Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. Gi Ge Era : e; M7 5 PSF ee Nha ald. ale ay ze = > hued = Se Zoe ins ce ERS Mee) ei 8 Soe a eave! ioe “ wv. 6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, ee FOREST. SERVICE -BULLETIN 106, "HENRY s. GRAVES, Forester. Ou: “Woon USING IN DUSTRIES AND NATIONAL | FORESTS OF ARKANSAS. > 4 _ PART USES AND SUPPLY OF WOOD IN ARKANSAS. - oe J. cs ops Coss ae HU MAXWELL, Bxpone. PART I. TIMBER RESOURCES: OF THE NATIONAL oh we FORESTS IN ARKANSAS. BY. _ FRANCIS KIEFER, Forest. Supervisor. a nS aes wy : 2 a : : : CWASHINGTON: (0.7, 2.5 3 oe i 8 GOVERNMEN'T PRINTING orrice, gee eg 3 ss 3 OTR OMe CIV. : . 2 e : “/ : ¢ : 3 i meu! Tare y epics vies Issued April 30, 1912. U.S: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. FOREST SERVICE—BULLETIN 106. HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester. WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES AND NATIONAL FORESTS OF ARKANSAS. | PART I.—USES AND SUPPLY OF WOOD IN ARKANSAS. BY J. T. HARRIS, Statistician, anD HU MAXWELL, Expert. PART H.—TIMBER RESOURCES OF THE NATIONAL FORESTS IN ARKANSAS. BY FRANCIS KIEFER, Forest SuPERvVIsoR. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE. ; 1912. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. UniITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FoREST SERVICE, Washington, D. C., January 30, 1912. Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript entitled ““Wood-Using Industries and National Forests of Arkansas;” Part J, Uses and Supply of Wood in Arkansas, by J. T. Harris, statistician, and Hu Maxwell, expert; Part II, Timber Resources of the National Forests in Arkansas, by Francis Kiefer, forest supervisor, and to recommend its publication as Bulletin 106 of the Forest Service. Respectfully, Henry S. GRAVEs, Forester. Hon. James WILsoN, Secretary of Agriculture. 2 Scope of the study CONN eS: Part I.—UsEsS AND SUPPLY OF WooD IN ARKANSAS. iKindsrandqualitiesiof woods Used’. sac Neeaw suede Eon ss Consumption onwood by industries: 1227) Uae Nias eS eee Oe ses Planing-mill p OCCT Se NL ROC MAO CN NUN AEN A CAL MRI SRN rE AAMC Oh TB YG p:ceVel eon VG iO ef SVs Ness ey ce lee Pel Ay a em a ATE AR PR ig PASE UN atl cn Vehicle stock. Baskets......- ori cmltunaluamap lene mts jae Maier NTR as NU esos eae es eee en Vehicles...._. Cortana SMa CASE thes UN Re UE MN AE iteaa) LONE eM IN NU Di RTS ME Miscellaneous. Humbercuiandmanuiactured | MEOCUETS yoy! Lue NON eal eka a Future supply ...- Part I1].—TimsBer RESOURCES oF THE NATIONAL FORESTS IN ARKANSAS. Ozancand Arkansas National Morests) 922222228.) 9 oe Bra) AC Pinan] Overe vhhav el av|y TENG etekey {OVA late ce eh i UO gO NUN PUA U ar MEA UN mee) Oren ry a Oa Hickory e322: EVE GOTT SVE Ch rma Speedy hy a aes Ta a Se ae NG RU UA TN Ya DISUSE UCT Slivonbleayp ime ys ea say Net LIE, RV We AO SOE Rg AAT) RMN oo He CC eta BBE ACSA Ei ae Raia LUMAR aM RSTON I IU) COO) i a aR MUI I tease LN Sycamore....- Sugar maple.. Black walnut. \ISTT OUT FE: VS) CYA URIS Sa cA UOT SSPE INANE COW SRT TaN Rl NOR URES Blache chernyyee es sen aiab a A Mes aS ai Mane UN ASE AL NR ose NNO aime oA nah Cottonwood... CC i i i a ari 4 CONTENTS. Stand of various species: D: factory. |Arkansas.| Arkansas. Tone, ASL factory. | Per cent. | Per cent. Planing-mill products. ......--..---- 1,050, 739,000 | 77.18 $10.12 |$10, 631, 541 91.71 8. 29 IBOXES And Crates== a eee eet eee eee 105, 552, 000 eS 10.80 | 1,139,760 95. 93 4.07 Wehiclestocke mse nace nte sso seaemene 76, 491, 000 5. 62 19.74} 1,509,720 91.85 8.15 Handles eee soe tye Rk) ys ae Lae 38,938,000 | 2.86 23. 87 929, 483 79. 10 20. 90 Sash, doors, blinds, and general mill- WOR en ee el yee seine ee oc eae 19, 956, 000 1. 46 | 13.96 278, 561 98.77 1.23 MiIscelIAneCOUSE = eee ee en eee sae 17, 140, 000 1.26 9.7 166, 275 79. 26 20. 74 IDDINMUADIND | 52 conooe SIO eE OEM SeEeaaee 15,373, 000 1.13 24. 90 382, 735 85. 44 14. 56 WarconstLucclone settee ee eee 12, 350, 000 - 91] 11.79 145, 550 88. 26 11.74 CHAITS Sees eee se ane ea ee 7,542,000 si | 15.72 118, 542 97.71 2.29 IBaSKE LS pene eee me Ae ee a ae 5, 270, 000 .39 | -10.46 55, 135 92. 88 1.12 HarmamplementSoos 225-2 asee sae 3, 924, 000 - 29 | 19. 82 77,770 83. 44 16. 56 NVGHIGIES Meme praette am ete ne erent eee 3, 546, 000 - 26 | 36. 34 128, 878 96. 84 3.16 Caskets andicominms 2. as) 52s ee 3, 067, 000 - 23 16. 53 50, 684 92. 60 7. 40 IB OBtS Cease erent Stk en ee Noa 1, 210, 000 09 17. 40 21,060 100300O}| Eee oa PRUETT KS ny es, S NSE i dS ai a 284, 000 02 | 15. 76 4, 475 96. 48 SEP UNV ENee era re eer SRE 1, 361,382, 000 | 100. 00 11.49 | 15,639, 169 91. 57 | 8. 43 | PLANING-MILL PRODUCTS. Three-fourths of all the lumber demanded by the wood-using indus- tries of Arkansas is represented in Table 3 as planing-mill products. This is a somewhat general term intended to cover all planing-mill output which is not made for some particular purpose. Many saw- mills, and especially the large ones, plane much lumber, chiefly to reduce its weight and lessen freight charges. Much of the material in Table 3 is lumber that has been planed but has not been further manufactured. Much of it also is heavy timber, suitable for bridges, trestles, and framework, or boards which might be used for sheathing, subfloors, fencing, or many other purposes. The major portion of the material listed, however, consists of lumber that is practically finished and ready for the use to which it is finally put, and includes such items as flooring, ceiling, siding, partition, wainscoting, etc. The dividing line between products represented in this table and those in Table 7 (millwork) is not always clear, but is generally based on whether the material upon leaving the planing mill is in final form for use, such - as flooring, or whether it is to undergo further manufacture. The lumber shown in Table 3 is generally surfaced, including tongued and grooved material; that in Table 7 is milled still further and is made into sash, doors, blinds, molding, or some particular commodity. USES AND SUPPLY OF WOOD. 13 Tape 3.—Annual consumption of wood for planing-mill products. Quantity. Aoeree —_—_—————— cost per | Total cost | Grown | Grown Kind of wood. Per 1,000 feet | f. 0. b. fac- | in Ar- | out of Ar- e f. o. b. tory. kansas. | kansas. Feet b. m. cone ot factory. Per cent. | Per cent. Shortleafpine se. .22. eee ce ile ee 915,613,000 | 87.14 $9. 84 | $9,010, 047 95.97 4.03 Longleaf pine...........- SNe rate Bt AE 66, 333, 000 6.31 11.94 791,920 24. 62 75.38 TR exo rea th oo RA ANN IRD ee Mea 29, 719, 000 2. 83 11.08 329,175 OOS 0092 see INVA TG Os Oaks SNe es Ui een Ai odd! Uy Sele 18, 160, 000 1.73 12.07 219, 159 OME OO) Jeckssscocs IVECO aKa tee rus ic NMR AU RUE ALT SA 10, 624, 000 1.01 11.77 125, 105 LOOSOON ee Gays ESS aa eG iy EE dy RI 7, 712, 000 .73 14.11 108, 809 MOOS OO Weeeesesocs IB CVO coy enya Fed aM TS EN a Se 1,350, 000 13 15.07 20, 350 NOOO escecococe STURN USAIN Ue es OPO cee tah aA et 1, 000, 000 . 10 15.00 15, 000 ICO, 00) Wescscesese WWalniibe pote he sew UL ea eo a 200, 000 . 02 40. 00 SOOO Waccoancese 100. 00 FESS Fe Tn ey nN hah Sin EEA Ee 15,000 |......-- 53. 00 795 100.00 |.......... Mano rami unde aun aie a irae 11,000 |.......- 195. 00 Pa eas 100. 00 PIECE CLONE oe aca renee wil taell als ae 2,000 |....-.--- 18. 00 36 NOOO WSegccocoue ARG Gate eee SA ue ee airs aa 1, 050, 739,000 | 100.00 10.12 | 10, 630, 541 91.71 8. 29 Highty-seven per cent of the wood shown in Table 3 is shortleaf pine. This species furnishes most of the lumber in Arkansas, and the large mills which plane their output to reduce freight saw shortleaf pine far in excess of all other species. Most of the longleaf pine comes from outside the State, and is cut by mills near the Louisiana border. The low average cost of the lumber in Table 3 is based to a large extent on the cost of stumpage, logging, and sawing; the first of which is evidently figured very low, especially in the case of shortleaf pine, the cost of which is generally estimated in the log f. o. b. mill. BOXES AND CRATES. Boxes and crates as understood in this report include containers and shipping cases of nearly every kind, if made wholly or partly of wood, but baskets are considered separately in Table 11. Box fac- tories buy their raw material in many forms. Some purchase logs and saw them into dimensions desired, others cut them into veneer by the rotary process. Lumber is frequently resawed, or low-grade material culled over. Few box mills turn out nailed boxes, but make shooks and sell them in the knocked-down condition. A form of box much used has veneer for sides, reenforced corners, and thick lumber for ends. Shipping cases of that design are light and often as strong as all-lumber boxes. Three-ply veneer, the grain of the middle sheet crossing that of the outside sheets at right angles, is widely used for large as well as small boxes. Red gum, as Table 4 shows, is the wood most used in Arkansas for boxes, with shortleaf pine next. Cottonwood, cypress, sycamore, and ash are often selected for boxes in which provisions are shipped, because these woods are remarkably free from stain and odor. Elm and oak are preferred for crates which must resist strains and shocks. 14 WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF ARKANSAS. TaBLe 4.—Annual consumption of wood for boxes and crates. antity. Quantity, Average cost per | Total cost | Grown | Grown Kind of wood. Per 1,000 feet | f. 0. b. fac-| in Ar- | out of Ar- BCoH be nnlicenitor peas tory. kansas. | kansas. total. y- Per cent. | Per cent. Ve Oumar ee nate, ae eye ef ee Beas 47,363,000 | 44.87 $9. 92 $469, 800 98. 84 1.16 Shortleatipinesees sees eee | 27,035,000 | 25.61 12.10 327, 200 100500) | Faaeeeeere 186 Mer eae onto aute as oe os Reeeroe ae | 17,500,000 | 16.58 10. 43 182, 600 78. 86 21.14 CottonwoOdienss 2 os ee eae ee eee 7,901, 000 7.49 11. 63 91,880 100500) |2ss—-eeeee (ON ORS Sars ce ie eae hs aia eae Speen 2,910, 000 2. 76 12. 22 35, 550 98.97 1.03 dD) baa Wee era a ance 2) ee eS nes ae 1, 293, 000 1.22 10. 06 13,010 UNE CD |lSosocokcor S.GamMmOnescpysee sy ch ty oa ee a Os 1, 000, 000 95 10. 00 10, 000 UOOSOONsedosoccse SORA A URS ere TEs Bee PDR) Sa eS 520, 000 49 18. 00 9,360 NOOO |Sseatesess ongleatpin eee see eee na See erie 30, 000 03 12.00 | 360 50. 00 50. 00 TOTAL EE een RRM Asse 105, 552,000 | 100.00 10.80 | 1,139,760 95. 93 4.07 VEHICLE STOCK. The manufacture of vehicle stock is one of the most important industries in Arkansas. The factory which turns out vehicle stock may be quite separate from the factory which makes vehicles. The manufacturer of stock does not, as a general thing, make finished vehicles, but parts only, such as spokes, rims, hubs, axles, and poles or shafts. He ships these to other factories which turn out com- plete vehicles by assembling the parts and ironing and painting them. Table 5 presents statistics of the manufacture of vehicle stock, and Table 13 the manufacture of vehicles. In Arkansas the former class uses 76,000,000 feet of wood, the latter 3,500,000. It might seem that the same material is listed twice, first when it leaves the vehicle-stock factory, and again when another establish- ment assembles the parts. Nearly all the vehicle parts considered in Table 5, however, were shipped to northern factories to be put together, and thus do not appear in Table 13. Enough vehicle parts are reported in the State to make twenty times as many finished vehicles as are produced in Arkansas. Some part of the 3,500,000 feet of wood used for finished vehicles may be material listed in Table 5, but every effort has been made to prevent duplication. Arkansas is rich in vehicle woods, and contributes material to most of the large vehicle manufacturers throughout the country, particularly those of Chicago, Cincinnati, St. Louis, and Memphis. USES AND SUPPLY OF WOOD. 15 TABLE 5.—Annual consumption of wood for vehicle stock. Quantity. Average cost per | Total cost| Grown Grown Kind of wood. 1,000 feet | f.0.b in out of Per cent | f. 0. b. factory. Arkansas.| Arkansas. Feet b. m. of total. | factory. Per cent. | Per cent. 9. 35 NGVIRUT YS (Ops ke ovat a a RMR ante ne 34, 038, 000 44.50 | $17.78 | $605, 142 90. 65 ECO yet ce iene CRIs 22, 263, 000 29.11 24.11 | 536,766 91.86 8. 14 Bledaumime ns ce kOe ATV) a 6, 000, 000 7.85 13. 47 SOOO MOOD Aen CGtiomwond nn reel sem 3, 667, 000 4.79 14. 36 52, 670 90. 46 9.54 Medicom ewe ON Ie 3, 379, 000 4, 42 Ne 93, 672 91.57 8.43 Shortleatipime eee an ghaai ea ai) 3, 100, 000 4.05 12.26 38/000) | 100100: |)eay- eee AST GEMS HO St AR AR at 2, 569, 000 3.36 29. 82 76, 595 76. 84 23. 16 TOL aa EL NE SE STOO A AN ae 1, 225, 000 1.60 17.55 PM 500) em OOOO as sane Cyuress ei OL 225, 000 29 18. 00 4050! \), 10000; tenen uke ASS WOOL Wot iii te eae yee 0 ta eal | 25, 000 03 21.00 525 60. 00 40.00 Ro fale one OR Ga 76,491,000 | 100.00 19.74 | 1,509,720 91.85 8. 15 HANDLES. Hickory and ash are the leading handle woods of Arkansas. Hickory is made into handles which must be tough and elastic, as for axes and hammers. Most of the ash shown in Table 6 is used for hoe handles. The handles of saws, augers, mallets, squares, planes, and similar tools, may be of maple, beech, red gum, oak, or elm. Handles for packages, boxes, buckets, and baskets account for the use of cypress, sycamore, and some of the other woods listed in the table. TABLE 6.—Annual consumption of wood for handles. Quantity. Average cost per | Totalcost| Grown | Grown Kind of wood. 1,000 feet | f. 0. b. in out of Per cent | f. 0. b. factory. |Arkansas.|/Arkansas. INES 10) eat of total. | factory. Per cent. | Per cent. JEUON oy ena CN EY pea ata Ms nD UAE Py A 21, 798, 000 55. 98 $13.75 | $299,662 93. 81 6.19 SANS TP eet aS SH Hea UG A AYP 14, 700, 000 37.75 40. 88 601, 000 54. 08 45.92 FEVe eure ee Nei A ESO al 800, 000 2.05 8. 00 6, 400 IOOLW) lescapedace YODA SAE Se TEN aa Me a CR a 760, 000 1.95 11.05 8, 400 O06 WO |igasccescen NAY LEMS) ORCS OAT Pen ca ee ae an 400, 000 1.03 15.00 6, 000 OOOO eedessecae WLR OS Les VEE Bs NE Wt eae rs 143, 000 37 24. 06 3, 441 79. 02 20. 98 VCC Kem eee ee TNE ae SADE ZS 120, 000 31 12.00 1, 440 100300) es oe Sy CaM ORC rave er aay UY eel oI Oe 100, 000 26 14. 00 1, 400 IOOKWO Nos SoSabods (ORV RESIS GA AU UA NA ae sean begga ea ay 100, 000 26 14. 00 1, 400 100,00), beeen ee TEES. 01d lis SO CE Na Ua Ce Os 17, 000 04 20. 00 340 58. 82 41.18 MRO LA Ie sates, aih seers acne ste 38, 938, 000 100. 00 23. 87 929, 483 79. 10 20. 90 GENERAL MILLWORK. Besides sash, doors, and blinds, Table 7 includes wood used for screens, moldings, stairwork, and similar products. In most in- stances the lumber is passed through planing mills or wood-working machines to fit it for particular purposes, and is thus distinguished from the material listed in Table 3 as ‘‘planing-mill products.’ Shortleaf pine makes up more than nine-tenths of the total. Sugar pine from California, 5,000 feet of which was used in this industry, 16 WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF ARKANSAS. is the only Pacific coast wood reported in Arkansas. The only yellow poplar reported for the State is also listed here. TABLE 7.—Annual consumption of wood for sash, doors, blinds, and general millwork. Quantity. Average cost per | Totalcost} Grown | Grown Kind of wood. _ 1,000 {eet f.0. b in out of er cent | f. 0. b. factory. |Arkansas.} Arkansas. Feet b. m. of total. | factory. Per cent. | Per cent. Short] eafspineseyy- 9 eee eee. a kee 18, 353, 000 91.97 $13.56 | $248,876 LOO! O08 Senos ee XG egy WTR SRE eS RNR - 3s See as 808, 000 4.05 7.00 5, 656 100500} 2 eee Cy MreSS Se eee adm er 2 Lee ey ears 460, 000 PAB 27.35 12,579 82. 61 17.39 hon pleafwpinescas-s ene aes st eee 200, 000 1.00 12.00 2, 400 70. 00 30. 00 IBHERG OAS OAs SSA os nate aa Sale eed 65, 000 B35 60. 00 33900) eee 100. 00 clo wapO Dlareeeees seen? enters Cees ae 60, 000 . 30 70. 00 4,200 50. 00 50. 00 UOT MITC eee es ats eee eee Lik ee 5, 000 . 02 90. 00 Ab OM SS cee 100. 00 IMPATN OS EATA Ysera ne eee ee es 5, 000 - 02 100. 00 HOON eee 100. 00 TO tal See tee een ne ee ae 19, 956, 000 100. 00 13. 96 | 278,561 98.77 1523 FURNITURE. Red gum and white oak together constitute 95 per cent of the woods used in furniture making in Arkansas (Table 8), though more kinds of woods are employed in this industry than in any other. White oak is generally an outside wood and is finished to give the best appearance. Red gum may be for both outside and inside. It takes an excellent finish, and the prediction has been made that in time it will be as valuable as white oak. If rotary-cut veneer of red gum is carefully selected to show grain and figure, it can be made to resemble Circassian walnut so closely that few can tell one from the other. It may be stained also to imitate white oak, cherry, and mahogany. The small showing made by shortleaf pine is remark- able in view of the large amounts demanded by some other industries. TABLE 8.—Annual consumption of wood for furniture. Quantity. Average @ cost per |Total cost; . rown Kind of wood. 1,000 feet | f.0.b. | GrO"2ID out of Retin Per cent | f.o.b. | factory. |~ "| Arkansas. “| of total. | factory. | Per cent.| Per cent. AE(e0 Leqhnas ls Aa Aes nen eens eee Be ae 9,061, 000 58. 94 $20.29 | $183, 880 82. 40 17. 60 AA ALOU IES OT Se ete (Ap ee es ee 5,586, 000 36. 34 32. 45 181, 240 92. 16 7.84 VETO assy tae is ry ee eee aa ee Seed 346, 000 2.25 22.88 7,918 56. 65 43.35 Cottonwoodetece en ee eae oa 100, 000 . 65 13. 00 1,300 75.00 25.00 Shortleatmine ss. eens See ee ee ae 66, 000 . 43 20. 98 1,385 100: 002io ees ae TO WT AA a eA aie ee ree ee MRE 60, 000 . 39 11.00 660 100200) | Sasa eee NSS oR SS re Le ee ES) SO a Peg PR 52, 000 . 34 19.81 1,030 1005005) 5 \AV Gila b ts eel a Bens Seen ly Re eee ws aR 52,000 . 34 50. 00 2, 600 100:00)|* tees 22 Wed ar ead Se hae ee ele ae se eae 10, 000 - 06 50. 00 500) ss os2 5-252 00. 00 Cherny are 2 a ee Se ae 10, 000 . 06 40. 00 400 1005007 (seen BIGHO CaN y ee oe en ee ee 10, 000 . 07 100. 00 1; O00! cS eee 100. 00 Wihite pines a 2h Ses tet st. eRe ere Le 10, 000 .07 50. 00 DOO |S 2. See shee 100. 00 CY DECSS sete rs ee are a A a ae 3, 000 . 02 70. 00 210 TOOZ00 Seer AS TING ORS P a Pye Re OLS RE Rome Sen ee Oe dee es a 2,000 -O1 15.00 30 10000u| See TO CUS Gate ee cee oe ea ale ee aoe sae 2,000 -O1 15.00 30 100200) | oo see SVCaMOreu see... teee eee Ee ea 2,000 01 15.00 30 1002008] eee Males ese cea Ne oo le iia: eins Aen 1,000 -O1 22.00 22 LOOS008 eee Seas Ota sey t eto! 5 oo te eee aes 15, 373, 000 100. 00 24.90 | 382,735 85. 44 14.56 USES AND SUPPLY OF WOOD. 17 CAR CONSTRUCTION. The four woods listed as car-manufacturing material are shown in Table 9. Most of it is used in repairing freight cars at the division headquarters of the various railroads. TABLE 9.—Annual consumption of wood for car construction. Quantity. Average cost per | Total cost _ | Grown Kind of wood. Semon enuMnn | O0ddect | (Rio bouton | coutiof HocH Baan Per cent} f.o. b. | factory. *| Arkansas. ““"* | of total. | factory. Per cent. | Per cent. Shortleaf pine..................- ie dees 4,500, 000 36. 44 $10.50 | $47,250 90. 00 10. 00 TREGLORISaS Bi as SiS Lar enn i eee 4, 128, 000 33. 42 11.00 45, 408 OOS 00} (asec VALDES allay eee a Ae ee eee 2, 222, 000 17.99 16. 04 35, 642 1COOOn Keio Moneleatipin egress eles ee ene 1,500, 000 12.15 11.50 17, 250 33. 33 66. 67 ANON es Oe paneer we Mase .| 12,350,000 100. 00 11.79 | 145,550 | 88. 26 11.74 CHAIRS. Though chairs and furniture belong in the same general class, the two kinds of commodities are frequently made in separate factories and are reported separately. Many small mills cut chair stock exclu- sively, and sell it to factories which make nothing but chairs. In the few instances where factories which have made both did not separate them the whole output has been listed as furniture. The amount and kind of wood used in Arkansas for chairs are shown in Table 10. TABLE 10.—Annual consumption of wood for chairs. Quantity. Average cost per |Total cost -_| Grown Kind of wood. 1,000 feet | f. 0. b. eee out of iesvely. Gav Percent | f.o.b. | factory. ‘| Arkansas. of total. | factory. Per cent.| Per cent. WAIN sen eye SCE NS Nee a 2, 810, 000 37. 26 $17.81 | $50,040 99. 57 0. 43 LENG! CGE 5 GE te A aR 2, 677, 000 35. 49 14. 10 37, 747 97. 24 2.76 ION. (Go de eB eA RGR Se IIe en eee ate 950, 000 12. 60 17.50 16, 625 98. 74 1. 26 iRvedpeuiane ss nerkee cet Vee urea eS Ea: 855, 000 11. 34 12. 84 10, 980 97. 66 2. 34 NDI OTE) Coys Bs ee a cae ee hee 175, 000 2. 32 12.00 2, 100 68. 57 31. 43 EL CK ORY a seeee teas tae eee tes ee 75 , 000- - 99 14. 00 1,050 TOOROO} | Saat eee Motalinseen =o BEEN Orci esl ce ma sdapa ley. 7,542, 000 100. 00 1§ 72 | 118,542 oi 2. 29 BASKETS. The woods employed by the basket manufacturers in Arkansas are listed in Table 11. The line between baskets and boxes is not always clearly drawn, but generally the shape settles it. The use to which the container is put does not always determine whether it is a basket, box, bowl, or crate. The baskets considered in Table 11 are chiefly for berries, small fruits, and vegetables. They are made 32113°—Bull. 106—12——3 18 WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF ARKANSAS. partly or wholly of wood, most of them consisting of a thick bottom to give strength, and thin veneer sides to insure lightness. They range in size from a pint to nearly a bushel, and are sold with their contents. TABLE 11.—Annual consumption of wood for baskets. Quantity. Average cost per |Total cost) . Grown Kind of wood. 1,000 feet | f. 0. b. peas out of Rochen Percent | f.0.b. | factory. "| Arkansas. ““""| of total. | factory. Per cent.| Per cent. UPC Ons ae oe ae a sens Seis eae 3, 100, 000 58. 82 $9.28 | $28,775 96.77 3. 23 Ved Retna es Ps Se Shs nabs 1,175, 000 22. 30 11. 81 13,875 95.7 4. 26 WOttonwO0dierers os ae ec see one Seeeeees 560, 000 10. 63 13. 00 7, 280 82.14 17. 86 Dee BE 2 UGS EE 2 ated 235, 000 4.46 12. 79 3, 005 68. 09 31.91 Shortleaflipine See ace te oe eee lae 200, 000 3.79 11.00 2, 200 75. 00 25. 00 100. 00 10. 46 55, 135 92. 88 Tf AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. Arkansas has an abundance of wood suitable for the manufacture of agricultural implements, but is putting only a moderate amount of it to use. Seven species are reported in Table 12, and the total quantity falls a little short of 4,000,000 feet, over half of which is ash. The exclusion of tool handles and farm wagons (both of which are shown in other tables) accounts for the rather small showing for agricultural implements. Factories in Northern States making com- modities of this kind draw very much larger quantities of wood from Arkansas than the factories at home. TaBLE 12.—Annual consumption of wood for agricultural implements. Average Quantity. | cost per | Total cost : Grown Kind of wood. 1,000 feet] f. 0. b. at out of Tea Per cent | f.o.b. | factory. |~ | Arkansas. -™-! of total. | factory. Per cent. | Per cent. AGH ee i eett Sena ee See eae ch eens 2, 250, 000 57. 34 $22.22 | $50,000 88. 89 11.11 Whiteoak: So.4ae55 s- sas et oe ses eee 546, 000 13. 92 17.7 9,695 100-00) 2332S TREC Oakes Be En Sere eisai 502, 000 12. 79 12.10 6, 075 1.00: 00s|52555 Seene Longleaf pine) 2. ....6 5255-255 5052 sa sc8es 500, 000 12. 74 20. 00 10, 000 20. 00 80. 00 vedbauimisisae tee a SE ee ay Pes 50, 000 1.27 14. 00 700 100: 00) S862 IC KOT ene eg aan Gee suseSasee 46, 000 teal 20. 43 940 100.00) |e ese Shortleafipine. Senses -ce-cses)n ee eee 30, 000 77 12. 00 360 10000 S| 22a eee Motaloesss.aseso-ce eee ea ae | 3,924, 000 100. 00 19. 82 77,770 83. 44 16. 56 VEHICLES. Table 13 gives the woods used in the manufacture of vehicles in Arkansas. Farm and road wagons are almost the only kind made. The material which goes into buggies, carriages, spring wagons, carts, and others of that class is listed as ‘‘vehicle stock’”’ in Table 5. USES AND SUPPLY OF WOOD. 19 Osage orange is a rather important wood in the wagon industry and costs more than twice as much per 1,000 feet as any other. This is due to its hardness, lasting properties, and more than all else, to its small tendency, to shrink and swell in the changes of weather. The comparatively large amount of cottonwood used by vehicle makers is for wagon beds. Yellow poplar was formerly the best available wood for that purpose, but its price is now too high. Next after Osage orange, hickory is the highest-priced vehicle wood in the State. TABLE 13.—Annual consumption of wood for vehicles. Quantity. Average cost per |Total cost - | Grown Kind of wood. 1,000 feet | f. 0. b pees out of WeetbLan Per cent | f.o.b. | factory. ‘| Arkansas. of total. | factory. Per cent. | Per cent. Wihtte0ak.jos¢se.52 45805". Pepe ee ee 1, 500, 000 42. 30 $35.00 | $52, 500 Cottonwoodet ieee sae ee 800, 000 22. 56 37. 00 29, 600 Shortleatipimey. ees eee vies 500, 000 14. 10 20. 00 10, 000 PIC KORY aoe ee Seer ery ee Rein re a 400, 000 11. 28 47.00 18, 800 RRedro Uae Fe sete ee cei sls eet eel eeu 200, 000 5. 64 23. 00 4,600 OSaAseorange lyases wae ee ee Ue ls 100, 000 2. 82 125. 00 12, 500 TO aa Res NI SOUL a ee aa 25, 000 71 20. 00 500 BAUS Taare eae tues reich Mie teh), ig jaa asaya aks 21, 000 . 59 18. 00 378 POGUE E eye eRe ee SUAS Say Sn cats 3, 546, 000 100. 00 36.34 | 128,878 COFFINS AND CASKHTS. Six woods serve as material for coffins and caskets in Arkansas, and the quantity and price of each is shown in Table 14. No foreign wood appears, which is unusual, since in most States mahogany is an important casket material. The average cost of the woods in this industry is very low, due partly to the large quantity of short- leaf pine used. Much cypress is also used. It is very enduring and has been employed for coffins in the South for more than 200 years. It is said that the hewed coffin in which De Soto was buried 350 years ago in the waters of the Mississippi, near the mouth of the Arkansas River, was of cypress. TABLE 14.—Annual consumption of wood for caskets and coffins. Quantity : Average ___| cost per | Total Grown grow Kind of wood. 1,000 feet |costf.o.b.| in Ar- AG Ween rae Percent] f.o.b. | factory. | kansas. cae of total. | factory. Per cent.| Per cent. Shontlean pines. Wn wiewe Ue ae a 2,107,000 68. 70 $14.11 | $29, 724 NCOSUU eseboseese OyMONesse HER Pra ee MEN No) De hepa ads kek 820, 000 26. 74 22.18 18, 190 78. 66 21.34 Red) gums, 2... Beas semis Noe RU ae 105, 000 3. 42 15. 95 1, 675 52. 38 47. 62 NVinibe oak noha sah ee I i ay 30, 000 98 30. 00 900 QOS 0) \nsentooe- VV sea Ube er aay oe Ae Za 3, 000 .10 45. 00 135 1LOOACOM ES see ee Wedane Wintel Faas bee hye e see, 2, 000 . 06 30. 00 CU SaR Baas aoe 100. 06 AS Otel Sfaveye Wonkese: iota te ae Ere ane 3, 067, 000 100. 00 16. 53 50, 684 92. 60 7. 40 20 WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF ARKANSAS. BOATS. The boat industry in Arkansas consists largely in the manufacture of a single commodity—oars. Practically all of the ash, which meets 87 per cent of the whole demand, is made into these, and finds its way to all the principal markets of the country. Every foot of the wood is supplied by the State. Much of the best comes from the White River and the northern streams. TABLE 15.—Annual consumption of wood for boats. Quantity. | Average | cost per Total Grown Gromy. Kind of wood. l 1,000 feet |costf.o.b.] in Ar- eee e Feet b.m. | Percent | f.0.b. | factory. | kansas. Lean 0: +) of total. | factory. Ses Per cent.| Per cent. ANS Vi ete Mp Peeters pom ee peas adap ose tan aie gle 1.050, 000 | 86.78 $18.00 | $18,900 100500 Sse ae SHOrtleafipineveses ts Vee ees 100, 000 8. 26 12.00 1, 200 LOO! O05 | See =ran ee @y Press sss teseees = Re se Sr eR Se 60, 000 4.96 16.00 960 100 005|2 22s TOGA ee se Ae hee oA re 1,210,000 | 100.00 | 17. 40 21,060 | } TRUNKS. More than a quarter of a million feet of lumber is used annually in the manufacture of trunks in Arkansas. Nearly all the wood listed in Table 16 is home grown. The exception is elm used as three-ply veneer, 25 per cent of which comes from without the State. TABLE 16.—Annual consumption of wood for trunks. Quantity. Average cost per | Total Grown Grong - Kind of wood. 1,000 feet jcostf.o.b.}| in Ar- Sass aah. an Percent | f.o.b. | factory. | Kansas. cae of total. | factory. Shortleatipinetesaceme ce ces seer ee eee 186, 000 65. 49 $15. 32 $2, 850 100: 00° ae BEL a se eer ne ent oe acre eS 40, 000 14. 09 12.00 480 75.00 25.00 Cottonwood hase re en eee eee 38, 000 13.38 20. 66 785 100: 00) iE Sa ae Se Nye IR Area cela te mee 20, 000 7.04 18.00 360 OOS 008 aS eee Aas | ek So Cent eres Seem Sy ct 284, 009 100. 00 15.76 4,475 96. 48 Sane | | MISCELLANEOUS. Table 17 gives the woods used for miscellaneous products, such as wheelbarrows, spools, shuttles, bobbins, lasts, beehives, pails, toys, golf heads, and excelsior, no one of which is manufactured in sufh- cient quantity to entitle it to the rank of an industry. Excelsior con- stitutes a large part of the total, and the cheapness of the wood which reaches the excelsior mills is responsible for the low average cost of all. Shortleaf pine and cottonwood are most important woods in the manu- facture of excelsior. All of the persimmon reported by manufac- tures in the State is found in Table 17. USES AND SUPPLY OF WOOD. shoe lasts and golf heads. TABLE 17.—Annual consumption of wood for miscellaneous products. Kind of wood. INGO! MO seeseaoeed White oak.....-.....- Shortleaf pine Longleaf pine EI CKOnYHY sa ee beast WOCUSU Mie a aceacaee Cy Mhessi ieee eee eeee Quantity. Average y cost per |Total cost 1,000 ee i 0. b + er cent} f. 0. b. actory. ERA of total. | factory. 4, 050, 000 23. 63 $9.95 | $40, 300 3, 682, 000 21. 48 7. 08 26, 060 2,100, 000 12. 25 8.10 17, 000 2,057, 000 12.00 8. 01 16, 472 2, 001, 000 11.67 10. 00 20, 000 800, 000 4. 67 12.00 9, 600 661, 000 3. 86 7.12 4,708 575, 000 3. 35 12.00 5, 800 500, 000 2.92 12.50 6, 250 250, 000 1. 46 33. 00 8, 250 164, 000 96 20. 00 3, 280 150, 000 87 10. 00 1,500 50, 000 29 10. 00 500 50, 000 29 120. 00 6, 000 25, 000 15 12.00 300 25, 000 15 10. 20 255 See act ial Bea eles 17, 140, 000 100. 00 9.70 | 166,275 Grown in Arkansas. A Per cent. 75. 31 LUMBER CUT AND MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS. 21 Most of it is converted into Grown out of rkansas. Per cent. 24. 69 cette ee eece i ec r-e ee cee ees ee eee ce Table 18, which is based on statistics of the lumber cut contained in the Census Bulletin entitled ‘“‘ Forest Products of the United States, 1909,”’ and reports from Arkansas manufacturers, shows that 59.04 per cent of the lumber cut is further manufactured in the State. Though the lumber cut is for the year 1909, and the figures for the manufactured commodities are a little more than a sear later, the comparison is probabty as accurate as if the figures for the sawmill output and manufactured products were for exactly the same period, since a great deal of the lumber cut in 1909 was remanufactured in 1910. 22, WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF ARKANSAS. TaBLE 18.—Annual lumber cut compared with amount further manufactured by the wood-using industries in Arkansas. Amount fur- Fer cent Average | Average Kind of wood. Lumber cut.1 ther manu- manu- | Valueat | cost at factured. factarode sawmill.2| factory.$ Feet b. m. Feet b. m. pelow DUNG eo ees oe eck ate 1, 313, 668, 000 952, 314, 000 72. 49 $13.16 $11. 31 SE EEO Cie Parente ace et Sea aga RETIN 358, 556, 000 97,552, 000 27. 21 19.18 15. 84 Red US ao ie Bes ee erent ee eee 200, 953, 000 96, 923, 000 48. 23 12.59 11. 46 WyPRESSia see cee ese ete merry sae seer 55, 012, 000 12, 030, 000 21.87 16. 35 14. 78 Cottonwood) ic sii bie ween Ye ce 54,507, 000 |. 15, 623, 000 28. 66 18.99 12) 51 MELT CK OT: c esas Tats seers ae me erat ae 45,133, 000 42,934, 000 95.13 30. 85 19.10 ENC IRS RES ROSS BEARS CAGE A omBe nia samme 33, 212, 000 16, 588, 000 49.95 24. 35 32.78 Maple) 052 Min ya Miss be ctale aye levine Sel ca 18, 500, 000 114, 000 . 62 14. 08 24. 05 Er epee or) dol beaear ange shat a Wage ya 2 AL 13, 056, 000 5, 081, 000 38. 92 14. 92 12.14 GiB o}e) Ca ye tes ees nen UR en eae Ven 6, 084, 000 5, 222, 000 85. 83 13.73 8.91 SV. GAMTOTE SS esses Sera uesetiye eh eyepseere es 5, 406, 000 1, 602, 000 29. 63 15.27 11. 04 Mello wepoO planers aero teen ern 4,484, 000 30, 000 . 67 (scl eescere BASS WOOdE santero eases dois ie sks eee cit 605, 000 15, 000 2. 48 (4) ij glaeeoeeecke AEN Not Dh pees AO Soe ie es eee tes ee eet 544, 000 55, 000 10.11 (Cite leaae ese ee = (Chie rary eee eye ae sedan ste Nave a 332, 000 10, 000 3. 01 (A) ceiceed pean Birches 2k qemetae asso A ere nes Ae ele see 138, 000 17, 000 12. 32 (4) 2 leeeeenee Beecher sr sekine ese eRe Sek a ates 78, 000 10, 000 12. 82 (ai eee ars ae PN VECG YH ANS) es See aD ee ecg ag me ils 032? 000 5 452, 000 43. 80 (A) 3" Bete ce HL Bo 9 Ee sr a eg 2,111, 300,000 | 1,246,572, 000 OOSOE NN. Seas oa |e eerie 1 Lumber cut from United States census report (Forest Products, 1909). 2 United States census, 1909. 3 Reported by manufacturers for 1910 and 1911. 4 Not separately reported for Arkansas by the United States census. 5 Includes white pine, mahogany, sugar pine, cedar, osage orange, persimmon, hackberry, and locust, most of which are imported into Arkansas. A fact to be borne in mind in comparing the total lumber cut with the amount of wood used by the factories is that a considerable quantity of the wood which the factories use never passes through sawmills, but is received in the form of logs or billets. Except for this, practically all wood used by factories comes from sawmills in the form of rough lumber. A comparison of the values given in the columns headed ‘‘Average value at sawmill’? and ‘“ Average value at factory’? shows the remarkable fact that, except for ash and maple, the factory cost of rough lumber is lower than the sawmill value. The figures in each column are averages from hundreds of reports and can not be con- sidered exceptional. The unusual showing that lumber is cheaper in Arkansas when it reaches the factory than when it leaves the sawmill may be explained in part by the way the values are estimated. The sawmill man’s value is presumed to be what he expects to ask for the lumber when he sells it. The factory’s cost is what it pays. It frequently happens, particularly with large manufacturers of finished products, that the factory is owner of the sawmill which supplies the lumber. It buys from itself, or one branch of the business charges the other with the lumber at just what it cost at the mill yard. Thus, if yellow pine costs the factory $11.31, but is valued by the sawmill man at $13.16, it means that the owner who transfers the material from one depart- ment of his plant to another figures no profit in the transfer; but if — — USES AND SUPPLY OF WOOD. Bio he sells to an outsider he expects to receive the mill-yard value, which in this case is $1.85 more than the factory pays. A large number of factories making baskets, veneer, excelsior, and the like, consider logs as their raw material, which they get below the cost of sawed lumber at the mill yard. Some of the apparent incon- sistencies in value and cost in Table 18 are doubtless due to this. FUTURE SUPPLY. The merchantable timber in Arkansas has been estimated at 78,700,000,000 feet board measure,! and the yearly cut of all products (lumber, crossties, staves, firewood, etc.) at about 5,000,000,000 feet.” The last is much more than the annual growth. It is therefore apparent that the end of abundance is approaching, though absolute exhaustion is not near. The State now sends its forest products all over the country, but in time it will be face to face with the ques- tion of supplying its own needs. It should not be expected that a change from abundance to scarcity will come suddenly, or that the landowners will abruptly turn from cutting timber to growing it. The change will be gradual. Yet it has, mm fact, already commenced. In some localities there is little timber now where it once was plen- tiful. These areas of scarcity will enlarge until they cover the State. As the quantity of timber decreases a beginning in practical forestry must be made. Planting trees will perhaps not be the first step. The control of fires is at present more important. In most places timber will grow without artificial planting if protected against fires; but without protection cut-over lands can not produce a new and valuable forest growth. In Arkansas the pines suffer most from burnings. They do not reproduce from sprouts, as do most of the hardwoods, and when seed trees are cut there can be no reproduction. When cutting is clean, destruction of the pine forests is immediate; but if occasional trees are left, a growth of seedlings will follow, provided fire does not kill them. This, however, is very likely to happen. Up to the present it has nearly always occurred, and the pine lands will become barren unless better protection against fire is provided. A moderate blaze, running through grass or litter where the little trees are getting a start, is usually sufficient to kill nearly all of them. Longleaf pine is a wood of great value, but if present methods continue the species will be practically at an end in Arkansas when the present stands have been cut, for its reproduction is poor and the seedlings tender. Shortleaf pine is more abundant in the State, but it is being cut ten times as fast as the longleaf, and the same destruc- tive agencies are everywhere attacking the young trees. “Summary of the Report of the Commissioner of Corporations on the Lumber Industry, Part 1, Standing Timber,’’ page 20, 1911. 2 See page 5. 94 WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF ARKANSAS. There is little or no Cuban pine in Arkansas, but it may spread into the State from the south. It grows quickly, sheds seeds abundantly, and near the Gulf Coast is restocking some of the cut-over lands; but no certain prediction can be made for it in Arkansas. It is simply a possibility. Loblolly pme has a fair foothold in the State and is a vigorous species. In North Carolina and Virginia it has restocked large areas of abandoned land and comparatively young stands yield much lumber. It may do as well in Arkansas, but it has not yet done so. These four—longleaf, shortleaf, loblolly, and Cuban—are the only pines which give promise of bringing on timber in Arkansas to supply future needs, and the present outlook is not encouraging. With protection for seedlings, however, pines will come back in many places where the original forests have been or may be cut. With hardwoods the prospect for a future supply is a little better. More than 20 well-known species, and twice that many more not so well known, may be drawn upon. Fires which kill all growth above ground may not destroy hardwoods as it does pines, for roots of the former send up sprouts which may become a new forest and in time produce timber. Nevertheless, fire is harmful to any kind of trees and if often repeated will finally destroy all woody growth and change a region to grass or weeds or to bare rock or sands. As a rule, in future forests will not be permitted to occupy good agricultural lands, but rather swamps, steep slopes, rocky tracts, and poor soils. After half of Arkansas is under farm cultivation (it is not one-fourth in farms now) there will still be immense areas left for timber. Some will lie in tracts too wet for cultivation, even when many swamps have been drained; others will occupy ridges and mountains; others rocky regions, and others poor soils where farming will not pay. There are kinds of trees suited to all these situations, and when the growing of timber becomes as much a business as the raising of fruit, rice, corn, and cotton is now, the tree grower will as carefully choose his kinds as the intelligent farmer selects the sort of crop best suited to his land. Real forestry has been practiced, often unknowmgly, by the farmers who set apart a corner of the farm for a woodlot to grow fuel, posts, poles, fence material, and sawlogs. They usually do no more than keep fires out or protect the woodland from excessive tramping by stock, and let the trees plant their own seeds and grow in their own way. Occasionally a farmer may want a particular wood for some purposes, and he thins the growth of other species to give that one a better chance, or he may plant the kind he wants, as locust, catalpa, or osage orange for posts. In domg so he is putting the principles of forestry into practice. USES AND SUPPLY OF WOOD. 25 Large timber owners may follow the farmer’s example and do for their holdings what he does for his woodlot. They may protect what they have until ready to cut; they may cut the mature and let the young trees grow; they may give the seedlings and sprouts a chance to develop. Occasionally they may thin the stand by remov- ing poor species to help the desirable ones, and it may be thought profitable to plant where nature can not be relied upon. If a farmer wishes to grow fence-post timber he does not plant or encourage sycamore, buckeye, basswood, or any other quickly decay- ing wood, but rather such durable species as locust, mulberry, or catalpa. If he wants lumber he gives preference to quickly growing trees of good form. Uncontrolled, nature is as apt to grow a thorn bush or an elder as a yellow poplar or a white pine. In Arkansas, as elsewhere, the practice of forestry will mean that the inferior woods will disappear and the best will occupy the ground, exactly as the Texas longhorn cattle and the razorback hogs have been replaced by breeds that pay better and can be raised as cheaply. Arkansas has much swamp land which for a long time to come will be more profitable for growing timber than for anything else. Only certain kinds, however, will grow there. In such situations cotton- wood and willow give good account of themselves, and the wood of each is fit for many purposes. Black willow (Sale nigra) in Arkansas may reach merchantable size in 20 or 30 years, and more of it will grow on an acre than of almost any other wood. It is not a very high class lumber, but makes good boxes, wagon beds, and com- modities of that kind. Cottonwood is in more demand and at better prices. It grows rapidly and is suited to many types of wet lands. Cypress and tupelo are swamp trees and will thrive in situations where few other species can live; but they grow very slowly, and it is questionable whether after the present stands have been exhausted they will figure largely in the supply. Willow oak (Quercus phellos) is a tree with leaves like willow and wood like red oak. It thrives well in some parts of Arkansas, espe- cially in the lower valleys. In favorable situations it increases in size nearly as rapidly as willow. The wood is generally considered of somewhat less attractive grain than red oak, but it often goes to mar- ket as such. It is strong, hard, stiff, and fit for many uses. . When oak timber is planted for commercial purposes in Arkansas, the willow oak will doubtless be carefully considered because of the vigor of its growth and the desirable form of the trunks, which clear themselves of limbs and make shapely, solid sawlogs. Doubtless some of the less desirable species of oak in Arkansas, such as blackjack (Quercus marilandica), will gradually disappear from the forests because not wanted; but other species may be expected to hold their place through all changes. White oak (Quer. cus alba) is one of these. It constitutes a considerable part of the forest wealth now, and, if proper management is applied, should be 26 WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF ARKANSAS. even more important in the future. It does not grow very rapidly, but it assumes a value as soon as it reaches crosstie size, and one which increases for a century or more. The Texan oak (Quercus texana), usually designated simply as red oak or spotted oak, also promises to remain as a permanent resource in the State, ad the same is true of post oak (Quercus minor). Hickory, ash, and red gum may always be counted on to hold their place. Hickory is very easy to plant, is hardy, and has a fairly rapid growth. Arkansas is included within its natural range, and it will probably be one of the safest trees to plant for commercial purposes, provided due care is exercised in selection of species and soils. Persimmon also promises to figure in the future timber supply of Arkansas. It provides material for shuttles and shoe lasts, and the market is likely to be permanent and prices reasonably good. Few forest trees are better able to take care of themselves than persimmon. It sprouts vigorously from roots, even after repeated cuttings. It grows rather slowly, but since the sapwood and not the heartwood is most valuable, trees need not be very large to be merchantable. The dark heartwood, however, is valuable for some kinds of inlay. Osage orange, which is now the highest priced native wood of the United States, thrives well when planted in Arkansas, though its natural range lies southwest in Oklahoma and Texas. Its chief use is for fence posts and wagon felloes. As long as land is farmed fence posts will be needed in large numbers, and nearly every farmer can grow what posts he needs by utilizing rough or waste corners of his land. Osage orange is not the only good tree for this purpose. Locust (Robinia pseudacacia) lasts as well and grows as rapidly, but in some localities it is hable to attack by the locust borer.1 Its nat- ural range barely touches Arkansas, but it grows vigorously when planted. Catalpa is another post timber which does well when planted in the State, and red mulberry is another. A good deal of mulberry grows wild. There is no lack of good species and suitable soils to supply timber for Arkansas for all the future, if an effective forest policy is inaugu- rated in the State. Much timber still remains, but not enough to meet for many years a demand like the present. The history of nearly all of the older lumber-producing States has been the same. — For a time they supplied themselves and sold to their neighbors, then home supply and home demand became equal, and finally the people were obliged to buy away from home. For some years Arkansas will have a surplus, but the tide will turn. Timber will then be scarce nearly everywhere, and the State or the region which has neglected its woodlands and used them excessively, and wasted unreasonably, will face a crisis in its industrial affairs. 1 This insect and its control are discussed in Bureau of Entomology Circular 83, U. S. Department of Agriculture. PART II.—TIMBER RESOURCES OF THE NATIONAL FORESTS IN ARKANSAS. OZARK AND ARKANSAS NATIONAL FORESTS. Two National Forests liein Arkansas, the Ozark and the Arkansas. The first was created by proclamation in 1907 and the other the fol- lowing year. Each has large quantities and several kinds of mature timber, which the Government offers for sale. This portion of the bulletin deals with the kinds, quantity, and accessibility of the timber on the two Forests, and the regulations under which it is sold and cut, as well as the prospective markets for it. The Arkansas National Forest lies in Montgomery, Polk, Scott, Yell, Perry, Garland, Sebastian, Logan, Howard, Saline, and Pike Counties. The total area within its borders is about 1,250,000 acres, but 500,000 acres of this are privately owned. Much of the Forest area is made up of ridges running east and west, giving a north and south exposure. The elevation varies from 600 to 3,000 feet. The region is drained by several rivers; the Ouachita heads in the northwest central portion and runs east, the South Fork of the Fourche traverses the northern part of the Forest, and the Poteau runs in a southwesterly direction across a portion of the northwestern part. These streams and many of their tributaries can be made drivable at little expense. Most of the timber on the Forest is accessible to roads, which are numerous and thread the Forest in all directions. These are generally in good condition. The Forest Service has cooperated with citizens in making some roads, which have added to the Forest’s accessibility. About 70 per cent of the timber on the Forest is at present accessible to railroads, and it is probable that nearly all soon will be. The Fort Smith & Gurdon Railroad, which at Gurdon connects with the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railroad, serves the south central portion of the Forest. The western part is accessible to the Kansas City Southern Railroad and the Arkansas Western combined. The Rock Island taps the northern part, and a proposed line to cross the region from north to south will open some interior portions. Other proposed railroads will further contribute to the development of the timber resources. The Ozark National Forest lies in the Boston Mountains of the Ozark Range, in Marion, Baxter, Stone, Cleburne, Van Buren, Con- way, Searcy, Newton, Pope, Johnson, Franklin, Washington, and Crawford Counties. The land was surveyed by the Government many 27 ke WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF ARKANSAS. years ago, and the Forest boundaries follow the legal subdivisions. About 70 per cent of the Forest has been covered by the United States Geological Survey. The Forest Service is making additional topo- graphic maps for its own use and for the convenience of prospective purchasers. Fifty-foot contours will be shown, together with streams, roads, and estimates of timber. The Ozark Forest contains 963,500 acres, all but 33,710 of which are woodland. However, only about half of the land included within the Forest boundaries belongs to the Government, the other half having been alienated by homesteads, mining claims, timber and stone claims, and railroad grants. The timber belonging to the Government is so situated as to be available for large and small lumbering units. The topography of the Forest is ohabncesciveld by numerous irregular, low, but well-defined ridges which radiate from the central mass in a concn north and south direction like spider legs. There are numerous high peaks, bluffs, limestone precipices, benches, and cliffs. The valleys are usually narrow, except at their outlets, and the larger ones have been cleared for farms to quite an extent. The ridges are sufficiently wide and flat in places to attract the farmer, and along these also are the best roads. Altitudes vary from 500 to 2,100 feet above sea level. About 60 per cent of the timber in the Forest is at present accessible to railroads. With the building of a line now projected from St. Louis to Fort Smith, however, all will be accessible. Public high- ways over which material may be hauled to the railroads now exist, though some would need repairs. Work of that kind is done by the counties. Five railroads are now within reach of the Forest: The White River branch of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern, on the east, connecting Carthage, Mo., and Newport, Ark.; the Missouri & North Arkansas, following the Little Red River through the central part of the Forest, joining Joplin, Mo., and Helena, Ark.; the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern, on the south, running between Fort Smith and Little Rock; the Frisco, on the extreme west; and the St. Paul branch of the Frisco, joining Pettigrew and Fayetteville. The somewhat broken topography of the region makes the construc- tion of tramroads rather expensive. One tramway has been built into the Forest region a short distance from Leslie. The freight rates per hundredweight on lumber from Leslie, which is a central shipping point for the Forest, are approximately as follows: Mo Kansas: Oty, Mor. sos i. eet eC ae Cee eee een areas ict eeee - $0.14 ToiSt: Douis, Moss fe eR Se a ee es A ee .14 To Mem phig; Tenn 24.5 2. yf deny ee os ct 2 Caer ere eae 12 Mos Chreag@o, MUD we 2. os. ea Guat Se OS ere a eae ee . 24 TIMBER RESOURCES OF THE NATIONAL FORESTS. 29 The rates per hundredweight on wagon squares, implement and furniture squares, hubs, spokes, etc., are about 34 per cent higher. Local rates for lumber on all railroads in the State are approximately as follows: P SemmMleS OTM COT, 04 nemo Rie rs MED a SMe RU Ls Ie ice a cal) $0. 044 DE CORO RIMMER Cys y many Cem TaN Oey Uy MUN! EMobile CHA pet WE TR Se PACA vane 5 FRO), oy DONO) Sen eee cAI = al UN es SIRT INTC UAT | EL ou sat 8 MOORtOME Onion Cera aU LRA ne riya Memb Ces. AU DUM LMS LANL UM NT 10 PP SORCORC OOM eR sy Ree tn! wea SAAR ROR CM amelie Antiates AON weve CC TR 8 11 TIMBER IN THE FORESTS. The Arkansas and Ozark National Forests contain both hardwoods and softwoods. In the Arkansas Forest shortleaf pine predominates, forming 58 per cent of the total stand. The remainder is mixed hardwoods. In the Ozark Forest the order is reversed, and more than half of the stand is hardwoods. The mixture of pine and broad- leaved trees indicates that during past centuries shortleaf pine has been working its way northward and slowly crowding the broad- leaf trees from ground which they once held. If this is true, the process has gone much farther in the Arkansas Forest than in the Ozark, which is farther north. Though the hardwoods on the Ozark are generally less defective, somewhat larger, and more thrifty, there is little difference in the two Forests between trees of the same species, and the following description of individual species applies to both. WHITE OAK. White oak (Quercus alba) is the most important hardwood of the Arkansas Forest, and its estimated stand of 400,000,000 board feet places it next to shortleaf pine in quantity. In the Ozark Forest white oak, with an estimated stand of 605,925,000 feet, exceeds pine in quantity. It is found im all situations in both Forests, but makes its best growth in deep, moist, well-drained soils of the north slopes and rich flats, where it produces a straight trunk, fre- quently 3 feet in diameter, but often with a heavy top. Its average height is 75 feet. The wood, which is of very good quality, is heavy, hard, strong, tough, and durable in contact with soil. There are frequently found in mixture several other of the white oaks, including overcup oak (Quercus lyrata), post oak (Quercus minor), chinquapin oak (Quercus acuminata), bur oak (Quercus macro- carpa), and swamp white oak (Quercus platanoides). There is very little difference in the woods of these white oaks, and they usually go to market under the single head of ‘‘ white oak.” RED OR BLACK OAKS. Under the head ‘‘Red or black oaks” are included red or Texan oak (Quercus texana), Spanish oak (Quercus digitata), and yellow or 30 WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF ARKANSAS. black oak (Quercus velutina). Of these oaks together there are approx- imately 130,000,000 board feet in the Arkansas Forest, and 253,000,000 feet in the Ozark Forest. The red, Texan, and Spanish oaks are confined pretty closely to the rich, moist soils of the north slopes and benches, while the yel- low oak (Quercus velutina) prefers the drier soils of the ridges. Red oak reaches its largest size on rich soils and may attain a diameter of 3 feet. The wood of the black or yellow oak (Quercus velutina) is likely to be brash and defective; that of all the other red oaks men- tioned, however, is excellent in quality. HICKORY. The total stand of hickory, chiefly shagbark hickory (Hicora ovata), black hickory (Hicoria glabra), and mockernut hickory (/icoria alba), in the Arkansas Forest is about 350,000 board feet, and in the Ozark Forest approximately 40,000,000 feet. The shagbark flourishes on the high benches and north slopes, mockernut, usually, on the ridges. Hickory attains its largest size in the Ozark Forest, where it often reaches a diameter of 2 feet. The characteristics of the various species differ little, and all of them are sold under the one head—hickory. The wood is of good quality, flexible, tough, and fine grained, well adapted to the manufacture of vehicle parts, handles, and agricultural implements. Because of its increasing scarcity, the few trees which may be removed in timber sales must be closely utilized. RED OR SWEET GUM. Red gum (liqguidambar styraciflua) is found in the valleys, lower moist slopes, and benches of north exposures. The stand in the Arkansas Forest is about 3,348,000 feet, but the quantity in the Ozark has not yet been determined. The tree reaches an average height of 100 feet and a diameter of 2 feet. Up to 15 or 20 years ago red gum had very little commercial value, but now it is being used extensively in the manufacture of lumber and furniture. The wood is close grained, and it can be easily stained. It is liable to serious warping when used green, but no trouble is encountered with the lumber if thoroughly dried. SHORTLEAF PINE. A conservative estimate of the available saw stock of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) in the Arkansas Forest is 750,000,000 board feet, and in the Ozark 108,890,000 feet. On favorable soils on the lower slopes the tree frequently attains a height of 100 feet and a diameter of 3 feet. The wood is heavy and resinous, although less so than most pitch pines. Its quality is good, and most of the lumber is used for interior finish and structural work. TIMBER RESOURCES OF THE NATIONAL FORESTS. 3l RED CEDAR. Red cedar (Juniperus virgvmana) is found scattered throughout the Ozark Forest in small pure groups, generally on limestone ledges and shale outcroppings where no other tree will thrive. The cedar on private holdings has been nearly exhausted by pencil companies and exporters. Many of the smaller trees and much defective material are now being removed for fence posts. BLACK LOCUST. Black locust (Robinia pseudacacia) is frequently found on north slopes, where it attains a diameter of from 9 to 10 inches in 60 or 70 years, and a height of 60 feet. The locust borer and a punk fungus often unfit the species for its principal use as posts and poles, though a limited number of worm-hole defects are not detrimental, except so far as they may contribute to decay. It can be taken, however, for insulator pins and similar small products. Locust often grows in mixture with other hardwoods, and the exact amount of it on the two forests is not known. BASSWOOD. Basswood (Tila americana) trees are occasionally found on deep, moist soils, which produce long, straight stems, free from branches. The total amount of basswood in the two Forests is small. The tree is not lumbered for itself, and only occasionally with other species. The wood is of excellent quality and suitable for excelsior, woodenware, furniture backing, trunks, etc. SASSAFRAS. A small quantity of sassafras (Sassafras sassafras) is scattered over the hills, some trees reaching a large size. The wood is very durable and therefore suited for shingles, posts, and poles. SYCAMORE. Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) frequently grows along streams, where it reaches large size. At present it is not put to much use in the region, but its wood is excellent for furniture, interior finishing, and plug-tobacco boxes. SUGAR MAPLE. Sugar or hard maple (Acer saccharum) occasionally occurs along streams and on lower north slopes. Although the wood is of good quality, the trees are small. It is useful in the manufacture of furniture. 32 WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF ARKANSAS. BLACK WALNUT. Black walnut (Juglans nigra) is scarce in the National Forests of Arkansas. The region, however, is well suited to its growth, and an effort is being made to increase its production by the planting of seed and the protection of seed trees. In consequence no black walnut, except dead and down, is for sale. The manufacturers of organs, gunstocks, and telephone boxes are important users of the wood. WHITE ASH. White ash (Frazinus americana) is restricted to the lower eleva- tions, seldom reaching the rich, well drained soils of the lower north slopes and valleys. The quantity compared with that of oak and pine is small, and its cutis little. The wood, however, is of good grade and suitable for farm implements, handles, and oars. ELM. Three species of elm are found in small quantities in the National Forests of Arkansas in mixture with other hardwoods; white or water elm (Ulmus americana), slippery elm (Ulmus pubescens), and winged elm (Ulmus alata). White elm attains the largest size, winged elm the smallest. The wood of all three species is similar and of fair quality, being strong, tough, heavy, and hard to split. It can be used for wagons, tool handles, saddle trees, ete. BLACK CHERRY. Wild black cherry (Prunus serotina) is scattered in small quantities through both Forests, and although small in size and amount, the wood is of good quality. It is valuable for furniture and interior finish. COTTONWOOD. Cottonwood (Populus deltoides) is found only along the large streams and in small quantities. Some trees attain a large size, sometimes exceeding 100 feet in height and 4 feet in diameter. The wood is light and soft and can be used for wagon-box boards, kitchen furniture, and woodenware. Beech, hackberry, box elder, dogwood, persimmon, black ash, blue ash, green ash, sumac, chinquapin, and river birch are scattered here and there through both Forests, but the quantity of each is small. TIMBER RESOURCES OF THE NATIONAL FORESTS. 833 STAND OF VARIOUS SPECIES. Tables 19 and 20 show the approximate stands of various species in both Forests and the percentage of the total stand of each. The stand per acre of all species is about the same for both Forests, running from 2,000 to 14,000 board feet. TaBLE 19.—Stand of timber in the Arkansas National Forest, and percentage of principal species. Diameter. Per cent Species. Sadan nn mi LOLALscanden ioncoval Average. |Maximum. stand. Board feet. SinomaAeent Tora oe Oat Ae wow au Code se cHapHOnese cde ecsbeaoss 18 32 | 750,000,000} _ 54.98 Wyld Ones Geos beosbouseeoonedseseoesdoeauoeoucuEDdas 17 36 | 400,000, 000 29. 32 ediandiolacks cal yae sa yee te peefereveys ere barelea(epetareserele re 16 18 | 130,000, 000 9.53 JBUICIGOIV S 6 addcoecbouddongsnedcadsundcscoe bodgnaudasoqcs 16 18 300, 000 03 TReCl abies nukes ddgaeABe Oba Uso oeEooroT Ebobsacosomoes 16 22 3, 348, 000 24 ING RCQIRTMOOUB. coccolasncoesoooseoSnecoodseusodecdseodus|lcosanbeuocodlasoscsobequS 80, 487, 000 5.90 Actual area of Forest, 750,000 acres. TasBLE 20.—Stand of tember in the Ozark National Forest, and percentage of principal specres. Per cent Species. ° Total stand. | of total stand. Board feet. Slhortlea tap im eo ey sie ey MRE UL aL yaaa APS LIN SIS ee ac Acceso ay chia al Mt aire ae 108, 890, 000 10.15 AIRTEL tS es ae gE ag 8 2 eh 605, 925, 000 56. 51 IRe@GlevaKel [ORES Bigs 4h Sou Ck eou ce seubascodaesoooes dendace soapSceeoaueESooneenEe ous 252, 809, 000 23. 57 TEENS ry arr es ete me ad OU NSU a A i RS OS SU ea es et 40, 271, 000 3.76 IMUCSMENTNGOUS 6 Gadsenoosancoudscdesueouseaagenooaudqooabbouasobabennanonasocdadue 63, 248, 000 5.90 COnGMWOOClss ccoscbeoéebbs occas bcos HodouaseocosbopodouSsooscoosoosedUcEsaodacooKas 1,174, 000 pall Actual area of Forest, 481,575 acres. The figures of stand on the Ozark Forest are based on surveys made in its northeastern and extreme western portions, comprising one- seventh of the total area of the Forest. The total approximate amount of timber in the entire Forest was arrived at by multiplying the stand actually cruised by 7. Since the pine belt in the southern portion of the Forest was not touched by the cruise, the estimate for pine is probably too low. SALE OF TIMBER. Mature timber on the Ozark and Arkansas National Forests is for sale, wherever it can be fully utilized. A peculiar condition exists in respect to the most valuable hardwood timber, however, which must be taken into account in making sales. This is the fact that much of the valuable hardwoods are at present inaccessible to all but stave operators. The stave operator, as he now conducts his business, is 34 WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF ARKANSAS. necessarily wasteful in the woods. He takes only the very best material from a tree, leaving the remainder—often a third or more— to rot on the ground. He has no means of utilizing material that is not almost entirely free from defects. In some cases it might be possi- ble for him to enlarge his equipment so as to manufacture insulator pins and brackets, chair and furniture squares, hubs, crating, clothes- pins, and the like, thus utilizing what he now leaves; but up to the present, lack of transportation facilities and available markets has hampered him in doing so. From the standpoint of forest conserva- tion, therefore, the sale of timber to stave operators under present conditions is In many cases undesirable. Such sales, it is true, have been made in the past and will be made in the future; but it is the intention to confine these chiefly to overmature white oak, for which there is no other market, and to hold the larger bodies of timber until increased transportation facilities make possible its complete utiliza- tion. Wherever an operator is able to utilize all the material he cuts, sales will, of course, be made. In addition, small operators who wish to cut cordwood, posts, and other material to supply local demand will at all times be able to purchase what they need. With pine the case is different. Asa rule, the lumberman removes and manufactures all usable material. In the Ozark Forest the pine is so scattered that extensive operations in it alone would be imprac- ticable, but in the Arkansas Forest it occurs in large bodies. When application is received for the purchase of a considerable amount of National Forest timber, the stand selected is examined by a Forest Officer, who reports on the character, species, and amount of timber found, and the amount that may be cut in accordance with the principles of forestry. He also recommends a stumpage rate based upon the probable cost of operation and selling price of the lumber, and furnishes a map showing the topographical features of the area, patented lands, and the boundaries of the proposed sale. A formal application, embodying the features of the sale, is then pre- sented for the signature of the applicant, who deposits $50 to cover the cost of advertising for a period of 30 days. At the expiration of this period the sale is awarded to the successful bidder by means of a formal contract. To insure compliance with its terms a reasonable bond is required of the purchaser. As soon as the first advance | payment is made the timber to be removed is marked by a Forest officer, and the purchaser begins operations. Throughout the prog- ress of every large sale the timber cut is scaled, and the scale checked, by trained men employed by the Government especially for the pur- pose. Upon the basis of their reports the operator’s advance payments are made. Special provision has been made for the quick handling of small sales. Sales of timber not exceeding $50 in value may be made by TIMBER RESOURCES OF THE NATIONAL FORESTS. 35 Forest officers designated by the supervisor, and the whole transaction need occupy only a short time. Application is made by the prospec- tive purchaser to the officer in charge of that portion of the Forest from which it is wished to secure timber. ‘This officer selects the area from which timber may be cut, marks the trees to be removed, and permits cutting to begin as soon as he is assured that payment for the timber has been forwarded to the designated United States depository. Sales of timber between $50 and $100 in value are made in the same simple manner, except that the supervisor only may approve the purchase. From a business standpoint, large operations in National Forest timber offer certain distinct advantages over those in private timber- lands acquired by purchase. In cutting National Forest timber there are no taxes to be borne, nor is there required a large initial invest- ment, on which ipterest must be earned from the beginning. Instead, the purchaser makes payments periodically in advanceof cutting. On a privately owned area the land, of course, remains as an asset after the timber is cut, but its value would seldom if ever go far to counter- balance the interest and taxes eliminated in National Forest sales. Moreover, in such sales the fire risk is carried by the Government. On the other side of the ledger are certain items of expenditure peculiar to National Forest operations. These are the piling of brush after cutting, the cost of which varies from 15 cents to 40 cents per 1,000 board feet, and the additional cost of logging brought about by leaving seed trees and protecting reproduction and young growth against injury in logging on the lumbered area. The total of these items does not usually add more than from 50 cents to 75 cents per thousand to the cost of logging. In fixing stumpage rates these additional operating expenses are determined as accurately as possi- ble and the rate charged is lowered accordingly. In fact, care is exercised to see that the stumpage rate bears such a relation to the total cost of production as to insure a fair margin of profit on the operation. To insure that a purchaser of National Forest timber whose contract covers a number of years shall receive a fair proportion of any increase in lumber values during the period of the sale, it is proposed to readjust stumpage rates at five-year intervals throughout the life of a sale contract, increasing the original stumpage rate each time by 75 per cent of the difference between the f. 0. b. mill selling price for each species when the sale was initiated and that on the date the readjustment is made. This guaranteesto the United States a fair stumpage rate throughout the entire life of the transaction and to the purchaser a fair profit. 36 WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF ARKANSAS. COST OF MANUFACTURE AND STUMPAGE. The following figures are, in general, a fair estimate upon which to base cost of manufacture of hardwood in the Ozark region where wagon haul to transportation points does not exceed from 8 to 10 miles. Greater hauling distances would increase the cost accordingly. : Per M. CUM PAPE. PICO. Ms aie Sao 8 ei epee NOSE ner ace Ses ot ey Nabe ae $3. 00 Hellmo-vand™ brush disposal. <2 'o kc ee cen acc ere nee Ste epee) 0 Nea se 125 Fauletoumilli(emile)y css 06 ed is a ee os a nee ee hee 3. 75 WawanovaG mille eee eee ey gk 2 ee Ree Mee eee ee ee On rae 3. 00 umberhanled (8 miles) c:ccho cepa See bs a ee a ee eee = ee 8. 00 4 No) 2) L Ae eae ge ene eae see AO een Nery aa ee ae oe - 19. 00 In this estimate the stumpage price has been placed at $3, which is the average for species such as red oak, white oak, hickory, and pine, while less desirable ones, as red and black gum, and sometimes black oak, may be sold as low as $1.50. The stumpage price of the best species depends, of course, upon the timber’s accessibility, and may be increased in proportion to its proximity to the railroad. The cutting limit in the Ozark for the year 1911-12 has been set at 20,000,000 board feet, for all species, and on the Arkansas at 15,000,- 000 board feet. Maps of the Ozark Forest can be secured from the forest supervisor, Harrison, Ark., and of the Arkansas Forest, from the forest supervisor, Hot Springs, Ark. APPENDIX. GRADES AND SPECIFICATIONS OF ROUGH STOCK AND SQUARES EMPLOYED IN MAKING SPECIAL HARDWOOD PRODUCTS FOR FACTORY USE. The following list gives a general idea of the grades and dimensions required for different hardwood products. While, as explained in the footnote on page 6, the demand for quality and size is not uniform even in the same industry, the list may yet be of some value in determining the amount of merchantable material in a defective log, where short cuttings may often be made between large knots, rot pockets, and the like, Class of material. Dimensions, etc. Purasia ouRs) Ihouanoyerrs bok eke | In plank or board No. 1 common or better used for . cuttings. — ‘ AUER ee Cees a Se EES Sa Hewed, split, orsawed dimensions vary from 6” x 6” to 7’’ x 9’ up to 16’ in length forswitches. Reason- ably sound, coarse material utilized. @ooperage (tight) 25. 52552222252). For staves: No defects, cut from trees not less than 16’ in diameter. Bolts to be approximately 36” long. For heading: Same as for staves, only bolts may be cut 20” to 22’ in length. Cooperage (slack)..........------ Rough stock, inferior species admitting of consid- erable defects yet serviceable for barrels not to contain liquids. Dimension specifications ap- proximately the same as for tight stock. Wiavomiaxdessme lee ceo Squares 22?” x 32?” to 6” x 7’ and 6’ long. Inspec- tion as per grading rules. Wagomibolsterss 25) 6.5.2. 0s Squares 3’ x 4” to 4” x 6” and in lengths 4’ 1” to 4’ 6’. Inspection as per grading rules. Wagomireach ess enum iwe lyst Squares 2’ x 4’” to 24” x 5’ and in lengths 8’ 10’ to 14’. Inspection as per grading rules. Wagon poles...............-.---| Squares 24” x 4” tops, to 4” x 4”” butts and 127 long to 34’ x 34’’ tops, to 34’ x 5” butts and 127 long. Inspection as per grading rules. Wasomevenersa! scsi x Squares 2” x 4” to 24” x 5” and in length 4 2” x 4/ 6”. Dimgletreeseteera ha vate se kk Squares for turning to be 24” x 3” and 36” long. INGCkyokesi ie MUNCN Gs i ee for turning to be 4” x 4” and 44” to 48’ ong. iHelloesi@vagom)) 222. 2o. 090002 Sitiares for sawing may be made from short, clear cuttings 10” to 14” wide and from 24’ to 30” long. Elionetocke sok ee yo ba In the round for turning. Blocks to be 94” to 12” in diameter inside of bark and 12” to 154” long. ISHDICHSCEIS) 5 5 Ce eA al cn Squares for turning to be approximately 2/ x 23” and 30’ in length. Ox OARS he sees eee ees nO aLomuaaimuwadtn andel24.¢o 6 @in\lenotin. Iminlenrent stock 3.33202. 5. Factory stock, boards, and plank for cuttings, to grade No. 1 common and better. iMandleistocke si ess oc vee Spht or in round for factory. Bolts to be cut 40” long. Usually corded. Locomotive and car timbers..... Dimension stock usually cut to order as per uses. Eoxcelerons ees ose iu enc INe Cut as cordwood; seasoned for shaving. 38” cord. emenlistock ye eae eye ai Reasonably clear material. Corded or cut into deals for export. Poles, posts, and piling......... Cut to order as required. 38 WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF ARKANSAS. SUMMARY OF USES OF WOOD BY ARKANSAS MANUFACTURERS. ASH. Baseball bats. Butter tubs. Carriages Crates (butter). Farm implements. Furniture. Handles (fork, hoe, rake, shovel). Interior finish. Oars. Plows. Tables. Tools. Trucks. Tubs. Wagons. Wheelbarrows. BASSWOOD. Box boards. Excelsior. Wagon beds. BEECH. Broom handles. Mop handles. BIRCH. Ceiling. Flooring. Interior finish. Siding. CEDAR. Cabinets. Caskets. Chests. Coffins. CHERRY. Base blocks. Baseboards. Cabinets. Casing. Chests. China closets. Fixtures. COTTONWOOD. Boxes. Box shooks. Buggies. Cases (egg). Coops. Excelsior. Plow parts. Trunks. Wagon beds, CYPRESS. Boats. Boxes. Caskets. Ceiling. Coffins. Crating. Doors. Flooring. Frames. Interior finish. Pails. Sash. Screens. Siding. Silos. Store fronts. Tanks. Tubs. Vehicle stock. ELM. Bands. Bed slats. Bending bows. Boxes. Cases (egg). Conveyers. Coops. Crates. Hubs. Plugs. Pulleys. Trunk slats. HACKBERRY. Ceiling. Flooring. Interior finish. Siding. HICKORY. Automobile spokes. Ax handles. Axles. Buggy poles. Buggy spokes. Crossbars (vehicle). Doubletrees. Handles (tool). Neck yokes. Plows. Poles (vehicle). Rims (vehicle). Shafts (vehicle). Singletrees. Spokes. Sucker rods. Vehicles. Wagons. Wheels, LOCUST. Farm implements. Furniture. Pins. Wagon stock. LONGLEAF PINE. Blinds. Boxes. Casing. Caskets. Ceiling. Coffins. Doors. Flooring. Interior finish. Molding . Sash. Siding. MAHOGANY. Cabinets. Chests. Fixtures. MAPLE. Chairs. Handles (brush, broom, pail). OSAGE ORANGE. Felloes. Pins. Spokes. Wagon stock. PERSIMMON. Bobbins. Golf sticks. Lasts. Shuttles. ® RED GUM. Blinds. Boxes. Box shooks. Broom handles. ere ases (ege). ee Ceiling. Chairs. Chair seats. Coffins. Coops. Couches. Crates. Doors. Fixtures. Flooring. APPENDIX. RED GUM—continued. Furniture. Interior finish. Panels. Plugs. Sash. Siding. Sheeting. Shelves. Vehicle stock. Wagon stock. RED OAK. Bridge material. Buckets. Cars (railroad). hairs. Chair legs and posts. Harrows. Kitchen cabinets. Plows. Reaches. Stretchers. Tables. Wagon_bows. Wagon stock. SHORTLEAF PINE. Balusters. Banisters. Beehives. Boxes. Box shooks. Cars. Casing. Caskets. Ceiling. Coffins. Columns. Couches. Crates. Doors (grain). Doors (screen). Door panels. Door rails. Door stiles. Excelsior. Fixtures. Flooring. Framing. Interior finish. Molding. Neweis. Railings. Sheeting. Sills. Stands. Store fronts. Store furniture. Tables. Tent poles. Tramways. 39 > AO : WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF ARKANSAS. SUGAR PINE. Blinds. Doors. Interior finish. Molding. Sash. Screens. “SYCAMORE. Boxes. g Box shooks. Cases (egg). Farm implements. Furniture. Trunk slats. Wagon stock. TUPELO. Baskets. Boxes. Sia Ceiling. 3 Crates. Fiooring. Interior finish. Pails (lard and candy). Porch columns. Tubs. WALNUT. Cabinets. Caskets. Coffins. Furniture. Switchboards. WHITE OAK. Automobile spokes. Axles (wagon). Bolsters (wagon). Bridge material. Butter tubs. - Cabinets. Cars (railroad). Caskets. Casket cases (outer). - Chairs. Coffins. Couches. Cross arms. Church pews. Cupboards. Davenports. Doors. Door screens. Dressers. Extension tables. WHITE OAK—Ccontinued. © Felloes (wagon). Fixtures (store and office). Frames (buggy bodies, wagon beds). Furniture. Gears (vehicle). Handles (hammer, pick, sledge, shovel, spade). Hounds (wagon). Hubs (vehicle). Interior finish. Kitchen cabinets. Kitchen safes. Locomotive (woodwork). Mantels. Neck yokes. Panels. Parquetry flooring. Plow beams. Plow handles. Plow rounds. Poles (buggy). Pulleys. Reaches (buggy). Rims Safes (kitchen) : Sand boards (wagon). Show cases. . ° . Singletrees. Spokes. Stands. Tables. Tongues (wagon). Trucks. Vehicles. Washstands. Wheelbarrows. Window screens. WHITE PINE. Beds. Cabinets. Dressers. Stands. Tables. YELLOW PoPTAR. Beehives. Blinds. Casing. Ceiling. Doors. Finish (interior trim). Fixtures (store and office). DITIONAL COPIES ofthis publication Be may be procured from the SUPERINTEND- ENT OF DOCUMENTS, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., at 5 cents per copy rhein salmnndaneciae Sheena De rental ree MeO MS te fe 2 ' sarin anemia tenet ae meme ac ana te mmareeno monn ok id ee “pees ee neg me D