UMASS/AMHERST # 31EDt,t3DD514E7Eli DATE DIJE UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LIBRARY SB 93 W6 N0.1 1866 WOODWARD'S RECORD OF HORTICULTURE FOR 1866 EDITED BY ANDREW S. FULLER, AUTHOR OF THE FOREST TREE AND GRAPE CULTURIST. NEW YORK: GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD, 37 PARK ROW Office of The Horticulturist. • 186V. LIBRARY ^-*'j£:jL~M^-|!«t>, university of massachusehs amherstTmass. TT v.l ENTERED, ACCORDIKG TO ACT OF CONGRESS, IN THE TEAR 1867, BY GEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD, IN THE clerk's OFFICE OF THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF WEW YORE. Davies & Kent, Stereotypfirs and Electrotypers, 183 William St., N. Y. FREFA^CE CO cn The public have an undoubted right to inquire for what particu- lar purpose a book is written. The preface is supposed to give the desired answer, therefore we here give our prospectus. We propose to publish in January of each year a volume in which we shall endeavor to show the actual state of Horticulture at that time, the principle Horticultural events of the preceding year, and any new developments that may have been discovered in regard to the more common fruits and flowers in cultivation. We do not propose to record the advent of every new fruit or flower, but only to give their merits or demerits after they are fully known. We shall endeavor to gather infonnation from all parts of the country, and keep our readers informed as to which particular fruits and flowers are best suited for particular locations. If horticulturists in general will give us their assistance, and com- municate any fiicts in their possession relative to Horticultural products, it will very materially assist us in making this annual a guide for the inexperienced as well as for those who possess a general knowledge of the subject. The present volume has been rather hastily written, owing to the fact that it was near the close of the year before we determined to publish it. With this expla- nation we ofler this, the first number of our Record of Horti- culture. The Editor. RECORD OF HORTICULTURE. I. NEW BOOKS. There is probably no better method of estimating our progress in Horticulture than by examining the various books that are published upon the subject. Our horticul- tural journals are certainly an index of what is being done, as well as great promotors of the science ; still, Avhile Ave acknowledge their importance, it must be borne in mind that many of them, mirror-like, reflect whatever is brought before them, whether it be that which elevates and pro- motes the cause, or that which checks the ardor of its vo- taries. In journalism, we look for the great thoughts of mature minds in company with the jinglings of thought- less scribblers. Books should be the concentrations of best thoughts, the results of a fixed purpose to do good by advancing that branch of science to which they are devoted. A book may be fictitious, dealing entirely with the imaginary, still it can be truthful. No theories will be accepted at the present day, no matter upon what subject they may be advanced, unless they can be demonstrated. Assertions have become unpopular ; truths only are in vogue with all thinking people. The books issued during the past year are sufficiently 6 RECORD OP^ HORTICULTURE. numerous to indicate great progress, and their sale shows that there is an increasing desire among our people to ob- tain whatever knowledge there is upon the subject, but It is at least questionable whether Horticulture has been benefited in proportion to the number ot books dissemi- nated. If a book is merely a re-issue of undemonstrated or exploded theories, with lists of superseded varieties of fruits and fiowers, then it is of little or no benefit to Hor- ticulture. While on the other hand it may not contain anything new and still be useful — for it may be a re-cloth- ing of well-known prmciples, and if dressed in a more at- tractive attire it will be sought for and be read with ben- efit. "We do not expect every new book to be an embodi- ment of entirely new thoughts, principles, facts, or tlieo- ries„ still Ave have a right to demand tliat it shall be differ- ent in some respect from any of its ju'cdecessors. Agriculture and Horticulture appear to have suddenly become very popular with our book publishers, for we can scarcely find a catalogue of any of our larger publishing houses that does not contain a list, more or less extensive, of works on these subjects. This fact is certainly compli- mentary to the cultivators of the soil, as it clearly indicates that we are rapidly becoming a reading j)eople, and that intellect and muscle are not so great strangers as they have been in years past. We fear, however, that some of our publishers, in their eagerness to have a long list of their own publications, em])loy men to write books who have no practical knowl- edge of the subject upon which they discourse. This is to be regretted, inasnnich as it is by the practice of science NEW BOOKS. 7 we are benefited. The two classes of writers most to be feared are those who have much to say theoretically, but nothing practically, and those who have nothing of their own to say, either theoretically or practically, but think it their duty or privilege to make a book if they can get a publisher to pay them for that which they purloin from others. We have a good example of the latter class in a book lately issued by Lee & Shepard, of Boston, which bears the very inappropriate title of "Practical and Scientific Fruit Culture," by Charles R. Baker, of the Dorchester Nurseries. The author or compiler of this work evidently thought that having walked in the shadow of a great man's umbrella he was entitled to a portion of his mantle. The work is but little more than a compilation of essays and extracts from various authors, with the list of fruits adopted by the American Pomological Society. The greater portion of the matter collected in this work is val- uable and familiar to reading men, but what right Mr. Baker has to use the immense labors of others, to the ex- tent which has been done in this work, is a question that the good public will decide. Mr. Baker for once has made a great mistake, which he should rectify so soon as he has had sufficient experience to give him the practical informa- tion necessary to enable him to write a work of his own. Cultivation oi the Grape. By W. C. Strong. Boston : Tilton & Co. 12mo. ; 355 pp ; muslin, $3 00. Mr. Strong begins with Adam, and leads us along the misty way down to the i)resent time. He makes copious b RECORD OF HORTICULTURE. extracts from the old authors, with an occasional one from those of modern times. There is no particular system of cultivation or training advocated ; the author evidently be- lieves that the American public have become fully posted on these points. Really the great fault of this book is its want of such positive working directions, that the novice might take it up and follow it to the letter, having every step from the cutting to the full-fruiting vine plainly de- scribed. The work is got up in Tilton & Co.'s splendid style, and notwithstanding its defects is well Avorthy of a perusal by those interested in this branch of Horticulture. Garden Vegetables. By Fearing Buhr. Boston : Tilton & Co. 12nio; 355 pp ; muslin, $2 50. Mr. Burr in this work has given just enough science for all practical purposes, and no more. His recommendations as to soils and cultivation are plain, simple, common sense, just what the cultivation of vegetables require. It is well written, superbly illustrated, and one of the best — if not the very best — works upon the subject in the English language. It is to be hoped that both the author and publishers will be well repaid for giving the public so good a book as " Garden Vegetables." Grapes and Wine. The Cultivation of the Native Grape and Manuflicture of American Wines. Illustrated. By Gp:orge HusMANN. New York: Geo. E. & F. W. Woodward. 12mo; 192 pp. ; muslin, $1 50. If Mr. Strong's work is deficient in j^ositiveness, we cer- tainly find it in abundance in this book. Mr. Husmann has had much experience in grape culture, and he writes as NEW BOOKS. y though he was certam that his mode of cultivation, train- ing, and making wine was as near j)erfect, for his section of the country — Missouri — as any that has been discov- ered. Mr. Husmann has been very successful, which is the best proof he could have given us that his method is a good one ; this certainly will cause the work to be appre- ciated by all Western vineyardists, and probably by many at the East and South. It is practical throughout, and just what we might expect from a man of experience. The chapter on wine-making will be particularly accept- able to new beginners everywhere. We think the tables of statistics are a little overdrawn, the estimate of cost of preparing the soil, planting, train- ing, etc., is too low, and the returns too high. Besides, we object to the counting in of vines propMguted and sold with the products of grape culture. It is not everywhere that men can sell all the vines they may grow from cut- tings and layers, and at such prices as Mr. Husmann names. Grape culture and grapevine culture should be kept dis- tinct in making up returns of profits. There is another item which should be deducted from the sum total of the profits on wine, that is the government tax ; perhaps Uncle Sam's collectors have not yet reached Missouri, as we do not see his assessments named in the tables. Mr. Husmann is a nurseryman, and can probably sell all the vines he propagates at a remunerative pi-ice ; in this he has an advantage over many other vineyardists. If we take out the amount received from the sale of vines, we will find the profits materially lessened. For instance, on pas^e 182 we find the returns given from two and a half 1* 10 RECOED OF HORTICULTUKE. acres of vines $8,848 60 as the total receipts for four years, but by picking out the items, there is but $809 60 received for fruit, tlie balance — $8,039 — was received for vines. The cost of the vineyard was |1,377 56; now, if he had not propagated vines for sale, would his grape culture have been called a success ? This is a little too much like " Our Farm at Edgewood," in which the author claims to show that fcixming is j^rofitable, because in a location favorable for selling milk he makes money by keeping cows. In describing the different A'arieties of grapes, Mr. Hus- mann evidently does not entertain the idea that it is possi- ble for him to be mistaken. There are, however, older, if not more able, men who think he is incorrect in a few in- stances. His references and purported quotations from other works are in some instances quite amusing. We give two of tliem as examples : "Perkins. — Husmann^^. 113. — Mr. Fuller has evidently not the true variety, as he describes it as a ' black grape, sour aad worthless.' " "Perkins. — Fuller^ p. 237. — One of the varieties re- ceived under this name has proved to be the Isabella; and the other is a small, black, fox grape of no value." "Rulander. — Ilusmann^ p. 109. — Mr. Fuller evidently does not know this grape, as he says it is the same as the Logan." " Rulander. — Fuller^ p. 237. — There may be a distinct variety by tliis name, but the one I have received is the Logan." The above cpiotations from both authors will illustrate the manner in which errors are promulgated. It is to be NEW BOOKS. 11 hoped that when Mr. Husmann again attempts to give the words of another, he will quote liim correctly. The Book of Roses. By Francis Parkman. Boston : Tilton & Co. 12mo ; 225 pp. ; musliu, $3 00. The first hundred pages of this work contain an ex- cellent practical digest of rose culture ; full of good suggestions upon culture, diseases, and methods of prop- agation. Illustrations are entirely ignored, which is a great oversight in both author and publishers. Even a few cheap wood-cuts would have added much value to the work, and given the novice more information than many pages of descriptive matter. Words may explain, but en- gravings are like facts — they make impressions upon the memory that are not readily effaced. The remaining por- tion of the book is little more than a descriptive catalogue, which is of doubtful value to the experienced rose-grower, and of less to the amateur. There is really too much of a good thing, and we become surfeited with the appalling list of choice, beautiful, and admirable queens of the gar- cler. The " Book of Roses" has no equal, and will doubt- less have a large sale, as it is really worthy of it, even with its defects. It is printed on fine paper, and the ty- pography and general make-up are really superb. Bulbs. A Treatise on Hardy and Tender Bulbs and Tubers. By Edward Sprague Rand. Boston : Tilton & Co. 12mo ; 306 pp. ; muslin, $3 00. The cultivation of bulbous and tuberous-rooted orna- mental plants has been constantly increasing in this coun- try for several years, and this work of Mr. Rand will 12 RECORD OF HORTICULTURE. materially assist in their cultivation, as it is full of practi- cal information, besides giving a very good description of nearly all the known species and varieties. The author could advantageously have given more explicit directions in propagation, especially of the Lily, which is now attract- ing so much attention. Also a description of the newer varieties. But upon the whole it is the best treatise on the subject published in this country. Garden Flowers. How to Cultivate Them. By E, S. Rand. Boston : Tilton & Co. 12mo ; 384 pp. ; muslin, $3 00. We regret the necessity which compels us to say that this work is not worthy of the author. It is a botanical list of trees and plants with the botany left out. The practical part is very deficient, as only general rules are given. There are many errors in the botanical names, especially in reference to our native plants, which is scarce- ly excusable while Mr. Rand has one of the most noted living botanists — Dr. Gray — for his neighbor. For in- stance, Virgilia lutea is now called Cladrastis tinctoria, (see Gray). Washingtonia gigantea, the great tree of Cal- ifornia, is Sequoia gigantea, and never was called Wash- ingtonia by any botanist of note. Similar errors are abun- dant througliout the work, and they detract very much from the usefulness of the book as a botanical list, if noth- ing more. Another serious error is — the author continu- ally confounds varieties with species, making no line of demarkation. This work of Mr. Rand is the least valuable one he has given us, and will be of but little service to those Avlio have the " Cottage Gardener's Dictionary." NEW BOOKS. 13 Miniature Fruit Garden. By Thomas Rivers Reprinted from the latest English edition. New York : O. Judd & Co. r2mo, 133 pp ; muslin, $1 25. Mr. Rivers is one of the veterans in Ilorticnlture, and his works have a world-wide reputation. Tlie public are very much nidebted to the publishers for giving the Amer- ican people an opportunity of obtaining this work of Mr. Rivers' in such an elegant dress, and at so moderate a price. New Book of Flowers. By Joseph Breck. New York: O. Judd & Co. 12mo ; 480 pp. ; muslin, $1 75. This is a revised edition of one of our old standard books ; or perhaps the word revised is not explicit enough, for the work has been almost entirely re-written, bringing it down to the present time. It is a first-rate work in every respect, and deserves a large sale. The Garden. A Manual of Practical Horticulture. Illustrations. By D. H. Jacques. New Y^ork : Geo. E. & F. W. Woodward. 13mo; 166 pp. ; muslm, $1 00. This is one of a series of w^orks issued several years since by Fowler & Wells, new editions of which have been lately published by the Woodwards. Mr. Jacques is a very clear w^riter, and lias collected many interesting facts relating to the subject on which he discoursed. "The Gar- den" is a good practical work, but should be revised, and the new fruits of the past five years added to the lists. The Forest Tree Oulturist. Illustrations By Andrew S. Ful- ler. New Y'ork : Geo. E. & F. W. Woodward. r>mo ; 188 pp. ; muslin, $1 50. A plain, practical treatise on the cultivation and propa- gation of native forest trees. It is an essay addressed to . 14 RECORD OF HORTICULTURE. the farmers of America, in which the author has endeav- ored to show them the importance of preserving the for- ests which they now possess, as well as to furnish them with directions for raismg new ones. No farmer or land- owner should be without a copy. Peat and its Uses. By Samuel Johnson, A.M. New York : O. JuDD & Co. 12mo ; 168 pp. ; muslin, $1 25. Although this is not a horticultural work, still the im- portance of peat as a fertilizer must be apparent to every horticulturist in our country, consequently it is as valuable to them as to any other class of cultivators. This book tells the whole story, treats the subject practically and scientif- ically, and is the very best treatise ever published on the subject. If there are not one hundred thousand copies of this book sold within the next year, the American people do not know nor study their own interest. American Gardener's Assistant. By Thomas Bridgeman. New Edition, revised and enlarged, by S. Edward Todd. New York : William Wood & Co. 12mo ; 530 pp. ; muslin, $2 50. This work purports to be a revised and enlarged edition of an old and very good work in its thne. We discover in the present edition an attempt at revision and additions, but it falls so far short of what it should be, that it is lit- tle better than a caricature of the original. If we refer to Part L, which treats of vegetables, we will find few of our most valuable kinds mentioned, and almost any of our seedsmen's catalogues, which may be had for the asking, are better guides than this voluminous treatise. None of the new or old varieties of rhubarb, tomatoes, peas, pump- NEW BOOKS. 15 kins, squashes, etc., are named. Part II. is supposed to give some information about the cultivation and varieties of fruits, but it is a quarter of a century beliind the times ; and we can not but think tliat the editor either belongs to some past generation, or is so indifferent *to the wants of the public that he would not look into any work of the present day. Occasionally a wood-cut of some new or old fruit is thrown in by way of illustration, and we give the publisher credit for them, as the editor seldom refers to these illustrations in the text. Figures of the Cherry Currant and Houghton Gooseberry are given, but there is no reference to them in the list of varieties. A long list of foreign varieties of the gooseberry is given, but our na- tive sorts are entirely ignored. The list of strawberries and raspberries are on a par with the rest ; we are, however, informed that a certain nurseryman at Flushing, X. Y., has the queen of raspberries for sale, at 25 cents per plant. The list of grapes recommended is certainly very unique as weH as select, as neither the Delaware, Concord, lona, Diana, nor, in fact, any of the superior varieties introduced v/ithin the last twenty-five years, are named. Several il- lustrations are given to indicate how grapes are to be trained, the said illustrations being appropriated from other works with a coolness only equaled by the silence of Mr. Todd in regard to their peculiar merits. But it is useless to name farther omissions and defects, as the above is a fair index to the Avhole. This may seem to be severe criticism, still we believe that every horticulturist in our country feels a certain pride in the good name of every departed member of the pro- 16 KECORD OF nOETICULTUKE. fession ; and as the* late Thomas Briclgeman was an intelli- gent and much respected man, and as the original work was a credit and honor to the author, we can not help feel- ing chagrined that his good name should be tarnished by this work, which is so inferior to what the author would have made it if he had lived to superintend its revision. Aside from this, we regret that so much expense should have been incurred by one of our old and respectable pub- lishing houses to produce such an inferior work. The American Journal of Horticulture and Florist's Companion. Boston : Tilton & Co. Price $3 00 a year. A new journal of Horticulture, the first number being dated the 1st of January, 1867. We are promised a jour- nal that shall be above all sectionalism, individual puffery, or toadyism to any particular person or j^ersons, and we hail the announcement with delight. There is no reason why we should not have one or more first-class horticul- tural journals; there is certainly talent enough to furnish the materials, and wealth enough among the people who take an interest in such pursuits to support them. The Tiltons will certainly do their part as publishers, as the first number indicates, and it only remams Avith horticul- turists generally to see that their efforts meet with a cor- responding liberality. The true horticulturists of America should (if they do not) lay aside all jealousy and personal feelings, and work together for the advancement of the greatest and most important science of the day — a science that blesses and ele- vates every one who studies it with a true heart, for it brings l^EW BOOKS. 17 US in close proximity to the Author of all good — the Crea- tor of the beautiful as well as useful. Write for the hor- ticultural press, do it practically, truthfully, and with but one object in view, i. e., the benefit of your fellow-beings. The Practical Entomologist. A Montlil}* Bulletin. Published at 518 South Thirteenth Street, Philadelphia. Price 50 cts. a year. The first volume of this very excellent work closed on September 1st, 1866, therefore it may with propriety be called a new publication of the year. The imj^ortance of disseminating practical knowledge in regard to the insects injurious or beneficial to the agricul- turist and horticulturist no one for a moment will question. The " Practical Entomologist" appears to be just the work needed to advance the science to which it is devoted. ISTo such work has ever before appeared in this country, and the publishing committee and editors are entitled to tlie thanks of the public at large and a generous support. At the A^ery low price at which it is published, 50 cts. a year, the editors certainly can not receive any pecuniary reward for their labors, unless the masses who are, or ought to be, interested, come forward and lend their assistance to swell the subscription list. The publishers ask' for only 5,000 subscribers for this year ; this is certainly a very small number for a magazine devoted to such an important sub- ject as Entomology. If the people could be made to un- derstand their own interest, it would have fifty or one hun- dred thousand subscribers before the close of 1867. With such support the publishers could afford to increase its size and give accurate and expensive illustrations whenever required. 18 KECOKD OF HORTICULTURE. 11. REVIEW OF HORTICULTURE. The rise of Horticulture in America is so recent, and its progress has been so rapid and brief, that one can scarcely realize how a business of such vast jDroportions could have been established in so short a time. It is true that the foundation was laid many years since — for at the begin- ning of the present century Horticulture had become a feature of American industry. The means, however, of dis seminating knowledge upon the subject were of a very primitive character. Fifty years ago, the few books in cir, culation were mainly of European origin ; these, with an occasional article in the newspapers of the day, constituted the entire horticultural literature of America ; and it is but little more than thirty years since Horticulture commenced its rapid strides toward its present prominent position. Among the veterans who are still with us, and Avho have for many years ably and earnestly assisted in disseminat- ing useful information upon the subject, as well as intro- ducing and growing many of our best fruits and flowers, we have Wilder, Downing, Buist, Breck, Kenrick, Hovey, Barry, Warder, Kirtland, the brothers Feast, I. Buchanan, (i. Graham, J. J. Thomas, and several othci-s, who weie tlie ])illnrs of the structure long before the science of Horticul- tui-e liad readied auytlniig a))j)i-<)\iinatiiig its j)resent pi"o- portions. These men are still in the raiilrospective agricultural colleges of our countiy for the education of men ; Avould it not have been well to give a portion to the endowment of horticultural departments for the education of both sexes ? Must the mothers of great men, yes, of na- tions, be circumscribed in their usefulness, and be compelled to walk in channels unsuitable to their proper development 30 RECORD OF HORTICULTURE. because of fashion or false education of both their own and the ruling sex ? Thousands of women, old and young, are now crowded into our cities who would gladly seek employment in the fruitful fields of the country if they could be assured that the finger of scorn would not be pointed at them. We all honor a Mrs. Loudon who did not think it be- neath her dignity to prosecute the woi'k her much lament- ed husband had begun. There are a few such noble ex- amples in Horticulture, and we have to regret that the record contains so small a number. At the time Mr. Lou- don published his " Encyclopedia of Gardening," there had been about four hundred authors of works on gardening in England; out of this number only five were Avomen. We do not doubt they had given assistance in many in- stances for which they have received no credit. We are glad to record the fact, that within the past year one lady has announced herself as a member of the horti- cultural profession. We refer to Miss J. L. Waring, of Amenia, Dutchess County, N. Y. Miss AVaring has built four large ^^ropagating-houses, which cost nearly |1 0,000, besides purchasing ample grounds for carrying on an extensive business. The propagation of grapes has been the main business the past season, and we believe her success has been excellent. From a very slight personal acquaintance with this lady, we do not hesitate, in behalf of horticulturists in general, to welcome her among us, believing that she will be an honor to the profession and of benefit to the country at large. MEN IN HOliTICULTUKE. 31 IV. MEN IN HOETICULTURE. Since Horticulture was first known to the world as a profession or science, men of every grade and standing in society have been its devotees. Probably in a moral point of view they hare been equal as a whole to those following any other calling, but the question may be ask- ed. Is this enough ? Ought not those who make a profes- sion of developing the beautiful and useful in the vege- table kingdom to possess higher aspirations and more noble ideas than those who deal only Avith the inanimate materials of the universe ? The horticulturist is placed in close contact with the beautiful in nature, and he may reach down toward the unfathomable depths and be assur- ed that nature lias fields beyond his vision, adorned with animate beings and with beauty equal to those through which he has already traveled. When the microscope fails us, we close our labors in that direction and retrace our steps, noticing the beauties of the cryptogamous plants as we pass along, admiring the wondrous structure of lichens and ferns, thence to the more useful grasses and forage plants, up through the herbaceous and shrubby, until we reach the trees, Avhere standing before the giant Sequoia we are appalled at its stupendous magnificence. Ought not these examples of Divine Wisdom to bring out and develop the best and 32 RECORD OF HORTICULTURE. highest attributes of our nature ? Surely no true lover of Horticulture was ever degraded by his profession. But truth comj^els us to admit, that all who claim to be devo- tees of Horticulture are not so in the full meaning of the term. Money, that great motive power which debases more than it elevates, has its influence in Horticulture as well as in all other branches of trade and commerce. Men devoid of principle have discovered that money could be made in horticultural pursuits, and they have not been slow to em- brace the opportunity to make it. Others, Avho have spent an ordinary lifetime in other professions that have not been congenial to their health or reputation, have turned their attention to Horticulture in the hope of improving a broken constitution or a damaged character acquired in their former occupations. We would not be understood to make a general accusa- tion— far from it, for there are many gentlemen, in the full sense of the term, who have joined, late in life, the horti- cultural ranks. Still, we think it will be generally admit- ted by those who are acquainted with the fraternity at large, that there are a few in the ranks who ought not to be recognized, except to be politely invited to leave. Neither would we assume that all who have been in the business through their lives are Avorthy of the calling they profess. The question as to how these abuses can be rectified is one very difficult to answer, yet we may suggest that much can be done by the horticultural press. They are our monitors, and possess a power which, if wielded in the MEN IN HORTICULTURE. 33 right direction, is sure to accomplish the purpose. That they have already done a great work, and in many in- stances compelled knavery to hide his head, we all admit ; still, we can not but urge them to greater vigilance in the future, not by out-spoken condemnations of individuals, but of their acts when not in accordance with honesty and fair-dealing. They can uphold those whom they know to be gentlemen and worthy of praise, and severely let alone those whose reputation is doubtful. We need not point out the particular manner in which this may be done, for it will suggest itself to the editors. All that we ask is, that honesty shall be supported and dishonesty condemned. 2* 34 KECORD OF HORTICULTURE. V. GRAPE CULTURE. The past year has been one of tlie most severe upon the grape known for a long time. The Avinter of 1865 and '60 was very cold, and destroyed many kinds that had been heretofore considered hardy. Mildew followed in the sum- mer, and at the East was very destructive in many sec- tions. There was also a late spring frost in some places, which entirely destroyed the crop. Add to this, an early frost in autumn, which injured the crop of quite a number of vineyards, and we certainly haAC misfortunes enough for one season. Still, with all this devastation to contend with, grapes have been quite abundant m our markets. Our country is so large, and grape culture has become so Avidely extended, that nothing less than a general deluge can cause a complete failure. Grape culture may noAV be said to have become a fact in America — it is one of its institutions, and a permanent branch of home industry. The ephemeral oi* mania-like appearance Avhich it assumed a few years since has passed away, and cultivators begin to understantl Avhich are the most ])i-ofitable vai'ieties. Probably the day of fancy prices for new and untried varieties is past, and originators of new kinds will have to show facts, as well as assert them, before the masses will contribute to fill their pockets in return for theii- new And untried bantlini^s. GRAPE CULTURE. 35 There has been much comj^laint of slow sales among the propagators of new fancy varieties, but this does not show that gi-ape culture is on the decline, but it only indicates that the masses have learned not to purchase largely of any variety until it has proved to be worthy of cultivation. There will probably be many new varieties brought out every year ; these Avill be purchased sparingly and with caution, for that fever-heat which has afflicted the people for the last five years has passed away. We may expect in the future to see vineyards planted with the same assur- ance and confidence that we do apple and pear orchards, and with the same remunerative results. All this only shows that Ave are becoming generally informed uj^on the subject of grape culture, and that there will be less failures in the future than there has been in the past. New sys- tems of pruning and training will be tried with caution, and all j)oints relating thereunto will be discussed with- out excitement, and their true practical importance fully understood before being adopted. Grape culture is, to-day, upon a firm basis, and its pro- gress, as a whole, certain. Whether we have any variety or varieties that may be relied upon for general cultiva- tion, and which wil.1 give, general satisfaction in all sections, is at least doubtful. For a market grape, the Concord is probal^ly the most popular variety known, and the award of the Greeley prize to it will make it more sought for than heretofore. The Concord is superior, in some respects, to anything we have, but in others it is very inferior. It is very hardy ; very productive ; leaves tough and firm ; seldom affected 36 EECOKD OF HORTICULTURE. by mildew ; fruit large and handsome, but not best in quality, and skin so tender that it frequently breaks in handling. CatcnchcL — This has long been, and still is, a favorite in regions where it can be successfully grown. It has few superiors in beauty or quality, and is well worthy of any extra care and cultivation. Delaioare. — No new developments in regard to this variety have appeared. It is still the very best in quality, requires the best of cultivation, and liable to mildew in many locations, Avhile in others it is entirely exempt. Well worthy of a trial everywhere. Ives' Seedling. — This is much praised at the West as a wine grape; and judging from several si3ecimens which we have received from that section, we think it deserving of all the laudations that it has received. It makes a dark red wine of much body. The vine is an excellent grower, and so far has been free from disease. Promises to be a superior variety for the West and South. Io7ia. — This is still claimed to be the best of the newer varieties, and probably is one of the best where it succeeds ; but that it will thrive over a wider range of country than many others is very doubtful. We hear of just about as many failures as we do of successes, therefore we conclude that it is one of those kinds that may do admirably in one garden and soil, and fail with equal care in another near by. Rogers' Hybrid, Israella, Adirondac, Creveling, and similar varieties, appear to maintain the position they occu- pied a year or two since; that is, they succeed better in New Enjrland and through eastern and central New York and in GRAPE CULTUEE. 37 portions of Pennsylvania than elsewhere. They do not appear to be planted extensively anywhere, the vineyard- ist preferring to experiment more before planting in large numbers. On the account of the unsettled state of affairs at the South, w^e hear but little of interest about grape culture from that region ; but we expect that the people will soon be in a condition to plant largely of some of the new varieties, and it is to be hoped that some of them will succeed better there than at the North. In southern New Jersey, Maryland, and Delaware many new plantations have been made, and from a few we hear favorable re- ports. As an index of what varieties succeed best, and the principal cause of failure with others, we give the fol- loAving extracts from a letter from E. H. Bancroft, of Cam- den, Delaware. He reports the condition of the vines after being planted two years. " 400 Concords made two canes eisfhteen feet lons^ the second year. 500 Allen's Hybrid, one half winter-killed the first year — the remaining made feeble growth, affected by mildew and sun-scald. 300 Creveling, two to eight feet of growth, very little mildew. 300 Diana, mostly vigorous, very little mildew. 300 Maxatawny, about one half dead — the remaining portion feeble. 25 lona, all but three dead. 75 Rogers' Hybrid, mostly vigorous. 500 Hartford Prolific, mostly vigorous, double canes, fruiting the second year. 500 Delaware, vines feeble, 200 dead — the remaining from one to five feet high." The above extracts fi-om Mr. Bancroft's letter are very similar to, and may be taken as a fair sample of, a majority 38 EECORD OF HORTICULTURE. of the reports which come from the section mentioned above. It is not altogether discouraging, but only so in reference to particular varieties. Reports from the North- ern and Western States are quite different in many re- spects, consequently vre conclude that each section will have to experiment and learn by experience which are the best and most profitable varieties for their particular local- ity. To record the successes and failures of different vari- eties in different sections, from year to year, thus informing all what to plant, with expectation of success, and without the cost, both in money and time, of learning by experi- ment, is one of the purposes of the " Record of Horti- culture." Among the very newest varieties announced, and which promise to be acquisitions, are the following : Diana, Ham- burg, Martha, Black Hawk, Walter, and Washington. The last two varieties, we believe, are not yet offered for sale. SMALL FKUITS. 39 VI. SMALL FRUITS. The cultivation of small fruits has been in a great measure neglected until within the last ten years. Prob- abl}^ this indifference on the jD^art of land-owners was principally owing to the fact, that the varieties gener- ally disseminated did not succeed except in a few particu- lar locations. Whatever the cause may have been, the fact is apparent, that our markets have been very scantilv supplied. The farmers adjacent to our large cities and villages do not appear to appreciate the advantages of their position, for a majority of them continue to cultivate the ordinary farm crops, Avhich seldom return more than twenty to thirty dollars per acre, while at least five times that amount ought to be realized from the cultivation of fruits or vegetables, anywhere within ten to tifty miles of our large cities. It it not expected, nor desired, that all the land near our pities should be devoted to fruit culture, but that there is need of a much greater portion being used for such purposes, the high prices of fruit and the inade- quate supply prove. It may be urged by some that there is not a sufficient demand in all of our cities and villages to warrant extend- ed fruit culture, especially with those we term small fruits ; this in part may be true in reference to some particular 40 RECORD OF HORTICULTURE. markets. But it should be remembered that a taste for any particular fruit is often — or in fact, usually — acquired, not being, strictly speaking, natural. This is not only the case with individuals, but communities. We see the truth of this exemplified in many cities, where, ten years since, a dozen crates of strawberries or raspberries would supply the market ; but at the present time a hundred similar crates would be considered a very insufficient amount, not because the inhabitants have increased in a similar ratio, but because they have acquired a taste for such fruits and consider them as necessities. Thus it is that the demand far exceeds the supply, and probably will continue to do so, until the farmers in the immediate vicinity of the mar- kets learn that fruit-growing is really (when properly con- ducted) a j^leasant and profitable business. BLACKBERRIES. The number of varieties of Blackberries in cultivation is not so large that we can not readily determine, after a very slight experience, which are really the best. Among the older kinds the New Rochelle and Dorchester are the best known. They are both good varieties, and cultivated in many localities with profit ; still, they h^^ve their faults, and fruit-crrowers have been looking^ for somethinor better. Whether such kinds have been produced is not fully deter- mined, but the probabilities are that they have. The most prominent among the new varieties, and the ones that give the greatest promise of superior excellence, are the Kittatinny and Wilson's Early. The first is very superior in flavor, very hardy, of large size, and productive ; SMALL FEUITS. 41 while the latter is recommended for its large size, good quality, and earliness. In addition to its earliness, it has one peculiar merit not possessed by other varieties, and that is, of ripening the whole crop in a very short space of time, usually in about two weeks. If we had but one variety, this quick ripening would not be considered a merit ; but as we have others to follow it, it becomes an advantage, because we are enabled to market one entire crop by the time another of the same kind has fairly com- menced. There are several other varieties claiming atten- tion, some of which have been before the public for a num- ber of years, but for some cause have made but little progress toward gaining tliat notoriety which their intro- ducers desire. Among these are the Holcomb, Felton, and Mason's Mountain. Perhaps some new merit will be dis- covered that Avill make them worthy of more extended cul- tivation, but up to the present time they have not been considered equal to the other varieties named. KASPBERRIES. A few years since, the only variety of Raspberry culti- A^ated to any extent for market was the Red Antwerp; but when Dr. Brinckle, of Philadelphia, produced his new seedlings, it gave a new impetus to Raspberry culture. Both new and old varieties were again sought for, with the hope that a really fine sort might be obtained that would not only prove productive, but hardy. The Ant^ werp, Franconia, FastolfF, and all of this class required covering, as well as all of Dr. Brinckle's seedlings. They not only required protection in winter, but they would not 42 KECOKD OF HORTICULTURE. thrive except in particular soils and situations. While the excellence of these varieties was generally acknowledged, the fjict that they could not be profitably grown, except in particular soils, was a great hindrance to their dissemi- nation ; besides, their total failure in some sections left the people without any fruit of this class. This has been the case in many of the cities south of New York, for it is well known that the greatest Raspberry region of the country is along the banks and in the immediate vicinity of the North River. From this section immense quanti- ties of the Red Antw^erp are still annually sent to New York city ; in fact, the city may be said to be supplied from that region of country, and the supply is often scanty enough. Latterly, disease has become quite prevalent among some of the Red Antwerp plantations. The plants are attacked by a species of rust during their growth, con- sequently the canes do not fully mature, and when covered in winter they decay, to the almost total loss of the ensu- ing crop. Fruit-growers have been trying to discover some variety that would not only prove hardy, but that would succeed over a wider range of country than those heretofore grown. It is to be hoped that such varieties have been produced. Among the most prominent of these is the Philadelphia ; it is doubtle&s of the old purple-cane class, but very differ- ent from it in many respects. It is not so rampant a grower, neither does it naturally root from the tips, as the purple-cane does. Fruit is large, purple, and moderately fii-m, and of fair quality. Its greatest merits are that it is perfectly hardy, wonderfully prolific, and succeeds in soils SMALL FKUJTS. 43 and locations where those of the Antwerp class fail. It is without doubt a variety that will be very acceptable to many sections of the country, especially to fruit-growers who are located on the sandy soils of New Jersey and southward, Burlington. — Originated in the garden of Mr. Prosser, near Burlington, N. J. Of the Antwerp class ; red, of large size, but little disseminated. Clarke. — The Clarke was raised some ten years since, but not disseminated until two or three years ago. It is a red raspberry, and probably belonging to the same natural family as the Red Antwerp ; but so far as known it has proved hardy, and gro^vs vigorously where the Antw^erp fails. The fruit is most excellent in quality. Plant A'igor- ous and productive. Promises to be a decided acquisition. JDuhring. — A new variety from near Philadelphia ; it is highly recommended ; but as it has not been fully test- ed outside of the garden, where it originated, its merits are not fully known. Of the Antwerp class ; red ; its hardi- ness doubtful. Ellisdale. — It is rather difficult to say to which of two classes this variety belongs. The plant appears to be inter- mediate between the Purple Cane and the Black Cap. The fruit is larger than the Purple Cane, of a light reddish pur- ple color, of good flavor. Fig. 1 shows a berry of natural size. Canes very strong, of a light crimson color, nearly smooth, ^^s* i* except near the base, where there is quite a number of 44 KECORD OF HORTICULTURE. small purple spines. It propagates from the tips of the branches, but produces no suckers. Taking it altogether, it is quite a remarkable variety, and promises to be an ac- quisition. Found on the Ellisdale farm in Iowa, and sent out by H. A. Terry, of Crescent City, Iowa. Hmitsmcoi's Giant. — Raised by Prof G. W. Huntsman, of Flushing, N. Y. The fruit is very similar to the Fran- conia, but sweeter. Plant of vigorous growth, and con- tinues a long time in bearing ; not perfectly hardy in the vicinity of New York, but nearer so than many others of this class. Promises well. Naomi. — A new variety from Ohio, w^here it is highly recom- mended. It has not yet fruited w^ith us, consequently we can not speak of its merits from personal observation. It is said to be a large red variety of excellent fla- vor, and quite hardy. In fig. 2 a single berry is shown, natural size. Mrs. Wood is another new variety originated in Ohio. Not ^'«- ^- yet disseminated. Semper Fidelis. — A new foreign variety, much extolled in England, but judging from the little experience we have had, it is not superior to some of the older varieties. Among the Black Cap raspberries we have the follow- ing new varieties : Daviso7i's Thornless. — Originated in Angola, Erie Coun- ty, N. Y., and disseminated by J. Sinton. Its greatest SMALL FRUITS. 45 merit is its thornless character, rendering it admirable even in small ^rardens and amoncj ornamental shrubs. It is also several days earlier than the older and well-knoM^n varieties. This is certainly an acquisition. Surprise. — From Samuel Miller, of Avon, Pa. Also the Fancy., supposed to be a seedling of the Surprise. The first is a remarkably large variety of this class ; the latter is not fully tested. There are two new varieties announced in Europe, and offered for sale by Ferdinand Gloede, through his agent, C. Raoux, 42 Cedar Street, New York. The Princess Alice, raised by Cutbash, said to be a fine, large, red vari- ety. Surpasse Merveille, raised by Simon Louis, said to be an imj^rovement on the old Merveille des 4 Saisons. CURRANTS. Since the introduction of the Cherry and White Grape Currant, progress with this fruit appears to have been at an end. New varieties have been announced, but superior merits are wanting in all of them. There is certainly room for improvement, for the Cherry is too acid, and the White Grape too poor a grower. It is a pity that our horticultu- rists do not give their attention to the improvement of our native species. In their natural state they are the largest currants known, and the time will come when new varie- ties from them will be produced that will supersede all others. The Deseret, a variety of the Missouri Currant, is of enormous size, slightly sub-acid, with quite an agree- able flavor. It is a good stock from Avliich to produce new and superior varieties. A hybrid between this and 46 KECORD OF HORTICULTURE. the White Grape or Cherry would give the starting-point for great improvements. We have native species and vari- ties producing fruit of various colors — red, black, violet, and one of a deep golden yellow. The last is probably the only really yellow currant known. It is worthless as an edible fruit, it being too acid and slightly bitter ; still, new varieties may be produced from it which would retain the original color and be improved in flavor. American horticulturists should not neglect the native currant until some enterprising foreigner produces one that will be very valuable from our native varieties, and for which we w^U have to pay good prices. STRAWBERRIES. The immense number of varieties of the Strawberry which we now have in cultivation, with the diversity of opinion in regard to their various merits, places the subject beyond the reach of any one individual to do it justice. To learn all the peculiarities of soils, climates, modes of cultivation, and the various phases which are developed in their cul- ture, would require one to be everywhere present at the same time and at all seasons. Consequently, we will not attempt to recommend any particular variety, or any num- ber of them, but leave it for each individual to try and learn which are the best for his particular soil, location, or mode of cultivation. Some of our varieties will only suc- ceed in strong, moderately compact soils, while others do best in a light sandy one. The same is true as to cultiva- tion ; some require to be grown in hills, and all runners cut off, to produce the best results, while with others this SMALL FRUITS. 47 practice would be labor lost, even if it were not a detri- ment. Neither will we attempt to say Avhich are the best in quality, because climate as well as soils often makes a great change in this respect, and a variety that would be too acid on a heavy soil or in a northern climate might be so affected by change as to be really good in a light sandy soil or in a warmer climate. Besides the foregoing diffi- culties, we encounter the tastes of different growers and consumers. We are often amused, as well as instructed, in visiting amateurs and nurserymen and walking through their grounds ; tasting the different fruits, we can soon dis- cover in Avhat particular channel their individual taste is inclined. A fruit to suit one must be of a decided charac- ter, a sprightly acid being the favorite ; while another grower's taste runs all to the saccharine; and if the fruit is not Aery sAveet, it is at once pronounced Avorthless because too acid. Another class of groAvers are fully satisfied with an abundant crop, if it can be produced with A'ery little expense. Taking into consideration the different ideas and tastes of cultivators, Ave can readily account for the diversity of opinions expressed by the A^arious straAvberry-growers. If Ave should giA^e a list of tAvelve varieties, Avhich have ac- tually proA^ed to be the best out of the five hundred Ave have tested, ^. e., those Avhich have succeeded best on our grounds and are most agreeable to our palate, Ave are quite certain th^re is not another grower in the Avhole country that Avould say Amen. And we are equally certain that no one Avould name tAvelve varieties that Avould be as accept- able to us as our own list. 48 RECORD OF HORTICULTURE. Strawberry-growers w^io practice higli culture — that is, plow^ deeply, manure heavily, and keep their plantations clear of weeds — will recommend a longer list of varieties, and speak more highly of each than those who practice the reverse. Not one cultivator in a hundred j^ractices liigh culture w^ith the Strawberry, nor has learned that the very best of culture is usually the most profitable. Each individual grower fixes a standard for himself, and discards all that do not agree with his notions of quality, hardiness, size, or productiveness. With some, the main point must be the perfect hardiness of the plant. This is truly a great desideratum ; still, one of the most profitable varieties we ever tested required protection to insure a full crop. The additional expense of covering the plants in winter wan doubly returned in the increase of fruit. All these points have been discussed pi^o and C07i., and strawberry- growers are as widely apart in opinion as ever. Among those varieties w^hich have been fully tested, the following ten may be considered as a fair sample of the numerous first-rate Strawberries of the difierent classes : Agriculturist. Autumnal Galande (Monthly Alpine). Boston Pine. Brooklyn Scarlet. Downer's Prolific. Early Scarlet. Hovcy. Ladies' Pine (small, but of exquisite flavor). Lenning's White (the best of its class). Wilson's Albany. SMALL FKUITS. 49 Among the newer varieties, the following promise well : Durand's Seedling, Ida, Metcalf's Early, Philadelphia, Great Eastern, New Jersey Scarlet. GOOSEBERRIES. Mildew still prevents any great progress in Gooseberry culture, especially if we attempt it with the foreign varie- ties. If only young and thrifty plants are used, a fair crop may be relied upon in almost any moderately rich soil ; but when the plants become old, they are almost certain to be more or less aifected by mildew, especially in the Middle and Southern States. Those who desire to culti- vate the best foreign kinds should not neglect to plant a feAV cuttings every year, so as to keep a constant supply of young plants on hand. If the soil is naturally dry and warm, it is best to mulch the plants during the hottest weather. Thin out and shorten the young wood every year, so that the air can have free access to the fruit and leaves. Our native kinds are almost entirely exempt from mildew when properly pruned and cultivated. Of these the Downing is the best in quality, and the Mountain the largest. The Houghton Seedling and the Cluster are also excellent varieties. Gooseberries require a rich soil and good culture. CRANBERRIES. Cranberry culture is rapidly becoming a prominent fea- ture in American Horticulture. The greatest obstacle to its culture has been the expense of preparing the soil, but in the last few years companies have been formed with abundant means to plant Cranberry fields on an extensive 3 50 KECOED OF IIOETICULTUKE. scale. There is probably no section of the country where so much attention is being given to Cranberry culture as in New Jersey ; throughout the southern portion of the State there are large tracts of land admirably fitted for its cul- ture, and capitalists have taken hold of these and are rapidly changing them into beautiful and fruitful fields. At Manchester, Ocean County, some four hundred acres are already planted. At Elwood there is an equal num- ber of acres j^lanted, and hundreds more in preparation. In many other sections of the State large plantations are being made, and there will probably be five thousand acres of Cranberries planted in New Jersey Avithin the next five years. That these plantations will return a large profit on the investment there is scarcely a doubt. It may be asked if there will be a market for such an enormous amount of fruit ? Most certainly, for when the ordinary channels are supplied new ones will -be opened. Cranberries will be exported in large quantities to coun- tries that can not produce them. They will be preserved in cans and shipped to very distant markets. There is no fear of New Jersey, Cape Cod, and all other sections where Cranberries are grown combined producing a sur- plus in the markets of the world. In making the New Jersey plantation, the wild plants gathered from the native bogs are chiefly used, the grow- ers believing that they are equal to the improved varieties ; and if not, they are indigenous to the soil, and arc obtain- ed in any quantity and with very little expense. All the plantations are so arranged that they can be overflowed whenever it is necessary to protect from cold oi- prevent SMALL FKUITS. 51 the attacks of insects. The whole arrangement of the Cranberry fields of Manchester and Ehvood shows a well- digested plan at the start, that is being carried out in a manner that will be a credit to the proprietors and to the country. We have seen nothing in Horticulture for many years that has so impressed us with the importance of a union of purjDOse among fruit culturists as tlie great Cran- berry fields of Manchester and Elwood. 52 EECORD OF HORTICrLTTJKE. ' VII. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. ROSES. ■The Rose, which has for ages been the queen of the garden, still holds the scepter, and rules with al- most undisputed power. Many new varieties are an- nually produced, and we are almost appalled at the long list of names in some of the Rose catalogues. But where all are beautiful, there is no difficulty in being pleased, if we can not be entirely satisfied. In beauty, we can scarcely say that there has been of late any very marked progress, but in variety of form and color, as well as in the increased quantity of flowers, there has certainly been considerable progress. Once a year for the appearance of this beautiful flower is no longer satisfactory, but a perpetual feast is required, consequently rose-growers are giving their attention more particularly to the jierj^etual than to the annual bloomers. The most popular class has been the Perpetuals and what are termed Hybrid Perpetuals. Among these there are hundreds of magnificent varieties, and no one could but admire a General Jacqueminot, Victor Verdier, Lord Rag^ Ian, Giant of Battles, Louise Odier, and a host of others equally superb. This class of roses, as a rule, are hardy, and will endure a northern winter unprotected. If the branches should be killed, the injury is but slight (particu- ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 53 larly if they are on their own roots), because it is from the new shoots that the best flowers are produced. The greatest fault of this class is that they are not perpetual, as their name indicates. They bloom at the usual time of other roses in spring, and then occasionally give a few flowers during the summer. To make them bloom with any degree of certainty through the season, they must be severely pruned after the flowers are gone, and the soil made so rich that there will be a constant succession of young shoots. A moderately tenacious soil with a liberal application of well-decomposed manure are the requisites for producing the best results in Rose cultui-e. Among the very latest novelties in this class of Roses are the three following, introduced from France, by C. Raoux, importer, 42 Cedar Street, New York : Adrlen Marx. — Flowers, very large, often nearly five inches in diameter, 'very full and double, of good shape, and of a bright cherry red. Clemence Raoux. — A seedling from that old and superb rose La Reine. Flowers, four to five inches in diameter, of good form. Color, a peculiar shaded salmon. A vigorous grower, and promises to be an abundant bloomer. Madame Martin de Besse. — Flowers, three to four inches in diameter, very full cupped. Color white, shaded with pink. A vigorous grower. There are several other new and promising varieties an- nounced by the various European rose-growers, which will probably be tested in American gardens another season. Considerable attention of late has been given to what are usually termed tender Roses, such as the Noisettes, 54 KECORD OF HORTICULTUKE. Bourbons, China, find Teas. These classes constitute the true perpetuals, upon which we must mainly depend for a continual succession of flowei-s throughout the season. It is true they will not withstand the severity of our north- ern winters ; still, they are so easily protected, that they are well worthy of attention by every one who delights in a good garden. The plants may either be laid down at the approach of cold weather and covered with earth, or taken up and heeled in, entirely covering them with soil. It is far better to risk them in the open ground, when pro- tected, than to lift them and put them away in the cellar, as is usually done. For several years past we have adopted the plan of taking up the plants of these classes and plac- ing them in a trench and then covering them with earth. In spring they are taken out, all the dead or decaying wood trimmed oif, and planted as before. The plants get the requisite amount of rest, and the taking upland re- planting do not appear to injure them in the least. . The situation where they are buried should be a dry one ; and when the ground begins to freeze, if a quantity of coarse litter is placed over the surface, it will be beneficial, because it will keep the ground frozen, and will protect the plants from freezinor and thawins^- the chancre from one state t^ the other causes more injury than the severity of the-cold which they have to endure. The Bourbon and Tea Roses have always been favor- ites Avith the ladies, and we think if they only knew how easily they could be ])reserved through the winter, tliey would be esteemed more highly than now. All that is requisite in their culture during summer is to produce a OKNAMENTAL PLANTS. 55 Strong and healthy growth, so that a portion of the wood, at least, shall be fully mature at the time they are placed in their winter quarters. Besides being perpetual bloom- . ers, these roses are the most readily propagated from cut- tings or layers. For cuttings, choose the half-ripened wood ; usually the lateral shoots are best, cutting them off close to the main stem ; remove all but one or two leaves, and cut off the upper portion of the shoot so that the cutting will be three to six inches long. Plant these cuttings in pure sand, either in a flower-pot or in a shallow box ; place them in a half shady place, either in the house or in a warm situation in the open ground. If a bell- glass or a common drinking-glass is inverted over them, it will assist them to grow. Keep the sand moist or wet, but never let it get dry. The blooming shoots, after the floAvers have gone, also make good cuttings, and with some varieties root as readily, or more so, than any other portion of the plant. There are many ladies who are very skillful in propagating Roses in this rather primitive man- ner, but there are some who would give more attention to the cultivation of Roses if they could readily multiply any new variety which they might purchase. Those who do 'not succeed with cuttings should try propagating from layers. This method is performed by bending a shoot down and covering a portion of it with soil. Before it is covered, a small notch should be cut at the point where it is to be covered ; or, what is better, insert a knife at the base of a bud, cutting about half way through the branch, and then passing it along toward the end of the branch for an inch or more, forming what is called a tongue. From this 56 EECOKD OF HORTICtJLTUEE. tongue the roots will be emitted. The branch should be fastened into place either by putting on a sufficient amount of soil or by a hooked peg. The young wood produces roots more readily than the old, consequently the last of July or August is the best time for making layers of Roses. To produce the most pleasing effect, these roses should be planted in masses — that is, quite a number in the same bed. This is another reason why those who are not able to purchase them in large numbers should endeavor to propagate them. If they do this, it will only be necessary to purchase a single plant of each variety, and then mul- tiply them at their leisui-e. With a dozen or two of the Noisettes, Bourbon and Tea Roses can always be made attractive throughout the summer, and a perpetual feast of Roses always at hand. Among the older and best known varieties which are really superb, are the following : JVoisettes. — Jean de Arc, Solfaterre, Lamarque, Jnane Derprez, La Pactole, Annie Vibert. ^ Tea Hoses. — Devoniensis, Saffi-ano, Madame Willermoz, Aurora, Triumphe de Luxembourgh, Viscount des Cazes. Bourhon. — Aurora da Guide, Queen of the Bourbons, Souvenir de la Malmaison, Sir Joseph Paxton, Madame Bo- sanquet, Hermosa, Glorie de Dijon, Louise Odier, Leveson Gower, Paul Joseph, George Peabody. There are several new Roses belonging to the above- named classes which promise to be acquisitions, but none more so than tlie two following varieties : Marechal Kiel. — This is a new variety from France, of a beautiful deep yellow color; large, quite double, and very fragrant ; a beautiful Tea Rose and well worthy of ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 57 cultivation. Fig. 3 shows a flower of this variety of nat- ural size. Fig. 3. Isabella >S;9r^m^.— This is a sport from the Saffrano Rose, but of an entirely different color, it being a clear sulphur 58 KECORD OF IIOKTICULTURE. yellow, without that saiFron tnige so i^rominent in its pa- rent. This variety was disseminated by Isaac Buchanan, of New York. It is a beautiful rose, and if it proves to be a free bloomer and good grower it will be much sought by all Rose fmciers. THE LILY. If the Rose is the queen of flowers, the Lily is its twin- sister, for each has its peculiar beauties that we can not fail to admire. The Rose possesses a graceful loveliness which attracts, pleases, and allures us to a near acquaint- ance,' but the Lily often produces a repellant feeling by its stately magnificence and gorgeous apparel. Historically speaking, the Lily is one of the oldest plants in cultivation, for it is not only mentioned by ancient historians, but some of the varieties which now adorn our gardens have been in cultivation for more than three hundred years. Although these old kinds will ever find a place in our gardens and receive their full share of admiration, still we are ever ready to receive new varieties with delight. When, in 1820, -the long-flowered Lily was introduced into England from China, it produced quite a sensation among florists and botanists, because it possessed great beauty and was of an entirely diflerent type from anything previously known. But wlicn, a few years later. Dr. Siebold brought home with him, from Japan, several varieties of Lilium speciosum, it ])roduced a greater sensation than any tiling that had been introduced for many years. These Lilies excelled in beauty of color everything of this family which had been previously known. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 59 From these few original species or varieties many new ones have been grown, rivaling, and in some instances far excelling, the parent stock. Since the introduction of the Japan Lilies by Dr. Siebold, very few species of positive merit have been discovered until the introduction, from the same source, of that wonderful and magnificent novel- ty, the L. auratum, or Golden-striped Lily. Tlie advent of this species will mark another epoch in Lily culture, for it gives us a starting-point for a new race of Lilies, . entirely different from anything we previously possessed. When the Japan Lilies were first introduced they were supposed to be tender, but exj^erience has proved them to be very hardy, and capable of withstanding our severest winters without injury. This hardy character makes them far more valuable than they otherwise would have been, because all may now enjoy their beauty with very little expense or trouble. Those plants which are termed by botanists Lilaceous plcmts, are very numerous, for the Gladiolus, Hyacinth, Tulip, Xarcissus, Convallaria, Asphodel, Asparagus, Yucca, and many other genera, are classed as members of this great family. But the one now under consideration, and which we term the true Lily family, does not contain so large a number as some of the others, and many more might be added with benefit. There has been a great want of more species and varieties, and it is this which has made the advent of the Japan species of so much value to the floral world. Hybrids between the various species will soon be produced, some of which will doubtless rival or excel the originals. One such has already been an- 60 RECOKD OF HOKTICrLTrRE. nounced by Hovey & Co., of Boston ; this is said to be a hybrid between L. anratum and one of the L. speciosuni. A hybrid between the Auratum and Melpomene would be a very desirable acquisition, especially if it possessed the large size of the former and brilliant color of the lat- ter. The very prominent pistil and stamens in the Lily make it a convenient subject to operate upon, and even the novice will experience but little difficulty in crossino:* the diiferent varieties that bloom at the same time. But when they bloom at different periods, it is more difficult, because the pollen must be preserved until wanted for use, unless the plants can be brought into flower by artificial means at the same time. This may readily be effected where there are green-houses at hand, for the late bloomers may be started ear- lier than they would if allowed to remain in the open ground. To make the subject plain to those utiacquainted with the operation of hybridizing and crossing, let us examine the flower of the common White Lily — see fig. 4; A, are the * The term crossing and hybridizing is often used indiscriminate- ly to designate hybrids and varieties ; this we believe to be incor- rect, as a hybrid is a mixture of two species, while a cross is that of two varieties. For instance, if we should fertilize the L. aura- tum with the L. speciosum album and produce a new variety in- tennediate between the two, it would be a hybrid ; but if a seedling is produced between the L. speciosum album and L. speciosum ru- brum, then we would have a cross between two varieties of the same species. The only difficulty appears to be, that among the immense iiumber of plants in cultivation it is difficult to distinguish varie- ties from species ; still, we hold that the words should be used in the sense we have named, Ijccause they arc really distinct in their derivation and meaning. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 61 six petals, which are the most conspicuous feature of the flower. B, six anthers attached to the end of a long stem- Fig. 4. like organ, which is called a filament ; the anther and fila- ment constitute what is termed the stamen. On these an- 62 RECOKD OF HORTICULTURE. thers is the pollen, wliieli is a small, brown, dust-like substance that adheres to almost everything with which it comes in contact. C, is the stigma, which is also suj^j^orted by an- other long stem, called the style ; at the base of this is the ovary, or seed vessel ; the three constitute the pistils. There are other organs which are parts of the flower, but it is chiefly with these named that we come in direct con- tact in hybridizing and crossing. Now suppose we wish to produce a new variety, inter- mediate between the white Japan Lily and the red, and we select the white to produce the seed, or, to use a com- mon term, for the parent. When the two varieties are in bloom, §elect one or more flowers of the white to operate U23on ; and wdien the flowers first open, cut away the anthers from the stamens so that no pollen can reach the stigma, unless applied artificially ; then go to one of the red Lilies which is in full bloom, and cut ofl* its stamens, or a portion of them, and place them on the stigma of the white flower, the stamens of which have been removed. The pollen will adhere to the stigma, as it is covered with a glutinous substance, or will be after it has been exposed to the air for a few hours. The substance of these grains of pollen is absorbed by the pistils, and thus the seeds in the ovary are fertilized. It is usually best to delay fertilizing the stigma for a few hours after the anthers have been remov- ed, so that it may be fully developed and in a proper con- dition to receive the pollen. The flower, however, should be covered with a netting, to prevent insects from fertiliz- ing the pistil from other flowers, which they will often do with pollen adhering to their legs, thus defeating our ob- OKNAMENTAL PLANTS. 63 ject. The netting may be removed a day or two after the flower lias been operated ujDon ; then mark each one so that when the seeds are ripe they may be sa\ed separately. The same process and mode of operation are applicable to most of our cultivated plants ; but the organs of the Lily are large and prominent, as we have observed, which makes it one of the best plants known for the iiovice in these matters to experiment uj^on. Besides this, the Lily is at the present time attracting considerable attention and many of our amateurs Avill doubtless endeavor to pro- duce new varieties. We have given the above directions with the hope that it may aid them in their ver}^ pleasant task. PKOPAGATIOX. There are but two methods generally adof)ted in propa- gating the Lily, viz., by seeds and division of the bulbs. Growing from seed is mainly for the purpose of pi'oducing new varieties, as it is more tedious than that of dividing the bulbs, as the seedlings require a longer time to become large enough to bloom. Although it requires greater care and more time to produce blooming jilants from seed than from the divisions of the original bulbs, still the chances are in favor of producing new and superior varieties by the operation. Only a few of the Lilies now in cultiva- tion'are the original species, but varieties of them, conse- quently we may look for greater variations in the seedlings therefrom, even without artificial impregnation of the flow- ers, than was obtained in the beginning. Still it is best to assist nature in producing the desired result, and in no way can we be more certain of doing this tlian im- 64 KECOED OF HOKTICULTUKE. pregTiatiiig the stigma of one flower with the pollen from another. Gather the seed when fully ripe and put away in a dry place until wanted for use. Early in the spring sow them in good rich soil ; if it is naturally heavy, add sand, leaf- mold, or some similar material that will make it light and j^oi'ous, so that the seeds will not meet obstruction in their growth. Sow the seeds in drills, covering them about a half inch deep. If the weather should be dry, give the seed-bed a liberal supply of water Avhenever required. In tlie fall apply a good and liberal dressing of coarse ma- nure, to protect the young bulbs from frequent freezing and thawing. The bulbs may be allow^ed to remain in the seed-bed two years, at the end of which time they should be transplanted to where they are to remain until they bloom, wliich they will do in three to four years from seed. •Whenever a variety is produced worthy of propagation, it should be taken up and planted in a separate bed, where more care can be given it than if allowed to remain among the other bulbs. In some species the bulbs multiply by natural divisions, in addition to the formation of new ones on the stems above the main bulb. All the species under consideration in this article have what is termed scaly bulbs — that is, they are composed of numerous thick, fleshy scales, which overlap each other at the sides in an imbri- cated form. These scales are all joined to a transverse section of the bulb at the base, from which the true roots are produced which support the bulb. Fig. 5 shows a bulb of L. speciosum about one half the natural size. Tlie flower stem is produced from the base ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 65 and center of the bulb, and as it pushes its Avay upward it partially divides the bulb, forcing it open ; and by keeping it in this position for the two or three months which is re- quired for the flower and seeds to mature, causes the bulb in most cases to produce two or more distinct flower-buds for the ensuing season. Thus we find bulbs that produce one flower stem the first season, producing two the next, and often four the next, after which they usually become entirely separated, and the same process is repeated. From these natural divisions we learn that these bulbs are sim- ply an aggregation of individual bulbs, though collectively they are but one, and that each scale is capable, under Fig. 6. proper, conditions, of becoming or producing a perfect bulb ; not that the scale itself enlarges into a bulb, but a new one is formed at the base of it (see fig. 6, which shows the new bulb as it is being developed), the scale being a 66 ■ RECORD OF HORTICULTURE. reservoir of food from which the new bulb clraAvs its sus- tenance until roots are produced through which it may ob- tain food from the soil. Sometimes more than one bulb will be produced from a single scale. In this way new varieties are rapidly multiplied. The first bulb of L. aura- tum which we obtained came directly from Japan, and from being many months on the way, it had become very dry and much shriveled; but from twenty of the outside scales we i^roduced twenty-six bulbs the first summer, some of them being nearly three fourths of an inch in diameter at the close of the growing season. The scales will often do well if planted in the open ground, but it is always best to plant them in boxes or pots in the propagating-house or in a hot-bed. It is also best to take up the bulbs from which scales are to be taken and let them dry for a few days before taking off the scales. In separating the scales, insert the point of a knife at their base, and at one side cutting in a circular direction. around the bulb, so that the scale shall have a portion of the ligament by which it was attached to the bulb remaining upon its base. This is not absolutely necessary to its growth, because a scale broken off will grow ; still, they grow more readily if separated Avith care, and as we have directed. A large bulb may be entirely dissected and all of the scales used, but usually it is better to take off only a few of the outside layers, and then plant tlie main bulb. The scales may be planted immediately in the ground, or put into boxes or pots of sand and placed in a position to grow. They require but very little water at first, only just enough to keep them from shriveling; if kept too wet ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 67 they Avill surely rot. A very good plan is to mix the scales with fine moss or pure sand, and put them wliere tliey will not dry nor become wet, but just moist ; let them remain in this position until the small bulbs begin to form and roots show themselves, after which plant them out in the open ground or in the house. In a warm cellar, or in any warm room in the house, these scales will pro- duce new embryo bulbs. Give them plenty of time, and do not endeavor to hurry the rooting process, and success is almost certain. In addition to the natural division of the bulbs in the L. speciosum and aura- tum, new bulbs are formed on the flower stems above the old bulbs. Fig. 7 shows a flower stem, with the young bulbs ad- hering to it ; from each of these bulbs there are more or less roots, showing that they are already provided with means of self-support before the flower stems die in the autumn. The particu- lar point on the stems where these bulbs are formed is worthy of a passing re- mark. If we examine the flower stem, we see that it is clothed with leaves from the base to the top, similar to a young seedling tree or shrub ; but if we examine the stem, at the point where the leaves form a junction with it, we find no buds as we do in the woody plants ; but that there is a latent power in the plant to form buds at this point is conclusively 68 EECOKD OF HORTICULTURE. proved by examining that portion of the stem which is buried in the soil, where we find that at the point where there would have been leaves, if above ground, there are now perfect bulbs. The position of the bulbs on the stem shown in fig. 7 clearly proves this fact, for by detaching them we find that peculiar mark which is always ob- served where a leaf has been attached — fig. 7, c. We have counted no less than eighteen bulbs formed in one season on a flower stem above the old bulb and below the surface of the soil. Therefore the deeper the bulb is planted, the more young bulbs will be formed on the flower stem, because the more leaf-buds will be covered. The depth must not be too great, especially in heavy soils, for in that case the flower stem will not be able to push through the soil, and all will be lost. Three inches in heavy soils and four to six in light will be suflScient. The young bulbs formed on the flower stems should be remov- ed every fall and planted out by themselves. A common garden trowel is a convenient implement to remove the soil from around the stems, so that the young bulbs may be detached without injuring the old bulb. The formation of bulbs at the junction of the leaves, on the flower stem, must have been aften noticed by every one who has cultivated the old Tiger Lily. But in this species they are more abundant above ground than below ; in fact, every leaf produces one or more small bulbs at its base ; but we have never observed a bulb on the flower stem of any of the L. speciosum varieties, except as we liave stated, viz., below the surface of the soil. Other species of the Lily liave bulbs of quite a diflTerent structure ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 69 than those we have named. The common fichl Lily (L. sii])cr- bum) has a bulb composed of veiy thick, fleshy scales, but very fragile and easily separated. The bulbs do not divide as those noticed, but produce a single flower stem, and a new bulb is formed at one side, Avhich in its turn produces a flower stem. Fig. 8 shows one of these bulbs Fig. 8. of L. superbum ; at the left is shown the old bulb which has bloomed and is decayed ; in the center is the perfect bulb with flower stem of this season ; at the right, and near the base of this, is the new bulb forming for the next year ; thus we see that the plant actually moves in the ground, the old bulb being partially absorbed by the new, which in its turn produces a flower stem with flower leaves 70 EECOKD OF HOKTICULTUEE, and seeds ; this dies away and assists in forming a new bulb. Roots are formed above the bulb on the stem as well as below ; those on the stem assist no doubt in furnish- ing food to the stem and flowers. The scales of this spe- cies, if separated, grow almost as readily as the whole bulbs. Various are the distinctive characteristics of the difler- ent species of Lilies — all of which are worthy of study ; but our space will not permit us to go more into detail as to the structure of this very interesting class of plants. There are, however, one or two points which we can not pass without a remark. Some species of Lilies make a second growth in autumn ; the L. candiduni and L. longi- florum, and their varieties, are the best known examples ; consequently all such varieties should be planted in the summer, soon after they have flowered, because that is their period of rest ; usually September and October are the months which are selected for planting these kinds. Those species which do not make a second growth in the fall, may be planted early in spring ; still, the fall is the best time to plant all hardy bulbs. Lilies require a deep, rich soil, and most of the species succeed best in what w^ould be called a light soil — that is, one that is loose and friable. The following list comprises tlie best known species and their varieties, all of which are liardy — at least sufficiently so to be placed among hardy plants. Some of them may require a slight protection in particular soils and locations. lAlium auratum (Gold-striped Lily). — Flowers, very large, nearly twelve inches broad ; petals, spotted with ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 71 chocolate purple, and a broad gold-colored stripe down the center of each petal. The most magnificent Lily yet discovered. From Japan. A new variety is announced in England, said to have a broad i-ed stripe in place of the gold-colored in the original. L. speciosum (Japan Lily). — This species was named by Dr. Siebold, L. speciosum Kaempferi, in honor of that in- defatigable botanist Ksempfer, Avho first made it known to the scientific world. Lately, however, the name of Ksempfer is omitted. Tlie species is also known in nur- serymen's catalogues under the name of L. lancifolium. It is difiicult to determine which is the original species, therefore we will call them all varieties of speciosum. The following are some of the best known : L. speciosuin album. — Pure white ; large and fine. L. speciosum albwin raonstrosum. — Similar to the last, except in growth, the stems appearing like several united in one. X. speciosum Clio. — Crimson ground, with deep ruby spots. L. speciosuyn Calliope. — Purplish-crimson ground, spot- ted with deep purple. X. speciosum Eva. — White, shaded with pink, and dot- ted with rose. L. speciosum Erato. — Delicate blush, shaded Avith rose, and spotted with crimson. L. speciosum, Melpomene. — Deep rose, spotted with dark purple ; the darkest colored variety of this species. X. speciosum rubrum. — Rose color, with deep purple spots ; a little deeper colored than the preceding variety. 72 KECORD OF HOETICULTCRE. L. speciosum roseum. — Pale rose, with purple spots. X. sjyeciosum punctatiim. — Pure aa bite, with very deli- cate pale rose spots ; flowers, large and very beautiful. L. speciosum Polyhymnia. — Crimson ground, spotted with purplish crimson. L. speciosum Thalia. — Deep crimson, shaded and spot- ted with ruby and edged with white. X. speciosum Terpsichore. — White ground spotted with rose. L. speciosum Urania. — Rosy crimson, shaded and spot- ted with ruby. In addition to the above there are several other varieties, the true characters of which are not fully known. For in- stance, w^e have received. three distinct varieties under the name of L. Brownii, two belonging to this species and one to the L. longiflorum. L. longiflorum (Long-floAvered Lily). — The varieties of this species produce flowers of from six to twelve inches in length, trumpet shape, and usually very fragrant. In this vicinity (New York) they generally make a growth in the fall, the same as the old White Lily, the flower stems ap- jDcaring early in spring, consequently the safest time to transplant them is in early autumn. There are very few distinct varieties. The best known are — L. longiflorwn album. — Flowers, long, pure white ; this is the original species ; discovered many years ago in China. X. longiflorum eximium, Takesima^ and Liu Kiu aixi very similar to the species, if not identical. X. longiflorum Wallichianum. — Flowers, ])ure white, but nearly twelve inches in length and five broad. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 73 X, longiflorum JSTielgherrense. — FloAvers, very long, greenish white; fragrant. From India. The following list comprises some of the best known varieties of hardy Lilies, some of which may possibly be- long to the species already named ; but this point it is diffi- cult at the present time to determine, X. Chalcedonicum^ — Beautiful, brilliant scarlet, the petals so much reflex ed that the flowers appear like a round scarlet ball. Austria and Persia. X, excelsum. — A very tall-growing speciefe, with pale scarlet or bufl'-colored flowers. Probably only a variety of the L. Chalcedonicum. X. candidum, — The common White Lily, and one of the very best. There are several varieties of this species in cultivation, such as the double-flowering, striped-leaved, etc., but none are better than the original. X. peregrinum. — A very pretty, small flowering kind, with narrow leaves ; known in the time of Linnaeus as L. candidum. It is also called L. album and L. Byzantium by some of the earlier botanists. It is probably a variety of the L. candidum. X. croceum. — A small but very pretty yellow Lily. Na- tive of Germany. X, CateshwL — Flowers, red and yellow, with dark brownish spot in center of petals. Grows about a foot high, with only one flower on each stem. Native of South Carolina. X. PhiladelpJiicuin (Wild Orange-red Lily). — Flowers, bell-shaped, scarlet, spotted with dark purple. Common in the Middle States. 4 74 EECOED OF HOKTICULTUEE. L. hulhiferum. — The common orange or red Lily of our gardens. ISTative of Austria. JO. Canadense (Wild Yellow Lily). — Flowers, oblong, bell-shaped, yellow, spotted with purple ; very common ; wild. L. superbum (Turk's Cap Lily). — Flowers, bright or- ange color, spotted on the inside with purple. Common in low, Avet bogs. L. Fortunii. — Flowers, orange yellow, dotted with brown purple ; leaves linear lanceolate, alternate ; stem very slender. A new variety from Japan. L. fidgens. — Flowers, dark-brownish red, large ; stems growing about two feet high, with four to six flowers on each. This species is sometimes called atrosanguineum. From Japan. Xi. fulgens staminosutn. — A new variety from Japan ; flowers, dark crimson, in which the stamens become petal- oid emarginate. X. nigrum. — This is another new species. It is called the Black Lily of Kamtschatka, or Sarana Kamtschatica. The flowers are very dark colored, and resemble in form the Fertillary. X. giganteum (Giant Lily). — Flowers, large, trumpet- shaped, white within and brownish on outside ; stems grow six to ten feet high, bearing fifteen to twenty or more flowers. It requires a* slight protection in winter in the Northern States X. tigrinum. — The common Tiger Lily ; well known. X. avenaceum. — Flowers, small, bright orange, spotted with red. Japan. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 75 GLADIOLUS. The Gladiolus belongs to the great family of lilaceous plants. They have what is called solid bulbs — that is, the scales are entire, surrounding the bulb, forming concentric rings without the natural cross sections as seen in the im- bricated bulb. The Gladiolus is a perennial plant, and yet the mature bulbs are, strictly speaking, only annual. A bulb planted in spring produces one or more flower stems, at the base of which and above the old one a new bulb is formed ; the old one decays as the new one is produced. At the base of the new bulb small bulbs are formed ; in some varieties they are very abundant, in others very few. Fig. Fig. 9 shows a mature bulb with the stem cut away; the small bulbs are shown attached to the base, as they appeal when the plants are taken up in autumn. The small bulbs (or bulblets, as they are sometimes called, to distin- guish them from the larger ones) may be planted, and in 76 EECOKD OF HORTICULTUilK. two or three years will produce large ones, like the parent bulb. The Gladiolus increases, not by natural divisions as with some other bulbs, but by the formation of buds that produce flower stems, which in turn form bulbs at their base, as before stated. Some kinds increase very slowly, others quite rapidly ; if by examining the bulbs when taken up in the autumn we find but one bud on its upper surface, it indicates but one stem and one bulb the next season ; but when two or more buds are observed, then we can depend upon a corresponding increase in bulbs. If a more rapid increase is desirable than can be obtained from the large bulbs, then the small bulblets may be saved for this pur- pose. With some varieties it is better to plant these in the fall, covering the beds, where they are sown, with four to six inches ol some kind ol mulch for protection. We have found that, by planting in the fall, nearly every bulblet Avill grow, which is seldom the case if the opera- tion is deferred until spring. Whether this fall planting will do for all varieties we can not say, for it is well known that some are far more hardy than otheVs ; but with the few that we have tried, better success has been obtained than when planted in spring. The small bulblets are more hardy than the mature bulbs, as they do not contain so much fleshy matter, and consequently are not so liable to injury by frost. The fall planting is worthy of trial by Gladiolus growers. Where there is a propagating-house at hand, the small bulblet may be forced into growth at almost any time by artificial heat. The new bulbs produced from the bulblet should be taken up at the end of the second season and treated the same as those that are full- ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 77 grown — that is, put away in a dry, warm place until spring. When it is desirable to keep up a succession of flowers during the entire season, the bulbs may be planted at dif- ferent times, from the first of April to the first of June. Soil similar to that used for other bulbs — that is, a deep, rich one — is all that is required for the Gladiolus. The bulbs should be covered about two inches deep and a foot apart, and they may either be planted in rows or groups ; the latter present the best eflfect. The Gladiolus produces seeds in abundance, and new varieties are sure to be raised from almost any variety in cultivation. Still, it is better to save the seeds of superior varieties than from the inferior. Gather the seeds when fully ripe and put away in a dry place, as with other seeds. Sow in spring in rich, freely pulverized soil, covering them about one half inch deep. Keep the soil moist until they come up, and water occasionally thereafter as required. Take up the bulbs in the fall and mix them with dry sand, and then put away in the cellar. Plant out in spring, and give the same care as given to larger bulbs. Great improvements have been made in the last few years with this class of bulbs, and at the present time there are several hundred superb varieties in cultivation. The flowers are really magnificent, and blooming, as they usually do, at a time when flowers are comparatively scarce, adds very much to their value. To select a list of the very best would be a diflicult mat- ter, because there are so many really good, therefore we will not attempt it, but only name a few that are distinct in color and amonsf the most desirable. 78 KECOKD OF HORTICULTUKE. Calehdulaca. — Beautiful nankeen yellow. Compte de 3Iorny. — Dark cherry red with large, white throat. Danm. — A new American variety. Peach blossom color, mottled with vermilion, lower petals with broad stripe of purple. Eliza (new). — Delicate flesh color, tipped with vermil- ion ; purple throat. Emperor Napoleon (new). — Light salmon color, loM^er petals shaded with deep yellow, small maroon stripes ; extra large flowers. Irifiperatrice Eugenie (Sauchet). — Flowers, very large, white ground, shaded with rose on the inside and lilac on the outside of the petal. Juno. — White, striped with purplish lilac. Lord 'Wellington. — Yellow ground, upper petals splash- ed with purple, lower ones with deep violet stripes, edged with deep yellow. Madame Lesehle. — Pure white, with large, white pur- plish stains. Napoleon III. — Brilliant scarlet, with red and white stripes. Ninon de VEnclos. — Carnation colored, variegated with rose. Pliimie. — Cherry rose, with white center. Premice de Montrouge. — Splendid, bright crimson ; very dwai*f grower. Peine Victoria. — Pure white, stained with carmine and violet, with a wide purple stripe down the center of each petal. OKXAMENTAL PLANTS. 79 Sorthe7ie des Jardins. — Beautiful bright Magenta color, with small spots of purple, very superb. Yulcain.—K small flower, but superb in color, being a velvety purple shaded with maroon. ANNUALS. Plants that are generally called Annuals are those which live but one season ; during this time they produce their flowers and seeds, and then decay.^ The life of many of these plants, and we may say all of them, can be pro- longed for several years by merely protecting them from the cold, and at the same time prevent the maturing of their seed. The chief object of nature appears to be the per- petuation of the species by seeds; and when by accident, or otherwise, this is not accomplished at the period evidently designed for it, the plant continues to live and struggle for existence until an opportunity is afibrded for finishing its work. The production of seed is of more vital importance to the plant than the flowers, for it is this which exhausts its strength, and Avith Annuals the main cause of death. That this is true, we infer from the fact, that not only can most of our Annuals be made Perennials, by simply preventing the ripening of their seeds, but many of the double-flow- ering A'arieties, which produce no seeds, are cultivated in conservatories as Perennials, while others of the same species with single flowers are only Annuals. Therefore by nature a plant may be an Annual, but through the ef- fects of artificial cultivation — such as propagation by cut- tings, protection from the inclemency of the weather — it 80 RECORD OF HOKTICULTUEE. has become Perennial. Again, many kinds wliieh we class as Annuals in our severe climate are Perennials in their native ones. Our florists" generally divide the Annuals into three classes : 1st, Hardy Annuals, such as will withstand great extremes of weather, even to a light frost. 2d, Half hardy, which are liable to injury by sudden changes, besides re- quiring extra care in regard to soil and culture. 3d, Ten- der Annuals ; these thrive very poorly in the open air, con- sequently require protection, either by being planted in a sheltered situation or grown in the house. These divisions are somewhat imaginary, because the difference between the climate of different States is often greater than is the constitution of the plants of the three classes. A plant may be a tender Annual in Maine, but quite hardy in Georgia, therefore purchaser of seeds, in making selections from florists' catalogues, should take into consideration the fact that the signs H. A., H. H. A., and T. A. may have been affixed to these plants in a far dif- ferent climate than their own. The chief points to be observed in cultivating Annuals is to have a properly prepared soil, because a large propor- tion of the seeds are very small, and will not admit of being buried deeply ; especially in a soil that will become hard and compact after every shower. The soil should be thoroughly pulverized and the surface raked evenly, and all lumps and stones carefully removed. A liberal top- dressing of sand, saw-dust, leaf^mold, or fibrous muck will assist very materially in making the soil suitable for the reception of small and delicate seeds. In situations where ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 81 the ground is naturally wet, it may be advisable to raise the beds slightly above the walks, still they seldom look so well as when nearly or quite even. The practice of rais- ing the beds six to twelve inches above the walks is an imported fashion, which originated in countries where water was more to be feared than drought. It might be beneficial in Holland, but as a general practice it is en- tirely out of place in America. The manner of sowing th'e seeds, whether in rows, clumps, or broadcast, will depend somewhat upon the variety, as well as the taste of the cul- tivators. Groups certainly look more natural than rows, and if these are made up of smaller groups of diiferent colors, it will add very much to the general effect. The low-growing varieties should be placed on the outside, and the tallest in the center. The height of each variety is generally given in the seed catalogue, therefore there is no difficulty in arranging them at the time of sowing the seeds. In sowing the seeds, be careful and not cover them too deeply, as very few will admit of being buried more than a half inch ; a quarter of an inch is sufficient, pro- vided the surface of the soil is kept moist until the plants come up and have produced their second and third set of leaves. If cultivators would attend to their flower-beds, and see that they did not suffer for want of moisture for the first two or three weeks after the seed was sown, there would be far less complaint about the poor quality of seeds. VARIETIES. There are more than a thousand varieties of Annuals cul- tivated in our gardens, and to attempt a selection — of even 4* 82 RECORD OF HORTICULTURE. a moderately large list — would be a very difficult matter. In the first place, there is a great variety of taste ; some people will go into ecstasies over a flower that another would not admit to his garden, ^^ome admire a particular color, and in making a selection this will become the prom- inent feature. We should not find fault with others be- cause they do not think as we do, nor believe them devoid of taste because theirs does not correspond with ours. All flowers were created for use and admiration. Some may be of a higher order than others, the same being true in regard to the tastes of their admirers. Neither should we be selfish in these matters any more than in others, but we should cultivate flowers not alto- gether for our own individual gratification (although self has a right to the first place), but for the benefit of others. Liberality is not an expensive virtue in flower culture, be- cause while we are enjoying their beauty, others may do the same without loss or inconvenience to ourselves. The stranger or neighbor, as he passes by, may derive pleasure from our garden. The bee that sips the honey from the mignonette injures not its fragrance, and the beautiful humming-bird that gathers the sweets of the lily does not harm its beauty ; and various are the means in which we may bless others, and at the same time receive our coveted share. To those who are unacquainted with the diflerent species and varieties of Annuals, we would recommend them to leave the selection to some one of our professional florists ; in their catalogues will be found special lists containing the most beautiful varieties, assorted, so as to give a sue- ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 83 cession of flowers throughout the season. By purchasing a collection, the seeds may be had much cheaper than by selecting particular varieties from the catalogue. The most popular and beautiful varieties are cultivated the most extensively, consequently the very best are often to be had the cheapest. We could not improve upon the special lists found in many flower-seed catalogues, and leave this subject by saying that the new double Zinnias, Por- tulacas. Asters, and Everlasting flowers are worthy of all the commendation they have received. HERBACEOUS PERENNIAL PLANTS. The plants commonly called Herbaceous Perennials be- long to various families, genera, and species, and so great are their numbers, that to cultivate even a small proportion of them would require quite a large garden. Many of them are worthy of more attention than they have gener- ally received, as they are of very easy culture, and their flowers are not excelled by any other class of plants. All that is required to insure success is a good rich soil, and an occasional transplanting to prevent them from becoming too much crowded. With some species the spring is the better time to transplant, with others the fall ; but to desig- nate the peculiar nature and habit of each would require a volume by itself, therefore we can only hint at the fact as we pass, and refer our readers to works which are par- ticularly devoted to this subject. New varieties and species are constantly being discovered and introduced into our gardens, some of which are decided improvements upon the older and Ix^tor known kinds, while others are 84: KECOKD OF HOKTICULTUEE. inferior. There appears to be no limit to the varieties which may be obtained from seed, consequently we advise every one, who has time to spare and land in which to plant them, to try and make improvements npon those we now possess. It is not every plant that bears seeds, for our florists have reached the adfinem with some kinds, and produced flowers so double that the organs which are necessary for producing seeds are entirely wanting. But such plants are comparatively few, and there is still abundant room for progress with other equally beautiful kinds. We meet the same difliculty when we endeavor to make a select catalogue of choice kinds from this c-lass, as we have in the others. The varieties are so numerous that it is scarcely possible to say which are the best. The follow- ing are all good and hardy in most of the Northern States. The i^rincipal color, height of plant, and time of flowering are given. The time is for the latitude of New York city, which will vary in proportion as they are grown north or south of this latitude. Achillea tnillefolhmi ruhrum. — Deep red ; one foot. June. Achillea ptarmica pleno. — White ; eight inches. July and August. Aco7iitum versicolor. — Blue and white ; three feet. July. Arahis alpina. — Pure white ; eight inches. April and May. ^ Ascle/jias tuherosa. — Orange scarlet ; eighteen inches. July. Aquilegia. — Many varieties of various colors, all beau- tiful and worthy of culture ; two feet. June and July. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 85 Ageratuni coelestinum. — Deep blue ; one foot. Septem- ber and October. Arundo striata. — A coarse-growing plant, with beauti- ful striped leaves ; six feet. Astilbe Japonica. — Flowers, pure white, in long elegant spikes ; much used for forcing in winter ; one foot. June. Bocconia cordata. — Very showy plant, with small, pink- ish flowers ; six to ten feet high, July and August. Campanida Carpathica. — Flowei*s, blue ; six inches. July and August. Fig. 10. Campanula Carp>athica alba. — White ; six inches. July and August. Campanula grandiflora ceridea — Blue; and grandi- Jlora alia — ^T^Hiite ; are beautiful plants, with large showy flowers. July and Aufjust. Fior. lO shows a flower with 86 EECOED OF HORTICULTURE. two rows of petals instead of one, as usual ; showing the first step toward a double flower. Callirrhoe involucrata. — A beautiful trailing plant from the West. Flowers, bright crimson. Convallaria majalis (Lily of the Valley). — A well- known plant that should have a place in every garden ; six inches. May. Chelone harhata. — ^Flowers, bright scarlet ; three feet. July. Digitalis. — Many varieties and species, most of which are very beautiful ; three to six feet. July. The nev^ species lately introduced under the name of D. ferruginea and lutea are more curious than beautiful. Dodecathen Meadia. — Pale red or white, very elegant ; eighteen inches. May. Dicentra spectahlis. — Old and well known, but uone more beautiful; two feet. May. The new variety — D. spectablis alba, white — is a very delicate growing plant, and not equal to the first. Delphinium formosum. — Deep blue ; three feet. July and August. Delphinium Hendersonii. — Very large blue ; three feet. July and August. Delphinium ranu7iculiflora. — Beautiful cobalt blue, ver)^ double, of extra fine form. July. See fig. 11, which shows a cluster of the flower natural size. Ep>ilohium spicatum. — Reddish purple ; three feet. July. Funkia alba odor a (Dag Lily). — Large white flowers, very fragrant ; two feet. July and August. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 87 Funhia variegata. — Leaves beautifully variegated ; flow- ers, pale blue ; one foot. July. Geranium alyssum. — Shaded violet ; one foot. June. Iheris perennis. — Flowers, pure white, in large clusters ; plant evergreen ; six inches. June. iry^lWl-A Fig. 11. Lathyrus grandiflorus. — Large flowering perennial pea, rose and white ; plant of spreading habit. June to August. Liatris spicata. — Flowers, purple, in very long, ei^ct- growing spikes ; four to six feet. July and August. Liatris scarrosa. — Similar to the last, but flowers more dense and frinee-like. 88 RECORD OF HORTICULTURE. Liatris glohosa. — Flowers, purple — globular, in loose spikes ; a new and rare species ; three to four feet. Lotus corniculatus. — A beautiful dwarf evergreen plant, with yellow, pea-shaped flowers ; four inches. June. Lupinus polyphyllus. — Plant with long spikes of flowers of various shades, from pure white to bluish purple ; four feet. July, Lychnis floscuculi. — Flowers, deep red, very double ; one foot. May. Lychnis Hageana splendens. — Flowers, deep scarlet ; one foot ; June. Orebus verna. — Reddish purple ; one to two feet. April and May. Papaver Orientalis (Chinese Poppy). — Flowers, very large and brilliant, orange scarlet ; three feet. June and July. Papaver bracteatum. — Similar to the last, with brilliant red flowers. The perennial Poppy should be transplanted soon after it blooms, as it makes a second growth in autumn, and is difticult to make live if moved in spi'ing. Pe^itstemon ovatis. — Ovate-leaved, purple ; eighteen inches. June and July. Pentstemon grandiflora. — A native of Iowa and farther west. FloAvers, very large, pale rose, and delicately spot- ted on the inside ; three feet. June and July. Phalangium liliago. — Flowers, small, pure white, in loose spikes ; two feet. July. Salvia argentea. — Flowers of no special beauty, but the foliage is very large, and covered with a fine silky- white pubescence. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 89 Saxifragh crassifoha. — Deep pink, in large spikes ; six to twelve inches. April. There are about a dozen varie- ties of the saxifrage cultivated in our gardens, all of which are very beautiful and worthy of more attention than they liave heretofore received by the lovers of elegant plants. Spircea filapendula pleno. — Flowers in umbels, pure white, very double, resembling a small daisy ; one foot. June. Sjnrcea venusta. — Deep red, in loose spikes; three to four feet. June and July. Veronica spicata. — Deep blue, in small compact spikes ; one foot. July. Veronica alba. — Pure white, in spikes ; one foot. July. Yucca filamentosa. — Elegant evergreen plant, produc- ing large bell-shaped flowers ; four to eight feet. July and August. HARDY DECIDUOUS SHRUBS. The following-named shrubs are all of moderate size, growing from one to six feet high ; in some soils a few of them may exceed six feet, but this Avill very seldom occur. We have endeavored to name the best of each species, but by this we do not wish to be understood that there may not be other varieties equally as good. Some of those named are cultivated more for their beautiful foliage than for their flowers. A few are new and quite rare; still, all can be had in nurseries, where such plants are extensively cultivated. Amygdalis pumila. — Dwarf double Almond ; one Avith double white, another with double red flowers. Azalea nudiflora. — Flowers, pink. 90 KECOED OF HOETICULTUEE. Azalea viscosa. — Flowers, wliite, fragrant. '• J^erberis inirinirea. — Purple-leaved Barberry. Calycanthus floridus — Sweet-scented shrub. Cratcegus oxycanthus. — Double Hawthorn. White and red. Cydonia Japonica. — Japan Quince. Ghionanthus virginica. — White Fringe-tree ; beautiful. Clethra alniflora. — Flowers, white, very fragrant. Cotoneaster affinis. — Nepaul Cotoneaster. Cercis Japonica. — Japan Judas-tree. Deutzia gracilis. — Dwarf; flowers, white. Deutzia crenata pleno. — New double-flowering Deutzia. Euonymus latifolia. — Broad-leaved Strawberry-tree. Eochordia gra7idiflora. — A new and elegant shrub. Forsythia suspensa. — Weeping Forsythia. Halesia dipteria. — Silver-bell. Sybiscus jSyriacus, altheas. — Many colors. Itea virginica. — Flowers, small, but pretty. Lonicera Mangevilla. — Early-flowering Honeysuckle. Primus triloba. — Double Chinese Plum. Philadelphus coronarius. — Sweet-scented Syringa. Pibes sanguinea. — Red-flowering Currant. Phus cotinus. — Purple Fringe-tree. Stuartia pentagynia. — Flowers, large, pure white. Spiraea prunifolia pleno. — Early, double-flowering. Spirma callosa. — Ked Chinese SpiraBa. Spirma callosa alba.— WhitQ Chinese Spirssa. Spiraea Peevesii. — Pure white, elegant. Spirma Peevesii ple?io. — Double white. Syinp)horicarpus racemosa. — Snowberry. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 91 Symphoricarjnis vulg. variegata. — Yariegated-leaved. Syringa Persica.—FeY^iViW Purple Lilac. Syringa vulgaris alba. — Common Wliite Lilac. Syringa vulgaris Chas. JC — Deep violet-colored flowers. Tamarishus Africanus. — African Tamarisk. Viburnum opulus. — The Snowball shrub. Viburnum plicatum. — Slender-branched Snowball shrub. Weigela rosea. — Rose-colored Weigela. Weigela Deboisiana. — Deep rose-colored. "Weigela Isolene. — Light rose and white. Weigela amablis. — Elegant, pink floweiu Weigela fol. variegata. — Variegated foliage. THE DAHLIA. It is scarcely three quarters of a century since the Dahlia was introduced into the gardens of Europe, and but little over forty years since the first double variety was produced. Yet within this time it has been so much improved, that no one unacquainted with its history would imagine that the superb varieties now in cultivation could have been produced from such an inferior-looking flower as that of the original species. The rapidity with which the Dahlia has been brought to its present state of perfection is only equaled by its dis- semination throughout almost the entire civilized Avorld. There is scarcely a garden from the tropics to the more frozen regions of the north, where the gaudy Dahlia does not display its scentless flowers. In variety of color it has no superior, in symmetry of form no equal, and yet our florists are still progressing, 92 EECOKD OF HORTICULTTJEE. and making, as it were, perfection more perfect. The ob- ject aimed at for many years was the production of large flowers, as well as perfect ones, and the results were that most of the varieties have become too large for cut-flowers or to be used in a bouquet. Extremes in flower culture often prove beneficial in the end, because they are the precursors of the radical changes which we observe in various departments of Horticulture. Our florists appear to possess the faculty of producing whatever fashion or convenience may dictate, and with the Dahlia they have responded to the demands of both in giving us that charming class called the Liliputs. Perfec- tion of form or diversity of color has not been lost by the change, for all that has been obtained with the larger flowers has been fully transmitted to the lesser. It is not to be supposed that the introduction of these small varieties will drive the larger ones out of culti- vation, because there are those who will admire both classes, while others will give one of them the prefer- ence. The Liliputs, however, are such gems of beauty, that they are likely to prove very popular with all classes of cultivators, and especially with those who did not ad- mire the larger varieties. Fig. 12 shows a full-size flower of one of the Liliput Dahlias. These are not only much smaller than the common varieties, but the plants are comparatively less vigorous in growth, and seldom exceed three feet in height. They require the same treatment as the old varieties, and should be planted as early in spring as the weather will permit, so that the tubers will become mature before they are taken up in the fall. Immature ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 93 tubers are always more difficult to preserve through win- ter than those which are fully developed, therefore the more vigorous the growth, and the longer the time given for maturity, the better the results. The professional florist usually propagates the Dahlia from cuttings, and by this method is able to produce a large number from one set of tubers, while the ordinary Fig. 12. cultivator propagates them by dividing the stools and tubers, always leaving one or more buds on each section. If the tubers are forced into growth early in the spring, so that the cuttings become well rooted by the time tha weather will permit of their being planted into the open ground, they will make good plants and produce fully de- veloped tubers by autumn. But cuttings started late in 94 RECORD OF HORTICULTURE. the season will seldom produce good tubers, consequently they will require great care to preserve them through winter. Many people have poor success with the Dahlia, from the fact that they do not secure the earliest and best rooted plants ; and we sometimes think that florists are consider- ably to blame in advising people to plant so late in the season as they often do. There are many ways recom- mended to preserve the tubers through the winter; the most successful method we have tried is to pack them in a box or barrel, and then pour over them very dry sand, and place all in a dry, warm room or cellar. For names and description of new and excellent varie- ties of the Liliput Dahlias, as well as other varieties, we refer the reader to the catalogues of our florists. Dahlia Imperialis. — This giant species of the Dahlia is attracting considerable attention, because of its stately habit and curiously - formed flowers. It grows to the height of ten feet, and produces an abundance of large, pure white, bell-shaped flowers. It was introduced from Europe the past season, and is now offered for sale by sev- eral of our florists and nurserymen. THE CLEMATIS. If there is one class of plants that calls forth the finer feelings of our nature more than another, it is those Avhich from their structure seem dependent upon the more rugged Jvinds for their support. Among these we find that very numerous family of climbing plants called the Clematis. There are a few species which are not climbing ; but as the majority of them are, we usually associate the name with ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 95 this sectioD. Our' common native species (C. virginica), with its beautiful clusters of white flowers, is well worthy of a place in the garden, where, we regret to say, it is sel- dom seen. The more common Euroj^ean varieties, such as C. flam- mula and C. vitalba, have long been known in this country ; but it was not until within a few years that the more showy and larger-flowering species and varieties have been cultivated to any considerable extent. The Clematis is a very widely distributed family, for there is scarcely any section of the globe that does not contribute one or m^re species. Siberia, China, Japan, Australia, East and West Indies, North and South America, all abound in beautiful species of the Clematis. From this abundance of material at our command, there is no reason why our gardens should not be adorned with flowers from early spring to late in autumn. Those species of Clematis which are in- digenous to the tropics are not hardy in our more rigorous climate ; still, those from the colder regions are abundantly sufficient to furnish all the variety required. Many new varieties are annually produced ; and by selecting only the very best, we are enabled to make up even a very small collection that will contain the most valuable character- istics of the whole. To produce the best efiect, the Cle- matis should always be planted in groups, placing a stake to each plant. The soil should be deep and moderately rich, one composed of equal parts of rich loam and leaf- mold will be found to answer very well for these plants. In our northern climate it is best to protect all of the varieties in winter, as they will bloom much more abun- 96 EECOKD OF HORTICULTURE. dantly than if left exposed. A simple and very efficient method is as follows : In the fall, just before the ground freezes, take the plants down and coil them around the base of the stakes, then throw on three or four inches in depth of coarse litter, such as straw or leaves, and over the whole place a few shovelsful of soil. The plants should be uncovered in the spring, soon after the frost is entirely out of the ground. It is but a few hotirs' work to protect in this manner a large number of plants, and the increase in the number of flowers will amply repay one for th^ trouble. PROPAGATION. To procure new varieties, as well as to multiply partic- lar species, we resort to seedlings. The seeds should be S0A\n soon after they are ripe, either in boxes of soil or in the open ground. As a general thing they will not germ- inate until the second season, therefore it is a good plan to mix them in boxes of sand, and bury in some out-of-the-way place until the next autumn, then sow where they are wanted. The next spring they will usually come up and grow rapidly. Protect the seedling the same as old plants, and transplant in spring if they are likely to be too much crowded by remaining in the seed bed. PROPAGATING BY LAYERS. Select a strong and vigorous shoot at the time it is making its mo^t rapid growth in summer; bend it down and cover a portion of the lower end with soil, over which place mulch; and if the weather should prove dry, give the soil occasionally a good soaking with water. These layers ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 97 will usually be well rooted by fall, at whicli time they may be separated from the parent plant. Another method is to select young growing shoots, and make a small notch just below each bud ; then lay the branch in a very shal- low trench, covering it with fine moss, but no soil ; keep the moss Avell watered until new shoots have pushed from each bud and roots are formed ; then a little soil may be drawn over the main branch. Nearly every bud will thus make a plant ; but as they will be generally more feeble than those jH'oduced by the first method, it is best to take them up and put in pots or boxes and placed in the green- house or cellar during winter. Other methods of propa- gation are often resorted to, such as dividing the old stools, growing from green cuttings under glass, etc.; but the above are the more common ways. VARIETIES. The following are some of the most beautiful varieties among the many cultivated in this country : Clematis flannmula, — Small, white flowers, but very fragrant. C pateyis. — Very large, azure blue, (7. lanuginosa, — Yeiy large blush lilac. C. Amelia. — Large, joale lilac. C. Helena. — Large, greenish white. See fig. 13, which is the form of this variety. C. Sender sonii. — Large, dark blue. G: Sophia. — Large, pale blue Avith violet border. G. azurea grandiflora. — Large, blue. C. montana. — Large, pure white, purple center. 1)8 llECOED OF IIOKTICULTUEE. C.florida. — Large, pure white. C. florida pleno. — Double white, represents a flower of natural size. See fig. 14, which C. Sieholdii. -White, with red center. Fig. 13. C. Sieboldii pleno. — Double flowers. (7. viticella. — Medium size, blue. C viticella pleno. — Double blue. C. mo?istrosum pleno. — Large double, greenish white. C. Laura. — Large yellowish white. C. cerulea odorata. — Fragrant blue. OKNAMENTAL PLANTS. C. vinosum. — Large, bluish purple or violet, edged with white ; one of the most showy. Fig. 14. CURIOUS-LEAVED PLANTS. The leaves of all plants are curious and wonderful struc- tures, that should command greater attention and a more 100 KECOED OF HOETICULTURE. intimate acquaintance than is usually bestoAvecl upon them. With the general forms of the leaves of each great family ■we become so familiar, that it requires something strikingly different from the ordinary type to attract our especial at- tention. When such variations occur, we instinctively pause and exclaim How curious ! though the object may not be more beautiful than the common form ; still, its rarity adds to its value, and we appreciate it in proportion to its deviation from the ordinary forms of other members of the same family. These peculiar freaks of nature are becoming quite com- mon in nearly every family of cultivated plants. Tliey are also quite popular, esjDecially those classed as ornamental plants ; and there has been such a demand for these during tlie last few years, that it is to be feared many very infe- rior varieties have been brought forward. These peculiar variations in leaf assist very materially in affording variety of color to our groups of trees, as well as striking contrasts between individuals of the same species. Nothing will add more to the general appearance of a place than the intro- duction of a few of tlie curious-leaved trees among the ordinary kinds. Among the well-known curious-leaved hardy trees we name the following as worthy of cultivation : Alder. — Cut-leaved, very handsome. Fig. 15 shows two leaves one quarter natural size. Beech. — Fern-leaved, leaves long and slender. Beech. — Cut-leaved, very neat and pretty. Beech. — Purple-leaved, one of the most valuable. Birch. — Cut-leaved, weeping. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 101 Elm. — Purple-leaved, leaves small Horse-chestnut. — Cut-leaved, leaves deeply cut. Hornbeam (Carpinus). — Silver variegated leaved. Linden or Basswood. — Cut-leaved, very fine. Linden or Basswood. — White-leaved, handsome. Maple. — Purple-leaved, leaves large. Maple. — Three colored, white, red, and green. Maple. — Eagle's claw or cut-leaved. Maple. — Silver-striped. 3Iaple Colchicum rubrum. — Young leaves deep red. Fig. 15. Mountain Ash. — Oak-leaved, very curious. Mountain Ash. — Gold-striped. Salishuria variegata. — Beautiful, but should be grafted on strong stocks of the plain-leaved variety. 'Willoic. — Rosemary-leaved, curious and beautiful. Willoic, caprea tricolor. — Curious. W-illow, an7iularis. — Ring-leaved, weeping. CURIOUS-LEAVED SHRUBS. Acuhor Japonica. — Gold-blotched, tender. Althea. — Silver-striped. 102 RECORD OF HORTTC0LTURE. Fig. 10. ()KNamp:ntal plants. 103 Barberry. — Variegated-leaved. Barberry. — Purple-leaved. Dogwood. — Silver-striped. Elder. — Golden variegated. Snowberry. — Variegated-leaved, berries red. Snowball. — Variegated-leaved. Sumac. — Cut-leaved, very handsome and showy. See fig. 16, which shows the form of leaf, but much reduced in size. Weigela rosea variegata. — Very showy. WEEPING TREES. The following are beautiful weeping trees that should be better known throughout the country than they are at the present time. 'Weeping Ash — Four varieties. — Rather coarse-growing trees, yet worthy of cultivation. Weejnng Beech. — One of the most beautiful weeping trees we possess. Weeping Birch. — Cut-leavecJ, very graceful. Weeimig Cherry. — Light and graceful, a small tree. Wee2nng Elm. — There are several varieties, all of which are handsome. Weeping Mountain Ash. — A beautiful tree. Weeping Thorns. — Some four or five varieties, all hand- some small trees. Willow. — The old variety is a well-known large tree ; but the new American and Kilmarnock Willows are small trees, suitable to gardens of moderate size. 104: KECOKD OF HOETICULTrEE. ORNAMENTAL -LEAVED PLANTS. Among the hundred tliousands of flowering plants al- ready known, one wovild suppose that we could find enough to make our gardens sufficiently beautiful to satisfy the most fastidious taste or fertile imagination. But this ap- pears not to be the case, for our florists are not content with flowers alone, but strive to introduce and produce plants with foliage equal in color to the most gorgeous flower. Success seems to have crowned their labors, and we now have many plants the foliage of which furnishes our gardens with an array of beauty such as no pen can describe. With the new and beautiful foliage plants a garden can be made extremely charming, even if no showy flow- ers are cultivated. Every one who has for a moment looked upon our native forests must have observed the varied and beautiful colors of their autumn leaves. The Hickories and Maples, with their golden tints ; the Liquidamber and Nyssa afibrding every shade, from a bright red to the deepest purple ; while the Virginia Creeper, with its fiery scarlet leaves turned around some giant stem, like a huge serpent embracing its victim, gives a brilliancy to the scene which art may imitate but never equal. In the lorest we have the extensive panorama, while in the garden we endeavor to produce the small easel pic- ture, with its delicate tints of light and shade, Avhich will bear a close acquaintance without losing any of its real beauties. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 105 In making selections of ornamental-leaved plants, one should be careful not to over-do the matter, but introduce just enougli to make the picture complete — not too many of one color, so that the place, to use a common phrase, will look stunning. The tallest varieties should form the back- ground, or, Avhen groups are formed, be placed in the cen- ter. Plain green-leaved plants should also be intermin- gled, because without them it is scarcely possible to pro- duce a pleasing effect. The native ferns from our woods are unexcelled in beauty of foliage ; their fine, feathery leaves intermingled with the coarser varieties of plants form a beautiful contrast, without appearing to crowd or in any way interfere Avith other kinds. Most of our native ferns may be successfully grown in the open garden, yet a partial shade, such as may readily be given them when grouping with other plants, is beneficial. This greatly neglected family of plants is deserving of more attention than we have been in the habit of giving them. A large proportion of the ornamental-leaved plants com- monly used for summer decorations of gardens are tender and will not bear the least frost, consequently they must be started in the green-house, or be kept there during winter, and planted out in summer. Such plants are propagated in large quantities by our fiorists, from whom tliey can be obtained very cheaply. There are, however, some kinds which can be grown from seeds ; others are hardy, and the roots may remain in the open ground during winter ; wliile a few may be taken up and put away in the cellar in boxes of sand, just as we keep Dahlias. In the followins: list we have endeavored to name some 106 RECORD OF HORTICULTURE. of the most desirable, all of which can be had of our florists and nurserymen : Achyranthus Verschaffeltii. — Leaves and stems, pink violet shaded with crimson ; grows very compact, and eisrhteen inches hisrh ; tender. Antirrhimmi (Silver-belt Snapdragon). — Leaves, green, with white border ; one and a half to two feet high ; very compact ; flowers, crimson and. white ; nearly hardy, re- quiring a slight protection. Ageratum variegata. — Leaves, finely variegated, with yellow and green, shaded with crimson ; grows about one foot high ; tender. Arundo donax striata. — Leaves, long, slender, distinctly striped with Avhite and, green ; grows six to eight feet high ; very showy and perfectly hardy. Bocconia cordata. — Leaves, large, irregular, heart-shape, pale green ; grows six to eight feet high ; crowned by small pink flowers ; hardy. Bocconia Japonica. — A new variety from Japan with very large deeply lobed leaves, pale green above and of a glaucous tint underneath. It grows eight to ten feet high, with very long spikes of flowers. Not fully tested yet as to its hardiness, but probably will endure our winters with very slight protection. Canna^ or Indian tShot Plant. — There are several varie- ties of the Canna, all of which are very ornamental, as their leaves arc very lai-ge and showy. They attain a height of from three to six feet. C. Nigricans has large, deep red leaves ; C. Anneii, deep green ; C. Potseana, red and orancre ; C. Warszewiczii, reddish, bronze-colored foil- ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 107 age ; C. Zebrina, similar to the last, but the marking more distinct ; C. Naj^alensis, rather small foliage, but remark- ably fine fliowers. Fig. 17 shows a j^lant of Canna as it Fig. n appears when in l^loom. The Cannas succeed well in al- most any good rich soil, and the roots are easily kept through the winter, as the Dahlia. Calarjhnvfi. — Quite an extensive class of plants, with 108 RECORD OF HORTICULTURE. remarkably fine foliage. They require considerable moist- ure and warm weather to insure a fine growth. The old C. esculentum (fig. 18) is one of the most hardy and A'igor- ons, and produces leaves of enormous size. Some of them may with care be kept through the winter in the cellar, but the green-house is the most suitable place. S^K^^i^^ Fiff. 18. Coleus Verschaffeltii. — This is one of the most beauti- ful plants that has been introduced for many years. The leaves are a deep violet purple, with a soft velvety sur- face. It grows three or four feet high if not checked ; but to produce handsome stocky plants, the leading shoots shouhl be checked Avhen about a foot high ; very tender ; ]jro])agated from cuttings. There are also several other varieties Avhich are very beautiful. C. atropurpureus has ORNAMENTAL PLANTS. 109 glossy, blackish purple leaves, and C. coneolor pictiis, green and brown foliage. Ce7itaurea candidissima. — A small, compact- growing plant ; leaves, downy white, affording a striking contrast with the dark purple leaves of the Coleus and similar varieties. Dahlia variegata. — A variety of the common Dahlia, witli handsome variegated leaves. Fuchsia meteror. — Leaves, golden yellow shaded with bronze, the ends of the shoots crimson ; tender. Geraniums. — Great improvements have been made in the last few years in variegated-leaved Geraniums. In ad- dition to their ornamental leaves their flowers are ex- tremely beautiful. They are all tender, but may be pre- served through the winter in any dry, warm room by plac- ing the roots in soil, cutting away a c^reater ])roportion of the stems when taken up -in autumn. The following are some of the best : Alma. — Leaves, white margined ; flowers, scarlet. Bijou. — Silver-edged leaves ; flowers, scarlet crimson. Cloth of Gold. — Leaves, golden yellow ; flowers, deej) scarlet. Fairy Nymph. — Leaves, silver white ; flowers, scarlet. Mountain of Snow. — Leaves with a pure white margin ; flowers scarlet. Silver Chain. — Leaves, silver-edged; flowers, rose color. Hydrangea variegata. — Leaves striped and blotched Avith white, very showy ; requires protection in Avinter. There is another variety with gold-striped leaves, but the markincjs are not verv constant. 110 KECORD OF HOKTICULTUKE. Lonicera aurea reticulata. — A variety of the Japan Honeysuckle with beautiful yellow blotched foliage ; climb- ing or trailing plant ; quite hardy . Maize., or Japan Corn. — The plant has the habit of our common corn, with leaves distinctly striped with white ; a Y\" in. very showy and elegant addition to our list of variegated plants ; propagated from seed. Salvia argentea. — Leaves, very large, covered with a silver-white pubesceuce ; the laro-est leaves remain close to ORNA3IENTAL PLANTS. Ill the ground; the flower spikes rise one to two feet high ; the flowers are a pale pink color, of no great beauty ; hardy. Sedum carneiim variegatum. — A very compact low- growing plant with small, beautiful variegated leaves ; suitable foi- the outside of groups ; tender. Wigandia caracasan (see fig. 19). — This is a noble- looking plant from South America. It grows six to eight feet high, with dark-green leaves, two to three feet long and eighteen inches broad. The plant is of very easy cul- ture, and may be propagated from seed or from dividing the roots. It requires protection in winter, and should be taken up in the fall, the stem cut ofi*, and the root put away in soil, either in a warm room or cellar. 112 KECORD OF HORTICULTUKE. VIII. ORNAMENTAL GAEDENING. There is a certain amount of taste required in laying out any garden, however small in extent. The owner may have never read a book on landscape gardening, or know anything about the scientific rules usually employed; still, if he has ever been ten miles from home, he must be aware of the fact, that some very expensive and pretentious residen- ces look very inferior, for some cause which lie may not be able to explain. There are some very good-looking people, naturally, who never look well when dressed even in the finest cloth. We may not be able to say why, or what particular article ot dress it is which detracts from the whole, but we simply know, to use a common phi-ase, they look dowdy. The same thing is apparent in many a city or country garden. There will be a fine house with appro- priate outbuildings, but the general appearance of the place is inharmonious. The walks are straight where they ought to have been curved ; or there is a right angle where a slight rounding ofi of a corner would have given a more pleasing eflfect. Similar defects are not only noticeable in large places, but in those more humble and less pretentious. It is among the rich that we look for the best display of good taste, for they have the means of obtaining as well as of putting it to a proper use. Still, we are sensibly aware that in this country many OKNAMKNTAL GAKDENING. 113 become suddenly rich, and if they originally possessed a boorish taste, they usually carry it with them to their new position. This is one reason why we see so many costly dwellings in the suburbs of our large cities and villages with such meager sun-oundings. The proprietors probably engaged a competent architect to furnish designs for his buildings and see that they Avere executed ; but for his walks, roads, and the general arrangement of his garden and lawn, he depended upon his own abilities and taste, or that of some common farm laborers, and the result is just what might be expected, an unbecoming medley of absurdities. Whereas, had the proprietor instructed his architect to give him a less expensive house, and expended the balance in obtaining a design from some landscape gardener for his grounds, the stranger, as he passed, might have suppo'sed him a man of taste and a gentleman by birth and educa- tion ; instead of this, every one who looks upon these grounds (unless it be those of the same capacity as him- self) can not refrain from thinking, if he does not so ex- press himself, that the proprietor made his money either by shoddy or petroleum. We can not give a better illustration of our idea of poor taste, or no taste, as displayed in hundreds of what are sometimes called elegant places, than to describe one not a hundred miles from New York, and located in a fashion- able neighborhood. The house is quite large and of modern style — probably cost twenty-five thousand dollars. It is painted white, with green blinds ; elegant in all its proportions from observatory to foundation, and doubtless designed by a first-class archi- 114 EECOED OF HOETICULTUKE. tect. The painting of the house, a blazing white, we do not suppose was part of his design, consequently we give the proprietor credit for this mistake. The outbuildings all harmonize in their general appearance with the prominent feature of the place, which is generally supposed to be the dwelling. But the garden, walks, drives, and lawn, what shall Ave say of them ? The soil where the roads and walks are laid has been taken out to the depth of one foot or more, and the place filled with stone, and these covered with gravel, consequently their construction has been very thorough, as well as an expensive operation. The lawn has been all trenched and highly manured, and the grass is luxuriant ; so far this is all correct and just as it should be, but the arrangement of them has destroyed all the pleas- ing effect that they were designed to produce. The house stands upon a high, prominent knoll, about twenty rods from the main road, and the principal walk is laid in. a straight line from the front door, whicli is in the center of the house, to the road. Along this walk American arborvita^s are planted, about ten feet ajDart ; these are now about fifteen feet high, and as compact and straight as could be wished. No row of Lombardy poplars, or platoon of soldiei"s with fixed bayonets, ever looked less inviting than this walk with its long line of arborvittes. In pass- ing from the gate to the house along the walk, we are re- minded of the old Indian custom of punishing their pris- oners, by allowing them to run the gauntlet for their lives, and we instinctively dodge as we pass each tree, expecting a war-club or lash to fall upon our backs. If the owner did not possess sufficient land to make his walks differently, OKNAMENTAL GAKDENING. 116 then we might excusie him ; but he has a wide front on the road and acres of lawn, upon which, however, lie has planted no groups of trees, although the place abounds with fine specimens, all of which are planted along the borders of straight walks, roads, or by the side of the fences. Straight walks are seldom admissible, even in the smallest places, especially where anything like ornamenta- tion of grounds is attempted ; but a curved walk or road, with no apparent reason for making it so, is equally objec- tionable. The object should be to make it appear that all bends or variations from straight lines were compulsory, and that we pass around a group of trees, a clump of shrubs, a rock, or other obstacle to our progress. If such do not exist, then we should erect them, and place such in every curve, and occasionally along the whole line of the walk. We often see serpentine walks and roads which would be really an improvement to the grounds in which they are, provided a cause for their winding course were shown. There was a time when the more a man departed from nature in arranging his garden, the more skillful he was considered. In those times trees and shrubs were trimmed into all kinds of fantastic shapes, and birds and animals were represented, instead of leaving them to grow in their natural and more beautiful form. At that period the main walks were laid out straight, with which the smaller were connected at right angles ; flower beds were made square or circular; no graceful outline or imitation of nature was at- tempted. But it is supposed we have progressed in the art of ornamental gardening, and at the present day we choose 116 RECORD OF HORTICTJLTIJRE. nature as our model as well as our subject. We clip off a rough corner here and fill up a depression there, to make our gardens look natural. It is not advisable to apply the idea of curved lines to such an extent that will produce deformity, for in that case our gardens would be subjects of criticism, and we might feel the force of Sir Walter Scott's remarks when speaking of the fashionable style of his time : " Their plantations, instead of presenting the regular or rectilinear plan, exhibit nothing but a number of broken lines, interrupted circles, and salient angles, which are as much at variance Avith Euclid as with Nature. In cases of enormity they have been made to assume the form of pincushions, of hatchets, of penny tarts, and of breeches displayed at old clot hesra en's doors. In all these they tell you they are imitating nature." Man has destroyed the forest which originally stood upon the spot where we build our dwellings ; we set to work to replace it ; and as straight rows and equal distances were not found in the original, consequently we do not employ them in the artificial. If we walk or drive into any natural wood we are compelled to deviate from a direct line to avoid a tree, rock, shrub, rise, or depression, and we construct our artificial roads with the same imag- inary obstruction in the way. In preparing and grading the place for a house, it is often a very easy matter to so arran<>-e the general conformation of the ground that the walks and roads can be laid in graceful curves, and the appearances, when completed, will be such that one can not see that it were possible to have placed them in any ORNAMENTAL GARDENING. 117 other position. In fig. 20 is sliown one of the walks at Woodside. The site Avhich was selected for the house Avas a steep hillside from which several feet of soil had to be graded off to obtain a level spot for the building. In do- ing this it would have been just as easy to have taken off enough at B so as to have allowed the walk to have been on a straiirht line from the posed to be a variety of the Abies Pinsapo (Pinsapo Pine). It was found on Mount Tababor, Algeria. Described in Mevue JBJorticole^ Acer platanoides cucullatum, — A variety of the Syca- more Maple, the leaves of which are cucullate-flabella form, convex above and concave below, wnth elongated teeth. Originated in France. — Eevim Horticole. Alnus glutinosa aurea. — A fine ornamental variety of the Alder, w^ith broad, rounded, plicate leaves, but instead of the ordinary green they are of a rich golden color. From Belgium. Broussonetia papyrifera navicularis. — A curious vari- ety of the common Paper Mulberry tree, with leaves con- cave in shape like a small boat. Originated in France. — Revue Horticole^ 1866. Broussonetia dissecta nova. — Another variety of the 6 122 KECOKD OF UORTICULTUKE. common Paj^er Mulberry, resembling the B. dissecta, but more upright in growth. — Revue Horticole^ 1866. Cerasus Sieholdii. — A new variety of Cherry, described as a vigorous, hardy shrub or small tree, with tlecidiious, elliptic-acuminate, serrate leaves, and large sem; double blush-white flowers, becoming delicate rose in the center. From Japan. — Hevue Horticole. Ci'atoegus oxycantha Gumpperi hicolor. — A pretty vari- ety of the Hawthorn, in which the blossoms are white in the center with a broad border of cherry rose. Originated in Germany. Figured in Flore des Serves. Cupressiis cornuta. — A vigorous, bushy evergreen shrub, with assurgent branches, clothed with scale-like leaves and bearing monstrous irregularly-shaped cones, at the summit of which are two to four mucronate honis. If this variety should prove to be as hardy with us as the C. Lowsoniana, it w^ill add one more valuable evergreen to our gardens. Daphne Qenhwa. — A beautiful deciduous half-hardy or hardy shrub, with opposite lanceolate leaves and a profu- sion of flowers in fascicles of from three to seven, and of a bluish lilac color. From Japan. Figured in the Garten- flora. Daphne Jezoenis. — A much-branched hardy shrub, grow- ing about two feet high, with obovate-oblong leaves and fragrant yellow flowers borne with the leaves. From Japan. Figui-ed in Gartenflora. Fremontia Calif ornica. — A singular and beautiful hardy shrub, with cordate-lobed leaves and large yellow flowers. Figured in the Botanical Magazme, YAtiia 5591. If any of our nursei-ymen have this native plant in their posses- NEW HAKDr SHRUBS AND TREES. 123 sion, ^f e would be pleased to have them inform us of the fact. Hydrangea 2Ki'meulata grandiflora. — A perfectly hardy- shrub, growing about eight feet high and bearhig enor- mous panicles of flowers, of which the sterile completely cover those which are fertile ; these sterile flowers are large, four-petaloid, yellowish green, changing to pure white, and finally becoming tinted with rose. From Japan, introduced by M. Siebold. If this Hydrangea is what it is represented, it will be well worthy of our attention. Kerria Japonica variegata. — A variety of the common Japan Globe Flower, with variegated leaves and single yellow flowers. Figured in the Botanical Magazine. It has already been introduced into this country. PhiladelpJius Keteleerii. — A handsome bushy shrub with oval acuminate leaves and pure white semi-double flow- ers, v«ry fragrant. It is a seedling raised by M. Carriere from P. coronarius — our common Syringa or Mock Orange. Hevue Ilorticole. Tliis has been imported, and is in several collections at the present time. PMladelphus tomentosus. — A vigorous, hardy, deciduous shrub, with large, strong-nerved leaves, very downy be- neath, and very large and numerous white sweet-scented flowers, about two and a half inches in diameter. A French variety. Revue Ilorticole. This has also been in- troduced into our gardens. Platy crater arguta. — A hardy shrub of the Hydrangea family, with elliptic-lanceolate leaves and loose corymbs of small unattractive flowers. From Japan. — Gartenflora. Populus angidata tortuosa. — A delicate shrub with 124 EECOKD OF HOETICULTUEE. twisted stem, angular twisted flexuose branches, and long- stalked leaves. A French variety, raised by M. Barthere. Revue Horticole. Topulus nivea Salomonii. — A hardy tree with divari- cate branches, slender and pendent twigs, the leaves sub- rhomboidal or irregularly cordiform, shining as if varnished on the upper surface, and clothed with thick, snow-white tomentum beneath. From Algiers. — Hevue Horticole. Rhododendron. — A fine hardy evergreen shrub, intro- duced into England from China in 1859, but did not bloom until last season. It has thick, oblong, acute leaves and rather lax heads of pale rosy flowers, deeper toward the margins. It is said to be allied to R. Griffithiana. Rhododendron Mettemichii. — A.hardy shrub with flow- ers of a beautiful rose color. From the high mountains of Japan. Figured in JWIllust. Hort., France. Rhodotypus Kerrioides. — A pretty Iiardy shrub twith oblong-ovate serrated leaves, and large, Avhite solitary flow- ers at the ends of the branches. From Japan. Figured in Gartenflora. Rhus Shnonii (Japan Sumac). — A hardy, erect-growing shrub with ferruginous red bark on the young shoots and impari-pinnate leaves, eight to ten inches long, the leaf- lets sessile and of a deep shiny green. Japan. — Revue Horticole. Spircea amurensis. — A hardy deciduous shrub with subcordate orbiculatc three to five lobed leaves, and corymbs of rather large white flowers, the pedicels and calyces of Avhich are clothed with stellate down. From ■llie Amoor River, in Asia. Figured in Garterijiora, NEW HARDY SHRUBS AND TREES. 125 Spiraea aquilegifolia Von SouteiL — A vigorous-growing shrub with broadly elliptic leaves, tapered to the base, and white, agreeable-scented flowers, forming elegant corymbs at the tips of the twigs. Originated in France, by M. Bil- liard. Figured in Revue Horticole. Weigela purpurata. — A new variety of our common Weigela, raised by M. A. Yerschaffelt. Flowers, a fine red changing to pale rose. Wellingtonia gigantea aurea variegata. — A handsomely variegated sport of the well-known Wellingtonia, with twigs freely variegated Avith yellow. This is a sport of our great tree of California, Sequoia gigantea ; but our English nurserymen appear to forget that science will have its rights, even if the name of a hero has to be discarded. INDEX. 127 INDEX. PAGE Annuals 79 Books on Horticulture 20 Blackberries 40 Currants 45 Cranberries 49 Clematis .94 Curious-Leaved Plants 99 Curious-Leaved Shrubs.... 101 Dahlia 91 Fruit Growing 24 Grapes 84 Gooseberries . , 49 Gladiolus, Varieties of. 78 Herbaceous Plants 83 Hardy Deciduous Shrubs. . . 89 Lily, Varieties of. 71 j PAGE Men in Horticulture 81 New Books 5 Nurseries 21 New Hardy Shrubs & Trees. 121 Ornamental Plants 52 Ornamental Bedding Plants. 104 Ornamental Gardening 112 Propagation of the Lily 63 Review of Horticulture .... 18 Raspberries 41 Roses 52 Small Fruits 39 Strawberries 46 The Lily 58 Women in Horticulture 28 Weeping Trees 103 PVBLICiTIOIVS OF CEO. E. & F. W. WOODWARD, 37 Park Row, N. T. 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