrum—Pear-shaped. Spadiceum—Chesnut. Fossile—Fossil. Umbilicatum— Umbilicated. Candidum— White. Scala—Pully Whelk. Crassum—Coarse. Marginatum—WMargined. Labarynthus—Labarynth. Rusticum—Rustic. Varium—Varied. Filosum—Threaded. Coronatum—Coronated. Squalidum—Lurid. Crassum—Thick. Fornicatum—Nodulous. F.—SMOOTH AND NOT INCLUDED IN THE FORMER DIVISIONS. Spiratum—Joppa Whelk. Pyrozonias— Yellow-banded. Leviusculum—Fine-striated. Ocellatum—Lyed. Pyramidale—Pyramidal. Glaberrimum—~Smooth. Strigosum—~Spotted-mouth. Trifasciatum—T hree-banded. Leucozonias— White-banded. Cancellatum—Cancellated. Obtusum—Obtuse. Glabratum— Glossy. Stromboides—Strombus-shaped. Prerosum—Carious. Australe—New Zealand. Orbita—Cart-rut. Turgitum—Red-spotted. UNIVALVES.—~ BUCCINUM. 91 G. ANGULAR, AND NOT ENUMERATED IN THE FORMER DIVI- SIONS. Undosum— Undulated. Affine—Brown-striped. *Reticulatum—Reticulated. *Minutum—WMinute. Tranquebaricum—Tranquebar. Niveum—Snowy. Versicolor—Black and brown. Cruentatum—Red-spotted. Sulcatum—Grooved. Rumpfii—Rumpfius’. Bezoar—Foliated Bulb. Glaciale—Icy. *Undatum—English Whelk. *Striatum—Striated. Ciliatum—Ciliated. Viridulum—Greenish. Carinatum— Carinated. Solutum—Channeled. Texnia—Ribband. Lineatum—Lined. Macloviense— Waved. *F olorium—Leafy. Textum—Turreted. Strigosum— White striated. * Anglicum—British. *Porcatum—Rugged. Levissimum—Glabrous. Igneum—Red-waved. Plumatum—Painted. Lyratum—Lyre. Clathratum—Grated. Scalare—Broad-belted. Indicum—ZJndian. Nodulosum—Nodulous. Piscatorium—Knobbed. St. Mauritii—Six-toothed. Armillatum—Bracelet. Plicatulum—Plaited. *Vulgatum—Common. Stolatum— Brown-banded. Nanum—Dwarf. ~ Exile—Slender. Chalis—Chalis. Verrucosum—Knotted. Alatum— Winged. Nigropunctatum—Black-dotted. Nitidulum—Polished. Levigatum—Smooth. Lamellosum—Zamellous. Scutulatum—Streaked. Haustorium—Scoop. Ventricosum— Ventricose. Testudineum— Tortoise-shell. Catarracta—Long-striped. Tahitense—Otaheite. Lamellatum—Lamellated. H.—TAPERING, SUBULATE, SMOOTH. Maculatum—WMarlinspike. Subulatum—Tiger Spire. Crenulatum—Crenaied. Hecticum—AHectic. Vittatum—/illeted. Strigilatum—Strigilated. 92 UNIVALVES,— BUCCINUM. Duplicatum—Press-screw. Mucronatum—Pointed. Lanceatum—Lancet. [striped. Digitellus—Finger. *Dimidiatum—Orange § white- Obliquum—Oblique-striated. Murinum—Mouse-colored. Chalybeum—Steel-blue. Tigrinum—Tiger. Fluviatile—Fluviatile. Acus—WNeedle. Radiatum—Rayed. Succinctus—Girt. Lividulum—Livid. Commaculatum— Patched. Edentulum— Toothless. Hastatum—Javelin. Pugio—Dagger. Aciculatum—Acicular. Canaticulatum—Canaliculated. Phallus—Sinuated. Varicosum—Veined. Flumineum—ftiver. Cuspidatum—Acuminated. Asperum—Rough. Cinereum—Cinereous. Muricinum—WM urew-like. Virgineum— Virginia. Tuberculatum—Tuberculated. Proximatum—Prowimate. Punctulatum—Punctured. Monile—WNecklace. Acicula—Sharp-pointed. Cingulatum—Girdled. Fasciolatum—Banded. Geminum—Divided. Niveum—Snowy. *Obtusulum—Obtuse. ES eS STROMBUS.—WINGED or CLAW-SHELL. Animal—a Limax: Shell univalve, spiral ; aperture much dilated; the lip expanding, and produced into a groove leaning to the left. Tue distinguishing character of this genus, of which there are fifty-three species, consists in the position of its beak, which inclines to the left; but as the younger shells are sometimes wholly destitute of any beak, a confusion with many other genera is often difficult to be avoided. The Strombi seem to have a propensity to extend their outer lip, either into the form of an expanded wing, hence UNIVALVES.—STROMBUS. 93 called alatze or winged shells, or to continuc it into long and pointed claws: but these appearances are only mani- fest in adult shells. The most prominent species of the division which has the lips terminated by claws, are the following : S. chira- gra, S. scorpius, S. lambis, and S. millepeda. The num- ber of claws in the different species varies from six to ten, but the S. pes-pelicani has only four. In some speciesthey are nearly straight, and often smooth, while in others they are very much curved, and covered with waved nodules. The growth of these shells is worthy of notice. It has already been stated, that the very young shells have no appearance of claws, which first shew themselves in the form of short and open spouts; when the shells are farther advanced in growth, they assume the shape they are to retain, but are still thin, hollow, and imperfectly closed; and it is only in the adults that they become solid, and have a thick, strong, and horn-like appearance. Of the species of the second and third divisions, the S. oniscus is totally destitute of a winged termination; and the S. fasciatus, S. pugilis, and S. lentiginosus, exhi- bit only faint indications of that character: but in the S. gallus, S, auris-Dianz, S. latissimus, (a very rare spe- cies), and S. gigas, it is remarkably prominent. Some other species have nearly the same peculiarity: as the S. epidromis, the S. vittatus, S. canarium, &c. These latter species never grow to any magnitude, but some of the former, as the S. latissimus and S. gigas, frequently attain a considerable size. The S. luhuanus, S. gibberulus, &c. have some of their whirls very gibbous, and on that account they are often called Pouter-alati. Many of these are extremely 94 UNIVALVES. —STROMBUS. beautiful, having their mouths of a scarlet, pink, or orange color, and the interior of their shells of a rich blue, pur- ple, or yellow color. The turreted species, which constitute the shells of the fourth division, are distinguished into two classes: the one having a longitudinal fissure extending from the aper- ture to the summit; and the other, by having a length- ened spire, resembling the murices, Of this class, the two varieties of the S.fusus are characteristic examples. One variety has a short subulate beak, but the other, usu- ally called the long-beaked spindle, is much more taper- ing and delicate, and its beak, when perfect, is nearly as long as the rest of the shell. It comes from the Straits of Sunda, and is considered one of the great rarities in col- lections. Of the first class, the S.tuberculatus; S. pa- lustris, from the meadows or savannahs of the Indian ocean; S. ater, from the fens of Amboyna; and S. acule- atus, from the marshes of Africa, are sufficient examples. It may be observed, that the three last are land species, and are characterized by having their whirls more or less beset with sharp knobs or prickly spines. The Strom- bus sinister, which is found fossil in Helvetia, is remark- able for having its whirls turned contrary. The S. fis- surella is sometimes to be met with in India in a recent state, but is more frequently found fossil in Campania and in England. The African, Indian, American, and European oceans produce many species of this genus; and the Mediterra- nean, Red, and Arctic seas, only a few. UNIVALVES.—STROMBUS. 95 STROMBUS.— Winged or Claw-shell. A.—THE LIP PROJECTING INTO LINEAR DIVISIONS OR CLAWS. Fusus—Spindle. \ Scorpius—Scorpion. - *Pes-pelicani—Pelican’s foot. | Lambis—/Spider. , Chiragra—Devil’s claw. Millepeda—WMillepede. Clavus—Spike. B.—LoBEb. Lentiginosus—F7rog. Pugilis—Thick spined. Fasciatus—Banded. Alatus— Winged. Raninus—Thin lipped. Marginatus—Margined. Gallus—Plough. Luhuanas—Broad-lip. Auris-Diane—Ass’s_ ear. Gibberulus—Powter. Oniscus— Wood-louse. C.D ATED: Lucifer—Spiked Whelk. Urceus—Pitcher. Gigas—Pink Conch. Tridentatus—Three-toothed. Latissimus—Broad. Dentatus— Toothed. Epidromis—Main-Sail. Costatus— Ribbed. Minimus—Least. Bryonia—Blunt-tipped. Canarium—Paritridge. Affinis—Gibbous. Vittatus—Filleted. Latus—Broad. Succinctus—Girdled. Leevis—Smooth. Spinosus— Thorny. Vexillum—Flag. Fissurella—Fissured. Norwegicus—Norway. D.—TAPERING, WITH A VERY LONG SPIRE. Tuberculatus—Tuberculated. Aculeatus--Black Hercules club. Palustris—Ladle. Agnatus—Prominent-lip. Ater—Black. Dealbatus— Whitish. Lineatus—Lined. Fuscus—Brown. Punctatus—Red striated. Marginatus—Margined. Vibex—Red-waled. Lividus—Livid. Auritus—Eared. Striatus—Striated. Sinister— Left-handed. 96 UNIVALVES.—— MUREX. MUREX.—Rock or Trumret-SHett. Animal— a Limax: Shell univalve, spiral, rough, with membranaceous sutures ; aperture oval, ending in an entire, straight, or slightly ascending canal. THE most prominent character which distinguishes the one hundred and eighty-two species of the Murex from those of the two preceding genera, consists in the beak; which neither inclines to the right nor left, but is almost invariably straight, and very much produced, sometimes turning a little upwards. The murices are generally of an irregular form, arising from their surfaces being usually covered with spines, knobs, strize, or foliations. One division is peculiar for the uncommon length of beak, which most of its species are remarked for; the principal are the M. haustellum, and M. tribulus, cf which there are two varieties, the common called the thorny woodcock, and the rarer, af- ter the French, peigne de Venus, or Venus’s comb, which is not only considered a rarity, but is perhaps one of the most elegant shells of the genus; it is most beautifully adorned with thin and delicate spines, disposed longitudi- nally in three regular rows. To thissame division belong also the M. cornutus and M. brandaris; the former grows to a considerable size, and is by no means common. This division also includes some species that have a much shorter beak, and are more foliated than spinous; such are the M. trunculus, M. pomum, M. decussatus and M. radix; the latter grows to a considerable size and is much valued; its shell is beset with numerous rows of UNIVALVES. —— MUREX. 97 frondose, black, undulate spines; which being contrasted with opaque-white, renders it at once an object of great beauty and magnificence. The next class or division of the Murices comprises these species which are commonly called Triplices, or more properly Purpur., as the animals inhabiting most of the shells of this division possess the property of afford- ing a rich purple juice or liquid; from this circumstance the whole genus has by some authors been called Pur- pura. The shells have their sutures composed of crisped foliations and acute angular ramifications; among those best known are the pink and yellow-mouthed varieties of the M. saxatilis, which are exceedingly rare and beauti- ful. The number of rows in the foliated sutures differs considerably, some (as the M. ramosus, &c.) have only three, the M. scorpio has four, the M. saxtatilis five, and the M. diaphanus six. The next division is composed of the species that have their sutures thick, protuberant, and rounded; such are the M. lyratus, M. rana, M. lampas, M. lotorium, and M. femorale; the outer lip of the latter shell is frequent- ly imitated in the borders or rims of massy silver plate, hence called the gadroon border. In the species of the fourth division the form is more abbreviated and gibbous, they are also more or less spi- nous, and without a manifest beak: as in the M. ricinus, M. hippocastanum, and the varieties of the M. neritoideus ; most of which have rows of black tubercles and spines; some having purple, and others yellow mouths. The next and most numerous division of Murices is composed of those shells which have a long, straight, subulate beak, and unarmed with spines: such are the M. colus, of which there are many large and - beautiful H We UNIVALVES, — MUREX. varieties; M. Babylonius, &c. The M, Babylonius, and the other towers, have a small fissure or incision on the extremity of the outer lip, close to the termination of the first whirl, a peculiarity solely confined to these species. The M. rapa very much resembles the Bulla rapa, and a similar resemblance is manifest between the M. ficus and the Bulla ficus. ‘The reverse variety of the M. ficus, call- ed M. perversus, isa very rare species. The M. antiquus is also sometimes reversed. The animal of the M. de- spectus is often eaten, but is more generally used as a bait for cod and ray. The M. Tritonis, which is an inhabit- ant of the Mediterranean, Indian, and South Seas, is used by the natives of New Zealand as a musical shell, and by the Africans and many nations of the east as a military horn. It sometimes exceeds two feet in length. The M. gigas also sometimes measures twenty-one inches, The shells of the last division are tapering and subu- late, and have a short beak. Among them may be no- ticed, the M. vertagus, M. aluco, &c. The M. fasciatus and M. fluviatilis are inhabitants of the American rivers; and the M. Moluccanus is found in the marshes ef the Molucca islands. Another of the reverse species of Murices is the Murex contrarius. Of the rarer species may be mentioned the M. perversus, M. prismaticus, M. stramineus, M. radix, and M. aruanus, The M. costatus, M. leevigatus, M. fossilis, and M. Cam- panicus, are fossil species, and chiefly from Campania. The animal of the M. loco is eaten by the Chinese; it has a small vesicle in the neck, which contains a purple liquor. The numerous species and varieties of the Murices are from the following places: Pulo Condore, Guinea, Sene- UNIVALVES,.—— MUREX. 99 gal, Straits of Magellan; the European, northern, and southern seas; India, the Mediterranean, Adriatic, and Atlantic. This genus derives its name from many of its species being rough, like the sharp crags of a rock. MUREX. A.—SPINOUS, WITH A PRODUCED BEAK. Haustellum—Snipe’s Head. Pomum—Apple-shaped. Tribulus—Thorny Woodcock. Decussatus—Decussated. Cornutus—Horned Snipe. Triacanthus—Triple-spined. Brandaris——Thorny Snipe’s Head Melanamathos—Black-spined. Trunculus—Antique Purpura. Radix—Root. Candidus— White. Fasciatus—Banded. B.—SUTURE EXPANDING INTO CRISPED FCLIATIONS; BEAK AB- BREVIATED.—Purpura. Ramosus—Branched. Versicolor—Red and White. Foliatus—Foliated. *Erinaceus— Urchin. Scorpio—Skeleton. Striatus—Striated. Saxatilis—Endive Shell. Tripterus—Subtriangular. Diaphanus—Pellucid. Sacellum—Corded. Cichoreum—Succory. Motacilla— Wagtail. Triqueter—Three-fiamed. C.—WITH THICK, PROTUBERANT, ROUNDED SUTURES. Lyratus—Lyre. Femorale—Gadroon-whelk..— Rana—Frog. Cutaceus—Rough-skin. Gyrinus—Round-mouthed. Lotorium—Hog’s Snout. Affinis— Turgid. Pileare—Hairy. Lampas—Swiss Trowsers. Bufonius—Foolish. Olearium—Oil Jar. Pyrum—Pear. H 2 100 Caudatus— Tailed. Rubecula—Footman. Scrobiculator—Violet-throated. UNIVALVES. — MUREX. Nodatus—Sailed. Anus—Grimace. Miliaris—Seabrous. Reticularis—Reticulated. Lamellosus—Zamellar. D.—MonRE OR LESS SPINOUS, AND WITHOUT A MANIFEST BEAK. Ricinus—Spur Shell. Nodus—Chesnut. Neritoideus—Mulberry. Fucus—Old Maid. Loco—Knotty. : Hystrix— Porcupine. Senegalensis—Senegal. *Carinatus—Ridged. Mancinella—Mancinella. Hippocastanum—Horse Chesnut Senticosus—Cancellated. Melongera— Open mouthed. Consul—Ventricose. Lima—Scabrous. E.—WITH A LONG, STRAIGHT, SUBULATE BEAK, AND UN- ARMED WITH SPINES. Cariosus—Carious. Babylonius— Tower of Babel. Javanus—Javanese. Sinensis—Chinese. Stramineus—Siraw. Australis—Southern. Uncinatus— Hooked. Turris— Tower. Costatus—Ribbed. Asper—Rough. Colus—Crane. Morio—Moor. Cochlidium—Staircase. Spirillus—Blunt-tipped. Canaliculatus—Bottle Whelk. Ficus—Fig. Carica—Keeled. Rapa— Turnip. Niveus—Snowy. Granum—Papillary. Aruanus—4ru Trumpet. Perversus—Reversed Fig. * Antiquus—Antiquated. *Despectus— Despised. Fornicatus—4rched. Incrassatus—Thickened. *Truncatus—T7runcated. * Acuminatus—Pointed. Argus—4rgus. Maculosus—Spotted. Magellanicus—Magellan. Cancellatus—Cancellated. Scolopaceas—Tuberculated. Literatus—Lettered. Trigonus—Subtriangular. Semilunaris—Semilunar. Custatus—Ribbed. Sulcatus—Furrowed. F usiformis—Spindle-shaped. Tritonis—Triton’s Trumpet. UNIVALVES, — MUREX. Pusio— Wreath. Tulipa—Tulip. Clathratus—Ribbed. Nassa—Rough. Plicatus—Plaited. Scala—Ladder. Fiscellum—Short-beak, Corona—Crown. Dolarium—WNarrow-belt. *Corneus—Slender-horn. Lignarius— Woody. Trapezium—Persian Robe. Vespertilio—Bat. Scolymus—Flesh-colored. Harpa—Harp. Tuba—Trumpet. Syracusanus—Syracusan, Craticulatus—Reticulated. Scriptus—Charactered. Ternatanus—Ternate. Infundibulum—Funnel-shaped. Polygonus—Many-angled. Islandicus.—Islandic. Lezvigatus—Smooth. Fossilis—Fossil, Candidus— White. Ansatus—Long-beaked. Undatus— Waved. Longissimus—Very long. Lancea—Lance. Angustus—Narrow. Versicolor—Changeable. Verrucosus— Warted. Striatulus—Striated. Pardalis—Panther. Gigas—Giant, Lignosus—Ligneous. Gibbulus—Gibbous. Granularis—Granular. Vexillum—American Flag. Vulpinus—Fox. Afer—African. Campanicus—Campania. Arenosus—Sea-sand. Maroccensis—Marocco. Lineatus—Lined. Perron—Shelving. Larva—WMashk. Neritoideus—WNerite-like. Prismaticus—Jridescent. 101 Columbarium— White- belted. Asperrimus—Rough. Undulatus— Waved. F.—TAPERING, SUBULATE, WITH A VERY SHORT BEAK. Vertagus—Raven’s beak. Aluco—Hercules’ Club. Annularis—Belted. Plicatulus—Plaited. Sordidus—Black-knotted. Cingulatus—Girdled. Fuscus—Brown. Fasciatus—Banded. Fluviatilis—River. Alatus— Winged-lip. Nodulosus—Nodulous. Terebella—Auger. 102 UNIVALVES— MUREX. Fuscatus—Clouded. Tuberculatus— Tuberculated. Torulosus—Ringed. Gibbosus—Gibbous. Radula—Rayed. Atratus—Blackish. Asper—Rough. *Contrarius—Reverse. Granulatus—Grained. Eburneus—Zvory. *Decolatus—Decapitated. Conditus—Mottled Oil-jar. Moluccanus—Molueca. Clava—Club-shaped. Minimus—Smail. Hexagonus—Hexagonal. Strigilatus—Strigilated. *Minutissimus—Minute. TROCHUS.—Top-SuHe tt. Animal—a Limaz : Shell univalve, spiral, more or less co- nie; aperture somewhat angular or rounded, the upper side transverse and contracted; pillar placed obliquely. Tus genus contains one hundred and thirty-three spe- cies. The leading characteristic consists in its conical shape, which prevails with few exceptions throughout the genus: some, however, are so nearly allied to the Turbo, that frequent mistakes arise in their classifica- tion. Among those Trochi which have their pillar perforated or umbilicated, may be mentioned the T. niloticus, T. ma- culatus, T. perspectivus, T. Hybridus, and 'T. Pharao- nis. Though some of this genus have their surfaces almost smooth, yet the greater number are covered with knobs, spines, tuberculations, or undulations, of which the T. so- laris, and 'T. imperialis, are striking examples: the former has its margin beset with~long spines, placed at regular UNIVALVES.——TROCHUS. 103 distances, resembling, when the shell is perfect, the rays of the sun as represented in carved work: it has alsoa most beautiful gold color, which occasionally shines forth through the ochreous surface of the shell, and of course adds materially to the similitude. The T. imperialis is generally ofa dull olive color, but there is a rare variety of it which has a pinkish cast, and is known by the name of the Pink Sun: they are both from the South seas. Of the imperforated species, the most characteristic are the T. vestiarius, T. labio, and T. tuber, the latter of which very much resembles a Turbo. The T. iris, when uncoated, is celebrated for the splen- did metallic lustre which illumines its surface, and for the vivid play of iridescent colors which it exhibits when held in different positions and lights. - The T. Cookii, from Cook’s Bay, has its aperture closed with a horny lid or operculum, to secure the inhabitant when retired within its shell. This appendage is not un- frequent in many of the Univalve genera; it is affixed to the animal, which, as it retreats into the spiral whirls of its shell, draws the operculum in along with it, to a parti- cular situation of the aperture, where, from the extreme accuracy of its adjustment, it perfectly closes the orifice, and thereby forms a complete barrier against any outward attacks. The operculum varies in shape according to the form of the mouth it has to close: in some instances it is elong- ated, and has a horny appearance; in others, it is cir- cular, and of a very compact testaceous substance; some are perfectly smooth, and others strongly granulated. The T. conchyliophorus is a very curious and remark- able species; for it is invariably covered with other sub- stances, strongly adhering to the whirls of the shell. 104. UNIVALVES. —TROCHUS. Of these species there are two distinct varieties: one is called the Conchologist, from its being loaded with frag- ments of shells, and other testaceous substances; and the other is very properly named the Mineralogist, as its bur- then consists of stones, earths, pebbles, ores, &c. When the former variety is loaded with corals only, it is called the zoologist or coral-carrier. They are considered, when heavily Jaden, as rarities. Some species of Trochiare much elongated, and great- ly resemble screw or needle shells. Unlike the rest of the genus, they have an exserted pillar; and, when placed on their base, they fall on one side. The most promi- nent species are the T. telescopium and T. dolabratus. , The greater part of the Trochi present a brilliant mo- ther-of-pearl appearance when uncoated; others have only their aperture pearly or silvery; and a few exhibit a bronze-like hue, There are several reverse varieties of Trochi: the prin- cipal are—T. perversus, T. undulatus, T. ventricosus, T. annulatus, and T. pusillus; the latter of which is found within larger shells, in the sands of India. The T. flumineus is a river species, and the T. horten- sis is an inhabitant of the gardens in warmer climates, ‘The T. terrestris is also a land species, and frequents the mountains of Cumberland. Amongst the fossil species, there are two with the whirls contrary, viz. T. ferrugineus and T. novus: the former of which is found near Staphusia, converted into iron-ore. The T. Schreeteri is also found fossil in Cam- pania. The following are the places which yield specimens of the Trochi: viz. Asia, Africa, America, Friendly Isles, New Zealand, Red Sea, Mediterranean, the European and British seas, &c. UNIVALVES.——TROCHUS. 105 TROCHUS.—Top Sheli. A.—ERECT, WITH THE PILLAR PERFORATED. Niloticus—WMar bled. Maculatus—Spotted. Perspectivus—Staircase. Hybridus—Mongrel. Cruciatus—Cross-rayed. Pharaonis—Strawberry. *Magus—Tuberculated. Modulus—Keel-whirled. Muricatus—Prickly. Scaber—Rough. Varius—Varied. *Cinerarius—Ashy colored. Divaricatus—Divaricated. *Umbilicaris—Obliquely rayed. Solaris—Golden Sun. Tectum—4rch-lipped. Conus—Conic. Spinosus— Thorny. Jujubinis—M ottled. Alveare—Bee-hive. Concavus— Concave. Vernus—Green. Conspersus— Poppy. Tentorium— Pavilion. Ochroleucus—Whitish brown. Stellatus—Starred. Spengleri—Splenger’s. Costatus—Ribbed. Inzqualis— Unequal. Regius—Royal. Verrucosus— Warty. Cylindricus—Sub-conical. Radiatus—Radiated. Viridis—Green. Rusticus—Rustic. Nigerrimus—Black. Fanulum—Pagoda, Strigosus—Black-tipped. Pyramis—Pyramidal. Capensis—Cape. Egyptius—Zigyptian. Depressus—Depressed. Levigatus—Smooth. Greenlandicus—Greenland. Roseus—RKose colored. Petholatus—Tumid. Viridulus—Greenish. Urbanus—Purple striped. Guineensis—Guineq. Nodulus— Beaded. Carneus—Flesh-colored. *Tessellatus— Tessellated. Croceus—Saffron-colored. Obliquatus— Oblique-rayed. Vittatus—Filleted. Schreeteri—Shroeters’. Indicus—IJndian, Infundibuliformis Funnel-shape. Stramineus—Straw-colored. Variegatus— Variegated. Areola—Red square spotted. Inermis—Short-spined. 106 UNIVALVES, — TROCHUS. Imperialis—Jmperial Sun. Novus—New. Planus—Fattish. Fragilis— Thin. Albidus— White. Callosus—Keeled. Fuscatus—Brown spotted. Afer— African. Fasciatus— Banded. Neritoideus—Reddish colored. Corallinus—Coral. Perlatus—Pearly. Griseus—Grey. *Terrestris—Land. Ferrugineus—Iron. *Fuscus—Brown. B.—IMPERFORATED, ERECT; UMBILICUS CLOSED. Vestiarius—Flattened. Purpureus—Purple. Labio—Double-lipped. Cookii—Cook’s. Tuber—Large-mottled. Nodulosus—Tuberculated. Striatus—Striated. Mauritianus—Gt. toothed. *Conulus—Conical. Fenestratus—Small toothed. *Zizy phinus—Livid. Helicinus—Helix. Obeliscus—Obelisk. Argyrostomus—Ink-horn. Distortus— Distorted. Sinensis—Chinese. Virgatus—Rose-striped. Lugubris—Black. Foveolatus—Sugar-loaf. Asper—Rough. Diaphanus—Pellucid. Tessellatus— Tessellated. Iris—Ear-drop. Citrinus— Citron. Rostratus—Beaked. Granatum—Granulated. Notatus—Marked. Crocatus—Saffron tipped. - Elegans—Elegant. Conchyliophorus—Carvier. Melanostoma—Black-mouthed. Pantherinus—Panther. Erythroleucos—Red and white. Grandinatus—Studded. Punctulatus—Punctulated. Inzequalis—Depressed. Imbricatus—Scaly. Tigris—Tiger. Americanus—American. Pulligo—Brown. Czlatus—Turban. *Parvus—Small. C.—TAPERING, WITH AN EXSERTED PILLAR, AND FALLING ON THE SIDE WHEN PLACED UPON THE BASE. Telescopium— Telescope. Dolabratus—Zebra. UNIVALVES.—__ TURBO. 107 Perversus—Reversed. Flumineus—River. Pusillus—Minute. Punctatus—Dotted. Undulatus— Waved. Striatellus—Violet-tip. Ventricosus—Ventricose. Ziczac—Zigzag. Annulatus—Ringed. Lunaris—Convew. Hortensis—Garden. TURBO.—Wreatu. Animal—a Limax: Shell univalve, spiral, solid: aper- ture contracted, orbicular, entire. THERE are no less than one hundred and fifty-three spe- cies of this beautiful genus; which are, for the most part, solid and ponderous shells, and many of them of a pearly nature when uncoated. ‘They resemble the Trochus in form, but may easily be distinguished by their suborbi- cular aperture. The first division has the pillar margin of the aperture dilated, and the pillar imperforate. Among the leading species may be enumerated the T. obtusatus, T. neri- toides, and the T. littoreus, or common periwinkle, a well known British shell: its fish, when boiled, is not unfrequently eaten. It is an inhabitant of most Europ- ean shores; and it is said of them by sailors, that, if seen crawling high up the rocks, it is an indication of the ap- proach of stormy weather; but if, on the contrary, they descend, a calm may be expected. The next division consists of the solid and imperforated species: among the principal are the T. petholatus, 'T. 108 UNIVALVES, — TURBO. chrysostomus, T. pagodus, T. calcar, and T. smaragdus ; to which may be added, the T. cochlus, T. cornutus, T. nigerrimus, T. marmoratus, and T. olearius, the two latter of which sometimes attain a large size. The varieties of the T. phasianus and T. pulcher have been exceedingly rare :—there is no other species in this genus which presents so much heauty and diversity as the Pheasants. They are found at Van Dieman’s Land, and other islands of the South Seas. The next variation consists in the pillar of some species being perforated or umbilicated. The T. pica (as being the most known and easiest procured) will be the best to refer to asan example. The T. margaritaceus, the T. ar- gyrostomus, and the T. delphinus, also belong to this division. Another division is composed of those species that are less solid, and cancellated. The wentle-trap (from the German, windle-treppe, or winding-staircase), one of the most beautiful as well as the rarest of the genus, will, with its opposite variety, suffice to exhibit the peculiari- ties of this division. The true wentle-trap is a turbinat- ed or spiral conical shell, varying in size, from a quarter of an inch to upwards of two inches. The small and young shells are remarkably thin, brittle, and transpa- rent, and generally possess more color, (usually of a yel- Jowish or pinkish white), than those farther advanced. The form is extremely elegant; its whirls, which are al- ways gibbous or inflated, are beset, at regular distances, with numerous, elevated, carinated, suboblique, longi- tudinal, continued ribs, evidently the remains of former mouths. In very young shells, the ribs are of a blue- ish semipellucid appearance, and have the interstices of a deep brown cast, occasioned, probably, by a thin UNIVALVES. — TURBO. 109 epidermis, rather than a local coloring. There are said to be two varieties of the real wentle-trap, one having only eight whirls, and perforated; the other having ten whirls, and imperforated: they also inhabit different places ; one, it is said, comes from Barbary, the other from Coromandel. The value of these shells varies in propor- tion to their degree of perfection and size; they have been sold from ten shillings to fifty pounds. This species possesses a striking peculiarity, which con- sists, in its being entirely destitute of a columella to con- nect its whirls; a circumstance so opposed to the regu- lar structure of all other turbinated shells, must have, of course, created considerable doubt as to its classification, and some authors have even placed it among the serpule or worm-shells. The false wentle-trap, T. clathrus, is a very common shell, and is easily distinguished from the true, by its be- ing umbilicated and much more elongated; the whirls also are more closely connected. ‘There are three varie- ties of this species: one is pellucid, with very thin ribs; the other has its lip produced into a beak; and the third is spotted or dotted with brown. They are found in the European and Indian seas, in great abundance, from half an inch to two inches in length. It is said, that the an- cients extracted a purple dye from the animal inhabiting these shells. The shells of the fifth division are commonly called needles or screws; their shape is that of a well propor- tioned spire, with thirty or forty whirls gradually taper-- ing or diminishing from the base to the apex, and there ending in a very acute point. The shells of this form are distinguished from the similar species among the Strom- 110 UNIVALVES,— TURBO. bi and Buccina, by their having a circular or orbicular mouth. Of the tapering or elongated Turbines may be men- tioned the T. imbricatus, T. replicatus, T. acutangulus, T. duplicatus, and T. terebra, which are the principals of the division. The T.ulvz is found adhering to the ulva lactuca. The T. perversus has its whirls contrary, and dwells among moss on old walls in most parts of Europe, as does also the T. muscorum; and the T.tumidus is often found in the woods of England. Among the fresh-water spe- cies the T. nautileus stands conspicuous; it is often affix- ed to plants in stagnant waters. The species from the ocean are principally from the South seas; some are from the American and African oceans, and the Indian and Northern seas; and several species are to be met with in the Mediterranean and European seas. TURBO.— Wreath. A.—PILLAR MARGIN OF THE APERTURE DILATED AND IMPER- FORATED. Obtusatus—Blunted. *Rudis—Sordid. Neritoides—Nerite-shaped. *Lineatus—Black-streaked. *Littoreus—Periwinkle. Muricatus—Prickly. *Tumidus—Swelled. Lituus—Crosier. Punctulatus—Dotied. B.—SoO.LID, IMPERFORATED. *Cimex—Bug. *Fasciatus—Banded. *Pullus—Painted. Personatus—Convex. Pulcher—Beauty. Phasianus—~Pheasant. UNIVALVES,— TURBO. 111 Petholatus—fibband. AXthiops—Black and White. Cochlus—Spotted Silver Mouth. Nicobaricus—Nicobar. Chrysostomus—Gold Mouth. Cidaris—Turban. Echinatus—Prickly. [da. Nigerrimus—Black. Tectum-persicum—Little Pago- Helicinus—Green and Purple. Pagodus—Chinese Pagoda. Punctatus—Punctured. Sulcatus—Furrowed. Hemastomus—Red-mouthed. Calcar—Spur. Torquatus—Thready. Rugosus—Rugged. Undulatus— Waved. Marmoratus—Green. Niveus—Snowy. Sarmaticus— Pomegranate. Helicoides—Helix-like. Olearis—Large-keeled. * Nitidus—Smooth. Cornutus—Horned. *Scriptus—Charactered. Radiatus—Radiated. *Costatus—Ribbed. Imperialis—Jmperial. *Subluteus— Opaque. Coronatus—Crowned. * Albulus—Whitish. Canaliculatus—Grooved. *Reticulatus—Reticulated. Setosus—Leopard. *Ruber—Red. Sparverius—Pearly-mouthed. *Interstinctus—Separated. Spinosus—Spinous. *Striatus—Striated. Moltkianus—Moltkian. *Subarcuatus—Curved. Spenglerianus—Spengler’s. * Hreus—Bronze. Castanea—Chesnut. *Elegans—Elegant. Crenulatus—Crenulated. *Pellucidus—Pellucid. Smaragdus—Emerald. *Canaliculatus—Channeled. Papyraceus—Paper. *Divisus—Divided. C.—SOLID, PERFORATED. Pica—Magpye. Stellaris—Radiated. Sanguineus—Scarlet. Aculeatus—Painted. Argyrostomus—Silver Mouth. Stellatus—/Spined. Margaritaceus—Pearly. Mespilus—Medlar. Versicolor—Green and White. Granulatus—Granulated. Delphinus—Dolphin Shell. Ludus—Green-spotted. Nodulosus—Knotty. Atratus—Blach-grained. Distortus—Distorted. Dentatus—Toothed. 112 Diadema—Diadem. Cinereus—Ashy-colored. Carinatus—Keeled. UNIVALVES.— TURBO. Marginellus—Reflected-lip. Helicoides—Zigzag. Foliaceus—Leafy. Afer—African. Anguis—Mackerel. Planorbis—Smooth. Porphyrites—Porphyry. Smaragdus—Emerald. D,—CaNCELLATED. Crenellus—Crenated-strie. Uva—Berry. Thermalis—Fresh-water. Scalaris—Wentle-trap. *Clathrus—False Wentle Trap. *Tuberculatus— Tuberculated. Ambiguus—Doubéful. Crenatus—Crenated. Lacteus—Milky. Striatulus— Wrinkled. Corneus—Horny. Lincina—Green and Purple. Lunulatus—Moon-spotted. Labeo— White-lipped. *Striatus—Striated. Reflexus—Reflected. Dubius—Dubious. Limbatus—Shouldered. E.—TAPERING. Imbricatus—Imbricated. Replicatus—Large. Acutangulus—Press Screw. *Duplicatus—Double-ribbed. *Cinctus or Exoletus—Ribbed [ Screw. *Terebra—Tambour Needle. * Leevis—Smooth. * Albus— White. Variegatus— Variegated. Ungulinus— Uncertain. Crystallinus—Crystalline. Albulus—W hitish. Annulatus—Ringed. * Bidens—Double-toothed. *Perversus—Reversed. Fusulus—Little Spindle. Fusus—Spindle. Sulcatus—Grooved. Quadridens—Four-toothed. Tridens—Three-toothed. * Muscorum—WMoss. *Ulva—Sea-weed. * Trifasciatus— Three-banded. *Membranaceus—Membranous. *Interruptus—Streaked. *Subrufus—Reddish. *Strigatus—Three-ridged. * Albidus— White. * Carinatulus—Carinated. *Clathratulus—Latticed. *Crassus—Thick. UNIVALVES. — TURBO. 118 *Punctatus—Dotted. Politus— Polished. *Sheppeianus—Sheppy. Nautileus—WNautilus. *Sandvicensis—Sandwich. Obsoletus— Obsolete. Obtusus—Obtuse. Quinquedentatus— Five-toothed., Auriscalpium—Ear-pick. Pyramidalis—Pyramid. EE HELIX.—Swatt or Sprirau. Animal—a Limax : Shell univalve, spiral, subdiaphanous, brittle; aperture contracted, semilunar, or roundish. THe two hundred and sixty-seven species, which com- pose this genus, are principally land or fresh water shells, a few only being the produce of the ocean. They are usually of a delicate and brittle structure, and remarkable for their lightness; their general form resembles that of the common garden or hedge-snail, except in those spe- cies which are tapering or elongated. The first division consists of the carinated Helices, and the more compressed or flattened species of the genus; which, from their shape, are commonly called Antique Lamps. The H. lapicida, H. marginata, H. cicatricosa, and H. scarabzeus have acute margins and are character- istic of the carinated species. These shells were former- ly supposed to have fallen in showers from the clouds. Of the Antique Lamps the H.lucerna, H. lampas, and H. carocolla, are illustrative specimens, The rarest spe- cies, are the H. ringens, H. Gualteriana, and the H. trica- rinata or triple-keeled snail. The species of the second division are umbilicated, and are much more globose or inflated in their forms; as the I 114 UNIVALVES, — HELIX, H. ampullacea, H. glauca, and H. pomatia; the latter snail is an inhabitant of the woods of Europe, and was intro- duced into England by Sir Kenelm Digby, for medical purposes. The animal is used in many parts of Europe as an article of food during Lent, and was considered a luxury by the Romans. It is oviparous, and very tena- cious of life; towards winter, it covers its aperture with a calcareous lid, resembling an operculum, and remains in a torpid state until the spring. The animal of the H. ampullacea grows to an immense size, and is also eat- en; its eggs, which it deposits in clusters on the bark of trees, or rushes, &c. have sometimes a pink tinge, but are generally dull white. The H. ovalis and H. oblonga are both land shells; the eggs of the animal are perfectly el- liptical, and nearly equal in size to those of the common sparrow. The rounded and imperforated species compose the third division: of these may be adduced the H. dextra and the H. perversa, which differ only in the direction of their whirls: they are both rare shells, and have their surfaces covered with a beautiful citron color, variegated with green, and striped or banded with brown. The ani- mal of the H. ianthina has the property of emitting a phosphorescent light, and stains the hand ofa purple co- lor, not easily removed; they are found in great numbers, floating on marine substances. Amidst the endless variety of terrestrial shells there is, perhaps, no species so well known as the H. hortensis or common garden snail; it is an inhabitant of European gardens and orchards, and very destructive to fruit and tender leaves. Its eggs are perfectly round, and about the size of small peas. A very beautiful and rare species of this division is UNIVALVES,— HELIX. 115 the H. heemastoma, which is admired for its elegant band- ings and rose colored lips. A black lipped variety of this shell has lately been discovered, which is also extremely rare; the body of the shell being pink, forms a beautiful contrast with its jet lips. Of the elongated or tapering Helices, may be particu- larized the H. decollata, H. scalaris, H. circinata, (which has some resemblance to the Turboscalaris), H. columna, and the H. stagnorum, a fresh-water species. The last division contains the ovate and imperforated species; of which the H. pupa, H. barbara, H. amarula, H. stagnalis, H. fragilis, and H. palustris, may be referred to as examples. Many of the Helices inhabit aquatic plants instanding- waters, lakes, ponds, and ditches: others are found on trees and shrubs, and some harbour among rotten wood. HELIX.—Snail. A.—WHIRLS WITH ACARINATED ACUTE MARGIN. Exilis— White-striped. Vermiculata—Rough-dotted. Candida—Pale. Spadicea—Chesnut-colered. Scarabseus—Cockchafer. *Lapicida—Rock. Marginata—WMargined. Cicatricosa—Flat-reversed. /Egophthalmos—Horny. Oculus-capri—Goat’s eye. * Albella—Whitish. Maculata—sSpotted. Albina— White. Striatula—Striated. Algira— Yellowish. Leucas—Purple-lined. Lzvipes—Reverse-whirled. Incarnata—Flesh-colored. Sericea—Silky. Crenulata—Black-tipped. *Planorbis—Notch-lipped. Complanata—Flat-umbilicated. Ringens—Grinner. Sinuata—Sinuous. Lucerna—Lamp. Lampas—Orange-lip. 116 Carocolla—Large-brown. Lychnuchus— Top-shaped. Cepa—Onion. UNIVALVES,.. HELIX. Affinis— White and chesnut. Marginella— Transversely-mar- Sinuosa—Sinuous. [ gined. Cornu-militare—Military-horn. Maculosa—Spotted. Pellis-serpentis—Serpent. *Vortex—Vortex. Scabra—Rough. Gothica— Doubtful. Gualteriana—Gualtieri’s. Tricarinata— Triple-keeled. Punctata—Punctured. Vitrea—Glabrous. Annulata—Ringed. Rhenana—Rhine. Nevia—Black-spotted. Corrugata— Wrinkled. Isognomostomos—Subtriangular. Faba—Bean-shaped. Oculus-communis--Common eye. Crenata—Crenated. Carinata—Carinated. B.—UMBILICATED; WHIRLS ROUNDED. *Cornea—Horn. Spirorbis—Small-concave. Contorta—Coiled. Nitida—Pellucid. Alba—Pale horn colored. Similis—Dotted. Cornu-arietis—Ram’s Horn. *Hispida— Hairy. Ampullacea—Bilister. Piscinalis—Fish-pond. Pusilla—Small. Sphezrica—Spherical. *Pomatia—Eatable. Glauca—Greyish-brown. Citrina—Citron. Castanea—Chesnut. Rapa—Single-banded. Globulus—-Globular. Lactea— Milky. Incisa—-Slit-margined. ~~ *Arbus orum—Single-streaked. Fulva—Amber. Epistylium—Bee-hive. Cincta—Red-banded, five whirls. Ligata—Red-banded, four whirls Aspersa—Sprinkled. Extensa—Immaculate. Pisana—Pisa. Strigata—Lined. Nemorensis—Polished. * Zonaria— Ribband. Striata—Striated. * Ericetorum—Heath. *Nitens—Shining. Costata—Cross-ribbed. Pulchella—Striated. Rotundata—Small radiated. Cellaria—Cellar. Obvoluta—Obvolute. Strigosula—Substriated. Radiata—Radiated. Crystallina— Diaphanous, UNIVALVES.——HELIX. Ungulina—Apple-shaped. Varica—Divaricated. Fruticum—Hedge. Lucena—Transparent. Vittata— Ribbon. Rosacea—Flesh-colored. Itala—Brown-banded. Lusitanica—Portuguese. Mammillaris—Mammillary. Hispana—Spanish. Lutaria— Mud. Ovalis—Egg. Oblonga—Cherry-lipped. Flammea—Flame. Pileus—Red and yellow striped. Nucleata—Convex. Volvulus—Top-shaped. Involvulus—White-reflected. Neritina— Nerite-shaped. *Turturum—Obtuse-pointed. Olivetorum—Olive. Badia—Chesnut. Cretacea— Whitish. Pileata—Obtuse. Polygyra—Many-whirled. Fuscescens—Brownish. Terrestris—Land. Nivea—Glossy-white. 117 Media—Filat. Tenella.—Very thin. Crepuscularis—Subpyramidal. H yalina—Pellucid. Avellana—Hazel Nut. Rufescens—Reddish. Pervia— Umbilicated. Lezvissima—Smooth-whirled. Fascicularis—Grooved. Holosericea—Silky. Turgida—Inflated. Tenuis— Thin. Coriacea—Chalky. —_ [horn. Cornu-venatorum—Hunter’s Elegans—Elegant. Cookiana—Cooke’s. Bidentata—Double-toothed. Turbo—Pyramidal. Trifasciata—Triple-banded. Bontia—Brown-mouthed. Trochoides—Trochus-like. *Tomentosa—Bristly. *Tubulata—T ube. *Fasciata—Marone-belted. * Nitidissima—Glossy. *Bicolor—Party-colored. *Spinosa— Thorny. *Reticulata—Reticulated. C.—ROUNDED AND IMPERFORATED. Perversa—Reverse. Dextra—Right. Recta—Straight. Inversa—Inverted. Interrupta— Yellow-streaked. Contraria—Contrary. Laeva—Smooth. Arenaria—Sand. Jamaicensis—Jumaica. Rhodia—Rhodian. Labiosa—Lipped. Pudica—Rosy. 1& UNIVALVES,— HELIX. Ianthina— Violet. Gigantea—Large. *Vivipara—Viviparous. Fasciata—Red-banded. Dissimilis—Black- lipped. *Nemoralis—Varied. *Hortensis—Garden. *Lucorum—Brown-lipped. Grisea—Grey. [ nette. Hemastoma—Red lipped bru- Pulla—Brown. Venusta— Whiie-banded. Picta—Painted. Variegata—Variegated. Solida—sSolid. Aperta—Gaping. Versicolor—Many-colored. Afra—African. Nucleus—Black-belted. Coccina—Red. *Variegatus—Red-lined. *Fulgida—Bronze. *Striata—Striated. D.—TAPERING, * Decollata— Truncated. Scalaris—Produced. Circinata—Ribbed. Subcylindrica—Subcylindrical. Stagnorum—Barley Corn. *Octona—Light-whirled. Tenera—Thin. Columna—Column. Pella—Simall red-brown. Plicaria—Plaited. Undulata— Undulated. Fuscata— Yellowish brown. Priapus—Bay-colored. Folliculus—Small tapering. Sepium—Milk-white. Splendidula—Shining. Mitra— Mitre. Atra—Black. Cuspidata—Pointed. Crenata-—Crenulate-belted. Carinula—Subcarinated. Crocea—Saffron-colored. Lanschaurica—River. Obtusata— Obiuse. Purpurea—Purple. E.—OVATE, IMPERFORATED. Pupa—Litile. Barbara—Barbary. Amarula—Black spiny mitre. Nevia—Black and White. Aspera—Rough-striated. *Stagnalis—Lake. *Fragilis—Britile. Glabra—Smooth. * Palustris—Marsh. Truncatula—Truncaicd. Peregra—Sharp-pointed. Glutinosa—Membranous. -UNIVALVES.— HELIX. *Putris— Yellowish. Acuta—Pointed. Papilla— Nipple. Minuta— Minute. Detrita—Smooth-rayed. Ventricosa—Ventricose. *Obscura—Small brown. *Lubrica—Glossy, Limosa—Rough. Contortuplicata—Coil-plaited. Angularis—Angular. *Tentaculata—Olive. * Auricularia—Eared. * Leevigata—Smooth. Balthica— Baltic. Neritoidea—Nerite-shaped. Perspicna—Large-mouth. Haliotoidea—Venus’s Ear. Muralis— Wall. Vertigo—Round. Carichium— Minute. Ambigua—Ambiguous. Corvus—Crow. 119 Pyrum—Pear. Marmorata—Marbled. Achatina—Agate. Lugubris—Black. Minima—Small. Inflata—Inflated. Albicans— White. Repanda—Ventricose. Opaca— Opaque. Turgida—IJnflated. Czrulescens—Blueish. Cinerea—Ashy-colored. Undata— Waved. Teres—Oblong. Substriata—Substriated. Trigonostoma Triangular- [ mouthed. Tumida—Swollen. Acicula—Tapering. Peregrina—American. Danubialis—Danube. Turbinata—Turbinated. Curvata—Curved. Exilis— Thin. NERITA.—Nerrre or Hoor-SHect. Animal—a Limax: Shell univalve, spiral, gibbous, flat- tish at bottom; aperture semiorbicular or semilunar ; pillar-lip transversely truncate, flattish. Tuts genus contains only seventy-six species, and but few of any great beauty or rarity. 120 UNIVALVES,—NERITA. There is considerable variation in the form and mark- ings of the Neritee: some are spiral, with prominent whirls; others have their whirls partly or wholly con- cealed; some, again, are umbilicated, while others are perfectly entire and solid; and many have the umbilicus partially covered by a repand lip, or fissurated nodule. The interior of the mouth and lips is, in many species, toothless; but in others, both lips are beset with strong prominent, and articulated teeth, often terminating in dis- jointed, elevated strize, or protuberant granulations. In most species, the back of the shell is covered with strong, elevated ribs, sometimes nodulous and imbricated ; it is often only minutely striated, and has frequently a perfectly smooth surface and brilliant polish. Of the umbilicated species may be particularized the N. canrena, of which there are many beautiful varieties ; the N. cancellata, N. glaucina, N. vitellus, and N. mam- milla. The common variety of the latter shell is white, having a porcelain appearance; but the rarer varieties incline to a brownish orange, having their lips surmount- ed with a black margin or border. ‘The N.stercus mus- carum is beautifully dotted with brown, or rufous, on a clear white ground. The N. fulminea is marked with angular stripes, resembling forked lightning. The next division of the Nerites consists of those which are imperforated and toothless, asthe N. corona and N. flu- viatilis; the former is often of a blackish color, and has its whirls crowned with spines of an unequal length: the lat- ter is an inhabitant of the rivers of Europe and Barbary ; it is usually marked with scaly spots, and is sometimes rugged, streaked, or reticulated. The species of the third division are distiuguished from those of the preceding by haying their lips toothed: the UNIVALVES,——NERITA. j2] principal are the N. pulligera, N. aterrima, N. undulata, N. larva, and N. virginea, the latter of which is an inha- bitant of the rivers of South America and India; like ma- ny other species of the Neritze, it is toothed on the inner lip only. Its varieties are extremely beautiful, and are often called the Guinea-hen or Guinea-fow! Nerites, from the resemblance of its markings to the plumage of the bird so named. The varieties of the N. polita are the most beautiful of this genus; they are smooth polished shells, and are ge- nerally clouded with green, having intermediate maculate bands of pale pink; but the most rare variety has three or four bright crimson bands on a dark mottled ground, running in a parallel direction with the conyolutions of the shell. These shells are frequently worn as ornaments by the Indians. Some species of this division are strongly ribbed or grooved, as the N. histrio, N. plicata, N. grossa, N. pica, aud the N. chameleon, which last is varied by alternate undulated black and white rays. The N. turrita, from the Antilly Isles, and the N. acu- leata, from India, are fresh-water species. The N. clathra- ta aud N. perversa, are found fossil in Campania. - The different species of Neritee are produced in the African, American, Indian, European, and Red seas; the Southern and Northern oceans, the Mauritius, the Cape of Good Hope, and New Zealand. 122 UNIVALVES, — NERITA. NERITA.—Nerite or Hoof-Shell. A.—UMBILICATED. Canrena— Tabby-cat. Cancellata—Laitticed. *Glaucina—Livid. Vitellus—Clouded-yellow. Albumen— Yolk-of-egg. Mammilla—Breast. Leucozonias—W hite-banded. Spadicea—Chesnut-colored. Rufa—Red. Fulminea—Zigzag. Stercus-muscarum—Fly-spot. Orientalis—Lastern. Cruentata—Red-spotied. Rugosa—Wrinkled. Marochiensis—Marocco. Sulcata—Grooved. Aracnoidea—Spider’s Web. Vittata—Ribbon. Melanostoma—Black-mouthed. * Pallidula—Pallid. -Papilla— Nipple. Clathrata—Grated. Valvata—Flattish. Islandica—ZJslandic. A ffinis— Ochraceous. B.—IMPERFORATED; LIP TOOTHLESS. Corona—Coronated. Radula—Rough-ribbed. Cornea—Horn. *Fluviatilis—River. * Littoralis—Strand. * Lacustris—Lake. Magdalenee— Magdalene. Marginata—Margined. Dubia—Black-marked. *Pellucida—Pellucid. * Alba— White. C.—IMPERFORATED; LIPS TOOTHED. Pulligera—Red. Undulata— Undulated Aterima— Thick-opaque. Larva—B5road-band. Pupa—Black and white. Bidens—Double-toothed. Viridis— Green. Virginea—Guinea-hen. Polita—Polished. Peloronta—Bleeding-tooth. Albicilla—Pimple-lip. Histrio— Toothed-lip. Plicata— Wrinkled-lip. Grossa—Red-thrush. Chamezleon—Changeable. Undata— Waved. E.xuvia—Deep-ridged. Maxima—Great black § yellow. UNIVALVES.— NERIT A. 123 Textilis— Thrush. Fulgurans—Lighining. Atrata—Smooth black. Tessellata— Tessellated. Ascensionis—Ascension. Bifasciata—Double-banded. Lineata—Lined. Literata—Charactered. Versicolor—Square-spotted. Violacea—Violet. Pica—Magpie. Senegalensis—Senegal. Costata—Ribbed. Promontorii— Pointed. Quadricolor—Four-colored. Tricolor—Three-colored. Malaccensis—Malacca. Perversa—feversed. Antillarum— Wrinkle-lipped. Turrita— Turreted. Flammea—Flame. Aculeata—Spinous. Uae HALIOTIS.—Sea-car or Ear-SHELL. Animal—a Limax: Shell univalve, dilated, car-shaped, with a longitudinal row of orifices along the surface; spire lateral, and nearly concealed. Or this beautiful genus there are but nineteen species ; and their general form and appearance are so similar, that it often becomes a matter of difficulty to distinguish the one from the other. The form of all the Haliotides re- sembles the human ear, excepting one, which iscalled the H. asinum, or ass’s ear, on account of its being much more elongated or distended than any of the other species. There are three reasons which operate to create diffi- culty in the arrangement of the species of this genus: — First, the outside of the shell is generally loaded with marine substances, or else is so much decayed or worn, as not to offer a lineament of the original texture; there- by precluding all possibility of judging by the work or 124 UNIVALVES,—_HALIOTIS. color to what species it appertains. Secondly, as the in- terior of the Haliotides is enamelled with a magnificent surface of iridescent pear], no great distinction can be made by a reference to that part of the shell. Thirdly, as the beauty of the shell is considerably increased by being wholly or partially uncoated and polished, it is customary tosubmit it tosome such beautifying operation ; which, however, with the surface, at once removes all clue to the attainment of the specific character. The exterior of the shell is generally composed of rugee or tuberculations, over which pass approximate elevated striz. In some species, foliations supply the place of tu- berculations, as in the H. Midz or Midas’ ear; the out- side of which is wrinkled, and of a dusky white hue; but the inside is most beautifully iridescent. It is often eight or nine inches long. The back of almost the whole of the Haliotides is fur- nished with a row of orifices near the margin; varying in number from eight to thirty-eight; of these from three to seven are generally open, and the rest perfectly closed. There are, however, two exceptions to this general char- acter; for the H. imperforata and H. perversa (whose spire is turned contrary), are entirely void of any orifices. The former, which has an ovate form, with an exserted spire and prickly ribs, is a rare shell. The Haliotis tuberculata is found on the British coasts. The H. parva is remarkable for its red or scarlet color, and for having but one large elevated rib or angle on its back. The H. bistriata is peculiar for having a succes- sion of double elevated strize, placed in a transverse direc- tion on the back. The H. pulcherrima is a beautiful and rare shell, from the South Seas. The H. iris, (from New Zealand), is celebrated for its UNIVALVES, —HALIOTIS., 125 bright iridescent colors, which are finely contrasted with a green and gold bronze-like lustre. The H. gigantea, from New Hollaud, sometimes exceeds a foot in length. Two species are found in a fossil state: the H. perversa, and the H. plicata, the latter near Hildesia. The Haliotides are found on the shores of Europe, Africa, and India; where, like the limpets, they adhere to the rocks, from which they are with difficulty removed. HALIOTIS.—Sea Ear. Mide—Midas’s. Guineensis—Guinea. *Tuberculata—Common. Imper‘orata—Imperforated. Striata—Striated. Perversa—Reverse-spire. Varia—Rough-striated. Plicata—Plaited. Marmorata—Marbled. Glabra—Smooth-mottled. Asinum—4s$s’s. Pulcherrima—Byron. Parva—Small orange. Virginea—Iridescent. Bistriata—Double-lined. Ovina—Chesnut. Australis— Quilted. Gigantea—Gigantic. Iris—/J7is’s. 126 UNIVALVES, — PATELLA, GAinivalyes, Il, WITHOUT A REGULAR SPIRE. PATELLA.—Limret or Disn-Suete. Animal—a Limax: Shell univalve, subconic, shaped like a bason, without a spire. ‘T'uis numerous genus contains two hundred and forty species. They are very similar in form, which, with a few exceptions, approximates to that of acone, withits apex a little blunted. But with regard to the colors and work- ings, they differ exceedingly ; some being perfectly smooth, whilst others are strongly granulated and spinous; and many are deeply striated or covered with elevated tuber- culated rays. The species of the first division are entire; and are furnished with an internal lip, which is strikingly observ- able in the P. equestris, P. Sinensis, and P. neritoidea; some of them are rough and scaly, whilst others are per- fectly smooth and polished; they are known by the name of Cup-and-saucer Limpets. Some species of this division are chambered or vault- ed, and have the appearance of a slipper; such are the P. porcellana, P. fornicata, and P. aculeata. UNIVALVES — PATELLA, 127 These species which are more comprescd, and have their margins angularly or irregularly toothed, form the second division: as the P. laciniosa, P. saccharina, P. gra- nulatus, P. granatina, &c. The P. vulgata, or common limpet, is found in great abundance on the British shores. The P. Magellanica and P. argentea have a metallic gloss diffused over their surfaces, and are therefore calle ed bronze limpets. The P. Sinica is one of the rarities of the genus; it sometimes grows to a large size; it is a flat, broad, ex- panding shell, of a blueish white color, having its interi- or of a glossy yellowish or brownish cast, and the tip generally of a beautiful orange color; the margin is often circularly scalloped. This species is generally known as the P. umbellata. The next division comprehends the species which are cap-shaped, and have a recurved tip. Of these the P. Hungarica is the most remarkable; it is a beautiful shell, and from its similiarity of shape is called the fool’s cap. The exterior is usually of a pale fawn color, and the outer margin is bordered with a fine bristly epider- mis; when the interior is of a very bright pink color, this limpet is considered more valuable. The P. lutea has some resemblance to an Haliotis, but the flatness and ear-shaped form of the latter genus is a sufficient distinction. The P. pectunculus is covered with spines, and the P. perversa is remarkable for having its crown recurved, and turned towards the hind part of the animal. Of the limpets which are very entire, and not pointed at the the tip or crown, those most worthy of notice are the P, afra, P, Lusitanica, P. areolata, P. flammea, P. In- 128 UNIVALVES— PATELLA. dica, P. sanguinolenta and P. testudinaria; the latter is rather a rare species, and generally has its interior of a silvery hue. The P. compressa is remarkable for its nar- row and lengthened form, which gives it the appearance of having been squeezed or pinched. The last division of the Patella includes the perfor- ated species: the principal are the P. fissura, P. Greeca, P. nimbosa, P. Jamaicensis, P. Caffra, P. perforata, and P. personata ; the latter, when in fine preservation, is consi- dered a rarity; it grows to a considerable size, and is found at the Falkland Isles and the Straits of Magellan. The P. mytiliformis very much resembles a Mytilus; it is from the Ferroe Islands. The P. Hungarica is sometimes found in a fossil state, as is also the P. echinata in the neighbourhood of Crignou. The Patellz are usually found adhering by their base to roeks, stones, fuci, and other marine substances, from which they are with much difficulty removed. They in- habit the Indian, Southern, European, Northern, and Mediterranean seas; the American and Indian islands; the Atlantic, and the shores of China, Greenland, and Iceland. The Patellz derive their name from their resemblance to a little dish or bason reversed. PATELLA.—Limpet. A.—HAVING AN INTERNAL LIP; SHELL ENTIRE. Equestris—Cup & saucer. Fornicata—Slipper. Neritoidea—Chambered. Aculeata—Spiny-ribbed. Sinensis—Chinese bonnet. Trochiformis—Trochus-shaped. Porcellana— White spotted. Auricula—Ear-shaped. UNIVALVES.— PATELLA. 129 Plicata—Plaited. Striata—Striated. Rugosa—ough. Goreensis—Sandal. Contorta— Oblique. Explanata—Finely-striated. Solea—Iron-spotted. Echinata—Prickly. B.—MARGIN ANGULAR OR IRREGULARLY TOOTHED. Crepidula— Transparent. Laciniosa—Double eyed. Saccharina—Star. Barbara—Toothed. Granularis—Granulated. Granitina—Garnet. *Vulgata—Common. * Depressa—Depressed. Cerulea—Blueish. Tuberculata—Pimpled. Lepas—Pectinated. Tricostata—Three-ribbed. Mytilina—Muscle. Ovata— Oval. Stellata—Starred. Islandica—Islandic. Cypria—Cyprus. Costata—Ribbed. Leucopleura— White ribbed. Striatula—Striated. Octoradiata—Eight rayed. Rubra—Red. Hepatica—Liver colored. Badia—Bay. Fuscescens—Brownish. Maculosa—Brown spotted. Rotundata—Round ribbed. Pecten—Pectinated. Corrugata— Wrinkled. Alboradiata— White rayed. K Olivacea—Olive colored. Cerea—Wazx colored. Impressa—Impressed. Aurantia—Orange. Cingulum—Triple girdled. Oculata—Eyed. Magellanica—Golden Bronze. Ochroleuca—Ochraceous. Dentata— Toothed. Nodosa—Nodulous. Cinerea—Ashy colored. Exalbida—Whitish. Cancellata—Cancellated. Levis—Smooth. Argentea—Silver Bronze. Cyprea—Mushroom. Rubida—Pale liver colored. Glabra—Glabrous. Flaveola— Yellowish. Infundibulum—Funnel. Cyathus—Goblet. Sinica—Parasol. Punctata—Dotted. Lugubris—Black. Ulyssiponensis—Buckler. Umbella— Umbrella. Crenata—Crenated. Ferruginea—Bronze. Melanogramma—Black ribbed. Repanda—Small Sun. 130 Angulosa—Octangular. Tigrina—Tiger. Monopis—Chesnut-streaked. Chlorosticta—Pigeon’s throat. Margaritacea—Great Sun. Tenuissima—Very thin. UNIVALVES, — PATELLA, Mitrula—Cap. Plicaria— Wrinkled. Pentagona—Pentagonal. Enea—Coppery. Conchacea—Radiated. Stannea—Flat striated. Candidissima— White. C.—TIP OR CROWN POINTED AND RECURVED. *Hungarica—Fool’s-cap. Imbricata—Jmbricated. *Mammillaris--Black hair streak Tricarinata—Three keeled. Pectinata—Striated. Lutea— Yellow. Cristata—Crested. *Lacustris—Lake. *F luviatilis—River. Cxeca— White bordered. Virginea—Purple rayed. Tessellata—Tessellated. Fulva—Orange tawny. Subspiralis—Subspiral. Ambigua— White duck’s bill. Rubicunda—Reddish. Borniana—Born. Calyptra—Helmet. Melanoleuca—Black § white. Pectunculus—Nodulous. Fasciata—Banded. Elegans—Elegant. Squamosa—Scaly. Squalida— Rugged. Crocea— Yellow. Candida— White. Trigona—Triangular. Minima—S*mall. Tranquebarica—Tranquebar. Perversa—Reverse tipped. Cernua—Flesh-colored. Incurva—Twisted crown. Interrupta—Green-dotted. D.—ENTIRE, AND NOT POINTED AT THE TIP OR CROWN. Afra— African. Lusitanica—Auricula. Radiata—Radiated. Areolata—Pyramidal. Flammea—Flame. Indica—Jndian. Surinamensis—Surinam. Vitellina— Yellow. Sanguinolenta—Beauty. Levigata—Smooth. Punctulata—Dotted. *Pellucida—Blue-rayed. Testudinaria—Tortoise-shell. Testudinalis Dwarf Tortoise-shell Compressa—Dutch bonnet. Rustica—Narrow-ribbed. -UNIVALVES.— PATELLA. Fusca—Brown. Notata—Wheat-sheaf. Cruciata— White cross. Reticulata—Reticulated. Deaurata—Gilt. Stellifera Brown & white starr’d. Radians—Black-rayed. Rota—Roundish. Umbellata—Chinese parasol. Pustulata—Pustular. Symmetrica—Proportion’d. Citrina—Citron. Capensis—Cape. Anomala—Anomalous. Guttata—Dotted. Mytiliformis—Muscle-like. Scutiformis—Shield-like. Cochlear—Horse-shoe. Craticulata—Cancellated. Cruentata—Bloody. Papyracea—Paper. Cylindrica—Cylindrical. Decussata—Decussated. Hematosticta—Red dotted. Asteroides—Chesnut-star. Ovalis— Oval. Rubella—Reddish. Spectabilis—Beautiful. Conspurcata—Dirty. Melanosticta—Black dotted. Atra—Black. Specularis—Convew. Canescens—W hitish. Virescens—Greenish. Pulla—Russet brown. Revoluta—Revolute-margin. Squamata—Scaly. Testacea—Testaceous. Capillaris—Delicately striated. Glauca—Blueish. Obscura— Obscure. E xoleta—Defaced. Affinis—Similar. *Rotalis—Round. Fuscata—Brown. Mellia—Honey-colored. Anceps—Doubtful. Guineensis—Guinea. Complanata—Flattened. Virgata—Striped. Nivea—Snowy. Grisea—Gray. Navicula—Gondola. Cingulata—Double barred. Scapha—Boat. *Parva—Small. E.—WITH THE CROWN OR TIP PERFORATED. *Fissura—Cracked. Fissurella—Small cracked. Pustula—Doubtful. *Greca—Cancellated. Nimbosa—Scaly ribbed. Nubecula— Variegated. Picta—Painted. Barbadensis—Barbadoes. Jamaicensis—Jamaica. Caffra—African. Perforata—Perforated. Porphyrozonias—Porphyry. 131 132 UNIVALVES __ PATELA. Rosea—Rosy-rayed. Punicea—Chesnut. Scutellum—Escutcheon. Rufescens— White and red. Avellana—Filbert. Dimidiata—Divided. Spinosa—Spinous. Lactea—Milk-white. Denticulata—Toothed-margin. Pyramidalis—Pyramidal. Nodulosa—Nodulous. Bicolor—Chesnut and white. Angusta—Narrow-slit. Erythrocephala—Red-crowned. Inzequalis— Unequal. Verrucosa— Wart-ribbed. Minuta—Smail. Contaminata—Black-spotted. Conspersa—Sprinkled. Atrata—Black-dotted. Rubescens—Reddish. Candicans— White. Sanguinea—Red. Succincta— Belted. Ventricosa—Ventricose. Pusilla—Small. Triradiata—Triple-rayed. Flavescens— Yellowish. Tenuis—Thin-amber. Antiquata—Antiquated. Melanozonias—Black-zoned. | Galeata—Helmet. Effusa—Large-slit. Personata—Radiated-mask. 0 EE DENTA LIUM.—Toorn or Tusk-SHEct. Animal—a Terebella: Shell univalve, tubular, straight, or slightly curved, with an undivided cavity open at both ends. Or this singular genus there are but twenty-two species; they are very similar in form, and resemble an elephant’s tusk in miniature. They differ principally in magnitude, and in the num- ber of ribs and grooves with which some of the species are marked; a trifling distinction may also be made with regard to the degree of curvature which many of them possess. : . UNIVALVES.—— DENTALIUM. 133 One of the largest and most valuable species is the D. elephantinum; it is often three or four inches long, slightly curved, and has generally ten strong, elevated ribs, which are encircled by dark green bands ona green- ish ground; it inhabits the Indian and European seas. The D.aprinum and D. striatulum closely resemble the D. elephantinum, but the former is usually much smaller, and perfectly white. The latter is longer and narrower in proportion, and the larger aperture is angular, and the smaller very contracted and round; besides, it is supplied with eight ribs and eight striz; and its color is more uni- formly green. The D. rectum, though nearly allied to the D. ele- phantinum, is a straight shell, and therefore easily dis- tinguished from it. It is also adorned with doubled or trippled longitudinal striz, which at the same time are encircled with annular ones. The D. fasciatum isa small species, finely striated, and encircled with four or five brown bands on a greyish ground. Some species are striated annularly: such are the D. politum, (which is finely pointed, solid, and often of a ro- sy or pinkish color), the D. eburneum, and the D. en- talis, which is an inhabitant of the Indian and European shores, and is generally an inch and a halflong, of a red- dish or pale yellow color, and the tip often tinted with orange or pink. Other species are smooth, or covered with strize, so mi- nute that they cannot be discovered without the aid of a magnifying glass. Of these, the D. pellucidum is an ex- ample; it is of a horny or pale honey color, very nar- row and thin, and does not effervesce in acids. It is an inhabitant of the Northern seas, and about two inches and a quarter long. 134 UNIVALVES, — DENTALIUM, The D. minutum inhabits the Mediterranean; it isa round, straightish, smooth shell, and so very minute as scarcely to be discernible by the naked eye; it resembles a small bristle, or one of the spines of an echinus. The D.imperforatum (from Sandwich and its neigh- bourhood) is also a minute species, and is by no means common. The fossil species of the Dentalia are the D. sexangulum, and D. fossile, both from Loretto; and the D. annulatum, D. radula, D.interruptum, and D. vitreum, from Piedmont. The recent species are mostly from the Indian and Eu- ropean oceans; though some few are from the Mediter- ranean and Northern seas, and one species inhabits the shores of Africa, DENTALIUM.—Tooth-Shell. Elephantinum--Elephant’s tooth Interruptum—JInterrupted strie Aprinum— W hite-ribbed. Politum—Polished. Arcuatum—Curved. Eburneum—lIvory Tusk. Striatulum—Striated. *Entalis— Dog’ s-tooth. Sexangulum—Six-ribbed. Arietinum—Ram’ s-tooth. Dentalis—Slightly curved. Corneum—Horny. Fasciatum—Banded. Nebulosum—Clouded. Rectum—Straight. Pellucidum—Pellucid. Fossile—Fossil. Vitreum—Glassy. Annulatum— Round. Minutum— Minute. Radula—Decussated. *Imperforatum—TImperforated. UNIVALVES.——SERPULA. 135 SERPULA.—W orm-SHELL. Animal—a Terebella; Shell univalve, tubular, generally adhering to other substances ; often separated internally by divisions at uncertain distances. Tue genus Serpula contains forty-eight species; their form (with few exceptions) is exceedingly irregular. They are generally found in groups or clusters, adhering to other substances, such as rocks, stones, roots of trees, sides of ships, zoophites, sertularize, fuci, shells, corals, &c. They are invariably tubular, and present themselves some- times isolated, either straight or twisted, but more fre- quently in clusters, consisting of many hundred spiral and twisted tubes, curiously interwoven with each other. Of the species which are isolated and spiral, may be instanced the S. spirillum, S. spirorbis, and S. afra; which have their whirls nearly contiguous, and resemble the Helices. " Of the straight species, the S. protensa and S. poly- thalamia are sufficient examples; the latter of which most probably belongs to the genus Teredo: it is remark- able for having its interior separated by imperforated convex and concave divisions, making the shell appear as if it consisted of numerous united tubes. The smaller end of this shell is also peculiar for being terminated by two distinct or separate small tubular pipes, which are jointed in the same manner as the main stem from which they spring; the shell, in this state, resembles a, two- pronged fork. It is an inhabitant of the Mediterranean and Indian seas, and is often found concealed under the 136 UNIVALVES.——SERPULA. sands: it sometimes attains the extraordinary size of three feet. To this same class belongs the well known but rare shell, the watering-pot Serpula, (S. aquaria). Its larger end is closed by a convex disk, with numerous small per- forations, and generally a longitudinal one in the middle, the whole encircled by a dilated margin of elegant papy- raceous tubes, resembling a beautifully plaited ruff or frill; the smaller end is open. It is found in the Indian ocean, and seldom exceeds five inches in length. The S. gigantea is about an inch in diameter, and sometimes exceeds half a foot in length. The S. lumbri- calis is a flexuous shell, with a spiral acute tip, and very much resembles a cork-screw. The S. filograna is branched and complicated, and is adorned with a beauti- ful kind of net work. One of the remarkable species of this genus is the S. anguina, which has a slit or long-jointed cleft, along the spiral convolutions of its shell. The S. echinata has its shell beset with a succession of spines or prickles; it is usually of a rosy or pink color, and sometimes has its aper- ture margined. The S. cornucopiz, or horn of plenty, is, in all proba- bility, only a dropped Helix hortensis, or common garden snail, and of course not belonging to this genus. TheS. infundibulum appears as if its first bend was composed of five funnels, inserted within each other. The S. denti- culata is sometimes found in the Lepastintinnabulum; and the S. sulcata adheres to the roots of the fucus digitatus. The S. lagena is exactly like an oil-flask, and the S. re- tortais retort shaped; the latter is scarce. The S. incur- vata something resembles the Nautilus semilituus, but it wants the internal concamerated structure. The S. nau- UNIVALVES..—SERPULA. 137 tiloides is a spiral shell, flattish, minute, and is furnished with thin, semilunar, internal divisions. The colors of the Serpule are various; the most gene- ral, however, are brown, purple, yellow, tawny, pink, and white, sometimes a little greenish. The S. semilu- num and S. Melitensis are found fossil; the latter in Malta. The Indian, African, American, and Northern oceans supply many species; as also do the European, Mediter- ranean, Adriatic, and Red seas. SERPULA.—Worm-Shell. Nautiloides—Nautilus-like. Semilunum—Small Seed. Planorbis—Flat. Spirillum—Minute spiral. *Spirorbis—Tapering spiral. *Triquetra— Three-sided. * Intricata—ZIntricate. Filograna—Fasciculate. Granulata—Grained. *Contortuplicata— Twisted. Glomerata—Glomerated. Lumbricalis—Cork-screw. Polythalamia—Many-tubed. Arenaria—Solitary rose. Anguina—Serpent. *Vermicularis—Round. Aquaria— Watering-pot. Echinata—Prickly. Ocrea—Boot. Protensa—Lengthened. Decussata—Decussated. Proboscidea—Proboscis. Afra— African. Cereolus—Bougie. Cornucopize—Horn of Plenty. Goreensis—Goree. Intestinalis—ZIntestine. Infundibulum—Funnel. Pyramidalis—Pyramidal. Denticulata—Toothed. Melitensis— Malta. Norwegica—Norway. Porrecta—Ascending- Vitrea—Brittle. Cancellata—Grooved. Stellaris—Rayed. Gigantea—Great. Cinerea—Ashy-colored. *Sulcata—Furrowed. *Ovalis—Oval. 138 UNIVALVES. ——TEREDO, *Reflexa— Reflected. *Lactea—Milky. *Cornea—Horny. *Lagena—Oil flask. *Bicornis—Semilunar. *Retorta—Retort-shaped. *Perforata—Perforated. *Incurvata—Incurved. TEREDO.—Snuip-Worm. Animal—a Terebella, with two calcareous hemisphericai valves cut off before, and two lanceolate ones: Shell ta- pering, flecuous, and capable of penetrating wooed. Tuere are but threespecies of this genus: the first is the T. navalis, or common ship-worm; it is very thin, cylin- drical, and smooth, and is more or less twisted, and rather obtuse or blunt at the tip; it varies in length from four to six inches. This worm was originally imported from In- dia, it has the faculty of penetrating the stoutest oaken planks of ships’ sides; and effects as much destruction in the water, as the termes or white ant on land. The T. utriculus is also cylindrical, undulate, and so- lid; it is found in wood that has lain some time under water. It is white, subpellucid, very much bent, and gradually tapering, with an oval aperture, divided in the middle by a partition. Its length is about seven inches. The third species is the T. clava, which is found in the seminal vessels of the xilosteum granatum; one end is clavate, the other incurved, narrower, obtuse, and perfo- rated in the middle: the shell is rough, and brownish on the outside, but within it is smooth, and more or less flexuous. It is nearly two inches long, but not half an inch wide. UNIVALVES. -—SABELLA. 1389 TEREDO.—Ship- Worm. *Navalis—Common. Utriculus— Timber. Clava—Club-shaped. SABELLA.—SaBe t.a. Animal—a Nereis, with a ringent mouth, and two thicker tentacula behind the head: Shell tubular, composed of particles of sand, broken shells, and vegetable substances, united to a membrane by a glutinous cement. Turis very extraordinary genus contains no less than twenty-five species. The membrane which composes the basis of these animals, is covered with various frag- ments and particles of different marine and vegetable pro- ductions. The S. vegetabilisand S. arundinacea are covered with fragments of twigs, the bark of stems, or reeds, and brok- en pieces of tellina cornea. The S.ammoniata is coated with fragments of the cornu-ammonis. The covering of the S. Indica is composed of capillary sub-cylindrical agglutinated crystals of quartz; and that of the S. clavata of various sized stones. Some of the species, as the S. scruposa, S. chrysodon, &c. are detached, whereas the S.scabra is affixed by the base. The S. alveolata has numerous parallel tubes, commu- nicating by an aperture, forming in the mass the appear- 140 UNIVALVES, —SA BELLA. ance of honey-combs. It is an inhabitant of the Europe- an coasts, and covers the rocks for a considerable space, and is easily broken under the feet. ‘The tubes are straight- ish, and from two to three inches long. The S. rectan- gula is one of the largest of the genus, and often measures nine inches in length. There are no less than fourteen or fifteen species which inhabit rivers and fresh-waters; and most of them are from the waters of Thuringia and Belgium, where they are affixed to stones, &c. The other species are from the Indian, American, Northern, and European seas. SABELLA. Scruposa— W hite-sandy. Vegetabilis— Vegetable. Scabra—Rough. -“Ammoniata—Ammonites. * Alveolata—Honey-comb. Helicina—Helix. Chrysodon—Pebdble. Dimidiata— Divided. *Belgica—Granulated. Fixa—Stony. Rectangula—Rectangular. Clavata—Club-shaped. Capensis—Cape. Corticalis—Bark. Nigra—Black. Arundinacea—Reed. Stagnalis—Liver. Aculeata— Twig. Conica—Conic. Marsupialis—Sooty. Uncinata— Hooked. Norwegica—Norway. Sabulosa—Gravel. Lumbricalis—Cork-screw. Indica—Jndian. THE END. €'e new % nat J 4 oh. . Ey " ‘ Pa prapd wiih, 54%, & - ath a fe ; <) es, 5 " ba” ‘ ¥ f ; ns J & ‘ ; Teen . ; + aa gee iets - Fes ea 4 oy ea : ¢ bate th rere, oa pre ; viweeans Be i cok BAI bec Ay we a pO aes Stl Syed ite, oir ki ds So iN Tims oF