'■^^■ ^/v-: ,, ■ l:^ ^; -5 .-■ 3 9424 00126 1590 30Dr> OF THE liNrrED STATES W-. h ) . •V SIGNAGE \1Eyi PKOCE£SING-GN£ Lpl-F19F U.B.C. LIBRARY ! I ! >*^ryl »*!«|!«i«WMai' !^tf^>/:-;v:-r//^ cfj-e^:i^yfvtaa/ cmj M i THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. JESUP COLLECTION. THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THEIR STRUCTURE, QUALITIES, AND USES. WITH ®eograpf)iral antj otjer Noteg upon tfje SEreea iD!)icf) protiuce t^em. By C. S. SARGENT. NEW YORK: D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 1, 3, AND 6 Bond Street. 1885. Copyright, 1885, By C. S. Sargent. WinibtrsitQ ?Prc5s: John Wilson and Son, Cambridge. INTRODUCTION. The American Museum of Natural History is indebted to its enlightened and public-spirited President, Mr. Morris K. Jesup, for a magnificent collection of woods, which display, for the first time in a satisfactory manner, the forest wealth of the United States. The conception of this collection belongs to Mr. Jesup. The forests of the United States are not surpassed by those of any other coun- try in the variety and value of the timbers which they produce. Many of these are little known or appreciated commercially ; and it was the belief of the founder of this collection that the opportunity it would afford to engineers, architects, and mechanics to examine specimens of the material produced by the forests of the whole country would be of great and immediate practical utility to the community, and that the presence of such a collection in the Museum of Natural History would facilitate the scientific and in- dustrial study of the Sylva of this country, and develop a popular interest in forests and forest science. Mr. Jesup's collection is the outgrowth of an investigation of the forest wealth of this country commenced by me more than five years ago. The results of that investigation have been published in Vol. IX. of the final Eeports of the Tenth Census, which this collection will serve to illustrate. The trees of the United States are represented in the Museum by large and characteristic trunk specimens, arranged in the sequence of their botanical relationship. These specimens are cut in such a manner as to display the bark, and cross and longitudinal sections of the wood, both polished and in its natural condition. They are supplemented, in the case of trees of commercial importance, vi INTRODUCTION. by carefully selected planks, or burls, which often show better than logs the true industrial value of the wood. Specimens of a few of the arborescent species of the United States have not yet been secured, and others are still in preparation. These v/ill be added to the collection as rapidly as possible. A series of life-size water-colors of the foliage, flowers, and fruit of each tree represented in the collection by a wood specimen is in course of preparation. They will be displayed with the collection as fast as completed. An herbarium of the trees of the United States, arranged by Mr. C. E. Faxon of the Arnold Arboretum, will afford special students of dendrology an opportunity of critically studying the collection. The following catalogue of the trees of this country will serve as a guide to the collection ; it is condensed from Vol. IX. of the Eeports of the Tenth Census, from which are derived the tables relating to the physical properties of the woods of the United States. These tables have been prepared for this publication by Mr. S. P. Sharples, of Cambridge. C. S. SARGENT. Arnold Arboretum, Brookline, Mass., May, 1885. CONTENTS. PASS Introduction v Catalogue of the Forest Trees of North America (exclu- sive OF Mexico) 1 The Physical Properties of the Woods of the United States 141 TABLE I. Specific Gravity, Percentage of Ash, Relative Approximate Fuel Value, Coefficient of Elasticity, Modulus of Rupture, Resistance to Pressure, and Weight per Cubic Foot of the Woods of the United States 144 TABLE IL The Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Specific Gravity of their Dry Woods 153 TABLE IIL The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Relative Approximate Fuel Value of their Dry Woods .... 158 TABLE IV. The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Elasticity of their Woods (Coefficient of Elasticity, — Kilogram, Centimetre) 168 viii CONTENTS. TABLE V. PAGE The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Strength of their Woods (Modulus of Rupture, — Kilogram, Centimetre) 166 TABLE VL The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Power of their Woods to resist Longitudinal Compression . 169 TABLE VIL The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Power of their Woods to resist Indentation to the Depth of 1.27 Millimetres 173 CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. MAGNOLIACEJE. 1. Magnolia grandiflora, L. Big Laurel, Bull Bay. Cape Fear River, North Carolina, south, near the coast, to Mosquito Inlet and Tampa Bay, Florida ; along the coast of the Gulf States to southwestern Arkansas, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas, extending north in the valley of the Mississippi River to latitude 32° 30'- A magnificent evergreen tree, 18 to 27 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter; reaching its greatest development on the " blulf " formations along the eastern bank of the Mississippi River from Vicksburg to Natchez, and in western Louisiana. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked, satiny ; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color creamy white or often light brown, the heavier sap-wood nearly white ; little used except as fuel ; suitable for interior finish, fine cabinet work, etc. 2. Magnolia glauca, L. Sweet Bay. White Bay. Beaver Tree. White Laurel. Swamp Laurel. Cape Ann, Massachusetts; New Jersey, southward, generally near the coast, to Bay Biscayne and Tampa Bay, Florida ; westward through the valley of the Mississippi River souih of latitude 35°, and the Gulf States to southwestern Arkansas and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas. A tree 15 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.20 metres in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; swamps or low wet woods, reaching its greatest development on the rich hummocks of the interior of the Florida peninsula, and along the low sandy banks of pine-barren streams in the Gulf States. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood 1 2 MAGNOLIACEiE. Magnolia. nearly white ; in the Gulf States sometimes used in the manufacture of small wooden-ware. The dried bark, especially of the root, of this species and of M. acumi- nata and M. Umbrella are included in the American Materia Medica, furnishing an aromatic tonic and stimulant used in intermittent and remit- tent fevers. 3. Magnolia acuminata, L. Cucumber Tree. Mountain Magnolia. Western New York to southern Illinois ; southward along the Alle- ghany Mountains, and scattered through eastern and middle Kentucky and Tennessee, usually on Carboniferous deposits, to southern Alabama and northeastern Mississippi ; and in northeastern, southern, and south- western Arkansas. A large tree, 20 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; rich woods, reaching its greatest development on the slopes of the southern Alleghany Mountains. Wood durable, light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color yellow-brown, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white ; used for pump-logs, water-troughs, flooring, cabinet- making, etc. 4. Magnolia cordata, Michx. Cucumber Tree. Southern Alleghany Mountain region, — Georgia to Winston County, Alabama. A tree 22 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in diameter ; low rich woods ; very rare and local. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color light brown streaked with yellow, the sap- wood light yellow. 5. Magnolia macrophylla, Michx. Large-leaved Cucumber Tree. Western North Carolina to southeastern Kentucky, southward to middle and western Florida and southern Alabama, extending west to the valley of Pearl Eiver, Louisiana ; and in central Arkansas. A tree 6 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 metre in diameter ; rich woods, reaching its greatest development in the limestone valleys of northern Alabama ; rare and local. Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown, the sap-wood light yellow. Liriodendron. MAGNOLIACEiE. o 6. Magnolia Umbrella, Lam. Umbrella Tree. Elk-wood. Southeastern Pennsylvania, southward along the Alleghany Mountains to central Alabama, westward through Kentucky and Tennessee to north- eastern Mississippi ; and in central and southwestern Arkansas. A small tree, rarely exceeding 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.40 metre in diameter; rich, shady hillsides; most common and reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the southern Alleghany Mountains. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color brown, the heavier sap-wood nearly white. 7. Magnolia Fraseri, "Walt. Long-leaved Cucumber Tree. Alleghany Mountains, from Virginia southward to western Florida and southern Alabama, extending west to the valley of Pearl River, Mississippi. A small tree, 8 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; rich woods. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color brown, the sap-wood nearly white. 8. Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. Tulip Tree. Yellow Poplar. White-wood. Southwestern Vermont, through western New England, southward to northern Florida ; west through New York, Ontario, and Michigan to Lake Michigan, south of latitude 43° 30'; and south to latitude 31° in the Gulf States east of the Mississippi River ; extending west to south- eastern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas. A large and valuable tree, 30 to 60 metres in height, with a trunk 2 to 4 metres in diameter ; rich woods and intervale lands, reaching its greatest development in the valley of the lower Wabash River and along the western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains in Tennessee and North Carolina. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close straight-grained, com- pact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, not prominent ; color light yellow or brown, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufac- tured into lumber, and used for construction, interior finish, shingles, in boat-building, and especially in the manufacture of wooden pumps, wooden- ware, etc. ; varieties varying in color and grain are recognized. Liriodendrin, a stimulant tonic, with diaphoretic properties, is obtained by macerating the inner bark, especially of the root. 4 ANON ACE^. — C APPARIDACE J3. Asimina. ANONACE^. 9. Asimina triloba, Dunal. Papaw. Custard Apple, Western New York, Ontario, eastern and central Pennsylvania to southern Michigan, southern Iowa, and eastern Kansas; south to mid- dle Florida and the valley of the Sabine River, Texas. A small tree, sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter, or often reduced to a slender shrub ; rich, rather low woods, reaching its greatest development in the lower Wabash valley and in the valley of the White River, Arkansas. Wood very light, very soft and weak, coarse-grained, spongy, layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large ©pen ducts ; color light yellow shaded with green, the sap-wood lighter ; the large fruit sweet and edible. 10. Anona laurifolia, Dunal. Pond Apple. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Malabar to Bay Biscayne, west coast, Pease Creek to the Caloosa River ; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 metre in diameter, or toward its northern limits and on the west coast often reduced to a stout, wide-spreading shrub ; common, and reaching its greatest development, within the United States, on the low islands and shores of the Everglades in the neighborhood of Bay Biscayne. W^ood light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact, containing many scattered open ducts ; color light brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood lighter. The large fruit scarcely edible. CAPPARIDACE^. 1 1 . Capparis Jamaicensis, Jacq. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys ; in the West Indies and southward to Brazil. A small tree, sometimes 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 metre in diameter, or reduced to a low shrub ; common and reaching its greatest development, within the United States, on Upper Metacombe and Umbrella Keys. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing many evenly distributed large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color yellow tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter. Gordonia. CANELLACEiE. — TERNSTRCEMIACEiE. CANELLACE^. 12. Canella alba, Murr. White-wood. Cinnamon Bark. Wild Cinnamon. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies. A small tree, often 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.22 metre in diameter ; not rare. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark reddish-brown, the sap-wood light brown or yellow. The pale inner bark furnishes an aromatic stimulant and tonic, occa- sionally employed in cases of debility of the digestive organs. GUTTIFER^. 13. Clusia flava, L. West Indies ; Key West prior to 1840. Not rediscovered by the later explorers of the botany of semi-tropical Florida, and probably not now growing spontaneously within the limits of the United States. Wood not examined. TERNSTRCEMIACE^. 14. Gordonia Lasianthiis, L. Loblolly Bay. Tan Bay. Southern Virginia, south, near the coast, to Cape Malabar, and Cape Romano, Florida, and along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Mississippi River. A tree 15 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk often 0.45 to 0.50 metre in diameter ; low, sandy swamps. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, not durable ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light red, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.4728; ash, 0.76; somewhat employed in cabiuet- makinof. 15. Gordonia piibescens, L'Her. Franklinia. Near Fort Barrington, on the Altamaha River, Georgia. A small tree, not rediscovered during the present century, and now only known through cultivated specimens. Wood not examined. STERCULTACE^. — TILIACE.E. Fremontia. STERCULIACE^. 16. Fremontia Californica, Torr. Slippery Elm, California, — valley of Pitt River, southward along the western foot- hills of the Sierra Nevada, and in the Coast Ranges from the Santa Lucia to the San Jacinto Mountains ; rare at the north, most common and reaching its greatest development on the southern Sierras and the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Ranges. A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, the short trunk often 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or more often a tall, much branched shrub ; dry, gravelly soil. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, containing many groups of small ducts parallel to the thin, conspicuous medullary rays ; layers of annual growth obscure ; color dark brown tinged with red, the thick sap-wood lighter. The mucilaginous inner bark used locally in poultices. TILIACE^. 17. Tilia Americana, L. Lime Tree, Basswood. American Linden. Lin. Bee Tree. Northern New Brunswick, westward in British America to about the one hundred and second meridian, southward to Virginia and along the Alleghany Mountains to Georgia and southern Alabama ; extending west, in the United States, to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, and the valley of the San Antonio River, Texas. A large tree, 20 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter, or, exceptionally, 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 0.92 to 1.84 metres in diameter; common in all northern forests on rich soil ; toward its western and southwestern limits only on bottom- lands. A variety {^T. Americana, var. puhescens, Loud) with thinner leaves softly pubescent beneath occasionally occurs in swamps and low ground from North Carolina to western Florida, generally near the coast. Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullar}/ rays numerous, rather obscure ; color light brown, or often slightly tinged with red, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; largely used in the manufacture of wooden-ware and cheap furniture, for the panels and bodies of carriages, the inner soles of shoes, in turnery, and the manufacture of paper pulp. The inner bark, macerated, is sometimes manufactured into coarse cord- age and matting ; the flowers, rich in honey, are highly prized by apiarists. Guaiacum. MALPIGIIIACE^. — ZYGOPHYLLACEvE. 7 18. Tilia heterophylla, Vent. White Basswood. Wahoo. Alleghany Mountains from Pennsylvania, southward to northern Ala- bama and Florida ; west to middle Tennessee and Kentucky, southern Indiana, and southern and central Illinois. A tree 15 to 20 metres in height, with a trunk O.CO to 1.20 metres in diameter; rich woods and bottom-lands; most common and reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the southern Alleghany Mountains and in middle Tennessee. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; generally confounded with that of Tilia Americana, from which it scarcely differs. The young branches are often fed to cattle in winter by farmers in the southern Alleghany Mountains. MALPIGHIACE^. 19. Byrsonima lucida, HBK. Tallow Berry. Glamberry. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; through the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 metre in diameter, or often shrubby and branching from the ground. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numer- ous, thin ; color light red, the sap-wood a little lighter. Fruit edible. ZYGOPHYLLACE^. 20. G-uaiacum sanctum, L. LignumvitcE . Keys of semi-tropical Florida, not rare ; in the Bahamas, St. Domingo, Cuba, Porto Rico, etc. A low, gnarled tree, not exceeding, within the limits of the United States, 8 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in di- ameter. Wood exceedingly heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, com- pact, difficult to work, splitting irregularly, containing many evenly dis- tributed resinous ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color rich yellow-brown, varying in older specimens to almost black, the sap-wood light yellow ; used in turnery and for the sheaves of ships' blocks, for which it is preferred to other woods. Lignum Guaiaci^ Guaiacum-wood, the heart of this and the allied G. officinale, formerly largely used in the treatment of syphilis, is now 8 RUTACE^. Porltera. only retained in the Materia Medica as an ingredient in the compound decoction of sarsaparilla. Guaiac, the resinous gum obtained from these species, is a stimulating diaphoretic and alterative, or in large doses cathartic, and is employed in cases of chronic rheumatism, gout, etc. 21. Porliera angustifolia, Gray. Western Texas, — valley of the Colorado River to the Rio Grande, extending west to the Rio Pecos ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, 8 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or toward its eastern, northern, and western limits reduced to a low shrub ; reaching its greatest development, in the United States, on the hills bordering the valley of the Guadalupe River. Wood exceedingly heavy, very hard, close-grained, compact, the open ducts smaller and less regularly distributed than in Guaiacum ; medullary rays very thin, numerous ; color rich dark brown, turning green with exposure, the sap-wood bright yellow ; probably possessing medicinal properties similar to those of lignumvitae. RUTACE^. 22. Xanthoxylnm Americanum, Mill. , Prickly Ash. Toothache Tree. Eastern Massachusetts, west to northern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas ; south to the mountains of Virginia, and northern Missouri. A small tree, not often 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or, reduced to a shrub, 1.50 to 1.80 metres in height ; common, and reaching its greatest development in the region of the great lakes ; rocky hillsides, or more often along streams and rich bottom-lands. Wood light, soft, coarse-grained ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. The bark of Xanthoxylum, an active stimulant, is used in decoction to produce diaphoresis in cases of rheuuiatism, syphilis, etc., and as a popular remedy for toothache. 23. Xanthoxylnm Clava-Herculis, L. . Toothache Tree. Prickly Ash. Sea Ash. Pepper-wood. Wild Orange. Southern Virginia, southward near the coast to Bay Biscayne and Tampa Bay, Florida, westward through the Gulf States to northwestern Louisiana, southern Arkansas, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas. A small tree, rarely 12 to 14 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 metre in diameter ; usually along streams and low, rich bottom-lands, reaching Ptelea. RUTACE/E. 9 its greatest development in southern Arkansas, Louisiana, and eastern Texas. A slirubby, or on the coast arborescent, form of western Texas, with shorter ovate leaves, is yav. fruticosum, ^ray. AVood light, hard, not strong, soft, coarse-grained, not durable, con- taining many scattered open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. 24. Xanthoxylnm CaribaeTim, Lam. Satin-wood. Keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies. A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.40 metre in diameter ; not common. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, not strong, brittle, fine-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numer- ous, thin, conspicuous ; color light orange, the sap-wood lighter. 25. Xanthoxylum Pterota, HBK. Wild Lime, Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet to the southern keys, and on the west coast from about latitude 29° to Cape Sable ; southwestern Texas ; and southward through Mexico to Brazil. A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely ex- ceeding 0.15 metre in diameter, or often reduced to a slender shrub. In Florida common, and reaching its greatest development on the keys of the west coast ; in Texas not common, but widely distributed as a small shrub, or, on the shores of Matagorda Bay, west of the Nueces River, and in the valley of the Rio Grande, a low tree. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin, nu- merous ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood yellow. 26. Ptelea trifoliata, L. Hop Tree. Shrubby Trefoil. Wafer Ash. Banks of the Niagara River, and Pennsylvania southward to northern Florida, west to Minnesota and the Indian Territory ; through western Texas to New Mexico ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 4 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or more often reduced to a slender shrub ; shady, rocky hillsides. A variety with more or less pubescent leaves, not rare on the south Atlantic coast, and the common form of western Texas, is var. mollis, Torr. & Gray. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, layers of annual growth clearly marked by two or three rows of open ducts ; medullary rays few, thin ; color yellow-brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable. 10 STMARUBE^. — BURSERACEiE. Canotia. The bark of the root possesses tonic properties, and is employed by herbalists in the form of tinctures and fluid extracts in the treatment of dyspepsia, debility, etc. ; the bitter fruit is occasionally used domestically as a substitute for hops. 27. Canotia holacantha, Torr. Arizona, — White Mountain region, valley of the Gila Eiver, valley of Bill Williams Fork. A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter, or often a large shrub ; dry, rocky hillsides. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter brown. SIMARUBE^. 28. Simaruba glauca, DC. Paradise Tree. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys ; through the West Indies to Brazil. A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 metre in diameter ; within the United States not common, and reaching its greatest development on the shores of Bay Biscay ne. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, containing many large scattered open ducts ; medullary rays few, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood a little darker. The bark of this species is occasionally used as a substitute for that of S. officinalis f DC, as an aromatic, bitter tonic. BURSERACE^. • 29. Bnrsera gummifera, Jacq. Gum Elemi. Gumbo Limho. West Indian Birch. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast Caloosa River to Caximbas Bay ; in the West Indies. A tree often 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.50 to 0.70 metre in diameter ; one of the largest and most common trees of southern Florida, of very rapid growth and decay. Wood very light, exceedingly soft and weak, spongy, containing many scattered open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown or gray, quickly discoloring with decay. The aromatic resin obtained from this species was formerly somewhat used in various forms, under the name of Caranna, as a remedy for gout ; and in the West Indies is manufactured into a valuable varnish. Ximenia. MELIACE.E. — OLACINEiE. 11 30. Amyris sylvatica, Jacq. Torch-wood. Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet to the southern keys ; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.2.5 metre in diameter ; common. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, close-grained, com- pact, resinous, exceedingly durable, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays obscure ; color light orange, the sap-wood lighter. MELIACE^. 31. Swietenia Mahogoni, L. Mahogany. Madeira. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; rare ; in the West Indies and Central America. A large tree, on the Florida keys rarely exceeding 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 metre in diameter. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, very durable, susceptible of a high polish ; medullary rays nu- merous, obscure ; color rich reddish-brown, turning darker with age, the thin sap-wood yellow ; varying greatly in quality in different regions ; largely used and preferred to all other woods for cabinet-making of all sorts, interior finish, etc. ; formerly somewhat employed in ship-building. OLACINEJE. 32. Ximenia Americana, L. Wild Lime. Tallow Nut. Hog Plum. Mountain Plum. Florida, — east coast Saint John's River to the southern keys, west coast Caloosa River to Caximbas Bay ; through the West Indies to Brazil, and on the coast of the Indian Peninsula (introduced ?). A small, low, wide-spreading tree, rarely exceeding 4 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 metre in diameter, or in pine-barren soil and toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; common and reaching its great- est development, in Florida on the west coast. Wood very heavy, tough, hard, close-grained, compact, containing numerous regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays few, thin ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter. Hydrocyanic acid can be obtained from the edible plum-shaped fruit. 12 ILTCINEiE. Ilex. ILICINE^. 33. Ilex opaca, Ait. American Holly. Quincy, Massachusetts, southward, near the coast, to Mosquito Inlet and Charlotte Harbor, Florida, through tlie Gulf States to the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, and extending northward through the Missis- sippi Valley to Southern Indiana. An evergreen tree, sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 1.20 metres in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a shrub ; generally in low, rather moist soil ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the rich bottom-lands of southern Arkansas and eastern Texas. Wood light, soft, not strong, tough, rather hard, close-grained, very compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, inconspicuous ; color nearly white, turning to light brown with exposure, the sap-wood still lighter ; used and admirably adapted for cabinet work, interior finish, and turnery. A bitter principle (Ilicin), common to other species of the genus, has been obtained from the fruit of this tree. 34. Ilex Dahoon, Walt. Dahoon. Dahoon Nolly. Southern Virginia, southward near the coast to Mosquito Inlet and Tampa Bay, Florida, and west along the Gulf coast to the prairie region of western Louisiana. A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk from 0.20 to 0.30 metre in diameter ; low, wet soil, or often in cyj^ress swamps and ponds; not common, and running into numerous forms, — var. angusti- folia, Torr. & Gray ; var. myrtifolia, Chapm. AVood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white. 35. Ilex Cassine, Walt. Cassena. Taupon. Yopon. Southern Virginia, southward, near the coast, to Saint John's River and Cedar Keys, Florida, west along the Gulf coast to southern Arkan- sas, and the valley of the Colorado River, Texas. A small tree, G to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or more often a shrub, sending up many slender stems and forming dense thickets ; sandy, moist soil, along ponds and streams ; reach- ing its greatest development on the bottom-lands of eastern Texas. Cnjlonia. CYRILLACE^. 13 Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, liable to check in drying ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color nearly white, becoming yellow with exposure, the sap-wood lighter. The leaves possess powerful emetic properties. 36. Ilex decidua, Walt. Southern Virginia, southward, through the middle districts, to western Florida ; through the Gulf States to the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, and northward through the Mississippi Valley to southern Illinois. A small tree, 8 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk O.lo to 0.20 metre in diameter, or in the Atlantic States a tall, straggling shrub ; low, wet woods along streams, reaching its greatest development in the Iron Moun- tain region of Missouri, and in southern Arkansas. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color creamy-white, the sap-wood lighter. CYRILLACEuE. 37. Cyrilla racemiflora, L. Iron-wood. North Carolina, southward, near the coast, to middle Florida, and west, along the Gulf coast, to the valley of the Pearl River, Mississippi. A small tree, sometimes 8 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or often a tall shrub, sending up many stems from the root ; open swamps, low thickets, or pine-barren pond-holes. Wood heavy, weak, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin, not conspicuous ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter. 38. Cliftonia ligustrina. Banks. Titi. Iron-wood. Buckwheat Tree. Valley of the Savannah River, Georgia, south to middle Florida, and west, along the Gulf coast, to the valley of the Pearl River, Louisiana. A small tree, sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.40 metre in diameter, or toward its southern limits in Florida reduced to a shrub ; margins of pine-barren ponds and streams. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown tinged witli red, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used as fuel, burning with a clear flame. 14 CELASTRACEiE. — RHAMNACEiE. Euonymus. CELASTRACE^. 39. Euonymus atropurpureus, Jacq. Burning Bush. Wahoo, Spindle Tree. Arrow-wood. Western New York, west to the valley of the Missouri River, Mon- tana, southward to northern Florida, southern Arkansas, and eastern Kansas. A small tree, rarely 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 metre in diameter, or more often a shrub 2 to 3 metres in height ; low, rich woods, reaching its greatest development west of the Mississippi River. Wood heavy, very close-grained, liable to check badly in seasoning ; medullary rays hardly distinguishable ; color white tinged with orange. Wahoo bark, a mild but uncertain purgative, is used by herbalists in the form of decoctions, tinctures, fluid extracts, etc. 40. Myginda pallens. Smith. Upper Metacombe Key, Florida ; in the West Indies. A small tree, rarely exceeding 4 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 metre in diameter. Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny ; layers of annual growth and numerous medullary rays hardly distinguishable ; color dark brown or nearly black, the thick sap-wood lighter brown tinged with red. 41. Schsefferia frutescens, Jacq. Yellowwood. Box-wood. Semi-tropical Florida, — southern keys from Metacombe Key east- ward, Caloosa River, and sparingly on the Reef Keys ; in the West Indies. A small tree, occasionally 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, generally hollow and defective. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light bright yellow, the sap-wood a little lighter. RHAMNACE^. 42. Reynosia latifolia, Griseb. Red Iron-wood. Darling Plum. Semi-tropical Florida, — southern keys to Bay Biscayne ; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter. Rhamnus. RHAMNACE^. 15 Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact; med- ullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown, the saji-wood light brown. The fruit edible and of agreeable flavor. 43. Condalia ferrea, Griseb. Black Iron-wood. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to Bay Biscayne, and on the southern keys ; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 11 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.38 metre in diameter, generally hollow and defective ; common. Wood exceedingly heavy and hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, com- pact, difficult to work ; remarkable for the large percentage of ash ; med- ullary rays very numerous, thin ; color rich orange-brown, the sap-wood lighter. 44. Condalia obovata, Hook. Blue-wood. Logwood. Purple Haw. Eastern and southwestern Texas, westward through southern New Mexico to southern Arizona ; probably extending into northern M exico. A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trUnk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or often a low, much branched shrub ; reaching its greatest development along the streams of eastern Texas ; one of the common "chaparral" plants of western Texas, here forming dense, impenetrable thickets. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, liable to check in seasoning, containing many groups of large irregularly arranged open ducts ; medul- lary rays numerous, obscure ; color light red, the sap-wood light yellow. 45. Rhamnus Caroliniana, Walt. Indian Cherry. Long Island, New York, w^est along the valley of the Ohio River to southern Illinois, Missouri south of the Meramec River, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory, south to northern Florida, and through the Gulf States to eastern Texas. A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.30 metre in diameter, or in the Atlantic States generally a tall shrub ; rich woods along streams and bottom-lands ; reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas. Wobd light, hard, not strong, coarse-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. The fruit sweet and edible. 16 RHAMNACEiE. Rhamnus. 46. Rhamnus Californica, Eschsch. California, west of the Sierra Nevadas, from the valley of the upper Sacramento River southward to Santa Barbara and Fort Tejon. A small tree, rarely 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.37 metre in diameter, or commonly a shrub, along the sea-coast and at high elevations, often prostrate; common and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the Santa Cruz Mountains. A low shrubby form, densely white-tomentose, especially on the under side of the leaves, of southern California, Arizona, and New Mexico, is var. tomentella, Brewer Tfe Watson. Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, checking in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by many rows of open ducts ; medullary rays narrow, obscure ; color brown or light yellow, the sap-wood lighter. 47. Rhamnus Purshiana, DC. Bearherry. Bear -wood. Shittim-wood. Puget Sound, east along the mountain ranges of northern Washington to the Bitter Root Mountains, Idaho, and the shores of Flathead Lake, Montana ; southward through western Washington, Oregon, and northern California, west of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. A small tree, often 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter ; depressions and on the sides and bottoms of canons in the coniferous forests ; reaching its greatest development along the western slope of the Coast Range of southern Oregon. Wood light, very hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood somewhat lighter. The bark, like that of other species of the genus, possesses powerful cathartic properties, and, under the name of Cascara sagrada, has been introduced into commerce by herbalists in the form of fluid extracts and tinctures. 48. Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, Eschsch. Blue Myrtle. California, — Coast Ranges, from Mendocino County south to the valley of the San Luis Rey River. A small tree, 8 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or toward the southern limits reduced to a low shrub ; common and reaching its greatest development in the Sequoia forests near Santa Cruz Bay. Wood liglit, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays very obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood darker. The bark of the root may be expected to possess similar astringent properties to that of the shrubby C. Americana^ used with advantage in cases of diarrhoea and dysentery, and as a domestic remedy in the treat- ment of troubles of the throat. jEscuIus. SAPINDACP:iE. 17 49. Colubrina reclinata, Brong. Naked Wood. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies. One of the largest trees of the region, deciduous, 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.25 metres in diameter; reaching its greatest development, within the United States, on Umbrella Key, here forming a dense forest ; not common. , Wood heavy, hard, very strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish, containing many small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark brown tinged with yellow, the sai>wood light yellow. SAPINDACE^. 50. -^scTilus glabra, Willd. Ohio Buckeye. Fetid Buckeye. Western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains from Pennsylvania to northern Alabama, and westward through southern Michigan (rare) to southern Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory. A small tree, 8 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.00 metre in diameter ; rich soil along streams and bottom-lands ; reaching its greatest development in the high valleys of the southern Alleghany Mountains. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, difficult to split, often blemished by dark lines of decay ; medullary rays obscure ; color white, the sap-wood a little darker ; largely used, in common with that of the other species of the genus, in the manufacture of wooden-ware, artificial limbs, paper pulp, wooden hats, less commonly for the bearings of shaft- ing and machinery, and occasionally manufactured into lumber. The bark of the allied old-world species ^. Hippocastanum has been found efficacious as a substitute for cinchona bark in the treatment of intermittent fevers, and similar properties may be looked for in the bark of the North American species of this genus. 51. -ry. Olneya. LEGUMINOSiE. 27 The bark of the root is tonic, or in large doses purgative and emetic. The locust was formerly widely planted us a timber tree ; its cultivation in the United States is now generally abandoned on account of the de- structive attacks of the locust-borer {Cyllene picta). 78. Robinia viscosa, Vent. Clammy Locust. High Alleghan}' Mountains of North Carolina. A small tree, 9 to 1 2 metres in height, with a trunk not exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; very rare and local in a wild state, but now widely cultivated and occasionally naturalized'in the Atlantic States. Wood (of a cultivated specimen) heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by many rows of open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown, the sap-wood light yellow. 79. Robinia Neo-Mexicana, Gray. Locust, Southern Colorado, through western and southwestern New Mexico to the Santa Catalina and Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, and in southern Utah. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 metres in height,,with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 metre in diameter, or toward its upper limits of growth reduced to a low shrub; reaching its greatest development in the valley of the Purgatory River, Colorado. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing many evenly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays thin, con- spicuous ; color yellow streaked with brown, the sap-wood light yellow. 80. Olneya Tesota, Gray. Lron-wood. Arbol de Hicrro. California, valley of the Colorado River south of the Mohave Moun- tains, valley of the lower Gila River, southwestern Arizona ; southward in Sonora. A small tree, in the United States rarely 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.45 metre in diameter; dry arroyos and cailons ; in Sonora more common and of larger size. Wood very heavy and hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; the grain generally contorted, difficult to cut and work, susceptible of a high polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown streaked with red, the sap-wood clear bright yellow ; occasionally manufactured into canes and other small objects. 28 LEGUMINOS^. Piscidia. 81. Piscidia Erythrina, L. Jamaica Dogwood. Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne and Pease Creek to the south- ern keys ; in the West Indies and southern Mexico. A tree 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.75 metre in diameter. Wood heavy, very hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish, containing few large scattered open ducts ; medullary rays thin, not conspicuous ; color yellowish brown, the sap-wood lighter ; one of the most valuable woods of the region for boat-building, firewood, and charcoal. The bark, especially of the root, narcotic, occasionally administered in the form of tinctures, or used, as well as the young branches and leaves, to poison or stupefy fish. 82. Cladrastis tinctoria, Raf. Yellow-wood. Yellow Ash. Gopher-wood. Central Kentucky, and middle Tennessee to the mountains of East Tennessee and Cherokee County, North Carolina. A tree 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 metre, or exceptionally 1.20 metres, in diameter; rich hillsides; reaching its greatest development in middle Tennessee ; rare and very local, the large trees generally hollow or defective. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a good polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of open ducts, and containing many evenly distributed similar ducts ; color bright clear yellow, changing with exposure to light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; used for fuel, occasionally for gunstocks, and yielding a clear yellow dye. 83. Sophora secundiflora, Lagasca. Frigolito. Matagorda Bay, Texas, west to the mountains of New Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or often, especially west of the San Antonio River, a tall shrub rarely exceeding 2 metres in height, and forming dense thickets ; borders of streams, generally in low, rather moist soil. Wood ver}^ heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color orange streaked with red, the heavier sap-wood brown or yellow ; furnishing valuable fuel. The seeds contain an exceedingly poisonous alkaloid, Sophoria. 84. Sophora affinis, Torr. & Gray. Valley of the Arkansas River, Arkansas to the valley of the San Antonio River, Texas. Gleditschia. LEGUMINOSiE. 29 A small tree, 5 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 to 0.2;") metre in diameter ; borders of streams and prairies. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, coarse-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth clearly marked with several- rows of large open ducts; medullary rays thin, conspicuous ; color light red, the sap-wood bright clear yellow. 85. Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lam. Kentucky Coffee-tree. Coffee-nut. Southern Pennsylvania (rare) ; western New York (rare) ; west through southern Ontario and southern Michigan to the valley of the Minnesota River, Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, southwestern Arkan- sas, and the Indian Territory, extending south to middle Tennessee. A tree 25 to 33 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; rich woods and bottom-lands ; not common. Wood heavy, not hard, strong, coarse-grained, durable in contact with the ground, liable to check in drying, easily worked, susceptible of a high polish ; Ifiyers of annual growth clearly marked by one or two rows of open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light rich brown tinged with red, the thin sap-wood lighter ; occasionally used in cabinet-making, for posts, rails, etc. The fresh leaves, macerated and sweetened, are occasionally used as a poison for house-flies ; the seeds, formerly as a domestic substitute for coffee. 86. Gleditschia triacanthos, L. Honey Locust. Black Locust. Three-thorned Acacia. Sweet Locust. Honey Shucks. Western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains of Pennsylvania, west through southern Michigan to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory ; south to Tampa Bay, Florida (not detected in east Florida), northern Alabama, northern Mississippi, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas. A tree 25 or 30 metres, or exceptionally 40 metres, in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; low, rich bottom-lands, or more rarely on dry, sterile hills ; the characteristic tree of the "' barrens " of middle Kentucky and Tennessee ; reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of the lower Ohio River basin ; widely cultivated for shade and as a hedge plant, and now somewhat naturalized in the Atlantic States east of the Alleghany Mountains. A not uncommon form, nearly destitute of thorns, is var. inermis, Pursh. Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, moderately compact, very durable in contact with the soil, susceptible of a high polish ; layers of annual growth strongly marked by many rows of open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color bright brown or red, the sap-wood lighter ; used for fence posts and rails, wagon hubs, construction, etc. 30 LEGUMINOS.E. Gleditschia. 87. Gleditschia monosperma, Walt. Water Locust. South Carolina, generally near the coast, to Matanzas Inlet and Tampa Bay, Florida, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Brazos River, Texas, and through Arkansas to middle Kentucky and Tennessee, south- ern Indiana and Illinois. A tree 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 or, exceptionally, 0.90 metre in diameter ; deep swamps ; rare in the south Atlantic and Gulf States ; common and reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of southern Arkansas, Louisiana, and eastern Texas, here often coverinsr extensive areas. AYood heavy, very hard, strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, suscep- tible of a high polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one to three rows of open ducts ; medullary rays thin, conspicuous ; color rich bright brown tinged with red, the thick heavier sap-wood clear light yellow. 88. Parkinsonia Torreyana, Watson. Green-harked Acacia. Palo Verde. Colorado Desert, southern California to the valley of the lower Gila River, Arizona. A low, much-branched tree, 8 to 10 metres in height, the short trunk sometimes 0.45 to 0.50 metre in diameter ; low canons and depressions in the sand-hills of the desert ; common and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the lower Colorado and Gila Rivers. Wood heavy, not strong, soft, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many small, evenly distributed, open ducts; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood clear light yellow. 89. Parkinsonia micropliylla, Torr. Valleys of the lower Colorado and Bill Williams Rivers, eastward through southern Arizona. A small, much-branched tree, 6 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.30 metre in diameter ; or often a low shrub, 1 to 3 metres in height. AVood heavy, hard, coarse-grained, compact, containing numerous large scattered open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color dark rich brown streaked with red, the sap-wood light brown or yellow. 90. Parkinsonia aculeata, L. Corpus Christi, Texas, west along the Mexican boundary to the valley of the Colorado River, Arizona, and southward into Mexico ; probably of American origin, but now widely naturalized throughout the tropical and warmer regions of the globe. Prosopis. LEGUMINOS.E. 31 A small tree, 6 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, inclined to check in drying, con- taining many evenly distributed small open ducts ; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color light brown, the very thick sap-wood lighter, often tinged with yellow. 91. Cercis Canadensis, L. Red-bud. Judas Tree. Western Pennsylvania, south to Tampa Bay, Florida, and northern Alabama and Mississippi, west through southern ^lichigan and Minne- sota to eastern Nebraska ; southwest through Missouri and Arkansas to the eastern portions of the Indian Territory, Louisiana, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas. A small tree, 12 to 16 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter ; rich woods, borders of streams, and swamps ; most common and reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas, the Indian Territory, and eastern Texas. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, suscep- tible of a good polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one to three rows of open ducts ; medullary rays exceedingly numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter. 92. Cercis reniformis, Engelm. Red-bud. Middle and western Texas west of the Colorado River ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, G to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or often a shrub forming dense thickets ; limestone hills. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one to three rows of open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, not conspicuous ; color brown streaked with yellow, the sap- wood liffhter. "O* 93. Prosopis juliflora, DC. MesquiU Algaroba. Honey Locust. Honey Pod. Texas, — valley of the Trinity River to the northern and western limits of the State ; west through New^ Mexico and Arizona to the western foothills of the San Bernardino Mountains, California^ reaching southern Colorado, southern Utah, and southern Nevada ; in northern Mexico. A tree of the first economic value, sometimes 9 to lo metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 metre in diameter, or much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub ; dry prairies and high rocky plains, or west of the Rocky Mountains, along desert streams, here often forming open forests, and 32 LEGUMINOSiE. Prosopis. reaching its greatest development, within the United States, in the valley of the Santa Cruz and other stream^ of southern Arizona ; in western Texas, owing to the annual burning of the prairies, rarely 1 metre in height, the roots then enormously developed, often weighing several hundred pounds, and forming, as they are here locally known, " under- ground forests," furnishing the best and cheapest fuel of the region. Wood heavy, very hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, difficult to work, almost indestructible in contact with the soil, containing many evenly distributed, rather large, open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, distinct ; color rich dark brown or often red, the sap-wood clear yellow ; exclusively used for the beams and underi^innings of the adobe houses of New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico, for posts and fencing, and occasionally in the manufacture of furniture, the fellies of heavy wheels, etc. ; the best and often the only fuel of the region, burning slowly with a clear flame, and producing valuable charcoal, but unsuited for the gen- eration of steam on account of its destructive action upon boilers. A gum resembling gum-arabic is yielded by this species ; the unripe and pulpy pods rich in grape sugar, are edible, furnishing valuable and important fodder. 94. Prosopis pnbescens, Benth. Screw Bean. Screw-pod Mesquit. Tornilla. Valley of the Rio Grande in western Texas, west through New Mex- ico and Arizona to southern California, southern Utah and southern Ne- vada ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, rarely 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or often a tall, much-branched shrub; sandy or gravelly river-bottoms, reaching its greatest development, within the United States, in the valleys of the lower Colorado and Gila Rivers. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, com- pact, containing many evenly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood somewhat lighter : used for fuel and fencing. The pods used as fodder are sometimes made into flour by the Indians. 95. Leucsena glauca, Benth. Western Texas, — San Saba to Devil's River ; in northern Mexico ; semi-tropical Florida (introduced) ; and through the West Indies. A small tree, 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter ; or often a tall or, in Florida, low shrub, sending up many stems from the ground. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, containing many small regularly distributed open ducts ; layers of annual growth and medullary rays hardly distinguishable ; color rich brown streaked with red, the sap- wood clear yellow. Acacia. LEGUMIXOSiE. 33 96. Leucaena pulverulenta, Benth. Southern Texas, — valley of the lower Rio Grande ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, G to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter, often forming dense thickets ; rich, sandy loam. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, containing many small, regularly distributed, open ducts ; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color rich dark brown, the sap-wood clear yellow. 97. Acacia Wrightii, Benth. Cat's Claw. Valley of the Guadalupe River, western Texas, west and south to the valley of the Rio Grande ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, rarely 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes ex- ceeding 0.30 metre in diameter, or often a low, much-branched shrub. Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of small open ducts, and containing many scattered smaller ducts ; medullary rays hardly distinguishable ; color bright clear brown streaked with red and yellow, the sap-wood clear yellow. 98. Acacia Q-reggii, Gray. Cafs Claw. Valley of the Rio Grande in w^estern Texas, west through south- ern New Mexico and Arizona to San Diego, California ; in northern Mexico. A low, much-branched tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 metre in diameter, or often a shrub ; dry slopes and low canons ; common, the large specimens generally hollow and defective. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by numerous rows of rather large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich brown or red, the sap- wood light yellow. A resinous gum resembling gum-arabic is yielded by this species. 99. Acacia Berlandieri, Benth. Valley of the Nueces to Devil's River, southern Texas, southward into Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; or more often a tall shrub, sending up many stems from the ground. Wood not examined. 3 34 ROSACEiE. Lysiloma. 100. Lysiloma latisiliqua, Benth. Wild Tamarind. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies. A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, tough, close-grained, compact, suscep- tible of a fine polish, containing many scattered open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, not conspicuous ; color rich dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood white ; somewhat used, locally, in boat and ship building. 101. Pithecolobinm Unguis-cati, Benth. Cat's Claw. Semi-tropical Florida, — Caximbas Bay to the southern keys ; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 6 metres in height, with a trunk rarely ex- ceeding 0.15 metre in diameter, or often throwing out many spreading, vine-like stems from the ground. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary rays numerous, inconspicuous ; color rich red varying to pur- ple, the sap-wood clear yellow. ROSACEA. 102. Chrysobalanus Icaco, L. Cocoa Plum. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral and Caximbas Bay to the southern keys ; through the West Indies and tropical America to Brazil. A small tree, 7 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 metre in diameter ; or along sandy beaches a low prostrate shrub 1.08 to 2.16 metres in height; reaching its greatest development, within the United States, on the borders and islands of the Everglades, near Bay Biscayne. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact, containing few irregularly distributed, not large, open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown often tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter. 103. Prnnns Americana, Marsh. Wild Plum. Canada Plum. Horse Plum. Valley of the Saint Lawrence to the valleys of Rainy and Assinaboine Rivers and the southern shores of Lake Manitoba ; northern Vermont, western New England, and southward through the Atlantic States to western Florida ; west to the valley of the upper Missouri River, Dakota, Pike's Peak region, Colorado, and the valley of the lower Concho River, Texas. Prunus. ROSACEiE. 35 A small tree, 6 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; rich woods, or along streams and the borders of ponds and swamps, reaching its greatest development on the bottom-la.^ds of eastern Texas. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich bright brown or often red, the sap-wood lighter ; used for the handles of tools, etc. Often cultivated for the yellow, red, or rarely nearly black acid, or rarely sweet fruit. 104. Prunus angustifolia, Marsh. Chickasaw Plum. Hog Plum. Probably native of the eastern slopes of the southern Rocky Moun- tains, where it is found at an altitude of 7,000 feet, and of the high plateau east and southeast of them ; now widely naturalized by early cultivation throughout the Atlantic forests south of Pennsylvania and west of the Alleghany Mountains, extending as far north as southern Michigan. A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or often a low shrub, generally along streams or borders of prairies, in rich soil. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood lighter. Often cultivated for its globose red or yellow fruit. 105. Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f. Wild Red Gherry, Pin Cherry. Pigeon Cherry. Labrador, shores of Hudson's Bay, and west through the Saskatche- wan region to the valley of the upper Fraser Piver ; south through the northern States to Pennsylvania, central Michigan, northern Illinois, central Iowa, and along the high Alleghany Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee, and the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. A small tree, rarely exceeding 12 metres in height, with a trunk some- times 0.60 metre in diameter, or in the Rocky IVIountain region reduced to a low .shrub ; common in all the northern forests, and taking posses- sion of ground cleared by fire of forest growth. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood clear yellow. The small acid fruit used domestically and by herbalists in the prepa- ration of cough mixtures, etc. 106. Prunus umbellata, Ell. Sloe. Black Sloe. South Carolina, south near the coast to Mosquito Inlet and Tampa Bay, Florida, and through central Alabama to eastern Mississippi. 36 ROSACEA. Prunns. A small tree, 5 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.38 metre in diameter ; dry, sandy soil. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark reddish brown, the sap-wood much lighter. 107. PrunTis emarginata, Walp. Vancouver's Island and the valley of the lower Fraser River, south through western Washington and Oregon, and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and in the Coast Ranges, from San Francisco Bay to the Santa Lucia Mountains, California ; east to the western slopes of the Bitter Root Mountains, Idaho, and the valley of the Jocko River, Montana. A tree often 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes ex- ceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; at high elevations and throughout cen- tral California reduced to a shrub 2 to 3 metres in height, or, in the Santa Lucia Mountains, 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; generally along streams or in low, rich woods. The common northern and Idaho form, more or less woolly pubescent, espe- cially on the under side of the leaves, is var. mollis, Brewer. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown streaked with green. 108. Prunus serotina, Ehrh. Wild Black Cherry. Rum Cherry. Southern Ontario, southward through the Atlantic forests to Matan- zas Inlet and Tampa Bay, Florida ; west to the valley of the Missouri River, Dakota, eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, and the valley of the upper San Antonio River, Texas. A tree 18 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres, or exceptionally 1.50 metres, in diameter; rich, generally upland woods; common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains from West Virginia southward ; not common and of small size in the Gulf region and Texas. Wood light, hard, strong, close, straight -grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, thin : color light brown or red, growing darker with exposure, the thin sap-wood yellow ; largely used and esteemed in cabinet work, interior finish, etc., and now becoming scarce. The bark contains a bitter tonic principle, and infused with cold water generates a small percentage of hydrocyanic acid, and is employed as a tonic and sedative in cases of pulmonary consumption in the form of cold infusions, syrups, and fluid extracts ; the bitter fruit used domestically in the preparation of cherry brandy. Prunus. llOSACEii:. 37 109. Prunus Capuli, Cav. Wild Cherry. Apache and Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, west through southern New Mexico and Arizona to the southern slopes of the San Francisco Moun- tains ; in northern New Mexico, and Peru. A small tree, in the United States rarely 12 metres in height, with a trunk often 0.30 metre in diameter ; bottoms of canons and mountain valleys, generally between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation. Wood heavy, moderately hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color brown, or often bright clear red, the sap- wood nearly white. 110. Prunus demissa, Walp. Wild Cherry. Vancouver's Island, east to the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Montana, south through the Pacific region ; and in Sonora. A small tree, sometimes 7 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or more often a low shrub ; reaching its greatest development in the rich valleys of southern Oregon and northern Cali- fornia, near the coast ; in southern California, and east of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Ranges, a low shrub confined to high mountain valleys. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. 111. Prunus Caroliniana, Ait. Wild Orange. Mock Orange. Wild Peach. North Carolina, south, near the coast, to Bay Biscayne, Florida, south- ern Alabama, and west, along the Gulf coast, to the valley of the Guada- lupe River, Texas. A small evergreen tree, 10 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; common and reaching its greatest de- velopment in the rich, light, deep soil of the bottom-lands of eastern Texas. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking badly in drying, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light reddish-brown, or, more rarely, dark rich brown, the sap-wood lighter. 112. Prunus sphaerocarpa, Sw. Western shores of Bay Biscayne, Florida ; in the West Indies. A small tree, in Florida not exceeding 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter; high rocky woods, or more rarely along the borders of streams and ponds ; rare and local in the United States. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, containing many very small open ducts ; layers of annual growth and medullary rays obscure ; color light clear red, the sap-wood pale yellow. 38 ROSACEiE. Prunus. 113. Prunus ilicifolia, Walp. California, — Coast Ranges from San Francisco Bay south to the southern boundary of the State, extending to the western slopes of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains. A small evergreen tree, often 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to O.GO metre in diameter, or in the interior often reduced to a low shrub. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking in seasoning, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many regularly dis- tributed, rather small, open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color bright reddish brown, the sap-wood much lighter ; furnishing valuable fuel. 114. Yauquelinia Torreyi, Watson. Arizona, — high mountains of the Gila Valley, summits of the Santa Catalina Mountains ; in Sonora. A small tree in the Santa Catalina Mountains, 4 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.20 metre in diameter; dry slopes and rocky bluffs between 2,700 and 4,000 feet elevation, in granitic soil; generally hollow and decayed. Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown streaked with red, the sap-wood yellow. 115. Cercocarpus ledifolius, Nutt. Mountain Mahogany. Coeur d'Alene Mountains, Idaho, southward along the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Wyoming ; eastern extremities of the Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon ; Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, and west along the mountain ranges of the Great Basin to the west- ern slope of the Sierra Nevada of California, extending southward into Arizona and New Mexico. A small, low tree, rarely 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or north of Utah and Nevada reduced to a low shrub ; dry rocky mountain slopes, between 6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, reaching its greatest development on the high ranges of central Nevada. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, brittle, difficult to work, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color bright clear red, or often dark rich brown, the sap-wood clear yellow ; furnishing the most valuable fuel of the region, and largely manufactured into charcoal. Pyrus. ROSACEA. 39 116. Cercocarpus parvifolius, Nutt. Mountain Mahogany. California, — valley of the Klamath River, southward through the Coast liaiiges to the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains ; Lower California ; Rocky Mountains of Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico, mountains of southern Arizona, and southward into Mexico. A small tree, rarely G to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter, or more often a shrub ; dry, gravelly soil, reacli- ing its greatest development on the mountains of southern New Mexico and Arizona at an elevation of 6,000 to 8,000 feet. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, difficult to work, sus- ceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color bright reddish brown, the sap-wood light brown; furnishing valuable fuel. 117. Pyrus coronaria, L. American Crah. Sweet-scented Crah. Valley of the Humber River, and shores of Lake Erie, Ontario, south- ward through western New York and Pennsylvania to the District of Columbia, and along the Alleghany Mountains to central Alabama and northern Mississippi ; west to southern Minnesota, Iowa, eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, and northern Louisiana. A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk often 0.30 metre in diameter ; rich, rather low woods, reaching its greatest develop- ment in the valleys of the lower Ohio region. Wood heavy, rather soft, not strong, very close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown varying to light red, the sap-wood yellow ; used for levers, handles of tools, and in turnery. 118. Pyrus angustifolia. Ait. American Crab Apple. Southern Crab Apple. Pennsylvania (?), southern Delaware, and the valley of the lower Wabash River, Illinois, south to western Florida. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 metre in diameter ; low, rich woods ; common and reaching its greatest devel- opment on the bottom-lands of the South Atlantic States ; less common west of the Alleghany Mountains. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood yellow ; used for levers, handles of tools, etc. 40 ROSACEA. Pyrm. 119. Pyrus rivularis, Dougl. Oregon Crah Apple. Coast of Alaska, southward along the coast and islands of British Columbia, through Washington and Oregon, west of the Cascade Moun- tains, to northern California. A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter ; low, rich woods, generally along streams, often form- ing dense thickets. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, liable to check badly in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary raj^s numerous, obscure .; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; used for mallets, mauls, bearings of machinery, etc. 120. Pyrus Americana, DC. Mountain-ash. Labrador, Newfoundland, Anticosti Island, and westward along the southern shore of James Bay to the valley of the Nelson River, south- ward through all the elevated regions of the northeastern States, and along the high mountains of Virginia and North Carolina ; in northern Michigan, northern Wisconsin, and northern Minnesota. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter ; borders of swamps and moist, rocky woods, reaching its greatest development on the northern shores of Lakes Huron and Superior. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. 121. Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. Mountain-ash. Labrador to northern New England and the shores of Lake Superior ; high mountain ranges of the Pacific region from Alaska to southern New Mexico ; in Kamtschatka. A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter, or in the Pacific forests generally reduced to a low shrub ; cold, wet swamps or borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in northern New England and Minnesota. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays nu- merous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white. The astringent bark and unripe fruit of the American mountain ashes, like those of the nearly allied P. aucuparia of Europe, are extremely astringent, and occasionally used, domestically, in infusions, decoctions, etc., in the treatment of diarrhoea. CratcBgus. ROSACEA. 41 122. Crataegus rivularis, Nutt. British Columbia, south through eastern Oregon and Washington, east and southeast along the mountain ranges of Idaho, Montana, Utah, a id Colorado to the Pinos Altos Mountains, New Mexico. A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; or often a tall, much-branched shrub, forming' dense, impenetrable thickets along borders of streams and swamps. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color bright reddish brown, the sap-wood nearly white. 123. Crataegus Douglasii, Lindl. British Columbia, south through Washington and Oregon to northern California, extending east through Idaho and Montana to the western base of the Rocky Mountains. A small tree, sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or often a tall shrub throwing up many stems from the ground and forming impenetrable thickets ; rather wet, sand^ soil along streams, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys west of the Cascade Mountains ; toward its eastern limits a low shrub. Wood heavy, hard, tough, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color nearly white tinged with rose, the sap-wood lighter ; used for wedges, mauls, etc. 1 24. Crataegus brachyacantha, Sargent & Engelm. Hog's Haw. Western Louisiana and eastern Texas. A tree 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in diameter ; borders of streams in low, very rich soil ; the largest North American representative of the genus ; rare and local. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beau- tiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light brown tinged with rose, the sap-wood lighter. The large fruit blue-black, 125. Crataegus arborescens, Ell. Yalley of the Savannah River, South Carolina, south to western Flor- ida ; and from the neighborhood of Saint Louis, Missouri, south and southwest to western Louisiana, and the valley of the lower Colorado River, Texas. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.45 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and low, wet swamps. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays very numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter. The small globular fruit bright red, or, more rarely, orange. 42 ROSACEiE. Cratcegus. 126. Crataegus Crus-galli, L. Cochspur Thorn. Newcastle Thorn, Valley of the Suint Lawrence River, west through southern Ontario to Manitoba, south, through the Atlantic forests, to western Florida, and the valley of the Colorado River, Texas. A small tree, 4 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter ; varying greatly in the size of the fruit, size and shape of the leaves, etc. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, suscep- tible of a fine polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood rather lighter. 127. Cratsegiis coccinea, L. Scarlet Haw. Red Haw. White Thorn. West coast of Newfoundland, west along the valley of the Saint Law- rence River and the northern shores of the great lakes to Manitoba, south throuirh the Atlantic forests to northern Florida and eastern Texas. A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 metre in diameter ; open upland woods or borders of streams and prairies ; very common at the North, rare at the South ; running into many forms, vary- ing in the size and shape of the leaves, size of the fruit, etc. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin, very obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter. 128. CrataegTis subvillosa, Schrad. Scarlet Haw. Eastern Massachusetts (possibly introduced) ; central Michigan to eastern Nebraska, south to middle Tennessee, and southwest through Missouri, Arkansas, the Indian Territory, and Texas to the valley of the San Antonio River. A small tree, 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 metre in diameter ; rich woods and borders of streams and prairies. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light brown or light red, the sap-wood lighter. The large red fruit often downy, edible, of agreeable flavor. 129. Cratsegns tomentosa, L. Black Thorn. Pear Haw. New Brunswick, west along the valley of the Saint Lawrence River and the northern shores of the great lakes to the Saskatchewan region, southward throuo^h the Atlantic forests to western Florida and eastern Texas, extending west to the mountains of eastern Washington and Ore- gon, southwestern Colorado, and southwestern New Mexico. Cralcegus. ROSACKiE. 43 A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 metre in diameter, or often, especially w(.'st of the Rocky MounUiins, reduced to a low shrub, here forming dense thickets along mountain streams ; tlie most widely distributed representative of the genus in North America, and varying greatly in the size, shape, and color of the fruit, form of the leaves, amount of pubescence, etc. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color bright reddish brown, the sai>wood lighter. 130. Cratsegns cordata, Ait. Washington Thorn. Virginia, southward along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia and Alabama, extending west through middle and eastern Ken- tucky and Tennessee to southern Illinois. A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 metre in diameter, generally along banks of streams. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter. 131. Crataegus apiifolia, Michx. Parsley Haw. Southern Virginia, southward near the coast to about latitude 28°, ex- tending west through the Gulf States to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas. A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 metres in height, with a slender stem rarely exceeding 0.08 to 0.10 metre in diameter, or more often a low, much- branched shrub ; low, rich soil, reaching its greatest development on the pine-barren hummocks of central Florida. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beau- tiful polish ; medullary rays thin, very obscure ; color bright brown tinged with red or rose, the sap-wood much lighter. 132. Crataegus spathulata, Michx. Small-fruited Haw. Virginia, southward to western Florida, west through the Gulf Stiites to the valley of the Washita River, Arkansas, and the Colorado River, Texas. A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre in diameter, or often reduced to a low shrub ; margins of streams and prairies, common, and reaching its greatest development on the bottom- lands of western Louisiana and eastern Texas. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, comi)act ; medidlary rays very numerous, obscure ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood lighter. 44 ROSACEA. Crafcegus. 1 33. Crataegus berberifolia, Torr. & Gray. Western Louisiana. A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; borders of prairies, in low ground ; rare, local, and still very imperfectly known ; the fruit and wood not yet collected. 134. Crataegus aestivalis, Torr. & Gray. Mai/ Haw. Apple Haw. South Carolina to northern Florida, and west through the Gulf States to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Sabine River, Texas. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; generally in sandy soil along the margins of streams and ponds ; common and reaching its greatest development on the bottom- lands of western Louisiana and eastern Texas. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood lighter. The large, globular, fragrant red fruit possesses an agreeable subacid flavor, and ripens in May. 135. Crataegus flava, Ait. Summer Haw. Yellow Haw. Red Haw. Virginia south^ward, generally near the coast, to Tampa Bay, Florida, extending west through the Gulf States to eastern Texas and southern , Arkansas. A small tree, rarely 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 metre in diameter, or reduced to a much-branched shrub 2 to 3 metres in height ; borders of streams, in low, sandy soil subject to overflow. A variety distinguished by the pubescence upon the calyx and young branches, smaller flowers, and larger globular or pear-shaped edible fruit, is var. pubescens, Gray. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays very numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red or rose, the sap-wood lighter. Fruit small, red or yellow, acid, or in the variety large and edible. 136. Heteromeles arbutifolia, Roem. Toy on. Tollon. California Holly, California, — Coast Ranges, Mendocino to San Diego County, extending east to the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino Mountains. A small, low-branched evergreen tree, rarely exceeding 9 metres in height, the short trunk sometimes 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter; or more often a low, much-branched shrub. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, inclined to check in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color dark reddish-brown, the sap-wood lighter. Liquldamhar. lIAMAMELACEiE. 45 137. Amelanchier Canadensis, Torr. & Gray. June-berry. Shad-bush, Service Tree. May Cherry. Newfoundland and Labrador, west along the southern shores of Hud- son's Bay to the Saskatchewan region ; south tlirough the Atlantic forests to northern Florida, southwestern Arkansas, and tlie Indian Territory. A small tree, 0 to lo metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.4.'' metre in diameter, or in some forms reduced to a low slirub (vars. rotundifolia and oligocarpa, Torr. & Gray) ; common at the north, rare at the south, and reaching its greatest development on the high slopes of the southern Alleghany Mountains ; varying greatly in the shape of the leaves, size of the flowers, amount of pubescence on the leaves and young shoots, etc. (var. oblongifolia, Torr. & Gray). Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays very numerous, obscure ; color dark brown often tinged with red, the sap-wood much lighter. HAMAMELACE^. 138. Hamamelis "Virginica, L. Witch-hazel. Northern New England and southern Ontario to Wisconsin, south to northern Florida and eastern Texas. A small tree, exceptionally 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.37 metre in diameter, or more often a tall shrub throwing up many stems from the ground ; common ; rich, rather damp woodlands, reaching its greatest development upon the southern Alleghany Mountains. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth hardly distinguishable ; medullary rays numerous, thin, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white. The bark and leaves rich in tannin, and largely used by herbalists in the form of fluid extracts, decoctions, etc., in external applications (Pond's Extract), and as a reputed remedy in hemorrhoidal affections. 139. Liquidambar Styraciflua, L. Sweet Gum. Liquidamber. Red Gum. Bilsted. Fairfield County, Connecticut, and southern Indiana and Illinois, south- ward to Cape Canaveral and Tampa Bay, Florida, and the valley of tlie Trinity River, Texas ; in central and southern Mexico. A large tree, often 30 to 36 metres, or exceptionally 48 metres, in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in diameter ; low, wot soil ; very common and reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of the Mississippi Basin, — here, with the cotton-gum, forming a large proportion of the forest growth. 46 RHIZOPHORACE^. — COMBRETACE^. RJuzophora. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, rather tough, close-grained, compact, inclined to shrink and warp badly in seasoning, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color bright brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; manufactured into lumber and used in the construction of buildings for plates, boarding, and clapboards, in cabinet work as a substitute for black walnut, and for veneering and street pavements. The balsamic exudation obtained from this species at the South is col- lected by herbalists, and sometimes used in the form of a s^'^rup as a sub- stitute for storax in the treatment of catarrhal affections, or externally as an ointment. RHIZOPHORACE-^. 140. Rhizophora Mangle, L. Mangrove. Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet and Cedar Keys to the southern keys ; Delta of the Mississippi River ; coast of Texas ; West Indies and tropical America ; and now widely naturalized throughout the tropics of the Old World. A tree 12 to 18 metres, or exceptionally 27 metres, in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter, or more commonly not exceeding 4 to 7 metres in height ; low saline shores, reaching, in the United States, its greatest development on Bay Biscayne and Cape Sable ; south of latitude 29°, bordering with almost impenetrable thickets the coast of the Florida peninsula, ascending the rivers for many miles, especially those flowing from the Everglades, and entirely covering many of the southern keys. Wood exceedingly heavy, hard, and strong, close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many evenly distributed rather small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark reddish brown streaked with lighter brown, the sap-wood lighter ; used for wharf piles and furnishing valuable fuel. COMBRETACEuE. 141. Conocarpns erecta, L. Buttonwood, Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral and Tampa Bay to the south- ern keys ; through the West Indies to Brazil. A low tree, often 8 metres, or exceptionally 15 to 18 metres, in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in diameter : common, and reaching its greatest development, in the United States, on Lost Man's River, north of Cape Sable ; or sometimes reduced to a low under-shrub. Wood very heavy and hard, strong, close-grained, very compact, suscep- Eugenia. MYRTACE.E. 47 tible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark yellow-brown, the sap-wood lighter ; burning blowly like charcoal, and highly valued for fuel. 142. Laguncularia racemosa, Gacrtn. f. White Buitonwood. White Mangrove. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast. Cedar Keys to Cape Sable ; West Indies and tropical Auierica ; coast of tropical Africa. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; very common ; saline shores of lagoons and bays. "Wood very heavy and hard, strong, close-grained, very compact ; sus- ceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark yellow-brown, the sap-wood much lighter. MYRTACE^. 143. Calyptranthes Chytraculia, Sw. Semi-tropical Florida, — shores of Bay Biscayne, Key Largo; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to O.lo metre in diameter. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, containing many evenly distributed rather large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter. 144. Eugenia bnxifolia, Willd. Gurgeon Stopper. Spanish Stopper. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast, Caloosa River to Cape Romano ; in the West Indies. A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter, reaching its greatest development, in the United States, on the rich hummocks of the Everglades. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, very compact ; medullar}^ rays numerous, thin ; color dark brown shaded with red, the sap-wood a little lighter ; somewhat used for fuel. 145. Eugenia dichotoma, DC. Naked-wood. Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet to Cape Canaveral, common, west coast, Caloosa River to Cape Romano ; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.15 metre in diameter. 48 CACTACE^. Eugenia. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numer- ous, thin ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood yellow. The small, edible fruit of agreeable aromatic flavor. 146. Eugenia monticola, DC. Stopper. White Stopper. Saint John's River to Umbrella Key, Florida, rare ; in the West Indies. A small tree, rarely 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 metre in diameter, or in northern Florida reduced to a low shrub. Wood very heavy, hard and strong, very close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown often tinged with red, the sap-wood darker. 147. Eugenia longipes, Berg. Stopper. Semi-tropical Florida, — No Name Key ; in the West Indies. A small tree, 4 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; rare. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, con- taining many evenly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color dark brown or nearly black, the sap-wood brown tinged with red. 148. Eugenia procera, Poir. Red Stopper. Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; in the West Indies. A tree 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter ; often forming extensive groves, and reaching its greatest de- velopment, in the United States, in the neighborhood of Miami, Bay Biscayne. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong and close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, hardly distinguishable ; color light yellow-brown, the sap-wood darker. CACTACE^. 149. Cereus giganteus, Engelm. Suwarrow. Saguaro. Giant Cactus. Valley of Bill Williams Fork, Arizona, south and east through central Arizona to the valley of the San Pedro River ; southward in Sonora. A tall, columnar tree, 8 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in diameter; dry, stony slopes, or low hills rising from the desert. Cornus. CORNACEiE. 49 Wood of the large strong ribs very light, soft, ratlier coarse-grained, solid, satiny, susceptible of a fine polish, almost indestructible in contact witli the ground ; medullary rays very numerous, broad ; color light Ijrown tinged with yellow ; used in the region almost exclusively for the rafters of adobe houses, for fencing, and by the Indians for lances, lx)W3, etc. The edible fruit is largely collected and dried by the Indians. CORNACE^. 150. Cornns alternifolia, L. f. Do(/wood. New Brunswick, west along the valley of the Saint Lawrence River to the northern shores of Lake Superior, south through the northern States and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia and Alabama. A small tree, 4 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; low, rich woods, and borders of streams and swamps. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color brown tinged with red, the sap-w^ood light yellow. 151. Cornus fiorida, L. Flowering Dogwood. Boxwood. Southern New England, southern Ontario, southern Minnesota, and through the Atlantic forests to middle Florida, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas. A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; rich woods, common, especially at the south. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, tough, checking badly in dry- ing, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish , medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color brown, changing in different specimens to shades of green and red, the sap-wood lighter ; used in turnery, for wood engraving and the bearings of machinery, hubs of wheels, barrel-hoops, etc. The bark, especially of the root, in common with that of the other spe- cies of the genus, possesses bitter tonic properties, and is used in the form of decoctions, etc., in the treatment of intermittent and malarial fevers. 152. Cornus Nuttallii, Audubon. Flowering Dogwood. Vancouver's Island, through western Washinjjton and Orejron, and southward in California along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada and through the Coast Ran<2jes to the San Bernardino ]Mountains. A small, slender tree, sometimes 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 metre in diameter ; reaching in the Cascade Mountains an 50 CORNACE^. Nyssa. elevation of 3,000 feet, and in the San Bernardino Mountains, of from 4,000 to 5,000 feet ; common ; rich, rather damp soil, generally in the dense shade of coniferous forests. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; somewhat used in cabinet-making, for mauls, handles, etc. 153. Nyssa capitata, Walt. Ogeechee Lime. Sour Tupelo. Gopher Plum. Valley of the Ogeechee River, Georgia, to western Florida, and in southern Arkansas. A tree 9 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; deep swamps and river bottoms ; rare and local. Wood light, soft, not strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, unwedgeable, containing many regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable. A conserve, under the name of " Ogeechee limes," is prepared from the large, acid fruit. 154. Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh. Tupelo. Sour Gum. Pepperidge. Black Gum. Southern Maine and northern Vermont, west to central Michigan, south to Tampa Bay, Florida, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas. A tree 15 to 36 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.50 metres in diameter, or at the north much smaller ; borders of swamps, or on rather high, rich hillsides and pine uplands ; at the south often in pine-barren ponds and deep swamps, the base of the trunk then greatly enlarged and swollen {N. aquatica, L.). Wood heavy, rather soft, strong, very tough, unwedgeable, difficult to work, inclined to check unless carefully seasoned, not durable in contact with the soil, containing numerous regularly distributed small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color light yellow or often nearly white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; now largely used for the hubs of wheels, rollers in glass-factories, ox-yokes, and on the Gulf coast for wharf-piles. 155. Nyssa uniflora, Wang. Large Tupelo. Cotton-gum. Tupelo-gum. Southern Virginia, south near the coast to the valley of the Saint Mary's River, Georgia, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Neches River, Texas, and through Arkansas and southern and south- eastern Missouri to southern Illinois. A large tree, 21 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; deep swamps and bottom-lands subject to frequent Viburnum. CAPRIFOLI ACE.E. 51 overflow ; one of tlie largest and most common trees of the l)Ottom-lan(l8 of the lower Mississippi River basin, and reaching its greatest develop- ni(!nt in the cypress swamps of western Louisiana and eastern Texa«, ntur the coast. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, unwedgeable ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, or often nearly white ; used in turnery and largely for wooden-ware ; that of the root for the floats of nets, etc., as a substitute for cork. CAPRIFOLIACE^. 156. Sambucus glauca, Nutt. JtJlder. Valley of the Fraser River and Vancouver's Island, British Columbia, south to the Mexican boundary, extending east to the Blue Mountains of Oreijon and the Wahsatch Ranije, Utah. A small tree, sometimes 8 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a larjre shrub ; mountain valleys, in dry, gravelly soil. Wood light, soft, weak, coarse-grained, checking in drying; medullary rays numerous, rather conspicuous ; color yellow tinged with brown, the sap-wood lighter. 157. Sambucus Mesicana, Presl. Mder. Valley of the Nueces River, south through western Texas, west along the southern boundary of the United States to southern California ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; bottom-lands, in moist, gravelly loam. Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, compact; medullary rays nu- merous, thin, conspicuous ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. 158. Viburnum Lentago, L. Sheep-berry. Nanny-berry. Southern shores of Hudson Bay, west in British America to about longitude 102°, south through the northern States to Pennsylvania, south- ern Indiana, eastern Missouri, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; rocky ridges and borders of streams and swam})s, in rich, moist soil; most common and reaching its greatest development far north. 52 RUBIACE^. Viburnum. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, emitting a disagreeable odor ; medullary rays thin, barely distinguishable ; color dark orange- brown, the sap-wood nearly white. 159. VibTirniim prunifolium, L. Black Haw. Stag-busk. Southern Connecticut and New York, south to middle Florida and the valley of the Colorado River, Texas ; west to Missouri, Arkansas, and the Indian Territory. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 metre in diameter, or at the north generally reduced to a low, much-branched shrub ; rocky hillsides in rich soil. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, liable to check in drying ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white. RUBIACE^. 160. Exostema Caribaeuin, Roem. & Schultes. Keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.30 metre in diameter. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light brown beautifully streaked with different shades of yellow and brown, the sap-wood clear rich yellow. 161. Pinckneya pubens, Michx. Georgia Bark. South Carolina, near the coast ; basin of the upper Apalachicola River in Georo;ia and Florida. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and low, sandy swamps ; rare and local. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by four to six rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays few, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter. Infusions of the bark are successfully used in the treatment of inter- mittent fever, as a substitute for cinchona. 162. Genipa clusiaefolia, Griseb. Seven-year Apple. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies. A small, much-branched, knotty tree, sometimes 6 metres in height, Andromeda. ERICACEiE. 63 with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.10 metre in diameter, or in Florida more often a shrub ; borders of saline shores. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beaa- tilul polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown shaded with orange, the sap-wood light yellow. 163. Guettarda elliptica, Sw. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies. A small tree, 4 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.20 metre in diameter. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous scattered small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged with red. ERICACE^. 164. "Vaccinmrn arboreum, Marsh. JF^arkle-berry, North Carolina, south near the coast to middle Florida, through the Gulf States to Matagorda Bay, Texas, and through Arkansas and southern Missouri to southern Illinois. A small tree, 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.25 metre in diameter, or toward its northern limits often reduced to a low shrub ; very common throughout the pine-belt of the Gulf States, along the larger ponds and streams, in moist sandy soil, and reaching its greatest develop- ment in eastern Texas near the coast. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, liable to twist in dry- ing, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, broad, conspicuous ; color light browm tinged with red, the sai)-woo-wood yellow ; largely used in ship and boat building. 177. Dipholis salicifolia, A. DC. Bustic. Cassada. Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; through the West Indies to Brazil. A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 metre in diameter ; the large specimens hollow and defective ; rare. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, com- pact, checking in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many scattered large open ducts ; color dark brown or red, the sap-wood lighter. 178. Bumelia tenax, Willd. North Carolina, southward near the coast to Cape Canaveral and Cedar Keys, Florida. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 metre in diameter ; sandy soil. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; well characterized, as in all the North American species, by large open ducts, defining, with several rows, the rings of annual growth, connected by conspicuous branching groups of similar ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown streaked with white, the sap-wood lighter. 179. Bumelia lanuginosa, Pers. Gum Elastic, Shittim-wood. Georgia and northern Florida to Mobile Bay, Alabama ; southern Illi- nois and southern Missouri, through Arkansas to the valley of the Rio Grande, Texas. An evergreen tree, sometimes 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.00 metre in diameter, or in the Atlantic States much smaller, rarely exceed- ing 6 metres in height ; common and reaching its greatest development on the rich bottom-lands of eastern Texas. Wood heavy, soft, weak, close-grained, very compact, the open ducts conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter ; somewhat used in cabinet-making. 180. Bumelia spinosa, A. DC. Arizona, — Santa Catalina Mountains ; Parras and Saltillo, Mexico. A small tree, 6 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; dry, gravelly soil, near water-courses ; rare. 58 EBENACEiE. Bumelia. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, the open ducts con- spicuous ; medulhiry rays thin, obscure ; color light rich brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter. 181. Bumelia lycioides, Gaertn. f. Iron-wood. Southern Buckthorn. Coast of Virginia and southern Illinois, south to Mosquito Inlet and the Caloosa River, Florida, and through southern Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas to the valley of the Rio Concho. A small tree, sometimes 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 metre in diameter ; low, rich soil, or often, in the Atlantic and Gulf States, a low, semi-prostrate shrub (var. reclinatum, Gray). Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter. 182. Bumelia cuneata, Sw. Anf s-wood. Downward Plum. Saffron Plum. Semi-tropical Florida, — Indian River to the southern keys, not rare, west coast. Cedar Keys to Cape Romano, rare ; rocky shores, and in the interior of low, barren keys ; Texas, valley of the lower Rio Grande, and southward into northern Mexico ; in the West Indies. A small tree, rarely exceeding 4 metres in height, with a trunk some- times 0.30 metre in diameter. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown or orange, the sap-wood lighter. 183. Mimusops Sieberi, A. DC. Wild Dilly. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida, common ; in the West Indies. A small, low, gnarled tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.40 metre in diameter ; generally hollow and defective. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, inclined to check in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color rich, very dark brown, the sap-wood lighter. EBENACE^. 184. Diospyros Virginiana, L. Persimmon. Shores of Long Island Sound in Connecticut and New York, and soijth- ern Ohio southward to Bay Biscayne and the Caloosa River, Florida, and the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, extending to southeastern Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory. Symplocos. STYRACACE^. 59 A tree 10 to 20 or, exceptionally, 30 to 35 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes O.GO metre in diameter ; very common and often entirely occupying abandoned fields in the middle and lower regions of the south- ern Atlantic and Gulf States, reaching its greatest development on the rich bottom-lands of the lower Ohio basin. Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish, containing few scattered open ducts ; layers of annual growth marked by one or more rows of similar ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color dark brown or often nearly black, the thick sap-wood light brown, often containing numerous darker spots ; used in turnery for shoe-lasts, plane-stocks, etc., and preferred for shuttles ; the dark heart-wood only developed in very old specimens and rarely seen. The yellow edible fruit is exceedingly austere until after frost, then becoming sweet and luscious, or in the Gulf States ripening in August without austerity. A decoction of the bitter and astringent unripe fruit and inner bark is occasionally used in the treatment of diarrhoea, sore throat, hemorrhage, etc. 185. Diospyros Texana, Scheele. Black Persimmon. Mexican Persimmon. Chapote. Western Texas, — Matagorda Bay to the valley of the Concho River ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, 4 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter, or more often a low shrub ; not rare, and reaching its greatest development, in Texas, on the bottom-lands of the Guadalupe River ; borders of prairies, in rich soil ; in Mexico more common and of larger size. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, taking a beau- tiful polish, containing few minute scattered open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color nearly black, often streaked with yellow, the thick sap-wood clear bright yellow ; used in turnery for the handles of tools, etc., suitable for wood-engraving, and probably the best substitute among American woods for boxwood. The small, black fruit sweet and insipid. STYRACACE^. 186. Symplocos tinctoria, L'Her. Horse Sugar. Sweet-leaf. Southern Delaware, south to middle Florida, and west through the Gulf States to western Louisiana and southern Arkansas. A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre in diameter, or often a low shrub ; borders of cypress swamps or in deep, damp, shaded woods. 60 OLEACEJE. Halesia. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying ; medul- lary rays numerous, thin ; color light red or often nearly white, the sap- wood lighter. The sweet leaves are greedily eaten by cattle and horses, and yield, as well as the bark, a yellow dye. 187. Halesia diptera, L. Snowdrop Tree. Silver-hell Tree. South Carolina to northern Florida, near the coast, and west through the lower region of the Gulf States to eastern Texas and central Arkansas. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or often a shrub sending up many clustered stems from the root ; borders of swamps in low, wet woods. Wood light, soft, strong, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. 188. Halesia tetraptera, L. Rattle-box. Snowdrop Tree. Silver-hell Tree. Calico-wood. Mountains of West Virginia to southern Illinois, south to middle Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and through Arkansas to west^ ern Louisiana and eastern Texas. A tree 10 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 metre in diameter, or often a tall shrub ; generally along streams, in rich soil ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the southern Alle- ghany Mountains. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. OLEACEJE. 189. Fraxiniis Greggii, Gray. Western Texas, — valley of the Rio Grande from the San Pedro to the Pecos River ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or often a graceful shrub ; limestone soil. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth and medullary rays obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter. 190. Fraxinus anomala, Torr. Southwestern Colorado to southern Utah. A small tree, sometimes 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; common on elevated sandstone slopes. Wood heavy, hard, coarse-grained, containing many large open scat- tered ducts ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of similar Fraxinus. OLEACE/E. 61 ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. 191. Fraxinus pistaciaefolia, Torr. Ash. Mountains of western Texas, southern New Mexico, and southern and eastern Arizona, to southern Nevada ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, 10 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 metre in diameter ; generally along borders of streams, in elevated canons, less commonly in dry soil, the foliage then thick and coriaceous or, more rarely, velvety tomentose (var. coriacea^ Gray) ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter; occasionally used in wagon-building, for axe handles, etc. 192. Fraxinus Americana, L. White Ash. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, southern Ontario to northern Minne- sota, south to northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and west to eastern Nebraska, Kansas, the Indian Territory, and the valley of the Devil's River, Texas. A large tree of the first economic value, 15 to 30 or, exceptionally, 42 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in diameter ; low, rich, rather moist soil, reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of the lower Ohio River Basin ; toward its western and southwestern limits smaller, of less economic value, and generally replaced by the green ash (^Fraxinus viridis). The form of western Texas (var. Texensis, Gray), with smaller fruit, and generally 5 short, ovate leaflets, is a small tree, with harder, heavier, and more compact wood. Wood heavy, hard, strong, ultimately brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts, which in slowly grown specimens occupy nearly the entire width of the annual rings ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood much lighter, often nearly white ; largely used in the manufac- ture of agricultural implements, carriages, handles, oars, and for interior and cabinet work. 193. Fraxinus pubescens, Lam. Eed Ash. New Brunswick to southern Ontario and northern Minnesota, south to northern Florida and central Alabama. A tree 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, in low ground ; com- mon and reaching its greatest development in the north Atlantic States ; 62 OLEACE^. Fraxinus. rare west of the Alleghany Mountains, probably not extending west of the Mississippi River. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich brown, the sap-wood light brown streaked with yellow ; somewhat used as a substitute for the more valuable white ash, with which it is often confounded. 1 94. Fraxinus viridis, Michx. f. Green Ash. Shores of Lake Champlain, Rhode Island and southward to northern Florida, west to the valley of the Saskatchewan, the eastern ranges of the Rocky Mountains of Montana, the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah, and the ranges of eastern and northern Arizona. A tree 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter ; borders of streams or in low, rather moist soil ; at the West confined to the bottom-lands of the large streams and to high moun- tain canons. A form with 3 to 5 leaflets, common in Texas west of the Colorado River and extending into Mexico, is var. Berlandieriana, Torr. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, rather coarse-grained, compact, satiny, containing numerous scattered small open ducts, the layers of annual growth marked b}' several rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter. 195. Fraximis platycarpa, Michx. Water Ash, Southeastern Virginia, south near the coast to Cape Canaveral and the Caloosa River, Florida, west through the Gulf States to the valley of the Sabine River, Texas, and the Washita River, southwestern Arkansas ; in the West Indies. A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; deep river swamps. Wood very light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, the open ducts not conspicuous ; medullary rays few, obscure ; color nearly white or sometimes tinged with yellow, the sap-wood lighter. 196. Fraxinus quadrangulata, Michx. Blue Ash. Southern Michigan to central Minnesota, south to northern Alabama, and through Iowa and Missouri to northeastern Arkansas. A tree 18 to 25 or, exceptionally, 37 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter; generally on limestone hills, rarely extending to bottom-lands, and reaching its greatest development in the basin of the lower Wabash River. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, satiny ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one to three rows of large Privet. OLEACE.E. 63 open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light yellow streaked with brown, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used for liooring, in carriage-building, etc. 197. Fraxinus Oregana, Nutt. Oregon Ash. Shores of Puget Sound, south through Washington and Oregon west of the eastern valleys of the Cascade Mountains, along the California Coast Ranges to San Francisco Bay and the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino and Hot Spring Mountains, California. A tree sometimes 24 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter ; moist soil, generally along streams, and reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of southwestern Oregon. Wood light, hard, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact, contain- ing many large open scattered ducts, the layers of annual growth strongly marked with several rows" of similar ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter ; used in the manufacture of furniture, for the frames of carriages and wagons, in cooperage, for fuel, etc. 198. Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lam. Black Ash. Hoop Ash. Ground Ash. Southern Newfoundland and northern shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, southwesterly to the eastern shores of Lake Winnipeg, south through the northern States to northern Delaware, the mountains of Vir- ginia, southern Illinois, and northwestern Arkansas. A tree 25 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; swamps and low river banks. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, durable, separating easily into thin layers ; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark brown, the sap-wood light brown or often nearly white ; largely used for interior finish, fencing, barrel-hoops, in cabinet-making, and the manufacture of baskets. 199. Forestiera acuminata, Poir. Privet Southwestern Georgia, western Florida, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, and northward through Arkansas to southern Missouri and southwestern Illinois. A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.20 metre in diameter ; borders of swamps and streams, in low, wet soil ; common in the Gulf region, near the coast, and reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas. 64 BORRAGINACEiE. Chionanthus. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medul- lary rays numerous, thin, rather conspicuous ; color light yellow streaked with brown ; the sap-wood lighter. 200. Chionanthus Virginica, L. Fringe Tree. Old Ifan's Beard. Southeastern Pennsylvania, south to Tampa Bay, Florida, and through the Gulf States to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas. A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; generally along streams, in low, rich soil. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts, connected as in that of Bw melia by branching groups of similar ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. . A decoction of the tonic and anti-periodic bark of the root is sometimes employed in the treatment of intermittent fevers. 201. Osmanthus Americanus, Benth. & Hook. Devil-wood. Southern Virginia, south to Cape Canaveral a-nd Tampa Bay, Florida, and through the Gulf States to eastern Louisiana, near the coast. A small tree, 10 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and pine-barren swamps, in moist, rich soil. Wood heavy, very hard and strong, close-grained, unwedgeable, diffi- cult to work, containing many radiating groups of open cells parallel to the thin obscure medullary rays ; color dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown or yellow. BOBRAG-INACE^. 202. Cordia Sebestena, L. Geiger Tree, Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; rare ; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.06 to 0.08 metre in diameter ; rich hummock soil. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing few scat- tered small open ducts ; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspic- uous ; color dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown or yellow. 203. Cordia Boissieri, A. DC. Texas, — valley of the Rio Grande, westward to New Mexico ; in northern Mexico. Catalpa. BIGNOXIACE^. 65 A small tree, rarely 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.12 to O.lo metre in diameter, or more often reduced to a low shrub. Wood light, rather soft, close-grained, compact, containing many smaP scattered open ducts ; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color dark brown, the sap-wood light brown. 204. Bourreria Havanensis, Miers. Strong Back, Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies. A small tree, 10 or, exceptionally, 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective. A form (generally shrubby in Florida) with scabrous or his- pidulous leaves is var. radula^ Gray. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, suscep- tible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown streaked with orange, the sap-wood not distinguishable. 205. Ehretia elliptica, DC. KnacJc-away. Anaqua. Texas, — Corpus Christi to New Braunfels, and southward to the valley of the lower Rio Grande. A tree 10 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.50 metre in diameter ; borders of streams, in rich loam, and reaching its greatest development between the Guadalupe and Nueces Rivers. Wood .heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, unwedge- able, containing many small open ducts arranged in numerous concentric rings within the layers of annual growth, these marked by several rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood a little lighter. BIGNONIACE^. 206. Catalpa bignonioides, Walt. Oatalpa. Oatawba. Bean Tree. Cigar Tree, Indian Bean. Southwestern Georgia, western Florida, and through central Alabama and Mississippi. A low, much-branched tree, 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.50 to 0.75 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, in rich loam ; rare and local ; long cultivated for ornament, and now extensively naturalized in the middle and southern Atlantic States. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by many rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the thin sap-wood lighter, often nearly white ; used and highly valued for fence-posts, rails, etc. 6 66 VERBENACE.E. Catalpa. 207. Catalpa speciosa, Warder. Western Catalpa. Southern Illinois and Indiana, western Kentucky and Tennessee to southeastern Missouri and western Arkansas. A tree 20 to 35 or, exceptionally, 4a metres in hei«^ht, with a trunk 1 to 2 metres in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, on rich bottom- lands ; common and reaching its greatest development in the valley of the lower Wabash River ; cultivated and now widely naturalized in southern Arkansas, western Louisiana, and eastern Texas. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown, the thin sap-wood lighter ; largely used for railway-ties, fence- posts, rails, etc., and adapted for cabinet work and interior finish. 208. Chilopsis saligna, D. Don. Desert Willow. Valley of the Eio Grande, Texas, and west through southern New Mexico and Arizona to southern California ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter ; slopes and banks of depressions and water-courses in the desert ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying, con- taining many scattered small open ducts ; the layers of annual growth marked by several rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous, ob- scure ; color brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood much lighter. 209. Crescentia cucurbitina, L. Black Calabash-tree. Semi-tropical Florida, — near Miami, and on Little River ; in the West Indies. A small tree, in Florida rarely exceeding 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.12 metre in diameter. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, containing many small regularly distributed open ducts; medullary rays thin, hardly distinguish- able ; color light brown tinged with orange, the sap-wood lighter. YERBENACE^. 210. Citharexylum villosum, Jacq. Fiddle-wood. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys ; in the West Indies and Mexico. Coccoloba. NYCTAGINACE^. — POLYGON ACE/E. 67 A small tree, rarely exceeding in Florida 0 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or north of Hay Hiscayne reduced to a low much-branched shrub ; common and reacliing, witiiin the Uniu*d States, its greatest development on the shores of Bay Biscayne, Lost Man's River, etc. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, sus- ceptible of a fine polish, containing numerous small regularly distributed open ducts; color clear bright red, the sap-wood lighter. 211. Avicennia nitida, Jacq. Black Mangrove. Black Tree. Black-wood. Florida coast, — Saint Augustine to the southern keys, and Cedar Keys to Cape Sable ; deltas of the Mississippi River ; through the West Indies to Brazil. A tree 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.30 metre in diameter, or, exceptionally, 20 to 23 metres in height, with a trunk 0.00 metre in diameter ; north of Mosquito Inlet reduced to a low shrub ; common along saline shores and swamps, throwing up many leafless corky stems, and forming, with the red mangrove (Rhizophora), impene- trable thickets, or, more rarely, scattered and round-headed ; reaching its greatest development, in the United States, on the west coast of Florida, north of Cape Sable. AVood very heavy, hard, rather coarse-grained, compact ; the eccentric layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark brown or nearly black, the sap- wood brown. NYCTAGINACE^. 212. Pisonia obtusata, Sw. Pigeon-wood. Beef-wood. Cork-wood. Pork-wood. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys ; in the West Indies. A tree 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.45 metre in diameter ; saline shores and beaches. Wood heavy, rather soft, weak, coarse-grained, compact, containing nnmerous large open ducts ; layers of annual growth and medullary rays hardly distinguishable ; color yellow tinged with brown, the sap-wood darker. POLYG-ONACE^. 213. Coccoloba Floridana, Meisn. Pigeon Plum. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, and from Cape Romano to Cape Sable. 68 LAURACEiE. Coccoloba. A tree 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; one of the lar<^est and most common trees of the resfion. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, brittle, very close-f^rained inclined to check in drying, containing few small scattered open ducts ; layers of annual growth and numerous medullary rays obscure ; color rich dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; valuable and somewhat used in cabinet-making. 214. Coccoloba uvifera, Jacq. Sea Grape. Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet to the southern keys, west coast, Tampa Bay to Cape Sable ; through the West Indies to Brazil. A low tree, rarely exceeding in Florida 4 metres in height, with a gnarled, contorted trunk often 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter, or re- duced to a low, generally prostrate shrub ; saline shores and beaches ; common. Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, inclined to check in dry- ing, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing few scattered rather small open ducts ; layers of annual growth and numerous medullary rays hardly distinguishable ; color rich dark brown or violet, the sap-wood lighter ; valuable for cabinet-making. LAURACEJE. 215. Persea Carolinensis, Nees. Hed Bay, Virginia south to Bay Biscayne and Cape Romano, Florida, and through the Gulf States to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Trin- ity River, Texas, near the coast. A tree 15 to 20 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to (3.90 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, in low, rich soil. A form found near the coast from North Carolina to Alabama, well characterized by its longer flower-stalks densely covered, as well as the young shoots and under sides of the leaves, with a dense short brown tomentum, the wood orange-colored streaked with brown, is var. palustris, Chapm. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many evenly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color bright red, the sap-w^ood much lighter ; formerly somewhat used in ship-building, interior finish, and for cabinet work. 216. Nectandra "Willdenoviana, Nees. Lancewood. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral and Cape Romano to the southern keys ; in the West Indies and Central America. UmhellulaHa LAU RACEME. 69 A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 metre in diameter; common and reaching its greatest development, in Florida, on the shores of Bay Biscayne and in the neighborhood o*" Cape Romano. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking in drying, containing many small regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown, the sap-wood bright yellow. 217. Sassafras officinale, Nees. Sassafras. Eastern Massachusetts to southwestern Vermont, and west through southern Ontario and central Michigan to southeastern Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory ; south to middle Florida, and the val- ley of the Brazos River, Texas. A tree 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, exceptionally, 24 to 27 metres in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 2.25 metres in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a small tree or shrub; rich, sandy loam, reaching its greatest development in southwestern Arkansas and the Indian Territory. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, very durable in contact with the soil, slightly aromatic, checking in drying ; layers of annual growth clearly marked with three or four rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dull orange-brown, the thin sap-wood light yellow ; used for light skiffs, ox-yokes, etc., and largely for fence posts and rails, and in cooperage. The root, and especially its bark, enters into commerce, affording a powerful aromatic stimulant. 218. Umbellularia Californica, Nutt. Mountain Laurel. California Laurel. Spice Tree. Cagiput. California Olive. California Bay-tree. Southwestern Oregon, south through the California Coast Ranges, and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. An evergreen tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in diameter, or toward its southern limits and at high eleva- tions a small tree or shrub ; most common and reaching its greatest devel- opment in the rich valleys of southwestern Oregon. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous small regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich light brown, the sap- wood lighter ; used on the Oregon coast in ship-building, for jaws, bitts, cleats, cross-trees, etc., and the most valuable material produced in the Pacific forests for interior and cabinet work. 70 EUPHORBIACE^. — URTICACE^. Drypetes. EUPHORBIACE^. 219. Diypetes crocea, Poit. Guiana Plum. White-wood, Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.17 metre in diameter. A little-known form (var. latifolia, Mull.) with whit- ish warty branches, the calyx 5-parted, and more coriaceous leaves, should perhaps be considered a distinct species {D. glauca, Nutt.). Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, checking in dry- ing ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown, the sap-wood yellow. 220. Sebastiania lucida, MiilL Crah-wood. Poison-wood. Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; common ; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; the large specimens generally hollow and decayed. Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color rich dark brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood bright yellow ; now largely manufactured into canes and furnishing valuable fuel. 221. Hippomane Mancinella, L. Manchineel. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; common ; in the West Indies and Central America. A small tree, in Florida rarely exceeding 4 metres in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.17 metre in diameter; abounding in white milky ex- ceedingly caustic poisonous sap. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing numerous evenly distributed small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown or yellow. URTICACE^. 222. Ulmus crassifolia, Nutt. Cedar Elm. Southern Arkansas, and Texas to the valley of the Rio Grande. A tree 18 to 20 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or toward its southern or southwestern limits much smaller; Ulmus. URTICACE.E. 71 borders of streams, in rich soil ; one of tlie most common and valuable timber-trees of Texas west of the Trinity River, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the Guadalupe and Trinity Rivers. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth and medullary rays obscure ; marked, in common with that of all the North American species, by concentric circles of irregu- larly arranged groups of small oj)en ducts ; color light brown tinged with red, the heavier sap-wood lighter ; used in the manufacture of wagon- hubs, saddle-trees, chairs, etc., and very largely for fencing. 223. Ulmus falva, Michx. Red Elm. Slippery Elm. Moose Elm. Valley of the lower Saint Lawrence River to northern Dakota, south to northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the San Antonio River, Texas. A tree 15 to 20 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and hillsides in rich soil. Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, durable in con- tact with the ground, splitting readily when green ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays nu- merous, thin ; color dark brown or red, the thin sap-wood lighter ; largely used for wheel-stock, fence-posts, rails, railway-ties, sills, etc. The inner bark mucilaginous, nutritious, and extensively used in various medicinal preparations. 224. Ulmus Americana, L. White Elm. American Elm. Water Elm. Southern Newfoundland to the northern shores of Lake Superior and the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, in about latitude 52° N. ; south to Cape Canaveral and Pease Creek, Florida, extending west in the United States to the Black Hills of Dakota, central Nebraska, the Indian Territory, and the valley of the Rio Concho, Texas. A large tree, 30 to 35 metres in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 2.70 metres in diameter ; rich, moist soil, borders of streams, etc. ; toward its western and southwestern limits only on bottom-lands. Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, diffi- cult to split ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood somewhat lighter; largely used for wheel-stock, saddle-trees, flooring, in cooperage, and in boat and ship building. 225. Ulmus racemosa, Thomas. Rock Elm. Cork Elm. Hickory Elm. White Elm. Cliff Elm. Southwestern Vermont, through western New York, Ontario, and southern Michigan to northeastern Iowa, and south throuirh Ohio to central Kentucky. 72 URTICACEiE. Uimus. A large tree, 20 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 metre in diameter ; low, wet clay, rich uplands or rocky declivities and river cliffs ; common and reaching its greatest development in southern Ontario and the southern peninsula of Michigan. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, tough, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; layers of annual growth marked with one or two rows of small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light clear brown often tinged with red, the thick sap-wood much lighter ; largely used in the manufacture of heavy agricultural implements, wheel-stock, and for railway-ties, bridge-timbers, sills, etc. 226. Ulmus alata, Michx. Wahoo. Winged Elm. Southern Virginia, south through the middle districts to western Florida, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Trinity River, Texas, extending north through the eastern portions of the Indian Terri- tory, Arkansas, and southern Missouri to southern Indiana and Illinois. A small tree, 7 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; generally in dry, gravelly soil, or rarely along the borders of swamps and bottom-lands ; most common and reaching its greatest devel- opment in southern Missouri and Arkansas. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, unwedge- able ; medullary rays distant, not conspicuous ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter largely used for hubs, blocks, etc. 227. Planera aquatica, Gmel. Valley of the Cape Fear River, North Carolina, south to western Florida, and through central Alabama and Mississippi to western Lou- isiana and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas, extending north through Arkansas and southern Missouri to central Kentucky and southern Illinois. A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; cold, deep, inundated river-swamps ; rare in the Atlantic and eastern Gulf States ; very common and reaching its greatest development in western Louisiana and southern Arkansas. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, containing few scattered open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white. 228. Celtis occidentalis, L. Sugar-berry. Hachherry. Valley of the Saint Lawrence River, west to eastern Dakota, south through the Atlantic region to Bay Biscayne and Cape Romano, Florida, and the valley of the Devil's River, Texas. Ficus. URTICACE^. 73 A large tree, 18 to 30 or, exceptionally, 36 to 39 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.50 metres in diameter; most common and reaching its greatest development in tlie Mississippi River basin ; rich bottoms or dry hillsides; sometimes reduced to a low shrub (CI pumilu), and varying greatly in the size, shape, and texture of the leaves ( C. Mississippiensis Icevigata, integrifolia, crassifolia, etc.) ; the extremes connected by innu- merable intermediate forms, which, thus considered, make one poly- morphous species of wide geographical range. A form witli small thick coriaceous leaves with prominent reticulated veins, found from western Texas to southern California, and through the Rocky Mountains to east- ern Oregon is var. reticulata, Sargent. Wood heavy, rather soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts, containing many small groups of smaller ducts arranged in intermediate concentric rings ; medullary rays numer- ous, thin; color clear light yellow, the sap-wood lighter; largely used for fencing and occasionally in the manufacture of cheap furniture. 229. Ficus aurea, Nutt. Semi-tropical Florida, — Indian River to the southern keys. A large parasitic tree, germinating on the trunks and branches of other trees, and sending down to the ground long aerial roots, which gradually grow together, kill the enclosed tree, and form a trunk sometimes 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter. Wood exceedingly light, soft, very weak, coarse-grained, compact, not durable ; medullary rays thin, hardly distinguishable ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. 230. FicTis brevifolia, Nutt. Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys. A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing few large open scattered ducts, and many groups of much smaller ducts arranged in con- centric circles ; medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color light brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter. 231. Ficus pedunculata, Ait. Wild Fig. India-rubber Tree. Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; in the West Indies. A tree sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.50 metre in diameter ; often branched from the ground ; rare. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact, containing many large open scattered ducts, with many groups of small ducts arranged in con- 74 URTICACE.E. Morus. centric circles ; medulliiry rays numerous, obscure ; color light orange brown, the sap-wood undistinguishable. 232. Morus rubra, L. JR,ed Mulberry, Western New England and Long Island, New York, west through southern Ontario and central Michigan to the Black Hills of Dakota, eastern Nebraska and Kansas ; south to Bay Biscay ne and Cape Romano, Florida, and the valley of the Colorado River, Texas. A large tree, 18 to 20 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; generally on rich bottom-lands ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the basins of the lower Ohio and the Mississippi Rivers. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather tough, coarse-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light orange-yellow^, the sap- wood lighter ; largely used in fencing, cooperage, for snaths, and at the South in ship and boat building. The large dark purple fruit sweet and edible. 233. Morus microphylla, Buckley. Mexican Mulberry. Valley of the Colorado River, through western Texas to 'the valley of the Gila River, New Mexico ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 7 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 metre in diameter, or often reduced to a low shrub ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the mountain caiions of southern New Mexico. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color orange or, rarely, dark brown, the sap-wood light yellow. The small acid fruit hardly edible. 234. Madura aurantiaca, Nutt. Osage Orange. Bois d'Arc. Southwestern Arkansas, southeastern portions of the Indian Territory, and southward into northern Texas. A tree sometimes 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter; rich bottom-lands ; most common and reaching its greatest development along the valley of the Red River in the Indian Territory ; extensively planted for hedges, especially in the Western States. Plutanus. PLATANACEiE. 75 Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, flexible, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the ground, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous small open ducts ; layers of annual growth clearly marked witli broad bands of larger ducts ; medullary rays thin, numerous, conspicuous ; color bright orange, turning brown with exposure, the sap-wood light yellow ; largely used for fence-posts, paving- blocks, railway-ties, and wheel-stock. PLATANACE^. 235. Platanus occidentalis, L. Sycamore. Buttonwood. Button-ball Tree. Water Beech. Southern Maine and southeastern New Hampshire to northern Ver- mont and the northern shores of Lakes Ontario and Erie, west to eastern Nebraska and Kansas ; south to northern Florida, central Alabama, and Mississippi, and southwest to the valley of the Devil's River, Texas. The largest tree of the Atlantic forests, often 30 to 40 metres in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 4.20 metres in diameter ; borders of streams and bottom-lands, in rich, moist soil ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers ; the large specimens generally hollow. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, difficult to split and work ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by broad bands of small ducts ; the numerous medullary rays very conspicuous, as in that of all the North American species ; color brown tinged with red, the sap- wood lighter ; largely used for tobacco boxes, ox-yokes, butchers' blocks, and, rarely, in the manufacture of cheap furniture. 236. Platanus racemosa, Nutt. Sycamore. Buttonwood. California, — valley of the Sacramento River, south through the in- terior valleys and Coast Ranges to the southern boundary of the State. A large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; borders of streams, in rich soil. Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, difficult to split ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by narrow bands of small ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter. 237. Platanus Wrightii, Watson. Sycamore. Valleys of southwestern New Mexico to the valley of the San Pedro River, Arizona ; in northern Mexico. 76 JUGLANDACE^. Juglans. A tree sometimes 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; banks of streams and high mountain canons. Wood light, soft, weak, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, very conspicuous ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter. JUGLANDACE-^. 238. Juglans cinerea, L. Butternut. White Walnut. Southern New Brunswick, valley of the Saint Lawrence River, Ontario and southern Michigan to northern Minnesota and central Iowa ; south to Delaware, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia, central Alabama and Mississippi, northern Arkansas, and south- eastern Kansas. A tree 18 to 24 or, exceptionally, 30 to 35 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; rich woodlands ; rare at the south ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Ohio River basin. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, easily worked, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous regularly distributed large open ducts ; medullary rays distant, thin, obscure ; color bright light brown, turning dark with exjDosure, the sap- wood lighter ; largely used for interior finish, cabinet work, etc. The inner bark, especially that of the root, is employed medicinally as a mild cathartic, and furnishes a yellow dye. 239. Juglans nigra, L. Black Walnut. Western Massachusetts, west along the southern shores of Lake Erie through southern Michigan to southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas, south to western Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the San Antonio River, Texas. A large tree, often 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 3 metres in diameter ; rich bottom-lands and hillsides ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the southern Alleghany Mountains and in the rich bottoms of southwestern Arkansas and the Indian Territory ; less common east of the Alleghany Mountains, and now everywhere scarce. Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather coarse-grained, liable to check if not carefully seasoned, easily worked, susceptible of a beautiful polish, durable in contact with the soil, containing numerous large regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, not conspicuous ; color rich Carn/a. JUGLANDACE^. 77 (lark brown, the thin sap-wood much lighter ; more generally used in cabinet-making, interior finish, and for gun-stocks, than that of any other North American tree. 240. Juglans nipestris, Engelm. Walnut. Valley of the upper Colorado River, west through western Texas, southern New Mexico and Arizona, between 5,000 and 7,000 feet eleva- tion, and in the California Coast Ran«jes from the San Bernardino Moun- tains to San Francisco Bay and the valley of the Sacramento River. A tree rarely 15 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 metre in diameter, reaching its greatest development near its northern limits in California ; in Texas generally reduced to a low, much-branched shrub ; borders of streams and mountain canons, in rich soil. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, coarse-grained, checking in drying, sus- ceptible of a good polish, containing numerous regularly distributed large open ducts ; medullary rays distant, thin, obscure ; color rich dark brown, the sap-wood lighter. The small nuts sweet and edible. 241. Carya olivoeformis, Nutt. Pecan. Illinois Nut. Southeastern Iowa, southern Illinois and Indiana, northwestern Ken- tuckv, south and southwest throu£rh Missouri and Arkansas to eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, western Louisiana, and Texas to the valley of the Concho River. A tree 30 to 52 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 metres in diameter ; borders of streams, in low, rich soil ; very common and reach- ing its greatest development on the bottom-lands of Arkansas and the Indian Territory ; the largest species of the genus, and the largest and most important tree of western Texas. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged with red ; the sap-wood lighter brown ; less valuable than the wood of the other species, and hardly used except for fuel. The sweet edible nuts are collected in great quantities, affording an important article of commerce. 242. Carya alba, Nutt. Shell-hark Hickory. Shag-hark Hickory. Valley of the Saint Lawrence River, northern shores of Lakes On- tario and Erie to southern Michigan and southeastern Minnesota, south to western Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and west to eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, and eastern Texas. 78 JUGLANDACEJE. Carya, A large tree, 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 39 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter; rich hillsides and sandy ridges ; common, and reaching its greatest development west of the Alleghany Mountains ; varying greatly in the size and shape of the fruit. A form with small, thin-shelled nuts (C. microcarpa^ Nutt.) is not rare from Delaware southward, and in Michigan. Wood heavy, very hard and strong, tough, close-grained, compact, flexible ; layers of annual growth clearly marked with one to three rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown, the thin and more valuable sap-wood nearly white ; largely used in the manu- facture of agricultural implements, carriages, axe-handles, baskets, etc. The sweet and edible nuts afford an important article of commerce. 243. Carya sulcata, Nutt. Big Skellrharh. Bottom Shell-hark, Chester County, Pennsylvania, west to southern Indiana and Illinois, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory. A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 37 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter; bottom-lands, in low, rich soil ; rare and local ; most common and reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas and the Indian Territory. Wood heavy, very hard, strong and tough, very close-grained, compact, flexible ; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; used for the same purposes as that of the shell- bark hickory. The large nuts sweet and edible. 244. Carya tomentosa, Nutt. Mocker-nut. Black Hickory. Bull nut. Big-hud Hickory. White- heart Hickory. King nut. Valley of the Saint Lawrence River, northern shores of Lakes Ontario and Erie to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory, south to Cape Canaveral and Tampa Bay, Florida, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas. A tree 24 to 33 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; generally on rich hillsides; less commonly on low, river bottom- lands ; very common in the Gulf States, and the most generally distributed species of the genus in the South. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, checking in drying, flexible, containing few large regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, obscure ; color rich dark brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; used for the same purposes as that of the shell- bark hickory. Carya. JUGLANDACEiE. 79 245. Carya porcina, Nutt. Pig-nut. Brown Hickory. Black Hickory. Switch-hud Hickory. Southern Maine to southern Ontario, southern Mielii^'an and Miin^e- sota to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and tlie Indian Territory, soutli to Cape Canaveral and Pease Creek, Florida, and the valley of the Nueces River, Texas. A tree 24 to 40 metres in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 1.50 metres in diameter ; dry hills and uplands ; common. Wood heavy, hard, very strong and tough, flexible, close-grained, check- ing in drying, containing many large open ducts ; color dark or light brown, the thick sap-wood lighter, often nearly white ; used for the same purposes as that of the shell-bark hickory. 246. Carya amara, Nutt. Bitter-nut. Swamp Hickory. Southern Maine to the valley of the Saint Lawrence River, west throuirh Ontario, central Michiijan and Minnesota to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory, south to western Florida and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas. A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, in low ground, or often on dry, rich uplands. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, tough, close-grained, checking in dry- ing ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown, or often nearly white ; largely used for hoops, ox-yokes, etc. 247. Carya myristicaeformis, Nutt. Nutmeg Hickory. South Carolina, near the coast; Arkansas, from the Arkansas River to the Red River Valley. A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; sandy ridges, borders of streams and swamps ; rare and very local in South Carolina ; more common and reaching its greatest develop- ment in southern Arkansas. Wood heavy, hard, very strong and tough, close-grained, compact, con- taining numerous small open ducts ; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, not conspicuous ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. 248. Carya aquatica, Nutt. Water Hickory. Swamp Hickory. Bitter Pecan. North Carolina, south near the coast to Cape Malabar and the Caloosa River, Florida (in Florida not detected within 8 to 10 miles of the coast), 80 MYRICACEiE. — CUPULTFER.E. Myrlca. through the Gulf States to western Louisiana, northeastern Arkansas, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas. A tree 18 to 21 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or generally much smaller ; low river swamps ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of the lower Mississippi and Yazoo Rivers. Wood heavy, soft, strong, rather brittle, very close-grained, compact, containing few scattered open ducts ; layers of annual growth less clearly marked than in the other species of the genus ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark brown, the sap-wood light, often nearly white ; used for fencing, fuel, etc. MYRICACE^. 249. Myrica cerifera, L. Bayherry. Wax Myrtle. Shores of Lake Erie ; coast of Maine, and south near the coast to the Florida keys and southern Alabama. A tree sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or, except in the Southern States, a low much-branched shrub ; usually on sandy beaches and dry hillsides, reaching its greatest develop- ment on the bottoms and rich hummocks of the Georgia and Florida coasts. Wood light, soft, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark brown, the sap-wood lighter. The leaves and stimulant and astringent bark of the roots are some- times employed by herbalists. The wax which covers the small globular fruit was formerly largely collected and made into candles, and now, under the name of myrtle wax, is a popular remedy in the treatment of dysentery. 250. Myrica Californica, Cham. Cape Foulweather, Oregon, south near the coast to the Bay of Mon- terey, California. A small evergreen tree, rarely exceeding 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; sandy beaches and gravelly hillsides. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color light rose, the sap- wood lighter. CUPULIFERJE. 251. Quercus alba, L. White Oah Northern Maine, valley of the Saint Lawrence River, Ontario, lower peninsula of Michigan to southeastern Minnesota, south to the Saint Quercus. CUPULIFERiE. 81 John's River and Tampa Bay, Florida, west to western Missouri, western Arkansas, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas. A large tree, 24 to 45 metres in height, witii a trunk 1.20 to 2.40 metres in diameter ; all soils ; very common, and reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains and in the valley of the Ohio River and its triljutaries, where it often forms a large portion of the forest growth. Wood strong, very heavy, hard, tough, close-grained, liable to check unless carefully seasoned, durable in contact with the soil ; layers of an- nual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays broad, prominent ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter brown ; largely used in ship-building, construction of all sorts, cooperage, in the manufacture of carriages, agricultural implements, and baskets, and for railway-ties, fencing, interior finish, cabinet-making, fuel, etc. 252. Quercus lobata, Nee. White Oak. Weeping Oak. California west of the Sierra Nevadas, from the valley of the upper Sacramento River, south through the foot-hills and interior valleys to the San Bernardino Mountains. The largest of the Pacific oaks, often 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 2.40 metres in diameter ; very common through the central part of the State. Wood moderately hard, fine-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by a few large open ducts and containing few smaller ducts ar- ranged in lines parallel to the broad conspicuous medullary rays ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; considered of little economic value, and only used for fuel. 253. Quercus Garryana, Doug. White Oak. Vancouver's Island, shores of Puget Sound, south throuijh western Washington, Oregon, and California to San Francisco Bay ; in Washington and Oregon extending to the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains. A tree 21 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk O.GO to 0.90 metre in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a low shrub ; dry, gravelly soil ; common. Wood strong, hard, that of the young trees tough, close-grained, com- pact ; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of open ducts ; medullary rays, varying greatly in width, often conspicuous ; color light brown or j^ellow, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white ; somewhat used for carriage and cooperage stock, in cabinet-making, ship-building, and very largely for fuel ; the best substitute for Eastern white oak produced in the Pacific forests. 6 82 CUPULIFER.E. Quercus. 254. Quercus obtusiloba, Michx. Post Oak. Iron Oak. Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, south to northern Florida, west through southern Ontario and Michigan to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory, reaching the one hundredth meridian in central Texas. A tree rarely exceeding 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in diameter, or on the Florida coast reduced to a low shrub (var. parvifoUa, Chapm.) ; dry, gravelly uplands, clay barrens, or in the South- west on Cretaceous formations ; the most common and widely distributed oak of the Gulf States west of the Mississippi Eiver. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, checking badly in drying, very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of not large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color dark or light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used, especially in the Southwest, for fencing, railway-ties, and fuel, and somewhat for carriage stock, cooperage, construction, etc. 255. Quercus undulata, var. Gambelii, Engelm. Scrub Oak. Mountain region of western Texas and New Mexico to the Santa Catalina and San Francisco Mountains, Arizona, eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado north to the valley of the Platte River, and on the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah. A small tree, rarely 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in diameter, or often a low shrub spreading from underground shoots and forming dense thickets, reaching its greatest development on the high mountains of southern New Mexico and Arizona ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective. Wood heavy, hard, strong, that of young trees quite tough, close- grained, checking badly in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by few not large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color rich dark brown, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used for fuel ; and in Utah the bark in tanning. The typical Q. undulata, Torr., of the central Rocky Mountain region does not attain arborescent size and habit. 256. Quercus macrocarpa, Michx. Bur Oak. Mossy-cup Oak. Over-cup Oak. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, northern shores of Lake Huron to Lake Winnipeg, south to the valley of the Penobscot River, Maine, and along the shores of Lake Champlain and the valley of the Ware River, Massa- chusetts, to Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, west to the eastern foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains of Montana, central Nebraska and Kansas, south- west to the Indian Territory and the valley of the Nueces River, Texas. Quercus. CUPULTFERiE. 83 A large tree of the first economic value, 24 to 50 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 metres in diameter ; rich bottoms and prairies ; in the prairie region the principal growth of the " oak openings," and extending farther west and northwest than any oak of the Atlantic forests. Wood heavy, strong, hard, tough, close-grained, compact, more durable in contact with the soil than that of other American oaks ; layers of an- nual growth marked by one to three rows of small open ducts ; medullary rays often broad and conspicuous ; color dark or rich light brown, the sap- wood much lighter; generally confounded with white oak {Q. alba), and employed for the same purposes. 257. Qnercus lyrata, Walt. Over-cup Oak. Swamp Post Oak. Water White Oak. North Carolina, south near the coast to western Florida, west through Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana to the valley of the Trinity River, Texas, and through Arkansas and southeastern Missouri to middle Ten- nessee, southern Indiana and Illinois. A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; deep, often submerged river-swamps ; rare in the Atlantic States ; more common and reaching its greatest development in the valley of the Red River, in Arkansas and Texas. Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, very durable in contact with the ground, close-grained, inclined to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays broad, numerous, conspicuous ; color rich dark brown, the sap-wood much lighter ; used for the same purposes as that of the white oak ( Q. alba). 258. Qnerciis bicolor, Willd. Swamp White Oak. Southern Maine, valley of the upper Saint Lawrence River, Ontario, southern peninsula of Michigan to southeastern Iowa and western Mis- souri, south to Delaware, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia, northern Kentucky, and northern Arkansas. A large tree, 24 to 36 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 3 metres in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, in deep alluvial soil ; com- mon and reaching its greatest development in the region south of the great lakes. Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, inclined to check in seasoning ; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color light brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; used for the same purposes as that of the white oak (Q. alba). 84 CUPULTFERiE. Quercus. 259. Quercus Michaiixii, Nutt. Basket Oak. Cow Oak, Delaware, south through the lower and middle districts to northern Florida, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Trinity River, Texas, and through Arkansas and southeastern Missouri to central Tennessee and Kentucky, and southern Illinois and Indiana. A tree 24 to 36 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 metres in diameter ; borders of streams and deep, often submerged swamps ; the common and most valuable white oak of the Gulf States, reaching its greatest development on the rich bottom-lands of southeastern Arkansas and Louisiana. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, tough, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil, easily split ; layers of annual growth marked by few rather large open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicu- ous ; color light brown, the sap-wood darker ; largely used in the manu- facture of agricultural implements, wheel-stock, baskets, for which it is unsurpassed, for cooperage, fencing, construction, and fuel. The large sweet edible acorns are eagerly devoured by cattle and other animals. 260. Quercus Prinus, L. Chestnut Oak. JRock Chestnut Oa:k. Eastern Massachusetts, west to the shores of Lake Champlain, shores of Quinte Bay, Ontario, and the valley of the Genesee River, New York, south to Delaware, and through the Alleghany Mountain region to north- ern Alabama, extending west to central Kentucky and Tennessee. A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; rocky banks and hillsides ; very common and reaching its great- est development in the southern Alleghany region, here often forming a large proportion of the forest growth. Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather tough, close-grained, inclined to check in drying, durable in contact with the soil, containing few open ducts ; medullary rays very broad, conspicuous ; color dark brown, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used in fencing, for railway-ties, etc. The bark, rich in tannin, is largely used in preference to that of the other white oaks in tanning leather. 261. Quercus prinoides, Willd. Yellow Oak. Chestnut Oak. CJiinquapin Oak. Eastern Massachusetts, shores of Lake Champlain, west along the northern shores of Lakes Ontario and Erie, through southern Michigan to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory ; south to Delaware and through the Alleghany region to northern Alabama and Mississippi, extending southwest to the Guadalupe Mountains, Texas. Quercus. CUPULIFER^. 86 A tree 24 to 39 metres in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 0.90 metre in diameter {Q. Muhlenbergii) , or often, especially toward the eastern and western limits of its range, reduced to a low, slender shrub {Q. prinoides ; Q. PrinuSj var. humilis, Marsh. ; Q. Prinus, var. Chincapin^ Michx. f.) ; dry hillsides and low, rich bottoms ; rare, except as a shrub, east of the Alle to 1.20 metres in diameter; at the East, in dry, sandy soil or, less com- monly, in rich, deep loam ; in the Northwest, with Q. macrocarpa, form- ing the oak-opening growth ; not common, and reaching its greatest development in the basin of the lower Ohio River. Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained ; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays thin, conspicuous ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood rather darker ; if used at all, confounded with that of Q. rubra. 274. QnercTis tinctoria, Bartram. Black Oak. Yellow-bark Oak. Quercitron Oak. Yellow Oak. Southern Maine to northern Vermont, Ontario and soutLern Minne- sota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory, south to western Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi, and eastern Texas. A large tree, 36 to 48 metres in height, wdth a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 metres in diameter ; generally on dry. or gravelly uplands ; very common. Wood heavy, hard, strong, not tough, coarse-grained, liable to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of very large open ducts ; color bright brown tinged with red, the sap-wood much lighter ; somewhat used in cooperage and for construction, etc. The bark largely used in tanning ; the intensely bitter inner bark yields a valuable yellow dye, and is occasionally used medicinally in the form of decoctions, etc., in the treatment of hemorrhage. 275. Quercus Kelloggii, Newberry. Black Oak. Valley of the Mackenzie River, Oregon, south through the Coast Ranges and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino Mountains to the southern borders of California. A large tree, 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a shrub ; the most common and important oak of the valleys of southwestern Oregon and the California Sierras. Wood heavy, hard, strong, very brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays few, broad, conspicuous ; color light red, the thin sap-wood lighter ; of little value, except as fuel ; the bark somewhat used in tanning. 276. Quercus nigra, L. Black Jack. Jack Oak. Lone Island, New York, west throuijh northern Oliio and Indiana to southern Wisconsin, southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern 90 CUPULIFERiE. Quercus. Kansas, and the Indian Territory, south to Matanzas Inlet and Tampa Bay, Florida, and the valley of the Nueces River, Texas. A small tree, sometimes 12 or even 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter, or more often much smaller; dry, barren uplands, or often on heavy clay soils ; very common through the Southern States, and reaching its greatest development in southwestern Arkansas, the Indian Territory, and eastern Texas, forming, with the post oak {Q. obtusiloha), the growth. of the Texas cross-timbers. Wood heavy, hard, strong, checking badly in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color rather dark rich brown, the sap-wood much lighter; of little value except as fuel. 277. Quercus falcata, Michx. Spanish Oah. Red Oak. Long Island, New York, south to middle Florida, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Brazos River, Texas, and through Arkansas and southeastern Missouri to central Tennessee and Kentucky, southern Illinois and Indiana. A large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.80 metres in diameter ; dry, gravelly uplands and barrens ; in the North Atlantic States only near the coast, rare ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the South Atlantic and Gulf States, where, in the middle districts, it is the most common forest tree. Wood heavy, very hard and strong, not durable, coarse-grained, check- ing badl}'^ in drying ; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays few, conspicuous ; color light red, the sap-wood lighter ; somewhat used for cooperage, construction, etc., and very largely for fuel. The bark is rich in tannin. 278. Quercus Catesbsei, Michx. Turkey Oak. Scrub Oak. Forked-leaf Black Jack. Black Jack.^ North Carolina, south near the coast to Cape Malabar and Pease Creek, Florida, and along the coast of Alabama and Mississippi. A small tree, 7 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; very common in the South Atlantic and east Gulf States upon barren sandy hills and ridges of the maritime pine-belt ; rare in Mississippi. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts, and containing many much smaller ducts arranged in short lines parallel to the broad conspic- uous medullary rays ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood somewhat lighter ; largely used for fuel. Quercus. CUPULIFElliE. 91 279. Quercus palustris, Du Uoi. Pin Oak. Swamp Spanish Oak. Water Oak. Valley of the Connecticut River, Massachusetts, to central New York, south to Delaware and the District of Columbia ; southern Wisconsin to eastern Kansas, southern Arkansas, and southeastern Tennessee. A tree 24 to 30 or, exceptionally, 3G metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in diameter; low, rich soil, generally along the borders of streams and swamps ; most common and reaching its greatest development west of the Alleghany Mountains. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, coarse-grained, inclined to check badly in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays broad, numerous, conspicuous ; color light brown, the sap-wood rather darker ; somewhat used for shingles, claoboards, construction, and in cooperage. 280. Quercus aquatica, Walt. Water Oak. Duck Oak. Possum Oak. Punk Oak. Southern Delaware, south through the coast and middle districts to Cape Malabar and Tampa Bay, Florida ; tlirough the Gulf States to the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, and through Arkansas to south- eastern Missouri, middle Kentucky and Tennessee. A tree 15 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; generally along streams and bottoms, in heavy, undrained soil, or, more rarely, upon uplands ; very common and reaching its greatest development near the larger streams of the maritime pine-belt in the eastern Gulf States. Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays thin, conspicuous ; color rather light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; probably not used except as fuel. 281. Quercus laurifolia, Michx. Laurel Oak. North Carolina, south near the coast to Mosquito Inlet and Cape Romano, Florida, and along the Gulf coast to the shores of Mobile Bay. A large tree, 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the rich hummocks of the Florida coast. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, coarse-grained, inclined to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of rather small open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter. 92 CUPULIFERiE. Quercus, 282. Quercus heterophylla, Michx. f. BartranCs Oak. Salem and Cumberland Counties, New Jersey ; North Carolina {M, A. Curtis) ; and doubtfully from North Carolina and eastern Texas. A small tree, 12 to45 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; rare and very local, and often considered a natural hybrid. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap- wood somewhat darker. 283. Quercus cinerea, Michx. Upland Willow Oak. Blue Jack. Sand Jack. North Carolina, south near the coast to Cape Malabar and Pease Creek, Florida, west along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Brazos River, Texas, extending north through eastern Texas to about latitude 33°. A tree 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.20 metre in diameter ; sandy barrens and dry upland ridges. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of not large open ducts ; medullary rays distant, thin, conspicuous ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood darker. 284. Quercus hypoleuca, Engelm. Limpia Mountains, Texas, valleys of the high mountain ranges of southwestern New Mexico, Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, above 6,000 feet elevation; in Sonora. A small evergreen tree, 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk some- times 0.75 metre in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes and summits, the large specimens hollow and defective. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, compact ; laj^ers of annual growth marked by few small open ducts ; medullary rays broad, conspicuous ; color dark brown, the sap-wood much lighter. 285. Quercus imbricaria, Michx. Shingle Oak. Laurel Oak. Eastern Pennsylvania, west through southern Michigan, southern Wis- consin, and southeastern Iowa to southeastern Nebraska and northeast- ern Kansas, south to northern Georgia and Alabama, middle Tennessee, and northern Arkansas. A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; rich woodlands. Wood heavy, hard, rather coarse-grained, checking badly in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by many rows of large open ducts ; Castanopsis. CUPULIFER.E. 98 mcduUiiry rays broad, conspicuous ; color li«^ht brown tinf^ed with red, the sap-wood much lighter ; occasionally used for clapboards, shingles, etc. 286. Quercus Phellos, L. Willow Oak. Peach Oak. Staten Island, New York, south near the coast to northeastern Florida, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Sabine River, Texas, and through Arkansas to southeastern Missouri, Tennessee, and southern Kentucky. A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 metre in diameter ; bottom-lands or rich sandy uplands. Wood heavy, strong, not hard, rather close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of small open ducts; medullary rays few, distant ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter red ; somewhat used for fellies of wheels, clapboards, in construction, etc. 287. Quercus densiflora, Hook. & Arn. Tan-hark Oak. Chestnut Oak. Peach Oak, Southwestern Oregon, south through the Coast Ranges to the Santa Lucia Mountains, California. A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; rich valleys and banks of streams ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the redwood forests of the California coast. Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, containing broad bands of small open ducts parallel to the thin dark conspicuous medullary rays ; color bright reddish-brown, the thick sap-wood darker brown ; largely used as fuel. The bark, rich in tannin, is very largely used, and preferred to that of any other tree of the Pacific forests, for tanning. 288. Castanopsis chrysophylla, A. DC. Chinquapin. Cascade Mountains, Oregon, below 4,000 feet elevation, south along the western slopes of the Sierras, and through the California Coast Ranges to the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains. A tree 15 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or at high elevations and toward its southern limits reduced to a low shrub ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Coast Range valleys of northern California ; at its southern limits rarely below 10,000 feet elevation. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by a single row of rather large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap- wood lighter ; in southern Oregon occasionally used iu the manufacture of ploughs and other agricultural implements. 94 CUPULIFER^. Castanea. 289. Castanea pumila, Mill. Chinquapin. Southern Pennsylvania, and the valley of the lower Wabash River, Indiana, south and southwest to northern Florida and the valley of the Neches River, Texas. A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 1.05 metres in diameter, or often, especially in the Atlantic States, reduced to a low shrub ; rich hillsides and borders of swamps ; most common and reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas. Wood light, hard, strong, coarse-grained, durable in contact with the ground, liable to check in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by many rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; used for posts, rails, railway-ties, etc. The small nuts sweet and edible. 290. Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana, A. DC. Chestnut. Southern Maine to northern Vermont, southern Ontario and southern Michigan, south throuoh the northern States to Delaware and south- ern Indiana, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Alabama, extending west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee. A large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 4 metres in diameter ; rich woods and hillsides ; common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the southern Alleghany Mountains. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, liable to check and warp in drying, easily split, very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth marked by many rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used in cabinet-making, for railway-ties, posts, fencing, etc. The fruit sweet and edible. 291. Fagus ferruginea, Ait. Beech. Nova Scotia and the valley of the Restigouche River to the northern shores of Lake Huron and northern Wisconsin, south to western Florida, west to eastern Illinois, southeastern Missouri, northeastern Arkansas, and the Trinity River, Texas. A large tree, 24 to 34 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; rich woods, or at the South sometimes on bottom-lands or borders of swamps ; reaching its greatest development upon the " bluflE" formations of the lower Mississippi basin ; very common. Wood very hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, not durable in contact with the soil, inclined to check in drying, difficult to season, Betula. BETULACE^. 95 susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays broad, very conspicuous; color, varying greatly with soil and situation, dark or often very light red, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely used in the manufacture of chairs, shoe-lasts, plane-stocks, handles, etc., and for fuel. 292. Ostrya Virginica, Willd. Hop Hornbeam. Iron-wood. Lever-wood. Bay of Chaleur, through the valleys of the Saint Lawrence and lower Ottawa Rivers, northern shore of Lake Huron to northern Minnesota, south through the Northern States and along the Alleghany Mountains to western Florida, and through eastern Iowa, southeastern Missouri, and Arkansas, to eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, and eastern Texas. A small tree, 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to O.GO metre in diameter ; generally on dry, gravelly hillsides and knolls ; reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas ; common. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, tough, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, very durable in contact with the soil ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, or, like the sap-wood, often nearly white ; used for posts, levers, handles of tools, etc. 293. Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt. Hornbeam. Blue Beech. Water Beech. Iron-wood, Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, northern shores of Georirian Bay, southern peninsula of Michigan to northern Minnesota, south to Cape Malabar and Tampa Bay, Florida, and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas, west to central Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the valley of the Poteau River, Indian Territory. A small tree, 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or at the North much smaller and often reduced to a low shrub ; borders of streams and swamps, in moist soil ; most common and reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the southern Alleghany Mountains and in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, inclined to check in drying ; medullary rays numerous, broad ; color light brown, the thick sap- wood nearly white ; sometimes used for levers, handles of tools, etc. BETULACE^. 294. Betnla alba, var. populifolia, Spach. WJiite Birch. Old-field Birch. Gray Birch. New Brunswick and the valley of the lower Saint Lawrence River to the southern shores of Lake Ontario, south, generally near the coast, to northern Delaware. 96 BETULACE^. Betula. A small tree, G to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metro in diameter ; dry, gravelly, barren soil, or borders of swamps. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, liable to check in drying, not durable ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely used in the manufacture of spools, shoe- pegs, wood-pulp, etc., for hoop-poles and fuel. The bark and leaves, as well as those of B. papyrifera and B. lenta, are popularly esteemed as a remedy for various chronic diseases of the skin, bladder, etc., and in rheumatic and gouty complaints ; the empyreu- matic oil of birch obtained from the inner bark by distillation is used externally and internally for the same purposes. 295. Betula papyrifera, Marsh. Canoe Birch. WJdte Birch. Paper Birch. Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the southern shores of Hudson Bay, and northwest to the Great Bear Lake and the valley of the Yukon River, Alaska, south, in the Atlantic region to Long Island, New York, the mountains of northern Pennsylvania, central Michigan, northeastern Illinois and central Minnesota ; in the Pacific rej'ion south to the Black Hills of Dakota, the Bitter-root Mountains and Flathead Lake, Montana, northern Washington, and the valley of the lower Fraser River, British Columbia. A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; rich w^oodlands and banks of streams ; very common in the northern Atlantic region, and reaching a higher latitude than any deciduous tree of the American forest. Wood light, strong, hard, tough, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown tinged w ith red, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely used in the manufacture of spools, shoe lasts and pegs, in turnery, for fuel, wood-pulp, etc. The very tough, durable bark, easily separated into thin layers, is impervious to water, and is largely used in the manufacture of canoes, tents, etc. 296. Betula occidentalis, Hook. Black Birch. British Columbia, south to northern California, and through the interior ranges and Rocky Mountains to Montana, Utah, and northern New Mexico. A small tree, 8 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter ; mountain caiions and borders of streams, in moist soil, often throwing up several stems from the ground and forming dense thickets. Detula. BETULACEiE. 97 Wood soft, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; somewhat used for fencing, fuel, etc. 297. Betula lutea, Michx. f. Yellow Birch. Gray Birch. Newfoundland, northern shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to the western shores of Lake Superior and Rainy Lake, south through the north- ern States to Delaware and southern Minnesota, and along the Alleghany Mountains to the high peaks of North Carolina and Tennessee. The largest and one of the most valuable deciduous trees of the north- ern Atlantic forests, often 21 to 29 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to L20 metres in diameter ; rich woodlands ; common. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the heavier sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for fuel, in the manufacture of furniture, button and tassel moulds, pill and match boxes, and for the hubs of wheels. 298. Betula nigra, L. Red Birch. River Birch. Banks of the Merrimac and Spicket Rivers, Massachusetts, Long Island, New York, south through the coast and middle districts to western Florida, west to western Iowa, northwestern Missouri, eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas. A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.75 metre in diameter ; banks of streams and ponds ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the South Atlantic and Gulf States. Wood light, rather hard, strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood much lighter ; used in the manufacture of furniture, wooden-ware, wooden shoes, ox-yokes, etc. 299. Betula lenta, L. Cherry Birch. Black Birch. Sioeet Birch. Mahofjnny Birch. Newfoundland and the valley of the Saguenay River, west through Ontario to the islands of Lake Huron, south to northern Delaware and southern Indiana, and along the Alleghany Mountains to western Florida, extending west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee. A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1..50 metres in diameter ; rich woods ; very common in all northern forests. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood light brown or yellow ; now largely used in the manufacture of furniture and for fuel ; in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick largely in ship-building. 7 98 BETULACE^. Alnus. 300. Alniis maritima, Muhl. Seaside Alder. Southern Delaware and eastern Maryland, near the coast ; valley of the Red River, Indian Territory, in about longitude 96° 30' W. ; Manchuria and Japan {A. maritima, Japonica, and argiita, Regel). A small tree, 6 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps. Wood light, soft, close-grained, checking badly in drying; medullary rays broad, conspicuous; color light bright brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable, somewhat lighter. 301. Alnus rubra, Bong. Alder. Sitka, south through the islands and Coast Ranges of British Columbia, western Washington, Oregon, and California to Santa Barbara, extending east through the Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon to northern Montana. A large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter, or in British Columbia and the Blue Mountains often reduced to a low shrub ; bottom-lands and borders of streams ; most common and reaching its greatest development in western Washington and Oregon. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, easily worked, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays distant, broad; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white; largely used in Oregon in the manufacture of furniture. 302. Alnus rhombifolia, Nutt. Alder. Valley of the lower Fraser River, British Columbia, south through the Coast Rano-es to southern California, extending east along the ranges of Washington to Clear Creek, Idaho, and the valley of the Flathead River, Montana. A small tree, 9 to 15 metres in height, ^vith a trunk sometimes 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or toward its northern and eastern limits reduced to a shrub ; borders of streams ; the common alder of the California valleys. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white. 303. Alnus oblongifolia, Torr. Alder. San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Mountains, California, through the ranges of southern Arizona and New Mexico to the valley of the upper Rio Grande ; in northern Mexico. Salix. SALICACEiE. 99 A tree 15 to 21 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; borders of streams in d(!ep mountain canons. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, elose-grained, compact; medullary ravs numerous, very obscure; color light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood nearly wliite. 304. Alnus serrulata, Willd. Black Alder. Smooth Alder. Massachusetts, west to southern Missouri, south to northern Florida and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas. A small tree, 6 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or more often a tall, branching shrub forming dense thickets ; borders of streams and swamps, probably reaching its greatest develop- ment in southern Arkansas. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. A decoction of the bark and leaves, as well as those of A. incana, is a popular remedy against impurity of the blood and in the treatment of diarrhoea, hcematuria, etc. 305. Alnus incana, Willd. Speckled Alder. Hoary Alder. Black Alder. Newfoundland to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, south to northern New England, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and eastern Nebraska ; in Europe. A small tree, 6 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or more often a tall, branching shrub ; borders of streams and swamps. A form with leaves green and glabrous on both sides or slightly pubescent, extending through the mountain ranges of the Pacific region from the Saskatchewan and British Columbia to New Mexico and the southern Sierra Nevadas of California, is var. inrescens, Watson. Wood light, soft, close-grained, checking in drying ; medullary rays numerous, broad ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; pre- ferred and largely used in northern New England in the final baking of bricks, and occasionally, as well as that of A. serrulata, in the manufacture of gunpowder. SALICACE^. 306. Salix nigra, Marsh. Black Willow. Southern New Brunswick and the northern shores of Lakes Huron and Superior southward through the Atlantic region to Bay Biscayne and the Caloosa River, Florida, and the valley of the Guadalupe River, Texas ; 100 SALICACE^. Salix. Pacific region, — valleys of the Sacramento River, California, and the Colorado River, Arizona. A small tree, sometimes 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 metre in diameter, or in southern Florida reduced to a low shrub ; banks of streams ; most common in the basin of the Mississippi River, and reaching its greatest development on the rich bottom-lands of the Colorado and other rivers of eastern Texas ; varying greatly in the size and shape of the leaves (vars. angustifolia, longifolia, latifoUa, etc., Anders.), length and habit of the aments, etc. (vars. marginata and Wrightii, Anders., var. Wardii, Bebb). Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; med- ullary rays obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood nearly white. The tonic and astringent bark is used domestically as a popular febrifuge, containing, in common with all the species of the genus, salicylic acid, — a powerful antipyretic now successfully used in the treatment of acute cases of gout, rheumatism, typhoid fever, etc. 307. Salix amygdaloides, Anders. Willow. Shores of the great lakes (New York and Ohio), west to the valley of the Saskatchewan, and southward through the Rocky Mountain region to southern New Mexico ; banks of the lower Columbia River, Oregon. A small tree, rarely 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 metre in diameter ; borders of streams. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white. 308. Salix laevigata, Bebb. Willow. California, — Sierra County and the valley of the Sacramento River to the southern boundary of the State. A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and bottom-lands. Forms varying in the shape of the leaves, length of aments, etc., are vars. angustifolia and congesta, Bebb. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very thin ; color light brown tinged with red. 309. Salix lasiandra, Benth. Willow. British Columbia, south to the valley of the Sacramento River, Cali- fornia ; mountains of Utah, Colorado to New Mexico (var. Fendleriana). Salix. SALICACEiE. 101 A tree 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes O.CO metre in diameter ; banks of streams ; very common ; varying in the shape of the leaves and character of tlie aments (var. lancifolia and Fandleriana. Bebb). Wood li"-ht, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter or often nearly white. 310. Salix longifolia, Muhl. Sand-bar Willow. Valley of the Connecticut River and of the Potomac River at Wash- ington ; west and northwest through the region of the great lakes to the valley of the Mackenzie River, in latitude G6° N., through the Mississippi basin, Texas, the Rocky Mountain region, and the Pacific Coast States. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and river sand-bars, in low, wet sandy soil, often forming low, dense clumps ; rare east of the Alle- ghany Mountains ; very common throughout the Mississippi River basin, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of Oregon and northern California. Forms found from western Texas to Oregon, varying in the shape of the leaves, aments, nature of pubescence, etc., are var. exigua, Bebb, and var. argyrophylla, Anders. Wood light, soft, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood brown. 311. Salix sessilifolia, Nutt. Puget Sound southward, near the coast, and through the California Coast Ranges. A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter ; borders of streams, in low, wet ground. A form with narrower entire leaves, of the Sacramento Valley and the California Coast Ranges, is var. Hindsiana, Anders. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin ; color light red, the sap-wood nearly white. 312. Salix discolor, Muhl. Glaucous Willow. Labrador, west to the valleys of the Peace and Athabasca Rivers, south- ward through the Atlantic resfion to Delaware and southern Missouri. A small tree, rarely exceeding 6 metres in height, with a trunk some- times 0.30 metre in diameter, or more often a tall, straggling shrub 3 to 6 metres in height ; borders of streams and swamps, in low, wet soil ; varying greatly in the form of leaves, aments, and nature of pubescence. 102 SALTCACEiE. Salix. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, contaiuing many evenly dis- tributed small open ducts ; medullary rays and layers of annual growth not obscure ; color brown streaked with orange, the sap-wood light brown. 313. Salix flavescens, Nutt. Willow. Rocky Mountains of Idaho and Montana southward to southern New Mexico; on the Cascade Mountains, Oregon, and the Sierra Nevada, California. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 metre in diameter ; borders of streams, reaching its greatest develop- ment in the southern Rocky Mountain region. A form found from Alaska to California upon dry hillsides and slopes near the coast, distinguished by its broadly obovate leaves, larger size, heavier and harder wood, and dark sap-wood, is var. Scouleriana, Bebb. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white. 314. Salix Hookeriana, Barratt. Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan ; coast of Washington Territory and Oregon. A small tree, 8 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 metre in diameter, or more often a low, straggling shrub with many prostrate stems ; on the coast generally along the edge of beaches, or in low, rather moist, sandy soil. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing many minute open ducts ; medullary rays thin, very obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white. 315. Salix cordata, var. vestita, Anders. Diamond Willow. Valley of the Missouri River and its tributaries, — Fort Osage, Mis- souri, Iowa, Nebraska, and westward to about the one hundred and tenth meridian. A small tree, rarely 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or more often a low, straggling shrub, not exceeding 1.80 to 3 metres in height; bottom-lands, in wet, sandy soil. S. cordata^ Muhl., of wide distribution through the Atlantic region, rarely, if ever, attains arborescent size or habit. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, reported very durable in con- tact with the ground ; annual layers of growth clearly defined ; medullary rays very obscure ; color brown or often tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white; used for fence-posts. Populus. SALIC ACE^. 103 316. Salix lasiolepis, Benth. Willow California, — valley of the Klamath River, southward through tho western portions of the State, reaching in the Sierra iS'evadas an eleva- tion of 3,500 to 4,000 feet above the sea. A small tree, sometimes 12 to 18 metres in hei<^ht, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.50 metre in diameter, or northward and at high elevations reduced to a low shrub ; leaves varying greatly in shape and breadth (vars. anyusti- folia and latifolia, Anders.), or toward its southern limit often persistent until spring (iSl Hartwegi, Benth.). Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sup-wood nearly white ; somewhat used as fuel, especially in the southern part of the State. 317. Salix Sitchensis, Sans. Silky Willow. Alaska, southward near the coast to Santa Barbara, California. A low, much-branched tree, rarely exceeding 8 metises in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0,45 metre in diameter, or more often a straggling shrub ; low, wet soil, borders of streams and ponds. A form with narrow oblau- ceolate leaves is var. angustifolia^ Bebb. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light red, the sap-wood nearly white. 318. Populus tremuloides, Michx. Aspen. Quaking Asp. Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the southern shores of Hud- son Bay, northwest to the Great Bear Lake, the mouth of the Mackenzie River, and the valley of the Yukon River, Alaska ; south in the Atlantic region to the mountains of Pennsylvania, southern Indiana and Illinois, and northern Kentucky ; in the Pacific region south to the valley of the Sacramento River, California, and along the Rocky Mountains and in- terior ranges to southern New Mexico, Arizona, and central Nevada. A small tree, 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter; very common through British America, and spreading over enormous areas stripped by lire of other trees ; in the Pacific region very common upon moist mountain slopes and bottoms between 6,000 and 10,000 feet elevation ; the most widely distributed North American tree. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, not durable, con- taining, as does that of the whole genus, numerous minute scattered open ducts ; medullary rays very thin, hardly distinguishable ; color light brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufactured into wood-pulp ; in the Pacific region sometimes used for fuel, flooring, in turnery, etc. 104 SALICACEiE. Populus. A bitter principle in the bark causes its occasional use as a tonic in the treatment of intermittent fevers and cases of debility. 319. Populus grandidentata, Michx. Poplar. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and west through Ontario to northern Minnesota, south through the Northern States and along the Alleghany Mountains to North Carolina, extending west to middle Kentucky and Tennessee. A tree 21 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.50 to 0.75 metre m diameter ; rich woods and borders of streams and swamps. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufactured into wood-pulp and occasionally used in turnery, for wooden-ware, etc. 320. Populus heterophylla, L. River Cottonwood. Swamp Cottonwood. Connecticut, Northport, Long Island, south, generally near the coast, to southern Georgia, through the Gulf States to western Louisiana, and through Arkansas to central Tennessee and Kentucky, southern Illinois and Indiana. A tree 24 to 27 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.75 metre in diameter ; borders of river swamps ; most common and reaching its great- est development in the basin of the lower Ohio River ; rare and local. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin, very obscure ; color dull brown, the thick sap-wood lighter brown. 321. Populus balsamifera, L. Balsam, Tacamahac. Balm of Gilead. Straits of Belle Isle to the shores of Hudson Bay, northwest to the shores of the Great Bear Lake and the valley of the Yukon River, Alaska, south to northern New England, central Michigan and Minnesota, the Rocky Mountains and interior ranges of Montana and Idaho, Washington, and British Columbia. A large tree, 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk 1.50 to 2.10 metres in diameter ; very common on all islands and shores of the north- ern rivers ; in British Columbia generally confounded with the allied P. trichocarpa^ the range of the two species here still uncertain. A form with broader heart-shaped leaves, white on the under side, rare or un- known in a wild state, very common in cultivation, is var. candicans^ Gray. Wood very light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white. Populus. SALICACEiE. 105 The buds, as well as those of several other species, are covered with a resinous exudation, which is occasionally used medicinally as a substitute for turpentine and other bulms. 322. Populus angustifolia, James. Mack Cottonwood. Black Hills of Dakota, eastern and southwestern Montana, east Hum- boldt and Shoshone Mountains, Nevada, Rocky Mountains of Colorado, and on the ranges of southwestern New Mexico and eastern Arizona. A small tree, 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter; borders of streams, between G,000 and 10,000 feet elevation. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays nu- merous, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood nearly white. 323. Populus trichocarpa, Torr. & Gray. Black Cottonwood. Balsam Cottonwood. Valley of the Fraser River, British Columbia, and probably much farther north, east to the eastern base of the Bitter Root Mountains, Montana, south through Wasliington, western Oregon and California to the southern borders of the State. A large tree, 24 to GO metres m height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 metres in diameter ; banks of streams and bottom-lands below 6,000 feet elevation ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the val- leys of the lower Columbia River and the streams flowing into Puget Sound, here the largest deciduous tree of the forest. Wood very light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin, hardly distinguishable ; color light dull brown, the sap-wood lighter, nearly white ; in Oregon and Washington largely manufactured into staves of sugar-barrels, wooden-ware, etc. 324. Populus monilifera, Ait. Cottonwood. Necklace Poplar. Carolina Poplar. Big Cotton- wood. Shores of Lake Champlain, Vermont, south through western New England to western Florida, west to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains of Montana, Colorado, and New Mexico. A large tree, 24 to 51 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.40 metres in diameter ; low, moist soil ; the common Cottonwood of Texas and the western plains, bordering all streams flowing east from the Rocky Mountains. Wood very light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, liable to warp in drying, difficult to season ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark brown, the thick sap-wood nearly white ; largely used in the manu- facture of paper-pulp, for light packing-cases, fence-boards, and fuel. 106 CONIFERiE. ' Populus. 325. Populiis Fremontii, Watson. Cottonwood, California, valley of the upper Sacramento River, south to San Ber- nardino County, extending eastward in Nevada and Utah. A form dis- tinguished by its sharply acuminate leaves, truncate at the base (var. Wislizenl, Watson), is common along all the larger streams from southern California, through Arizona and New Mexico, to western Texas and southern Colorado. A large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in diameter ; borders of streams ; the common cottonwood of the valleys of central California. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, liable to warp in drying, difficult to season ; medullary rays thin, very obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white. CONIFERS. 326. Libocedrns decnrrens, Torr. White Cedar, bastard Cedar. Post Cedar. Incense Cedar, Oregon, south along the western slopes of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains between 3,000 and 8,500 feet elevation, and through the California Coast Ranges to the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Mountains. A large tree, 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.10 metres in diameter ; slopes and valleys ; common. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells thin, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; the thin sap-wood nearly white ; largely used for fencing and in the construction of water-flumes, and for interior finish, furniture, laths, shingles, etc. ; often injured by a species of dry rot (Dcedalia vorax), rendering it unfit for lumber. 327. Thuya occidentalis, L. White Cedar. Arhor-vitce. New Brunswick, valley of the Saint Lawrence River to the southern shores of James Bay and southeast to Lake Winnipeg, south through the Northern States to central New York, northern Pennsylvania, central Michigan, northern Illinois, central Minnesota, and along the Alleghany Mountains to the high peaks of North Carolina. A tree 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.20 to 1.50 metres in diameter ; cold, wet swamps, and rocky banks of streams; very common at the North, often covering great areas of swamp. ChamcBcyparis. CONIFER.E. 107 Wood very light, soft, not strong, brittle, rather coarse-grained, com- pact, very durable in contact with the soil ; the bands of small summer cells very thin, dark-colored ; medullary rays numerous, indistinct ; color li 307 308 309 30iP 309^ 310 310^ 310-^ 311 3111 312 313 3131 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 321 322 323 324 325 3251 326 327 328 329 330 831 332 333 334 335 336 3361 337 338 3381 3382 339 340 Species. Betula lenta Alnus maritima Aliius rubra Alnus rlioiubifolia , Alnus oblont^ifolia ....... Alnus serriilata Alnus inoana Alnus incana, van virescens . . . Salix nigra Salix aniygdaloides Salix lasvigata Salix lasiandra Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia . . Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana. . Salix Jongifolia Salix longifolia, var. exigua . . Salix longifolia, var. argyrophylia . Salix sessilit'olia Salix sessilifolia, var. Hindsiana . Salix discolor Salix flavescens Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana . Salix Hookeriana Salix cordata, var. vestita . . . . Salix lasiolepis Salix Sitcliensis Populus tremuloides Populus grandidentata Populus heteropliylla Populus balsam ifera Populus balsannifera, var. candicans . Populus angustifolia Populus trichocarpa Populus nionilifera Populus Eremontii I'opulus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni . Libocedrus decurrens Thuya occidentalis Thuya gigantea Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea . . . . Chamaecyparis Nutkaensis .... Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana .... Cupressus macrocarpa Cupressus Goveniana Cupressus Macnabiana Cupressus Guadalupensis .... Juniperus Californica Juniperus Californica, var. Utahensis Juniperus pachyphlcea Juniperus occidentalis Juniperus occidentalis, var. mono- sperma , . . . Juniperus occidentalis, var. conjugens Juniperus Virginiana Taxodium distichum S, 0.7617 0.4996 0.4813 0.4127 0.3981 0.4666 0.4607 0.4456 0.4509 0.4872 0.4756 0.4547 0.4598 0.4930 0.5342 o!4397 0.26 0.39 0 42 0.31 0.42 0.38 0.42 K S 0.4261 0.4969 0.5412 0.5350 0.6069 0.5587 0.5072 0.4032 0.4632 0.4089 0.3635 0.4161 0.3912 0.3814 0..S889 0.4914 0.4621 0 4017 0.3164 0.3796 0..S822 0.4782 0.4021 0.6261 0.4689 0.70 0.92 0.58 0.60 0.79 0.56 0.48 1.06 6.50 0.7597 0.4977 0.4793 0.4104 0.3964 0.4648 0.4588 0.4843 0.6282 0.5522 0.5829 0.5765 0.7118 0.6907 0.4926 0.4543 0.43 0.61 0.39 0.32 0 59 0.98 0.59 0.55 0.45 0.81 066 0.46 0 79 1.27 0.96 0.77 1.13 0.08 0.37 0.17 0.33 0.34 0.10 0.57 0.45 0.4425 0.4468 0.4844 0.4727 0.4411 0.4572 0.4906 0.5285 0^4375 141398 106046 84580 76937 108507 39062 50144 48828 1216 811 682 686 820 0.44 0.75 0.49 0.11 0.12 0.78 0.46 0.13 0.42 0.4243 0.4939 0.5391 0.5333 0.6033 0.5532 0.5042 0.4010 0.4611 0.4056 0.3611 0.4142 0.3881 0.3766 0.3852 0.4876 0.4569 0.4014 0.3152 0.3790 0.3311 0.4766 0.4616 0.6225 0 4668 87935 30517 0.4822 0.6235 0.5495 0.5823 0.5758 0.7062 0.6875 0.4920 0.4524 108507 126216 88778 81441 96827 72338 85690 73024 45847 111694 99417 ]05116 84317 84729 53311 103372 40410 102881 121772 107327 49941 424 550 644 5 es v. □ II 619 415 356 278 289 675 469 808 909 813 61275 73426 66992 103206 677 721 642 550 609 400 665 770 698 691 682 512 749 456 801 888 1045 539 213 264 319 341 286 408 468 427 385 226 129 117 78 74 93 81 118 87 82 761 468 740 682 330 358 283 320 276 271 390 353 378 372 403 306 450 259 455 466 359 98 126 111 140 532 416 423 80 62 86 75 64 76 63 83 86 100 98 60 70 67 101 82 237 178 186 286 148 81 03 S c a- AIM 31.14 29.99 25.72 24 81 29.08 28.71 27.77 28.10 30.36 29.64 28.34 28.65 30.72 33.29 27.40 26.55 30.97 33.73 33.34 37.82 34.82 31.61 25.13 28.87 25.48 22.65 25.93 24.38 23.77 24.24 30.62 28.80 25.03 19 72 23.66 20.70 29.80 28.80 39.02 29.22 30.18 39.15 34.41 36.32 35.93 44 36 43.04 30.70 28.31 OF THE UNITED STATES. 161 a i^ J3 n < i 1 0. 3 d % a 0 V 5-rt ^o (4 0 perma . Viburnum Lentago CratiBgus cordata Quercus nigra Bumelia tenax Quercus C^ate-sbaei Carpinus Caroliniana .... Ulmus racemosa Celtis occidentaiis Ilex Cassine Quercus aquatica Swietenia Maliogoni Prunus Americana Celtis occidentaiis, var reticulata Parkinsonia micropbylla . . . Ulmus crassifolia Crataegus Crus-galli Kalmia latifolia Fraxinus quadrangulata . . . Crataegus spatliulata Carya olivreformis Arbutus Xalapensis Fraxinus viridis Juniperus occidentaiis, var. mono- sperma Quercus tinctoria Arbutus Menziesii Fremontia Calitbrnica .... Laguncularia racemosa .... Pyrus coronaria Pitms palustris Thrinax argentea Crataegus Douglasii Prunus demissa Quercus falcata Ulmus fulva Gymnocladus Canadensis . . . Quercus palustris . ...... Acer saccliarinum Juniperus occidentaiis, var. con- jiigens Pyrus angustifolia Acer saccliarinum, var. nigrum . Prunus angustifolia Acer grandidentatum .... Fagus ferruginea Hamamelis Virginica .... Quercus lieteropliylla » . . . Cordia Sebestena Fraxinus pistaciasfolia .... Crataegus brachyacantha . . . Cyrilla racemi flora Quercus densiflora 0.731.3 0.7296 0.7288 0.7282 0.7259 0.7239 0.72:^ 0.7231 0.7226 0.7219 0.7208 0.7207 0 7207 0.7203 0.7202 0.7186 0.7178 0.7158 0.7154 0.7131 0.7128 0.7112 0.7099 0.7081 0.7071 0.7062 0.7025 0.7024 0.7021 0.7021 0.7011 0 6982 0.6956 0.0927 0.6916 0.6D11 0.6898 0.6888 0.6882 0.6875 0.6875 0.6872 0.6866 0.6865 0.6858 0.6848 0.6831 0.6822 0.6808 0 6768 0.6764 0.6756 0.672^3 160 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS [Fuel. Species. Jaoqninia annill.iris . GlcHlitsc'liiu tria(!antlios Myrica Calitoniica . C'orniis alternii'olia . Leucffiiia pulverulenta Abies bracteata . . Capparis Jamaicensis Acer circinatum . Euonynius atropurpureus Cordia Boissieri . , Fraximis anomala Re tula lutea . . Crata^jj^us aestivalis Querciis rubra . . , Bunielia spinosa . Canotia liolacantha Fraxinus Americana Umbellularia Californica Juglans rupestris . . Bunielia lanuginosa . Parkinsonia Torreyana Crataegus arborescens Ulmus Americana Pinus cembroides . . Quercus Kelloggii l^hus cotinoides . . Persea Carolinensis . Taxus brevifolia . . Persea Carolinensis, var. Eluetia elliptica . . Pinus edulis . ... Quercus cinerea . . Ciiionantlius Virginica Taxus Floridana . . Magnolia grandiflora Nyssa sylvatica . . Cercis Canadensis Forestiera acuminata Lysiloma latisiliqua , Rhododendron maximum Fraxinus sambucifolia Cladrastis tinctoria . Ungnadia speciosa . Yucca canaliculata . Fraxinus pubescens . Juniperus Californica Crescentia cucurbitina Cupressus macrQcarpa Cliftonia ligustrina . Larix Americana . . Acer rubrum . . . Ficus brevifolia . . Pinus mitis .... Juglans nigra . . . Salix cordata, var. vestita pal tris p^ a 0 6708 0.GG86 0 GOBI O.GOGl) 0.GGG4 0.6G45 0.6G39 0.6634 0.6554 0.6550 0.6541 0.6533 0.G527 0.6523 0.6521 0.6518 0.6516 0.6492 0.6488 06464 0.0458 0.6155 0.6454 0.6453 0.6418 0.6393 0.6380 0 6377 06372 0.6355 0.6348 0.G342 0.6340 0.6327 0.6326 0.0323 0.G317 0.6209 0.6282 0.6280 0.6273 0.6260 0.6258 0.6258 0.6235 0.6235 0.6234 0.6225 0.6223 0.6215 0.6155 0.6119 0.G086 0.6067 0 6033 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 Species. Pisonia obtusata Betula occidentalis Acer glabrum Parkinsonia aculeata .... Rliamnus Californica . . . . Betula papyrifera Xantlioxylum Clava-Horculis, var fruticosuni Pyrus sambucifolia Oreodoxa regia Castanea pumila Cbilopsis saligna Liquidambar Styraciflua . . . Morus rubra Juniperus pacbyphloea .... Ilex Dalioon, var. myrtifolia. . Prunus serotina Pinus contorta Ilex opaca Juniperus occidentalis .... Thrinax parviflora Fraxinus viridis, var. Berlandie- riana Betula alba, var. populifolia . . Byrsonima lucida Betula nigra Fraxinus Oregana Ceanotbus tliyrsiflorus .... Halesia diptera Platanus occidentalis . . . . Pinus I'arryana Rliamnus Pursbiana Xantlioxylum Americanum . . Pinus monopbylla Myrica cerifera Halesia tetraptera Pinus clausa Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristala . Castanopsis chrysopliylla . . . Salix lasiolepis Juniperus Californica, var. Uta- beusis Hippomane Mancinella .... Acer rubrum, var. Drummondii . Pinus Cliibuabuana Pinus Taeda Rliamnus Caroliniana . . . . Pinus Balfouriana Pyrus Americana Salix flavescens. var. Scouleriana Salix Honkeriana Pinckneya pubens Da lea spinosa Acer spicatum Pinus inops I! w 0.6031 0.6012 0.6010 0.5974 0.5965 0.5940 0.5922 0.5908 0.5901 0.5880 0.5880 0.5873 0.5856 0.5823 0.6820 05813 0.5804 0.5774 0.5758 0.5752 0.5749 0.5748 0.5743 0.5742 0.5712 0.5710 0.5681 0.5652 0.5644 0.5634 0.5622 0.5620 0.5608 0.5605 0.5559 0.5555 0.5554 0.5532 0.5495 0.5474 0.5440 0.6436 0.5427 0.6427 0.5412 0 5406 0.5391 0.6333 0 6328 0.5312 0.5307 0 5293 Fuel] OF THE UNITED STATES. 1^1 Species. Magnolia macrophylla . . . Symplocos tinctoria .... Salix longifolia, var. exigua . Acer Pennsylvauicum . . . Planera aquatioa Acer dasycarpum Rhus copallina Pinus Jeffrey! Tsuga Mertensiana .... Nyssa uniflora Pseudotsuga Douglasii . . . Riius copallina, var. lanceolata Pinus rigida Torreya taxifolia Washingtonia filifera . . . Salix Sitchensis Sassafras officinale .... Pinus Arizonica Xantlioxylum Clava-Herculis Magnolia glauca Sambucus glauca Prunus Pennsylvanica . . . Magnolia Fraseri Alnus maritinia iEsculus Californica .... Salix flavescens Pinus muricata Pinus pungens Juniperus Virginiana . . . Salix longifolia Acer macrophyllum .... Populus Fremontii .... Pinus reflexa Pinus Torreyana Salix laevigata Pinus resinosa Platanus racemosa .... Cupressus Guadalupensis . . Pinus Sabiniana Anona laurifolia Nc'gundo Californicum . . , Alnus rubra Chamaecyparis Nutkaensis Ilex Dalioon ...... Pinus Banksiana Salix lasiandra Pinus ponderosa Torreya Californica .... Gordonia Lasiantlius . . . Abies magnifica Magnolia acuminata .... Platanus Wrightii .... Cupressus Ooveniana . . . Alnus serrulata Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana . 9> a ta a 0..5290 0.5289 0.5285 0.5280 0.5270 0.5252 0.5241 0.5192 0.51G0 0.5158 0.5153 0.5140 0.5139 0.5107 0.5075 0.5042 0.5037 0.5028 0.5015 0.5011 0.5007 0.5003 0.4989 0.4977 0.4945 0.4939 0.4929 0.4922 0.4920 0.4906 0.4882 0.4876 0.4864 0.4862 0.4844 0.4841 0.4826 0.4822 0.4821 0.4807 0.4795 0.4793 0.4766 0.4762 0.4750 0.4727 0.4698 0.4696 0.4692 0.4687 0.4676 0.4672 0.4668 0.4648 0.4616 ^ 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 Species. Populus grandidentata .... Nyssa capiiata Alnus incana Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana Picea nigra Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni Pinus insignis Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. ma- crocarpa Abies nobilis Taxodium distichum .... Sambucus Mexicana .... Ficus pedunculata -^sculus glabra Tilia Americana Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana Prunus emarginata, var. mollis Magnolia Umbrella .... Salix amygdaloides .... Catalpa bignonioides . . . Tsuga Pattoniana Salix nigra Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia Salix sessilifolia Rhus venenata Pinus flexilis Rhus typhina Negundo aceroides .... Picea Sitchensis Tsuga Caroliniana .... Salix discolor -/Esculus flava Tilia heterophylla .... Liriodendron Tulipifera . . Tsuga Canadensis .... Abies amabilis Sequoia sempervirens . . . Pinus albicaulis Catalpa speciosa Populus balsamifera,var.candicans Magnolia cordata Pinus Coulteri Alnus rhombifolia Simaruba glauca Pinus Murrayana Sabal Palmetto Juglans cinerea Populus heterophylla .... Yucca alata Tilia Americana, var. pubescens Picea alba Libocedrus decurrens .... Populus tremuloldes Alnus oblongifolia Asimina triloba gi I? O 3 «2 0.4611 0.4597 0.4588 0.4572 0.4572 0.4509 0.4560 0.4559 0.4545 0.4524 0.4522 0.4506 0.4503 0.4500 0.4496 0.4493 0.4478 0.4468 0.4457 0.4434 0.4425 0.4411 0.4375 0.4354 0.4346 0.4335 0.4282 0.4280 0.4258 0.4243 0.4231 0.4227 0.4220 0.4220 0.4218 0.4202 0.4154 0.4149 0.4142 0.4126 0.4118 0.4104 0.4098 0.4083 0.4067 0.4065 0.4056 0.4055 0.4048 0.4038 0.4014 0.4010 0.3964 0.3961 11 162 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS [Fuel. 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 Species. Pinus glabra . . Pinus monticola . Populus angustifolia Populus monilifera Pinus Strobus . . , Abies balsamea Thuya gigantea . Populus trichocarpa Picea pungens . • Pinus Lambertiana Populus balsamifera Abies concolor . . Yucca brevifolia . (i a 0.3913 0.3899 0.3881 0.3852 0.3847 0.3802 0.3790 0.3766 0.3726 0.3676 0.3611 0.3607 0.3588 P3 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 Species. Abies Fraseri Abies grandis Fraxinus platycarpa . . . Pinus tuberculata . . . Abies subalpina . . . . Picea Engelmanni . . . Chamagcyparis sphaeroidea Thuya occidentalis . . . Cereus giganteus . . . . Bursera guramifera . . . Sequoia gigantea . . . . Ficus aurea Yucca baccata ^ a 0.3546 0.3528 0.3515 0.3487 0.3461 0.3338 0.3311 0.3152 0.3078 0.2942 0.2868 0.2484 0.2480 Elasticity.'] OF THE UNITED STATES. 163 TABLE IV. The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Elasticity of their Woods (^Coefficient of Elasticity, — Kilogram, Centimetre). Species. Larix occidentalis Rhizophora Mangle Betula lutea Pinus contorta Pinus Cubensis Eugenia buxifolia Pinus palustris Carya myristicaeformis . . . Acer saccharinum Betula lenta Quercus falcata Carya alba Pinus mitis Tsuga Mertensiana Ostrya Virginica Dipliolis salicifolia Quercus lyrata Betula papyrifera Robinia Pseudacacia .... Pseudotsuga Douglasii .... Abies nobilis Salixflavescens, var.Scouleriana Larix Americana Abies amabilis Quercus laurifolia Citliarexylum villosum . . . Quercus Prinus Osnianthus Americanus . . . Quercus aquatica Quercus beterophylla .... Chamascyparis Lawsoniana . , Fagus ferruginea Quercus chrysolepis . . . . Amelanchier Canadensis . . . Exostema Caribaeum .... Quercus inibricaria Pinus muricata Eugenia procera Gleditschia monosperma . . . Pinus serotina Magnolia macrophylla . . . . Carya tomentosa Robinia Neo-Mexicana. . . . Carpinus Caroliniana . . . . Condalia ferrea Pinus Coulteri .2 o « 165810 165567 161723 158588 157747 157510 148733 146484 146108 141398 140151 138839 137495 137483 137276 133593 133438 130557 129238 128297 127660 126216 126126 126013 125916 125717 125473 123133 122657 122494 121772 120996 119810 119677 119357 119357 119357 119111 110991 116957 116854 114995 114889 114881 114316 114108 47 48 49 50 51 52 63 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 Species. Castanea pumila Quercus virens Coccoloba Floridana . . . . Pinus resinosa Pinus Tasda Quercus rubra Quercus prinoides Chrysopbyllum oliviforme . . Quercus palustris Canella alba Populus trichocarpa . . . . Betula nigra Hypelate paniculata . . . . Acer dasycarpum Chrysobalanus Icaco . . . . Picea nigra Sideroxylon Mastichodendron . Ulrnus racemosa Juglans nigra Gleditschia triacanthos . . . Arayris sylvatica ...... Acacia Greggii Eugenia monticola Quercus coccinea Alnus incana Salix flavescens Fraxinus Americana, var. Tex- ensis Cupressus macrocarpa . . . . Umbellularia Californica . . . Swietenia Mahogoni . . . . Alnus rubra Populus Fremontii Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. ma- crocarpa Rhus Metopium Reynosia latitblia Gymnocladus Canadensis . . Drypetes crocea Carya sulcata Quercus Catcsbaei Quercus tinctoria Thuya gigantea Quercus rubra, var. Texana . . Carya porcina Taxodiura distichura . . . . 6 >« o u U3 114108 113627 113538 113216 112847 112798 112461 112424 112296 111698 111694 111322 111144 110973 110973 109987 109948 109628 109200 108579 108507 108507 108507 108507 108507 108507 108174 107327 100766 106272 106046 105116 105007 105007 105005 104822 103890 103884 103468 103427 10B372 103343 103300 103206 1G4 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS [Elasticity. I 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 Species. Cornus Nuttallii Carya aniara Clmnuiscjparis Nutkaensis . . Acer saccharinum, var. nigrum Conocarpus erecta Picea alba Fraxinus Americana . . . . Carya aquatica Castanopsis clirysophylla . . . Mimusops Sieberi Cladrastis tinctoria Bourreria Ilavanensis . . . . Populus monilifera Myrica Calif ornica Picea Sitcliensis Pinus insignis Sophora affinis Colubrina reclinata Quercus nigra Abies Fraseri Quercus alba Quercus Michauxii Quercus densiflora Populus grandidentata . . . . Abies grandis Quercus agrifolia UlmuG fulva Pinus monticola Negundo Californicum . . . . Magnolia Fraseri Quercus hypoleuca Madura aurantiaca Acer rubrum Pinus Banksiana Magnolia cordata Prunus Caroliniana Simaruba glauca Quercus macrocarpa . . . . Magnolia acuminata . . . . Pinus Jeffreyi Liriodendron Tulipifera . . . Betula occidentalis Magnolia glauca Pinus reflexa Rliamnus Purshiana . . . . Abies concolor Viburnum prunifolium . . . Quercus bicolor Magnolia grandiflora .... Fraxinus viridis Crataegus subvillosa Tsuga Canadensis Oxydendrum arboreum . . . jy[yrica cerifera Salix lasiolepis Pinus ponderosa » e >> u:c 103081 102986 102881 102720 102411 102280 101668 101201 101195 100226 100226 99649 99417 991G1 99001 97850 97694 97656 97656 97170 97089 96373 96347 96327 95838 95276 95274 95068 94532 94462 94409 94373 94284 94231 94073 93727 93217 92929 92817 92777 92667 92424 91299 91287 91268 90889 90654 90636 90330 90313 90023 89970 88851 88778 88778 88731 rt 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 106 197 198 199 200 201 Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia . Fraxinus sambucifolia .... Olneya Tesota Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata Xanthoxylum Caribaeum . . . Platanus occidentalis .... Liquidambar Styraciflua . . . Guaiacum sanctum Prunus emarginata, var. mollis . Quercus Wislizeni Prunus scroti na Quercus oblongifolia .... Populus balsamifera .... Castanea vulgaris, var. Ameri- cana Pinus Strobus Piscidia Erythrina Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris Fraxinus Oregana .... Libocedrus decurrens . . . Tilia heterophylla .... Alnus rhombifolia .... Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni Tilia Americana Persea Carolinensis Arbutus Menziesii Quercus Durandii Sapindus marginatus .... Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia . Quercus obtusiloba Torreya taxifolia Prunus Americana Prosopis pubescens Morus rubra Pinus Arizonica Catalpa speciosa Cornus florida Abies balsamea Nyssa sylvatica Populus treniuloides .... Andromeda ferruginea .... Juglans cinerea Fraxinus pubescens Tilia Americana, var. pubescens Quercus Garryana Picea Engelmanni Pinus pungens Gordonia Lasianthus .... Pinus Lambertiana Crataegus arborcscens .... Quercus Phellos Cliftonia ligustrina Diospyros Virginiana . . . . Bumelia lycioides Acer macropliyllum Tsuga Pattoniana 87935 87185 86822 86805 86755 86402 86388 86324 86055 86055 85833 85739 85690 85621 85093 85079 84918 84818 84729 84659 84580 84317 84010 83900 83834 83766 83681 83619 83257 82833 82659 82424 82877 82370 82156 82112 81924 81832 81441 81380 81253 81i^22 81111 81109 80791 80330 79414 79375 78837 78440 78250 78234 78125 78032 77524 Elasticity.'] OF THE UNITED STATES. 165 Speciea Fraxinus quadrangulata . . . Quercus Douglasii Pinus Murrayana Alnus oblongifolia Tninus demissa Abies subalpina Taxus brevifolia Bumelia tenax Quercus cinerea Ulmus Americana Quercus Kelloggii Magnolia Umbrella Rhamnus Caroliniana . . . . Quercus grisea Rhus copallina Juniperus occidentalis, var. con- jugens. Prunus ilicifolia Crataegus tomentosa .... Populus balsamifera, var. can- dicans Betula alba, var. populifolia. . Juglans rupestris Xantlioxylum Clava-Herculis . Pinus Chiiiuahuana Laguncularia racemosa . . . Populus heterophylla .... Acer circinatura Quercus lobata Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata Tsuga Caroliniana Crataegus flava, var. pubescens . Ulmus crassifolia Forestiera acuminata .... Cercis Canadensis Celtis occidentalis Hales ia diptera Pinckneya pubens -^sculus Californica .... Catalpa bignonioides .... Nyssa capitata Sequoia sempervirens .... Pinus flexilis Crataegus spathulata .... Juniperus Virginiana .... Gary a olivseformis Crataegus Crus-galli Abies magnifica Rhododendron maximum . . . iEsculus glabra Ilex opaca Pyrus coronaria Ilex Dahoon Quercus Emoryi Pyrus sambucifolia Platanus racemosa S-3 77439 77166 77113 76937 76895 76199 76133 75120 75120 74742 74488 74365 74084 73982 73647 73426 73201 73160 73024 72970 72632 72577 72575 72396 72338 71810 71664 71482 '71282 70765 70399 70282 68798 68527 68.321 68291 68216 68161 68083 67646 67531 67349 66992 66646 66436 6()220 64578 64438 64317 64241 64192 63828 62600 62401 256 257 258 259 260 261 2B2 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 Species. Symplocos tinctoria . Arbutus Xalapensis . Juniperus pachypliloea Prunus anguslitblia . Bumelia cuneata . . Fraxinus pistaciaefolia Pinus Balfouriana . Crataegus aestivalis . Pinus Sabiniana . . Kalmia latifolia . . Prosopis juliflora . . Negundo aceroides . Pinus rigida . . . Quercus undulata, var. Gambellii Washingtonia filifera Parkinsonia Torreyana Picea pungens . . Planera aquatica . Chilopsis saligna . Pinus clausa . . Pinus inops . . . Pinus Torreyana . Thuya occidentalis Byrsonima lucida Ulmus alata . . Sassafras ofBchiale Nyssa uniflora . . Salix amygdaloides Anona laurifolia . Cupressus Goveniana Cyrilla racemifolia Salix laevigata Bumelia lanuginosa Asimina triloba . Fraxinus platycarpa Pisonia obtusata . Lysiloma latisiliqua Populus angustifolia Platanus Wrightii Sequoia gigantea . Pinus glabra . . Pinus monophylla Pinus tuberculata Pinus edulis ". . Bursera gummifera Ficus pedunculata Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea Torreya Californica Ehretia elliptica . Salix nigra . Pinus albicaulis . Pinus Parryana . Sambucus glauca Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana Ficus aurea . . o o 62202 61577 61275 00281 60281 60119 59386 59185 58517 58484 68297 58156 58127 57162 56346 55839 55360 55167 54421 54295 54295 54213 53311 52503 52323 51910 51678 50144 50113 49941 48828 48828 48334 48179 47637 45503 46064 45847 45644 45146 44750 43488 42870 42094 41694 40GiK) 40410 40146 .3<)697 39062 38147 37783 30517 30517 25699 166 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS [Strength. TABLE V. TTie Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Strength of their Woods {Modulus of Rupture, — Kilogram, Centimetre). Species. Carya myristicaeformis .... Amyris sylvatioa Robinia Pseudacacia Quercus chrysolepis Betula Intea Quercus prinoides Larix occidentalis Quercus imbricaria Colubrina reclinata . , . . . Betula lenta Khizophora Mangle Carya alba . Quercus falcata Hypelate paniculata Quercus laurifolia Eugenia procera Eugenia monticola Pinus Cubensis Pinus serotina Pinus palustris Acer saccharinum Carpinus Caroliniana Dipholis salicifolia Fagus ferruginea Ostrj'a Virginica Amelanchier Canadensis . . . Madura aurantiaca Carya tomentosa Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis Quercus Michauxii Quercus hypoleuca Carya amara Quercus palustris Carya sulcata Taxus brevifolia Quercus heterophylla Ulmus racemosa Betula papyrifera Eugenia buxifolia Quercus cocci nea Quercus aquatica Osmantlius Americanus .... Quercus Catesbsei Carya porcina 1394 1305 1273 1268 1248 1238 1227 1218 1216 1216 1207 1200 1193 1190 1181 1176 1172 1172 1164 1152 1149 1149 1148 1148 1134 1132 1131 1129 1125 1118 1113 1101 1090 1083 1078 1073 1066 1065 1055 1054 1052 1051 1046 1046 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 5H 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 Species. Cupressus macrocarpa . . . Quercus nigra Quercus tinctoria Pinus mitis Myrica Californica Quercus Prinus Pinus inuricata Gleditschia monosperma . . . Canella alba Quercus lyrata Quercus rubra, var. Texana Acer dasycarpum Quercus virens Exostema Caribseuni .... Swietenia Mahogoni .... Quercus Douglasii Quercus Durandii Quercus cinerea Pinus contorta Cornus Nuttallii Castanea pumila Quercus rubra Quercus Phellos Quercus macrocarpa .... Betula nigra Sideroxylon Mastichodendron . Acer saccharinum, var. nigrum Chrysobalanus Icaco . . . . , Viburnum prunifolium . . . , Quercus densiflora Bourreria Havanensis Conocarpus erecta Citliarexylum villosum . . . , Quercus grisea Quercus agrifolia Prunus Caroliniana Gleditschia triacanthos . . . . Mimusops Sieberi Coccoloba Floridana Robinia Neo-Mexicana . . . . Quercus bicolor Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana Tsuga Mertensiana Arbutus Menziesii Strength.'] OF THE UNITED STATES. 167 Specie& ma- Quercus alba Condalia ferrea Cornus florida Cladrastis tinctoria .... Persea Carolinensis . . . Larix Americana .... Fraxiiuis viridis Prosopis pubescens . . Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana . Torreya taxifolia .... Carya aquatica Pin us Taeda Pseudotsuga Douglasii . . Diospyros Virginiana . . . Quercus Garryana .... Quercus obtusiloba . . . Fraxinus pubescens . . . Ulmus fulva Prunus Americana .... Quercus lobata Abies nobilis Fraxinus Americana . . . Chrysopliyllum oliviforme . Plalesia diptera Juglans nigra Ulmus Americana .... Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. crocarpa Sapindus marginatus Pinus Chihualiuana Nyssa sylvatica Prunus serotina Reynosia latifolia Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris Alnus incana Quercus Wislizeni Myrica cerifera Salix lasiolepis Acer rubrum Sophora afRnis Fraxinus quadrangulata .... Alnus rubra Salix flavescens Fraxinus sambucifolia Umbellularia Californica . . . Betula occidentalis Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata Chamaecyparis Nutkaensis . . . Pinus resinosa Negundo Californicum . . . . Drypetes crocea Magnolia grandiflora Acacia Greggii Abies amabilis Celtis occidentalis Guaiacum sanctum 905 904 904 902 902 901 895 894 888 887 884 883 881 879 879 872 869 869 864 864 862 861 857 857 856 852 846 843 832 830 829 820 820 820 818 815 813 811 811 811 811 808 806 806 806 805 801 800 796 796 792 792 792 789 787 ^ 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 3 Species. Prunus ilicifolia Pinus Sabiniana Betula alba, var. populifolia . . Morus rubra Ulmus crassifolia Gymnocladus Canadensis . . . Populus monilifera Pinus reflexa Quercus Kelloggii Acer circinatum Juniperus pacliyphloea .... Pinus Coulteri Pinus Torreyana Xanthoxylum Caribaeum . . . Piscidia Erytlirina Rhamnus Purshiana Olneya Tesota Thuya gigantea Picea nigra Picea alba Pinus Jeffreyi Castanopsis chrysophylla . . . Juniperus Virginiana Pinus insignis Pinus rigida Crataegus subvillosa Magnolia glauca Tsuga Canadensis Oxydendrum arboreum .... Cercis Canadensis Pinus pungens Crataegus flava, var. pubescens Ulmus alata Ehretia elliptica Populus grandidentata .... Pinus ponderosa Quercus oblongifolia Tsuga Pattoniana Forestiera acuminata Crataegus aestivalis Crataegus tomentosa Magnolia Fraseri Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia . . Abies concolor . Quercus Emory i Abies magnifica Populus Fremontii Magnolia macropliylla .... Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana Prunus demissa ........ Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni Ilex opaca Alnus oblongifolia Acer macrophyllum Nyssa capitata Alnus rhombifolia 782 779 778 775 773 771 770 770 768 766 761 761 756 754 752 750 750 749 747 747 744 741 740 740 739 738 736 736 728 726 726 724 724 721 721 720 719 719 717 712 709 707 707 703 703 701 698 696 696 691 691 686 686 684 682 682 168 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS [Strength. o I 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 228 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 282 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 216 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 Species. Liboeedrus decurrens Taxodiiun distichum Quercus undulata, var. Gambellii . Prunus eniarginata, var. mollis . Andromeda ferruginea .... Populus tremuloides Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia . • Bumelia tenax Magnolia acuminata Gordonia Lasianthus Fraxinus Oregana Populus trichocarpa Rhus copallina Rhododendron maximum . . . Pinus inops Liriodendron Tulipifera .... Rhus Metopium Nyssa uniflora Crataegus Crus-galli Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata . Pinus Arizonica . Pinus Banksiana Liquidambar Styraciflua .... Picea Sitchensis Salix laevigata Populus heterophylla Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis . . Kalmia latifolia Abies Fraseri JEsculus Californica Catalpa speciosa Platan us occidentalis Pinus Strobus Pinus flexilis Fraxinus pistaciaefolia .... Crataegus arborescens Planera aquatica Symplocos tinctoria Arbutus Xalapensis Pinus monticola Populus balsamifera, var. candicans Anona laurifolia Sassafras officinale Magnolia cordata Juglans rupestris Juglans cinerea Sequoia sempervirens Pinus Lambertiana Catalpa bignonioides Tilia Americana Magnolia Umbrella Torreya Californica Pinus albicaulis Chilopsis saligna • Carya olivaeformis Tilia heterophylla 682 682 680 679 679 677 675 673 671 670 665 665 668 663 658 657 656 655 653 653 653 652 651 649 644 642 640 689 639 635 635 635 626 624 622 621 621 619 618 609 609 607 602 600 600 597 597 597 590 589 583 583 581 578 578 577 M 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 Species. Picea Engelmanni Ilex Dahoon Rhamnus Caroliniana Simaruba glauca Pinus Murrayana Bumelia lycioides Platanus racemosa Tilia Americana, var. pubescens . Lysiloma latisiliqua Salix amygdaloides Populus balsamifera Parkinsonia Torreyana . . . . Cupressus Goveniana Fraxinus platycarpa Negundo aceroides Cliftonia ligustrina Laguncularia racemosa . . . . Bumelia cuneata Abies balsamea Thuya occidentalis Crataegus spathulata Pinus clausa Pinus glabra iEsculus glabra Abies grandis Prosopis juliflora Pyrus coronaria Abies subalpina Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana . Prunus angustifolia Juniperus occidentalis, var. con- jugens Tsuga Caroliniana Sequoia gigantea Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea . . . Picea pungens Pinus edulis Pyrus sambucifolia Washingtonia filifera . . . . . Platanus Wrightii Pinus Parryana Byrsonima lucida Salix nigra Pinus Balfouriana Pinus tubercnlata Pinckneya pubens Populus angustifolia Asimina triloba Bumelia lanuginosa Sambucus glauca Cyrilla racemiflora Pisonia obtusata Pinus monophylla Ficus aurea Ficus pedunculata Bursera gummifera OF THE UNITED STATES. 169 TABLE VI. Tlie Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Power of their Woods to resist Longitudinal Compression. Species. rt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 in 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 81 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Eugenia buxifolia Rhizophora Mangle . . . . Keynosia latifolia Macliira aurantiaca . . . . Condalia ferrea Canella alba 'Coccoloba Floridana . . . . Exostema Caribseum. . . . Amyris sylvatica Acacia Greggii Guaiacum sanctum . . . . Dipholis salicifolia . . . . Robinia Pseutlacacia. . . . Citliarexylum villosura . . . Larix occidentalis Xantiioxylum Caribreum . . Robinia Neo-Mexicana . . . Eugenia procera Prosopis pubescens . . . . Anielancbier Canadensis . Hypelate paniculata . . . . Swietenia Mahogoni . . . . Pinus Cubensis .'.... Cornus Nuttallii Cercocarpus led i foil us . . . Sideroxylon Mastichodendron Drypetes crocea Carya myristica3formis . . . Pinus palustris Carya alba Rliamnus Purshiana . . . . Acer saccliarinura Betula lutea Betula lenta ....... Conocarpus erecta . . . . Clirysopbyllum oliviforme . . Piscidia Erytbrina . . . . Quercus falcata ■a I bO a 1 2 1 3 887 39 860 40 839 41 809 i 42 803 i43 782 44 771 45 751 46 748 i 47 743 1 48 737 49 730 50 694 51 689 52 689 53 685 54 683 55 672 56 671 67 670 58 666 69 666 60 664 61 663 62 655 63 650 64 650 65 638 m 629 67 625 68 621 69 619 70 610 1 71 610 72 590 73 598 74 597 75 596 76 Species. Carya tomentosa Viburnum prunifolium Ulmus racemosa Prosopis juliflora Prunus Americana Gleditschia monosperma . . . . Juglans nigra Quercus rubra, var. Texana . . . Carya porcina Bourreria Havanensis Quercus prinoides Persea Carolinensis Sophora aflSnis Umbellularia Californica . . . . Prunus Caroliniana Carya sulcata Quercus Douglasii Viburnum Lentago Pinus contorta *. . Eugenia monticola Quercus imbricaria Acer saccliarinum, var. nigrum . . Prunus serotina Osmantlius Americanus . . . . Quercus virens Tsuga Mertensiana Quercus cbrysolepis Prunus ilicifolia Ostrya Virginica Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis Ulmus fulva . . Prunus Capuli Crataggus subvillosa Quercus Prinus Larix Americana Cladrastis tinctoria Cornus florida Quercus Durandii 593 692 692 688 688 584 683 582 677 675 575 673 670 668 662 559 557 665 554 553 652 550 547 647 647 547 545 544 542 541 539 538 638 638 536 534 634 634 170 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS Species. Rhus Metopium Quercus Wislizenii Myrica Californica Juiiiperus occidentalis.var.conjugens Cratasgus flava, var. pubescens . . Quercus laurifolia Carya amara Fraxinus Oregana Drypetes crocea, vaT*. latifolia . Pseudotsuga Douglasii .... Quercus alba Quercus rubra Prunus demissa Pinus muricata Quercus Garryana Pinus serotina . Quercus coccinea Diospyros Virginiana ..... Arbutus Menziesii Oxydendrum arboreum .... Quercus tinctoria ...... Quercus aquatica Gleditschia triacanthos .... Fraxinus quadrangulata . . . Prunus umbellata Crataegus arborescens .... Carpinus Caroliniana .... Quercus nigra Castanea pumila Quercus lyrata Quercus macrocarpa Quercus palustris Quercus bicolor Magnolia macrophylla .... Bumelia lycioides Pinus reflexa Andromeda ferruginea . . . • Quercus obtusiloba . . . . Betula papyrifera Carya aquatica Taxus brevifolia Magnolia grandiflora .... Acer dasycarpum Fraxinus viridis Quercus Michauxii Lysiloma latisiliqua Rhus copallina, var. Isnceolata . Quercus grisea Bumelia cuneata Fagus ferruginea Pinus mitis Quercus densiflora Sapindus marginatus .... Cercis Canadensis Nyssa sylvatica 533 533 532 532 527 526 522 520 520 519 511 511 510 509 505 505 504 503 502 501 501 501 500 499 498 498 498 407 495 492 491 491 490 489 489 489 487 487 487 486 483 482 482 482 482 481 479 479 478 478 477 475 470 469 468 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana . Abies amabilis Liquidambar Styraciflua . . . . Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana . . . Acer rubrum Fraxinus Americana Quercus agrifolia Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. macro- carpa Prunus emarginata, var. mollis Mimusops Sieberi Torreya taxifolia Acer circinatum Quercus Catesbaii Cratsegus spathuiata Charagecyparis Nutkaensis . . . . Pinus resinosa Ulmus crassifolia Abies nobilis Bumelia tenax Platanus occidentalis Thuya gigantea Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis . . Laguncularia racemosa Ulmus alata Quercus Kelloggii Quercus cinerea Ulmus Americana Cratasgus tomentosa Crataegus aestivalis Myrica cerifera Rhamnus Caroliniana Negundo Californicum Hj'pelate trifoliata Rhododendron maximum . . . . Betula nigra Juglans rupestris Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata . Fraxinus pubescens Castanopsis chrysoph3'lla . . . . Abies magnifica Halesia diptera Carya olivaeformis Quercus oblongifolia ^(yssa capitata Crataegus Crus-galli Kalmia latifolia Salix Hookeriana Pinus Taeda . ., Simaruba glauca Magnolia glauca Quercus lobata • Fraxinus sambucifolia Taxodium disticlmm Quercus Emoryi OF THE UNITED STATES. 171 Species. Celtis occidentalis Morus rubra Ilex opaca Pyrus coronaria Magnolia Fraseri Parkiiisonia Torreyana Quercus undulata, var. Gambellii . Pinus Jeffrey! Piniis insignis Juniperus Virginiana Sequoia sempervirens Magnolia acuminata Alnus rubra Quercus lieterophylla Magnolia cordata Salix flavescens Prunus Pennsylvanica Catalpa speciosa Picea nigra Tilia Americana, var. pubescens Libocedrus decurrens Tsuga Caroliniana Prunus angustifolia Arbutus Xalapensis Forestiera acuminata Gymnocladus Canadensis . . . . Vaccinium arboreum .... Pinus Banksiana Tilia lieterophylla Ungnadia speciosa . . . . . Planera aquatica Juglans cinerea Byrsonima lucida Betula occidentalis Abies grand is Quercus Phellos Populus tricliocarpa Abies concolor Sequoia gigantea Gordonia Lasianthus Eliretia elliptica Fraxinus pistaciajfolia .... Salix lasiolepis Symplocos tinctoria Tsuga Canadensis Pyrus sambucifolia Sassafras officinale Acer macrophyilum Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana Pinus Arizonica Pinus ponderosa Pyrus Americana Tsuga Pattoniana Populus Fremontii Rhus copallina 421 420 419 419 418 417 417 417 417 416 416 415 415 412 410 408 407 407 407 405 403 403 402 401 401 400 399 396 394 394 394 392 391 391 391 390 390 390 388 387 387 385 385 384 384 383 382 381 381 381 381 380 379 378 377 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 2Sl 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 Species. Pinus clausa Liriodendron Tulipifera . . . Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni Cliftonia ligustrina Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris Pinus Coulteri Magnolia Umbrella Olneya Tesota Nyssa uniflora Abies balsamea Catalpa bignonioides Bumelia lanuginosa Pinus inops Cupressus Goveniana .... Populus grandidentata .... Alnus rhombifolia iEsculus Californica Pinus rigida Pinus pungens Populus monilifera Picea Sitchensis Torreya Californica Ilex Dahoon Pinus flexilis Pinus edulis Tilia Americana Betula alba, var. populifolia . . Abies Fraseri Picea alba Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia . Pinus Strobus Pinus Parryana Pinus Balfouriana Pinus Chihuahuana Pinus Sabiniana Pinus Lambertiana Pinus monticola Pinus Murrayana Pinus albicaulis Populus tremuloides Platanus Wrightii Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata . Platanus racemosa Negundo aceroides Poi)ulus balsamifera Salix laevigata -^sculus glabra Pisonia obtusata Thuya occidentalis Anona laurifolia Abies subalpina Chilopsis saligna Quercus hypoleuca Pinus Torreyana Alnus incana 172 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS 206 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 Species. Finns glabra Salix lasiandra, var. Fendieriana . Populus heteropliylla Ficus peJunculata Alniis oblongifolia Populus balsamifera, var. candicans Sambucus glauca Pinus inonophylla Pinckneya pubens Populus angustifolia Picea Engelmanni J3 _bp '55 to B •s a u O l-i O 1 288 307 286 308 283 309 281 310 278 311 276 312 275 313 274 314 272 315 271 316 267 317 Species. Salix amygdaloides . . Pinus tuberculata ... Chamaecyparis sphseroidea Picea pungens .... Coccoloba uvifera ... Fraxinus plat^'carpa . . Washingtonia filifera . , Salix nigra , Asimina triloba . . . . Ficus aurea Bursera gummifera . . 264 263 259 258 258 251 227 213 212 162 155 OF THE UNITED STATES. 173 TABLE VII. The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Power of their Woods to resist Indentation to the Depth of 1.21 Millimetres. S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Species. Guaiacum sanctum .... Olneya Tesota Condalia ferrea Reynosia latifolia Canella alba Amyris sylvatica Exostema Caribaeum. . . . Cercocarpus ledifolius . . . Rhizophora Mangle .... Eugenia procera Quercus oblongifolia .... Quercus Emoryi Eugenia monticola .... Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia Eugenia buxifolia Coccoloba Floridana .... Hj'pelate trifoliata .... Chrysophyllum oliviforme. . Mimusops Sieberi Quercus Douglasii .... Xanthoxylum Caribseura . . Conocarpus erecta .... Quercus grisea Madura aurantiaca .... Drypetes crocea Sideroxylon Mastichodendron Prosopis juliflora Prunus unibellata Piscidia Erythrina .... Sophora affinis Prosopis pubescens .... Diospyros Virginiana . . . Quercus virens Crataegus flava, var. pubescens Prunus Caroliniana .... Quercus chrysolepis .... Carya myristicaeformis . . . Viburnum prunifolium . . . 793 665 649 639 573 550 481 480 462 444 439 415 408 407 396 394 384 382 375 374 373 370 364 363 362 355 343 342 337 334 329 324 324 319 318 317 315 313 eA 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 65 66 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 6() 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Species. Swietenia Mahogoni . . . Citliarexylum villosum . . Quercus Durandii .... Prunus ilicifolia .... Cornus florida Carya porcina Pinus serotina Bourreria Havanensis . . Quercus rubra, var. Texana Carya sulcata Bumelia cuneata .... Quercus nigra Juniperus occiden talis, var. jugens Amelanchier Canadensis . . . Vacciniuni arboreum .... Carya tomentosa Gleditschia monosperma - . . Quercus obtusiloba Dipholis salicifolia Carya aquatica Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata Sapindus marginatus .... Prunus Capuli Quercus Wislizeni Quercus hypoleuca Robinia Neo-Mexicana .... Carya alba Quercus prinoides Taxus brevifolia Crataegus subvillosa Kalmia latifolia Robinia Pseudacacia Acer saccliarinuni Ulinus crassitolia Ulnius alata Quercus undulata, var. Gambellii Quercus laurifolia con- 174 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE! WOODS Species. Acer saccharinum, var. nigrum . . Quercus lyrata Pyrus coronaria Arbutus Xalapensis Osmanthus Aniericanus . . . . Prunus demissa Cornus Nuttallii Carya amara Crataegus tomentosa Quercus Garryana Cupressus macrocarpa Quercus agrifolia Quercus macrocarpa Quercus Michauxii Carya olivaeformis Ostrya Virginica Quercus Prinus Ehretia elliptica Quercus Catesbaei Parkinsonia Torreyana Quercus imbricaria Betula lenta Andromeda ferruginea . . . . . Crataegus aestivalis Quercus densiflora Fraxinus quadrangulata . . . . Chrysobalanus Icaco Quercus bicolor Bumelia lycioides Fraxinus viridis Crataegus spathulata Celtis occidentalis Quercus Phellos . Quercus alba '. . Carpinus Caroliniana Prunus Americana Pinus edulis Byrsonima lucida Cratsegus Crus-galli Fraxinus pistaciaefolia Rhus Metopium Arbutus Menziesii Ulmus racemosa Prunus serotina Fraxinus pubescens Quercus coccinea Quercus tinctoria Oxydendrum arboreum Quercus falcata Quercus cinerea Acer circinatura Persea Carolinensis Umbellularia Californica .... Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis Quercus aquatica 252 252 250 247 247 246 242 242 240 240 237 235 233 233 232 231 230 229 228 226 226 226 225 224 224 222 221 221 220 220 218 217 216 213 213 213 212 210 210 210 209 207 205 204 204 202 202 201 201 201 200 199 199 198 198 Pi 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 Magnolia grandiflora .... Halesia diptera Nyssa sylvatica Juglans nigra Fagus ferruginea Pinus Parryana Fraxinus sambucifolia .... Rhamnus Purshiana Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris Rhododendron maximum . . . Quercus palustris Myrica Californica Quercus lobata Juniperus occidentalis .... Pinus Cubensis Crataegus arborescens .... Cladrastis tinctoria Cercis Canadensis Juglans rupestris Quercus heterophylla .... Acer dasycarpum Bumelia tenax Morus rubra Cupressus Goveniana .... Quercus rubra Ilex opaca Acer rubrum Quercus Kelloggii Lysiloma latisiliqua Fraxinus Americana Forestiera acuminata .... Ulmus Americana Pinus monophylla Gleditschia triacanthos .... Fraxinus Oregana Platanus occidentalis .... Acer macrophyllum Nyssa uniflora Betula lutea Gymnocladus Canadensis . . . Bumelia lanuginosa Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis Symplocos tinctoria Torreya taxifolia Pinus inops Nyssa capitata Pinus Chihuahuana Pinus palustris Ulmus fulva Ungnadia speciosa Laguncularia racemosa .... Pinus contorta Juniperus Virginiana .... Cliftonia ligustrina Pinus Balfouriana OF THE UNITED STATES. 175 Species. Pinus Torreyana l^lanera aquatica ..;... Chilopsis maligna , Myrica cerifcra , Salix lasiolepis , Larix occidentalis , Sambucus glauca , Fraxinus platycarpa , Pinus Sabiniana , Rhamnus Caroliniana Sassafras officinale Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata . . Prunus angustifolia Pinus rigida Liquidambar Styraciflua . . . , Betula nigra , Pinus clausa Betula alba, var. populifolia . . . Pinus mitis Pinus reflexa Anona laurifolia Betula occidentalis Rhus copallina, var. lanceolata . . Betula papyrifera Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana . Tsuga Caroliniana Magnolia Fraseri Torreya Californica Pinus muricata Abies nobilis Ficus pedunculata Castanopsis chrysophylla . . . . Castanea pumila Salix laevigata Pyrus Americana Platanus Wrightii Alnus rubra Pinus Jeifreyi Pinus pungens Ilex Dahoon Larix Americana Negundo aceroides Salix Hookeriana Rhus copallina . -liEsculus Californica Pisonia obtusata Pinus flexilis Magnolia acuminata Negundo Californicum Pyrus sambucifolia Pinus albicaulis Pinus ponderosa Pinus Taeda Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana Pinus glabra 147 146 144 144 140 189 138 138 138 136 134 134 133 133 132 132 131 129 129 128 127 127 126 126 126 125 123 122 122 120 119 119 118 118 117 117 117 116 115 113 112 111 111 109 108 108 108 107 107 107 107 107 107 106 106 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 Species. Pinckneya pubens Pinus Arizonica Pinus insignis Tsuga Pattoniana Prunus Pennsylvanica Magnolia glauca Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. macro- carpa Chamajcyparis Nutkaensis . . . . Tsuga Mertensiana Pinus Banksiana Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni . Pseudotsuga Douglasii Gordonia Lasianthus Salix flavescens Libocedrus decurrens Abies magnifica Platanus racemosa Salix nigra Pinus Coulteri Juglans cinerea Magnolia cordata Magnolia macrophylla Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia . . Simaruba glauca Catalpa speciosa Populus Fremontii Populus heterophylla Pinus Murrayana Pinus tuberculata Pinus resinosa Magnolia Umbrella Populus monilifera Liriodendron Tulipifera . . . . Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana . Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana . . . Tsuga Canadensis Salix amygdaloides Taxodium distichum Prunus emarginata, var. mollis . . Populus tremuloides Picea pungens Alnus rhombifolia Pinus Lambertiana Abies concolor Catalpa bignonioides Picea nigra Sequoia sempervirens Populus angustifolia Picea Engelmanni Populus balsamifera Abies balsamea Alnus oblongifolia Pinus Strobus Picea alba 176 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS, Etc. 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 Species. Picea Sitchensis . - A > 9 « 72 305 71 306 70 307 69 308 68 309 68 310 67 311 67 312 66 313 64 314 Species. ^ Abies subalpina Abies amabilis Tilia Americana Populus trichocarpa Populus grandidentata . . . . Ficus aurea Tlmya occidentalis Tilia Americana, var. pubescens Abies grandis Bursera gummifera 64 64 63 63 62 61 60 59 51 47 INDEX. Abies amaeilis, 133; tables (398) 152, (380) 156, (385) 161, (24) 1G3, (141) 167, (133) 170, (306) 176. Abies balsamea, 131; tables (395) 152, (409) 157, (410) 162, (183) 164, (274) 168, (250) 171, (291) 175. Abies bracteata, 133 ; tables (397) 152, (192) 155, (194) 160. Abies concolor, 132 ; tables (396) 152, (415) 157, (416) 162, (136) 164, (187) 167, (223) 171, (204) 175. Abies Fraseri, 131 ; tables (392) 151, (417) 157, (418) 162, (110) 164, (228) 168, (268) 171. Abies ffrandis, 132, 133; tables (395) 152, (418) 157, (419) 162, (115) 164, (280) 168, (220) 171, (313) 176. Abies Iludsonicn, 131. Abies ma gnifica, 134; tables (400) 152, (346; 156, (345)161, (247) 165, (189) 167, (171) 170, (256) 175. Abies nobilis, 133; tables (399) 152, (360) 156, (359) 161, (21) 163, (109) 167, (149) 170, (215) 175. Abies subalpina, 132; tables (394) 152, (421) 157, (422) 162, (207) 165, (283) 168, (291) 171, (305) 176. Abietine, 120. Acacia Berlandieri, 33; table (99) 146. Acacia, Green-barked, 30. Acacia Greggii, 33; tables (98) 146, (59) 153, (57) 158, (68) 163, (140) 167, (10) 169. Acacia, Three-thorned, 29. Acacia Wriyhlii, 33; tables (97) 146, (29) 153, (27) 158. Acer circinatum, 21; tables (61) 145, (198) 155, (196) 160, (227) 165, (153) 167, (143) 170, (126) 174. Acer dasycarpum, 22; tables (05) 145, (301) 156, (301)161, (60) 163, (56) 166, (119) 170, (151) 174. Acer glabrum, 21; tables (62) 145, (247) 155, (246) 160. Acer grandidentatum, 21; tables (63) 145, (180) 154, (180) 159. Acer macrophyllum, 20; tables (60) 145, (327) 156, (326) 161, (200) 164, (197) 167, (233) 171, (167) 174. Acer Pennsyhanicum, 20; tables (58) 145, (298) 156, (299) 161. Acer rubruTn,22; tables (66) 145, (240) 155, (239) 160, (123) 164, (126) 167, (136) 170, (157) 174. Acer rubrum, var. Drummondii, 23 ; tables (66^) 145, (285) 155, (284) 160. Acer saccharinurn, 21; tables (64) 145, (178) 154, (175) 159, (9) 163, (21) 106, (32) 169, (71) 173. Acer saccharinurn, var. nigrum, 22; tables (641) 145, (177) 154, (178) 159, (94) 164, (71) 166, (60) 109, (70) 174. Acer spicatum, 20; tables (59) 145, (294)155, (294) 160. Acids, 35. Acorns, edible, 84, 85. Adobe houses, 32, 49. jEsculus Calif ornica, 18; tables (52) 145, (320) 156, (238) 161, (320) 165, (229) 168, (257) 171, (230) 175. ^sculus Jlava, 17; tables (51) 145, (381) 156, (381) 161. jEsculus glabra, 17; tables (50) 145, (363) 156, (363) 161, (249) 165, (279) 168, (287) 171, (296) 176. jEsculus llippocastanum, 17. Africa, 47. Agricultural implements, 61, 72, 78, 81, 84, 87, 93. Alabama, 2, 3, 6, 7, 17, 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 35, 37, 39, 43, 49, 57, 60-62, 65, 68, 71, 72, 75- 77, 80, 83, 84, 86, 88-90, 92, 94, 125, 129. Alaska, 20, 40, 96, 102-104, 107, 108, 120,127- 129, 132. Alder, 98. Alder, Black, 99. Alder, Hoary, 99. Alder, Seaside. 98. Alder, Smooth, 99. Alder, Speckled, 99. Algaroba, 31. Alkali, 22. Alkaloid, 28. Alleghany Mountains, 2, 3, 6, 7, 17, 20, 22, 24, 26, 27, 29, 35, 36, 39, 43, 45, 49, 51, 54, 55, 60, 62, 76, 78, 81, 83, 84, 91, 94, 95, 97, 101, 104, 106, 114, 122-124, 127, 129, 131. 12 178 INDEX. Alleghany Region, 89, 129. Alnus argitta, 1)8. Alnus incana, 99; tables (305) 150, (355) 156, (353) IGl, (71) 163, (122) 167, (295) 171. Alnus incana, var. virescens, 99; tables (305^) 150. Alnus Japonica, 98. Alnus moritima, 98; tables (300) 150, (319) 156, (319) 161. Alnns oblongifolia, 98; tables (303) 150, (402) 156, (403) 161, (205) 165, (196) 167, (300) 172, (292) 175. Alnus rhombifoUa, 98; tables (302) 150, (394) 156, (392) 161, (167) 164, (199) 167, (256) 171, (282) 175. Alnus rubra, 98; tables (301) 150, (336) 156, (337) 161, (77) 163, (129) 167, (198) 171, (222) 175. Alnus serrulata, 99; tables (304) 150, (349) 156, (349) 161. Alpine slopes, 128. Altamaha River, 5. Amelanchier Canadensis, 45; tables (137) 146, (97) 154, (95) 159, (34) 163. (26) 166, (20) 169, (52) 173. Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oblongifolia, 45. Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oligocarpa, 45. Amelanchier Canadensis, var. rotundifolia , 45. America: original trees, 30; tropical, 34, 46, 47, 96. American Crab, 39. American Crab Apple, 39. American Elm, 71. American Holly, 12. American Linden, 6. American Musemn of Natural History, viii. American Oaks, 83, Amyvis sylvatica, 11; tables (30) 144, (13) 153, (11) 158, (67) 163, (2) 166, (9) 169, (6) 173. Anacai-diacece, 24, 25. An£ES(lietics, 320. Anaqua, 65. Andromeda ferrurjinen, 53; tables (165) 147, (119) ]54,' (J18) 359, (186) 164, (204) 168, (U3) 370, (98) 174. Ann, Cape, 1. Anonacece,, 4. Anona laurifoUa, 4; tables (10) 144, (313) 156, (335) 161, (284) 165, (241) 168, (290) 171, (206) 175. Anticosti Island, 40. Anti-periodic bark, 64. Antipyretic, 100. Ant's-wood, 58. Apache Mountains, 37, 86. Apalachicola River, 52, 113, 114, 135. Apple, American Crab, 39. Apple, Custard, 4. Apple, Oregon Crab, 40. Apple, Pond, 4. Apple, Haw, 44. Apple, Seven-3'ear, 52. Apple, Southern Crab, 39. Arbol de Hierro, 27. Arbor-vita?, 106. Arbutus Menziesii, 54; tables (166) 147, (165) 154, (163) 159, (171) 164, (88) 166, (95)170, (117) 174. Arbutus Texana, 54; tables (168) 147, (118) 154, (119) 159. Arbutus Xalapensis, 54 ; tables (167) 147, (164) 154, (159) 159, (257) 165, (238) 168, (209) 171, (79) 174. Arctic Circle, 134. Ardisia Picheringia, 56; tables (173) 147, (58) 153, (60) 158. Arizona, 10, 15, 16, 18, 21, 23, 26, 27, 30-33, 37-39, 48, 54, 57, 61, 62, 66, 75, 77, 82, 85- 87, 92, 98, 100, 103, 105, 106, 109-111, 116- 121, 127, 130, 132, 137. Arizona Mountains, 109, 120. Arkansas, 1-4, 8, 9, 12-15, 18, 23-26, 28-31, 42-45, 50, 52, 53, 55, 57-60, 62, 64, 66, 68- 70, 72, 74, 76-81, 83-85, 90-95, 99, 104, 112, 124. Arkansas River, 28, 79, 122. Arnold Arboretum, viii. Aromatics, 48, 69, 132. Arrow- wood, 14. Arroyos, 27. Arts, 132. Ash, 61. Ash, Black, 63. Ash, Blue, 62. Ash, Green, 62. Ash, Ground, 63. Ash, Hoop, 63. Ash-leaved Maple, 23. Ash, Mountain, 40. Ash, Oregon, 63. Ash, Prickly, 8. Ash, Red, 61. Ash, Sea, 8. Ash, Wafer, 9. Ash, Water, 62. Ash, White, 61. Ash, Yellow, 28. Asimina triloba, 4; tables (9) 144, (403) 156, (404) 161, (289) 165, (302) 168, (315) 172, (298) 176. Aspalaga, Fla., 113. Aspen, 103. Aspen, Quaking, 103. Assinaboine River, 34. Astringents. 24, 25, 40, 59, 129. Athabasca River, 101. Atlantic forests, 35, 36, 42, 45, 49, 75, 83, 97. Atlantic oaks, 88. INDEX. 179 Atlantic Region, 72, 96, 99, 101-103. Atlantic States, 1, 9, 13, 15, 18, 20, 27, 29, 30, 34, 57-59, 61, 05, 72, 83, 80, 90, 94, 97, 112, 122, 123. Avicennid nitlda, 67 ; (Rlnzophora, 07); tables (211) 148, (42) 153, (44) 158. Axe-hanclles, 20, 21, 61, 78. Back, Strong, 65. Bahamas, 7. Bald Cypress, 112. Balms, 105. Balm of Gilead, 104. Balm-of-Gilead Fir, 131. Balm of fir, 132. Balsams, 40. Balsam, 104, 131, 132. Balsam Cottonwood, 105. Balsam Fir, 131, 132. Balsam, She, 131. Banana, Mexican, 137. Bark, Cinnamon, 5. Bark, Georgia, 52. Barrel-hoops, 49, 63. Barrels, 105. Barrington, Fort, 5. Bartram's Oak, 92. Basket Oak, 84. Baskets, 19, 63, 78, 81, 84, Basswood, 6. Basswood, White, 7. Bastard Cedar, 106. Bastard Pine, 126. Bayberry, 80. Bay, Bull, 1. Bay, Loblolly, 5. Bay, Red, 08. Bay, Rose, 55. Bay, Sweet, 1. Bay, Tan, 5. Bav-tree, California, 69. Bay, White, 1. Bayonet, Spanish, 136, 137. Beads, 19. Beams, 32. Bean, Indian, 65. Bean, Screw, 32. Bean Tree, 05. Bearberry, 16. Beard, Okl jMun's, 64, Bear-wood, 16. Beaver Tree, 1. Beech, 94. Beech, Blue, 95. Beech, Water, 75, 95. Beef- wood, 67. Bee Tree, 6. Belle Isle, Straits of, 104. Berry, Tallow, 7. Betulacex^ 95-99. Betula alhn, var. popuUfoHa, 95; tables (294) 149, (267) 155, (265) 160, (221) 165, (146) 167, (267) 171, (203) 175. Betula lentn, 96, 97; tables (299) 150, (110) 154, (108) 159, (10) 163, (10) 166, (34) 169, (97) 174. Betula lutea, 97; tables (297) 149, (204) 155, (200) 160, (3) 163, (5) 100, (33) 169, (169) 174. Betula nigra, 97; tables (298) 149, (266) 155, (267) 160, (58) 163, (69) 166, (166) 170, (201) 175. Betula occidentalism 96; tables (296) 149, (246) 155, (245) 160, (132) 164, (133) 167, (219) 171, (207) 175. Betula papyrifern, 96; tables (205) 140, (251) 155, (249) 160, (18) 163, (38) 166, (115; 170, (200) 175. Big Blackfoot River, 135. Big-bud Hickory, 78. Big Cottonwood, 105. Big Laurel, 1. Big Shell-bark, 78. Big Tree, 112. Big Williams Fork, 10, 48. Bifjnoniaceae, 65, 66. Bill Williams River, 30. Bilsted, 45, Birch, Black, 96, 97. Birch, Canoe, 96. Birch, Cherry, 97. Birch, Gray,' 95, 97. Birch, Mahogany, 97. Birch, oil of, 96, Birch, Old-field, 95. Birch, Paper, 96. Birch, Red, 97. Birch, River, 97. Birch, Sweet, 97. Birch, West Indian, 10. Birch, White, 95, 96. Birch, Yellow, 97. Bird's-eve Maple, 22. Biscavne, Bav, 1, 4, 8, 10, 14, 15, 19, 25, 28, 34, "37, 46-48, 56-58, 67-70, 72-74, 86, 99, 126. Bishop's Pine, 124. Bitter-nut, 79. Bitter Pecan, 79. Bitter Root Mountains, 16, 36, 96, 105, 107, 115, 129, 130, 132. Bitts, 69. Black Alder, 99. Black Ash, 63. Black Birch, 96, 97. Black Calabash-tree, 66. Black Cherry, Wild, 36. Black Cottonwood, 105, Black Cypress, 112. Black Gum, 50. Black Haw, 52. 180 INDEX. Black Hickory, 78, 79. Black Hills, 71, 74, 96, 105, 119, 127. Black Iron-wood, 15. Black Jack, 80, 90. Black Jack, Forked-leaf, 90. Black Larch, 134. Black Locust, 26, 29. Black Mangrove, 67, Black Oak, 87-89. Black Persimmon, 59. Black Pine, 120. Black Sloe, 35. Black Spruce, 126, 127. Black Thorn, 42. Black Tree, 67. Black AValnut, 46, 76. Black AYillow, 99. Black-wood, 67. Bladder-diseases, 96. Blinds, 115. Blocks, 72, 75. Blood-impurities, 99. Blue Ash, 62. Blue Beech, 95. Blue Jack, 92. Blue Mountains, 38, 51, 98, 110, 116, 130, 132, 134. Blue Myrtle, 16. Blue Oak, 85. Blue Ri^•er, 22. Blue Spruce, 128. Blue -wood, 15. Boarding, 46. Boat-buijding, 3, 28, 34, 57, 71, 74, 107, 108, 128. Boilers, 32, Bo is d'Arc, 74. Books referred to, 143. Borraginacece, 64, 65. Bottom Shell-bark, 78. Bourreria Bavanensis, 65 ; tables (204) 148, (84) 154, (91) 159, (102) 164, (75) 166, (48) 169, (46) 173. Bourreria Bavanensis, var. radula, 65. BoA\-s, Indian, 49, 113. Box Elder, 23. Boxwood, 14, 49 ; substitute for, 55, 59. Brazil, 4, 9, 10, 11, 34, 46, 55-57, 67, 68. Brazos River, 1, 8, 17, 29-31, 49, 50, 64, 69, 78, 80, 81, 90, 92, 136. Brick-baking, 99. Brickley Thatch, 136. Bridge-timbers, 72. Bristol, Fla., 113, 114 British America, 6, 51, 103. British Columbia, 20, 21, 40, 41, 51, 54, 96, 98-100, 104, 105, 107, 108, 111, 113, 115, 116, 119, 127, 129, 130, 132-134. Brittle Thatch, 136. Broad-leaved Maple, 20. Brooms, 20. Brown Hickory, 79. Buckeye, California, 18. Buckeye, Fetid, 17. Buckeye, Ohio, 17. Buckeye, Spanish, 18. Buckeye, Sweet, 17. Buckthorn, Southern, 58. Buckwheat Tree, 13. Bull Bay, 1. Bull-nut. 78. Bull Pine, 119-121, 124. Bumelia cuneata, 58; tables (182) 147, (89) 154, (94) 159, (260) 165, (273) 168, (125) 170, (49) 173. Bumelia lanuginosa, hi; tables (179) 147, (205) 155, (208) 160, (288) 165, (303) 168, (252) 171, (171) 174. Bumelia hjcioides, 58; tables (181) 147, (125) 154, (128) 159, (199) 164, (261) 168, (111) 170, (104) 174. Bumelia hjcioides, var. reclinatum, 58. Bumelia spinosa, 57; tables (180) 147, (199) 155, (203) 160. Bumelia tenax, 57; tables (178) 147, (142) 154, (142) 159, (209) 165, (207) 168, (150) 170, (152) 174. Bum-wood, 25. Burning Bush, 14. Bur Oak, 82. Burseracece, 10, 11. Bursera qummifera, 10; tables (29) 144, (426) 157, (427) 1G2, (300) 165, (310) 168, (317) 172, (314) 176. Bush, Burning, 14. Bustic, 57. Butchers' blocks, 75. Butter-tubs, 133. Butternut, 76. Button-ball Tree, 75. Button-moulds, 97. Buttons, 19. Buttonwood, 46, 75. Buttonwood, White, 47. Byrsonima lucida, 7; tables (19) 144, (256) 155, (266) 160, (279) 165, (296) 168, (218) 171, (113) 174. Cabbage Palmetto, 135. Cabbage Tree, 135. Cabinet-work, 1, 2, 11, 12, 22-24, 29, 36, 46, 50, 57, 61, 63, 66, 68, 69, 76, 77, 81, 94, 107, 111, 114. Cactacece, 48, 49. Cactus, Giant, 48. Cagiput, 69. Calabash-tree, Black, 66. CalaA^eras County, 115. Calaveras Grove, 112. Calico-bush, 55. Calico-wood, 60. i INDEX. 181 California, 6. 16, 18, 20, 21, 23, 26, 27, 30-33, 30-41, 44, 49, 51, 54, 03, 00, 09, 73, 75, 77, 80, 81, 80, 87-89, 93, 90, 98-103, 105-122, 124, 128, 130-135, 137. (Often indicating limit of distribution.) California Bay-tree, 69. California Buckeye, 18. California Coast, 93. California Holly, 44. California laurel, 69. California Nutmeg, 114. California Olive, 09. California Sierras, 89, 110, 115, 117, 121, 130. Caloosa Kiver, 4, 10, 11, 14, 22, 47, 50, 58, 62, 79, 99. Cahjptranthes CJnjtrnculia, 47; tables (143) 147, (49) 153, (49) 158. Campo, 116. Canada Plum, 34. Canadian Balsam, 132. Canaveral, Cane, 4, 10, 15, 34, 45-47, 56, 57, 62, 64, 60-08, 71, 78, 79, 125, 126. Candles, 80. CcinellacevR^ 5. Canella alba, 5; tables (12) 144, (18) 153, (18) 158, (56) 163, (53) 166, (6) 169, (5) 173. Canes, 27, 70. Canoe Cedar, 107. Canoe Birch, 96. Canoes, 96, 107. Canons, 27. Canotia holocantha, 10; tables (27) 144, (182) 154, (204) 100. Cape Fear River, 1, 72. Capparidacece, 4. Capparis Jamnicensis, 4; tables (11) 144, (169) 154, (195) 160. Caprifoliacece, 51, 52. Caranna, remedy, 10. Carbo-hydrogen, 120. Carmelo Point, 108. Carolina Poplar, 105. Carpinus Caroliniana, 95; tables (293^ 14D, (144) 159, (44) 163, (22) 160, (103) 170, (110) 174. Carriages, 6, 61, 63, 78, 81, 82. Carya alba, 77; tables (242) 148, (64) 153, (63) 158, (12) 163, (12) 166, (30) 169, (65) 173. Carya alba, var. microcarpa, 78. Carya amarn, 79; tables (246) 149, (114) 154, (117) 159, (92) 164, (32) 166, (83) 170, (83) 174. Carya aquatica, 79; tables (248) 149, (134) 154, (136) 159, (98) 164, (99) 167, (116) 170, (58) 173. Carya myristicceformis, 79; tables (247) 149, (87) 154, (80) 159, (8) 163, (1) 166, (28) 169, (37) 173. Carya ollvceformis, 77; tables (241) 148, (155) 154, (158) 159, (245) 165, (254) 108, (173) 170, (90) 174. Carya porcina, 79; tables (245) 149, (76) 15.1, (75) 158,(89) 163,(44) im, (47) 169, (44) 173. Carya sulcata, 78; tables (243) 148, (82) 154, (81) 159, (84) 163, (34) 166, (54) 169, (48> 173. Carya tomentosa, 78; tables (244) 148, (75/ 153, (76) 158, (42) 163, (28) 166, (39) 169, (54) 173. Cascade Mountains, 21, 37, 40, 41, 49, 63, 81, 93, 102, 100, 108, 110, 115, 110, 122, 127, 130, 132-135. (Often indicating limit of distribution.) Cascara sagrada, 16. Cassada, 57. Cassena, 12. Custanta pumila, 94; tables (289) 149, (57) 155, (253) 100, (47) 103, (05) 100, (105) 170, (218) 175. Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana, 94 ; tables (290) 149, (300) 150, (305) 101, (160) 164. (192) 187, (34) 171, (239) 174. Casianojisis chrysophylh, 93; tables (288) 149, (280) 155, (280) 100, (99) 164, (105) 167, (170) 170, (217)175. Castle, Lake, 108. Catalpa, 05. . Cat'ilpa bignonioides, 65; tables (206) 148, (309) 150, (309) 161, (239) 165, (248) 168, (251) 171, (285) 175. Catalpa speciosn, 06; tables (207) 148, (388) 156, (388) 161, (181) 164, (230) 168, (203) 171, (265) 175. Catalpa, Western, 66. Catarrh, 46, 132. Catawba, 65. Cathartics, 8, 14, 76. Cat's Claw, 33, 34. Cattle, food for, 7. Caximbas Bay, 10, 11, 19, 24, 34. Ceanothus Americano, 10. Ceanothus thyrsi florus, 16; tables (48) 145, (268) 155, (209) 100. Cedar, Bastard, 106. Cedar, Canoe, 107. Cedar Elm, 70. Cedar, Incense, 106. Cedar Keys, 12, 18, 46, 47, 57, 58, 67, 135. Cedar, Oregon, 108. Cedar Pine, 125. Cedar, Port Orford, 108. Cedar, Post, 106. Cedar, Red, 107, 111. Cedar, Stinking, 114. Cedar, White, 106-108. Celastracece, 14. Celtis Mississippiensis, var. crassifolia, 73. Celtis Mississippierisis, var. integrifolia, 73. Celtis Mississippiensi^, var. Icevigata, 73. Celtis occidentalis, 72; tables (228) 148, (144) 154, (140) 159, (235) 105, (142) 167, (180) 171, (107) 174. 182 INDEX. Celtis occidentaUs, var. retlculatay 73 ; tables (2281) 148, (U7) 154, (151) 159, (150) 1G4, <134) 167, (1G8) 170, (59) 173. Census, Vol. IX., 141-U3. Central America, 11, 68, 70. Cercis Canadensis, 31; tables (91) 146, (225) 155, (225) 160, (234) 165, (173) 167, (130) 170, (148) 174. Cercis renifovmis, 31; tables (92) 146, (116) 154, (120) 159. Cercocarpus ledifoUus, 38; tables (115) 146, (10) 153, (8) 158, (25) 169, (8) 173. Co-cocarpus parviJ'oUus, 39 ; tables (116) 146, (30) 153, (28) 158. Cereus giganieus, 48 ; tables (149) 147, (424) 157, (426) 162. Chairs, 71, 88, 95. Clialeur, Bay of, 95. GhamoiCjjparis Laivsoniana, 108; tables (331) 150, (352) 156, (350) 161, (31) 163, (97) 167, (135) 170, (275) 175. Chamcecgparis Nutkaensis, 108; tables (330) 150, (338) 156, (338) 161, (93) 164, (135) 167, (146) 170, (248) 175. Chamcecijparis sphceroidea, 108; tables (329) 150, (423) 157, (424) 162, (302) 165, (289) 168, (309)172, (301) 176. Champlain, Lake, 23, 62, 82, 84, 105. Chaparral, 15. Chapote, 59. Charcoal, 28, 32, 38, 47, 117, 118, 123, 124, 128. Charlotte Harbor, 12. Chattahoochee, 114. Cherokee County, N. C, 28. Cherry, 5G. Cherry Birch, 97. Cherry brandy, 36. Cherry, Indian, 15. Cherry, May, 45. Cherr}', Pigeon, 35. Cherry, Pin, 35. Cherry, Rum, 36. Cherry, Wild, 37. CherrV, Wild Black, 36. Cherry, Wild Red, 35. Chester County, Pa., 78. Chestnut, 94. ' Che.stnut Oak, 84, 93. Chestnut Onk, Rock, 84. Celfisjmmilrf, 73. Chickasaw Plum, 35. Chihuahua, 120. Chilopsis saJigna, 66; tables (208) 148, (254) 155, (254) 160, (274) 165, (253) 168, (292) 171, (188) 175. China, Wild, 18. Chincapin, 85. Chinquapin, 93, 94. Chinquapin *Oak, 84. Chionanthus Virfjinica, 64; tables (200) 148, (224) 155, (221) 160. Chittam-wood, 24. Chrysobalanus Icaco, 34; tables (102) 146, (102) 154, (104) 159, (61) 103, (72) 166, (102) 174. Chrysojihyllum oUviforme, 56; tables (175) 147, (32) 153, (32) 158, (54) 1G3, (111) 167, (36)169, (18)173. Churchill, Cape, 126, 127, 134. Cigar Tree, 65. Cinchona Bark, 17, 52. Cinnamon bark, 5. Cinnamon, Wild, 5. Citharexylum villosum. 66; tables (210) 148, (54) 153, (50) 158, (26) 163, (77) 166, (14) 169, (40) 173. Cladrastis iinctoria, 28; tables (82) 145, (235) 155, (230) 160, (101) 164, (92) 167, (74) 169, (147) 174. Clammy Locust, 27. Clapboards, 46, 88, 91, 93. Clark's Fork, 115. Claw, Cat's, 33, 34. Clear Creek, 98. Clear Lake, 109. Cleats, 69. Cliff Elm, 71. CliJ'tonia ligustnna, 13; tables (38) 145, (238) 155, (237) 160, (197) 164, (271) 168, (244) 171, (184) 174. Clusiajiava, 5; table (13) 144. Coahuila, 21. Coast Live Oak, 87. Coast Ranges, 16, 18, 23, 36, 38, 39. 44, 49, 54, 63, 69, 75, 77, 85, 87-89, 93, 98, 101, 106-109, 112, 113, 115, 116, 120-122, 124, 130, 133. (Often indicating limit of dis- tribution.) Coccoloba Floridana, 67; tables (213) 148, (20) 153, (25) 158, (49) 163, (83) 166, (7) 169, (16) 173. Coccoloba urifera, 68; tables (214) 148, (22) 153, (21) 158, (311) 172. Cock spur Thorn, 42. Cocoa Plum, 34. Cceurd'Alene Mountains, 38,107, 115,130,132. Coffee, substitute for, 29. Coffee-nut, 29. Coffee-tree, Kentucky, 29. Coffins, 113. Colorado, 21, 27, 31, 34, 35, 39, 41, 58, 60, 82, 85, 100, 105, 106, 110, 111, 117-119, 121, 128, 130-133, 137. Colorado Desert, 26, 30. Colorado River, 12, 13, 18, 27, 30-32, 41-43, 52, 62, 63, 74, 77, 91, 100, 111, 122, 135. (Often indicating limit of distribution.) Colubrina reclinata, 17; tables (49) 145, (77) 153, (80) 158, (108) 164, (9) 166. Columbia, District of, 39. Columbian Basin, 135. Columbia River, 100, 105, 128, 133, 134. INDEX. 183 Combretacece, 46, 47. Commerce, G'J, 77, 78. Compression, longitudinal, 169-172. Concho River, 34, 59, 77. Condalla/errea, L5; tables (43) 145, (1) 153, (1) 158, (45) 163, (90) 167, (5) 169, (;J) 173. Condalia obovata, 15; tables (44) 145, (2) 153, (5) 158. Coniferce, 106-134. Co7iife>-ce, North American, 111. Connecticut, 45, 52, 58, 104. Connecticut River, 91, 101. Conocarpus erecta, 46; tables (141) 147, (17) 153, (16) 158, (95) 164, (76) 166, (35) 169, (22) 173. Construction, 26, 29, 46, 81, 82, 84,90, 91,93, 112, 118, 127, 128, 131. Cooperage, 23, 63, 69, 71, 74, 81, 82, 84, 85, 88, 90, 91, 107, 112, 115, 128, 132. Coos Bay, 108. Coquille River, 20. Coral Sumach, 25. Cordage, 6. Cordia Boissieri, 64; tables (203) 148, (190) 155, (198) 160. Cordia Sebestena, 64 ; tables (202) 148, (163) 154, (184) 159. Cork Elm, 71. Cork, substitute for, 51. Cork-wood, 67. Cornacece, 49-51. Cornus alternifoUa, 49; tables (150) 147, (196) 155, (192) 160. Cornus fiorida, 49; tables (151) 147, (79) 153, (77) 158, (182) 164, (91) 167, (75) 169, (43) 173. Cornus Nuttallii, 49; tables (152) 147, (122) 154, (121) 159, (91) 164, (64) 166, (24) 169, (82) 174. Corpus Christi, 65. Corpus Christi River, 30. Costa Rica, 86. Cotton-gum, 45, 50. Cottonwood, 105, 106. Cottonwood, Balsam, 105. Cottonwood, Big, 105. Cottonwood, Black, 104, 105. Cottonwood, River, 104. Cottonwood, Swamp, 104. Cough-mixtures, 35. Cow Oak, 84. Crab, American, 39. Crab Apple, American, 39. Crab Apple, Oregon, 40. Crab Apple, Southern, 39. Crab, Sweet-scented, 39. Crab-wood, 70. Cratcegus cestimUs, 44; tables (134) 146, (205) 155, (201) 100, (263) 165, (183) 167, (160) 170, (99) 174. Cratcerjys npitfolia, 43; tables (131) 146, (127) 154, (134) 159. Crat(Bfjus arborescens, 41; tables (125) 146, (213) 155, (210) 160, (195) 164, (235) 168, (102) 170, (146) 174. Cratcegus berberif (Ala, 44; table (133) 140. Cratcegus brack ijacanthn, 41; tables (124) 146, (189) 155, (186) 159. Cratcegus coccinea, 42; tables (127) 146, (56) 153, (54) 158. Cratcegus cordata, 43; tables (130) 140, (143) 154, (140) 159. Cratcegus Crus-galli, 42; tables (120) 146, (153) 154, (154) 159, (240) 165, (218) 168, (176) 170, (114) 174. Cratcegus Douglasil, 41; tables (123) 146, (172) 154, (169) 159. Cratcegus flava, 44; tables (135) 146, (98) 154, (97) 159. Cratcegus flava, var. pubescens, 44; tables (1351) 146, (105) 154, (106) 159, (231) 165, (175) 167, (81) 170, (34) 173. Cratcegus rivularis, 41; tables (122) 146. (103) 154," (100) 159. Cratcegus sjxithulata, 43; tables (132) 146, (158) 154, (157) 159, (243) 165, (276) 168, (145) 170, (106) 174. Cratcegus subvillosa, 42 ; tables (128) 146, (90) 154,' (89) 159, (141) 164, (169) 167, (71) 169, (68) 173. Cratcegus tomentosa, 42; tables (129) 146, (113) 154, (112) 159, (219) 165, (184) 167, (159) 170, (84) 174. Cratcegus tomentosa, var. punctata^ tables (1291) 146, (103) 159. Crescentia cucurbitina, GQ; tables (209)148, (231) 155, (235) 160. Cretaceous formations, 82. Cross-trees, 69. Cuba, 7. Cucumber Tree, 2. Cucumber Tree, Large-leaved, 2. Cucumber Tree, Long-leaved, 3. Cumberland County, X. J., 92. Cumberland Mountains, 24. Cumberland River, 23. Cupressus Goveniana, 109; tables (333) 150, (348) 150, (348) 161, (285) 165, (268) 168, (254) 171, (154) 174. Cupressus Guadalupensls, 109; tables (335) 150, (333) 156, (333) 161. Cupressus Macnabiana, 109; table (334) 150. Cupressus macrocarjia, 108 ; tables (332) 150, (236) 155, (236) 160, (74) 163, (45) 166, (86) 174. Cupuliferoi, 80-95. Curled Maple, 22. Custard Apple, 4. Cuyamaca Mountains, 98, 106, 115, 121, 131. Cyllene picta (locust-borer), 27. Cypress, Bald, 112. 184 INDEX. Cypress, Black, 112. Cypress, Deciduous, 112. Cj'press, Lawson's, 108. Cypress, Monterey, 108. Cypress Point, 108. C3'press, Red, 112. Cypress, Sitka, 108. Cypress swamps, 59. Cypi'ess, White, 112. Cypress, Yellow, 108. Cyrilla rncemi/lora, 13; tables (37) 145, (191) 155, (187) 159, (286) 165, (305) 168. CyrillacecB, 13. D^DALIA, 112. DcBclalla vorax, 106. Dahoon, 12. Dahoon Hollv, 12. Dakota, 6, 22, 34, 36, 71, 72, 74, 96, 105, 119, 127. Dalea spijiosa, 26; tables (76) 145, (282) 155, (293) 160. Darling Plum, 14. Davenport, Iowa, 114. Debility, 104. Deciduous Cypress, 112. Decoctions, 40, 45, 49, 64, 89, 111. Delaware, 39, 59, 63, 76, 78, 83, 84, 88, 91, 94, 95, 97, 98, 101, 112, 122, 129. Desert Willow, 66. Devil's River, 32, 33, 61, 72, 75. Devil-wood, 64. Diamond Willow, 102. Diarrhoea, 16, 40, -59, 99. Digger Pine, 121. Dilly, Wild, 58. Diospyros Texana, 59; tables (185) 147, (62) 153, (73) 158. Diospyros Virglniana, 58; tables (184) 147, (93) 154, (92) 159, (198) 164, (102) 167, (94) 170, (32) 173. DlphoUs salicifolia, 57; tables (177) 147, (35) 153, (30) 158, (16) 163, (23) 166, (12) 169, (57) 173. District of Columbia, 39, 91. Diuretics, 25, 108, 111. Doctor-gum. 25. Dogwood, 49. Dogwood, Flowering, 49. Dogwood, Jamaica, 28. Dogwood, Striped, 20. Door-blinds, 115. Douglas Fir, 130. Downward Plum, 58. Drypetes crocea, 70; tables (219) 148, (39) 153, (52) 158, (83) 163, (138) 167, (27) 169, (25) 173. Drypetes crocea, var. Intifolia, 70 ; tables (2191) 148, (33) 153, (55) 158, (174) 164, (186) 167, (85)170, (14) 173. Drypetes (/lauca, 70. Dry rot, 106. Duck Oak, 91. Dunnage of vessels, 128. Dwarf Maple, 21. Dwarf Sumach, 24. Dyes, 24, 25, 28, 60, 76, 89. Dysentery, 80. Dyspepsia, 10, 16. Eagle Mountains, 54. Eastern States, 89. Eastern White Oak, 81. Eastern White Pine, 115. EbenacecB, 58, 59. Edible seeds, 117, 118, 121. Ehrelica elUptica, 65; tables (205) 148, (214) 155, (218) 160, (304) 165, (177) 167, (226) 171, (93) 174. Elastic, Gum, 57. Elasticity, tables, 163-165. Elder, 51. Elder, Box, 23. Elder, Poison, 25. Elemi, Gum, 10. Elk-wood, 3. Elm, American, 71. Elm, Cedar, 70. Elm, Cliff, 71. Elm, Cork, 71. Elm, Hickory, 71. Elm, Moose, 71. Elm, Red, 71. Elm, Rock, 71. Elm, Slippery, 6, 71. Elm, Water, 71. Elm, White, 71. Elm, Winged, 71. Emetics, 13, 25, 27. Empyreumatic oil, 96. Enceno, 87. Engravhig, 55. (See Wood-engraving.) Ericacem, 53-55. Erie, Lake, 39, 55, 75-78, 80, 84. Eugenia buxifoUa, 47; tables (144) 147, (31) 153, (6) 163, (33) 158, (39) 166, (1) 169, (15) 173. Eugenia dichpioma, 47; tables (145) 147, (50) 153, (43) 158. Eugenia longipes, 48; tables (147) 147, (6) 153, (7) 158. Eugenia monticola, 48 : tables (146) 147, (41) 153, (39) 158, (69) 163, (17) 166, (58) 169, (13) 173. Euf/enia procera, 48; tables (148) 147, (27) 153, (38) 163, (16) 166, (18) 169, (10) 173, (34) 158. Euonymus atropurpureus, 14 ; tables (39) 145, (201) 155, (197) 160. Euphorbiacece, 70. INDEX. 185 Europe, 99. ' Everglades, 4, 34, 4G, 47. Extracts, 45. Exosttma Caribctum, 52; tables (IGO) 147, (36) 153, (29) 158, (35) 103, (58) IGG, (8) 109, (7) 173. Eystnhardtia orthocarpa, 26 ; tables (75) 145, (52) 153, (53) 158. Facjus fkhkuginea, 94; tables (291) 149, (184) 154, (181) 159, (32) 1G3, (24) 1G6, (120) 170, (135) 174. Fairlield County, Conn., 45. Fan-loaf Palm, 135. Farkle-berry, 53. Faxon, C E., viii. Febrifuges, 100. (See Fevers.) Fellies, for wheels, 32, 93. Fence-boards, 105. Fence-posts, 29, 05, GO, 69, 75, 102, 108, 113, 114, 134. Fencing, 32, 49, 03. 71, 73, 74, 81, 82, 84, 85, 94, 97, 107, 110-112, 117, 120, 128. Fetid Buckeye, 17. Fevers, 17, 49, 52, 04, 104. Ficusaurea, 73; tables (229) 148, (429) 157, (429) 162, (310) 105, (308) 108, (310) 172, (310) 170. Ficus brev'i folia, 73; tables (230) 148, (220) 155, (210) 175, (240) 100. Ficus pedunculaia, 73; tables (231) 148, (342) 150, (362) 101, (301) 165, (309) 108, (299) 172. Fiddle-wood, 00. Fig, Wild, 73. Fir, Balm-of-Gilead, 131. Fir, Balsam, 131, 132. Fir, Douglas, 130. Fir, Red, 130, 133, 134. Fir, White, 132. Fir, Yellow, 130, 131. Fishes, poison for, 28. Fish-hooks, 113. Fishing-nets, 21. Flathead Lake, 16, 96. Flathead Region, 127. Flathead River, 98, 115, 135. Floats, 51. Floornig. 2, 22, 63, 71, 103, 108. 118. Florida, 1, 3-15, 17-19,22-25, 28-32, 34-37, 39, 41-50, 52-84, 80, 88-95, 97, 99, 100, 105, 107, 111-114, 123-120, 135, 136. (Mostly relating to limit of distribution.) Florida Coast, 80. Florida Keys, 80. Flour, 32. Flowering Dogwood, 49. Fodder, 32. Forestiera acuminata, 63; tables (199) 148, (228) 155. (226) 160, (233)105, (182)107, (210) 171, (101) 174. Fork-leaved Black Jack, 90. Foulweather, Cape, 80. Foxtail Pine, 118. Franklinia, 5. Fraser River, 21, 35, 36, 51, 96, 98, 105, 133. Fruxinus Americana, 61; tables (192) li"', (200) 155, (205) 100, (97) 164, (110) 167, (68) 169, (137) 170, (160) 174. Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis, 61 ; tables (192) 147, (109) 154, (109) 159, (73) 163, (29) 166, (129) 174. Fraxinus anomala, GO; tables (190) 147, (200) 155, (199) 160. Fraxinus Greijijii, 60; tables (189) 147, (94) 154, (93) 159. Fraxinus Orcf/ana, 63; tables (197) 148, (269) 155, (268) 160, (164) 164, (210) 1G8, (84) 170, (165) 174. Fraxinus pistacicefolia, 61; tables (191) 147, (188) 154, (419) 157, (185) 159, (261) 165, (234) 168, (227) 171, (115) 174. Fraxinus ijistacicefolia, var. coriacea, 61. Fraxinus platycarpa, 62; tables (195) 148, (420) 102, (290) 105, (209) 168, (312) 172, (193) 175. Fraxinus pubescens, 61; tables (193) 147, (237) 155, (233) 160, (188) 164, (105) 167, (169) 170, (120) 174. Fraxinus quadrangulata, 62; tables (19G) 148, (154) 154, (156) 159, (202) 105, (128) 107, (100) 170, (101) 174. Fraxinus sambucifolia, 03; tables (198) 148, (232) 155, (229) IGO, (148) 164, (131) 167, (183) 170, (137)174. Fraxinus viridis, 61, 62; tables (194) 148, (162) 154, (160) 159, (40) 164, (95) 167, (120) 170, (105) 174. Fraxinus viridis, var. Berlandieriana, 62; tables (194) 148, (263) 155, (264) 160. Frigolito, 28. Fringe Tree, 64. Fuel, 13, 22, 28, 32, 38, 39, 46, 47, 55, G3, 70, 77, 81, 82. 84, 85, 88-91. 95-97, 103, 105, 110, 111, 117-119, 121-123, 125, 128, 131, 134, 135. Fuel value, 141-143, 158-102. Furniture, 0, 20, 22, 23, 32, 63, 73, 75, 97,98, 106, 108. Geiger Tree, 64. Genesee River, 84. Genipa clusioe folia, 52; tables (162) 147, (14) 153, (14) 158. Georgia, 2, 5, 6, 13, 17, 20, 23-26, 43, 49-52, 55, 57, 63,65, 76, 80, 83, 92, 104, 114, 122. (Relating generall_v to limit of distribution.) Georgia Bark, 52. Georgian Bay, 95, 111. Georgia Pine, 125. Giant Cactus, 48 186 INDEX. Gila River, 10, 26, 27, 30, 32, 38, 74. Gilead, Balm of, 104, 131. Ginger Pine, 108. Glambevrv, 7. Glass-factories, 50. Glaucous "Willow, 101. Gleditschia imwosperma, 30; tables (87) 146, (137) 154, (138) 159, (39) 163, (52) 160, (44) 169, (55) 173. Gleditschia triacanthos, 29; tables (86) 145, (193) 155. (190) 160, (66) 163, (81) 166, (99) 170, (164) 174. Gleditschia triacanthos, var. inermis, 29. Gold Range, 115, 129, 134. Goose-foot Maple, 20. Gopher Plum, 50. Gopher-wood, 28. Gordonia Lasianthus, 5: tables (14) 144, (344) 150, (193) 164, (344) 161, (209) 168, (225) 171, (253) 175. Gordonia pubescens, 5; table (15) 144. Gout, 8, 10, 96, 100. Graham, Mount, 127. Grand Rapids, 102. Grand River, 24. Grape, Sea, 68. Grape sugar, 32. Gray Birch, 95, 97. Gray Pine, 125. Great Basin, 38, 110, 117, 118. Great Bear Lake, 96, 103, 104, 125, 131, 134. Great Laurel, 55. Green Ash, 62. Green-barked Acacia, 30. Ground Ash, 63. Guadalupe Island, 109. Guadalupe Mountains, 37, 54, 84, 86, 115, 130. Guadalupe River, 8, 18, 26, 33, 37, 59, 65, 71, 99, 136. Guaiac, 8. Guaiacum officinale, 7. Guaiacum sanctum, 7; tables (20) 144, (4) 153. (3) 158, (154) 164, (143) 167, (11) 1.69, (1) 173. Guaiacum-wood, 7, 8. Guettarda elliptica, 53; tables (163) 147, (68) 153, (70) 158. Guiana Plum, 70. Gulf Coast, 37, 50, 86, 92, 107, 126, 135. Gulf States, 1, 3, 8, 12, 13, 15, 23, 30, 36, 43, 44, 50, 53, 58-00, 62-64. 68, 72, 78, 80, 84, 90, 91, 93, 97, 104, 107, 111, 112, 122, 124- 126. (Often marking limit of distribution.) Gums, 25, 50. Gum-arabic, 32, 33. Gum, Black, 50. Gumbo Limbo, 10. Gum Cotton, 50. Gum Elastic, 57. Gum Elemi, 10. Gum, Red, 45. Gum, Sour, 50. Gum, Sweet, 45. Gum, Tupelo, 50. Gunpowder, 54, 99. Gunstocks, 23, 28, 77. Gurgeon Stopper, 47. , Guttiferce, 5. Gymnocladus Canadensis, 29; tables (85) 145, (175) 154, (173) 159, (82) 163, (149) 167, (211) 171, (170) 174. Hackberry, 72. Hackmatack, 134. linematuria, 99. Halesia diptera, 00; tables (187) 147, (270) 155, (270) 160, (236) 165, (112) 167, (172) 170, (132) 174. Halesia tetraptera, 60; tables (188) 147, (277) 155, (277) 160. Halifax Bay, 123. Ilamamelacece, 45, 46. Hamamelis Vinjinica, 45; tables (138) 146, (185) 154, (182) 159. Handles, 19--21, 39, 50, 53, 54, 59, 61, 62, 95. H ird Maple, 21. Hard Pine, 125. Hats, wooden, 17. Haw, Apple, 44. Haw, Black, 52. Haw, Hog's, 41. Haw, May, 44. Haw, Parsley, 43. Haw, Pear, 42. Haw, Purple, 15. Haw, Red, 42, 44. Haw, Scarlet, 42. Haw, Small-fruited, 43. Haw, Summer, 44. Haw, Yellow, 44. Hays County, Texas, 54. Hazel, Witch, 45. " Heart-wood, 59. Hedges, 74. Hemlock, 129. Hemorrhage, 59, 89. Hernando County, Fla., 23. Heteromeles arhutifolia, 44; tables (136) 146, (34) 153, (31) 158. Hickory, Big-bud, 78. Hickory, Black, 78, 79. Hickory, Brown, 79. Hickory Elm, 71. " Hickory, Nutmeg, 79. Hickory, Pine, 118, 124. Hickory, Shag-bark, 77. Hickory, Shell-bark, 77. Hickory, Swamp, 79. Hickory, Switch-bud, 79. Hickory, Water, 79. Hickory, White-heart, 78. INDEX. 187 ffierro, Arbol de, 27. High Mountains, 131. Jlippomane Mancinella, 70; tables (221) U8, (2G4) 155, (283) IGO. Iloaiv Alder, 99. Hog Plum, 11, 25, 35. Hog's Haw, 41. Holly, American, 12. Holly, California, 44. Holly, Dahoon, 12. Honey, 6. Honey Locust, 29, 31. Honey Pod, 31. Honey Shucks, 29. Hoop Ash, 63. Hoop-poles, 9G. Hoops, 49, 03, 79. Hop Hornbeam, 95. Hops, substitute for, 10. Hop Tree, 9. Hornbeam, 95. Hornbeam, Hop, 95. Horse Plum, 34. Horse Sugar, 59. Hot Spring jMountains, 63. Hot Spring Valley, 20. House-flies, poison for, 29. Hubs, 49, 50, 71, 72, 97. Hudson's Bay (Hudson Bav), 35, 45, 51, 96, 103, 104, 125, 120, 131, 134'. (Often marking limit of distribution.) Hupiber River, 39. Humboldt County. Cal., 109. Humboldt Range, 21. Hummocks, 47, 53, 80, 91, 125. Huron, Lake, 20, 40. 82, 94, 95, 97, 99. Hydrocyanic acid, 11, 30. Hypdate. panicidoin, 19; tables (50) 145, (23) 153, (23) 158, (59) 103, (14) 100, (21) 109. Hypelate trifoUata, 19; tables (57) 145, (43) 153, (40) 158, (104) 170, (17) 173. Idaho, 10, 21, 36, 38, 41, 98, 102, 104, 107, 113, 115, 119, 121, 129, 130, 132. Ilex Casslne, 12; tables (35) 145, (148) 154, (47) 159. Jlex Dahoon, 12; tables (34) 144, (337) 156, (339) 161, (257) 168, (263) 171, (225) 175. JJex Dahoon, var. anejusti folia, 12. Jlex Dahoon, var. mi/rtifolla, 12; tables (34) 144. (258) 155, (258) 100, (252) 105. Jlex decniua, 13; tables (36) 145, (132) 154, (135) 159, Jlex opaca, 12; tables (33) 144, (201) 155, (15G) 174, (2G1) 100, (250) 105, (195) 107, (188) 171. Jlirin, 12. Jlicinece, 12, 13. niinois, 2, 7, 13, 15, 30, 35, 39, 43, 4.5, 50,63, 57, 58, GO, 03, 06, 72, 77, 78, 83, 84, 90, 94, 90, 103, 104, lOG, 112, 114, 124, 134. (Often indicating limit of distribution.) Illinois Nut, 77. Indentation, power to resist, 173-176. Lidiana, 7, 12, 30, 45, 51, 00, 72, 77, 78, 83, 84, 89, 90, 94, 97, 104, 112, 123, 134. (Often indicating limit of distribution.) Indian Bean, 05. Indian Cherry, 15. Indian Peninsula. 11. Indian River, 22, 5.5-58, 73. India-rubber Tree, 73. Indians: Coast, 21; tlour, 32; dried fruit, 49; manufactures, 113; canoes, 107; food, 118. Indian Territory, 0, 9, 15, 17, 22, 24, 2G, 29, 31, 30, 39, 42,^45, 52, 58, 01, 09, 71, 72, 74, 76-79, 82, 84, 88-90, 95, 97, 98, 103, 111, 124. (Often indicating limit of distribution.) Infusions, 36, 40, 52. Ink-wood, 19. Inlaying, 24, Insecticide, 108. Interior finish, 23, 36, 61, 63, 66, 68, 69, 76, 77, 81, 88, 100-108, 111, 114, 115, 128, 1-32. Intermittent fever, 49, 52, 04, 104. (See Fevers.) Invo Mountains, 116. Iowa, 4, 17, 35, 39, 58, 62, 69, 71, 76, 77, 83, 88, 95, 97, 102, 114. Ithaca, N. Y., 23. Iron Mountain, 13. Iron Oak, 82. Iron-wood, 13, 19, 27, 58. Iron-wood, Black, 15. Iron-wood, Red, 14. Iron-wood, White, 19, 95. Islav, 38. Ivy] 55. Jack, Black, 89, 90. Jack, Blue, 92. Jack, Fork-leaved Black, 90. Jack Oak, 89. Jack, Sand, 92. Jacquinia n7'mUla7'is, 56; tables (174) 147, (173) 154, (189) 160. Jamaica Dogwood, 28. Jiimes Bay, 40, 106. Japan, 98. Jaws, for ships, 69. Jersey Pine, 123. Jcsup, Morris K., vii, viii. Jocko River, 36. Joe-wood, 56. Joshua, The, 137. Joshua Tree, 137. Judas Tree, 31. Juglandacece, 76-89. 188 INDEX. Juglans cinerea, 7G; tables (238) 148, (397) 150, (3'JG) IGl, (187) 1G4, (215) 1G8, (217) 171, (2G0) 175. Juglans nigra, 76; tables (239) 148, (242) 155, (242) IGO, (G5) 1G3, (113) 167, (45) 169, (134) 174. Juglans rupestvis, 11 ; tables (240) 148, (203) 155, (207) 160, (222) 165, (244) 168, (167) 170, (149) 174. June-berry, 45. Juniper, 109, 110. Junlperus Californica, 109; tables (336) 150, (234) 155, (234) 160. Juniperus Californica, var. Ufahensis, 110; tables (3361) 150, (283) 155, (282) 160. Juniperus occidentalism 110; tables (338) 150, (265) 155, (262) 160, (144) 173. Juniperus occidentalis, var. conjugens, 111 ; tables (338^) 150, (179) 154, (176) 159, (217) 165, (286) 168, (80) 170, (51) 173. Juniperus occidentalis, var. monosperma, 110; tables (3381) 150, (IGI) 154, (161) 159. Juniperus Pachyphlcea, 110; tables (337) 150, (259) 155, (252) 160, (258) 165, (154) 167. Juniperus Virginiana, 111; tables (339) 150, (325) 156, (324) 161, (244) 165, (166) 167, (195) 171, (183) 174. Kalmia latifolta, 55; tables (170) 147, (157) 154, (155) 159, (265) 165, (227) 168, (177) 170, (69) 173. Kamtschatka, 40. Kansas, 4, 8, 14, 15, 17, 21, 29, 36, 39, 58, 61, 69, 74-79, 82, 84, 88-92, 95, 97, 111, 124. (Often indicating the limit of distribution.) Kentucky, 2, 3, 7, 28-30, 66, 71, 72, 77. 83, 84, 90, 91,^93, 94, 97, 103, 104, 112, 122, 123. (Often indicating the limit of distribution.) Kentucky Coffee-tree, 29. Kern County, Cal., 134. Kern River, 118. Key Largo, 47, 135. Ke^- West, 5. King Nut, 78. King River, 118. Klamath River, 39, 103, 110. Knack-away, 65. Knees, of vessels, 134. Knob-cone Pine, 122. Labuador, 35, 40, 45, 96, 101, 103, 126, 127, 131, 134. (Often' indicating the limit of distribution.) Lacquer, 25. Laguncularia racemosa, 47; tables (142) 147, (160) 154, (165) 159, (225) 165, (272) 168, (154) 170, (181) 174. Lake County, Cal., 109. Lancaster County, Pa., 82. Lances, Indian, 49. Lancewood, 69. Larch, 134. Larch, Black, 134. Large-leaved Cucumber Tree, 2. Large Tupelo, 50. Largo, Key, 47. (See Key Largo.) I.arix Americana, 134; tables (401)152, (239) 155, (238) 160, (23) 103, (94) 167, (73) 109, (226) 175. Larix LyalUi, 135; table (403) 152. Larix occidentalis, 134; tables (402) 152, (135) 154, (130) 159, (1) 163, (7) 166, (15) 169, (191)174. Larkin's Station, 116. La Salle, 111., 114. Lasts, 57. . Laths, 106. Lauracece, 68, 69. Laurel, Big, 1. Laurel, California, 69. Laurel, Great, 55. Laurel, Mountain, 69. Laurel Oak, 91, 92. Laurel, Swamp, 1. Laurel, Sweet, 1. Laurel, White, 1. Lawson's Cypress, 108. Lead-pencils, 111. Leather, 84, 128-131. Leguminosce, 26-34. LeuccBna glauca, 32; tables (95) 146, (38) 153, (41) 158. Leuccena puherulenfa, 33; tables (96) 146, (194) 155, (193) 160. Levers, 39, 95. Lever-wood, 95. Libocedrus decurrens, 106; tables (326) 150, (401) 156, (401) 161, (165) 164, (200) 168, (206) 171, (255) 175. Lignum-vitce, 7, 8. Lignum Guaiaci, 1. LiliacrcE, 136, 137. Limbo, Gumbo, 10. Limbs, artificial, 17. Lime, Ogeechee, 50. Lime Tree, 6. Lime, Wild, 9, 10. Limestone Hills, 111. Limpia Mountains, 88, 92, 115. Lin, 6. Linden, American, 6. Liquidamhar Styraciflua, 45; tables (139) 146, (253) 155,' (255) 160, (153) 164, (222) 168, (134) 170, (200) 175. Liquidamber, 45. Liriodendrin, a tonic, 3. lAriodendron, 3. Liriodendron Tulipifera, 3; tables (8) 144, (385) 156, (283) 1(51, (131) 164, (215) 168, (2421 171, (273) 175. INDEX. 189 Little River, 66. Live Oak, 8G-88. Live Oak, Coast, 87. Loblollv Bay, 5. Loblolly Pine, 122. Locust, 26, 27. Locust, Black, 20, 29. Locust-borer, 27. Locust, Clammy, 27. Locust, Honey, 2!), 31. Locust, Sweet, 29. Locust, Water, 30. Locust, Yellow, 26. Lodge-pole Pine, 120. Logwood, 15. Long Island, 15, 74, 80, 90, 96, 97, 104, 123. Long Island Sound, 58. Long-leaved Cucumber Tree, 3. Long-leaved Pine, 125. Lost Man's River, 46, 07. Louisiana, 1, 2, 8, 9, 12, 13, 18, 23, 25, 30, 31, 39, 41, 43, 44, 51, 54, 55, 59, 00, 64, 66, 72, 77, 80, 83, 84, 104, 124-126. (Often indi- cating the limit of distribution.) Lumber, 46, 106, 108, 112, 115-123, 125-128, 130, 132-135. Lumbermen, 129. 131. LysUoma latisiliquri, 34; tables (100) 146, (219) 155, (222) 100, (292) 165, (264) 168, (122) 170, (159) 174. Machinery, bearings, 17, 40, 49, 54. Mackenzie River, 89, 101, 103, 115, 121, 125- 127, 134. Madura aurantiaca, 74; tables (234) 148, (100) 154, (99) 159, (122) 164, (27) 166, (4) 169, (24) 173. Madeira-wood, 11. Madrona, 54. Magnolia, 1, 2. Magnolincece, 1-3. Magnolia aciiminata, 2; tables (3) 144, (347) 156, (346) 161, (129) 164, (208) 168, (197) 171„(233) 175. Magnolia cordata, 2; tables (4) 144, (391) 156, (390) 161, (125) 164, (243) 168, (200> 171, (261) 175. Magnolia Fraseri, 3 ; tables (7) 144, (318) 156, (318) 161, (120) 104, (185) 167, (190) 171, (212) 175. Magnolia glaiica, 1; tables (2)144, (316) 156, (315) 161, (133) 164, (170) 167, (181) 170, (246) 175. Magnolia grandijlora, 1 ; tables (1) 144, (226) 155, (223) 160,(139) 164, (139) 167, (118) 170, (131) 174. Magnolia macrophylla, 2; tables (5) 144, (296) 156, (290) 161, (41) 163, (191) 167, (110) 170, (262) 175. Magnolia, Mountain, 2. Magnolia Umbrella, 2, 3; tables (6) 144, (.368) 156, (367) 161, (213) 105, (250) 168, (247) 171, (271) 175. Mahogany, 11. Mahogany Birch 97. Mahogany, Mountain, 38, 39. Maine, 50", 75, 79. 80, 82, 83, 88, 89, 94, 107, 125, 127. (Often indicating the limit of production.) Malabar, Cape, 4, 5, 79, 90, 91, 92, 95, 111, 122. (Often indicating the limit of distribution.) Malarial fever, 49. (See Fevers.) Mallets, 40. Malpighiacecs, 7. Manatee, 24. Manchineel, 70. Manchineel, Mountain, 25. Manchuria, 98. Mangrove, 46, 47. Mangrove, Black, 67. Mangrove, Red, 07. Mangrove, White, 47. Manitoba, 23, 42. Manitoba, Lake, 34. Maple, Ash-leaved, 23. Maple, Bird's-eye, 22. Maple, Broad-leaved, 20. Maple, Curled, 22. Maple, Dwarf, 21. Maple, Goose-foot, 20. Maple, Hard, 21. Maple, Mountain, 20. Maple, Red, 22. Maple, Silver, 22. Maple, Soft, 22. Maple, Striped, 20. Maple, Sugar, 21. Maple, Swamp, 22. Maple, Vine, 21. Maple, Water, 22. Maple, White, 22. Maple-sugar, 22, 23. Marl-berry, 50. Martha's Vineyard, Mass., 82. Maryland, 25, 98. Massachusetts, 1, 8, 12, 42, 09, 76, 82, 84, 91, 97, 99, 118. (Often indicating the limit of distribution.) Mastic, 56. Matagorda Bay, 9, 28, 53, 59, 136. Matanzas Inlet, 30, 36, 90. Match-boxes, 97. Matches, 114, 108. Mate7'ia Meclica, American, 2. ^fathematical instruments, 54. Matting, 6. Maul Oak, 87. Mauls, 40, 41, 50. jVIay Cherry, 45. May Haw, 44. Meadow Pine, 126. 190 INDEX. Medicine, 2, 3, 5, 14, 16, 71. Meliacecc, 11. Mendocino, Cape, 113. Mendocino County, 16, 18, 41, 87, 114, 120, 124, 128. (Often indicating the limit of distribution.) Meramcc River, 15. Merrimac Kiver, 97. Mesquit, 31. Mesquit, Screw-pod, 32. Metacombe Key, 4, 14. Mexican Banana, 137. ^Mexican Mulberry, 74. Mexican Persimmon, 59. Mexicans, 137. Mexico, 8, 9, 15, 18, 23, 26, 30-33, 39, 45, 51, 54, 56-62, 64, 66, 74, 75, 85, 86, 98, lOsJ, 110, 117, 119, 130, 136, 137. (Often indi- cating line or limit of distribution.) Miami, Fla., 25, 48, 66. Michigan, 3, 4, 17, 29, 35, 40, 42, 50, 62, 69, 71, 72, 74, 76-80, 82-84, 88, 92, 94-96, 104, 106, 111, 114, 118, 126, 127, 129, 131. (Often indicating line or limit of distribution.) Michigan, Lake, 3, 114, 125. Mlmusops Sieberi, 58; tables (183) 147, (9) 153, (10) 158, (100) 164, (82) 166, (141) 170, (19) 173. Minnesota, 8, 9, 20, 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 39, 40, 49, 61, 62, 76, 77, 79, 80, 88, 89, 95-97, 99, 104, 106, 111, 114, 118, 125, 127, 131, 134. (Often indicating line or limit of distribu- tion.) Minnesota River, 29. Mississippi, 2, 3, 13, 24, 29, 31, 35, 39, 60, 61, 65, 71, 72, 75-77, 83, 84, 88-90, 107, 125. (Often indicating line or limit of distribu- tion.) Mississippi Basin, 45, 51, 94, 101, 112. Mississippi Delta, 46. Mississippi River, 1, 3, 5, 14, 23, 26, 62, 67, 73-75, 80, 82, 85, 101, 121, 125. (Often in- dicating line or limit of distribution.) Mississippi Valley, 12, 13. Missouri, 3, 8. 13, 15, 22, 24, 25, 31, 41, 42, 50-53, 58, 62, 63, 66, 72, 77, 81, 83, 84, 88, 90, 91, 93-95, 97, 99, 101, 112, 124. (Often indicating line or limit of distribution.) Missouri Rh-er, 14, 34, 36, 102. Mobile Bay, 54, 57, 91, 107. Mocker-nut. 78. Mock Orange, 37. Mogoilon Range, 133. Mohave Desert, 137. Llohave Mountains, 27. Mohave River, 137. Montana, 14, 16, 21, 23, 35, 37, 38, 41, 62, 82, 96, 98, 102, 104, 105, 107, 113, 115, 116, 119, 121, 127, 128, 130, 132, 134, 135. (Often indicating line or limit of distribution.) Monte Diablo, 121. Monterey, 108, 121. Monterey Bay, 80, 113. Monterey County, 112. Monterey Cypress, 108. Monterey Pine, 121. Moose Elm, 71. Moose-wood, 20. Morns microphylla, 74; tables (233) 148, (101) 154, (101) 159. Morus rubra, 74; tables (232) 148, (255) 155, (256) 160, (179) 164, (147) 167, (187) 171, (153) 174. Mosquito Inlet, 1, 9, 11, 12, 19, 35, 46, 47, 56, 58, 67, 68, 91, 112. (Limit of distribution.) Mossy-cup Oak, 82. Moulds, 97. Mountain Ash, 40. Mountain Laurel, 69. Mountain Magnolia, 2. Mountain Mahogany, 38, 39. Mountain Manchineel, 25. Mountain Maple, 20. Mountain Plum, 11. Mountain White Oak, 85. Mulberry, Mexican, 74. Mulberry, Red, 74. Mycjinda pallens, 14; tables (40) 145, (46) 153, (48) 158. Myricacece, 80. Myrica Calif ornica, 80; tables (250) 149, (195) 155, (191) 100, (104) 164, (49) 166, (79) 170, (142) 174. Myrica cerifera, 80; tables (249) 149, (276) 155, (276) 160, (144) 164, (124) 167, (161) 170, (189) 175. MyrsinacecB, 55, 56. Myrsine liapanea, 55; tables (172) 147, (67) 153, (68) 158. Myrtaceoe, 47, 48. Myrtle, Blue, 16. Myrtle, ^Yax, 80. Naked Wood, 17, 47. Nanny-berr}', 51. Narcotics, 28. Nastapohee Sound, 126. Natchez, Miss., 1. Nebraska, 6, 8, 22, 29, 31, 42, 61, 71, 74-76, 78, 79, 81, 84, 89, 92, 99, 102, 111. (Often indicating line or limit of distribution.) Neches River, 50, 94. Necklace Poplar, 105. Nectandra Willdenoviana, 68; tables (216) 148, (104) 154, (102) 159. Nefjundo aceroides, 23; tables (67) 145, (378) 156, (377) 161, (267) 165, (270) 168, (284) 171, (284) 175. Negundo Californicum, 23; tables (68) 145, (335) 156, (336) 161, (119) 164, (137) 167, (163) 170, (234) 175. INDEX. 191 Nelson River, 40. Nestucca Kiver, 133. Net-floats, 51. Nevada, 21, 31, 32, 38, 61, 103, 105, 106, 110, 111, 116, 118, 119, 137. (Often indicating line or limit of distribution.) New Braunfels, 18, 65. New Brunswick, 6, 22, 24, 42, 49, 55, 61, 76, 82, 88, 95, 97, 99, 104, 10(;, 111, 122, 129. (Often indicating line or limit of distribu- tion.) Newcastle Thorn, 42. New England, 3, 24, 25. 34, 40, 45, 49, 55, 74, 99, 104. 105. (Oiien Indicating line or limit of distribution.) Newfoundland, 21, 40, 42, 63, 71, 96, 97, 99, 103, 112, 118, 126, 127, 131, 134. (Often indicating line or limit of distribution.) New Hampshire, 75. New Jersey, 1, 92. New Mexico, 9, 15, 16. 18. 19, 21, 23, 27, 28, 31-33, 37-42, 61, 64, 66, 74, 75, 77, 82, 85, 87, 92, 96, 98-100, 102, 103, 105, 106, 109- lil, 115-117, 119-121, 133, 137. (Often indicating line or limit of distribution.) New York, 2-4, 14, 15, 23, 29, 39, 51, 55, 58, 71, 74, 84, 88-91, 96, 97, 100, 106, 123, 124. (Often indicating line or limit of distribu- tion.) Niagara River, 9. Nipigon, Lake, 114, 118. No Name Key, 48. North America, 17, 41, 43, 57, 71, 75, 77, 103, 114. North Atlantic States, 90. North Carolina, 1-3, 6, 17, 20, 27, 28, 35, 37, 40, 53, 57, 68, 72, 79, 83, 90-92, 97, 104, 106, 122, 12.3, 127, 129, 131, 135. (Often indicating line or limit of distribution.) Northeastern States, 40. Northern States, 20, 24, 42, 49, 51, 55, 63, 95, 97, 104, 106, 114, 118, 126, 129, 131, 134. (Often indicating line or limit of distribu- tion.) Northport, L. L, 104. North, the, 88, 106. Northwest, the, 89. Norway Pine, 118. Nova Scotia, 55, 61, 82, 88, 94, 95, 97, 104, 129. (Often indicating line or limit of dis- tribution.) Nueces River, 9, 33, 51, 65, 79, 82, 90, 112. (Often indicating line or limit of distribu- tion.) Nutmeg, California, 114. Nutmeg, Hickory, 79. Nut, Illinois, 77. Nut Pine, 116, 117. Nuts, 77, 78, 94. Nut, Tallow, 11. Nyctaginacece, 67. Nyssa aquaticn, 50. Nyssa cnpitata, 50; tables (153) 147, (354) 156, (3.52) 161, (240) 165, (198) 167, (175) 170, (176) 174. Nyssa sylvaticM, .50; tables (154) 147, (2 1.08. Prunus umhellata, 35; tables (100) 146, (78) 153, (72) 1,08, (101) 170, (28) 173. Pseudotsuga Douglasli, 119, 130; tables (391) 151, (307) 156,' (,300) 101, (20) 103, (101) 107, (80) 170, (252) 175. Pseudotsuga Douglusii, var. macrocarpa, 131 ; tables (3911) J5i^ (359) 150, (;j.08) 161, (79) 163, (115) 107, (139) 170, (247) 175. Pttlia trifoUata, 9; tables (26) 144, (70) 153, (05) 158. Puget Sound, 10, 63, 81, 101, 105. Pulmonary consumption, 30, 107. (SeeTAroaf.) Pump-logs, 123. (See Water-pi^jts.) Pumps, 2, 3. Punk Oak, 91. Purgatives, 25, 27. (See Diuretics.) Purgatory River, 27. Purple Haw, 15. Pyrus Americana, iO; tables (120) 146, (287) 155, (289) 100, (237) 171, (220) 175. Pyrus angustifoUa, 39; tables (118) 146, (181) 154, (177) 159. Pyrus aucuparia, 40. Pyrus coronaria, 39; tables (117) 146, (166) 154, (166) 159, (251) 165, (282) 108, (189) 171, (78) 174. Pyrus rivularis, 40; tables (119) 146, (71) 153, (67) 158. Pyrus samhucifolia, 40; tables (121) 146, (252) 155, (251) 100. (254) 165, (292) 168, (231)171, (235) 175. QuERCus AGRiFOLTA, 87; tables (270) 149, (74) 153, (74) 158, (110) 164, (79) 166, (138) 170, (87) 174. Quercus alba, 80, 83, 80; tables (251) 149, (124) 154, (123) 159, (111) 164, (89) 167, (87) 170, (109) 174. Quercus aquatica, 91 ; tables (280) 149, (151) 154, (148) 159, (29) 163, (41) 166, (98) 170, (130) 174. Quercus bicolor, 83; tables (258) 149, (107) 154, (105) 159, (138) 164, (85) 166, (109) 170, (103) 174. Quercus Catesbcni, 90; tables (278) 149, (141) 154, (143) 159, (85) 163, (43) 166, (144) 170, (94) 174. Quercus chrysolepis, 87; tables (268) 149, (61) 153, (59) 158, (33) 163, (4) 166, (65) 169, (36) 173. Quercus chrysolepis, var. vaccinifoUa, 87. Quercus cinerea, 92; tables (283) 149, (218) 155, (220) 160, (210) 165, (62) 166, (157) 170, (125) 174. 196 INDEX. Qftercus coccinea, 88; tables (273) 149, (13G) Ibi, (131) 159, (70) 1G3, (40) IGG, (93) 170, (121) 174. Quercus deimfiora, 93; tables (287) 149, (187) 154, (188) 159, (113) 164, (74) IGG, (128) 170, (100) 174. Quercus Douglasii, 85; tables (262) 149, (51) 153, (45) 158, (203) 165, (60) 1G6, (55) 169, (20) 173. Quercus Durandu, 86 ; tables (266) 149, (24) 153, (26) 158, (172) 164, (61) 166, (76) 169, (41) 173. Quercus Emoryi, 87; tables (269) 149, (37) 153, (37) 158, (253) 165, (188) 167, (185) 170, (12) 173. Quercus falcata, 90; tables (277) 149, (176) 154, (171) 159, (11) 163, (13) 166, (38) 169, (124) 174. Quercus Garryana, 81; tables (253)149, (129) 154, (126) 159, (190) 164, (103) 167, (91) 170, (85) 174. Quercus grisea, 85; tables (264) 149, (16) 153, (15) 158, (215) 165, (78)166, (124) 170, (23) 173. Quercus heterophylla, 92; tables (282) 149, (186) 154, (183) 159, (30) 163, (36) 166, (199) 171, (150) 174. Quercus hypoleuca, 92; tables (284) 149, (88) 154, (88) 159, (121) 164, (31) 166, (293) 171, (63) 173. Quercus imbricaria, 92; tables (285) 149, (115) 154, (114) 159, (33) 163, (8) 166, (59) 169, (96) 174. Quercus Kelloggii, 89; tables (275) 149, (215) 155, (213) 160, (212) 165, (152) 167, (156) 170, (158) 174. Quercus laurifolia, 91; tables (281) 149, (100) 154, (107) 159, (25) 163, (15) 166, (82) 170, (75) 173. Quercus lobata, 81; tables (252) 149, (133) 154, (132) 159, (228) 165, (108) 167, (182) 170, (143) 174. Quercus lyrata, 83; tables (57) 149, (72) 153, (69) 158, (17) 163, (54) 166, (106) 170, (77) 174. Quercus macrocarpa, 82, 89 ; tables (256) 149, (128) 154, (129) 159, (128) 164, (68) 166, (107) 170, (88) 174. Quercus Michauxii, 84; tables (259) 149, (85) 154, (84) 159, (112) 164, (30) 166, (121) 170, (89) 174. Quercus Muhlenbergii, 85. Quercus nigra, 89; tables (276) 149, (139) 154, (141) 159, (109) 164, (46) 16G, (104) 170, (50) 173. Quercus oblongifoUa, 85; tables (263) 149, (28) 153, (35) 158, (158) 164, (180) 167, (174) 170, (11) 173. Quercus obtus'doba, 82, 90 ; tables (254) 149' (66) 153, (64) 158, (175) 164, (104) 167, (114) 170, (56) 173. Quercus obtusiloba, var. parvlfolia, 82. Quercus palustris, 91; tables (279) 149, (174) 154, (174) 159, (55) 163, (33) 166, (108) 170, (141) 174. Quercus Phellos, 93; tables (286) 149, (123) 154, (124) 159, (196) 164, (67) 166, (221) 171, (108) 174. Quei'cus prinoides, 84, 85; tables (261) 149, (57) 153, (56)158, (53) 163, (6) 166, (49) 169, (66) 173. Quercus Prinus, 84, 85; tables (260) 149, (120) 154, (122) 159, (27) 163, (50) 166, (72) 169, (92) 174. Quercus Prinus, var. Chincapin, 85. Quercus Prinus, var. Inimilis, 85. Quercus reticulata, 86; tables (265) 149, (26) 153, (22) 158. Quercus rubra, 88, 89 ; tables (272) 149, (207) 155, (202) 160, (52) 163, (66) 166, (88) 170, (155) 174. Quercus rubra, var. Texana, 88; tables (272) 149, (44) 153, (38) 158, (88) 163, (55) 166, (47) 173, (46) 169. Quercus San-Sabeana, 86. Quercus tinctoria, 89; tables (274) 149, (167) 154, (162) 159, (86) 163, (47) 166, (97) 170, (122) 174. Quercus undulala, var. Gambelii, 82; tables (255) 149, (63) 153, (62) 158, (269) 165, (202) 168, (192) 171, (74) 173. Quercus rirens, 86; tables (267) 149. (25) 153, (24) 158, (43) 163, (57) 366, (63) 169, (33) 173. Quercus Wislizeni, 88; tables (271) 149, (96) 154, (95) 159, (156) 164, (123) 167, (78) 170, (62) 173. Quercus Wislizeni, \ax.frutescens, 88. Quincy, Mas;=., 12. Quinte Bay, 84. Rafters, 49. Rails, 29, 65, 66, 69, 71, 94. Railway-ties, 66, 71, 72, 75, 81, 84, 85, 94, 107, 108, 111-113, 119, 121, 125-127, 129, 131, 134, 135. Rainy Lake, 97. Rain}' River, 34. Rattle-box, 60. Red Ash, 61. Red Bay, 68. Red Biirch, 97. Red-bud, 31. Red Cedar, 107, 111. Red Cherry, Wild, 35. Red Cvpress, 112. Red Elm, 71. Red Fir, 130, 133, 134. Red Gum, 45. Red Haw, 42, 44. Red Iron-wood, 14. INDEX. 197 Red Mangrove, 07. Red Maple, 22. Red Mulberry, 74. Red Oak, 88, 90. Red Pine, 118. Red River, 55, 74, 80, 98, 111, 125. Red River Valley, 79, 83. Red Stopper, 48. Redwood, 112. Reef Keys, 14. Restigouche River, 94. Reynosia lutifoUa, 14; tables (42) 145, (11) 153, (12) 158, (81) 103, (120) 107, (3) 109, (4) 173. Rhamnacece, 14-10. Rhnmnus Calif ornica, 10; tables (40) 145, (248) 155, (218) 100. Rhamnus Californica, var. tomentella, 10. Rhamnus CaroUniana, 15; tables (45) 145, (284) 155, (214) 105, (258) 108, (102) 170, (195) 175. Rhamnus Purshlana,lG ; tables (47) 145, (273) 155, (273) 100, (135) 104, (159) 107, (31) 109, (138) 174. Rheumatism, 8, 90, 100. Rhizophora, 07. Rhizophoracece, 40. Rhizophora Mangle, 40; tables (140) 147, (3) 153, (2) 158,' (2) 103, (11) 100, (2) 109, (9) 173. Rhode Island, 02. Rhododendron maximum^ 55; tables (171) 147, (233) 155, (228) 100, (248) 105, (213) 108, (105) 170, (140) 174. Rhus copallina, 24 ; tables (71 ) 145, (300) 150, (302) 101, (210) 105, (212) 108, (229) 175, (240) 171, (229) 175. Rhus copallina,va.r. lanceolata,25; tables (71^) 145, (304) 150, (307) 101, (123) 170, (208) 175. Rhus copallina, var. leucantha, 25. Rhus cotinoides, 24; tables (09) 145, (217) 155, (214) 100. Rhus Mttopium, 25; tables (73) 145. (92) 154, (98) 159, (80) 103, (210) 108, (77) 170, (110) 174. Rhus Toxicodendron, 25. Rhus typhina, 24; tables (70) 145. (377) 150, (370) 101. Rhus venenata, 25; tables (72) 145, (375) 150, (374) 101. Rio Concho, 58, 71. Rio Grande, 8, 9, 20, 32, 33, 57, 58, GO. 04-00, 70, 80, 98, 130. (Range and limit of dis- tribution.) Rio Pecos, 8. River Birch, 97. River Cottonwood, 104. Robinia Neo-Mexicann, 27; tables (79) 145, (80) 154, (85) 159, (43) 103, (84) 100, (17) 109, (04) 173. Robinia Fseudacacia, 26; tables (77) 145, (138) 1.54, (J37) 159, (19) 103, (3) 166, (13) 109, (70) 173. Robinia viscosa, 27; tables (78) 145, (83) 154, (78) 158. Rock Chestnut Oak, 84. Rockv Mountains, 21, 23, 20, 31, 35, 37-39. 41, '43, 02, 71, 73, 82, 90, 99, 100, 102-10.5, 107, 111, 115, 110, 119, 120, 12.5-127, 129- 132, 134. (Range and limit of distribution.) Rocky Mountain region, 101, 102, 113. Rock Elm, 71. Rogue River, 108, 115, 133. Romano, Cape, 5, 47, 50, 58, 07-09, 72, 73, 80, 91, 112, 136. (Range and limit of distribu- tion.) Roots, large, 32. Ropes, 130, 137. Rosacew, 34-44. Rose Bay, 55. Rosemary Pine, 122. Rosin, 120. Royal Palm, 130. Rubiacece, 52, 53. Rum Cherry, 30. Rumford, Count, 141. RtUacece, 8-10. Sab AL Palmetto, 135; tables (404) 152, (373) 150, (395) 101. Sabine River, 4, 44, 62, 93. Sable, Cape, 9, 19, 40, 47, 50, 07, 08. Sacramento River, 10, 18, 23, 75, 77, 81, 100, 103, 100, 108, 109. (Range and limit of distribution.) Sacramento Valley, 101. Saddle-trees, 19, 22, 71. Saffron Plum, 58. Saguaro, 48. Saguenay River, 21, 97. Saint Augustine, Fla., 07, 123. Saint Domingo, 7. Saint John T.ake, 21. Saint John River, 22. Saint John's River, 11, 12, 18, 48, 80,81, 123. Saint Lawrence, Gulf, 03, 97. 114. Saint Lawrence River, 20, 21, 24, 34, 42, 49, 71, 72, 70-80, 83, 95, 100, 118, 129. (Range and limit of distribution.) Saint Louis, Mo., 41. Saint Mary's River, 50. Salem County, N. J., 92. Salix amygllaloides, 100; tables (307) 150, (305) 156, (308) 161, (283) 165, (265) 168, •(307) 172, (277) 175. Salix cordata, 102. Salix cordata, var. vestita, 102; tables (315) 150, (244) 155, (243) 160. Salix discolor, 101; tables (312) 150, (382) 156, (380) 161. 198 INDEX. Salix Jlavescens, 102; tables (313) 150, (321) 15G, (321) 161, (72) 163, (130) 167, (201) 171, (254) 175. Salix Jlavtscens,\Sii' . Scoulenana, 102; tables (3131) 150, (290) 155, (2t)0) 160, (22) 163, (86) 166, (132) 170, (210) 175. Salix Harticegi, 103. Salix Ilookeriana, 102; tables (3U) 150, (292) 155, (291) 160, (178) 170, (228) 175. Salix Icevlf/ata, 100; tables (308) 150, (331) 156, (33()) 161, (287) 165, (221) 168, (286) 171, (219) 175. Salix Iceviyata, var. angustifolia, 100. Salix Icevigata, var. congesta, 100. Salix lasiandra, 100; tables (309) 150, (341) 156, (341) 161. Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana, 100, 101; tables (309-^) 150, (-^SG) 156, (354) 161, (309) 165, (284) 168, (297) 172, (274) 175. Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia, 101 ; tables (3091) 150, (361) 156, (372) 161, (147) 164, (206) 168, (270) 171, (263) 175. Salix lasiolepis, 103; tables (316) 150, (278) 155, (281) 160, (145) 164,(125) 167, (190) 175. Salix lasiolepis, var. angustij'ulia, 103. Salix lasiolepis, var. latifoUa, 103; table (228) 171. Salix longifolia, 100, 101; tables (310) 150, (324) 156, (325) 161. Salix longifolia, var. argyrophylla, 101; table (3102) 150. Salix longifolia, var. exigua, 101; tables (3101) 150, (293) 155, (298) 161. Salix nigra, 99; tables (306) 150, (371) 156, (371) 161, (305) 165, (297) 168, (314) 172, (258) 175. Salix nigra, var. angustifolia, 100. Salix nigra, var. latifolia, 100. Salix nigra, var, longifolia, 100. Salix nigra, var. marginata, 100. Salix nigra, vai'. Wardii, 100. Salix nigra, var Wrightii, 100. Salix sessitifolia, 101 ; tables (311) 150, (374) 156. Salix sessilifolia, var. Hindsiana, 101; tables (.3111) 150, (373) 161. Salix Sitchensis, 103; tables (317) 150, (311) 156. (311) 161. Salix Sitchensis, var. angustifolia, 103. Salmon Eiver Mountains, 107. Saltillo, Mex., 57, 109. Sambucus glauca, 51; tables (156) 147, (310) 156, (316) 161, (308) 165, (304) 168, (302) 172, (192) 175. Sambucus Mexicnna, 51; tables (157) 147, (353) 156, (361) 161. Sand-bar Willow, 101. Sand Jack, 92. Sand Pine, 123. San Antonio Eiver, 6, 24, 28, 36, 42, 71, 76. San Bernardino County, Oal., 106. San Bernardino Mount, 110. San Bernardino Range, 6, 20, 23, 31, 38, 39, 44, 49, 63, 73, 81, 87, 89, 93, 98, 106, 110, 115, 116, 120, 122, 131, 132, 136. (Range and limit of distribution.) San Diego Countv, Cal., 20, 33, 44, 85, 116, 118. San Francisco Bay, 18, 36, 38, 54, 63, 77, 81, 88. San Francisco Mountains, 37, 82, 86, 87, 109, 110, 117, 127. (Range and limit of dis- tribution.) San Gabriel Range, 6, 85. San Jacinto, Mount, 120. San Jacinto Mountains, 6, 38, 39, 93, 120- 122, 132. (Range and limit of distribution.) San Joaquin River, 130. San Luis Obispo, Cal., 18. San Luis Obispo County, Cal., 124. San Luis Re}' River, 16. San Pedro River, 48, 60, 75. San Saba, Texas, 32. San Simeon Bay. 121. Santa Barbara, Cal., 16, 98, 103. Santa Catalina Mountains, 26, 27, 38, 57, 82, 87, 109, 116, 117, 119. (Range and limit of distribution.) Santa Cruz Bay, 16. Santa Cruz Mountains, 16, 122. Santa Cruz River, 32. Santa Lucia Mountains, 6, 36, 54, 88, 103, 115, 133. (Range and limit of distribution.) Santa Rita Mountains, 27, 54, 86, 92, 109, 116, 119, 120. (Range and limit of dis- tribution.) Santian River, 108. Sapindaceai, 17-23. Sapindus marginitus, 18; tables (54) 145, (80) 153, (82) 159, (173) 164, (116) 167, (129) 170, (60) 173. Sapindus Sapnnaria, 19 ; tables (55) 145, (65) 153, (83) 159. Saponin, 19. Sapotacece, 56-58. Sarsaparilla, 8. Sasbes, 115. Saskatchewan River, 20, 23, 42, 45, 62, 99, 100, 102. (Range and limit of distribution.) Sassafras, 69. Sassafras officinale, 69; tables (217) 148, (314) 156, (312) 161, (281) 165, (242) 168, (232) 171, (196) 175. Satin-Avood, 9. Savannah River, 13, 18, 41, 123. Savin, 111, 114. Savine cerete. 111. Scarlet Haw, 42. Scarlet Oak, 88. ScJmferiafrutescens, 14; tables (41) 145, (99) 154, (111) 159. Scott Mountains, 116, 118, 120. Screw Bean, 32. INDEX. 199 Screw-pod Mesquit, 32. Scrub Oak, 82, 'JO. Scrub Pine, 120, 123, 125. Sea Ash, 8. Sea Grape, 68. Seaside Alder, 98. Sebastiania lucida, 70; tables (220) 148, (8) 153, (9) 158. Sedatives, 36. Seeds: manufacturing uses, 19; edible, 117. 118, 121. Selkirk Ilange, 129, 134. Sequoia forests, 16. Sequoia gic/antea, 112; tables (341) 151, (-127) 157, (428) 162, (295) 165, (288) 168, (224) 171, (300) 176. Sequoia sempervircns, 112; tables (342) 151, (387) 156, (386) 161, (241) 165, (246) 168, (196) 171, (287) 175. Service Tree, 45. Seven-year Apple, 52. Shad-bush, 45. Shag-bark, 77. Sharpies, S. P., viii, 141-143. Shasta Couutv, Cal., 108. 121. Shasta, Mount, 21, 68, 116, 122, 134. She Balsam, 131. Sheep-berr\', 51. Shell-bark," Big, 78. Shell-bark, Bottom, 78. Shell-bark, Hickor}', 77. Shingle Oak, 92. Shingles, 3, 91, 93, 106, 107, 112, 113. Ship-building, 11, 19, 22, 34, 57, 68, 69, 71, 74, 81, 87, 97, 108, 126, 127, 134. (See Boat-building^ Skiffs.) Shittini-wood, 10, 57. Shoes: soles, 6; lasts, 22, 59, 95, 96; pegs, 22; wooden, 97. Short-leaved Pine, 124. Shoshone Mountains, 105. Sliovel-handles, 21. Shrubby Trefoil, 9. Shucks, Honey, 29. Shuttles, 59. Slderoxylon Masticliodendron, 56; tables (176) 147, (15) 153, (20) 158, (63) 163, (70) 166, (26) 169, (2G) 173. Sierra Blanco, 127. Sierra County, Cal., 100. Sierra Madre, 109. Sierra Nevada, 6, 10, 18, 20, 21, 30-38, 44, 49, 50, 03, 69, 81, 85, 87-89, 99, 102, 103, 110, 112-116, 120, 122, 130, 132, 134. (Range and limit of distribution.) Silk-top Palmetto, 136. Silky Willow, 103. Silliman, Mount, 116. Sills, 71, 72, 111. Silver-beli Tree, 60. Silver Maple, 22. Silver top Palmetto, 1-36. SimarubeoB, 10. Simaruba glauca, 10; tables (28) 144, (392) 156, (393) 161, (127) 164, (259) 168, (180) 170, (264) 175. Simaruba officinalis, 10. Siskiyou Mountains, 128, 132. Sitka', 127. Sitka Cypress, 108. Skiffs, 69. {'i^at Boat-building, Ship-building.) Skin-diseases, 96. Slash Pine, 126. Slippery Elm, 6, 71. Sloe, 35. Sloe, Black, 35. Small-fruited Haw, 43. Smooth Alder, 101. Snaths, 74. Snowdrop Tree, 60. Snow-shoes, 20. Soap, 19, 56, 137. Soapberry, 18, 19. Soda Lake, 108. Soft Maple, 22. Soledad River, 118. Sonora, Cal., 27, 37, 38, 48, 92. Sophora offinls. 28; tables (84) 145, (60) 153, (58) 158, (107) 164, (127) 167, (51) 169, (30) 173. Sophora secundijlora, 28; tables (83) 145, (19) 153, (19) 158. Sophoria, 28. Sore throat, 59. (See Throat.) Sorrel Tree, 54. Sour Gum, 50. Sour Tupelo, 50. Sour-wood, 54. South Atlantic States, 39, 90, 112. South Carolina, 30, 35, 41, 44, 52, 53, 60, 79, 123, 125, 129. (Range and limit of dis- tribution.) Southern Buckthorn, 58. Southern Crab Apple, 39. Southern Pine, 125. Southern States, 42, 80, 90. South, the, 78, 94. Southwest, the, 82. Spanish Bayonet, 136, 137. Spanish Buckeye, 18. Spanish Oak, 90. Spanish Oak, Swamp, 91. Spanish Stopper, 47. Spear-handles, 113. Specific gravity, tables, 153-157. Speckled Alder, 99. Spicket River, 97. Spice Tree, 69. Spindle Tree, 14. Spirits of Turpentine, 126. (See Turpentine.) Sponge-crawls, 136. Spoois, 96. 200 INDEX. Spoonvvood, 55. Spruce, Black, 126. Spruce, Blue, 128. Spruce Pine, 120, 123-125. Spruce, Tide-land, 128. Spruce, White, 127, 128. Stag-bush, 52. Staghorn Sumach, 24. Starving Kock, 114. Staten Island, 93, 123, 124. Staves, 105. Steam, 32. Sierculiacece, 6. Stinking Cedar, 114. Stopper, 48. Stopper, Gurgeon, 47. Stopper, Red, 48. Stopper, Spanish, 47. Stopper, White, 48. Storax, 46. Strength, tables, 166-1G8. Striped Dogwood, 20. Striped Maple, 20. Strong Back, 65. Sty)'acace