os
2

WONDERS OF THE F'LORA.

bp elapse da = /

PRESERVATION OF FLOWERS

In their Natural State and Colors.

ALSO CONTAINING A TREATISE ON

ORNAMENTAL GRASSES & MOSSES,

Their Uses, and How to Color Them, &c.

wit By /
. H. ACOSTA KRESKEN,

Practical Florist.

ILLUSTRATED. —

DAYTON, e =
_ PHILIP A. KEMPER; aca
1879. 7 :

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This book will be sent, postpaid,
t on receipt of $1.50 Address,

t
PHILIP A. KEMPER, {
: Dayton, cape

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Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1879,
By PHILIP A. KEMPER,
In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C.

Printed, Stereotyped, and Bound at
UNITED BRETHREN PRINTING ESTABLISHMENT,
Dayton, Ohio.

A*
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An, , Ob. 13, Igo

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Sean - fa
-€ GONIBNIS,
CHAPTER: FT. Pace.
The art of drying flowers by sulphur vapor...... ll
CHAPTER IE.
Sor Ey DO WORS ALY SAIN cone aces ig cater aeViesencaus pee) 24
CHAPTER. IIE.
The drying of flowers by curing with acids........ 35
CELAPTER - TV.
Special treatment for certain flowers .......0..ceceee 38
CHAPTER V.
To preserve or embalm flowers with wax, par-
BAG, OF SPERMIACE LL. ~ocgaxesaosevanicsonsncas osancccen 42

CHAPTER VI.
To preserveautumn leaves, green leaves, ferns, etc. 48
CHAPTER VII.

mecleton JCAVeSceci io. .:. -tivdiese sn. ceRasasemeiencwcancs 51
CHAPTER VIII,
tag coloring of everlasting flowers and grasses... 58
CHAPTER IX.
EPIAIMEMEAL, PTASSER. casccer senevasannsvenaacanbede cveveee O67
CHAPTER X.
To bronze and crystallize grasses.. sadeneowiney cies. Mee
; CHAPTER XI.
RET A PMA FN ES FSi conan oni) ar es'pous wun dedhaeasnens 76
CHAPTER XII.
ELVETIASHNG OF SlVAW OWENS, .2¢<cccencoccesdsvsnpeve one 82
CHAPTER XIII.
Moss—Its various uses and how to dye it........... 86 B&B
c
_. Se ee er

} iv CONTENTS.

:

CHAPTER XIV. Pack.
How to make sights and artificial flowers
fragrant. ..cccrse @ seceerees conees bee teces coe scccscces ccece - 92

CHAPTER XV,
Fae to make bouquets, wreaths, &c., tastefully. 95
CHAPTER XVI.

Coral flower-baskets, stands, etc........... eaceee omega
CHAPTER XVII.
Rose of Jericho beads. s.ccsesscssecensesess Stkgeaeteoas AT

CHAPTER XVIII.
The herbarium—Directions for finding, prepar-

ing, and keeping of ‘specimens,.....5c.s-sseessese - 113
CHAPTER XIX.
Spatier or spraty. WORK <sio5.u:t pk cesice devens coerce vastes 122

CHAPTER XxX.

How to make beautiful pictures of preserved
flowers, ornamental ferns, and MOSSES..ccccooeeee 127

CHAPTER XxXI.

To collect and preserve butterflies, etc.......sseees 135
CHAPTER XXII.

The dressing of butterflies and other insects...... 145
CHAPTER XXIII.

The art of making wax-flowers........ Siasatdein Sains) OO

CHAPTER XXIV.
Fruit-modeling 1n Wax. .....:.0:cssccsese seccscsnseccssers 116

CHAPTER XXV.
Paper flowers....+0«« © pecceccee socccesen seecccees cocces woe 183

Publisher’s TEMALKS. cccccce SSCS SSS CHOSSLETSS SEOTEE GEE O80 195

The materials, colors, papers, etc., necessary to
carry out the objects of this volume. ......00.se00« 205

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‘the present age seems ever on the
increase, and leads men to new re-
searches into the realms of science
and art, includes within its scope all
nature, of which, it will be freely admitted, the
floral kingdom forms a very important part.
The endless variety and beauty of floriculture
offers to the student of nature unequaled at-
tractions not only to discover and develop new
marvels of beauty that lay hidden in this fine
study, but also to find the means by which
countless numbers, already known, may be

;

preserved for a longer than the short space
of time allotted to them by the laws of nature

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vi PREFACE.

in which to delight our vision and add some-
thing to our earthly enjoyments. A _ higher
Dispensation has decreed the dependence of
man upon organic nature for many of his com-
forts and pleasures. Jhis is nowhere so ap-
parent as with the gifts of Flora. From time
immemorial flowers were used as representa-
tions of the tender and the lovely.

Their allegorical appliance was in all parts

of the world inherent to poetry, and emblem-

atic of all that is great and good. There is
in fact but little poetry without flowers. All
art, all ingenuity of human invention, has
always failed, and will forever fail to make or
compose an ornament that could equal the
simple rose, the modest violet, or the chaste
lily. Did not the Savior himself pay a glow-
ing tribute to the latter in the parable of the
lilies? According to his words, there was
nothing among all the wealth that even a
Solomon possessed which could be compared

to the beauty of the lily. Yes, verily, the -

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PREFACE. vil

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most lavish use of gold and diamonds will
rarely form anything but an imperfect owna-
ment, if not supported or enriched by the
inherent beauty of leaves, buds, and blossoms.
The flower is the messenger of love and friend-
ship. It serves as a token of esteem, as a
prize for gallantry or virtue. More than this,
it is the last gift of bereaved friends which

follows the departed to their final narrow rest-
ing-place. Even a coffin is seldom seen with-

out flowers; and the melancholy aspects of a
funeral are mitigated to no small degree by
the tender and sweet influences of flowers.
It is a mysterious consolation to know that
our dear deceased are surrounded by fragrant
flowers, and that their place of silent rest is
encircled with lofty trees and blooming shrubs.
That a little bouquet, a single flower left
from such an oceasion, should gain a thousand-
fold value from the memories attached to it,
and its preservation become an object of great
solicitude, is certainly not to be wondered at.

—)

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viii PREBACE.

Yet despite all the eulogiums that can be be-
stowed on flowers, they do not last. They are
short lived; and their mere temporary exist-
ence depends upon season, temperature, and
weather. By the laws of nature these dear
tokens of affection are, with few exceptions,
doomed to well-nigh immediate decay, unless
means can be devised by which this natural
tendency to decay can be arrested.

To discover the best and most practical
methods by which this so desirable object
could be attained has been my study for years,
and it affords me great pleasure to be able
to state that my efforts have been crowned
with very satisfactory results.

As early as the year 1865,—fourteen years
ago,—when scarcely anything was yet pub-
licly known of this art, I received the grand
prize-medal for my display of preserved
flowers at the inte:national horticultural ex-
hibition at Cologne on the Rhine. Since
then, I have received no less than. eighteen

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Mr al.
Syrcagee

PREFACE. ix

medals of high grade at the different worlds’
expositions, as also a number of valuable
and_ rarely-bestowed decorations from the
reigning potentates of Europe, and many
honorary diplomas in the United States and
other countries for my exhibitions of pre-
served flowers. Firmly believing that a
treatise on so interesting a subject, of which
so little is generally known as yet,. would
be hailed with pleasure by a great many
lovers of flowers, I have nuw laid down
in this volume my long and extensive ex-
perience with the subject in question.

The reader will find in the book before him
several methods, clearly and concisely given,
by which the rose, the violet, the pansy, the
forget-me-not, and hundreds of other beau-
tiful flowers, may be kept in nearly their orig-
inal beauty for many years.

I have also added several important chapters
on the gathering, coloring, and arranging of
numerous varieties of ornamental grasses,

’
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F

PREFACE.

‘al

mosses, and leaves for home ornament or dec-
orative purposes on public occasions, besides
a number of chapters on subjects pertaining
more or less to the title of this book.

With. these prefatory remarks, I commend
this book to the favorable notice of the public,
feeling confident that it will contribute some-
thing toward an agreeable and profitable occu-
pation of the time of its readers, and awaken,
by the knowledge of how to preserve many
of them, a still deeper interest in the beautiful
gifts of the Flora.

H. ACOSTA KRESKEN.

CINCINNATI, On10, May, 1879.

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Chapter é-

THE ART OF DRYING FLOWERS BY APPLICA-
TION OF SULPHUR VAPOR.

> NOWING the curious and

(4 sometimes destructive effect

that sulphur has when brought in
contact with different objects, some
of my kind readers will no doubt
be surprised to find it placed at the
very head of this book as the saving,
the conserving element of many of
the delicate and beautiful gifts of flora.

Yet, strange as it may appear to
many, it is none the less true, and
without entering upon any scientific
theory of the subject, I merely state

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12 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

the fact, leaving the verification of it
to experiments by the reader.

To cure or dry flowers by sulphur
vapor, the -first thing requisite is a
wooden box of a size to suit the quan-
tity of flowers on hand. For general
use I would recommend the following
size: Height and width two feet,
length three feet. The box should
have a sliding lid, or rather, front,
and be as near as possible air-tight.
All cracks must be closed by filling
them up with putty or soft clay. Place
the box so that the lid be on the
front side and that it may be opened
by drawing the lid upward. Inside,
on both of the short sides of the box,
there should be two laths one inch

in thickness and six inches apart. On

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THE SULPHUR-BOX.

When ready to be closed.

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14 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

these laths the sticks of corresponding
length are laid to hold the flowers.
The latter should be put up in small
bunches. Of the smaller flowers quite
a number may be bunched together,

but of the larger, like peonies, roses,

and asters, not more than three. Or-
dinary coarse thread may be used for
binding; common wire will blacken

and spoil the flowers. Two bunches

are joined by a short thread, and then

hung over the sticks with the flowers

downward and sufficiently far apart

to avoid pressing. When the box is

filled with flowers, place a little tin

or earthen vessel on the bottom,

about six inches from the flowers

above it, containing about four ounces

of common sulphur or brimstone, and

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 15

enough sulphur-fuse to make it burn
well; then ignite it and close the box.
To prevent the extinguishing of the
sulphur and to furnish a draft of air,
there should be two holes one inch in
diameter in the box, one in the lower
part of the lid or front side, and an-
other in a straight line with this in
the upper board, to insure the desired
draft. After the brimstone has been
burning freely about ten minutes, and
the box has been well filled with
vapor, cork up the draft-holes and
close all the cracks through which
the vapor escapes, with putty, and
keep the box hermetically closed
at least twenty-four hours. When
the box is opened the flowers will

appear white ; those whichretain much

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16 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

of their natural color are not fully
cured, and are unfit for preservation.
After having been taken out of the
box, suspend them in some _ shady
room and expose them to a continu-
ous draft of air, but at the same time
be prepared to close the room and
protect the flowers from dampness, if
rainy weather sets in, in order to pre-
vent them: from molding. As the
drying process progresses the flowers
will gradually regain their natural
color. They may then be put up in
little paper or wooden boxes until
used.

In the above described manner a
large quantity of flowers and of nu-
merous varieties may be dried without
great trouble and in a comparative-

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

—

ly short time, but it is essential that
the sulphur-box be not opened too
soon. A few hours longer makes
little difference, but one hour too
soon may spoil them. These flow-
ers may be used for various orna-
mental purposes, and their curing
and arranging may be converted into
a profitable business, if pleasure or
the love of art be not the only motive
for the experiment.
Before specifying the varieties of
flowers best adapted to this manner
of curing, I wish to direct the atten-
tion of the reader to a certain treat-
ment of preserved flowers which is al-
most indispensable to their usefulness
for decorative purposes. Flowers
cured by sulphur vapor should, before

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18 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

working them up for ornamental pur-
poses, be placed in a cellar, or in any
other damp place, and be left there-
in about twenty-four hours or until
they become flexible. Their straw-
like appearance will then be changed,
their color will become natural and
more vivid. Certain varieties, for in-
stance asters, will begin to look as
fresh as if they were recently cut.

All dried flowers of red colors, in-
cluding pink and crimson, will be
greatly improved by being submitted
to the following manipulation: Mix
one part of chemically pure nitric acid

with eleven parts of cistern or river

water; put the mixture in a glass or
earthen vessel; dip the dried flowers

in only for a moment, then let the

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 19

liquid drop off, and suspend the flow-
ers in a shady and airy place to dry.
Flowers treated in this manner will
often acquire brilliant colors. ‘There
is hardly any other way to give dried
roses an appearance of freshness.
They must, however, not be dried
before the open fire or by stove-heat.

Fuchsias must not be fully develop-
ed if to be cured to advantage. Buds
of all varieties may be preserved so
as nearly to equal the fresh ones.
When they are to be used, it is only
necessary to moisten them slightly,
when they may be easily opened with
the fingers, and the stamens arranged
to suit taste and purpose.

The Xeranthemum annuum flora
pleno albo, the double white Xeranthe-

ilar, it

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20 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

mum, although an everlasting, will in-
variably acquire a dull, dirty yellowish
color in whatever manner it be dried,
except when cured with sulphur va-
pors, which will render it snow-white.

Not all varieties of flowers are
adapted to this process of preserva-
tion, but the following named certain-
ly are:

German and Chinese asters, except
the quilled asters, the needles or
quills of which will become thin and
shapeless.

Roses of all varieties, especially
the dark and light red. No white,

Double peonies of all colors.

Fuchsias in the bud or half open.

Robinia or sweet-scented locust.

Acacias of all red-blooming varieties.

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' WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

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Pomegranate flowers of all varieties. ~
Wisterias.

Sweet-scented peas,
Canterbury-bells

Rhodantes.

Statice.

Clematis (the double).
Peach-blossoms on the branches.
Apple, pear, and cherry blossoms.
Cacalia (the scarlet).

Lupinus. |

Spirea (all red varieties).
Solidago (nearly all varieties).
Larkspur.

Centaurea Americana.

Candy-tuft.

Agapanthus.
Hollyhock (the double).
Honeysuckle. L
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WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

Experiments will satisfy the ama-
teur as well as the professional florist
that many flowers not named here,
especially among those growing on
wooden stems, can be preserved by
this process with more or less success.
The application of the flower var-
nish, described in Chapter IV., to a
flower not of a velvety surface, and
on the lower side if so, will not unfre-
quently adapt it for this method of
drying. Most sulphur-cured flowers
after having been hung up to dry for
sometime will contract more or less
from their original size. Much of this
can be overcome by careful remodeling
or arranging the petals after they have
been exposed to damp air for a short

time, and just before they are intended

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 23
to be used. In large and very com-
pact roses and other well-filled flowers,
the contraction is not considerable.
For future use keep the drying-
box, which has been found to work
well, in a place of comparative’ even
temperature, where the wood is not
likely to swell from dampness. nor
shrink. from too much heat. Any
cracks or rents that may at any time
be discovered in the sulphur-box
should be carefully closed by pasting
strips of paper over them before it
is used, as success depends on a close
confinement of the sulphur-fumes. To
prevent any sulphur odor from being
offensive, it may also be advisable to
keep the box in an unoccupied room

or place.

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Chapter iE.

TO DRY FLOWERS IN SAND.
af

YA EF the several known methods
ye by which flowers can be suc-

cessfully dried, there is none so well
adapted to general use as that by
sand. It will no doubt, when once
better and more generally known, be
‘a very popular pastime; and I think
the day is not far distant when the
sand-box will be considered almost
indispensable in the flower-garden.

If but a small quantity of flowers
are to be dried, almost any vessel or
paper-box may be used—even a clean
flower-pot will answer. The article

to be used should have one or more
; 24

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sang te ng

WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 25

small holes in the bottom, or better
yet, on the lower part of one of the

sides, to let out the sand at the proper |

time. This hole can be temporarily
closed with a card or strong piece of
paper placed on the inside. For gen-
eral or permanent use I would recom-
mend a box from five to six inches
high, eight inches wide, and twelve
inches long, made of half-inch pine
boards, and provided on two sides with
convenient handles. It can however
be made larger each way, if the quan-
tity of flowers on hand make it desira-
ble. ‘To facilitate the removal of the
sand, the following arrangement is
highly recommendable: Let the box
above described be made with a
sliding bottom and provided with a

4
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Haulin,

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—

26 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.
little knob in front, similar to a wooden
bird-cage. Half an inch above this
sliding bottom a close sieve or plain
piece of wire-cloth should be fitted in
and nailed to the box.

The sand to be used is next to be
considered. ‘This should be the kind
known as white silver-sand; also,
New Orleans sea-sand, an article of
commerce generally to be had where
plaster of Paris is sold. When this
can not be had, white pit or fine river
sand will answer. Whatever kind is
used, it must be well sifted, then
washed and stirred in water as long
as there appears to be any unclean
substance in it. When the water,
after being poured off a number of
times, becomes perfectly clear, the

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. xe

sand should be put in a suitable
vessel and heated over a fire until it is
perfectly dry. It is now ready, and
can be advantageously used before it
cools off entirely. On hot days the
sand may also be dried in the sun.
Cover the bottom of the vessel to be
used with about an inch of sand, or
half an inch over the sieve if a box
has been provided as described above.
Begin now to lay the flowers to be
dried on the sand. Flat-shaped ones,
like vincas, phlox, and others of simi-
lar form, should be placed face down-
ward, while those with bell or funnel
shapes, and double flowers of every
kind, must be turned so that the in-
side of the flower can easily be filled
with sand. The flowers should not

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

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touch each other. When _ placed
properly, let the sand flow slowly
around and in the flowers. Anything
having a small hole through which
the sand can flow, may be used for
this purpose. An envelope or a paper
bag, with an aperture in one corner, is
a handy article for the purpose. It
should be borne in mind that the future
shape of the flower depends ina great
measure on how it is placed in the
sand and surrounded by it. Experi-
ence will, however, soon be the best
guide in this matter.

When all are placed properly, they
should be entirely covered with the
sand; and, if desired, two or three
rows of flowers can be placed in a
similar manner over each other, if the

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 29

size of the box will admit of it. The
box can then be exposed to the sun
and a piece of glass placed over it,
or, when practicable, placed on the
upper shelf of a green-house. A well-
regulated heat,—say between eighty
and one hundred degrees Fahrenheit,
—over steam-pipes, or anywhere else,
where such regulation is possible, in-
sures the best success with the drying
process. If dried in the sun, and the

day be a very hot one, it is advisable

to neutralize the piercing rays of the
noonday sun by placing a sheet of pa-
per over the glass. Boxes placed in
the open air in day-time must be
brought under shelter at night, and all
precaution taken that no moisture is
drawn by the sand while the flowers

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” 30 WONDERS OF THE FLORA. Be

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are in, as that will spoil them. Ina
continual temperature of from eighty
to one hundred degrees, most flowers
can be dried in from twenty to twenty-
four hours. Those with large and
heavy cups under the flower, like
hollyhocks, dahlias, and others, re-
quire a longer time, and should be
placed separate. After the flowers
are dry, draw out the sliding lid of the
drying-box, or the coverings put over

the escape-hole of any other vessel

you may have used, when the sand
will flow out and leave the flowers
free from it. They are now extremely
crisp and fragile, and should be care-
fully put away one by one for a few
hours, when the sand remaining on

them can be dusted off with a camel-

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WONDERS OF THE FLOIA. ol

hair brush. They should then be
placed in paper or wooden boxes, and
these put ina dry place until needed.
Before using the flowers put them
ina damp place for half a day, when
they will become quite pliable and
can be handled without injury,
Flowers to be dried by sand should
be cut during dry weather, and when
the morning dew has entirely disap-
peared, otherwise they will not keep.

In most cases the stems should be cut

_ off within an inch of the flower, as it

ail ull bi,
§

adds to the convenience in placing
them in the sand; and the stems are

also better replaced by pieces of wire,

when needed. Another quite coin-

mendable method to dry flowers in
sand is the following: To twelve

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32 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

quarts of sand take one ounce of gen-
uine spermaceti and one ounce of
stearine, and heat them in a large
pot with a round bottom. While
stirring the mass, see that the sand
becomes equally glazed while hot.
When cool, it may be used in the
same manner as above directed.
Thus prepared, it will never adhere to
the flowers, which may be the case
when ordinary sand that is not per-
fectly dry and clean is used.

The following are some of the flow-
ers well suited for drying in sand:

Pansy. Lobelia.
Verbena. Stocks.
Pelargonium. Browallia.
Deutzia. Pinks.
Forget-me-not. Tea Rose.

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

Lantana. Mignonette.
Sweet Alyssum. Primrose.

Marigold. Thunbergia.
Nemophila. Nigella.
Abutilon. Whitlavia.
Gaillardia. Campanula.
Vinca. Violet.

Chinese Pinks (the light-colored).

Hollyhocks (the light-colored).

Lily of the Valley.

Narcissus (only the single).

Dahlia (the light-colored).

Day Lily

Calliopsis (the yellow and brown).

Besides these, many other flowers
are adapted for this process; and prac-
tical experience will soon enable any
one to make the proper selection.

Very watery flowers, such as lady’s-
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WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

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ns

slippers and hyacinths, will not dry
well. As a rule, light-colored and
white as also yellow and blue flowers,
keep their colors best in sand. Pink,
scarlet and the dark red ones fre-
quently get much darker.

Besides the flowers, many kinds of
ferns, especially maiden-hair and other
small and hardy varieties, can be
very successfully dried in sand; also,
many kinds of leaves and ornamental
mosses. The beautiful smilax dries
so well that scarcely any change can
be seen between the fresh and dried.
Many of the above can be preserved
by pressing; but they will remain for-
ever ‘“‘pressed,’’—flattened out,—while
those dried in sand will retain their
natural graceful forms.

See ‘‘ Publisher’s Remarks” on page 195.

“age

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i IC “angie 70

|

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Ukagtee FEF.

THE DRYING OF FLOWERS BY CURING THE
SAME WITH ACIDS.

rain water sufficient to sub-
merge a bunch of flowers. Put the
mixture ina glass or earthen vessel,
and submerge the fresh-cut flowers

in the same about one minute. The

ate
&

liquid should then be shaken off, and
the flowers suspended in a shady
place until they become perfectly dry.

This, it will be observed, is the
same method as that recommended in
the first chapter to heighten the brill-

lancy of certain flowers, but with
* See page 168. 35

“Any iz

Syee gyn

The

uli, ull

ail aS
P

36 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

this difference, that in the method
recommended there the dipping is to
be but momentary, while for the en-
tire curing of flowers, as intended in
this chapter, the submersion should
last about fifty to sixty seconds.

This process may be considered
best adapted to flowers of a straw-like
nature, as red xeranthemum, helichry-
sum, gomphrena (globe amaranth),
etc., the red varieties of which have
naturally a dull and not very pretty
crimson appearance; but after passing
through the acid process they adopt a
beautiful bright-red color. All red
varieties of asters and roses—the
latter should be of a hardy, well-filled
variety,—can be successfully dried by
the use of acid, although for roses I

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 37

consider the sulphur process, as given
in Chapter I., preferable. They can,
however, after having been dried in
sulphur, be greatly improved by being
dipped into the diluted acid, and may
be, during the winter, used to great
advantage among the finest fresh-cut
flowers. Florists may, at a time when
flowers are scarce, avoid great incon-
venience in this way. No plant shows
better after this treatment than the
beautiful little erica or heath biossom.
Pity that it is not more common in
this country; but there are many simi-
lar species of flowers found every-
where which have nearly the same
qualities. In hanging up flowers dip-
ped in acid use only coarse strings, as
light ones may break from its effect.

2ullir,

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Chapter aM.

SPECIAL TREATMENT FOR CERTAIN FLOWERS.

to me saat some flowers are not well
adapted for preservation by sand or
sulphur, unless first strengthened by
what I will term a ‘flower varnish.”
These are such flowers, whose petals
are either too thick to be cured by
any ordinary process or too thin and
flabby to withstand a treatment ac-
corded to flowers of a more hardy
nature. I will here give the names
of some of either kind. To the first

may be counted the following:
38

&
,

.

“ait

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wale aul

“SM

WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 39

7

Camellia.
Pond-lily.
Lilies of various kinds.
Magnolia.

* Passion Flower.
Fuschias.

* Cobea.

* Oleander,

Tuberose.
To the second class belong
* Morning- glory.

* Petunia.

* Azalea.

* Geranium (light colors best).
* Phlox-drummondii.

* Poppy.

* Nierembergia.

* Whitlavia.
* Cactus-blossoms.

* Those marked with a star should only have the varnish
applied on the lower side of the petals and down to the calyx.
c

gle

q

28h if
A
& 40 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

aria

The ‘flower varnish” before men-
tioned is prepared and applied as fol-
lows: Take one ounce of gum sanda-
rac, a half ounce of gum mastic, and
a piece of camphor the size of a hazel-
nut. Pulverize all of it; put it intoa
wine or other long bottle, and pour
over it a pint of first-proof alcohol.
Then heat it mildly, often shaking the
mixture. After the ingredients have
become thoroughly dissolved, let the
bottle stand quietly until the dregs
have settled at the bottom, when the
clear portion should be poured off.
This will soon assume the appear-
ance and qualities of a transparent
varnish, a thin coat of which may be
put on the flowers with a soft camel-
hair brush. When the varnish has be-

age

tk

4
Spe gc

a
q WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 41

gy

come perfectly dry, put them into the
sand-box and treat them as directed
in Chapter II. Care must be taken
that the sand be perfectly dry. Flow-
ers preserved in this manner are never
injured by insects, and keep for years
if protected against dust. The varnish
should also be applied to the calyx of
flowers which have a tendency to drop
their petals when dried in sand, as the
geranium and pelargonium.

If the ingredients above given be
doubled to the same amount of alco--
hol, it will produce an excellent elastic
varnish for imitations of fruits, espe-
cially the small varieties, as black-
berries, cherries, strawberries, etc. ;
also for artificial leaves, flower-vases,
‘ chromos, etc.

cs

Sew

|
Sac gg

EIT =
ill.

GCbapter AT.
© co“r.
TO PRESERVE OR EMBALM FLOWERS WITH

WAX, PARAFFINE (COAL-OIL WAX),
OR SPERMACETI.

HIS method may be consider-
4 ed specially adapted for the

preservation of such memorial

souvenirs as floral decorations used at
weddings, funerals, or other occasions,

when their preservation would be a
source of future gratification.
Especially is this method well adapt-
ed to such a purpose, as the flowers
then commonly used have already
more or less a waxy appearance. For
this process, either wax, paraffine, or
spermaceti can be used; but the first
named is preferable, and I will here

state how to proceed with the same.
42

Sic ne ee ee “sues

‘

;

a

ica:
&

WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

ANG
Se)

Take one pound of good bleached
wax, break it into small pieces, and
put it into a porcelain vessel of not
too narrow proportions; then. place

?
aypemet

a larger vessel on the fire to serve as

a water-bath for the first, so as to
prevent the wax from igniting. Place
the vessel with the wax into the water,
and keep this boiling until all is melt-
ed. Then add three tea-spoonfuls of
rectified turpentine to the wax, to
make it soft and more pliable. When
the mixture has turned to a perfect
liquid, take the flowers, one by one,
dip them into it, and. with a pair of
nippers, withdrawing quickly, gently
shake the flowers, and then hold them
upward so that the superfluous wax

can run down to the stem. When

|
Sy “nga

sift a

44, WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

the wax has cooled a little,—which
takes but a few seconds,—lay down the
flowers, but not before, as they would
otherwise flatten on the lower side

- from the weight of the soft wax and

2c,

A
Lc

become misshapen. The same proc-
ess may be gone through with when
paraffine or spermaceti is to be used,
excepting that to these two substances
no turpentine is needed. |
White flowers can be greatly im-
proved by adding to the above prepa-
ration, while in a liquid state, enough
carbonate bismuth to cause it to as-
sume a perfect milky color. It gives
the flowers a beautiful brilliant ap-
pearance, which is especially noticea-
ble in lilies, tuberoses, camellias, white

carnation pinks, primroses. etc. Car-

4

P
ame a

Senge

aula

WONDERS OF THE FLORA,

te
o

bonate bismuth can be had at any
drug-store, and is a perfectly harmless
and cheap article.

It will of course be desirable in the
preservation of funeral and _ other
memorial souvenirs of this nature to

preserve the leaves that have come

with the flowers. For this purpose a

aia
&
A

preparation of a green color becomes
necessary, which may easily be had by
proceeding as follows: Prepare one
pound of white wax in the same man-
ner as that given for the flowers, leav-
ing out the carbonate bismuth. To
this add, when boiling, one ounce of
tincture of carmine indigo (indigo
paste), and one half ounce curcuma.

Stir it well, and dip the leaves in the

2
—.

BS
¥

“I

F

cull uc aut

46 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

same manner as above described for
the flowers.

If a dark green is desired, add a
little more of the tincture; but if a light
green is preferred, a little more of the
curcuma becomes necessary.

To give the leaves a flocky, velvety,
appearance, the dusting process, as
given in the next chapter, may be ap-

_ plied before the wax hardens.

—

It may be considered superfluous
to say that the success of the direc-

tions given above depends in a
creat measure on the freshness of the
flowers that are to be preserved. An
already wilted flower can never be re-
stored to its natural beauty, and it
therefore becomes of the utmost con-

sequence, especially during the heat of

a

2
=

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lad

Seg

cular, allt

qu
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WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

aN

summer, that the preserving process

be commenced as soon as possible.

‘Never put off until to-morrow what
can be done to-day,” finds here a
striking illustration. A few flowers, if
subjected to the waxing process (with-
out carbonate bismuth) when fresh, will
soon decay and get black. These are:
Camellias, tea-roses, bouvardias, jas-
mines, and tuberoses. To these apply
the flower-varnish, and then place them
in warm sand for about twelve hours
for partial drying. ‘They can then be
waxed the same as others. The
petals of lilies are liable to drop off
when dried in sand. ‘To prevent this,
run wires through a part of the center
ridge, which, if neatly done, can not be
noticed when the flower is waxed.

“ange

oe
Ten 4

=

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aul, ae
P
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Chapter Wt.

SOCK

TO PRESERVE AUTUMN LEAVES, AS WELL AS
THE VARIOUS KINDS AND SHADES OF
GREEN LEAVES AND FERNS.

Or
4SHE method to be pursued in
“si, this chapter is partly the same

as that given in Chapter IV.
Prepare the same varnish as there de-
scribed, and apply it to the leaves
with a soft camel-hair brush. A small
quantity of flock of the desired .color—
an article that can be had in every
drug-store, and in various colors,—
should then be spread on clean paper;
and the leaves, which must be partial-
ly dry, may then be pressed into the
outspread flock. When perfectly dry,

brush off such of the flock as does
48

Ho al Ui

pee

ail

Spc

2th i will alls
fe a
I WONDERS OF THE FLORA. Be

i
; cS

not adhere to the varnish, when the
leaf is ready for whatever purpose it
may be intended. Leaves with yel-
low or brown spots can be imitated
very closely by putting the same spots
in yellow or brown flock on the out-
spread green, and slightly rubbing it
into the latter so as to look more nat-
ural. Press the varnished leaf on the
flock so prepared, dust off when dry,
and the process is finished.

Natural autumn or variegated leaves
which in the late fall months can be
found in endless variety, and in the
most beautiful and fantastically ar-
ranged colorings, can be pieserved for
an indefinite period by using the
varnish described in Chapter IV.

When dry, put the leaves singly on a
4
eet See Soe ne ery

Mina lie,

i}

Meg

»
See sugye

uli aul

Lilie alr

ayy
%

50 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

clean piece of blotting-paper; put an-
other on top of this, and flatten them
out with a hot smoothing iron. The
method given above is based on pre-
serving the leaves by the application
of ‘flower-varnish’’ and some colors.
But should it be desired to keep them
in their green color without the use
of these, they can be dried in sand,

as directed in Chapter II., by which
many kinds of foliage can be very suc-

cessfully preserved. Ferns can be
treated in the same manner as the
leaves, but for all the hardy varieties,
their preservation can also be accom-
plished most et acant 2! through
the sand process.

4

e
sage ng

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ra ste

eral

f

sulla. 2

=
|

Chapter Vas.

SKELETON LEAVES.

countless numbers and varieties in our
paths, has of late years had no incon-
siderable share of attention by many

lovers of natural beauty; and when

in search of these beautiful, curious,
and quaint ornaments with which to
adorn the house, care should be taken
that only such leaves as are perfectly
developed be chosen. Leaves from
young shoots, even when of large size,
have little value for this process, being
deficient in the strength of their fibers

for the boiling process. Those leaves
d1

4
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fee sane

&
s
EE
=,
=H

elt ; r

+ xl. air, 2

P f
- e

N LEAVES,

*SKELETO

a
al

omic aa

ail

a

WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 53

that have been injured by insects, or
are too much spotted from one cause
or another, are valueless for skeleton-
izing, as are also those of herbs, and
other leaves of a soft, flabby na-
ture. When a good store of finely-
veined and healthy leaves are gather-
ed, proceed in the following simple
and comparatively inexpensive man-
ner:

In a quart of boiling water dissolve
four ounces of common washing-soda.
Add two ounces of slacked quicklime,
and boil about fifteen minutes. Allow
the solution to cool, and then pour off
all the clear liquor into a saucepan.
Another heating is necessary now;
and when at the boiling point place
the leaves carefully in the pan. Let it

aye

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ApH
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e
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jue eae

2

P
—

54 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

boil all together an hour; and to
replace the water lost by evaporation
add a little from time to time. It will
now be necessary to test the effect of
the first hour’s boiling, for which pur-
pose take out a leaf and rub gently
between the finger and thumb in cold
water. If the cellular matter does
not come off easily from the veins,
boil them again for a short time.
When the fleshy part is, found to have
softened sufficiently, rub the leaves
gently, one by one, under cold water
until the perfect skeleton is exposed.
At first their appearance will be a
dirty white color. To make them a
pure white, bleach them in a solution
of chloride of lime: take a table-spoon-

ful of lime to a quart of water, and

ese

~ eo

ait

aia. al

—
§

WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 5D

add one spoonful of vinegar to the
solution. In about fifteen or twenty
minutes they will be perfectly white,
and clear-looking. Dry them in white
blotting-paper, beneath a gentle press-
ure, when they will be ready for
mounting or any ornamental purpose
they may be destined for.

Another method to skeletonize
leaves is the following: In a glass, or
well-glazed earthen vessel, mix one
part of sulphuric acid with seven parts

of clear water. Put the leaves into

the mixture until the cellular matter is
sufficiently softened, which may take
about twelve hours. Then put into a
sieve and remove the green substance

by carefully pouring water over it.

After having become dry, they may be

EP
anal

.
Soe

ail 2
P
s

cae

‘

56 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

used as they are, or bleached in the
same way as stated in the preceding |
method. Although the last process is
much more simple and less trouble-
some than the first, the success of it
is not always so well assured, as great
care is necessary to keep the leaves
from being “burned,” or overdone by
the acid. The leaves to be skeleton-
ized should be collected from June to
August, but never in wet weather.
Those from tropical trees kept in
greenhouses can, however, be made
available for skeletonizing in winter
when trees in the open air are without
leaves. Those. from the magnolia,
orange, poplar, willow, aspen, maple,
linden, apple, pear, holly, rose, and
ivy have been found the most suitable,

ae

— gee

; S yc-ugpe

aul at

om

°

WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 57

while those containing tannin, as the
oak and walnut, are unfit for the pur-
pose. Before closing this chapter, it
seems proper to give what is termed
the “slow but sure” process, which,
although very tedious, is preferred by
many. It is as follows: Place the
leaves in a jar or wooden vessel and
immerse them in soft water. Expose
the vessel to the hot sun, or place it
in some other warm locality for sev-
eral weeks, when they may be exam-
ined, and those that are found suffi-
ciently soft should be placed in clear
water, and the pulpy matter removed
from them with a soft tooth-brush.
According to the nature of the differ-
ent leaves, these examinations may
last from two to twelve weeks.

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Min aur

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Chapter MEE.

THE COLORING OF EVERLASTING FLOWERS
AND GRASSES IN VARIOUS SHADES.

ings
) CN the shops of our florists, as

HN a well as in many homes, we very
often see everlasting flowers, grasses,
and mosses exposed, which being
bleached, faded, and soiled are any-
thing but ornaments. Even wholesale
dealers not unfrequently sell and ship
articles of that description which have
but little similarity to flowers. I will
now show how this class of flowers,
grasses, and mosses may be prepared
so that they will not only keep their
good appearance for a very long time,
but will even withstand the influence
53

4
.
=

a

Sree se

t

WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 59

_of dampness and dust. The process

is simple as well as comparatively in-

expensive. It is surprising to me that
either this or similar nethods have not
been applied more generally hereto-
fore, as it puts the objects named in
such a state of durability that they
may easily be renovated after having
been exposed for years to damaging
influences.

No exact quantity of the aniline
colors mentioned below can be given.
They will of course vary in proportion
to the more or less frequent use which
is to be made of them; but as a par-
tial guide in the matter, I will state

‘that one ounce of any aniline color

4

dissolved in a half-pint bottle of recti-
fied or first-proof alcohol is sufficient

>
sng nf

Bt de rd

USI

#f

Phi atte
= i eae a as ee

S
ps
=|
nr

60 WONDERS OF T7iE FLORA.
to color a great mass of everlasting
flowers and grasses, and if kept cork-

ed well will keep for years.

COLORS AND THEIR PREPARATION.

No.1. Cyzmson. Use aniline fuchsin

red. This may be found in almost
any wholesale or retail drug-store, in
crystallized as well as liquid form.
The crystals should be dissolved in
first-proof alcohol. Put the aniline in
a bottle, add enough alcohol to cover

the same, then cork up, and let it

stand in a warm place fora day. On
the second day fill the bottle with alco-
hol, and shake well until the aniline is

wholly dissolved. If only a very |

small quantity of flowers is to be col-
ored, the liquid aniline may perhaps

a
sg ane

Scag

22M.

aul. a

lie anltbi,

i
4

WONDERS OF THI FLORA. 61

be considered preferable, in so far that
it saves the trouble of dissolving.

To apply the color, take a glass or
well-glazed earthen vessel, pour boil-
ing water into it, and add enough of
the tincture to make it appear bright
red; and to make the shade lighter or

deeper, as may be desired, dip the

flowers or grasses in until they are
coloted to suit; then dip them into
clean cold water, and suspend them
to dry either in the sun or near the

stove.

No. 2) Vidlet. Color: Aniline dé
pansee. Application the same as
INGE: F.

No. 3. furple. (Redish violet).
Color: Aniline de parme. Applica-
tion the same as No. 1.

vals?

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“MRC Me +4

Sic cm

alc

P

sinc

62 WONDERS OF THE FLORA. —

No. 4. Brown. Color: Aniline
Bismarck. Application the same as in
No.1. : :

No. 5. Ovange. Color: Aniline
orange. Application the same as in
No. 1, except that the flowers or
grasses after having been dipped in
the solution must not be washed with
water, because the orange-color is not
of a quick-penetrating quality, and
would wash off. ‘This dye can best be
purchased in a liquid state.

No. 6. Blue. Color: Aniline bleu
de lion. Application the same as in
No. 1, except that a small quantity of
sulphuric acid—about a table-spoonful
to a gallon of water—is to be added
to and mixed with the solution. The
latter should be boiled from five to

Seas nt ae Se Te en ee ae

Ir

ilu, aul |

“sae

=|

a
4

WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 63

eight minutes before the flowers or
grasses are dipped into it.

No. : 7. : Scarfez.. Color:. Aniline
fuchsin red, mixed with a small quan-
tity of aniline orange,—enough to pro-
duce the shade wanted. Application
the same as in No. ft.

No. 8. Slack. Color: Aniline
black 00 (pulverized). Application
the same as in No. I.

No. 9. Lemon-Yellow. Color: Pic-
ric acid. This must be dissolved in
boiling water,—say half an ounce for
one coloring operation; more it will
not be advisable to dissolve at a time,
as all coloring-matter dissolved in
water does not keep long. Mix this
color with one quart of lukewarm
water, when the objects to be dyed

“AN EC SM i -

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

f=)
i

may be dipped in for about five min-
utes. They can then be dried, but
without any previous washing. As
the picric acid is a strong poison, it
should be handled carefully. Avoid
inhaling its vapors, and also staining
the hands with it, as such stains are
difficult to remove.

No. 10. Green. Color: One ounce
of tincture of carmine indigo (indigo
paste) and two ounces of alum to
three quarts of boiling water. Stir
frequently until all is dissolved, and
then add a few drops of picric acid,
which gives a more brilliant color.
The latter is, however, not absolutely
necessary, and may be replaced by a
tea-spoonful of pulverized curcuma,
which is harmless, while the picric

ee —

smu:
‘ll

BEIT Gl Fea eae ai a es a en ee ange ME

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=
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=
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(or)
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WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

acid, as stated before, is a poison.
When boiling, dip in the flowers or
grasses until they turn to a bright
light green. If a dark green is de-
sired, leave out both the picric acid
and the curvcuma, whichever may have
been used. The articles so colored
will not stand washing in water before
they are fully dry.

No. 11. Penk or Rose. Use the
color mentioned for No. 1, with this
difference, that but little of it must be
put in the water.

No. 12. Lzlac. Use the color of
No 2, but only a small quantity, as
stated in the foregoing paragraph.
Besides these, a number of other vari-
ations may be made, either by mixing

two colors or diluting with additional
5

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Prd

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ef

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2

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6
apa

66 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

water the more solid colors, as, for in-
stance, the scarlet. By using the
preparation by which this color has
been produced, and adding about one
third more water, a cherry color will
be the result. By a still further addi-
tion of water, the scarlet tint or peach-
blossom can be produced. This,
however, refers only to scarlet color
No. 7. Scarlet color No. 13 is only
for flowers with a yellow ground, as
French immortelles.

The same gradation of shades may
be obtained in nearly every color by
either diminishing the depth of the
full color with the addition of water,
or increasing a light shade by a grad-
ual addition of more coloring matter.

For further particulars on colors, see page 205.

2 ye ge

cm

of all kinds, as also French immor-

a
§

Ghagtee Fas.

bn Zar? ORNAMENTAL GRASSES.
a
JOR these, the coloring process

Nes) has already been given in the

foregoing chapter. The colors from

No. 1 to No. 12 can be used for
grasses as well as for everlasting flow-
ers, with this difference, that they re-
quire a longer dipping than the latter,
their surface being generally of a less
penetrable substance than the more

delicately formed flowers. Grasses

telles, require a peculiar treatment
prior to the dyeing process. It is as
follows: Set a large wash-kettle or

other suitable vessel containing about
67

It

i

ai ak

ei
:

63 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

two gallons of water, on the fire; cut
up into small-slices to that quantity of
water a quarter of a pound of vene-
tian soap, which can be had in any
drug-store. Allow it to boil gently,
and when dissolved dip the grasses or
immortelles into the water about half
their length, or about as far as it is
desired to color them. Ina few min-
utes they will lose their natural ap-
pearance and color the water in the
kettle. Boil about fifteen minutes.
If it is considered more convenient,
they may be tied into small bunches,
two and two together, with a cord or
thread, and hung over a stick placed
across the k: ttle, so that their tops
and part of the stems be submerged.
When the natural color is extracted,

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ORNAMENTAL GRASSES,

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70 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

in so far at least as to color the water
green, rinse in cold water, and hang
out todry. They can now be colored
as already described. Grasses will
assume specially fine shades if they
are subjected to the sulphur process
before coloring. If this is not con-
venient, they can be bleached as fol-
lows: Take two table-spoonfuls of
chloride of lime and one of vinegar to
a quart of water. Pour off the clear
portion when settled, and immerse the
grasses into it until nearly white.

The variety of grasses that can be
made available for ornamentation is
very great; but I will here only name
a portion of them, and such as I con-
sider best for the purpose. For gen-
eral information, I will give the botan-

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WONDERS OF

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THE FLCRA. r

ical as well as the English names of

most of the following grasses:

BOTANICAL.

_ Briza maxima.

Briza geniculata.

Briza gracilis,
Phalaria canariensis.
Agrostis nebulosa.
Bromus briza formis.
Lagurus ovatus.
Penisetum longistylum.
Stipa pennata.
Eryanthus Ravennae.
Gynerium argenteum.
Poa pratensis.

Poa nemoralis.
Anthoxanthum gracile.
Agrostis vulgaris.
Lolium perenis.
Daxtilis glomerata.
Briza pyrum siculum.
Chloris barbata.

cage

ENGLISH.
Quaking-grass.
Shaking-grass.
Large shaking-grass.
Canary-grass.
Bent-grass.
Drooping-grass.
Rabbit-tail grass.
Long:-pen grass.
Feather-grass.
Sugar-grass.

Pampas- grass.
Blue-grass.
Wood-grass.

Sweet vernal grass.
Redtop-grass.
Rye-grass.
Orchard-grass,
Glitter-grass.
Beard-grass.

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72 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.
LATIN. ENGLISH.

Coix Lacryma. Job’s tears.

Eragrostis cylindriflora. Love-grass.

Zea caragua. Giant maize (corn)

Zea Japonica. Striped maize (corn).

Timothy-grass.
Broom-corn.

Sorghum.

Also, the following well-known cere-
als, which belong to the family of
grasses: Wheat, rye, barley, oats,
rice, and millet. Any of these are
suitable for ornamentation, if treated
as directed in Chapter VIII., and page
68, of this chapter.

All grasses to be used for orna-
mental purposes should be cut before
the seeds develop in the ears. They
must then be dried well before they
can be boiled.

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Chapter X._

TO BRONZE AND CRYSTALLIZE GRASSES.

‘ARRONZED and crystallized

3 grasses are of a peculiar splen-

dor and brilliancy. If properly select-

ed, they may be very advantageously
used together with fresh as well as
with preserved and dried flowers, and
will heighten the effect of most any
floral work, however delicate it may be.

To Bronze. Spread over the grass
a thin solution of gum arabic,—in
other words, gum-water, an article
found in nearly every household. Ap-
ply with a soft brush, and when
half dry put on bronze-powder with a

73

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74 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

gilder’s brush. After the gum has
hardened shake the grass over a
piece of paper to remove the bronze-
powder which failed to adhere, and
which may be reserved for future use.
Colored as well as uncolored grasses
may be thus bronzed. The various
kinds of bronze-powders—gold, silver,
copper, fire-browns, different shades
of reds, and other colors—can be had
at the drug or paint stores.

To Crystalliize. Solution of gum
arabic is applied in the same manner
as directed in the foregoing paragraph;
but instead of bronze, frostings of any
desired color may be put on. The
latter, however, does not adhere as
readily as the bronze, and the gum
should therefore not be quite as thin

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 75

as that used for bronzing. ‘The finer
the frosting is pulverized the better,
Bronzed and crystallized ears of
wheat, barley, oats, and the smaller
varieties of Indian corn, are a novelty
which the author of this book has in-
troduced with grand effect, as larger
decorations for dining-tables on festive
occasions, such as society-suppers, and
celebrations of a similar character.
They can also be used with brilliant
effect for decorating fair and festival
halls, ball-rooms, etc., if arranged
tastefully and care is taken to avoid
the appearance of overcrowding. The
process of crystallizing, by depositing
crystals of alum on the grasses, iS So
seldom attended with any satisfactory
results that I have omitted it entirely.

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Chapter ME.

FRENCH IMMORTELLES.

(Guaphalium Orientalis.)

tN ERY few flowers, if any, are of

such general utility, and form

an article of such vast commerce, as
the French immortelle. It is well
known that the natural color of this
little flower is yellow. To change the
natural for other colors, it becomes
necessary to extract the yellow, which
is done as directed in Chapter IX. on
‘‘Ornamental Grasses.”’ Several col-
ors can, however, be. given immor-
telles without the extracting process,
These are: Brown, scarlet, and dark

green, besides several variations, as
76

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. V7

stated in paragraph No. 17 of this
chapter.

In the following directions for color-
ing immortelles, the numbers begun
in Chapter VIII. will be continued
for the sake of easy reference:

No. 13. Scarlet. Color: One ounce
of borax dissolved in a quart of boiling

-water. The flowers should be dipped

in until they show a bright scarlet
color, but they must not be rinsed or
washed off in water. Borax is a white
salt, and in itself contains no coloring-
matter; but its action upon the natural
yellow of the immortelle and other
everlasting flowers of that color is that
it changes this to a bright red.

No. 14. Red-Brown. Color and
treatment the same as described in

a '

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78 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

Chapter VIII., No. 1, the apparent
difference in the result (crimson in the
first and red-brown in the last) being
brought about by the yellow ground
of the immortelle, while the color-sub-
ject for No. 1 has to be made white
or colorless by the previous boiling
process.

No. 15. Slack. Color and treat-
‘ment the same as No. 8

No. 16. Dark Green. Dissolve two
ounces of alum and two ounces of in-
digo paste in two quarts of boiling
water. Dip them in until they assume
the desired shade, and rinse with clean

water before drying.

No. 17. Leaving the French im-

mortelle its natural beautiful yellow, a

little variation in some of them will

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

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often produce a very pleasing effect.
The best of these variations is a red
center, which can easily be imparted
by dipping a small piece of wood or a
feather in the solution of borax as de-
scribed in No. 13, and apply to the
center of the flower.

Another pleasing variation is a
green center, which can be had in the
manner stated above by using the
green color named in No. 1o.

Different colors of bronze-powders,
as described in Chapter X., on ‘‘ Bronz-

ing and Crystallizing Grasses,” can

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also be applied to immortelles with —

beautiful effect, the red and blue
shades being especially brilliant on
these yellow flowers.

The foregoing colors, as stated in

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80 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

the beginning of this chapter, may all
be produced on the natural color of
the immortelles. For all others, how-
ever, the extraction of the yellow is
indispensable to success with the col-
oring process. |

No. 18. Green. Color and treat-

“qe

ment the same as in No. 10, except —

that the picric acid is not needed.

No. 19. White. After extracting
the natural color, and cleansing the
immortelles thoroughly in cold water,
they must, when perfectly dry, be
cured by sulphur vapor, as described
in the first chapter.

No. 20. Cremson, Violet, Purple,
Blue, Pink, and Lilac. After the
flowers have passed through the boil-
ing process they will easily adopt the

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. Sl

above colors, if applied as directed in
Pes os 2, sey FT, ahd . 1a, respect-
ively. These colors are considered es-
pecially fine; and although not abso-
lutely necessary, it is advisable to
apply the sulphur process, of Chapter
I., as a bleaching method before the
coloring is done. Ornamental forms,
like crosses, wreaths, and anchors, with
inscriptions, can be easily made with
white immortelles. I will here only de-
scribe the first: Take a plain board or
wire cross and cover this evenly with
green, dried moss. Pick off the heads
of the immortelles, and paste them in
close rows on the moss. When the
whole is covered, take a small stiff
brush and color such of the immortelles

as will form the inscription desired.
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Chapter ML.

Been OR STRAW FLOWERS.

Se or straw flowers we under-
os those for which nature itself
supplies the drying process; that is,
the petals, after the flowers have
bloomed for a certain time, and while
still retaining their natural colors,
gradually turn to a straw-like con-
dition, from which they receive the
designation of straw-flowers. If, how-
ever, their seed-vessels are allowed to
form and ripen, the flowers themselves
will have little value for ornamental
purposes, as the seed-cells with the
82

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§

WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 83

seed will soon drop off and leave the
balance of the flower in a shabby con-
dition. ‘To prevent this, it becomes
necessary that all everlasting flowers
be cut about the time the buds are
opening, and then be dried in the
shade. While some of these straw-
flowers are extremely beautiful in their
natural colors, others are less so; and
it may seem desirable to change their
natural for other colors, or for the
sake of variety to change some that
might otherwise be considered very
pretty without being colored.

All the colors given in Chapter
VIII. can be applied to straw-flowers
without the previous boiling process;
but for such delicate colors as crim-
son, violet, blue, pink, and lilac, it is

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

advisable to use only the natural
white varieties.

Scarlet, No. 13 (with borax), can
only be applied to yellow everlasting
flowers.

The following are some of the prin-
cipal varieties of these flowers:

Gnaphalium parviflorum.

Gnaphalium leontopodium.

Statice, all varieties.

Waitzia aurea (morning gold).

Catananche coerula (blue).

Helichrysum, the colored only.

The following straw-flowers, espe-
cially the white, some of which have
already been mentioned in Chapter I.,
require the sulphur treatment there
given to make their colors more brill-

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 85

ait
=
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iant, and the white brighter than the
natural white:
Acroclinium (white and pink).
Gomphrena (globe amaranth).

Helichrysum (white only).
Gypsophilla paniculata.
Helipterum sanfordi.

Cape flowers (Edelweiss).
Rhodante (white and pink).
Xeranthemum annuum.

Ammobium alatum.

Gnaphalium maritium, a_ native

<—_—_——S_—_

American everlasting flower, very
common in the eastern states. Except
its color, which is white, it differs but
little from the French immortelle. All
everlasting flowers, including immor-

~ telles, should be exposed to heat before

coloring to develop or open the flower. "

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5

Chapter NIL.

MOSS—ITS VARIOUS USES AND HOW TO
DYE IT.

merous decorative purposes,
will soon droop and seldom have any
lasting value when detached from
their sustaining source, unless other
means are used to give them artificial
life and brilliancy. These means are
the bleaching and dyeing processes,
which I will now describe:

Dark Green. Dissolve two ounces
of alum and two ounces of tincture
of carmine indigo in two quarts of

boiling water; put in the moss after it
86

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 87

has been well cleaned and bundled
up; ‘soak it a few minutes, until it
has adopted a deep green color;
then hang it up to dry without
rinsing in water.

Light Green. Same mixture and
treatment as given in Chapter VIII.,
No. 10.

Brown. Same color and treatment
as given in Chapter VUI., No. 4. A
light brilliant-brown can be produced
by the addition of half a tea-spoonful
of picric acid.

Black. Same color and treatment
as given in No. 8.

Dried moss colors better than fresh.
Our common sea-moss may also be
dyed, and thereby be made orna-

mental. A most beautiful effect can

.
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88 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

be produced by the use of bronze-
powders, put on sparingly, especially
the silver on green moss. Applica-
tion the same as directed in the chap-
ter on bronzing grasses.

Dotting green moss with small red
or white spots by the use of fine dry
colors or frostings, especially when
whole sheets of the well-known wood-
moss are used, has a most beautiful
effect, giving it at a short distance the
appearance of a small field of little
flowers. These spots of color have
to be applied with gum-water when
the moss is in the exact place where
it is to be used.

A splendid moss for decorating pur-
poses is that known as lygodium, by
some called ground-pine, also erro-

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 89

neously by others club-moss. It is
found in great quantities in the New
England states and in the northern
part of Michigan. It will, however,
soon lose its natural beauty unless
subjected to a treatment like the fol-
lowing: Take one ounce iron-glass
to two quarts of water. When boil-
ing, put in the green coloring-matter
described in the first paragraph of this
chapter. Put in the wreaths or other

decorations, and proceed as above.

White Moss. Dealers in floral dec-
orations have for some time past wit-
nessed an increasing demand for this
article. It is used for the foundation
of skeleton-leaf ornaments, in bridal
bouquets, funeral wreaths, and various

other kinds of floral ornaments.

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

To prepare this for use, proceed as
follows: First boil the moss in vene-
tian soap, as described in Chapter
IX., to extract the natural color. Ex-
pose it to the sun or other heat to dry.

Then dissolve a_ table-spoonful of

chloride of lime in two quarts of
clean rain-water and leave it stand
twenty-four hours. The vessel used
should be either glass, porcelain, or
earthen-ware, as metal of any kind
will not answer. It is also advisable
to keep it well covered. At the -ex-
piration of the above time, pour off
the clear solution into another vessel,
and immerse the moss to be bleached
into it for a short time. After being
dried, it is ready for use. When moss

has been boiled with venetian soap it

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 91
will also readily adopt any of the
finer colors mentioned in Chapters
VIII. and XI.

For green, brown, and black, the
boiling with soap is not necessary.

The well-known sea-moss is greatly
admired by many for its beautiful long-
trailing construction. Its natural gray-
ish color, however, is considered -less
attractive, and whenever desired can
be changed to a number of pleasing
colors. To do this, it becomes neces-
sary to subject the moss to sulphur
bleaching, as directed in Chapter I,
after which it will easily adopt any de-
sired shade. For various purposes, a
slight application of bronze-powders
will produce a very fine effect on

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this moss.

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Chapter NIM-

HOW TO MAKE PRESERVED AND ARTIFICIAL
FLOWERS FRAGRANT.

fi RESERVED and artificial flow-
ers may be greatly enhanced
in value by giving them as
near as possible their natural fra-
grance.

Roses.—The scent of roses can only be
reproduced by applying the genuine Turkish
rose-oil. Two drops of it mixed with a pint
of distilled water (the agua destillata of our
drug-stores), and shaken for several minutes,
will furnish perfume for thousands of preserved
or imitated roses. Well corked up in a boitle,

the water will retain the flavor a long time,

Pinks —The scent of pinks may be suc-
cessfuliy given to dried or imitated pinks

92

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

co
CO

by sprinkling a little finely-pulverized clove-
dust over them. This flavor lasts for many
months.

Violets.—Civet, 2 grains.
Otto of rose, 8 drops.
Alcohol, 2 ounces.

Orange-Blossoms.—Oil of neroli, 1 dram.

Alconol, 7 drams.

Lelotropes.—Tincture of Tonka beans, 1 oz.
Extract of vanilla, 1 oz.
Otto of rose, 4 drops.
Tuberoses.—Extract of yhlang-yhlarg, t oz.
Otto of rose, 4 drops.
HHyacinths.—Tincture of benzoin, 4 drams.
Tincture of storax, 1 oz.
Extract of vanilla, 4% oz.
Extract of yhlang-yhlang, ¥% oz.
Smaller proportions than the above can be
had if desired.

It must of course be admitted that
it is utterly impossible to compound

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94 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

—

preparations to imitate the sweet fra-
grance of every flower. Nor is this
necessary where a variety of them are
clustered together, and where a flavor
of a more general application would
seem to suit best. Cologne-water is
the most desirable for this class. It
may be prepared as follows:

Oil of lemon, ¥/ oz.

Oil of bergamot, ¥% oz.

Oil of lavender, % oz,

Oil of roses, 20 drops.

Tincture of benzoin, % oz.

Powdered orris-root, % oz.

Alcohol (98 proof, if possible), 1 qt.

Mix well, and let stand a few days; then

filter through paper. Proportionately smaller
quantities can also be had. The above will
be found an excellent cologne, and fully equal
to much of that which is bought in fine bottles
at high prices.

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HOW TO MAKE BOUQUETS, WREATHS, &c.,
TASTEFULLY.

ae) shown how you can, with small
outlay, decorate your rooms _per-
petually with flowers, ornamental
grasses, etc., but I hardly consider
this work complete without giving
some directions how to arrange a
number of them—whether fresh or
preserved—into bouquets, or other

floral ornaments,

How easy it is to make a bouquet;
and yet it is a hard task for many

persons. The secret of the art con-
95

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

sists in knowing how to make a
handsome and tastefully-arranged bou-
quet with comparatively few flowers.
To make a bouquet, cut your flowers
and have them all ready before you
begin. Fasten wire stems (about
No. 26 soft wire) five to six inches
long to them, as the natural stems are
in general too short; and even where
this is not the case they will make the
bouquet look too clumsy, as the natu-
ral stems are too thick and not so
easily put together as the thinner and
more pliable wire substitutes.

Fancy, and the flowers actually on
hand, will of course more or less regu-
late the style of the bouquet; but as a
partial guide I will give the following
as an approximate method to be

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 97

pursued and what flowers to procure
for the purpose :

First, one dark rose for the center.
Arrange around this five bunches of
white ammobias (about four to six to
a bunch); next, five light-red asters,
five pink helichrysums, five light-col-
ored roses, several deutzia blossoms,
and a few immortelles, all fastened to
wire stems about six inches long, as
stated above. Gather fine grasses
and varieties of moss, such as you
may consider pretty for the purpose,
and fasten these in small bunches to
wire stems. You can now proceed
to form the bouquet. First, take a
little stick about the size of a lead-
pencil into your left hand, and to this

fasten with strong, coarse thread the
7

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§

98 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

rose or other flower that you may
wish to use as a center-piece. Around
the lower half of the stick place a
quantity of moss, which, if moistened,
keeps the flowers fresh and fills up
the empty space between the stems.
Form now around the center the five
ammobias and a few different colors of
immortelles. With the thread you
have, fasten the stems of all the flow-
ers as you proceed by winding it
several times around the stick. Add
another layer of moss, and then place
in position the asters, or when fresh
flowers are scarce, a row of fine straw
or everlasting flowers. Continue in
this manner to place the balance of
your flowers as taste may suggest,
until your bouquet has reached the

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 99

desired proportions, always, if possible,
making the full row around of one
size of flowers. ‘To give relief to the
whole, the outer rim of the bouquet
should always consist of small green
leaves such as smilax, myrtles, rose-
geraniums, rose-leaves, etc. To give
the whole a particularly rich appear-
ance, paste a few small flowers, like
forget-me-nots, browallias, resedas,
etc., upon the protruding tips of the
moss. Here and there you may put
in a few sprigs of fine grass; and
lastly, let a few fuchsias or deutzia
blossoms hang over the edges, which
will give the whole a natural, artistic,
and graceful appearance. Two or
three handsome butterflies or beetles
pasted on the leaves are a unique

sage

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—_—

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100 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

and very pretty addition to the
bouquet.

White, pink, and red are the princi-
pal colors for all floral combinations
of this kind. Blue, violet, and yellow
should only be represented sparingly.

A little practice, combined with a

small amount of good taste, will soon
enable any one with the directions
given above to compose a beautiful
bouquet.

Wreaths are also easily made—
even more so than bouquets. After
you have procured a wire ring of the
proper size, put wire stems about four
inches in length to your flowers, and
fasten them to the ring with thread,
in a manner similar to that above
described.

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 101

With crosses, crowns, anchors, etc.,
proceed in the same manner as above
described, the main thing necessary in
these being that a correct model made
of wire, and painted green, be pro-
cured for a foundation to work upon.
Florists usually keep these for sale.

Baskets of flowers are arranged in
the following manner: Fill the basket
with common moss. If for fresh flow-
ers, wet this; if for dried, use dry
moss. Press it down tight, keeping
it in position by stretching fine wire
across the moss and fastening it
to the basket. Again, as in all
other floral work of this kind, fasten
your flowers to wire stems; but
these need not be over two inches in
length. Dip the stems into dissolved

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102 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

gum arabic, and stick them into the
moss, continuing to do so until the
latter is entirely covered. Grasses
can be stuck into the moss without
wite stems. The more delicate flow-
ers, to which you can not fasten stems,
may be pasted on the moss. Around
the handle of the basket twine deli-
cate creeping vines, leaving the same

hang over its sides.

.

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qi

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Gkapter AME.

CORAL FLOWER-BASKETS, STANDS, Etc.

fe “ oy

Be a “LOWER- BASKETS, stands,
sae and other similar ornamental ar-
ticles may be beautifully constructed
in imitation of coral in the following
manner: Take No. 18 well-softened
wire, and with the aid of a pair of
pinchers form the basket or flower-
stand, the wires of which should not
be too far apart. It will also be ad-

visable to have before you some draw-
103

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104 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.
ing or picture of coral-work from
which to copy the rustic-like forms for
which this article is known. At vari-
ous places let small pieces of wire
project, which should be curled so as
to give them the appearance of vines.
Take some vinegar and immerse
into it the basket or flower-stand so
prepared until it becomes rusty, as
the preparation hereafter named does
not adhere well to the smooth wire.
To obviate all danger of the rusty
wire ever eating through, it is advisa-
ble to varnish it or coat it with a solu-
tion of glue. Dissolve a quantity of
plaster of Paris in water until it as-
sumes the consistency of cream. Steep
into this the wire form until the plaster
adheres to all parts of it. This must

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

be repeated several times, until its size
is about equal to that of a lead-pencil.
Then melt bees-wax of a good quali-
ty, and sufficient for the work in hand.
Into the liquid wax immerse a small
closed linen bag containing about one
ounce of alkanet-root, which will soon
impart a beautiful red to the wax—
much finer, in fact, than the vermilion
commonly used.

Another inethod to produce the
comely and irregular shapes of coral-
work is to fasten numerous pieces of
Indian corn—softened and strung be-
forehand—to the wire frame, and then
cover as above. Small drooping orna-
ments for hanging-baskets or other
similar purposes can be beautifully
made by using grape or raisin stems;

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106 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.
and proceed in the same way as for
larger work.

For white coral-work the process is
precisely the same, except that instead
of the alkanet-root, carbonate bismuth
should be put into the wax in the pro-
portion of one-half ounce to a pound
of wax.

Carbonate bismuth is a very light
substance, and does not immediately
unite with the wax, especially if the
latter be too hot. Mix the first with
the wax as soon as this begins to melt,
and stir both gently uniil the whole
turns to a creamy white. As long as
this is not the case the mass will ap-
pear more or less streaky.

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Chapter MVE.

ROSE OF JERICHO BEADS.

ree
a. N several monasteries of Pales-

a) tine the religious have for cen-
turies prepared beads made of roses,
which are known as “ Rose of Jericho
beads,” and which are bought by pil-
grims and other travelers as precious
souvenirs. The beads are formed into
rosaries, crosses, necklaces, bracelets,
and various other articles of use and
ornament. The art of their production
was kept a profound secret until the
advance in chemical science made it
possible to analyze the material of

which they are made; but this science
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the Orient’ the opportunity and special _

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destroyed to a great extent the secrecy
previously connected with the process.

As a member of the botanical sec-
tion of Prof. J. B. Morsemann’s Ori-
ental Expedition, in 1857-58, I had
during an eleven months’ sojourn in

privilege of witnessing on several oc-
casions the process of their manufac-
ture; and I believe many of my
readers will appreciate a description
of =it. I have’ sinée ‘then * tried it
frequently, and always with the best
success. It is as follows: Gather
about two pounds of the _ so-called
garden cabbage-roses (the original
Bourbon rose). The usual pink gar-
den rose will answer the purpose if
the first named can not be had, but is

ange:

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 109

not as well adapted. Faded tips that
have already turned white should be
picked off, as these will speckle the
beads. Pick off the roses, or rather
their petals, at the bottom of the flow-
er, just where the cup begins. Put
them ina brass or china mortar, and
pound them until the whole turns
to a jelly-like mass. Spread this
mass upon a perfectly clean sheet of
tin and expose to the sun, or near a
warm but not hot stove. When per-
fectly dry, put the hardened pieces
again into the mortar, and pound the
whole to a fine powder. Then add to
the quantity of roses stated above
one half of an ounce of pulverized
gum arabic and two ounces of rose-

water. Stir the mass, and leave it

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110 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

stand a few hours. If a specially
strong scent is desired, one grain of
musk and two drops of oil of roses
may be added. After thorough mix-
ing, and when in the consistency of
soft putty, the mass may be formed
into small balls either by rolling in the
hands, or what is far better, by obtain-
ing a pill-mold from a druggist for the
purpose. Before they become too
hard, run a large-sized needle through
the center, to form a hole for stringing.
It will take at least a week before the
beads become perfectly solid. After
this, they are ready for use. To get
the beads perfectly smooth, they may
be laid in copal varnish for a few min-
utes. Should the quantity ofroses to
be had at one time be insufficient for

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 111
the article desired to be made, the
product of the first gathering, after
having been well mashed and dried,
may be carefully put away ina well-
corked bottle or jar for a week or
two, until a new crop of roses can
be gathered. The final preparation,

however, should be done at one

time in order to obtain sameness of
color.

Omitting here any of the numerous
uses that may be made of these
beads or ornaments, I will only hint
that an article thus prepared from the
products of your own flower-garden,
and sent to a far-distant friend, would
likely have an uncommon value.

The beads will always retain their

rose-scent, even if no other ingredients

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112 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

are added, and be of a pinkish brown

- color.

Experiments made with a number
of other flowers were entirely unsuc-
cessful, as the adhesive quality of
the rose-matter was totally wanting,
unless mixed with a proportion of gum
arabic, enough to spoil the prod-
uct. Moreover, the natural fragrance
of other flowers did not last long after
they had been subjected to the above

treatment.

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Chapter MMEFE-
THE HERBARIUM.
Directions for Finding, Preparing, and Keeping of Specimens.

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ee ber of learned treatises have
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been written; but taking it for

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granted that many of my readers have
no access to these, and also consider-
ing it a kindred subject to the main
one in this book,—the preservation
of flowers,—I will here give a few
brief directions, mainly based on my
own experience, which at one time
extended over a period of seven
months devoted almost exclusively to
the collection of specimens for the

herbarium.
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A fair understanding of nature is
the first thing necessary in order
to carry out this instructive under-
taking. In all parts of the globe
plants may be found, from which
interesting and useful information
can be drawn. The phanerogamia,
that is, plants with visible repro-
ductive organs, can only be gathered
to advantage when they are in full
bloom. Wild flowers are generally
preferable to cultivated ones, be-
cause on their construction of the
organs the flowers are classified, con-
sequently their greater value for in-
struction. It is advisable to collect
for the herbarium specimens which
have the natural seeds attached.
When plants can be found that

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 115

while blooming already form the
seeds and fruit, they are preferable;
but where this is not the case, both
flowers and seeds may be separately
kept. It is also advisable to collect
the specimens during dry weather, and
at a time when they are not covered
with dew or rain-drops, as they will
then preserve their natural colors
much better.

When going upon extended trips
the botanist must be supplied with a
specimen-box sufficiently large to hold
a number of papers filled with plants;
also a portfolio containing a number
of sheets of heavy book or letter
paper, a quantity of white tissue-pa-
per, and some white blotting-paper.
It is necessary to have a light pole

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in a shrub with blossoms beyond
convenient reach,—and on the other
end a small shovel with which to dig
up desired roots. Should a desirable
plant be longer than the specimen-
box or the sheets of paper on hand,
fold it over; but never cut it in two
or more parts, as it will then wither
much sooner. The plants or flowers
must be laid between the different
sheets of paper, and upon arriving
at home or at a suitable stopping-
place they should be assorted and
prepared for the purpose intended.
Avoid putting water-plants among
the others, as the gummy juice they
contain would likely destroy the lat-

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116 WONDERS OF THE FLORA. —
with a hook on one end,—to draw
down the branches of a tree or pull
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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 117 2

ter. Good heavy letter-paper, upon
which several sheets of blotting-paper
have been laid, is best for drying
plants for the herbarium, as the latter
absorbs the moisture very quickly,
while the first prevents any injurious
effect being communicated from one
plant to another.

For tender plants and flowers use
good tissue-paper, as that preserves
the beauty of the flower much better
than common paper. I have success-
fully dried thousands of plants and
flowers by placing them, as above de-
scribed, between sheets of paper and
then putting them between boards, on
the upper one of which I placed several
large stones for the purpose of press-

The thick and fleshy

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118 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

branches may be easily prepared by
splitting them into halves and pressing
only the one side. Succulent plants
should be scalded a few minutes before

—.

pressing, as they will then dry much .

sooner and: lose none of their charac-
teristics.

When gathering flowers or plants
it is advisable to write the name, and

when and where collected, on a small

piece of paper, and pin it to each
variety, especially if the specimens
are intended to be put under glass.
When dry, the same variety will
usually look alike, yet in their orig-
inal state a great difference often
exists between flowers of the same
kind that grow in low and those that
grow on elevated places. The gath-

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 119

ering of specimens near home does
not of course require as extensive

preparations.

—

Plants and flowers intended for the |

herbarium may then be carried in the
hand; but care should be taken not to
expose the gathered specimens to the
rays of the sun, as they would quickly
wilt and leave little chance for home
study.

The dried specimens may then be
fastened to sheets of white paper by
means of hot glue or by using slips
of gummed paper to fasten them
down. ‘The plants, when so mounted
on sheets of about ten by fifteen
inches and folded in other sheets. of
manilla-paper, form a collection of
dried plants for scientific use. <A

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120 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

complete collection of all the plants
of a particular region constitute its

Flora.

The above brief directions will, I |

believe, afford some assistance to the
amateur student in this branch of na-
ture’s study, but to those whose time
and inclination lead them to seek a
full knowledge on so interesting a sub-
ject 1 would recommend the follow.
ing standard works: Gray's Manual
of Botany and Wood's Class-Look of
Botany.

The limited space of this volume
makes it impossible to give a general
outline of plants most desirable for
the herkarium. A full knowledge and
description of these can be gained by
a careful study of the works just men-

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 121

tioned. They afford a vast amount
of interesting matter not only for the
students of botany, but also for those
of other natural sciences.

Note.—Just as the above chapter was ready for the printer,
my attention was called toa new book entitled, “‘7he American
Plant-Book.” For the purpose intended, it is the most com-
plete and practical affair I have ever seen, and I can heartily
indorse the following recommendation of it in Haver’s Monthly
for July, 1879: ‘‘The taste for collecting and preserving flowers,
ferns, leaves, and grasses, which has been steadily growing of
late years, deserves to be encouragéd as affording a means of
healthful recreation to young people, especially to young ladies,
while it concentrates their attention upon a subject of interest
which will prove a source of elegant and refining knowledge.
Many of the difficulties that have hitherto attended the gather-
ing and preservation of these beautiful but fragile children of
nature have been removed, and the pursuit directed in a sys-
tematic manner, by the instrumentality of the student’s Amer-
tcan Plant-Book, recently published in this city. This book is
in the form of an ingenious and convenient scrap-book, one
half of whose large pages are of thick paper on which the
specimens are to be fastened, and interleaved with these are
as many more pages printed in outline for the analysis of the
specimens. It also contains an alphabetical index, brief but
sufficient directions for gathering, pressing, and mounting the
specimens, and leaves of adhesive paper for fastening them to.
the page. In neat and tasteful hands, the book may be made
an elegant and durable ornament; and it certainly provides a
rapid and easy method for preserving and describing flowers
and foliage of all kinds.”

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Chapter NIX.

SPATTER OR SPRAY WORK.
WPATTER-WORK, so-called, is
aL
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learned, may be the means of display-
ing a good deal of fine taste in the
arrangement and grouping of the ob-
jects to be used for models.. Not only

can beautiful pictures be made in this —

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way at a trifling cost, but lambrequins,
screens, window-curtains, etc., made
of light-colored or white stuffs, such
as linens, jaconets, hollands, paper-
muslin, etc., can be beautifully deco-
rated in the same manner. Proceed as
follows: For a picture use fine white
card or bristol board, which should be
securely tacked to a pine board. Have
ready all the requisite patterns, such as
pressed ferns, leaves, and paper pat-
terns of crosses, or any other designs
you may wish to form. Lay them on
the paper just as you wish them to
appear when finished, using as much
taste as possible in the arrangement.
Select gracefully-curved ferns, leaves,
and stems, that your picture may not
look stiff. When they are placed to

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 123

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suit, pin each point and edge down
by driving a fine pin through the pat-
terns and paper, into the _ board.
Having prepared a good black ink by
soaking Indian ink in rain-water, pour
some of it into asmall dish. Then take
a stiff tooth or nail brush, dip it into
the ink, and pass it over a fine wire-
sieve, throwing the ink spray directly
over the paper until it is perfectly
black, thus forming the background.

In order to shade your picture, re-
move the ferns, etc., a few at a time,
throwing more spray after each re-
moval, and so on until all are off,
when the picture will be completed.

Patterns may be taken from many
of the beautiful pressed pictures so
extensively used for decorating pot-

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 125

tery and other fancy work, if they
are cut out close and even with the
contour of the object they represent,
especially in ferns, grasses, etc.; but
where the whole picture forms only
one piece they should be traced on
transparent linen and cut out of this.
For window-curtains, and similar arti-
cles to be decorated, proceed in the
same manner as with those on paper.
Graceful figures of flying cupids hold-
ing wreaths or strewing flowers are
especially suitable for the last named
articles.

To take impressions of leaves and
the flat varieties of flowers for a
pretty wall ornament proceed as fol-
lows: Take lamp-black or gas
lamp-black; mix it with sweet-oil

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(olive-oil) to the consistency of com-
mon oil-paint, and paint a sheet of
writing-paper with it. Lay on the
paper so blackened the flower or
leaf from which an impression is to
be taken; then put over it a sheet
of paper, and upon this lay a piece of
thin leather or pasteboard, and sub-
ject the whole to a slight pressure.
The blackened flower or leaf should
then be placed on the paper, which
is to be imprinted and another press-
ure applied. When the leaf or flower
is removed, a clean and perfect im-
pression of the same will appear on
the paper. All possible colors may,
instead of the black, be used with

the same _ success.

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HOW TO MAKE BEAUTIFUL PICTURES OF PRE-
SERVED FLOWERS, ORNAMENTAL

“e Lisi FERNS, AND MOSSES.

EN
yl HE taste for home ornaments
oftentimes takes the most

unique and fanciful forms, while again
it not unfrequently has for its objects
the simplest products offered by na-
ture herself. I will here refer to only
a few for illustration.

To the first class we may count the

deep interest lately taken by so many
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128 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

in pottery decorations; that is, the art

—if we may so call it—of decorating
pottery-ware with those exquisite little
ornaments called scrap-pictures. That
a great deal of fine taste has and is
still being displayed in this decorative
art, will be readily admitted.

Another instance is the for several
years prevailing ‘motto idea.” For
a long time the manufacturers of
‘“mottoes’’ could hardly supply the
demand. While some of these
mottoes were very appropriate, and
the work on them beautifully done,
numerous others had little if any
meaning in connection with their use
as home ornaments; and on the whole
it is pleasant to think that their day

has gone by.

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 129

The taste for such home ornaments
as are gathered from nature herself
usually rests upon a more enduring
basis.

The collection of mineral speci-
mens, for instance, is seldom aban-
doned when once begun. So it is
with herbarium, aquarium, butterfly,
and other collections of natural curi-
osities. It is so toa high degree with
flowers in their natural state, and it
will undoubtedly be so with preserved
flowers when this subject once be-
comes better known and is studied
more closely, especially as preserved
flowers are by their nature best adapt-
ed for home ornaments. It may be
said that the beginning is indeed

already made. I had the pleasure
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130 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

lately of inspecting the wall-ornaments
of a fine parlor, which consisted al-
most exclusively of pictures formed
of preserved flowers, ornamental
grasses, and ferns, all composed by
the tasty and industrious lady of the
house, who is already somewhat ac-
quainted with the art of preserving
flowers. I will here describe a few
of these pictures:

The ground on which they are
formed is usually black card-board;
but other colors can be used equally
as well, especially drab, brown, or
buff.

For a foundation, No. 1 has a few
preserved ferns, neatly arranged to a
height of ten inches by six inches
wide. Six preserved pansies of differ-

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 131

ent colors and two pelargoniums are
tastefully placed over and _ partly
under the ferns. Several sprigs of
fine ornamental grasses peep out at

the central part, completing this simple

Smigyne

but pleasing picture. It is covered by
a gold-lined mat, with an opening
13 by 7, and set in a one-inch gold
frame.

No. 2 is still more simple. It con-
sists of several sprays of preserved
salvia splendens (scarlet), interspersed
with beautiful grasses of different
varieties.

Nos. 4 and 5 are larger sized pict-
ures, formed entirely of natural and
colored ornamental grasses, so attach-
ed to the black card-board that the
full form of each is distinctly seen.

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The effect of all these is much finer
than can be gathered from this de-
scription.

Other beautiful ornaments are form-
ed inside of mats, about 5 by 8 inches.
They are small but very elegant
bouquets, composed of such preserved
flowers as pansies, feverfews, forget-
me-nots, delphiniums, and others, in-
terspersed with fine mosses and orna-
mental grasses. The stems are ap-
parently tied with bright-colored silk
cord, giving them a very graceful
finish. These and similar floral com-
binations require to be set back in the
frame about one inch from the glass.
I will also suggest that very small
but fine willow-baskets can be cut in
the middle and the one half glued to

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132 WONDERS OF THE FLORA. :

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a piece of card-board to be filled with
flowers, grasses, and moss. When
tastefully finished and set in a deep
frame, they form tableaux that can
not fail to be admired.

I have made a rustic cross formed
of common bark and resting on a
purple (card-board) ground. Its base
is covered with fine mosses, and the
whole ornamented with numerous
preserved flowers, ferns, etc., some-
what like the engraving on page 122.
It is greatly admired by all who have
seen it.

That fancy baskets and other re-
ceptacles can be filled with preserved
flowers and ornamental grasses and
placed under glass shades for parlor

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134 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

ornaments, it is of course hardly nec-
essary to state. .

With these few examples, I believe -

indications enough have been given
for a large store of ideas as to how
your home may be beautifully deco-
rated at very little cost. The subject
offers a wide field for a fine display
of decorative genius; and even chil-
dren may try their hands at it witha
good prospect of success.

In arranging this class of pictures
and tableaux, it will be necessary to
attach the flowers, grasses, and mosses
with a little gum arabic, as they would
otherwise be likely to shift out of po-
sition. From flat-shaped flowers, like
pansies, verbenas, phlox, etc., the stems
should be entirely cut off in picture-
work. Small flowers, like forget-me-
nots, browallias, violets, etc., look best
when attached to sprigs of fine moss.

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Chapter MM.

TO COLLECT AND PRESERVE BUTTERFLIES,

- AND OTHER INSECTS.
eZ

: BRESERVED butterflies and

*» moths may, on account of their
© prilliant colors, be very effect-
ually used for ornamental purposes.
They are very proper and. beautiful
additions to any bouquet of natural
or preserved flowers. The French
modistes, known for their exquisite
taste, employ them as ornaments on
ladies’ dresses, bonnets, and coiffures.

The toilet of a Brazilian lady would
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136 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

not be considered perfect without the

attachment to it of some gay-colored
butterfly or gold-glittering beetle. A
well-arranged collection of nicely-
dressed butterflies and moths, put up
in elegant glass cases, is one of the
most attractive ornaments of a sitting-
room or parlor, and certainly more
interesting than many of the common
pictures we often see there.

The study of natural history be-
longs to the ordinary discipline of
many of the common _ elementary
schools of Europe; and the young
people generally take great delight
in the study of entomology, princi-
pally in that of butterflies and beetles,
collections of which can be found in

many private residences.

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It is pleasing to know that in this
country also the study of entomology
is gradually being introduced into at
at least the higher graded schools.

The /epzdoptera, that is, insects hav-
ing four membraneous wings, are com-
monly divided into three classes:

1. Butterflies.
2, Sphinxes. (also sphinges),
3. Moths.

The butterflies, which fly during the
day-time only, have large broad wings
and small bodies. The sphinxes
make their appearance in the morning
dawn and evening twilight, and have
comparatively long and narrow wings

and very large bodies. The moths,
which fly only at night-time, have

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 137
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138 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

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As it requires great skill and activ-
ity to catch butterflies and moths
enough for a collection, and as their
wings are easily injured or deformed,
—their color being very delicate and
liable to be rubbed off,—it is prefera-
ble to gather the caterpillars, or larvee,
and the pups, and await the develop-
ment of the butterfly. Many varieties
of these can be collected by shaking
the branches of trees or shrubs over
an umbrella, in which they may fall
without being injured.

The best time for gathering them
is early in the morning before the dew
dries up, and before the temperature
becomes too warm. In the spring-time
more varieties may be obtained than
in the summer; but in order to secure

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 139

a perfect collection, pupse or larvee
should be gathered at all times be-
tween the middle of April and the
middle of October. The caterpillars
of the butterflies are generally long,
slender, and thin-haired. Those of
the sphinxes are thick, large, smooth-
skinned, and have a horn at the end
or The faa. * + These’ of *the” larcer
moths resemble the caterpillars of the
sphinxes, but the smaller are generally
long-haired. To raise the perfect in-
sect from the caterpillar requires
considerable care and _ attention.
First, it is-> necessary’ to ascertain
from which special plants the cater-
pillar takes its nutriment, for it will
starve before eating any other food.
The general rule is to give the

aac t=

“Siig te

A ee

Fait

aft

sui.

——

Mac. sill.

140 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

caterpillar the leaves of the same
plant on which it was found. But
this is not always a safe guide, and
it is therefore advisable that the
collector of insects should procure a
book from which this information can
be obtained. Several books have
been published on insects, more or
less valuable to the student of ento-
mology. Harris on “sects Lugurtous
to Vegetation,’ and Figuier on “Zhe
Insect World,” are valuable works.
The caterpillars are best kept in
glass jars adapted to their size and
number, and covered with perforated
paper or sieve-stuff, in order to admit
fresh air. ‘They should be placed in a
dry and light place, but not exposed
to the hot sun. The bottom of each

Be

he

ail ai

Mine.

WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 141

jar should be covered with at least
two inches of sand, and should con-
tain a branch or twig to give those
moths which make cocoons an oppor-
tunity to fasten themselves thereon.
Many butterfly larvee suspend them-
selves upon a branch before the trans-
formation, and their pupze remain in
the same position, and with the head
downward, until the butterfly is devel-
oped. Others, and most all the cater-
pillars of the sphinxes, bury themselves
in the sand before the transformation
into the pups. The butterflies need
only from two to six weeks for both
transformations, while many of the
large moth pupze remain over winter
in their inert condition. The cater-

pillars must be regularly provided with

Bris

—

$ pec gue

aaa

gna

142 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

fresh leaves, and no wilted vegetable-
matter should be allowed to remain in
the jar.

To obtain good specimens of but-
terflies, they should, after being thus
raised, be killed about the time they
are acquiring their perfect state, and
before they begin to fly.

The catching of moths is compara-
tively very easy. During the day-time
many of them may be found on the
north side of large trees, fences, stone
walls, and the cornices of buildings,
where they sit still and may be
secured by throwing a net over them.
The net used for that purpose and for
catching butterflies has the form of.a
small fish-net. The bag may be
fifteen to twenty inches long and eight

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 143

to ten inches in diameter, made of
tulle or good mosquito-bar stuff, and
stiffened by a wire ring, which is affix-
ed to a stick about four feet long.

The practice indulged in by some
of pinning up the butterfly and leav-
ing it come to its end after a more or
less lengthy torture seems like a cruel
one, as it is an easy matter to kill it in
an instant. By taking hold of its
breast with the thumb and the index
finger under the wings and giving it a
slight pressure, life becomes extinct in
a moment. The larger moths and
sphinxes, however, are more tenacious

_ of life, and by their fluttering after be-

et:
u

ing caught their color is often impair-
ed. Here the use of chloroform is
almost indispensable. Draw a thin

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sailor, aul

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144 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

wire through the cork of your little
chloroform bottle, fix a small piece of
sponge on the end of the wire, and
while holding firmly the body of the
moth or sphinx with the thumb and
index finger of your left hand under
the wings, touch its head with the sat-
urated sponge, and the insect will
immediately become stiff. Some of
the larger moths and sphinxes do not
die from the effects of the chloroform;
therefore benzine, which does not
affect the color of their wings in the
least, must be put on the head and
body in the same way as the chloro-
form. Benzine is sure death to all

insects.

cage

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iil.

Chapter MMI.

THE DRESSING OF BUTTERFLIES AND OTHER
2 INSECTS.

>

is a matter of special import-
ance, as it gives them a fresh and
life-like appearance. It is also nec-
essary to secure regularity and sys-
tematic arrangement of a perfect
cabinet. A dressing-board can be
made in the following manner:
Take two smoothly-planed _ strips
of soft wood,—either white pine,
linden, or poplar,—one inch thick,
three inches wide, and twenty inches

long. Lay the two strips flat on
10 145

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aries:

BM

§

Hn,
§

*

146 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

the table, leaving a space of one
quarter of an inch between them,
and nail over them, at each end,
a small strip; then nail on these
small strips, right under the slit be-
tween the two large ones, another
strip, on which pieces of cork must be
glued or nailed. The slit between
the two larger strips should be exactly
wide enough to meet the bodies of the

butterflies or moths, and it is therefore

necessary that the collector should
always have three different dressing-
boards,—one adapted to insects with
large bodies, one for middle-sized, and
one for smaller ones. Run a pin
about two inches in length through
the breast of the insect; stick the pin
in the cork under the slit of the dress-

ae

Pat

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_ WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 147

Hue aiff,

ing-board, so that the axles of the
wings are at a level with the board;
then spread out the wings regularly
and to suit the taste, and fasten them
to the board by pinning small pieces
of writing-paper over them,—but care
should be taken that the pins which
fasten these papers are not run
through the wings,—and then let the
insect become perfectly dry. Some
collectors lay pieces of glass on the
wings. This method makes it nec-
essary that the dressing-board be
guarded against any movement; but
when the paper strips are used it will
bear moving, and may be hung upon
a wall or be placed most anywhere.
Moreover, when fastened down with
paper the wings of the insects can be

i
Sec gee

or ill

allie

me
§

148 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

better arranged, fastened, and secured
against outside injury. Butterflies
will be dry in three days; larger
moths or sphinxes in two weeks.

The great enemies and devastators
of insect cabinets are worms and the

larvee of small moths. The only re-

liable protection against these is the
poisoning of the insects with arsenic.
A thin solution of this drug, which can
be bought at any drug-store, should be
carefully applied to the body with a
soft hair-brush; or it may be injected
into it with a small syringe. A
very small quantity of arsenic is suff-
cient to protect any insect against the
attacks of worms or small moths, and
to mummify its body.

The boxes or cases in which the

wh

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alti aih

WONDERS OF THE FLORA, 149

collections are kept should be tight
enough to prevent any smoke or dust
entering, and must never be exposed
to sunshine. The glass plates should
be covered with some sort of curtain
in order to prevent the continuous in-
gress of light, which would in less
than a year fade the colors of the
insects. Always keep a small lump
of gum camphor or a sponge satu-
rated with carbolic acid in each box,

Beetles need no special dressing.
They are killed by immersion in al-
cohol or cologne-spirit.

Winged insects of other classes are
treated in the same manner as butter-

~ flies.

‘

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acs

Ghagter VLEEE-

THE ART OF MAKING WAX-FLOWERS. *

“30 varied and numerous are the
+64 books and pamphlets written on
the art of making wax-flowers that it
seems almost presumptuous to add
another line to these, oftentimes, well-
written instructions. But having for a
number of years devoted a great deal
of time to wax-flowers, and endeavor-

* This chapter was kindly contributed by Miss K. A. K..... 5
who is an adept in the art, and whose charming pieces of wax-
work are greatly admired.

150

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 151

ed to reach as near as possible the
point of perfection in the art, I trust
that my practical experience may not
come entirely amiss to those who have
already made them with more or less
success, as well as those who are be-
ginning the study of this most inter-
esting and beautiful art.

It is my custom to read and study
carefully whatever comes under my
notice on this subject in the hope of
finding something valuable that I did
not know before, being convinced that
in this as well as in all other things
the experience of others can be made
a valuable guide for our actions.

It is pleasant to know that the ex-
quisite productions in the art of wax-
flower modeling, exhibited during the

‘

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ening =

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152 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

last few years at the world’s great
expositions, have largely increased
the interest in this beautiful art.

A most important point, which
however very many persons seem to
overlook, is that wax-flowers are not
like other artificial flowers; that is, that
they need only to resemble the natu-
ral prototypes. Wax-flowers, to be
worthy the name, must imitate nature
so closely that they are apt to deceive
the observer; and it should be the aim
of all who desire to become adepts in
the art to consider no flower a success
that has not a deceiving similarity to
the natural flower. a

No matter how large a vase or
basket you may wish to fill, or cross,
anchor, or harp you may desire to

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§

WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 153

decorate, you will not need more than
from twelve to fifteen varieties of flow-
ers with their respective leaves, as
you rarely see a greater number than
that arranged in decorations made of
natural flowers. It is not my intention
to give a description how to make
that many kinds of flowers, as the lim-
ited space in this book will not permit

it, but the few I shall describe will, I

trust, enable you, with the aid of
nature, which is within the reach of
every one, to obtain a fair knowledge
of the art, and patience and practice
will do the rest.

We often see imitations of pansies,
certain kinds of verbenas, speckled
petunias, etc., which are so unlike
nature that though we can not help

See sane

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2c ll
& 154 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

.

but admire the courage that under-
takes so much, we must lament the
very poor success of the makers The
pansy, especially, is seldom well imi-
tated. It requires the skill of an artist
to paint it; and unless it fairly speaks
to you it can not be considered
well done. My advice is to let this
and similar flowers be among the last
you attempt to make, Another mis-
taken idea is that some persons want
to make wax-flowers fast, —-makea
great quantity in a short time. To
such I would repeat the saying,
‘That which is worth doing at all is
worth doing well;” and if after spend-
ing a few days longer on a handsome
piece of work it meets your own and
your friends’ perfect satisfaction, will

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 155

you not feel repaid for all your
trouble? In making wax-flowers, the
most time is consumed on the stam-
inas or stamens; and whether the
flowers shall be perfectly natural or
not really depends to a great extent
on these.

It is best not to use bought stam-
inas at all for wax-flowers, except
for the open rose; and though it
is a most uninteresting work to

“make these, it is well not to be-

a

come discouraged, for when the
work is finished you will not regret
the time spent thereon.

Nearly all books on wax-flowers
give elaborate instructions on the
mode of sheeting wax; but as this
article is now so much cheaper than

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Spec

ange Te

gears
§

156 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

it has been, and the quality and
colors as fine as could be desired,
I will omit the sheeting process,
especially as but few persons use
enough of it to pay them for the
long and laborious task of sheeting
their own wax. Nor will I give a
long description of the tools, colors,
and other materials necessary in the
prosecution of this work. A list of
these can be found at the end of this
book.

For stems, use the white cotton-
wrapped wire, of different sizes to
correspond with the flowers you are
making. Cut green wax into strips
about one eighth of an inch wide,
and put them around the wire; then
roll with your index finger and thumb

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 157.

=
a
=
§
Suc

till the steins are perfectly round and
smooth. For seeds use mostly the
white stiffened thread, which comes
prepared expressly for flowers. But
for such flowers, the centers of which
should not be stiff as the honey-
suckle and others, get either a nice
white quill or a small but firmly-set
and bright-colored feather, like those
used by milliners, the threads of which
are well adapted for the purpose. The
color can be selected according to the
natural one in the model before you.

In imitating natural flowers, always
aim to get two alike,—one to be
looked at for a model and the other
to take apart. For the latter purpose
get regular card or very thin paste-
board on which to lay the natural

—ayeagh

Se ge

im
§

158 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

————

petal to trace the pattern from, and
which can then be cut out. Mark on
this pattern the name of the flower,
as well as the number of petals it
requires, so that you can make the
same another time, when the natural
flower can not be had to copy from.
It is also advisable to keep one well-
made wax-flower of each kind for
future reference. When the petals
are to be cut out of the wax take a
clean pasteboard box-lid, lay a sheet
of wax with the tissue-paper under it
thereon, and with a pointed head-pin
draw a cutting line around the pattern.
In this way the cutting is much more
even, as well as speedy, than when
done with the scissors, as the wax
does not have to be handled until the

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 159

whole sheet is thus cut out. Now
take off the petals, and either arrow-
root or paint them, as may be re-
quired. All petals intended for white
flowers should be well arrow-rooted,
with the exception of the small part
to which the stem is to be fastened,
as nothing adheres to wax covered
with arrow-root. The tools used in
making wax-flowers, such as steel-
pins, molding-pins, scissors, etc., should
be constantly moistened with’ warm
water or by touching them with your
tongue. The latter I consider prefer-
able.

Most flowers should be painted in
dry colors, which must be rubbed on
the wax with the fingers; but in

making variegated flowers and leaves,

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA,

ean
for)
fom)

use mixed colors, generally chrome
colors, except when making Japan
lilies, spotted and striped pinks, tulips,
etc., of which the foundation should
also be a chrome color put on with a
sable brush; but whatever shading
the flower requires, it is advisable to
paint with artists’ paint, which can
be had in small tubes. Put a small
quantity of this on a small pallet,
and mix it with a little turpentine to
make the paint more fluent.

When imitating bunches of natural
flowers and their leaves, cut out the
patterns of the leaves in the same man-
ner as described for the flowers. For
these, put two sheets of single green
wax together, of a shade to suit the
natural leaf, one thickness not being

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 161

“

sufficient for the purpose. Cut them

out of this double sheet according to
your pattern and press them on the
wrong side of a suitable metal mold.
These can be had to imitate a great
variety of natural leaves. In arrang-
ing large pieces of wax-work, quite a
number of these metal (usually brass)
molds will be needed. Before using
the mold, dip it into water. Lay ona
single sheet of green wax, over which
—about two thirds up from the stem—
place the wrapped wire, and over this
another sheet of wax. With a large
pin now run along the edges of the
scallops, breaking off the wax, and
then pressing the leaf hard enough to
impress all the veins of the mold

upon it.
ll

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162 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

Having given a general outline
on the making of wax-flowers, and
the rules and methods I consider
necessary to success with the work in
hand, I will proceed to give directions
how to make a number of flowers,
beginning with those that offer the
least difficulty.

Lily of the Valley.—This lovely little
flower can be made exactly like the nat-
ural one, and it is almost indispensa-
ble in arranging baskets and bouquets.

Cut strips of pure white double wax.

three eighths of an inch wide, five
eighths and some seven eighths of an
inch long, which put around the end
of the modeling-stick, and carefully
smooth the part that laps over so that
the joining does not show. Then

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:
} , WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 163

etic
q

move it up and close it at the top,
gliding over it with a modeling-stick
until it is perfectly smooth. When

it has been taken off dip your mod-

eling-stick in a mixture of arrow-root

and flake-white, equal parts, with
which the inside is whitened, and its
glossy, waxy appearance disappears.
Then put the little cup on again and
rub the outside well with the arrow-

root. After this, make a very small

hole in the center, through which put
the wire with the seeds. Cut the top
in six equal parts, scallop them
evenly, and curve each one over a
very little. The seed is made by
taking the whole length of a sheet of
the very lightest yellow-green wax
five eighths of an inch wide, between

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— 164 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

a

two strips of white, of which make a
roll. The wire, which must be cover-
ed with medium green wax, turn at
the top about one eighth of an inch.
Clip six little pieces off the roll about
the size of the head of a chenille
needle and put one in*the center so
that the green stem does not show,
and then five around this. Put five,
seven, or nine blossoms on one spray,
the first three to be a little smaller
than the others. :
White Clematis.—This very pretty
and sweet-scented climber looks
charming in wax, and. is easy to
model. Commence by taking the
natural flower apart carefully. Take
one of its four petals and cut a pat-
tern from it out of thick white paper.

luca ir.

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 165

Place the pattern upon double white
wax and cut out four petals for each
flower, some a little smaller than
others. Then bloom or rub bcth sides
with a mixture of arrow-root and
flake-white, leaving, however, the base
clear of this mixture,—in fact on the
petals of all other flowers, as they
would otherwise not adhere in mak-
ing up. Mold each petal by press-
ing down the center and on either
side, so as to form three lines. Great
care. is. necessary, to. Keep. them
from breaking. Apply the already
described white mixture once more.
To make up the flower, take a piece
of the wire and mold around it a nar-
row strip of green wax; then turn

one end a little ways down and press

— sili.

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Bic.

166 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

a ull.

on it at its point six narrow strips of
white wax an inch in length. After
painting each with green powder,
mixed in weak gum-water, slightly
turn each joint back at the top to
form the pistil. The stamens are of
two sizes—about one fourth inch
and three eighths inch, respectively.
They can be made of white cotton.
Make sixteen of each size, twelve to
remain white, except tinting the tips
with straw color, and four of each size

to be painted with the prepared green

color. When the stamens are cut

and arranged, press them on in rows
of eight around the pistil,—first the
small, then the large size,—and with
the point of a pin regulate them ac-

cording to nature. At their base

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 167

press on the four petals first de-
scribed and curve them back a little
toward the stem. |
fForget-me-not.—Take pale blue dry
color and mix it with flake-white or
arrow-root until it is as light as the
natural flower. ‘hen take a sheet of
double white wax and rub it with the
blue powder on both sides. To cut «
out, use a small tin-cutter made for

this purpose, and which can be ob-

tained at the wax-material stores.
Mold each of the little scallops in
your hand with a very small glass
head-pin, and put the wire with the
seed through the center. This seed
is made of four white ineade tipped
with a bit of white wax about the size
of the head of a small pin. Dip it in

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4

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,

168 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

yellow color, and put it on the stem
about one sixteenth of an inch above
the end of the wire. Arrange six or

eight blossoms in a sprig.

Orange-Blossoms.—Vhese are made
of very thick white wax. Some have
five and others six petals, the pattern
of which can either be cut from the
natural flowers or a tin cutter used for
the purpose. Mix arrow-root and
flake-white, equal parts, and rub them
well with this on both sides. Mold
them in your hand, first with a
medium-sized modeling-pin, then with
a small round glass head-pin in two
or three, ridges on each side, which
gives them a dewy, transparent look.
Curve some of the petals over
a great deal, others only a little,

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

—
op)
ii)

and close some of them altogether,
for buds. Cover the wire with a
light-green wax; turn the top over
slightly, and make a little bulb about
the size of a pin-head. Make a good-
sized bulb of green wax a quarter of
an inch below; then cut strips of thick
white wax a little over one half inch
wide, which, after being well arrow-
rooted, should be cut like fringe.
Then moisten the edge and dip it
about one sixteenth of an inch deep
into yellow color. When dry, press it
around the little bulb at the bottom,
so that the fringy part will stand
straight up; then press the five petals
into their proper place.

Roses.—For a good-sized ‘rose cut
ten sizes of petals, five of each size,—

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170 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

except the smaller, of which only three
are required. The tin cutter, made

for the purpose, answers very well;

but if you prefer, cut from nature out
of fine card-board. Take a good
stiff wire; cover it with green wax;
turn it over a half an inch at the top;
then of white waste wax make a bulb
about the size of a small rose-bud.
Arrow-root all the petals, and then
rub rose-madder, No. 1 or 2, on them.
In the first four courses rub it in as
thick as possible, and in the others
gradually diminish. The last two
courses should be very light. For
this flower you need four or five sizes
of molding-pins. Mold them.-in the
hollow of your hand, beginning with
the smallest. Then curve each petal

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. EI

over at the top,—some only a little
and others more,—taking care that it
does not look too regular. The first
and second course, which cover the
bulb, hardly need to be curved at all.
The second, third, and fourth courses
should each be a little higher than the
preceding; the fifth about even; the
sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and tenth
each a little lower. If a moss-rose is
intended to be made, take five very
perfect pieces of fine sprig-moss,
which is to show only a little from the
top of the flower; fasten this on with
green wax, and afterward also cover
the bottom of the moss with green
wax.

In roses, camellias, tuberoses, or-

ange-blossoms, etc., we often per-

.

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172 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

ceive an almost invisible veining,
which can be imitated very nicely by
veining each petal several times with
a medium-sized knitting-needle on the
one side, and molding it with a very
small molding-pin along-side the
crease on the other side. ©

Pink Carnation. — Although _ this
beautiful flower is not difficult to make,
yet it is a very important one in the
formation of wax-flower decorations.
There is perhaps a greater variety
of colors in this than in any of our
garden pets—first, the pure white,
the light-pink, the crimson, the scarlet;
then the tinted, the spotted, and the

striped varieties. Each flower con-

tains from four to six sizes, and alto-
gether about thirty-five petals.

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

Trace on card-board one pattern
each of the different sizes of petals,
which then cut out. They are made
of pure white double wax. Scallop
the edges in a rather irregular and
careless manner, and for the white
use equal parts of arrow-root and
flake-white to rub the petals with
after they have been scalloped. For
pink, use rose-madder No. 1; or if a
darker pink is wanted, rose-madder
No. 2. For striped and _ spotted,
refer to directions given for simi-
lar flowers on page 160. When
the petals are all colored, make the
center by taking two stiff white

_ threads one and a half inches long;

ee
§

cover these very smoothly with white
wax and curl them over at the upper

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2c ule

174 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

end to imitate the natural flower.
Join these at the bottom with a piece
of covered wire, and mold around it a
little light-green wax to the shape of
a small grain of wheat. Mold the
petals with a rather large modeling-
stick, and then with a small molding-
pin around the edges, but in an irreg-
ular manner; that is, do not mold all
the petals alike, as the flower is natu-
rally so formed. Now press on the
petals placing the smallest first. Form
the calyx after nature, out of light-
bluish green wax, doubled, and when
molded press it carefully around the
lower part of the petals. Then press
on the four very small leaves of the
same color as the calyx, the shape of
which you can copy from the natural

auger —

P
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;

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aula

WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 175

flower. Make the stem about a quar-
ter of an inch from the calyx.

With this short treatise on wax-
flowers as a starting-point, I trust the
really anxious learner will soon be-
come interested enough to study
closely a large number of other flow-
ers, and learn to copy them. The best
help in this art is always offered by
the natural flower itself, and if at all
to be had it should never fail to lay
_ before you as a model. A good guide-
book is, however, generally very. de-
sirable; and for this purpose I most
heartily recommend ‘“Afintorn’s Les-
sons in Flower and Fruit Modeling
zz Wax,’ of which a notice will be
found in the latter part of this book.

a.

Spe “aya

FRUIT-MODELING IN WAX.
yy

Log

MOLD made of plaster of

for this work. To make this, pre-
pare a stiff paper mold about an
inch larger all around than the fruit
you wish to imitate. Then mix plas-
ter of Paris with water sufficient for
the purpose. It must be rather thick,
to prevent the fruit from sinking
deeper than is intended. With a soft
camel-hair brush cover the fruit with

olive-oil, and then pour the plaster into”
176

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P

a cuilir,

—

WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

—
~]
-]

the paper mold. Place the fruit into
this, so that there is an equal margin of
plaster all around, and allow it to cover
just about one half of the fruit. The
edge of the mold should be perfectly
smooth; if not so, it must be scraped
with a knife when hardened a little.

Before the plaster has become
hard, bore three holes into it with
a modeling-tool. Leave it stand
about an hour to become firmly
set, and then oil over the fruit and
the upper edge of the mold. Mix

some more of the plaster, and pour

enough over the fruit to cover it
entirely, and extend out to the paper
form. It will now have to remain
about twenty-four hours to become
perfectly aed, when the upper half

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178 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

can be taken off, the fruit taken
out, and the paper mold removed.
Three notches will have been formed
on the edge of the upper half by the
filling up of the holes before mention-
ed, which serve to keep the two parts
together when they are to be used.
Great care is necessary in placing the
fruit so that not more than the half of
it is imbedded in either side of the
mold, as otherwise it could not be
removed without damage to the form.
The above method can be applied
to all varieties of fruit. After hav-
ing been laid aside for two days,
the mold will be sufficiently hard
to cast, for instance, an apple. The
process is as follows: Melt a suff-
cient quantity of good. white wax,

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. FO

which should be quite fluent, but not
too hot. Then immerse the mold into
moderately warm water for a few min-
utes to prevent the wax from adhering
to it. Now wipe the mold clean, and
take one half of it in your left hand
and pour in the liquid wax until the
same is nearly filled; then quickly
place over the other half, pressing it on
tightly, and keeping both in place by
means of the three notches fitting into
the three cavities before mentioned.
Hold the two parts firmly together, and
gently shake them in different direc-
tions until the wax inside ceases to
move. When this takes place, lay it
in warm water for a few minutes, after
which the wax-fruit can be taken out.

Careful handling is necessary, as the

atic at

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.

7:

180 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

wax is yet soft and easily injured.
Pare off the superfluous wax, and
carefully rub the fruit with flannel
dipped in turpentine, removing all

rough places, especially where the

two parts of the mold join. Paint
with good dry chrome colors. For
instance, apples or pears may be
painted with yellow chrome, and
carmine can then be used to imitate
the red cheeks on them. The same
varnish used in preserving flowers
as described in Chapter IV.—ex-
cept that double the quantity of
ingredients must be taken to the
same amount of alcohol—can be
used for giving fruit the desired gloss.
The crown of an apple or pear can be
closely imitated by soaking a.clove in

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m. WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 181

water, cutting off the head, and gluing
it on the proper place. For the stem
of the fruit, take a small twig and put
it in the proper place in the mold.
The wax will firmly adhere to it.
Fruits that are not to be varnished,
as, for instance, plums,—after they
have been painted green, violet, etc.,
which is done in the manner above
described,—must be delicately and
very carefully dusted with pulverized
chalk or arrow-root, which imparts
the tender bloom peculiar to the fruits.
For imitating grapes it is best to
buy the glass berries made for that
purpose, which must be glued to wire
stems, previously wrapped with silk
or cotton thread. These berries may
then be singly dipped into melted

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— 182 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

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green wax. Great care must be
taken on withdrawing the berries from
the wax, so as to hold them in a po-
sition to allow the superfluous wax
to run down over the stem, otherwise
thick drops will settle on the berries
and totally destroy their beauty.

For smaller berries that have deli-
cate lines drawn across them, as cur-
rants, paint may be used to represent
these lines, or silk thread may be
tied across for the same _ purpose.
Grape berries, currants, and other
varieties of small fruit can also be
had with stems, colored and ready
for use. After the berries are pre-
pared in this manner they may be
formed into bunches, colored and
dusted as above directed.

aA eA TO.

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Chapter ALM-

PAPER FLOWERS.

add a long and what might be termed
a “scientific” treatise on this interest-
ing part of the “inanimate Flora.”
Other seemingly more important sub-
jects have however extended this
volume beyond its intended limits,
and I find myself compelled to choose
but two flowers for this chapter; and
these I will not describe in any learn-
ed, but in a simple and easily under-
stood manner, so that even children
can comprehend and _ utilize the de-

scription without difficulty.
183

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184 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

Flow to make a beautiful rose tn five
minutes —Take any colored paper,—
common red tissue-paper if you have
none better. Cut six pieces of two and
a half inches square, as in figure 1.

Fold it until it has the shape of figure 2.
Then take a pair of scissors and cut off

——
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ome

WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 185

the top as marked by dotted line 3,
and the bottom by line 4. Then open

the paper as in this figure, and cut
across the dotted lines a. Unfold the

whole paper and cut in the same

manner the two remaining uncut
creases. Then take a piece of green
or brown covered wire (about No. 26)
six inches long; form on one end a

A TS Ma ace al

bulb of cotton the size of a small rose- .

bud; cover this with the same color,
or yellow paper to imitate the center

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

of arose. This can also be made of
yellow zephyr worsted, or even a yel-
low immortelle.

Stick this through the hole in the
center of the star-like patterns using
a little paste to fasten the first to it.
Then with the thumb of your left hand
over the petals, and holding the wire
stem between the fore and middle fin-
ger fold in a careless-like way the first
of the eight petals over the center
as faras it is cut open. Take the
second paper and fold over the first,
in like manner, Continue this folding
until all the petals are thus laid over,
and then form a small bundle about
one inch across.

If a green muslin or paper calyx is
not to be had, take a few sprigs of fine

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 187

moss which paste to the bottom of
the rose, and then fasten them with
thin-covered green wire or thread.

To make a nice spray, attach with
tissue-paper a few green muslin or
paper leaves at proper places. A
bud may also be easily made by at-
taching some cotton to a wire stem,
somewhat in the form of the natural
bud, and covering it tightly with
green tissue-paper, which can, if de-
sired, be tinted a little at the top with
the color of the rose, representing a
bud about to open. To this attach
the calyx, the same as in the rose.

We now return to the rose that we
started out to make, and which we
left in an unsightly looking lump.
Take it by the stem, and with the

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188 . WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

point of a pair of scissors open or
turn back the top row of petals, then
the second, and so on down to the
center, when lo! you will be surprised
with the sight of a remarkably natu-
ral-looking rose,—provided the above
directions have been strictly followed.
With a little practice a dozen roses,
of different colors, can easily be made
in an hour. They can of course be
made in different sizes also, if desired.
Pressing or molding each petal in the
palm of your hand with a large mold-
ing-pin, or even with the tip of your
finger, will add much to the beauty
of the rose, although this is more
tedious. If the inner row of petals—
that is, the first paper put on the
wire,—be cut half an inch smaller

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

than the balance it will imitate the
natural rose more closely.

Carnation Pink.—TYo make this
flower in paper quickly, proceed in
the same manner as for the rose; that

is, use the same sized-papers, and fold
and cut them in the same manner as

for that flower. When cut, as shown
in the half size rose-figure, it will
be necessary to clip out little notches,

as shown in figure 5, which can be
done while the petals are yet all in
one fold, like this in the engraving.

P
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§

190 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

Besides this, crease each petal a little
as far as it is cut open, as in figure 6,
so that it may have the appearance
of the somewhat irregular petals of
the natural flowers.

For the pistil or stamens use two
threads of a feather; or if these can not
be had, cut two very narrow strips of
thick white paper about two inches
long, draw them over the edge of a
pair of scissors, between this and the
thumb of the right hand, to make them
curl like the natural. Fasten these
threads to a piece of wire by means
of some cotton, which wrap around
the two until it forms a small ball, the
size of a little bean. To this attach
the first piece of paper, prepared as
stated above, by the use of a little

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WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 191

."

paste, and press it together by draw-
ing it through your partly-closed
hand. ‘Then attach the other papers
in the same manner, when only the
calyx remains to be added. For this
take stiff blue-green paper, which can
be purchased where paper window-
curtains are sold, The form of it in
the natural flower will be your best
guide in shaping this calyx. It must
be notched or cut fringe-like at the
top. When slipped under the pink,
the flower is done. For the peculiar
grass-like leaves of the pink, take the
same blue-green paper, 4 by 1%
inches. Cut three inches of this into
little strips one eighth of an inch
wide, and with the one inch uncut,
attach it to the wire stem by wrapping

.

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ihr all an,

“

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192 WONDERS OF THE FLORA.

it around this about three inches be-
low the flower, and pasting on both
ends.

To heighten the effect of pinks,
impart to them their natural fragrance
by sprinkling a little clove-dust over
them, which imitates the natural scent
very closely.

The above methods for making the
rose and carnation pink in an unusual
short time, I believe to be original.

In the above description for making
these flowers in paper I have not aim-
ed—as stated in the beginning —
to be very artistic; although I be-
lieve that for this very reason many
more will undertake the entertaining
little task of making bouquets of
them.

Silgute

ene

=
a

yee

“Me Se

sa

suil!ue,

coc

WONDERS OF THE FLORA. 193

To all who wish to learn the art of

_paper-flower making in a really artistic

manner, I would recommend the book
entitled, “Zadies’ Fancy Work; or,
fiints and Flelps to Home Taste and
Recreations,’ of which a notice will
be found in the latter part of this
book. It contains, besides numerous
excellent lessons in various branches
of fancy work, the best and most
complete treatise on paper-flowers I
have yet seen.

Although paper flowers can be
made of the cheapest kind of paper,
if the colors are at all like those in
nature, it is more advisable to get
such as are purposely made for flow-
ers. The most exquisite colors and

qualities of paper are now imported
13

|
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q

194 WONDERS OF THE FLORA. P

for many of the prominent varieties;
and not only the plain-colored for
roses, hollyhocks, etc., but also the
speckled and striped, for pinks, pe-
tunias, etc., as well as the actual forms
of carnations, asters, poppies, and
other varieties impressed on the
sheets, and ready to be cut out, can
now be had at some of the stores
where flower-materials are kept.

ae
ie

= explanation is due to the many friends

all over the country with whom I

have had business relations during

the past ten years, and who I shall be glad to

know are among the readers of this book,—

as well as all the other kind readers, whose
number I trust will be very large.

With book publishing, as a business, I have
no experience, further than the publication of
my annual trade-circular, containing from
thirty to fifty pages. Ner did I seek or solicit
the honor or responsibility of publishing the
work of Mr. KrRESKEN; and when last spring
(1879) he presented to me his partially-written

— 196 PUBLISHER'S REMARKS. p

statements, with the request that I should re-
vise and prepare them for publication, it was
with no little hesitancy that I assumed the re-
sponsibility of coming before the public as the
publisher of a book whose main feature was to
be the ‘‘ PRESERVATION OF FLOWERS IN THEIR
NATURAL STATE AND CoLors,’’ a matter with
which I was but little acquainted. Believing,
however, that the subject would be a singularly
-interesting one, and seeing proof positive in
the various specimens Mr. KRESKEN presented
to me, that flowers could be preserved, I
agreed to undertake the task. Yet, while
little doubting the correctness of his state-
ments I determined to prove, at least par-
tially, by practical experience, their real value.
Accordingly, while the preceding part of this
book was in the hands of the printer, I em-
ployed what little time I could spare in carry-
ing out the object stated; and the reader will
here find the results attained.

Some of the best flowers of spring were 7
# 399 $$ age nj

—

:

PUBLISHER’S REMARKS. 197

gone when I began my experiments, and the
season,— middle of May to the middle of
July,—owing to dry weather, was unfavorable
to them. Of all flowers I know of, there are »
none so well adapted to the drying process as
the beautiful pansy. I have hundreds of these;
and while their beauty is of course not equal to
the fresh ones, it is certainly the next thing to
it. I have been very successful with many
other flowers. Red peonies, when cured by
sulphur, especially when not too open, pre-
serve splendidly, and the pink ones turn to a ~
fine crimson. Very compact and well-filled
red roses, and buds just opening, besides a
number of others, can be successfully cured
by the sulphur process, although, as stated
on page 22, many—not all—become somewhat
smaller,—a natural consequence of the extrac-
tion of all watery substances and the closing
up of their fluid conduits,

My collection now consists of good speci-
mens of pomegranate flowers, peonies, roses,

4
See

ee — ld allt
198 PUBLISHER'S REMARKS.

pelargoniums, calliopsis, verbenas (especially
the light-colored), oleanders, perennial phlox,
lantanas, browallias, lobelias, abutilons, pas-
sion-flowers, Chinese pinks, fever-fews, canter-
bury bells, purple day-lilies, hollyhocks, and a
number of others. The greatest part of these
have been dried in sand, the balance by sul-
phur, and a few by the application of acid, as
described in Chapter III. Most sulphur-cured
flowers are also greatly improved by dipping
them in the acid for a few seconds, as stated
page 18,

I have found pomegranate flowers especially
suitable for curing by acid. It is necessary,
however, that great care should be taken to use
only such acid as is known to be ‘‘ chemically
pure.” It may also be stated that “nitric”
and ‘‘muriatic” acid have each about the
same effect on flowers, if ‘‘ chemically pure.”
A number of flowers known to be well
‘adapted for drying, as the different kinds

of asters, have not yet blossomed at- this

a

io
; PUBLISHER'S REMARKS. 199 F

writing (July); but it is my intention to have
as large a collection as possible of these,
and others yet to come, before the beginning
of winter. ‘

Many of the common wild-flowers, espe-
cially the cluster and umbrella-shaped varieties,
can also be dried in their natural forms with
good success, provided the most perfect
flowers are selected and care is taken that
they are perfectly fresh when: subjected to
any drying process—a precaution which is
necessary to success with whatever is to be
preserved in this way. Not only can a great
variety of flowers be preserved by one or the
other of the methods given in this book, but
the most gratifying results can be attained in
drying ferns, ornamental mosses, and foliage
of many kinds, by the sand process. I
have now a large number of these; and I con-
sider this mode of far greater value than the
well-known one of preserving them by press-
ing in books or otherwise, as it preserves to

aed

cgi

—

200 PUBLISHER'S REMARKS.

them their natural, graceful, waving forms,
which is not possible by the old method.

Of the last method to preserve flowers de-
scribed by Mr. Kresken,—that by wax or
paraffine,—I can only say that I believe it to
be entirely trustworthy, and especially valua-
ble for preserving such flowers in memorial
floral souvenirs as can not be preserved by
any of the other three methods. I must, how-
ever, defer a personal experiment to a later
time.

This, then, is a summary of my short. ex-
perience in this to me, until lately, entirely
unknown art. That successes have not been
attained without a moderate proportion of
failures I freely admit. But ‘these latter
I ascribe more to the many disadvantages
under which I labored, and the insufficient
knowledge I had on the subject as a novice in
the art, than to any existing impossibility
of carrying out Mr. KReEsKEN’s statements.

After the above-described experiments and

“age

ae

“Sage

Seog

PUBLISHER'S REMARKS. 201

the consequent results, I will say that it is
my firm conviction that by far the largest
number of known flowers can, by a careful
study of their enduring qualities, be preserved
more or less successfully for an indefinite
period of time beyond that of their natural
existence, and in much of their original beauty.
Moreover, I believe that this publication will
cause an interest to be taken and further in-
vestigation to be made into a subject on which
so little is as yet publicly known, and which
concerns, more or less, every lover of these
beautiful gifts of God.

Mr. KRESKEN, in his preface, tells us of the
first premium obtained by him at Cologne, in
1865. The reader will pardon me for stating
a circumstance connected with this exposition
as related to me by him. At the grand open-
ing of the exposition referred to, His Royal
Highness FREDERICK WILLIAM, Crown-Prince

of Prussia, with his whole retinue, on passing

7

aye a

the display of preserved flowers made by Mr.

ee |

202 PUBLISHER'S REMARKS.

KRESKEN, stopped and closely examined them,
at the same time asking many questions of him
in regard to these flowers. On leaving, he
used these words: ,,hn Dtefjen prafervirten Blu-
men haben wir den Anfang 3u einem fiinftigen
grofen Ynduftriesweige.” (In these preserved
flowers we have the beginning of a future
large branch of industry.) That these words
have already become partially true is shown by
the great and increasing interest taken in the
preservation of flowers in Europe, where for
some years large amounts of capital have
been invested, and whole plantations devoted
to the culture of flowers for this purpose,
But the business is as yet in the hands
of a few, whose interest of course is to Jet as
little as possible be known of the methods
used. How much interest will yet be taken in
the art of preserving flowers. in this country
remains to be seen.

Next to flowers, ferns and leaves, orna-

| mental grasses, and mosses, have of late had

, P
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—

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ange

PUBLISHER'S REMARKS. 203

——

much attention bestowed on them by many
lovers of the gifts of nature for home orna-
ments and other decorative purposes. Their
adaptation to these objects, and the great ease
with which most of them can be procured,
seems to make desirable a treatise on their
gathering, coloring, and general treatment, to
make them valuable for the purposes named.

I think it will be generally admitted that

Mr. KRESKEN has treated this part of his
‘¢Flora” in a thorough manner; and following
his directions, I have been enabled to gather,
color, bronze, and crystallize quite a collection
of beautiful grasses. And I am anxious to pur-
sue these interesting studies much further when
time and circumstances shall be more propi-
tious to me than at present. I have no doubt
the remaining chapters of this book will be
found more or less interesting by most of its
readers, according to the use that each one will
make of them.

In the selection of types, binding, and gen-

aailli.

cad

sae nft ;

Oge

204 PUBLISHER'S REMARKS.

eral appearance of this publication, it has been
my endeavor to prcduce a volume that would,
besides its general utility, be an ornament
to any parlor or library-case. How far I
have succeeded in this, I leave the reader to

determine,
PHILIP A. KEMPER.

Dayton, Onto, July, 1879

aye

Sc spe —

oa

a
|

COLORS, BRONZES, FROSTINGS, &C.,

To carry out the Objects of this Book.
ALSO,

Materials of Every Description

Wax and Paper Flowers, &c.,

For sale by the undersigned.

As it will often be very difficult, especially in the
smaller country places, to get the materials necessary
to carry out many of the objects of this book, and to
get them fresh and of good quality, I have deter-
mined to add a number of these articles that I have
not kept heretofore, to my regular business, and will
send them, carefully packed, by mail, on receipt of
price. They are put up in small and convenient quan-
tities. Complete price-lists will be furnished when-
ever requested by postal-card or letter.

I consider it necessary to caution against buying
‘¢very cheap colors.” The experimenter will have
little success with them, as their strength is likely to
be in proportion to their price. My endeavor will be
to keep such as I have proved to be good, and these
I will offer at the lowest possible price.

Send orders to

PHILIP A. KEMPER,

DAYTON, OHIO.
205

.

2 yrcngye

>

s

g
SURCGEC

These useful and highly commendable dyes I
have in all the principal, and a number of extra
fine shades.

In ordering, it will not be necessary to give the
special names stated in Chapter VIII. of this book,
as for instance, ‘‘aniline blue de lion.’’ It will be
sufficient to state the name of the color wanted, as
blue, crimson, scarlet, yellow, green, etc., etc.

Send for price-list.

BRONZE POWDERS.

In these I keep the very fine quality, known as

No. 4000, and a full line of colors, as follows: Pale
gold, rich gold, white or silver, lemon, orange, pink,
lilac, violet, brown, crimson, carmine, blue, light
green, dark green, copper, fire-brown.

Extra fine rich gold bronze, No. 10,000.

Gilt bronze, No. 1,000.

Gilt bronze, No. 500.

These bronze-powders are put up in one-ounce
papers—the smallest quantity sold.

Send for price-list to

PEMEP A. MeMP eR,

DAYTON, OHIO.

ANILINE COLORS,

e
Ie

1 yRENOH paebawns, |

In Small Crystals (not Flakes).

\
Very fine and brilliant colors, and specially adapted
for the purposes recommended in this book.
The colors are rose, grenat, ruby, blue, black,
scarlet, yellow, light and dark green.

Further particulars in price-list.

FPOOCEKS,

Of the best quality, and in all colors.

FLOWER VARNISH.

This article—which is frequently mentioned in this
volume—has been carefully prepared of the best
materials, and is put up in strong bottles. It is a
water-like liquid, and dries ina few minutes after
being applied to the flowers.

Sal DOERLE Sie chs cote seiesuceosedoceascun sotausauh ccsbeves 25 cents.
Ware $Sr orn. be ee, wee ton fe bee 50. “Sf

P. S.—Other articles mentioned in this book, as
“venetian soap, alkanet root, carbonate bismuth, etc.,
furnished when requested, but acids of any kind can
not be sent by mail. Address,
PHILIP A, KEMPER,
Dayton, Ohio,

qin aie

age

oe
B

“ MATERIALS FOR
W AX-WORK.

I keep constantly on hand a full line of colors of the

celebrated Scheiffele manufacture

DHEE TE WA

The best article in the market, and of the usual

variety in sizes.

Cake Wax.

A full secede of Dry Colors in vials.

A large variety of Brass Leaf-Molds.

Tin Cutters for most of the prominent flowers.
Moldings, and other tools of every description.
Wires, plain and covered.

Brushes used for this work.

Moss, and everything required for wax flowers

and fruit modeling.

Send for price-list to

PHILIP A. KEMPER,

DAYTON, OHIO.

3

Me
Ed

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iri

; MATERIALS FOR

PAPER FLOWERS, Ere.

In these I keep a very large stock,—nearly all of
my own direct importation from Europe,—consist-
ing of the

IN ALL THE FINEST COLORS.

Fine German Tissue-Papers,

In over fifty different colors and shades.

Speckled Papers for carnations and other flowers.
Papers printed in the natural colors and forms of
various flowers.
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|

Rice papers in different colors.
A : Ipc,

Ajald ane Silvey 4

from the cheapest to the real gold.

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GOLD AND SILVER BORDERS, ©
From % of an inch to 4 inches wide. Pressed or
Scrap Pictures in almost endless variety,—in short,
everything belonging to a first-class Material Fur-
nishing Store.
Send for price-list to

¢ PHILIP A. KEMPER, Dayton, O.

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ail

: Price, $1.25. Sent, postpaid, by mail,

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ail.

SPECIAL NOTICE.

The following highly commendadle
books will be sent by mail, postpaid, on
receipt of the price marked on each.

These publications have been selected
for their acknowledged excellence and
usefulness, and will be furnished at
precisely publishers’ prices.

Address orders to

PHILIP A, KEMPER,
Dayton, Ohio.

MINTORN’S LESSONS IN

Wax Flowers and Fruit Modeling.

An Elegantly Bound Volume of 124
Pages, with Many Ltlustrations.

This is one of the best books ever published on

_ wax-work,

Spey

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4 THEAMERICAN PLANT Book,

By Harlan H. Ballard and S. Proctor Thayer.
HERBARIUM AND ANALYSIS COMBINED.

For the Preservation of Pressed Flowers, Ferns, Sea-
Weed, Grasses, Ivy, Mosses, Forest Leaves, Etc.

The difficulties which have surrounded the botan-
ical student in his attempts to preserve his specimens
and keep them accessible has been overcome by this
series of books. Always ready, they do away with
the necessity for preparing paste, sticky fingers, etc.

The series consist of four sizes, each of which is
provided with a wallet or pocket, and contains a sup-
ply of gummed paper, which is always ready for use in
any climate or season. It is carefully ruled to facili-
tate the cutting of such strips as may be necessary.

A representation of the poison ivy and sumach pre-
cedes the title-page, which is followed by full direc-
tions for gathering, pressing, and mounting specimens.

SCHOOL EDITION,

With Index and Analysis. Each.
No. 5. Size, 834x11%. 64 leaves, full cloth, stamped......$1 50
“8. BY xa. 64 “ full Russia, rich finish. 3 50

AMATEUR’S EDITION.
With descriptive page.

No. 10. Size, 83{x11%{. 64 leaves, extra cloth and gold...$1 75
“ 14.) 6 ff «(834 x11. 64 “ full Russia, rich finish. 3 50
STUDENT’S EDITION.

With Index and Analysis.

No. 15. Size, 10x 1234. 80 leaves, extra cloth and gold...$3 25
318. rox12%. 80 ‘“ full Russia, rich finish,, 5 00
FOR FOREST LEAVES ONLY.

With descriptive page.

No. 1. Size, 6%x8'%. 56 leaves, extra cloth and gold.....$1 00
“4 6 6%x8Y%. 56 “ full Russia, rich finish,,, 2 00
Address orders to :

PHILIP A. KEMPER, Dayton, 0.

Norr.—With the exception of Nos. 15 and 18, copies can be sent by mail, post-
paid, on receipt of price. Nos. 15 and 18 being too unwieldy for mail, will be for-
warded by express, prepaid, to any reasonable distance, on receipt of price.

tena

4 LADIES’ FANCY WORK:

Hints and = to some Taste and Recreation,

WITH 357 ILLUSTRATIONS.

A charming book devoted to paper flowers, feather-
work, fire-screens, shrines, rustic pictures, a charming
series of designs for easter crosses, straw ornaments,
shell-flowers and shell-work, bead mosaic, and fish-
scale embroidery, hair-work and card-board orna-
ments, fancy rubber-work, cottage foot-rests, window
garden decorations, illuminated Grecian and oriental
painting, crochet-work, modeling in clay and plaster,
fret-work, wood-carving, designs in embroidery, and
an immense number of designs of other fancy work
to delight all lovers of household art and recreation.

Price, $1.50..

WINDOW GARDENING.

An elegant book, with 250 fine engravings and
300 pages, containing a descriptive list of all plants
suitable for window culture, directions for their treat-
ment, and practical information about plants and
flowers for the parlor, conservatory, wardian case,
fernery, or window garden. Tells all about bulbs for
house-culture, geraniums, hanging-baskets, insects,
plant-decorations of apartments.

The illustrations are unusually beautiful, and many
of them perfect gems of exquisite beauty.

Price, $1.50.

The above books sent, postpaid, on receipt of price.

PHILIP A. KEMPER,
DAYTON, OHIO.

lille.

ok

1 ART RECREATIONS.

A Complete Guide to all kinds of Or-
namental Work.

WITH MANY ILLUSTRATIONS.

It contains full instructions on decalcomanie, sor-
ronto wood-carving, illuminating, pencil-drawing,
water-color painting, crayon-drawing, painting on
ground glass, Grecian painting, moss-work, antique
painting, papier-mache, oriental painting, cone-work,
sign-painting, feather flowers, theorem painting,
potichomanie, leather-work, hair-work, gilding and
bronzing, plaster-work, wax-work, shell-work, magic
lantern, paper-flowers, imitation of pearl, sealing-wax
painting, panorama painting, coloring photographs,

-enamel-painting, diaphanic, charcoal drawing, lin-
nzography, flower-painting, ferneries, the aquarium,
taxidermy, heraldry, etc., etc., with valuable recipes
for preparing the materials required.

BY MADAME URBINO, PROF, HENRY DAY, AND OTHERS.

The instructions given in this book are complete,
clear, and reliable, and the information gained in the
regular course from teachers in these arts would cost
hundreds of dollars.

This book is elegantly printed on fine tinted paper,
and splendidly illustrated, and will be sent, postpaid,
on receipt of price, $2.00. Address,

PHILIP A. KEMPER,
DAT TOM, CELIO.

:
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ites i.

:

=. ACOSTA EBERESHREN, :

PRACTICAL FLORIST

Preserver of Natural Flowers 2 Leaves.

Led dinny pifeneel )

4: SPECIALTIES:

All kinds of floral work made up of the best pre-
served flowers, leaves, and grasses.

All orders for fresh flowers and floral work of any
kind solicited, and sent to any part of the United
States. .

ARTIFICIAL FLOWER DECORATIONS,
Of every description, made up of the finest ma-
terials.

All work guarantied to be first-class.

; _ FIRST PREMIUMS
Received for the best preserved floral work at eighteen

world expositions.

wt. ACOSTA WINGS NEN,

N, W. CORNER EIGHTH AND VINE STS.,
CINCINNATI, OHIO.

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Hiv. ailing,

fe. A

BHaAvas.

On the preceding page I present wood-cut fac-szmzles
of a few of the muslin leaves which I keep in stock,
except that the wrapped wire-stems which the leaves

come provided with are not shown here.

To make it easy for my customers to order leaves,
wood-cuts similar to these are now being made for
me, at an enormous expense, of all ‘Ee leaves I keep
in stock, comprising, when complete, about one
hundred and fifty varieties.

They will be published in neat pamphlet form,
September 1, 1879. |

The pamphlet will be sent, postpaid, on receipt of
ten cents, which will be eredited again on the first
order for at least $3.00 worth of these leaves.

Address,

PHILIP. A REM Pia.

DAYTON, OHIO.

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