&34-^ = o>l == — o 1 = ol — °l = 1^1 Hi ;' *•■■.. Jesup Collection he Woods of the United States l Cr~is (h V Sfc1 THE WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. VlY>«? Jlti AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAJ£«ES3;0$#\ JESUP COLLECTIO^.f%i^^ ,» . rraw. j THE -J-V^jc o^t 00 7- WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THEIR STRUCTURE, QUALITIES, AND USES. ©cograpljtral anti otfjcr Notes upon % Ktces toljiri) produce tfjem. By C. S. SARGENT. NEW YORK: D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 1, 3, and 5 Bond Stkeet. 1885. Copyright, 1SS5, By C. S. Sargent. Q. 5 Clntbtrsitg $tcss : John Wilson and Son, Cambridge. INTRODUCTION. The American Museum of Natural History is indebted to its enlightened and public-spirited President, Mr. Morris K. Jesup for a magnificent collection of woods, which display, for the fir time in a satisfactory manner, the forest wealth of the United Sta* i The conception of this collection belongs to Mr. Jesup. The forul of the United States are not surpassed by those of any othei try in the variety and value of the timbers which they pi Many of these are little known or appreciated commercially ; was the belief of the founder of this collection that the oppor it would afford to engineers, architects, and mechanics to ex, specimens of the material produced by the forests of the wn. country would be of great and immediate practical utility to tlr community, and that the presence of such a collection in Museum of Natural History would facilitate the scientific and dustrial study of the Sylva of this country, and develop a popu interest in fore> d forest science. ' Mr. Jesup's co^ection is the outgrowth of an Lrr3stigation c the forest wealth of this country commenced by me more thar " vt- years ago. The results of that investigation have been published in Vol. IX. of the final Reports of the Tenth Census, which this collection will serve to illustrate. The trees of the United States are represented in the Museum by large and characteristic trunk specimens, arranged in the sequence of their botanical relationship. These specimens are cut in such a manner as to display the bark, and cross and longitudinal sections of the wood, both polished and in its natural condition. They are supplemented, in the case of trees of commercial importance, vi INTRODUCTION. by carefully selected planks, or burls, which often show better than logs the true industrial value of the wood. Specimens of a few of the arborescent species of the United States have not yet been secured, and others are still in preparation. These will be added to the collection as rapidly as possible. A series of life-size water-colors of the foliage, flowers, and fruit of each tree represented in the collection by a wood specimen is in course of preparation. They will be displayed with the collection as fast as completed. An herbarium of the trees of the United States, arranged by Mr. C. E. Faxon of the Arnold Arboretum, will afford special students of dendrology an opportunity of critically ■•tudying the collection. The following catalogue of the trees of this country will serve a guide to the collection ; it is condensed from Vol. IX. of the ">rts of the Tenth Census, from which are derived the tables g to the physical properties of the woods of the United These tables have been prepared for this publication by 5. P. Sharples, of Cambridge. C. S. SARGENT. -nold Arboretum, Bkookline, Mass., May, 1885. CONTENTS. PAGE Introduction v Catalogue of the Forest Trees of North America (exclu- sive of Mexico) 1 The Physical Properties of the Woods of the United States 141 TABLE I. Specific Gravity, Percentage of Ash, Relative Approximate Fuel Value, Coefficient of Elasticity, Modulus of Rupture, Resistance to Pressure, and Weight per Cubic Foot of the Woods of the United States 144 TABLE II. The Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Specific Gravity of their Dry Woods 153 TABLE III. The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Relative Approximate Fuel Value of their Dry Woods .... 158 TABLE IV. The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Elasticity of their Woods (Coefficient of Elasticity, — Kilogram, Centimetre) 163 ■vm CONTENTS. TABLE V. PAGE The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Strength of their Woods (Modulus of Rupture, — Kilogram, Centimetre) 166 TABLE VI. The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Power of their Woods to resist Longitudinal Compression . 160 TABLE VII. The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Power of their Woods to resist Indentation to the Depth of 1.27 Millimetres 173 CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES. MAG-NOLIACE^E. 1. Magnolia grandiflora, L. Big Laurel. Bull Bay. Cape Fear River, North Carolina, south, near the coast, to Mosquito Inlet and Tampa Bay, Florida ; along the coast of the Gulf States to southwestern Arkansas, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas, extending north in the valley of the Mississippi River to latitude 32° 30'. A magnificent evergreen tree, 18 to 27 metres in height, with a trunk O.G0 to 1.20 metres in diameter; reaching its greatest development on the " bluff " formations along the eastern bank of the Mississippi River from Vicksburg to Natchez, and in western Louisiana. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked, satiny ; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color creamy white or often light brown, the heavier sap-wood nearly white ; little used except as fuel ; suitable for interior finish, fine cabinet work, etc. 2. Magnolia glauca, L. Sweet Bay. White Bay. Beaver Tree. White Laurel. Swamp Laurel. Cape Ann, Massachusetts ; New Jersey, southward, generally near the coast, to Bay Biscayne and Tampa Bay, Florida ; westward through the valley of the Mississippi River south of latitude 3.J°, and the Gulf States to southwestern Arkansas and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas. A tree 15 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.20 metres in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; swamps or low wet woods, reaching its greatest development on the rich hummocks of the interior of the Florida peninsula, and along the low sandy banks of pine-barren streams in the Gulf States. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood 1 2 MAGNOLIACE.E. Magnolia. nearly white ; in the Gulf States sometimes used in the manufacture of small wooden-ware. The dried bark, especially of the root, of this species and of M. acumi- nata and M. Umbrella are included in the American Materia Medica, furnishing an aromatic tonic and stimulant used in intermittent and remit- tent fevers. 3. Magnolia acuminata, L. Cucumber Tree. Mountain Magnolia. Western New York to southern Illinois ; southward along the Alle- ghany Mountains, and scattered through eastern and middle Kentucky and Tennessee, usually on Carboniferous deposits, to southern Alabama and northeastern Mississippi ; and in northeastern, southern, and south- western Arkansas. A large tree, 20 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; rich woods, reaching its greatest development on the slopes of the southern Alleghany Mountains. Wood durable, light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color yellow-brown, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white ; used for pump-logs, water-troughs, flooring, cabinet- making, etc. 4. Magnolia cordata, Michx. Cucumber Tree. Southern Alleghany Mountain region, — Georgia to Winston County, Alabama. A tree 22 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.G0 metre in diameter ; low rich woods ; very rare and local. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color light brown streaked with yellow, the sap- wood light yellow. 5. Magnolia macrophylla, Michx. Large-leaved Cucumber Tree. Western North Carolina to southeastern Kentucky, southward to middle and western Florida and southern Alabama, extending west to the valley of Pearl River, Louisiana; and in central Arkansas. A tree C to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 metre in diameter ; rich woods, reaching its greatest development in the limestone valleys of northern Alabama ; rare and local. Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny : medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown, the sap-wood light yellow. Liriodendron. MAGXOLIACEiE. 3 J 6. Magnolia Umbrella, Lain. Umbrella Tree. Elk-wood. Southeastern Pennsylvania, southward along the Alleghany Mountains to central Alabama, westward through Kentucky and Tennessee to north- eastern Mississippi ; and in central and southwestern Arkansas. A small tree, rarely exceeding 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.40 metre in diameter ; rich, shady hillsides ; most common and reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the southern Alleghany Mountains. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color brown, the heavier sap-wood nearly white. 7. Magnolia Fraseri, Walt. Long-leaved Cucumber Tree. Alleghany Mountains, from Virginia southward to western Florida and southern Alabama, extending west to the valley of Pearl River, Mississippi. A small tree, 8 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; rich woods. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color brown, the sap-wood nearly white. 8. Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. Tulip Tree. Yellow Poplar. White-wood. Southwestern Vermont, through western New England, southward to northern Florida ; west through New York, Ontario, and Michigan to Lake Michigan, south of latitude 43° 30'; and south to latitude 31° in the Gulf States east of the Mississippi River; extending west to south- eastern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas. A large and valuable tree, 30 to 60 metres in height, with a trunk 2 to 4 metres in diameter ; rich woods and intervale lands, reaching its greatest development in the valley of the lower Wabash River and along the western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains in Tennessee and North Carolina. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very close straight-grained, com- pact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, not prominent ; color light yellow or brown, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufac- tured into lumber, and used for construction, interior finish, shingles, in boat-building, and especially in the manufacture of wooden pumps, wooden- ware, etc. ; varieties varying in color and grain are recognized. Liriodendrin, a stimulant tonic, with diaphoretic properties, is obtained by macerating the inner bark, especially of the root. ANONACE.E. — CAPPARIDACE2E. Asimina. ANONACEJE. 9. Asimina triloba, Dunal. Papaw. Custard Apple. Western New York, Ontario, eastern and central Pennsylvania to southern Michigan, southern Iowa, and eastern Kansas; south to mid- dle Florida and the valley of the Sabine River, Texas. A small tree, sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter, or often reduced to a slender shrub ; rich, rather low woods, reaching its greatest development in the lower Wabash valley and in the valley of the White River, Arkansas. Wood very light, very soft and weak, coarse-grained, spongy, layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; color light yellow shaded with green, the sap-wood lighter ; the large fruit sweet and edible. 10. Anona laurifolia, Dunal. Pond Apple. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Malabar to Bay Biscayne, west coast, Pease Creek to the Caloosa River; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 'J metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 metre in diameter, or toward its northern limits and on the west coast often reduced to a stout, wide spreading shrub; common, and reaching its greatest development, within the United States, on the low islands and shores of the Everglades in the neighborhood of Bay Biscayne. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact, containing many scattered open ducts ; color light brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood lighter. The large fruit scarcely edible. CAPPARIDACE^E. 1 1 . Capparis Jamaicensis, Jacq. Semi-tropical Florida. — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys ; in the West Indies and southward to Brazil. A small tree, sometimes 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 metre in diameter, or reduced to a low shrub; common and reaching its greatest development, within the United States, on Upper Metacombe and Umbrella Keys. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing many evenly distributed large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color yellow tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter. Gordonia. CANELLACE.E. - TERNSTRCEMIACE.E. CANELLACEjE. 12. Canella alba, Murr. White-wood. Cinnamon Bark. Wild Cinnamon. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies. A small tree, often 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.22 metre ii. diameter; not rare. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark reddish-brown, the sap-wood light brown or yellow. The pale inner bark furnishes an aromatic stimulant and tonic, occa- sionally employed in cases of debility of the digestive organs. GUTTIFER^. 13. Clusia flava, L. West Indies; Key West prior to 1840. Not rediscovered by the later explorers of the botany of semi-tropical Florida, and probably not now growing spontaneously within the limits of the United States. Wood not examined. TERNSTRCEMIACE^. 14. Gordonia Lasianthus, L. Loblolly Bay. Tan Bay. Southern Virginia, south, near the coast, to Cape Malabar, and Cape Romano, Florida, and along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Mississippi River. A tree 15 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk often 0.45 to 0.50 metre in diameter ; low, sandy swamps. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, not durable; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light red, the sap-wood lighter ; specific gravity, 0.4728; ash, 0.76; somewhat employed in cabinet- making. 15. Gordonia pubescens, L'Her. Franklinia. Near Fort Barrington, on the Altamaha River, Georgia. A small tree, not rediscovered during the present century, and now only known through cultivated specimens. Wood not examined. b STERCULTACEiE. — TILIACE^. Fremontia. STERCULIACE^. 16. Fremontia Californica, Torr. Slippery Elm. California, — valley of Pitt River, southward along the western foot- hills of the Sierra Nevada, and in the Coast Ranges from the Santa Lucia to the San Jacinto Mountains ; rare at the north, most common and reaching its greatest development on the southern Sierras and the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Ranges. A small tree, G to 10 metres in height, the short trunk often 0.30 to 0.4"> metre in diameter, or more often a tall, much branched shrub; dry, gravelly soil. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, containing many groups of small ducts parallel to the thin, conspicuous medullary rays ; layers of annual growth obscure ; color dark brown tinged with red, the thick sap-wood lighter. The mucilaginous inner bark used locally in poultices. TILIACE^E. 17. Tilia Americana, L. Lime Tree. Basswood. American Linden. Lin. Bee Tree. Northern New Brunswick, westward in British America to about the one hundred and second meridian, southward to Virginia and along the Alleghany Mountains to Georgia and southern Alabama ; extending west, in the United States, to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, and the valley of the San Antonio River, Texas. A large tree, 20 to 2-i metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter, or, exceptionally, 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 0.92 to 1.84 metres in diameter; common in all northern forests on rich soil ; toward its western and southwestern limits only on bottom- lands. A variety ( T. Americana, var. pubescens, Loud) with thinner leaves softly pubescent beneath occasionally occurs in swamps and low ground from North Carolina to western Florida, generally near the coast. Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, easily worked : medullary rays numerous, rather obscure ; color light brown, or often slightly tinged with red. the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; largely used in the manufacture of wooden-ware and cheap furniture, for the panels and bodies of carriages, the inner soles of shoes, in turnery, and the manufacture of paper pulp. The inner bark, macerated, is sometimes manufactured into coarse cord- age and matting; the flowers, rich in honey, are highly prized by apiarists. Guaiacum. MALPIGIIIACE.E. — ZYGOPIIYLLACE.E. 7 18. Tilia heterophylla, Vent. White Basswood. Wahoo. Alleghany Mountains from Pennsylvania, southward to northern Ala- bama and Florida ; west to middle Tennessee and Kentucky, southern Indiana, and southern and central Illinois. A tree 15 to 20 metres in height, with a trunk 0.G0 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; rich woods and bottom-lands ; most common and reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the southern Alleghany Mountains and in middle Tennessee. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color light brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; generally confounded with that of Tilia Americana, from which it scarcely differs. The young branches are often fed to cattle in winter by farmers in the southern Alleghany Mountains. MALPIGHIACE^E. 19. Byrsonima lucida, HBK. Tallow Berry. Glamberry. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; through the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 metre in diameter, or often shrubby and branching from the ground. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numer- ous, thin ; color light red, the sap-wood a little lighter. Fruit edible. ZYGOPHYLLACE^E. 20. Guaiacum sanctum, L. Lignumvita. Keys of semi-tropical Florida, not rare ; in the Bahamas, St. Domingo, Cuba, Porto Kico, etc. A low, gnarled tree, not exceeding, within the limits of the United States, 8 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in di- ameter. Wood exceedingly heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, com- pact, difficult to work, splitting irregularly, containing many evenly dis- tributed resinous ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color rich yellow-brown, varying in older specimens to almost black, the sap-wood light yellow ; used in turnery and for the sheaves of ships' blocks, for which it is preferred to other woods. Lignum Guaiaci, Guaiacum-wood, the heart of this and the allied G. officinale, formerly largely used in the treatment of syphilis, is now 8 RUTACE^. Porliera. only retained in the Materia Medico, as an ingredient in the compound decoction of sarsaparilla. Guaiac, the resinous gum obtained from these species, is a stimulating diaphoretic and alterative, or in large doses cathartic, and is employed in cases of chronic rheumatism, gout, etc. 21. Porliera angustifolia, Gray. Western Texas, — valley- of the Colorado River to the Rio Grande, extending west to the Rio Pecos ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, 8 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or toward its eastern, northern, and western limits reduced to a low shrub ; reaching its greatest development, in the United States, on the hills bordering the valley of the Guadalupe River. Wood exceedingly heavy, very hard, close-grained, compact, the open ducts smaller and less regularly distributed than in Guaiacum : medullary rays very thin, numerous ; color rich dark brown, turning green with exposure, the sap-wood bright yellow ; probably possessing medicinal properties similar to those of lignumvita?. RUTACE^E. 22. Xanthoxylum Americanum, Mill. Prickhj Ash. Toothache Tree. Eastern Massachusetts, west to northern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska. and eastern Kansas ; south to the mountains of Virginia, and northern Missouri. A small tree, not often 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or. reduced to a shrub, 1.50 to 1.80 metres in height ; common, and reaching its greatest development in the region of the great lakes; rocky hillsides, or more often along streams ami rich bottom-lands. Wood light, soft, coarse-grained; medullary rays numerous, thin; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. The bark of Xanthoxylum, an active stimulant, is used in decoction to produce diaphoresis in cases of rheumatism, syphilis, etc., and as a popular remedy for toothache. 23. Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, L. Toothache Tree. Prickhj Ash. Sea Ash. Pepper-wood. Wild Orange. Southern Virginia, southward near the coast to Bay Biscayne and Tampa Bay, Florida, westward through the Gulf States to northwestern Louisiana, southern Arkansas, ami the valley of the Brazos River. Texas. A small tree, rarely 12 to 14 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 metre in diameter ; usually along streams and low. rich bottom-lands, reaching Plelea. RUTACE.E. 9 its greatest development in southern Arkansas, Louisiana, and eastern Texas. A shrubby, or on the coast arborescent, form of western Texas, with shorter ovate leaves, is var. fruticosum, Gray. Wood light, hard, not strong, soft, coarse-grained, not durable, con- taining many scattered open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. 24. Xanthoxylum Caribseum, Lam. Satin-wood. Keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies. A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.40 metre in diameter ; not common. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, not strong, brittle, fine-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numer- ous, thin, conspicuous ; color light orange, the sap-wood lighter. 25. Xanthoxylum Pterota, HBK. Wild Lime. Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet to the southern keys, and on the west coast from about latitude 29° to Cape Sable ; southwestern Texas ; and southward through Mexico to Brazil. A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely ex- ceeding 0.15 metre in diameter, or often reduced to a slender shrub. In Florida common, and reaching its greatest development on the keys of the west coast ; in Texas not common, but widely distributed as a small shrub, or. on the shores of Matagorda Bay, west of the Nueces River, and in the valley of the Bio Grande, a low tree. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin, nu- merous ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood yellow. 26. Ptelea trifoliata, L. Hop Tree. Shrubby Trefoil. Wafer Ask. Banks of the Niagara River, and Pennsylvania southward to northern Florida, west to Minnesota and the Indian Territory ; through western Texas to New Mexico ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 4 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or more often reduced to a slender shrub ; shady, rocky hillsides. A variety with more or less pubescent leaves, not rare on the south Atlantic coast, and the common form of western Texas, is var. mollis, Torr. & Gray. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, layers of annual growth clearly marked by two or three rows of open ducts ; medullary rays few, thin ; color yellow-brown, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable. 10 SIMARUBE.E. — BURSEBACE.E. Canada. The bark of the root possesses tonic properties, and is employed by herbalists in the form of tinctures and fluid extracts in the treatment of dyspepsia, debility, etc. ; the bitter fruit is occasionally used domesticallv as a substitute for hops. 27. Canotia holacantha, Ton-. Arizona. — White Mountain region, valley of the Gila River, valley of Bill AYilliams Fork. A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter, or often a large shrub ; dry. rocky hillsides. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter brown. SIMARUBE^. 28. Simaraba glauca, DC. Paradise Tree. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys ; through the West Indies to Brazil. A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 metre in diameter ; within the United States not common, and reaching its greatest development on the shores of Bay Biseayne. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, containing many large scattered open ducts ; medullary rays few, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood a little darker. The bark of this species is occasionally used as a substitute for that of S. officinalis, DC, as an aromatic, bitter tonic. BURSERACEJE. 29. Bursera gummifera, Jacq. Gum Elemi. Gumbo Limbo. West Indian Birch. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast Caloosa River to Caximbas Bay ; in the West Indies. A tree often 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.50 to 0.70 metre in diameter ; one of the largest ami most common trees of southern Florida, of very rapid growth and decay. Wood very light, exceedingly soft and weak, spongy, containing many scattered open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color light brown or gray, quickly discoloring with decay. The aromatic resin obtained from this species was formerly somewhat used in various forms, under the name of Carolina, as a remedy for gout ; and in the West Indies is manufactured into a valuable varnish. Ximenia. MELIACE.E. — 0LACINE2E. H 30. Amyris sylvatica, Jacq. Torch-wood. Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet to the southern keys ; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; common. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, close-grained, com- pact, resinous, exceedingly durable, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays obscure ; color light orange, the sap-wood lighter. MELIACEuE. 31. Swietenia Mahogoni, L. Mahogany. Madeira. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; rare ; in the West Indies and Central America. A large tree, on the Florida keys rarely exceeding 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 metre in diameter. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, very durable, susceptible of a high polish ; medullary rays nu- merous, obscure ; color rich reddish-brown, turning darker with age, the thin sap-wood yellow ; varying greatly in quality in different regions ; largely used and preferred to all other woods for cabinet^making of all sorts, interior finish, etc. ; formerly somewhat employed in ship-building. OLACINEJE. 32. Ximenia Americana, L. Wild Lime. Tallow Nut. Hog Plum. Mountain Plum. Florida, — east coast Saint John's River to the southern keys, west coast Caloosa River to Caximbas Bay ; through the West Indies to Brazil, and on the coast of the Indian Peninsula (introduced ?). A small, low, wide-spreading tree, rarely exceeding 4 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 metre in diameter, or in pine-barren soil and toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; common and reaching its great- est development, in Florida on the west coast. Wood very heavy, tough, hard, close-grained, compact, containing numerous regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays few, thin ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter. Hydrocyanic acid can be obtained from the edible plum-shaped fruit. 12 ILTCINEiE. Hex. ILICINE^. 33. Ilex opaca, Ait. American Holly. Quincy, Massachusetts, southward, near the coast, to Mosquito Inlet and Charlotte Harbor, Florida, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, and extending northward through the Missis- sippi Valley to Southern Indiana. An evergreen tree, sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 1.20 metres in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a shrub ; generally in low, rather moist soil ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the rich bottom-lands of southern Arkansas and eastern Texas. Wood light, soft, not strong, tough, rather hard, close-grained, very compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, inconspicuous ; color nearly white, turning to light brown with exposure, the sap-wood still lighter ; used and admirably adapted for cabinet work, interior finish, and turnery. A bitter principle (Uicin), common to other species of the genus, has been obtained from the fruit of this tree. 34. Ilex Dahoon, Walt. Dahoon. Dahoon Holly. Southern Virginia, southward near the coast to Mosquito Inlet and Tampa Bay, Florida, and west along the Gulf coast to the prairie region of western Louisiana. A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk from 0.20 to 0.30 metre in diameter; low, wet soil, or often in cypress swamps and ponds; not common, and running into numerous forms, — var. angusti- fo/ia, Torr. & Gray; var. myrtifolia, Chapm. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white. 35. Ilex Cassine, Walt. Cassena. Yaupon. Yopon. Southern Virginia, southward, near the coast, to Saint John's River and Cedar Keys, Florida, west along the Gulf coast to southern Arkan- sas, and the valley of the Colorado River, Texas. A small tree, G to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or more often a shrub, .sending up many slender stems and forming dense thickets; sandy, moist soil, along ponds and streams ; reach- ing its greatest development on the bottom-lands of eastern Texas. Cliftonia. CYRILLACE^E. 13 Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, liable to check in drying ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color nearly white, becoming yellow with exposure, the sap-wood lighter. The leaves possess powerful emetic properties. 36. Ilex decidua, Walt. Southern Virginia, southward, through the middle districts, to western Florida ; through the Gulf States to the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, and northward through the Mississippi Valley to southern Illinois. A small tree, 8 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or in the Atlantic States a tall, straggling shrub ; low, wet woods along streams, reaching its greatest development in the Iron Moun- tain region of Missouri, and in southern Arkansas. AVood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color creamy-white, the sap-wood lighter. CYRILLACE^E. 37. Cyrilla racemifiora, L. Iron-wood. North Carolina, southward, near the coast, to middle Florida, and west, along the Gulf coast, to the valley of the Pearl River, Mississippi. A small tree, sometimes 8 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or often a tall shrub, sending up many stems from the root ; open swamps, low thickets, or pine-barren pond-holes. Wood heavy, weak, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin, not conspicuous ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter. 38. Cliftonia ligustrina, Banks. Titi. Iron-ioood. Buckwheat Tree. Valley of the Savannah River, Georgia, south to middle Florida, and west, along the Gulf coast, to the valley of the Pearl River, Louisiana. A small tree, sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.40 metre in diameter, or toward its southern limits in Florida reduced to a shrub ; margins of pine-barren ponds and streams. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used as fuel, burning with a clear flame. 14 CELASTRACE.E. — RHAMNACE.E. Euonymus. CELASTRACE^E. 39. Euonymus atropurpureus, Jacq. Burning Bush. Wahoo. Spindle Tree. Arrow-wood. Western New York, west to the valley of the Missouri River, Mon- tana, southward to northern Florida, southern Arkansas, and eastern Kansas. v A small tree, rarely 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 metre in diameter, or more often a shrub 2 to 3 metres in height ; low, rich woods, reaching its greatest development west of the Mississippi River. AYood heavy, very close-grained, liable to check badly in seasoning; medullary rays hardly distinguishable ; color white tinged with orange. Wahoo bark, a mild but uncertain purgative, is used by herbalists in the form of decoctions, tinctures, fluid extracts, etc. 40. Myginda pallens, Smith. Upper Metacombe Key. Florida ; in the West Indies. A small tree, rarely exceeding 4 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 metre in diameter. "Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny ; layers of annual growth and numerous medullary rays hardly distinguishable ; color dark brown or nearly black, the thick sap-wood lighter brown tinged with red. 41. Schaefferia frutescens, Jacq. Yellowwood. Box-wood. Semi-tropical Florida, — southern keys from Metacombe Key east- ward, Caloosa River, and sparingly on the Reef Keys ; in the West Indies. A small tree, occasionally 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, generally hollow and defective. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish : medullary rays numerous, obscure; color light bright yellow, the sap-wood a little lighter. RHAMNACE^E. 42. Reynosia latifolia, Griseb. Red Iron-icood. Barling Plum. Semi-tropical Florida, — southern keys to Bay Biseayne ; in the Wesl Indies. A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter. Rliamnus. RHAMXACE^. 15 "Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact ; med- ullary rays numerous, thin; color rich dark brown, the sap-wood light brown. The fruit edible and of agreeable flavor. 43. Condalia ferrea, Griseb. Black Iron-wood. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to Bay Biscayne, and on the southern keys ; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 11 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.38 metre in diameter, generally hollow and defective ; common. Wood exceedingly heavy and hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, com- pact, difficult to work ; remarkable for the large percentage of ash ; med- ullary rays very numerous, thin ; color rich orange-brown, the sap-wood lighter. 44. Condalia obovata, Hook. Blue-wood. Logwood. Purple Haw. Eastern and southwestern Texas, westward through southern New Mexico to southern Arizona; probably extending into northern Mexico. A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or often a low, much branched shrub ; reaching its greatest development along the streams of eastern Texas ; one of the common "chaparral" plants of western Texas, here forming dense, impenetrable thickets. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, liable to check in seasoning, containing many groups of large irregularly arranged open ducts ; medul- lary rays numerous, obscure ; color light red, the sap-wood light yellow. 45. Rhamnus Caroliniana, Walt. Indian Cherry. Long Island, New York, west along the valley of the Ohio River to southern Illinois, Missouri south of the Meramec River, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory, south to northern Florida, and through the Gulf States, to eastern Texas. A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.30 metre in diameter, or in the Atlantic States generally a tall shrub ; rich woods along streams and bottom-lands ; reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas. Wood light, hard, not strong, coarse-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. The fruit sweet and edible. 16 RHAMNACE^E. Rhamnus. 46. Rhamnus Californica, Eschsch. California, west of the Sierra Nevadas, from the valley of the upper Sacramento River southward to Santa Barbara and Fort Tejon. A small tree, rarely 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.37 metre in diameter, or commonly a shrub, along the sea-coast and at high elevations, often prostrate; common and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the Santa Cruz Mountains. A low shrubby form, densely white-tomentose, especially on the under side of the leaves, of southern California, Arizona, and New Mexico, is var. tomentclla, Brewer & Watson. Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, checking in drying ; layers of annual growth marked by many rows of open ducts ; medullary rays narrow, obscure ; color brown or light yellow, the sap-wood lighter. 47. Rhamnus Purshiana, DC. Bearberry. Bear-wood. Sliittim-wood. Puget Sound, east along the mountain ranges of northern Washington to the Bitter Root Mountains, Idaho, aud the shores of Flathead Lake, Montana ; southward through western Washington, Oregon, and northern California, west of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. A small tree, often 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter ; depressions and on the sides and bottoms of canons in the coniferous forests ; reaching its greatest development along the western slope of the Coast Range of southern Oregon. Wood light, very hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood somewhat lighter. The bark, like that of other species of the genus, possesses powerful cathartic properties, and, under the name of Cascara sagrada, has been introduced into commerce by herbalists in the form of fluid extracts and tinctures. 48. Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, Eschsch. Blue Myrtle. California, — Coast Ranges, from Mendocino County south to the valley of the San Luis Rey River. A small tree, 8 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or toward the southern limits reduced to a low .shrub; common and reaching its greatest development in the Sequoia forests near Santa Cruz Bay. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays very obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood darker. The bark of the root may be expected to possess similar astringent properties to that of the shrubby O. Americana, used with advantage in cases of diarrhoea and dysentery, and as a domestic remedy in the treat- ment of troubles of the throat. jEsculus. sapindace^;. 17 49. Colubrina reclinata, Brong. Naked Wood. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies. One of the largest trees of the region, deciduous, 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk O.CO to 1.25 metres in diameter ; reaching its greatest development, within the United States, on Umbrella Key, here forming a dense forest ; not common. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish, containing many small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood light yellow. SAPINDACE.E. 50. jEscuIus glabra, Willd. Ohio Buckeye. Fetid Buckeye. Western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains from Pennsylvania to northern Alabama, and westward through southern Michigan (rare) to southern Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory. A small tree, 8 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 0.G0 metre in diameter ; rich soil along streams and bottom-lands ; reaching its greatest development in the high valleys of the southern Alleghany Mountains. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, difficult to split, often blemished by dark lines of decay ; medullary rays obscure ; color white, the sap-wood a little darker ; largely used, in common with that of the other species of the genus, in the manufacture of wooden-ware, artificial limbs, paper pulp, wooden hats, less commonly for the bearings of shaft- ing and machinery, and occasionally manufactured into lumber. The bark of the allied old-world species JE. Hi ppocastanum has been found efficacious as a substitute for cinchona bark in the treatment of intermittent fevers, and similar properties may be looked for in the bark of the North American species of this genus. 51. JEscuhis flava, Ait. Sweet Buckeye. Alleghany Mountains from Pennsylvania to northern Georgia and Alabama, west to southern Iowa, the Indian Territory, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas. A tree 18 to 28 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0 90 metre in diameter, or toward its southwestern limits reduced to a shrub ; rich woods and borders of streams ; reaching its greatest development on the slopes of the Alleghany Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. 2 18 SAPINDACEiE. jEsculus- A variety with purple or flesh-colored flowers, the leaflets pubescent beneath, is var. purpurascens, Gray. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, difficult to split; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color creamy-white, the sap-wood hardly dis- tinguishable. 52. JEsculus Californica, Nutt. California Buckeye. California, — valley of the upper Sacramento River and Mendocino County, southward in the Coast Ranges to San Luis Obispo, and along the western foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. A low, widely branching tree, S to 12 metres in height, with a short trunk 0.G0 to 0.90 metre in diameter, often greatly expanded at the base. or more often a much-branched shrub from 3 to 5 metres in height ; borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in the canons of the Coast Ranges north of San Francisco Bay. Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color white slightly tinged with yellow, the sap- wood hardly distinguishable. 53. Ungnadia speciosa, Endl. Spanish Buckeye. Valley of the Trinity River, Texas, to the canons of the Organ Moun- tains, New Mexico ; and southward into Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or towards its eastern and western limits reduced to a low shrub ; common west of the Colorado River, on bottoms and rich hillsides, and reaching its greatest development in the valley of the Guadalupe River, between New Braunfels and the coast. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, contain- ing numerous evenly distributed open ducts; medullary rays numerous, inconspicuous ; color red tinged with brown, the sap-wood lighter. 54. Sapindus marginatus, Willd. Wihl China. Soapberry. Atlantic coast, — Savannah River to the Saint John's River, Florida; Cedar Keys ; valley of the Washita River, Arkansas, through western Louisiana, and Texas to the mountain valleys of southern New Mexico and Arizona, and southward into Mexico; in the West Indies. A tree on the Atlantic coast, sometimes 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 metre in diameter, west of the Colorado River much smaller, rarely 9 metres in height; borders of streams or toward the western limits of its distribution, only in mountain valleys ; reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of eastern Texas. Hypelale. SAPINDACE.E. 19 Wood heavy, strong, hard, close-grained, compact, easily split into thin strips ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood lighter; largely used in Texas in the manu- facture of cotton-baskets, and in New Mexico for the frames of pack- saddles. 55. Sapindus Saponaria, L. Soapberry. Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to Caximbas Bay ; in the West Indies. A small tree, G to 10 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.38 metre in diameter; common on Cape Sable, and reaching its greatest development, within the United States, on the Thousand Islands and along the shores of Caximbas Bay. Wood heavy, rather hard, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood yellow. The fruit and roots rich in saponin, and used in the West Indies as a substitute for soap; the round black seeds for beads, buttons, and small ornaments. 56. Hypelate paniculata, Cambess. Ink-wood. Iron-wood. Semi-tropical Florida, — east coast from Mosquito Inlet to the southern keys; in the West Indies. A tree often 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 metre in diameter. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, sus- ceptible of a good polish, checking in drying ; medullary rays obscure ; color bright reddish brown, the sap-wood lighter ; used in ship-building, for the handles of tools, and wharf piles ; resisting the attacks of the Teredo. 57. Hypelate trifoliata, Sw. White Iron-wood. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies. A tree sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; not common. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a fine polish, durable in contact with the soil ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color rich light brown, the sap-wood darker; used in ship-building, for the handles of tools, posts, etc. 20 SAPINDACE/E. Acer. 58. Acer Pennsylvanicum, L. Striped Maple. Moose-wood. Striped Dogwood. Goose-foot Maple. Whistle-wood. "Valley of the Saint Lawrence River to the northern shores of Lake Ontario, and the islands of Lake Huron, south through the north Atlantic States, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia ; west through the lake region to northeastern Minnesota. A small tree, 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; cool ravines and mountain sides. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, satiny ; medullary rays numer- ous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. 59. Acer spicatum, Lam. Mountain Maple. Valley of the Saint Lawrence River, west along the northern shores of the great lakes to northern Minnesota and the Saskatchewan region, south through the northern States and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia. A small tree, sometimes 8 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or -often a tall shrub; cool woods and mountain ravines ; reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays inconspicu- ous ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter. 60. Acer macrophyllnm, Pursh. Broad-leaved Maple. Coast of Alaska, from latitude 55° south along the islands and coast of British Columbia, through western Washington and Oregon, and along the California Const Ranges and western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino Mountains and Hot Spring Valley. San Diego County ; not found above 4,000 feet altitude. A tree .24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.50 metres in diameter; borders of streams; reaching its greatest development on the rich bottom-lands of the Coquille and other rivers of southern Oregon. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich light brown tinged with reel, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white; largely used in Oregon in the manufacture of furniture, for axe and broom handles, frames of snow-shoes, etc. ; specimens with the grain beautifully curled and contorted are common. Acer. SAPINDACE.E. 21 61. Acer circinatum, Pursh. Vine Maple. Valley of the Fraser River and probably farther north in British Columbia, southward through Washington and Oregon, west of the Cas- cade Mountains to the Mount Shasta region of northern California; rarely found above 4,000 feet altitude. A small tree, sometimes 8 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.30 metre in diameter; borders of streams; the stems often prostrate and forming dense, impenetrable thickets. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown or often nearly white ; the sap-wood lighter; specific gravity, 0.6660 ; ash, 0.39; used as fuel, by lumbermen for axe and shovel handles, and by the coast Indians for the bows of fishing-nets. 62. Acer glabrum, Torr. Dwarf Maple. Valley of the Fraser River and probably farther north in British Columbia, south through Washington, Oregon, and along the Sierra Ne- vada Mountains of California to the Yosemite Valley ; east along the mountain ranges of Idaho and Montana to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, south through Colorado and Utah ; in the east Humboldt Range, Nevada, and in the mountain ranges of western New Mexico and eastern Arizona. A small tree, 8 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter, or more often reduced to a low shrub 1 to 2 metres in height ; borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in the mountain canons of western New Mexico and eastern Arizona. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, or often nearly white, the sap-wood lighter. 63. Acer grandidentatum, Nutt. Western Montana, canons of the Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, and south through eastern Arizona to southwestern New Mexico ; and in Coahuila. A small tree, rarely exceeding 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; borders of streams ; not common. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin, distinct ; color light brown, or often nearly white. 64. Acer saccharinum, Wang. Sugar Maple. Sugar Tree. Hard Maple. Southern Newfoundland, valleys of the Saint Lawrence and Saguenay Rivers, shores of Lake Saint John, west along the northern shores of the 22 SAPINDACE.E. Acer. great lakes to Lake of the Woods ; south through the northern States and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Alabama and western Florida ; west to Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and eastern Texas. A tree of great economic value, 24 to 36 metres in height, with a trunk 0.C0 to 1.20 metres in diameter, or towards its southwestern limits greatly reduced in size ; rich upland woods ; often forming extensive forests, and reaching its greatest development in the region of the great lakes. A form with more widely lobed leaves, often downy on the lower side, common along the borders of streams and on bottom-lands from western Vermont to southern Missouri, extending south to northern Alabama and south- western Arkansas, is var. nigrum, Gray. Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used in the manufacture of furni- ture, shoe lasts and pegs, saddle-trees, in turnery, for interior finish and flooring ; in ship-building for keels, keelsons, shoes, etc., and furnishing valuable fuel ; " curled " maple and " bird's-eye " maple, accidental forms in which the grain is beautifully curled and contorted, are common and highly prized in cabinet-making. Maple sugar is principally made from this species ; the ashes of the wood, rich in alkali, yield large quantities of potash. 65. Acer dasycarpum, Ehrh, Soft Maple. White Maple. Silver Maple. Valley of the Saint John River, New Brunswick, to southern Ontario, south to western Florida, west to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, the valley of the Blue River, Kansas, and the Indian Territory. A large tree, 18 to 30 or, exceptionally, 36 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in diameter, borders of streams and intervales, in rich soil ; most common west of the Alleghany Mountains, and reach- ing its greatest development in the basin of the lower Ohio River. Wood light, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; somewhat used in the manufacture of cheap furniture, for flooring, etc. Maple sugar is occasionally made from this species. 66. Acer rubrum, L. Red Maple. Swamp Maple. Soft Maple. Water Maple. New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario south of latitude 49°, north and west to the Lake of the Woods, south to Indian and Caloosa Rivers, Florida ; west to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, the Indian Territory, and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas. A large tree, 20 to 30 or, exceptionally, ."<2 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in diameter; borders of streams and low, wet Negundo. SAPINDACE.E. 23 swamps, reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the lower Wabash and Yazoo Rivers. A form common in southern Arkansas, east- ern Texas, western Louisiana, and sparingly through the Gulf States to southern Georgia, and well characterized by its obovate or truncate leaves, densely covered, as well as the petioles and young shoots, with a thick white tomentum, is var. Drummondii, Sargent. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, easily worked ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown, often tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used in cabinetruiaking, turnery, and for wooden-ware, gunstocks, etc. 67. Negundo aceroides, Mccnch. Box £lder. Ash-leaved Maple. Shores of the Winooski River and Lake Champlain, Vermont, near Ithaca, New York, eastern Pennsylvania, and south to Hernando County, Florida ; northwest through the lake region of the United States and Manitoba to Lake Winnipeg, and along the southern branch of the Sas- katchewan to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains ; west, in the United States, to the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Montana, and the Wahsatch Mountains, Utah ; southwest through the basin of the Mississippi River, western Texas, and New Mexico to eastern Arizona ; and southward into Mexico. A tree 15 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre, or, exceptionally, 1.20 metres in diameter ; moist soil, borders of streams, etc. ; in the Rocky Mountain region in high valleys, between 5,000 and 0,000 feet elevation ; one of the most widely distributed trees of the American forest, reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the Wabash and Cumberland Rivers. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color creamy-white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; occasionally used in the interior finish of houses, for wooden-ware, cooper- age, and paper-pulp. Small quantities of maple sugar are sometimes obtained from this species. 68. Negundo Californicum, Torr. & Gray. Box Elder. California, — valley of the lower Sacramento River, southward in the interior valleys of the Coast Ranges to the western slopes of the San Ber- nardino Mountains. A small tree, 6 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.G0 metre in diameter ; borders of streams. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color nearly white, or slightly tinged with yellow ; occasionally used in the manufacture of cheap furniture. 24 ANACARDIACE^. Rhus. ANACARDIACE^E. 69. Rhus cotinoides, Nutt. Chitiam-wood. Alabama, — southern slopes of the Cumberland Mountains, north of the Tennessee River ; and doubtfully reported north of the Alabama line, in Tennessee. Indian Territory, rocky banks of the Grand River (Nuttall). In Alabama, a small wide-branching tree, 9 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter, on limestone benches between 700 and 900 feet elevation, in dense forests of oak, ash, maple, etc. ; local and very rare ; not rediscovered in Arkansas or the Indian Territory ; in Alabama nearly exterminated. Wood lio-ht, soft, rather coarse-grained, checking badly in drying, very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth marked by sev- eral rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color bright, clear, rich orange, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; largely used locally for fencing, and yielding a clear orange dye. 70. Rhus typhina, L. Staghorn Sumach. New Brunswick, west through the valley of the Saint Lawrence River to southern Ontario and Minnesota, south through the northern State.-; and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia, central Alabama and Mississippi. A small tree, rarely 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 metre in diameter, or often a shrub ; dry hillsides, or often along streams in sandy, moist soil. Wood light, brittle, soft, coarse-grained, compact, satiny, taking a good polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by four to six rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color yellow streaked with green, the sap-wood nearly white; occasionally used for inlaying cabinet work. Bark and leaves, astringent, and rich in tannin, are somewhat used locally as a dye and in dressing skins. 71. Rhus copallina, L. Dwarf Sumach. Northern New England, south to Manatee and Caximbas Bay, Florida, west to Missouri, Arkansas, and the valley of the San Antonio River, Texas. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or at the north a low shrub 1 to 2 metres in height ; dry hills Rhus. ANACARDIACE.E. 25 and ridges ; reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas ; running into various forms (var. lanceolata, Gray ; var. leucautha, DC). Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, satiny, suscep- tible of a good polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays thin, not prominent ; color light brown, streaked with green, or often tinged with red ; the sap-wood lighter. Leaves and bark astringent, rich in tannin ; the leaves largely collected, principally in Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and Tennessee, and ground for tanning and dyeing. 72. Rhus venenata, DC. Poison Sumach. Poison Elder. Northern New England, south to northern Georgia, Alabama, and western Louisiana, west to northern Minnesota, Missouri, and Arkansas. A small tree, G to 8 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or more often a tall shrub ; low, wet swamps, or more rarely on higher ground. Wood light, soft, coarse-grained, moderately compact ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by three or four rows of large open ducts ; medul- lary rays thin, very obscure ; color light yellow streaked with brown, the sap-wood lighter. The whole plant, as well as the allied R. Toxicodendron, is exceedingly poisonous to most persons, owing to the presence of a volatile principle, Toxicodendric acid ; the white milky sap, turning black in drying, yields a valuable lacquer. 73. Rhus Metopium, L. Poison-wood. Coral Sumach. Mountain Manchineel. Bum-wood. Hog Plum. Doctor-c/um. Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; in the West Indies. A tree 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in diameter, reaching, in the United States, its greatest development on the shores of Bay Biscayne, near Miami ; one of the most common trees of the region, the large specimens generally decayed. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, checking badly in drying, containing many evenly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown streaked with red, the sap-wood light brown or yellow. A resinous gum, emetic, purgative, and diuretic, is obtained from incis- ions made in the bark of this species. 26 LEGUMINOS^E. Pistacia. 74. Pistacia Mexicana, HBK. Texas, — valley of the Rio Grande near the mouth of the Pecos River ; in northern Mexico. Wood not examined. LEGUMINOSjE. 75. Eysenhardtia orthocarpa, Watson. Western Texas, valleys of the upper Guadalupe and Rio Grande, west to the Santa Rita and Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona ; in northern Mexico. A small tree. 5 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.09 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or more often a low shrub ; dry. gravelly soil, reaching its greatest known development, in the United States, near the summit of the Santa Catalina Mountains, at 8,000 feet elevation. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, very compact ; layers of annual growth clearly defined by numerous rows of open ducts ; medullary rays numer- ous, thin ; color light reddish-brown, the sap-wood clear yellow. 76. Dalea spinosa, Gray. Colorado Desert, southern California to the valley of the lower Gila River, Arizona. A small tree, sometimes C metres in height, with a short, stout trunk 0.45 to 0.50 metre in diameter, or often a low shrub ; dry, gravelly, rocky soil. Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, containing many regularly dis- tributed open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color walnut brown, the sap-wood nearly white. 77. Robinia Pseudacacia, L. Locust. Black Locust. Yellow Locust. Alleghany Mountains, from Pennsylvania to northern Georgia ; widely and generally naturalized throughout the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, and possibly indigenous in northeastern and western Arkansas, and on the prairies of eastern Indian Territory. A tree 22 to 25 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; west of the Mississippi River much smaller, or often a low shrub 1.80 to 3 metres in height, reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the mountains of West Virginia. AVood heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the ground ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by two or three lims of large open ducts ; color brown or more rarely light green, the sap-wood yellow ; largely used for treenails, posts of all sorts, construction, and in turnery. Olneya. LEGUMINOS/E. 27 The bark of the root is tonic, or in large doses purgative and emetic. The locust was formerly widely planted as a timber tree ; its cultivation in the United States is now generally abandoned on account of the de- structive attacks of the locust-borer (Cyllene picta). 78. Robinia viscosa, Vent. Clammy Locust. High Alleghany Mountains of North Carolina. A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk not exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; very rare and local in a wild state, but now widely cultivated and occasionally naturalized in the Atlantic States. Wood (of a cultivated specimen) heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth clearly marked by many rows of open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown, the sap-wood light yellow. 79. Robinia Neo-Mexicana, Gray. Locust. Southern Colorado, through western and southwestern New Mexico to the Santa Catalina and Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, and in southern Utah. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 metre in diameter, or toward its upper limits of growth reduced to a low shrub; reaching its greatest development in the valley of the Purgatory River, Colorado. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing many evenly distributed open ducts; medullary rays thin, con- spicuous ; color yellow streaked with brown, the sap-wood light yellow. 80. Olneya Tesota, Gray. Iron-ivood. Arhol de Hierro. California, valley of the Colorado River south of the Mohave Moun- tains, valley of the lower Gila River, southwestern Arizona ; southward in Sonora. A small tree, in the United States rarely 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.45 metre in diameter ; dry arroyos and canons ; in Sonora more common and of larger size. Wood very heavy and hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; the grain generally contorted, difficult to cut and work, susceptible of a high polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown streaked with red, the sap-wood clear bright yellow ; occasionally manufactured into canes and other small objects. 28 LEGUMINOS^. Piscidia. 81. Piscidia Erythrina, L. Jamaica Dogicood. Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne and Pease Creek to the south- ern keys ; in the West Indies and southern Mexico. A tree 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.75 metre in diameter. "Wood heavy, very hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish, containing few large scattered open ducts ; medullary rays thin, not conspicuous ; color yellowish brown, the sap-wood lighter: one of the most valuable woods of the region for boat-building, firewood, and charcoal. The bark, especially of the root, narcotic, occasionally administered in the form of tinctures, or used, as well as the young branches and leave.-.. to poison or stupefy fish. 82. Cladrastis tinctoria, Raf. Yellow-wood. Yellow Ash. Gopher-wood. Central Kentucky, and middle Tennessee to the mountains of East Tennessee and Cherokee County, North Carolina. A tree 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 metre, or exceptionally 1.20 metres, in diameter; rich hillsides; reaching its greatest development in middle Tennessee; rare and very local, the large trees generally hollow or defective. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a good polish; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of open ducts, and containing many evenly distributed similar dints; color bright clear yellow, changing with exposure to light brown, the sap-wood nearly white; used for fuel, occasionally for gunstocks, and yielding a clear yellow dye. 83. Sophora secundiflora, Lagasca. Frigolito. Matagorda Bay, Texas, west to the mountains of New Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.1.") to 0.20 metre in diameter, or often, especially west of the San Antonio River, a tall shrub rarely exceeding 2 metres in height, and forming dense thickets: borders of streams, generally in low, rather moist soil. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish; medullary rays numerous, thin; color orange streaked with red. the heavier sap-wood brown or yellow; furnishing valuable fuel. The seeds contain an exceedingly poisonous alkaloid, Sojjhoria. 84. Sophora affinis, Torr. & Gray. Valley of the Arkansas River, Arkansas to the valley of the San Antonio River, Texas. GleditscMa. LEGUMINOSJE. 29 A small tree, 5 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 to 0.2 ."> metre in diameter ; borders of streams and prairies. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, coarse-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth clearly marked with several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays thin, conspicuous ; color light red, the sap-wood bright clear yellow. 85. Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lam. Kentucky Coffee-tree. Coffee-nut. Southern Pennsylvania (rare) ; western New York (rare) ; west through southern Ontario and southern Michigan to the valley of the Minnesota River, Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, southwestern Arkan- sas, and the Indian Territory, extending south to middle Tennessee. A tree 25 to 33 metres in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; rich woods and bottom-lands ; not common. Wood heavy, not hard, strong, coarse-grained, durable in contact with the ground, liable to check in drying, easily worked, susceptible of a high polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one or two rows of open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light rich brown tinged with red, the thin sap-wood lighter ; occasionally used in cabinet-making, for posts, rails, etc. The fresh leaves, macerated and sweetened, are occasionally used as a poison for house-flies ; the seeds, formerly as a domestic substitute for coffee. 86. Gleditschia triacanthos, L. Honey Locust. Black Locust. Three-thorned Acacia. Sweet Locust. Honey Shucks. Western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains of Pennsylvania, west through southern Michigan to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory ; south to Tampa Bay, Florida (not detected in east Florida), northern Alabama, northern Mississippi, and the valle}' of the Brazos River, Texas. A tree 25 or 30 metres, or exceptionally 40 metres, in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.20 metres in diameter; low, rich bottom-lands, or more rarely on dry, sterile hills ; the characteristic tree of the " barrens " of middle Kentucky and Tennessee ; reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of the lower Ohio River basin ; widely cultivated for shade and as a hedge plant, and now somewhat naturalized in the Atlantic States east of the Alleghany Mountains. A not uncommon form, nearly destitute of thorns, is var. inermis, Pursh. Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, moderately compact, very durable in contact with the soil, susceptible of a high polish ; layers of annual growth strongly marked by many rows of open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color bright brown or red, the sap-wood lighter ; used for fence posts and rails, wagon hubs, construction, etc. 30 LEGUMINOSiE. Gleditschia. 87. G-leditschia monosperma, Walt. Water Locust. South Carolina, generally near the coast, to Matanzas Inlet and Tampa Bay, Florida, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Brazos River, Texas, and through Arkansas to middle Kentucky and Tennessee, south- ern Indiana and Illinois. A tree 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 or, exceptionally, 0.90 metre in diameter ; deep swamps ; rare in the south Atlantic and Gulf States ; common and reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of southern Arkansas, Louisiana, and eastern Texas, here often covering extensive areas. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, suscep- tible of a high polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one to three rows of open ducts; medullary rays thin, conspicuous; color rich bright brown tinged with red, the thick heavier sap-wood clear light yellow. 88. Parkinsonia Torreyana, Watson. Green-barked Acacia. Palo Verde. Colorado Desert, southern California to the valley of the lower Gila River, Arizona. A low, much-branched tree, 8 to 10 metres in height, the short trunk sometimes 0.45 to 0.50 metre in diameter; low canons ami depressions in the sand-hills of the desert; common and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the lower Colorado and Gila Rivers. Wood heavy, not strong, soft, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many small, evenly distributed, open ducts; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood clear light yellow. 89. Parkinsonia microphylla, Ton. Valleys of the lower Colorado and Bill Williams Rivers, eastward through southern Arizona. A small, much-branched tree, 6 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0J30 metre in diameter; or often a low shrub, 1 to .':> metres in height. Wood heavy, hard, coarse-grained, compact, containing numerous large scattered open ducts j medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color dark rich brown streaked with red, the sap-wood light brown or yellow. 90. Parkinsonia aculeata, L. Corpus Christ!, Texas, west along the Mexican boundary to the valley of the Colorado River, Arizona, and southward into Mexico; probably of American origin, but now widely naturalized throughout the tropical and warmer regions of the "lobe. Prosopis. LEGUMINOS^E. 31 A small tree, G to 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, inclined to check in drying, con- taining many evenly distributed small open ducts ; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color light brown, the very thick sap-wood lighter, often tinged with yellow. 91. Cercis Canadensis, L. Red-bud. Judas Tree. Western Pennsylvania, south to Tampa Bay, Florida, and northern Alabama and Mississippi, west through southern Michigan and Minne- sota to eastern Nebraska ; southwest through Missouri and Arkansas to the eastern portions of the Indian Territory, Louisiana, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas. A small tree, 12 to 16 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter ; rich woods, borders of streams, and swamps ; most common and reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas, the Indian Territory, and eastern Texas. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, suscep- tible of a good polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one to three rows of open ducts ; medullary rays exceedingly numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter. 92. Cercis reniformis, Engelm. Red-bud. Middle and western Texas west of the Colorado River ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or often a shrub forming dense thickets ; limestone hills. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one to three rows of open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, not conspicuous ; color brown streaked with yellow, the sap- wood lighter. 93. Prosopis julifiora, DC. Mesquit. Ahjaroba. Honey Locust. Honey Pod. Texas, — valley of the Trinity River to the northern and western limits of the State ; west through New Mexico and Arizona to the western foothills of the San Bernardino Mountains, California, reaching southern Colorado, southern Utah, and southern Nevada ; in northern Mexico. A tree of the first economic value, sometimes 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 metre in diameter, or much smaller, often reduced to a low shrub ; dry prairies and high rocky plains, or west of the Rocky Mountains, along desert streams, here often forming open forests, and 32 LEGUMINOS^. Prosopis. reaching its greatest development, within the United States, in the valley of the Santa Cruz and other streams of southern Arizona ; in western Texas, owing to the annual burning of the prairies, rarely 1 metre in height, the roots then enormously developed, often weighing several hundred pounds, and forming, as they are here locally known, " under- ground forests," furnishing the best and cheapest fuel of the region. Wood heavy, very hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, difficult to work, almost indestructible in contact with the soil, containing many evenly distributed, rather large, open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, distinct ; color rich dark brown or often red, the sap-wood clear yellow ; exclusively used for the beams and underpinnings of the adobe houses of New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico, for posts and fencing, and occasionally in the manufacture of furniture, the fellies of heavy wheels, etc. ; the best and often the only fuel of the region, burning slowly with a clear flame, and producing valuable charcoal, but unsuited for the gen- eration of steam on account of its destructive action upon boilers. A gum resembling gum-arabic is yielded by this species ; the unripe and pulpy pods rich in grape sugar, are edible, furnishing valuable and important fodder. 94. Prosopis pubescens, Benth. Screw Bean. Screw-pod Mesquit. Tornilla. Valley of the Rio Grande in western Texas, west through Xew Mex- ico and Arizona to southern California, southern Utah and southern Ne- vada ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, rarely 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or often a tall, much-branched shrub; sandy or gravelly river-bottoms, reaching its greatest development, within the United States, in the valleys of the lower Colorado and Gila Rivers. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, com- pact, containing many evenly distributed open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color light brown, the sap-wood somewhat lighter; used for fuel and fencing. The pods used as fodder are sometimes made into flour by the Indians. 95. Leucsena glauca, Benth. Western Texas, — San Saba to Devil's River ; in northern Mexico ; semi-tropical Florida (introduced) ; and through the West Indies. A small tree, 7 to !> metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metro in diameter ; or often a tall or, in Florida, low shrub, sending up many stems from the ground. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, containing many small regularly distributed open ducts ; layers of annual growth ami medullary ravs hardly distinguishable; color rich brown streaked with red, the sap- wood clear yellow. Acacia. LEGUMINOS.E. 33 96. Leucaena pulverulenta, Benth. Southern Texas, — valley of the lower Rio Grande ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter, often forming dense thickets ; rich, sandy loam. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, containing many small, regularly distributed, open ducts ; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color rich dark brown, the sap-wood clear yellow. 97. Acacia "Wrightii, Benth. Cat's Claw. Valley of the Guadalupe River, western Texas, west and south to the valley of the Rio Grande ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, rarely 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes ex- ceeding 0.30 metre in diameter, or often a low, much-branched shrub. Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by one or two rows of small open ducts, and containing many scattered smaller ducts; medullary rays hardly distinguishable; color bright clear brown streaked with red and yellow, the sap-wood clear yellow. 98. Acacia G-reggii, Gray. Cat's Claw. Valley of the Rio Grande in western Texas, west through south- ern New Mexico and Arizona to San Diego, California; in northern Mexico. A low, much-branched tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 metre in diameter, or often a shrub ; dry slopes and low canons ; common, the large specimens generally hollow and defective. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by numerous rows of rather large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich brown or red, the sap- wood light yellow. A resinous gum resembling gum-arabic is yielded by this species. 99. Acacia Berlandieri, Benth. Valley of the Nueces to Devil's River, southern Texas, southward into Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; or more often a tall shrub, sending up many stems from the ground. Wood not examined. 3 34 ROSACEA. Lysiloma. 100. Lysiloma latisiliqua, Benth. Wild Tamarind. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies. A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, tough, close-grained, compact, suscep- tible of a tine polish, containing many scattered open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, not conspicuous; color rich dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood white ; somewhat used, locally, in boat and ship building. 101. Pithecolobium Unguis-cati, Benth. Cat's Claw. Semi-tropical Florida, — Caximbas Bay to the southern keys ; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 6 metres in height, with a trunk rarely ex- ceeding 0.15 metre in diameter, or often throwing out many spreading, vine-like stems from the ground. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying; medullary rays numerous, inconspicuous ; color rich red varying to pur- ple, the sap-wood clear yellow. ROSACEA. 102. Chrysobalanus Icaco, L. Cocoa Plum. Semi-tropical Florida. — Cape Canaveral and Caximbas Bay to the southern keys ; through the West Indies and tropical America to Brazil. A small tree. 7 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 metre in diameter; or along sandy beaches a low prostrate shrub 1.08 to 2.1G metres in height : reaching its greatest development, within the United States, on the borders and islands of the Everglades, near Bay Biscayne. \Y 1 heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact, containing few irregularly distributed, n"t large, open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin : color light brown often tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter. 103. Prunus Americana, Marsh. Willi Plum. Canada Plum. Horse Plum. Valley of the Saint Lawrence to the valleys of Rainy and Assinaboine Rivers and the southern shores of Lake Manitoba; northern Vermont, western New England, and southward through the Atlantic States to western Florida; west to the valley of the upper Missouri River, Dakota, Pike's Peak region, Colorado, and the valley of the lower Concho River, Texas. Primus. ROSACEA. 35 A small tree, 6 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter; rich woods, or along streams and the borders of ponds and swamps, reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of eastern Texas. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich bright brown or often red, the sap-wood lighter ; used for the handles of tools, etc. Often cultivated for the yellow, red, or rarely nearly black acid, or rarely sweet fruit. 104. Pruims angustifolia, Marsh. Chickasaw Plum. Hog Plum. Probably native of the eastern slopes of the southern Rocky Moun- tains, where it is found at an altitude of 7,000 feet, and of the high plateau east and southeast of them ; now widely naturalized by early cultivation throughout the Atlantic forests south of Pennsylvania and west of the Alleghany Mountains, extending as far north as southern Michigan. A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter, or often a low shrub, generally along streams or borders of prairies, in rich soil. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood lighter. Often cultivated for its globose red or yellow fruit. 105. Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. f. Wild Red Cherry. Pin Cherry. Pigeon Cherry. Labrador, shores of Hudson's Bay, and west through the Saskatche- wan region to the valley of the upper Fraser River; south through the northern States to Pennsylvania, central Michigan, northern Illinois, central Iowa, and along the high Alleghany Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee, and the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. A small tree, rarely exceeding 12 metres in height, with a trunk some- times 0.00 metre in diameter, or in the Rocky Mountain region reduced to a. low shrub ; common in all the northern forests, and taking posses- sion of ground cleared by fire of forest growth. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood clear yellow. The small acid fruit used domestically and by herbalists in the prepa- ration of cough mixtures, etc. 106. Prunus umtaellata. Ell. Sloe. Black Sloe. South Carolina, south near the coast to Mosquito Inlet and Tampa Bay, Florida, and through central Alabama to eastern Mississippi. 36 ROSACEA. Prunus. A small tree, 5 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.38 metre- in diameter ; dry, sandy soil. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark reddish brown, the sap-wood much lighter. 107. Prunus emarginata, Walp. Vancouver's Island and the valley of the lower Fraser River, south through western Washington and Oregon, and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and in the Coast Ranges, from San Francisco Bay to the Santa Lucia Mountains, California; east to the western slopes of the Bitter Root Mountains, Idaho, and the valley of the Jocko River, Montana. A tree often 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes ex- ceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; at high elevations and throughout cen- tral California reduced to a shrub 2 to 3 metres in height, or, in the Santa Lucia Mountains, 15 to 1^ metres in height, with a trunk 0.G0 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; generally along streams or in low, rich woods. The common northern and Idaho form, more or less woolly pubescent, espe- cially on the under side of the leaves, is var. mollis, Brewer. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown streaked with green. 108. Prunus serotina, Ehrh. Wi/il B/ark Cherry. Rum Cherry. Southern Ontario, southward through the Atlantic forests to Matan- zas Inlet and Tampa Bay. Florida; west to the valley of the Missouri River, Dakota, eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, and the valley of the upper San Antonio River. Texas. A tree 18 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.00 to 1.20 metres, or exceptionally 1.50 metres, in diameter; rich, generally upland woods; common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains from West Virginia southward; not common and of .small size in the Gulf region and Tevis. Wood light, hard, strong, close, straight -grained, compact, easily worked; medullary rays numerous, thin; color light brown or red, growing darker with exposure, the thin sap-wood yellow; largely used and esteemed in cabinet work, interior finish, etc., and now becoming scarce. The bark contains a bitter tonic principle, and infused witli cold water generates a small percentage of hydrocyanic acid, and is employed as a tonic and sedative in cases of pulmonary consumption in the form of cold infusions, syrups, and fluid extracts : the bitter fruit used domestically in the preparation of cherry brandy. Prunus. ROSACEA. 37 109. Prunus Capuli, Cav. Wild Cherry. Apache and Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, west through southern New Mexico and Arizona to the southern slopes of the San Francisco Moun- tains ; in northern New Mexico, and Peru. A small tree, in the United States rarely 12 metres in height, with a trunk often 0.30 metre in diameter ; bottoms of canons and mountain valleys, generally between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation. Wood heavy, moderately hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays very numerous, thin ; color brown, or often bright clear red, the sap- wood nearly white. 110. Prunus demissa, Walp. Wild Cherry. Vancouver's Island, east to the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Montana, south through the Pacific region ; and in Sonora. A small tree, sometimes 7 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or more often a low shrub ; reaching its greatest development in the rich valleys of southern Oregon and northern Cali- fornia, near the coast ; in southern California, and east of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Ranges, a low shrub confined to high mountain valleys. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. 111. Prunus Caroliniana, Ait. Wild Orange. Mock Orange. Wild Peach. North Carolina, south, near the coast, to Bay Biscayne, Florida, south- ern Alabama, and west, along the Gulf coast, to the valley of the Guada- lupe River, Texas. A small evergreen tree, 10 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; common and reaching its greatest de- velopment in the rich, light, deep soil of the bottom-lands of eastern Texas. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking badly in drying, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light reddish-brown, or, more rarely, dark rich brown, the sap-wood lighter. 112. Prunus sphserocarpa, Sw. Western shores of Bay Biscayne, Florida ; in the West Indies. A small tree, in Florida not exceeding fi metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter; high rocky woods, or more rarely along the borders of streams and ponds ; rare and local in the United States. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, containing many very small open duets ; layers of annual growth and medullary rays obscure; color light clear red, the sap-wood pale yellow. 38 ROSACEA. Prunw. 113. Prunus ilicifolia, Wulp. Islay. California, — Coast Ranges from San Francisco Bay south to the southern boundary of the State, extending to the western slopes of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains. A small evergreen tree, often 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.00 metre in diameter, or in the interior often reduced to a low shrub. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking in seasoning, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many regularly dis- tributed, rather small, open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color bright reddish brown, the sap-wood .much lighter; furnishing valuable fuel. 114. Vauquelinia Torreyi, Watson. Arizona, — high mountains of the Gila Valley, summits of the Santa Catalina Mountains ; in Sonora. A small tree in the Santa Catalina Mountains, 4 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.20 metre in diameter; dry slopes and rocky bluffs between 2,700 and 4,000 feet elevation, in granitic soil ; generally hollow and decayed. Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown streaked with red, the sap-wood yellow. 115. Cercocarpus ledifolius, Nutt. Mountain Mahogany. Cceur d'Alene Mountains, Idaho, southward along the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Wyoming; eastern extremities of the Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon; Wahsateh Mountains, Utah, and west along the mountain ranges of the Great Basin to the west- ern slope of the Sierra Nevada of California, extending southward into Arizona and New Mexico. A small, low tree, rarely 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.G0 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or north of Utah and Nevada reduced to a low shrub; dry rocky mountain slopes, between 6,000 and 8,000 feet elevation, reaching its greatest development on the high ranges of central Nevada. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, brittle, difficult to work, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays very numerous, thin; color bright clear red, or often dark rich brown, the sap-wood clear yellow ; furnishing the most valuable fuel of the region, and largelj manufactured into charcoal. Pyrus. ROSACEA. 39 116. Cercocarpus parvifolius, Nutt. Mountain Mahogany, California, — valley of the Klamath River, southward through the Coast Ranges to the Sau Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains; Lower California; Rocky Mountains of Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico, mountains of southern Arizona, and southward into Mexico. A small tree, rarely G to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter, or more often a shrub ; dry, gravelly soil, reach- ing its greatest development on the mountains of southern New Mexico and Arizona at an elevation of 6,000 to 8,000 feet. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, difficult to work, sus- ceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color bright reddish brown, the sap-wood light brown ; furnishing valuable fuel. 117. Pyrus coronaria, L. American Crab. Sweet-scented Crab. Valley of the Humber River, and shores of Lake Erie, Ontario, south- ward through western New York and Pennsylvania to the District of Columbia, and along the Alleghany Mountains to central Alabama and northern Mississippi ; west to southern Minnesota, Iowa, eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, and northern Louisiana. A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk often 0.30 metre in diameter ; rich, rather low woods, reaching its greatest develop- ment in the valleys of the lower Ohio region. Wood heavy, rather soft, not strong, very close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown varying to light red, the sap-wood yellow ; used for levers, handles of tools, and in turnery. 118. Pyrus angustifolia, Ait. American Crab Apple. Southern Crab Apple. Pennsylvania(?), southern Delaware, and the valley of the lower Wabash River, Illinois, south to western Florida. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 metre in diameter ; low, rich woods ; common and reaching its greatest devel- opment on the bottom-lands of the South Atlantic States ; less common west of the Alleghany Mountains. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood yellow ; used for levers, handles of tools, etc. 40 ROSACEA. /^.us. 119. Pyrus rivularis, Dougl. Oregon Crab Apple. Coast of Alaska, southward along the coast and islands of British Columbia, through Washington and Oregon, west of the Cascade Moun- tains, to northern California. A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter ; low, rich woods, generally along streams, often form- ing dense thickets. "Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, liable to check badly in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; used for mallets," maids, bearings of machinery, etc. 120. Pyrus Americana, DC. Mountain-ash. Labrador, Newfoundland. Antieosti Island, and westward alone the southern shore of James Bay to the valley of the Nelson River, south- ward through all the elevated regions of the northeastern States, and along the high mountains of Virginia and North Carolina ; in northern Michigan, northern Wisconsin, and northern Minnesota. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter ; borders of swamps and moist, rocky woods, reaching its greatest development on the northern shores of Lakes Huron and Superior. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. 121. Pyrus sambucifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. Mountain-ash. Labrador to northern New England and the shores of Lake Superior ; high mountain ranges of the Pacific region from Alaska to southern New Mexico ; in Kamtschatka. A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.80 untie in diameter, or in the Pacific forests generally reduced to a low shrub: cold, wet swamps or borders of streams, reaching its greatest development in northern New England and Minnesota. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact; medullary rays nu- merous, obscure; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white. The astringent bark and unripe fruit of the American mountain ashi s, like those of the nearly allied P. aucuparia of Europe, are extremely astringent, and occasionally used, domestically, in infusions, decoctions, etc., in the treatment of diarrhoea. Cratagus. ROSACEiE. 41 122. Crataegus rivularis, Nutt. British Columbia, south through eastern Oregon and Washington, east and southeast along the mountain ranges of Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Colorado to the Pinos Altos Mountains, New Mexico. A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; or often a tall, much-branched shrub, forming dense, impenetrable thickets along borders of streams and swamps. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color bright reddish brown, the sap-wood nearly white. 123. Crataegus Douglasii, Lindl. British Columbia, south through Washington and Oregon to northern California, extending east through Idaho and Montana to the western base of the Rockv Mountains. A small tree, sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or often a tall shrub throwing up many stems from the ground and forming impenetrable thickets ; rather wet, sandy soil along streams, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys west of the Cascade Mountains ; toward its eastern limits a low shrub. Wood heavy, hard, tough, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color nearly white tinged with rose, the sap-wood lighter ; used for wedges, mauls, etc. 1 24. Crataegus brachyacantha, Sargent & Engelm. Hoy's Haw. Western Louisiana and eastern Texas. A tree 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in diameter ; borders of streams in low, very rich soil ; the largest North American representative of the genus ; rare and local. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beau- tiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light brown tinged with rose, the sap-wood lighter. The large fruit blue-black. 125. Crataegus arborescens, Ell. Valley of the Savannah River, South Carolina, south to western Flor- ida ; and from the neighborhood of Saint Louis, Missouri, south and southwest to western Louisiana, and the valley of the lower Colorado River, Texas. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.45 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and low, wet swamps. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays very numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter. The small globular fruit bright red, or, more rarely, orange. 42 ROSACEA. Crataegus. 126. Crataegus Crus-galli, L. Cockspur Thorn. Newcastle Thorn. Valley of the Saint Lawrence River, west through southern Ontario to Manitoba, south, through the Atlantic forests, to western Florida, and the valley of the Colorado River, Texas. A small tree, 4 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter ; varying greatly in the size of the fruit, size and shape of the leaves, etc. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, suscep- tible of a fine polish; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood rather lighter. 127. Crataegus coccinea, L. Scarlet Haw. Red Haw. White Thorn. West coast of Newfoundland, west along the valley of the Saint Law- rence River and the northern shores of the great lakes to Manitoba, south through the Atlantic forests to northern Florida and eastern Texas. A small tree, sometimes 'J metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 metre in diameter; open upland woods or borders of streams and prairies; very common at the North, rare at the South : running into many forms, vary- ing in the size and shape of the leaves, size of the fruit, etc. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays thin, very obscure ; color brown tinged witli red, the sap-wood a little lighter. 128. Crataegus subvillosa, Schrad. Scarlet Haw. Eastern Massachusetts (possibly introduced); central Michigan to eastern Nebraska, south to middle Tennessee, and southwest through Missouri, Arkansas, the Indian Territory, and Texas to the valley of the San Antonio River. A small tree, 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 metre in diameter ; rich woods and borders of streams and prairies. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color light brown or light red, the sap-wood lighter. The large red fruit often downy, edible, of agreeable flavor. 129. Crataegus tomentosa, L. Black Thorn. Pear Haw. New Brunswick, west along the valley of the Saint Lawrence River and the northern shores of the great lakes to the Saskatchewan region, .southward through the Atlantic forests to western Florida and eastern Texas, extending west to the mountains of eastern Washington and Ore- gon, southwestern Colorado, and southwestern New Mexico. Cralcegus. ROSACEA. 43 A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 metre in diameter, or often, especially west of the Rocky Mountains, reduced to a low shrub, here forming dense thickets along mountain streams ; the most widely distributed representative of the genus in North America, ami varying greatly in the size, shape, and color of the fruit, form of the leaves, amount of pubescence, etc. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color bright reddish brown, the sap-wood lighter. 130. Crataegus cordata, Ait. Washington Thorn. Virginia, southward along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia and Alabama, extending west through middle and eastern Ken- tucky and Tennessee to southern Illinois. A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 metre in diameter, generally along banks of streams. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter. 131. Crataegus apiifolia, Michx. Parsley Haw. Southern Virginia, southward near the coast to about latitude 28°, ex- tending west through the Gulf States to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas. A small tree, rarely G to 9 metres in height, with a slender stem rarely exceeding 0.08 to 0.10 metre in diameter, or more often a low, much- branched shrub ; low, rich soil, reaching its greatest development on the pine-barren hummocks of central Florida. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beau- tiful polish ; medullary rays thin, very obscure ; color bright brown tinged with red or rose, the sap-wood much lighter. 132. Crataegus spathulata, Michx. Small-fruited Haw. Virginia, southward to western Florida, west through the Gulf States to the valley of the Washita River, Arkansas, and the Colorado River, Texas. A small tree, G to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre in diameter, or often reduced to a low shrub ; margins of streams and prairies, common, and reaching its greatest development on the bottom- lands of western Louisiana and eastern Texas. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays very numerous, obscure ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood lighter. 44 ROSACEA. Cratcegus. 133. Crataegus berberifolia, Torr. & Gray. Western Louisiana. A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; borders of prairies, in low ground ; rare, local, and still very imperfectly known ; the fruit and wood not yet collected. 134. Crataegus aestivalis, Torr. & Gray. May Haw. Apple Haw. South Carolina to northern Florida, and west through the Gulf States to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Sabine River, Texas. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; generally in sandy soil along the margins of streams and ponds ; common and reaching its greatest development on the bottom- lands of western Louisiana and eastern Texas. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood lighter. The large, globular, fragrant red fruit possesses an agreeable subacid flavor, and ripens in May. 135. Crataegus fiava, Ait. Summer Haw. Yellow Haw. Red Haw. Virginia southward, generally near the coast, to Tampa Bay, Florida, extending west through the Gulf States to eastern Texas and southern Arkansas. A small tree, rarely 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 metre in diameter, or reduced to a much-branched shrub 2 to 3 metres in height; borders of streams, in low, sandy soil subject to overflow. A variety distinguished by the pubescence upon the calyx and young branches, smaller flowers, and larger globular or pear-shaped edible fruit, is var. pubescens, Gray. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, clicking badly in drying, satiny, susceptible of a good polish; medullary rays very numerous, obscure; color light brown tinged with red or rose, the sap-wood lighter. Fruit small, red or yellow, acid, or in the variety large and edible. 136. Heteromeles arbutifolia, Roem. Toyon. Tollon. California Holly. California, — Coast Ranges, Mendocino to San Diego County, extending east to the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada and San Bernardino Mountains. A small, low-branched evergreen tree, rarely exceeding ;) metres in height, the short trunk sometimes 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter; or more often a low, much-branched shrub. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, inclined to check in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure; color dark reddish-brown, the sap-wood lighter. Liquidambar. HAMAMELACE.E. 45 137. Amelanchier Canadensis, Torr. & Gray. June-berry. Shad-bush. Service Tree. May Cherry. Newfoundland and Labrador, west along the southern shores of Hud- son's Bay to the Saskatchewan region ; south through the Atlantic forests to northern Florida, southwestern Arkansas, and the Indian Territory. A small tree, 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or in some forms reduced to a low shrub (vars. rotundifolia and oligocarpa, Torr. & Gray) ; common at the north, rare at the south, and reaching its greatest development on the high slopes of the southern Alleghany Mountains; varying greatly in the shape of the leaves, size of the flowers, amount of pubescence on the leaves and young shoots, etc. (var. oblongifolia, Torr. & Gray). Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays very numerous, obscure ; color dark brown often tinged with red, the sap-wood much lighter. HAMAMELACE^E. 138. Hamamelis Virginiea, L. Witch-hazel. Northern New England and southern Ontario to Wisconsin, south to northern Florida and eastern Texas. A small tnc, exceptionally 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.37 metre in diameter, or more often a tall shrub throwing up many stems from the ground ; common ; rich, rather damp woodlands, reaching its greatest development upon the southern Alleghany Mountains. Wood heav}', hard, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth hardly distinguishable ; medullary rays numerous, thin, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white. The bark and leaves rich in tannin, and largely used by herbalists in the form of fluid extracts, decoctions, etc., in external applications (Pond's Extract), and as a reputed remedy in hemorrhoidal affections. 139. Liquidambar Styraciflua, L. Sweet Gum. Liquidamber. Red Gum. Bihted. Fairfield County, Connecticut, and southern Indiana and Illinois, south- ward to Cape Canaveral and Tampa Bay, Florida, and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas ; in central and southern Mexico. A large tree, often 30 to 36 metres, or exceptionally 48 metres, in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in diameter ; low, wet soil; very common and reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of the Mississippi Basin, — here, with the cotton-gum, forming a large proportion of the forest growth. 46 RHIZOPHORACE^E. — COMBRETACE.E. Rliizopliora. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, rather tough, close-grained, compact, inclined to shrink and warp badly in seasoning, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color bright brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white ; manufactured into lumber and used in the construction of buildings for plates, boarding, and clapboards, in cabinet work as a substitute for black walnut, and for veneering and street pavements. The balsamic exudation obtained from this species at the South is col- lected by herbalists, and sometimes used in the form of a syrup as a sub- stitute for storax in the treatment of catarrhal affections, or externally as an ointment. RHIZOPHORACE^E. 140. Rhizophora Mangle, L. Mangrove. Semi-tropical Florida, — ■ Mosquito Inlet and Cedar Keys to the southern keys; Delta of the Mississippi River; coast of Texas; West Indies and tropical America; and now widely naturalized throughout the tropics of the Old World. A tree 12 to 18 metres, or exceptionally 27 metres, in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter, or more commonly not exceeding 4 to 7 metres in height; low saline shores, reaching, in the United States, its greatest development on Bay Biscayne and Cape Sable; south of latitude 29°, bordering with almost impenetrable thickets the coast of the Florida peninsula, ascending the rivers for many miles, especially those flowing from the Everglades, and entirely covering many of the southern keys. Wood exceedingly heavy, hard, and strong, close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many evenly distributed rather small open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color dark reddish brown streaked with lighter brown, the sap-wood lighter ; used for wharf piles and furnishing valuable fuel. COMBRETACE^E. 141. Conocarpus erecta, L. Buttonwood. Semi tropical Florida,-— Cape Canaveral and Tampa Bay to the south- ern keys; through the West Indies to Brazil. A low tree, often 8 metres, or exceptionally 1"> to 18 metres, in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in diameter ; common, and reaching its greatest development, in the United States, on Lost Man's River, north of ('ape Sable; or sometimes reduced to a low under-shrub. Wood very heavy and hard, strong, close-grained, very compact, suscep- Eugenia. MYRTACE.E. 47 tible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark yellow-brown, the sap-wood lighter ; burning slowly like charcoal, and highly valued for fuel. 142. Lagunctilaria racemosa, Ga±rtn. f. White Buttonwood. White Mangrove. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast, Cedar Keys to Cape Sable; West Indies and tropical America.; coast of tropical Africa. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 22 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; very common ; saline shores of lagoons and bays. Wood very heavy and hard, strong, close-grained, very compact ; sus- ceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color dark yellow-brown, the sap-wood much lighter. MYRTACE^E. 143. Calyptranthes Chytraculia, S.w. Semi-tropical Florida, — shores of Bay Biscayne, Key Largo; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.1. 5 metre in diameter. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, containing many evenly distributed rather large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter. 144. Eugenia buxifolia, Willd. Gitrgeon Stopper. Spanish Stopper. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast, Caloosa River to Cape Romano ; in the West Indies. A small tree, rarely 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter, reaching its greatest development, in the United States, on the rich hummocks of the Everglades. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, very compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark brown shaded with red, the sap-wood a little lighter ; somewhat used for fuel. 145. Eugenia dichotoma, DC. Naked-wood. Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet to Cape Canaveral, common, west coast, Caloosa River to Cape Romano ; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.15 metre in diameter. 48 CACTACEiE. Eugenia. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numer- ous, thin ; color light brown or red, the sap-wood yellow. The small, edible fruit of agreeable aromatic flavor. 146. Eugenia monticola, DC. Stopper. White Stopper. Saint John's River to Umbrella Key, Florida, rare ; in the West Indies. A small tree, rarely 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 metre in diameter, or in northern Florida reduced to a low shrub. Wood very heavy, hard and strong, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown often tinged with red, the sap-wood darker. 147. Eugenia longipes, Berg. Stopper. Semi-tropical Florida, — No Name Key ; in the West Indies. A small tree, 4 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; rare. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying, con- taining many evenly distributed open ducts; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color dark brown or nearly black, the sap-wood brown tinged with red. 148. Eugenia procera, Poir. Heel Stopper. Semi-tropical Florida. — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; in the West Indies. A tree 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter ; often forming extensive groves, and reaching its greatest de- velopment, in the United States, in the neighborhood of Miami, Bay Biscayne. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong and close-grained, compact; medullary' rays numerous, hardly distinguishable; color light yellow-brown, the sap-wood darker. CACTACE^E. 149. Cereus giganteus, Engelm. Suirarrow. Sttyuaro. Giant Cactus. Valley of Bill Williams Fork, Arizona, south and east through central Arizona 'to the valley of the San Pedro River; southward in Sonora. A tall, columnar tree, 8 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in diameter; dry, stony slopes, or low hills rising from the desert. Cornus. CORSTACEyE. 49 Wood of the large strong ribs very light, soft, rather coarse-grained, solid, satiny, susceptible of a tine polish, almost indestructible in contact with the ground ; medullary rays very numerous, broad ; color light brown tiii»ed with yellow ; used in the region almost exclusively for the rafters of adobe houses, for fencing, and by the Indians for lances, bows, etc. The edible fruit is largely collected and dried by the Indians. CORNACE^E. 150. Cornus alternifolia, L. f. Dogwood. New Brunswick, west along the valley of the Saint Lawrence River to the northern shores of Lake Superior, south through the northern States and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia and Alabama. A small tree, 4 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; low, rich woods, and borders of streams and swamps. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood light yellow. 151. Cornus florida, L. Flowering Dogwood. Boxwood. Southern New England, southern Ontario, southern Minnesota, and through the Atlantic forests to middle Florida, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas. A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub ; rich woods, common, especially at the south. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, tough, checking badly in dry- ing, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish . medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color brown, changing in different specimens to shades of green and red, the sap-wood lighter ; used in turnery, for wood engraving and the bearings of machinery, hubs of wheels, barrel-hoops, etc. The bark, especially of the root, in common with that of the other spe- cies of the genus, possesses bitter tonic properties, and is used in the form of decoctions, etc., in the treatment of intermittent and malarial fevers. 152. Cornus Nuttallii, Audubon. Flowering Dogwood. Vancouver's Island, through western Washington and Oregon, and southward in California along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada and through the Coast Ranges to the San Bernardino Mountains. A small, slender tree, sometimes 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 metre in diameter ; reaching in the Cascade Mountains an 4 50 CORNACE^E. Nyssa. elevation of 3,000 feet, and in the San Bernardino Mountains, of from 4,000 to 5,000 feet ; common ; rich, rather damp soil, generally in the dense shade of coniferous forests. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; somewhat used in cabinet-making, for mauls, handles, etc. 153. Nyssa capitata, Walt. Ogeechee Lime. Sour Tupelo. Gopher Plum. Valley of the Ogeechee River, Georgia, to western Florida, and in southern Arkansas. A tree 9 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; deep swamps and river bottoms ; rare and local. Wood light, soft, not strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, unwedgeable, containing many regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable. A conserve, under the name of " Ogeechee limes," is prepared from the large, acid fruit. 154. Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh. Tupelo. Sour Gum. Pepperidge. Black Gum. Southern Maine and northern Vermont, west to central Michigan, south to Tampa Bay, Florida, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas. A tree 15 to 36 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.50 metres in diameter, or at the north much smaller ; borders of swamps, or on rather high, rich hillsides and pine uplands ; at the south often in pine-barren ponds and deep swamps, the base of the trunk then greatly enlarged and swollen (V. aquatica, L.). Wood heavy, rather soft, strong, very tough, unwedgeable, difficult to work, inclined to check unless can-fully seasoned, not durable in contact with the soil, containing numerous regularly distributed small open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light yellow or often nearly white, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; now largely used for the hubs of wheels, rollers in glass-factories, ox-yokes, and on the Gulf coast for wharf-piles. 155. Nyssa unifiora, Wang. Large Tupelo. Cotton-gum. Tupelo-gum. Southern Virginia, south near the coast to the valley of the Saint Mary's River. Georgia, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Nechcs River, Texas, and through Arkansas and southern and south- eastern Missouri to southern Illinois. A large tree, 21 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; deep swamps and bottom-lands subject to frequent Viburnum. CAPR1FOLIACE/E. 51 overflow ; one of the largest and most common trees of the bottom-lands of the lower Mississippi River basin, and reaching its greatest develop- ment in the cypress swamps of western Louisiana and eastern Texas, near the coast. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, unwedgeable ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, or often nearly white ; used in turnery and largely for wooden-ware; that of the root for the floats of nets, etc., as a substitute for cork. CAPRIFOLIACE^. 156. Sambucus glanca, Nutt. Elder. Valley of the Fraser River and Vancouver's Island, British Columbia, south to the Mexican boundary, extending east to the Blue Mountains of Oregon and the Wahsatch Range, Utah. A small tree, sometimes 8 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.<°>0 to 0.45 metre in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a large shrub ; mountain valleys, in dry, gravelly soil. Wood light, soft, weak, coarse-grained, checking in drying ; medullary rays numerous, rather conspicuous ; color yellow tinged with brown, the sap-wood lighter. 157. Sambucus Mesicana, Presl. Elder. Valley of the Nueces River, south through western Texas, west along the southern boundary of the United States to southern California ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; bottom-lands, in moist, gravelly loam. Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, compact ; medullary rays nu- merous, thin, conspicuous ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. 158. Viburnum Lentago, L. Sheep-berry. Nanny-berry. Southern shores of Hudson Bay, west in British America to about longitude 102°, south through the northern States to Pennsylvania, south- ern Indiana, eastern Missouri, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; rocky ridges and borders of streams and swamps, in rich, moist soil; most common and reaching its greatest development far north. 52 RUBIACE.E. Viburnum. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, emitting a disagreeable odor; medullary rays thin, barely distinguishable; color dark orange- brown, the sap-wood nearly white. 159. "Viburnum prunifolium, L. Black Haw. Stag-bush. Southern Connecticut and New York, south to middle Florida and the valley of the Colorado River, Texas ; west to Missouri, Arkansas, and the Indian Territory. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 metre in diameter, or at the north generally reduced to u low, much-branched shrub ; rocky hillsides in rich soil. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, liable to check in drying ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood nearly white. RUBIACE^E. 160. Exostema Caribseum, Roem. & Schultes. Keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.30 metre in diameter. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drviug. satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color light brown beautifully streaked with different shades of yellow and brown, the sa]>-wood clear rich yellow. 161. Pinckneya pubens, Michx. Georgia Hark. South Carolina, near the coast ; basin of the upper Apalachicola River in Georgia and Florida. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.30 m< tre in diameter; borders of Btreama and low, sandy swamps j rare and local. W 1 light, soft, weak, close-grained, checking badly in drying ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by four to six rows of large open duets; medullary rays few, obscure; color brown, the sap-wood lighter. Infusions of the bark are successfully used in the treatment of inter- mittent fever, as a substitute for cinchona. 162. Genipa clusisefolia, Griseb. Seven-year Apple. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the Wist Indies. A small, much-branched, knotty tree, sometimes 6 metres in height, Andromeda. ERICACEiE. 53 with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.10 metre in diameter, or in Florida more often a shrub ; borders of saline shores. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beau- tiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown shaded with orange, the sap-wood light yellow. 163. Guettarda elliptica, Sw. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies. A small tree, 4 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.20 metre in diameter. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous scattered small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown tinged with red. ERICACE^. 164. Vaccinium arboreum, Marsh. Farkle-berry. North Carolina, south near the coast to middle Florida, through the Gulf States to Matagorda Bay, Texas, and through Arkansas and southern Missouri to southern Illinois. A small tree, 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.25 metre in diameter, or toward its northern limits often reduced to a low shrub ; very common throughout the pine-belt of the Gulf States, along the larger ponds and streams, in moist sandy soil, and reaching its greatest develop- ment in eastern Texas near the coast. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, liable to twist in dry- ing, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, broad, conspicuous ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood hardly distinguishable ; somewhat used in turnery in the manufacture of small handles, etc. 165. Andromeda ferruginea, Walt. South Carolina to northern Florida, near the coast. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 metre in diameter, often crooked or semi-prostrate, rich hummocks ; or, in sandy pine-barren soil, reduced to a low shrub, 0.60 to 0.90 metre in height ; the leaves varying greatly in shape, venation, etc. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, checking in drying, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color bright brown tinged with red, the sap-wood a little lighter. 54 ERICACEAE. Arbutus. 1 66. Arbutus Menziesii, Pursh. Madrona. Islands of British Columbia, southward through Washington and Ore- gon, near the coast, and through the Coast Ranges of California to the Santa Lucia Mountains. A small tree, sometimes 15 to 25 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter, or rarely much larger ; south of San Francisco Bay smaller, often reduced to a low shrub ; hillsides in rich soil. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drying ; medul- lary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color light brown shaded with red, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used in the manufacture of gunpowder, the bark in tanning. 167. Arbutus Xalapensis, HBK. Southern Arizona, — Santa Rita Mountains, between 4,500 and 7,000 feet elevation ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, checking badly in drying, susceptible of a good polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter. 168. Arbutus Texana, Buckley. Western Texas, Hays and Travis Counties, west to the Guadalupe and Eagle Mountains, and southward, probably into northern Mexico. A small tree, 5 to 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; dry limestone hills and ridges ; rare and local. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter, tinged with red ; used in turnery, the manufacture of mathematical instruments, etc. 169. Oxydendrum arboreum, DC. Sorrel Tree. Sour-wood. Western Pennsylvania, south along the Alleghany Mountains to west- ern Florida and the eastern shores of Mobile Bay, west to middle Ten- nessee and western Louisiana. A small tree, 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.35 metre in diameter ; usually in rather dry, gravelly soil. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beau- tiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood somewhat lighter; used for the handles of tools, bearings of machinery, etc. Myrtine. MYRSINACE.E. 55 170. Kalmia latifolia, L. Laurel. Calico-busk. Spoonwood. Ivy. New Brunswick and the northern shores of Lake Erie, south to west- ern Florida, and through the Gulf States to western Louisiana and the valley of the Red River, Arkansas. A small tree, sometimes 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.G0 metre in diameter, or more often a low shrub ; rich woodlands; most common and reaching its greatest development in the southern Alleghany Mountains, here often forming dense, impenetrable thickets. "Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact; principal medullary rays broad, dark brown, conspicuous ; intermediate rays nu- merous, thin, inconspicuous ; color brown tinged with red, the sap-wood somewhat lighter ; used for tool-handles, in turnery, and for fuel. 171. Rhododendron maximum, L. Great Laurel. Rose Bay. Nova Scotia and the north shores of Lake Erie, south through New England, New York, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia. A small tree, sometimes 10 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter, or often a tall, straggling shrub ; at the North in cold swamps ; rare ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the southern Alleghany Mountains, on steep, rocky banks of streams, etc. ; never on limestone. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light clear brown, the sap-wood lighter ; occa- sionally used in turnery for the handles of tools, etc. ; a good substitute for boxwood in engraving. MYRSINACE^E. 172. Myrsine Rapanea, Roem. & Schultes. Semi-tropical Florida, — Indian River to the southern keys ; through the West Indies to Brazil. A small tree, in Florida rarely exceeding 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or often a shrub ; borders of ponds and fresh-water creeks ; in the West Indies much larger. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, very conspicuous ; color brown tinged with red, and beiuiti- fullv striped with the darker medullary rays, the sap-wood>Wfc)ry\lid&io^. guishable. .J*1*^ T§% -y ^ (Ontario 56 SAPOTACE,E. ArdUia. 173. Ardisia Pickeringia, Nutt. Marl-berry. Cherry. Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet to the southern keys, west coast, Caloosa River to Cape Romano ; in the West Indies and southern Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.15 metre in diameter, or often a shrub ; reaching its greatest development, in Florida, on the shores of Bay Biscayne. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beau- tiful polish ; medullary rays very numerous, conspicuous ; color rich brown, beautifully marked with the darker medullary rays, the sap-wood a little lighter. 174. Jacquinia armillaris, Jacq. Joe-wood. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida, rare ; through the West Indies to Brazil. A low, rigid tree, rarely exceeding in Florida 4 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 metre in diameter ; in the West Indies much larger. Wood heavy, hard, coarse-grained, checking and shrinking badly in drying, containing many scattered large open duets ; medullary rays nu- merous broad, conspicuous ; color light clear brown tinged with yellow. The saponaceous leaves are sometimes used as a substitute for soap. SAPOTACEuE. 175. Chrysophyllum oliviforme, Lam. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast, Caloosa Kiver to Cape Sable ; rare ; through the West Indies to Brazil. A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.30 metre in diameter. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drying ; medullary ravs numerous, not conspicuous ; color light brown shaded with red. the thin sap-wood a little lighter. 176. Sideroxylon Mastichodendron, Jacq. Mastic. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, west coast. Cape Romano to Cape Sable ; in the West Indies. A tree often 18 metres in height, with a trunk O.fiO to 0.90 metre in diameter ; the largest and most valuable tree of semi-tropical Florida ; common. Bumelia. SAPOTACE^. 57 Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, checking in drying, containing few scattered small open ducts ; medullary rays nu- merous, not conspicuous ; color bright orange, the sap-wood yellow ; largely used in ship and boat building. 177. Dipholis salicifolia, A. DC. Bustic. Cassada. Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; through the West Indies to Brazil. A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.60 metre in diameter ; the large specimens hollow and defective ; rare. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, close-grained, com- pact, checking in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many scattered large open ducts ; color dark brown or red, the sap-wood lighter. 178. Bumelia tenax, Willd. North Carolina, southward near the coast to Cape Canaveral and Cedar Keys, Florida. A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.15 metre in diameter ; sandy soil. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; well characterized, as in all the North American species, by large open ducts, defining, with several rows, the rings of annual growth, connected by conspicuous branching groups of similar ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown streaked with white, the sap-wood lighter. 179. Bumelia lanuginosa, Pers. Gum Elastic. S /litlim-wood. Georgia and northern Florida to Mobile Bay, Alabama ; southern Illi- nois and southern Missouri, through Arkansas to the valley of the Rio Grande, Texas. An evergreen tree, sometimes 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 metre in diameter, or in the Atlantic States much smaller, rarely exceed- ing 6 metres in height ; common and reaching its greatest development on the rich bottom-lands of eastern Texas. Wood heavy, soft, weak, close-grained, very compact, the open ducts conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter ; somewhat used in cabinet-making. 180. Bumelia spinosa, A. DC. Arizona, — Santa Catalina Mountains ; Parras and Saltillo, Mexico. A small tree, 6 to 7 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; dry, gravelly soil, near water-courses ; rare. 58 EBEXACE.E. Bumelia. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, the open ducts con- spicuous ; medullary rays thin, obscure ; color light rich brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter. 181. Bumelia lycioides, Gaertn. f. Iron-wood. Southern Bucktltorn. Coast of Virginia and southern Illinois, south to Mosquito Inlet and the Caloosa River, Florida, and through southern Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas to the valley of the Rio Concho. A small tree, sometimes 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 metre in diameter ; low, rich soil, or often, in the Atlantic and Gulf States, a low, semi-prostrate shrub (var. reclinatum, Gray). Mood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter. 182. Bumelia cuneata, Sw. Ant's-wood. Downward Plum. Saffron Plum. Semi-tropical Florida, — Indian River to the southern keys, not rare, west coast. Cedar Keys to Cape Romano, rare ; rocky shores, and in the interior of low, barren keys ; Texas, valley of the lower Rio Grande, and southward into northern Mexico ; in the West Indies. A small tree, rarely exceeding 4 metres in height, with a trunk some- times 0.30 metre in diameter. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown or orange, the sap-wood lighter. 183. Mimusops Sieberi, A. DC. Wild Dllly. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida, common ; in the West Indies. A small, low. gnarled tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.40 metre in diameter ; generally hollow and defective. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, inclined to check in drying, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, very obscure ; color rich, very dark brown, the sap-wood lighter. EBENACE^E. 184. Diospyros "Virginiana. L. Persimmon. Shores of Long Island Sound in Connecticut and New York, and south- ern Ohio southward to Bay Biscayne and the Caloosa River, Florida, •and the valley of the Colorado River. Texas, extending to southeastern ) Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory. \ Symplocos. STYRACACE^E. 59 A tree 10 to 20 or, exceptionally, 30 to 35 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in diameter ; very common and often entirely occupying abandoned fields in the middle and lower regions of the south- ern Atlantic and Gulf States, reaching its greatest development on the rich bottom-lands of the lower Ohio basin. Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a high polish, containing few scattered open ducts ; layers of annual growth marked by one or more rows of similar ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color dark brown or often nearly black, the thick sap-wood light brown, often containing numerous darker spots ; used in turnery for shoe-lasts, plane-stocks, etc., and preferred for shuttles ; the dark heart-wood only developed in very old specimens and rarely seen. The yellow edible fruit is exceedingly austere until after frost, then becoming sweet and luscious, or in the Gulf States ripening in August without austerity. A decoction of the bitter and astringent unripe fruit and inner bark is occasionally used in the treatment of diarrhoea, sore throat, hemorrhage, etc. 185. Diospyros Texana, Scheele. Black Persimmon. Mexican Persimmon. Chapote. Western Texas, — Matagorda Bay to the valley of the Concho River ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, 4 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter, or more often a low shrub ; not rare, and reaching its greatest development, in Texas, on the bottom-lands of the Guadalupe River ; borders of prairies, in rich soil ; in Mexico more common and of larger size. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, satiny, taking a beau- tiful polish, containing few minute scattered open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color nearly black, often streaked with yellow, the thick sap-wood clear bright yellow ; used in turnery for the handles of tools, etc., suitable for wood-engraving, and probably the best substitute among American woods for boxwood. The small, black fruit sweet and insipid. STYRACACE^E. 186. Symplocos tinctoria, LTIer. Horse Sugar. Sweet-leaf. Southern Delaware, south to middle Florida, and west through the Gulf States to western Louisiana and southern Arkansas. A small tree, G to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre in diameter, or often a low shrub ; borders of cypress swamps or in deep, damp, shaded woods. 60 OLEACE.2E. Halesia. Wood light, soft, not strong, closeTgrained, checking iu drying ; medul- lary rays numerous, thin ; color light red or often nearly white, the sap- wood lighter. The sweet leaves are greedily eaten by cattle and horses, and yield, as well as the bark, a yellow dye. 187. Halesia diptera, L. Snotcdrop Tree. Silver-bell Tree. South Carolina to northern Florida, near the coast, and west through the lower region of the Gulf States to eastern Texas and central Arkansas. A small tree, sometimes 6 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0/20 metre in diameter, or often a shrub sending up many clustered stems from the root ; borders of swamps in low, wet woods. Wood light, soft, strong, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. 188. Halesia tetraptera, L. Rattle-box. Snowdrop Tree. Silver-bell Tree. Calico-wood. Mountains of West Virginia to southern Illinois, south to middle Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and through Arkansas to west- ern Louisiana and eastern Texas. A tree 10 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.G0 metre in diameter, or often a tall shrub ; generally along streams, in rich soil ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the southern Alle- ghany Mountains. W 1 light, soft, close-grained, compact; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. OLEACE^E. 189. Fraxinus Greggii, Gray. Western Texas, — valley of the Rio Grande from the San Pedro to the Pecos River ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or often a graceful shrub ; limestone soil. Wood heavy, bard, very close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth and medullary rays obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter. 190. Fraxinus anomala, Torr. Southwestern Colorado to southern Utah. A small tree, sometimes 6 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; common on elevated sandstone slopes. Wood heavy, hard, coarse-grained, containing many largo open scat- tered ducts ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of similar Fraxlnus. OLEACE.E. 61 ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light browu, the sap-wood lighter. 191. Fraxinus pistacisefolia. Torr. Ask. Mountains of western Texas, southern New Mexico, and southern and eastern Arizona, to southern Nevada ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, 10 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.45 metre in diameter ; o-enerally along borders of streams, in elevated canons, less commonly in "dry soil, the foliage then thick and coriaceous or, more rarely, velvety tomentose (var. coriacea, Gray) ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter; occasionally used in wagon-building, for axe handles, etc. 192. Fraxinus Americana, L. White Ash. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, southern Ontario to northern Minne- sota, south to northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and west to eastern Nebraska, Kansas, the Indian Territory, and the valley of the Devil's River, Texas. A large tree of the first economic value, 15 to 30 or, exceptionally, 42 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in diameter ; low, rich, rather moist soil, reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of the lower Ohio River Basin ; toward its western and southwestern limits smaller, of less economic value, and generally replaced by the green ash (Fraxinus viridis). The form of western Texas (var. Texensis, Gray), with smaller fruit, and generally 5 short, ovate leaflets, is a small tree, with harder, heavier, and more compact wood. Wood heavy, hard, strong, ultimately brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts, which in slowly grown specimens occupy nearly the entire width of the annual rings ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood much lighter, often nearly white ; largely used in the manufac- ture of agricultural implements, carriages, handles, oars, and for interior and cabinet work. 193. Fraxinus pubescens, Lam. Red Ash. New Brunswick to southern Ontario and northern Minnesota, south to northern Florida and central Alabama. A tree 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, in low ground ; com- mon and reaching its greatest development in the north Atlantic States ; 62 OLEACE.E. Fraxinus. rare west of the Alleghany Mountains, probably not extending west of the Mississippi River. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich brown, the sap-wood light brown streaked with yellow ; somewhat used as a substitute for the more valuable white ash, with which it is often confounded. 1 94. Fraxinus viridis, Michx. f. Green Ash. Shores of Lake Champlain, Rhode Island and southward to northern Florida, west to the valley of the Saskatchewan, the eastern ranges of the Rocky Mountains of Montana, the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah, and the ranges of eastern and northern Arizona. A tree 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter ; borders of streams or in low, rather moist soil ; at the West confined to the bottom-lands of the large streams and to high moun- tain canons. A form with 3 to 5 leaflets, common in Texas west of the Colorado River and extending into Mexico, is var. Berlandieriana, Torr. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, .rather coarse-grained, compact, satiny, containing numerous scattered small open ducts, the layers of annual growth marked by several rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter. 195. Fraxinus platycarpa, Michx. Water Ash. Southeastern Virginia, south near the coast to Cape Canaveral and the Caloosa River. Florida, west through the Gulf States to the valley of the Sabine River, Texas, and the Washita River, southwestern Arkansas ; in the West Indies. A small tree, 9 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter ; deep river swamps. Wood very light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, the open duets not conspicuous; medullary rays few, obscure ; color nearly white or sometimes tinged with yellow, the sap-wood lighter. 196. Fraxinus quadrangulata, Michx. Bine Ask. Southern Michigan to central Minnesota, south to northern Alabama, and through Iowa and Missouri to northeastern Arkansas. A tree 18 to 2.") or,- exceptionally, 37 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.00 metre in diameter; generally on limestone hills, rarelv extending to bottom-lands, and reaching its greatest development in the basin of the lower Wabash River. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact, satiny ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by one to three rows of large Privet. 0LEACE2E. 63 open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light yellow streaked with brown, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used for flooring, in carriage-building, etc. 197. Fraxinus Oregana, Nutt. Oregon Ash. Shores of Puget Sound, south through Washington and Oregon west of the eastern valleys of the Cascade Mountains, along the California Coast Ranges to San Francisco Bay and the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino and Hot Spring Mountains, California. A tree sometimes 24 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter ; moist soil, generally along streams, and reaching its greatest development on the bottom-lands of southwestern Oregon. Wood light, hard, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, compact, contain- ing many large open scattered ducts, the layers of annual growth strongly marked "with several rows of similar ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter ; used iu the manufacture of furniture, for the frames of carriages and wagons, in cooperage, for fuel, etc. 198. Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lam. Black Ash. Hoop Ash. Ground Ash. Southern Newfoundland and northern shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, southwesterly to the eastern shores of Lake Winnipeg, south through the northern States to northern Delaware, the mountains of Vir- ginia, southern Illinois, and northwestern Arkansas. A tree 25 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; swamps and low river banks. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, durable, separating easily into thin layers ; layers of annual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark brown, the sap-wood light brown or often nearly white ; largely used for interior finish, fencing, barrel-hoops, in cabinet-making, and the manufacture of baskets. 199. Forestiera acuminata, Poir. Privet. Southwestern Georgia, western Florida, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Colorado River, Texas, and northward through Arkansas to southern Missouri and southwestern Illinois. A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.20 metre in diameter ; borders of swamps and streams, in low, wet soil ; common in the Gulf region, near the coast, and reaching its greatest development in southern Arkansas. 64 BORRAGINACE.E. Chionanthus. Wood heavy, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, compact ; medul- lary rays numerous, thin, rather conspicuous ; color light yellow streaked with brown ; the sap-wood lighter. 200. Chionanthus Virginica, L. Fringe Tree, Old 3fan's Beard. Southeastern Pennsylvania, south to Tampa Bay, Florida, and through the Gulf States to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Brazos River. Texas. A small tree, 0 to 10 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; generally along streams, in low, rich soil. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts, connected as in that of Bu- melia by branching groups of similar duets; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. A decoction of the tonic and anti-periodic bark of the root is sometimes employed in the treatment of intermittent fevers. 201. Osmanthus Americanus, Ben th. & Hook. Devil-wood. Southern Virginia, south to Cape Canaveral and Tampa Bay, Florida, and through the Gulf States to eastern Louisiana, near the coast. A small tree, 10 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and pine-barren swamps, in moist, rich soil. Wood heavy, very hard and strong, close-grained, unwedgeable, diffi- cult to work, containing many radiating groups of open cells parallel to the thin obscure medullary rays ; color dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown or yellow. BORRAG-INACE^. 202. Cordia Sebestena, L. Geiger Tree. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; rare ; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.06 to 0.08 metre in diameter ; rich hummock soil. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, satiny, containing few scat- tered small open ducts; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspic- uous; color dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown or yellow. 203. Cordia Boissieri, A. DC. Texas, — valley of the Rio Grande, westward to New Mexico; in northern Mexico. Catalpa. BIGXOXIACE.E. 65 A small tree, rarely 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or more often reduced to a low shrub. Wood light, rather soft, close-grained, compact, containing many small scattered open ducts; medullary rays very numerous, thin, conspicuous; color dark brown, the sap-wood light brown. 204. Bourreria Havanensis, Miers. Strong Back. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies. A small tree. 10 or, exceptionally, 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre in diameter; the large specimens generally hollow and defective. A form (generally shrubby in Florida) with scabrous or his- pidulous leaves is var. radu/a, Gray. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, suscep- tible of a beautiful polish ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown streaked with orange, the sap-wood not distinguishable. 205. Ehretia elliptica, DC. Knack-away. Anaqua. Texas, — Corpus Christi to New Braunfels, and southward to the valley of the lower Rio Grande. A tree 10 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.50 metre in diameter ; borders of streams-, in rich loam, and reaching its greatest development between the Guadalupe and Nueces Rivers. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, unwedge- able, containing many small open ducts arranged in numerous concentric rings within the layers of annual growth, these marked by several rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood a little lighter. BIG-NONIACE^E. 206. Catalpa bignonioides, Walt. Catalpa. Catawba. Bean Tree. Cigar Tree. Indian Bean. Southwestern Georgia, western Florida, and through central Alabama and Mississippi. A low, much-branched tree, 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.50 to 0.75 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, in rich loam ; rare and local ; long cultivated for ornament, and now extensively naturalized in the middle and southern Atlantic States. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by many rows of large open ducts; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color light brown, the thin sap-wood lighter, often nearly white ; used and highly valued for fence-posts, rails, etc. 5 66 VERBENACE.E. Catalpa. 207. Catalpa speciosa, Warder. Western Catalpa. Southern Illinois and Indiana, western Kentucky and Tennessee to southeastern Missouri and western Arkansas. A tree 20 to 3a or, exceptionally, 45 metres in height, with a trunk 1 to 2 metres in diameter ; borders of streams and swamps, on rich bottom- lands ; common and reaching its greatest development in the valley of the lower Wabash River ; cultivated and now widely naturalized in southern Arkansas, western Louisiana, and eastern Texas. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil ; lavers of animal growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color brown, the thin sap-wood lighter; largely used for railway-ties, fence- posts, rails, etc., and adapted for cabinet work and interior finish. 208. Chilopsis saligna, D. Don. Desert Vifline. Valley of the Rio Grande, Texas, and west through southern New Mexico and Arizona to southern California ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, 6 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.30 metre in diameter; slopes and banks of depressions and water-courses in the desert ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, checking in drying, con- taining many scattered small open ducts; the lavers of annual growth marked by several rows of larger ducts ; medullary rays numerous, ob- scure; color brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood much lighter. 209. Crescentia cucurbitina, L. Black Calabash-tree. Semi-tropieal Florida. — near Miami, and on Little River: in the West Indies. A small tree, in Florida rarely exceeding 0 metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.12 metre in diameter. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, containing many small regularly distributed open duets : medullary rays thin, hardly distinguish- able ; color light brown tinged with orange, the sap-wood lighter. VERBENACE^E. 210. Citharexylum villosum, Jacq. Fiddle-wood. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys ; in the West Indies and Mexico. Coccoloba. NYCTAGINACE.3:.— POLYGOTTACEjE. 6i A small tree, rarely exceeding in Florida G metres in height, with a trunk 0.10 to 0.15 metre in diameter, or north of Bay Biscayne reduced to a low much-branched shrub ; common and reaching, within the United States, its greatest development on the shores of Bay Biscayne, Lost Man's River, etc. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, compact, sus- ceptible of a fine polish, containing numerous small regularly distributed open ducts ; color clear bright red, the sap-wood lighter. 211. Avicennia nitida, Jacq. Black Mangrove. Black Tree. Black-wood. Florida coast, — Saint Augustine to the southern keys, and Cedar Keys to Cape Sable ; deltas of the Mississippi River ; through the West Indies to Brazil. A tree 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.30 metre in diameter, or, exceptionally, 20 to 23 metres in height, with a trunk 0.(50 metre in diameter'; north of Mosquito Inlet reduced to a low shrub; common along saline shores and swamps, throwing up many leafless corky stems, and forming, with the red mangrove (Rhizophora), impene- trable thickets, or, more rarely, scattered anil round-headed ; reaching its greatest development, in the United States, on the west coast of Florida, north of Cape Sable. Wood very heavy, hard, rather coarse-grained, compact ; the eccentric layers of annual growth marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark brown or nearly black, the sap- wood brown. NYCTAG-INACE.E. 212. Pisonia obtusata, Sw. Pigeon-wood. Beef-iuood. Cork-wood. Pork-wood. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys ; in the West Indies. A tree 9 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.25 to 0.45 metre in diameter ; saline shores and beaches. Wood heavy, rather soft, weak, coarse-grained, compact, containing numerous large open ducts ; layers of annual growth and medullary rays hardly distinguishable ; color yellow tinged with brown, the sap-wood darker. POLYG-ONACE^E. 213. Coccoloba Floridana, Meisn. Pigeon Plum. Semi-tropical Florida, — Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, and from Cape Romano to Cape Sable. 68 LAURACE.E. Coccoloba. A tree 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.C0 metre in diameter ; one of the largest and most common trees of the region. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, inclined to check in drying, containing few small scattered open ducts ; layers of annual growth and numerous medullary rays obscure ; color rich dark brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter ; valuable and somewhat used in cabinet-making. 214. Coccoloba uvifera, Jacq. Sea Grape. Semi-tropical Florida, — Mosquito Inlet to the southern keys, west coast, Tampa Bay to Cape Sable ; through the West Indies to Brazil. A low tree, rarely exceeding in Florida 4 metres in height, with a gnarled, contorted trunk often 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter, or re- duced to a low, generally prostrate shrub; saline shores and beaches; common. Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, inclined to check in dry- ing, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing few scattered rather small open duets ; layers of annual growth and numerous medullary rays hardly distinguishable; color rich dark brown or violet, the sap-wood lighter; valuable for cabinet-making. LAURACE^. 215. Persea Carolinensis, Nees. Red Bay. Virginia south to Bay Biscayne and Cape Romano, Florida, and through the Gulf States to southern Arkansas anil the valley of the Trin- ity River, Texas, near the coast. A tree 15 to "20 metres in height, with a trunk 0.G0 to 0.90 metre in diameter; borders of streams ami swamps, in low, rich soil. A form found near the coast from North Carolina to Alabama, well characterized by its longer flower-stalks densely covered, as well as the young shoots and under sides of the leaves, with a dense short brown toinentum, the wood orange-colored streaked with brown, is var. palustris, Chapm. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing many evenly distributed open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin; color bright red, the sap-wood much lighter : formerly somewhat used in ship-building, interior finish, ami for cabinet work. 216. Nectandra "Willdenoviana, Nees. Lanceibood. Semi-tropical Florida. — Cape Canaveral and Cape Romano to the southern keys ; in the West Indies and Central America. Umbellularia LAURACEiE. 69 A small tree, 6 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.15 metre in diameter; common and reaching its greatest development, in Florida, on the shores of Bay Biscayue and in the neighborhood of Cape Romano. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, checking in drying, containing many small regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown, the sap-wood bright yellow. 217. Sassafras officinale, Nees. Sassafras. Eastern Massachusetts to southwestern Vermont, and west through southern Ontario and central Michigan to southeastern Iowa, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory; south to middle Florida, and the val- ley of the Brazos River, Texas. A tree 12 to 15 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, exceptionally, 24 to 27 metres in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 2.25 metres in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a small tree or shrub ; rich, sandy loam, reaching its greatest development in southwestern Arkansas and the Indian Territory. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, very durable in contact with the soil, slightly aromatic, checking in drying ; layers of annual growth clearly marked with three or four rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dull orange-brown, the thin sap-wood light yellow ; used for light skiffs, ox-yokes, etc., and largely for fence posts and rails, and in cooperage. The root, and especially its bark, enters into commerce, affording a powerful aromatic stimulant. 218. Umbelhilaria Californica, Nutt. Mountain Laurel. California Laurel. Spice Tree. Cagiput. California Olive. California Bay-tree. Southwestern Oregon, south through the California Coast Ranges, and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. An evergreen tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.80 metres in diameter, or toward its southern limits and at high eleva- tions a small tree or shrub ; most common and reaching its greatest devel- opment in the rich valleys of southwestern Oregon. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous small regularly distributed open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich light brown, the sap- wood lighter ; used on the Oregon coast in ship-building, for jaws, bitts, cleats, cross-trees, etc., and the most valuable material produced in the Pacific forests for interior and cabinet work. 70 EUPHORBIACEJ:. — URTICACE^. Drypetes. EUPHORBIACE^E. 219. Drypetes crocea, Poit. Guiana Plum. White-wood. Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.17 metre in diameter. A little-known form (var. latifolia, Mull.) with whit- ish warty branches, the calyx 5-parted, and more coriaceous leaves, should perhaps be considered a distinct species (D. glauca, Nutt.). Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, checking in dry- ing ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color rich dark brown, the sap-wood yellow. 220. Sebastiania lucida, Mull. Crab-wood. Poison-wood. Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; common ; in the West Indies. A small tree, sometimes 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter ; the large specimens generally hollow and decayed. Wood very heavy, hard, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color rich dark brown streaked with yellow, the sap-wood bright yellow ; now largely manufactured into canes and furnishing valuable fuel. 221. Hippomane Mancinella, L. Manchineel. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; common ; in the West Indies and Central America. A small tree, in Florida rarely exceeding 4 metres in height, with a trunk 0.12 to 0.17 metre in diameter; abounding in white milky ex- ceedingly caustic poisonous sap. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing numerous eveidy distributed small open dints; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color dark brown, the thick sap-wood light brown or yellow. URTICACE^E. 222. Ulmus crassifolia, Nutt. Cedar Elm. Southern Arkansas, and Texas to the valley of the Rio Grande. A tree 18 to 20 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or toward its southern or southwestern limits much smaller ; Ulmus. URTICACE.E. 71 borders of streams, in rich soil ; one of the most common and valuable timber-trees of Texas west of the Trinity River, and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the Guadalupe and Trinity Rivers. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth and medullary rays obscure ; marked, in common with that of all the North American species, by concentric circles of irregu- larly arranged groups of small open ducts ; color light brown tinged witli red, the heavier sap-wood lighter ; used in the manufacture of wagon- hubs, saddle-trees, chairs, etc., and very largely for fencing. 223. Ulmus fulva, Michx. Red Elm. Slippery Elm. Moose Elm. Valley of the lower Saint Lawrence River to northern Dakota, south to northern Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the San Antonio River, Texas. A tree 15 to 20 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.G0 metre in diameter ; borders of streams and hillsides in rich soil. Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, compact, durable in con- tact with the ground, splitting readily when green ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays nu- merous, thin ; color dark brown or red, the thin sap-wood lighter ; largely used for wheel-stock, fence-posts, rails, railway-ties, sills, etc. The inner bark mucilaginous, nutritious, aud extensively used in various medicinal jireparations. 224. Ulmus Americana, L. WJiite Elm. American Elm. Water Elm. Southern Newfoundland to the northern shores of Lake Superior and the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, in about latitude 52° N. ; south to Cape Canaveral and Pease Creek, Florida, extending west in the United States to the Black Hills of Dakota, central Nebraska, the Indian Territory, and the valley of the Rio Concho, Texas. A large tree, 30 to 35 metres in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 2.70 metres in diameter ; rich, moist soil, borders of streams, etc. ; toward its western and southwestern limits only on bottom-lands. Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, rather coarse-grained, compact, diffi- cult to split ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood somewhat lighter; largely used for wheel-stock, saddle-trees, flooring, in cooperage, and in boat and ship building. 225. Ulmus racemosa, Thomas. Rock Elm. Cork Elm. Hickory Elm. White Elm. Cliff Elm. Southwestern Vermont, through western New York, Ontario, and southern Michigan to northeastern Iowa, and south through Ohio to central Kentucky. 72 URTICACE.E. Ulmus. A large tree, 20 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.90 metre in diameter ; low, wet clay, rich uplands or rocky declivities and river cliffs ; common and reaching its greatest development in southern Ontario and the southern peninsula of Michigan. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, tough, very close-grained, compact, susceptible of a beautiful polish ; layers of annual growth marked with one or two rows of small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light clear brown often tinged with red, the thick sap-wood much lighter ; largely iiaed in the manufacture of heavy agricultural implements, wheel-stock, and for railway-ties, bridge-timbers, sills, etc. 226. Ulmus alata, Miehx. Wdhoo. Winged Elm. Southern Virginia, south through the middle districts to western Florida, through the Gulf States to the valley of the Trinity River, Texas, extending north through the eastern portions of the Indian Terri- tory, Arkansas, and southern Missouri to southern Indiana and Illinois. A small tree, 7 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0,60 metre in diameter ; generally in dryr, gravelly soil, or rarely along the borders of swamps and bottom-lands ; most common and reaching its greatest devel- opment in southern Missouri and Arkansas. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, unwedge- afele ; medullary rays distant, not conspicuous ; color brown, the sap-wood lighter largely used for hubs, blocks, etc. 227. Planera aquatica, Gmel. Valley of the Cape Fear River, North Carolina, south to western Florida, and through central Alabama and Mississippi to western Lou- isiana and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas, extending north through Arkansas and southern Missouri to central Kentucky and southern Illinois. A small tree, 0 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.60 metre in diameter : cold. deep, inundated river-swamps ; rare in the Atlantic and eastern Gulf States; very common and reaching its greatest development in western Louisiana and southern Arkansas. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, compact, containing few scattered open duets ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white. 228. Celtis occidentalis, L. Sugar-berry. Hackberry. Valley of die Saint Lawrence River, west to eastern Dakota, south through the Atlantic region to Bay Biscayne and Cape Romano, Florida, and the valley of the Devil's River, Texas. Ficus. UllTICACE^:. 73 A large tree, 18 to 30 or, exceptionally, 36 to 39 metres in height, with a trunk 0.G0 to 1.50 metres in diameter; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Mississippi River basin; rich bottoms or dry hillsides ; sometimes reduced to a low shrub ( C. pumila), and varying greatly in the size, shape, and texture of the leaves (C. Mississippiensis Icevigata, integrifolia, crassifolia, etc.) ; the extremes connected by innu- merable intermediate forms, which, thus considered, make one poly- morphous species of wide geographical range. A form with small thick coriaceous leaves with prominent reticulated veins, found from western Texas to southern California, and through the Rocky Mountains to east- ern Oregon is var. reticulata, Sargent. Wood heavy, rather soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts, containing many small groups of smaller ducts arranged in intermediate concentric rings ; medullary rays numer- ous, thin; color clear light yellow, the sap-wood lighter; largely used for fencing and occasionally in the manufacture of cheap furniture. 229. Ficus aurea, Nutt. Semi-tropical Florida, — Indian River to the southern keys. A large parasitic tree, germinating on the trunks and branches of other trees, and sending down to the ground long aerial roots, which gradually grow together, kill the enclosed tree, and form a trunk sometimes U.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter. Wood exceedingly light, soft, very weak, coarse-grained, compact, not durable; medullary rays thin, hardly distinguishable ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter. 230. Ficus brevifolia, Nutt. Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys. A tree sometimes 15 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.30 metre in diameter. Wood light, soft, close-grained, compact, containing few large open scattered ducts, and many groups of much smaller ducts arranged in con- centric circles ; medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicuous ; color light brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter. 231. Ficus pedunculata, Ait. Wild Fig. India-rubber Tree. Semi-tropical Florida, — Bay Biscayne to the southern keys ; in the West Indies. A tree sometimes 12 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.50 metre in diameter ; often branched from the ground ; rare. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, compact, containing many large open scattered ducts, with many groups of small ducts arranged in con- 74 URTICACEiE. Morus. centric circles ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light orange brown, the sap-wood undistinguishable. 232. Moras rubra, L. Bed Mulberry. "Western New England and Long Island, New York, west through southern Ontario and central Michigan to the Black Hills of Dakota, eastern Nebraska and Kansas ; south to Bay Biscayne and Cape Romano, Florida, and the valley of the Colorado River, Texas. A large tree, IS to 20 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; generally on rich bottom-lands ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the basins of the lower Ohio and the Mississippi Rivers. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather tough, coarse-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the soil, satiny, susceptible of a good polish ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light orange-yellow, the sap- wood lighter ; largely used in fencing, cooperage, for snaths, and at the South in ship and boat building. The large dark purple fruit sweet and edible. 233. Moras microphylla, Buckley. Mexican Mulberry. Valley of the Colorado River, through western Texas to the valley of the Gila River, New Mexico ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, sometimes 7 metres in height, with a trunk rarely 0.30 metre in diameter, or often reduced to a low shrub ; most common and reaching its greatest development in the mountain canons of southern New Mexico. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by several rows of small open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin; color orange or, rarely, dark brown, the sap-wood light yellow. The small acid fruit hardly edible. 234. Madura aurantiaca, Nutt. Osage Orange. Hois a" Arc. Southwestern Arkansas, southeastern portions of the Indian Territory, and southward into northern Texas. A tree sometimes 1.3 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter ; rich bottom-lands ; most common and reaching its greatest development along the valley of the Red River in tin' Indian Territory ; extensively planted for hedges, especially in the Western States. Platanus. PLATANACEjE. 75 Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, flexible, close-grained, compact, very durable in contact with the ground, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous small open ducts ; layers of annual growth clearly marked with broad bands of larger ducts ; medullary rays thin, numerous, conspicuous ; color bright orange, turning brown with exposure, the sap-wood light yellow ; largely used for fence-posts, paving- blocks, railway-ties, and wheel-stock. PLATANACE-iE. 235. Platanus occidentalis, L. Sycamore. Bultonwood. Button-ball Tree. Water Beech. Southern Maine and southeastern New Hampshire to northern Ver- mont and the northern shores of Lakes Ontario and Erie, west to eastern Nebraska and Kansas ; south to northern Florida, central Alabama, and Mississippi, and southwest to the valley of the Devil's River, Texas. The largest tree of the Atlantic forests, often 30 to 40 metres in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 4.20 metres in diameter ; borders of streams and bottom-lands, in rich, moist soil ; very common and reaching its greatest development in the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers ; the large specimens generally hollow. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, very close-grained, compact, difficult to split and work ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by broad bands of small ducts ; the numerous medullary rays very conspicuous, as in that of all the North American species ; color brown tinged with red, the sap- wood lighter ; largely used for tobacco boxes, ox-yokes, butchers' blocks, and, rarely, in the manufacture of cheap furniture. 236. Platanus racemosa, Nutt. Sycamore. Buttonwood. California, — valley of the Sacramento River, south through the in- terior valleys and Coast Ranges to the southern boundary of the State. A large tree, 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; borders of streams, in rich soil. Wood light, soft, not strong, very close-grained, compact, difficult to split ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by narrow bands of small ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter. 237. Platanus "Wrightii, Watson. Sycamore. Valleys of southwestern New Mexico to the valley of the San Pedro River, Arizona ; in northern Mexico. 76 JUGLANDACE.E. Juglans. A tree sometimes 15 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.45 to 0.60 metre in diameter ; banks of streams and high mountain canons. Wood light, soft, weak, very close-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth clearly marked by several rows of open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, thin, very conspicuous ; color light brown tinged with red, the sap-wood lighter. JUG-LANDACE^E. 238. Juglans cinerea, L. Butternut. White Walnut. Southern New Brunswick, valley of the Saint Lawrence River, Ontario and southern Michigan to northern Minnesota and central Iowa ; south to Delaware, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia, central Alabama and Mississippi, northern Arkansas, and south- eastern Kansas. A tree 18 to 24 or, exceptionally, 30 to 35 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter; rich woodlands; rare at the south; most common and reaching its greatest development in the Ohio River basin. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, easily worked, satiny, susceptible of a beautiful polish, containing numerous regularly distributed large open ducts; medullary rays distant, thin, obscure; color bright light brown, turning dark with exposure, the sap- wood lighter ; largely used for interior finish, cabinet work. etc. The inner bark, especially that of the root, is employed medicinally as a mild cathartic, and furnishes a yellow dye. 239. Juglans nigra, L. Black Walnut. Western Massachusetts, west along the southern shores of Lake Erie through southern Michigan to southern Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas, south to western Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the San Antonio River, Texas. A large tree, often 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 1.80 to 3 metres in diameter : rich bottom-lands and hillsides ; most common and reaching its greatest development on the western slopes of the southern Alleghany Mountains and in the rich bottoms of southwestern Arkansas and the Indian Territory ; less common east of the Alleghany Mountains, and now everywhere scarce. Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather coarse-grained, liable to check it' not carefully seasoned, easily worked, susceptible of a beautiful polish, durable in ((intact with tin- soil, containing numerous large regularly distributed open ducts; medullary rays numerous, thin, not conspicuous; color rich Carya. JUGLANDACK.E. 77 dark brown, the thin sap-wood much lighter ; more generally used in metre in diameter, or, except in the Southern States, a low much-branched shrub : usually on sandy beaches and dry hillsides, reaching its greatest develop- ment on the bottoms and rich hummocks of the Georgia and Florida coasts. Wood light, soft, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color dark brown, the sap-wood lighter. The leaves and stimulant and astringent bark of the roots are some- times employed by herbalists. The wax which covers the small globular fruit was formerly largely collected and made into candles, ami now, under the name of myrtle wax. is a popular remedy in the treatment of d\ sentery. 250. Myriea Californica, Cham. Cape Foulweather, Oregon, south near the coast to the Ray of Mon- terey, California. A small evergreen tree, rarely exceeding 0 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to O.4.") metre in diameter, or toward its northern limits reduced to a low shrub: sandy beaches and gravelly hillsides. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, brittle, very close-grained, compact ; medullary rays numerous, thin, conspicuous; color light rose, the sap- wood lighter. CUPULIFER^E. 251. Quercus alba, L. White Oak. Northern Maine, valley of the Saint Lawrence River, Ontario, lower peninsula of Michigan to southeastern Minnesota, south to the Saint Quercus. CUPULIFER^. 81 John's River and Tampa Bay, Florida, west to western Missouri, western Arkansas, and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas. A larn-e tree, 24 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 2.40 metres in diameter ; all soils ; very common, and reaching its greatest development along the western slopes of the Alleghany Mountains and in the valley of the Ohio River and its tributaries, where it often forms a large portion of the forest growth. Wood strong, very heavy, hard, tough, close-grained, liable to check unless carefully seasoned, durable in contact with the soil ; layers of an- nual growth strongly marked by several rows of large open ducts; medullary rays broad, prominent; color brown, the sap-wood lighter brown ; largely used in ship-building, construction of all sorts, cooperage, in the manufacture of carriages, agricultural implements, and baskets, and for railway-ties, fencing, interior finish, cabinet-making, fuel, etc. 252. Quercus lobata, Nee. White Oak. Weeping Oak. California west of the Sierra Nevadas, from the valley of the upper Sacramento River, south through the foot-hills and interior valleys to the San Bernardino Mountains. The largest of the Pacific oaks, often 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 2.40 metres in diameter ; very common through the central part of the State. Wood moderately hard, fine-grained, compact ; layers of annual growth marked by a few large open ducts and containing few smaller ducts ar- ranged in lines parallel to the broad conspicuous medullary rays ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; considered of little economic value, and only used for fuel. 253. Quercus Garryana, Doug. White Oak. Vancouver's Island, shores of Puget Sound, south through western Washington, Oregon, and California to San Francisco Bay ; in Washington and Oregon extending to the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains. A tree 21 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a low shrub ; dry, gravelly soil ; common. Wood strong, hard, that of the young trees tough, close-grained, com- pact ; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of open ducts ; medullary rays, varying greatly in width, often conspicuous ; color light brown or yellow, the sap-wood lighter, often nearly white ; somewhat used for carriage and cooperage stock, in cabinet-making, ship-building, and very largely for fuel ; the best substitute for Eastern white oak produced in the Pacific forests. 6 82 CUPULIFER.E. Querent. 254. Querelas obtusiloba, Michx. Post Oak. Iron Oak. Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, south to northern Florida, west through southern Ontario and Michigan to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and the Indian Territory, reaching the one hundredth meridian in central Texas. A tree rarely exceeding 24 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in diameter, or on the Florida coast reduced to a low shrub (var. parvifolia, Chapm.) ; dry, gravelly uplands, clay barrens, or in the South- west on Cretaceous formations ; the most common and widely distributed oak of the Gulf States west of the Mississippi River. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, checking badly in drying, very durable in contact with the soil ; layers of annual growth marked by one to three rows of not large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color dark or light brown, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used, especially in the Southwest, for fencing, railway-ties, and fuel, and somewhat for carriage stock, cooperage, construction, etc. 255. Quercus undulata, var. Gambelii, Engelm. Scrub Oak. Mountain region of western Texas and New Mexico to the Santa Catalina and San Francisco Mountains, Arizona, eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado north to the valley of the Platte River, and on the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah. A small tree, rarely 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.00 metre in diameter, or often a low shrub spreading from underground shoots and forming dense thickets, reaching its greatest development on the high mountains of southern New Mexico and Arizona ; the large specimens generally hollow and defective. Wood heavy, hard, strong, that of young trees quite tough, close- grained, checking badly in drying; layers of annual growth marked In- few not large open ducts ; medullary rays numerous, conspicuous ; color rich dark brown, the sap-wood lighter ; largely used for fuel ; and in Utah the bark in tanning. The typical Q. undulata, Torr., of the central Rocky Mountain region does not attain arborescent size and habit. 256. Quercus macrocarpa, Michx. Bur dak. Mossy-cup <>1° N. ; south along the mountain ranges of Washington, Oivl'.ui. the California Coast Ranges, and the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, on the mountain ranges east to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and the Guadalupe Mountains of Texas; in the Wahsatch and Uintah Moun- tains, the ranges of northern and eastern Arizona; in northern Mexico; not detected in the interior region between the Sierra Nevada and the Wahsatch Mountains, south of the Blue Mountains of Oregon, and north of Arizona. A large tree, 61 to 92 metres in height, with a trunk 0.83 to 3.66 metres in diameter, or in the Rocky Mountains much smaller, here rarely Abies. CONIFERS. 131 30 metres in height; the most generally distributed and valuable timber tree of the Pacific region, growing from the sea-level to an elevation in Colorado of nearly 10,000 feet; often forming extensive forests, almost to the exclusion of other species, and reaching in western Oregon and Washington Territory its greatest development and value. A form with larger cones and narrower acutish leaves (var. macrocarpa, Engelm.) occurs in the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca Mountains of southern California, — a small tree with darker-colored, lighter, and less valuable wood. Wood hard, strong, varying greatly with age and conditions of growth in density, quality, and amount of sap ; difficult to work, durable ; bands of small summer cells broad, occupying fully one half the width of the annual growth, dark-colored, conspicuous, soon becoming flinty and difficult to cut ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color varying from light red to yellow, the sap-wood nearly white ; largely manufactured into lumber and used for all kinds of construction, railway-ties, piles, fuel, etc. Two va- rieties, red and yellow fir, distinguished by lumbermen, are dependent probably upon the age of the tree ; the former coarse-grained, darker- colored, and considered less valuable than yellow fir. The bark has proved valuable in tanning leather. 392. Abies Fraseri, Lindl. Balsam. Site Balsam. High Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. A tree 18 to 24 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 0.60 metre in diameter ; moist slopes between 5,000 and 6,500 feet elevation, often forming considerable forests ; very local. Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells rather broad, light-colored, not conspicuous ; medul- lary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood lighter, nearly white. 393. Abies balsamea, Mill. Balsam Fir. Balm-of- Gilead Fir. Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the southern shores of Hud- son Bay ; northwest to the Great Bear Lake and the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains ; south through the Northern States to Pennsylvania, central Michigan and Minnesota, and along the Alleghany mountains to the high peaks of Virginia. A tree 21 to 27 metres in height, with a trunk mrely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter, or at high elevations reduced to a low, prostrate shrub {A. Hudsonica, Hort.) ; damp woods and mountain swamps. Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact, not durable ; bands of small summer cells not broad, resinous, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown, .often streaked with yellow, the sap-wood lighter. 132 CONIFERS. Abies. Canadian balsam or balm of fir. an aromatic liquid oleo-resin obtained from this and other species of Abies by puncturing the vesicles formed under the bark of the stem and branches, is used medicinally, chiefly in the treatment of chronic catarrhal affections, and in the arts. 394. Abies subalpina, Engelm. Balsam. Alaska, south through British Columbia and along the Cascade Moun- tains to northern Oregon ; Blue Mountains of Oregon and on the ranges of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado. A tree 24 to 40 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.60 metre in diameter ; mountain slopes and canons between 4,000 (British Columbia) and 12,000 (Colorado) feet elevation; generally scattered and rarely forming the prevailing forest growth. Wood very light, soft, not strung, rather close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells very narrow, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color light brown or nearly white, the sap-wood lighter. 395. Abies grandis, Lindl. White Fir. Vancouver's Island, south to northern California, near the coast ; in- terior valleys of western Washington and Oregon south to the Umpqua River; Cascade Mountains below 4.000 feet elevation, Blue Mountains of Oregon to the eastern slope of the Cceur d'Algne and Bitter Boot Mountains, Idaho, and the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of northern Montana. A large tree, 01 to 92 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in diameter ; most common and reaching its greatesl development on the bottom-lands of western Washington and Oregon in rich, moist soil or on moist mountain slopes; then much smaller, rarely exceeding 30 metres in height. Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broader than in other American species, dark-colored, resinous, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color light brown, the sap-wood rather lighter; in western Oregon manufactured into lumber and used for interior finish, packing-cases, cooperage, etc. 396. Abies concolor, Lindl. & Gord. White Fir. Balsam Fir. Northern slopes of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon, south along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino and San Ja- cinto Mountains. California; high mountains of northern Arizona to the Abies. CONIFERS. 133 Mogqllon Range, New Mexico, northward to the Pike's Peak region of Colorado, ami in the Wahsatch Mountains of Utah. A large tree, 30 to 40 metres in height, with a trunk 1.20 to 1.50 metres in diameter ; moist slopes and canons between 3,000 and 9,000 feet elevation, reaching its greatest development in the California Sierras, varying greatly in the color and length of leaves, habit, etc., and perhaps only a southern form of the too nearly allied A. grandis, from which it cannot be always readily distinguished. Wood very light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells narrow, resinous, not conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, obscure ; color very light brown or nearly white, the sap-wood somewhat darker; occasionally manufactured into lumber and used for packing-cases, butter-tubs, and other domestic purposes. 397. Abies bracteata, Nutt. California, — Santa Lucia Mountains. A tree 4G to Gl metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.20 metres in diameter ; moist, cold soil, occupying 4 or 5 canons between 3,000 and 6,000 feet elevation, west of the summit of the range. Wood heavy, not hard, coarse-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, conspicuous; medullary rays numerous, obscure; color light brown tinged with yellow, the sap-wood not seen. 398. Abies amabilis, Forbes. Valley of the Fraser River, British Columbia, south along the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon. A tree 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.20 metres in diameter, forming extensive forests on the mountains of British Colum- bia between 3,500 and 5,000 feet, and upon the mountains south of the Columbia River between 3,000 and 4,000 feet elevation, here reaching its greatest development ; its northern range not yet determined. Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, compact ; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white. 399. Abies nobilis, Lindl. Red Fir. Oregon, — Cascade Mountains from the Columbia River south to the valley of the upper Rogue River, summits of the Coast Range from the Columbia to the Nestucca River. A large tree, Gl to 92 metres in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 3 metres in diameter, forming, with A. amabilis, extensive forests along the slopes of the Cascade Range, between 3,000 and 4,000 feet elevation ; less multiplied in the Coast Ranges, but here reaching its greatest indi- vidual development. 134 CONIFERiE. Abies. Wood light, hard, strong, rather close-grained, compact; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays thin, hardly distinguishable ; color light brown streaked with red, the sap-wood a little darker. 400. Abies magninca, Murr. Red Fir. California, — Mount Shasta, south along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada to Kern County. A large tree, 61 to 76 metres in height, with a trunk 2.40 to 3 metres in diameter, forming about the base of Mount Shasta extensive forests between 4,900 and 8,000 feet elevation ; in the southern sierras less common, here reaching an extreme elevation of 10,000 feet. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather close-grained, compact, satiny, durable in contact with the soil, liable to twist and warp in seasoning ; bands of small summer cells broad, resinous, dark-colored, conspicuous ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light red, the sap-wood somewhat darker ; largely used for fuel and occasionally manufactured into coarse lumber. 401. Larix Americana, Michx. Larch. Black Larch. Tamarack. Hackmatack. Northern Newfoundland and Labrador to the eastern shores of Hudson Bay, Cape Churchill, and northwest to the northern shores of the Great Bear Lake and the valley of the Mackenzie River within the Arctic Circle ; south through the Northern States to northern Pennsylvania, northern Indiana and Illinois, and central Minnesota. A tree 24 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; moist uplands and intervale lands, or, south of the boundary of the United States, in cold, wet swamps, often covering extensive areas, here much smaller and less valuable. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, rather coarse-grained, compact, durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, dark-colored, conspicuous; resin passages few, obscure; medullary rays numerous, hardly distinguishable; color light brown, the sap-wood nearly white ; preferred and largely used for the upper knees of vessels, for ship- timbers, fence-posts, telegraph-poles, railway-ties, etc. 402. Larix occidentalis, Nutt. Tamarack. British Columbia, Selkirk and Gold Ranges, south of latitude 53°, south along the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains to the Columbia River, through the mountain ranges of northern Washington Territory to the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Montana ; Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon. Washingtonia. PALM.'E. 135 A large tree, 30 to 45 metres in height, with a trunk 0.90 to 1.50 metres in diameter ; moist mountain slopes and benches between 2,500 and 5,000 feet elevation ; scattered among other trees and never exclu- sively forming forests ; very common and perhaps reaching its greatest development in the region north of the Big Blackfoot River and in the valley of the Flathead River, Montana ; the largest and most valuable timber tree of the Columbian basin. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, rather coarse-grained, com- pact, satiny, susceptible of a fine polish, very durable in contact with the soil ; bands of small summer cells broad, very resinous, dark-colored, conspicuous ; resin passages few, obscure ; medullary rays numerous, thin ; color light bright red, the thin sap-wood nearly white ; occasionally manufactured into lumber, but principally used for fuel, posts, railway- ties, etc. 403. Larix Lyallii, Pari. Eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains of northern Washington, east along the boundary of the United States to northern Montana. A low, much-branched, straggling, alpine tree, rarely exceeding 15 metres in height, with a trunk sometimes 1.50 metres in diameter; dry, rocky soil, generally upon northern exposures, and associated with Pinus albicaulis and Tsuga Pattoniana along the upper limits of tree growth between 5,500 and 7,000 feet elevation. PALM^. 404. Sabal Palmetto, Lodd. Cabbage Tree. Cabbage Palmetto. North Carolina, south along the coast to Key Largo, Florida, extend- ing along the Gulf coast to the Apalachicola River. A tree 7 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; sandy maritime shores ; very common and reaching its greatest development upon the west coast of the Florida peninsula south of Cedar Keys. Wood light, soft ; fibro-vascular bundles hard, difficult to work, dark- colored ; color light brown ; impervious to the attacks of the Teredo, and largely used for wharf-piles, etc. 405. Washingtonia nlifera, Wend. Fan-leaf Palm. California, — from the eastern base of the San Bernardino Mountains to the valley of the Colorado River. A tree 12 to 18 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 1.05 metres in diameter, forming groves of 250 to 500 plants in the depressions of the 136 LILIACE^. Thrinax. desert, in moist alkaline soil, or solitary and scattered near the heads of small ravines formed by watercourses ; often stunted and greatly injured by fire. Wood light, soft ; fibro-vascular bundles hard, difficult to cut, dark- colored, conspicuous. 406. Thrinax parviflora, Sw. Silk-top Palmetto. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida ; in the West Indies. A small tree, 9 metres in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding 0.10 metre in diameter, or in pine-barren soil often low and stemless (P. Garberi, Chapm.). Wood light, soft ; fibro-vascular bundles small, hard, not conspicuous ; color light brown ; the trunk used in making sponge- and turtle-crawls. 407. Thrinax argentea, Lodd. Silver-top Palmetto. Brickley Thatch. Brittle Thatch. Southern keys of semi-tropical Florida : in the West Indies. A small tree, 7 to 9 metres in height, with a trunk 0.15 to 0.20 metre in diameter. Wood light, soft; fibro-vascular bundles small, very numerous; interior of the trunk spongy, much lighter than the exterior ; used for piles, the foliage in the manufacture of ropes, for thatch, etc. 408. Oreodoxa regia, HBK. Boyal Palm. Semi-tropical Florida, — hummocks near Cape Romano to the south- ern keys ; in the West Indies. A tree 18 to 30 metres in height, with a trunk 0.G0 metre in diameter ; rich hummocks, often forming extensive groves; in Florida rare ami local. Wood heavy, hard; fibro-vascular bundles large, very dark, conspicu- ous ; interior of the trunk spongy, much lighter than the exterior ; color brown. LILIACE^E. 409. Yucca canaliculata, Hook. Spanish Bayonet. Texas, — Matagorda Bay, and from the Brazos and Guadalupe Rivers to the Rio Grande ; in northern Mexico. A small tree, 5 to 8 metres in height, with a trunk 0.30 to 0.75 metre in diameter ; dry, gravelly, arid soil. Yucca. LILIACE^. 137 Wood, like that of the whole genus, showing distinct marks of con- centric arrangement, fibrous, spongy, heavy, difficult to cut and work ; color light brown. The bitter, sweetish fruit is cooked and eaten by the Mexicans ; the root stock, as in the whole genus, is saponaceous and largely used by the Mexicans as a substitute for soap. 410. Yucca brevifolia, Engelm. The Joshua. Joshua Tree. Southwestern Utah, northwestern Arizona to southern Nevada, and the valley of the Mohave River, California. A tree 6 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 to 0.90 metre in diameter ; dry, gravelly soil ; forming upon the Mohave Desert, at 2,500 feet elevation, an open, straggling forest. Wood light, soft, spongy, difficult to work ; color very light brown or nearly white ; sometimes manufactured into paper-pulp. 411. Yucca elata, Engelm. Western Texas to southern Arizona and Utah ; southward into Mexico. A small tree, 3 to 5 metres in height, with a trunk 0.20 to 0.25 metre in diameter ; dry, gravelly slopes. Wood light, soft, spongy ; color light brown or yellow. 412. Yucca baccata, Torr. Spanish Bayonet. Mexican Banana. Western Texas, south of latitude 32° N., west through New Mexico to southern Colorado and southern California ; in northern Mexico. A tree 7 to 12 metres in height, with a trunk 0.60 metre in diameter, or often much smaller, and toward the northern limits of its range stem- less ; forming upon the plains of Presidio County, Texas, extensive open forests. Wood light, soft, spongy, difficult to work ; color light brown. The large juicy edible fruit is an important article of food to Mexicans and Indians ; a strong coarse fibre, prepared by macerating the leaves in water, is manufactured into rope in Mexico. THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES. THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS OP THE UNITED STATES. The various processes by which the physical properties of the woods of the United States were determined by Mr. Sharpies, in connection with the Census investigation, are fully set forth in Vol. IX. of the final Reports of the Tenth Census. This volume may not be accessible to all persons who may have occasion to use the following tables, and the methods therefore adopted in attaining these results are here briefly described. The specific gravity, ash, and fuel value of the wood of every indige- nous arborescent species of the United States, with seven unimportant exceptions, were determined. The specific gravity was obtained by weighing carefully measured specimens, 100 millimetres long and about 35 millimetres square, previously subjected to a temperature of 100° C. until their weight became constant. The ash is given in percentages of the dry wood, and was determined by burning small blocks of the wood in a muffle furnace at a low temperature. The relative approximate fuel value of any wood is obtained by deducting its percentage of ash from its specific gravity ; and the cor- rectness of the result thus obtained is based upon the hypothesis first proposed by Count Rumford, that the value of equal weights of all woods for fuel is the same. It would be more correct, however, to say that the fuel value of the organic matter in all woods is approximately the same. Wood is made up of two factors, — organic matter, composed of car- bon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with a small amount of nitrogen, and a still smaller amount of sulphur; and inorganic or mineral matter, — ash, as it is generally called, — without value as fuel. The specific gravity represents the weight of equal volumes of wood ; and if from the specific gravity the weight of the ash, which varies greatly in different species, is deducted, 142 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS the relative fuel value will be obtained. A wood free from ash, there- fore, having the specific gravity of 1.000, would represent the unit of fuel value, the specimens being free from hygroscopic water. If the values thus obtained are multiplied by 4,000, the results will give very nearly, except in the case of some of the resinous woods, the number of units of heat which a cubic decimetre of the wood is capable of yielding, — a unit of heat being the amount required to raise one kilo- gramme of water one degree Centigrade. The fuel value of any wood is often modified by other conditions than its weight and percentage of ash. Perfect combustion is rarely attainable. Resinous woods, especially, are seldom perfectly consumed, much carbon escaping in the form of smoke. The moisture which always occurs in the firewood of commerce must also be considered. Wood when first cut often contains as much as 50 per cent of its weight of water, and air-dried wood may generally be expected to contain at least 20 per cent. The heat necessary to distil this is, of course, lost in combustion. The strength and power to resist compression of the principal timbers produced in the forests of the United States were determined by Mr. Sharpies in the course of the Census investigation. A stick being supported at each end and weights being applied to it, it is bent or deflected in proportion to each addition of weight within a certain limit, which differs in different species of wood. This limit is called the elastic limit of the wood. When the elastic limit is exceeded, the ratio of deflection is in excess of that previously produced b\ the addi- tion of similar weight. If the elasticity of a given stick under weights which do not strain it beyond this limit is known, the deflection of any other stick, of the same wood, may be calculated by means of the following formula : — PI* E-. 4a6(/»" E is the coefficient of elasticity ; P, the weight applied in kilogrammes ; I, the length of the stick in centimetres ; b, the width of the stick in cen- timetres; d, the depth of the stick in centimetres; A, its deflection in centimetres. Any five of these being known, the value of the sixth may be calcu- lated. E has been determined for many woods, and its value is given in the fourth column of Table I. If the deflection of a stick under a given weight is required, it can be obtained by using the formula Pl» ~ iElxl*' OF THE UNITED STATES. 143 It is often desirable to know what is the ultimate strength of a given stick. This is obtained by the following formula : — in which P, I, b, and d have the same value as in the preceding formulas. R is given in the fifth column of Table I. as the Modulus of Rupture. In this formula P will most generally be the unknown quantity, and can be obtained by using this formula, — p_2brl2R 31 ' "Wood may be compressed in a direction either parallel or perpendicu- lar to its fibres. The latter is known as indentation. When a stick is compressed in the direction parallel to its fibres, if its length does not ex- ceed ten or twelve times its diameter, it generally fails by the crushing of the fibres ; and the force necessary to produce such crushing is propor- tionate to the area of the cross-section of the stick. The figures in the sixth column of Table I. give the weight in kilogrammes necessary to produce such crushing in sticks of the different species one centimetre square. In order to find the weight any given stick will support, the number in the column should be multiplied by the number of square cen- timetres in the end of the stick. The force necessary to sink a punch one centimetre square to the depth of 1.27 millimetres perpendicular to the fibre of the wood of the different species, is given in the seventh col- umn of Table I. The force necessary to produce indentation is propor- tionate to the surface of the punch or the surface exposed to its action. For further information in regard to the formulas relating to the physical properties of wood, the reader is referred to : — The Materials of Engineering. Part I. pp. 37-153. Robert H. Thurston. New York, 1883. Treatise on the Resistance of Materials. De Volson Wood. New York, 1871. 144 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS TABLE I. Specific Gravity, Percentage of Ash, Relative Approximate Fuel Value, Coefficient of Elasticity, Modulus of Rupture, Resistance to Pressure, and Weight per Cubic Foot of the Woods of the United States. u 9 .a S a is V a bo o d Species. 1 a 7 640 764 664 1 18 1305 1008 686 672 482 424 415 410 489 366 418 372 212 302 782 387 348 405 394 391 737 440 686 426 165 748 668 410 349 197 102 107 89 130 84 123 82 69 127 573 99 63 69 68 210 793 169 373 86 47 650 5(i'.l 176 113 39.64 31 38 29.23 25.78 33.09 27.96 31.18 26 36 24.73 31.49 48.44 61.65 29.46 44.50 28.20 26.39 26 60 86.69 71 24 69.18 35 'J 1 31.51 81.19 50.09 411.39 1 25.78 18.71 65.18 45.38 57 51 3(1.26 29 95 30.60 OF THE UNITED STATES. 145 Species. Ilex Cassine Ilex decidua Cyrilla racemiflora Cliftonia Ligustrina .... Euonymus atropurpureus . . Myginda pallens Schaetferia frutescens .... Reynosia latifolia Condalia ferrea Condalia obovata Rhamnus Oaroliniana . . . Rhamnus Californica . . . . Rhamnus Purshiana .... Ceanothus thyrsiflorus . . . Colubrina reclinata .... ^Esculus glabra JEsculus flava iEsculus Californica .... Ungnadia speciosa Sapindus marginatus .... Sapindua Saponaria .... Hypelate paniculata .... Hypelate trif oliata Acer Pennsylvanicum . . . Acer spicatum Acer macrophyllum .... Acer circinatum Acer glabrum ...... Acer grandidentatum .... Acer saccharinum Acer saccliarinum, var. nigrum Acer dasycarpum Acer rubrum Acer rubrum, var. Drummondii Negiindo aceroides Negundo Californicum . . . Rhus cotinoides Rhus typhina Rhus copallina Rhus copallina, var. lanceolata Rhus venenata Rhus Metopium Piatacia Mexicana Eysenhardtia orthocarpa . . Dalea spiuosa Robinia Pseudacacia .... Robinia viscosa Robinia Neo-Mexicana . . . OlneyaTesota Piscidia Erythrina Cladrastis tinctoria .... Sopbora secundiflora .... Sophora affinis Gymnocladus Canadensis . . Gleditschia triacanthos . . . 0.7270 0.7420 0.6784 0.0249 0.6592 II '.II I is 0.774-5 1.0715 L.3020 1.1999 0.5462 0.6000 0.5672 0.5750 0.8208 0.4542 0.4274 0.4980 0.6332 0.81213 08367 0.9533 0.9102 0.5299 05330 0 4909 0.6660 0.6028 0.6902 0.6912 0.6915 0.5269 0.6178 0.5459 0.4328 0.4821 0.6425 ii i:;.-,7 0.5273 0.5184 0.4382 0.7917 O.S740 0.5536 11.7333 0.8094 0.8034 1 .0602 0 8734 0.6278 0.9S42 0.8509 0.6934 0.6740 0.87 0.70 0.42 0.42 0.58 3.42 2.54 3.20 8.31 7.03 064 0.58 0.67 0.69 1 75 0.86 100 0.70 1.17 1 50 4.34 1.25 1.38 0.36 0.43 1 1 :, I 0.39 0.30 0.64 0.54 0.71 0.33 0.37 0.34 1.07 0.54 0.50 1 1. ,ii 0.60 0.85 0 64 2.39 as ec 5 1.28 4.04 0.51 0.20 0.60 229 3.38 0.28 159 0 78 0 67 0.80 0.7207 0.7368 0.6756 0.6223 0.6554 0.8739 0.7548 1.0372 1.1938 1.1155 0 5427 0.5965 0.5634 0.5710 0.8064 0 4503 0.4231 0.4945 0.6258 o >l II I i 0.8004 0.941 I 0.8976 0.5280 0.5307 0.4882 0.0034 0.6010 0.6858 0.6875 0.6806 0.5252 0.6155 0.5440 0 4282 0.4795 0 6393 0.4335 0.524 1 0 5140 0 4: 54 0.7728 E£- 0) — c u 48828 78250 105005 114316 74084 91268 07656 64438 68216 83681 111144 78031! 71810 140108 102726 110973, 94284 68156 94532 73047 105007 0.8628 0.5312 0 7296 0 8078 0.7986 1 .0359 0.8439 0.6260 0 0686 0.8443 0.6888 0.6080 314 520 820 904 £07 750 1216 494 843 1190 684 766 1149 962 1019 811 529 796 603 656 129238 114889 86822 85079 100220 97691 104822 108579 a a 3.71 839 803 444 021 313 355 394 470 660 439 381 459 619 550 482 463 3,22 442 147 639 649 136 192 71 108 149 272 381 162 l!llO 257 252 181 17 111 107 377 109 479 126 533 1273 909 750 752 902 811 771 923 694 683 366 597 534 570 400 500 209 25s 271 665 337 183 33 1 160 168 10 14G THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS Speciea. Gleditsclna monosperrua Parkinsonia Torreyana . Parkinsonia micropliylla Parkinsonia aculeata Cercis Canadensis . Cercis reniformis . Prosopis juliflora Prosopis pubescens Leucaena glauca Leucaena polverulenta Acacia Wriglitii . . Acacia Greggii . . Acacia Berlandieri . Lysiloma latisiliqua Pitliecolobium Ungui Chrysobalanus Icaco Prunus Americana . Primus angustifolia Prunus Pennsylvanica Prunus umbellala . Prunus emarginata, v Prunus serotina Prunus Capuli . Prunus deinissa . . Prunus Cnroliniana Prunus sphaeroearpa Prunus ilicifolia Vanquclinia Torreyi Cercocarpus ledifolius Cercocarpus parvifolius Pyrus coronaria . . . Pyrus angustifolia . . Pyrus rivularis . . . Pyrus Americana . . Pyrus sambuci folia Crataegus rivularis . . Crataegus Douglasii . Crataegus braebyacantlia Crataegus arborescens Crataegus Crus galli Crataegus coccinea . Crataegus subvillosa Crataegus tnmentosa Crataegus tomentosa, var Crataegus eordata . . Crataegus apiifolia . . Crataegus Bpathulata . Crataegus berberifolia Crataegus aestivalis . . Crataegus flava . . . Crataegus flava, var. pub Heteromeles arbutifolia Amelancluer Canadensis Ilamamelis Virginica . Liquidambar Styraciflua mollis punctata 0.7342 0.0531 0.7449 0.0116 0.0363 0.7513 0.7662 0.7609 0 9235 0 6732 I) '.1392 0.8550 004 IS 0.9049 0.7709 0.7215 0.0884 0.5023 0.8202 ii 4502 0.5822 0.7S79 0.6951 0.8688 0.8998 0 0803 1.1374 1.0781 0.9305 0.7048 HUM I.', 0.8310 0.5451 0.5928 0.7703 0.6960 0.6798 OOlOl 0.7194 I) MilS 0.7953 0.7585 (I.70S1 0.7298 0.7453 0.7159 0 6564 0.7809 0.7688 0.9826 0 7838 0.6850 0.5909 0.73 112 3.64 2.32 0.72 0.77 2.18 0.95 3.29 101 0 03 0.91 2 12 2.46 0.87 0.18 0.28 0.40 0 12 0.21 0.15 0.20 0.50 0.41 0.87 0.78 1.45 1.04 0.45 0.62 0.33 041 0 83 (1.35 0.36 0.33 0.42 0.56 u.m; 0.38 0.09 0.52 0.47 0.46 0.97 0.66 i-S 0.7288 0.6458 0.7178 0.5974 0.6317 07455 0.7485 0.7537 0.8931 0.6664 0.9333 0.8472 057 0.79 0.91 0.54 0 55 0 37 HOI 0.6282 0.8826 0.7( 12 0.7202 0.6865 0 51.03 0.8192 0.4493 0.5813 0.7863 0.0911'. 0.8652 0.8920 0 9727 1.1209 1 0019 0.9323 0 7011 0.0872 0.8282 0 6406 0.5908 0.7676 0.6927 06704 0.6454 0.7154 0.8585 0.7898 0 7546 0.7645 0.7269 0.7381 0.7112 0.6527 0 7747 07613 0.9276 0.7795 (M1S31 0.5873 5. — C W 116991 55839 68798 58297 82424 108507 46064 110073 82659 00281 86055 85833 76895 93727 r3201 04241 62000 78837 t'0430 90023 73100 67349 69185 70765 119077 86388 1027 546 726 485 894 792 653 961 864 408 079 829 691 928 782 485 445 021 653 738 709 500 712 721 1132 651 kl 584 417 276 220 469 182 588 071 343 329 743 481 171 588 402 407 498 460 647 538 610 662 221 213 133 103 342 80 204 272 240 318 544 655 419 305 480 250 380 383 117 107 108 430 53.8 445 184 210 203 240 455 218 446 627 670 406 224 319 280 132 OF THE UNITED STATES. 147 140 141 142 148 144 145 140 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 150 157 158 150 160 161 102 163 '164 165 160 167 168 160 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 170 180 181 182 183 184 185 180 187 188 189 190 191 192 1921 193 Species. Rhizophora Mangle . Conocarpua ereeta . Laguneularia racemosa Calypt rant lies Chytraeul Eugenia Imxifoha Eugenia dichotoma Eugenia montieola . Eugenia longipes . Eugenia procera . . Cereus giganteus . Cornus altemifolia. Cornus florida . . . Cornus Nuttaliii . . Nyssa capitata . . ■ Nyssa sylvatiea . . . Nyssa unirlnra . . . Sambucus glauca . . Samb ueus Mexieana . Viburnum Lentago Viburnum pro ni folium Exostema Caribseuin . I'inckneya pubens . . Genipa dusisefolia . . Guettarda elliptiea . . Vacciniuui arboreum . Andromeda ferruginea Arbutus fttenziesii . Arbutus Xalapensis Arbutus Texana . . Oxydendrum arboreum Kaimia latifolia . . . Rhododendron maximum Myrsine Kapanea . Ardisia Pickeringia Jacquinia annularis Clirysopbyllum oliviforme Sideroxylon Masticliodendi' Dipholis salieifolia . . Bumelia tenax . . .■ Bumelia lanuginosa . Bumelia spinosa Bumelia lycioides . Bumelia cuneata . . Mimusops Sieberi . . Diospyros Virginiana Diospyros Texana . Symploeos tinetoria . Halesia diptera . . . Halesia tetraptera . . Fraxinus Greggii . . Fraxinus anomala . . Fraxinus pistaeiaefolia Fraxinus Americana . Fraxinus Americana, va Fraxinus pubescens . 1.1617 II M! II II I 0.7137 0.8992 0.9360 O.S983 00156 1 1235 0.0453 03188 0.6696 0.8153 0.7481 0.4613 (i i;:;,-,r, 0.5194 0.5087 0 4014 0.7303 0.8332 0.9310 0.6350 1.0310 0.8387 0.7610 0.7500 0.7052 0.7099 0.7500 0 7458 0.7160 o.i;;;o:l 0.8341 0.8602 0.6948 0.93CiO 1.0109 0.9316 0.72'.i3 0.6544 06603 0.7467 0.7959 1.0838 0.7908 0.8460 05325 0.5705 0.5628 0.7904 0.6597 0.6810 0.6543 0.7636 0.0251 1.82 0.32 1.62 3.32 1.50 0.74 189 3 48 2.62 3.45 0.41 0.67 0.50 0.34 0.52 0.70 1.57 2.00 029 0.52 0.23 0.41 1.00 1.05 0.39 0 46 0.40 0.26 0.51 0.37 0.41 0.36 0.81 1.84 3.45 124 5 14 0 32 0.78 1.23 1.24 0.81 1.90 2.61 (1.96 3.33 0.68 042 0.40 0.93 0.85 0.62 0 42 0.70 0.26 n k a 1.1400 0.9868 11.7(121 08693 0 92211 08917 0.8983 1.0844 0.9205 0.3078 0.6669 0 SOILS 0.7444 0.4597 0.6323 u.M.-s 0.5(107 0.4522 0.7282 0.8289 0.9289 0 5328 1 0207 0.8250 0.7580 0.7465 0.7024 0.7081 0.7402 0.7430 0.7131 0.6280 0.8271 0.8444 0.0708 0.9244 0.9589 II92S6 0.7236 0.6464 0.6521 0.7407 0.7808 1.0555 0 7s:;2 0.8178 0.5289 0.5081 0.5605 0.7830 06541 0 0768 0.6516 0 7583 0.6236 6S 165567 102411 72396 157510 108507 119111 1207 942 518 1055 82112 103081 08083 81832 51078 30517 90654 119357 08291 81380 83834 01577 68484 64578 112424 109948 133693 75120 48334 78125 00281 100220 78234 02202 08321 00119 101668 108174 81222 1172 life 860 599 449 887 553 072 .2 o II 462 370 149 396 408 444 904 991 682 830 655 370 534 6(3 431 468 365 275 305 242 155 196 161 138 951 101-5 405 555 692 751 272 313 481 105 079 907 618 399 487 502 401 279 225 207 247 72S 639 663 501 430 439 201 262 191 857 970 1148 673 387 598 650 730 452 302 382 355 274 181 160 562 615 914 879 489 478 460 503 220 280 375 324 619 857 384 434 159 197 622 861 1 125 869 385 463 541' 435 210 171 198 204 148 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS 104 19 P 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 215' 216 217 218 219 2191 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 22S1 229 230 231 • 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 210 241 242 243 244 Species. ndieriana pa tri Fraxinus viritlis . . . Fraxinus viridis, var. Boil Fraxinus platycarpa Fraxinus quadrangnlata Fraxinus < livgana . . Fraxinus sambucifolia Forestiera acuminata . Chionantlius Virginica Osmanthus Americanus Cordia Sebestena . . Cordia Boissieri . . . Bourreria Havanensis Eliretia elliptica . . . Catalpa liignonioides . Catalpa speciosa . . Chilopsis saligna . . Crescentia cucurbilina Citharexylum villosurrj Avicennia nitida . . Pisonia obtnsata . ■ ( !occoloba Floridana . Coccoloba uvifera . . Persea Carolinensis Persea Carolinensis, var. Nectandra Willdenovian Sassafras officinale . . Umbellularia Californiea Drypetes crocea . . Dry petes croeea, var. lat Sebastiania lucida . . Hippomane Mancinella Ulnius crassifolia . . Vlnms fulva . . . Ulmus Americana . 1'lnius raccmosa Ulmus alata . . . Planera aquatics . Celtis oecidentalis . Celtis oecidentalis, var. reticulata Ficus aurea . . . Ficus brevifolia . . Funs pedunculata . Morns rubra . . . Morus micropbylla Madura aurantiacn Platanus occidentalis Platanus racemosa . Platanus Wrightii . Juglans cinerea . . Jiiglans nigra . . .Juglans rupestris . Carya olivjeformis . Carya alba . . . Carya sulcata . . Carya tomentosa . fol e o 0.7117 0.5780 H.3541 0.7 184 0.5731 0.i;:;is 0 6345 0.6372 0.8111 0 7108 01,7:111 0.8073 0.6440 0.4474 0.4165 0.5902 0.6310 O.s; io , 0.11138 , 0.6529 ! 0.9835 0.9635 . 0 6429 I 0.6396 0 7698 0.5042 i 0.6517 0 9209 0.9346 1.0905 1 0.5772 0.7245 oil! 156 0.6506 | 0.7263 0 7491 0.5294 072S7 0.7275 0.2016 0.6 - 0.4739 0 5898 0 7715 0.7736 0.5678 o 1880 0.4736 0.4086 0.6116 0.11554 071SO 0.8872 0.8108 O.SJ1S 0.65 054 0.73 0.78 0.34 072 0.72 0.51 0.46 4.22 3.53 2 79 1.32 0.38 0.39 0 37 1.35 0.52 2.51 7.62 5.03 1.37 0.76 0.37 0.60 o io 0 39 6.14 829 2.78 5.16 1.20 (I.S3 o.so 0.60 0.99 0,15 1.09 1.22 5.03 4.36 4.92 0.71 0<;S 0.68 0.46 1.11 1.85 0.51 O 79 l.Ol 1.13 0.73 0 90 1.06 0.7071 0.5749 0.3515 0.7128 0.5712 0.6273 0.6299 0.6340 0 8074 0.6808 0 6550 0.7848 0.6355 o,H :,7 0.4149 o.;,sso 0.6234 0.8665 0.8909 0.6031 0.934(1 0.9503 0.6380 0.6372 0.7647 0.5037 0 6492 o.sr.14 0.8571 1 0602 0.5474 0.7158 0.6898 0.6454 0 7219 0.7417 0.5270 0.7208 0.7186 0.2484 0.6119 o (508 0.5856 0.7063 o 7.-.S.; 0.6652 0.4S20 0,1072 0.4065 0.6067 0.6488 0.7099 0.8811 0.8035 0.8181 90313 47637 77439 8 18 1 8 87185 70282 123133 895 530 811 665 806 717 1051 99649 39697 68161 82156 04421 125717 46503 113538 83900 84918 51910 106766 103890 83619 70399 95274 74742 109628 52323 55167 68527 86805 25699 941 575 721 387 482 251 499 520 423 401 517 590 635 578 937 297 918 9(2 820 602 806 790 707 10690 82377 91373 86402 62401 45041 81258 109200 7205J 66646 188839 103884 111995 773 869 852 in..,; 724 021 789 MI5 239 220 138 22 2 166 194 170 247 364 407 297 689 310 771 258 573 367 382 568 650 520 230 775 1131 635 662 128 597 858 ooo 57s 1200 10S3 1129 153 589 446 591' 449 394 421 437 102 294 229 77 86 144 308 108 394 199 192 l.'il 199 862 407 281 420 S(I9 ■150 521 527 392 583 457 451 625 9 693 255 150 170 205 255 146 117 275 61 119 17S 363 165 93 117 90 lor, 182 232 271 288 277 44.35 36.02 22.07 44.77 35.72 39.37 59.54 39.71 50 55 44.30 42.32 50.31 40.13 27 88 25.96 36.78 39.38 54.28 55.'.,;, 40.69 51 29 60.05 10.07 39.86 47.94 31.42 40.61 57.39 58.24 ('.7.95 35.97 45.15 45.35 |M5., 45.26 16.68 32.99 45.41 45.54 16.30 39.87 29 55 : 8 78 48.08 48.21 36. 19 50.41 29.51 38 11 40.84 ii :.. 52.17 60.68 51.21 OF THE UNITED STATES. 149 « 5 3 55 0) Species. £ a .d < o fall '3 a> A a 5 o a 6 3 3 O 'Sb O K - .- a 0) •a a o a) a Si o S a a ai 3 a £ tE S> a .22 .2 a 1 = ™.2 d O in a a c '" U'3 S 01 — 245 0.8217 0.99 0.8136 103300 1046 577 301 51.21 246 Carya amara 0.7652 1.03 0.7474 102986 1101 522 242 47.06 247 0 8016 1.06 0.7931 14048 1 1394 638 315 49.96 248 0 7407 1.27 0.7313 101261 884 486 274 46.16 249 Myrica cerifera 0.5637 0.51 0.5608 88778 815 445 144 35.13 25D Myrica Californica 0.6703 0.33 0.6681 99161 1036 532 188 41.77 251 Quercus alba 0.7470 0.41 0 7139 97089 905 511 213 46.35 252 Quercus lobata 0.7409 0.30 0.7387 71661 864 424 188 46.17 253 Quercus Garryana 0.7453 0.39 07424 81109 879 505 240 46.45 254 Quercus obtusiloba 0.8367 0.79 0.8301 83257 872 487 276 52.14 255 Quercus umlulata, var. Gauibellii 0.8407 0.99 0.8324 57162 680 417 255 52.39 256 Quercus maerocarpa 0.7453 0.71 0.7400 92929 982 491 ■j:::: 46.45 257 Quercus lyrata 0.8313 0.65 0.8259 133438 1025 492 252 51.81 258 0 7662 0.58 0.45 0.7618 0.8003 90636 96373 909 1118 490 482 221 233 47.75 259 Quercus Micbauxii 0X139 50.10 26D 0 7499 0.77 1.14 0.7441 0.8607 125473 112401 1031 1238 538 575 230 264 46.73 261 Quercus prinoides 0.8605 63.63 262 Quercus Dou-glasii 0.8928 0.84 0.8853 77166 993 557 374 55.64 26* 2.61 0.9195 85739 719 434 439 58.84 264 1 0092 1.82 0.52 0.9908 0.9430 73982 937 479 364 62.88 265 Quercus reticulata 0.9479 59.07 266 Quercus Durandii 0.9507 1.78 0 9338 83766 993. 534 308 69.25 267 0 9501 1.14 0.60 0.9393 0.8442 113627 119810 1017 1268 547 545 324 317 59.21 268 0 8493 52.93 269 0 9263 2.36 1.28 1.02 0.9044 0.8147 0.7775 63828 95276 86055 703 935 818 422 463 533 415 235 272 57.73 270 0 8253 51.43 271 0 7855 48.9f 272 0.20 0.85 0.6523 0.9003 112798 103343 990 1024 511 582 177 291 40.71 2721 Quercus rubra, var Texana . . 0.9080 56.51 273 Quercus coceinea 0.7405 0 19 0.7391 108507 1054 504 202 46.1? 274 Quercus tiuctoria 0.7045 0.28 0.7025 103427 1041 501 202 43.9C 275 Quercus Kelloggii 0.6435 0.26 0.6418 74488 768 449 174 40.U 276 Quercus nigra 0.7324 1.16 0.7239 97656 1043 497 286 45.64 277 Quercus falcata 0.6928 0.25 0.6911 140151 1193 590 201 43 It 278 Quercus Catesbsei 0.7294 0.87 0.7231 103468 1046 457 228 45.4t 279 Quercus palustria 0 6938 0.81 0.51 0.6882 0.7207 112296 122657 1090 1052 491 501 190 198 43.24 280 Quercus aquatica 0.7244 45.14 281 Quercus laurifolia 0.7673 0.82 0.7610 125916 1181 526 253 47.8; 282 Quercus beteropbylla 0.6834 0.17 0.6822 122494 1073 412 182 42.51 283 Quercus cinerea 0 6420 1.21 0 6342 75120 993 448 201 40.01 284 Quercus bypoleuca 0.8009 1.34 0.7902 94409 1113 293 272 49.91 285 Quercus imbricaria 0.7529 0.43 0.7497 119357 1218 552 220 46.9'. 286 Quercus Pbellos 0.7472 0.50 0 7435 78140 989 390 216 40.5- 287 0.6827 1.49 0.0725 96347 946 475 224 42.6S 288 0 5574 0.35 0.5554 101195 741 435 119 34.74 289 0 5887 0.12 0.5880 114108 991 495 118 36 61 290 Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana . 0.4504 0.18 0.4496 85621 696 381 106 28.0; 291 Fagus t'erruginea 0.6883 0.51 0.6848 120996 1148 478 196 42.8!; 292 Ostrya Virginica 0.8284 0.50 0.8243 137276 1134 542 231 51.6S 293 Carpinus Caroliniana 0.7286 0.83 0.7226 114881 1149 498 213 45.41 294 Betula alba, var. populifolia 0.5760 0.29 0.5743 72970 778 348 129 35.9C 295 Betula papyrifera 0 5955 0.25 0 5940 130557 1065 487 120 37.11 296 Betula occidentals 0 6030 0.30 0.6012 92424 806 391 127 37.5£ 297 Betula lutea 0.6553 0.31 0.6533 161723 1248 619 161 40.84 298 0.35 0.5742 111322 972 438 132 36.91 150 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS Specie* Betula Ienta Alnus m.'iritima Alntis rubra Ainua rhotnbifolia Almis oblongifolia Alnus serrulata Alnus incana Alnus incana, var. virescens . . . Salix nigra Salix amygdaloides Salix laevigata Salix lasiandra Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana. . Sali.x longifolia Salix longifolia, var. exigua . . . Salix longifolia, var. argyropbylla Salix sessilit'olia Salix sessilifolia, var. Ilindsiana . Salix discolor Salix flavescens Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana . Sali.x Ilookeriana Salix cordata, var. vestita .... Salix lasiolepis S;i h \ Sitchensis Populus tremuloideB Populus grandidentata Populus heterophylla Populus balsamitera Populus balsamifera, var. candicana . Populus angustifolia Populus trichocarpa Populus monilitera Populus Fremontii Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni . Libocedrus decurrcns Thuya occidentalia Thuya gignntea Chamaeeyparis spliseroidea .... Cliamaeeyparis Nutkaensis . . . . Chamsecyparis Lawsoniana . . . . CupreasuB macrocarpa Cupressus Goveniaua Cupressus Macnabiana Cupressus Guadalupensis . . . . Juniperua Californica Juniperus Californica, var. Utaliensie Juniperus pachyphlcea Juniperue occidentalia ...... Juniperus occidentalia, var. mono- sperma Juniperus occidentalia, var. conjugena Juniperus Virginiana Taxodium disticliuin 0.7617 0.4996 0.481*5 0.4127 0.3981 0.4006 0.4007 0.4456 0.4609 0.4872 0.4756 0.4547 0.4598 0.4930 0.5342 o!43!)7 0.4201 0.4969 0.5412 0.6350 0.0009 0.5587 0.5072 0.4032 0.4632 0.4089 0 ;:.;:;;, 0.4161 0.3912 0.3814 0.3889 0 4914 0.4621 04017 0 3014 0.3796 0.3322 0.4782 0.4021 0.0261 0.10S9 0.4843 0.6282 0.5522 0.5829 0.5765 0 7118 0.6907 0.4920 0.4543 0.26 0.39 0 42 0.31 042 0.38 0.42 0.70 0.92 0.58 0.60 0.79 0.56 0.48 1.06 6.50 0.43 0.61 0.39 0.32 0 59 0.98 0.59 0.55 0.45 0.81 0 or, 0.40 0 79 1.27 0.96 0.77 1.13 00s 0.37 0.17 0.33 0.34 0.10 0 57 0.45 0 II 0.75 0.49 0.11 0.12 0.78 0.40 0.13 0.42 V 0> 3 = s 0.7597 0.4977 0.4793 0.4104 0.3964 0.4648 0.4588 0.4425 0.4408 0.4844 0.4727 0.4411 0.4572 04900 0.5285 0]4375 0.4243 0.4939 0.5391 0.:,::;::; 0.6033 0.6532 0.5042 0.4010 0.4611 0 1 051 i 0.3611 0.4142 0.3881 0.3766 0.8862 0.4876 0 1569 0.4014 0.3152 03790 0.3311 0.4766 0.4616 0.6226 04668 0.4822 0.6235 0.6495 0 6823 0.6758 0.7062 0.6875 0 4920 0.4524 t>33 141398 100046 84580 70937 108507 39002 50144 48828 87935 30517 108507 126210 88778 81441 96327 72338 85690 73024 45847 111694 99417 1O5I10 84817 84729 53311 103372 40410 102881 121772 107327 199 11 01275 73420 66992 103206 1216 811 682 686 820 424 550 044 675 469 909 813 677 721 642 550 609 400 665 770 0:1s 691 682 612 749 450 801 888 1045 539 701 408 740 682 619 415 350 278 226 129 117 78 74 289 213 204 319 93 81 118 341 280 82 408 468 427 385 330 358 283 320 270 271 390 353 378 372 408 306 450 259 455 400 359 98 120 111 140 Vo 62 86 75 64 70 63 83. 86 100 98 60 70 07 101 82 237 178 186 532 410 423 280 148 81 OF THE UNITED STATES. 151 Species. 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 340 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 357' 358 359 300 301 362 304 305 306 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 391' Sequoia gigantea Sequoia senipervirens. . • • Taxus brevit'olia Taxus Floridana Torreya taxifolia Torreya Californiea .... Pinus Strobus Pinus monticola Pinus Lambertiana . . • • Pinus flexilis Pinus albicaulis Pinus reflexa Pinus Parryana Pinus eembroides Pinus edulis Pinus monophylla Pinus Balfouriana Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata Pinus resinosa Pinus Torreyana Pinus Arizonica Pinus ponderosa Pinus Jeffreyi Pinus Chihuahuana .... Pinus contorta ...... Pinus Murrayana Pinus Sabiniana Pinus Coulteri Pinus insignis Pinus tnberculata Pinus Tsetla Pinus rigida Pinus serotina Pinus inops Pinus clausa Pinus pungens Pinus muricata Pinus mitis Pinus glabra Pinus Banksiana Pinus palustris Pinus Cubensis Picea nigra Picea alba Picea Engelmanni Picea pungens Picea Sitchensis Tsuga Canadensis Tsuga Caroliniana Tsuga Mertensiana Tsuga Pattoniana Pseudotsuga Douglasii Pseudotsuga Douglasii. var. macro carpa 392"! Abies Fraseri 0 2SS2 0.4208 00391 0.6840 0.5145 0.4700 0.3864 o.: 11 «)8 0.3084 0.4358 0.4165 0.4S77 0.5075 0.6512 ooons 0 5058 0.5434 0.5572 0.4854 (i 1879 0.5038 0.4715 0.5206 0.5457 0.5815 0.4096 (i 1840 0.4133 0.4574 0.3499 0.5441 0.5151 0.7942 05309 0.5576 0.4935 (141112 0 0104 0.3931 0.4761 001199 0.7504 II |:,S4 0.4051 0.3449 0 3740 0.4287 (1.4239 0.4275 0.5182 0.4454 0.5157 « a 0.50 0.14 0.22 0.21 0.73 1.34 0.19 0.23 0.22 0 28 0.27 0.20 0.54 0.90 0.02 0.08 0.40 0.30 0.27 0.35 0.20 0.35 0.20 0.39 0.19 0.32 0.40 0.37 0.30 0.33 026 0.23 0.17 0.30 0.31 0.27 0.26 0.29 0.45 0.23 0.25 0.26 027 0.32 0.32 0.38 0.17 0.46 0 40 0.42 0.44 0.08 (i 1563 0.3565 0.2868 0.4202 0.0377 0 0327 0.5107 04690 0.3847 0.3899 0.3676 0.4346 0.4154 0.4864 0.5044 0.6453 (i.e.: lis 0.5020 0.5412 0.5555 0.4841 0 4862 1 1 51 128 ii 1698 0.5192 0.5436 0.58(11 0.108;: 0.4821 0.4118 0.4500 0.3487 0.5427 0 5l:m 0.7928 0.5293 0.55511 0.4922 I 0.4929 O.OIMi 0.3913 (I 1750 0.0982 0.7484 0.4572 0.4038 0.3438 0.3726 0.1280 0.4220 0.1258 0.6160 0.4484 0.5153 0.08 04559 0.54 0.3546 45146 07040 76133 82833 40146 85093 95068 79375 07531 38147 91287 37783 42094 43488 59386 71482 113216 54213 82370 88731 92777 72575 158533 77113 58517 114108 97850 42870 112847 58127 110H57 54295 54295 SO880 11 U357 187495 44750 94281 148733 157747 109987 102280 80791 55360 99001 811070 712*2 1874*8 77524 128297 105007 97170 8-S «3 459 6H7 1078 887 683 626 609 597 624 581 770 426 447 288 424 653 800 756 653 720 744 882 993 504 779 701 740 400 883 780 1164 658 602 726 1031 1038 496 652 1152 1172 747 747 574 454 OH) 780 461 909 719 881 846 639 410 483 460 351 339 334 336 349 331 489 339 fc u, 349 274 337 325 455 290 381 381 417 337 554 333 337 307 417 203 427 355 505 360 377 354 509 477 ■j^s 396 629 664 407 342 267 258 353 384 403 547 379 519 463 347 68 77 204 168 122 74 07 78 108 107 128 195 212 169 147 134 85 147 105 107 116 154 149 86 138 92 105 80 107 188, 296 156 181 115 122 129 IOC, 101 153 180 77 74 76 79 73 82 125 101 104 100 102 05 17.96 20.22 39.83 39.51 32 06 29 66 24.02 24.35 22.96 27.16 25.96 30 39 35.37 40.58 39.81 35.26 33.86 34.72 30.25 30.41 31.40 29.38 32.44 3401 36.24 25.53 80.16 25.76 28.51 21.81 33.91 32.10 49.49 3309 34 75 30.75 30.80 38.04 24.50 29.67 43.62 40.76 28.57 25.25 21.49 23.31 20.72 20.42 26.64 32.29 27.76 32.14 28.44 8222 152 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS 1 6 3 JC 0 3 9 3 Species. 5 o m °3 w a. til "35 < o V a a g u *3 © 3 >" lb ~ s to =3 D a mi o "S 0~ S 3 "E. 3 a O *3 ■3 O a en o M *" 11 . a 1! a V a Q V a 0) • X 3 .2£ o II !3 . = .3 « a «- o co. ^ a ^ a u a 393 Abies balsamea 0.3819 0.45 0.3802 81924 515 365 75 23.80 394 Abies subalpina . . 0.3476 0.44 0.3401 76199 473 302 64 21.06 395 Abies grandis . . 0.3545 0.49 0.3528 95838 494 391 51 22 09 :-;:xj Abies concolor . 0.3038 0.85 0.3007 908S9 703 390 78 22 07 397 Abies bracteata . . 0.0783 2.04 0 0045 42 27 398 Abies amabilis . . 0.4228 0.23 0.4218 126013 792 407 64 26.35 399 Abies nobilis . . . 0.4501 0.34 0.4545 127060 862 453 120 28.42 400 Abies magnifica 0.4701 0.30 0.4687 06220 701 4:::. S6 29.30 401 Larix American i 0.6236 0.33 0.6215 120120 901 536 112 38.86 402 Larix oecidentalis . 0.7407 0.09 0.7400 105810 1227 689 139 46.16 403 Larix Lvallii . . . 404 Sabal Palmetto . . 0.4404 7.00 0.4007 27.45 405 Washingtonia filifera 0.5173 1.89 0.5075 50340 429 227 66 32 24 400 Tlirinax parviflora . 0.5991 3.99 0.5752 407 Thrinax argentea . . 0.7172 3.01 0.6056 44.70 408 Oreodoxa regia . . 0.0034 2 21 0.5901 37.60 409 Yucca canaliculate . 0.0077 0.27 0.6258 4i:61 410 Yucca brevifoba 0 3737 4.00 0.3588 23.20 411 Yucca elata . . . 0.447(1 9.28 0.4055 27.b6 412 Yucca baccata . . I) 2724 8.94 0.2480 16.98 Specific Griirity.J OF THE UNITED STATES. 153 TABLE II. The Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Specific Gravity of their Dry Woods. Species. Condalia ferrea . . Condalia obovata Rhizophora Mangle . Guaiacum sanctum . Vauquelinia Torreyi Eugenia Longipes . . Porliera angustifolia . Sebastiania lucida Mimusops Sieberi CercocarpuB ledifoliua Reynosia latifolia . . Olneya Tesota . . Amyris sylvatica . . Genipa clusisfolia Sideroxylon Mastichodend Quercus grisea . . Conocarpus erecta Canella alba . . . Sopliora secundiflora Coccoloba Floridana . Prunus ilicifolia . . Coccoloba nvifera Hypelate paniculata . Quercus Durandii Quercus virens . . Quercus reticulata Eugenia procera . . Quercus oblongifolia Acacia Wriglitii . . Cercocarpus parvifolius Eugenia buxifolia . . Clirysophyllum oliviforme Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia Heteromeles arbutitblia Dipliolis salicifolia . Exostema Caribajum Quercus Emory i . . Leucaena glauca . . Drypetes crocea . . Xinienia Americana . 1 3021) 1.1999 1.1617 1.1482 1.1374 1.1235 1.1101 1.0905 1.08:J8 1.0731 1.0715 1.0602 1.0459 1.0316 1.0109 1.0092 0.9900 0.9893 0.9842 0.9«35 0.9803 0.9635 0.9533 0.9507 0 9.301 0.9479 0 9453 0.9441 0.9392 0.9365 0.9360 0.9360 0.9346 0.9326 0.9810 0.9310 0.9263 0 9285 0.9209 0.9190 41 42 43 44 45 40 47 48 49 50 51 52 63 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 01 62 0.3 04 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 Species. Eugenia monticola . Avicennia nitida . . Hypelate trifoliata . Quercus rubra, var. Te.1 Pithecolobium Unguis-e Myginda pallens . . Xantlioxylutn Caribajun Prunus sphaerocarpa . Calyptrantlies Chytracul Eugenia dicbotoma Quercus Douglasii Eysenhardtia ortbocarpa Ptscidia Erytlirina . Citbarexylum villosum Prunus Carolinians . Crataegus coecinea . Quercus prinoides Ardisia Pickeringia . Acacia Greggii . . Sophora afhnis. . . Quercus clirysolepis . Diospyros Tex ana . Quercus undulata, var. ( larya alba .... Napiudus Saponaria . Quercus obtusiloba Myrsine Rapanea . . Guettarda elliptica . Viburnum prunifolium Ptelia trifoliata Pyrus rivularis . . . Quercus lyrata. . . Ostrya Virginica . . Quercus agrifolia . . Carya. tomentosa . . Carya porcina . . . Colubrina reclinata . Prunus umbellata . . Cornns florida . . . Sapindus marginatus uili eli 154 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS [Specie Gravity. Species. Osmanthus Amerieanus Carya sulcata . . . Hobinia viseosa . , . Bourreria Havaiiensia Quercus Micliauxii . Kobinia Neo-Mexicana Carva myristicaeformis Querous hypoleuca . Bumelia cuneata . . Crataegus subvillosa . Finns serotina . . . Rhus Metopium . . Diospyros Virginiana Fraxinus Greggii . . l'runus Capuli . . . Quercus Wislizeni Amelanchier Canadensis Crataegus flava. . . Schaefferia frutescens Madura aurantiaca . Morus microphylla Chrysobalanus Icaco Crataegus rivularis Neetandra Wiildenoviana Crataegus rlava var, pubes Quercus laurifolia Quercus bieolor . Prosopia juliflora . Fraxinus Americana, var. Betula lenta .... Vaccinium arboreum Prosopis pubescens . Crataegus tomentosa . i amara . . . Quercus imbricaria . ( !ercis n niformis . . Pinus Cubensis . . Arbuius Texana . . Andromeda ferruginea Quercus Prinus . . Ulmus alata .... Cornus Nuttallii . . Quercus Pliellos . . Quercus alba . . . Bumelia lycioides. . Oxydendrum arboreum i Irataegus apiifolia Quercus macrncarpa . Quercus Garryana . Parkinsonia microphylla Xanthoxylum Pterota Ilex decidua . . . Quercus inbata . . Carya aquatica . . I.arix occidentalis Texensis 0.8111 o.siOS 0.8094 0.8073 0.8039 0.8034 0 8016 0.8009 ii 7959 ii 7953 0.7942 0.7911 0.7908 0 7904 0.7879 ii 7855 ii 7838 ii 7809 0.7746 n:;,r, 0.7716 0.7709 0 7703 0.7693 0.7683 0.7073 0.7662 0.7636 0.7617 0.7610 0.7609 0.7585 0.7552 0 7529 0.7613 1 1 7. ".HI ii 75O0 ii 7 n i 199 0.7491 0.7181 ii 7 17-.' 0.7470 0.7467 0 7458 0.7453 (i 7453 0.7449 0.7449 0.7444 07420 0.7409 0.7407 07407 Species. 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 141 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 169 160 101 162 163 164 165 166 107 168 169 170 171 172 17:; 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 1-:; 184 186 188 187 Quercus coccinea 0.7405 Gleditschia monosperma . . . 0.7342 Kobinia Pseudacacia .... 0 7333 Quercus nigra 0.7324 Viburnum I.entago 0.7303 Quercus Catesbaei 0.7294 Bumelia tenax 0.7293 Crataegus cordata 0.7293 Celtis occidentalis ..... 0.7287 Carplnus Caroliniana .... 0.7286 Swietenia Mahogoni 0.7282 Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulata 0 7275 Ilex Cassine 0.7270 Ulmus racemnsa 0.7263 Ulmus crassifolia 0.7245 Quercus aquatica 0.7244 l'runus Americana 0 7215 Crataegus Crus-galli 0.7194 Fraxinus quadrangulata . . . 0.7184 Carya olivseformis 0.7180 Tlirinax argentea 0.7172 Kalraia latifolia 0.7160 Crataegus spattralata 0.7159 Fremontia Californica .... 0.7142 Laguncularia racemosa . . . 0.7137 Juniperus occidentalis. var. niono- sperma 0.71 IS Fraxinus viridis 0 7117 Cordia Sebestena 0.7108 Arbutus Xalapensis 0.7099 Arbutus Menziesii 0.7052 Pyrus coronaria 0.7048 Quercus tinctoria 0.7046 Pinus palustris 0.6999 Capparis Jamaicensis .... 06971 Ulmus fulva 0.6956 l'runus deniissa 0 6951 Crataegus Douglasii 0.0950 Jacquinia armillaris 0.6948 Quercus palustris 0 Gymnocladus Canadensis . . . 06934 Quercus falcata 0.6928 Acer saccbarinum, var. nigrum . 0 Acer saccbarinum 0.6912 Juniperus occidentalis, var. con- jugens 0.6007 Acer grandidentatum .... 0.6902 Pyrus angustifolia 0.6896 Canotia holocantha 0.6886 Prunus angustifolia 0.6884 Fagus ferruginea 0.6883 Hamamelis Virginiea . . . . 0 Quercus beteropbylla . . . . 0 Quercus densiflora 0.6821! Fraxinus pistaciaefolia .... 0.6810 Specific Gravity.] OF THE UNITED STATES. 1.55 Crataegus bracbyacanth I !ordia Boissieri . Cvrilia racemirlora . Abies bracteata . . Gleditschia triacanthos Leucaena pulverulenta Myrica Californica . Cornus alternifolia . Yucca canaliculata Acer circinatum . . Bumelia spinosa . . Fraxinus annmala Euonymus atropurpureus Crataegus aestivalis . Juglans rupestris . . Betula lutea . . . Bumelia lanuginosa . Fraxinus Americana. Quercus rubra . . . Parkinsonia Torreyana Pisonia obtusata . . Umbellularia Californica Pinus eembroides . . Ulmus Americana Crataegus arborescens Ehretia elliptica . . Quercus Kelloggii Persea Carolinensis . Rhus eotinoides . . Quercus cinerea . . Lysiloma latisiliqua . Ficus brevifolia . . Persea Carolinensis, var pain Taxus brevifolia . Pinus eilulis .... Chionanthus Virginiea Cercis Canadensis Magnolia grandiflora Nyssa sylvatica . . Forestiera acuminata Taxus Floridana . . Ungnadia speciosa . Crescentia cucurbitina Fraxinus sambucifolia Rhododendron maximu Juniperus Californica ( ladrastis tinctoria . Cupressus macrocarpa Fraxinus pubescens . Cliftonia ligustrina . Larix Americana . . Acer rubrnm . . . Parkinsonia aculeata Juglans nigra . . . Pinus mitis .... 0.6703 0.6700 0.0784 0 6788 0.6740 0.0732 0.6703 0.0696 0.0677 0 6600 0 660;; 0.0597 0.6592 0.0564 0.0551 0.6553 0.0514 0.0543 0.6540 0.6531 0.6529 0.0517 0.0512 0.6500 0.6491 0.6440 0.04:15 0.6429 0.0425 0.0420 0.6418 0.6398 0 6396 0.G391 0.0388 0.6572 0.6363 0.6360 0.6350 0.6345 0.6340 0.6332 0.6319 0.0318 0.6303 0 6282 (i 6278 0 0261 O.i '.251 0.6249 0.0236 0.6178 0.6116 0.6115 0.6104 244 245 240 247 24S 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 250 257 25x 259 200 261 202 263 204 265 200 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 I 276 277 278 279 j 280 ! 281 I 282 283 284 2X5 2X6 2X7 ' 288 , 289 i 290 j 291 292 293 294 i 295 Species. Salix cordata, var. vestita . . . Oreodoxa regia Betula occidentalis Acer glabrum Rhamnus Californica .... Tlirinax parviflora Xanthoxylum Clava- llerculis, var. fruticosum Betula papyrifera Pyrus sambucifolia Liquidambar Styraciflua . . . Chilopsis saligna Morus rubra Byrsonima luciJa Castanea pumila Ilex Daboon, var. myrtifolia . . Juniperus pachyphlcea .... Prunus serotina Ilex opaca Pinus contorta Fraxinus viridis, var. Berlan- dieriana Hippomane Mancinella .... Juniperus occidentalis .... Betula nigra . .' Betula alba, var. populifolia . . Ceanothus thyrsiflorus . . . . Fraxinus Oregana Halesia diptera Platanus occidentalis . . . . Pinus Parryana Rhamnus Pursbiana Pinus monophylla Xanthoxylum Americanum . Myrica cerifera Halesia tetraptera Salix lasiolepis Pinus clausa Castanopsis chrysophylla . . . Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata . Dalea spinosa Juniperus Californica, var. Uta- hensis Rhamnus Caroliniana .... Acer rubrum, var. Drummondii Pinus Chihuahuana Pyrus Americana Pinus Taeda Pinus Balfouriana Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana Pinckneya pubens Salix Hookeriana Salix longifolia, var. exigna . . Acer spicatum Symplocos tinctoria 6069 6034 6030 6028 6000 5990 5907 5955 5928 5909 5902 5898 5888 5887 5873 5829 5822 5818 5815 5780 5772 5705 5762 5760 5750 5731 5705 5678 .5675 5672 5658 5654 5637 5028 5587 5570 5574 .5572 5536 5522 5462 5459 5457 5451 5441 5434 5112 5350 5350 5342 5330 5325 15G THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS [Specific Gravity. Species. Magnolia mucrophylla . . . Finns inopa Acer Pennsylvanicunj . . . Planera aquatica Rhus copallina Acer dasycarpuni Pinus Jeffreyi Nyssa uniflora Rhus copallina, var. lanceolata Tsuga Mertensiana .... Washingtonia filii'era . . . Pseudotsuga Douglasii . . . Pinus rigiila Torreya taxifolia Sambucus glauca Salix Sitcliensis Xantho.xylum Clava-Herculis Anona laurifolia Sassafras officinale .... Pinus Arizonica Magnolia glauca Prunus Pennsylvania Alnus maritima . . . iEseulus Californica . . Salix flavescens . . . , Pinus muricata ... Pinus pungens Salix longifolia . . . . Juniperus Virginiana . . Populus Fremontii . . . Acer macrophylluin . . . Platanus racemosa . . . Pinus Torreyana . . . . Pinus reflexa Salix laevigata Pinus resinnsa Cupressus Guadalupcnsis . Pinus Sabiniana . . . . Negundo Califomicum . . Alnus rubra Ilex Dalioon Chamsecyparis Nutkaensis . l'imis Bankeiana . . . . Torrej a Californica . . . Salix lasiamlra . . . . Ficus pedunculata . . . Platanus Wriglitii . . . Gordonia Lasianthus . . Pinus ponderosa . . '. Abies magnifies . . . . Magnolia acuminata . . . Cupressus Goveniana . . Alnus serrulata .... Populus grandidcnlata . . f - 0.6309 0.5309 0.5299 0.5294 0.5273 0.5209 0.5206 0.5194 O.'.lvl 0.5182 0.5173 0.5157 0.5151 0.5145 0.5087 0.5072 0.5056 0.5053 0.5042 0.5038 0.5035 0.0(123 Magnolia Fraseri 0.5003 0.4996 1 1. -I! IN I 0.4969 0.4942 0.4035 0 4930 04926 0.4914 0.4909 0.4880 0.4879 0.4877 0.4872 ii 1854 0.4843 0.4840 ii 1821 ii M:; 0.4806 0.4782 0.4761 0.4760 0.4756 ii 17.;:. 0.4730 0.4728 0.4715 ii tTOl 0 1690 ii 1689 0.4066 0.4632 Species. 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 .-In i 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 ;;.ss 389 3! 10 391 3! i2 393 3.94 395 896 897 898 399 400 401 402 403 404 Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizenii Chamsecyparis Lawsoniana . . Sambucus Mexicana Nyssa capitata Alnus incana Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana Picea nigra Pinus insignis ....... Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. ma- crocarpa Abies nobilis Salix lasiandra, var. laneifolia . Taxodiuni disticbum .... -Esculus glabra Tilia Americana Salix amygdaloides Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana Prunus emarginata, var. mollis . Magnolia Umbrella Catalpa bignonioides .... Yucca elata Salix nigra Tsuga Pattoniana Sabal Palmetto Salix sessilifolia Rhus venenata Pinus flexilis Rhus typhina Negundo aceroides Picea Sitcliensis Tsuga Carolinians JEsculus flava Salix discolor Tilia heterophylla Tsuga Canadensis Liriodendron Tulipifera . . . Abies amabilis Sequoia sempervirens .... Catalpa speciosa Pinus albicaulis Populus balsam ifera.var.candicans Magnolia cordata Siniaruba glauca Pinus Coulteri Alnus rhombifolia .... Pinus Murrayana Populus heterophylla ... Juglans cinerea Tilia Americana, var. pubcscens Picea alba Populus tremuloidee .... Libocedrus decurrens .... Alnus oblongifolia Asimina triloba Pinus glabra 0.4621 0.4621 0 4614 0.4613 0.1607 0.4598 0 4584 0.4574 0.4563 0.4561 0.45 J 7 0.4543 0.4542 0.4525 0.4509 0.4504 0.4502 0.4487 0.4474 0.4170 0.4450 0.4454 0.4404 0.4397 0.4382 0.4358 0.4857 0.4328 0 4287 0.4275 0.4274 0.4261 0.4253 0.4239 0.4230 0.4228 0.4208 0.4165 0.4165 0.4161 04139 0.4136 0.41 S3 0.4127 0.4090 0.4089 0.4086 0.4074 0.4051 0.4032 04017 0.3981 0.8969 0.3931 V Hfi i Specific Gravit)j.~] OF THE UNITED STATES. 157 405 400 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 410 417 Species. Populus nngustifolia Fin us monticola . Populus monilifera Pinus Strobus . . Abies balsamea . Populus triclmcarpa Thuya gigantea . Picea pungens . . yucca brevifolia . Pinus Lambertiana Abies concolor . . Populus balsam if era Abies Fiaseri . . a c S "S p. en S I o 418 0.3912 0.S908 4iy u:;ss'.i 420 0.3854 421 ikimh 422 0.3814 423 0.3796 424 0 3740 425 0.3737 420 0 30S4 427 0.3G38 42S 0.3035 429 0.3565 Species. Abies giandis . . Fraxinus platycarpa Pinus tuberuulata Abies subalpina . Picea Engelmanni Chamsecyparis spliEeroidea Cereus giganteus . . Thuya occidentalis Bursera gummifera Sequoia gigantea . , Yucca baccata . . Ficus aurea .... 0.3545 0.3541 0 3499 0.3476 0.3449 0 3322 0.3188 0.3104 0.3003 0.2882 0.2724 0.2616 03 J3. 158 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS [Fuel. TABLE III. 77(6 Principal Trees of the United Slates arranged in the Order of the Relative Approximate Fuel Value of their Dry Woods. Species. Condalia ferrea Rhizophora Mangle Guaiacum sanctum Vauquelinia Torreyi Condalia obovata . Porliera angustifolia Eugenia longipes . Cercocarpus ledifbliua Sebastiania lucida Mimusops Sieberi. Amyris sylvatica . lieynosia latifolia . Olneya Tesota . . Genipa clusisefolia Quercus grisc:i . . Conocarpus crecta Prunus iiicifulia . Canella alba . . Sophora seeundiflora Sideroxylon Mastichodend Coccoloba uvifera Quercus reticulata Hypelate paniculata Quercus virens Coccoloba Floridana Quercus Duramlii . Acacia Wriglitii . Cercocarpus parvifoliua Exostema Caribseum Dipholia ealicifolin . . Heteromeles arbutifoliR Chrvaophyllum oliviforme Eugenia buxifolia. . . Eugenia procera . . . . Quercus oblongifolia . . Xinienia Americana . Quercus Emory i . . . Quercus rubra, var. Texana Eugenia monticola Hypelate trifoliata a 2 1.1938 1.1406 1.1338 1.1209 1.1155 1.1044 1.0844 1.0619 1 0602 1 0555 1.0397 1 0372 1.0359 1.0207 0D1MIS 0 9808 I 0.9727 0.9720 0.9686 (!'.• 89 0.9503 0.9430 an lu 0.9393 0.9340 0.9338 0.9333 0.9823 0.928 . 0.9286 o.M-j7r> 0.9244 0.9220 0.9205 0.9195 0.9129 0.9044 o.: a 0.8983 41 42 r.) 44 45 46 47 48 4!i 50 51 52 53 54 65 56 57 58 59 GO 61 62 63 ci 65 66 07 IN 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Species. I.eucama glauca Primus sphaerocarpa .... Eugenia dichotoma Avicennia nitida Quercus Douglasii Pithecolobium Unguis cati . . Xaiithnxylum Caribaeuin . . . Myginda pallens Calyptrantbes Cliytraculia . . Citliarexylum villosum . . . . Prunus Caroliniana Dry petes crocea Eysenhardtia ortbocarpa . . . Crataegus coccine.i Drypetea crocea, var. latifolia Quercus prinoides Acacia Greggii Sophora affinis Quercus chrysolepis Anlisia l'ickeringia Piscidia Erytbrina Quercus nmlulata, var. Gamliellii Carya alba Quercus obtusiloba Ptelea trifoliata Viburnum prunifoliaru . . . Pyrus livularis Myrsine Rapanea Quercus lyrata Guettarda elliptica Oatrya Virginica Prunus umbellata Dioapyros Texana Quercus agrifolia Carya porcina . ( 'arya toroentosa ('"runs rloriila Kobinia viscosa Osmanthus Amcricanua . . . Colubrina reclinata Fuel.] OF THE UNITED STATES. 159 Species. ubes Carya sulcata . . ■ Sapindus marginatum Sapindtis Saponaria . Quercus Miehauxii . Rnbinia Neo-Mexicana Carya myristicaefonnis Pinus serotina . • ■ Quercus liypoleuca . Crataegus subvillosa . Primus Capuli . . . Bourreria Havanensis Diospyros Virginiana Fraxinus Greggii . . Bumelia cuneata . . Amelanchier Canadensis Quercus Wializeni Crataegus flava . . . Rhus Metopium Madura aurantiaca . ( Iratsegus rivularis . Moras mierophylla . Xectanilra Wililenovian Crataegus tomentosa.var Clirysobalanus Icaco Quercus bicolor . . Crataegus flava, var. ] Quercus laurifolia Iietula lenta .... Fraxinus Americana, va Vaceinium arboreum Schaefferia frutescens Crataegus tomentosa . Prosopis pubescens . Quercus imbricaria . Prosopis juliflora . . Pinus Cubensis . . Carya araara . . Andromeda ferruginea Arbutus Texana . . Cercis renit'ormis . . Cornus Nuttallii . . Quercus Prinus . . Quercus alba . . . Quercus Pliellos . Oxydendrum arboreum Quercus Garryana . Ulmus alata . . . Bumelia lycioides . . Quercus macrocarpa Larix occidentalis . . Quercus coccinea . . Quercus lobata . . Xantb ixylum Pterota Crataegus apiifolia Ilex decidua . . . rexensis so.-v, 8001 8004 8003 7980 7931 7928 7:102 7898 7888 7848 7832 7830 7808 7795 7775 7748 7728 7(383 7670 7G03 70 J 7 7045 7642 7618 7613 7610 7597 7583 7580 754S 7546 7537 7497 7485 7484 7474 7465 740-.' 7455 7444 7441 7439 7435 7430 7424 7417 7407 7400 7400 7391 7387 7386 7381 7368 Species. Carya nqtiatica . . . Robin ia Pseudacacia Gleditschia monosperm: Viburnum Lentago . Crataegus cordata . Quercus nigra . . . Bumelia tenax . . . Quercus Catesbaei Carpinus Carolininna Ulmus racemosa . . Celtis occidentalis Ilex Cassine . . . Quercus aquatica . . Swietenia Mahogoni . Prunus Americana Celtis occidentalis, var Parkinsonia micropbyll Ulmus crassifolia . . Crataegus Crus-galli . Kalmia latifolia . . Fraxinus quadra ngulat. Crataegus spathulata . Carya olivasformis Arbutus Xalapensis . Fraxinus viridis . . Juniperus occidentalis, v sperm a Quercus tinctoria . . Arbutus Menziesii Fremontia Californica Laguncularia racemosa Pyrus coronaria . . Pinus palustris . . . Tbrinax argentea . . Crataegus Douglasii . Prunus demissa . Quercus falcata . . Ulmus f'ulva. . . • . Gymnocladus Canadens Quercus palustris . . Acer saecliarinum Juniperus occidentalis, jugens Pyrus angustifolia Acer saecliarinum, var. Prunus angustifolia . Acer grandidentatum Fagus ferruginea . . Ilamamelis Virginica Quercus heteropliylla Cnrdia Sebestena . . Fraxinus pistacia?folia Crataegus braeliyacanlli Cyrilla racemiflora . Quercus densifiora . 0.7313 0.7290 0.7288 0.7282 0.7259 0.7239 0.7236 0.7231 0.7226 0.7219 0.7208 0.7207 0 7207 0.7203 0.7202 0.7186 0.7178 0.7158 0.7154 0.7131 0.7128 0.7112 0.7099 0 7081 0.7071 0.7002 0.7025 0.7024 0.7021 0.7021 0.7011 0.6982 0.0956 0.6927 0.6916 0.0911 0.6898 0.0888 0.6S8-J 0.6875 0.6875 nigrum 0.0872 0.6866 0.6805 0.0858 0.6848 0.6831 0.6822 0.0808 0 6768 0.6764 0.6756 0.6725 1G0 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS [Fuel. Species. Jacquinia armillaris . Gleditseliia triaoanthos Myrica Californica . Corn us alternifolia . Leuceena pulverulenta Abies bracteata . . Capparis Jamaicensis Acer circinatum . . Euonymus atropurpureus Cordia Boissieri . . Fraxinus anomala Betula lutea . . . Crataegus aestivalis Quercns rubra . . . Bumelia spinosa . Canotia holacantha Fraxinus Americana Dmbellularia Californica Juglans rupestris . . Bumelia lanuginosa . Parkinsonia Torreyana Crataegus arboreseens Ulmus Americana Pincis cembroides . . Quercu9 Kelloggii Rhus cotinoideB . . ■ Persea Carolinensis . Taxus brevifolia . . Persea Carolinensis,var. pa Eliretia elliptica . . Pinus edulis .... Quercus cinerea . . ( !hionanthus Virginica Taxus Floridana . . Magnolia grandiflora Ny>si sylvatica . . i Vrcis Canadensis Forestiera acuminata Lysiloma latisiliqua . Rhododendron maximum l'"raxinus sambuei folia ( lladrastis linctoria . Ungnadia speciosa Vm-ta eanaliculata . Fraxinus pubescens . Juniperus Californica ( Jrescentia cueurbitina Cupressus macrocarpa Cliflonia ligustrina . Larix Americana . . Acer rubrum . . . lirus brevifolia . . Finns milis .... Juglans nigra . . . Salix cordata, var. vestita 1-8 0 0708 0.6686 0.668] 0.6669 0.6664 0.0045 0.0039 0.6634 0.6554 0.6550 0.0541 0.6533 0.6527 0.6523 0.6521 0.6518 0.6516 0.6492 0.6488 0 6464 0 0458 0.6155 0.0454 0.6458 onus 0.6398 0.6380 0 0:377 06372 0.6355 0.6848 0.6342 0.6340 0.6327 0.6326 0.6323 0.1 "i. 0.6299 0.6282 0.6280 0.6278 0.6260 0.62 ,8 0.6258 0.6235 0.6235 0.6234 0.6 125 0.6223 0.62] i 0.6155 0.6119 0.6086 0.6067 0.6083 244 245 240 247 248 ■249 250 251 262 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 21,11 261 202 268 204 205 200 207 20S 209 270 271 272 27:! 274 275 270 277 27S 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 201 292 293 294 296 Species. Pisonia ohtusata Betula occidentals Acer glabrum Parkinsonia aeuleata .... Rliamnus Californica .... Betula papyrifpra Xantboxylum Clava-Hcrculis, var fruticosuni Pyrns sambucifolia Oreodoxa regia ( 'astanea pumila • Chilopsis saligna I.iquidambar Styracifiua . . . Morns rubra Juniperus pacliypltlcea .... Ilex Dahoon, var. mvriifolia. . Prunus serotina Pinus contorta Ilex opaca Juniperus occidentals .... Thrinax parviflora Fraxinus viridis, var. Beilandic- riana Betula alba, var. populifolia . . Byrsonima lucid a Betula nigra Fraxinus Oregana Ceanothus thyrsiflorus . . . . Halesia diptera Platan us occidentals . . . . Pinus Parryana Rliamnus Purshiana Xantboxylum Americanum . Finns monophylla Myrica cerifera Halesia tetraptera Pinus clausa Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata . Castanopsis chrysopbylla . . . Salix lasiolepis Juniperus Californica. var. Utft- hensis Hippomane Maneinclla .... Acer rubrum, var. Drummondii . Pinus Cliihualiuana Pinus Taeda Rliamnus Carolinians .... Finns Balfouriana l'vrus Americana. . . . . . Salix flavescens, var. Suouleriana Saliv Ilookcriana Pinekneva pubens 1 )a lea spinosa Acer spicatum Finns inops Fuel] OF THE UNITED STATES. 161 Species. lat Herculis Magnolia macrophylla . Symplocos tiuctoria . Salix longifolia, var. exigu Acer Penusylvanicum Planera aquatica . Acer dasycarpum . Rhus copallina. . Pinus Jeflreyi . . Tsuga Mertensiana Nyssa uniflora . . Pseudotsuga Douglas: Rlius copallina, var. lanceo Pinus rigida . . Torreya taxifolia Wasliingtonia filifera Salix Sitcliensis . Sassafras officinale Pinus Arizonica . Xanthoxylum ('lava- Magnolia glauca Sambucus glauca Primus Pennsylvanica Magnolia Fraseri . Alnus maritima vEsculus Californica Salix flavescens Pinus muricata Pinus pungens'. . Juniperus Virginiana Salix longifolia Acer macrophyllum Populus Fremontii Pinus reflexa . . Pinus Torreyana . Salix laevigata . . Pinus resinosa . . Platanus racemosa Cupressus Guadalupensis Pinus Sabiniana Anona lauritblia Negundo Californicum Alnus rubra . . . Chamsecyparis Nutk; Ilex Daboon . . Pinus Banksiana . Salix lasiandra . Pinus ponderosa . Torreya Californica Gordonia Lasianthus Abies magnifica . Magnolia acuminata Platanus Wrightii Cupressus (Joveniana Alnus serrulata . . Cbamajc'yparis Lawsoniana « a 5290 5289 5285 5280 .5270 .5252 5241 5192 5160 5158 5153 5140 5139 5107 5075 5042 5037 5H2S 5015 5011 5007 5003 4989 4977 4945 4939 4929 4922 4920 4900 4882 lS7ii 4804 4802 4844 ; 4841 ! 1K20 4822 4821 4807 4795 4793 4700 4762 4750 4727 4698 4090 1692 4687 4670 4072 4668 10 is 4616 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 305 306 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 3s4 385 386 387 :;ss 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 007 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 Species. Populus grandidentata .... Nyssa capilata Alnus incana Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana Picea nigra Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni Pinus insignis Pseudotsuga Oouglasii, var. ma- crocarpa ........ Abies nobilis Taxodium disticbum .... Sambucus Mexicana .... Ficus pedunculata ^Esculus glabra Tilia Americana Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana Prunus emarginata, var. mollis . Magnolia Umbrella Salix amygdaloides Catalpa bignonioides .... Tsuga Pattoniana Salix nigra Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia . Salix sessilifolia Rhus venenata Pinus flexilis Rhus typhina Negundo aceroides Picea Sitcliensis Tsuga Caroliniana Salix discolor .fl£sculus flava Tilia heterophylla Liriodendron Tulipifera . . . Tsuga Canadensis Abies amabilis Sequoia sempervirens .... Pinus albicaulis Catalpa speciosa Populus balsamifera.var.candicans Magnolia cordata Pinus Coulteri Alnus rhombifolia Simaruba glauca Pinus Murray ana Sabal Palmetto Juglans cinerea Populus heterophylla .... Yucca alata Tilia Americana, var. pubescens Picea alba Libocedrus decurrens .... Populus tremuloides Alnus oblongifolia Asimina triloba 11 162 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS [Fuel. Species. St §1 Species. &5 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 410 417 Pinus glabra . . . Pinus monticola . . Populus angustifolia . Populus monilifera Pinus Strobus . . . Abies balsaniea . . Thuya gigantea Populus tricliocarpa . Piuea pungens . . . Pinus Lambertiana . Populus balsamifera . Abies concolor . . . Yucca brevifolia . . 0.3913 0.3899 0.3881 0.3852 0.3847 0.3802 0.3790 0.3766 0.3726 0.3676 0 3011 0.3607 0.3588 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 420 427 428 429 430 Abies Fraseri Abies grandis Fraxmus platycarpa . . . Pinus tuberculata . . . Abies subalpina . . . . Picea Engelmanni . . . Chamsecyparis sphseroidea Thuya occidentalis . . . Cereus giganteus . . . . Bursera gummifera . . . Sequoia gigantea . . . . Ficus aurea Yucca baccata ...... 0.3546 0.3528 0.3515 0.3487 0.3461 o a 0.3311 0.3152 0.3078 OL". 1 42 0.2868 0 2184 0.2480 Elasticity.] OF THE UNITED STATES. 163 TABLE IV. The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Elasticity of their Woods (Coefficient of Elasticity, — Kilogram, Centimetre). Species. uleri Larix occidentalia . Rhizophora Mangle ■ Betula lutea . . . Pinus contorta . . Pinus Cubensis . . Eugenia buxifolia . Pinus palustris . . Carya myristicaeformis Acer saeeliarinum . Betula lenta . . . Quercus falcata . . Carya alba .... Pinus mitis .... Tsuga Mertensiana . Ostrya Virginica. . Dipholis salicifolia . Quercus lyrata . . Betula papyrifera Robinia Pseudacacia Pseudotsuga Douglasii Abies nobilis . . . Salix flaveseens, var.Sco Larix Americana . . Abies amabilis . . . Quercus laurifolia . . Citharexylum villosum Quercus Prinus . . . < isnmntbus Americanus Quercus aquatica . • Quercus beteropbylla . Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana Fagus ferruginea . . Quercus chrysolepis Anielancliier Canadensis Exostenia Caribaeum Quercus imbricaria . . Pinus muricata . . . Eugenia procera . . . Gleditschia monosperma Pinus serotina .... Magnolia macrophylla . Carya tomentosa . . . Robinia Neo-Mexicana . CarpimiB Caroliniana . Condalia ferrea . . . Pinus Coulteri . . . 165810 105567 161723 158533 157747 157510 148733 14G4S4 146108 141008 140151 138839 137495 137483 137276 133503 133438 130557 129238 128297 127660 126210 120120 126013 125016 125717 125473 123133 122657 122104 121772 120996 119810 1 19677 119357 110.357 119357 110111 110991 110957 116854 114905 114889 114881 114316 114108 47 48 49 50 51 62 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 02 63 64 65 06 07 68 60 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 SO 90 Species Castanea pumila .... Quercus virens .... Coccoloba Floridana . . Pinus resinosa .... Pinus Treda Quercus rubra .... Quercus prinoides . . . Chrysophyllum oliviforme Quercus palustris . . . Canella alba Populus trichocarpa . . Betula nigra Hypelate panieulata . . Acer dasycarpum . . . Clirysobalanus Icaco . . Picea nigra Sideroxylon Masticbodendron Ulnius raeemosa ... Juglans nigra .... Gleditschia triacantbos Aniyris sylvatica . . . Acacia Greggii . . . Eugenia monticola . . Quercus coccinea . . Alnus incana .... Salix flaveseens . . . Fraxinus Americana, var. T ensis Cupressus macrocarpa . . Umbellularia Califnrnica . Swietenia Maliogoni . . Alnus rubra Populus Fremontii . . . Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. ma crocarpa Rhus Metopium .... Reynosia latitblia . . Gymnoeladus Canadensis Drypetes crocea .... Carya sulcata Quercus Catesbsei . . . Quercus tinctoria . . . Thuya gigantea .... Quercus rubra, var. Texana Carya porcina Taxodium distichum . . 104 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS [Elartictiy. Species. Cornus Nuttallii . . Carya aniara . . . Cbamaecyparis Kutkaei: Acer saccbarinum, var, Conocarpus electa . Picea alba .... Fraxinus Americana Car.va aquatica . . Castanopsis cbrysophyl Mimusops Sieberi . Cladrastis tinctoria . Bourreria Havanensis Populus monilifera . Myrica Californica . Picea Sitebensis . . Pinus insignis . . . Sophora affinis . . Colubrina reclinata . Quercus nigra . . . Abies Fraseri . . . Quercus alba . . . Quercus Micbauxii . Quercus densiflora . Populus grandidentata Abies grandis . . . Quercus agrifolia . . UlmuG i'ulva . . . Pinus monlicola . . Negundo Californicum Magnolia Fraseri . . Quercus liypoleuca . Madura aurantiaca . Acer rubruni . . . Pinus Banksiana . . Magnolia cordata Primus Carolinians . Simaruba glauca . . Quercus macrocarpa Magnolia acuminata Pinus Jeffreyi . . . Liriodendron Tulipifeia Pet ul;i occidentalis Magnolia glauca . Pinus reflexa . . . Piianmus Pursbiana .Abies concolor . . Viburnum prunifolium Quercus bicolor . . Magnolia gramliflora Fraxinus viridis . . I Ira tsegUS suhvillnsa . Tsuga ( Canadensis i •xydendrum arboreum Mvrica cerifera . Salix lasiolepis Pinus ponderosa . 3 103081 102080 102881 102720 102411 102280 101008 101201 101195 100220 100220 99040 99417 99161 Mn ii il 97850 97694 97656 97050 97170 97089 90373 90347 96327 95s::k 95276 95274 95068 w;.;-i 94462 94409 94373 94284 94231 !)4ii7;; Ii:;727 \:T1\- 92929 92817 9-777 92007 92424 91299 9PJS7 91268 ! mss! i 90654 90686 90330 90813 0(102;: Si l' 171 1 88851 88778 SS77S 88731 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 150 157 158 159 100 1G1 102 103 104 105 166 107 108 1119 170 171 172 173 174 175 170 177 178 179 ISO 181 182 is;; 184 185 ISO 187 188 189 190 191 102 193 194 195 p.'i; 197 pis 199 200 201 Species. Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia Fraxinus sambucifolia . . . Olneya Tesota Celtis occidentalis, var. reticulat Xanthoxylum Oaribanim . . Platanus occidentalis . . . Liquidambar Styraciflua . . Guaiacum sanctum .... Primus emarginata, var. mollis Quercus Wislizcni . Primus serotina . Quercus oblongifolia Populus balsamifera Castanea vulgaris, var Pinus Strobus . . Piscidia Erytbrina Pcrsea Carolinensis, var Fraxinus Oregana . Libocedrus (lecurrens Tilia lieteropbylla . Alnus rhombifolia ■ Populus Fremontii, var. Tilia Americana . . Persea Carolinensis . Arbutus Menziesii . Quercus Durandii . Sapiiulus marginatus Drypetes crocea, var. Quercus obtusiloba . Torreya taxifolia . Primus Americana . Prosopis pubescens . Morns rubra . . . Pinus Arizonica . . Catalpa speciosa . . Cornus florida . . . Abies balsainca . Nyssa sylvaiica . . Populus treinuloides Andromeda f'enuginea Jnglans cinerea . . Fraxinus pubescens. Tilia Americana, var. Quercus Garryana . Picea Engelmanni . Pinus pungins . . Oordonia Lasiantlms Pinus Lambertiana . Crataegus nrborescens Quercus Pbellos . . Cliftonia ligustrina . Diospyros Virpiniana Bnmelia lycioides Acer macropbyllum . Tsuga Pattoniana . latifolia Ameri palustris Wislizeni pubes e s- Elasticity.'] OF THE UNITED STATES. 165 Species. Fraxinus quadrangulata Quercus Douglasii . . Pinus Murrayana . . Alnus oblongifolia . . l'miius demissa . . . Abies subalpina . . . 'I'm x us brevifolia . . . Bnmelia tenax . . . Quercus cinerea . . . Ulmus Americana . . Quercus Kelloggii . . Magnolia Umbrella . . Rliamnus Caroliniana . Quercus grisea . . . Khus copallina . . . Juniperus occidentalis, var. con jngens Prunus ilici folia . . Crataegus tomentosa Populus balsamifera, var dicans Betula alba, var. populifol Juglans rupestris Xantlioxvlum Clava-IIerculi Pinus Cliiliuahuana . . Laguncularia racemosa Populus heteropliylla . Acer circinatum . . . Quercus lobata . . . Pinus Balfouriana, var. ar Tsuga Caroliniana . Crataegus flava, var. pubcscens Ulmus crassifolia. . . Forestiera acuminata . Cerois Canadensis . . Celtis occidentalis . . Haiesia diptera . . . Pinckneya pubens . . ^sculus < talifornica Catalpa bignonioides . Nyssa capitata . . . Sequoia sempervirens . Pinus flexilis .... Crataegus spathulata .Juniperus Virginiana . Carya olivasfbrniis . . Crataegus Crus-galli . . Abies magnifica . . . Rhododendron maximum >Fsculus glabra . . . Ilex opaca Pyrus coronaria . . . Ilex Dalioon .... Quercus Kmoryi . . . Pyrus sambucifolia . . 1 latauus racemosa . . 77439 77100 77113 70937 70895 70199 76133 70120 75120 74742 7148* 74305 74084 73982 73647 73420 73201 73100 73024 72970 72632 72577 72575 72390 7233S 71810 71004 71482 712*2 70765 70399 70282 68798 68527 68321 G8291 OSL'16 08161 68083 07646 67531 67349 00992 66646 66436 60220 01578 04438 64317 64211 64192 63828 62600 62401 256 257 258 25'. I 200 201 262 263 201 205 200 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 2*7 288 289 290 291 2! 12 293 294 295 290 297 2'. is 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 E£. Symplocos tinctoria Arbutus Xalapensis Juniperus paeliyphlcea Prunus anguslit'olia Bumelia cuneata . Fraxinus pistaciaefolia Pinus Balfouriana Crataegus aestivalis Pinus Sabiniana . Kalmia latifolia . Prosopis juliflora . Negundo aceroides Pinus rigida . . Quercus undulata, var. Uambell Washingtonia filifera Parkinsonia Torrey Picea pungens . Planera aquatica . Chilopsis saligna . Pin us clausa . . Pinus inops . . . Pinus Torreyana. Thuya occidentalis Byrsonima lucida Ulnms alata . . Sassafras officinale Nyssa uniflora . . Salix amygdaloides Anona laurifolia . Cupressus Goveniana C'vrilla raceniifolia Salix laevigata Bumelia lanuginosa Asimina triloba . Fraxinus platycarpa Pisonia obtusata . Lysiloma latisiliqua Populus angustifolia Platanus Wrightii Sequoia gigantea . Pinus glabra . . Pinus monophvlla Pinus tuberculata Pinus edulis . . Bursera gummifera Ficus pedunculata Cliamajeyparis sphaeroid Torreya Californica Ehretia elliptica . Salix nigra . Pinus albieaulis , Pinus Parryana , Sambucus glauca Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana Ficus aurea 166 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS [Strength* TABLE V. 77ie Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Strength of their Woods (Modulus of Rupture, — Kilogram, Centimetre). Species. Oarya myristicceformis Amyris sylvatica Robinia Pseudacacia Quercus cbrysolepis Betula lutea . . . Quercus prinoklcs . l.arix occidentals . Quercus imbricaria Colubrina reclinata Betula lenta . . . Kbizophora Mangle Carya alba . . . Quercus falcata . . Hypelate paniculata Quercus laurifolia . Eugenia procera . . Eugenia moniicola . Pinus Cubensis . . Pinus serotina . . Pinus palustris . . Acer saccliarinum . ( larpinus Carolinians Dipholis salieifolia . Fagus ferruginea ( Istrya Virginica Amelanchier Canaden Maclura aurantiaca Carya tninentosa Fraxinus Americana, v Quercus Michauxii . Quercus hypoleuca . ( larya amara . . . Quercus palustris . Carya sulcata . ■ Taxus brcvit'olia . . Quercus heterophylla Ulmus racemosa Betula papyrifera . Eugenia buxifolia . Quercus cocoinea Quercus aquatica . i ismanthua Americanu Quercus Catesbffii . ( larya porcina 1394 1805 1273 1268 1248 1238 1227 1218 1216 1216 1207 1200 1193 1100 1181 1176 1172 1172 1164 1152 1149 1149 1148 1148 1134 1132 1131 1129 [125 Ills 1113 1101 1090 1088 1078 107:1 1066 1065 1055 1(17.4 1052 1051 1046 1046 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 5:1 54 55 56 •"■7 58 59 60 61 62 68 64 65 66 67 68 69 7ii 71 72 7:; 71 7.") 76 77 7S 79 80 81 82 83 84 8f> 86 87 88 Species. Oupressus macrocarpa Quercus nigra . . . Quercus tinctoria . . Pinus niitis .... Myrica Californica . . Quercus Prinus . . . Pinus niuricala . . . Gledilschia monosperma Canella alba .... Quercus lyrata . . . Quercus rubra, var. Texana Acer dasycarpum . . . Quercus virens . . . Exoslemn Cnribseum . Swietenia Mahogoni Quercus Douglasii . . Quercus Duranilii . . Quercus cincrca . . . Pinus contorts . . . Cornus Nuttallii . . . Castanea pumila . . Quercus rubra . . . Quercus Phellos . . . Quercus macrocarpa . Betula nigra .... Sideroxylon Mastichodendron Acer saccliarinum, var. nigrum Clirysobalanus tea co . Viburnum prunifoliuin Quercus d< nsiflora . . Bourreria Havanensis . Conocarpus erccta . . Citbarexylum villosum Quercus grisea . . . Quercus ngrifolia . . Prunus Caroliniana Gle.ditscliia triacantlios Mimusops Sieberi . . Coccoloba Floridann . Robinia Neo-Mexicana Quercus bicolor .... Salix flavescens, var. Scoule Tsuga Mertensiana . . Arbutus Mcnzicsii . . , Strength."] OF THE UNITED STATES. 107 Species. Quercus alba .... Condalia ferrea . . . Cornus florida . . ■ ( 'ladrastis tinctoria . . Persea Carolinensis Larix Americana . . Fraxinus viridia . . . Prosopis pubescens Cbamaecyparis Lavvsonia Torreya taxifolia . . Carya aquatica . . . Pinus Taeda .... Pseudotsuga Douglasii Diospyros Virginiana . Quercus Garryana . Quercus obtusiloba Fraxinus pubescens Ulmus fulva .... Primus Americana . . Quercus lobata . . . Abies nobilis .... Fraxinus Americana . I Ihrysophyllum oliviform Halesia diptera . . . Juglans nigra .... Ulmus Americana . Pseudotsuga Douglasii, crocarpa Sapindus marginntus . Pinus Cbibuahuana Nyssa sylvatica . . . Prunus serotina . . . Reynosia latifolia . . Persea Carolinensis, var. A In us incana .... Quercus Wislizeni . . Myrica cerifera . . . Salix lasiolepis . . . Acer rubrum .... Sopbora affinis . . . Fraxinus quadraugulata Alnus rubra .... Salix flavescens . . . Fraxinus sambucifolia. Umbellularia Calif ornica Betula occidentalis . . Celtis occidentalis, var. reticul Cbamaecyparis Nutkaensi: Pinus resinosa . . Negundo Californicum Drypetes crocea. . Magnolia grandifiora Acacia Greggii . . Abies aroabilis . . Celtis occidentalis . Guaiacum sanctum . palustris ita 005 '.ml 804 902 902 901 895 804 888 887 884 883 ssl 879 879 872 SCO 869 804 864 862 861 857 857 856 852 846 843 832 830 829 820 820 820 818 815 813 811 811 811 811 808 806 800 806 805 801 800 700 796 7C2 792 792 789 787 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 1.-.S 159 160 161 102 163 104 105 106 167 168 160 170 171 172 17:; 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 101 192 193 194 195 196 197 108 199 Species. Prunus ilicifolia Pinus Sabiniana Betula alba, var. populifolia . . Morus rubra Ulmus crassifolia Gymnocladus Canadensis . . . Populus monilifera Pinus reflexa Quercus Kelloggii Acer circinatum . Juniperus pachypbloea .... Pinus Coulteri Pinus Torreyana Xantboxylum Caribaeum . . . Piscidia Erythrina Kbamnus Purshiana Olneya Tesota Thuya gigantea Picea nigra Picea alba Pinus Jeffreyi Castanopsis cbrysopbylla . . . Juniperus Virginiana Pinus insignis Pinus rigida Crataegus subvillosa Magnolia glauca Tsuga Canadensis Oxydendrum arboreum .... Cercis Canadensis Pinus pungens Crataegus flava, var. pubescens Ulmus alata Kliretia elliptica Populus grandidentata .... Pinus ponderosa Quercus oblongifolia Tsuga Pattoniana Forestiera acuminata Crataegus aestivalis Crataegus tomentosa Magnolia Fraseri Drypetes crocea, var. latifolia . . Abies concolor Quercus Emoryi Abies magnifica Populus Fremontii Magnolia maeropbvlla .... Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana Prunus demissa Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni Ilex opaca Alnus oblongifolia Acer macrophyllura Nyssa capitata Alnus rhombifolia 168 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS [Strength. Species. 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 Liboeedrus decurrens . Taxoilium distiehura . Quercus undulata, var. Gam Prunua emarginata, var. mo Andromeda ferruginea Populus tremuloides . Salix lasiandra, var. lancifol Bumelia tenax .... Magnolia acuminata . . Gordonia Lasianthus . Fraxinus Oregana . . Populus trichocarpa . . Rims copallina .... Rhododendron maximum Finns inops Liriodendron Tulipifcra . Rhus Metnpium .... Nyssa uniflora .... Crataegus Crus galli . . Pinus Balfouriana, var. arist l'inus Arizonica . . . Pinus Banksiana . . Liquidambar Styraciflua Picea Sitchensis .... S:di\ laevigata .... Populus heterophylla . . Xantlioxvlum Clava-Hercul Kalmia latifolia .... Abies Fraseri jEsculus Califomica . . Catalpn speciosa .... Platan us occidentalis . . Pinus Strobus .... Pinus flexilis Fraxinus pistacioefolia Crataegus arborescens . Flanera aquatica . . . Symplocos rinctoria Arbutus Xalapensis . . l'imis monticoln .... Populus balsa m if era, var. can Anonn laurifolia . . Sassfl fras officinale . Magnolia cordata . Juglans rupestris Juglans cinerea . . Sequoia Bempervirens Pinus Lambertiana . Catalpa bignonioides Tilia Americana Magnolia Dnibrella Torreya Californica Finns albicaulis . ( Ihilopsii saligna Carya olivaeformia . Tilia heterophylla . belli! . is . 082 682 680 679 679 677 675 673 671 670 665 665 603 Hi,:; 658 657 656 655 653 653 653 652 li.'d 649 644 642 (ill! 639 639 635 635 635 020 024 622 621 621 619 618 609 609 697 li( 12 600 cm i 597 5; 17 597 599 5S9 5S3 583 581 578 578 577 Species. 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 280 287 2ss 289 290 291 292 293 291 2! '5 296 297 208 299 300 301 .",(12 303 304 806 808 ::i>7 808 309 310 pub Picea Engelmanni . Ilex Dalioon . . . Rhamnus Caroliniana Simaruba glauca Finns Murrayana . Bumelia lycioides . Flatanus racemosa Tilia Americana, var. ] Lysiloma latisiliqua Salix amygdaloides . Populus balsaniifera Parkinsonia Torreyana Cupressus Goveniana Fraxinus platycarpa Negundo aceroides . Cliftonia ligustrina . Laguncularia racemosa Bumelia cuneata Abies balsamea . . Thuya occidentalis . Crataegus spathulata Finns clausa . . . Finus glabra . . . genius glabra . . Abies grandis . . Frosopis juliflora Fyrus coronaria . . Abies subalpina . . Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana. Primus angustit'olia Juniperus occidentalis, jugens .... Tsuga Caroliniana Sequoia gigantea ( Ibaniaecyparis sphoeroid Picea pungens . . Finus cdulis . . . Fyrus samlmcifolia . Washingtonia iilitera Flatanus YVrightii . Pinus Parryana . . Byrsonima lucida . Salix nigra . . . Finns Balfouriana . Finus tuberculata . Pinckneya pubens . Populus anguslifolia Asimina triloba •. . Bumelia lanuginosa Sambucus glauca . Cyrilla racemiflora . Pigonia obtusatu . ■ Finns monophylla . Ficus aurea . . • Fieus pedunculata . Bursera gummilVra dea OF THE UNITED STATES. 169 TABLE VI. The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Power of their Woods to resist Longitudinal Compression. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 111 20 21 22 23 21 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 S3 34 35 36 37 38 Species. Eugenia buxifolia. . Rhizophora Mangle . Reynosia latifolia . . , Madura aurantiaca . Condalia ferrea . . . Canella alba . . . , Coccoloba Floridana . Exostema Caribaeum . Amyris sylvatica . . Acacia Greggii .... Guaiacum sanctum . . Dipholis salieifolia . , Robinia Pseudacacia. , Citharexyluni villosum . Larix occidentalis . . . Xanthoxylum Caribaeum Robinia Neo-Mexicana . Eugenia procera . . . Prosopis pubescens . . Amelanchier Canadensis Hypelate paniculata . . Swietenia Mahogoni . . Pinus Cubensis . . . Cornus Nuttallii . . . Cercocarpus ledifolius . Sideroxylon Mastichodend Drypetes crocea . . . Carya myristicaeformis . Pinus palustris .... Carya alba Rbamnus Purshiana . Acer saccharinum . . . Betula lutea Betula lenta Conocarpus erecta . . Clirysophyllum nliviforme Piscidia Erythrina ■ . Quercus falcata . . . 887 860 83'J Ml'.! sd;; 782 771 751 748 743 737 730 mi 089 i;„s'.i (185 683 (17-J 071 670 666 666 664 G03 c,;..-, 650 650 638 629 625 621 619 619 619 599 598 597 596 39 HI 41 42 43 il 45 40 47 48 i 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 00 07 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Species. Carya tomentosa Vibtfrnum prunifolium Ulmus racemosa Prosopis juliflora Prunua Americana Gleditschia monosperma . . . . Juglans nigra Quercus rubra, var. Texana . . . Carya porcina Bourreria Havanensis Quercus prinoides Persea Carolinensis Sopliora afflnis Umbellularia Californica . . . . Primus Caroliniana Carya sulcata Quercus Dotiglasii Viburnum Lentago Pinus contorta Eugenia monticola Quercus imbricaria Acer saccharinum, var. nigrum . . Primus serotina Osmanthus Americanus . . . . Quercus virens Tsuga Mertensiana Quercus chrvsolepis Primus ilicit'olia Ostrya Virginica Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis Ulmus fulva Primus Capuli Crataegus subvillosa Quercus Prinus Larix Americana Cladrastis tinctoria Cornus florida Quercus Durandii 593 592 692 688 588 684 683 582 577 575 575 573 570 568 502 559 557 655 554 653 552 550 547 547 547 547 545 544 542 541 539 baa 538 536 534 634 534 170 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS Species. Rims Metopium . . Quercus Wislizenii . Myrica Californiea . Juniperus occidentalism Crataegus flava, var. pub Quercus laurifolia. Carya amara . . Fraxinus Oregana Drypetes croeea, var. la Pseudotsuga Douglasii Quercus alba . . . Quercus rubra . . . Primus clemissa . . Pinus muricata . . . Quercus Garrj ana . Pinus serotina . . . Quercus coccinea . . Diospyros Virginiana Arbutus Menziesii < (xydendrum arboreum Quercus tinctoria . . Quercus aquatica . . Gleditschia triacanthos Fraxinus quadrangulata Prunus umbellata . . Crataegus arborescen9 Carpinus Caroliniana Quercus nigra . . ( iastanea pumila . Quercus lyrata . . Quercus macrocarpa Quercus palustris . Quercus bicolor Magnolia macrophylla Bumelia lycioides . Pinus reflexa . Andromeda ferruginea Quercus obtusiloba Betula papyrifera. Carya aquatica Taxvis brevifolia . Magnolia grandiflora Acer dasycarpuro . Fraxinus viridis Quercus Michauxii Lysiloma latisiliqua Rhus copallina, var. I Quercus grisea . . Bumelia cuneata . Fagus ferruginea . Pinus mitis . . . Quercus densiflora Sapindus marginatus Cercis Canadensis . Nyssa sylvatiea . r.eonju escens Eoli 533 533 532 532 627 520 522 520 520 519 511 511 510 509 505 505 504 61 13 502 501 501 501 500 199 408 498 498 41 '7 495 41 >2 491 I'H 190 489 I -j 189 is 7 4S7 487 486 I vi 4S2 4S2 4*2 482 481 479 179 •17s 47S 177 475 470 169 468 132 1 33 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 1 is 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 150 157 158 159 160 161 L62 l.;;; llil L65 1 6 167 168 109 170 171 172 173 174 175 170 177 178 179 180 181 182 is:; is! 185 Species. Salix flavescens, var. Scouleriana . Abies amabilis Liquidainbar Styraciflua . . . . Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana . . . Acer rubrum Fraxinus Americana Quercus agrifolia Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. macro- carpa Prunus emarginata, var. mollis Minmsops Sieberi Torreya taxifolia Acer circinatum Quercus Catesbaei Crataegus spathulata Chamaecyparis Nutkaensis . . . . Pinus resinosa Ulmus crassifolia Abies nobilis Bumelia tenax Platanus occiilentalis Thuya gigantea Xantliiixylum Clava-IIerculis . . Laguncularia racemosa Ulmus alata Quercus Kelloggii Quercus cinerea Ulmus Americana Crataegus tomentosa Crataegus aestivalis Myrica cerifera Rbamnus Caroliniana Negundo Calitornicum Hypelate trifoliata Rhododendron maximum . . . . Betula nigra Juglans rupestris Celtis occiilentalis. var. reticulata . Fraxinus pubescens Castanopsis chrysophylla . . . ■ Abies magnitica .■ Halesia diptera Carya olivseformia Quercus oblongil'olia Nj ssa capitata Crata?gus Crus-galli Kalmia Latifolia Salix Hookeriana Pinus Taeda Siinaruba glauca Magnolia glauca Quercus lobata Fraxinus sanibucifolia Ta.xoilium distichum Quercus Emoryi OF THE UNITED STATES. 171 Species. ( feltis occidentalis . . Morus rubra .... Ilex opaca .... Pyrus eoronaria . . Magnolia Fraseri . . Parkinsonia Torreyana Quercus undulata, var. Pin us Jeffreyi . . . Pinus insignia . . Juniper us Virginiana Sequoia sempervirens Magnolia acuminata Alnus rubra . . . Quercus heterophylla Magnolia cordata Salix flavescens Primus Pennsylvania Catalpa speciosa Picea nigra . . Tilia Americana, var. Libocedrus dccurrens Tsuga Carolinians Primus angustit'olia Arbutus Xalapensis Forestiera acuminata Gymnocladus Canadena Vaccinium arboreum Pinus Banksiana . Tilia heterophylla . Ungnadia speciosa Planera aquatica . Juglans cinerea liyrsonima lucida . Betula occidentalis Allies grandis . . Quercus Pliellos . Populua trichocarpa Abies concolor . . Sequoia gigantea . Gordonia Lasianthna Ehretia elliptica . Fraxinua pistaciaefolia Salix laaiolepia . . Syhiplocos tinctoria Tsuga Canadensis. Pyrus sambucifolia Sassafras officinale Acer macropliyllum Castanea vulgaris, var. Pinus Arizonica . Pinus ponderosa . Pyrus Americana . Tsuga Pattoniana. Populus Fremontii Khus copallina . . pubescens Am Hi 121 420 41'.) 41!) 418 417 417 417 417 410 41(3 415 415 412 410 408 407 407 407 405 403 403 ■In.' 401 401 400 SOU 396 394 394 394 392 39] 301 391 390 390 390 388 387 387 385 385 384 384 383 382 381 381 381 381 380 379 378 377 241 242 243 214 245 246 247 248 ■J 10 250 251 25 1 255 256 257 258 259 200 261 2112 263 204 205 260 207 2( is 269 270 271 272 273 274 270 276 277 278 279 280 2M 282 283 284 285 2 S6 287 2*8 289 2 HI 201 202 293 204 295 Pinus clansa Lirioilendron Tulipifera . . . . Populus Fremontii, var. Wislizeni . Cliftonia ligustrina Peraea Carolinensis, var palustris . Pinus Coulteri Magnolia Umbrella Olneya Tesota Nyssa uniflora ....... Abies balsamea Catalpa bignonioides Bumelia lanuginosa Pinus inops Cupreasua Goveniana .... Populus grandideutata .... Alnus rbombifoha JKsculiis ('alifornica Pinus rigida Pinus pungcns Populus monilifera Picea Sitcbensis Torreya ('alifornica Ilex Dahoon Pinus flexilis Pinus edulis Tilia Americana Betula alba, var. populilblia . . Abies Fraseri Picea alba Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia . Pinus Strobus Pinus Parryana Pinus Balt'ouriana Pinus Chihuahuana Pinus Sabiniana Pinus Lamberiiana Pinus monticola Pinus Murrayana Pinus albicaulis Populus tremuloidea Platanua Wrigbtii Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata . Platanua racemosa Negundo aceroides Populus balsamifera Salix laevigata yEsculus glabra Pisonia obtusata Thuya occidentalis Anona laurifolia Abies subalpina Chilopsis saligna Quercus hypoleuca Pinus Torreyana Alnus incana 172 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS =3 '296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 300 Species. Pinus glabra Salix lasiandra, var. Feudleriana . Populus lieteropliylla Ficus pedunculata Alnus oblongifnlia Populus balsamifera, var. eandicans Sambucus glauca l'inus monophylla Pinckneya pubens Populus angustifolia Picea Engelmanni -fl £ s u O - e» JS E o 288 307 286 :;ik -s:i ;W 281 310 278 311 276 312 275 313 274 314 272 315 271 31C 207 317 Species. Salix amygdaloides . . . Pinus tuberculata . . . . Chamaecyparis splrsroidea . Picea pungena Coccoloba uvifera . . . . Fraxinus platycarpa . . . Washingtonia filifera . . Salix nigra Asimina triloba . . . . Ficus auiva Bursera gummifera . . . 204 263 259 258 258 251 227 213 212 162 155 OF THE UNITED STATES. 173 TABLE VII. The Principal Trees of the United States arranged in the Order of the Power of their Woods to resist Indentation to the Depth of 1.27 Millimetres. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ir> 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 'J I 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Species. latifolia Guaiacum sanctum Olneya Tesota . . Condalia ferrea Ileynosia latifolia . Canella alba . . Amyris sylvatica . E.xostema Caribreum Cercocarpus ledifolius Rhizophora Mangle Eugenia procera . Quercus oblongifolia Quercus Emoryi . Eugenia monticola Drypetes crocea, var. Eugenia buxifolia. Coccoloba Eloridana Hypelate trifoliata Chrysophyllum oliviforme Mimusops Sieberi. . . Quercus Douglasii . . Xantlioxylum Caribasum Conocarpus erecta . . Quercus grisea .... Madura aurantiaca . . Drypetes crocea . . Sideroxylon Masticbodendron Prosopis julirlora . . Prunus umbellata. . l'iscidia Ervtbrina Sophora affinis . . . Prosopis pubescens . Diospyros Virginiana Quercus virena . . . Crataegus flava. var. pubescens Prunus Caroliniana . Quercus clirysolepis . Carya myristieaeformis Viburnum prunifolium 793 655 019 639 573 550 481 480 402 444 439 4151 408 407 396 394 384 382 375 374 | 373 370 364 363 362 355 343 342 337 334 329 324 324 319 318 317 315 313 Species. Swietenia Mahogoni . Citbarexylum villosum Quercus Durandii . Prunus ilicifolia . Cornus florida . Carya porcina . . Piuus serotina . . Bourreria Ilavanensis Quercus rubra, var. Tex Carya sulcata . . . Bunielia cuneata . . Quercus nigra . . . Juniperus occidentalis jugens Amelancbier Canadensis Vaccinium arboieum Carya tomentosa . Gleditschia monosperma Quercus obtusiloba . Dipholis salicifolia Carya aquatica . . . Celtis occidentalis, var. rcticulat. Sapindus marginatus Prunus Capuli . . Quercus Wislizeni Quercus hypoleuca Robinia Neo-Mexicarj Carya alba . . . Quercus prinoides . Taxus brevifolia . Crataegus subvillosa Kalmia latifolia Robinia Pseudacacia Acer saccbarinum Ulmus crassifolia . Ulmus alata . . . Quercus nmlulata, var. Gambellii Quercus laurifolia 309 308 308 305 305 301 290 294 291 288 286 286 286 280 279 277 276 276 274 274 273 272 272 272 272 271 271 264 264 263 262 258 257 255 255 255 253 174 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS Species. Acer saccharinum, var. nig Quercus lyrata . . . Pyrus coronaria . . Arbutus Xalapensis . Osmantlni9 Americanua Prunus demissa . . Cornus Nuttallii . . Carya amara . . . Crataegus tomentosa . Quercus Garryana Cupressus macrocarpa Quercus agrifolia . . Quercus macrocarpa . Quercus Michauxii . Carya olivaeformis Ostrya Virginica . . Quercus Prinus . . Ehretia elliptica . . Quercus Catesbasi . . Farkinsonia Torreyana Quercus imbricaria . Betula lenta .... Andromeda ferruginea < Iratsegus aestivalis Quercus densiflora Fraxinus quadrangulata Chrysobalanus Icaco. Quercus bieolor . . Bumelia lycioides . . Fraxinus viridis . . ( Irataegus spathulata . Celtis occidentalia Quercus Phellos . . Quercus alba . . . i larpinus ( laroliniana Prunus Americana . Pinus edulis .... Byrsonima lucida . . ( Iratsegus I Irus-galli . Fraxinus pistaciaefolia Rhus Metopium . . Arbutus Menziesii Ulmus racemoaa . . Prunus serotina . . Fraxinus pubeecena . Quercus coecinea . . Quercus tinctoria . . ( >x vdcndrum arboreum Quercus falcata . . Quercus cinerea . . Acer circinatum . . Persea CaroIinenBis . Umbellularia Californica Fraxinus Americana, var. Texensis Quercus aquatica 252 202 250 247 247 246 212 242 240 240 237 235 233 233 232 231 230 229 228 220 226 226 225 224 224 222 221 221 220 22U 218 217 216 213 213 213 212 210 21D 210 209 2117 2H5 204 2H1 202 202 201 201 201 a io [99 199 198 198 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 140 147 148 Mil 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 15S 150 160 161 162 163 1(14 105 106 107 10S L69 170 171 172 173 174 175 170 177 178 170 ISO 181 1S2 183 184 185 Species. Magnolia grandiflora .... Halesia diptera Nyssa sylvatica Juglans nigra Fagus ferruginea Pinus Parryana Fraxinus sambueifolia .... Rhamnus Pursliiana ..... Persea Carolinensis, var. palustris Rhododendron maximum . . . Quercus palustris Myriea Californica Quercus lobata .luniperus occidentalia .... Pinus Cubensis Crataegus arborescens .... Cladrastis tinctoria Cercis Canadensis Juglans rupestris Quercus beterophylla .... Acer dasycarpum Bumelia tenax Morns rubra Cupressus Goveniana .... Quercus rubra Ilex opaca Acer rubrum Quercus Kelloggii Lyailoma latisiliqua Fraxinus Americana Forcstiera acuminata .... Ulmus Americana Pinus monophylla Gleditschia triacanthos .... Fraxinus Oregana Platanus occidentalia .... Acer macrophyllum Nyssa uniflora Betula lutea Gymnocladus Canadensis . . . Bumelia lanuginosa Xanthoxylum Clava-IIerculis Symplocos tinctoria Torreya taxifolia Finns inops Nysaa capitata Pinus Chihuahuana Pinus palustris ....... Ulmus fulva Uugnadia speciosa Laguncularia racemoaa . . . . Pinus contorta • • .luniperus Virginiana .... Cliftonia ligustrina Pinus Balfouriana OF THE UNITED STATES. 175 Species. Firms Torreyana Pianera aquatica Chilopsis saligna Myrica eeritYra Salix lasiolepis Larix occidentalis Sambucus glauca Fraxinus platycarpa Pinus Sabiniana Rhamnus Caroliniana Sassafras officinale Pinus Balfouriana, var. aristata . . Prunus angustifolia Pinus rigida Liquidambar Styraciflua . . : . Betula nigra Pinus clausa Betula alba, var. populifolia . . . Pinus nritis Pinus reflexa Anona laurifolia Betula occidentalis Rhus copallina, var. lanceolata . . Betula papyrifera Salix fiavescens, var. Scouleriana . Tsuga Caroliniana Magnolia Fraseri Torreya Californica Pinus muricata Abies nobilis Ficus pedunculata Castanopsis clirysopbylla . . . . C'astanea puniila Salix laevigata Pyrus Americana Platanus Wriglitii Alnus rubra Pinus Jeffreyi Pinus pungens Ilex Dahoon Larix Americana Negundo aceroides Salix Hookeriana Rhus copallina ' . . iEsculus Californica Pisonia obtusata Pinus flexilis Magnolia acuminata Negundo Californicum Pyrus sambucifolia Pinus albicaulis Pinus ponderosa Pinus Ta;da Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana Pinus glabra li- no III 141 140 189 138i 138 138 13rJ 181 134 l:;:; 133 132 182 131 129 120 128 127 127 126 126 120 125 123 122 122 120 119 119 118 118 117 117 117 116 115 113 112 111 111 10!) 108 108 108 107 107 107 107 107 107 106 106 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 240 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 200 201 202 203 204 205 260 267 208 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 270 277 278 279 2S0 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 200 291 292 293 294 Species. Pinckneya pubens Pinus Arizonica Pinus insignis Tsuga Pattoniana Prunus Pennsylvania .... Magnolia glauca Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. macro carpa Cbama?cyparis Nutkaensis . . . Tsuga Mertensiana Pinus Banksiana Populus Freniontii, var. Wislizeni Pseudotsuga Douglasii .... Gordonia Lasianthus .... Salix fiavescens Libocedrus decurrens .... Abies magnifica Platanus racemosa Salix nigra Pinus Coulteri Juglans cinerea Magnolia cordata Magnolia macrophylla .... Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia . Simaruba glauca Catalpa speciosa Po])ulus Freniontii Populus heterophylla .... Pinus Murrayana Pinus tuberculata Pinus resinosa Magnolia Umbrella Populus monilil'era Liriodendron Tulipifera . . . Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana Chamsecyparis Lawsoniana . . Tsuga Canadensis Salix amygdaloides Taxodium distichum Prunus eniarginata, var. mollis . Populus tremuloides Picea pungens Alnus rhombifolia Pinus Lambertiana Abies concolor Catalpa bignonioides Picea nigra Sequoia sempervirens .... Populus angustifolia Picea Engelmanni Populus balsamifera Abies balsamea Alnus oblongifolia Pinus Strobus Picea alba 176 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WOODS, Etc. 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 802 303 304 Species. Picea Sitcliensis iEsculus glabra Thuya gigantea Asimina triloba Tilia heterophylla Sequoia gigantea Chamaecyparie sphaeroidea . . . . Pinus monticola Wasbir.gtonia filifera Populus balsamifera, var. candicana 305 300 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 Species. Abies Bubalpina Abies amabilis Tilia Americana Populus triclioearpa Populus grandidentata .... Ficus aurea '. Thuya occidentals Tilia Americana, var. pubescens Abies grandis Bursera gunimii'era 64 64 63 63 62 61 60 59 61 47 INDEX. Abies amakilis, 133; tables (398) 152, (380) 156, (385) 161, (24) 163, (111) 167, (133) 170, (306) 170. Allies bahamea, 131; tables (305) 152, (409) 157, (410) 162, (183) 164. (274) 168, (250) 171, (291) 175. Abies bracteata, 133; tables (397) 152, (192) 155, (194) 100. Abies concolor, 132; tables (396) 152, (415) 157, (416) 162, (136) 164, (187) 167, (223) 171, (204) 175. Abies Fraseri, 131 ; tables (392) 151, (417) 157, (418) 162, (110) 104, (228) 168, (268) 171. Abies grandis, 132, 133; tables (395) 152, (418) 157, (419) 162, (115) 164, (280) 168, (220) 171, (313) 170. Abies Iludsonica, 131. Abies magnified, 134; tables (400) 152, (346) 156, (345) 161, (247) 165, (189) 167, (171) 170, (256) 175. Abies nobilis, 133; tables (399) 152, (360) 150, (359) 161, (21) 163, (109) 167, (149) 170, (215) 175. Abies subalpina, 132; tables (394) 152, (421) 157, (422) 102, (207) 165, (283) 168, (291) 171, (305) 170. Abietine, 120. Acacia Berlandieri, 33; table (99) 140. Acacia, Green-barked, 30. Acacia Greggii, 33; tables (98) 140. (59) 153, (57) 158, (68) 163, (140) 167, (10) 169. Acacia, Three-thorned, 29. Acacia Wrighlii, 33; tables (97) 146, (29) 153, (27) 158. Acer circinatum, 21 ; tables (61) 145, (198) 155, (196) 160, (227) 165, (153) 167, (143) 170, (126) 174. Acer dasijcarpnm, 22; tables (65) 145, (301) 156, (301) 101, (60) 163, (50) 166, (119) 170, (151) 174. Acer glabrum, 21; tables (62) 145, (247) 155, (246) 160. Acer grandidentntum, 21; tables (63) 145, (180) 154, (180) 159. Acer macrophyllum, 20; tables (60) 145, (327) 156, (326) 101, (200) 164, (197) 167, (233) 171, (167) 174. Acer Pennsylvanicum, 20; tables (58) 145, (298)156, (299) 161. Acerrubrum, 22; tables (06) 145, (240) 155, (239) 160, (123) 104, (120) 167, (136) 170, (157) 174. Acer rubrum, var. Drummoridii, 23; tables (661) 145, (285) 155, (284) 160. Acer saccharinum, 21; tables (64) 145, (178) 154, (175) 159, (9) 103, (21) 166, (32) 169, (71) 173. Acer saccharinum, "car. nigrum, 22; tables (641) 145, (177) 154, (178) 159, (94) 164, (71) 166, (60) 109, (76) 174. Acer spicatum, 20; tables (59) 145, (294) 155, (294) 160. Acids, 35. Acorns, edible, 84, 85. Adobe houses, 32, 49.' jEsculus Californica, 18; tables (52) 145, (320) 156, (238) 161, (320) 165, (229) 108, (257) 171, (230) 175. jEsculusfiam, 17; tables (51) 145, (381) 156, (381) 161. JSsculus glabra, 17; tables (50) 145, (303) 156, (363) 101, (249) 165,(279) 168, (287) 171, (296) 176. jEsculus Hippocastanum, 17. Africa, 47. Agricultural implements, 61, 72, 78, 81, 84, 87, 93. Alabama, 2, 3, 6, 7. 17, 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 35, 37, 39, 43, 49, 57, 60-62, 65, 68, 71, 72, 75- 77, 80, 83, 84, 86, 88-90, 92, 94, 125, 129. Alaska, 20, 40, 90, 102-104, 107, 108, 120, 127- 129, 132. Alder, 98. Alder, Black, 99. Alder, Hoary, 99. Alder, Seaside, 98. Alder, Smooth, 99. Alder, Speckled, 99. Algaroba, 31. Alkali, 22. Alkaloid, 28. Alleghany Mountains, 2, 3, 6, 7, 17, 20, 22, 24, 26, 27, 29, 35, 36, 39, 43, 45, 49, 51, 54, 55, 60, '62, 76, 78, 81, 83, 84, 91, 94, 95, 97, 101, 104, 106, 114, 122-124, 127, 129, 131. 12 178 INDEX. Alleghany Region, 89, 129. Alnus arguta, 98.' Alnus incana, 99; tables (305) 150, (355) 156, (353) 161, (71) 103, (122) 167, (295) 171. Alnus incana, var. virescens, 99; tables (3051) 150. Alnus Japonica, 98. Alnus maritime, 98; tables (300) 150, (319) 158, (319) 161. Alnus oblongifolia, 98; tables (303) 150, (402) 156, (403) 161, (205) 105, (190) 107, (300) 172, (292) 175. Alnus rhombifolia, 98; tables (302) 150, (394) 156, (392) 161, (167) 164, (199) 107, (256) 171, (282) 175. Alnus rubra, OS; tables (301)150, (330)150, (337) 161, (77) 163, (129) 167, (198) 171, (222) 175. Alnus serrulata. 99; tables (304) 150, (349) 156, (349) 161. Alpine slopes, 128. Altamaha River, 5. Amelanchier Canadensis, 45; tables (137) 146, (97) 154, (95) 159, (34) 103. (20) 100. (20) 169, (52) 173. Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oblongifolia, 45. Amelanchier Canadensis, var. oligocarpa, 45. Amelanchier Canadensis, var. rotundifolia, 45. America: original trees, 30; tropical, 34. 40, 47, 96. American Crab, 39. American Crab Apple, 39. American Kim, 71. American Holly, 12. American Linden, 6. American Museum of Natural History, viii. American Oaks, 83. Amyris sylvatica, 11: tables (30) 144, (13) 153, (11)158, (67) 103, (2) 106, (9) 169, (0) 173. Anacardiacea, 24. 25. Anaesthetics, 120. Annqua, 65. Andromeda ferruginca, 53; tables (165) 147, (119) 154, (118) 169, (186) I'll. (204) L68, (113) 170, (98) 174. Ann, Cape, 1. Anonaci " . 4. Anona . 4: tables (10) 144. (313) 156, (335) 101, (284) 105, (241) 108, (290) 171, (206) 175. Anticosti Island, 40. Anti-periodic bark, G4. Antipyretic, 100. Ant's-wood, 58. Apache Mountains, 37, 86. Apalachicola River, 52, 113, 114, 135. Apple, American Crab, 39. Apple, Custard, 4. Apple, Oregon Crab, 40. Apple, Pond, 4. Apple, Haw, 44. Apple, Seven-year, 52. Apple, Southern Crab, 39. Arbol de Hierro, 27. Arbor-vita-, 106. Arbutus Menziesii, 54; tables (160) 147, (105) 154, (103) 159, (171) 104, (88) 166, (95) 170. (117) 174. Arbutus Texana, 54; tables (168) 147, (118) 154, (119) 159. Arbutus Xalapensis, 54 ; tables (167) 147, (164) 154, (159) 159, (257) 105, (238) 108, (209) 171, (79) 174. Arctic Circle, 134. Ardisia Pickeringia, 50; tables (173) 147, (58) 153, (GO) 158. Arizona, 10, 15, 10, 18, 21, 23, 20, 27. 30-33, 37-39, 48, 54, 57, 61, 62. 00. 75. 77. 82, 85- 87, 92, 98, 100, 103, 105. 106, 109-111, 11C- 121, 127, 130, 132, 137. Arizona Mountains. 11*9. 120. Arkansas, 1-4, 8, 9, 12-15, 18, 23-26, 28-31. 42-45, 50. 52, 53, 55, 57-60, 62, 64, 06, 08- 7n, 72, 71. 70-81, 83-85, 90-95, 99, 104, 112, 124. Arkansas River, 28, 79, 122. Arnold Arboretum, viii. Aromatics, 48, 09, 132. Arrow-wood, 14. Arroyos, 27. Arts, 132. Ash, 61. Ash, Black, 03. Ash, Blue, 02. Ash, Green, 62. Ash, Ground, 63. Ash, Hoop. 03. Ash-leaved Maple, 23. Ash, Mountain, 40. Ash, Orepon, 03. Ash, Prickly, 8. Ash, lid, 01. Ash, Sea, 8. Ash, Waf.r, 9. Ash, Water, 02. Ash, White, 01. \-h. Yellow, 28. tiilvba, 4: tables (9) 144, (403) 150, (404) 101, (289) 165, (302) 108, (315) 172, (298) 170. Aspalaga, Fla., 113. Aspen, 103. Aspen, Quaking. 103. Assinaboine River, 34. Astringents, 24, 25, 40, 59, 129. Athabasca River, 101. Atlantic forests. 35, 30, 42, 45, 49, 75, 83, 97. Atlantic oaks, 88. IXDEX. 179 Atlantic Region, 72, 96, 99, 101-103. Atlantic States, 1, 9, 13, 15, 18, 20, 27, 29, 30, 34. 57-50, 61, 05, 72, S3, 86, 90, 94, 97,112, 122, 123. Avicennia nitida, 67- (Mizophora, 67) ; tables (211) 148, (+2) 153, (44) 158. Axe-handles, 20, 21,01, 78. 1! vi k. Strong, G5. Bahamas, 7. Bald Cypress, 112. Balms, 105. Balm of Gi'.ead, 104. Balm-of-Gilead Fir, 131. Balm of fir, 132. Balsams, 40. Balsam, 104, 131, 132. Balsam Cottonwood, 105. Balsam Fir, 131, 132. Balsam, She, 131. Banana, Mexican, 137. Bark, Cinnamon, 5. Bark, Georgia, 52. Barrel-hoops, 49, 63. Barrels, 105. Harrington, Fort, 5. Bartram's Oak, 92. Basket Oak, 84. Baskets, 19, 63, 78, 81, 84. Basswood, 6. Basswood, White, 7. Bastard Cedar, 106. Bastard Pine, 120. Bayberry, 80. Bay, Bull, 1. Bay, Loblolly, 5. Bay, Red, 68. Bay, Rose, 55. Bay, Sweet, 1. Bay, Tan, 5. Bav-tree, California, 69. Bay, White, 1. Bayonet, Spanish, 13G, 137. Beads, 19. Beams, 32. Bean, Indian, 65. Bean, Screw, 32. Bean Tree, 05. Bearberry, 16. Beard, Old Man's, 64. Bear-wood, 16. Beaver Tree, 1. Beech, 94. Beech, Bine, 95. Beech, Water, 75, 95. Beef-wood, 07. Bee Tree, G. Belle Isle, Straits of, 104. Beriy, Tallow, 7. Betulacece, 95-99. Betula albn, var. popullfolia, 95; tables (294) 149,(267) 155, 12-15)' 100, (221)105,(140) 107, (267) 171, (203) 175. Betula lenta, 90, 97; tables (239) 150, (110) 154, (108) 159, (10) 163, (10) 166, (34) 169, (97) 174. Betula lutea, 97; tables (297) 149, (204) 155, (200) 100, (3) 103, (5) 166, (33) 109, (109) 174. Betula nigra, 97: tables (298) 149, (20G) 155, (207) 160, (5S) 103, (09) 160, (1G6) 170, (21)11 175. Bttula occidentaUs, 90; tables (296) 149,(216) 155, (245) 160, (132) 164, (133) 167, (210) 171, (237) 175. B< tula papynft ra, 90; tables (295) 149, (251) 155, (249) ion, | IS) 103, (33) 106, (115) 170, (2i>) I7,j. Big Blaokfoot River, 135. Big-bud Hickory, 78. Big Cottonw 1, 105. Big Laurel, 1. Big Shell-bark, 78. Big Tree. 112. Big Williams Fork, 10,48. Bignon iact <' , 65, 66. Bill Williams River, 30. Bilsted, 45. Birch, Black, 96, 97. Birch, Canoe, 93. Birch, Cherry, 97. Birch, Gray," 95, 97. Birch, Mahogany, 97. Birch, oil of, Oil." Birch, Old-field, 95. Birch, Paper, 90. Birch, Red, 97. Birch, River, 97. Birch, Sweet. 97. Birch, West Indian, 10. Birch, White, 95, 90. Birch, Yellow, 97. Bird's-eye Maple, 22. Biscavne, Bav, 1, 4, S, 10, 14, 15, 19, 25, 28, 34."37, 4648, 50-58, 07-70, 72-74, 86, 99, 126. Bishop's Pine, 124. Bitter-nut, 79. Bitter Pecan, 79. Bitter Root Mountains, 16, 36, 9G, 105, 107, 115, 129, 130, 132. Bitts, U9. Black Alder, 99. Black Ash, 63. Black Birch, 96, 97. Black Calabash-tree, G6. Black Cherry, Wild, 36. Black Cottonwood, 105. Black Cypress, 1 12. Black Gum, 50. Black Haw, 52. 180 INDEX. Clink Hickory, 78, 79. Black Hills, 71, 74, 96, 105, 119, 127. Black Iron-wood, 15. Black Jack, 89, 90. Black Jack, Forked-leaf, 90. Black Larch, 134. Black Locust, 20, 29. Black Mangrove, G7. Black Oak, 87-89. Black Persimmon, 59. Black Pine, 120. Black Sloe, 35. Black Spruee, 12G, 127. Black Thorn, 42. Black Tree, 67. Black Walnut, 46. 76. Black Willow, 99. Black-wood, 07. Bladder-diseases, 96. Blinds, 115. Blocks, 72, 75. Blood-impurities, 99. Blue Ash, 62. Blue Beech, 95. Blue Jack, 92. Blue Mountains, 38, 51, 98, 110, 116, 130, 132, 134. Blue Myrtle, 1G. Blue Oak, 85. Blue River, 22, Blue Spruce, 128. Blue-wood, 15. Boarding, 46. Boat-building, 3, 28, 34, 57, 71, 74, 107, 10S, 128. Boilers, 32. Bois d'Arc, 74. Books referred to. 143. Borraginacea, 64, 65. Bottom Shell-bark, 78. Bourreria Havanentit, 66; tabic- (204)148, (84) 154, (91) 159, (102) 164, (75) 16C, (48) 169, (40) 173. Bourreria ffavanensis, var. rarfufa, 65. Bows, Indian, 4!'. 113. Box Elder, 23. Boxwood, 14. 49; substitute for, 55, 59. Brazil, 4, 9. ID, 11, 34, 40, 55-57. 07. OS. Brazos River, 1. 8. 17, 29-31, 49, 50, 04, 69, 78, 80, SI. 90, 92, 136. Brick-baking. '.'9. Brickley Thatch, 136. Bridge-timbers, 72. Bristol, l-'la.. 113, 114 British America, 6, 51. 103. British Columbia, 20, 21, 40, 41, 51, 54, 96, 98-100, 104, 105, 107, HIS, 111, 113, 115, 110. 119, 127, 129, 130, 132-134. Brittle Thatch, 136. Broad-leaved Maple, 20. Brooms, 20. Brown Hickory, 79. Buckeye, California, 18. Buckeye, Fetid, 17. Buckeye, Ohio, 17. Buckeye, Spanish, 18. Buckeye, Sweet, 17. Buckthorn, Southern, 58. Buckwheat Tree, 13. Bull Bay, 1. Bull-nut, 78. Bull Pine, 119-121, 124. Bumelia cuncnla, 58; tables (182) 147, (89) 154, (94) 159, (200) 165, (273) 108, (125) 170, (49) 173. Bumelia lanuginosa, 57: tables (179) 147, (205) 155, (208) 109, (28S) 105, (303) 108, (252) 171. (171) 174. Burnt!!,, lycioidee, 58; tables (181) 147, (125) 154. (128) 159, (199) 164, (261) 108, (111) 170, (104) 174. Bumelia lycioides, var. reclinatttm, 58. Bumelia spin,:™, 57; tables (ISO) 147, (199) 155. (203) 160. Bumelia tenax, 57: tables (178) 147. (142) 154, (142) 159, (209) 105, (207) 168, (150) 170, (152) 174. Bum-wood, 25. Burning Bush, 14. Bur Oak, 82. Burst ructcr, 10, 11. Bursera gummifera, 10; tables (29) 144, (426)157,(427) 162, (800) 165, (310)108, (317) 172, (314) 176. Bush. Burning, 14. Bustic, 57. Butchers1 blocks. 75. Butter-tubs, 133. Butternut, 76. Button-ball Tree, 75. Button-moulds, 97. Buttons, 19. Buttonwood, 40. 75. Buttonwood, White, 47. limn lucida, 7; tables (19) 144. (236) 155, (266) ion. (279) 105, (296) 168, (218) 171, (113) 174. Cabbage Palmetto, 135. ( abbage Tree, 135. Cabinet-work, 1, 2, 11, 12. 22-21. 29, 36, 40, 50, 57, 01, 03, 00, OS, 09, 70, 77, 81, 94, 107, 111. 114. i t ■> t, 48, 49. Cactus, Giant, 48. Cagiput. 09. Calabash tree. Black. 00. Calaveras County, 115. < lalaveras Grove, 112. I alii o-bush, 55. Calico-wood, 00. INDEX. 181 California, G. 1G, 18, 20, 21, 23, 26, 27, 30-33, 3G-41, 44, 49, 51, 54, 63, 66, 60, 73, 75, 77, 80, 81, 85, 87-80, 03, 96, 08-103, 105-122, 124, 128, 130-135, 137. (Often indicating limit of distribution.) California Bay-tree, GO. California Buckeye, 18. California Coast, 93. California Holly, 44. California Laurel, 69. California Nutmeg, 114. California Olive, G9. California Sierras, 89, 110, 115, 117, 121, 130. Caloosa River, 4, 10, 11, 14, 22, 47, 56, 58, 62, 79, 99. Calyptranthes Chgtraculia, 47; tables (143) 117. (40) 153, (49) 158a Campo, 116. Canada Plum, 34. Canadian Balsam, 132. Canaveral, Cape, 4, 10, 15, 34, 45-47, 56, 57, 62, 64, 66-68, 71, 78, 79, 125, 126. Candles, 80. Canellacea>, 5. Canella alba, 5; taMes (12) 144, (18) 153, (18) 158, (56) 163, (53) 166, (6) 169, (5) 173. Cams 27, 70. Canoe Cedar, 107. Canoe Birch, 96. Canoes, 06, 107. ('annus, 27. Canotia kolocaiUha, 10; tables (27) 144, (132) 154, (204) 160. Cape Fear River, 1, 72. Cuppa ridacece, 4. Co.ppa.rU Jamaia nsis (169) 154, (195) 160 Caprif'oliaceatt 51, 52. Caranna, remedy, 10. Carbo-hydrogen, 120. Carmelo Point, 108. Carolina Poplar, 105. Carpinus Caroliniana (144) 159, (44) 163, (110) 174. Carriages, 6, 61, 63, 78, 81, 82. Carya alba, 77; tables (242) 148, (64) 153, (63) 158, (12) 163, (12) 166, (30) 1G9, (65) 173. Carya alba, var. microcarpa, 78. Carya amara, 70; tables (246) 149, (114) 154, (117) 159, (92) 164, (32) 166, (83) 170, (83) 174. Carya aquatica„79; tables (248) 149, (134) 154, (136) 159, (98) 164, (99) 167, (116) 170, (58) 173. Carya myristicaformis, 79; tables (247) 149, (87) 154, (86) 159, (8) 163, (1) 166, (28) 160, (37) 173. Carya o! n-a farm is, 77; tables (241) 148, (155) 154, (158)* 159, (245) 165, (254) 168, (173) 170, (90) 174. 4; tables (11) 144, 95; tables (293) 149, (22) 106, (103) 170, Carya porcina, 79; tables (245) 140,(70)153, (75) 158,(89) 163,(44) 166, (47) 169, (44) 173. Carya sulcata, 78; tables (243) 14S, (82) 154, (81) 159, (84) 163, (34) 166, (54) 169, (48) 173. Carya lomentosa, 78; tables (244) 148, (75) 153, (76) 158, (42) 163, (28) 166, (39) 160, (54) 173. Cascade Mountains, 21, 37, 40, 41, 49, 63, 81, 93, 102, 106, 108, 110, 115, 116, 122, 127, 130, 132-135. (Often indicating limit of distribution.) Cascara sagrada, 16. Cassada, 57. < assena, 12. Castanea pum'Ua, 94; tables (2S0) 149, (57) 155, (253) 160, (47) 163, (65) 16C, (105) 170, (218) 175. Castanea vulgaris, var. Americana, 94 ; tables (200) 140, (366) 156, (3G5) 161, (160) 104. (192) 167, (34) 171, (239) 174. Castanopsis chrysophylla,$Z; tables (288) 149, (280) 155, (280) 100, (99) 164, (165) 167, (170) 170, (217)175. Castle, Lake, 108. < latalpa, 65. Catalpa bignonioides, 65; tables (206) 148, (360) 156, (309) 161, (239) 1G5, (248) 168, (251) 171, (285) 175. Catalpa speciosa, 66; tables (207) 148, (388) 15G, (388) 161, (181) 164, (230) 1G8, (203) 171, (265) 175. Catalpa, Western, 66. Catarrh, 46, 132. Catawba, 65. Cathartics, 8, 14, 76. Cat's Claw, 33, 34. Cattle, food for, 7. Caximbas Bay, 10, 11, 10, 24, 34. Ceanothus Americana, If). Ceanalhus thyrsiflorus, 10; tables (48) 145, (268) 155, (269) 1G0. Cedar, Bastard, 106. Cedar, Canoe, 107. Cedar Kim, 70. Cedar, Incense, 106. Cedar Keys, 12. 18, 4G, 47, 57, 58, G7, 135. Cedar, Oregon, 108. Cedar Pine, 125. Cedar, Port Orford, 108. Cedar, Post, 106. Cedar, Red, 107, 111. Cedar, Stinking, 114. C.dar, White, 10G-108. t '. lastraceai, 14. Celtis Mississippiensis, var. crassifolia, 73. Celtis Mississippiensis, var. integrifolia, 73. Celt is Mississippiensis, var. laevigata, 73. Celtis occidentalis, 72: tables (228)148, (144) 154, (146) 150, (235) 165, (142) 167, (186) 171, (107) 174. 182 INDEX. Otitis occidentalism var. reticulata, 73; tables (228') 148, (147) 154, (151) 159, (150) 164, (134) 107, (168) 170, (50) 173. Census, Vol. IX., 141-143. Centra! America, 11, 68, 70. Cercis Canadensis, 31; tables (01) 146, (225) 155, (225) 160, (234) 165, (173) 167, (130) 170, (148) 174. Cercis reniformis, 31; tables (92) 140, (110) 154, (120) 1511. Cercocarpus ledifolius, 38; tables (115) 140, (10) 153, (S) 158, (25) 109, (8) 173. Cercocarpus parvifolius, 39; tables(HG) 140, (80) 153, (28) 158. Cereus giganleus, 48; tables (149) 147, (424) 157, (426) 162. Cbairs, 71, 88, 95. Clialeur, Bay of, 95. Chamacyparis Lawsoniana, 108; tables (331) 150, (352) 150. (350) 101, (31) 163, (97) 167, (135) 170, (275) 175. Chamcecyparis Xutkainsis, 108; tables (330) 150, (338) 156, (338) 101, (93) 104, (135) 167, (146) 170, (248) 175. Chamcecyparis spharoidea, 108; tables (329) 150, (423) 157, (424) 102. (302) 165, (289) 168, (309) 172, (301) 176. Champlain, Lake, 23, 62, 82, 84, 105. Chaparral, 15. Chapote, 59. Charcoal, 28, 32, 38, 47, 117, 118, 123, 121, 128. Charlotte Harbor, 12. Chattahoochee, 114. Cherokee County, N. C, 28, Cherry, 66. Cherry Birch, 97. Cherry brandy, 36. Cherry, Indian, 15. Cherry, May, 45. Cherry, Pigeon, 35. Cherry, Pin, 35. Cherry, Rum, 36. Cherrv, Wild, 37. CherrV, Wild Black, 36. Cherry, Wild Red, 35, < heater County, Pa., 78. Chestnut, 94. Chestnut Oak, S4, 93. Chestnut Oak, Rock, 84. ' /"/mil". 73. Chickasaw Plum, 35. Chihuahua, 120. Chilopsis saligna, 06; tables (20S) 148, (254) 155, (254) 160, (274) 165, (253) 168, (232) 171, (188) 175. China, Wild, 18. Chincapin, 85. Chinquapin, 93. 94. Chinquapin dak. 84. Chionanthw Virginica, 64; tables (200) 148, (224) 155, (221) 160. Chittam-wood, 24. Chrysobalunus Icaco, 34; tables (102) 145, (102) 154, (104) 159, (61) 163, (72) 166, (102) 174. Chrysophyllum oliviforme, 56; tables (175) 147, (32) 153, (32) 158, (54) 163, (111) 167, (36)169, <1S . 17 :. Churchill, Cape, 126, 127, 134. Cigar Tree, 65. Cinchona Bark, 17, 52. Cinnamon bark, 5. Cinnamon, Wild, 5. Citharexylvm villosum. 66; tables (210) 148, (54) 153, (50) 158, (26) 163, (77) 166, (1-1) 169, (40) 173. Cladrastis tinctoria, 28; tables (82) 145, (235) 155, (230) 160, (101) 164, (92) 167, (74) 169, (147) 174. Clammy Locust, 27. Clapboards, 46, 88, 91, 93. Clark's Fork, 115. Claw, Cat's, 33, 34. Clear Creek, 98. Clear Lake, 109. Cleats, 69. Cliff Elm, 71. Clifioma ligustrina, 13; tables (38) 145, (238) 155, (237) 160, (197) 164, (271: 168, |244) 171, (184) 174. Clusiajtava, 5; table (13) 144. Coahuila, 21. ( 'oast Live Oak, 87. Coast Ranges, 16, 18, 23, 3G, 38, 39. 44, 49, •".4. 63, 69, 75, 77, 85, 87-89, 93. 98, 101, 106-109, 112, 113, 115, 116, 120-122, 124, 130, 133. (Often indicating limit of dis- tribution.) Coccoloba Floridana, 67; tables (213) 148, (2(1) 153. (25) 158, (49) 103, (S3) 166, (7) 169, (16) 173. Coccoloba uvifera, 68; tables (214) 148, (22) 153, (21) 158, (311) 172. Cockspur Thorn, 42. Cocoa Plum, 34. Coeurd'Alene Mountains, 38,107, 115,180,132. Coffee, substitute for, 29. Coffee-nut, 29. Coffee-tree. Kentucky. 29. Coffins, 113. Colorado, 21,27. 31, 34, 35, 39, 41. 58,60,82, 85, 1"". Hi"', 106, 110, 111, 117-119, 121, 128, L30 113, 137. Colorado Desert, 26, 30. Colorado River, 12, 13, 18, 27, 30-32, ■■'-43, 52, 62, 03, 74, 77, 91, 100, 111, 122, 135. (Often indicating limit of distribution.) Colubrina reclinata, 17; tables (49) 145, (77) ;;,:;. (80) 158, (108) 164, (9) 166. ( lolumbin, District of, 39. t 'oluuibian Basin, 135. Columbia River, 100, 105, 128, 133, 134. INDEX. 183 Combretacece, 40, 47. Commerce, 69, 77, 78. I '.impression, longitudinal, 109-172. Concho River, 34, 59, 77. Condalia ferrea, 15; tallies (43) 145, (1) 153, (1) 158, (45) 183, (90) 107, (5) 169, (3) 173. Condalia oiocuta, 15; tables (44) 145, (2) 153, (5) 15S. Conifera, 100-134. Conifera, North American, 111. Connecticut, 45, 52, 58, 104. Connecticut River, 91, 101. Conocarpus erecta, 40; tables (141)147, (17) 153, (10) 158, (95) 104, (70) 100, (35) 109, (22) 173. Construction, 20. 29, 40. 81, 82,84,90, 91,93, 112, 118, 127, 128, 131. Cooperage, 23, 63, 69, 71, 74, 81, 82, 84, 85, 88, :in, (il, 107, 112, 115, 128, 132. <■„.« Bay, 108. Coquille River, 20. Coral Sumach, 25. < 'ordage, 6. Cordia Boissieri, 04; tables (203) 148, (190) 155, (108) 1G0. Cordia Sebestena, 04; tables (232) 148, (103) 154, (184) 159. Cork Klin, 71. Cork, substitute for, 51. < lork-wood, 07. Cornaceat, 49-51. Cornus aUermfolia., 49; tables (150) 147, (196) 155, (192) 160. Cornus fforida,i9; tables (151) 147,(79) 153, (77) 158, (182) 164, (91) 167, (75) 169, (43) 173. Cornus KuttaWi, 49; tables (152) 147, (122) 154, (121) 159, (91) 104, (G4) 166, (24) 169, (82) 174. Corpus Christi, 05. Corpus Christi River, 30. Costa Rica, 86. Cotton-gum, 45, 50. Cottonwood, 105, 106. Cottonwood, Balsam, 105. Cottonwood, Rig, 105. Cottonwood, Black, 104, 105. Cottonwood, River, 104. Cottonwood, Swamp, 104. Cough-mixtures, 35. I low ( lak, 84. Crab, American, 39. Crab Apple, American, 39. Crab Apple, Oregon, 40. Crab Apple, Southern, 39. Crab, Sweet-scented, 39. Crab-wood, 70. Cratagus astimlis, 44; tables (134) 146, (205) 155, (201) 100, (263) 165, (183) 167, (160) 170, (99) 174. Cratagus apiifolia, 43; tables (131) 146, (127) 154, (134) 159. Cratagus arbwescens, 41; tables (125) 140, 1213) 155, (210) 100, (195) 164, (235) 168, (1112) 170, (140) 174. Cratagus berberifolia, 44; table (133) 140. Crataegus brachyacantha, 41; tables (124) 140, (189) 155, (180) 159. Cratagus coccinea, 42; tables (127) 146, (50) 153, (54) 158. Crataegus cordata, 43; tables (130) 140, (143) 154, (140) 159. Cratasgus Crus-gnlli, 42; tables (120) 140, (153) 154, (154) 159, (240) 105, (218) 1G8, (176) 170, (114) 174. I Ua us Douglasii, 41; tables (123) 140, (172) 154, (169) 159. i 'rata gus fiava, 44; tables (135) 14G, (98) 154, (97)159. Crataegus ffava, var. pubescens, 44; tables (135') 140, (in:,) 154, (106) 159, (231) 105, (175) 107, (SI) 170, (34 i 178. Cratagus rivularis, 41 ; tables (122) 146, (103) 154,' (100) 159. Cratatgus spathulata, 43; tables (132} 140, (158) 154, (157) 159. (243) 105, (270) 108, (145) 170, (100) 174. Cratagus subviltosa, 42; tables (1 28) 14G, (90) 154,' (89) 159, (141) 104, (109) 107, (71) 1G9, (68) 173. Cratagus tomentosa, 42; tables (129) 140, (113) 154, (112) 159, (219) 105, (184) 167, (159) 170, (84) 174. Cratagus tomentosa, var. punctata, tables (129') 14G, (1(13) 159. Crescentia cucurbitinn, 66; tables (209)148, (231) 155, (235) 160. Cretaceous formations, 82. Cross-trees, 69. Cuba, 7. Cucumber Tree, 2. Cucumber Tree, Large-leaved, 2. Cucumber Tree, Long-leaved, 3. - Cumberland County, X. J., 92. Cumberland Mountains, 24. Cumberland River. 23. Cupressus Goveniana, 109; tables (333) 150, (348) 156, (348) 161, (285) 105, (268) 1G8, (254) 171. (154) 174. Cupressus Guadalupensis, 109; tables (335) 150, (333) 150, (333) 101. Cupressus Macnabiana, 109; table (334) 150. Cupressus macrocarpa, 108 ; tables (332) 150, (236) 155, (236) 160, (74) 163, (45) 100, (80) 174. Cupulifera, 80-95. Curled Maple, 22. Custard Apple, 4. Cuyamaca Mountains, 98, 106,115, 121, 131. Cyllene picta (locust-borer), 27. Cypress, Bald, 112. 184 INDEX. Cvpress, Black, 112. Cypress, Deciduous, 112. Cvpress, Lawson*s, 108. Cypress, Monterey, 108. Cypress Point, 108. Cypress, Red, 112. Cypress, Sitka, 108. Cvpress swamps, 59. Cypress. White, 112. Cypress, Yellow, 108. CyriUa racemiflora, 13; tables (37) 145, (191) 155, (187) 159, (28G) 105, (305) 168. Cyrillacea, 13. D.EDALIA, 112. Dwdalia vorax, 106. Dahoon, 12. Dahoon Holly, 12. Dakota, 6, 22, 34, 36, 71, 72, 74, 96, 105, 119, 127. Dalea spinosa, 26; tables (76) 145, (282) 155, (293) 160. Darling Plum, 14. Davenport, Iowa, 114. Debility, 104. Deciduous Cypress, 112. Decoctions, 411, 45, 40, «4, 89, 111. Delaware, 39, 59, 63, 76, 78, 83, 84, 88, 91, 94, 95, 97, 98, 101, 112, 122. 129. Desert Willow, 66. Devil's River, 32, 33, 61, 72. 75. Devil-wood, 04. Diamond Willow, 102. Diarrhoea, 16, 40, 59, 99. Digger Pine, 121. Dilly, Wild, 58. iros Texana, 59; tables (185) 147, (62) 153, (73) 158. / ' yros Virginiana, 58; tables (184) 147, (93) 154, (92) 109, (198) 1G4, (102) 167, (94) 170, (32) 173. Dipkolii ■. 57; tables (177) 147, (35) l.v;. (30) 108, (10) 163, (23) 166. (12) 109, (57) 173. District of Columbia, 39, 91. Diuretics, 20. lus, 111. Doctor-gum, 25. Dogwood. 49. Dogwood, Flowering, 49. 1 togwood, Jamaica, 28. I logwood, Striped, 2'J. Door-blinds, 1 15. Douglas Fir, 130. Downward Plum, 58. Drypetet crocea, 70; tables (219) 148, (39) 153, (52) 108, (83) 103, (13S) 167, (27) 169, (25) 173. Drypetet crocea, var. latifolia, 7't; tables (2I9U us, (38) 153, (00) 108, (174) 164. (186) 167, (85) 170, (14) 173. Drypetes glauca, 70. Dry rot, 106. ■ Duck Oak, 91. Dunnage of vessels, 128. Dwarf Maple, 21. I hvarf Sumach, 24. Dyes, 24, 25, 28, 60, 76, 89. Dysentery, 80. Dyspepsia, 10, 16. Eagle Mountains, 54. Eastern States, 89. Eastern White Oak, 81. Eastern White Pine, 115. Ebenaccce, 58, 59. Edible seeds, 117, 118, 121. Ehretica ettiptica, GO; tables (205) 148, (214) 155, (218) 160, (304) 165, (177) 1G7, (226) 171, (93) 174. Elastic, Gum, 57. Elasticity, tables, 163-165. Elder, 51. Elder, Box, 23. Elder, Poison, 20. El' mi. Gum, 10. Elk-wood, 3. Elm, American, 71. Elm, Cedar, 70. Elm, Cliff, 71. Elm, < !ork, 71. Elm. Hickory, 71. Elm, Moose, 71. Elm, Red. 71. 1 lin, Rock, 71. Film, Slippery, 6, 71. Elm, Water, 71. Elm. White. 71. Elm, Winged, 71. Emetics, 13, 20, 27. Empyreumatic oil, 96. Enceno, 87. Engraving, 55. (See Wood-engraving.) Ericact istacicefoUa,Gl; tables (191) 147, (188) 154, (419)' 157, (IS:.) 159, (261) 165, (234) 168, (227) 171, (115) 174. Fraxinus pistficicefolia, var. coritxcea, 61. Fraxinus platycarpa, 62; tables (195) 148, (420) 162, (290) 165, (269) 168, (312) 172, (193) 175. Fraxinus pubescens, 61; tables (193) 147. (237) 155, (233) 160, (188) 164, (105) 107, (109) 170, (120) 174. Fraxinus quOidrangulata, 62; tables (190) 148, (154) 154, (150) 159, (202) 165, (128) 107, (100) 170, (101) 174. Fraxinus sambucifolia, 03; tables (198)148, (232) 155, (229') 100, (148) 104, (131) 167, (183) 170, (137) 174. Fraxinus viridis, 61, 62; tables (194) 1|?, (162) 154, (160) 159, (40) 164, (95) 167, (120) 17", (105) 174. Fraxinus viridis, var. Berlandieriana, 62; tables (194) 148, (263) 155, (204) 160. Frigolito, 28. Fringe Tree, 64. Fuel, 13, 22, 28, 32, 38, 39. 46, 47, 55, 63, 70, 77. 81, 82. 84, 85, 88-91. 95-97, 103, 105, 110, 111, 117-119, 121-123, 125, 128, 131, 134, 135. Fuel value, 141-143, 158-102. Furniture, 0, 20, 22, 23, 32, 63, 73, 75, 97,98, 106, 108. Geiger Tree, 64. Genesee River, 84. Genipa clusiafolia, 52; tables (162) 147, (14) 153, (14) 158. Georgia, 2, 5, 6, 13, 17, 20, 23-26, 43, 49-52, 55, 57, 63,65, 76, 80, 83, 92, 104, 114, 122. (Relating generally to limit of distribution.) Georgia Bark, 52. Georgian Bay, 95, 111. Georgia Pine, 125. Giant Cactus, 48 18G INDEX. Gila River, 10, 2G, 27, 30, 32, 38, 74. Gilead, Balm of, 104, 131. Ginger Pine, 108. Glamberry, 7. Glass-factories, 50. Glaucous Willow, 101, Gleditschia monosperma, 30; tables (87) 140, (137) 154, (138) 159, (33)103, (52) 160, (44) 169, (55) 173. Gleditschia triacanthos, 29; tattles (83) 145, (193) 155, (190) 100, (00) 163, (81) 160, (99) 170, (1G4)174. Gleditschia triacanthos, var. biennis, 29. Gold Range, 115. 129, 134. Goose-foot Maple, 20. Gopher Plum, 50. Gopher-wood, 28. Gordonia Lasianthus, 5: tables (14) 144, (344) 150, (193) 104, (344) 101. (209) MS, (225) 171, (253) 175. Gordonia pubt set ns, 5; table (15) 144. Gout, 8, 10, 90, 100. Graham, Mount, 127. Grand Rapids, 102. Grand River, 24. Grape, Sea, 68. Grape sugar, 32. Gray Birch, 95, 97. Gray Pine, 125. Great Basin, 38, 110, 117, 118. Great Bear Lake, 90, 103, 104, 125, 131, 134. Great Laurel, 55. Green Ash, 62. Green-barked Acacia, 30. G^nnul Ash. 63. Guadalupe Island, 109. Guadalupe Mountains, 37,54,84,86, 115, Tin Guadalupe River, 8, 18, 20, 33, 37,59, 85, 71, 99, 130. Guaiac, 8. Guaiacum ojficinalt , 7. Guaiacum sanctum, 7; tables (20) 144,(4) 153. (3) 158, (154) 164, (143) 107, (11) 163, (1) 173. Guaiacum-wood, 7, 8. Guettarda elliptica, 53; tables (163) 147, (68) 153, (70) 158. Guiana Plum. 70. Gulf Coast, 37, 50, 86, 92, 107, 120, 135. Gulf States, 1, 3, M, 12, 13, 15, 23, 30, 30. 13, 44, 50, 53, 58-00, (12 64, OS. 72, 78, 80, 84, 90, 91. 93, 97, 104, 107. 111. 112, 122, [24- 126. (Often marking limit of distribution.) Gums, 25, 50. Gum-arabic, 32, 33. (.mil. Black, 5(i. Gumbo Limbo. 10. Gum Cotton, 50. ( inn, Elastic, 57. Gum Elemi, 10. Gum, Red, 45. Gum, Sour, 50. Gum, Sweet, 45. Gum, Tupelo, 50. Gunpowder, 54, 99. Gunstocks, 23, 28, 77. Gurgeon Stopper, 47. Guttifera, 5. Gymnocladus Canadensis, 29; tables (85) 145, (175) 154, (173) 159, (82) 163, (149) 167, (211) 171, (170) 174. H.\CKRE1:KY, 72. Hackmatack, 134. Hematuria, 99. Halesia diptera, 00; tables (187) 147, (270) 155, (270) ion, (230) 105, (112) 107, (172i 170, (132) 174. Halesia tetrqptera, 00; tables (188) 147, (277) 155, (277) 160. Halifax Bay, 123. Hamamelacea, 45, 40. Hamamelis Virijiniea, 45; tables (13S) 140, (183) 154, (1S2) 153. Handles, 19-21. 33, 50, 53,54, 59, 01, 62, 95. 11 ird Maple, 21. Hani Pine, 125. Hats, wooden, 17. Haw, Apple, 44. Haw, Black, 52. Haw, Hog's, 41. Haw, May, 44. Haw, Parsley, 43. Haw, Pear, 42. Haw, Purple, 15. Haw. Bed, 42, 44. Haw, Scarlet, 42. Haw, Small-fruited, 43. Haw, Summer, 44. Haw, Yellow, 44. Hays County, Texas, 54. Hazel, Witch, 45. Heart-won, 1, 59. Hedges, 74. Hemlock, 123. Hei 'rliage, 59, 89. Hernando County, Fla., 23. llcleromihs arbutifolh, 44; tables (13G) 140, (34)153. (31) 158. Hickory, Big-bud, 78. Hickory, Black, 78, 79. Hickory, Brown, 79. Hickory Elm, 71. Hickory. Nutmeg, 79. Hickory, Pine. IIS. 124. Hickory, Shag-bark, 77. Hickory, Shell-bark, 77. Hickory. Swamp, 79. Hickory, Switch-bud, 79. Hickory, Water, To Hickory, White-heart, 78. IXDEX. 187 Hierro, Arbol tie, 27. High Mountains, 131. Hippomane MancimHa, 70; tables (-21) 148. (2G4) 155, (283) 100. Hoary Alder, 99. Hog Plum, 11, 25, 35. Hog's Haw, 41. Holly, American, 12. Holly, California, 44. Holly, Dahoon, 12. Honey, G. Honey Locust, 29, 81. Honey Pod, 31. Honey Shucks, 29. Hoop Ash, G3. Hoop-poles, 96. Hoops, 49, G3, 79. Hop Hornbeam, 95. Hops, substitute for, 10. Hop Tree, 9. Hornbeam, 95. Hornbeam, Hop, 95. Horse Plum, 34. Horse Sugar, 59. Hot Spring Mountains, G3. Hot Spring Valley, 20. House-Hies, poison for, 29. Hubs, 49. 50, 71, 72,97. Hudson's Bay (Hudson Bay), 35, 45, 51, 96, 103, 104, 125, 126, 131, 134~. (Often marking limit of distribution.) Humber Hirer, 39. Humboldt County. Cal., 109. Humboldt Range. 21. Hummocks, 47. 53, 80, 91, 125. Huron, Lake, 20. 4(1. 82, 94, 95, 97, 99. Hydrocyanic aeid, 11, 36. Hypelate paniculata, 19; tables (56) 145, (23) 153, (23) 158, (59) 1G3, (14) 1GG. (21) 169. . ffypelate trifoliata, 1!); tables (57) 145. (43) 153, (40) 158, (1G4) 170, (17) 173. Idaho, 1G, 21. 36. 38, 41, 98, 102, 104, 107, 113. 115, 119, 121, 129, 130, 132. Ilex Canine, 12; tables (35) 145, (148) 154, (47) 159. Ilex Dahoon, 12; tables (34) 144, (337) 156, (339) 161, (257) 168, (263) 171, (225) 175. Ilex Dahoon, var. angustifolia, 12. Hex Dahoon, var. myrtifolia, 12; tables (34) 144. (258) 155, (258) 160, (252 I 165. Ilex tlecidua, 13; tables (36) 145, (132) 154, (135) 159. Ilex opaca, 12: tables (33) 144. (261) 155. (156) 174. (261) 160, (250) 165, (195) 167, (188) 171. Ilirin, 12. Ilicinea, 12, 13. Illinois, 2, 7, 13, 15, 30, 35, 39, 43, 45, 50, 53, 57, 58, 60, 63, 6G, 72, 77, 78. 83, 84, Oil, 91, 96, 103, 104, 106, 112, 114, 124, 134. (Often indicating limit of distribution.) Illinois Nut, 77. Indentation, power t<> resist, 173-17G. Indiana, 7, 12, 30, 45, 51. 66, 72, 77, 78. 83, 84, 89, 90, 94, 97, 104, 112. 123, 13 1. (Often indicating limit of distribution.) Indian Bean, 65. Indian ( 'berry, 15. Indian Peninsula. 11. Indian River, 22, 55-58, 73. India-rubber Tree, 73. Indians: Coast, 21; flour, 32; dried fruit, 4D; manufactures, 113; canoes, 107; food, 118. Indian Territory, 6, 9, 15, 17, 22, 24, 26, 29, 31, 36, 39, 42,' 45, 52, 58, 61, 69, 71, 72, 74, 76-79,82,84,88-90. 95. 97/98,103, 111, 124. (Often indicating limit of distribution.) Infusions, 36, 40, 52. Ink-wood, 19. Inlaying, 24. Insecticide, 108. Interior finish, 23, 36, 61, 63, 66, 68, 69, 76, 77, 81, S8, 106-108, 111, 114, 115. 128, 132. Intermittent fever, 49, 52, 04, 104. (See F> vert.) Invo Mountains. 1 16. Iowa, 4, 17, 55. 39, 58, 62, G9, 71, 7G, 77, 83, 88, 95,97, 102, 114. [thaca, X. Y., 23. linn Mountain, 13. Iron Oak, 82. Iron-wood, 13. 19. 27. 58. Iron-wood, Black, 15. Iron-wood, Red, 1 4. Iron-wood, White, 10, 95. Islay, 38. Ivy, 55. Jack, Black, 89, 90. Jack, Blue. 92. Jack, Fork-leaved Black, 90. Jack Oak, 89. .lark. Sand, 92. Jacquinia armillaris, 5G; tables (174) 147, (173) 154, (189) 160. Jamaica Dogwood, 28. lour- Bay, 40, 106. Japan, 98.' Jaws, for ships, 69. Jersey Pine, 123. Jesup, Morris K-, vii, viii. Jocko River, 36. . In. ■-Will. d, 56. Joshua, The, 137. Joshua Tree, 137. Judas Tree, 31. Juglandacea, 76-80. 188 INDEX. Juglans cinerea, 76; tables (238) 148, (397) 156, (3'JG) 161, (187) 164, (245) 168, (217) 171, (2G0) 175. Juglans nigra, 76; tables (239) 148, (242) 155, (242') 160, (65) 163, (113) 1G7, (45) 169, (134) 174. Juglans rupestris, 77; tables (240) 14S, (203) 155, (207) 160, (222) 165, (244) 168, (167) 170, (149) 174. June-berry, 45. Juniper, 109, 110. Juniperus Californica, 109; tables (336) 150, (234) 155, (2-34) 1G0. Juniperus Californica, var. Utahensis, 110; tables (3361) 150, (283) 155. (282) 160. Juniperus occidentalism 110; tables (338) 150, (265) 155, (262) 160, (144) 173. Juniperus occidentals*, var. conjuot ns, 111; tables (33S-) 150. (179) 154,(176) 159, (217) 165, (286) 168, (80) 170, (51) 173. Juniperus occidentals, var. monospt nun, 110; tables (3381) 150, (161) 154, (161) 159. Junipi rus Pachyphlaia, 110; tables (337) 150, (259) 155, (252) 160, (258) 165, (154) 167. Juniperus Virginiana, 111: tables (339) 150, (325) 156, (324) 161, (244) 105, U66) 1U7, (195) 171, (183) 174. K.u.mia 1.ATIFOLIA, 55; tables (170) 147, (157) 154, (155) 159, (265) 165, (227) 168. (177) 170, (69) 173. Kamtschatka, 40. Kansas, 4, S, 14, 15, 17. 21. 29, 36, 39, 58, 61, 69, 74-79, 82. 84, 88-92, 95. 97, 111. 124. (( tften indicating the limit of distribution.) Kentucky, 2. 3, 7, 28-30, 66. 71, 72. 77. 83, 84, 90, 91," 93, 94, 97. 103, 104, 112. 122. 123. (Often indicating tin- limit of distribution.) ; v i loffee-tree, 29. Kern County, ( !al., 134. Kern River," 118. Key Largo, 47, 135. Key West, 5. King Nut. 78, Kin- River, 118. Klamath River, 39, 103, 110. Knack-away, 65. Knees, of vessels, 134. Knob-cone Pine, 122. Labrador, :;:.. m\ 45, 96, 101, 103. 126. 127. 131. 134. (Often indicating the limit of distribution.) Lacquer, 25. Laguncularia ract mosa, 47 ; tables (142) 147. (160) 154, (165) 159.(225) 165, (272i 168, (151. 170, (181) 174. Lake County. I'm].. 109. Lancaster County, Pa., 82. Lances, Indian, 49. Lancewood, 69. Larch, 134. Larch. Black, 134. Large-leaved Cucumber Tree, 2. Large Tupelo, 50. Largo, Key, 47. (See Key Largo,) Larix Americana, 134; tables (401)152, (239) 155, (238) 160, (23) 163, (94) 167, (73) 169, (226) 175. Larix Lyallii, 135; table (403) 152. Larix occidental, 134; tables (402) 152, (135) 154. (130) 159, (1) 163, (7) 166, (15) 169, (191)174. Larkin's Station, 116. La Salic, 111., 114. Lasts, 57. Laths. 106. Lauracece, 68, 69. Laurel, Big, 1. Laurel, California, 69. Laurel. Great, 55. Laurel. Mountain, 69. Laurel Oak. 91. 92. Laurel. Swamp, 1. Laurel. Sweet, 1. Laurel. White, 1. Lawson's Cypress, 108. Lead-pencils, 111. Leather. S4. 128-131. Leguminosas, 26—34. mca, 32: tables (95) 146, (38) 153, (41) [58. Leucatnn puherulenta, 33; tables (96) 146, (194) 155, (193) 16(1. Lovers, 39, 95. Lever-wood, 95. Libocedrus decurrens, 106: tables (326) 150, (401) 150, (401) 161, (165) 161, (200) 168, (206) 171. (255) 17;.. .-rihr. 7, 8. Guaiaci, 7. a, 136. 137. Limbo, (Jumbo, 10. Limbs,. artificial, 17. Lime, t Igeechee, 50. Lime Tree, 6. Lime, Wild, 9, 10. Limestone Hills, 111. I.impia Mountains, 88, 92, 115. Lin. 6. Linden, American, 6. n ijlua, 4.".; tables (1 '■''• 14.;, (263) 165, (255) 160, (153) 164, (222) l«8, . 134) 17". (2011) 175. Liquidamber, 45. i ndrin, a tonic, 3. . ndron, 3. Liriodendron Tulipifera, 3; tables (8) 144, (385) 156, (283) 161. (131) 161. ,iu.) 168, (242) 171, (273) 175. INDEX. 189 Little River, 66. Live Oak, 86-88. Live Oak, Coast, 87. Loblolly Bay, 5. Loblolly Pine, 122. Locust, 26, 27. Locust, Black, 26, 29. Locust-borer, 27. Locust, Clammy, 27. Locust, Honey, 29, 31. Locust, Sweet, 29. Locust, Water, 30. Locust, Yellow, 26. Lodge-pole Pine, 120. Logwood, 15. Long Island, 15, 74, 89, 90, 96, 97, 104, 123. Long Island Sound, 58. Long-leaved Cucumber Tree, 3. Long-leaved Pine, 125, Lost -Man's River, 46, 67. Louisiana, 1, 2, 8, 9, 12, 13. 18. 23, 25, 30, 81, 39, 41, 43, 44, 51, 54, 55, 59, 60, 04, 66, 72, 77, 80, 83, 84, 104, 124-126. (Often indi- cating the limit of distribution.) Lumber, 40, 106, 108, 112, 115-123, 125-128. 130, 132-135. Lumbermen, 129. 131. Lysilnma latisiliqua, 34; tables (100) 146, (219) 155, (222) 160, (292) 165, (264) 1G8, (122) 170, (159) 174. Machinery, bearings, 17, 40, 49, 54. Mackenzie River, 89, 101, 103, 115, 121, 125- 127, 134. Madura aurantiaca, 74; tables (234) 148, (100) 154, (99) 159, (122) 164, (27) 166, (4) 169, (24) 173. Madeira-wood, 11. Madrona, 54. Magnolia, 1, 2. MagnoliacecB, 1-3. Magnolia acuminata, 2; tallies 63) 144, (347) 156, (346) 101, (129) 164, (208) 168, (197) 171, (233) 175. Magnolia cordata, 2; tables (4) 144, (391) 156, (390) 161, (125) 164, (243) 168, (200) 171, (261) 175. Maanolia Fraseri, 3 ; tables (7) 144, (318) 156, (318) 161, (120) 104, (185) 167, (190) 171, (212) 175. Magnolia glauca, 1 ; tables (2) 144, (316) 156, (315) 161,(133)104, (170) 167, (181) 170, (246) 175. Magnolia grandiflora, 1; tables (1) 144, (226) 155, (223) 160,' (139) 164, (139) 167, (118) 170, (131) 174. Magnolia macrophylla, 2; tables (5) 144, (296) 156, (296) 161, (41) 163, (191) 167, (110) 170, (262) 175. Magnolia, Mountain, 2. Magnolia Umbrella, 2, 3; tables (6) 144, (368) 156, (367) 161, (213) 105, (250) 108, (247) 171, (271) 175. Mahogain , 1 1. Mahogany Birch 97. Mahogany, Mountain, 38. 39. Maine, 50, 75, 79, 80, 82, 83, 88, 89, 94, 107, 125, 127. (Often indicating the limit of production.) Malabar, Cape, 4, 5, 79, 90, 91, 92, 95, 111, 122. (< Iften indicating the limit of distribution.) Malarial fever, 49. (See Fevers.) Mallets, 40. Malpigkiuceos, 7. Manatee, 24. Mancbinee], 70. Manchineel, Mountain, 25. Manchuria, 98. Mangrove, 46, 47. Mangrove, Black, 67. Mangrove, Red, 07. Mangrove, White, 47. Manitoba, 23, 42. Manitoba, Lake, 34. Maple, Ash-leaved, 23. Maple, Bird's-eye, 22. Maple, Broad-leaved, 20. Maple, Curled, 22. Maple, Dwarf, 21. Maple, Goose-foot, 20. Maple, Hard, 21. .Maple, Mountain, 20. Maple, Red, 22. Maple, Silver, 22. Maple, Soft, 22. Maple, Striped, 20. Maple, Sugar, 21. Maple, Swamp, 22. Maple, Vine, 21. Maple, Water, 22. Maple, White, 22. Maple-sugar, 22, 23. Marl-berry, 56. Martha's Vineyard, Mass., 82 Maryland, 25, 98. Massachusetts, 1, 8, 12, 42, 69, 76, 82, 84, 91, 97, 99, 118. (Often indicating the limit of distribution.) Mastic, 56. Matagorda Bay, 9, 28, 53, 59, 136. Matanzas Inlet, 30, 30, 90. Match-boxes, 97. .Matches, 114, 108. Materia Medico, American, 2. Mathematical instruments, 54. Matting, 6. Maul Oak, SI. Mauls, 40, 41, 50. May Cherry, 45. May Haw, 44. Meadow Pine, 126. 190 INDEX. Medicine, 2, 3, 5, 14, 16, 71. Melwaa, 1 1 . Mendocino, Cape, 113. Mendocino County, 16, 18, 41, 87, 114, 120, 124, 128. (Often indicating the limit of distribution.) Meramec River, 15. Merrimac River, 97. Mesquit, 31. Mesquit, Screw-pod, 32. Metacombe Key, 4, 14. Mexican Banana, 1-37. Mexican Mulberry, 74. Mexican Persimmon, 59. Mexicans, 137. Mexico, 8, 9, 15, 18, 23, 26. 30-33, 39, 45, 51, 54, 56-62, 64, 06, 74, 75, 83, 86, 98, 10J, 110, 117, 119, 130, 1.36, 137. (Often indi- cating line or limit of distribution.) Miami, Fla., 25, 48, 66. Michigan, 3, 4, 17, 29, 35, 40, 42, 50, 62, 69, 71, 72, 74, 76-80, 82-84, 88, 92, 94-90, 104, 106, 111, 114, 118, 126, 127, 129, 181. (Often indicating line or limit of distribution.) Michigan, Lake, 3, 114, 125. Mimusopt Sieberi, 58; tables (183) 147, (9) 153, (10) 158, (100) 104, (82) 106, (141 ) 170, (19) 173. ' Minnesota, 8, 9, 20, 22, 24, 25, 29, 31, 39, 40, 49, 61, 62, 76, 77, 79, 80, 88, 89. 95-97, 99, 104, 106, 111, 114, 118, 125, 127, 131, 134. (Often indicating line or limit of distribu- tion.) Minnesota River, 29. Mississippi, 2, 3, 13, 24, 29, 31, 35, 39, 60, 61, 65, 71, 72, 75-77, 83, 84, 88-90, 107, 125. (Often indicating line or limit of distribu- tion.) Mississippi Basin, 45, 51, 94, 101, 112. Mississippi Delta, 46. Mississippi River, 1, 3, 5, 14, 23, 26, 62, 67, 73-75, 80, 82, 85, 101, 124, 125. (Often in- dicating line or limit of distribution.) Mississippi Valley, 12, 1.3. Missouri, 3, 8. 13, 15, 22. 24, 25, 31, 41, 42, 50-53, 58, 62, 63, 66, 72, 77, 81, 83, 84, 88, I'll, '.il, 93-95, 97,99, 101, 112, 121. (Oft n indicating line or limit of distribution.) Missouri River, 14, 34, 36, 102. Mobile Bay, 54, 07, 91, 107. Mocker-nut. 78. Mock Orange, 37. Mogollon Range, 133. Mohave Desert, 137. Mohave Mountains, 27. Mohave River, 137. Montana. 1 1. 1';. 21, 23, 35. 37. 38. 41, 62, 82, 96, 98, 102, 104, 105, 107. 113, 115, 116. 119, 121. 127. 128. 130, 132, 134. 135. (n ten indicating line or limit of distribution.) Monte1 Diablo, 121. Monterey, 108, 121. Monterey Bay, 80, 113. Monterey County, 112. Monterey Cypress, 108. Monterey Pine, 121. Moose Elm, 71. Moose-wood, 20. Morusmicropkylla, 74; tables (233) 148, (101) 154, (101) 159. Murtusrubra, 74; tables (232) 148, (255) 155, (256) 100, (179) 104, (147) 167, (187) 171, (153) 174. Mosquito Inlet, 1, 9, 11, 12, 19, 35, 46, 47, 06, 58, 67, 08, 91, 112. (Limit of distribution.) Mossy-cup Oak, 82. Moulds, 97. Mountain Ash, 40. Mountain Laurel, 69. Mountain Magnolia, 2 Mountain Mahogany, 38, 39. Mountain Manehineel, 20. Mountain Maple, 20. Mountain Plum, 11. Mountain White Oak, 85. Mulberry, Mexicau, 74. Mulberry, Red, 74. Myginda pallens, 14; tables (40) 145, (40) 153, (48) 108. Myricaceos, 80. Myrica California!, 80; tables (250) 149, (195) 155,(191) 100, (104) 104, (49) 166, (79) 170, (142) 174. Myrica ceriftra, 80; tables (249) 149, (270) 155, (276) 100, (144) 104, (124) 167, (161) 17(1, (18.1) 175. SfyrsinacetSj 55, 56. Miiifiii: Bapanea, 55; tables (172) 147, (07) 153, (68) 158. Myrtact c, 47, 48. Myrtle, Blue, 16. Myrtle, Wax, 80. Naked Wood, 17, 47. Nanny-berry, 01. Narcotics, 28. Nastapohee Sound, 126. Natchez, Miss., i. Nebraska, 6, 8, 22, 29, 31, 42, 61, 71, 74-76, 78. 79, 81, 84, mi. 92. 99, 102, 111. (Often indicating line or limit of distribution.) Neches River. 50, 94. Necklace Poplar, 105. Nectandra Willdenoviana, 68; tables (216) 148, (104) 154, (102) 169. to aceroidea, 23; tables (67) 145, (378) !..';, (377) 161, (267) 165, (270) 168, (284) 171. (284) 170. Neguntlo Californicum, 23; tables (68)140, (335) 106, (336) 161, (119) 104, (137) 107, (103) 170, (234) 170. INDEX. 191 Nelson River, 40. Nestucca River, 133. Net-floats, 01. Nevada, 21, 31, 32, 38, Gl, 103, 105, 106, 110, 111,110, US, 119, 137. (Often indicating In,,, or [imil .>t distribution.) New Braunfels, IS, 05. New Brunswick, 0, 22, 24, 42, 40, 55, 01, 70, 82, 88, 95, 97.99, 104, 10(1, 111. 122, 129. (Often indicating line or limit of distribu- tion.) Newcastle Thorn, 42. New England, 3, 24. 25. 34, 40, 45, 49, 55, 74. 99, 104. 105. (Olten Indicating line or limit of distribution.) Newfoundland, 21, 40, 42, 03, 71, 90, 97, 99, 103, 112. 118, 126. 127, 131, 134. (Often indicating line or limit of distribution.) New Hampshire, 75. New Jersey, 1, 92. New Mexico. 9, 15, 16. 18. 19, 21, 23, 27, 28, 31-33, 37-42, 61. 64, 00, 74, 75, 77, 82, 85, 87, 92, 96, 98-100, 102, 103, 105, 100, 109- 111, 115-117, 119-121, 133, 137. (Often indication line or limit of distribution.) New V. nU.' 2-4, 14, 15, 23, 29, 39. 51, 55, 08, 71, 74, 84. 88-91, 90, 97, 100, 106, 123, 124. (Ofleu indicating line or limit of distribu- tion.) Niagara River, 9. Nipigon, Lake, 114, 118. No Name Key, 48. North America, 17, 41, 43, 57, 71, 75, 77, 103, 114. North Atlantic States, 90. North Carolina, 1-3, 0, 17, 20, 27, 28, 35, 37, 40, 53, 57, OS, 72, 79, 83, 90-92, 97, 104, 106, 122, 123, 127, 129, 131, 135. (Often indicating line or limit of distribution.) Northeastern States, 40. Northern States, 20, 24, 42, 49, 51, 55, 63, 95, 97, 104, 106, 114, 118, 120, 129, 131, 134. (Often indicating line or limit of distribu- tion.) Northport, L. 1., 104. North, the, 88, 100. Northwest, the, 89. Norway Pine, 118. Nova Scotia, 55, 01, 82, 88, 94, 95, 97, 104, 129. (Often indicating line or limit of dis- tribution.) Nueces River, 9, 33, 51, 65, 79, 82, 90, 112. (Often indicating line or limit of distribu- tion.) Nutmeg, California, 114. Nutmeg, Hickory, 79. Nut, Illinois, 77. Nut Pine, 116,117. Nuts, 77, 78, 94. Nut, Tallow, 11. Nyctaytnacete, 67. Nyssa aquaiica, 50. Nyssa capitata, 50; tables (153) 147, (354) 156, (352) 161, (240) 105, (198)107,(175) 170, (170) 174. Nyssa sylvalica, 50; tables (154) 147, (227) 155, (224) 160, (184) 104, (118) 107, (131) 170, (133) 174. Nyssa unijlora, 50; tables (155) 147, (303) 15G, (305) 161, (282) 165, (217) 108, (249) 171, (108) 174. Oaks, American, 83. Oak, Bartram's, 92. Oak, Basket, 84. Oak, Black, 87-89. Oak, Blue, 85. Oak, Bur. 82. Oak, Chestnut, 84, 93. Oak, Chinquapin, 84. Oak, Coast Live, 87. Oak, Cow, 84. Oak, Duck, 91. Oak, Iron, 82. Oak, Jack, 89. Oak, Laurel, 91, 92. Oak, Live, 80-88. Oak, Maul, 87. Oak, Mossy-cup, 82. Oak. Mountain White, 85- Oak openings, 83. Oak, Over-cup, 82, 83. Oak, Peach, 93. Oak, Pin, 91. Oak, Possum, 91. Oak, Post, 82. Oak, Punk, 91. Oak, Quercitron, 89. Oak, Red, 88, 90. Oak, Rock Chestnut, 84. Oak, Scarlet, 88. Oak, Scrub, 82, 90. oak. Shingle, 92. Oak, Spanish. 90. Oak, Swamp Post, 83. Oak, Swamp Spanish, 91. Oak, Swamp AVhite, 83. Oak, Tan-bark, 93. Oak, Turkcv. 90, Oak, Upland Willow, 92. Oak, Valparaiso, 87. Oak, Water, 91. Oak, Water White, 83. Oak, Weeping, 81. Oak, White, 80, 81, 83-85. Oak, Willow, 93. Oak, Yellow, 84, 89. Oak, Yellow-bark, 89. Oars, 61. Obispo Pine, 124. Ogeechee Lime, 50. 192 INDEX. Ogeechee River, 50. Ohio, 39, 58, 71, 89, 100. (Often indicating line or limit of distribution.) Ohio Basin, 59, 61. Ohio Buckeye, 17. Ohio River," 15, 22, 29, 74, 75, 81, 89, 104. Ointment, 46. Olacinece, 11. Old-tickl Birch, 95. Old-field Pine, 122. Old Man's Beard. 64. Old World, 46. Oh actus, 60-64. Olive, California, 69. Olneya Ttsota, 27; tables (80) 145, (12) 153, (13) 158, (149) 164, (160) 167, (248) 171, (2) 173. Ontario, Canada, 3, 4, 22, 24, 29, 36, 39. 42, 4-\ 49, HI. 69. 71. 72, 74-76. 79. 80, 82-84, 88. 89. 94. 97. 104. (Often indicating line or limit of distribution.) Ontario, Lake. 20, 75, 77, 73, 84, 95, 122. Orange, Mock, 37. Orange, I l*age. 74. Orange, Wild. 8. 37. Oregon, 16, 20, 21, 36-38, 40-42, 49. 51, 54. 63, 69, 73, 80, 81, 87, 89, 93, 98, 100-102. 105-108, 110-112, 115, 116, 119, 12i), 122. 127, 128, 130-134. (Often indicating line or limit of distribution.) Oregon Ash, 63. Oregon Cedar, 108. i In gon Coast, 69, 107. Oregon Crab Apple, 40. Oregon Pine, 110. Oreod . 1 ;ii; tables (408) 152, (215) 155. (252i 1WI. Orford. Tort, Cedar. 108. Organ Mountains, 18. i>-.il;,.. Fort, 102. i Isage I 'range, 74. O'smantkus Ami ricanus, 64: tables (201) 148, (81) 154, (79i 158, (2S; 163, (42) 166 (62) 1-19, (80) 174. Ostrya Vtrgimca, 95; tables 292) 149,(73)153, (71)158 (15) 163,(25)166,(67)169,(91)174, ( Ittawa River, 95. Outside finish, 129. (See Inside Jinish.) ' ' r-cup Oak, 82,83. Orydendrum 54; tables (16:') 147. (126) 154. (125) 169, (143) 164, (172) 167, (96) 170. (123) 174. Ox-yokes, 50, 69, 75, 79, 97. Pacific Coast Statf.s, 101. Pacific forests, 40, 69, 87, 119. Pacific oaks, 81. Pacific Region, 37, 40, 96, 99, 100, 103, 119. Packing-cases, 105, 132, 133. Paddles, 113. Pulmce, 135, 136. Palma Garberi, 136. Palmetto, Cabbage, 135. Palmetto, Silk-top, 136. Palmetto, Silver-top, 136. Palm. Fan-leaf, 135. Palm, Royal, 136. Paolo Verde, 30. Papaw, 4. Paper Birch, 96. Paper-pulp, 6, 17, 23, 105, 137. Paradise Tree, 10. Parasitic tree, 73. Parkinsonia aculeata, 30; tables (90) 140, ^24i) 155, (247) 160. Parkinsonia microphylla, 3(1; tables (89) 146, (130) 154, (152) 159. PiirkiilSfinia Ton; ;/,;„,, 30; table*, 81; 146, (208) 155, {209) 160, (271) 165, (267) 168, (191) 171,(95) 174. Paii,i*, Mexico, 57. Parsley Haw. 43. Pavements, 46. Paving-blocks, 75. Peace River, 101, 127. Peach Oak, 93. Peach. Wild, 37. Pear Haw, 42. Pearl River, 2, 3, 13, 107, 125, 126. Pease Creek, 4, 28, 71, 79, 90, 92, 123. Pecan, 77. Pecan Butter, 79. Pecos River, 26, 60. Pegs, 22, 96. Pencils, 111. IVii'l d'Oreille Region, 115. Pennsylvania, 3, 4, 7, 9, 17. 23. 26, 29, 31, 35, 39. 51, 54. 64, 78. 82. 92. 94, 96, 103, 106, 114, 118, 124, 126, 131, 134. (Often indicating line or limit of distribution.) Penobscot River, 82. Pensacola Bay, 123. Pepperidge, 50. Pepper-wood, 8. / Carolinensis, 68; tables (215' 148, (216) 155. (215) 160, (170) 164, (93) 167, (50) 169, (127) 174. Pertea Caro!inensii,var.pttlu$tris, 63; tables (2151) 148, (221) 155, (217) 160, (163) 164, (121) 167, (245) 171. (139; 174. Persimmon, 58. Persimmon, Black, 59. Persimmon, Mexican, 59. Peru, 37. Pcscadero Bay, 123. Pken alba, 127: tables (383) 151, (399) 156, (400) 161. (96) 164, (163) 167, (269) 171, (294' 175. Picea Enqdmanm, 127; tables (384) 151, (422) 167, (423) 162, (191) 164, (256) 168, (306) 172, (289) 175. INDEX. 193 Picea nigra, 126, 127; tables (382) 151, 156, (M5) 101, (62) 163, (162) 167, 171.(2815) 175. Picea pungt as, 128; tables (385) 151, 157. (413) 1112, (272) 165, (290) 16S, 172, (281) 175. Pi'ci .- rubra, 127. Picea Sitckensis, 128: tables (386) 151, 156, (378) 161, (105) 104, (223) 108, 171, (2115) 176. Picea species, 128. Pig nil Cherry, 35. Pig i Plum, 67. Pigeon-wood, 67. Pig-nut, 79. Pike's Peak, 34, 110, 117, 133. Piles, 118, 127, 136. (See Wharf-piles. Pill-boxes, 97. PinckiK ya pubt ns, 52; tables (161) 147, 155, (292) 100, (237) 165, (300) 168, 172, (241) 175. Pino, Bastard, 126. Pine, Bishop's, 124. Pine, Black, 121). Pine, Bull, 119-121, 124. P Cedar, 125. Pine, Digger, 121. Pine, Eastern white, 115. Pine, Foxtail, 118. Pine, Georgia, 125. Pine, Ginger, 108. Pine, Gray, 125. Pine, Hard, 125, Pine, Hickory, 118, 124. Pine, Jersey, 123. Pine, Knob-cone, 122. Pine, Loblolly, 122. Pine, Lodge-pole, 120. Pine, Long-leaved, 125. Pine, Meadow, L26. Pine, Monterey, 121. Pine, Norway, 118. Pine, Nut, 110, 117. Pine, Obispo, 124. Pine, Old-field, 122. Pine, Oregon, 130. Pine, Pitch, 122. Pine, Pond, 123. Pirn-, Prince's, 125. Pine, Red, 118. Pine, Rosemary, 122. Pine, Sand, 123. Pine, Scrub, 120, 123. Pine, Short-leaved, 124. Pine, Slash, 126. Pin". Southern, 125. Pine, Spruce, 120, 123-125. Pine, Sugar, 115. Pine, Swamp, 126. Pine, Table-mountain, 124. Pine, Weymouth, 114. (35' (204) (412) (310) (379) (261) ) (251) (304) ) Pine, While, 114-110, 125. Pine, Yellow, 119, 124, 125. Pin Oak, 91. I'n'.nn, 116, 117. Pinos Alius Mountains, 41. Pinus albicaulis, 110, 155; tables (551) 151, (389) 150, (5ST) 101, (5110) 105, (252) 108, (279) 171, (250) 175. Pinus Artzonica, 119; tables (360) 151, (315) 150, (313) 101, (180) 101, (220) 108, (235) 171, (212) 175. Pinus Balfouriana, 118; tables (357) 151, (289) 155, (288) 105, (202) 105, (21)8) los, (273) 171, (1S5) 174. Pmus Balfouriana, var. aristata, 118: tables (5571) 151, (281) 155, (279) 160, (22.1) 105, (219) 108, (282) 171, (197) 175. Pinus Banksiana, 125; tables (379) 151, (339) 150, (3411) 101, (121) 104, (221) 108, (213) 171, (250) 175. Pinus < i mbruidi s, 117; tables (354) 151, (211) 155, (212)101). Pinus Chihualmana, 120; tables (303) 151, (2S6) 155, (285) 100, (224) 165, (117) 107, (274) 171, (177) 174. Pinusclausa, 123; tables (374) 151, (279) 155, (278, Hill, (275) 10.5, (277) 108, (211) 171, (202) 175. Pinus contort.,!, 120, 125; tables (301) 151, (202) 155, (260) 160, (1) 103, (03) 100, (57) 169, (1S2) 174. PmUs Coulteri, 121; tables (307) 151. (3D3) 150, (391) 161, (40) 103, (155) 107, (246) 171, (25!) ) 175. Pmus Cubensis, 120; tables (581) 151, (117) 154, (110) 159, (5) 105, ( IS > 100, (23) 109, (145) 174. Pinus eduhs, 117, tables (355) 151, (223) 155, (219) 100, (255) 105, (251) 168, (205) 171, (112) 174. Pinus lh.nl,*, 115; tables (550) 151, (370) 156, (375) 101, (242) 107, (255) 108, (205) 171, (232) 175. Ptnus glabra, 125; tables (378) 151, (104) 150,, (405) 102, (296)165,(278) 108, (250) 172. (240) 175, Pinus inops, 123; tables (373) 151, (297) 150, (295) ion, (270) 205, (214) 108, (253) 171, (175) 174. Pinus insignis, 121: tables (308) 151, (358) 156, (357) 101, (100) 104, (107) 107, (194) 171, (308) 172, (245) 175. Pinus Jeffreyi, 120; tables (502) 151, (302) 156, (303) 161, (130) 104, (104) 107, (193) 171, (223) 175. Pinus Lambertiana, 115; tables (349) 151, (414) 157. (114) 102, (194) 104, (247) 168, (276) 171, (283) 175. Pinus m,li*. 124; tables (377) 151, (243) 155, (241) ion, (13) 103, (48) 166, (127) 170, (204) 175. 194 INDEX. Pinus monophylla, 117; tables (356) 151, (274 155, (275) 1U0, (207) 165, (307) 108, (303 172, (183) 174. Pinus monticola, 115; tables (348) 151, (406 157, (406) 162, (US) 164, (239) 168, (277 171, (302) 176. Pinus muiicata, 124; tables (376) 151,(322; 156, (322) 161, (37) 1G3, (51) 100, (90) 170 (214) IT:.. Finns Murrayana, 120, 125; tables (305) 151, (395) 156, (304) 101, (204) 105, (260) 168 (278) 171. (208) 175. Pinus palustris, 122, 125, 126; tables (380, 151, (1G8) 154, (1G7) 150, (7) 103, (20) 166, (29) 100, (178) 174. Pinus Parryana, 110: tables (353) 151, (272 155, (272)' 1G0, (307) 165, (205) 108, (272 171. (130) 174. Pinus ponderosa, 119; tables (361) 151, (345 150. (342) 161, (14G) 104, (179) 167, (236 171, (237) 175. Pinus pond* rosa, var. scopulovum, 119. Pinus pungent, 124; tables i375) 151, (323; 150, (323) 101, (102) 104. (174) 107, (250 171. (224) 175. Pinus reflexa, 110; tables (352) 151, (330; 156, (328) 101, (134) 104, (151) 105, (112 17(1, (205) 175. Pinus <;.<,, i„s„. lis ; tables (358) 151, (332 150. (331) 101, (50) 103, (130) 107. (147 170, (2701 175. Pinus rigida, 122; tables (371) 151, (308)156 (308) 101, (20S) 105, (1G8) 167, (2581 171 (199) 175. Pinus Sabiniana, 121 ; tables (300) 151, (334 150. (334) 161, (204i 165, [145) 107, (275 171. (104) 175. Pinus si rotina, 123; tables (372) 151, (01) 154 (87) 150, ,40) 103, (loi 100, (92) 170, (45, 173. Pinus Strobut, 114, 115: tables (317) 151 (408) 157,(400) 102, (101) 104,(232) 108 (271) 171. (203) 175. Pi,,,,, Tasdn, 122; tables (370) 151, (288) 155, (286) 100. (51) 103, (100) 107, (170) 170, (238) 175. Pinus /' '/"««. 118: tables (359) 151, (320 150, (329) 161, (277) 105, (150) 107, (204, 171, (ISO) 175. Knus tuberculata, 122; tables (369) 151. (42): 157, i42l i 102. (298) 105. (200) L68, (269 175. Piscidia Erythrina, 2s: tables (81) L45, (53 1 53, (61) 158,(162) ioi. (15S, L67, I (20) 173. /', , ,,,, obtusata, 67; tables [812) 148, (209 155, (244) I'-". (201 ) 165, (806) 168, (288 171, (231) 175. /', | [i ,,, I/, , / km, 20: (able (74) 145. Pitch, 120. Pitch Pine, 122. Pitkecolobium Unguis-cati, 34; tables (101) 140. (45) 153, (40) 158. Plaeer < lounty, ( !al., 1 12. Planera aquatica, 72; tables (227) 148, (299) 150. (300) 161, (273) 165, (236) 168, (216) 171, (187) 175. Plane-stocks, 59, 95. Platanacere, 75, 7G. Piatanus occidentals, 75; tables (235) 148, (271) 155, (271) 1G0, (152) 164, (231) los, (151) 170, (166) 174. Piatanus racemosa, 75; tables (236) 148, (328) 156, (332) 101, (255) 105, (262)168, (283) 171. 1257) 175. Piatanus Wrightii, 75; tables (237) 148, (343) 150, (347) 101, (204) 165, (294) 108, (281) 171, (221) 175. Plates. 40. Platte River, 82. Ploughs, 93. Plum, Canada, 34. Plum. Chickasaw, 35. Plum, Cocoa. 34. Plum, Darling, 14. Plum, Downward, 5S. Plum, Gopher, 50. Plum. Guiana, 70. Plum, Hop II, 25,35. Plum, Horse, (1. Plum, Mountain, 1 1. Plum, Pigeon, 07. Plum, Saffron, 58. Plum, Wild, 34. Pod, Honey, 31. Pods, 32. Poison Elder, 25. Poison, for fish, 28, 20. Poison Sumach, 25. Poison-wood, 25. 70. Polygonact ai, 07. 08. Pond Apple, 4. Pond Tine, 123. Pond's Extra* :, 45. Poplar, 104. Poplar, * 'arnlina, 105. Poplar, Necklace, 105. Poplar, Yellow. 3. Populus angustifolia, 105; tables (322) L80, (405) 157,(407) 162,(203) 165,(301) L68, (305) 172, (288) 175. a, M4: tables (321) 150. (410! 157, (415) 102, (150) 104. (200) 168, (2S5) 171, (200) 175. Populus balmmifera, var. candicans, lot; tables (3211) 150, (300) 150. (389) 161, (220) 105. (240) 168, (301) 172, (304) 176. Populus Fremontii, 106; tables (825) 150. (320) 150, (327) 161, (78) 163, (100) 1G7, (230) 171, (266) 175. Populus Fri montii, var. Wislizi m, 106, tables INDEX. 195 (3251) 150, (351) 15G, (356) 161, (168) 164, (104) 107, (243) 171, C251) 175. / us grandidentata, 104; tables (319) 150. (350) 156, (351) 101, (114) 104, (178) 167, (255) 171, (300) 170. Populus heterophylla, 104; tables (320) 150, (300) 156, (397) 101, (220) 105, (225) 108, (298) 172, (207) 175. Populus monilifera, 105: tables (324) 150, (407) 157, (408) 102, (103) 164, (150) 167, (260) 171, (272) 175. Populus tremuloides, 103; tables (31S) 150, (400) 150, (402) 161, (185) 164, (205) 1GS, (2811) 171, (280) 175. Populus trich vrpa, 104, 105; tables (323) 150, (410) 157, (412) 102, (57) 163, (211) 168, (222) 171, (308) 170. Pork-wood, 07. Porliera angustifolia, 8; tables (21) 144, (7) 153, (0) 158. Port Orford Cedar, 108. Porto Rico, 7. Possum Oak, 91. Post Cedar, 106. Post Oak, 82. Post Oak, Swamp, 83. Posts, 19, 26, 29, 32, 65, 94, 95, 107, 108, 111, 112, 127, 135. Potash, 22. Poteau River, 95. Potomac River, 101. Poultices, 6. Prickly Ash, 8. Prince's Pine, 125. Privet, 63. Prosopis julifiora, 31; tables (93) 14G, (108) 154, (115) 159, (206) 165, (281) 168, (42) 169, (27) 173. Prosopis pubescent, 32; tables (94) 140, (112) 154, (113) 159, (178) 164, (96) 167, (19) 169, (31) 173. Prunus Americana, 34 ; tables (103) 146, (152) 154, (150) 159, (177) 104, (107) 107, (43) 109, (111) 174. Primus angustifolia, 35; tables (104) 146, (183) 154, (179) 159, (259) 105, (285) 168, (208) 171, (198) 175. Prunus Capuli, 37; tables (109) 140, (95) 154, (90) 159, (70)109, (01) 173. Prunus Caroliniana, 37; tables (111) 146, (55) 153, (51) 158, (126) 164, (80) 106, (53) 169, (35) 173. Prunus demissa, 37; tables (110) 146, (171) 154, (170) 159, (206) 165, (193) 167, (89) 170, (81) 174. Prunus emarginata, 36. Prunus emarginata, var. mollis, 36; tables (107) 146, (367) 156, (366) 161, (155) 164, (203) 168, (140) 170, (279) 175. Prunus ilicifolia, 38 ; tables (113) 146,(21) 153, (17)158,(218)105,(141)167,(66)169,(42)173. Prunus Pennsylvanica, 35; tables (105) 146, (317) 156, (317) 161, (202) 171. (245) 175. Prunus serotina, 30; tables (108) 146, (200) 155, (25'.i) 159, (157) 104, (119)167, (01) 109, (119) 174. Prunus spharocarpa, 37; tables (112) 140, (48) 153, (42) 158. Prunus umbe.llata, 35; tables (100) 146, (78) 153, (72) 158, (101) 170, (28) 173. Pseudotsuga Douglasii, 119, 130; tables (391) 151, (:ni7) 150, (300) 101,(20) 163, (101) 107, (SO) 170, (252) 175. Pseudotsuga Douglasii, var. macrocarpa, 131 ; tables (3911) 151, (359) 150, (358) 101, (79) 163, (115) 167, (139) 170, (247) 175. Ptelia trifoliata,9; tables (20) 144, (70) 153, (65) 158. Paget Sound, 16, 63, 81, 101, 105. Pulmonary consumption, 36, 107. (SeeThroat.) Pump-logs, 123. (See Water-pipes.) Pumps, 2, 3. Punk Oak, 91. Purgatives, 25, 27. (See Diuretics.) Purgatory River, 27. Purple Haw, 15. Pijrus Americana, 40; tables (120) 146, (2S7) 155, (289) 160, (237) 171, (220) 175. Pyrus angustifolia, 39; tables (118) 146, (181) 154, (177) 159. Pyrus aucuparia, 40. Pijrus coronaria, 39; tables (117) 146, (166) 154, (166) 159, (251) 165, (282) 168, (189) 171, (78) 174. Pyrus rimlaris, 40; tables (119) 146, (71) 153, (67) 158. Pyrus smuhuci folia, 40; tables (121) 146, '(252) 155, (251) 160, (254) 165, (292) 168, (231) 171, (235) 175. Quercus agrifolia, 87; tables (270) 149, (74) 153, (74) 158, (110) 104, (79) 106, (138) 170, (87) 174. Quercus alba, 80, 83, 86; tables (251) 149, (124) 154, (123) 159,(111) 164, (89) 167, (87) 170, (109) 174. Quercus aqmtica, 91; tables (280) 149, (151) 154, (148) 159, (29) 163, (41) 166, (98) 170, (130) 174. Quercus bicolor, 83; tables (258) 149, (107) 154, (105) 159, (138) 104, (85) 166, (109) 170, (103) 174. Quercus Catesbcd, 90; tables (278) 149, (141) 154, (143) 159, (85) 163, (43) 166, (144) 170, (94) 174. Quercus chrysolepis, 87; tables (268) 149, (61) 153, (59) 158, (33) 163, (4) 166, (65) 169, (36) 173. Quercus chrysolepis, var. raccinifolia, 87. Quercus cinerea, 92; tables (283) 149, (218) 155, (220) 160, (210) 165, (62) 166, (157) 170, (125) 174. 196 INDEX. Querent coccinea, 88; tables (273) 149, (136) 154, (131) 159, (70) 103, (40) 166, (93) 170, (121) 174. Quercus densiflora, 93; tables (287) 149, (187) 154, (188) 159, (113) 1G4, (74) 166, (12S) 170, (100) 174. Qu, rent Dovglasii, 85; tables (262) 149, (51) 153, (45) 158, (203) 165, (60) 166, (55) 169, (20) 173. Qui reus Durandii, 80; tables (266) 149, (24) 153, (26) 158, (172) 164, (61) 166, (76) 169, (41) 173. Qui reus Emoryi, 87; tables (269) 149, (37) 153, (37) 158, (253) 165, (188) 167, (185) 170, (12) 173. Quercus falcata, 90; tables (277) 149, (176) 154, (171) 159, (11) 163, (13) 166, (38) 169, (124) 174. Quercus Garryana, 81; tables (253)149. (129) 154, (126) 159, (190) 164, (103) 167, (91) 170, (85) 174. Quercus grisea, 85; tables (264) 149, (16) 153, (15) 158, (215) 165, (78) 166, (124) 170, (23) 173. Quercus keterqphylla, 92; tables (282) 149, (186) 154, (183) 159, (30) 163, (36) 166, (199) 171, (150) 174. Quercus hypoleuca, 92; tables (284) 149, (88) 154, (88) 159, (121) 104, (31) 106, (293) 171, (63) 173. Quercus imbricaria, 92: tables (285) 149, (115) 154, (114) 159, (33) 163, (8) 166, (59) 169, (96) 174. Quercus Kelloggii,89; tables (275)149, (215) 155, (213) 160, (212) 165, (152) 167, (15G) 170, (158) 174. Qui reus laurifolia, 91 : tables (281) 14:'. I) 154, (107) 159, (25) 163, (15) 106, (S2i 170, (75) 173. Quercus lobata, 81; tables (252) 149, (133) 154, (132) 169, (228) 165, (108) 167, (182) 170, (143) 174. Quercus lyrata, 83; tables (57) 149. (72) 153, (69) 158, (17) 163, (54) 166, (106) 170, (77) 174. Qn< ,-,■«.< macrocarpa, 82, 89 ; tables (256) 149, (128) 154, (129) 169, (128) 164, (68) 166, (107) 170, (88) 174. Quercus Michauxii, 84; tables (259) 149, (85) 154, (84) 159, (112) 164, (30) 166, (121) 170, (89) 174. (liti nus Muhh nbergii, 85. Qui reus nigra, 89; tables (276) 149, (139 1 154. (141) 159, (109) 104, (46) 166, (104) 170. (50) 173. Quercus oblongifolia, 85; tables (263) 149, (28) 153, (35) 158, (158) 164,(180) 167, (174) 170, (11) 173. Quercus obtusiloba, 82, 90; tables (254)149, (116) 153,(64)158,(175)104,(104) 167,(114) 170, (56) 173. Quercus obtusiloba, var. parvifolia, 82. Quercus palustris, 91; tables (279) 149, (174) 154, (174) 159, (55) 163, (33) 166, (108) 170, (141) 174. Quercus Phellos,9S; tables (280) 149, (123) 154, (124) 159, (196) 164, (67) 166, (221) 171, (108) 174. Quercus prinoides, 84, 85; tables (261) 149, (57) 153, (56)158, (53) 163, (6) 166, (49) 169, (66) 173. Quercus Pruius, 84, 85; tables (260) 149, (120) 154. (122) 159, (27) 1G3, (50) 166, (72) 169, (92) 174. Quercus Prinus, var. Chincapin, 85. Quercus Prinus, var. humiiis, 85. Quercus reticulata, 86; tables (265) 149, (26) 153, (22) 158. Quercus rubra. 88, 89; tables (272) 149, (207) 155, (202) 160, (52) 163, (66) 166, (88) 170, (155) 174. Quercus rubra, var. Texana, 8S; tables (272) 149, (44) 153, (38) 158, (88) 163, (55) 166, (47) 173, (46) 169. Quercus San-Sabeana, 86. Quercus tinctoria, 89; tables (274) 149, (167) 154, (162) 159, (86) 163, (47) 166, (97) 170, (122) 174. Qui reus uuiluhita, var. Gambelii, 82; tables (255) 149, (63) 153, (62) 158, (269) 165, (202) 108, (192) 171, (74) 173. Qui reus cin us, 86; tables (267) 149, (25) 153, (24) 158, (43) 163, (57) 166, (63) 169, (33) 173. Quercus Witlizeni, 88; tables (271) 149, (96) 154, (95) 159, (156) 164, (123) 167, (78) 170, (62) 173. Quercus Wislizeni, vav.fruU'scens, 88. Quincy, Mass., 12. Quinti Bay, 84. KAFTEH9, 49. Rails, 29, 65, 6G, 69, 71, 94. Railway-ties, 66, 71, 72, 75, 81, 84, 85, 94, 107, 108, 111-113, 119, 121, 126-127, 129, 131, 134, 135. Rainy Lake, 97. Rainy River, 34. Rattle-box, 60. Red Ash, 61. Red Bay, 68. Red Birch, 97. Red-bud, 31. Red Cedar, 107, 111. Red Cherry, Wild, 35. Red (vpre"ss, 112. Red Elm, 71. Red Fir, 130, 133, 134. Red Gum, 45. Red Haw, 42, 44. Red Iron-wood, 14. INDEX. 197 Red Mangrove, 67. Red Maple, 22. Red Mulberry, 74. Red Oak, 88," 90. Red Pine, 118. Red River, 55, 74, 86, 98, 111, 125. Red River Valley, 79, 83. Red Stopper, 48. Redwood, 112. Reef Keys, 14. Restigouche River, 94. Reynosia latifolia, 14; tables (42) 145, (11) 153, (12) 158, (81) 183, (120) 107, (3) 169, (4) 173. Rkamnacece, 14-16. Rkamnus California!, 16; tables (46) 145, (248) 155, (218) 160. Rhamrms Californica, var. tomentella, 16. Rkamnus Caroliniana, 15; tables (45) 145, (284) 155, (214) 165, (258) 168, (162) 170, (195) 175. Rhamnus Purshiana,lG; tables (47) 145, (273) 155, (273) 160, (135) 164, (159) 107, (31) 169, (138) 174. Rheumatism, 8, 96, 100. Rhizophora, 67. Rhizopkoraceai, 46. Rkizopkora Mangle, 46; tables (140) 147, (3) 153, (2) 158,' (2) 163, (11) 166, (2) 169, (9) 173. Rhode Island, 62. Rhododendron maximum, 55; tables (171) 147, (233) 155, (228) 160, (248) 165, (213) 168, (165) 170, (140) 174. Rhus copalhna, 24 ; tables (71 ) 145, (300) 156, (302) 161, (216) 165, (212) 168, (229) 175, (240) 171, (229) 175. Rkus copallitia,v&r. lanceolata,2b; tables (711) 145, (304) 156, (307) 101, (123) 170, (208) 175. Rkus copallina, var. leucantka, 25. Rkus cotinoides, 24; tables (69) 145, (217), 155, (214) 160. Rhus Metopium, 25; tables (73) 145,(92) 154, (98) 159, (80) 103, (216) 168, (77) 170, (116) 174. Rkus Toxicodendron, 25. Rhus typkina, 24; tables (70) 145. (377) 156, (376) 161. Rhus venenata, 25; tables (72) 145, (375) 156, (374) 161. Rio Concho, 58, 71. Rio Grande, 8, 9, 26, 32, 33, 57, 58, 00. 64-66, 70, 86, 98, 13G. (Range and limit of dis- tribution.) Rio Pecos, 8. River Birch, 97. River Cottonwood, 104. Robinia Neo-Uexicana, 27; tables (79) 145. (86) 154, (85) 159, (43) 163, (84) 166, (17) 169, (64) 173. Robinia Pseudacacia, 26; tables (77) 14^, (138) 154, (137) 159, (19) 163, (3) 166, (13) 169, (70) 173. Robinia riscosa, 27; tables (78) 145, (83) 154, (78) 158. Rock Chestnut Oak, 84. Rocky Mountains, 21, 23, 26, 31, 35, 37-39. 41, '43, 02, 71, 73, 82, 96, 99, 100, 102-105, 107, 111, 115, 116, 119, 120, 125-127, 129- 132, 134. (Range and limit of distribution.) Rockv Mountain region, 101, 102, 113. Rock" Elm, 71. Rogue River, 108, 115, 133. Romano, Cape, 5. 47, 56, 58, 67-69, 72, 73, 86, 91, 112, 136. (Range aud limit of distribu- tion.) Roots, large, 32. Ropes, 136, 137. Rosacea?, 34-44. Rose Bay, 55. Rosemary Pine, 122. Rosin, 126. Royal Palm, 136. Rubiacece, 52, 53. Rum Cherry, 36. Rumford, Count, 141. Rutacea, 8-10. Sabal Palmetto, 135; tables (404) 152, (373) 156, (395) 161. Sabine River, 4, 44, 62, 93. Sable, Cape, 9, 19, 46, 47, 56, 67, 68. Sacramento River, 16, 18, 23, 75, 77, 81, 100, 103, 106, 108, 109. (Range and limit, of distribution.) Sacramento Valley, 101. Saddle-trees, 19, 22, 71. Saffron Plum, 58. Saguaro, 48. Saguenay River, 21, 97. Saint Augustine, Kla., 67, 123. Saint Domingo, 7. Saint John Lake, 21. Saint John River, 22. Saint John's River, 11, 12, 18, 48, 80,81, 123. Saint Lawrence, Gulf, 63, 97. 114. Saint Lawrence River, 20, 21, 24, 34, 42, 49, 71, 72, 76-80, 83, 95, 106, 118, 129. (Range and limit of distribution.) Saint Louis, Mo., 41. Saint Mary's River, 50. Salem County, N. J., 02. Salix amygdaloides, 100; tables (307) 150, (365) 156, (368) 101, (283) 165, (265) 168, (307) 172, (277) 175. Salix cordata, 102. Salix cordata, var. vestita, 102; tables (315) 150, (244) 155, (243) 160. Salix discolor, 101; tables (312) 150, (382) 156, (380) 101. 198 INDEX. Salix flareseens, 102; tables (313) 150, (321) 100, (321) 161, (72) 163, (130) 167, (201) 171, (254) 175. Salix flafescens,var. Scouleriana, 102; tables (3131) 150, (29C) 155, (290) 100, (22) 163, (86) 166, (132) 170, (210) 175. Salix Il.irtir, gi, 103. Salix Bookeriana, 102; tables (314) 150, (202) 155, (291) 160, (178) 170, (228) 175. Salix laevigata, 100; tables (308) 150, (331) 156, (330) 161, (287) 165, (224) 168, (286) 171, (219) 175. Salix laevigata, var. angustifolia, 100. Salix laevigata, var. congesta, 100. Salix lasiandra, 100; tables (309) 150, (341) 156, (341) 101. Salix lasiandra, var. Fendleriana, 100, 101; tables (309^) 150, (356) 156, (354) 161, (309) 165, (284) 168, (297) 172, (274) 175. Salix lasiandra, var. lancifolia, L01 : tallies (3091)150, (361) 150. (372) 101, (147) 164, (206) 168, (270) 171, (263) 175. Salix lasiolepis, 103; tables (316) 150, (278) 155, (281) 160, (145) 164,(125) 167, (190) 175. Salix lasiolepis, var. angustifolia, 103. Salix lasiolepis, var. lati/olia, 103; table (228) 171. Salix tongifolia, 100, 101; tables (310) 150, . (324) 156, (325) 101. Salix longifolia, var. argyrophylla, 101; table (3102) 15o. Salix longifolia, var. exigua, 101; tables (3101) 150, (293) 155, (298) 161. Salia nigra, 99; tables (306) 150, (371) 156, (371) 161, (305) 105, (297) 168, (314) 172, (258) 175. Salix nigra, var. angustifolia, 100. Salix nigra, var. latifolia, loo. Salix nigra, var. longifolia, 100. Salix nigra, var. marginata, 100. Salix nigra, var. Wardii, loo. Salix nigra, var WrighHi, loo. Salix sessilifolia, 101 ; tables (311) 150, (374) 156. Salix sessilifolia, var. Hindsiana, 101; tables (:;ili) 150, (373) 161. Salix Sitchi nsis, 103; tables (317) 150, (311) 156, (311) 101. Salix Sitchensis, var. angustifolia, 103. Salmon River Mountains, 107. Saltillo, Mex., 57, 109. Sambucus glauca, 51 : tables (156) 147, (310) 156, (316) 161, (308) 165, (304) 108, (302) 172, (1921 175. Sambucus Mexicana, 51; tables (157) 147, (353) 150, (361) 161. Sand-bar Willow, 101. Sand Jack, 92. Sand Pine, 123. San Antonio River, 6, 24, 23. 36, 42, 71, 76. San Bernardino County, Cal., 100. San Bernardino Mount, 110. Sau Bernardino Range, 6, 20, 23, 31, 38. 39, 44, 49, 63, 73, 81, 87, 89, 93, 98, 100, 111), 115, 116, 120, 122, 131, 132, 136. (Range and limit of distribution.) San Diego Countv, Cal., 20, 33, 44, 85, 116, 118. San Francisco Bay, 18, 36, 38, 54, 63, 77, 81, 88. San Francisco Mountains, 37, 82, 86, 87, 109, 110, 117, 127. (Range and limit of dis- tribution.) San Gabriel Range, 6, 85. San Jacinto, Mount, 120. San Jacinto Mountains, 6, 38, 39, 93, 120- 122, 132. (Range and limit of distribution.) San Joaquin River, 130. San Luis Obispo, Cal., 18. San Luis Obispo County, Cal., 124. San Luis Rev River, 16. San Pedro R"iver, 48, 60, 75. San Saba, Texas, 32. San Simeon Bay. 121. Santa Barbara, Cal., 16, 98, 103. Santa Catalina Mountains, 26, 27, 38. 57. 82, 87, 109, 116, 117, 119. (Range and limit of distribution.) Santa < 'ruz Bay, 16. Santa Cruz Mountains, 16, 122. Santa Cruz River, 32. Santa Lucia Mountains, 6, 30, 54, 88, 103, 115, 133. (Range and limit of distribution.) Santa Rita Mountains, 27, 54, 80, \\1, 109, 116, 119, 120. (Range and limit of dis- tribution.) Santian River, 108. Sapindacea, 17-23. Sapindus marginitus, 18; tables (54) 145, (80) 153, (82) 159, (173) 104, (116) 1G7, (129) 170, (60) 173. Sapindus Sapnnaria, 19; tables (55) 145,(65) 153. (83) 159. Saponin, 19. Sapotacea , 50-58. Sarsaparilla, 8. Sashes, 115. Saskatchewan River. 20, 23, 42. 45, 62, 99, 100, 102. (Range and limit of distribution.) Sassafras, 69. Sassafras officinale, 09; tables (217) 148, (314) 156,' (312) 161, (281) 165, (212) 168, (232) 171, (196) 175. Satin-wood, 9. Savi all River, 13, 18, 41, 123. Savin, 111, 114. Savine cercte, 111. Scarlet Haw, 42. Scarlet Oak, 88. Sckaffi riafrutescens,U; tables(41) 145, (99) 154, (111) 159. Scott Mountains, 116, 118,120. Screw Bean, 32. INDEX. 199 Screw-pod Mesquit, 32. Scrub Oak, 82, 90. Scrub Pine, 120, 123, 125. Sea Ash, 8. Sea Grape, 68. Seaside Alder, 98. Sebastiania lucida, 70; tables (220) 148, (8) 153, (9) 15S. Sedatives, 36. Seeds: manufacturing uses, 19; edible, 117, 118, 121. Selkirk Range, 129, 134. Sequoia forests, 16. Sequoia gigantea, 112; tables (341) 151, (d27) 157, (428) 162, (295) 165, (288) 168, (224) 171, (300) 176. Sequoia sempervirens, 112; tables (342) 151, (387) 156, (380) 161, (241) 105, (246) 168, (196) 171, (287) 175. Service Tree, 45. Seven-year Apple, 52. Shad-bush, 45. Shag-bark, 77. Sharpies, S. P., viii, 141-143. Shasta Countv, Cab, 108. 121. Shasta, Mount, 21, 68, 110, 122, 134. She Balsam, 131. Sheep-berry, 51. Shell-bark," Biff, 78. Shell-bark, Bottom, 78. Shell-bark, Hickory, 77. Shingle Oak, 92. Shingles, 3, 91, 93, 106, 107, 112, 113. Ship-building, 11, 19, 22, 34, 57, 08,09, 71, 74, 81, 87, 97, 108, 120, 127, 134. (See Boat-building, Skiffs.) Shittim-wood, 16, 57. Shoes: soles, 6; lasts, 22, 59, 95, 96; pegs, 22; wooden, 97. Short-leaved Pine, 124. Shoshone Mountains, 105. Shovel-handles. 21. Shrubby Trefoil, 9. Shucks^ Honey, 29. Shuttles, 59. Sideroxylon Mastichodendron, 56; tables (176) 147, (15) 153, (20) 158, (63) 163, (70) 166, (26) 109, (26) 173. Sierra Blanco, 127. Sierra County, Cal., 100. Sierra Madre, 109. Sierra Nevada, 6, 16, 18, 20, 21, 36-38, 44, 49, 50, 63, 69, 81, 85, 87-89, 99, 102, 103, 110, 112-116, 120, 122, 130, 132, 134. (Range and limit of distribution.) Silk-top Palmetto, 130. Silky Willow, 103. Silliman, Mount, 110. Sills, 71, 72, 111. Silver-bell Tree, 60. Silver Maple, 22. Silver-top Palmetto, 136. Simarub&B^ 10. Sxmaruba glauca, 10; tables (28) 144, (392) 156, (393) 161, (127) 164, (259) 168, (180) 170, (204) 175. Siuinruba officinalis, 10. Siskivou Mountains, 128, 132. Sitka, 127. Sitka Cypress, 108. Skiffs, G9. (See Boat-building, Ship-building.) Skin-diseases, 96. Slash Pine, 126. Slippery Elm, 6, 71. Sloe, 35. Sloe, Black, 35. Small-fruited Haw, 43. Smooth Alder, 101. Snaths, 74. Snowdrop Tree, GO. Snow-shoes, 20. Soap, 19, 50, 137. Soapberry, 18, 19. Soda Lake, 108. Soft Maple, 22. Soledad River, 118. Sonora, Cal., 27, 37, 38, 48, 92. Sophora affinis,28; tables (84) 145, (60)153, (58) 158, (107) 164, (127) 167, (51) 169, (30) 173. Sophora secundipara, 28; tables (83) 145, (19) 153, (19) 158. Sophoria, 28. Sore throat, 59. (See Throat.) Sorrel Tree, 54. Sour Gum, 50. Sour Tupelo, 50. Sour-wood, 54. South Atlantic States, 39, 90, 112. South Carolina, 30, 35, 41, 44, 52, 53, GO, 79, 123, 125, 129. (Range and limit of dis- tribution.) Southern Buckthorn, 58. Southern Crab Apple, 39. Southern Pine, 125. Southern States, 42, 80, 90. South, the, 78, 94. Southwest, the, 82. Spanish Bayonet, 130, 137. Spanish Buckeye, 18. Spanish Oak, 90. Spanish Oak, Swamp, 91. Spanish Stopper, 47. Spear-handles, 113. Specific gravity, tables, 153-157. Speckled Alder, 99. Spicket River, 97. Spice Tree, 09. Spindle Tree, 14. Spirits of Turpentine, 126. (See Turpentine.) Sponge-crawls, 130. Spools, 90. 200 INDEX. Spoonwood, 55. Spruce, Black, 126. Spruce, Blue, 128. Spruce Pine, 120, 123-125. Spruce, Tide-land, 128. Spruce, White, 127, 128. Stag-bush, 52. Staghorn Sumach, 24. Starving Rock, 114. Staten Island, 93, 123, 124. Staves, 105. Steam, 32. Stt rculiacecB, 6. Stinking Cedar, 114. Stopper, 48. Stopper, Gurgeon, 47. Stopper, Red, 48. Stopper, Spanish, 47. Stopper. White, 4S. Storax, 4G. Strength, tables, 166-168. Striped Dogwood, 20: Striped Maple, 20. Strong Back, 65. Styrticacea, 59, 60, Sugar-barrels, 105. Sugar-berry, 72. Sugar, Horse, 69. Sugar Maple, 21. Sugar Tine, 115. Sugar Tree. 21. Sumach, Coral, 25. Sumach, Dwarf, 24. Sumach, Poison, 25. Sumach, Staghorn, 24. Summer Haw, 44. Superior, Lake, 40, 49, 71, 97, 99. 125. Suwarrow, 48. Swamp I 'ottnnwood, 104. Swamp Hickory, 79. Swamp Laurel, 1. Swamp Maple, 22. Swamp Pine, 126. Swamp Post Oak, 83. Swamp Spanish Oak, 101. Swamp White Oak, 83. Sweet Bay, 1. Sweet Birch, 97. Sweet Buckeye, 17. Sweet Gum, 45. Sweet-leaf, 59. Sweet LoCUSt, 29. Sweet-scented Crab, 39. Sieietenia Dfahogoni, 11; tables (31) (146) 154, (149) 159, (76) 1G3, (59) 160, 169, (39) 173. Switch-bud Hickory, 79. Sycamore, 75. Symplocoi tinctoria, 59; tallies (ISO) (296) 155, (297) 161,(256) 105, (237) (229) 171, (173) 174. 144, (22) 117 108, Syphilis, 7, 8. Syrups, 36, 40. Table-mountain Pine, 124. Tacaniahac, 104. Tallow Berry, 7. Tallow Nut, 11. Tamarack, 120, 134. Tamarind, Wild, 34. Tampa Bay, 1, 8, 12, 29-31, 35, 30, 44-40, 50, 64, 68, 7*8, 81. 90, 91, 95, 122, 125. (Range and limit of distribution.) Tan-bark Oak, 93. Tan Bav, 5. Tannin; 24. 25, 45, 84, 89, 90, 93, 128-131. Tanning, 54, 82, 84, 89, 90, 93, 128-131. Tar, 120. Tassel-moulds, 97. Taxodhim distkhtim. 112; tables (340) ISO, (302) 156, (360) 101, (90) 103, (201) 108, (184) 170, (278) 175. Taxus brevifolia, 113; tables (343) 151, (222) 155, (216) 160, (208) 165, (35) 106, (117) 170, (07) 173. Taxui Floridana, 113; tables (344) 151, (229) 155, (222) 160. Tejon, Fort, 16. Telegraph-poles, 107, 111, 113, 134. Temiscaming, Lake, 129. Tennessee, 2, 3, 7, 17. 20, 24, 25, 28-30, 35, 42. 43. 54, 60, Si, 89-94, 97, 104, 112, 124, 129, 131. Tennessee River, 24. Tents, 96. Teredo, attacks of, 19, 135. TemstitBmiac&B, 5. Texas, 1, 4. 6, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15, 17-19, 22-26, 23, 30-37, 41-40, 49-54, 57-00, 68-9:.. 97, 99-101. 105, 100, 110-112, 110, 117, 119. 122, 124, 120, 130, 136, 137. (Range and limit of distribution.) Thatch, Brickley, 136. Thatch, Brittle, 130. Thatch, house, 136. The Joshua, 137. Thorn, Black, 42. Thorn, I o.kspur, 42. Thorn, Washington. 43. Thorn, White, 42. Thousand Islands, 19. Three-thomed Acacia, 29. Thrinax ,siun. 109-172; resistanceof indentation, 173-176. Wood-engraving, 40,59. (See Engraving.) Wooden shoes, 97. (See Shoes.) Wooden ware, 3, 6, 17, 23, 51, 97, 104, 105, 107, 114, 115, 128. Woods, Lake of the, 22. Wood, Naked, 17. 47. Wood-pulp, 00, 103, 104. (See Paper-pulp.) Wyoming, 38, 39, 121, 128. 130, 132. (Course and limit of distribution.) Xanthoxylum Americana, 8; tables (22) 144, (275) 155, (274) 160. Xanthoxylum Caribceum, 0; tables (24) 144, (47) 153, (47) 158, (151) 164, (157) 167, (16) 169, (21) 173. Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, 8; tables (23) 144, (312) 156, (314) 101, (223) 165, (220) 168, (153) 1711, (172) 174. Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, var. frutico- shin, 9: tables (231) 144. (250) 155, (250) 100, Xanthoxylum Pterota, 0; tables (25) 144. (131) 154, (133) 150. Ximenia Americana, 11; tables (32) 144, (4(i) 153, (36) 158. Yaupon, 12. Yazoo River. 23, 80. Yellow Ash, 28. Yellow-bark Oak, 89. Yellow Birch, 97, Yellow Cypress, 108. Yellow Fir, 130, 131. Yellow Haw, 44. Yellow Locust, 26. Yellow Oak, 84,89. Yellow Pine, 119, 125. Yellow Poplar, 3. Yellow-wood, 14, 28. Yew, 113. Yopon, 12. Yosem'ite Valley, 21. Yucca baccata, 137; tables (412) 152, (428) 157, (430) 102. Yucca brevifolia, 137; tables (410) 152, (413) 157. Yucca canaliculate, 136; tables (409) 152, (197) 155, (232) 100. ) aeon ,l„l,i, 137; tables (411) 152, (370) 156, (398) 161. Yukon River, 96, 103, 104, 127. ZygqphyllacecB, 7, 8. University Press, Cambridge : John Wilson and Son. ■MB ■Km mm ■Ba B9S BBflEflHU PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY QK Sargent, Charles Spraque ^82 The woods of the United S3 States BioMed.