Wolfe, Stanley Lloyd

tfood-using industries of
South Carolina

HD
9757

State of South Carolina

Department of Agriculture,

Commerce and Industries

E. J. WATSON, Commissioner

IN CO-OPERATION WITH THE

Forest Service

U. S. Department of Agriculture

HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester

Wood-Using Industries of South Carolina

By STANLEY L. WOLFE

Forest Assistant, Forest Service

1913

THE R. L. BRYAN COMPANY

COLUMBIA, S. C.

1913

Presented to the

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
LIBRARY

by the

ONTARIO LEGISLATIVE
LIBRARY

1980

State of South Carolina

V

Department of Agriculture,

Commerce and Industries

E. J. WATSON, Commissioner

IN CO-OPERATION WITH THE

Forest Service

U. S. Department of Agriculture

HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester

Wood-Using Industries of South Carolina

By STANLEY L. WO
Forest Assistant, Forest
1913

THE R. L. BRYAN COMPANY

COLUMBIA, S. C.

1913

NOTICE.

THE investigation upon which this report is based was
undertaken by the Forest Service in co-operation with
the Department of Agriculture, Commerce and Indus-
. State of South Carolina, the work being done tinder the
direction of O. T. Swan, in charge of Industrial Investi-.v
Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture. \\
ington, D. C. The statistic- wtre compiled from data o>\erin-
the calendar year of 1912. By the terms of the co-operative
agreement, the State is authorized to publish the findings of the
illation.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Introduction 5

Forests 6

Kinds of Wood Used 10

The Southern Yellow Pines 10

Cypress 12

Red Gum 12

Yellow Poplar 13

Black Gum 13

Cotton Gum 14

The Oaks 14

Dogwood 15

Persimmon '. 15

White Ash 15

Maple 16

Hickory 16

Chestnut 17

White Pine 17

Basswood 17

The Elms 18

Spanish Cedar 18

Birch 18

Sycamore 19

Cottonwood 19

Beech 19

Spruce ' 19

Southern White Cedar 20

Black Walnut 20

Red Cedar 20

Mahogany 21

Lignum-vitae 21

The Industries 22

Planing Mill Products 22

Sash, Doors, Blinds and General Millwork 23

Fruits and Vegetable Packages 25

Boxes and Crates 26

Shuttles, Spools and Bobbins 27

4 WOOD-USING [NT \.\.

PAGE

\ets and Coffin^ 28

Car Construction .29

Furniture . 30

Vehicles and Vehicle Parts 31

Ship and Boat Building . 32

Handles

Fixtures

Cultural Implement?*

Patterns and Flasks 36

Miscellaneous

Summary of Woods Used by Industries 38

Cost of Woods by Industries 39

The Waste 1 Yoblems 41

Supplement 43

Naval Stores 43

Cooperage 11

Softwood Distillation 1 .;

Veneer 45

Lumber. Lath and Shingles 46

INTRODUCTION.

THIS report was compiled by the Forest Service of the
United States Department of Agriculture in co-operation
with the Department of Agriculture, Commerce and
Industries of the State of South Carolina. A portion of the
material was collected by correspondence with the manufacturers
and part was secured by personal visits and study at the fac-
tories. Representatives of both the Forest Service and of the
State were engaged in the field work. The statistics given relate
to the twelve calendar months of 1912.

The work was done in accordance with the plan followed by
the Forest Service in preparing similar reports for other States.
It contains data showing the kinds and quantities of the various
woods employed by manufacturers, and whether they are pro-
cured within the State or outside; the particular products made,
and general information regarding methods of manufacture; the
numerous uses found for the different woods; and the cost, or
price, of the various kinds of wood delivered as rough lumber
at the factories.

This report gives the results of the first comprehensive attempt
ever made in the "Palmetto State" to ascertain the character
and scope of the industries which employ wood as raw material
and reduce it to finished products. It is not possible, therefore,
to compare present, figures with equivalent data for earlier years
and thereby measure the progress made. But it is generally
known that although the supply of timber is decreasing, the
methods of using it are improving.

The Bureau of the Census and the Forest Service publish
statistics yearly showing the cut of lumber in the State, and
this forms part of the annual lumber report for the United
States. It is quite distinct from the present undertaking which
is a special study and made once only for each State. It is con-
cerned with the conversion of wood, principally rough lumber,
into merchantable commodities. The report contains a directory
of the firms which contributed information, the names being
arranged according to industries. A list of the uses of the dif-
ferent woods is also appended.

6

South Carolina has an area of 30,989 square miles, or m
20,000,000 acn population in HHn was !.:>: -id is

not concentrau-d in a few !argi- '-he case else-

whcri scattered throughout the State. Only one

Charleston, has a population of over 50,000, while there are only
three others having a population of over 10,000. These fi\
indicate that the State is an agricultural and timber pro,!-
community. Within the last decade or two. ho\\ .

elupment has been made in the manufacturing industries.

Several large rivers and their tributaries afford means for log
transportation in the coastal plain and a network of railroads
throughout the State furnishes facilities for the shipment of prod-
ucts from one part of the State to another as well as to on
markets. In addition to railways and navigable streams, South
Carolina has a few seaports of considerable commercial i:
tance which should be considered as a part of her transporta-
tion system. Charleston is one of the most important of the
southern seaports and affords harboring and dock in L;
for men-of-war and ocean liners. It also figures greatly in
coastwise trade while Georgetown is the shipping point for the
bulk of the costal plain lumber which is transported by water.

The growing of cotton and the manufacture of its products
are pre-eminent among all industries of the State. The \
climate, ranging from semitropic in the southern coastal region
to temperate in the northwestern part of the State makes it
possible to ra nltural crops of corresponding ditYen

Practically every variety of crop known to the United Si
can be grown in some portion of South Carolina.

According to the United States Census for 1910, lumbrr and
lumber products stand second in importance in the Slate and are
exceeded only by cotton goods. In fact the number of establish-
ments engaged in the handling of lumber and timber products

e engaged in any other in<;

Carolina vcnty-second an in tin- amount

•1 annual

FORESTS.

When • of the coast line of S

Carolina it probably resembled a low. dense jungle of scmii

n. Fun' the higher ground c\i

of almost pure longleaf pine ap- muntains

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 7

were approached, the hardwoods took their place. From that
time until the present, exploitation of the timber has steadily
progressed, but it was not until comparatively recent years that
the extensive logging operations began. A report issued in 1867
by the Immigration Commission of South Carolina stated that
only 4,500,000 acres had been cleared or about 23 per cent, of
the State's area, the rest being virgin forest. In 1910, a report
"Forest Conditions of South Carolina" made by the Forest
Service, United States Department of Agriculture in co-operation
with the South Carolina State Department of Agriculture, Com-
merce and Industries, points out that the area in forests
amounted to only 5,532,000 acres, leaving 8,209,000 acres unim-
proved land, mostly wooded, and nearly 6,000,000 acres as farm
land. In other words, about 70 per cent of the total area of the
State was in woods. The valuable pine forests of the coastal
sand plain were of course the first to go and today very little of
them is left.

South Carolina is divided into two principal topographic
regions, the coastal and the Piedmont. The mountainous coun-
try in the extreme northwest may be considered as part of the
Piedmont region since it has the same kind of soil. The so-called
"Fall line" runs from North Augusta through Columbia and
Camden to the North Carolina line northeast of Cheraw. The
area west of this line comprises the Piedmont region, that east
of it comprises the coastal plain. Lumber operations are small-
est near the "Fall line" and increase toward the coast on the one
hand and toward the mountains on the other. The largest
virgin stands remaining are located on the swampy land along
the Atlantic Coast where on account of inundation during large
portions of the year, it is difficult and expensive to log. The
timber here consists of cypress, sand pine, water oak, and live
oak. Exploitation of the coastal forests has taken place and
during recent years has been rapid. Back from the coast, near
the "Fall line," agricultural land has taken the forest's place and
woodlots only are found. There are also large tracts here not
suitable for agriculture, and in the sand hill region around Colum-
bia are extensive areas of sand barrens once covered by longleaf
pine, but now supporting nothing but scrub or "forked leaf"
black jack oak. However, small patches of young longleaf pine
are common, and if ample fire protection were. afforded, part of
the barrens would soon be restocked naturally with valuable pine

8 WOOD-USINC :aEs OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

timber. The soil here is of little agricultural value, and the
growing of timber is without doubt its greatest use. Some parts
could not be restocked by natural methods and artificial planting
would be required.

The soils of the Piedmont region have been derived from the
disintegration of the underlying granites and gneisses, making
a reddish, loamy soil of exceptional fertility. The soils of the
coastal plains are yellowish white sands which, having little
fertility in themselves, are capable of being made fertile by the
humus formed from the vegetation of the region.

The State has been divided into several forest regions, which
briefly enumerated are: Alpine, piedmont, sand hill, red hill,
upper pine belt, lower pine belt, and coast. These occur from
west to east in the order named. The Alpine belt c
the highland in the extreme western part of the State. The
surface of this belt is rolling or mountainous, and approxin
twenty-five per cent, of it was once cleared. Some of the c
ings have now been abandoned. Oak, chestnut, black locust,
scrub pine, and shortleaf pine are the principal species in the
higher altitudes. The highest points sometimes produce white
pine, hemlock, and fir, but not in commercial quantities. The
lower slopes grow oaks, maples, hickories, chestnut, walnut, but-
ternut, black locust, gums, yellow poplar, basswood, white ash,
red cedar, shortleaf pine, and scrub pine.

The Piedmont forest region, comprising one-third of the S
lies next to the Alpine and is distinctly agricultural. Only about
twenty-five per cent, is forested and that is principally in wood-
lots. The forest consists chiefly of shortleaf pine. Small
amounts of oak, chestnut . walnut, black locust, gum, a
wood, and yellow poplar are in mixture. Along the
courses, red gum, yellow poplar, sycamore, oak. willow and <hort-
leaf pine are com-

The sand hill region consists of a nai ip across the

State adjoin Piedmont area. Tin- rrally

undulating and the soil is composed of a loose sand. Thi* r

1 with longlcaf pine of L;; and in prac-

tically pure stands. The soil is good for little except timber, and
if properly protected Fl would soon become restocked with

longleaf pine. It i< thus stocked on the small -.vhich

entally escape fire. Other areas have been so dap
by burnings that natural regeneration is doubtful. Loblolly and

Figure 3. Hauling Loblolly 1'inc LOJJS l»y Mran^ <if llijjli

Carts.

4.

mi Skuldcr. llauijitnn C'ounty

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 9

shortleaf pines are at present found mixed with longleaf, and
some hardwoods, especially black jack and other oaks, occur in
mixture.

The red hill region consists of a series of low ridges having
a red loam soil. Woodlots are the only form of forest now found
in this area. Shortleaf, longleaf, and loblolly, with understories
of oak, hickory, and dogwood are the principal species in the
woodlots, while in moist places, sumach, holly, hawthorne,
sassafras, hackberry and gums occur.

The upper pine belt covers the level country next to the sand
and red hill regions; it is about twenty miles wide and extends
across the State. Part of this region is wet and cypress swamps
alternate with pine ridges. Loblolly and longleaf pine are the
principal species, with cypress in the swamps.

The lower pine belt is similar to the upper, except that con-
siderable areas are inundated during part of the year. Longleaf
and loblolly pines are again the principal species, the former
being confined to the high places. Cypress occurs in the swamps
with gums, oaks, yellow poplar, and ashes. This region is the
great lumber area of South Carolina and it is here that the large
companies are now cutting.

The coast regions take in the numerous islands off the coast
and a narrow strip of mainland, the entire area being not more
than ten miles wide. In the swamps the principal trees are oak,
maple, magnolia, and cypress, while longleaf, sand, loblolly, and
shortleaf pines occur in the drier situations.

Methods of logging vary greatly in the State. The old style
methods of log hauling vie with the latest and most approved
methods, and the use of ox teams, log driving in streams and
big wheels may be seen in the same lumber region where steam
skidders, steam loaders and railroad hauling are used. The
advent into the lumber industry of the latter methods has made
possible the exploitation of the coastal forests especially in
swamps.

KINDS OF WOOD I'SKl).

There arc thirty . cies which enter into the commodities

produced in the State. Three species, mahogany, Spanish «
and lignum vitae, are foreign; the other twenty-eiiji:
South Carolina. Two of these, spruce and white pine, do not
occur in merchantable <jiiuntities. Judged l»y (|iiantity an.i use.
the most important woods of the region are cypress and the three
nath longleaf, shortleaf, and loblolly. Among the hard-

woods, oak, yellow poplar, and the three gums, re and

tupelo or cotton gum, are of greatest value.

Very great differences exist in the quantities of woods emp!
and the purposes for which they are used. Some of those listed
are demanded by a single industry, others appear in a dozen or
more, but not one occurs in all the industries.

Over ninety per cent, of the wood used is grown in the State
which produces much more timber than is now needed at home.
e amounts are sent to other markets, principally in the
North.

Table 1 presents certain facts, as there indicated. concerning
the thirty-one species used. These species are given in the :
and are di^msscd in the succeeding pages, in the order of their
respective importance.

THE SOUTHERN YELLOW PINES

These are by far the most important spc-cies of South Carolina.
They include longleaf, shortleaf, loblolly, and some Cuban and

;d other minor species. It is not difficult to
tiniruish the specie while standing in the forest, but in the
lumber yard they arc not so readily identified and 5< In

HM 1 the State ranked eleventh in the production of yellow pine
lumber. All was not needed at home and much was sin
to northern and foreign markets. Thi< i;ronp <>f pines is
important in supplying planing mills and for c. instruction pur-
poses. Shortleaf demands drier situations than the other south-
ern pines, and on high grounds it is the predominant sj,,
In the upper and lower pine regions and near the coast it occu-
pies the drier ridges, while loblolly grows more in tin-
places. However, much shortleaf u fced by mantifac-

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

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12 WooD-l OF SOUTH CAROL i

turers in these regions and it is safe to say that a great deal of
this material was loblolly and pond pine; it was tabulated as
shortleaf because manufacturers so reported it.

Longleaf pine once grew in great quantities on the o
plain, often forming pure stands, but these ha\ i dis-

appeared, and the species now exists only in scrattering stands
in mixture with shortleaf and loblolly. It is the best of the
southern pines for many purposes, but on account of its inr
ing scarci: iot locally separated from the otlu .lolly

t be classed as inferior to the other pines for some purposes,
but it has excellent qualities for many uses, and
importance in those portions of the South where it is abundant
and develops a good form. It grows more rapidly than Ion
and generally surpasses shortleaf and Cuban pines in sust;
rate of growth.

CYPRESS

In 1911 South Carolina stood eighth in the production of

•.•ss lumbi : to the pines it is the most importan

in the State. It is a wood of good color and pleasing a
and is prominent as an interior finish material. Its durability
recommends it also for outside work such as cornice, siding, and
ior finish. As a shingle wood, it stood in I'.'l 1 serond only
to the cedars in the United States. The hulk nf tin
lumber cut in South Carolina is shipped to the northern m.r
Its use was reported by only two industries in the St
these together used an amount almost equal to the total output.
ill <>f the material reported, however, was grown in the
. It is a tree of slow growth and lonij life, and the most
valuable lumber comes from the mature timber. It
tially an inhabitant of swamps and of the flood jv.
which frequently oven

RED GUM

South Carolina stands seventh among1 the State< in

duction of red gum lumber, and tin -:li in

quantity used by South Carol < on the

drier situations from the Piedmont region to the coast In

it has mine int< ]ly in
furniture manufacture, where it is employed in imitation of more
valuable industries report c

iMgure 5. Virgin Cypress in Richland County.

Figure 6. Specimen Trees of Yellow Poplar in Berkeley County.

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 13

In other parts of the country it is of great importance as a veneer
wood, but very little of this product is made in South Carolina.
For many years after the valuable qualities of this wood had
become known, its use was much hampered by seasoning diffi-
culties; but these haye now been largely overcome, and red gum
has taken its place among the valuable timbers of this country.
A large market for it exists in Europe where it is known as
satin walnut, hazel, or hazel pine. There is no reason for call-
ing it a pine, but it is closely related botanically to witch hazel.
It is not even in the same family with black gum or tupelo. The
wood is frequently finished in successful imitaton of Circassian
walnut.

YELLOW POPLAR

This wood was reported in ten of the fourteen industries in
South Carolina and most of that used was grown in the State.
It is found principally in the Piedmont region and is cut to some
extent on the better drained situations of the coastal region. It
was reported in greatest amounts by the planing mill operators,
the casket and coffin makers, and the furniture manufacturers.
On account of its fine qualities, ease of working, and affinity
for paint, it is a desirable wood for use where great strength is
not the prime requisite. Magnolia which is found in the coastal
region to a small extent is thrown in with yellow poplar on the
market. In every part of the country where poplar grows, and
far outside of its commercial range, it is a wood of first impor-
tance. In smoothness of finish many regard it as the finest
wood produced by American forests. It is not important as a
timber tree except in the eastern part of the United States.

BLACK GUM

According to available statistics, more black gum is manufac-
tured into finished products in South Carolina than in any other
State except Virginia. It is a wood very difficult to season, nor
is it easy to work, and its refractory properties long barred it
from extensive use for manufacturing purposes. Better success
attends modern methods, and black gum is no longer looked upon
as a nuisance on the land. The appearance of the wood is
severely plain, nor it is strong, elastic, or durable when placed in
damp situations. It is closely related to the dogwood, but

14 \Vo« OF SOUTI

attains much larger size, and is inferior to it in hardness and
strength.

COTTON GUM

This wood is nearly always spoken of as tupelo, bay. or bay
poplar. Cotton gum is a book name, and is seldom or i
heard in lumber transactions. The name "bay poplar" was
formerly employed when the lumber cut from this tree was sold
How poplar. In some parts of the South the name is short-
ened to "bay." It is seldom sold now as yellow poplar, and it
never would have passed for it had examination and inspection
been careful. Good heart tupelo somewhat resembles p<
The wood is difficult to season and its working qualities
for different trees and situations. Its lack of color causes it to
bear the name of white gum. The purpose doubtless is to dis-
tinguish this wood from red gum.

THE OAKS

The <>aks are found throughout South Carolina, but in the
Alpine region only do they form a considerable part of the
stand. Though many species occur, the lumbermen designate
them all as either white or red and they are sold under these
names on the market. On the drier situations and uplands,
white, chestnut, post, red', black jack, swamp white, scarlet,
shingle, and Spanish oaks all appear, while in the coastal r
white, willow, water, Spanish, black jack, cow, live, and laurel
oaks form an understory to the pine and cypress. The white
oaks are more valuable than the red oaks and are used

• y of purposes, appearing in eleven out of fifteen indu-
They combine beauty with strength ami durability and
for cabinet woods as well as for general construction purposes.
Red oak was reported in seven industries, most of it !••
for planing mill products, sash, doors and blinds and for finish-
ing and flooring material. The grain of red oak is not as orna-
mental as that of white oak, but for some purposes, particularly
for flooring, its color makes it more desirable. The true red <>ak
(Quercus rubra) is not abundant in the State, and the red "ak
lumber in the home markets consists of several Aperies in the
botanical red oak group. The two groups into which the
are usually divided are commonly -lishcd by the a

The white oaks ripen their acorns in one year, those of the red

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 15

oaks require two years. The southern live oak belongs in the
white oak gorup; its wood is little used though it possesses
some excellent properties.

DOGWOOD

This is a small tree with short trunk and rough bark. A
stand of such trees in a forest, foresters call an "understory"
because the tree crowns are low and are overtopped by the trees
with which they are usually associated. Dogwood is found as an
understory to the pines in the sand hill, red hill, and upper pine
regions. It was once considered a "weed tree" (a useless
cumberer of the ground), but the shuttle manufacturers now use
considerable quantities of it for shuttle blocks. The amount
used for this purpose in South Carolina is greater than in any
other State. Its hardness, toughness and strength, as well as its
remarkable wearing qualities, recommend it for shuttles and
heads of golf sticks, and it is probable that it could be profitably
used for more purposes than it is. Dogwood is not lumbered in
the usual manner but sticks of it are cut here and there as they
are found, and the small trunks or billets shipped to the factories.
It grows slowly and is already scarce in many localities; the
shuttlewood supply of the future is by no means assured, so
far as it depends on dogwood.

PERSIMMON

This tree is found throughout the coastal plain in South Caro-
lina, and is known by its edible fruit. The trunk is rather small,
the wood hard, heavy, and dense, and is valuable chiefly for shut-
tle blocks, golf heads, and parquet flooring. The shuttle block
makers are its principal users in this State. For this purpose,
and also for golf heads, the sapwood only is suitable ; the heart-
wood, when present, is dark, dense, and more closely resembles
ebony than any other wood in the United States. The forests of
South Carolina constitute an important source of supply for this
species. It reproduces persistently both as sprouts (from the roots)
and from seeds, but grows slowly. Small trees are usually abun-
dant, but larger ones scarce.

WHITE ASH

White ash is one of the most important hardwoods in South
Carolina. It grows on the higher dry lands only, but is cut in

16 WOOD-USINV. IMUSTRIESOF SOUTH CAROL;

considerable quantities. Nine industries reported its use; the
planing mills consumed the greatest amount and, as in other
States, handle makers, vehicle manufacturers, and agricultural
implement concerns were also important users. Its toughness,
strength, straight grain, and color recommend it for these pur-
poses. The larger part of the amount reported in Table 1
grown in the State. The greater part of this was probably green
ash, but this wood is not distinguished from white ash in the trade.

MAPLE

Red, silver and sugar maples grow in this region, but of these
- and silver maple are the only ones reported by the manu-
facturers. Four industries use maple in comparatively small
quantities. More goes to planing mills than elsewhere, but
handle makers and manufacturers of vegetable packages find it
serviceable.

The country's greatest supply of maple comes from the North,
from New England to the Lake States, but some very excel-
lent timber is found in the South. The terms "hard maple" and
"soft maple" do not refer to distinct species; almost always "hard
maple" means the sugar maple or sugar tree, "soft maple" may
mean any one of several species or varieties, but generally
refers to silver maple, the only one of the soft maples in the State
important as a source of lumber.

HICKORY

South Carolina has six species of hickory, some of it Inning
excellent quality. Some manufacturers, particularly handle
makers, insist on using the white sapwood and excluding the red
heart. Strong prejudice has long existed a.^ain-t hickory heart
wood ; yet according to tests made by the United S

ice, there is little basis for it. For many purposes the heart
is satisfactory, and the inspection rules for hickory stock n«-w
recognize that fact. Hickory grows nowhe: t in the

eastern part of North America, the range extend r what

of the Mi^i^ippi. It has been called "the indi
wood" because, for certain uses, no other will an well.

The greatest demand for it ..m manufacturers «.f \el

handles and agricultural implements, but it has otlu-:
well. In South Carolina it occurs principally in the Alpine and
Piedmont region- here very abundant.

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 17

CHESTNUT

Chestnut occurs scattered throughout the Piedmont region of
South Carolina, but is used in only one kind of manufacture, that
of caskets and coffins. No home grown wood of this tree was
reported by any of the wood-using industries. It is a light-
weight wood, not very strong, and liable to check, but is very
durable and so make a suitable wood for fence posts, sills and
railroad ties. In some parts of the country it is used in cabinet
making. It is peculiarly suitable as core wood or backing for
veneer, because it holds glue remarkably well. A very usual
grade of chestnut is "sound wormy." Such wood has been per-
forated by small boring insects while the tree was living. The
holes each the size of a large pin, improve its glue-holding prop-
erties, because they afford a grip or anchorage for the glue.
Chestnut is one of the leading woods of the country for coffins
and caskets, on account of its relative durability and cost.

WHITE PINE

This tree has its extreme southeastern limit of range in the
highest points of the Alpine region of South Carolina, but it
grows here very sparingly and all the material of the species
used by manufacturers in the State was procured elsewhere. It
was reported in small amounts by five industries, the total being
a little over 150,000 board feet. It is one of the leading house
building materials of the country, but in South Carolina its place
is filled by the southern pines. The principal supply formerly
came from New England, later from New York and Pennsyl-
vania, and in recent years from Michigan, Wisconsin and Minne-
sota. The supply of white pine is failing rapidly; but certain
western woods, notably Idaho white pine, western yellow pine,
and California sugar pine, as well as species from the southwest,
are taking its place in many regions east of the Rocky Mountains.
The western pines have not yet appeared in South Carolina.

BASSWOOD

This wood was used in but two industries in South Carolina,
and only a small amount was reported as growing in the State.
It occurs very sparingly in the Alpine region, but manufacturers
find it more profitable to buy the material outside the State. It
is an excellent wood where whiteness, even grain, and ease of
working are essential requirements. There are three species of

18 Wooo-U OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

basswood and probably all of them are represented in the forests
of the State. They are so nearly alike that generally their dif-
ferences are not noticed ; they are known as white, downy, and
common basswood. The name limetree is sometimes applied to
the basswood in South Carolina.

THE ELMS

Two species of elm occur in South Carolina ; the lumber from
both are used without distinction under the common name elm.
One species is the white or American elm, the other i^ the
winded elm. The last name is applied only to the tree, but not
to the lumber, and is descriptive of the flattened wings or keels
occuring on small boughs. Such twigs are often a half inch or
even an inch broad and not much thicker than a heavy knife
blade. They are quite conspicuous when the tree is bare of
leaves. Twigs of white elm, on the other hand, are slender and
delicate, and when not in leaf the two species are easily dis-
tinguished. All of the elm lumber used in the State was reported
as used for fruit and vegetable packages and as hoops for ba
and veneer barrels. It is tough, strong, and limber, and is the
principal wood used for hoops in the United States.

SPANISH CEDAR

This is a foreign wood used in the United States principally
for cigar boxes, its only use in South Carolina. The material is
received in log form about the size of large telegraph poles and
manufactured into veneer at the box factory. Some boxes are
made entirely of the cedar, others are made of a different species,
often yellow poplar, and are covered by a thin sheet of cedar
veneer not much thicker than paper. The cedar is said to .1;
pleasant flavor and odor to cigars. It grows in the West In

co, Central and South America, and is not a hijjh priced
wood when it reaches the ports of the United States.

BIRCH

The most abundant birch in the that found aloni^ the

streams and in low ground. It is the river birch, a tree which
produces plain lumber, lacking some of the qualities that
value \vood of the sweet birch and of the yellow birch of

the North. 'I ier species attain their greatest com in «

importance in the Lake States, New York, and New England.

?

Figure 7. Hardwood Bottom in Richland County. Red Gum i- in

Foreground. Contains 3,000 Ft. H. M.

Figure 8. White Cedar and I.ohlolly Pine on P.ordcr of Swam]) in

Sumtcr Countv.

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OP SOUTH CAROLINA. 19

A limited quantity of sweet birch grows among the mountains
in the northwestern part of South Carolina, but little is cut from
lumber in that quarter. This is sometimes known as winter-
green birch because of its wintergreen flavor.

SYCAMORE

Sycamore is found in South Carolina along streams in the
Piedmont region. It is by no means abundant and the wood
appears only in two industries. The wood has unusually com-
plicated crossgrain and it develops beautiful designs when prop-
erly manufactured. It is difficult to work, but is valued as a
cabinet wood. The tree is identified by its rough "button
balls" and its mottled trunk, the latter caused by the shedding
of the outer bark in spots, exposing the whitish inner bark.
Sycamore shows well in quarter sawing, its pith rays being
broad and conspicuous. These are darker in color than the
body of the wood, a peculiarity not common with many timbers.

COTTONWOOD

About one-third of the cottonwood used in South Carolina
grew in the State, but this was very much more than enough to
meet the entire home demand and much of it was sent to outside
markets. The tree occurs along the streams in the Piedmont
region as far as the upper pine belt. The wood is of excellent
quality when trees are large and sound. It seasons easily, works
nicely, and is in demand for vehicle bodies, woodenware and for
almost all other purposes where white figureless wood can be
used. That reported by manufacturers in South Carolina was
taken by vehicle makers and by the manufacturers of boxes used
for shipment of bottled soft drinks.

BEECH

This tree occurs very sparingly in hollows and coves in the
higher parts of South Carolina. The wood was reported used in
South Carolina in the manufacture of broom handles, and mat-
tock and pick handles. All of it was grown in the State. Beech
is primarily a northern species, though the tree occurs in many
parts of the South. The wood is very strong, hard, and is
tolerably difficult to season.

SPRUCE

Spruce reaches the southeastern limit of its range in the moun-
tains of northwestern South Carolina. No spruce was reported

20 u CAROL

as having been procured in the State and it is listed in only a
single industry, ship building. It occurs scatteringly at the high-
est elevations, in mixture with white pine and hemlock. The
only species which occurs is red spruce.

SOUTHERN WHITE CEDAR

This is a deep swamp tree that occurs in dense part- where
water stands on the ground much of the year. Its r
near the coast. The wood is lii^ht, durable, and fairly strong.
It is excellent material for woodenware, particularly small
vessels, fence posts, shingles, siding for light boats, an
many other purposes where figured wood is not desired. Sea-
going vessels formerly made water casks of it, with the belief
that the wood by its contact purified the water. Spigots were
made of it in the same belief. The wood is clean, sanitary, and
suitable for containers in which articles of food are stored or
shipped.

BLACK WALNUT

This tree occurs very sparingly in South Carolina and the
amount demanded by the wood-using industries was all procured
outside the State. It is consumed in general millwork, and in
cabinet work. It was for many years important as a furniture
wood. Its somber color brought it into use for church furniture
and inside finish. At present, however, its greatest use is for
sewing machines, gun stocks, and inlaid work. It never occurs
in pure forests; its range extends from Ontario to M.>n<la and
west to Nebraska and Tcxa-. Most "f thi- has long since

been cut and the trees are now very scarce, bringing a hi^h price.
In some parts of the country black walnut is still in demand by
manufacturers of cottage organs. The tree grows fairly rapidly,
but it must attain middle age and reach consid.
it is commercially valuable. The heartwood only i- used, and
this is small in young trees.

RED CEDAR

; cedar i^ found throughout western South Carolina. H

reported only by the sash, door and blind manufacr

and was used for special work. It springs up naturally < -n

l°££c" ;'"rminL,r pure stand*. It ly. but a

fully sto< ' contains much timber. In many regions in

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 21

the South it is more abundant now than when the country was
first discovered, because of its habit of taking possession of
abandoned land; but the present timber averages much smaller
than the trees of the original stand. The old timber has been
largely cut for rails, house logs, fence posts, and lead pencil
material. Red cedar has a very extensive geographical range
in eastern North America, and resists man's encroachment more
persistently than almost any other tree. Its reproduction
depends almost wholly on seeds planted by birds which feed on
the berries.

MAHOGANY

Mahogany was reported for cabinet and finishing material and
for the best class of patterns. Its use as a finishing wood is
general, and its beauty when polished is well known. It is
employed for patterns when they are to be used many times,
and when especially durable ones are desired. The smoothness
with which it works is also a quality which recommends it for
patterns. Mahogany is a foreign wood, growing in the West
Indies, Mexico, and on the northern coast of South America.
It was formerly lumbered in Florida, and a small quantity is
still cut there; but it is no longer of commercial importance in
that State. Other woods which pass for mahogany come from
many parts of the world, but principally from Africa. The true
mahogany grows only in American countries which lie adjacent
to the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. It has been used
for furniture and finish in this country for more than two hundred
years, and is more popular now, perhaps, than ever before. All
things considered, it is one of the most substantial, reliable and
ornamental woods in the world.

LIGNUM VITAE

Though found to a. limited extent in sub-tropical Florida, this
wood is essentially a West Indian species. It is very heavy,
exceedingly hard, strong and difficult to work; the layers of
fibers lie alternately across one another so that the wood crumbles
rather than splits. It has no superior for implements that must
be true and strong, such as ship tackle and underwater bearings.
It is lubricated by water. In South Carolina it was reported
only in boat and ship building, and was made into bearings for
shafts and into ship tackle.

THE INDUSTRIES

The commodities manufactured wholly or principally of wood
>uth Carolina have been separated into fourteen main
indus csides a group entitled "Miscellaneous."

>ups use wry unequal quantities «>f material. Tin
industry — planing mill products — uses nearly seven-eighths of
the total wood reported, and the first five industries use over
ninety-seven per cent. The groups are arranged according to
the quantities of wood listed in each, the largest coming first.

PLANING MILL PRODUCTS

The planing mills are nearly all operated in connection with
sawmills. Their products include flooring, ceiling, and siding.
The sawmills make rough lumber, which, when properly sea-
soned, is run through planers and then shipped to market as a
finished commodity. Stock sizes, kinds, and patterns are made
and no special machinery is needed. This method of doing the
planing in connection with the sawing is obviously the most
efficient one. The difference in charges for rough and for
planed lumber is ofter greater than the cost of planing. S
planing mills, however, operate independently from sawmills.

irly all of the timber represented in this industry
the State. Usually a single mill converts the log into the finished
product, planed ready for use. But most of the other wood-
industries have as their raw material, not logs, but rough
or partly manufactured lumber. This is shipped to the factory
from a distance, frequently from another State.

What is known as a "combination mill" is a rather imp 'riant
factor in this industry in South Carolina. These gin cotton
of the year until such work becomes slack, then they >aw logs
and make plain flooring, ceiling and siding.

Of the woods in this industry, sugar maple brings tl;<

, and tupelo the lowest. Tin- e price for all sj

is $14.22 per thousand. This is comparatively low pro!
because most of the lumber is procured locally. It is not out of
proportion with the average price of lumber of like
other southern States. The average price in Virginia
in North Carolina $UM1. in Alabama $11.72, in .V
$11.69, and in Louisiana $11.39.

I-'i^nrc 10. MaiitrK Tartly A^^inMr*! 1»ul Still in the \\lntr

11. t'nlumiis for Mantels and I 'arts <>i TaMr

I;ii;iuv U. l;inis|]r»| Mantrl l\ra«l\ f..r racking.

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

23

Longleaf and shortleaf pine bring about the same price, being
higher than that of loblolly. As was pointed out on a former
page, these three pines are not usually separated in local lumber
transactions, and the figures presented in Table 2 for the sepa-
rate species are merely estimates based upon the best available
data.

TABLK 2.— PLANING MILL PRODUCTS.

KIND OF WOOD.

Quantity used
annually.

Average cost
per 1,000 ft.

£•

J

to rt

rt.d
1°

Grown in
South Carolina.
Feet b. m.

Grown out of
South Carolina.
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

!
&

232,096,000
86,710,000
12,783,000
10,750,000
10,696,000

4,626,000
4,616,000
2,341,000
1,155,000
1,005,000

1,002,000
521,000

63.02
. 23.54
3.47
2.92
2.90

1.26
1.25
.64
.32

.27

.27
.14

$ 14.06
14.08
17.68
12.83
13.47

17.18
13.18
18.42
19.72
20.00

11.51
12.09

$3,262,696
1,221,079
225,952
137,950
144,075

79,489
60,850
43,120
22,775
20,100

11,531
6,300

226,596,000
81,710,000
12,783,000
10,750,000
10,696,000

4,626,000
4,616,000
2,341,000
1,155,000
1,005,000

1,002,000
521,000

5,500,000
5,000,000

Cypress (bald)

|

White oak

; .

Ash

| ........

\

Red oak

1

Total

368,301,000

100.00

$ 14.22

$5,235,917

357,801,000

10.500,000

SASH, DOORS, BLINDS AND GENERAL MILLWORK

Millwork includes a miscellaneous group of articles, of which
doors, sash, and blinds are the most important. Usually one or
two of these products constitute the bulk of the output from any
single factory. Among the principal things included are stair-
work, (including newel posts, balusters, railing and steps) ;
interior trim and finish, (consisting in part of molding, brackets,
panels, chairboards, baseboards, capitals, ornaments, and shelv-
ing) ; and porch work, (including columns, spindles, ptosts, rail-
ing, and lattice). The products included in Table 3 and in
Table 2 overlap to some extent, but the main distinguishing
features are clear enough. The flooring, ceiling and siding in
Table 2 are made according to general patterns and are not
usually manufactured for particular buyers or markets; much
of the millwork represented in Table 3, however, is made to
order. Machines for making these products must be designed for
a greater variety of work than the simple ones in a planing mill
which makes only a few commodities.

24

WOOD-USING OF SOUTH CAROL;

Seventeen species were used in this industry and approxi-
mately 26,000,000 feet of lumber consumed. Shortleaf pine com-
prised over 50 per cent, of the total, cypress coming second with
20 per cent. The three southern yellow pines, and bald cypress
combined, constituted 95 per cent, of the total. Mahogany
brought the highest price and loblolly pine the lowest. The
cypress went into doors, interior finish and exterior work such
as cornice, window frames, house trim and porch balusters.
The pines were used for sash, doors, blinds, window frames,
door frames, casing, stair work and general millwork. The
hardwoods were made into interior finish, cabinet work, mantels
and stairwork. A little less than 85 per cent, of the entire
amount used in this industry was grown in South Carolina. All
of the shortleaf and loblolly pine, red gum, and sycamore were
homegrown, while the white pine, basswood, maple, hickory,
birch, walnut, cedar, and mahogany came from outside the S

The woods listed in Table 3 average nearly 50 per cent, higher
in price than those in Table 2. The prices of seven of the s<
teen were $50 or over per thousand. The comparatively low
price of shortleaf pine, and the large quantity used, lowered the
general average cost.

TABLE 8.— SASH, DOORS, BUNDS, AND GENERAL MILLWORK.

;n OF WOOD.

Quantity used
annually.

H
si

It

Total cost
f. o. b. factory.

Grown in
Carolina.
Feet b. rn.

Grown out of

Carolina.
Feet b. m.

Feetb.m.

Per cent

Shortleaf pine

13,990,000

1,080,000
Mi

104,000
80,000

10,0 o

• .;. -

80.000
10 000

53.94
19.88

8.98
1.85

111
.80

.31

. .19
.19
.09

.03
.08

$ 16.98
81.04
10.94
18.74
88.19

H |

95.19
50.00

40.00
".""
80.00
00.00

« IM m

160,010

,-:>.•<•".
14,018
9,185

9,900
4,000

.........

"••'
800

U NO,
1,556,000

\ B86,
1,801,000
174,000

119,000

^H (bald)

Yellow poplar

150,000
170.000

oak .,

Red oak
Red gum . .

10,000

Red cedar . .

M;;' .- ' •'

; .' '

,( 16,980,000] 100.00 $ tO.70 * 588,407 21

.

f '

•

ire 14. Interior \u-\v nf I;ruil and Vrjjcialik- I'acka^v l-'ariory
\\'ith Rotary Cut \Viu-er Marhim- and lla>ki-t and Stavi- Machine.

Figui

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 25

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PACKAGES

The entire fruit and vegetable package industry in South Caro-
lina is concentrated along the coast from Charleston south into
Beaufort county. This concentration is due in great part to the
demand of the truck farmers in that region. Most of the wood
represented in Table 4 was used for baskets and veneer packages,
such as cucumber baskets, bean baskets, and similar articles.
The staves are made almost entirely of shortleaf pine, black gum,
yellow poplar, and red gum, while the other woods listed go into
hoops. Pine comprises nearly two-thirds of the total. Though
listed in the table as shortleaf, there is doubtless a considerable
amount of loblolly pine included.

In the manufacture of .veneer packages the logs are first cut
with a dragsaw into bolts of the desired length. The bolts are
softened in steam and hot water from 12 to 24 hours, and the bark
removed by. hand spuds. The bolt is then put into the stave
machine, a rotary cut veneer apparatus equipped with a cylinder
containing knives. As the log revolves the knives cut the face
of the bolt legnthwise to the depth of the veneer slice. The
staves come from the machine in finished condition and go
directly to the assembling department.

The cores are sawed into thin lumber pieces, several of which
are joined together with cleats to make a square board, cut round
on a machine, and are then made into bottoms and lids. In
some factories the baskets are nailed by machinery, but in most
they are still nailed by hand.

The hardwoods and waste pieces of stave material go into
the hoops which are rqade from veneer slices split to the required
widths. The finished baskets are piled in the open to dry and
later stored under cover in stacks.

All the wood employed in this industry was home grown. The
most costly species was white oak, bringing $20 a thousand, and
the cheapest, shortleaf pine, costing $12.88. High priced woods
cannot be profitably used in producing containers of this kind.
By cutting much of it into veneer, which is thin stuff, the com-
parative cost was kept very low, since a thousand feet, log
measure — will make six or eight thousand feet of veneer. Much
of the elm, birch, and maple was made into hoops or bands for
baskets.

26

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

TABLE 4.— BASKETS, FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PACKAGES.

Quant*

annual

•.: i :

:

:

KIND OF WOOD.

£
•fl

I

Per cent

!d

1 L

Total cost
f. o. b. factor

3*

SMM

!ja

Shortleaf pine . .

6 120 000

66 04

$ 12 88

$ 65 935

-, j.i

Black gum . .

1,045,000

13 39

18 11

r: (91

1 i' ; . inn

Yellow poi.
Red gum .

BtO.OOO

545,000

7.95
6.99

14 94

r,8M

8,145

;,4.- (i

Hickory . .

215,000

2.76

14 14

8 040

•j p. i

White oak . . .
Elm .

115,000
100 000

1.47
1 28

20.00
12 00

2,300
1 200

115,000

IIIM HIM.

•M . .

26

16 00

,

"i> • .. .

id ,

26

16 00

ltd

"l 1 IH Ml

Total

7 800 000

100 00

$ 13 14

$ 102 775

I MM nun

BOXES AND CRATES

Ten species of wood were used in the manufacture of packing
boxes, crating and cases in South Carolina. Sixty per cent of the
total amount used was made up of the three gums, red, black and
tupelo. Most of the material went into cases for packing
and other cotton goods produced at the textile factories. These
woods were formerly held in so low esteem in the State that
they were left standing in the forests when pines were cut.
Greater demand, and a better knowledge of the good properties
of these woods, have brought them into use. Tupelo leads the
two other gums in quantity, but the black and the red aggre-
gate more than a millon feet of box lumber. Sometimes a wood
employed as box ends, on which the printing or stenciling is to
appear, brings a higher price, because it must be of clear stock,
and of good color, in order to show the lettering.

Loblolly pine is lowest in price, but all the woods are low.
Box lumber nearly always consists of the lower grades, but
some factories which produce nothing but ' in the \vh« >le

log run into this commodity.

Baskets and boxes are tabulated as separate Industrie
State. In some other regions they are considered as one
industry. The two combined in South Carolina have an output
of a little less than 14,000,000 feet per year. Thi~ i- Breath-
exceeded in many States because of greater manufacture
more extensive fruit gn mn^. S< .:<>mii

Figure 17. Air Drying Vegetable Baskets.

Figure 18. Air Drying Lids and Barrels.

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OK SOUTH CAROLINA.

27

Carolina's most valuable crops do not go to market in crates or
baskets — cotton and rice, for example. The extent of the box busi-
ness is not, therefore, always a reliable basis on which to judge
of what a region is sending to market.

TABLE 5.— BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING.

KIND OF WOOD.

Quantity used
annually.

Average cost
per 1,000 ft.

Total cost
f. o. b. factory.

Grown in
South Carolina.
Feet b. m.

Grown out of
South Carolina.
Feet b. m.

a

ja

1

Per cent.

Cotton gum

2,525,000
1,915,000
975,000
265,000
250,000

105,000
« 60,000
25,000
20,000
20,000

40.99
31.08
15.83
4.30
. 4.06

1.70
.97
.41
.33
.33

$ 13.02
11.13
14.54
19.72
15.00

10.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00

$ 32,875
21,316
14,175
5,225
3,750

1,050
900
375
300
300

2,512,500
1,915,000
837,500
132,500

12,500

Red gum

137,500
132,500
250,000

Black gum

Longleaf pine

105,000
50,000
12,500
10,000
10,000

Yellow poplar

10,000
12,500
10,000
10,000

Ash

Total

6,160,000

100.00

$ 13.03

$ 80,266

5,585,000

575,000

SHUTTLES, SPOOLS AND BOBBINS

The manufacture of cotton goods has in late years developed
with great rapidity in South Carolina and it is to be expected
that the manufacture of shuttles, spools, and bobbins should,
therefore, be of considerable importance. However, the number
of establishments engaged in their manufacture is not great,
though in quantity of dogwood and persimmon used for shuttles,
South Carolina leads all other States. Dogwood and persimmon
are the leading species for this commodity in the United States, on
account of their hardness, excellent wearing qualities, and free-
dom from warping when seasoned. Most of the material from
these woods presented in Table 6 consisted of logs or bolts made
into shuttle blocks, the form in which shuttle makers purchase their
raw material ; and in converting the bolts into blocks, 75 per cent, it
is stated, is waste. Though nearly two-thirds of the block material
was shipped in from other States, the price per thousand feet is
comparatively low. Red and black gum is used in the manufacture
of bobbins and of spools of large size.

The shuttle has an interesting history. It has come down from
the old hand-loom shuttle which was thrown by one hand and

28

WOOD-L"SIN<. 1\: OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

caught by the other. At that time nearly any wood tha:
smooth would answer. I'm the power loom throws the shuttle
l»y violent strokes with a stick, and few woods will long
the blows. The life of the best shuttle is measured by hours,
not years. Formerly Turkish boxwood was used almost exclu-
sively, and it still has no known equal, but its use by the :
skate factories at high prices, took it out of the shuttle market
years ago. The world has been ransacked for other woods.
Persimmon and dogwood are the two most satisfactory, when
all things are considered, but scores of others have been tried.
Some quickly wear through, some become rough, others burst or
break in a few minutes or within an hour or two. Some are too
heavy, others too light. Steel cannot be used for this purpose^
when made sufficiently light the metal shell buckles and kink-.
Dogwood, the diminutive tree which once had practically n
except as gluts for splitting rails, and as distaffs for spinning
wheels, has now become the most important wood in this coun-
try for the particular and highly important use of shuttle making.

TAHLE 6.— SHUTTLES, SPOOLS, AND BOBBINS.

KIND OF WOOD.

Quantity used
annually.

Average cost
per 1,000 ft.

Total cost
f. o. b. factory.

Grown in
Carolina.
Feet b. m.

Grown out of
Carotiaa.
Feet b. m.

Feet b. m.

Per cent.

Dogwood

3,050,000

1,560,

250,000

M !'•

4.90
4.00

$ 21.97
18.06
20.00
20.00

% 67.000

5,000
6,000

550,000
260,000

2,500,000

i.

Total

5,100,000

1"

| M M

$ 105,000

1

•3,600,000

CASKETS AND COFFINS

•ods, aggregating over three and a half million
supply material for this industry in South Carolina, hut \<
poplar furnishes more of.it than the five others combined. All
of the poplar N cut in the id the low average c<

from local purchases. The casket makers are her. buy

their poplar at several dollars per thousand less than tin-
mill price for the whole United States. The \\. .. .d is
employed as cores or backing for with which l\

Chestn- 1 in thi- way. l.-.n-leaf pine tin

•<•. 19 and 20. Side View of Street Car in Process of Con

t;« n. \\'itli and Without I

-'1 and 22. Kiul View <>f Street Car in PrOCCS8 nf
ti'.n. \\'ith and \\ itli.»ut

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

29

most important place as material for outer boxes. These
articles are included in the industry, and nearly as much material
is required for their construction as for caskets.

Though the industry includes caskets and coffins, the coffin
is almost out of use in the form in which it once was common,
and its place has been taken by the casket. The cheap article is
sometimes called a coffin, though it may not have the well known
"coffin shape." All of the shortleaf pine shown in the table was
manufactured into coffins for paupers. It was the cheapest wood
on the list. Oak was the highest, but the quantity was very
small. An equal amount of white pine was used.

Long-continued custom is responsible for the large demand
for chestnut for coffins, since other woods will do quite as well.

TABLE 7.— CASKETS AND COFFINS.

Quantity used

annually.

jf.

0

c

rt

VM G

O "*"*

o

"o

KIND OF WOOD.

£

&

|l

4*

l^P

o0S

.a

0

rt®
i- t-i

•a^

§5^

>-z-°

CJ

£

&

h

i®

£§^

Ot/)fe

0 3 u
l-i O 1)

Gcnfa

2 254 000

62 48

$ 15 01

$33 838

2 254 000

750 000

910 70

10 00

7 500

750 000

Chestnut

401 0001 11 12

20 01

8 026

401 000

200 0001 * ^7

ifi nn

3 200 9ftft Ofw

White oak

1 000

02 | 40 00

40

1

1,000

White pine . .

1.000

.021 30.00

20

1,000

Total

3 607 000

100 00

$ 14 59|$

52 634

3 204 000|

403 000

1

CAR CONSTRUCTION

Seven woods were used in South Carolina for the manufacture
of street cars, railway passenger and freight cars. Longleaf pine
headed the list in amount, and was placed as car sills, frames',
floors, and the heavier timber parts of both railway and street
caps. The shortleaf furnished siding, ceiling, and decking of
freight cars. The white oak was quartered and converted both
into finish and into the exposed parts of street and railway pas-
senger cars; red oak was employed in the same way, some of it
also going into freight cars. Ash and yellow poplar were finish
woods and were used mostly in street car vestibules and for
sides, finish and panel work in railway passenger cars. The
birch was all made into finish for passenger cars. Over 99 per

30

WOOD-USING AROLINA.

cent of the material was grown in South Carolina. The hi
priced wood was birch and was procured in Pennsylvania.
Longleaf pine cost less than shortleaf because the material
procured in large amounts and in dimension sizes, while the
shortleaf was good grade material, sawed into small lumber.

The average price of car stock in this State is $1«, thou-

sand and the amount used annually is under one and three-
fourths million feet. In contrast, the State of Illinois may be
cited. This is the largest car-manufacturing State of the Union.
and the price for car material at the factory is $30.44, almost
as high as in South Carolina. Conditions are not exactly
comparable, however, because Illinois builds more passenger
cars and uses a proportionately larger quantity of expe;
cabinet woods.

TABLE 8.— CAR CONSTRUCTION. .

KIND OF WOOD.

< >•:,.: tit) •:-' !

annually.

8"**

Is

Total cost
f. o. b. factory.

Grown in
South Carolina.
Feet b. m.

Grown out of
South Carolina.
Feet b. m.

E
A

I

Per cent.

1,020,000
371,500
194,200
14,000
7,000

7,000
8,400

63.08
22.97
12.01
.87
.43

.43
.21

$ 16.08
16.70
14.15
37.14
36.43

60.43
65.00

$ 16,400
6,204
2.747
520
||fl

IM

221

1,020,000
871,500

I'M.'JOO
10,000
5,000

2,500

Shortleaf pine

Red oak . . .

4,000
2,000

4,500
3,400

Ash

White oak ..

Birch

1,617,100

100.00

$ 16.56

$ 26,770

1,603,200

13,900

FURNITURE

The furniture manufacturing business in the St.- nail,

and most of the best furniture used in South Carolina is made
elsewhere. Table 9 embodies statistics of the industry in the
State. Church and office furniture are not included in the table.
The most remarkable thing shown is the cheapness <>f the lumber
manufactured into finished commodities. In some instant <-. it is
below the average mill value for the whole country. Tl
true of yellow poplar, oak and ash. The average factory cost
of furniture lumber in Yr per thousand fr<

North Carolina $18.23, and in Tennessee $?'„>. :n. 'I' IK- average in
South Carolina is $13.46. Virginia makes twelve times as much

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

31

furniture as South Carolina, Tennessee twenty-five times as
much, and North Carolina sixty times. The furniture manufac-
turing business in South Carolina may, therefore, be considered
as only in its infancy.

The State supplies every foot of the lumber used. Yellow
poplar goes into drawer bottoms and sides, mirror backs, veneer
backing panels,- and various other places ; white oak is the most
expensive of the woods and is used in the best positions, as in
bureaus, chairs and dressers. White ash is used for bed slats,
though a cheaper material would do just as well. Tables are
made of red gum and bed rails of pine.

TABLE) 9.— FURNITURE.

KIND OF WOOD.

Quantity used
annually. •

It

Total cost
f. o. b. factory.

Grown in
South Carolina.
Feet b. m.

Grown out of
South Carolina.
Feet b. m.

£
ja

1

Per cent.

Yellow poplar . .

1,205,000
150,000
145,000
13,000
5,000

79.38
9.88
9.55
.86
.33

$ 12.52
18.99
15.59
11.23
18.00

$ 15,090
2,849
2,260
146
90

1,205,000
150,000
145,000
13,000
5,000

White oak

Shortleaf pine . ,

Ash

Total

1,518,000

100.00

$ 13.46

$ 20,435

1,518,000

VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS

Table 10 presents statistics of the vehicle manufacturing busi-
ness in the State. Repairs are included. Repairs perhaps call
for nearly as much wood as new vehicles and this business is
carried on all over the country. A few wagons are made and
many are repaired in small shops which cannot be called fac-
tories. Some of these small shops are represented in the accom-
panying table, but not all of them, since they were too widely
scattered. The result is that Table 10 shows part only, but
doubtless the largest part, of the vehicle making and repair busi-
ness in South Carolina. The table is, however, as nearly com-
plete as similar statistics collected in other States.

The average cost of the material is rather high. Yellow poplar
is largest in amount. It is made into wagon beds and bodies of
other vehicles. One of its highest recommendations is its prop-
erty of holding paint. Hickory's chief use is found in small

32

WOOD-UMNT. IN;

vehicles where it occurs in spokes, felloes, pole^ and

singletrees. White oak is used for the wheels and the running
gear of hi gons. it is the most costly wood listed in the

industry. Ash is all-round vehicle wood, midway in impor
between oak and hickory, but lower in cost than either of them.
For bodies of heavy trade wagons ash is sometimes preferred to
any other wood, since for this purpose it outwears »ak. In
wagon making cottonwood has about the same uses as yellow
poplar, and for some purposes it is as satisfactory. Yellow pine
is employed principally for bodies of small trade wagons, tl
it is quite satisfactory for the bottoms of farm and road wagon
beds.

A little more than one-third of the material reported
brought into the State.

TABLE 10.— Vl-HH -I.I-S AND VI-HICLE PARTS.

KIM) 01- WOOD.

Quantity <•.
annually.

Average cost
per 1,000 ft.

Total cost
f. o. b. factory.

Grown in
South Carolina.
Feet b. m.

Grown out of
Carolina.
Feett

E

.0

1

•J

§

1

193,000
116,500
115, •
109,050
98,000

M,TM
19,000

12,000

24.61
16.00
16.93
13.90
18.50

11.88
8.70
1.53

$ 31.53

19.60
10.1 0
21.12

19.84
30.00
26.00

$ 6,085
8,405
1,460
4,254
2,070

1,840
870
812

68,000

LM,Q4M
M.OM

8,000

«•:.;:><

125,000
87,500

rv

Aah
I.onjclcaf pine

90,000

Red oak

Cottonwood

12,000

Total

78M06

100.00

$ 27.16

1 11,286

504,800

279,500

SHIP AND BOAT BUILDING

In Table 11 nine woods are listed in the manufacture of
small boats, lighters, launches, and "ships. The reports which
were received were all from Chariest on and vicinity. It is
probable that a considerable additional amount of material is
by local boat builders al«>ntf the coast, but it was imp<>--ible
to reach them because there are no available lists or other infor-
mation showing their tlty-fottt1 per [ tin-
total amount of wood used in this industry was i>inc.
The white oak listed in the table includes live oak and probably
other species which went into flooring and planking of small

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

33

boats and launches and into ship furniture. The southern yellow
pines were used for planking, keels, and for almost all other
parts of small boats and ships.

The southern white cedar was all used in the manufacture of
small boats and the white pine for ship furniture. All the spruce
was employed for dry dock staging, the black gum for launching
rams, white ash for benches and ship tables, and the lignum
vitae for sheaves and bearings in ship and boat tackle. Lignum
vitae leads in price paid per thousand and all of this wood
reported in the State was consumed in this industry. Shortleaf
pine was lowest in price. Fifty-five per cent, of all the material
shown in Table 11 was grown in the State. Live oak, which
here is listed as white oak when used at all, was formerly one of
the most important ship timbers in America or in the world, and
South Carolina furnished some of the best of it. That time was
before iron ships were built, when the enormous crooks formed
by the junction of root or limb with the trunk, were hewed into
form for ship knees. The largest war vessels and merchant-
men used them because nothing superior could be had. That
use is now nearly unknown, and the boat builders in the State
do not even list live oak by name.

TABLE 11.— SHIP AND BOAT BUILDING.

KIND OF WOOD.

Quantity used
annually.

Average cost
per 1,000 ft.

Total cost
f. o. b. factory.

Grown in
South Carolina.
Feet b. m.

Grown out of
South Carolina.
Feet b. m.

E
.0

1

Per cent.

635,900
61,600!
21,900
13,000
10,000

6,100
4,000
3,300
207

84.11
8.15
2.90
1.72
1.32

.81
.53
.43
! .03

$ 30.27
46.59J
106.89
| 34.31
18.00

39.67
78.46
35.00

| 287.75

$ 19,251
2,870
2,341
446
180

242
293
115
60

385,900
14,700

250,000
46,900
21,900
13,000

|

White oak

White pine . . |

10,000

5,000

3,300
|

Southern white cedar

1,100
4,000
I

207

Ash

Black gum

Total

756,007

100.00

$ 34.12

$ 25,798

418,900

337,107

HANDLES

Table 12 represents the timber used for pick, axe, mattock,
shovel, hatchet, broom, and other tool handles. It probably does
not show all the material that went into these commodities,

>*

.3

IN: OF SOUTH CAROL!

for many are made locally l.y the consumers tl;
and there is no way of finding out how much material i-
in this way. The table, li<>v M by

the factories in the business of making handles. As in other
States, hickory is the priiu >d used, amounting to over 36

per cent of the total. Ash a r maple are demanded in

equal amounts, while white onk holds the least important place.
The maple and beech go into broom handles. Most of the
pick, and hatchet handles are of hickory noted for being st:
tough and resilient. The smoothness of this wood, which
renders it agreeable to the hand, is also one of the (ju.
which makes it a favorite for certain kinds of handles. It is
properly described as smooth-grained. Ash is a handle wood
for farm tools, like spades, shovels, forks, hoes and rakes. It is
strong and stiff. The handles of these tools must be rigid as
well as strong, and ash is preferred to all other woods, enormous
quantities of it being employed in this country. Broom hai
require weight and strength, as well as moderate smoothness,
and beech and sugar maple are ideal for this purpose. White
oak is widely used as handles for plows and cultivators. It is
the highest priced of the five woods in Table 12, and is demanded
in smallest quantity.

Much of the handle wood reaches the factory in billet form.
rather than in logs or lumber. This is split in the woods and is
often measured by the cord.

TABLE 12.— II AND I

KIND OF WOOD.

Quantity used
annually.

Average cost
per 1.000 ft.

Total cost
f. o. b. factory.

Grown in
South Carolina.
Feet b. m.

Grown out of
Carolina.
Feet b. m.

E

A

I

Per cent.

A*h

i*,ooo

10,000

86.17

M M

M If
I M

1.47

$ 19.50
18.00
18.00

40.00

$ 4,807

lie*

8,600
600
400

•_•»,, -.,„

10,000

i .

Total

«.-,.. -,,„,

100.00

$ 18.94

$ 1*,907

681,600

FIXTURES

they are considered in L8 include office,

store, church, and school furniture, telephone cabinets, and all

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

35

household effects not readily movable. Furniture usually refers
to movable effects. Seven woods are listed. Longleaf pine,
which is largest in amount, goes into church pews, pulpits, store
counters, show cases, and office furniture ; the oaks go into show
cases, office fixtures, telephone cabinets, and pulpits, while the
white pine provides shelving, and some of the yellow poplar
forms the bottoms of show cases. The remainder of the yellow
poplar and all of the red gum finds its place in office furniture.

Fixtures are usually of large size, with broad panels and wide
shelves. The wood must be thoroughly seasoned and carefully
worked or the finished article will warp out of shape or the joints
pull apart. Woods which season nicely, as well as those which
look well, are selected for fixture material. The high average
cost of the woods shown in Table 13 is proof that no large
proportion of mediocre grades were included. Red gum brings
the lowest price and white oak the highest.

The annual output of fixtures in the State is small compared
with many other regions. This fact indicates that many users
of these commodities are buying them from outside of the State,
although South Carolina has abundance of material for first-class
fixtures.

13.— FIXTURES.

KIND OF WOOD.

Quantity used
annually.

Average cost
per 1,000 ft.

Total cost
f. o. b. factory.

Grown in
South Carolina.
Feet b. m.

Grown out of
South Carolina.
Feet b. m.

E

.0
t;
1

Per cent.

150,000
48,000
25,000
20,000
14,000

10,000
5,000

55.15
17.64
9.19
7.36
5.15

' 3.68
1.83

$ 30.00
51.04
20.00
45.00
47.14

30.00
20.00

$ 4,500
2,450
500
900
660

300
100

110,000
6,000
25,000
5,000
5,000

5,000

40,000
42,000

15,000
9,000

10,000

1

'

White oak . . . .

Red oak

White pine

Total

272,000

100.00

$ 34.59

$ 9,410

156,000

116,000

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS

The comparatively small amount of wood employed in the
manufacture of agricultural implements, as Table 14 shows, makes
it apparent that many plantations in South Carolina are equipped
with machinery bought in other States. Virginia, for example,

36

WOOD-USI STRIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

manufactures mo: times as much farm machine

South Carolina, while Illinois makes tl times as mi:

nia.

ked oak, which as here used, doubtless includes a number of
Southern oaks, exceeds in amount the three other woods of
Table 14 combined, ami the whole (jiiantity of oak i-
into plow beams. The makers of cotton stalk cutters took all
the longleaf pine used in this industry, drain cradles are com-
paratively important. The cradle is a hand tool for cutting oats,
wheat, and other small grains. Cradle makers take all the white
oak and part of the ash. The remainder of the ash is plow U-am
wood. The three agricultural implements thus shown to be
manufactured in the State are plows, cradles, and cotton
cutters.

TABLE 14.— AGRICULTURAL IMI'U.M I.NTS.

KIM) OF WOOD.

Quantity used
annually.

Average cost
per 1,000 ft.

Total cost
f. o. b. factory.

Grown in

Carolina.
Feet b. m.

*ol

iU

Feet b. m.

Per cent.

Red oak .

25.000
10,750
8,000
2,250

54.S5
4.89

$ 30.00
LfcM

20.89

$ 750
210
M4

25,000
10,760
8,000

MM

Total

48,000

100.00

$ 27.63

$ 1,273

46,000

PATTERNS AND FLASKS

The "flasks" here referred to are the rough boxes filled with
sand, which arc employed in foundries to contain the moulds
for casting metal. Patterns are of different kinds. The foundry
pattern is embedded in the sand within the flask. After the
is tamped hard the pattern i^ removed, and the form left bc>
the hollow or mold into which the molten metal is run. < Mher
rns are for quite different purposes. They are simply mod-
els or copies of some object which i^ to be manufactured. No
of such pat1 made in the sand. While pine i^ the

Country's be^t pattern w««,d. ' and i< little

inclined to warp out oi , 'ar is much employed

for p. :>ut is n..t lifted in South (V - 'heapcr work

is done with loblolly and shortleaf pine. Kinc n pat-

re of mah».L'any.

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

37

Pattern makers pay a higher average price for their wood than
any other manufacturers in the State.

TABLE 15.— PATTERNS AND FLASKS.

KIND OF WOOD.

Quantity used
annually.

oif

»8

*!•

II

Total cost
f. o. b. factory.

Grown in
South Carolina.
Feet b. m.

Grown out of
South Carolina.
Feet b. m.

E

1

Per cent.

30,000
5,000
5,000
500

74.07

12.35
1.23

$ 75,73
14.00
30.00
145.00

$ 2,272
70
150
73

30,000

5,000
5,000

Shortleaf pine

500

Total

40,500

100.00

$ 63.36

$ 2,565

10,000

30,500

MISCELLANEOUS

Table 16 presents statistics of wood consumed by miscel-
laneous industries of minor importance. An article made by
only one or two persons or firms in the State, though manu-
factured in large amounts, is not tabulated as a separate indus-
try. This would reveal the individual operations of manufac-
turers, which is contrary to the policy pursued in compiling State
wood-using reports. In accordance with assurances given when
statistics are solicited, figures submitted by individuals are not
revealed.

Cigar boxes are included in the miscellaneous table. All of
the Spanish cedar reported was worked into this commodity,
which is pre-eminently the chief use of this wood in the United
States. The cost, as given in Table 16, is uncommonly high
because it was computed from veneer prices, which include allow-
ance for waste and cost of production.

A large part of the yellow poplar in the table was cigar box
material, and much of it was converted into cores or backing for
the cedar veneers. Poplar is an all-round wood and most indus-
tries use some of it. More than three-fourths of the wood listed
under "Miscellaneous" is yellow poplar, and none of it grew in
the State.

Sawmill machinery, which is made wholly or partly of wood,
is listed in this table; likewise looms and other textile machines
and appliances (except shuttles). Tanks, silos, kitchen furni-
ture, safes, excelsior, and a number of other articles are included.

38

WOOD-USING J s OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

With the exception of Spanish cedar, the extraordinary cost
of which has been referred to, the most costly wood in the mis-
cellaneous table is basswood, at $42 per thousand. The average
cost of all woods was $3J.U5. which was s micwhat hiiji ; but
-'.y all of the mate ;.ped into the State.

TABLE !«.— MISCELLANEOUS.

KIND OF WOOD.

Quantity used

annually.

Average cost
per 1.000 ft

Total cost
f. o. b. factory.

Grow

Carolina.
Feet b. m.

Grown out of
Feet b. m.

i

1

Per cent.

MS, >

85,000
75,000
29,000
21,000

5,000
5,000
1,100

78.86
8.13
7.17
2.77
2.00

.48
.48
.11

$ 24.87
42.00
140.00
15.00
10.29

20.00
15.00
21.82

$ 20,515
8,570
10,501

406

100
75
84

BM, »
B5,<
75,000

BMcwood

29000
21,000

K,OM

5,000
1,100

• ]••!'••

Southern White cedar

raf pine .

Total

1,046,100

100.00

$ 84.05

* 85,624

61,100

085,000

SUMMARY OF WOODS USED BY INDUSTRIES.

Table 17 i- a summary of all the previous tables. The planing
mill industry has by far the largest output which is more than
>ix times as much as that of all the other industries combi
The making of patterns and flasks i- credited with the smallest
amount of material but with the hiiji« er thousand

while boxes and crates take lumber of the lowest .

total cost of all wood consumed by the industv :nore

than six million dollars. Over !>" per cent, of thi iturc

to the |)rodiu-ers of lumber in the two

of the table show that 95 per cent, of all wood used was
in South Carolina. The total lumber cut in th<
1IM1 ttt 586 million feet ; of this 1<>V million is ;icc..unted

for in the wnnd-usini; industries, the other 183 million must.
therefore, have be«-n Chipped out of the State to other mark

The difference in tl :• :C COSt of the wood demanded by

the different indi; • T by a number of fa

The cliii of lumber and in the form in

which the material i< recei\c<l at the
the same in the woods reach I and

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

39

so have quite different values there. Raw material may arrive
at the handle factory, for instance, still in the rough log; in
another case it may go to the carriage factory and arrive in the
form of split and partly manufactured spokes. In each case the
factory would list the material as it was received — the log worth
probably $15 a thous'and, the club spokes valued at three or four
times that amount ; yet both are raw material and might be the
same kind and grade of wood. The handle factory in this case,
must put much work on the log before it is converted into fin-
ished products; but the spokes, already partly manufactured
when they arrive, are quickly and cheaply finished.

A list of prices, representing the cost of wood laid down at the
factories of various industries, conveys comparatively little mean-
ing unless the information is accompanied by other facts showing
the factors which go to make up the cost.

TABLE 17.— SUMMARY BY INDUSTRIES OF WOOD USED IN SO. CAROLINA.

INDUSTRY.

Quantity used
annually.

Average cost
per 1,000 ft.

Total cost
f . o. b. factory.

Grown in
South Carolina.
Feet b. m.

Grown out of
South Carolina.
Feet b. m.

6
o£
•£

£

Per cent.

Planing mill products
Sash, doors, blinds, and gen-

368,301,000
25,936,000

7,800,000
6,160,000
5,100,000

3,607,000
1,617,100
1,518,000
784,300
756,007

681,500
272,000
46,000
40,500
1,046,100

86.93
6.12

1.84
1.45
1.20

.85
.38
.36
.19
.18

.16
.06
.01
.01
.24

$ 14.22
20.76

| 13.14
I 13.03
1 20.59

14.59
| 16.56
| 13.46
27.15
34.12

34.02
34.59
27.63
63.36
34.05

$ 5,235,917
538,467

102,775
| 80,266
105,000

52,634
26,770
| 20,435
| 21,286
25,798

12,907
9,410
1.273
2,565
35,624

357,801,000
21,482,000

7,800.000
5,585,000
1,600,000

3,204,000
1,603,200
1,518,000
504,800
418,900

681,500
156,000
46,000
10,000
61,100

10,500,000
4,454,000

|

Baskets, fruit and vegetable
packages

Boxes and crates, packing. . .
Shuttles, spools, and bobbins

Caskets and coffins

575,000
3,500,000

403,000
13,900

' 279,500
337,107

Car construction

Vehicles and vehicle parts..
Ship and boat building

Handles

116,000
|

Agricultural implements
Patterns and flasks

30,500
985,000

Total

423,665,5071

100.001

$ 14.80|$ 6,271, 127
1

402,471,500

21,194,007

COST OF WOODS BY INDUSTRIES.

Table 18 shows the costs of the woods used in the different
industries. Quantity is not taken into consideration. Scarcely
any two industries pay the same prices for a particular wood.
Ten industries buy yellow poplar, all at different average cost;

40

WooD-U OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

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1

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 41

ten purchase white oak, and only two pay the same amount;
seven buy red gum, and six prices are paid; eleven buyers of
longleaf pine pay ten different prices, and a similar condition
applies to the other industries. The variation in the price of the
same wood is great. Box and crate makers buy ash at $15 per
thousand, boat builders pay $78. Basket makers buy hickory at
$14.14, but door makers pay $50. Planing mills procure red oak
for $12.09, but fixture makers pay $45. Sugar maple ranges
from $20 to $51.04. A study of records like these shows how
impossible it is for anyone to name a fair average price for any
one wood, even in a single State or in one city. So many cir-
cumstances must be considered that each case must be decided
independently of all others. Average prices mean very little
unless time, place, grade and use are all taken in account.

THE WASTE PROBLEMS.

The usual waste problems are present in the forests and facto-
ries of South Carolina. Conditions are no worse there than else-
where, and not much better. In lumber operations the cutting
of high stumps is still common, and the practice of abandoning
felled tops, good for one or more logs, continues more generally
than it should. The blighting influence of forest fires continues
to be felt, and, considering the injury to soil and to reproduction,
this source of waste is the greatest of all.

What is properly classed as waste under some situations may
not be so classed under others. Where markets are convenient
and prices good, the cuttings in the woods can be profitably
utilized much more closely than in remote districts where there
is no money in anything but the high class stuff. All that rea-
sonably can be expected of any lumberman is to sell and save
only what will pay the cost of lumbering and a little more. The
man who leaves in the woods that only which has no profit in it,
cannot be justly charged with wasting resources. A crooked
log which will not make lumber, but which may be sold for
conversion into something else, should not be abandoned ; but if
no one will buy it, the lumberman who abandons it cannot be
charged with committing willful waste.

The same principle applies with regard to shops and factories.
When the superintendent has converted into commodities every-
thing for which he can find a market, he has done his best.

42 WOOD-USING EHI OF SOUTH CAROL:

Obviously it is not economy to expend two dollars in labor to
an article worth less than two dollars. The manufacturer
who keeps abreast of the times watches for opportunities for
closer utilization, and takes prompt advantage of such opportuni-
ties as they come.

Large slabs and serviceable scraps go to the burners in South
Carolina factories less frequently now than formerly. Such
material is made into laths, shingles, boxes, molding, and other
salable articles. Sawdust is generally used for fuel, though
about rural sawmills and planing mills the old-time heaps of
sawdust are still common.

The only commercial plant in the United States manufacturing
ethyl alcohol from sawdust is located in South Carolina. The
success of the enterprise is being watched with great interest,
for important conservation problems are believed to be in process
of solution.

In the manufacturing of handles and vehicles there takes place
some of the closest utilization of material reaching the factory;
but frequently great waste is committed in cutting and in
pin.q- the stock. The making of shuttles and shuttle blocks is
still attended with much waste, but ways are 'being found for
using the small cuttings for other things, notably for knife han-
dles and for loom speeders in textile mills. Some are made into
cross-cut saw handles. The Forest Service recently carried <>nt
an investigation for the purpose of finding uses for the
incident to the manufacture of shuttles.

SUPPLEMENT.

The statistics and data in the foregoing pages of this report
were collected by the Forest Service in 1912. Certain industries
were not studied because they are covered annually by the
Bureau of the Census in co-operation with the Forest Service.
These are discussed below. The statistics shown for turpentine
and rosin were collected in 1909 ; those for the other industries
were taken in 1911.

NAVAL STORES

Longleaf pine, and to some extent other pines, constitute a
source of great wealth as producers of turpentine, rosin, and
related products, grouped under the general term, "naval stores."
The trunk of the standing tree is scarified and resin exudes from
the wound. When this is distilled it produces spirits of turpen-
tine, and the residue is rosin. The former is a clear liquid, the
latter an opaque, yellowish solid. The collection of the resin
from which these products are made is an important industry in
the longleaf pine region of the South.

Long before the War of the Revolution the British navy pro-
cured stores in South Carolina. Attempts had been made pre-
viously to make them from white pine in New England and from
shortleaf and loblolly pines in Virginia, but these attempts had
little success. The output of longleaf pine, however, was found
wholly satisfactory both in amount and quality, and its use for
naval stores has gradually increased.

The Southern pine has little competition in the naval stores
field on the world's market, though the pines of Europe are tur-
pentined to some extent about the Baltic Sea and in France.

Too often very little care has been taken of the naval store
orchards in the South. Trunks have been deeply boxed, and
chipping has been deep and wide. Such wounds weaken the
trunks, and storms throw them by thousands. Fires have done
enormous injury by charring the wounds and killing the trees.
It has long been the rule for the operator to exhaust his trees,
and move on to new grounds. The old orchards are abandoned
to fire and storm, and during past decades the destruction has
been very great.

44 WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

The turpentine output of South Carolina has been declining
for a good many years, and there is no prospect that it
increase, because the virgin pine forests have been la
depleted by turpentining and by lumbering. Orcharding i
carried on, 1 r, to a limited cxu-m. Formerly no one

thought it worth while to box any except mature trees; now
poles as small as three inches in diameter are bled.

The quality of the wood probably is impaired very little by
moderate turpentining; but there can be no two opinions as to
the injury done the living trees by excessive turpentining under
the old style boxing method. Though the tree may live long
it must finally succumb — if not to pathological influences,
to physical injury due directly or indirectly to the turpentining
process. The conditions of old, abandoned orchards are proofs
of this; the standing timber is in all stages of damage and death,
and prostrate logs lie criss-crossed in hopeless confusion. Such'
formerly was the typical condition when lumbermen did not, as
now, follow the turpentine operators.

Improved methods of orcharding have come into use. Instead
of cutting deep notches in the trees for collecting and he tiding
the resin, it has been found that an earthen pot or a galva
iron trough, fastened beneath a slight wound in the trunk, will
collect the resin and greatly lessen the injury to the trunk.
Reforms, however, come in slowly, and the new "cup-atid-giv
and "apron" methods have not yet gained much foothold in
South Carolina. The greatest yield of turpentine is near the
coast. Statistics of output have not been compiled since 1909.
That year the State produced 460,000 gallons of turpentine.
valued at $205,000; and 15,000 barrels of resin, equal to 3,080,000
pounds, valued at $199,000. South Carolina produces a little
more than \l/2 per cent, of the naval stores supply of the Ui
States. The values of the spirits of turpentine and rosin in the
leading naval stores States in 1909 were as follows: Florida,
$11,905,000; Georgia, $6,929,000; Alabama, $2,468,000; M
sippi. $1,572,000; Louisiana, $1,379,000; North Can >lina, $711,-
000; South Carolina, $404,000; total, $25,231,000.

COOPERAGE

lit cooperage consists of barrels and kegs of h-«1d-

lack cooperage is for dry article^. No ti-lii <

ired in South Carolina and the prndurti<m of

-.\ \.< ii-lcaf Yrllmv I'itu- I'.nxcd for TurpiMUinr in lU-rki-lry
County.

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 45

slack cooperage is small. The principal species reported for the
manufacture of this commodity were yellow pine and oak. The
entire production of staves was only 665,000, representing a con-
sumption of approximately 517,000 board feet. The production
of slack heading was 29,000 sets, about 240,000 board feet.
Beside staves and heading, 70,000 hoops were manufactured,
representing 50,000 board feet. » The total consumption of mate-
rial for slack cooperage, including staves, heading and hoops is
about 813,000 board feet annually.

SOFTWOOD DISTILLATION

The wood distillation industry is divided into two parts —
hardwoods and softwoods. Hardwoods are distilled to obtain
charcoal, oils, acetates, alcohol, and other commodities; soft-
woods are distilled chiefly for turpentine and charcoal. Soft-
wood distillation only is important in South Carolina. The
centers of hardwood distillation are in the North. South Caro-
lina stands second among the States in softwood distillation,
Florida alone surpassing it by only a small margin. The growth
of the industry in the State has been rapid. In 1909 it stood
fifth. Its plants in 1911 consumed 38,136 cords of wood, equiva-
lent to about 20,000,000 board feet. Longleaf pine is the prin-
cipal wood in demand, because of its richness in resin. Much
experimenting has been done in distilling mill and forest waste.
Plants doing this work are usually large, and three of them are
now operating in the State.

VENEER

The veneer industry is widely distributed throughout the
United States. Thirty-three States reported the manufacture in
1911. Veneer has come into use not only for finish wood in
cabinet making, furniture, and products requiring 'a pleasing
exterior, but also for other purposes in which built-up lumber
can be used in place of rough lumber. South Carolina stands
twenty-sixth among the States in the amount of material used
for veneers. Red gum and "yellow pine are most used in South
Carolina, while black gum and tupelo, oaks and yellow poplar
are in less demand. The total consumption of all species for
veneer in the State in 1911 was 2,874,000 feet, log scale. This
represents less than 1 per cent of the total consumption for the

46 WOOD-L AROLINA.

L'nited States. The industry does not hold a np -riant

place in the State at present, but the large amount
available for veneer may make it more important in the fun

LUMBER, LATH AND SHINGLES

In 1911 the sawmill cut of lumber in the >,000

feet. Twenty-one States ranked above this. These figures were

compiled by the lUireau of the Census in co-operation with the

Forest Service. The quantity of each species, or group of

ies, reported was as folio

Board feet.

Ye!l..w pine :,:5:;.:,:,-.'.oOO

Cypress 18, 1V..OOO

Red gum i:.. 11 7.000

Oak 7,679,000

How poplar 4,490,000

Tupelo '.'.270,000

Ash 1 .652,000

Hickory 337,000

Maple 302,000

Cedar 218,000

Chestnut 209,000

Hemlock 203,000

Klin 1 Ki.OOO

Cottonwood 101,000

Walnut 32,000

i-amore 28,000

Becrh 13,000

r.irch "00

All others . 101,000

Total 684,872,000

South Carolina mills produced 10,292,000 lath and 55,848,000

shingles in 11M 1.

The Uses of Wood Reported by South Caro-
lina Manufacturers.

Ash, White.

Beams, plow.

Bent posts, chairs.

Ceiling-, house construction.

Crates, bottle.

Cupboards, kitchen.

Door frames, electric cars.

Doubletrees.

Flooring-, house construction.

Frames, bug-gy bodies.

Frames, carriage bodies.

Frames, cot.

Frames, light delivery wagon bodies.

Frames, surrey.

Grain, cradles.

Handles, axe.

Handles, hatchet.

Handles, pick.

Handles, shovel.

Interior finish, electric cars.

Interior finish, passenger coaches.

Mess benches, ship.

Mess tables, ship.

Posts, chair.

Rungs, chair.

Seats, electric cars.

Singletrees.

Tables, kitchen.

Window frames, electric cars.

Basswood.

Cabinet work.
Reed Ribs, loom.
Shafts, loom harness.

Beech.

Handles, broom.

Birch.

Crates, vegetable.

Hoops, vegetable baskets.

Hoops, baskets.

Hoops, fruit packages.

Hoops, fruit and vegetable packages.

Interior, house construction.

Cedar, Red.

Cabinet work.
Chests, clothes.

Cedar, Southern white.

Planking, boat.
Planking, motor boat.

Planking, outriggers.
Planking, yacht.
Tanks.

Cedar, Spanish.

Boxes, cigar.

Chestnut.

Caskets.

Coffins. »

Rough boxes, burial.

Shells, casket.

Cottonwood.

Crates, bottle.

Panels, buggy bodies.

Panels, carriage bodies.

Panels, light delivery wagon bodies.

Panels, surrey bodies.

Panels, wagon bodies.

Cypress.

Ceiling, house construction.

Cornice, house construction.

Corner blocks, house interior trim.

Interior finish, house.

Pickets, fence.

Sash, house construction.

Shelving.

Siding, house construction.

Dogwood.

Shuttle blocks.

Elm.

Baskets, fruit.

Baskets, vegetable.

Crates, fruit.

Crates, vegetable.

Hoops, fruit and vegetable packages.

Hoops, slack cooperage.

Gum, Black.

Baskets, fruit.

Baskets, vegetable.

Boxes, fruit.

Boxes, vegetable.

Crates, fruit.

Crates, bottle.

Flooring, house construction.

Fruit and vegetable packages.

Hoops, fruit and vegetable packages.

Interior trim, house construction.

Rams, boat launching.

Staves, slack cooperage.

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

Gum. * ..II..M.

Box shooks.

Boxes, bot

Crates, cantaloupe.

Flooring, house construction.

i.uiii. Hod.

Baskets, fruit.
Baskets, vegetable.
Bedsteads.
Bureaus, exterior.
Box shooks.
Boxes, packing.
Cabinet work.
Crates, bo
Crates, fruit.
Crates, vegetable.
Casing, door, house construction.
Casing, window, house construction.
Crating.

Flooring, house construction.
Fruit and vegetable packages.
Interior finish, house,
•ards, exterior.

• k, house construction.
Staves, slack cooperage.
Tables.
Washstands, exterior.

m.kory.

Axles, farm wagon.

Gear woods, light vehicles.

• lies, axe.

Handles, fruit and vegetable pack-
ages.

hatchet.
Handles, pick.
Handles, sho\
Handles, tool.

Hoops, fruit and vegetable packages.
Spokes.

••s, buggy.

v. -hides.
Tongues.

Micniim Vltnr.

Bearings, ship construction.
Sheaves, ship tackle.
Tackle blocks, ship.

M«hoKnny.

ior finish, house construction.

Patt'-rns. font

Hoops, fruit and vegetable packages.

'•m.

Posts, chairs.
Rungs, chairs.

Oak. H.-.I.
Beams, plow.
Handles, tool.

Implements, agricult

Interior finish, house.
Tongues, wagon.

Oak. \\iiii.-.
Axles, farm wagon.

P.. .1st. -:i.ls.

:ius, exterior.

:,et work.

I'ai.in.-ts. t. 1. phone.
Casing, door, house interior t
Casim • house interior trim.

ngr, house construction.

s, wagon.
Flooring.
Flooring, boat.
Gear woods, farm wagon.
Gear woods, wagon.
Grain cradles.

s, fruit and vegetable package.
Interior finish, electric cars.

Oak. AVhllr.

Interior finish, house.
Legs, table.
Mantels.

Poles, farm wagons.
I'ulpits, church.
Reaches, wagon.
Sideboards, exterior.
Show cases.

kes, heavy vehicles.
Spokes, wagon.
Timbers, launch.
Top*, t.-xble.
Washstands, exterior.

IVrNluiiiK.il.

shuttle blocks.

PI,,,-, l.ol.lollj.

Blinds, house construction.

Cases, y

Ceiling, house construction.

Crnt

Doors, house construction.

Flasks, fouiulry.

:rim, house construct ion.
MouMinu. h«>us«- ->n.

-rk.

liouse constru< •
K, house constrnrt

pin.-.
Balust
Base corners, house interior trim.

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

49

Base blocks, house interior trim.
Base moulding, house interior trim.
Blinds, house construction.
Bottom boards, wagon bodies.
Boxes, packing.
Boxes, wagon.
Cabinet work.
Cases, hosiery.
Cases, yarn.

Casing, window, house interior trim.
Caskets.

Carpet strip, house interior trim.
Carved ornaments, house construc-
tion.

Ceiling, freight car.
Chair rail, house interior trim.
Church pews.
Comois.

Columns, porch.
Crates, packing.
Doors, house construction.
Fixtures, store and office.
Flooring, electric cars.
Frames, cotton stalk cutters.
Frames, door, house construction.
Frames, electric cars.
Frames, window, house construction.
Lining, freight car.
Moulding, house interior trim.
Outer boxes, casket.
Partition, house construction.
Pickets, fence.
Planking, boat.
Planking, launch.
Planking, lighters.
Rough horses, stair work.
Sash, house construction.
Screens, door.
Screens, window.
Seats, electric car.
Sides, wagon boxes.
Siding, freight car.
Siding, house construction.
Sills, electric car.
Sills, freight car.

Pine, Shortleaf.

Barrels, fruit.

Baseboards, house interior trim.

Baskets, fruit.

Baskets, veneer.

Blinds, house construction.

Boxes, fruit.

Boxes, wagon.

Beds, wagon.

Cases, packing.

Casing, door, house interior trim.

Casing, window, house interior trim.

Ceiling.

Ceiling, freight car.

Ceiling, house, interior trim.

Crates, fruit.
Crates, vegetable.
Excelsior, mattress stock.
Fixtures, store and office, hidden

work.

Flasks, foundry.
Flooring.

Frames, cabinet work.
Frames, cot.

Frames, door, house construction.
Frames, window, house construction.
Furniture, kitchen.
Interior trim, house.
Legs, table.
Lining, freight car.
Moulding, house interior trim.
Packages, fruit.
Planking, lighters.
Packages, vegetable.
Rails, bed. •
Roofers, car.

Roofing, house construction.
Safes, kitchen.
Sheathing.

Sheathing, house construction.
Shingles.

Siding, freight car.
Tables, kitchen.
Tops, table.
Vehicle parts.

Pine, White.

Blinds, house construction.

Cases, casket.

Cornice, house construction.

Doors, house construction.

Furniture, ship.

Outer cases, casket.

Patterns.

Sash, house construction.

Shelving.

Shelving, showcases.

Show cases.

Poplar, Yellow.

Backing, desk.

Backing, furniture.

Backing, mirror.

Bottoms, drawer.

Bottoms, showcases

Boxes, cigar.

Boxes, packing.

Bureaus, enameled.

Cabinets, medicine.

Cabinets, toilet.

Cabinet work, enameled.

Casing, door, house Construction.

Casing, window, house construction.

Caskets.

Ceiling, house construction.

Coffins.

50

WOOD-USING IN OF SOUTH CAROLINA.

Crates, bottle.
Crates, packing.
Cupboards, kitchen.
Dressers, enameled.
Fruit and vegetable packages.
Furniture, enameled.
Interior finish, electric car.
;or work, electric cars.
Interior finish, house construction.
Interior finish, railway passenger

coaches.
Hoops, fruit and vegetable packages.

Is, enameled.
Moulding, picture.
Outer cases, casket.
Panels, automobile bodies.
Panels, buggy bodies.
Panels, light delivery wagon bodies.
Panel work, electric cars.
Panel work, railway passenger

coar

Panels, surrey bodies.
Panels, farm wagon boxes.
Seat boxes, buggy.

Sides, drawer.
Siding, electric cars.

tf. house construction.
Tables, kitchen.
Washstands, enameled.

Sycamore.

Blinds, house construction.

Casing, door, house interior trim.

Casing, window, house interior trim.

Crates, bottle.

Doors, house construction.

Interior finish, house.

Sash, house construction.

Spruce.

Deck staging, ships.
Dock shores.
Staging, dry dock.

\\nliiiil. llliirk.

Cabinet work.
Interior trim, house.
Moulding, picture.

Directory of Wood Using Manufacturers,

Agricultural Implement*.

T. N. Cox Denmark

E. R. Barton Elloree

J. T. Wilson Fairfax

J. C. Count & Son Prosperity

Boxes and Crates.

Dorchester Lumber Co Badham

Leaphart Lumber Co Charleston

Seidenberg & Co. (Charleston

Branch) Charleston

(Main office New York City.)
Woodstock Hardwood Spool Co.,

Charleston

Cheraw Box Co Cheraw

Pelham Mills Greer

North Augusta Box & Crate Works,

North Augusta

Fox Lumber Co Pageland

Rock Hill Buggy Co Rock Hill

Anderson Loom Reed and Harness

Works Spartanburg

Rowland Buggy Co Sumter

Sumter Telephone Mfg. Co... Sumter

Excelsior Knitting Mills Union

Union Iron Foundry Union

Car Construction.

E. F. Woodward Barnwell

Columbia Railway, Gas & Electric

Co Columbia

Southern Railway Co Columbia

Caskets and Coffins.

Branchville Casket & Novelty Co.,
Branchville

J. M. Connelly & Co Charleston

Leesville Coffin & Casket Co.,

Leesville

Witherspoon Bros. & Co Sumter

Fixtures.

H. D. Anderson Fortner

Davenport Lumber Co.. .Spartanburg
Green River Land & Lumber Co.,

Spartanburg

Sumter Telephone Mfg. Co. ..Sumter

Fruit and Vegetable Packages.

Beaufort Veneer & Package Co.,

Beaufort

Anderson Lumber Co Charleston

Clement Ross Mfg Co Cheraw

M. J. Hethington Ravenels

W. B. Rast Swansea

John M. Hethington.. Yonges Island
Hollywood Mfg Co. ...Yonges Island

Furniture.

J. M. Hook Batesburg

Werner & White Mfg. Co... Cameron

Clement Ross Mfg. Co Cheraw

H. D. Anderson Fortner

Pee Dee Furniture Co Hartsville

Glassy Mt. Furniture Factory,

Pickens

Handles.

E. R. Barton Elloree

Sumter Broom & Handle Factory,

Sumter

N. R. Wilson (Mill in S. C.)

Saluda, N. C.

Patterns and Flasks.

U. S. Navy Yard Charleston

Southern Iron & Foundry Co.,

Columbia

Standard Iron Works. . .Spartanburg

Sumter Machinery Co Sumter

Union Iron Foundry Union

Planing Mill Products.

George Lumber Co Aiken

Trexler Lumber Co Allen

J. E. Barton Anderson

W. L. Brissey Lumber Co.. .Anderson

H. C. Townsend Anderson

Dorchester Lumber Co Badham

G. E. Hutto & Sons Bamberg

D. B. Rawl Batesburg

Scott Lumber Co Bennettsville

Jones Lumber Co Blacksburg

J. W. Ott Bowman

B. F. Smoaks Branchville

Brunson Lumber Co Brunson

Spartanburg Lumber & Mfg. Co.,

Brunson

Tucker & Tucker Lumber Co.,

Calhoun Falls

J. W. Davis Camden

W. F. McLeod Camden, R. D.

Carter-Evans Lumber Co.,

Cartersville

The Vosburg Co Cashs Depot

J. E. Koon Chapin

Anderson Lumber Co Charleston

E. P. Burton Lumber Co.. .Charleston

Gr imball- Whaley Co Charleston

Halsey Lumber Co Charleston

WOOD-USING 1 UNA

Leaphart Lumb. : Charleston

s. M Charleston

Sels & Bro Charleston

Tuxbury & Co

Charleston

Hicks- • heraw

Meiklejohn Lumber Co. .
Daniel Hnr
3. M. Lee A Co. .
Singletary Bros
II H Williams.

Barre Lumber Co Columbia

N". H. Driggers ('<.hunt.i:i

McDuffle & Co Columbia

Mclver Bros. Lumber Co. . .Columbia
1 Builders' Supply Co.,

... Columbia
Conway Lumh.-r ('<• onway

Daniel Lumber Co Darlington

Long & Walker . .Denmark

Bethea Lumber Co I >ill<m

Parker Lumb.-r O> lull..).

Keystone Lumber Co l-rak.-

J. H V. I ML

I1 I. .l«-ffor<l ... . Kbenezer

imund
Dargan Lumber Co.. n^ham

ton
« ». H ''o., Inc

Kstill Mill Estill

; i?uson

H. D. Anderson

George Taylor ;uston

Atlantic Coast Lumber Corporation,

. . .Georgetown

ih Lumi.'-r ( '«> Georgetown

Mallard Liimb.-r <*«• < Ir.-.-ly ville

Co. .Greenwood

• '» Greer

nipton

Lights*- y Urns . M ,, iMpt i.n

.1 C I "npton

• 'obiirn !

FltzhuKh Lumbf r < '<• H;irts\ ill--

![:iwthori..-

Jno. c ilil.i.-i

.Johnston

Kersli

Self & Pern

Mills
iber Co. . .

I • T \'

Moor. v Mfg. Co

•

Tfg. CO. . .
]' H
Roof & Bai

itlian I.ui

i.idison

•

Miirion
Marion County Lumber Co...M

•shorn Lumber Co.M:

Mullins LuinJ.fr Co, Mulllns

B. G. Smith. . . Mullins

Nichols Lumber Co.
i! .M McGullum
P. 11 B1 n

Fox Lumber Co

Pee Dee Luinhcr To.

:• Lumber & Mfg. Co..i
\- E. C. W. 1'ellon

Thf Pick. -us Lumh.T Co I'i'

J. C. Count & S«

Belton Long & I'.i .> I'n>-

D. n. WalJ i: n

A-t-r Hi<h

W. D. Fountain.

Catawba Lumber Co Ro< 1

TiUhman Lumber Co Sellers

.

.1 IV Norton South LyncburK

Secostee Joint Stock Co.
•i & Sons.

Summ< :

Chas. M. Betts Lumber & Supply

Co. . Sumtfi-

J. B. Hai'i" . .'Pimmonsvillf

Charli.- Crou.-h .
<; \V. Camlin. .

l.umhi-r CO

Turbevillf Milling A Co.,

... Turb'

W. C. Reaves & Son

Mnith \'.

\\

\\ . • -i
Bulliniftoii Supply <'<• Woo.lrufT

.i .1 K- u. r .v '••• rorkritlt

v,ish. HIM. rn. IlliniU IIIK! <•< iMTnl
Mill \\ <irk.

; ' •
r.raix h\ ill.' <'ask«'t \- Nov.-lty Co.,

!.\ "111.-

• 'hapin

\ n 1'i-her A Co. . .

\- Soji . . . •

WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA

53

Technical School Clinton

Columbia Lumber & Mfg. Co.,

Columbia

H. Weinsel Cabinet Works,

Columbia

O. E. Emerson Georgetown

Greenville Lumber Co. .. .Greenville
Greenville Mantel & Mfg. Co.,

Greenville

W. L. Hallman Greenville

W. J. Snead Lumber Co. .Greenwood

D. T. McKeithan Lumber Co. Lumber

C. C. Davis Newberry

Williamston Lumber Co.,

Williamston

Pageland Mfg. Co Pageland

Glassy Mount Furniture Factory,

Pickens

Syleecan Mfg. Co Rock Hill

Davenport Lumber Co. .Spartanburg

P. B. Ross Spartanburg

Sumter Building & Supply Co.,

Sumter

Sumter Sash & Blind Factory,

Sumter

Ship and Boat Building.

U. S. Navy Yard Charleston

H. G. Tyler Corporation. .Hartsville
W. A. Coleman Mount Pleasant

E. O. Hall, Jr Mount Pleasant

Stevens Line Co Yonges Island

Shuttles, Spools and Bobbins.

Hampton Shuttle Block Works,

Camden

Woodstock Hardwood Spool Co.,

Charleston

Andrews Loom, Reed & Harness

Works Spartanburg

Norris Bros.. ..Westminster

Vehicles and Vehicle Parts.

C. D. Franke Carriage Works,

Charleston

Benjamin & Copeland Clinton

T. N. Cox Denmark

E. R. Barton Elloree

J. T. Wilson Fairfax

J. W. Goddard Greenville

Markley Hardware & Mfg. Co.,

Greenville

H. B. Lindler Peak

Rock Hill Buggy Co Rock Hill

Dunbar Bros Spartanburg

Spartan Wagon & Buggy Co.,

Spartanburg

Bullington Supply Co Woodruff

N. R. Wilson Saluda, N. C.

(Mill in South Carolina.)

MISCELLANEOUS.
Chairs.

I. Killingsworth Denmark

S. Killingsworth Denmark

(is sir Boxes.

Seidenberg & Co Charleston

(Charleston Branch.)
(Main Office, New York City.)

Excelsior.

Werner & White Mfg-. Co. .Cameron
Machine Construction.

Sumter Machinery Co Sumter

Refrigerators and Kitchen Cabinets.

Werner & White Mfg. Co. .Cameron
Pee Dee Furniture Co Hartsville

Tanks and Silos.

H. G. Tyler Corporation. .Hartsville

i 4-

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